'(me ^,uG\i]^n (InnRcn IR OSR€R. .k?^RD^S '^^ hv.^M¥-A'Vv:-f(<''Ji\'.':: ''''•'MMBIff^'^' '■''" ''-^'- -■" ■ -'-■^-•^••' Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES -^ Epochs of Church History. Edited by the Eev. M. CREIGUTON, M.A. Professor of Ecclexiastical /listory in tlv UniversiUj of Cambridge. Fcp. 8vo. price 2s. 6d. each. THE BEFORMATION IN ENGLAND. By the Rev. Canon Pkuuy. [Jfoic nady. THE ENGLISH CHURCH IN OTHER LANDS; or, TFIK SPIRITUAL EXPAX610N OF EXGLA.XD. liy Rev. U. W. TiciiER, M.A. Secretary to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. The following is a List of ths Volumes at present proposed: THE GERMAN REFORMATION. By Rev. M. Crkiohton, M.A. D.C'.L. I'luft-dsor of Kcclesiastical ilistory in the University of Cambridge. ENGLAND AND THE PAPACY. By Rev. W. Hunt, M.A. Trinity College, Oxford. "WYCLIP AND THE BEGINNINGS OP THE REFORMA- TION. Hy Reginald Lane Poole, M.A. Ealliol College, Oxford. THE CHURCH OP THE EARLY FATHERS. By Rev. A. Plummeu, D.I). Master of University College, Durham. THE ARIAN CONTROVERSY. By H. M. Gwatkin, M.A. Lecturer and late Fello\v of 8t. John's College, Cambridge. THE CHURCH AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE. By Rev. A. Cabr, M.A. late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. THE CHURCH AND THE EASTERN EMPIRE. By Rev. H. F. TozLU, M.A. Lecturer aiid late Fellow of Exeter College. Oxford. THE RELIGIOUS REVIVAL IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. By Rev. J. H. Oveuxo.v, M.A. THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. By J. Bass Mullinqer, M.A. Lecturer of St. John's College, C ambridge. THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. CHURCH AND STATE IN MODERN TIMES. THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND. THE "WARS OF RELIGION. THE COUNTER-REFORMATION. ECCLESIASTICAL PROBLEMS IN ENGLAND, 1570-1660. THE CHURCH AND THE TEUTONS. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM. HILDEBRAND AND HIS TIMES. THE POPES AND THE HOHENSTAUFEN. MONKS AND FRIARS. London : LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. Epochs of Modern History. Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A. 17 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Maps, price 25. 6d. each volume : — CHUBCH'S BEGINISriNG OF THE MIDDLE AGES. COX'S CRUSADES. CKEIGHTON'S AGE OP ELIZABETH. GAIRDNEB'S HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. GARDINER'S THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648. GARDINER'S FIRST TWO STUARTS AND THE PURI- TAN REVOLUTION, lC03-l(itiO. GARDINER'S (Mrs.) THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, 1789- \TJo. HALE'S FALL OF THE STUARTS, AND WESTERN EUROPE FROM 1U7S-1697. JOHNSON'S NORMANS IN EUROPE. LONGMAN'S FREDERICK THE GREAT AND THE .SEVEN YEARS' WAR. LUDLOW'S WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE, 1775-1780. MCCARTHY'S EPOCH OF REFORM, 1830-1850. MORRIS'S AGE OF ANNE. MORRIS'S THE EARLY HANOVERIANS. SEEBOHM'S PROTESTANT REVOLUTION. STUBBS'S EARLY PLANTAGENETS. WARBURTON'S EDWARD THE THIRD. Epochs of Ancient History. Edited by the Kev. Sir G. W. COX, Bart. M.A. and by C. SANKEY, M.A. 10 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Maps, price 2^. Gd. each volume : — BEESLY'S GRACCHI, MARIUS, AND SULLA. CAPES'S EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE, from tlio Assassination of Julius Caaar to the Assassination of Domitian. CAPES'S ROMAN EMPIRE OF THE SECOND CENTURY, or the Age of tlie Autoiiines. COX'S ATHENIAN EMPIRE, from the Flight of Xerxes to the Fall of Athens. COX'S GREEKS AND PERSIANS. CURTEIS'S RISE OP THE MACEDONIAN EMPIRE. IHNE'S ROME TO ITS CAPTURE BY THE GAULS. MERIVALE'S ROMAN TRIUMVIRATES. SANKEY'S SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREMACIES. SMITH'S ROME AND CARTHAGE. THE PUNIC WARS„ London: LONGMANS, GEEEN, & CO. EDITKD BY THli REV. MANDELL CKEIGHTON, M.A, THE ENOLISH CHUKCH IN OTHER LANDS I'lUXTKD BY SFOTTISWUOUE AND CO., X LCW-STHEET SQUARE LONDON THE ENGLISH CHUECH IN OTHEE LANDS OB THE SPIRITUAL EXPANSION OF ENGLAND REV. H. W. TUCKER, M.A. PKEBKXDAUY OF ST. I'ArL's AUTHOR OF ' t'SDEU HIS BANNER' 'MEMOIR OP THE LIFE AND EPIScorATB OF EDWAIU) FEILD, D.D.' 'MEMOIR OF THE LIFE AND EPISCOPATE OF GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, D.D.' ETC. LONDON LONOMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1886 All rights r-f served Now to the revolving sphere We point and say, " No desert here, No waste, so dark and lone, But to the hour of sacrifice Comes daily in its turn, and lies In light before the Throne " ' 3)c 5'6oo PREFACE. To compress into a small book the story of a work "wliicli has had the world for its field, and has been carried on for more than three centuries, I have found to be no easy task. While I have remembered the obligation of brevity, I have endeavoured to omit nothing that appeared to be essential to a clear understanding of the subject. I have endeavoured to set forth what has been the missionary work, not only of the Anglican Communion, but of all the sections into which English Christianity is divided. I am glad to recognise and to hold in honour the zeal which prompts, and the practical wisdom which directs, the foreign missionary work of Nonconformist bodies, among whom the duty of taking a personal share in the spread of the Gospel seems to be recognised by all classes as a necessary part of their religious life. To plant the Church of Christ in all lands is a work which demands not only persistent and undaunted zeal, but also practical and statesmanlike gifts of administra- 1C62244 vi Preface lion, to tlie suppression of tlie impetuous and selfisli in- dividualism wliicli too often monopolises the name of Entluisiasm. It is a work which can be rightly carried out only by men who will be content to regard it as a whole, to legislate for it on system, to take a wide and equable survey of the condition of the whole field and the relative needs of all its parts, co-ordinating means and wants without favour, partiality, or prejudice. The moral of the story will, I hope, unfold itself. It is that we, who are members of this Church or nation of England, are living in a time of unprece- dented opportunities and of corresponding responsi- bilities, which are laid upon us as citizens and as Christians ; for we are concerned with events that are rapidly changing the face of the world, and threaten to shift the centre of gravity of Christendom, so that at no distant time it may be found, neither at Constantinople nor at Rome, but at Canterbur3\ Those who desire to study the subjects treated in this book in greater detail will find in ' Anderson's History of the Colonial Church ' a storehouse of information in regard to the period of which those volumes speak. The lafce Archdeacon Hardwicke's ' Christ and other Masters,' Professor Max Miiller's ' Chips from a German Workshop,' Canon Cook's ' Origins of Religion and Language,' and the small books on Non-Christian Religious Systems published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge will tell all Ph'I-FACR vii that, it is necessary to know of the creeds wliich sway the consciences of hundreds of millions of our fellow- creatures. Miss Yonge's ' Pioneers and Founders ; ' the biographies of Bish'bps Middleton, Hfeber, Cotton, Mihnan, Venables, Feild, and Sehvyn ; of Livingstone, of Carey, of S. Francis Xavier, and others, while dealing with the work of individuals, will illustrate forcibly the general subject. ' jMission Work among the Indian Tribes of British Guiana,' by the late Rev. W. H. Brett ; ' Personal Recollections of British Burmah,' by Bishop Titcomb ; ' Sketches of Our Life at Sarawak,' by Mrs. McDougall ; ' Twenty Years in Central Africa,' by Rev. H. Rowley, are the personal records of those who have themselves borne the burden of the foreign service of the Church. Lord Blachford, in a pamphlet entitled ' Some Account of the Legal Development of the Colonial Episcopate,' has given much valuable informa- tion on a matter, little understood, on which no one is more competent to write than the noble author himself, who for so long a period held a high position in the Colonial Office. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GROWTH OF THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT. PAGE The Colonia Expansion of England — Its origin — Henry VIII. — Colonisation in the reign of Elizabeth — Other European nations and their Colonies — Colonies in time of James I. — of Charles I.— of Cromwell— of Charles II.— The East India Compam^ — Colonisation in Eighteenth Century, and Nineteenth — The Spiritual Growtli of the Colonies — Fro- bisher's Expedition — The Commonwealth and its care for religion — Council of foreign plantations — Prayer for all conditions of men — Boyle Lectures — Religious divisions — Dr. Bray and Dr. Blair — Dean Prideaux and East India Company — Origin of Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge, and Society for the Propagation of the Gospel — Danish Missions — Baptist and London Missionary Societies —Church Missionary Society — Summaiy — The Colonial Episcopate 1 CHAPTER II. THE CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES. Early Settlement— John and Charles Wesley — Slavery— Perse- cution of Churchmen — Bishop Seabury — First Convention of American Church — Conversion of Indians — Growth of Church — Intercommunion 19 Coxri-.XTs CHAPTER III. THE CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, QUEBEC, AND ONTARIO. PAGE Early Settlements — The Acadians— Loyalist Refugees — Fii-st Colonial Bishop — Newfoundland and its Bishops — The Church in Canada — Bishop Stewart — Montreal — Upper Canada — Education in Canada — The Clergj- Reserves . . 26 CHAPTER IV. THE CHURCH- IN NORTH-WEST CANADA. The Hudson's Bay Compan}' — Conversion of Indians — First English Bisliop of Rupert's Land^The Canadian Pacific Rail- way — Immigration — Church growi:!! — Isolation and hardship — Colonel Butler's description of the i\Iail Service in North - West Canada — Disappearance of Indians and Buiialos — British Columbia — Division of Diocese 39 CHAPTER V. THE CHURCH IN THE WEST INDIES. The Church Established and State-maintained — Bishop Butler on Slaverj' — Emancipation — The Episcopate — Disendow- ment — Self-help — British Honduras — General Codrington — His bequest to S. P. G. — Codrington College — Hayti and its Church • . • . . . 5S CfHAPTER VI. THE CHURCH IN SOUTH AMERICA. British Guiana^ — Evangelistic Work among (1) Indian tribes; (2) Coolies— Rev. W. H. Brett— The Falkland Islands- Patagonia OO Cowr/:xTS xi CHAPTER VII. THE CHURCH IN AUSTRALIA, PAtili Loss of the American Colonies redressed by discovery of New ■Holland — Convict Settlements — Port Jackson — Ceremonies on laying foundations of Sydney — Free Immigrants — Arch- deacon Broughton first Bishop of Australia — New Zealand and Tasmania visited — Growth of Australian Episcopate — Diocese of Newcastle — of Brisbane — of Grafton and Armi- dale — The Church and the Gold-diggers — Dioceses of Goul- burn, Bathurst, Eiverina, Melbourne, Ballaarat, Adelaide, Perth, Tasmania, North Queensland — Bishop Barry — Aborigines — Their treatment — Poonindie Institution — Albany Institution — Warangesda — New Guinea . . .07 CHAPTER VIII. THE CHURCH IN NEW ZEALAND. First intercom'se between English and Maoris — Maori religion — Tapu — First Mission to New Zealand and its results— Bishop Selwyn — Maori uprisings — Maori Evangelists and Martyrs — Kev. J. C. Patteson — New Zealand Episcopate — The King- maker and the land ques.tion — Bishop Selwyn as mediator — War of races — Han Hau fanaticism — Rev. C. S. Volkner — Fidelity of Maori Clergj' — Declension of the race . . 83 CHAPTER IX. MISSIONS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. Melanesian Mission— Its origin and difficulties — Bishop Selwyn's first visit — Isle of Pines — Babel of tongues — Mission for- mally commenced — First pupils brought to New Zealand — Synod at Sydney — Mr. Patteson and the 'Southern Cross' — Nonconformist Missions ; their success — Consecration of Rev. J. C. Patteson — Labour vessels — Bishop Patteson"s death — Effect on the Mission and on public feeling — llev. xii Contents J. R. Selwyn and Ecv, J. Still — Mr. Sch^-j-n consecrated Bishop — Native confidence recovered — Present state of the Mission — Fiji — Pearlier Missions in Fiji — Hon. Sir A. H. Gordon — Hawaiian Islands — Idolatry abandoned — King Kamehameha IV. — English Blission founded — Disappoint- ments — Progress — Bishop Wilberforce's foi'ecast . . .96- CHAPTER X. THE CHURCH IN SOUTH AFRICA. Dutch occupation — The English succeed — Inadequate spiritual provision — The Cape visited by Indian Bishops, and by the first Bishop of Tasmania — The first Bishop of Capetown — Kafirs — Diocese divided — Litigation — Grahamstown — Kafir delusion— Progress — Kaffraria — Bishop Merriman — Bishop Key— Natal — Bishop Colenso — Bishop Macrorie — Zululand — Orange Free State — Pretoria — St. Helena — Tristan d'Acunha — Mauritius: its variety of peoples — Madagascar — Early Missions— Persecution of Christians — The Island re-opened — An English Bishop sent — Native Ministry — The French Blockade 117 CHAPTER XI. MISSIONS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF AFRICA. The Church Missionary Society— Drs'. Krapf and Rebmann — The Slave Trade — Dr. Livingstone — Bishop Mackenzie — His first settlement — His death — The Continent abandoned — Zanzibar — The Mission in difficulties — Work recommenced on the mainland — Lake Tanganyika and the London Mis- sionary Society — Lake Nyanza — Mr. H. M. Stanley and King Mtesa — The C.M.S. Mission to Lake Nyanza — Death of King Mtesa — Disaster to Bishop Hannington and his party — The prospects of Central Africa .... 141 CHAPTER XII. MISSIONS ON THE WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA. Sierra Leone — Its unhealthiness — The Episcopate — Yoruba and the Niger — Abbeokuta — Bishop Crowther — Mohammedan Contents xiii cruelty — Liberia aud Maryland — The American Church Mission — The Pongas Mission — Chief Wilkinson — Cliristi- anity and civilisation Ii32 CHAPTER XIII. MISSIONS IN THE EAST INDIES, Successive rulers of India — English possession — Early contact with Christianity in India — The Malabar Clnircli — Danish Missions — Serampore Mission — English Churcli Missions — Conditions of Missionary work in India — Varieties of race and language — Antipathy to English — Strength of Non- Cliristian religions in India — Brahmanism — Buddhism — Mohammedanism — Truths in common — Hindi-ances to growth in India — Episcopate limited — Changes needed — Travancore — Tinnevelly 160 CHAPTER XIV. MISSIONS IN THE EAST INDIES {continued). Bishop Middleton^Bishop's College founded — Bishops Heber, Turner, and James — Sees of Madras and Bombay — Bishop Cotton (1857-1866)— Bishop Milman (1867-1876)— The Kols — The Karens — Dioceses of Lahore and Rangoon — The Mutiny of 1857 — Delhi Mission destroj-ed and restored — The Cambridge Brotherhood — Missions of C.M.S. in North India — Bombay — Rangoon — Upper Burma and Mandalay Mission — Ceylon — South India — Devil worship— Self-help — Bishops in Tinnevelly — The famine and its teaching — Pro- portion of Christians to Non-Christians in India — Need of all kinds of Ministrations — Medical Missions — Education — Bazaar preaching — Domestic life and asceticism . . . 176 CHAPTER XV. MISSIONS IN CHINA, JAPAN, AND BORNEO. DiflBculties in China — People — Languages — Religions — Roman Missions — The American Church Mission — The C.M.S. — The xiv CONTEiWTS Episcopate — The S.l'.G. — China Inland Mission — Chinese converts in other lands — Japan — St. Francis Xavier— Japan opened b}^ treaty — Latency of Christianity — Japanese con- verts — Bishops Poole and Bickersteth — Changed attitude of people towards Christianity — The Corea — Borneo — Bishop McDoiigall— Chinese in Borneo — North Borneo Company — Singapore— Sir S. Raffles 192 CHAPTER XVI. CONCLUSION. Eetrospect — Financial administration — Contributions to Mis- sions — Endowments — Universities and Colleges — Supply of Clergy — Organisation and administration —Failure of Letters Patent — Synodal action essential — Adopted in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Africa, and West Indies — The Laity in Synods — Power of Synods — Lambeth Conferences — Autonomy of Colonial Cliurches — Summary — Encouragement or the reverse — Spread of English-speaking races, and its results — Spread of English Christianity and its results . 201 INDEX 217 THE EXGLISII CIIUECE IN OTHER LANDS SPIRITUAL EXPANSION OF ENGLAND. CHAPTER I. GROWTH OF THE MISSIONARY SPIRIT. The story of England's contribution to the evangelisa- tion of the world must to a great extent run in parallel lines with the story of her colonial development ; but it Avill not be confined within those limits, wide and ever- extending as they are. The steady increase of our colonies has indeed supplied the most pressing call, and based our duty on the very obvious obligation of caring first for our own kindred ; but the Christian conscience has taken a wider view, and has recognised the duty of spreading the knowledge of eternal Truth wherever the commerce of England has been spread. If the tale of the spiritual expansion of England is to be told, some review must first be taken of her territorial expansion. The two are very intimately united, and it will be found that, as in the growth of our colonial empire many elements have combined to make it what it is — diplomacy, C.H. B 2 The Exgl/si/ Church /x Other Laxds wiir, lulveiiture, greed, each having coiiti-njuted its share — so in the building up of the Churcli in otlier Lauds there have been mixed motives, and by-ends, jDersecutions, ambitions, fa'naticisni, strangely mingled with tlie purer and nobler views of the Evangelist and the Christian statesman. It is difficult to fix the exact date of the beo-innino's of our colonial empire. There were attempts and Birth of the foreshadowiugs of it in the enterprises of liuipii-e Columbus and Cabot in the reign of Henry VII. These men discovered new lauds; but no new settlements appear to have been made either on the AVestern Continent or in any of the adjacent islands under the commissions which the king had given. There was probably a fear of incurring the censure of the Church ; for Pope Eugeniu.s IV. had conferred on Portugal, about the middle of the fifteenth century, all lands that might at any time be discovered between Cape Non, seven degrees S. of Gibraltar, and the conti- nent of India; and in 1493 the lands of the Western hemisphere Avere given by Pope Alexander VI. to the united kingdoms of Castile and Arragon. Henry VIII. made few -attempts to discover or to acquire foreign possessions. His hands were full of ncnrvviii. other matters. France and Spain were 1509-1547 powerful rivals abroad; and at home the con- flicting interests, tlie violent agitations, and even formidable dangers which beset the Reformation move- ment fully occupied both king and subjects. Indepen- dent trading ventures were made, not without the cog- nisance of the king, to the coast of Guinea and to the Levant ; but on Henry's death in 1517 Calais was the Growth op tup. Missionary Spirit 3 sole foreign possession of Eag-lancl. The reign of Edward VI. saw many attempts made by merchants, iMward VI. ^^uder tlie direct sanction of the Crown, to force Vo\>-\oo-i ^ passage by the north-east to Cathay, with tlie result of establishing factories at Moscow and Arch- angel and of incorporating in 1554 the Russia Company; but no land was acquired in foreign countries. In the reign of Elizabeth, Hawkins, Drake, and Cavendish visited the West Indies, South America, and Colonisation Mexico ; and Magellan won the honour of dis- on^'iTzabeth, covering the straits which still bear his name. 155S-1GU3 Erobisher pushed his way into Hudson's Bay and returned with no abiding results. But in 1578 the iirst national attempt at distinct colonisation was made when Elizabeth gave to Humphrey Gilbert, a Devon- shire knight, authority • to take possession of all remote and barbarous lands unoccupied by any Christian prince or people.' The undertaking did not immediately suc- ceed, but it paved the way for success. Newfoundland was occupied in 1581, but subsequently abandoned, and in the same year Virginia Avas founded but not retained. The original settlers were never again heard of, although the traditions of the natives, which are confirmed by the physical characteristics of the tribe of Hatteras Indians, point to their having been adopted by the sons of the forest. The European nations were now competing with one another for the dominion of the known T^uropean nations aud worid. Portugal had established itself in colonial India, in the Persian Gulf, on the ijeninsula possessions <. -i r i • i or Malacca, on either shore of Africa, and in Brazil. It had possessed itself of the chief harbours of B 2 4 77//? ExGiJsn Church ix Other Lands Ceylon, and liad inrniod settlements in ])Orneo, Java, and Sumatra. Its connection with China and Japan was commenced in this century, and its trade extended far beyond its territorial possessions. Spain had conquered ]Mexico, Peru, and Chili in the first half of the century, and before its close had seized on many of the possessions of her neighbour and rival. The Dutch Republic, at the close of the century, was in the first rank of commercial nations ; and France had begun to lay the foundations of that extended dominion, which later on affected so powerfully the destinies of Europe. Thus it seemed as though England was to be outstripped by her rivals; for although in the last year of the century the East India Company received its charter, no permanent foreign settlements had yet been made, and her colonies were but the shadoAV of g-reat thino-s to come. With the reign of James I. peace abroad and re- ligious strife at home invited to colonisation the ad- Coionisation veuturous Spirits of the time, as well as those ofJaniesT ^^'^^" louged for a home remote from political 1G03-1G25 I religious turbulence. Tlie king gave a patent by which, in 100(3, A'irginia and New England were permanently settled. In 1G20 a Puritan colony occupied Massachusetts. Five years latei-, the Ivoyalists, seeing the cause of their sovereign daily becoming weaker, looked to oilier lands ; and. in the words of an old chronicler, ' the calamities of England served to people Barbados,' to which island Cromwell afterwards banished his captives, Trisli aiid English. In 1G22, a colony was established in the French possession of Nova Scotia, which was not finally surrendered to England until 171-J. In l(Jl!-j Charles I, gave Mary- Growth of the Missiox.iry Spirit 5 land to Lord J5;iltinion\ wlio luudc it :i ivoiiuiu Catholic settlement; ubout the sanio time the Lanjliuas wore bestowed 011 Lord Ik^rkeley ; Cromwell in iG-Ta-iuiti ItJ-V) wrested Jamaica from Siniin ; in IGGl- cromwci, New Amsterdam was taken i'rom the Dutch ibiu-iooj ^^^^ re-named New York ; in 1G70 the region s>iirroiindinn- Hudson's Lay was annexed and called Kupert's Land after Prince llupert, the founder of the Hudson's ]5ay Company, which received its charter from the Crown in tlie following year. St. Helena, seized by the East India Company from the Dutch, was ciru--o^ii secured to the Company by Charles II., who IGG.J-16S6 condoned their offence in view of the great advantage of a resting-place on the long route to India being at the service of the country. Pennsylvania, pur- chased by William Penn of the Duke of York in 1G82, became a place of refuge for the persecuted Quakers. Kiist India i^Ieanwhile the East India Company had been uompauy stealthily extending their possessions. In IGII their factories were established at Madras; thirty years later they founded a settlement at liooghly, which in 1G98 was removed to Calcutta, then an insigni- ficant village ; in I6G2 the I^ortuguese gave the town and island of Bombay as part of the dowry of Katha- rine, wife of Charles II., by whom it was made over to the East India Company. So the seventeenth century closed and left England in possession of large territories in India, in North America, and in the West Indies, coiouisatiou ^ery early in the eighteenth century Gib- eigurccnth I'^^ltiir was taken ; in 1713 the Treaty of century, XJtrecht ccdcd to England Nova Scotia and Newfoundland; Canada was conquered in 17G0, Prince 6 TiiR Excjjsn CncRcii in Other Laxds Edward's Island having been seized two years before. Sierra Leone was acquired in 1787, the native chiefs gladly ceding their rights in rot urn for the protection of England; in 1787 New South AVales promised in some degree to atone for the loss of the American colonies Avhich had declared. their independence; in 1795 the British took all the Dutch possessions in Ceylon and shortly afterwards seized the whole island, making it a separate colony ; the conquest of Trinidad in 1797 closes the list of territories acquired in the eighteenth century. In 1806 the Cape of Good Hope was taken from thr Dutch, and in 1810 ]\Iauritius was Avon from the French. Tlio Treaty of Paris in 1814 secured our iinii ill tiio ])ossession of Guiana. Singapore was acquired Jeutury in 1819, tlic Falkland Islands in 1833. In 1810 Katal Avas laken from the Dutch, and in the same year JSTcav Zealand became a colony under the terms of the Waitangi treaty with the JMaoris. In 1846 the island of Labuan Avas ceded, ajid in 1874 the Fiji Islands Avere, as they remain, the latest addition to our colonial possessions ; nnlcss, indeed, Cyprus, Avhich Avas assigiu'd by the Sultan of Turkey to England in 1878 for ' occupation and administration,' may be placed in the sam(> categorA^ as tlu'; colonies proper. Thus has been gathered together that ' aggregation of tcri-itori.al atoms' Avhich an American statesman The colonial declared to be ' a poAver to Avhich Home in the empire height of her glory Avas not to be compared.' From many centres the colonies have spread and threaten already to set out on fresh ventures of ac- quisition for themselves, Avhile the Avithdrawals of the charters of the East India Company and of the Hudson's Giiowrii OF THE Missionary Spirit 7 Bay Company have opened u]i new reg-ions, as terri- tories of the Ibnner company, now under tlie direct rule of the Crown, extend from Cape Coniorin to the Hima- layas, while llupert's Land has changed from a vast hunting-ground to the most fertile Avheat-growing country in the world. Turning to the spiritual side of the work of these early discoverers and colonisers, we may say of it as Lord Bacon said of the Spaniards' discoveries in the Western AVorld : ' It cannot be affirmed, if one speak ingenuously, that it was the propagation of the Christian j,,j, faith that was the adamant of that discovery, prmvtirof Pii^iy? ^^^^^ plantation, but gold and silver and the colonies ^^pniporal profit and glory ; so that what was first in God's providence Avas but second in man's appetite and intention.' Nevertheless in the carlic^r expeditions the thirst for gold was not the sole motive. Frobisher's expedition Frobhiiers ^'^^ accompanied by a clergyman, ' Master expcutiou -^Yolfall' who had been preacher to Her Majesty's Council, and who being ' well seated and settled at home with a good and large living, having a good honest woman to wife and very towardly children,' went on the voyage of danger in the hope of ' saving souls and reforming infidels to Christianity.' On reacli- inof the American shores ' he celebrated a communion on land, at the partaking whereof was the captain and many other gentlemen and soldiers, mariners and miners, with him. The celebration of the Divine mysteries was the first signe, scale, and confirmation of Christ's name, death, and passion, ever known in these quarters.' ^ ' Ilaklnvt. 8 The Esglisii Church in Other Lands Sir Humplirey Glilbert set forth as the most pro- minent motive for acquiring the full possession of these ' so ample and pleasant countries for the Crown and people of England ' ' the honour of God and com- passion of poor infidels led captive by the Devil.' In the charter given by James I. to the Virginia Company it was provided that ' the word and service of God be preached, planted, and used, not only in the said colony, but, as much as may be, among the savages bor- dering among them, according to the rites and doctrine of the Church of England.' The Rev. Robert Hunt w^as appointed to accompany the expedition. Raleigh, though his fortune -svas gone, yet gave 100?. to the Virginia Company for the establishment of religion in the colony ; and the names of Lord Delawarr, of Whitaker, son of a master of St. John's College, Cambridge, of Sandys, the pupil of Hooker, and of the saintly Nicholas Ferrar, who \vere influential members of the company, are a gua- rantee that other than commercial motives prompted the venture. The baptism of Pocahontas, daughter of the native chief, and her subsequent marriage to an English gentleman who brought her to England, are familiar to all. The (V)nuiionwealth was not less mindful of religion than had been the jMonarchy. In 1 (5 18 ' the Commons r,,, r. of Eno'land assembled in I'arliament, having 1 liG com- *=> ^ "^ luonweaitii's received intelligence that the heathens in New care tor o religion England are beginning to call \\\)0\\ the luuuc of the Lord, feel bound to assist in the work.' This was the preamble of the charter given to the New England Company, the forerunner of all missionary societies, which still continues to expend the annual Growth of the Missioxarv Spirit ' 9 interest of its endownuMits on tlie support of ministers of religion, having received a second charter from Charles II. and been regulated by three Decrees of Chancery in I7'.*2, 1808, and 1836 respectively. Charles W. established, soon after his accession, a ' Council of Foreign Plantations,' which sat in the Star Chamber at Westminster ; and among other Council of < •! T T ForL-iKii things the Councu was directed ' to take care "'"'/'■ to proiiao-ate the Cospel: to send strict orders Charles II. ' ^ ' . ,. , • T c aiul instructions lor regulating and reiorming the debaucheries of planters and servants ; to consider liow the natives, or such as have been ]iurchased from other parts to bo servants or slaves, may be best invited to the Christian faith.' At this time — 1GG2 — the Church of England began to pray daily, morning and evening, for all sorts and Tho Church conditions of men, that God would be pleased pniyer'for ^^ make His ways known unto them. His au'ionTof saving health among all nations. A hundred ^^^' years had passed since the Reformation settle- ment, and the Prayer-book had not contained a word of prayer for the conversion of the heathen except the collect for Good Friday, which was offered on only one day in the year. The Church's conscience was now awakened by the activity of discoverers and adventurers. Her ministers were beginning to follow their flocks into other lands ; but nearly fifty years had yet to lapse before the Church of England could point to a single foreiofn mission, llobert Bovle, who had offered in 1661 to lead a company of evangelists to New England, foiled in his desire, endowed in 1691 the lectureships which still bear his name, with the intention that they 10 The Rngusii Church in Other Lands ' should prove the Christijin religion against Atheists, Theists, Pagans, Jews, and ]\[ahometans, and be assist- Bovie's ^"S" ^'^ ^^^ companies and encouraging them Lectures j,-^ ,^^-jy luidertakings for propagating the Christian religion in foreign parts.' He also left by will the residue of his estate to a society which was called and is still known as the ' Christian Faith Society for the advancement of the Christian religion amongst infidels in Virginia.' The Court of Chaucery has more than once intervened in the operations of this society, whose funds are now applied to the benefit of the British West India Islands and tlu^ JMauritius. In this respect the colonisation of the seventeenth century compares favourably with that of the eighteenth — religiou was never lost sight of; iu many, indeed in the majority of cases, it held a prominent position ; in some it was the very cause of the whole undertaking. The colonisation of later times is in strange and painful contrast with the fervid zeal of the seventeenth century. Yet did this very zeal work infinite divisions and bitter- ness. The review of the religious condition of the various colonies gave deep concern to all thoughtful ]3ersons. In Barbados the authorities had divided the island into parishes, building in each a church, and taxing every acre with the payment of one pound of tobacco annually for the support of the clergyman. ' Opinionated and self-conceited persons who have de- clared an absolute dislike to the government of the Church of England were made to conform.' Masters of families were compelled to read ]irayers daily, morning and evening, and attendance at church on every Sunday was compulsory on those who lived within two miles of their Growth of the Missioxary Spirit ii parlsli clvurcli, a fine of ten pouiuls of cotton being the penalty of neo-lect. New Eno-land, whose first settlers were Churchmen, who established themselves on the river Kenebec, became in 1G20 the home of the IMlgrim Fathers. Massachusetts Avas a Puritan colony; but tlu> settlers professed intense admiration and love for the Cliurch which they described as 'our dear motJier, ever acknowledging that such hope and part as we have received in the common salvation, we have obtained in her bosom.' Nevertheless they shortly afterwards established their own creed by law and tolerated no other. Strange, indeed, it is that the people who had made such noble sacrifices for liberty of conscience, soon came to regard the exercise of the civil power in enforcing uniformity to be only a righteous and godly procedure. For the natives they did nothing; indeed, they applied themselves to the task of the extirpation of ' the paynim, whom probably the Devil decoyed hitlier in hopes that the Gospel would never come here to disturb or to destroy his absolute reign over them.' The neglect of these poor people touched the heart of John Eliot, who patiently gave twelve years to the acquisition of their language, and then by his labours won for all time the honoured name of ' The Apostle of the Indians.' k^ucli a medley of faiths the world had never seen. In the southern colonies the Church was established by rxrii"ious I'T'W; Romanists were the majority in jMary- (Uffcrcuccs \^x\^ J Pennsylvania was occupied by Quakers ; Presbyterians and Baptists colonised New Jersey ; Lutherans and Moravians from Germanv abounded in 12 The ExGi.isn Church ix Other Laxds Carolina and (ieoi-^'ia ; Init llicsi' did not arrive until the next century. At home there succeeded 1o lonof strife a period of frivolity and indifference, in ^\]li^•h the few earnest ]\tis?iniiiiry s])irits, wlio leavciied the age in which they land lived, looked on with dismay at the mis- carriage of the designs which Ivaleigh and his contem- poraries had formed for the extension of religion. Sir Leoline Jenkins now founded the ^lissionary Fellowships at Jesus College, Oxford, the holders of which were bound to service in foreign lands. A scheme for the support of a bishop in Mrginia, who should be main- tained out of the customs levied in the colony, was seriously entertained. jMeanwhile the Bishop of London (Compton) sent Dr. Blair as his commissary to Virginia in 1683, and Dr. Bray in a similar capacity to Maryland T)r< Biiir ^^^ IGUo. Their representations, especially aniiBniy tliosc of Dr. Bray, Avere made public. Dr. Bray was impressed by the poverty and scanty know- ledge of the clergy who had been sent, or were likely to go to America. He had made the tbllowing condition before going to Maryland as commissary : ' That since none but the poorer sort of clergj^ who could not sufficiently supply themselves with books, could be persuaded to leave their friends, and change their country for one so remote, and that without a com- petent provision of books they could not answer the ends of their mission ; if their lordships the Bishops thought fit to assist him in providing Parochial Libraries for the ministers that should be sent, he would be content to accept the commissary's office in Maryland.' His proposal was cordially ai3proved, and a document Growth of run Missionary Spir/t 13 signed by Archbishops Tenison and Shai-jie and Bishops Coinpton, Lk)yd, Patrick, and Moore, is still preserved in Lambeth Palace lil)rary, formally sanctioning the scheme for fonnding ])ai'ochial libraries for tlie benefit of tlio clergy, in his jonrneys abont England seeking to obtain snbscriptions Ibr his liljraries as well as persons who might be willing to go to Maryland, he was fre- quently struck by the poverty of the clergy and the dearth of theolo»-ical books ; and ho added to his scheme the establishment of such libraries in Ihigland and Wales. In Maryland he helped the Government in the division of the country into parishes. On returning to Ensfland, so ardent was his desire to see standard and useful works placed within the reach of the clergy and laity, that he may be considered to have been in 1G98 the main founder of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Not from America alone were claims pressing on the attention of the Church. In 1 GDI Dean Prideaux Dean published a scheme for the conversion of India. ai^a nu> K I -^^ '^^ produced no other immediate result than Company |]jp recognition by the Legislature, in the re- newal of the Company's charter four years later, of the duty incumbent on them of providing ' in every gar- rison or superior factory one minister and one decent and convenient place for divine service only,' it was not a failure. But it did more : the Government expressly enacted ' that such ministers as should be sent to reside in India should apply themselves to learn the language of the country, the better to enable them to instruct the Gentoos, who should be the servants of the Company or their agents, in the Protestant religion.' 14 The Excijsii Church ix Other Lands The Society for Promotiug Christian Knowledge had not been long in existence when the necessity of an organisation more formally constituted, which should undertake, as the Church's iustrninent and representa- tive, the actual initiatiou and direction of missionary work, was perceived. The Chris- tian Knowledge Society employed no missionaries or ordained ao-ents, hut limited its functions to the duties specified in its title. Accordingly on March 13, 1701, Convocation the Lowcr Housc of the Convocation of Canter- bury hury, assembled in Henry YII.'s Chapel at Westminster, a])pointed a committee ' ad inquirendum in ea, qua) sibi videbuntur maxime idonea, pro Christiana Rebgionc in I'lantationibus (ut vocant) sive coloniis trausmarinis ad hoc regnum Anglias quovis modo spec- tantibus, promovenda.' The Archbishop of Canterbury (Tenison), acting on this, applied to the Crown for a Eoyal Charter; and on June 16, 1701, the Society for (^^i„i,j„j. the Propagation of the Gospel was thus in- forthT''''^ corporated. It immediately commenced its of'tiie"''*'""' work at Archangel and Moscow, and extended Gospel -^.g operations to America in 1702, to New- foundland in 1703, to the West Indies in 1732, to Nova Scotia in 1749, and to Western Africa in 1752. From the first, it aimed at the conversion of the pagans as well as the benefit of Christian emigrants and colonists ; but its income was very limited, never exceed- ing C,000L in any year of the first century of its ex- istence. It was a century of much apathy, and at home and abroad men's thoughts were occupied with other things than the spread of the Gospel. In the second half of the century the loyalty of the Growth of the Missionary Spirit 15 colonists showed signs of wavering. In India as well as in Anu'i'ica, wars were carried on to the glory of onr Colonial arms and the increase of our possessions, but loVllltV . „ . T I • f 1_ j_1 wivcriiig at mnnite cost and strain 01 our strength and resources. In the reign of Queen Anne it had been purposed to send out four bishops, two to the West Indies and two to America, but the project ended with the Queen's death. The Church seemed powerless and unable to help herself. America demanded bishops, and demanded them in vain. The solitary missionary instrument of the Church Avas poor and without patronage. The famous Bishop Butler declined the offer of the Archbishopric of Canterbury, alleging that it was too late to save a falling Church. Nonconformity was weak and persecuted, and the prevalent Calvinism of the day did not incite to missionary work. The Danish mis- Dai"iish mission had sent noble representatives india.'"The ^0 Tranquebar in 1714. In 1732 the patient Moiaviaus Moravians from their home in Silesia began Wesieyans ^^ send out members of their body to the West Indies, North and South America, Lapland, Tartary, Western and Southern Africa. In 1769, the Wesleyan Society began in America the work which has been since extended to all parts of the world. In 1792, Carey, the son of a shoemaker in Northamptonshire, destined to prove one of the greatest of Indian missionaries, moved Baptist aua *^^® Baptist sect, of which he was a member, Missionary ^o establish missions. He was met with many Societies objectious : proposing for discussion at a meeting of ministers ' the duty of attempting to spread the Gospel among the heathen,' he was at once rebuked and told that if God wished to convert the heathen He 1 6 The Exgusii Church in Other LAxbs could do it without liuman aid. But lie persevered and got together a society which works in the East and AVest Indies, AYest Africa, and China. In 1794, the Congregational ists estahlislicd the London Missionary Society, the scene of whose work lies in India, South Africa, the West Indies, the IVjific, and Madagascar. On April 12, 1709, sixteen clergymen met at the Castle and Falcon Tavern in Aldersgate Street, and, moved by the consideration that not a single clergyman had yet gone to either of the great continents of Africa and Asia, they founded what was called ' The Society for Missions to Africa and the East,' a title which was afterwards changed to ' The Church ]\Iis- sionary Society for Africa and the East.' The work of this society is by no means limited to the regions set forth in its title; since its establishment ' in 1800 it has enlarged its sphere as its means have increased, and its name is familiar in every part of the globe whither its representatives have gone. Thus the eighteenth century closed with greatly multiplied missionary machinery, and with widely ex- The nine- tended fields of work ; but the first twenty century years of the following century were not a period marked by much zeal or corresponding progress. The Church at home was struggling to make up for past neglect, and to build churches in ^\■hich to gather alienated and indifferent multitudes. Of machinery there was enough, possibly too much ; what was wanted was direction and guidance. For the Colonial Church The colonial tlicsc wcre suppHcd by Bishop Blomfield. He episcopate ^^^^ ^|^g colonics increasing and spreading in all directions ; yet there were only ten colonial bishops Growth of the Missioxary Sph^'/t ly in 1811 — four in Xortli Aiucrica, tliivc in the East ludit'S, two ill the A\'i'st Indies, and one in Australiji, and tlu'so were in tlie majority of cases stipendiaries of the Government. Tlie statesiuan-bisliop exposed the presbyterianism of the Churcli, tlms left without episcopal rule; and on Whitsun Tuesda\-, 1811, the assembled bishops of England, Ireland, and Scotland, at his inter- vention, sent out a famous declaration which launched the Colonial Bishoprics Council. The ten bishoprics of 18-11 have now, in 188G, reached the number of 75, and it may be convenient to the reader to hav(! Ihe following table of their names, their locality, and the date of their Ibundation : — In North America: Nova Scotia, 1787; Quebec, 17Uo; Toronto, 1839; Newfoundland, 18o9; Frederic- ton, 1815; Montreal, 1850; Huron, 1857; Ontario, 18G2 ; Algoma, 1873; Niagara, 1875; Ilupert's Land, 1819; Moosonee, 1872; Saskatchewan, 1871; Mac- kenzie River, 1874; Qu'Appelle, 1881; Athabasca, 1881; Columbia, 1859; Caledonia, 1879; New West- minster, 1879. In Asia : Calcutta, 1811; Madras, 1835; Bombay, 1837; Lahore, 1877; Eangoou, 1877; Travancore, and Cochin, 1879; Colombo, 1815; Singapore, 1855; Victoria, 1819; Mid China, 1872; North China, 1880; Japan, 1883; Jerusalem, 1811. In Australia: Sydney, 1836; Tasmania, 1812; Adelaide, 1817; Melbourne, 1817; Newcastle, 1847; Perth, 1857 ; Brisbane, 1859 ; Goulburn, 1863 ; Grafton and Armidale, 1867; Bathnrst, 1869; Ballaarat, 1875 ; North Queensland, 1878 ; Riverina, 1883. In Neav Zealand and the Pacific: Auckland, c. H, c 1 8 The Exgl/sh Church in Other Lands 1841; Christclmrcli, 185G ; Xelson, 1858; AYellington 1858; AVaiapu, 1858; Melanesia, 18G1 ; Dunedin 1871 ; Honolulu, 18G1. In tlie West Indies and South A^mekica: Jamaica 1824; Barbados, 1824; Antigua, 1842; Guiana, 1842 Nassau, 18G1 ; Trinidad, 1872 ; Falkland Islands, 18G9 In Africa: Capetown, 1847; Graliamstown, 1853 Maritzburg, 1853; St, John's, 1873; Bloemfontein 18G3; Zululand, 1870; Pretoria, 1878; St. Helena 1851); Mauritius, 1854; Madagascar, 1874; Central Africa, 18G1 ; Eastern Equatorial Africa, 188i; Sierra Leone, 1852 ; Niger, 18G4. To tliis list must be added the See of Gibraltar, which was founded in 1842. It should also be stated that the Church of the United States, wdiich sprang from the Church of Ens'land, since the iDolitical severance of the Growth of ° . . ^ _:, . , . . . _, ^ tiie Church two couutries lu 1 / 84, wiicu it obtamed the of the . ' . f. -,-,. , United episcopate by the consecration ot Bishop Seabuiy at Aberdeen, has raised the number of her bishops to sixty-seven, whose dioceses cover the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and has also planted missions, with bishops at their head, in China, in Japan, and on the West Coast of Africa. Since 1841, three new missionary organisations have been formed, viz. the Patagonian, now called the South Modern American Missionary Society, the Colonial societies and Continental Church Society, and the Uni- versities Mission to Central Africa. Several small associations or guilds have also been formed for the purpose either of carrying on independent work or of assisting work previously existing. But enough space Growth of the Missionary Spirit 19 has been given to nmcliineiy; it will be the object of the following chapters to show what the machiner}- has produced, either of actual result or of future promise. CHAPTER II. THE ciirKrii in the umted states of America. At the commencement of the eighteenth century there were not a score of clergymen of the English Church j.jjj,y ministering outside the limits of this country; settiemcut ^^^^ y^„^^^ Nonconformity more fully represented. The colonies on tlie American continent Avere growing rapidly in wealth and numbers. Their whole population was about 1,200,000 whites and 250,000 negi-oes, while the population of the mother countiy did not much exceed G, 000, 000. The population of Virginia had doubled itself in twenty-five years ; but for the first seventy-five years of its existence not a single place of worship was erected in this the foremost colony, largely populated by Churchmen. Of worldly pro- sperity there was every token ; Virginia was a vast tobacco plantation ; Georgia and the Carolinas boasted of their crops of maize, rice, and indigo; while New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England Colonies obtained their wealth from their fisheries, their woods, and their cornfields. The colonists had brought with them each their own religious creed with its peculiar shibboleths, and these again were divided and subdivided into a variety of sects. On April 24, 1702, the Society for the Propagation c 2 20 The Exglisii Cni'Rcn in Other Lands of the («os])el sent forth its first representatives, the Rev. George Keitli and Patrick Gordon, who landed at Boston on June 1 1. "^^Phey were shortly followed by many more, joiin ana So novel a dis])lay of zeal on the part of the Charles ^ '' . ^ Wesley (yjiurcli attracted attention. Among others the Rev. J. Wesley, Rector of Ejiworth, in Lincolnshire, and father of the founder of ]\Iethodism, was much interested, and put himself in communication with the authorities. The religious society which he had founded in his parish shared his feelings, and was especially moved by the news which came from Tranquebar of the Danish Mission established there. Mr. Wesley died iu 17o5, but his sons were not a whit behind their father iu missionary zeal. John was urged by Dr. Burton, President of Corpus Christi College, who had observed his career at Oxford, to go to Georgia and to take his brother Charles with him. They sailed on October 13, 1735 ; and for two years John Wesley was on the list of the missionaries of the Propagation Society in Georgia, Charles having gone on to Prederica. Their ministry was not successful ; in the words of Southey, John Wesley, 'instead of regarding his people as babes in the progress of their Christian life to be fed with milk instead of strong- meat, drenched them with the physic of an intolerant discipline.' In 1737, he shook off the dust of his feet and left Georgia in bitter disappointment. His connection with America did not cease; the work which he carried on for fifty years in England was renewed in Pennsylvania and other States. The War of Independence arrested it for a time ; his ' calm address to the Americans,' written before the war actually broke out, excited much resent- ment against him, but on the restoration of peace his Till-: CiifRcii IN THE Ux/tf.d States 2t pnviclicrs renewed tlieir activity, and on September 2, 178L, only a few weeks before the consecration of the first American bislio]!, lie ' set apart,' at Bristol, ' by the imposition of liiuids, Thomas Coke to be superintendent of the ilock of Christ,' justifying his action on the ground that he despaired of the Church sending bishops to America. The slaves and the Indians had occupied a large place in the sympathies of thoughtful men both at home and in the colonies. The first mention of slavery occurs in the annals of Virginia, where in 1G20 twenty negroes are recorded to have been purchased by the settlers in Jamestown from a Dutch ship which had put in there for the purposes of trade. Bishop Gibson, who held the See of London from 1723 to 1748, wrote and published exhortations to masters of families to ' encourage and promote the instruction of their negroes in the Christian faith,' and to the clergy to observe the same duty in their several parishes. Bishop Wilson published in 1740 his famous 'Essay toward an Instruction for the Indians ' in the form of twenty dialogues between an Indian and a missionary. Bishop Berkeley for years struggled to carry out his magnificent scheme for a college in the Bermudas for the education of a clergy and ' for the better supplying of churches in our Foreign Plantations and for con- verting the savao-es to Christianitv.' He looked forward to the establishment of bishoprics in each Colonial Church ; and this question, which now became urgent, was insisted u])on with increasing piu'tinacity until the Declaration of Inde])endence. Churchiuanship and loyalty to the Crown had 23 The Exgi.isii Church in Other Lands hitlicrto been synonjnuous : two clergymen liud re- ceived consecration from one of the Nonjuror bishops, but they had been withdrawn from the colonies in the interests of peace. The Declaration of Independence, made in July 177G, had been preceded by a time of rersccHtiou Pi'cat persecution of the Chiu'ch and especi- of Church- ni r. , , -, r n t men ally 01 the clergy. Many fled over the border into Nova Scotia, while others remained at the place of danger and duty. Charles Inglis, rector of Trinity Church, New York, was conspicuous as a confessor: although his church was ordered to be closed, he con- tinued to visit the sick, to comfort the distressed, to baptize, and to bury the dead. He refused to give up tlie keys of his church, and persisted in praying for the sovereign, although more than a hundred armed men occupied the building and threatened to shoot him if the obnoxious prayer Avere offered. His cluircli was burned to the ground, his person banished, and his (^state confiscated. When in 1783 peace was restored, the Church in Virginia had become wasted and almost destroyed. Of 16 i churches, which existed before the war, many were in ruins, and the number of the clergy was reduced from 91 to 28. The importunate and even passionate demands for an episcopate, which had for so many y(>ars btn-n made, Consecration ^^^^ been conteuqjtuously rejected ; but the soranfryf samc stroke which severed thirteen colonies 1784 from England, set the Church free to obtain lor herself bishops of her own. The Church in Con- necticut, as soon as peace was secured, sent Dr. Samuel Seabury to England to obtain consecration. ]\)litical difficulties were suggested; and on November 11, 1781, Tiir. Church /.v the United States 23 he was consecrated at Aberdeen by three Scottish Bisliops. Three years later Bishop White of Penn- sylvania and Bishop Provoost of New York were con- secrated in LandK'th Palace; and in 17SS a bishop was consecrated for Mrginia. The progress of the Church of the United States has been very remarkable. Its iirst Convention was held in First Con- Holy Trinity Cluircli, Philadelphia, in 1781<, the*cuurch ^^^^ ^'^'^'^^ *^® lapsc of an eventfid century the iu America g^me building Avitnessed the Convention of 1883. Its Liturgy differs in some material points from the Prayer Book of the Church of England. Its Euchar- istic Office is more closely on the lines of the Scottish Office ; while in some respects the Prayer Book is so inferior to our own that the Convention has recently taken steps to provide for its ■■ enrichment.' It is no small glory to any Church to have kept pace with the rapid development of the United States, and this credit may certainly be given to it. It has sent out its bishops to new States almost in advance of the wave of immi- gration, and it has stood between the settlers and the Indian population and has nobly cared for tlie red men. The Indians had all along been cared for by the English clergy of the Propagation Society, and in the conversiou War of Independence their loyalty was con- iiKiiimraces spicuous. The ' Six-Natiou Confederacy' fought gallanth' on the side of the British, and Mo- hawks and Oneidas are everywhere mentioned in the records of the period as brave and Christian races. The American Church has not only taught and cared for the Indians ; . it has followed them in their wanderings. In other regions the natives have been invited to occupy 24 The Exgusii Ciu'Rcii in Other Lands reserves ; and on tlieir settlmf^ down, and p^lving np tlieir nomadic habits, tlio Church lias professed its readiness to Icacli tlieni. But in the far western States tlie clergy liave shared their wandering lives ; and when they have accepted the total change of manners, wliich only the Gospel can produce, they have proved themselves capable of becoming industrious and peaceful settlers. Few nobler stories can be told than the tale of the mission- ai'y's work inider such bishops as Bishop Whipple of ^Minnesota, and the Bishops of Nebraska and Dakota. Again, at Utah, in the very stronghold of the ]\Ior- monite imposture, a famous bishop (Tuttle) pitched his tent, though his life was threatened by the 500,000 victims of this superstition ; but he found many, who had been lured from the I'ui'al parishes of England to the Salt Lake Citj^, thankful to escape and to return to the Church of their fathers. The absolute freedom of this Church to enlarge its borders and to increase its episcopate has been nobly Growth of used. It would have been a splendid effort to tlie Ameri- • i i • t i j_ r> can Church liavG kept pacc With the rapid settlement oi new lands, and with the extraordinary influx of popula- tion over the vast area of the American Union ; this the Church has done, but it has done more. A continent might well have seemed a sufficiently ample field for the zeal and the energy of a young Church, with few wealthy members; but so long ago as 181'4< (five years before the mother Church followed her example), the American Church sent a bishop to China, although the treaty which oi^ened the ports of that empire was not- completed. In 1851 it sent a bishop to Cape Palmas, on the West Coast of Africa, and in 1871 it gave to TlIR ClirRCII IS TflE UXITRD S TAT PS 2-, Japan its first Anglican Ijislio]). Of tlu' work of these prelates and their brctliren inciitiou will Ix' made in tlio proper plaf(\ The relations between the inoihcr coiiiitry and tlie United States were never so cordial as they are now. That sneh sentiments between the two great between tim braiiclu's of the ]i,nerlish-speaKni2r race should Olmrehesof . ° '■ " Kngiaiui and contuiue and increase must be tlie earnest America i i • i i i prayer of every man wlio desnvs the best and truest interests of humanity. It may be open to doubt whether the bonds which unite nations the most firmly are those which are forged by commerce and diplomacy ; haply a connnon faith is the most potent and abiding- link. Certainly the feeling of American Churchmen towards the mother land and the mother Church is one of reverent and passionate affection. To the great gatherings assembled under the Archbishop of Canter- bury at Lambeth in 1867 and in 1878, the American bishops came in large numbers, and their influence was recognised and welcomed. More recently, six bishops and many of their clergy came, as on a sacred pilgrimage, to keep at Aberdeen the centenary of Seabury's consecration ; and on the actual anniversary, November 14, 1884, they were present at a service in St. Paul's Cathedral, where the Gospel was read by a grand- son of Seabury, and the sermon was preached by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Nor have signs of brotherly sympathy been wanting on the side of England. Two English bishops at least have attended the Triennial * Conventions of the American Church, where the Canadian Church has frequently been represented by its bishops ; and in 1871, on the occasion of the late Bishop Selwyn's 26 The Excl/sif Church in Other Lands visit, it was determined to make an offering of a magni- ficent alms-disli, wliicli, kept among tlie muniments and treasures of Lambeth, shoukl be ibr all time a token of tlie affection of the daughter to the mother Churcli. Tliis was presented on July 3, 1872, Bishop Mcllvaine of Ohio and Bishop Selwyn each holding it in one hand, and on bended knees offering it to the Archbishop of Canterbury. There was a beautiful sentiment in the practice of tlie Greeks more than two thousand years ago, when the leaders of each colonisation venture, as they went forth to found new homes in distant lands, took with them from the couTuion home and altar of the mother State some of the sacred fire, which henceforth would never be allowed to die out, but would burn on in token of unity with the ancestral flame from Avhich it had been borne away. It was the teaching of heathenism, which Christianity is bound to interpret — that only in the clan- ship of the temple and of the altar can be found the links which will bind together nations whom thousands of leagues separate. CHAPTEU III. THE CHURCH IN NEWFOUNDLAND, NOVA SCOTLA, QUEBEC, AND ONTARIO. To the French belongs the honour of having first colon- ised Nova Scotia, now one of the oldest and most firmly ,. , established of the colonies of England. In settlements ^593 ^j^^ i^^^t^ \,qA'^ of Frcuch immigrants landed; and from that thne until 1711, when by the ,<::: #. ?^- 28 Tin-: Exglish Church in Other Lands Peace of Utreclit it was transferred to England, France and England alternately occupied it. In 1710 a colony of the old Jxonian type Avas foundtnl. I'lu^ commis- sioners of trade and plantations sent out 4.000 dis- banded soldiers and assigned to them land and town- ships. To each township was assigned a site for a church, 100 acres for the maintenance of a clergj'man,- and 200 acres for a schoolmaster. The French had called the whole region, including New Brunswick, Acadia; the chief town they called Port Royal, which on the cession to England was called Annapolis, in honour of the reigning sovereign. AVitli the exception of the newly arrived military settlers, the inhabitants were all French, and Pomanists by religion. The preponderating foreign element gave much concern to the Government, and the French were called upon to become British suljjects, retaining their possessions and their religion, or to leave the country within a year. They did neither ; but after five years a great number were persuaded to take the oath of allegiance, on the understanding that they should not be called upon to carry arms against France. These were known as the ' Neutral French.' With the soldier colonists there landed a clergyman, the Rev. W, Tutty, of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, who resided at the principal settle- ment, ' Cheductoo,' wliich was called Halifax, after the nobleman who was at the head of the Board of Trade at that time. The Micmac, Marashite, and Caribboo tribes of Indians were powerful and numerous, and for their instruction portions of the Prayer Book and Bible were translated into their languages. In 1755 there occurred one of the most cruel acts The CiiuKcii in Nfavfoundland etc. 39 Avliicli liiivc ever disgraced a civilised govei-nment. The ,p,,g Acadians to the number of about 18,000 were Acadiiins leading frugal and pious lives, cultivating their ianns and dwelling in peace Avith all men; but they were suspected of favouring French designs on the country and were disarmed. Subsequently, when the fortunes of war went against the liritish, llie ])resence of Neutrals was considered to be dangerous, and it was determined to remove them. J'lans Avere laid in pro- found secrecy ; the peasants unsuspectingly Jaljoured at the gathering in of the harvest which they would never enjoy. On September 9 all the men and boys of ten years of age were ordered to assemble at their parish churches ' to be informed of His J\iajesty"s intentions with respect to them.' The terrible decree was read that 'their lands and tenements, cattle of all kinds, and stock of every description were forfeited to the Crown, and they with only their money and their house- hold goods were to be removed from the province.' Some escaped to the woods and found among the Indians the shelter which the English denied to them ; some were hunted by the soldiers ; some had to surrender through stress of hunger ; but 7,000 Acadians were carried away to the different British colonies. Some returned after the restoration of peace and resumed their pastoral habits. In 17G2 France resigned her claims, and the colony has since thriven without interruption. The melan- choly story furnished the poet Longfellow with the sub- ject-matter of his ' Evangeline.' The War of Independence gave to Nova Scotia a large accession of population, which raised it to a liigh degree of importance. By the close of the year 1783, 30 The Exgusii Church in Otih'.r Lands 30,000 refugees from Boston, New York, and other States liad found sanctuary in a Britisli colony. Tliey were Loyalist lovalists and had suffered niucli I'or their alle- rcfugoes in . , . , . jcova Scotia giancc ; they were also in the mam members of the English Church. Their clergy accompanied them ; and, encouraged by the fact that so long ago as 1758 the English Liturgy had been declared by local enact- ment to be ' the fixed form of worship ' in Nova Scotia, eighteen clergymen on March 5, 17So, addressed to Sir Guy Carleton, then Governor of New York, a petition that a bishopric should be established in their colony. The governor supported their petition, ]iot only as reasonable but on grounds of policy, as ' greatly condu- cive to the permanent loyalty and future tranquillity of a colony which is chiefly to consist of loyal exiles driven from their native provinces on account of their attach- ment to the British Constitution.' The petition was favourably received ; and, in August 1 787, Letters Patent were issued which conferred on the first colonial bishop a flood of spiritual and ecclesiastical authority, and gave to him coercive jurisdiction with power to suspend and deprive the clergy. The motive evidently was to reproduce in the colony the English hierarchy and to weld together by the exercise of the Royal prerogative an Imperial Church Establishment, bound by ties of interest and loyalty to support the throne, from which its authority was derived. The law officers were desired to I'eport whether the sovereign could give the new bishop an ex officio place in the Legislative Council, analogous with the seats of English bi.'-liops in the House of Lords, They reported that this would not be lawful, but that each bishop might on his appointment be The Church in Nfavfouxdlaxd etc. 31 summoned io the council personally and In- name; and this for some time was done. The first bishop, consecrated on August 12, 1787, was Dr. Charles Ing-Hs, already mentioned as havinf^ The first bome noble witness to the truth when rector liishop, i78r of Hoh' Trinity Church, New York. He was the first colonial bishop, and Nova Scotia is the first on the roll of the seventy-five sees in the colonies and missions of the English Church. His jurisdiction in- cluded all the British possessions in America, from Newfoundland to Lake Superior, an area about three times as large as Great Britain, and the total number of his clergy was twenty-four. Bishop Inglis laboured for twenty-nine years, making visitations which, in the then condition of the country, were often perilous, and watching over King's College, Windsor, which had been founded by George III. in 1770. In 1793 he was relieved of the charge of Upper and Lowcu- Canada by the foundation of the see of Quebec, to wliich Dr. Jacob ^lountain was consecrated ; but, notwithstanding this relief, the bishop was not able to visit Newfound- land, which never saw a bishop until 1816. A further subdivision of the diocese was made in 1839, when that island became a separate diocese, and again in 1845, when the Eight Rev. John Medley was consecrated Bishop of Fredericton. Newfoundland — which has never been amalgamated with Canada either for civil or for ecclesiastical pur- Kewfounii- poscs, but remains outside the Dominion under laud jj-g Q^jj governor, and outside the Provincial Synod, its bishop holding mission direct from the See of Canterbury — is an island about the size of Ireland. 32 The Exglisii Cm.'Rcn /.v Other La. yds It lias IxM'ii (It'scribed as ' a rougli shoro with no in- terior.' There is not a human liabitation beyond the immediate neighboiirliood of the eoast, which, with its endless succession of coves, inlets, and bays, enveloped very often in mist and fog, gives a home and harvest- licUl of water to a race of pious and hardy fishermen. In no part of the woi'ld ar(> the conditions of life harder. A long winter and a sterile soil forbid aught but the simplest efforts at husbandry ; the stormy seas offer in the summer months a livelihood obtained at the cost of nmch risk. Amid the icebergs and floes of the Arctic Sea tlie crews find the seals, which are to them the most fruitful source of income. In religion the mass of the people are nearly equally divided between Romanists and English Churchmen, the Wesleyans being the religious body of next importance. Such a diocese not only demands a bishop of its own, but must be dealt with according to its particular The work of n^etls. For more than half the year visita- the Bishops ^^Qjig cannot be made ; and a bishop who wishes to make his office a reality must compress his travelling into about four months in each year, when the waters are open. Bishop Spencer, who first occupied the see from 18-39 to I8I-0, hardly did more than gain experi- ence and prepare his plans. He was succeeded by the apostolic Bishop Feild, whose simple life and unwearied toil, continued to his death in 187G, are a glory of the whole Church. In a small schooner, called ' the Hawk,' with the Church fiag fiying at her peak, this good bishop year after year made his way into remote creeks and bays, visiting people who had for the greater part of their lives been far beyond the reach of Church and The Church i\ Newfouxdlaxd irn . 33 ])riest, baptizino^ adults and cliildron, and giving the blessing of the Church to those wlio had been living in wedlock, but not in the bonds of marriage. He found twelve clergymen settled in tiie larger harbours ; but as time went on, the wliole of the coastline was dotted with churches. Even on the barren shores of Labra- dor, where only the patient Moravians had ever carried the Word of God, he was able to place clergy- men, who, moved by his example and filled with his spirit, gave themselves up to the banishment of that region. When, in 1876, he was called to his rest, he Bishop left in the diocese, which he had served so episcopate well, between seventy and eighty, churches, and fifty clergymen, with the choir and transepts of a dignified cathedral, which the people have since com- pleted as the most suitable memorial of his faithful episcopate. His example and his teaching will long remain. He attracted to his side many remarkable men. Some offered high intellectual and spiritual gifts, as well as worldly goods ; others, less endowed in these respects, offered themselves, such as they were, and were found to be admirable pastors and guides of their people. Poverty will always be the lot of the New- foundland clergy; but to their credit be it said that, spite of this prospect, spite of the frequent perils which attend the exercise of their laborious calling, the priest- hood ill this poor diocese is threatening to become largely an hereditary one, the clergy desiring nothing better for their sons than that they should be trained in the college at St. John's, which Bishop Feild's fore- thought provided, to follow them in their steps. When Bishop Mountain was consecrated to the c. //. D 34 Tun ExGUsii Church ix Otiii-.r Laxds kSee of Quebec in 171)o, there were only six clergymen Tiie Church i^ Upper and three in Lower Canada, that is in Canada ^^ ^^^^ -^^ ^^^^ whole rcgion now divided into the Dioceses of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Huron, Ontario, Algoma, and Niagara. The colony, at its cession to England in 1707, numbered only 69,000 souls, and of these only nineteen families did not ac- knowledge the supremacy of Rome. Immigration and other causes have very much altered this state of things ; but to this day, in the diocese of Quebec, out of a population of 5G0,000, mainly Romanist, only 26,760 are members of the English Church. The cathedral at Quebec was built by George III. in 1804, and the bishop instituted choral worship, importing from England the first organ ever heard in Canada. Bishop Mountain died in 1825, and his successor was one of his own clergy, the Hon. and Rev. Charles Bishop James Stewart, who eighteen years previously Stewart -^^^ Volunteered for any post which it was found difficult to fill. He had been sent to St. Armand, on the frontier of the United States, where there was neither church, nor school, nor parsonage, nor religion. Arriving on a Saturday, he put up at an inn, and asked to hire a room for the next day's sei-vice. The landlord warned him, not only that no one would come, but that the mere proposal would probably cause a riot. ' Then here is the place for me,' said the brave man, and in that spot he remained, inhabiting one room in a rude farmhouse, for ten years, until the godless settlement had become a Christian parish, with its church and school, and the bishop called him away to another dis- trict which demanded his constructive and evangelising The Church in N i:\vfoundland etc. 35 zeal. Two years later lie reeeived what lie called ' iiiy ])romotion,' having been appointed travelling missionary of the diocese, a position which he occupied until 182G, when he was called to the episcopate of the diocese in which he had laboured so conspicuously. He lived for ten years in the higher position to Avhich he had been summoned ; but the hardships of his priesthood life hindered his efficiency as a bishop. Ill-health drove him to England for medical treatment, and he died in London in I80G. He was succeeded by his coadjutor, Dr. G. J. Mountain, the son of his predecessor. In 1851 Lower Canada was further subdivided, for ecclesiastical purposes, by the foundation of the See of jNIontreal. It was the ffreat privilea^e of Bishop Montreal _^,„_, . ^ ^ °„ ^^, luliord to inaugurate a system of synodal action, to which the whole Church owes much. He designed and built a handsome cathedral in Montreal, which was consecrated in 1859. No further subdivision of dioceses has yet been made in Lower Canada. The Church is poor, and its members only a small propor- tion of the population; out of a total of 1,359,027, more than 1,000,000 are Roman Catholics. But in Upper or Western Canada, where a rich soil has attracted emigrants from all parts, the Anglican Upper Church has made more rapid progress. Sepa- uie r'rovim-c T^ted from Quebec by the establishment of the of Ontario g^^ ^f Torouto in 18o9, it is now divided into the five dioceses of Toronto, Huron, Ontario, Algoma, and Niagara, which occupy the land to the western shores of Lake Superior where the Diocese of Eupert's Land draws its frontier line. In Upper Canada the Indians have been cared for, and, with much success, have been 6 The Exgi.ish Church in Or her Laxds iuduced to settle on tlie reserves granted to tliem, and to betake themselves to pastoral liabits. Some tribes are still to a great extent Pagan ; but the Church of Home has won a great multitude from heathenism. At Wal- pole Island and at many other settlements the English pastor is welcomed and recognised as their spiritual guide. The Diocese of Algoma was established in 1873 almost entirely in the interests of the Indians, who live on the shores of Lakt^s Superior and Huron. The population of GO, 000 souls is composed of Indians and poor settlers, the land, except in a fevv^ favoured regions, being very unproductive. The first bishop, Dr. Fauquier, a Canadian by birth, died in December 1881, and was succeeded by the Rector of St. George's, Montreal, Dr. Sullivan, who gave up one of the most important churches in Canada for an unendowed mis- sionary diocese. In his steam launch, once the property of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, and then known as tlie Zeiiolia^ but renamed, on her dedication to the work of the Church, the Evangeline, the bishop visits all the settlements on the shores of the lakes. At the Neepigon Mission he found a welcome state of things. An old chief had waited thirty years for the visit of a ' Black Coat,' and although no missionary arrived, on his deathbed he charged his son, 'Wait, he will surely come.' In 1878 the son started to make his wishes known at Toronto, where he met Bishop Fauquier, and the mission was at once established. In four years the whole asjDect of the place was changed ; the children could read and write, and many also of the adults could read. Log-houses with neatly fenced gardens were substituted for the filthy wiswam, and on all sides signs of civilisation were Tiir. Cin-Rrn ix Nfavfouxdi.axd etc. 37 fippart'iit. J II the presence of this progress the bishop expressed his fc>ar that, if immediate steps Avere not taken to help tlie colonists to secure for themselves the privileges of religion, while Pagans were being made Christians in one place, (,'hristians would be allowed to lapse into Paganism in others. In Upper and Lower Canada care has btMm taken to provide aiii])ly for religions teaching. At Lennoxvilh^ ^, ,. . in the Diocese of Quebec a college and Education 111 '^ " v:mii,u nnivcrsity Avith staff of professors provides for all the demands of a liberal education. It Avas founded in 181-5, and from its class-rooms have gone forth a regular succession of men qualified to serve God in Church and State. In Upper Canada a theological college, founded in 1812, Avas subsequently merged in Trinity College. This university OAves its origin to the zeal of Bishop Strachan. In 1819 the King's Uni- versity of Toronto, Avhicli bad existed for six years and bad a hundred students, Avas by an act of the legis- lature secularised, and the faculty of theology Avas suppressed. The bishop, although advanced in years, determined to supply the needs of the Church. 25,000/. AA^ere raised in Canada, and the bishop visited England and appealed for 10,000?., Avhich lie readily obtained. Prom time to time additions Avere made to the endoAV- ments and to the buildings, and in the first thirty years more than GOO graduates, in arts, laAV, physic, music, or divinity, AA'ere trained Avitldn its Avails. Large schools, in Avhich high education is given to boys and girls, haA-e become affiliated to Trinity College. In 1883 it was found to be necessary to add professorships of mental and moral philosophy, history, English 38 The English Church ix Other Laxds literature, modern languages, and pliysical science. The universit}^ may now be expected, witliout much fear of disappointment, to confer on Canadians the blessings which Oxford and Cand)ridge have slu'd on many generations of Englishmen. One matter must yet be mentioned, which more than once has involved Canada in strife. By an Act of The Clergy Parliament passed in 1791, certain hmds were Reserves reserved ' for the maintenance and support of a Protestant Clergy.' These were mere tracts of snow and forest, and long remained uncultivated. From the end of the American War in 1814 until the Canadian Eebellion of 1838, the Houses of Assembly in both provinces, but especially in Lower Canada, were fre- quently in collision with the Executive Government. The most fruitful causes of dissension were the rights of the Assembly to control public expenditure and the question of the ' Clergy lleserves.' The immediate exciting cause of the rebellion w^as the establishment by Sir John Colborne, the governor, of thirty-seven rectories in Upper Canada. After the rebellion was subdued, a new constitution was given to Canada, in which the larger Confederation since adopted was fore- shadowed, and in 1840 the Legislature apportioned the lands between the Church of England, the Presby- terians, and some other religious bodies. Tliis did not secure peace ; and in 1855 the reserves were applied to municipal par]]oses, all vested interests being care- fully regarded. The Canadian clergy, without excep- tion, commuted their life interests for a capital sum, which Avas invested for the permanent endowment of the Church. The Church in Newfoundland etc. 39 Deprived of the possessions which had been given to it by the Crown, looking no longer for the patronage of the State, the Church, in 1857, claimed and obtained the right of managing her own affairs through the duly constituted synods of the several dioceses. From that time the Church has rapidly expanded, multiplying her clergy and her dioceses ; but the history of the synodal action of the Colonial Churches will be treated in a subsequent chapter. CHAPTER IV. THE CHURCH IN NORTH-WEST CANADA. The charter, which w^as given in 1670 by King Charles II. to the Hudson's Bay Company, conferred on that The Hud- body the possession of a country about the Company sizc of the Russian Empire. This was called Rupert's Land, in honour of Prince Rupert, who had founded the company. It extended from the boundary of Western Canada to the Pacific Ocean, and from the frontier of the United States to the Arctic Circle, to the limits, indeed, at which human life can be sus- tained. There was no scheme of colonisation present to the minds of the early adventurers, and the land was supposed to be poor— an hypothesis which has subse- quently been disproved — and, whatever its products, there was no opportunity of reaching the open markets of the world. The whole region was a vast hunting- ground, into which the intrusion of man, beyond the mimbers demanded for the prosecution of trade, was not 40 Tin-. ExGi.isn Ciiorcii ix Other Laxds desired. There was a peculiarity in the settling of this colony, which is not found elsewhere. The Indians were essential to the traders for their work ; they were \ the skilled trap])ers and huntsmen, and their services were well remunerated. '^Fhus anything like a war of races, which elsewhere has been carried on to the extinction of the aborigines, was not possible. In spiritual things, however, nothing was done for the people during the first 150 years of the company's occupation. The Scottish servants ( f flie company also seem to have dispensed with public worship themselves during that long period ; for when the first formal settle- ment was made under the Earl of Selkirk, at what is now the city of Winnipeg, in 1811, he could find no trace of temple or idol, or place of Christian worship. This settlement, which was distinct from the few forts hitherto erected, was resented by the Indians, who pos- sibly foresaw the advance of the white men and their own extinction. Several forays were made, but peace was re-established. The settlement grew, and in a few years a race of half-breeds, the offspring of Europeans and their Indian wives, became the majority of the population. The Church ]\tissionary Society, in 1822, sent out two missionaries. The company had two years j)re- Conyersion viously Sent out a cliaplain to their own Indians pcoplc, the Rev, Joliu Wcst, wlio Opened the way for others. In 1825, the Rev, W. Cochran began a service of conspicuous merit, which lasted for forty 3'ears. He was successful in the very difiicnlt work of inducing the Indians to abandon their Avandering lives. He literally ' put his hand to the plough,' teaching them Tim CiicRcii IX NoRTn-Wisr C.ix.tD.i 41 how to use it, to sow, to plant, to reap, to build lof^ houses, and to thatch them. He was the Oberlin of Rupert's Land. As the parents settled, so the children came to school, and of those children he was able, in time, to present one, Henry Budd, for ordination. In ISl'l', Bishop ^Mountain of Quebec, being the nearest bishop, niadt' up his mind to pay a visit of inspection to this strange and unknown land. For thirty-two days he sat patientl}' in open canoes, camping on the ground by night. He did not go beyond the Red River Settle- ment ; but he confirmed 81-6 persons, ordained one deacon and two priests ; and his report of his journey, and the earnest representations which he made, led to the establishment of the Bishopric of Rupert's Land in 1849, In 1818 two Roman priests had settled in Red River, and of these one shortly afterwards was made Bishop of Juliopolis. The Roman Church has well occupied the whole country, and its hierarchy in this province numbers an archbishop and three bishops. The English bishop, Dr, Anderson, gave himself freely to his work, making long and unaccustomed The first journcys by canoe and by dog-team, as the Bishop of season demanded. In 1860 he summoned his Liinti clergy to a conference or synod, and some idea of the extent of the diocese is afforded by the fact that two excused themselves from obeying the summons ; one was at Fort Simpson, 2,500 miles to the north-west, the other at Moose, 1,200 miles to the east. Bishop Anderson resigned in 18G1, and was succeeded by Bishop ]\rachray. The conditions of the countiy had become changed : immigration had begun, and the English element was increasing, Imt the country re- 42 The Exglisji Church av Other Lands mainecl almost in its original isolation. Not quite indeed — originally there had been but two routes to Winnipeg ; one by Hudson's Bay, possible only during four months in the year, tlic other by Canada and the Lakes, which proved so hazardous that it was ultimately abandoned. The development of new States within the United States frontier, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota, r. ., . and Nebraska, had opened a new route tiiccoiouy ^liich brought the bishop to Pembina; l)iit from this point to his future home there stretched a prairie of GOO miles, with no roads except the tracks made by the rough country carts, which were the sole means of locomotion. The bishop compared the settlement, when he at length reached it, to a community of some 10,000 people scattered over an area such as that between Aberdeen and Inverness, with no communications whatever to the northward, and southward with London only by carts over an unin- habited country. This did not last long : the American Railway was carried to San Francisco with extra- ordinary energ}', and ran within 160 miles of the frontier, whence a branch was thrown out. This was considered to be a great achievement, but greater things were yet to come. In 18G9, the Hudson's Bay Company, in considera- tion of a sum of o00,000L with certain reservations of TheCana- land. Surrendered their monopoly of trade and (lian Pacific ^ _ , . , . , . , • ^ , . ,^ -v\ • ' jiaihvay cedcd theu' territorial rights to the Dominion of Canada, which had been established by Boyal Pro- clamation on May 27, 1867, and included the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This was not accomplished without some excitement, a The Church in North-Wrst C ax ad a 43 provisional government, an uprising of the Indians and lialf-bret'ds under the famous Riel, and an excellently- planned exjK'dition under Sir Garnet Wolseley. It now appeared thai tlir land which liad been supposed to be fit only for the uiainteuance of the wild animals, that gave to the Hudson's Bay Company their wealth, was the finest wheat-growing country in the world. For 1,000 miles from east to west, wlu>re the Rocky ]\[ountains raise their giant ramparts, and for 200 miles iVoui north to south, a virgin soil invites the over- poi)ulated countries of the Old World to send their children, Avith the certainty that they will find compe- tence and evcni wealth. A laud office was established by the Government in order to minimise the reckless speculation which other colonies have witnessed : 2,000,000 acres were set aside to meet the claims of half-breeds and old residents, and provision was made for education throughout the district. Between 1872 aud 1877 inclusive 1,400,000 acres were taken up by immigrants 5 but this was surpassed in 1878, in Avhich single year 700,000 acres were taken up, and in 1879, when 1,000,000 acres were purchased. No colony has risen with such rapidity. The population of Winnipeg in 1870 was, exclusive of the military, under 300 ; it is now nearly 30,000. It was, as has been mentioned, a mere hamlet pitched on a vast isolated plain ; it is now the centre of a great railway system. The Canadian Pacific Railroad, which was undertaken by the Government with a pledge that it should be com- pleted within ten years, Avas in 1885 successfully carried tliroughout the country, and the Pacific shore was reached. This line runs throui^li llic fertile wheat- 44 ^^'ii-- J^ POLISH CiiCRCH IX Other Laxds growing belt and connects it with the markets of the world. The liocky ]\Iountains uo longer oppose their impregnable barriers. Westward to China and Japan, and eastward to the Old World, the produce of the newly opened land can be sent with equal facility. It is no longer the Rupert's Land of twenty-five years ago. The seat of government of the North-West Territory has been placed at Regina, which so recently as 1882 had no existence save as part of the far-stretching prairie, l)ut now, 320 miles west of Winnipeg, is raising its buildings and asserting its pre-eminence. Manitoba as a distinct province has its own government. Athabasca, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Assiniboia are the pro- vinces which make up the North-West Territories of Canada. It is now time to trace how the spiritual develop- ment of this region has kept pace with its material The develop- progress. Few positions could be more trying (imrcii than was that of the Bishop of Rupert's Land when the first sign of the new order of things appeared. There was no time for making preparations ; the tide flowed almost without warning, and it knew no ebb. The waste was being cultivated ; the immigrants poured in by thousands ; whatever their inclinations they had not the means of providing for themselves the rudest church, or any money for the support of their clergy. Neither was there a clerical staff" ready to hand, who could follow the immigrants to their clear- ings, nor was there money wherewith to guarantee to any who might be willing to come to the country even a meagre stipend. In 1872, the north-eastern portion of the diocese became the See of Moosonee, and a man Till-. ClU'RCII IN NoRTII-WeST C ax ad. I z|.5 who luul laboured in tliat rcLriou of frost and snow for twenty years, the llev. J. Horden, was the first bishop ; but his tloek were Indians and half-breeds; no colonists would ever be tempted to that barren land. The sepa- ration therefore relieved the Bisliops of Rupert's Land, but did nothing directly for the incoming settlers. In 1874, the Diocese of Saskatchewan was formed, reach- ing to the Kocky ]\Iountains, and ])rovidi]ig both for the Indians and for the colonists who have subsequently taken up their holdings within its limits. In the same year a diocese, now known as that of Mackenzie River, was established. This again is a diocese for the benefit of the Indians, and the Church Missionary Society's stations have been placed even within the limits of the Arctic Circle. In 1884, two more dioceses were formed, reliev- ing Saskatchewan and Rupert's Land, and are known as the Dioceses of Athabasca and Qu'Appelle. In these southern dioceses the railway mitigates the conditions of isolation which the pioneers in Rupert's Land endured. The Church had a hard struggle at first, and its necessities have been recognised and to some extent met by the Mother Church. The Presbyterians in Canada have helped the members of their communion with much liberality ; but the bishops of the north-west com- plain that their work has not received much help from the older Canadian dioceses. These have suffered in their turn ; for the attractions of the newl}- opened laud have drawn from the impoverished soil of older Canada much of the working strength and sinew of its population, and have proportionately weakened the resources of the local Church. I'opular sentiment does not generally connect 46 TiiR ExGiJsii Church /.v Other Laxds \\\(i lieroisin of missionary life with Canada. It de- mands in missionary literature a background of waving Isolation of P^l^is aud otlier tropical vegetation, with ""thc'ox"'^^ incidents of slavery, kidnapping, and the like, trcmcx.w. Devotion is apt to be measured by the height of the thermometer. It may well be considered whether there be any lives more heroic than those Avhich arc passed by the ]\Ioravians in Greenland and Labrador, and by the Romanist communities and our own brethren in the Sub-Arctic regions of Northern Canada. They do not obtrude their labours on public notice ; they stay at their posts and rarely visit England. They are consequently unknown ; and yet what lives they lead ! Of educated society they have no share ; their people are but the poor Indians and Esquimaux, whose highest energies are given to the snaring of wild beasts and to the catching of fish. For food, ouij the keen air which gives equally keen appetite will enable a man to keep body and soul together on three meals daily of white fish, the food of the dogs which haul their sleds, which Providence gives in abundance, aud which is stored in autumn and allowed to freeze. Luxuries from the outer world can never reach the remote stations on the Athabasca Lake aud on the Mackenzie Hiver ; numberless portages impede navi- gation when the rivers are open, and over each of these every pound of freight has to be carried by hand. Tea and flour must be forced into the sterile region, for they are necessaries ; but for animal food the missionaries must depend on what the country may produce, and for eight months in the year the white fish is the standing dish. Flowers spring up as if by magic when TiiF. Church in North-Wkst Canada 47 the snow disappears, and sinmltancously the lieat becomes intense, as the sun continues day and night above the horizon. Tlien the mosquitos come and bring their irritating luim and piercing stings ; but the summer is too short to allow of any vegetable being- planted with tlie hope of its ripening. For communi- cation with the outer world — for books and magazines and letters which come to the missionary in every other part of the world, let the author of ' The Wild North Land ' tell the story of the postal arrangements in these latitudes : — ' Towards the middle of the month of December there is unusual bustle in the office of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Garry on the Red River ; the winter packet is being made ready. Two oblong boxes are filled with letters and papers addressed to nine different districts of the Northern Continent. The Colonel But- limited term ' district ' is a singularly iuap- tio'n ortbe'' pi'opriate one; a single instance will suffice. Mail service Yvo^xx the post of the Forks of the Athabasca and Clear Water Rivers to the Rocky Mountain Portage is 900 miles, and yet all that distance lies within the limits of the single Athabasca district, and there are others larger still. From Fort Resolution on the Slave River to the rampart on the Upper Yukon, 1,100 miles lay their lengths within the limits of the ]Mac- kenzie River district. Just as the days are at their shortest, a dog-sled, bearing the winter packet, starts from Fort Garry ; a man walks behind it, another man some distance in advance of the dogs. It holds its way down the Red River to Lake AVinnipeg ; in about nine days' travel it crosses that lake to the north shore at 48 Tjie Exgijsii Church in Other Lands Norway House ; from thence, lessened of its packet for Churcliill and the Bay of Hudson, it journeys in twenty days' travel up the Great Saskatchewan River to Carlton. Hero it undergoes a complete re-adjustment, and about February 1st it starts on its long journey to the north. During the succeeding months it holds steadily along its northern way, sending off at long, long intervals branch dog-packets to right and left; finally, just as the sunshine of niid-^May is beginning to carry a faint whisper of the coming spring to the valleys of the Upper Yukon, the dog-team, last of many, drops the packet, now but a tiny bundle, into the inclosure at La Pierre's House. It has ' travelled nearly o,0(J() miles : a score of different dog-teams have hauled it, and it has camped for more than a hundred nights in the great northern forest.' ' How the rare infrequent mail is anticipated and watched for, the same author has told us from his own experience in a passage that will well bear quotation : ' I reached the Hudson's Bay Company's Fort of Carlton, the great rendezvous of the winter packets between north and south. From Fort Simpson on the far Mackenzie, from Fort Chipwyan on the lonely Athabasca, from Edmonton on the Ujjper Saskatchewan, from Isle a la Crosse, dogs had drawn the masters of these remote establishments to the Central Fort. They waited in vain for the arrival of the packet; witli singular punctuality had their various teams arrived from starting points 2,000 miles apart ; many a time the hillside on which the packet must appear was scanned by watchers, and all the boasted second sight » The Wild North Land, l)y Captain Butler, F.R.G.S. The Church in North-West C ax ad a 49 and conjuring power of haggard squaw and medicine man was set to work to discover the whereabouts of the missing link between the realms of civilisation and savagery. The next morning brouglit a change. Far away in the hazy drift and '■ poudre," which hung low upon the surface of the lake, the figures of two men and one sh'd of dogs became visible. Was it only Antoine Larimgeau, a solitary " freeman " going like a good Christian to his prayers at the French mission ? Or was it the much-wished-for packet ? It soon de- clared itself: the dogs were steering for the fort and not for the mission. Larimgeau might be an indifferent Church member, but had the whole college of cardinals been lodged at the fort that Sunday, they must have rejoiced that it was not Larimgeau going to Mass, and that it was the winter packet coming to the fort. AVhat reading we had that day ! news from the far-off bnsy world ; letters from the far-off quiet home ; glad news and sorry news, borne, through months of toil, 1,500 miles over the winter waste.' ' Where the white man settles the red man disap- pears.' Sad, indeed, is the saying, which has come almost to rank as an axiom. It is not universallv Tlie luiliaiis !• i " true ; lor good men, by throwing themselves into the task, have here and there saved aborigines from extinction. As a rule, however, while the hunting- grounds are getting more and more restricted, and the Indians are driven, if they would live, to adopt a mode of life strange and distasteful to them, the race dwindles away while the hard lesson is being learned. Often its decay has been expedited by the whisky cask and the rilie ; but in some cases by purely C,H, E 50 The English Church in Other Lands natural causes, the result has been brought about so steadily and without interruption as to appear to be the working of an inevitable law. It has happened in the United States and it will be repeated in Canada. Where the areas are enormous and human and animal life are scattered widely over them, they take long to destroy ; 380 years ago, a Portuguese sailor, the fore- runner of the hosts of Europeans who have since occu- pied the land, captured and killed a band of harmless Indians ; 360 years ago, a Spanish soldier first saw a herd of buffaloes beyond the valley of the Mississippi. Now the hopeless struggle of the red man and the buffalo, the twin dwellers of the prairie, approaches its end. They are linked together in their lives, and their ends will not be far apart. Indian risings from time to time trouble governments, who point to the reserves which have been provided for the natives ; but Indian risings mean the disappearance of the buffalo, the Indian's one friend. Unless his life is altogether changed the Indian cannot do without the buffalo. Its skin gives- him a house, its robe a blanket and a bed, its undressed hide covers his boat, its short horn gives a powder-flask ; its leather, bit, bridle, and saddle ; its inner skin a book on which to record the trophies of his life. Every want, from infancy to age, the buffalo supplies; and after tliis life, wrapped in his buffalo robe, the red man is laid in his grave, while his spirit joins the heroes of his tribe in hunting-grounds beyond the sun. British Columbia is the name of the possessions of the Hudson's Bay Company on the western side of the Rocky Mountains. The great barrier, which these The Church in North-Wrst Canada 51 interpose, cut it off eftectually from intercourse with the regions on the eastern side ; and, for the same British reasons wliich operated in Rupert's Land, im- coiumbia migration was not encouraged. Tlu^ Church Missionary Society sent a missionary to the Indians on the mainland in 1856, and in the following year the Pro- pagation Society sent one to Vancouyer's Island. In 1858 the discoyery of gold on the Fraser Riyer attracted a large number of Chinese ; and for the purpose of main- taining order it was deemed necessary to remoye British Columbia from the Hudson's Bay Company and to constitute it a British Colony. Th(> following year saw the consecration of Bishop Hills, the first bishop ; a Churchwonian in England haying giyen 15,000^. for the endowment of the see, and 10,000/. for the endowment of two archdeaconries. Large additional funds were entrusted to the bishop, and he was accompanied by some clergymen of more than ayerage excellence. The work of the Church, howeyer, cannot be said to haye fulfilled eyen moderate expectations. Some of the mines failed, and the population, for whom churches liad been built, wandered from place to place or left the colony. The inyestments which had been made did not realise the interest which had been hoped for ; in some cases they paid nothing at all. Some of the clergy returned home, and the missions to the Indians, of which rose-coloured reports gaye great hojDes, proyed to be disappointing. Moreoyer, the isolation of the colony continued. It could be reached by a long yoyage round Cape Horn, from the Isthmus of Panama, or by cross- ing the American Continent to San Francisco and thence by water. Thus it remained out of the world. £ 2 55 TiiR English Church in Other Lands 111 1871 it became incorporated in \W Dominion of Caiiacla on certain conditions, one, and ])erliaps the most important, of wliicli was 'the commencement simultaneously, "svilliin two years of the date of the union, of the construction of a railway from the Pacific towards the Hocky Mountains, and from such point as may be selected east of the llocky Mountains towards the Pacific, to connect the sea-board of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada, and further to secure the coiiq)l('tiou of sueli railway within ten years from the date of tlii^ union.' The railway therefore ought to have been finished in 1881 ; but, as has been already stated, it was not until the autumn of 1885 that the first train ran through to the Pacific and so fulfilled the contract. In 1879 the diocese was divided. Bishop Hills retained charge of Vancouver's Island and some smaller islands, while the mainland became the two larger dioceses of New Westminster and Caledonia. Two new Possibly the immediate result of the opening liioceses !• ^ '^ •^ -n i coustituted ol the railway will not be an increase ot pros- jierity, as the persons employed on its construction will be withdrawn ; but it must shortly influence favourably the condition of the colony. In Caledonia the gold mines on the Cassiar and Stikine Rivers have attracted a large number of adventurers, to whom the bishop has secured the ministrations of the Church ; and under circumstances of unusual trial many of the Indian converts have stood by the Church and the bishop. In New Westminster, where missions to the Indians established long ago have given cause for much dis- appointment, fresh labourers with experience gained in English parishes seem to be making real progress ; and The CiiURCH in Nortji-West Canada 53 the Ijislid]) lias been fortunate in securing for these missions to a tribe known as the Thompson Indians the services of some sisters from All Saints House at Ditchingham. CHAPTER V. THE CliriJClI I\ TIIK WKST INDIAN ISLANDS. TilK C'luircli ill the West Indian Islands has been from the first a • state-paid ' Church. In the very early years The churcii *^^ ^^^'^ Seventeenth century the authorities in established j3a^i.|jados euforccd conformity and punished bv'the'"^*^'^ with fines each case of non-attendance at ^*^'^ church on Sundays. In Jamaica, in the middle of the same century, rectories were established by law and maintained by public funds. The islands generally, but especially Jamaica, which two centuries ago was the chief resort of the buccaneers who infested the Caribbean Sea, have had a troublous history. It was not until 1795 that the last desperate struggle took place between the colonists and the Maroons, who- had taken refuge in the mountains. They were deported by Government first to Nova Scotia and ultimately to Sierra Leone, Then the constantly re- curring slave rebellions prevented the continuous pro- gress of the islands. In Jamaica there were not fewer than twenty-seven distinct and serious outbreaks between 1678 and 1832. On the last occasion 200 slaves Avere killed in the field and 500 Avere executed. The slaves for the most part were kept entirely in ignorance of religion. AVitli the peniiission of their 54 The Exgl/sh Church /.v Other Lands owners, the clergy were allowed access to lliem ; but their intelligence was dulled by their helpless condition, and thev had little time in which to receive instruction. \ \ \ \ / / Oi c i: .'I Is -^ SOUTH AMERICA _i I , ^ z 120 UO ICX> 90 00 70 GO 50 40 30 20 lO O It seems hard to believe that the great Bishop Butler, in 1739, while pleading for their admission to a limited TiiF. Church /.v thr West Ixdian Islands 55 measure ot" the Cliurcli's gifts, should speiik of them in the lialf-hearted words of the following sentence, wliicli occurs in a sermon ])reached at the anniversary of the Society for tlie JVopagation of tlie Gospel : ' Of these our colonies the shn'es ought to be con- sidered as inferior members, and therefore to be treated Bishop as nu>mbi'rs of them, and not merely as cattle ]!iitler oil . , . slavery or goods, the property of their masters. Xor can the highest property possible to be acquired in these servants cancel the obligation to take care of their religious instruction. Despicable as they may appear in our eyes, the}^ are the creatures of God, and of the race of mankind for whom Christ died, and it is inex- cusable to keep them in ignorance of the end for which they were made, and the means whereby the}- may become partakers of the general redemption. On tlie contrary, if the necessity of the case requires that they be treated with the very utmost rigour that humanity will at all permit, as they certainly are, and, for our advantage, made as miserable as they well can be in this present world, this surely heightens our obligation to put them into as advantageous a situation as we are able with regard to another.' With the emancipation, which came into operation in 1834, a greatly increased desire for religious instruc- Emaucipa- ^^0^^ "^^'^^ cveiywherc manifested by the freed *'°" negroes. To meet this desire a special sum was raised, called the Negro Education Fund. In the next seventeen years the Propagation Society expended 172,OOOZ. on this object. In 1840 the Colonial Legisla- ture doubled the number of island curacies in Jamaica, and increased the clerical stipends. i 56 The English Church in Other Lands It ]i;i(l lii'i'ii ])r(»])()S('(l, in tlic rcio-n f)f ()ii('('n Aimc, that bishoprics shouki be established in Jamaica and TiieWest- Barbados ; but it was not until 1824 that the Indian n -r>- i i:piscopatc idea was reahsed, and Bjslio]! J^ipscombe was sent to Jamaica, and Bishop Coleridge to Barbados. The Government made most liberal provision, allowing each bishop o,000/. per aniuini, and allotting- stipends on an equally profuse scale to several archdeacons. It was on this occasion that the author of the ' Christian Year' received the only offer of preferment, with the exception of the Vicarage of Hursley, wliich was ever made to him. Bishop Coleridge wished him to accept the archdeaconry of Barbados. In 1812, on the resig- nation of Bishop Coleridge, the see was divided into three ; and on St. Bartholomew's Day in that year the abbey at Westminster witnessed the consecration of five bishops, for Barbados, Antigua, Guiana, Gibraltar, and Tasmania. In 18G1 the Bahamas group were taken from Jamaica, and Archdeacon Caulfield was conse- crated first Bishop of Nassau. Thus there were four bishops in the West Indian Islands, and one in Guiana, which had been part of the diocese of Barbados. They Avere all supported by public funds, as were the large majority of their clergy. The recognition thus given by the State did not secure for the Church an unquestioned supremacy, for the Wesleyans and Baptists wielded very great influence, as their fervid preaching and singing attracted the emotional negroes. In 18G8 a policy of disendowment was forced by Disendow- ^^^^' Ii^pei'i^l Government on the several island "lent legislatures. The stipends of the bishops, rectors, and island curates were withdrawn, the vested The Church in the West I.\dl4N Islands 57 interests of tlieir holders ljein<^ in all cases respected. The blow was a very heavy one, all the more so because it was unexpected. Many of the holders of the grants were old men, and passed away before provision could be made for their successors. The local legislature of Barbados determined to establish a Church in the island for the exclusive benefit of Barbados ; and the bishop is maintained by the public moneys of the island, as avci also eleven rectors and twenty-seven curates. This law Avas passed in 1873. In 1878 the other Windward Islands, which are wholly or partially disendowed, were formed into a separate diocese, Avith their own synods distinct from that of Barbados, and were placed under llie charge of the Bishop of Barbados, whose proper title is Bishop of Barbados and the AVindward Islands. The other dioceses have, with assistance from Eng- land, raised, and in some instances have completed, endowments for the several bishoprics, as well as funds for the partial endowment of the clergy. The heavy blow of disendowment was not a lasting discouragement. It seemed to draw out a wonderful si)irit of self-help ; the weekly contribu- tions of the negro flocks of a pminy per head are regularly and willingly contributed, and aniount to a large suni. In 1872 the island of Trinidad was sepa- rated by royal warrant from the Diocese of Barbados, and the Bev. R. Ilawle, who had been for more than a quarter of a century Principal of Codrington College, Barbados, was consecrated bishop. In this diocese, the grant to religious denominations, of which the Church of Rome receives the largest share, is being gradually re- duced. The Church of England will ultimately receive 58 The Exai.isii Church in Other Laxds only 0,000/. ]).t aiiiunn, instead of G,o25/., which was its share of the total sum in 1870. Under the supervision of the Bishop of Jamaica is the colony of British Honduras, attached for certain Britwi '■'"'■'^ ]uirposes to the Government of Jamaica, Honduras ;,!( jiougli posscssing its owu legislative council. I'he Church here has its own synod, although its clerical staff has never exceeded three in number. It also is emphatic in proclaiming that it is a distinct and sepa- rate diocese, self-contained and self-governed, which has elected the Bishop of Jamaica as its bishop. The record of Church doings in the AVest Indies would be very incomplete were no mention made of General ^ the uoble foundation of General Codrington. bequest °°'' Bom iu Barbados in 1008, educated at Oxford, where he became fellow of All Souls College, in the cha]:)cl of which society his body is buried, this good soldier, wdio had been present at the siege of Namur, bequeathed to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel two estates in the island for the purpose of maintaining professors and scholars ' who should be obliged to study and practise physic and chirurgery, as well as divinity, that, by the apparent usefulness of the former to all men, they might both endear themselves to the people and have the better opportunities of doing good to men's souls while taking care of their bodies.' The will also stipulated that the Society should for all time keep the plantations entire, and maintain thereon three hundred negroes at the least. On the abolition of slavery the Society received 8,823?. 8.s. OcZ. as compensation money; but long before the passing of the Act the Society had anticipated the system of The Church in the West Ixdian Islands 59 appri'iilircship wliicli was sul)S('(jucul ly adopted In' \\w Government. It gave allotments of laud to the slaves, Avlio paid rent by their labour on lour daj's in each week 5 and up to the joresent time it has main- tained a church and chaplain for the labourers, who, in a state of freedom, are its tenants. The Societ}' began to discharge its trust in 1712 by sending out a chaplain and a catecliist. The building of a college was commenced ; but owing to protracted disputes as to the property it was not completed until 1743, when it was opened, in the first instance, as a grammar school. In 1780 a hurricane laid the building level with the ground, and it was not rebuilt for some years, the property being at that time much depreciated. In 1830, it was opened for the reception of older students, and it now has exhibi- tions for the benefit of each one of the West Indian dioceses. It has educated a large number of men, some of whom have afterwards attained to distinction in England. More than one hundred and fifty of the West Indian clergy, of whom two have become bishops, have here been trained by successive principals, the first of whom was the Rev. J. H. Pinder, afterwards the first principal of the Theological College at Wells. The college is now afiiliated to Durham University, and the students obtain degrees in the several faculties from that university. In IS-')!, the Church people in Barbados founded an association for furthering the Gospel in Western Africa ; the whole of the AVest Indian dioceses took their part in the work, and the result has been a very chivalrous mission to the liio Pongas country Avliich will be described in its proper place. The formation of a Ilepublic in Hayti led to the 6o The Exglisii Church in Othf.r Lands establislimeut of an Anglican Clun-cli about tlic year 1870. The Rev. J. T. Holly, a man of colour, was chosen „ ,. , to be the bishop of this independent Church, Hayti and i ^ ' its Church j^^^j olj^aiiicd conseci-atiou from llie Church of the United States, two bishops from America liaving previously visited the island and held confirma- tions and ordinations. There are nine ])riests, five deacons, seventeen lay readi'rs and organised congrt^ga- tions, and twenty mission stations under Bishop Holly's charge. CHAPTER VI. THE CHURCH IN SOUTH AMERICA. The colony of British Guiana, on the north-east coast of South America, has always been grouped for ecclesiastical luiti^h purposes with the West Indian Church. It ciuiiiiui ^^,,^g fornierly an archdeaconry of the Diocese of Barbados, and at the present time the Bishop of Guiana is the primate of the AVest Indian ecclesiasticul province. This is now probably the most open mis- sionary field in the world, and its history is of peculiar interest. It was Raleigh's Ihl Dorado from which he returned to England to meet imprisonment and death. Portuguese, French, and Dutch, (>ach attempted to colonise it, Avith uniform failure ; and in 1811 the three districts of Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice were made one British colony. On the slave emancipation in 1831 the Propagation Society first lent a helping hand to the colony. Its help drew forth local efibrt, and the society was induced to purchase an estate The Church in South America 6i called ' Huckne}',' to be an endowment for a mission amont^ the aborigines on the Pomeroon River, wliieh has developed into a vast work, of which more will be said hereafter. The Moravians laboured for seventy years among- the negroes in the Berbice ; but they have long retired from the colony. The Church Missionary Society laboured from I80I lill 1853 among the Indians in the Essequibo, but at the liitlcr date the missionaries of that society were withdrawn. The Eno-lish colonists and the negroes have all along been cared for in religious matters by the State, the Church, in common with other bodies, receiving grants from |)ublic funds, according to their respective Evangelistic u^mbers of members. The missionary work work i^g^g been carried on with very remarkable suc- cess among (1) the Indian aborigines, (2) the coolies imported from India and China. (1) Bishop Coleridge in 1827, the year after the addition, by letters patent, of the colony to his spiritual The Indian charge, visitcd the Pomeroon and became tribes acquainted with the tribes of aborigines who peopled the vast savannahs and forests of the interior. Three missions were commenced, and in 1840 the Pro- pagation Society sent out a young layman, Mr. W. H. Brett, who was stationed on the Pomeroon River some forty-five miles from its mouth. Here was a small strip of cleared land, with three rude huts which had been built by a gang of negro woodcutters who had gone oflf", on the expiration of their apprenticeship in 1838, to join their brethren in the towns. There was also a dilapidated wooden building which had been used for worship on the infrequent occasion of an itinerant 62 The English Church in Othfr Lands clergyman or catcchist visiting tlio river. This was to be the future cliapel of the mission. One of tlie huts ■was occupied by an okl wliite man, sick with fever and ague; nuotlicr was tlu^ abode of anoUl ncgress wlio had several children living with her; the third was appro- priated by Mr. Brett. The river, when flooded by tropical rains, penetrated tlie floor ; the leaky roof with its rotten thatch afforded little^ protection ; and tiger-cats and frogs were numerous and annoying. For his food ]\rr. lireit was de])endent on the Indians, and without tlitnr canoes he could not move about. The Indians despised his youth, having an excessive veneration for old age ; the sorcerers, finding their craft in danger, threatened his life. He began a small school for the negroes, hoping thereby to attract the Indians ; the exact contrary was the result, for there Avas no com- munity of feeling between the two races, but a strong antipathy. Fever, which frequently seized on him, was a great discouragement, but he manfully persevered. A solitary Indian, who had been absent from his people for some time, presented himself one day at the door of Mr. Brett's cottage. He had seen the Avork of mission- aries on the Essequibo, and, without any direct instruc- tion, had thrown away the instruments of magic which had been his stock-in-trade as a sorcerer, yet for himself he did not seek Christianity. He Avished his children to be instructed, and promised to return. This he did, with wife and children and several relatives, and the school Avas soon filled. The day had daAvned and the clouds had rolled away. The Indian, Saccibarri (Beautiful Hair),Avas christened Cornelius, and through the rest of his life he remained true to the Church, and on his The Church in South America 6 deathbed charged his sons to continue the pious hihours. wliich for twenty-eight years had been to himself labours of love. With the conversion of Cornelius the Arawak tribt^ were soon won over. The chief at once promised his friendship, and the conversion of the tribe was only a work of time. In 184o the bishop visited the Mission, continued and admitted to coyimuniou forty natives, and ordained Mr. Brett. The Arawaks are the most numerous of the tribes, and their settle- ments lie in an extended line within 100 miles of the sea. Next to them come the AV^araws, and behind them the Caribs. Another tribe, the Accawoios, are migratory in their habits. Mr. Brett, who all along had been studying the various languages in the hope of reducing them to system, now turned his attention to the Wai'aws. They trusted liim, and admitted that the Gospel was good for the Ai-awaks but not for themselves. Just as Mr. Brett was in despair, lie heard from a catechist at the mouth of the river that some Waraws had attended his services there. Thus encouraged, he opened a mission for these people. As he set out on his expedition, the Arawaks who had been at church the day before, standing on the banks and waving their hands, bade him God-speed. This mission penetrated the country of the Waraws and next reached the Caribs, till Mr, Brett found himself at last in the country of the Accawoios, who had the reputation of being treacherous thieves, adepts in the art of poisoning. The work was carried on year by year wdth much pa- tience and amid many discouragements. IMore than once Mr. Brett's health failed and he had to leave for a time. Smallpox visited the settlements and the scourge was 64 The Exgtjsii CnrRcii /.v Other Lands (Iccliirod l)y tlio sorcerers to be the revenge of tlie Deity on the peopU^ lor embracing Christianitj' ; a pseudo- Christ appeared and chiimed the allegiance of the tribes. On the other liand, these troubles humbled the people, and other labourers came to ]\fr. Brett's assistance. In 1851 more than 1.000 Indians had been baptized ; ;vnd on the occasion of the bishop's visit, members of ihe trilies, Avhich for generations had never met without indulging in all the cruelties of Indian warfare, knelt side by side in fidlest amity to receive the Holy Connnunion. The Indians from the inland regions were di-awn to th(> mission and voluntarily sought to be instructed. In 18G8 the Bishop of Guiana went up to the Great Falls of the Demerara river, and on his arrival found that the Indians, who had carried their canoes to the foot of the rapids, had formed an encamp- ment while awaiting his arrival. It was a scene worthy of the earlier ages of the Church ; there, in the prima3val forest, were the Pagans seeking baptism. Three hundred and ninety-six persons were baptized during the bishop s stay. The chief, wishing no longer to live beyond the reach of instruction, cleared a settlement near the scene of his baptism and built a school and chapel. A catechist remained behind, and ten months later the archdeacon visited the spot and baptized seventy-nine. Altogether 535 persons had been baptized, where, two years before, the Gospel had never reached. The Accawoios, being the pedlars of the land, carried with them everywhere the news of the mission. Mr. Brett's translations brought the Scriptures and Collects within the reach of all. From the Potaro and other rivers in the country various tribes scut their embassies to inquire The CnuRcii /.v South America 65 and report, until in 1871' the Government became so convinced of the advantages afforded by the establisli- ment of mission stations among the Indians that it provided stipends for missionary curates on the Pome- roon and Essequibo rivers. '^Phus, in the lifetime of one man and very largely by liis individual effort, many tribes of Indians have been won from savagery and superstition to civilisation and Christianity. (2) After the emancipation of the negroes it was found necessary to supplement their uncertain and in- dependent labour by a system of immigration. In 1815 this was commenced under legal provisions, and within twelve months 10,000 coolies had arrived from India ;ind China. They brought with them all their heathen superstitions, and insisted on publicly ])erforming their heathen ceremonies, some of which would have been forbidden in India. Their processions generally halted in front of Christian churches, and the excitable negi'oes would follow and applaud as loudly as the Hindoos themselves. One of the clergy wrote that he had seen the Hindoos suspend their votaries, by hooks driven into their backs below the ribs, from a circular swing forty feet above the ground, keeping them constantly in a revolving motion for ten minutes, amid shouting and drum-beating, the Creoles looking on and enjoying the sight. In the first four years 120,000 coolies had arrived. The clergy could do nothing amid the babel of tongues ; but missionaries who could speak to them in their own languages were brought from India, and partly sup- ported by the Government. It was then found that they were very open to Christian instruction, and the C. H. F 66 The English Church in Other Lands Hindoo Christians of the colony are now an important factor in the Chvirch. Even more remarkable has been the work among the Chinese, of Avhom some 15,000 coolies have been received. The bishop declares that among them are characters ' which have recalled to mind vividly the stories of the early converts to the religion of the Cross.' These coolies are under inden- tures which bind them for five years, after which they are free to return to their native countries. It is obvious, therefore, that they may be made unconscious evangelists to their kindred ; and this has happened, for the clergy in China have on many occasions Aviitten to Guiana in the highest terms of the witness which the returned coolies have borne to the religion which they had embraced during their years of exile. At the southern extremity of the South American Continent the Falkland Islands give a title and a home ThePaik- to an English bishop, w^hose chief work is laud Islands j^ji^onsT the Patasfonians on the mainland. and o o Patagonia rpj^^ missiou owes its existence to the per- sistent but eccentric energy of Captain Allen Gar- diner, who, after several attempts to establish missions in Natal, came to England and founded an association for the conversion of the Indian tribes of South America. Thrice did he lead expeditions to Patagonia in 1845, 1818, and 1850. The third was fatal to the whole party. They endured many liardships, both from the climate and from the treachery of the natives, while seeking for a site on which to build a house. At length, one after another, the whole of the gallant little band died of starvation ; and when a ship of war afterwards touched at Picton Island to inquire into the fate of the The Church in South America Gj mission the sad tragedy was revealed. On the ruins of this venture a society was formed which is known as the South American Missionary Society. In 1857 a son of Captain Gardiner landed on the coast where his father had died. He knew of two persons who were likely to be of use, one a native who had been brought into contact witli Englishmen and had even visited England, the otlicr a Danish layman, wlio for a year had lived with the natives, sharing their tents and their food and moving with them in their wander- ings. The mission has been doing its work for nearly thirty years. Stations have been formed at Keppel, one of the Falkland Islands, and at Ushuwia on Tierra del Fuego ; and a schooner called after the founder of the mission, keeps the various workers in communication. The bishop has also charge of the various English chaplaincies on the eastern and western coasts of South America, which, originally connected with the Foreign Office and maintained by public funds, are now thrown on the resources of the respective congregations. CHAPTER VII. THE CHURCH IN AUSTRALIA. The loss of the American colonies in 1783 seemed to English statesmen to have landed their country on the verge of ruin, and on the continent England was con- sidered to have been eifaced from the list of European States. But the calamity, if for a time it checked the prosperity of England, immediately established the F 2 6S TiiR ExGusii Church in Other Laxds supremacy of tlie English race. In ] 783 there was a popuhition of three millions in the American States Loss of clinging to the coast-line of the Atlantic; now American there are more than forty millions of people Colonics . ' ^1 re.ircssci covemig the land from the Atlantic to the by tlic . discovery of Pacific. The grcatness of England, which is in- Kew " . iioiiaud separably connected with that of the peoples who speak her tongue, has in the last hundred years flowed or Tragic oQCa^h>corTi J LAND : siui}^ub}^-^j^] u " s ' It r ' a ST AUSTRALIA;" 3 .PcTtlii L.Gairdticr^ \ r> r • u. r-r- Australian, S%innR. .r$^tfefi x>"c,-is-.s\svr,i;.' ^A^ AUSTRALIA i.p.-^ forth, not in one, Init in two ever-deepening and widen- ing streams. If trade has not found its chief centres oul}' on the banks of the Mersey and the Thames, but The Church in Austral/ a 6g also on tlu' lliulsou and the Mississippi, its growth and development generally in this period have been almost as the product of a magician's wand. The times were in all respects favourable ; for, simul- taneously with the loss and discouragement in America, Captain there was dawning an era of unparalleled ^°^^ maiiuiacturing energy and scientific discovery at home. Moreover, loss of territory in one part of the world was to be more than atoned for by the dis- covery of new lands in another. In 1770 Captain Cook had discovered New Holland. The value of the pos- session was unknown, as were also the extent and the capacities of the country. Statesmen had not been quick to colonise it; but in 1787 the attempt had to be made. The future of the Australian continent had not been conceived ; it served only to relieve an imme- diate difficulty. With America closed, the Government knew not how to dispose of the criminal population. The prisons and penitentiaries, exceptionally crowded and pestilential as they were, were serving the philan- thropic John Howard with arguments for enforcing his indictment against their moral condition. Therefore in May 1787, just three months before the consecration of the first colonial bishop, the first convict ships were Convict sent to Botany Bay. The fleet consisted of settlements gj^ vessels, accompanied by the ' Sirius ' frigate and the ' Supply,' an armed tender. Two hundred soldiers were sent with them to keep discipline, and to suppress any signs of mutiny ; but clergyman, school- master, anyone to speak of religion and of reformation — these the CTOvernment did not think necessary. How had the national spirit declined ! A\'liere were the 70 The English Church in Other Lands successors of ' Master Wolfall ' and Robert Hunt ? Where was tlie spirit of Raleigh, of Frobisher, of Baltimore, of Nicholas Forrar, of Robert Boyle ? Just at the last moment a clergyman was permitted, on the representa- tion of the Bishop of London, to join the emigrants, without pay and without the prospect of pay. The voyage lasted eight months and one week, including a detention at Rio de Janeiro. In this harbour the good chaplain visited all the ships in turn, while at sea his ministrations benefited only his immediate fellow- passengers. On arrival, Botany Bay was found to be unsuitable for a settlement, on several grounds, but notably because Port there was an insufficient supply of water, occupied Proceeding along the coast, the ships came to a spot marked in Cook's chart as a ' boat harbour,' called, after the sailor who first discovered it, Fort Jackson. Here was a harbour large enough to contain the whole of the navy, navigable for men-of-war for fifteen miles from its mouth, and sheltered from all winds. Here, then, was the first settlement pitched ; the thick woods were for the first time made to sound with the woodman's axe, and the kangaroos, as nume- rous as rabbits in a warren, scuttled away from the presence of the new possessors. The formal settlement was not made without some ceremonial ; not indeed of the kind which consecrated the earlv settlement of Virginia, when Eucha- Ceremonics J o ' observed j.j^g^ r^^^^ solemn prayers seemed to the ad- venturers of the sixteenth century the appropriate commencement of their undertaking. On January 28, 1788, the flag of Ergland was run up; salutes were The Church in Australia yi fired unci rations of spirits were served out to tlio soldiers and convicts with wliich to drink to the health of King George III., as the foundations were laid of what is now the fair city of Sydney, with its 240,000 souls. Neither was it thought necessary, while barracks, prisons, and official residences were being built, to set apart any building as a church. Mr. Johnson, the solitary chaplain, held service in the open air wher- ever he could find a shady spot, till after six years ho built a church at a cost of 40/. of his own means. It was soon burned down by the convicts, Avho in three years had increased to the number of 3,500. Their numbers threatened a famine, as some ships which had been despatched with stores had been delayed ; their fears urged them to rebellion, and discipline was made even more stringent. Stone churches were now ordered to be built, more as a punishment to the prisoners, who had thought to escape the infliction of church-going, than for any benefit intended to their souls. The prisoners were marched to church as to a roll-call, the oflScials of the colony attending only when duty com- pelled them. Among the convicts was a Eoman priest, who received a conditional pardon in order that he might exercise his clerical functions in Sydney, Parra- matta, and Hawksbury. In 1794, Mr. Johnson was joined by the Eev. S. Marsden, who will be known for all time in connection with the earlier history of New Zealand. In the following year the Propagation Society connnenced a work in Australia which has been continued for ninety years at a total expenditure of more than a quarter of a million of money. In 1817, the Government appointed five chaplains to minister 72 The Exgusii Church in Other Laxds to a population of 17,000 souls, of whom 7,000 were convicts. In 1833, this population had increased to 01,000, including 18,000 convicts, who, with the masters to whom they had been assigned, were gradu- ally developing the resources of the land. Free emi- gration had followed upon the system of transportation, Freeimini- '"^^^^ ^^^^ Condition of the colony at length grants forccd itself on public attention. ' They must have a Church,' said the Duke of AVellington in 1829 ; and he selected the llev. AV. G. Broughton, curate of Farnham, who had come under his notice at Strathfield- saye, as archdeacon of New South Wales, which by the fiction of letters patent formed a part of the diocese of Calcutta. AVhat was the extent of this archdeaconry its holder described a quarter of a century later, when speaking in Hertfordshire ; he said : ' Imagine your own archdeacon having one church at St. Albans, another in Denmark, another at Constantinople, while the bishop should be at Calcutta — hardly more distant from England than from many parts of the Arch- deaconry of Australia.' During the first five years of his residence, he travelled incessantly over the country —then so little known and so sparsely peopled — and he returned to England to lay before the Church the gigantic nature of the task which was imposed on it. At the same time the testimony of an excellent judge, Sir W. Burton, who knew all the evils of the system which had prevailed in Australia, startled public senti- ment and received the attention of Parliament. In 1836, Archdeacon Broughton was consecrated first Bishop of Australia, and he returned, Avith his burdens indeed increased, Init with his hands strength- ened. He had a seat on the Le«"islative Council, and in The Church in Australia 71 that position lie exercised great influence in the deter- ^. ,. , niination of educational and other social ques- First Austra- ^ liau Bishop tions. He held a service at a small town- ship wliere, three years before, the Yarra Yarra was flowing in uninterrupted solitude. This was Melbourne in 1838 ; no clergyman knew it, but an excel- in 1838 i^>j^t layman read prayers and a sermon every Sunday. The next year a clergyman was appointed, and in the year following, so rapidly did the place grow in prosperity, a cliurch was ordered to be built at a cost of 7,000?. He visited South Australia, and in county after county he found neither church nor worship. He New Zealand visitcd also Tasmania, wliich was not included mania''" in his letters patent, and New Zealand, which had not yet become a British colony. In 1812 he had the happiness of seeing a bishop appointed to Tasmania, and in the previous year Bishop Selwyn had been consecrated Bishop of New Zealand. But these hardly relieved Bishop Broughton of his personal responsibility; in 1847 he was able to secure, by a sacrifice of one fourth of his own income, the con- secration of three bishops for Newcastle, Adelaide, and Melbourne. These sees have again been divided, and „ ,, , the Australian episcopate now has thirteen Ornwth of ^ '■ *a^e1n Aus bishops, but the history of the whole colony traiia jj,c^y \^q taken as that of the four dioceses which, in 18 17, nominally, at least, covered the whole continent. The first Bishop of Newcastle (Tyrrell) is famous, among other things, for having resolutely remained at his post. He is known as ' the one bishop Xewcastle , _,,..,. who never came home, rrom his arrival in 1818 until his death in 1879, he never left Australia 74 The English Church in Other Lands except to make a voyage of inspection and evangelisa- tion, in company with Bisliop Selwyn, in the Melanesian group. He lived in the saddle, making visitation tours of 1,500 miles at a time. His great diocese had 800 miles of coast-line, extended inland 700 miles, and was five times as large as Great Britain. With very high spiritual gifts, ho had the rare combination of excellent habits of business. He was a great financier ; setting a munificent example, he induced the colonists to give largely. He inaugurated an endowment scheme of 100,000/., taking care that no ])arish should possess a sum that would providt>. the full stipend of its clergy, for that, he said, ' would not be a liealthy state of things ' ; but by a combination of partial endowments and the voluntary system, he maintained the advantages and avoided the evils of both. His own property he care- fully invested, and it prospered w^onderfully. He had always intended to bequeath it to his diocese ; and by his will he crowned the edifice of his scheme by provid- ing a magnificent endowment, which, on the return of more prosperous times, will probably be worth 250,000/. Nor was this secured by parsimonious hoarding; on the contrary, his gifts in his lifetime were on a lavish scale. In 1859, he contributed largely to the endow- Diocese of ii^^nt of the See of Brisbane, which relieved Brisbane j^'j^ of the charge of the portion of Queens- land which had hitherto been under his charge, extending from the 29th to the 22nd parallel of South latitude. This diocese received its third bishop (Webber) in 1885, Bishops Tufnell and Hale having retired in 187-i and 1884 respectively. In 1867, not without Bishop Tyrreirs liberal help, the See of Grafton and Armidale The Church in Australia 75 was formed, a large portion of the endowment having been contributed by a lay colonist. The first bisliop (Sawyer) Grafton ana ^^^ ^0*' •'•Oiig begLui his work wlien he was .vruiidaie clrowncd in the Clarence River. His successor (Turner) was consecrated in 18G9. The huge Diocese of Sydney, long ere this date, liad been divided yet further. The discovery of gold had The ciiurch brought to Ncw Soutli Wales and to Victoria a gold-diggers liordc of advonturcrs, for whom the Cliurch was bound to care, although as a rule they were not for- ward to contribute much of their gains for the support of religion. The unique occasion drew out a man of special qualifications for the work. The Rev. E. Synge was maintained by the Propagation Society, while, as travelling chaplain to the Bishop of Sydney, he made enormous journeys over the outlying regions which had not yet been included in any of the newly formed dioceses. Day after day he rode over the open plains, steering his way by compass, with kangaroos and emus for the companions of his solitude, to find at nightfall a lodo-incf either in a woolshed, where he would hold service for people who had long been estranged from religion, or in the shanties and tents of the diggers, who were amazed at finding a fellow-creature indifferent to the passion which possessed themselves, and seeking only their good. One result of his labours was the formation in 1863 of the Diocese of Goulburn, to the Dioceses of endowment of which a single colonial family Bathurst' Contributed 5,000L In 1869, this new see was divided, and the Diocese of Bathurst was formed, a grandson of Samuel Marsden, the Apostle of New Zealand, being the first bishop; and in 1881, by a jG The Exgl/s/i Church im Other Laxds munificent gift of 10,000Z. made by a colonist, the Hon. John Campbell, portions of the two dioceses were united into the new See of Hiverina, to which the Rev. „„,i Sydney Linton was consecrated. Another ^'^"'"* act of colonial liberality has to be chronicled. A Sydney layman founded a theological college at Liverpool, twenty miles Irom the capital, which is known as ^Moore College, after the name of its founder. In INL'lbourne the gold fever and reckless speculation ill land, wifli its inevitable reaction, liad a bad effect on the develoijment of the Colony in its earlier Melbourne '^ . _ "^ years. The city sprang up like a gourd, land and wages and food were at famine prices ; but soon the labour market was glutted, land became a drug and a sheep fetched \s. Gd. Then the gold-fields gave a prosperity so brilliant as to be a doubtful gain. State aid was given to religious bodies, and was withdrawn in 1875. The material progress of the Church has kept even pace with that of the colony. In 1851 there were only five churches and four parsonages. In 1885 there were in the two dioceses of Melbourne and Ballaarat, which last-named see was established Ballaarat in 1875, 149 parishes and 14-3 clergymen. Bishop Moorhouse, who succeeded Bishop Perry at Mel- bourne in 1876, was successful in at once inciting the colony to do more for Church work. Large funds were speedily raised for the erection of a cathedral. Scholar- ships were founded at Trinity College, Melbourne. Church Congresses, which are of very recent date in England, were introduced by the bishop into the Southern Hemi- sphere, and he also secured visits from England of clergymen experienced in the conduct of parochial mis- Tin: CiivRcii av Australia yy sions for the building up of the spirilual life of the people. The translation of such a man to the im- portant see of Manchester in 1886 was an act as much to the interest of the Mother as it was to the loss of the Daughter Church. In the Diocese of Adelaide Bishop Short found that, alone of the Australian prelates, he had the task of or- ganising the Church Avholly without State aid. One of the first acts of the newly constituted legislature of the colony was to abolish all expenditure of public moneys for religious purposes. It has from the first been in the main a pastoral colony with a yeoman population, and its career has not been subjected to the vicissitudes which have characterised Victoria and New South Wales. Two acres of land given to the Church by an early colonist have proved of enormous value, as in the growth of the city they became a part of its very centre of wealth and business. When Bishop Short, in his eightieth year, retired from his diocese in 1881 he left to his successor a noble cathedral, an episcopal residence, a theological college, St. Peter's Collegiate School and Chapel with fifty-five acres of orround, and a diocesan office in which the Church Synod meets and the organisation of the diocese finds its head quarters. He left also a diocese much smaller in area than he found it ; for in 1857 the western portion, coterminous with the colony of Western Australia, had Perth, become a separate diocese under the charge of Australia Bishop Hale. This was, and continues to be, from a combination of circumstances, the least pro- gressive of the Australian dioceses. It has, however, been conspicuous for care bestowed on the native races, of whom more will be said hereafter. 78 The Esglisii Church in Other Lands Tasmania, the Australian Isle of Wight, favoured by an exceptional climate, has attracted a superior class of colonists and may be regarded as one of the choicest portions of the Queen's dominions. A body of fifty-six clergy welcomed their new bishop, Dr. Sandford, in 1883; and the Tasmanian Church is ilonrishing and well able to care for all its needs. In spite of the rapid subdivision of the Australian dioceses, there remained until 1878 an enormous territory extending over eleven degrees of latitude, which, accord- ing to the tenor of the letters patent, still remained Korth under the charge of the Bishop of Sydney. Queeusiana "pj^j^^gg dioccses, indeed, lay between the metro- political city and these distant regions, but the bishops had their hands full. Into this country, with its fertile soil and tropical climate, capital flowed and developed new forms of industry. The squatters of North Queens- land are not only breeders of sheep, oxen, and horses ; they grow sugar, coffee, and other products of tropical climes, according to the elevation of their several hold- ino-s. The Queensland Immigration Acts have had to be supplemented by legislation providing for the Chinese and Polynesian labourers who were essential to the suc- cessful operations of these colonists. In 1871 the late Bishop of Sydney was convinced of the necessity of making North Queensland an indepen- dent diocese, but not until 1878 was Dr. Stanton conse- crated. He went, as he said, expecting to find log-huts and wigwams, and he beheld well-built houses and large towns. He feared that he should meet with irreligion and indifference, and he was welcomed with enthusiasm and affection. He went with a stipend guaranteed to him The Church in Avstkaija 79 from England, and lie lias in an incredibly short time, within seven years, completed an endowment of 15,000/. for the see and an endowment for the clergy of 5,000/. well invested in land and mortgages. Finding four ugly churches, he insisted on chancels and proper appoint- ments with which to teach the alphabet of worship to those who were ignorant of it. In seven years every township had two churches, while travelling clergy- men, whose lives were passed in the saddle, cared for the people widely scattered in the bush and on distant ' runs.' Thus in fifty years one diocese has become thirteen, and these are compacted together by a perfect system of diocesan and provincial synods, duly recoc- Summary • i i i i • i . nised by the legislature as corporations with perpetual succession, in which bishops, priests, and laity have each their part conducing to the smooth and efficient working of the whole machine. Few more splendid positions — whether regard be had to the influence which a natural leader of men possesses among his fellows, or to the future of the Church of this magnificent continent — are to be found than is the office to which, with the enthusiastic approval of both England and Australia, Canon Barry was called in 188-1. He, indeed, reaped where others had sown. Instead of the Bishop solitary clergyman who in 1787 volunteered Barry jf-^j, ^^ i^^^ ^f ruinistering to a convict flock, who cared little for his labours, he found 575 clergymen ministering to a population of more than three millions, and the Church no longer an exotic but rooted in the soil and managing her own concerns. But this development marked a new point of departure and So Tjir Excr.isii CiirRcii in Other Laxds emphasised the demand for a leader of consummate gifts equal to the changed condition of the Church. These colonies are probably on the eve of forming a confedera- tion, analogous with that which already prevails in the ])ominion of Canada, which will bind them together in plans for the common advaiiceminit and at the same time will solve the jealousies which an- wont to spring up in separate but contiguous colonics. The wisdom of the scheme has commended itself to the world ; and it may be permitted to the Clnircli to feel some satisfaction that in this matter she has taken the lead and has set the example of Christian confederation with the happiest results to herself and to the benefit of her children. To this picture of growth and prosperity there is a dark side, a chapter in the unwritten history of Aborigines Australian colonisation. Little mention has and their Tniii-- treatment yet been made oi the Aborigmes of Australia ; but they must not be passed over, nor is the record wholly discreditable. In Tasmania they have long disappeared. After many years of persecution at the hands of the white man the miserable remnant of the race that once owned the soil were gathered together, some b}^ capture, some by persuasion, and were trans- ported to Flinders Island in Bass's Straits. The last capture was made in 1842, the year of the consecration of the first bishop. In spite of the provisions made for what, from the white man's view, were their comforts, the race declined. In 1847 the survivors were moved to Oyster Cove, where twenty years later the last survivor died. On the mainland the case has been different. In the early days of the colony every cruelty and every crime were freely resorted to in the hope of extirpating Till-: Church in Australia 8i the race. The white man sliowed liimself to be a savage when removed from the restraints of public opinion and beyond tlie reach of the hiw. Poison as wi'll as t lie l)ullet was freely used ; ' iire-water,' less rapid but hardly less sure in its results, was introduced among the natives with a view to their extermination. But of the crimes of bygone times it is not worth while to write. Can the savage be civilised and converted to Christian habits and to the practice of a life of devotion ? This is the problem, which it must be confessed the Australian Church has been slow to solve. Yet have attempts been made, and never without success. First in point of time and in other ways must be mentioned the interesting work of the first Bishop of Adelaide, Bishop Short. This was at Poonindie, near Port rnonindie Liucoln ; licrc he obtained from the Govern- institution j^icut an exteusivo ' run ' on which sheep and cattle were bred. Thus the natives were provided with work of a kind that was not novel to them, and gradu- ally were led to adopt civilised and Christian customs. They were paid for their labour and encouraged in thrift. Service was held every day in the Station Church, at which the voluntary attendance was singu- larly large. The school became famous for athleticism, and a native eleven Avon a match against St. Peter's College in the city of Adelaide. The man Avho had devoted himself to the work of this institution became in 1857 the first Bishop of Perth. Here Dr. Hale found his experience of much service. There were 2,000 natives settled in the colony, while the wandering tribes roamed over the land in numbers that could not be estimated with any degree of accuracy. A C, //. Gr 82 TiiR ExGUsn CiirRcii in Other Lands small institution for natives liad been Ibiuidecl at Albany and had struggled for years against tlie pre- iudices of the colonists. At length an officer Albany J ' -t ^ • ^•^ lustitution y^.]^^ Y^r^^ retired from the army, and his like- minded wife, determined to give themselves up to the work of the institution. The governor was induced to visit and examine the various departments of the work, with the result that the Government placed it on a footing of permanent usefulness as an institution of the colony. Other institutions of a similar kind have since been formed, notably in the diocese of Coulburn. Here a clergyman, holding an important charge, became more and more impressed by the guilty neglect of the blacks. In time his indignation gave place to enthusiasm, and as no one would undertake the work he determined to go himself. He had but little money and that was soon spent; but at the darkest hours he had signs of encouragement, and in time he had obtained a run of 2,100 acres, on which he had a farm and schools and a Christian village knov\'n as "Warangesda. A\arange,ta ^^^^ intelligence of the black children is very hio-h: the schools have obtained from the Government the largest grant that is possible, and to these has now been added a training college from which it is intended to send forth a succession of teachers who will carry the Gospel to the survivors of the Australian tribes. How many in number these may be is not known. They exist in considerable force in the northern districts reaching up to Cape York and the Gulf of Carpentaria. In the extreme north alone they are supposed to number 50,000, and at present to show no signs of a decaying race. There may therefore yet be a ' native church ' of Australia. Neither are the obligations of the Australian TiiR Church /.v Australia S3 Clmivli limited to the native pagans. The demands of conimcrce are daily bringing to Australia Polynesians speaking a babel of languages, and Chinese coolies. For these some provision has been made, especially in Queensland where the bulk of the coolie labour is found. The time has come too when the church of this contint'ut must look further afield. It has, indeed, assisted with money the Melanesian mission evc^r since 1850, when the six bishops of the Pacific met at Sydney and established a Board of Missions in the interests of the Melanesian group. But that mission has looked mainly to New Zealand for government and to England for funds. It seems likely that Australia will annex for civil purposes the whole or a part of the large island of New Guinea. It has been touched by Presbyterian mis- sionaries who have reached it from the adjoin- ing islands, which have been the chief scenes of their very excellent work. The civil annexation will compel the Australian Church to complete the spiritual annexation of an island, worthy almost of the name of continent, which will form a connecting link between itself and the missions in Borneo and the Straits. CHAPTER VIII. THE CHURCH IN NEW ZEALAND. A FEW unsavoury savages hanging about a small colonial town called Paramatta in New South Wales, and there, in 1806, being noticed by the Rev. Samuel Marsden, the second clergyman who had ever landed 84 The Exgijsh Church in Other Laxds ill Australia — tlais is the first link of a series, of which the last is a civilised and Christian nation, keen in the maintenance of their Church and its First inter- -,..,. , . . , . course cliscipune, and ffivmo; their own sons to the between the i r. i . . rni Kngiisii and work 01 the ministry. The reputation of these tlie-Uaoris -it t t i a Maoris had preceded them to Australia ; they were known to be savac^es and cannibals. Captain Cook had visited New Zealand and had observed that the people were always engaged in intertribal wars. In 1 772 twenty-eight men had been cut off from a French ship and massacred. In 1782 ten sailors were seized and eaten in triumph. In 1809, three years after tSamuel Marsden had opened communication with the Maoris, the whole crew of H.M.S. ' Boyd ' were murdered. Soon after this event a native chief named Tippahee became the guest of Marsden, who learned from him much concerning his people. They were not without a religion, but they had neither hereditary priesthood nor prescribed acts of worship. They worshipped a supernatural power whom they called ' Atua,' and there were many inferior Atuas, including the spirits of their departed ancestors. These they con- sulted in times of difficulty, and the oracle was wont to reply in a mysterious sound, ' half whisper, half whistle.' Every child was, from the moment of its birth, regarded as holy and to be handled only by the initiated. Nevertheless it was carried to a priest, who, among other ceremonies, recited a long list of names of ^vj^^ori its ancestors, from which one was at last religion selected. As this was pronounced the child was solemnly sprinkled with a small branch of a native shrub. In some parts of the island the ceremony was Giibejpt -V.^[3 S ^Salomon I? SuLnlftCi-uz o Efj u ator U T Samoa or mui^lJ^ .Hebrides ^i^^^jj - - '^lleSauds 'l^icndl y P .1 ' Tropic of Capricorji !C t F 1 aiaaiicL''!: t^v V-TTVaiajpa . o line dm '•'Stewart 1. I If NF.W IZiKLMiO AND PACfFlC S6 The Exgusii Cuukcii ix Other Lands performed in a running stream, and Hie child was some- times immersed in the Avater. The neophyte was then dedicated to the God of War, and petitions were offered that he might ' flame witli anger and be strong to wield a weapon.' The Maoris had also the religious system of ' Tapu,' which prevails over sixty degrees of latitude in the Pacific, and has under another name made itself felt as a heavy religious burden in Madagascar. On the representation of ]\Ir. Marsden, the Church Missionary Society determined, in 1809, to send a mission to New Zealand ; and the first party, consisting of a schoolmaster, a carpenter, and a shoemaker, were sent out to Australia, where JMarsden was to meet them. In that year the massacre of the crew of the ' Boyd ' had occurred ; and it was not until 1814 that the little party, accompanied by Duaterra, the iieph.ew of Tippahee, landed in the northern island. It happened that the First ^Pot ^^ which they landed was the scene of to'Se^v the recent murder ; but in Duaterra they had Zealand ^^ interpreter. On the night of December 20, 1814, Marsden slept in safety on New Zealand soil, the natives lying around witli their spears' heads buried in the ground in proof of their friendship. On Christmas Day, the very same day on which, by a curious coincidence, Bishop Middleton preached his first sermon in Calcutta, Marsden commenced his mission by preaching to the people, Duaterra being his interpreter, on the words ' Behold, I bring you glad tidings.' But the time of success was slow in coming. The teachers were protected, even patronised ; but their teaching was not valued. In 1820 a chief named Hongi, by his own desire, visited England. He spent some time at Cam- Tin- CiiL'Rcii IN New Zhai.axd ^j bridge, where Professor Lee was enabled to reduce the Maori language to grammar, and so to provide for the people's instruction in reading and writing. The chief had an interview with George IV., who gave him the doubtful present of a supply of fire-arms. Returning to his native land he determined not only to give to it the blessings of the monarchy, but to be himself the monarch. He therefore challenged the neighbouring chief, and, with the present of the English sovereign, gained an easy victory. He drank the blood of his murdered foe and devoured his eyes, while his followers killed and ate as many of his people as they listed, and enslaved the rest. This was seven years after Marsden's landing, and was the conduct of a man who, though not professing Christianity, had faithfully protected the missionaries. Years went on and no converts were made. The mission staff was increased. In 1822 the Rev. H. AVilliams, and in 1825, the Rev. W. Williams, after- wards Bishop of Waiapu, landed in New Zealand and commenced the work which ended only with their lives. In 1825 the first conversion was made; but five more years elapsed before any further baptisms were recorded. Meanwhile English settlers were increasing and frequent affrays reduced the numbers of the natives ; but in spite of this the progress of the Gospel now became very rapid. The Maoris consulted their ' Atuas ' whether the white man's teaching was true, and, strange to say, in every case the answer was in the affirmative. The whole of the New Testa- ment and Prayer Book was translated and printed in 1838. In that year Bishop Broughton visited the islands 88 The English Church in Other Lands and inspected tlie missions. Two years later, by tlie wish of the natives, the treaty of Waitangi transferred to England the sovereignty of the islands, the land remaining in the possession of the people. An English Company had already bonght large tracts of land and liad built the towns of Wellington and Nelson. In 1811 Bishop Selwyn was consecrated the first bishop of New Zealand, and on his landing he wrote, ' We see liere a whole nation of I'agans converted to the faith. Bishop -^ ^^^^ f^iithful men, by the power of the sciwyu Spirit of (iod, have been the instruments of adding another Christian people to the family of God.' Having acquired the Maori language during the long voyage, Bishop Selwyn found himself on landing capable of addressing the two races over whom he had been placed — races which were being constantly brought into mutual antagonism, to the great hindrance of spiritual work, of whom the weaker has been saved from extinction mainly by the protection which has been given to them by the Church. The bishop at once began to traverse tbe length and breadth of his diocese, travelling on foot, with some natives carrying his tent, which served the purposes of a church. His first visitation occupied five months, and he returned with his clothes ragged, and his last pair of shoes tied to his insteps by a strip of FJiormiinn tenax, avoiding the publicity of the town of Auckland, and making his way over a plot of ground which he had secured for a cathedral of the future, which he hoped ' may hereafter be traversed by the feet of many bishops, better shod and far less ragged than myself.' But he had hardly made himself acquainted Avith I lie condition and v.-ants The Church in New Zealand 89 of tlu' diocese before lie was confronted with tlie dis- sensions and contests of two races, which, with some Contests peaceful intervals, disturbed his whole life in races Ncw Zealand. The natives not unnaturally became uneasy as they beheld the rapid increase of the English, who threatened to outnumber themselves. Foreign influences were at work to persuade them that tht^y were the slaves of the English ; and the English on their part did not disguise their opinion that the disappearance of the whole jNIaori race would be welcome to them. In 18 io there was a great outbreak at the AVairau in the Southern Island arising from a dispiite about a sale of land. A party of armed men were led by the English magistrate to enforce his authority ; the natives were peaceable and wished to refer the matter to the courts. Without orders, firing began on the part of tlu' English, and the wife of one of the chiefs was killed. Her husband started up and exclaimed, ' Farewell tlio lifjJit ! Fareirell the day ! Come Intliernirjht!' andimme- diately returned the fire, by which twenty-three persons were killed. In 1841< John Heke, who had been for years living peaceably on a mission station, cut down, after giving due notice of his intention, an obnoxious flagstaff which was supposed to be an emblem of the subjection of his race. He danced a war dance before Uprisings the bishop : but he warned the civilians of of the 1 . 1 Maoris tlicir danger and even helped them to move their belongings. H.M.S. ' Hazard' engaged the natives, and throughout the painful struggle the bishop en- deavoured to be the friend of both pai'ties, exercising his office among their wounded indifferent] v. 90 TiiP. ExGijsii Church in Other Lands From llie first Bishop Selwyii determinetl 1o rely on the natives for a Larg'o sliare of the work of evangelising their brethren. When the war of races was raging, and some tribes adhered to the English, such work was accompanied wnth mnch danger; but the Maori race has very keen spiritual proclivities, and, whatever their failings, cowardice is not among them. In 18 IG, while the land was much disturbetl, the bishop met 2,000 Maoris at Whanganui, They joined in worship and 382 communicated ; they then formally determined to send two of their number as evangelists to a tribe with Maori wliom tliey had been at war. They knew the evaugeiists pgyi]^ ^ud on their road they were met and warned that they were going to their death. Ten friends accompanied them, and on their way they were fired on by the enemy, who were in ambush. The two teachers were killed, one on the spot, but the other lived long enough to bind up his wounds and to give to the only one of his ten companions who had been injured, his Testament, telling him that that was indeed great riches. Thus the Native Church of New Zealand had its earlv martyrs. In 1853 the first native deacon, liota, the equivalent of Lot, as Maoris cannot pronounce ' L,' was ordained. He was the first of nearly forty native clergymtm who have been ordained from a race that never at any time exceeded 100,000 in number. Amid all the reverses and fluctuations of the New Zealand Church, even when the Hau-Hau f^inaticism took pos- session of the people, the native clergy have without exception been staunch and faithful. In 1851 the bishop visited England : there were The Church /.v New Zealaxd 91 many matters wliich demanded liis presence. He re- turned in 1855 with tlie Rev. J. C. Patteson, who ■ in Rev.j.c. 18(31 became tlie first Bishop of Melanesia. Patteson' rpj^^ Qolonial work of the Church was now developed. The Cauterburv settlement brought into the Southern Island a population of a higher class than the ordinary immigrant; and in 185G the Rev. Increase of H. J. C. Harper was consecrated Bishop Zealand' 0^ Christ Church. In 1858 the dioceses of Episcopate j^Tp|gQ^ .^^^^ Wellington were founded. There were now four Eton bishops ; for Bishop Harper had been a private tutor at Eton, while Bishops Selwyn, Hobhouse, and Abraham had been Eton boys. On this occasion Bishop Selwyn was made ]\Ietropolitan, and in the following year Archdeacon AVilliams was consecrated Bishop of Waiapu. In 1866 the formation of the See of Dunedin gave a sixth bishop to the New Zealand Church, exclusive of the missionary diocese of INIela- nesia. But in the midst of this progress there burst out in 1862 a serious insurrection, which for long threatened to destroy the whole work of past years. In the The King- Northern Island Wiremu Taraahana, the toe'^Lan"'^ Kiug-uiaker as he was called, gathered the Question Ngatihaua tribe together ; the road to Whan- ganui was closed, and a board was erected demanding a toll of ol. from every settler who should desire to pass, and 50?. from every minister of religion, whether native or English. The antipathy to the missionaries arose from the fact that they had openly urged the people to accept what was clearly the will of God and would turn to their advantage, union with the English 92 The English Church in Other Lands under llie common sovereignty of the Q)ui^en. The natives were now persuaded that tlieir teachers liad all along been in the service of the English and had pre- pared the way for their snljijugat ion. Sir George Grey, ejninent everywhere as the protector of the aborigines in the various colonies in which he had represented the Queen, was busy in making roads wliich should facilitate peaceful traffic and also the movements of troops in case of need. The Maoris on their part openly pro- claimed tlieir grievances and seized on a block of land at Tataraimaka as a material guarantee for the restora- tion of the Waitara, which they declared had never been ceded. A great gathering was held at the house of ^Viremu Tamahana, which the bishop attended. The question in dispute was seen to be in itself a small one ; but it represented nothing less than the old question of nationality. The King-maker himself was moderate in his counsels. He addressed his followers on a certain Sunday morning on the words, ' Behold how good and joyful a thing it is, brethren, to dwell together in unity,' and he showed the advantages which had accrued from the union of the Maori tribes under one king. The bishop, having obtained .permission to hold service in the afternoon, preached a far more comprehensive sermon on the same text. The next day he gave a remarkable address to the natives which commenced thus : ' Here am I as mediator for New Zealand. My work is mediation. I am not merely a Pakeha (Englishman) or a Maori. I am a half-caste. I have eaten your food. I have slept in your houses ; I have talked Avith you, journeyed with you, prayed with you, received the Holy Communion with you. Therefore I say I am a half- The Church in New Zealand 93 caste. I cannot rid myself of my lialf-caste : it is in my body, in my flesh, in my bones, in my sinews. Yes, Ave are all of us lialf-caste. Your dress is half- caste, a ]\Iaori mat and Eno'lish clothes ; your strength is half-caste, your courage half-caste, the man a j\laori, the uniform and word of command, J']nglish. Your Bishop faith is half-caste, the tirst preachers, your Mediator fathers m God, J'^nglish ; your own hearts the mother in which was born faith, '^^riiorefore I say we an> all half-castes, therefore let us dwi'U together with one faith, one land, one love.' Turning to Wiremii Tanudiana, the bishop said, ' My son, here am I, begging you in the name of the dead at Taranaki, agree to these principles.' Turning to the whole assembly, he said, ' Oh all ye tribes of New Zealand, sitting in council here, I beseech vou in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, in whom we all believe and hope, agree to the proposal by which we shall all live in peace and happiness.' Some were influenced by the Bishop's words, but farther complications arose. The colonists were po.s- sessed by fear and hatred of the Maoris. Ten thousand British troops took the field ; they had no chaplain, so the Bishop thought his place was with them ; but he cared not less for the Maori portion of his common charge, and thus incurred the suspicion of both. He en wa- of buricd the dead in each camp, saying, ' If there riices must be war, our great effort ought to be to debrutalise it.' In ISGi the war broke out again and the British troops were repulsed with much slaughter ; but in time discipline prevailed and the ^Maoris were defeated. There was no formal termination of the war ; 94 The Exglisii Church in Other Lands but the Maoris retreated into a territory known as the King's country, which Avas not acquired by tlie English for anotlier twenty years. In the midst of this state of war a horrible delusion possessed the minds of a largo section of the ]\Iaori people. A certain chief had shown such signs of madness that his peo]:)le had bound liim, first with ropes, afterwards with chain and padlock. He made his escape and dechared that the angel Gabriel had released liim. No longer regarded as insane, he was accepted by the people as a prophet. Soon he was declared to be the angel Gabriel himself. He compiled a form of worship for his followers, which was a mixture of Romanism, Wesleyanism, and ]\Iohammedanism. This creed he determined to propagate by the sword. Under the influence of visions his followers reverted to cannibal- ism and adopted the Peruvian title of ' Inca ' for their priesfs and leaders. They assumed the Maori equiva- lent of Catholic, and called their creed ' Pai-Mairire ' (all-holy), and themselves Hau-haus, from their habitof barking like dogs. They were conducting their worshi]i in Poverty Bay and uttering a bitter lamentation for the lands which had gone from them, when a little schooner put into the harbour and landed a clergy- The Hau- man, who had long laboured amone- them, the fanaticism Rev. C. S. Volkuer. The fanatics seized him, dragged him ashore, and intimated that he must die. He refused to believe it, and for a while there seemed to be a wavering among the people. A night of suspense followed. The next morning he busied himself among his people and gave them some little commissions which he had executed for them in Auckland. At 2 p.m. their intentions were made known. They took his TiiR Church in Nfav Zrai.axd 95 clothes from liim and loci him to a tree. He knelt clown and ]irayed, sliook hands with liis murderers, and then calmly sayinj^, 'I'm ready,' he was put to death witli all the savagerj^ of which infatuated men were callable. In the midst of these things the Maori clergy were faithful to a man, but the work of years seemed to have rifieiityoi come to nought, and the general apostacv of Maori i i i i i ^ clergy the pcoplo Seemed at hand. Bishop Selwyn wrote at this time : ' I have now one simple missionary idea before me, of watching over the remnant that is left. Our work is a remnant in two senses, a remnant of a decaying peoplt^ and a remnant of a decaying faith. The works of which you hear are not the works of heathens. They are the works of baptized men, whose love Declension i t /> has grov/n cold, irom causes common to all churches of neophytes, from Laodicea downwards.' The Maoris never recovered wholly from the con- vulsions in which the faith of many of them was ship- wrecked. In the dioceses of Waiapu and Christ Church they have shown great zeal in building their own churches and in forming endowments for their clergy. Meanwhile their numbers are diminishing, and it is computed that, including half-castes, there are not 50,000 remaining. They are all, at least in profession, Christians. In 1868 Bishop Selwyn became Bishop of Lichfield and was succeeded by the Ilev. W. G-. Cowie, Eector of Stafford, wlio took the title of Bishop of Auckland. 96 The English Church in Other Lands CHAPTER IX. MISSIONS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN. No mission in niodiTn timos, probably no mission in any age of the Church, lias attracted more enthusiasm or enlisted more noble workers than the mission to Melanesia. The romance which from the first has The Mela- accouiixanicd the venture of faith has been of iiesiau ills- ^ . sion abounding- interest. The tragedies which on more than one occasion liave marked its career have had a pathos of their own, and the men who planned and have carried out the enterprise have been, one after another, men of chivalrous self-devotion. And yet no attempts have been made to attract especial notice or sympathy. The work has been carried on very quietly, no exaggeration has been indulged in, and even the simple story of the mission has not been widely pub- lished nor have importunate appeals for money been put forth. It is well known that a clerical error in the letters patent of the first Bishop of New Zealand assigned as the northern limits of his diocese latitude oi°oO' north instead o^ soutJi, a blunder which committed to his charge not less than 68° of latitude more than had been intended. But this error might have been passed over as laying no such burden as a literal acceptance of the document would have entailed. AVhat most weighed with Bishop Selwyn was that on his consecration Archbishop Howley urged him to watch over the interests of religion and the progress of the ]\T/ss/o\s /.v riip. P AC inc. Ocp.am (jy Gospel in the coasts and islands of the Pacific. In the several groups so widely scattered, Romanists and Nonconformists frojn Great liritain and from Nova Scotia had connnenced work. But the field was abso- lutely boundl(>ss, for the islands were numbered by hundreds. Almost every island had its own language, sometimes more than one ; and the number of those which had, ever so slightly, come under a missionary's care, was but a mere fraction of the whole. It is stated on good authority that John Wesley had been so - ,.„. moved by the difficulties of the missionary it> iiifti- y . ^ J cuities problem in these regions, that he despaired of the numerous islands being won to the faith. Not only were there the difliculties of a babel of tongues ; the climate, especially of the equatorial groups, is ill-suited to English residents ; and the people, barbarous and isolated, constantly warring wath each other, had no relations with the outer world, even of the elementary kind which gave to Samuel Marsden an entry to New Zealand. It was with a full knowledge of all the risks and the probable disappointment that Bishop Selwyn in 181-7, having in five years of work organised his diocese of New Zealand, turned his attention to the Melanesian group. An opportunity of making a tour of inspection Bishop under very favourable conditions presented flrstvisit itself. An affray between two British ships and the natives of the island of Rotuma made it neces- sary that H.M.S. ' Dido ' should visit the scene. The ' Dido's ' chaplain was ill and was in hospital at Auck- land, and the bishop took his place on board. He visited in the Friendly and Navigator groups the stations c. //. H 98 The English Church in Other Lands of the Loiulon and AVesleyan Missionary Societies, and he also touched at Anaitcum, the most southern of xoneon- the New Hebrides group. Where a di\ided sions" '' Christendom had made any efforts for tlie evangelisation of the islands he declined to interfere — the field was so wide, and the unoccupied spaces so large and many. He found the whole of Melanesia open to him. European teacher of any nation or creed there was not ; but traders had preceded the evangelist and had dared all the risks. This was soon impressed upon him at the Isle of Pines, where the people were believed to be exception- Priondiy ally treachcrous. The bishop was advised not isicIFpines to land ; but in a little boat he sculled himself round a headland into a lagoon, where he found an English schooner at anchor, and her captain quietl}' smoking a pipe. He heard from this captain, whom he afterwards called ' my tutor ' in recognition of the lesson which he had learned from him, that he had traded with the people of the island for years; that they had cut many thousands of feet of sandal-wood for him and In'ought it on board the schooner ; and that by kindness and fair dealing he had secured a thoroughly friendly understanding with them. That such men as this Captain Paddou should have accomplished so much in the interests of trade, while the Church had done nothing, filled the bishop's soul with compunction, and he wrote to a friend in England in remorseful words : — 'While I have been sleeping in my bed in New Zealand, these islands, the Isle of Pines, New Cale- donia, New Hebrides, New Ireland, New Britain, New Guinea, the Loyalty Islands, the Kingsmills, &c., &c., Missioxs L\r THE Pacific Ocean gg liavp been riddleil ihrough and through by the wlialc- lishers and traders of the South Sea. That odious black slug, the beche-de-mer, has been dragged out of its hole in every coral reef, to make black broth for Chinese mandarins, by the unconquerable daring of English traders, while I, like a worse black slug as I am, have left the world all its field of mischief to itself. The same daring men have robbed every one of these islands of its sandal- wood, to furnish incense for the idolatrous worship of the Chinese temples, before I have taught a single islander to offer up his sacrifice of prayer to the true and only God. Even a mere Sydney speculator could induce nearly a hundred men from some of the wildest islands in the Pacific to sail in his ships to Sydney to keep his flocks and herds, before I, to whom the Chief Shepherd has given commandment to seek out His sheep that are scattered over a thou- sand isles, have sought out or found so much as one of those which have strayed and are lost.' The bishop saw enough on his first visit to convince him that the ordinary method of placing European teachers on the islands, even could he have obtained them in sufficient numbers, was altogether incompatible with the conditions under which the evangelisation of these remote islands could be accomplished. Indepen- Brvbeiof dcutly of the question of health, on which tongues ^|^gj.g pQ^^i^i ]j^, Y^^^i^ doubt, the babel of languages was a problem of extreme difficulty, with which he became personally impressed, for he wrote : — ' Nothing but a special interposition of the Divine power could have produced such a babel of tongues as we find here. In islands not larger than the Isle of 100 TiiF. ExGusii Church ix Other Laxds AViu'lit, we find dialocts so distincl tliat tli(> inliahltants of the various districts liold no coinninnication -with each othcM-. Here liave I been for a fortnight working nway, as I supposed, at the language of New CaU^donia, and just wlicn T liave begun to see my way, and to be abh' to conmmnicate a little with an Isle of Pines boy, whom I found here, I learn that this is only a dialect used in the southern extremity of the island, and not understood in the part which I wish to attack first.' Therefore flu; bishop saw that from the nndtitude of islands, each witli its own tongue, individuals niust be brought for instruction to one common centre, and taught in one common language, and be thence sent back each to their own homes and races, to impart what they had learned. In New Zealand there appeared to be such a centre; but tlu^ ditficulty now immediate was how to obtain such representatives. This was a work Avhich might have daunted the bravest spirit; but in 1 8 19 Bishop Selwyn made the attempt, and started, not without nuTch anxiety on the pai't of his friends, in a little vessel Mission of twcutv tous, the ' Uudiue.' Every addi- formallv . "-, omt cuiiuuoiicefi tional ton added to the cost oi sails, cordage, and hands. The bisho]) was most scrupulous in re- ducing the expenditure of mission mone}" ; and in this little yacht, with the good hand of God upon him, he sailed, from first to last, more than twenty thousand miles without the loss of a spar. Amid the islands he fell in with H.]\I.S. ' Havannah,' and impressed the captain and crew with the highest respect for his in- trepidity. He allowed no arms to be carried on board his yacht, and his method of opening communications with the people was both original and bold. I\illing JZ/ss/oxs /.v yy/A- Pacific Ocean lor towards the beacli, lu' would wade or swim tliroiioli tlie surf, leaving the boat outside as a precaution. No women would appear; but the natives, armed with spears or poisoned arrows, would stand on the coral beach to receive the strange visitor. By manner and gesture the bishop would show that lie came wnth peace ; a few presents would be given, a few names of chiefs or of lads Avritten down, a few words of tlicir lanofuacre learned and noted, and the visit would be at an end. Nothing would have been done, so far as outward seem- ing was concerned; but, for those who could patiently wait, much had been done. Confidence had been gained; a good feeling established; the visit was an event which would be remembered, differing as it did from the visits of traders or of sailors, who put in to get fresh water ; and when he came again, the bishop would not come as a stranger ; the women would then appear, and possibly a boy or two would be entrusted to the bishop's care. In this visit of 1849, the bishop succeeded beyond his expectation. From the three islands of Lifu, Mare, and New Caledonia lie brought First pupils U'^'^^J ^^"6 boys, wliose fi'ieuds allowed him to ^,°;!°^"" take them to New Zealand. This was a good Zealand beginning, and he reached liis own house at Auckland in the early hours of the morning, exclaiming to the just awakened household, ' I've got them.' These lads were the forerunners of the native Melanesian minis- try, the almost unconscious grammars and dictionaries by which the white man was about to conquer the diffi- culties of their manifold tonofues. ''hi I am, and on I mast,'' the bishop declared to be now his monosyllabic motto. He saw how vast was 103 The ExGL/s/i Church /.v Othhk Lands the opening for work, and lie recognised the wisdom of securing for it more support and co-operation. In 1850 he went to Svdne}', wliere he met in council the five Australian l)isliO])s, and among other results f)f the The Council coufereuce was the establishment of an Aus- sLfBishopX tralasian Board of Missions, whereb}^ the i8ou Melanesian Mission was formally adopted by those dioceses as the scene of their evangelistic work. Not merely sympathy and money were promised, but it was agreetl that the bisho])S of Australia would take their share in the conduct of the mission. Much enthu- siasm Avas stirred up, and the Churchmen of New South Wales gave to the work a larger vessel than the ' Undine,' the ' Border Maid.' In this schooner the Bishop of Newcastle accompanied the Bishop of New Zealand in 1852, but this was the solitary instance in which personal assistance was given by Australia. 'V\\e cruise was a remarkable one, and not without much risk. At one of the New Hebrides Islands a plan had been formed to cut oft* the ship and to seize the bishop ; but adverse winds prevented him approaching the island. At Malicolo, in the same group, Bishop Selwyn had gone ashore with the boats for water, leaving on board the Bishop of Newcastle, the mate, and two or three sailors. Many canoes surrounded the ship, and the natives, with no attempt to conceal their intentions, endeavoured to board her, but were overaAved by the presence and manner of Bishop Tyrrell, who had no arms on board. .Vt last, after conference, the canoes made for the shore, where hundreds of armed men were standing brandishing their clubs and threatening the men who were left in eharij'e of the Ijoats. It was a JI//SS/OXS AV T//E Pacific Ocean 103 moment of great anxiety. The little company on board prayed earnestly for tlie deliverance of their friends ; and on the shore Bishop Sehvyn, detecting the evil purpose of the people, retreated to the boats, and made his escape under a shower of arrows. The cruise^ extended to the >Solomon Islands, and thirteen new scholars were brought to New Zealand. In 1851 Bishop Selwyn visited England and pro- vided for the division of his diocese which was accom- plished in 1856 and the two following years. Piittesou' He returned in 1855 with the Rev. J. C. 'Soutiieru Patteson as his chaplain, and was followed by a new mission ship, the ' Southern Cross.' On Mr. Patteson the chief burden of the Melanesian work henceforth devolved. At this time several irapox"tant changes occurred in the islands themselves. France took possession of New Caledonia and the Loyalty Group, in which the London jMissionar}^ Society had long had stations ; at Norfolk Island the descen- dants of the mutineers of the ' Bounty ' had been settled by Government, deserting their former home on Pit- cairn's Island. It had become clear to Bishop Selwyn that Auckland Avas too cold in the winter for the residence of the island pupils, and that, to avoid the interruption of their education caused by their return to their homes during the comparatively cold months and the cost of such frequent voyages, a permanent settlement must be made in some island not too hot for Europeans nor too cold tor the lads. In Norfolk Island it seemed that the right place was found ; but difliculties arose, and at great cost a college was built at Kohimfiranui, near Auckland, where the work was 104 Tur. ExGi.isii Church ix Other Lands carried on for some rears under nianr disadvantao^es. !^^r. Patteson spent one winter witli liis pupils on the Jsl;uul of Lifu, and nnotlier at Mota ; but tlie.se were dangerous and unsatisfactory experiments, and in 18G7 the mission was finally established on Norfolk Island as its head-quarters. This, however, is in anticipation of the story. Be- fore he went to England, Bishop Selwyn had visited mnr(> than fifty islands, and had received, in all, forty ]}u])i]s s])eaking ten distinct languages. In 1857, with a new shij) and a colleague in Mr. Patteson, who had already entered into the spirit of the work, a very memorable voyage was made, in which sixty islands were touched, some of them nearer to the equator than any which the Bishop had reached before, and thirty-three new scholars were brought to New Zealand. This period Progress of ^'^'^ altogether a remarkable one in the history- the inissiou Qf ^i^g ]Missions. Tlic people of Anaiteum had in nine years become Christians, to the number of 4,000 ; two chapels and nearly fifty schoolrooms had been built, and heathenism was at an end. This was the work of Success of Nonconformists, who seemed to have made confo™'i>t provision for occu])ying the southern portion missionaries ^f ]\ielanesia. The northern islands, far less healthy and more remote, seemed at the same time to present themselves and to offer their children freely. The Banks' Islands afforded a safe harbourage and a convenient water station. At JMai, in llie centre of the New Hebrides, was found a people whose language Avas akin to Maori, and these sent a chief as a scholar. So year by year the work went on. School work and domestic work produced the results of wholesome Miss/oxs AV riiE Pacific Ocean 105 discipline. Tlio coininunal life of tracliers and pupils avoided all (questions of masters and servants ; every- thing had to be done by the teachers in the first place, and the imitative powers of the pu])ils made them ellicient helpers. By the direct teaching of their countrj'men, as they returned to their homes, the barbarous habits of the people were subdued and changed, and civilisation and religion were spreading in many directions through unconscious instruments. Sickness now and again turned the school into a liospital and the teachers into nurses ; but the relations of the two were made closer and more affectionate by the trouble. At length the prophecy of Bishop Selwyn, when he wrote in his diary in 1852, ' The careful supcn-- intendence of this multitude of islands will require the services of a missionary bishop able and willing to devote himself to this work,' reached its accomplish- ment. On St. Matthias' Day, 18G1, the Rev. J. C. Patteson Avas consecrated Bishop of Melanesia, and cousecra- took absolutc charge of the whole work. It is lii'shop needless to follow the history of the mission Patteson year by year, when each year did but repro- duce with accidental variation the events of the preceding. In 1864 the mission ship was attacked by the natives of tSanta Cruz, and two young men from Norfolk Island, Edwin Nobbs and Fisher Young, died of their wounds. In 18G8 George Sarawia,Avlio, until Bishop Selwyn landed on his island in 1858 had never seen a white man, was ordained deacon, the first member of the many tribes of Melanesia to be admitted into the ministry. But while this work of love and mercy was being extended, other works of a far different kind were io6 The Exolisii Church in Other Laxds spreading and were destined in time to arrest the labours of Bishop Patteson and his colleagues. The planters in Queensland wanted cheap labour. There was no properly organised S3'stem of coolie labour, and an abominable trade had sprung up among the islands which was nothing short of man-stealing. l^irate The labour ^l^ips approached the islands, sometimes with vessels jn'ofessious of a desire to trade, and it is recorded that the ' Southern Cross ' and the bishop himself were personated in order to deceive the people. The islanders were brought on board, sometimes bv fraud, sometimes by force, and then the ship would sail away with its captives in the very ]H-esence of the canoes of their friends, and the poor slaves were de]:)orted to Australia. This led to many reprisals, of which Bishop Patteson was quite aware. The contact of thes(> traders aroused the worst suspicions and passions of the un- taught man, and the bishop protested against any revenge being executed should he himself fall a victim. In 1871 five men had been forcibly carried away from Nukapu, and the jieople determined to revenge them- selves on the first white men who came within their reach. In September 1871, Bishop Patteson landed on the little island. There were seen four canoes hoverine; to windward and not approaching the schooner as usual ; so the boat was lowered and the bishop pulled towards the shore. The tide was low and the boat could not cross the reef, so he got into a canoe manned by two chiefs wliom he knew, and was taken ashore. In a short time a llight of poisoned arrows was directed at the boat, and the Rev. J. Atkin and l\vo natives were mortally wounded. The boat went back to the ship, and, MiSS/OXS IN TlUi P AC I lie Oci-.IX 10/ returning witli a ris)n<>; tide, pulled into the lagoon, her party having grave forebodings as to the fate of the bishop. There they found the murdered body laid, Death of ^^'^ witliout Care and reverence, in a canoe I'atu'sonami "^^l^icli was drifting towards the ship. A conipaiuous na|-iye j-jiat tied round the neck and ankles covered the body, and into the folds of the breast a palm branch Avas thrust, with five knots tied in it. The old law of retaliation had prompted the deed, and the five knots showed that the five friends, who had been carried into captivity fraudulently were avenged. It was a time in which the mission was tried to the uttermost ; the scholars proved themselves equal to the occasion, and relieved the English teachers of many things which they had previously done. The Rev. li. H. Codrington visited Queensland in the hope of recovering the men who liad been kidnapped. In Australia and in England EfTootonthe ^^^® uoble life and death of Bishop Patteson oupubifc"'^ was received with an emotion that is rarely feuiiug witnessed. The Queen's speech at the opening of Parliament in 1872 alluded to the tragic end of so noble a life. The I'ropagation Society raised to the memory of the martyred bishop a large sum of money which has been devoted to the endowment of the See, to the erection of a church at Norfolk Island which personal friends have freely adorned, and to the purchase of a new ship. Bishop Selwyn, who was then Bishop of Lichfield, stated at Oxford that at the time of his death ' Bishop Patteson had 5(J5 young islanders under his care, that he had established so great a confidence among the islanders that it was only a question of how many the ' Southern Cross ' could bring back on her io8 The Exgi.is// Cucrch ix Other Lands voyages, and that there were 160 scliolars, speaking not less than fifteen languages, under instruction at Norfolk Island.' In February 1873 the Rev. -J. Iv. Selwyn and J. Still joined Mr. Codrington, the head of the mission, and Kfv. J. II. t^^^' work Avent on in all directions as though j!stiujoiu ^^c> such calamity as lluit of Nukapu had themiwi befallen it. In ^1875 the 'Southern Cross" conveyed Mr. Selwyn to Sydney, where Bisho]) Barker had the privilege of confirming twelve Melanesiau candidates. With an increased staff the members now- dispersed themselves, scn^eral making up their mijids to spend a solitary three or I'our months' visit on one of the islands Avithout any European companion ; such visits have Avon confidence, have dispelled fears, and ha\'e advanced greatly the Avhole Avork of the mission. At length, in February 1877, after an interregnum of more than five years, the Rev. J. R. Selwyn Avas con- xir. Selwyn sccrated at Nelson the successor to Bishop conscc-rated . '■ bi.-iio)> Jmteson, a solemn service of intercession being held at the same hour (11 r.M.) in Lichfield Cathedral. The thoughts suggested botli contrast and unity, AVliile the Lichfield congregation came through the cold and darkness of a Avinter's night into the brightly lighted cathedral, into the simple church at Nelson, 8,000 miles in a direct line beneath our feet, the floods of noonday sun Avere shining, and all around the ripened corn was Avaving in the fresh sea-breexe ; but the prayers that came from hearts separated by half the globe met before the Throne. In 1879 the beautiful memorial church at Norfolk Island began to be used, but it Avas not consecrated until December 1880, Avhen, M/ss/oxs /.v T/iE Pacific Ocf.am 109 in tlie presence of the Bishop of Auckland and visitors from England as well as from New Zealand, the ihnrcli was solemnly dedicated to the worship of God. It was now felt to be a main duty of the mission to recover the confidence of the people at Nukapu and at confi.ience Santa Cruz, where, as has been mentioned, recovered two members had been killed in ISGl. The difficulty had not become less by time, for H.M.S. 'Rosario' was sent, in defiance of the protest uttered by Bishop Patteson long before, to avenge his death. An action had been fought in which the islanders had shown great courage ; but the guns of a man-of-war destroyed at long range the villages and the homes and slaughtered the people whom the bishop had loved so well. Then in 1875 another encounter had taken place at Santa Cruz, in which Commodore Goodenough, a most humane and gallant officer, had been killed. In 1877 the ' Southern Cross ' had visited Nukapu and learned from eye-witnesses some particulars of the bishop's death, but no permanent stay was effi?cted. In the following year, by his own desire, a native deacon, AVadrokal, took possession of the Reef Islands near to Santa Cruz, from which it was hoped that Santa Cruz itself mio-ht be reached. In 1880 the ' Southern Cross ' visited him and found with him some natives of Santa Cruz, to whom the bishop proposed that they should go with him to their home and inti'oduce him to their people ; they jumped at the idea, and almost without difficulty the landing was effected, and Wadrokal and his wife were left to dwell among the people, with the consent of all. Returning a few weeks later the bishop found them comfortably settled and the people attentive no The Exgus/i Church in Other Lands and willing. Thus Santa Cruz was regained. Nukapu was felt to be easier to win, and in 1884 the bisliop went there carrying on board the ship a lofty memorial cross, which the Patteson family had desired to have erected near the scene of their relative's murder, at a spot whence it would look across the waters of the Pacific and tell the story of peace and love and recon- ciliation. The people were consulted, and they asked with superstitious fear whether it was intended to work harm to them ; on being told of the loving tidings of which it was a silent witness they assisted in its erection, and of their own accord, before the bishop sailed away, they had begun to cut down trees and to build a fence round it. The bishop visited England in 1885, and could state that the last year had been the brightest and most hopeful of his episcopate ; progress was to be discerned everywhere and special blessings had filled the hearts of the missionaries with thankfulness. The labour trade Present has uow couie uudcr very stringent regula- coiidition of. [^ -i r\ in/- ii the mission tious 01 the (Queensland bovernment, and the High Commissioner has forbidden the sale of firearms throughout the South Pacific. Printing-presses are at work in each group of islands, giving to each the word of life in its own tongue, and at Norfolk Island 170 students are being trained to carry back to their island homes the lessons of holy living and holy teaching which they have themselves received. In the Southern Pacific lies the youngest of English colonies, the Fiji Islands, wliose people are the transition- link between the black and copper-coloured races of Polynesia and Melanesia. Ecclesiastically Fiji is a waif, Jlf/ss/oxs /.v THE Pacific Oci-.ax 1 1 1 attnchod nciflici' lo 1 lie Australian nor to tlie Xcw Zealand ('hui'c]i,an(l tlio Arc-Jiipclago lies too far away from Norfolk Island to allow of its foi-niin"- a part of the Fiji ... . charge of ]3isliop Selwyn. Of the 250 islands of which the group consists, 80 are inhabited. ]^ong l)efore the cession of the islands to Great Britain in 1871' Ilomanists and Wesleyans had laboured for their conversion, and the latter body has carried on a work of Early and unusual magnitude and success. Nominally missions at Icast tlic wiiole or the native 2:)opuiation is Christian, the majority being Wesleyans. The white colonists at present number about 3,000, of whom the greater number reside at Suva and Jjevuka, but there are small colonies on other islands. Coolie labourers have been introduced from the !Melanesian Islands and from North India, about 7,000 from the former, and 4,000 from the latter. The first Governor, the Hon. Sir Arthur H. Gordon, has been eminent, in the several governments which he Hon Sir A. ^^^^ administered, for his scrupulous regard for H. Gordon i-i^p rights of the people of the country. He was appointed also High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, and continued, after his resignation of the governorshi]), by orders of H. M. Government at home, to be consulted on certain branches of the administration of Fiji. At Sir A. Gordon's invitation, Bishop Selwyn visited the islands in 1880, not as having any authority, but because many of his own people w^ere settled there and no other bishop was likely to undertake the charge of the colony, Avhich by a legal fiction is attached to the diocese of London. In a stay of three weeks he ad- mitted a catechist to deacon's orders, confirmed many 112 The ExGiJS/f Church is Otiif.r Laxd?; pci'soiis, and lu'ld services on sevci'al islands. Ho was nnifli iniprc^sscd l)_v llic 1 lioronii'lniess (it'tlic work of the Wt'sleyan missionaries; l)iit in ^•ie\v of llie increasing' nnmbors of the colonists, and of coolies, and of his own inability to undertake the cliargcv he was convinced of the necessity of the islands having a bishop resident on the spot. A munificent Australian settler, already known as the founder of one and the part founder of two bishoprics, rroposoii announced his intention of devoting the pro- liislioprio of T p 1 1 r- i J • Ti-'- 1 Fiji ceeds oi the sale ot an estate m riji to the en- dowment of the see. J]ut land, there as elsewhere, is at the present time depreciated in value, and the generous intention has had to be postponed. In llu' Northern Pacific another group of islands forms an outpost of the English Church. Eight islands, ' resting like a bunch of water-lilies on the bosom of the ocean,' were discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. 'J'lu^ natives called the largest one Hawaii ; but Cook named th(> whole group after his patron, the Earl of Sandwich. The surroundings of the famous sailor, his Lsiirnds ships, SO vast in comparison with the largest of their canoes, his guns and the effect produced by firing them, his clothes and those of his sailors, im- pressed the islanders with the belief that their new visitor was more than mortal ; and there is reason to believe that he favoured the superstition and accepted not merely homage and consideration but even worship from them. But in time the people lost their illusions ; disputes arose, and Captain Cook was killed at Keala- keakua Bay. Vancouver, who had Ijetni a companion of Cook, visited the islands about 1 792. He gave the people sheep, and cattle, and some seeds. Knowing something Jlf/SS/O.VS IN THE P.lCll-lC OcEAN II3 of I lu'ii' laiiL;'uanth"^ passed into the hands of Great Britain in ^"'^'^- 180G. The Dutch East India Company had found it a valuable resting-place on the route to India. In 1795 it had lapsed to France, and was seized by England, but surrendered to the Dutch by the treaty of Amiens. In 180G, war having again broken out, it was taken, after a fierce resistance, by the British. Among those present at the Battle of Blaauwberg was Henry Martyn, who was on his voyage to India. He ministered to the wounded and dying on the field, and prayed ' that the capture of the Cape might be ordered to the advance- ment of Christ's kingdom, and that Eng-land niioht show herself great indeed by sending forth the ministers of her Church to diffuse the Gospel of peace.' The Dutch had found the Hottentots in possession of the land. ii8 TuF. English Church in Other Lands Tlu'V are bolieveJ to be the aborigines of tlie country, and are allied to the (Jopts. They are now, however, almost extinct, the Gviquas, a race of mixed blood, being their descendants. Another large nation, with many tribes, snp])Osed to be of Arab origin, Avere the Kafirs (Infidels), so-called by the ]\Iohammedan nations ou the West const, as they came in contact with them on their way to the South. The Dutch made very slight religious impression on the country. They forbad the excellent Moravians to miirister to the Hottentots, whom they had The Dutcli _, , . . enslavtHi, and even where, m rare instances, masters taught their slaves some Christian truths, they The CrirRcii /.v Sourii Africa 119 would not allow lliciu lo he Ijaplizcd, Ix'cause by the law of the country baptism would have set them free of their servitude. l^hiL>'land followed only too closely the example of Holland, It extended to the The English , ^ • t. i i i Moravian Jirethren the countenance and pro- tection which the Dutch had i-efused to them. It sent out in 180G a colonial chaplain for British subjects, and Inadequate it maintained and even extended the Dutch provisi'ou establishment ; but neither for the large number of troops nor for the increasing tide of immigrants was any provision made. Such chaplains as there were in the colony were subject to the control only of the Governor, who was styled ' ex officio ordinary,' even so recentl}' as 1854, although a bishop was appointed in 1817. The Governor licensed the clergy, issued mar- riao-e licences, and in him such churches as were built were vested. The I^ropagation Society sent out a clergyman in 1820, and others followed him at infre- quent intervals. In 1827, the third Bishop of Calcutta (James), on leaving England, was authorised by a special commission fi'om the Crown to com- bi-oiops on meuce his episcopal functions at the Cape ; thei I- voyage , „ ,/-< -\ ^• -x ~\ , to India and uud the Government Gazette published at Capetown an official notice of the bishop's in- tended visit ' for the purpose of conferring confirmation upon the British youth of the colony.' Bishop James's episcopate was very brief; and in 1829 his successor, Bishop Turner, landed in Simon's Bay, and spent ten days on shore. In 1832 Bishop Daniel Wilson s]ient some days at Capetown, and held the first ordination of the English Church in Africa, under a commission from the Bishop of Londdu. In 181-J Bishop Nixon, the 120 TiiF. ExGusii CiicRCii IN Otiier Lands first. Bishop of Tasmania, arrived at Table Bay. He lu'ld several Confirmation services, at wliicli ' many hundreds were confirmed,' no opportunity having pre- sented itself since 1832, and he consecrated a church at Simonstown. In 1847 Bishop Gray was consecrated First Bishop Bisliop of Capetown, his jurisdiction extend- of Capetown -^^^ q^,^,^, c ^^^^ ^^j^^ig Colouy of the Cape, with its dependencies, and St. Helena.' This included the Cape Colony, Natal, British Kafii-aria, the sovereignty now known as the Orange Free State, and St. Helena, in addition to Ascension and Tristan d'Acunha. He found eleven churches, thirteen clergymen, and one catechist. In 1820 the Government voted 50,0007. to promote emigration to the Cape, and 4,000 persons availed themselves of the opportunity. In 18oG the Dutch, disliking British rule, travelled, with their cattle and belongings, northward and eastward, and laid the foundation of a colony in Natal, in the Orange Free State, and in the Transvaal. The room which they thus left vacant was instantly filled up by immigrants from England, of whom it was believed 50,000 arrived in one year. The Kafirs, who had waged war with our troops in 1831, were now harassing the Government by the second Kafir war : and thi^. famous chiefs The Kafirs Sandilli, Umhala, and Kreli, afterwards known in connection with the missions of the Church, gave the gallant Sir Harry Smith a high opinion of their courage and their strategic skill. In 1848 the bishop made a tour of 3,000 miles, lasting four months, wel- comed everywhere by Moravians, Independents, Presby- terians, and AVesleyans. In 1850, he started on Easter The Church is South Africa 121 Monday, uud rrfiinicd home on Cln-istinas l"]v(\ liavin<^ spent nine months in incessant travel, sleeping on the ground, or in his waggon, when not near to one of" the widfly-scatlei'i'd towns, lie had seen l\rcli and the other duel's, and had obtained from them promises of land and of protection ; but on the day on which he completed his long journey, the last I\alir war broke out, and all ])lans for the Eastern IVovince, where under Bishops Armstrong, Cotterill, and Merriman missions have developed with exceptional success, had to be given up. In 1819 the l)ishop reached St. Helena, confirmed 500 persons, and consecrated a church at Jamestown. In 1853 Bishop (iray, having thoroughly grasped the needs of the whole region com- mitted to him, and having also quadrupled the nundoer of clergy and seen many churches begun, if not in all cases completed, returned to England and obtained a Division of divisiou of his diocese, the Rev. J. Armstrong the diocese .^^^^ ^^^ ^q:^ . J, W. Colenso being consecrated Bishops of Grahamstown and Natal respectively. The Bishop of Capetown was now constitutcnl metropolitan ; but an error on the part of the law officers of the Crown led to much litigation at a later time, when it w^as decided that the Crown had no power to confer a jurisdiction wdiicli in terms it had professed to confer. These pages will not enter into the long and painful controversies which both at home and in the Cape Colony characterised the episcopate of Bishop Gray and have much hindered spiritual growth. They are concerned rather with the chronicle of such spiritual growth, which has been, in spite of unusual obstacles, hardly equalled in any other 122 The Rngt.ish Church /.v Other Laxds ]){irt of th(^ wovkl. With a reiliicocl diocese Bishop Gray's master mind looked out far beyond its limits ; not, indeed, to the neglect of his ]n'oper work, i'or his eoustaiit joiirneyings, his lavish liljcrality, his iufhience which ])rompted the colonists to do tiieir share in buildiug- up the Church, his careful organisation of synodal action, his employment of the services of faithful women, all these gave to his diocese a pro- minence which was unrivalled. In 1859 he saw St. Helena made into a separate diocese; in 1861 he consecrated the first bishop of Central Africa; in 1863 he obtained a bishop for the Orange Free State ; and when in 1872 he sank under the burdens of an arduous life, he left a province of seven dioceses instead of the one which he had been called to fill, 132 clergymen instead of thirteen, churches built, congregations well estab- lished and foundations laid on which those who should come after him would build the more easily. This his successor. Bishop Jones, has found. In s])ite of many controversies, into which these pages do not enter, the church in South Africa has continued to make spiritual ])rogress, and, even in a time of great commercial disturbance and anxiety, has, by the devotion tif its members, been well sustained in material things. When Bishop Armstroug went out in i 851 he had the whole of the eastern province and British Kaffraria ciMiiams- ^<^^' ^^is episcopal charge. There was alsolnde- t.nvii pendent Kaffraria, now the diocese of St. John's, which presented many openings. To quote his own words, he determined that the Church should ' break bounds ami enter on this region also. The time was opportune ; the country was weary of costly wars, and The Church in South Afnica 123 was willing to spciul money on nioiv worthy objects. Tho Governor, Sir George Grey, already known for his wisdom in dealing with the Maoris, was willing to spend 4'5,000L per annum foi- the elevation of the Kafirs. The Propagation Society made itself respon- sible for large expenditure in view of the excep- tional opportunity. The land had been prepared for the seed, for Archdeacon Merriman had gone on foot from one end to the other of the diocese and had made himself known to all races. Umhala, Sandilli, and Kreli, the three chiefs whom Bishop Gray had seen on liis first journey, now gladly received tlie missionaries, and another mission to Kafirs was opened in Graliams- town itself. Bishop Armstrong was followed in 185G b\' Bishop Cotterill, whose long episcopate witnessed great extensions of missionary work and missionary success — not, indeed, without some serious disap- pointments. Hardly had Bisliop Armstrong died when a terrible delusion swept over the land. A Kafir, living near the mouth of the Kei Eiver, related Kiifir ^^^^ dreams of a girl Avho professed to have delusion heard the voices of departed chiefs commanding the whole pen]")le to slaughter their cattle, a promise being given that if this were done the ancestors of the race and all their cattle would come to life again and the cornpits be filled with corn. The dire command was obeyed ; corn and millet were thrown away ; cattle were everywhere slaughtered ; and as January I I , 1857, the time foretold for the resurrection of the chiefs of the race and their cattle, drew near, the whole people were on the verge of starvation. jSlany were found dead, their famine-belts drawn ti"'ht round their 124 '^"'' P-^'OLisii CiivRcii IN Oriir.R Lands emaciated bodies ; some canio to tlie English in the t()A\ns and were thankful to take service, and a larare number ot" children were received at the mission stations, Willi tlii'se terrible sufferings the delusion passed away, ami the people, free from their infatuation, recognised the kindness of the missionaries and were more inclined to listen to theui. .\b)re missions were established, and the Propagation Society maintained a long chain of Kafir stations extending from the city of Grahams- town to Gricpialand. In 1860 H.R.H. Prince Alfred visited St. :\lark's, where in 1855 the Rev. H. T. Waters had established himself, with wife and children, in a little hut on the banks of the White Kei River, in the midst of the Kafir nation, with no white man near him. At this spot he remained, with no wistful looks towards England, until his death in 1883, his service in Africa having commenced so long ago as 1818. Only three years had elapsed since the delusion, already mentioned, had stalked like a pestilence through the land, when the Amatoza tribe presented an address to Prince Alfred, expressing their gratitude for Sir G. Grey's kind policy ' after we had blindly followed the words of our false prophet and had killed our cattle and destroyed our corn,' and for the fact that ' forty of our sons are learning useful trades in the mission schools.' At his death Archdeacon Waters left St. Mark's a flourishing village, with church, parsonage, schoolhouses, stores and workshops, filled with an industrious and prosperous communitv, mainly Christian, with a resident Progress »/ «/ , , . magistrate and all the appliances of civilisation around them. The solitary clergyman, who, in 1855, occupied in the naiue of tlu* C'hurcli the vast territury, The C//rh'(/f /.v South Afa'/ca 125 liad now become one of twenty under a resident bishop. Other religious bodies had also entered the land where Mr. AVaters had been a pioneer ; and to the "VVesleyans, the Presbyterians, and the Congregationalists is due a share of the glory which belongs to those who have contributed to the changed aspect of the land. The ' rain-doctor ' who had lived in comfort in a pastoral land where rain, in frequent and copious supply, is a condition of prosperity, found his occupation gone ; and instead of paying fees to this tyrannical impostor the people were wont to request the clergy to pray for rain and to set apart a day of thanksgiving for the ingathering of the harvest. In 1871 the election of Bishop Cotterill to the See of Edinburgh was followed by the election of Dean ]\[erriman, who had for so many years been Archdeacon of Grahamstown, as his successor. The new Bishop of Edinburgh urged the Scottish Church to undertake the sujjport of a bishop in Kaf- fraria. To this office the llev. Dr. Callaway, who had been labouring among the Kafirs in Natal for nearly twenty years, was consecrated in Edinburgh in 1873. For the work of an evangelist he had abandoned a lucrative practice as a medical man in London, and, without any break, had so laboured among the people as to have acquired an intimate knowledge of their modes of thought, their folk-lore, and their language. His manifold gifts, as physician, farmer, printer, as well as priest, had been freely exercised for their benefit, and he was now recognised by the people as indeed their father in God. He had already presented for ordina- tion two natives, whose blameless career had testified 126 The English Church in Other Lands to the wisdom and iiowcr of their teachei'. He now determined to establish himself and a group of institu- tions on the banks of the St. John's lliver at Umtata. In 1877 the Kafir outbreak occurred, which for some years involved the country in war and made it necessary to proclaim in certain districts martial law. This almost confined the clergy to work in the immediate neighbourhood of their stations ; in some cases they had to fly for their lives. But their labours at translating English works into the vernacular were continued, and it is a gratifying fact that not a single Kafir who had been trained in any of the diocesan institutions was disloyal, Avhile many bore ai'ms in the luitive levies and not a few died fighting for the Queen. In 1879 Bishop Loyalty of Callaway laid the foundation-stone of his Kafir Con- . . ,, -p , ., c ^ verts training college. In the midst ot the cere- mony, while the few English settlers were one by one laying their offerings on the stone, Gangalizwe, a famous warrior chief of the Tembu tribe, rode up with a regiment of his cavalry. Dismounting he reverently offered 10/. ; chief after chief followed his example, and many of the natives gave offerings of sheep and cattle. But the next year the clouds descended again and the war was fiercer than ever. A native catechist was killed at All Saints' Mission, and several stations which had been centres of light were desolated and destroyed. In 1882 Bishop Merriman, who for thirty-three years had been incessantly travelling over an unsettled country Bishop without personal injury, was thrown from a Merrimau pouy Carriage almost at his own door. He lived for a few days, ' the whole burthen of his delirium being fro ecclcsid Dei — the clergy who Avanted help, the Tup. Church in South Africa 127 schools, the native clergy, the missions, all passing iu rapid succession through his fevered brain.' There have been few greater missionaries than he ; regardless of self, avoiding puldicify, lu^ went on his way, never turning to look back. He found six clergymen in his archdeaconry in 181-8, he left it two dioceses with seventy-two clergymen, of whom nine were natives of the land. He was succeeded by the Bishop of Bloem- fontein. In 1883 the age and weakness of Bishop Callaway made it necessary that he should have a coadjutor in the work of his diocese, and on August 12 i=iop cy ^^^^ ^;^Q^,-^ Bransby Key, an alumnus of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, was consecrated with the right of succession. He had been the founder of St. Augustine's mission on the borders of Natal, and had laboured there for sixteen years and had suffered probably more than any of his brethren from the troubles and disturbances of the land ; but he had won the respect of the natives, and his election was unani- mous on the part of both the laity and the clergy of the synod. 1'he colony of Natal has been and continues to be rather a native state with wide fields of missionary work than an English settlement. According to the census of 1881, there were only 28,483 Avhites in a total population of 416,219. In 1837 a large number of Dutch farmers, irritated by the action of the British Government in repressing slavery, migrated from the Cape Colony to Natal. For two years they were engaged in war with Dingaarn, the Kafir chief, who had murdered his brother Chaka. The Dutch, 128 Till-. Exrj.isH CiirRcii i.\ Ofiier Laxds l)fin'>" at last victori(»us, deposed DiiiLfaani and made liis brother I'aiida kiui^-. 'I'lie ]3ritis]i (iovernineut determined to annex tlie country, and in 1 8 J-5 it be- came part of the Cape ( 'ohjny, Roman Dulch law being established. In 185G it became a separate colony, but already it had received its first bishop, the Rev. J. AV. Colenso. With the exception possibly of Bishop Calla- way, who accompanied Bishop Colenso to Africa, no missionary, whether bishop or priest, has so thoroughly sympathised with the Kafirs, has so entirely mastered their language and history, or has been so trusted and respected l)y them. Bishop Colenso saw at once that „. , his labours amongj the colonists would not cok'uso engross a large portion of his time and care. The English were numerically insignificant in proi)or- tion to the mass of heathens among whom they dwelt. Other missionary agencies were at work, from Scot- land, from Holland, from America, from Germany, and from Rome ; but the Church of England had as yet done nothing. He not only learned Kafir, but, by laboriously com])iling a Zulu dictionary and grammar, he made it easier for others to learn it. He had several able and devoted colleagues, among whom was the Rev. C. F. Mackenzie, afterwards first bishop in Central Africa. Then came painful signs of a change in his theological opinions, which disturbed many minds at home and abroad. Into this contro- versy these pages will not further enter than to state historical facts. In 1863 he was deposed from his office by the bishops of South Africa assembled at Capetown ; and on appeal the sentence was pronounced by the J udicial Committee of the Privy Council to be ' null The C/ifh'r/! /.v South Ai-kica 129 and void in law.' The bisliop therefore continued in undisturbed possession of liis income until his death in 1883. His missionary work in the last twenty years of his life was very limited. He was without large funds, which are essential for the conduct of such work, and his following was small in number and generally not influential. To the end ho continued to be the champion and friend of the Zulus ; he stood between the Government and the natives, and often secured for the latter justice and sympathy. The Church of South Africa continued to aftirm the spiritual validity of the sentence passed on the Bishop of Natal ; and on the Conversion of St. Paul, 1869, the Rev. W. K. Macrorie was consecrated Bishop of Maritzburg. Few men have been placed in a position of greater difficulty Bishop ^'^^^ responsibility. Everything had to be Macrorie begun aucw, for the churches generally were vested in Bishop Colenso. New churches and schools, therefore, had to be built, and the missions had to be cherished and developed under the dispiriting influence of a divided Church. Nevertheless, with much patience and forbearance, the work was carried on, until the churches in connection with the South African Church in the colony and the clergy who served them, were about four times as numerous as those which acknow- ledged the authority of Bishop Colenso. The time has now come for the schism to be healed ; many good men both in Africa and in England have endeavoured to effect so desirable a consummation, and that the breach may be mended must be the desire of all. The presence of more than 20,000 Indian coolies adds to the responsi- bilities of the Church in Natal. C. H. K 130 The Exgus/i Church in Other Lands North of tlie River Tugela lies Zululand, tlie scene of bloodshed in recent years. It seemed to Bishop Colenso, soon after his amval in Africa, so promising a field of missionary Avork that he sought to relieve himself of Natal and to give all his energies to the field beyond. This, however, he could not accomplish ; but, although it formed no part of his diocese he cared for it as though it were under his charge. In 1860 a mission party set out and crossed the Tugela. For 200 miles they travelled in their waggons, fording bridgeless rivers. Everywhere there were signs that the jDeople were ground down by their rulers, and that witchcraft and superstition were domi- nant. The travellers found welcome and kindness at the stations which the Norwegian missionaries had established, and at last settled at a spot called Kwamagwaza, which King Panda had given them. The people periodically rebelled against their rulers, who in their turn governed with frightful severity and injustice. The missionaries had to steer a difficult course ; they had to refrain from any complicity with either party, and yet they were bound to protest against what was cruel and unjust. In 1870 a bishop was con- secrated for Zululand, and was received with cordiality by Panda and Cetewayo, his son and successor. In five years the see was again vacant, and in 1880, after an interregnum of five years, the Ven. Douglas McKenzie, _ ,.^. , who had been Archdeacon of Harrismith, was Political ' disturbances consccrated Bisho]) of Zululand. The history of this region since the Bishop's consecration has been a story of continued Ijloodshed and warfare, and the story of the mission is painfully affected by the con- TnR CnrRcii in South Afk/ca 131 dition of tlic country. 'J'lie Bisliop lias led tlie lilr of a hunted hare. I'requent changes of government, and with every change a cliange of policy, the breakdown of what was called Sir Garnet Wolseley's ' settlement,' the open action and the secret treachery of the Boers, the internecine struggles of the chiefs, have kept the land in a condition always of unrest and often of dan- ger, '^riio missionaries have more than once had to cross into the colony for safety, and have returned almost before it was prudent to do so. The mission stations have been destroyed, and rebuilt, only to be destroyed again. And yet through the long series of disasters and sorrows, probably never equalled in other missions, the work has gone on, the schools maintained, worship regularly offered, and the bishop, by living much in the saddle, has kept all the scattered elements together, and made others as calm as himself. In his long tour in 1 850, Bishop Gray reached what was called ' the Sovereignty beyond the Orange Tiic Orange Ri'^'*?!'?' "wliicli had been peopled by the Dutch, Free State ^yj^Q found there less restriction on their slave- keeping propensities than existed at the Cape. Here the Bishop found some English settlers, whom he en- couraged to build a church. Archdeacon I\Ierriman sub- sequently visited them, and laid the corner-stone of the Church of St. Andrew. But before the church could be finished the British Government abandoned the Sove- reignty, and in March 28, 1854, the English chaplain left, having made the following entry in the registers of the Church : ' The Orange River territory abandoned by the English.' But the English settlers remained under the changed government, and were apparently K 2 132 The English Church in Other Lands forgotten by the Church. Some joined the Wesleyans, some the Dutch Churcli, some tlie Roman Church, feeling that their own communion had deserted them. In 1863, the l^ro])agation Society undertook to provide the maintenance of a bishop for the Free State, and the charge entrusted to him inchided the Transvaal and Basutoland. The Basutos live in small villages; the Barolongs prefer to settle in towns, and at Thaba 'Nchu there is a population of some 1 5,000 of them. To these districts have subsequently been added Griqualand West, and the newly acquired colony of Bechuana- land, the scene of the noble labours of the late Dr. Mofftit, while a Bishop of Pretoria has taken charge of the Transvaal. The work of the Church in the diocese of Bloemfontein has been supported with verv laro-e funds from England ; the work of ladies living in community has been its prominent feature, and their labours in hospital have been gratefully recognised. The old church of 185 1< was rebuilt and solemnly consecrated as the Cathedral Churcli of St. Andrew. Another and larger cathedral has since been partially erected. A brotherhood, under the leadership of Canon Beckett, was established in 18G7 ; and, after trying several localities, the community settled at INlodderport, on two farms which they purchased. In 1878 the diocese of Pretoria, which was then the capital Pretoria ^^ ^ ^^^^^ colouy, was made a bishop's see, and the Rev. H. B. Bousfield was consecrated tirst bishop. He found his diocese in a state of siege, for the Boers had risen against the British Government. After a short time the country was ceded and became once more a Dutch republic. There are about 3,000 English Till-: C/zuRcH /N South Africa 133 people settled in tlie republic, but the Kafir population is estimated at 1,000,000, for whom tlic (icrman mis- sionaries have done much. Twelve hundred miles distant from the coast of Africa in the direct course of the South Atlantic trade- wind, there lies the island of St. Helena, once St. Jlelena ir.ii.i • , •\ • • ,^^ a place of the highest importance as being in the direct route to India ; now, by the formation of the Suez Canal and the consequent diversion of the route, almost bereft of trade and intercourse with tlie world. The bishopric, which was formed in 1859, includes the island of Ascension, 800 miles northward, and the island of Tristan d'Acunha, about 1,500 miles to the southward. Ascension is only a garrison and a sanatorium ; in St. Helena the Church has worked with much blessing among the coloured population ; and in Tristan d'Acunha, the loneliest outpost of the Church, a very singular Tristan communitv has received very special care at d'Acuuh:^ the hands of the Church. In 1816 this islet, just five miles square, was fortified by order of the Govei'nment, and a company of artillery was stationed there. In 1821, on the death of Xapoleon, the soldiers were withdrawn : Ijut a corporal named Glass, with his wife and two children and two comrades, six souls in all, were allowed to remain and to cultivate the soil. They traded with the whalers that touched at the island ; some shipwrecked persons found a refuge among them, and gradually their number nearly reached a hundred souls. One or two clergymen, on their way to India, had in the course of twenty years landed and baptized the children and married several couples, the good old Corporal Glass continuing to exercise a sort of patri- 134 ^J^"p- ExcLisn Church in Other Lands arclial priesthood among the people. In 1851 the Propagation Society sent out a young clergyman, who A remote ^*^^' ^"^^^ vears miuisterecl to the little flock, colony holding daily school, and having among his scholars persons whose ages varied from five to twentj— five years. In 185G, Bishop Gray visited this, the most inaccessible part of his diocese, and ioiind that the people were willing to leave it and to settle on the mainland. Sir George Grey sent a ship of Avar to fetch them away ; but, at the last moment, thirty de- termined to remain. In 18G7, when the Duke of Edinburgh visited Tristan, he found that the popula- tion had again risen to eighty-five, who greatly desired to have a clergyman with them. In 1881 the Propaga- tion Society sent out the llev. E. H. Dodgson, who found a parish with 107 souls waiting to receive him; but, after four years of very patient and isolated work, he returned to represent to the Colonial Office the abso- lute necessity of removing the people from their barren home and leaving the island to the penguins and other sea-birds, for which alone it is adapted. On the eastern coast of Africa there are two islands Avhicli are scenes of important Church work ; one is the colony of Mauritius, the other the large king- dom of Madao'ascar. Mauritius came to (jreat Brita'n in 1811 from the French, and French it remains to this day in language and in religion. The English Government pledge! itself to the maintenance of the French ecclesiastical establishment which had existed for a hundred years, and the English Church has been the creed of only a small minority of the colonists. Nominallv attached to the diocese of Calcutta, no The Church in South Africa 135 Englisli bishop ever landed on the island until Bishop Chapman, of Colombo, visited it in 18-jO, when he consecrated the churches and confirmed a number of persons. But if the island is small, and the people largely alien in language and faith, the necessities of trade have Its variety Hi^cle it One of tliB great mission-fields of the of peoples ^yorld. Therc^ are in the island about a quarter of a million of Hindoo, Tamil, or Tclugu-speak- ing coolies, who come under engagement for five years, and then return to their homes. There is also a motley population of Africans, Malagache, Singhalese, Arabs, Malays, and Chinese. In the Seychelles there is a large African population which has been increased by bodies of slaves released from men-of-war. Of the eighteen clergymen in the diocese seven are natives. The island of ]\[adagascar is about the size of France and has a population, which is estimated at five millions. Madagascar ^'^ '^"^ occupied by scvcral races, of whom tlie and its tribes gji'kalava, supposcd to be the original children of the soil, dwell within well-defined regions of their own. The Betsimisaraka, who dwell chiefly on the coast, are the lowest class, and are for the most part in a kind of slavery of the patriarchal t^qje, while the Hovas, who are the dominant race, having invaded the country at a very early period of its histor}*, occupy the high table-land in the interior. About 1820, Radama L, a chief of the Hovas, succeeded in subduing the several tribes and placing them under himself as supreme monarch. A clever and far-seeing man, he entered into friendly relations with England, who in return gave him some nuniitions of war antl allowed some officers to 13(5 The English Church is Other Laxds go to ^Madagascar and drill his troops. On his death his queen, Ranavalona I., succeeded him ; she dreaded the presence of foreigners and ordered all aliens out of the kingdom. This was followed by a most savage perse- cution of the native Christians, of which more will be written hereafter. In 1801 she was succeeded by her son, Ivjidaiiui II., who desired that peace and toleration should characterise his reign. He was a weak man and a drunkard, and after a year was murdered in the palace. His queen succeeded him, ;ui(i her reign was uneventful. In 18G8 she was succeeded by Ramona, who became Ranavalona II. At her coronation all heathen rites were absent. By the side of the throne was a table sujiporting a copy of the Malagasy Bible and the laws of the island, and on the canopy over the throne was inscribed ' Glory to God. Peace on earth, ofoodwill to men. God be with us.' The credit of the first entrance into ^NFadagascar with the message of the Gospel belongs to the Church of Rome, Earliest whicli seut missionaries about the year 1770. missions Being French, they experienced the jealousy and hatred with which the people regard everything connected with France, which, more than once or twice, has attempted to couquei" the island, and has long held under treaty some ports on the western coast. They enjoyed the monopoly of the missionary power in the island until 1818, when the London Missionary Society sent fourteen teachers, who reduced the language to writing, translated much of the Scriptures, and built two chapels in the capital, besides establishing preach- ing stations elsewhere. Then, in 1828, came the edict wliich banislird all forciu-uers : and the missionaries, The Church /.v Sourn Africa 137 Froiicli and I'liiu'lisli alike, had to leave. But they left behind them that which coukl not die. Their converts had not hitlierto made ostentatious professions of Christianity. 1)ut persecution strengthened iheir faith. As soon as the teachers luid left, the queen commanded all who had received l)a])tism or had attended Cliristiau Persecution ^vorsliipor had obscrvcd Sunday as lioly. to of Christians (.qj^. forward within one month and acknow- ledge their acts, throwing themselves on the royal clemenc}^. Great numbers confessed, and found the royal clemency to be cruel. Four hundred nobles were degraded, others were deprived of their rank in the army. It was then ordered that all books should be given up, the retention of a single leaf being regarded .as a capital offence. Officers were sent into sus- pected districts, and all who were supposed to be Christians were commanded to abjure their faitli. ' To change what the ancestors had ordered and done, and to pray to the ancestors of foreigners and not to Nampanimerina and Lehidama and the idols that sanctify the t-vvelve kings and the twelve mountains that are worshipped, Avhosoever changes these observ- ances I will kill, saith Kanavalona,' was the edict of this queen, and she kept her word. Many Christians were thrown from a rock, some were speared, not a few were crucified, some were sold into lifelong slavery. The details of the death and sufferings of these martyrs were recorded by their surviving brethren, and in the whole range of Christian martyrology there are few stories more affecting. Many, however, went into hiding and cai-ried with them the precious copies of the Scriptures. On the death ofthe ()ueeii in 1 Sfjl. thev came forth from 138 The English Church in Other Lands the woods and the caves in whicli they had dragged out a miserable existence ; and it was said that the number of Christians was greater when the Queen died than when she ascended the throne. The Jesuits and the London Missionary Society's agents returned in force to the capital as soon as the The island ^'^'''^ ^^'^^^ Opened. Bishop Ryan, of Mauritius, reopened ^^..^^g present at tlie kings coronation, and was invited by lladama II. to send missionaries to the capital. The London Missionary Society desired to keep the Church of England out of the capital ; but in 18G1 the Propagation Society and the Church Mis- sionary Society each sent two missionaries, who were stationed on the coast. It was soon found that a mission not represented at the capital and recognised there by the dominant Hovas would not commend itself even to the lower and enslaved races. In spite of the faithful testimony which persecution had drawn out, it was evi- dent that four-fifths of the population were still heathen, that trial by Tangena or the ordeal of poison was in full force, and that among the nominal Christians there Avas much immorality and superstition. The land therefore was open to all, and there need be no fear of inter- proselytism between Christian bodies. In 1872 the Rev. A. Chiswell, worn out by the fever and ague of the coast, went to the capital for change of air. He took with him seven boys, whom he was training to be themselves teachers, and with these and a few other Church folk, whom business had taken to the capital, he held service in his hired house. Gradually others sought admission, or stood at the open doors, and he put up a little clnirch and schoolliouse, wliicli was TiiR Church in South Africa 139 opened, according to the custom of tlio country, in the presence of the Queen's representatives. This led tlie way to a kirger cliurch, and ultimately to a bishop being sent to direct the whole mission. In 1874 the Rev. H. K. Kestell-Cornish was consecrated, on the An English rcqucst of the Archbishop of Canterbury, l)y out the bisho])s of the Scottish Church in j*]din- burgh. 'J'he Church ^Missionary Scx-iety at this time transferred their Madagascar missionaries to Japan, and the I'ropagation Society has since maintained all the missionaries of the English Cluirch in the island. The apprehensions of the Independents have been shown to themselves to have been illusor}', for the bishop and his clergy have joined with them in the work of translation ; and, while each party has kept to its own proper work, the personal relations of the members of both missions have been characterised by mutual respect and courtesy. 'Jlie work of the Church at Antananarivo, the capital, with its population of 100,000, and its numberless vil- lao"es within a radius of a dozen miles, has been to raise a high Christian standard of life, devotion, and worship, and to train native catechists and clergymen, who shall be planted out in different parts of the island, v.dien they shall have ]iroved their competence and trust - Pro?poct3 o£ ^V()rthiness. In the Theological College, erected "^en'ous" ^y the Hev. F. A. Gregory, a day's journey clergy from the capital, a general and theological education is given, which embraces all the elements of a really liberal education, and so popular is the institu- tion that entrance is obtained now after competitive examinations, wliereas in its earlier days young men had to be invit(nl and almost coaxed to enter. '^i'iie 140 Tin: Exci.isii Church /.v Other La. yds work (and no portion of missionary Avork is more important) of training the girls and Avomen in decent and tln-ifty domestic habits, has received gi'eat attention, one lady, Miss Lawrence, having from the first won the hearts of tlie people to whom she has given her own and many years of devoted labour. Of the fourteen missionaries who occupy the capital and its adjacent villages, and three very important centres on the coast, five are natives. The attack which France so wantoiily ThePrencii mat^t^ On the cast coast of Madagascar sadly blockade hindered the progress of the country ; but the mission work was hardly checked, altliough the mis- sionaries were exposed to many privations, and in some cases to danger. The l?ev. James Coles heroically held to his post at Tamatave all through the siege of that port, and his courage was recognised and appreciated by the French officers, Avho showed him many kind- nesses. At Mahonoro a shell carried away the roof of Miss Lawrences house, where she was calmly doing her work. ^Moreov^er, the difficulty of obtaining money and supplies from England affected all English alike ; but, as has been already stated, there has been no direct interference with spiritual work. With the first appearance of the French fleet on the coast, the Jesuit missionaries realised their danger. They were ordered to leave the country, but they never expected to make the ten days' journey to the coast without being attacked. Bishop Kestell-Cornish represented to the authorities that the customs of civilised warfare demanded that they should be sent with all safety and consideration to the coast, and the French priests have been forward to The Ciu'Rcii /.v South Ai-rka 141 acknowlcdu-c tlinl Ini- llicir siirdv, and ]K).ssibly fur tlirlr lives, they were iiidclitcd I0 Ihe good offices ot" the English bishop. CHAPTER XI. MISSIONS ON THE EASTKHN COAST OF AFHICA. '^^I'llK Chui'ch Missionary Society, whose connection witli the west coast of Africa is a very glorions record of missionarv work, has also the distinction of haviner been the first agency of the Cluirch to break ground on the eastern coast. \\\ 1815 it attempted to assist the Abyssinian Church to reform itself, and Dr. Gobat, afterwards bishop in Jerusalem, resided in Missioiiiiry Abvssiuia from 1830 to 1833 : and Dr. Krapf Society's * early work from 1839 to 1842. Dr. Krapf was much in- iu Africa i o t i /-i n terested m the fcomali and Galla tribes, and, finding himself at Zanzibar in 1854, he received from the Imam of Muscat a letter of safe-conduct to all the governors of the eastern coast, in which he was de- scribed as ' a good man who wishes to convert the world to God.' At length he settled himself at Mombasa, a small island separated from the eastern coast of Africa only by a shallow ford. Here was a busy centre of trade, and a very mixed population of 12,000 souls. He had hardly begun his work here Avlien his wife died, but his solitary condition in no degree sug- gested to him that he should retire. On the con- trary, he Avrote to the Society : ' Here on the East African coast is the lonelv a'rave of one of vour friends. 143 TiiF. ExGLisii Church in Other Lands a sign that you have commenced the struggle with this part of the workl.' He was joined by Dr. llebmann in 1845, who gave tliirty years of toil to the mission. They made long journeys into the interior, and were th(^ first white men to discover Kilimanjaro, the now well-known snow-capped mountain of 20.G05 feet altitude. Sickness and death reduced the mission staff, until Rebmann was the solitary member remaining, and he was driven away in ISoO by a hostile tribe. He went to Zanzibar, and there diligenth' arranged all the materials which he had gathered for compiling vocabu- laries and making translations in three distinct lan- guages. After three years he returned, and, finding a warm welcome, he continued at Mombasa until 1875. Meantime the revelations Avliich were made of the increasing atrocities of the slave trade called for vigorous action on the part of the Government. Livingstone had testified to the impossibility of exaggerating its enormities, and in 1872 the late Sir Bartle Frere was sent to Zanzibar and Madagascar on a special The' slave cmbassy. The Society felt bound to enlarge trade j^g w^ork in these regions, and by the transfer from India of some liberated Africans, who had been under Christian training at Nassick, an industrial Christian colony was formed, to which many additions have been made, as slaves have been landed from ships of war. The mission at Mombasa has done service far beyond its own limits. The dictionaries and grammars of the older missionaries have been of inestimable value to those who have laboured on other parts of the coast ; and, but for the labours of these pioneers, it is improbable that the very successful venture which the same Society Missioxs o.v THE Eastern Coast of Africa 143 liiis made in the interior ami on Jjake Xyanza could have been carrieLl out as it has been. For the sake of chronological order a mission far to the south of Mombasa must next be noticed. In 185G, Dr Livine- Liviugstoue, liaviug spent sixteen years in stone Africa and published the result of his labours and travels, threw down a challenge to the Christian world in the words : ' I regard the geographical feat as the beginning of the missionary enterprise.' He ap- pealed immediately to the English universities ; but his appeal fell dead, and he returned to Africa having apparently accomplished nothing. But in 1859 Bishop Gray took up the story, and the two universities were persuaded to accept the challenge. This was done to a partial extent only. The universities of Oxford, Cam- bridge, Dublin, and Durham gave their names to a new missionary society which was then founded, not without frequent declarations on the part of its founders that it was to exist only for a short time and then to be merged in an older organisation ; but, as Avas natural, money was raised in all parts, and only a small propor- tion came from the universities. Probably the secret of the enthusiasm with which the work was commenced was that there had been forthcoming, just at the critical moment, the natural leader of the expedition. Arch- deacon Mackenzie had just returned from Natal, to make preparations for a mission to Zululand. To him the call was made, and in his own modest way he at once obeyed. Leaving England in the autumn of 1860, he Bishop was consecrated in Capetown on January 1, consccratca 1861, and immediately left, with thi'ee priests, a lay superintendent, a carpenter, a labourer, and 144 J"^- ^•"^■'^'V.ASY/ ClIl'RCH AV Or HER L.IXDS tliree native converts, wlio had been educated at Cape- town. The mouth of tlie Zambesi ]liver, which was tilt' natural approach to their destination, Avas the bi'irinniiii,' of tlicir troubles. I>y Livingstone's advice, they attempted the shallower ilovuma and found pro- gress impossible. The Zambesi, to which they had to return, was now shallower than Avhen first attempted ; and after eight toilsome^ weeks the party reached a point called ' Chibisas.' whence they started on foot for the higher lands on which tliey hop(>d to settle. At last, not Avithout collisions with slave-dealers, Livingstone Pir.t left them at jMagomero, 4,000 feet above the settlement ^^^^^ \;\\\\ some rcscued slaves on whom to begin their Avork of education. But the site was not a healthy one. Fever was generally present, and an exceptional and unprecedented famine \dsited the country. Reinforcements came to the mission, but only to fall victims to the fever. The bishop, Avho had gone to meet a ncAv-comer, the ReA". H. Burrup, was The Bishop-s throAvn into the water by the capsizing of his '^'''''■^^ canoe; and on January 31, 1862, just thirteen months after his consecration, he breathed his last on the lonely island of ]Malo, where his gra\"e for many years called on the English Church to occupy the continent, but called in A'-ain. In February, 1863, his successor Avas consecrated, and in May he arrived at the mouth of the Zambesi. There he learned that only three Englishmen of the original party Avere aliA'e. On reaching Magomero he Avas advised by the old missionaries to move to a spot tAventy miles aAvay ; but he decided to occupy Morundjala. Tliis Avas soon abandoned, together Avitli the people Avhom tlu> older M/ssioxs o.v THE Eastern Coast of Africa 145 missionaries liacl won, and wliose confidence they had gained. In 1864 Bishop Tozer sent to EngLand tlie nie- Thecon- chanics whom he had taken out, and decided abandoned to establish himself at Zanzibar. Before the mission on the mainland was utterly broken up, some of the women and about twenty boys were taken to the Cape ; others were entrusted to the care of the Ajawa tribe, and, as it turned out, with much sound judgment, for in the first Livingstone Search Expedition of 18G7 it was found that they were_ living together in peace and comfort, dwelling much on the teaching of tlieir ' English Fathers,' and expecting their return. 3Iean- while the interest in the mission, now transferred to Zanzibar, languished and died. The bishop was educating a few lads given to him by tlie Zanzibar ,, , , . p i i i • feultan ; but it was telt that the great promise of the original venture of Bishop j\Iackenzie liad dwindled to something extremely small, and so funds failed as interest and hope failed. The mission had to draw on its capital ; its home expenses were high, and the secretary reported to the committee in 18GG that ' he had been obliged almost entirely to abandon the attempt to organise meetings, owing to the great expense attending them ; that collections and offertories had llillenfrom 1,109/. in 1864 to 380/. in 1866 ; while sub- scriptions had fallen below 400/. per annum ; tluit Dublin had withdrawn ; that Durham had sent no con- tribution ; and tliat both at Oxford and Cambridge he was told that 40/. or 50/. was the utmost that could be expected.' Thus in about six years utter collapse had followed a briglit promise. The bishop returned to England and by his presence raised a considerable sum c. u. . L 146 TiiF. RxGiJSii Church in Other Lands of money. Finding tliat large home expenditure had hitherto failed in raising an income that would justify its continuance, he determined to throw the fortunes of the mission on the voluntary efforts of its friends ; but five years' experience showed that the plan was unpractical, and a paid home organisation was again resolved upon. This, combined with efforts abroad to carry out the original plan of the mission, revived interest, and the in- come of the mission is on a scale which does full credit to its supporters. But while things were critical at home they were in even worse plight in Zanzibar. When Sir Bartle Frere Threutfupa ^'i^'^d the eastern coast of Africa in 1873, he ii'oiiu''awf niade a careful inspection of all the missionary abroad ageucics at work in those regions. He found Dr. Steere in Zanzibar the solitary ordained missionary. Several valuable lives had been lost : the climate of Zanzibar, which had been declared by Captain Burton to be very unhealthy, was now in worse odour than ever, but Sir Bartle Frere expressed his belief that its un- healthiness had been much exaggerated, and he wrote to the Archbishop of Canterbury in the following words : ' The same might have been said of India till we found out how to live there and to preserve health. I am sure that no men could live in India as I saw some of my countrymen living in Zanzibar, with such disregard of exposure and neglect of sanitary precautions, without losing health and often life.' ]\Ieanwhile Dr. Steere's industry at the work of translation, which had been commenced by Krapf and Rebmann, was producing results which would have their value when evangelistic work should be resumed in earnest. A station at Missions on tup. Easturn Coast of Air ic a 147 Magilaoii the iiiaiiilaiid had been opened by the Rev. C. A. Alington in 1 807 ; but he had been called to England by a summons whicli he could not disobe}', and the post had come to be held by a young layman, and was only a pledge of fulun- work. Otht-r bodies liad in the meantime established themselves on the continent. The I'resbyteriivn Free Kii'k of Scotland had actually occupied inissions on iiiaiuumii a station known as Livingstonia, 011 the Lake Nyassa, the goal of Bishop ]\Iackenzie"s party which they had failed to reach ; and the Established Church of Scotland had founded the station of Blantyre, on the Shire Highlands, close to the very spot on which Bishop ^lackenzie had resided. In 187-1, on the consecration of Bishop Steere, the prospects of the mission at once brightened. Starting liishop from Lindi, about 400 miles south of Zanzibar, Stccrc rc- comniciicps he established a partv, chieflv composed of work on the " "'. mainland released slaves who had been trained at Zan- zibar, at Masasi, loO miles inland, and on the road to Lake Nyassa. ^J.lie Rev. W. P. Johnson subsequently established a mission, 250 miles beyond Masasi, at ]\Iwembe, in the Ajawa country, where he secured the good-will of the chief Mataka, Archdeacon Farler from Magila has developed the work in the Usambara country, where there are five stations. It is difficult to discover the number of baptized converts, whether among the rescued slaves or the natives ; but it has been stated that not fewer than 800 natives of the country are ' under the influence of the mission.' After Bishop Steere's death in August 1882 great difficulty was ex- perienced in finding a suitable successor, till in 1884 148 Tim En GUSH Cm: Rett av Orttt-.R Lands tlie llcv. C. A. Smytliies was consecrated the fourth Bishop of Central Africa. On Lake Tanganyilva, which until Burton and Speke's expedition of 1857 was supposed to be part of r , rr Lake Nvanza, the London INIissionarv Society Lake iaa- » ^ ,1 j Kanyika j^g^g ^^ extensive mission under whose auspices a road has been, made connecting the two lakes. It now rtnnains to describe the very gallant oc- cupation by the Church Missionary Society of the Q-reat lake Victoria Nvanza, which lies on the Lake o ^ ' xyanza equator. In 1857 Captains Burton and Speke saw only the southern end of Lake Xyanza, and it was not until 18G1 that Captain Speke, in company with Captain Grant, fully explored the lake and telegraphed to England the brief but significant message ' The Nile is settled.' Captain Speke claimed but a modest share of the credit of this discovery. He wrote : ' The mis- sionaries are the prime and first promoters of this discover V. They have been for years doing their utmost, with simple sincerity, to Christianise this negro land. They heard from Arabs and others of a large lake or inland sea, and they very naturalh', and I may add, fortunately, put upon the map that monster slug of an inland sea, which so much attracted the attention of the geographical Avorld in 1855-G and caused our being sent out to Africa.' In 1861 Sir Samuel Baker discovered the smaller equatorial lake which lies further to the westward and is called the Albert Nyanza. In 1874 Mr. H. M. Stanley circumnavigated the Mr. H. M. Victoria Nyanza and had an interview with King iitesa King Mtesa, who had previously received Speke and Grant. He found him no longer a rude savage, M/ss/oxs o.y riiE Eastern Coast of Africa 149 but earnest in liis prorcssioii of Moliannnedani.sii). .Mr. Stanley recounted, in a Irtlrr wliicli ii])])eared in the Da'dw Telegraph of November 15, 1870, his experiences with the king, and assured the English people that Mtesa -was willing to receive and protect Christian teachers. The story seemed to many incredible ; others thought that the king had deceived Mr. Stanley by fair words ; to others happily it appeared a providential opening. Three days after the letter had appeared, the Church ]Missionary Society received an offer of 5,000/. towards tlie cost of a mission to the Victoria Nyanza. Thec M s Anotlier offer of an equal amount was made L-!ke°"*° within a few days; and the Society, thus en- Nyanza couraged, determined to establish a mission in an almost unknown country, 800 miles from the coast. In 1877 the first exploring party under the leadership of Lieutenant Shergold Smith, E.N., reached the lake, and found the king as good as his word, but soon after- wards a dispute, caused by an Arab trader who had fled to the mission party for protection, caused them to be attacked and all but one Avere killed. In the early part of the next year \\\c mission was established at Mpwapwa about 150 miles from the coast, and from thence it was determined without delay to push onwards, the stations on the route being regarded at first only as resting- places, although they have since become centres of light and sources of Christian influences to the tribes around. In 1881 the Rev. J. Hannington, who two years before had led a party to ^Mpwapwa. was consecrated Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa, and a boat named the ' Eleanor ' was launched on the waters of the Lake A'ictoria Xyan/.a, while on the coast the missionary 150 The English Church /.v Other Lands steamer ' Heniy AVriglit " is at tlio sm'vice of the party. The bishop found himself at the liead of a mission wliich had five stations, thirteen European missionaries, and sixty-eio-ht native Christians, of whom forty were communicants. It is not pretended tliat the spiritual liindrances to the Gospel in these regions are to be compared with tlioso which confront the evangelist in India. There are no caste prejudices, no systems of faith crystallised by the observance of many generations ; but Avitli all these deductions it may reasonably be doubted Avhether in so short a time as seven j'ears from the despatch of the first exploring party a mission has ever been so wisely and successfully planted in its integrity as has been the mission to the Victoria Nyanza. In 1884 King Mtesa died, not ignorant of Chris- tianity, but not having been baptized. It was feared that Deatii of ^^^^ removal might place the mission in danger, Kiug Mtesa \,^i^ for fhe time at least, the influence of the missionaries prevailed with the joeople, and the slaughter which commonly marks the decease of an African monarch, was not allowed. But the fair prospect was soon clouded. Mwanga, the new king, dreaded the increase of Europeans in his Murder of couutry, and was jealous of the missionaries' party influence. In October 1885 Bishop Hanning- ton determined to go to Uganda by a new and short route. When within aliout four days' journey from Uganda, he and his fifty companions were seized and imprisoned ; further instructions were awaited by the captors, and the order at length came from the king that tliev were to be executed. The news that this J//.s-.s7^.\vs- o.v THE Eastern Coast of A erica 151 (livad sfutcncc liad \)vv\\ carried out, only inur of the party liaving esca])ed, reached lMii;-Uiud on New Year's Day 188G. The hope that there might be some exaggeration -was cherished, but there seems to be little doubt that the good bishop's career ended in a death that nuiy be called sacrificial in its character. A glance at the map of Africa is or ought to be, a strong stimnlant of missionary zeal ; whatever may be the foi-tnne of the continent in regard to material things, it is at present a large blank in the map of spiritual adventure. Somalis and Clallas in vast num- bers occupy the territory between ]\Iombasa and Aden, the natural centre of evangelistic work both in Arabia Prospects of ^'^^^ ^^"^ Abyssinia. The corrupt Churches 01 Center '"^ l^gypt and Abyssinia, and the absolute efface- Atrica nient by the power of Islam of the Churches of North Africa, these present problems to be dealt with only by men of profound wisdom and charity. On the Western Coast, as the next chapter will show, much has been done ; and, as though to stir up the energies which may be content to rest with the accomplishments of the past, Mr. H. M. Stanley reports a residence of six years on the river Congo, during which stations have been established on its banks for the purposes of trade for 1,500 miles from the coast. With the opening of the country lying between the Soudan and the equator the whole continent will have been made known to the world, and it will be for the Church to cross and recross it in divers directions with cliains of mission stations. 152 The English Ciiukcii in Other Lands CHAPTER XII. MISSIONS ON THE -WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA. Sierra Leone, to whicli coiintiy has been given the ill- sounding name of ' the white man's grave,' has the high honour of being the scene of noble devotion and prodigality of life in the cause of Christianity unparal- leled in any other part of the world. Desolated for many generations by the atrocities of the slave trade, its very misfortunes led to its first being cared for by philanthropic men. In 1787, Granville Sharpe pro- Pirst settle- cured the settlement on the peninsula of meiit Sierra Leone of a number of released slaves who were living in great indigence and misery in the streets of London. Four years later, Wilberforce and his friends obtained for the Sierra Leone Company possession of the peninsula, and of several forts and factories along the Gold Coast. In 1804< the Church Missionary Society sent its agents to Western Africa ; in 1808, Sierra Leone became a British colony, and the Government having in the previous year abolished slavery throughout the British dominions, the living cargoes of the slave-ships which English cruisers captured became free on their landing on English territory. Into this colony there were gathered members of various tribes, more than one hundred in numlier, speaking widely different languages : it was therefore found necessary to make English the common medium of instruction. For it soon became apparent that only Missions on the Western Coast oe Africa 153 by a native ministry could the Church he iiuiiutuincil in regions so fatal to the European. In tlie lirst twenty Mortality of J^ai's oftlie existence of the mission fifty-three white people missionaries or missionaries' wives died at their posts. In 1823, out of live missionaries who went out, four (lied within six months ; in the next year six volunteers were accepted and of them two died within four months of their landing. These losses seemed but to draw out more zeal, for in the next year three more went forth, of whom two died within six mouths; but neither then nor at any subsequent time has there been any difficulty in filling up the ranks of the West African Mission. In 1852 Sierra Leone became a diocese, but the first three bishops — \'idal, Weeks, and Bowen — died within The episco- ^ig^i* ycars of the creation of the see. The pate Church has now become self-supporting and self-expanding ; the whole of the pastoral work is in the hands of an indigenous clergy, and the educational institutions have supplied evangelists and teachers for the regions beyond. Foremost among the extensions of the Sierra Leone Church nuist be placed the Yoruba and the Niger mis- YonibaaiK] ^1^)1^^, 1,300 uiiles to the eastward. For gene- thc xiger rations the people groaned under the burdens of their rulers, who contended with each other for the privilege of selling the people into slavery. About the year 1820, a small company of Yorubans fled for shelter to the desert, and many others joined them in their comparative safetj'. Obliged for reasons of self-preserva- tion to enlarge their borders and to seek a wider field, they ventured into the hill-country and there built huts 154 '^^'if'- English Church in Other Lands and cull iviited tlic soil. At Icn^'th llic refugees of loO towns were collected together ; they biiilt villages, Avhich they named after the jilaces which they had left, and the whole colony they called Abbeokuta. In thirty years they became a peaceful and in- dustrious but heathen community of 80,000 souls, sacrificing human victims to the blood-thirsty deities whom their own imaginations had created. Among them were some Yorubans, who on their release from the grasp of the slave-dealer had imbibed some Christian teaching at Sierra Leone, and thence had returned to their own land. They were in their measure and degree missionaries to their brethren ; their report of English kindness and love prompted the colony to send to Sierra Leone a request for teachers. A young cate- chist, Mr. Townsend, visited them ; and two years later, having been meanwhile ordained, he returned with two other clergymen. Now the powers of evil were active ; persecution was resorted to ; the tyrannical kings of the adjacent country of Dahomey interfered ; in 18G7 all the churches, with a single exception, were despoiled, worship was forbidden, and the missionaries, driven out of the country, found refuge at Lagos ; but the first to }-eturn was a native priest. One of the churches was rebuilt as a solemn act of expiation, and Christianity revived in greater vigour than it had ('^■er pr{ndously shown. So lonqf affo as 1811 the British Government sent three ships of war to open the regions of the River Niger to legitimate commerce. The}" carried with them a clergyman attached to the Church j\lissionary Society's staff in Sierra Leone, and Llr. Crowther, a lay-teacher, M/.s.s/oxs o.v Till-: \Vi-:sti:rn Coast of Ai-rica 155 wlio had Leon n slave. The cxpt'dit ion was dooinfd to be a conspicuous taihirc, 12 out of 1 oO white uicu, j^p^ g who were engaged in it, having died in sixty- BUh"")""^' two days. 'i'Jie clergyman, however, managed crowther ^^ pj^]- ^^p enougli of the Hausa language to enable him with further study to translate portions of the Old and New Testament into that tongue, which is one of the most widely-spread of African languages. The Christian negroes who had accompanied liim joined with him, on his return, in the assurance that the land was open to the Gospel. Another expedition in 1854 penetrated 500 miles into the interior, and in 1857 yet another expedition was sent. Mr. Crowther, who liad meamvhile been ordained, remained behind and established himself at Onitslia, Avhere the first mission Avas formed. Mohammedanism and its accom- Mohamme- dan cruelty panying slave trade hindered the work in many ways ; but the progress of the mission, wliich from tlu^ first has been conducted wdiolly by native clergymen and teachers, has been continuous and eventful. Stranger than the wildest dreams of fiction has been the career of l\fr. Crowther. Born in slavery, he was bartered as a lad in exchange for a horse, and was returned on his owners hands as an unfair bargain. On two sub- sequent occasions he was exchanged for rum and tobacco respectively. In his hopeless misery he tried by suicide to put an end to an existence w^hich was a protracted burthen. Sold to Portuguese traders, and from them rescued l)y an English cruiser, he was landed at Sierra Leone a free man. Here and in England he was educated by the Church Missionary Society, and he went with ]\lr. Townseud to Abbeokuta 156 Tnr. Exar./sn Church in Otiirr Lands in ]81-j. At tliat spot ho met witli liis inotlier and sisters, from -whom lie had been separated for many years, and lie led them to embrace Christianity. In 1857 he went to the Nio^er. and in ISGIwas conse- crated, in (^interbnry Cathedral, bisliop of the mission of Avhich he had l)eeii the founder. Islam still holds possession of the land, and amonf( the pagan tribes is constantly making raids and carry- ing away the ]ieo]3le as slaves. The hope of the country centres in the bishop and his twelve native clergymen. A steamer, known as the ' Henry Venn,' enables the bishop to visit the various stations on the river at all times of the year. Industrial schools are doing their work. The plough is bringing the soil under cultivation, and the mendicancy of Mo- hammedanism is giving way to self-respect and honest labour. Between Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast there lie the American republic of Liberia and the independent Liberia colouy of Maryland or Cape Palmas. In 1821 Maryiaiiii the American Colonisation Societj^ established the republic of Liberia, as an outlet for free blacks, who enjoyed but a limited amount of indejiendence in the United States, in consequence of local prejudices too strong to be eradicated. It was hoped, too, both that the policy of manumission v/ould be encouraged, and that the new colony would carry civilisation and Christianity to the 30,000 negroes in the country. In 1835 the American Church established a mission at Cape Palmas, and in 1851 a resident bishop headed the work. The climate proved to be a very great hindrance, and made evident the necessity of committing the work at the M/SS/ONS ON THE VvliSTF.KX CoAST OF A PR I C. I 1 37 earliest/ possible date to natives of the countiy. The lirst bishop was no novice ; he had laboured in tlir r^iig colony for fourteen years before he was called Church'^" to the episcopate, and his whole service ex- Missiou I , .lu led over thirty-four years. To Bishop Payne succeeded another labourer of long standing in the field. Bishop Auer was marked out by his conspicuous services for the vacant post. He was summoned to America for consecration, and he returned to Africa only to die. He held one confirmation, ordained two priests, and before the dawn of the next day had passed to his reward. The third bisho]i, Penick, who had been rector of a church in Baltimore, thought that the time had come when the work in the malarious districts might be en- trusted to natives, and he established himself on the hills. After six years he resigned, his health proving that he was unfitted for tlie work, and in 1885 he Avas succeeded by Bishop Ferguson, a native Liberian, whose life has been spent in the country. The whole staff of the present mission — bishop, priests, and lay- teachers — are natives either of Liberia or of Maryland, and are inured to the cliniate and its peculiarities. Yet another mission on the AVestern Coast of Africa demands notice, and it is of peculiar interest, in that it originated, not in England, but with the daughter Church of the West Indies. In 1851 the Rev. E. llawle, the I'rincipal of Codrington College, Barbados, made an appeal to the AVest Indian Church for Africa. ThePongas 'We waut.' lie wrote, 'to leaven the AAVst Missiou Indian dioceses with missionary feeling. AA^e wish to make it a part of everyone's religion — in a population mainly derived from Africa, and, where not 158 The E kg lis I 1 Church in Other Lands so derived, deeply indebted to Africa, b}' wrono-s inflicted and by benefits obtained — to help in Africa's conversion. A great reaction is to be stirred up, opposite in direc- tion as in cliaracter to the traffic by which these colonies were peopled, sending back to Africa, as missionaries, the descendants of those who were brought over here as slaves,' On June IG of that year, the 'West Indian Church Society for the furtherance of the Gospel in Western Africa ' was founded in Barbados. The other West liulian dioceses joined in the undertaking, and some help came from England, where a Corresponding Committee exists. In 1854 the first offer of personal service was made. A Barbadian clergj^man, of more than middle age, regarded the death of his wife as a call to him to devote the rest of his life to Africa. Landing with Bishop Weeks at Sierra Leone in Decem- ber, 1855, Mr. Leacock had no fixed plans, and left the scene of his work to be decided for him. The captain of H.M.S. ' Myrmidon ' suggested to him the country round the Pongas river, about a hundred and fifty miles north of Sierra Leone. This seemed a providential opening, and Mr. Leacock was landed at the mouth of the Pongas, and commended by the captain to the good offices of the king, who promised fairly. But when the ship of war had steamed away, IMr. Ix'acock and his lay companion found that everything was changed. The Mohammedan chiefs warned the king that the presence of missionaries would injure the slave trade, and ihe king lent a ready ear to their counsels. No children came to school, and as the poor teacher lay sick on his bed in a miserabh; hut, hands and feet swollen with mosquito- bites, he saw his few possessions pilfered by the people. Missions o.v ti/e ]Vi: stern Coast of Aek/ca 159 while lie was impotent to interfere. Things were truly at a low point of hope, and, just when despair was win- ning the day, a strange visitor came to the hut. This Chief "^^'^^s ^ young man, i^cwis Wilkinson, son of a Wilkinson f.ji^.f of Fallangia, bringing an invitation from his father. Ill as lu* was, ]\Ir. Lcacock went with him, and, to his sur])rise, was welcomed with absolute reve- rence by the chief, who with much emotion recited the Te Dcitm. The explanation was forthcoming, and the story was a strange one. The old chief had spent some of his early years in England, and in the family of a clergyman. Returning to Africa in I8I0, he had gradually relapsed into heathenism. After many years a severe illness reminded him of his baptism, and of the higher teaching which he had received ; and for twenty subsequent years, with much remorse, he had been endeavouring to recover what once he had learned, and his daily prayer had been that a missionary might be sent to him. Now, in Mr. Leacock's arrival he saw the answer to his prayer, and he could not do enough to show his gratitude. He immediately gave him the best lodging that was available, and he gave a piece of land, on which, by the liberality of the Churches of America and England, a mission-house Avas built. Mr. Leacock died in 1856, after repeated attacks of fever. Several who had volunteered died at their posts ; and it was found necessary to allow only Africans or West Indians to join the work. At present the four clergymen who occupy Domingia, Fallangia, Farringia, and the Isles des Los, are all of negro race, and have been educated at Codrington College, Barbados. Not only have they done much spiritual work, but thoy have also introduced l6o The Exglisii CiiukcH /.v Otiifr Laxds a higher civilisation and peaceful industry. Factories and printing-presses are doing their work in the land, ciiristianity and the people have been tausfht to ffrow iuid civilisu- .' ' '^ f tiou cotton with more success, and to dress it by machinery, nntil it commands its price in the English market. The old chief AYilkinson died in 18G1, but his sons continued the ])rotection and sympathy which he consistently gave to the mission. The present condition of the mission is critical. What was possible to be done has been done. The Prayer Book and the New Testament have been translated into Susu ; many hun- dreds of converts have been won. Meanwhile, France on one hand, and Germanv on the other, are lookinsr wistfully at adjacent territor}^, with a view to annexa- tion. It is felt that the little band of missionaries should no longer be left without a head, and a proposal to establish a missionary bishop on the Pongas has been laid before the Church. CHAPTER XIII. MISSIONS IX THE EAST INDIES. From the time of Herodotus downwards, what is now known as ' the Eastern question ' has occupied the Successive attention of the nations of the AVest, and history rulers of . , . , . . India sliows that the nations which in succession have been the link between the East and the West have lor the time being risen to the height of o]iulence and influence. Arabia, Tyre, Alexandria, and Rome in the earliest times ; Venice and Genoa in the middle ages ; ■Zu _ -^Jf^^^^, C II. M 1 62 Til p. ExGLisii Church in Other Laxds ]*ortugal, Holland, France, and England since the route was diverted by the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 11-98 — each in their turn have found in Hindostan and in its abundant natural products a wide field for the energies of commerce, and for the enlargement of their own importance. Portugal, Holland, and England, alone of all the nations of the world, have attempted to make India their own ; but the supremacy of Portugal and Holland was short-lived. India is now an English dependency ; in direct revenue it adds nothing to the nation's wealth, yet of nothing is the country so jealous as of its undisputed possession. How we obtained it; how a little company of traders first settled on its shores, without possessing a rood of English land ; how settlements were formed here and ziidla'"' there at long intervals ; how kingdom after kingdom has come under our rule, by conquest, by treaty, by dissensions of rival rulers, by annexation, until at length, from Cape Comorin to Peshawar and from Singapore to Afghanistan, the whole country is held as" a huge garrison — is beyond the scope of these pages to record. If a nation's conscience is governed by the rules which mould the conscience of an individual, the story is not a subject for boasting; but the verdict of posterity will admit that England has conferred on India, however won, many blessings which under its native rulers it would never have known. Not only has Ensflish rule introduced the advanced civilisation of the West, and covered the land with canals and railways and telegi-aphic wires ; it has given to India the treasures of literature, and the blessings of a free press, and it has established an equable system of administration under Missions av ti/r East Lxd/es iG laws fo Iho making- of wliich tlie iiativt'S themselves contribute. ]3ut tlie highest gifts, the truest civilisa- tion, it could not give. When England first acquired supremacy in India, the time had not gone by when Governments were wont to undertake the task of evan- gelisation. It was ever a work requiring more delicate machinery than the edicts of Emperors or the bulls of Popes; and whatever England might have done or desired to do in this regard a hundred years ao-o, our religious divisions make impossible now. .But what Governments cannot do is all the more incumbent on the Church, and it is to the credit of the consciences of Christian people, in America and in Gei-many as well as in Great Britain, that from the first they have recognised in India the field of special difficulty and the scene of noblest effort. The first contact between India and Christianity occurred long ago. In apostolic times, or in the period Early con- immediately following, the disciples of St. chdtuauity Thomas, if not the apostle himself, made in India nuuierous converts among the Jewish com- munities, who had settled in India before the invasion of Alexander, and the heathen of Southern India, who were driven by persecution to take refuge in Travancore. A church which derives its bishops from the patriarchs of Babylon and Antioch has existed in Malabar for more than 1,5UU years, and, so long ago as the ninth century of our era, obtained from native jjrinces certain conces- sions and privileges. From time to time the Churches of Europe and .Western Asia sent missionaries to the East. The Scriptures found a place in more than one Oriental library ; and the Malabar Christians, free M 2 164 Tun English Church im Or her Laxds: Iruin dislinclly Koiiiau tlieoloii'v iiiilil the iirrival of the Portuguese, welcomed tlieir Western visitors as brethren. Some sixty years later, wlicn the Portuguese were expelled from India, the congregations on the coast were absorbed into the Church of Rome, while the congregations of llic interior asserted tlieir in- dependence. After Xavier, the next evangelist of note was Ziegen- balg ; and the Danish missions rendered conspicuous Danish servicB in Southern India. But Denmark niissious ^^.j^g ^ poor countrv, and England gave money to their missions ; on Ziegenbalg's death, i'nnds from Denmark failed, and the Danish missions wei'e adopted by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, until in iSi^l tliey were transferred to llie Society ior the Pro])agation of the Gospe-l. Schwartz has the credit of founding the first non-I\oman mission in Tinnevelly. A\'lien liedied, in 1798, he couhl point to linndreds of con- verts, to a higher tone in the administration of justice, and to respect which was accorded to himself by rajahs as Avell as by the poorest of their subjects. Then towards the close of the last cc^ntury, Carey, a Baptist shoe- maker from Northamptonshire, reached Calcutta and was soon followed by IMarshman and three friends. The Government, alarmed at the arrival of so large a body, ordered them to re-embark, and they took refuge in the Danish mission at Serampore, where they lal^onred liard peranipore at the work of translating, ]3rinting, teach- iiiUsiou ing, and preaching. When Lord Wellesley required a Bengali scholar to teach . in the ne^^ly established college at Fort William, he had to ask the missionarv whom the Government had banished from .]//.s\s7c;.\-.s- /.v THE East Ixd//:s 165 r'alcutta somt* years before to accept the post. Carey lived on until I80I; Ijut long before his death he had kindled the lire of missionary zeal in IhiGfland and in America. It must be acknoA\dedged that until I he year 1813 the missionary work that liad been done in India had Kiif;ii>ii been the work of bodies not in communion Cliuri'U -11 • 1 /• n 1 IT 1 ■ • missions With t lie national ( hurcli. I'jven the nnssion- aries who were supported by Church Societies were in Lutheran orders. Several of the chaplains of tlie East India Compaiiy had contributed their share to the work ; but their numbers were quite unequal to the task of ministering to the servants of the Company. Some of them did good service in making known io Parliament and to the world the horrors of heathen- ism, which then prevailed in the country; but it was not until 1811, when the East India Company's new charter made the country open to the Christian teacher, that the tirst actual missionary in Anglican orders was sent to India. Let us attempt to understand what is the nature of the work of a missionary in India, what the country is like, who are the people, and what are the foremost hindrances in the way. India is not a liomogeneous country, as people are prone to think. It is not one nation, but a conr/eric-^ of nations differing one from anotlier in character, in language, and in physique quite as widely as an Englishman differs from a Pole, or a Russian Conditions fi'om a Spaniard, and occupying a seventh por- lirj"work"' ^'^on of the globe. They possess literature, in India gacrcd books, poems, philosophic treatises, and legends, whose massiveness is appalling. To the lack 1 66 The Exglisii Church /.v Other Laxds of coliesion among these nations of varied creeds and languages -wo probably owe our retention of the land; Varieties of but tliese many diversities add infinitely to language the difficulties of the I'lvangelist. The mere thought of the babel of tongues is enough to appal the bravest. Excluding English, the language of the Government and of the highest education, which is rapidly becoming the language of educated India; ex- cluding Sanski'it, the literary language of the Brah- mans and other Indo- Aryans ; excluding Persian, the literary language of the Mohammedans ; excluding the languages spoken on the further side of the Indian frontier, such as Beluclii on the north-west, and the Burmese dialects on the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal, the languages spoken within the limits of India proper are not fewer than one hundred in number. About one-fifth of these are cultivated, writes Bishop Caldwell, but they are all capable of being used for the highest purpose to which a langufige can be applied — the conve^'ing of the message of God's love to the soul and the soul's returning answer of grate'ful love. It is probable that in time the larger nund)er of th(> p(H)ple of the East may be reached by English, as the knowledge of it spreads through the land by means of the schools Avhich the Government so liberalh' (Micourages. The process will not be without its dis- advantages ; the people will be strange to its idioms ; and the preachers, untrained in the modes of thought and expression natural to the people, will not be in fullest sympathy with their intelligences. For the present, however, as in the past, the duty of the Church is to recognise the fact that, wherever a people speak a J//SS/OXS /.v T/-/E East I x dies 167 language of tlu'ir own not undcrsfood In' tlieir ueigli- bours, there is required a Bible, school-books, and, at least, the elements of a literature in the tongue which 1 hey understand. In the northern region, of Avliich Peshawar is the capital, two millions speak the J'ashtu language. In Cashmere, where by the jealousy of its rulers, mission- ary work has been much hindered, the vernacular is spoken by a million and a half of people. In Thibet, where Hinduism begins to be supplanted by Buddhism, and where on the north the Russian Church has a mission and the Moravians have a station, the Thibetan language is the only vehicle of communication ; while in Assam, with its numerous tribes, each with its own language, a million and a half of people speak Assamese, which is supposed to be a dialect of Bengali. Leaving the frontier tribes from the Indus to the Brahmapootra, India proper, with all its ' nations and kindreds and peoples and tongues,' lies before us with its three families of languages — ludo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Kolarian, and their numerous offshoots and sub- divisions. Seven languages at least are grouped under the name of Kolarian, and of these the best known are the Santal, the Munda, the Ho, spoken by more than three millions. The Indo-Aryan vernaculars are spoken over a wider area and by a far larger number of people than any other Indian language, and they belong to the same family as our own and most of the other lan- guages of Europe. In Lower Bengal, Bengjlli is spoken by 30,000,000 ; Oriya by 5,000,000 ; Hindi, including its Mohammedan dialect of Urdu, is spoken by more than 100,000,000; Panjabi by 12,000,000. Then in 1 68 TiiR ExGUSii CiirRcir ix Other Lands Eonibay Shullii is spoken by 2,000,000 ; Gujeratlii by 7,000,000 ; Mamtlii by 15.000,000. In consequence of the wide area over wliicli these languages are spoken, and of the isolation in wliieli, until receully, tlic ])('0]ilo lived, a variety of diak-ets have sprung up. and it is said that of Hindi alone there are twelve distinct dialects. The Dravidian languages, twelve in number, not reckoning local dialects, are spoken in every part of Madras, in the southern ])ortion of the Bombay presi- dency, in the Central Provinces, and even in some isolated ])arts of the presidency of Jiengal. Xot to do more than mention the Oraons, the Santhals, the Klionds of Orissa, the Gonds of the Central Provinces, the Tudas, and the Kotas, there stands out in promi- nence the Tamul, the most cultivated language of all, and possessing an extensive literature. It is spoken by li,500,000; Telugu, the Italian of the East, is the language of ] 5,500,000 ; Canarese of 9,250,000 ; .Mala- yalim of 3,750,000. The people who speak the Dravidian languages are reckoned at 1'5, (300,000. Among these nations, differing so widely in race and tongue, Ihere is one thing in connnon, a religious contempt for the EnQ'ljsh people as unclean, Antipatliv ^ i • i ,> i toKngiisii and a not unnatural iealousv of them as a !IS coil- . . " (luerorsand Conquering and usurpmg power. If the re- ligions of India are fewer than its tongues, there is in them — at least in the foremost religions — a force of resistance to the Christian teacher which the religions of Greece and Rome could not oppose. These had no priestly caste, nor sacred books ; but in Brah- manism, which is the faith of more than 187,000,000, we have a creed so ancient that its very origin is lost in ]\I/ssiONS IN THE East I x dies 169 the region oi"]n'(>-]ii.storic myth, and a system wliich ev<'ry- where recognises the Divine, and jirescribcs, to an strength of eminently conservative peopk\ religious rites jion-Cliris- . ., l'^•t> c ii Ti 1 tian re- tor everv incident ot Iiie, troni the cradle to the lisions of ' t l 1 l l- l r\r\r India grave, its sacred books date irom at least 900 years before Christ, and that which we lightly" speak of Brahman- '"^^ Cciste, and wliicli somc declare to be only **"^ a social institution, has welded together Hindu societv, bv the marvellous knowledge of human nature with wliicli it is instinct, into a compact and wellnigh impregnable mass. So much is this system ingrained into the hearts of the people that the greatest sticklers for its unimpaired observance are the iSudras, who are the chief victims of its austerities. To receive baptism, to worship in a Christian church with an alien people, to receive the Holy Communion from an alien priest, is to place the Hindu convert at once and for ever out- side the pale of humanity, and to separate him from every tie of family and kindred. Christianity has not been the only opponent of Brahmanism. In the seventh century before the Christian era, its supremacy was challenged, and the foremost of its reformers was Sakya Mouni, a king's son, in what is now the kingdom of Oudh : dissatisfied with the materialism and Buddhism n i- pi • t • sacerdotalism or his religion, he gave himself up to meditation and asceticism. Neither the splendour of the Court nor the happiness of domestic life could divert him, and he devoted his life to the task of proclaiming the Divine light, which he believed to have entered into his own soul, whereby he became Buddha, the enlightened one. Bj- his own labours, and by a system of missionaiy organisation which was adopted after his death, his creed I70 TiiF. ExGLisii Church /.v Other Laxds covered Ceylon, liunnuli, Siam, China, Tartaiy, and Thibet, and its presence was felt on the borders of Euro- pean Russia. For a thousand years it was dominant in Hindosthn, until a revival of Brahmanism expelled it. It absorbed into itself much of the Confucianism of China and Japan, and at this moment 450,000,000 profess this hopeless creed, which, in its dreamj^ apathy and childish superstition, is the most priest-ridden religion in the world. The third great religious system, i\Iohammedanism, is the onl}' non-Christian creed which attempts the work of proselytism. Fifty millions of souls in India cling to it, and among them every class is to be found : the Sunni with his traditions, the Moiiainmc- ^Idali with liis laxer sentiment and his literary danism ^^^^^^ ^j^^ Pantheistic Sufi, the fanatical Wa- habi, all of them feeling that theii- great argument — victory by the sword — has failed them, and that they must seek other means of conversion. Against these three great systems the Church has sent forth scanty forces, badly equipped and meagrely supported. In each the wise missionary will discover some connuon ground. In Brahmanism, the last strong- hold of antique paganism, which invests every hour and Truths iu everv relation of life with religious signifi- commou eauce, the devout Christian sees something which is entitled to respect 5 for in the so-called mate- rialism and sacerdotalism of this religion is an imperfect but striking analogy witli the system of the Christian sacraments and priesthood, and in the system of Caste itself there is something which is closely connected with the doctrine of the Incarnation. The Flindu is familiar with the idea of an incarnation, is fully imbued with the Jf/ss/o\s /.v T///-: East Ixd/i:s 171 doctrine of an atonement, and liis niind, wliile it -will re- ject Cliristianity as an abstract system of philosophy, will more readily take in the conception of the brotherhood of the Christian Church. In Buddhism, effete and fossi- lised as it is, the attitude of its votaries is not disinclined to the attractions of the devotional Christian life ; while in Mohammedanism, if only it were true to its own standards, we have in common the doctrine of the Fatherhood of God and the duty of temperance. But, while we admit with St. Augustine that ' every religion, however many its errors, has in it some real and divine truth,' we must not forget that the Hindu races are everywhere fossilised and powerless, that apathy and helplessness wrap themselves round the followers of Buddha, and that a moral blight uniformly follows in the train of Islam. The Koran and the Vedas contain gems of thought for which the world is the richer ; but our admiration is checked when we know that such passages are only extracts from a mass of matter so foul and degrading that it has been found impossible to select continuous portions of sufficient length to set in the Government examinations which should not offend the most tolerant canons of taste. So much for the systems against which it is our duty to lay siege. The difficulties which they present are enormous ; there arc other hindrances and diffi- culties, generally of a negative kind, on our own side. The men wlio conquered and governed India were the greatest soldiers and statesmen of their time ; their country grudged them nothing ; they had money, troops, advisers, colleagues at their desire. The men Avhc have attempted the conversion of India have, with 172 The English Church in Other Lands soiiu' r.otuble cxcpptions. bcm nifii of only average ability, lew in iiunibor, ill-supplied with worldly re- sources, often opposed, never sii])]i<)rtfd by the eivil power. The same power has dcjirived the missionary Church of the exercise of its lull liberties, and this probably iiin.iraiiops '^ ^^^"' ^" ^^^'' \''^i^<- of foresiglit ou the part "^^Zi^ <'f from the Bishop of Madras, revocable at any moment, and absolutely at an end on the vacancy of the see. The growth of the Church, whether among Euro- peans or among heathen tribes, is shown in other lands to be largely dependent on a vigorous episcopate in- creased fi'eely as occasion demands : the stunted con- dition of a large portion of the Church in India justifies the belief that the root and cause of its stagnation is the impossibility of expanding its work and increasing its organisation with the freedom elsewhere enjoyed. 176 The English Church in Other Lands r'lIAPTF.Il XIV. MISSIONS IN Tin: KAST IXDIKS (rontlwicd). WiiKX ]iisli()]i Middleton was sent to Calcutta in ISlt lie liad I'vcrytliin^' to bco'in. There Avas scarcely a decent cliurcli, but Divine sei"vice was held in Middieton's riding-scliools, in verandahs, in any place position (if 1 T 1 1 1 T mi i liiiiicuities wliere people could be sheltered, ihe chap- lains of the Company did not desire his pre- sence, and were content to regard the Governor-General as tlu'ir ordinary. He was nevertheless bound hand and foot by precedents and legal restrictions. AVhen he wished to ordain some of the catechists whom Schwartz had trained and wlio luul been working for the Church, the Act of Uniformity immediately con- fronted him. He Avas told that he could perform service only in English, and that as the candidates were not British subjects they could not take the oatli of supremacy, nor could it be dispensed with. Bishop Middleton never ordained a native of India ; but lie saw Bishop's tlie necessity of founding a college in which the founded converts should be educated for the ministry, and in 1820 he laid the foundation of Bishop's College at HoAvrali on the opposite side of the Hooghley. This institution has now been transferred to Calcutta ; but it must be admitted that the very little progi'ess which missions have made in Bengal has shown that the college Avas and is in advance of the times, and that so far it has failed to realise the intentions of its founder. In 1817 the Government added to the charge Mjss/oxs in the East Indies 177 di" tlic JJislioj) ot" ('iilcuttii llic J.slaiid of Ct'vloii ; in 182o ' all British subjects within the limits of the East India Conipanys charter and in islands north of the equator and all place? between the Cape of Good Hope and ;^^agellan"s Straits,' and in 182i-, ' New South A Vales with its dependencies.' In 1823 the poet-bishop Heber succeeded ]\lidillr- ton, and in 182G he died at Trichinopoly, while minis- liisiio)) terin» to the converts of Schwartz. After Jl-'l)C'r, ^ .... is23-i,s2G the two very brief episcopates of ]3ishops James and Turner, Bishop Daniel AVilson in 18o2, at His sue- the age of fifty-four, commenced an episcopate 1H26-1857 which lasted until 1857. In 1835 he obtained the establishment, by Act of Parliament, of the see of Madras, and in 1837 of that of Bombay. In 1 817 he con- secrated the cathedral at Calcutta, to which he had con- gpggof tributed the munificent sum of 20.000Z. He Bo^mhay""'^ visited Penang and Burmah, where no Angli- fouuded ^^^ bishop had ever set foot : against the system of caste he waged an unflinching war, while his personal piety and bold reproof of vice raised the whole tone of spiritual life in India. He died at a time of national fear and humiliation. His last sermon was preached on July 24, 1857, a day appointed by himself as a day of fasting. It was a dark hour : the Mutiny was raging through the land. Sir Henry Lawrence was (lead: Delhi and Cawnpore and Lucknow were in the hands of a fanatical and mutinous soldiery : Calcutta might be the next position to be seized. But the good and brave old man prayed and consoled and cheered ; at the same time he denounced the unchristian policy of the Government and the irreligious lives of too c.H. N 178 The English Church in Other Lands mauy of the Euglisli as having called down Divine vengeance. The great statesman-bishop Cotton came to India at a critical time. The jMutiny was suppressed, but Bishop not the spirit which had prompted it ; there 18G6 ' was still much disaffection. Force had com- pelled subordination, but of loyalty there was no sign. The country had to be pacified ; the missions to be re- established, in some cases to be rebuilt on ruins red with the blood of those who had been murdered. The bishop saw that gradually the English population had been receiving new elements ; that railways and tea plantations and telegraphic works had brought to India hundreds of persons, wholly separate from the civil and military servants of the East India Company, or of the Crown which had now supplanted it. For these he founded the Additional Clergy Society, which provides the ministrations of the Church for the Europeans and Eurasians, who are under the care neither of Govern- ment chaplains nor of missionaries ; and he established schools in the hills where in a cool climate the children of Anglo-Indians could be educated. By his accidental death, in October 1866, many plans of Avork which his fertile brain had set on foot were arrested. His successor, Bishop Milman, was consecrated on February 2, 1867, and on j\Iarch 25 was enthroned in BisiiopMii- his cathedral. The chief historical events of mim, 18G7- . , . . , 1876 his episcopate were the reception into the com- munion of the Church of 7,000 K61 Christians at Chota Nagpore, and of a large number of Karens at Tounghoo. These were events of great interest. When Bishop Cotton had completed his visitation tour over the whole J\[/ss/oxs IN THE East Isnins 179 province, lu' (li-clai't'd that there were three niissiouary successes in India — the work of the Church of Englaiul in Tinnevelly, of the Bei'lin ^Missionary Society in Cliota Nagpore, anil of the American Baptists in the Burmese mountains, and now from these two last missions thousands were seeking admission into tlie Churcli of Eughmd. The Lutheran missionaries had come to India in 1844, not having determined where they should com- mence their work, and in Calcutta they found some Kols repairing the I'oads. Struck by their appear- ance, so different from that of the Bengalis, they inquired who they were, and finding that their race was settled in the central plateau, and was without any missionaries, they took up their abode at Ranchi. For five years they made not a single convert. Then four Kols, who had read portions of a Hindi New Testa- ment, came to the mission-house and requested that they might ' see Jesus.' The missionaries spoke to them of the ascended Lord ; but the poor people were dis- satisfied and went away in anger. After a week they returned and submitted to be taught, and after seventeen years the converts numbered 10,000. Meanwhile Ger- many failed to send adequate funds. New missionaries arrived and disagreed wnth the older men, who had done all the work of twenty-two years. The founder. Pastor Gossner, on his death-bed had expressed a wish that the mission should be adopted by the Church of England, and in 1869, four of the missionaries were ordained by Bishop jMilman, who received at the same time 7,000 persons into church fellowship. The mission has gone on increasing, and in 1885, when the Bishop of Calcutta visited the various villages, he found more than 13,000 n2 I So Thf. Exgiisii CiirKcii ix Other Laxds baptized persons, -with fifteen of tlicii- l)rctliren ordained to minister among them. In tlie same year the Bishop of Rangoon visited the Karen mission at Tounghoo, and found 4,000 Christians belonging to tribes which, before the advent of the missionaries, were always at deadly feud. Here again are five native clergymen and a staff of native catechists supported by the offerings of the people. Bishop j\Iilnian strongly insisted on the necessity of the subdivision of the diocese. He did not live to see it accomplished ; but probably his death, which was caused by the incessant attempt to compass work beyond the capacity of a man possessing even his physical strength and active mind, did much to remove the objections which had previously stood in the way. In 1877 the dioceses of Lahore and Rangoon were founded. Larce sums were raised in England for the endowment ; Dioceses of but tlic Government would not consent to Kaiigoou"' the appointment of bishops who were not also chaplains. To Lahore the learned and experienced missionary Dr. French was consecrated ; to Rangoon the Rev. J. H. '^I'itcomb, a leading clergyman of the diocese of Winchester, which had raised a large portion of the endowment. In the diocese of Lahore the historic city of Delhi is the scene of one of the most important missions in India. Delhi and In 1852 the station chaplain, the Rev. IVf. E. the Mutiny -,. . i f> i c ^ • of 1857 Jennings, moved a tew members ot Ins con- gregation to join with liim in doing something for the 175,000 people whom they saw daily before them living in idolatry or in fanatical Mohammedanism. He knew that some of them were seeking the truth. In that Jf/ss/o\.s /.v 77//; E.isT IxDir.s i8i sume year Air. Jcnuingy baptized two native j^'enl Icnifu of liigli position, one the station surgeon, Cliiniimim Lall, the otlier \a\\\\ Ivaiu Chandra, a man of great mathematical attainments, a professor in the Presidency College, The Propagation Society took up the mission, and gave 8,000/. towards the cost of its establishment. Two clergymen were sent ont, who opened a good school and gatliered togetlu'r a little congregation; then, without a word of warning, the Mutiny broke out over the whole of the N.W, I'rovinces. At Agra and Lahore the English and the native Christians found shelter within the walls ; at Cawnpore two missionaries of the Propa- gation Society were murdered ; the Hev. A. Macfdlum was killed at Shahjehanpore ; four American Presbyterian missionaries and their families perished at Futteyghur ; two members of the same mission were killed at Sealkote ; while at Delhi the mission was extinguished. The chaplain and his daughter, and an officer who had warmly supported the mission, were among the first victims. The Rev. A, Hubbard, two catechists, and Cliiuuuuni Lall were seized and offered life and liberty if they would renounce their Christianity ; but they wavered not, and at once the crown of martyrdom was won. A catechist and three ladies belonging to the Baptist mission in Delhi bore the same noble testimony and shared the same fate. Before the jMutiuy was quite stamped out volunteers were on their way to Delhi. The Rev. T. Skelton, Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, refounded the Society's mission in 1859, and here he was greeted by Ram Chandra, who continued until his death, in 188o, to be the staunch supporter of the Church, while his I S3 The Exg/jsii Church l\ Other Laxds blameless and devout inuiincr of lilt> was a gospel daily preached to the heathen. jNIemorial churches were built both at Delhi and Cawnpore, and the Church jMissionary Society built another at the great city of Aniritzav. In 1877 a movement within tlie University of Cambridge led to some members of that University undertaking missionary work in India, and The Delhi t • t i r mission they were advised by Sir Bartle Frere to by fain- counect themsclves and their Avork with the bridjfe Delhi mission of the Propagation Society, where the Rev. R. R. Winter with several colleagues had been labouring with much wisdom for many years. It was felt that a body of University men living together might devote themselves with much advantage to the woik of higher education. Experience has shown that it is needful to work on a broader basis, and the accession of a body of graduates, generally five in number, has given to the Delhi staff a contingent such as ought to be found in every lai'ge city in India. From Delhi as a centre the mission extends over a large tract of country, stations being established as far as seventy miles away. In the northern parts of India the Church Mis- sionary Society has a large organisation covering the land, and reaching to Cashmere. During the Missions of ^, . -r^ • ■ ^ ■ -vt ciuirch iVlutmy the iiritisli rule lu the JNorth was ^rissionarv *" Society in" savcd by the Puniab. The jifallant soldiers Korth India -, ^ "^ . . '' , , t- and administrators who ruled it and restored the British supremacy over the land, the two Lawrences, Edwardes, Macleod, Montgomery, and their colleagues, broke through the traditions of the service, and boldly M/ss/oxs ix TiiF. East I x dies 183 proclainied tliL-ir urdciit, faith us Cliristians. ' AVo may be quite sure,' said Sir Herbert Edwardes, ' that we are much safer if Ave do our duty tlinn if wo neglect it, and that He wlio has brought us hurc with His own right arm will shichl and bless us if, in simple reliance upon Him, we try to do His will.' In Bombay, mission work is not so advanced as in some other parts of India ; less has been attempted and smaller expenditure has been incurred. Until the arrival of Bishop Douglas in 1869 the missionaries were chiefly stationed in or near the city of Bombay. Now a chain of stations far apart from each other has been formed. Little or no impression has been made on the Parsis or on the higher classes, but in the Ahmednagur district the conversion of the Mahars, a low caste race, has been very remarkable, and it is said that, given an adequate staff, the whole race would in a short time be evangelised. In Rangoon, where the prevalent religion is Budd- hism, and where consequently caste does not oppose itself, the work of the Church is full of encourage- Haugoou . 1 • 1 1 1 ment. Ji,ducation, tor which the people are eager, has ever been a prominent feature. From St. John's College in Rangoon, the headmaster and some of his pupils were invited to jMandalay by the king in 1808, Avitli the result that the king built a church, school, and clergy-house at his own cost, allowing no one to share in the honour except Her ^Majesty, who gave a marble font. The king died in 1878 and was succeeded by the notorious Theebaw, whose conduct led to the withdrawal of all English Residents in the following year. On January 1, 188G, 184 The Exglish Church in Other Lands T'ppor l:)urma was added to the British Empire, and Tlieebaw Avas deposed. The ]\Iission was reopened, and npeiiingof with the chano'ed condition of thino-s the I'.miiia prospects of the country are brightened. Tlie people will live under just laws, and the land will be able to develop its treasures. The Irrawaddy was the high road to China until the Mohammedan outbreak in Yunnan in 1853-i, and the annexation of this country \<{\\ probably re-open a way to China and to Thibet, wliere, beyond a station of the Moravians and a mission of the Russian Church in the far North, Christianity is not represented. In the city of Rangoon, St. John's College is send- ing out a continual supply of well-educated Burmans, v^lio are h.olding good positions all over the country. and a Native Training College will supply a Burmese ^Ministry at an early day. The successful mission to the Karens has already been alluded to. Ceylon, although belong-ing to the province of Calcutta, is for civil purposes an English colony. Its ecclesiastical history is peculiar. When the Dutch were driwm out of tlu' island in 1 705, tliey left 350,000 Protestant Christians behind them. In 1811, when the island came under British rule, these liad dwindled to 150,000. The Portuguese were believed to have left a body of converts hardly inferior in number to those of the Dutch. When Bishop Chapman arrived in 1816 he found the English clergy and the churches insufficient in number, and many heathen ceremonies, as well as others peculiar to the Church of Home, incorporated in the worship of the Church. The good bishop founded St. Thomas's College, and in 1854 Missions in the East L\/>//-:s 185 consecrated tlie cathedral cliurch of Colombo. 'I'lie northern half of the island is peopled chiefly witli Hindus akin to the Shanars in Tinnevelly and speakiii>,' Tamil; there are also some innnigrants from Malabar, and in the interior of the island some aboriginal tribes still linger in unredt'enied savagery. In the southern portion the people are generally Singhalese by race and Buddhists by religion. Concurrent endowment of religious bodies has prevailed in Ceylon ; but the Imperial Parliament has given notice that after five years from 1881 no fre.sh obligations will be incurred by Govern- ment, and attempts are now being made to secure for the bishopric and for the clergy independent endowments. It is in Southern India that Christian missions have liad their most marked success. It was here that the East India Company established their first Soutli India . i , <■ • , ±^ settlement ; but lor sixty years there was no church nor other outward sign of the Englishman's religion. The Church of Rome early occupied the field, and the Jesuit Fathers from their central home at Madura extended their missions over a very wide area, under the direction of the authorities at Goa. Ziegen- balg, as has been already mentioned, founded the Tran- quebar mission in 1705. In 172G the Christian Know- ledge Society supported the missions, but the labourers ^vere all Lutherans. Schwartz and Kohlhoff and tlu'ir brethren won the respect of all ; and on the death of Schwartz in 1798 the Rajah of Tanjore, himself a heathen, raised a monument to liis memory. In 1787 there were 17,000 Christians in the district of Tranquebar alone; but the work was the work of single souls without; 1 86 The English Church in Other Lands unity and without cohesion ; and when the Propagation Society took over the twelve missions of the okler society in 1824, there were only five missionaries, and of these only three were resident at their stations. In 1814 the Church Missionary Society commenced a magnificent and far-reaching work in Southern India ; and the two societies have by their educational and evangelistic agencies changed the face of the country. It must also be stated that the Wesleyan and London Missionary Societies, the Presbyterians, both Free and Established, the German and American societies, have also occupied the land with happy results. The Government census describes the people of Southern India as Hindu in religion. This is true in that Brahmanism prevails in the towns, and the Hindu deities are worshipped by the higher classes ; but the P^.^j,_ religion of the masses is practically devil- woisuip Avorship. They live under the perpetual bon- dage of fear, and their religious observances consist of sacrifices which may avert the wrath of malignant deities. The following account is from the pen of Bishop Caldwell : — ' The devils worshipped by the people in their heathen state, unlike the indolent deities of Brahminical mythology, are supposed to be ever " going to and fro in the earth, and wandering up and down in it," seeking for opportunities of inflicting evil. In every undertaking, in all the changes of life and in every season and place, the anger of devils is believed to be impending. Every bodily ailment which does not immediately yield to medicine is supposed to be a possession of the devil. Tlie fever produced b}' the bite of a rat is found difticult to cui'i% and the native doctor Missioxs IX THE East Ind/i-s 187 tells the name of the five devils that resist the force of his art. An infant cries all night, and a devil is said to be in it. An ill-built house falls down, and a devil receives the blame. Bullocks take fright at night, and a devil is said to have scared them. These instances, Avliich are only a specimen of what con- stantly occurs, will serve to show how the people are all their life subject to the bondage of superstitious fear. In this neiglibourhood in particular, in which denser ignorance than I have ever elsewhere met with in Tin- novelly has always prevailed, the heathen are wholly given up to superstition. I know a hamlet containing only nine houses, where thirteen devils are worshipped. This fear of the anger of demons acts in two ways prejudicially. It deters many from placing themselves under Christian instruction, and drives away many before they have acquired the first principles of know- ledge and faith. It also often lies dormant in the minds of even the better-instructed and more advanced con- verts, sifting and sapping their confidence in God, and sometimes, during the prevalence of cholera, or under the pressure of calamity (especially when they think their children dangerously ill), tempting them to make shipwreck of their faith.' A people born and living in these surroundings have shown, nevertheless, a great capacity for spiritual en- seif-Ueipiu lightenmcnt, and a great zeal in commuui- the native . n-i i*^ i ••! ^ • ^ Church catmg to then- brethren the privileges wlucu they have themselves received. From the first they have been trained in this duty. Village after village has been brought under Christian teaching by the e.Torts of their neighbours, themselves, in the majorit}' 1 88 The Exgusii Cjiurcii in Other Lands of cases perhaps, unable to read. Self-help has also from the first been a characteristic of the South Indian Church. Although the converts are the poorest of the poor, they have from the first paid for their religion, and so have learned to value it. In no part of the world has the native ministry been so marked a feature of the work, and from the first the native clergy have not been wholly dependent on funds from England. In 1873 the Church in Tinnevelly had grown to a position which made it absolutely necessary that a Bi.^hopsin bishop should be resident in the midst of Tinuevelly "^ . ^^^^ J^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^j^^i| ^^^--^ ^^^^^ ^^^,^ veteran missionaries, Dr. Caldwell and Dr. Sargent, were consecrated in Calcutta, under a commission from the Archbishop of Canterbury, coadjutor bishops to the Bishop of Madras. In that same year first floods and then famine desolated Tinnevelly. Large sums of money were given by Government, and munificent offerings were sent from England for the relief of the starving multitudes. It was a remarkable testimony to the value of the missionaries living among the people, that the Covernment was largely dependent on their experience for the distribution of the food which had been purchased. The people were ready to be moved by any outward exhibition of the power of Christianity. The missionaries had for years been exercising over TiiefiuiiinR them ail influence of which thev were them- iiiKl its teaching sclvcs liardl}' conscious ; and now the benefi- cence of Christians, living thousands of miles away, contrasted favourably with the indifference of Hinduism, from whose temples not a single anna had come for the relief of the starving, so that the people recognised the M/ss/oxs /.v T///' E.tsT /.\7)//-:s 189 superiority oi' ;i ivli^"ioii ut' love over u rdiu-iou of selfish indulgence. Therefore it was no wonder tluit be- tween 30,000 and 40,000 ])eople came and voluntarily placed themselves under Christian instruction. Their motives were mixed, no doubt ; their action arose from no profoutul theological convictions, and they were very ignorant. But, Avhatever their motives, gratitude for past kindness rather than the expectation of it in the future must have been dominant ; for it was not until the presence of famine was over that they sought spiritual food. The strain on the staff of missionaries which so large accessions caused was very great ; but the large body of native catechists furnished deacons in good number, and the missionary clergy in the diocese of Madras now number IGo, of whom 13G are natives, sup- ported in almost every instance partially or entirely by their native congregations. It cannot be said that missions which have attained to this point of development are ftxilures. True, Southern India is the bright example ; but all over the great peninsula results, positive or negative, are capable of being registered. The older systems of Indian religions are being undermined ; the introduction of railways and other products of Western civilisation is the knell of Brahmanism and Buddhism ; the writings of sceptics, for which Orientals have an eager apprecia- tion, will destroy their ancestral faiths without substi- tating another. The very existence of the Bnihmo Somaj forebodes the doom of Hinduism ; but whether its followers will go beyond the theism which at present seems to content them, Avho can tell ? There are many disintegrating influences at work Avhich cannot be accu- 190 The Exgush Chi'RCIi in Oriif.R Laxds rately appraised, but tliiu' will show \\\ui\ iliey are accomplisliing. ]Meain\liilo g-ratluates of liuliau univer- sities are now working- in tlie missions, and students of our Indian theological colleges distinguish themselves in the Oxford and Cambridge Preliminary Theological Examinations. The pro])ortion of Christians to non- Proportion Christians in India is still painfully snudl. of Christians Accordiug to the census of 1881, out of every to UOll- O / */ Christians ] 0,000 of the population of India 73 only are Christians ; but the impartial opinion of the writer of the census-report volunteers the statement that ' a few years will show a very large accession to the numbers of the various Christian churches. The closest observers are almost unanimous in the opinion that the ground has already Ijeen cleared for such a movement ; but their views are not so much in accord as to the class from which the accession will be made.' The rate of increase of the Christian population in the province of Madras in the ten years 1871-81 was 30-39 percent. In the presence of a work so gigantic, however much the divisions of Christianity are to be deplored, it is thankworthy that all Cln-istian bodies recognise the claims of India, and that their representatives in their work abroad refrain from mutual proselytism, and think more of points of agreement than of difference. It is xeed of all obvious, too, that in so wide and varied a field vvoric" there is abundant scope for the free exercise of all gifts and every kind of missionary machinery. So long as the women of India are immured in Woman's gloouiy zcuauas and harems, the work of ele- lu'dia"' vating and converting the mothers of the next generation must be entrusted to their white sisters; ii[/ss/o\s /.v Till'. East Ixdif.s 191 and womoifs work as tcacliers, as doctors, as nin-ses, must Ix' plact'd ill a posilidU second only lo tliaf oftlHi ordained cvano'clist. Tlicre is sco]x> for tho work of Mc.lioal '^ . ^ ^ . . , - ^ missions, oducat lon : and no toachmof can riernlly be de- education, . ' .„ . T . , , bazaar- iirpciatcd as seciihir, u it be ffiven by one who preaching . i • ip r^i • • mi- ls liiniselr a Lnristian. iliere is need of the preacher wlio will go into the streets and bazaars and proclaim the Gospel, and be ready, with grayity and sympathy, to argue with the ^Nfahometan or Hindu pundit. There is a boundless field for the exercise of the art of healing ; and medical missionaries of both sexes, and trained Christian nurses are likely to con- tribute much more to the work in the future than they haye in the past. The married missionary has it in charge to set forth before the heathen the domestic side of Christianity, and a pattern of family life ; and many a missionary's wife has done for the work of the Diyine Dompstic Master what no priest could haye done. life anrl asceticism J lierc IS ample room for the man who, deny- ing himself the happiness of domestic life, will show what is the Christian conception of the asceticism with which their own fakeers and monks haye made Orientals familiar. Unfoi^tuuately it has not always been remem- bered that there is no one royal method of work, and that all the yarious methods are but parts of a system of which each element will contribute, under God's fayour, to the common consummation. The man who yalues one method is tempted sometimes to depreciate all others, and indeed the introduction of almost eyery new method has been marked by a depreciation of all that haye gone before, in entire forgetfulness of the fact that earlier labours haye made subsequent yentures possible. 192 The Exai.isii CnrRcii in Other Lands CHAPTER XV. MISSIONS IN CHINA, JAPAN, AND BORNEO. Whatevtk the difficulties presented by the India of to-day, they are not to be compared witli those which confront the Church in China. The land is still a laud of mystery, treaties and ()])en ports notwithstanding. We know so little of it that the number of the popula- tion has been placed by some as low as 150,000,000, by others as hisfh as 400,000,000. Then the lanofuao-es ! for the dialects of one part of the empire are utterly un- known in others ; and nowhere is there a phonetic alphabet, but each character represents a separate word, with distinct sound and meaning. Then the people ! conservative beyond conception, proud of their ancient civilisation, which forty centuries ago was hardly behind its present condition, and despising all foreigners as barbarians. Then the religions ! Confu- cianism, with its Pantheism and Emperor-worship ; Taoism, with its apathy, which condemns the exercise of judgment and intelligence ; and Buddhism in it^ most corrupt form. The Church of Rome entered on the task of con- verting China in the thirteenth century, and its con- Roman verts at this day are four times the number of nfisskius ^^^® aggregate of those of all other religious in China bodies. In the seventeenth century the Jesuits, after seeming to hold China in their grasp, were driven from the country, and the native hatred of A//SS/ONS /.v CiiixA, Jap AX, akd Borxko 193 Ibreigners and their creed was iiitensitied, but tliey left their mark behind them in a body of believers whom persecution could not terrify. Early in the present The London ceutury the London Missionary Society sent a Missionary . . •' •' Society missionary to China, and to him the world is indebted for the first good translation of the Scriptures into Chinese. To another agent of that society we owe a translation of the religious classics of the empire. Successive treaties, dating from the war in 1842, have in course of time so far opened the land as to give to Europeans the right of residence at twenty great centres, and Christianity is now free to make its way without reasonable fear of interruption. In 1844 The Ameri- the American Church sent a mission with a can Church , . ■, . , in China bishop at its head to Shanghae. Bishop Boone, who combined with other gifts a knowledge of medicine, laboured in China for twenty years, and was followed in 1866 by Bishop AVilliams, wdio subsequently limited his work to Japan ; and a remarkable man, Bishop Schere- schewsky, wdio succeeded him, translated the whole Bible and Prayer-Book into the Mandarin tongue. The The c. M. s. Church Missionary Society commenced a mis- Mission gjQ^^ ^g gQQ^^ ^g ^j^g i^oxt^ were open. In 1849 the first English bishop Avas consecrated and had his TheEpis- cathedral and college at Hong-Kong. In 1872 copate another bishopric was planted at Ningpo, and in 1880 another bishop was entrusted with the charge Thes.p.G. of North China, where the S. P. G. had com- Mission menced missionary work in 1874. While the adherents of the Church of Rome are estimated at 600,000, it is believed that the Christians of other bodies number 150,000, and that 200 foreign rais- c. H. O 194 T^'^'- P-^'or.isii CiiuRcri /.v Other Lands sionai'ies, and about 500 natives, in the cliaractei* of pi^eacliers, evangelists, and teachers, are labouring for China tliB people's conversiou. The China Inland Mission Mission, which professes to be undenomina- tional, has sent a number of evangelists, two and two, into every province of the empire. They adopt Chinese dress, and have won much respect wherever they have gone. It is open to question whether a purely itinerat- ing mission, without permanent head-quarters, is likely to effect abiding results ; but the field is so vast that every experiment claims sympathy. It has already been suggested that the greatest blow to Chinese paganism may be dealt by its own children who have been converted in other lands. Their enterprising spirit carries the Chinese into all parts of the world where cheap labour is desired. Hemoved from his native land the Chinaman saves money, which he has no inducement to do at home, for if reputed to be a capitalist he would soon be ' squeezed ' by the man- darins. He is also ready to listen to the Christian teacher when separated from the traditions and prevjudices of Chinese his liome, and when converted is a staunch other lands and self-denying Christian. The Chinese con- verts build their own churches and try to bring others to the faith, and on their return to China generally remain true to their new faith, and in many instances strive zealously to propagate it. Abyssinia was con- verted in the fourth century by two youths, who having been taken captive, and in the land of their captivity been brought to Christ, went home and made their country to share in what they had themselves been taught by strangers. May the story be repeated in China ! Jif/ss/oxs /.v CiiixA, Jap AX, axd Dorxeo 195 In Japan, as in China, the credit of being the first in the liekl is due to the Church of Rome. In 1549 St. Francis Xavier commenced his crusade. Japan. St. rrancis Ho sijcnt Dut two vcars m the country, but Xavier "^ . lie commenced a magnificent work, and in less than forty years Romanism gained such ascendency that a Japanese embassy was sent to Pope Gregory XIII. with hitters and valuabk^ gifts. But the rulers gradually realised the fact that if Christianity prevailed, their own authority would disappear, and in 1587 the first edict lor the expulsion of missionaries was passed. Still, Christianity had its adherents among the nobles, and it was found that the edict could not be put in force Avithout civil war. The dominant party subjected the Christians to persecution and tortures • and in 1637, 30,000 Christians, avIio had suffered for the faith, were buried in one grave, over which was written, ' So long as the sun shall warm the earth, let no Christian be so bold as to come to Japan.' The pro- fession of Christianity was a capital offence. The symbol of the cross was with inucli ceremony publicly trampled on once every year. So recently as the beginning of this century some persons w^ere crucified at Osaka for 'superstition,' probably another name for Christianity; and the boards which were erected in the seventeenth century at cross-roads and bridges with the proclamation ' The evil sect called Christians is strictly forbidden • informers will be rewarded,' were not removed until 1869. Thus the land remained absolutely closed until 1854 when the United States made a treaty which, very limited in its terms, broke through the isolation in which igG The Excl/s/i Church /.v Othl-.r Lands the empire liad been wrapped for two centuries. In 1858 Lord Elgin made a treaty Avliicli opened six im- ThR country portant places to trade, and allowed a diplo- opciioil ^>y , . , , treaty nuitic agent to reside at Yeddo, the capital. The Americans and the Romanists immediately entered, and the question arose, 'Was there any vestige of Chris- T , , tianitv which had surviv(>d two centuries of Latency of Christianity j^ersecution ? ' At first no sign appeared ; but on looking closer, it was found that a large number of persons had surreptitiously maintained, as a kind of free- masonry, a profession of Christianity, and had secretly baptized their childrini, but with a formula so mutilated as to forbid the belief that the faith had been retained with any intelligent grasp of its meaning. Unlike the Chinese, the people of Japan have shown an eag-erness to listen to Christianitv and a readiness to embrace it which suggests fears for their j^erseverance. The accessions became so numerous that it was found to be necessary that each of the Church missions should have its own bishop, as the oversight which could be sfi^'en to the Enoflish missions by a bishop Japanese o o ./ r converts resident in China proved to be very insuffi- cient. The resolutions of the Lambeth Conference of 1878 amply provided for the contingency of two Ijishops of sister churches being placed in the same country ; and with due regard to the covenants thus made, the Rev. A. AV. Poole was consecrated as bishop of the English Church in Japan in 188-3, but died Avithin two years. Two converts of the American Churcli wei"e ordained in the sanie year, and in 188 t the first deacon of tlu' l']nglish INHssion, Yamagata Youegai, was ordained at Tokio, his congregation taking great interest in the Jll/ss/oxs /.y C///X.-1, Jap AX, axd Borxf.o 197 service, and pledging Uiemselves to provide a niain- teuance for him. Events have moved in Japan with a rapidity that may well give rise to fear. Bishop Bicker- steth succeeds to a state of things wholly changed since the death of his predecessor. The eagerness of all classes to study English has led to its being made com- pulsory in the Government schools, and has opened all schools to the missionaries who are free to teach Christianity ; the use of the Roman character is rapidly displacing the old and difficult Japanese characters, and in matters of social intercourse foreign etiquette is being substituted for the almost sacred ceremonial which has been the rule in Japan. A still greater change was recently made, distinctly as a concession to Christianity ; Buddhism ceased to be the state religion, and the obliga- tion to register a change of faith, which subjected the converts to much persecution, was abrogated. From Japan the mission must make its way to the Corea, which, with its population of thirteen millions, is now partially open to the world. The late Sir Harry Parkes concluded a treaty with the Coreaus, a fierce people under a weak government, in which he managed to insert a clause that British sub- jects should have full liberty for the exercise of their religion. More than that he could not obtain ; but it is about as much as Lord Elgin obtained in his treaty with Japan ; and whatever its value, it has led a body of American Presbyterians to enter the country. The mission to Borneo naturally groups itself with the story of China and Japan. In the sixteenth Borneo '' . century Borneo, or Bruni, was the name of a city, the capital of a kingdom, wdiich, from the number 198 The Exglis// Church in Other Lands of Cliinese who had settled there for tlie purposes of trade, might have been called a Chinese kingdom. There were at that time 25,000 houses in Bruni, but its trade left it, and tlie several ports had become only- refuges for pirates who swept the Chinese seas. In 1830 an English gentleman cruising in his own yacht was struck by the beauty of the islands, which were Ea-ah ^'^^^8" nsglected. lie formed a scheme for Brooke Suppressing piracy, extirpating slavery, and opening the island to trade. In 1838 he returned with a suitable yacht and well-di'illed crew, and having helped the native rajah to put down a rebellion, he was offered the province of Sarawak. In 1841 he was proclaimed rajah, his authority being confirmed by the Sultan of Borneo. In ansAver to the appeal of Rajah Brooke, two clergymen went to Borneo in 1848, Bishoi ^^ whom one, the Rev. F. T. M'Dougall, was M'Dougaii \^y 1855 consecrated Bishop of Labuan. Mr. M'Dougall was a medical man, and his skill was soon put into operation, a dispensary, which grew into a hos- pital, being at once opened. Other missionaries joined Mr. M'Dougall, who in the meantime had acquired Malay and Chinese, had translated much, and had made visits of inquiry into the interior, that he might know- where to place men as they came out. From time to time, when the missions were hopefully growing, out- breaks occurred, which for a time put a stop to every- thing. In 1857 the Chinese attacked the English, killing some of the rajah's officers and driving the bishop with his family and the converts into the jungle. This roused the passions of the Dj^aks, who, under the influence of the missionaries, had adopted a peaceful MlSS/OXS LV C II IX A, J.IPAX, A XI) JJoA'XIiO 1 99 niotlo of life. Their old love of lioatl-taking was never- tlieless strong, and it was long before they again settled down. In 1859 a ]\lohammedan plot was hatched and two Englishmen were killed. Prospects brightened when in 18G3 a notorious pirate, having met with some Christian Dyaks, voluntarily placed" himself under instruction. The next year he brought his wife and child, and tlien returned to persuade the people of his tribe. In 1867 a missionary visited this people, whc had been notorious for piracy and head-taking, and baptized 1 80 persons. Of the various tribes of Dyaks, living on several rivers and speaking different dialects, at least 3,000 are now members of the English Church. No attempt has been made to compel the Dyaks who have embraced Christianity to give up any customs which are not inconsistent with decency and morality. In laying the foundations of a church in Borneo, it has been recognised from the first that the race is in its own land, that there are no signs of its having emigrated from any other part of the world, and that it is likely to in- crease both in numbers and in importance. Much attention has been given to the Chinese in Borneo. In 1849, 3,000 of them amved in the island, Chinese in ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ their number Avas among the first Borneo inquirers into Christianity, and after a long probation as catechist he was ordained deacon. The Chinese here, as in other lands, have shown great religious sincerity. Of themselves they conceived the idea of building ' a house of charity ' in Sarawak for the shelter of fellow-Christians in want, and for the re- ception of their countrymen dwelling up the rivers when business called them to the capital. The offertories 200 Till'. ExGiJS/i CnrRCH in Other Laxds at their services enaLletl tliem to carry out tlu> (lesi,208 Koraan Catholic Societies S,ol4 These figures can of course give no guide to the result of past expenditure, which is seen in the endowments of colonial churches, or to the local contributions which are annually raised abroad. Thus nearly every colonial j.jj,io,,.. bishopric is endowed with an annual income meuts ranging from 400L to 2,000L per annum, the exceptions being the few still dependent on grants from ]mblic funds, as in India, and some purely missionary dioceses, as in such countries as INIadagascar and Japan, which are maintained by Societies. In many colonial dioceses there are General Clergy Endowment Funds, and not a few parishes with their own special endow- ments. The cathedrals are also more or less furnished with endowments, the gifts of colonial churchmen, which provide not merely for the maintenance of services, but for the theological teaching of the candidates for ordination. The various universities and colleges, which exist, sometimes in needless profusion, in our colonies, are a testimony to the liberality of the colonial laity ; 204 The Exgi.isii Church ix Other Laxds for, although probably in all cases the mother country has contributed liberallj', the institutions would Universities never liavB existed l)ut for local gifts and and Colleges j^^^^ confidence in their administration. In North America, King's College at Windsor, Trinity College at Toronto, and Bishop's College at Quebec, are ( "liurcli Universities, educating and giving degrees in each faculty, and planting out their students all over the Dominion. There is also a Theological College in N(>wfoundlan(J, another in the fiir North-West at Prince Albert, and at Winnipeg St. John's College, in con- nection with 'the University of ^Manitoba, is provided \<\\\\ professorshi]-)s, tlic holders of which constitute the cathedral staff. In the West Indies, Codrino'ton Colleo-e, affiliated with the University of Durham, gives a high education, under the influence of distinctly Church teaching. In Australia the Universities are holding up a high standard of secular education, and the Church is taking advantage of the curriculum while training her cliildren in colleges affiliated. In India the various Theological Colleges, both of the Church and of dis- senting communions, are training converts for the work of the ministry ; and the High Schools and ]\Iission Col- leges send their pupils to the Universities with at least the amount of Christian influence which years of teach- ing at the hands of Christians may be supposed to impart. The independence of the mother country is perhaps more evident among colonial Dissenters than in the system of the Church. The Wesleyans in Australia and Canada, for example, have reproduced the Confer- ence whicli in England is their supreme body, and are entirely self-governed, CONCLUSIO.V 205 The next question to be considered is, liow are these missions and colonial churches supplied witli liviiii^ Supply of agents ? The foregoing pages have shown clergy ^]^^^ jj^ ^]^p colouies there exists a large store of institutions which can train an indigenous clergy, who from their surroundings, their family connections, and their own habits, are better calculated to serve the Church with advantage than men of similar gifts if sent from England. A few men of wider cultivation and larger experience, annually drafted into the colonial dioceses, will make their niark, to the great benefit of the Church ; but they must be men of distinctly high gifts, or there is no need for them to leave their native country, and the need, such as it is, Avill become less and less as the several colonies deve'loj), and colonial parents regard the priesthood as a natural and honourable jn-o- fession for their sons. The Church has a right to look to the great Universities for men who shall build up the colonial churches and convert the heathen ; but the sii]iply of men from Oxford and Cambridge is probablv less now than it was fifty years ago. Missions, which have about them some romance and adventure attract a few young graduates, Avho will spend four or five years abroad and then return to England, having added to the uncertainty which does so much harm to the pro- gress of a mission ; but for the long and slow work of acquiring an Oriental language and filling a place in the machinery of a mission whose success must come but slowly, the offers are very few. Hence the Church is driven to the colleges which specially train for foreign work, giving of necessity an education less wide and liberal than the old Universities. The Church Mis- 2o6 The English Church in Other Lands sionaiy Society establisliecl its college at Islington in 1825, and between 400 and 500 men liave gone forth from its gates to foreign lands. In 1848 tlie ancient abbey of St. Augustine at Canterbury, after long desecra- tion, was purchased and restored for the purpose of a missionary college. Since its opening, under the warden- ship of Bishop Coleridge, the first bishop of Barbados, it has sent out nearly 300 students, of Avhom two have been raised to the episcopate, the Ilight Rev. Dr. Strachan, of Ilangoon, and the Right Rev. Bransby Key, of St. John's, Kaffraria. But given clergy, and means of their support, and a laity to whom they shall minister, where is the Organisation machinery which shall govern and direct the tratiou Avliolc body ? The founders of the colonial churches do not appear to have thought of this. They were content to aim at reproducing as far as possible a counter-part of the Established Church to which they were accustomed at home. In North America the influence of the State distinctly aimed at this in the Riipposed interests of loyalty. Even the founders of the Colonial Bishoprics Council in 1841 seem to have been content if they obtained from the Crown letters patent constituting a see, and appropriating from public taxation an annual episcopal income. The letters patent were believed to convey coercive jurisdiction to the bishop who held them, and nothing more was desired. As dioceses multi]ilied and the necessity of forming provinces vras recognised, again letters patent were invoked; and in 1847 Bishop Broughton became Metropolitan of Australia, and six years later Bishop Gray was made Metropolitan of South Africa. At the Conclusion 207 very first tosl- tlio wliolc system broke down ; and it was declared on tlie highest legal authority that the Crown Failure of had HO power to grant coercive jurisdiction in patent a colouy wliich had an independent legislature. It was obvious, therefore, that there was nothing to be done but to organise the various churches on the basis of voluntary cons\?nsual compact, which was, to quote the words of Mr. Gladstone in 18 19, 'the basis on which the Church of Christ rested from the first.' The only alternative was a system of purely episcopal auto- cracy, under which no man of high standing or ability would consent to work. The colonial churches looked to England in vain ; no help could come from thence, for Convocation had been silent for more than a century, and it was clear that synodal action in some form or other was essential. The very name frightened people, syiio.iai who saw in it a device for giving more power essential to the bishops. But, strauge to say, the first bishop who attempted the task of holding a synod did it for the relief of himself. He ^\Tote, ' I believe the mon- archical idea of the episcopate to be as foreign to the true mind of the Church as it is adverse to the Gospel doctrine of humility.' This was Bishop Selwyn, who in 1844 held a synod of clergy; and in 1847 a second synod received from him a draft constitution which was the result of much consultation with high authorities in England. In 1850 the Australasian bishops met at Sydney, and laid down rules for the govern- In New ment of future synods, diocesan and provincial. Australia, The Nortli American bishops formed them- selves into a province, and the Crown made Montreal a metropolitical see in 18G2, a distinction which 2o8 The English Church in Other Lands it was soon shown tlie Crown had no power to confer. In lSo7, Bishop Grayliekl his iirst synod at the Cape : and in abont sixteen years from the date f)f the Africa, . . first provincial assemblage at Sydney, all the dioceses that were not in Crown colonies worked out for themselves a synodal system of government. Dis- , establishment has since given to the West ana o West Indies jj-ij;!^^^ dioccses a like liberty, of which tliey have availed themselves. To the bisliops assembled at Sydney in 1850 is due the credit of recognising the right of the laity to a share in the legislation of tlie Church. True it is that on this occasion tlicir share was limitiHl to consultation and decision witli the c-lcrgy of all matters affecting the temporalities of the Church ; but. as a matter of history, Thoiait ^^' ^^T^^st ^^ recorded that in ever}' part of the in synod ^vorld the equality of the tliree houses of l)isliops, clergy, and laity has been fully recognised, and the assent of all is essential to the passing of any statute or canon. Nor has there been any interference on the part of the lait}' with the legitimate freedom of the clergy ; rather has it been the case that the lay House has proved itself the most conservative element of the synods. While the system of synodal government is in its broad principles everywhere the same, there are minor differences of detail which characterise the legis- lation of each province. Everywhere the synods are fully representative. The diocesan synods meet gener- ally once in each year, nnder the presidency of the bisho]x Every licensed priest has a seat, and every Iiarish sends one representative comnmnicant layman, elected bv the whole body of his brother parishioners Conclusion 209 who tl'.'clari' tlicinsL-lves to be iiu-iiil>t'r.s of iiu-' Churcli. The proviuciiil synods meet at longer intervals, gener- ally triennially, as is the rule of the Convention of the Church of America. They consist of the bishops of the province, and elected clergy and laity, generally in equal numbers, from each diocese ; and a quorum of one-third, in some cases of one-fourth, must be present. The bishops sit in a separate House, the other two Orders having a j)rolocutor who presides over their deliberations. Votes must be given by Orders, and a majority of each of the three Orders is essential to the passing of any measvu'e. These synods, Avhich are re- cognised in every instance by the legislature, have power to hold property Avith perpetual succession. They assess rower of on the several parishes, according to their synods ability, contributions towards the support of the Church's work. By the combination of the voluntary principle with moderate endowments not tied up to particular churches, but generally applicable ac- cording to the varying necessities of different localities, a wise and economical system of Churcli finance has been worked out in the colonies, which well deserves atten- tion. The withdrawal of subsidies from public funds— generally spoken of as dis-establishment, although very different from what we associate with the word in refer- ence to the Church in England — has been carried out in nearlv every colony. It has always been received with not unnatural alarm ; but the result has not justified such apprehensions ; when the first pressure has passed, it has drawn out a measure of self-help and interest in Church extension utterly unknown under the system of C.H. P 210 The English Church in Other Lands State aid. The change has never been suddenly effected ; vested and life interests have always beau respected, and time has been given in which moderate endow- ments have been raised, not sufficient to supersede voluntary effort, but enough to encourage and supple- ment it. The decennial gathering of bishops of the whole Anglican Communion at Lambeth, which now ap- Lambeth pears to be permanently established, while it coufereuces ciaij-Qg j^q sort of legal authority, must have a power of binding together the widely-scattered branches of the Church which no. legal authority could confer. But when synods had been established, the Church had not acquired liberty to elect her own bishops. The choice, even though no other connection with the State remained, continued to be vested in the Crown. Liberty was acquired slowly and peaceably. In 1861 the Synod of Toronto, having constituted the see of Huron, Autonomy elected a bishop, and the priest so chosen was Colonial ^®^^ ^° England and consecrated under letters churches patent. In the following year the same synod constituted the see of Ontario, and letters patent having meanwhile been discredited, the bishop was consecrated under royal mandate in Canada, the first instance of a consecration of a bishop on Canadian soil. But in 1867 a third step was taken. It being necessary to conse- crate a coadjutor to the aged Bishop of Toronto, the formal application for a royal mandate was made, and the Colonial Secretary replied ' that it was not the part of the Crown to interfere in the creation of a new bishop or bishopric, and not consistent with the dignity Conclusion 211 of llie Crown that lie should advise Her Majesty to issue a mandate wlilcli would not be worth the paper ou which it was wi'itten, and which, having been sent out to Canada, niight be disregarded in the most complete manner.' 'J'lius the election and consecration of the co- adjutor bishop began and ended with the Church, and established a precedent wliicli has been freely followed elsewhere. As these pages draw to a close, the magnitude of the work with which they have dealt impresses itself not less than the impossibility of doino; iustice to it in so small a compass. We are also driven to consider the present position, and to forecast the almost immediate future. Is the present a tempta- tion to despair or a stimulus to greater effort, in view of positions gained and the prospects of enlarging horizons ? As to the colonial churches, their position is assured ; they are at least bound up with the expan- sion of the empire, and possibly will increase with larger growth, and will survive or escape from shocks which may arrest material progress. But in the spread of Christianity among heathen peoples, is there en- Encourage- couragement or the reverse ? The Bishop of ment or the . i z-n reverse ? Durham, m a paper on the ' Comi^arative Pro- gress of Ancient and Modern Missions,' declares that 'history is an excellent cordial for drooping courage.' He shows that if at the present time Christians bear to the whole human race a proportion ' a little more or a little less than one-third,' at the time of Constantine's conversion they were not more than, y-i-oth of the whole. There were Christians in England, we know, when Tertullian wrote, before the end of the second centurv. 212 The English Church ix Other Lands '\A wlu'ii St. Augustine lanclcd. four centuries later, lie found them weak and feeble, liaving done nothing to convert the Teutonic invaders who had dwelt in the island for a century ; and more than twenty years elapsed before the Gospel which Augustine preached in Kent passed over the borders into Sussex. The re- ligion of Imperial Rome, interwoven with its history and the texture of its life, domestic and political, held out against the Gospel for centuries, as does Brahmanism now. For the first two hundred years of its existence, the Roman Church was (jlreek and Oriental rather than Latin. Its members were foreigners, who had made Rome their abiding-place : its bishops were Greek, and its lanfruao;e also. ]''or some time after Constantino's conversion, the influential classes of Rome were in great part Pagan, so far as they were anything. The case of Athens was not dissimilar. St. Paul, though eminently successful with the mixed and floating popu- lation of Corinth, produced no immediate effect on the historic centre of Greek culture and religion. But the Goths and Vandals, who poured down upon the Roman empire, were evangelised rapidly and silently ; and here we see a counterpart of what is going on among the aboriginal tribes of India, whose numbers are estimated at 40,000,000. Let it be further re- membered that distinct missionary work was not commenced in India until 1811, and we find from the census returns that the number of Christians in India, excluding the members of the Church of Rome, was, in 1851, 1861, 1871, and 1881, 91,000, 138,000, 221.,000, and 417,000 respectively, showing a steady increase of 53 per cent, in the first decade, 61 Conclusion 213 per cent, in tlie second decade, and 80 per ceiit. in tlie third decade. A statistician has recently calculated that in another century the English-speaking peoples of the world will number a thousand millions ; but if there be any value in the conjecture that the English language, already so popular amonw the educated classes in India The spread . of the that they feel insulted if addressed by an English- Ti T 1 • 1 • -n 1 speaking Englishman m their own tongue, will be- come general throughout Hindostan, the cal- culation will 1)(^ sf^en at once to fall far below the due estimate. The prospect may well humble, and sliould certainly impress with a sense of responsibility every man of English birth. Mr. J, R. Green, in his ' History of the English People,' has embodied the following forecast of the results of the outspread of the many branches of the English-speaking race. He writes : — * The spirit, the influence of all these branches will remain one, and in thus remaining one, before half a century is over it will change the face of the world. As two hundred millions of Englishmen fill the valley of the Mississippi, as fifty millions assert their lordship over Australasia, their vast power will tell through Britain on the old world of Europe, whose nations will have shrunk into insignificance before it. What the issues of such a world-wide change may be, not even the wildest day-dreamer will dare to dream. But one issue is inevitable. In the centuries that lie before us the primacy of the world will be with the English people. English institutions, English speech, English thought will become the main 214 J^'i^' ExGusH Church in other Lands features of the political, the social, the intellectual life of rnankincl.' This prophecy, inspiriting and elevating as it is, has its spiritual application, not less encouraging. In all these lands, Avhither the Anglo-Saxon race drifts and settles, Christianity, imported, perhaps with all its differ- ences and divisions, from Great Britain, ■\\ill supply the people with spiritual life. It is a petty and unstates- manlike ambition that desires that the daughter churches, which shall grow up in other lands shall be exact counter- parts of their mother. The future of Christendom may well be left to the moulding of the Divine Spirit Avliich animates it, and it is ours to believe that while many of the standards to which Ave cling, bearing as they do on their front the stamja of local controversies long ago composed, w^ill find no place in the systems of younger churches, the very diversities of creed, which now separate Christians, may, in the nations which are not yet converted, find their solution in a Christianity containing all that is necessary- for Catholic unity and, while bearing abundant signs of its origin, yet adapted to the thoughts and yearnings of the peoples who cling to it. Is it a wild day-dream that expects that these churches in their full maturity may exercise an over- mastering influence on the churches of the old world ? that the great Church of the Papacy may be led to adopt an attitude more in accordance with the needs of thoughtful men ? that the great Eastern Church, with her splendid past, may emerge from her isolation and rise equal to the sublime possibilities that lie before her ? that the corrupt churches, which now cling with tenacity to their traditions, but show little zeal or Coxcf-us/oN 215 other sign of life — the Copts, the Armenians, the Syrians, the Nestorians — may be led to the work of self-reformation ? and that tlu^ peoples which at present are no peoples, but are hastening on, under the influence of the Christian countries of Europe, to be born, as it were, in a day, may ' become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ ' ? INDEX. ABBEOKUTA Abbeokuta, I'j;'. Aborigines, Australian, 80-8.'> Abraham, Bishop, i)l Acadians, persecution of, 2!) Adelaide, Bishop of, 73, 77 Agra, 180 Albany Mission, 82 Alexander I. Pope, 2 Algoma, Bishopric of, 37 Alington, Rev. C. A. 147 Alms-Dish, American, 25 Amatoza tribe, 121 American Church, 19 et seq. — colonies, loss of, 67 Amsterdam, New, f) Anaiteum Island, 98, 104 Anderson, Bishop, 41 Anne, Queen, 15 Armstrong, Bishop, 121 Ascension, Isle of, 133 Athabasca, Bishopric of, 45 Atkin, Rev. J. 106 Auckland, Bishop of, 95, 100 Auer, Bishop, 156 Australia, Diocese of, 72 Australian Board of Missions, 102 — Church, growth of, 79 Bacon, Lord, 7 Baker, Sir S. MS Ballaarat, See of, 76 BUDD Baltimore, Lord, 5, 70 Banks' Islands, 104 Barbados, 4, 10, 56 Barry, Bishop, 7i) Basutoland, 132 Bat hurst, See of, 75 Bcchuanaland, 132 Beckett, Rev. Canon, 132 Berkeley, Bishop, 21 — Lord, 5 Bickersteth, Bisliop (Japan), 197 Bishoprics, list of colonial, 17 Blair, Dr. 12 Blantyre, 147 Blomtield, Bishop, 16 Bombay, 5, 177 Boone, Bishop, 192 Borneo, missions in, 197 Botany Baj', 70 Bowen, Bishop, 153 ' Boyd,' H.M.S. 84 Boyle, Hon. Robert, 9, 70 — Lectureships, 9 Brahmanism, 169 Bray, Dr. 12 — Libraries, 12, 13 Brett, Rev. W. H. 61 ct mj. Brisbane, Bishops of, 74 Ijrooke, Rajah, 197 Broughton, AV. G., Archdeacon and Bishop, 72, 206 Budd, Rev. H. 41 2i8 The E.vcus/i Church /.v other Lands BUDDHISM r.uddliism, IGD lUirniiili, 177 Jiiirton, Ciipt. ]■!(;, 148 — Sir W. W. 72 — llcv. Dr. -20 Butler, Bisliop, \~>, oi Cabot, S. 2 Calcutta, 5 — See of, 1 70 Caldwell, Bishop, 186, 188 Caledonia, Tjishopric of, ~>2 Callaway, Bislio]), 125, 12(1 Campbell, lion. J. 7() Canada, 5 — Dominion of, 42 — North-Wcst, ;59 ct seq., et .leq. Canadian Pacific liailwa^', 52 Cape of Good Hope, 6 Carey, William, 15, 1(54 Carl(;lon, Sir (iiiy, 30 (^arolinas, 5, 11 Caulfield, Bishop, 56 Cawnpore, 177, 18() Central Africa, Bishop of, 1 Universities Mission 18 Cetewayo, chief, 130 Cej^lon, 6, 183 Chaka, chief, 127 Chandra, Lala Ram, 181 Chapman, Bishop, 184 Charles I. 4 — II. 39 China, missions in, 192 — Inland Mission, 194 Chiswell, Kcv. A. 138 Chota Naii'pore, 178 Christian Faith Society, 10 Chimmnm Lall, 181 Clergy Eeserves (Canada), Cochran, Rev. W. 40 Codrington College, 57, 157 — General, 58 44 43, 22 to. EAST Codrington, Rev. R, 11., 107 Coke, T. 21 Colborne, Sir J. 38 Colenso, Bishop, 121, 128 Coleridge, Bishop, 50 Coles, Rev. J. 140 Colombo, Bishop Chapman of, 135 Colonial Bishoprics Council, 1 7, 206 Columbia, British, 50 — Bishop of, 51 Columbus, (;liristopher, 2 Compton, Bishop, 12, 13 Congo River, 151 Convocation of Cantei-buiy, 14 Cook, Captain, 69, 84, 112 Corea, the, 197 Cotterill, Bishop, 121, 125 Cotton, Bishop, 178 Cowie, Bishop, 95 Cromwell, 4 Crowther, Rev. S. afterwards Bishop, 154, 155 Cyprus, 6 Danish Missions lo India, 15 DavLs, J. 113 Delaware, Lord, 8 Delhi, 177 Devil- worshippers, 180 'Dido,' H..M.S. 97 Dingaarn, chief, 127 Ditchingham Sisterhood, 53 Dodgsoii, Rev. E. H. 134 Doraingia, 159 Douglas, Bishop, 183 Drake, Sir F. 3 Duaterra, 86 Dunedin, See of, 91 Durham, Bishop of, 211 Dutch Republic, conijuests by the, 4 East India Company, 4, 5, 13 East Indies, Missions in, 160 Index 219 EDINBTIRGH Edinbm-gh, H.K.I I. ilio Duke of, 124 Edward VI. 3 Edwardcs, Sir H. 1S2 Edward's Island, Prince, G Elgin, Earl of, 19G Eliot, John, 11 Elizabeth, Queen, 3 Emma, Queen, lli> Episcopate, monareliical idea of, 207 Eugenius, Pope, 2 Palklanb Islands, 6 Bishop of, 66 Fallangia, 159 Farlcr, Archdeacon, 117 Farriugia, 1 59 Feild, Bishop, 32 Ferguson, Bishop, 157 Ferrar, Nicholas, S, 70 Fiji, 6, 110 Foreign Plantations, Conncil of, 9 French, Bishop, 180 Frere, Sir H. E. B. 142, 146, 182 Frobislicr, Admiral, .3, 7, 70 Fulford, Bishop, i!5 Gaedinek, Captain Allen, GO Georgia, 11 Gibraltar, 5 Gibson, Bishop of London, 21 Gilbert, Sir H. 3, 8 Gladstone, Right Hon. W. E. 207 Glass, Corporal, 133 Gobat, Bishop, 141 Goodenough, Commodore, 10!) Gordon, lion. Sir A. 11. Ill — Kev. Patrick, 20 Gossner, Pastor, 179 Goulburn, See of, 75 Grafton and Armidalc, Sec of, 74 Grant, Capt, 118 Gray, Bishop, 120 rf se/j^. 134, 206 Green, Mr. J. R. 212 Gregory, Pope XIII. 194 — Rev. F. A. 139 Grey, Sir G. 92, 123, 134 Guiana, British, 6, 60 — Bishop of, 64 Hale, Bishop, 74, 77, 81 Hannington, Bisliop, 149, 150 Harper, Bishop, 91 Hatteras Indians, 3 Hau-hau fanaticism, 94 ' Havannah,' H.M.S. 100 Plawaiian Islands, 112 'Hawk,' Church-shi]), 32 Hawkins, Admiral, 3 Hayti, cliurch in, 59 'Hazard,' H.M.S. 89 Heber, Bishop, 177 Heke, John, 89 Henry VII. 2 — viii. 2 Hobhouse, Bishop, 91 Holly, Bishop, 60 Honduras, British, 58 Hongi, chief, 86 Honolulu, Bishop of, 116 Horden, Bishop, 45 Howard, John, G9 Hubbard, Rev. A. 181 Hudson's Bay, 5 Company, 30, 42 Hunt, Rev. R. 8, 70 Huron, Sec of, 209 India, languages of, 1G7 — missions in, 160 ct scq. — peoples of, IGG — religions of, 169 — religious statistics of, 190, 212 Indian bishops, position of, 172 220 TiiR Eng/./s// Church in other Lands Inglis, Bisliop Charles, 22, :J1 Isles des Los, 159 .Tacksox, Port, 70 Jamaica, 5, 53 James, Bishoi) of Cakuitla, 1 11», 170 — I. 4, 8 Japan, missions in, 1!)4 Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 12 Jennings, Rev. JM. K. ISO Johnson, Rev. R. 71 — Kev. W. ]'. I 17 Jones, Bisho]) W. W. of Cape- town, 122 Juliopolis, Arclibi.-^hop of, 41 KAFFRAniA, 122, 12!! Kafirs," the, 120 i-tM-q. — delusions of, 1 23 Kamehamolia, King II. 114 III. ] 14 IV. 114 Karens, mission to, 1 80 Katliarine, queen of Cliarles II. ~i Keble, Rev. J. 5G Kei River, 123, 124 Keith, Rev. G. 20 Kenebec River, 1 1 Kestell-Cornisli, Bisliop, 189 Key, Bishop, 127, 20(5 Kohimarama, 103 Kohlholf, Rfv. 8. 1 8.". Kols, mission (o, 17'.» Kra])f, Dr. 141, 14(5 Kreli, Chief, 120 Kwamagwaza, 130 Laijuan, G Lahore, 180 Lambeth Conferences, 210 Lawrence, Miss, MO - !>;irll. 177 Leacock, Rc'v. II. J. 158 Lcc, Prof. 87 jiassachusetts Lennoxvillc University, 37 Letters patent, disuse of, 210 Liberia, 15G Lifu, 101, 104 Lipscombc, Bishop, 5G Livingstone, U. 143, 145 Livingstonia, 147 Lloyd, Bishop, 13 Lucknow, 177 Macallum, Rev. A. 180 Macrorie, Bishop, 129 McDougall, Bishop, 198 Machray, Bishop, 41 Mcllvainc, Bishop, 2G Mackenzie, Bishop C. F. 128. 143, 145 IMcKcnzie, Bisliop of Zululand, 130 Mackenzie River, Bishopric of, 45 Madagascar, 135 Madras, 5, 177 Magila, 147 Mai, 104 Malabar Chureli, 1C3 Malicolo, 102 Malo Island, 144 Mandalay, 183 Maori superstitions, 84 — war, !)3 Map of Africa, 118 — Asia, IGl — Austraha, OS — New Zealand and Pacific Ocean, 85 — North America, 27 — South America, 54 Mare, 107 ^laroons, the, 5;) Marsdcn, Rev. S. 71, 75, 83,84, SG, 97 ■Marshman, Mr. 1G4 Martvn, Rev. 11. 117 Jlarv'land, 4, 11, i;i :\lasasi, 147 Massachusetts, 4, 11 IXDEX 2'' I MATAKA :\ralaka, King, 147 Mauritius, 6, KM Medley, ISisliop, ^l Melanesia, Bishopric of, 91, 116 Melanesiau jMission, 96 ct acq. Melbourne, city and see of, 73, 76 Merrinian, Ai'clideacon and Bi- shop, 123, IL'S, 11^6, 13] Middleton, Bishop, 86, 175 Milman, Bishop, 178, 179 Missionaries, trainini^ of, 205 Moffat, Dr. 132 ^Mohammedanism, 1 70 Mohawks (Indian tribe), 23 Mombasa, 141-143 Montreal, Sec of, 35 ]\Ioore, Bishop, 13 Moorhousc, lUshop, 76 Jloosoncc, Bishopric of, 44 Moravians, the, 15, 119 Jlorumbala, 144 Mota, 104 Mountain, Bishop Jacob, 31, 33 — Bishop G. J. 35, 41 Mpapwa, 149 :\Itesa, KinjT, 148-150 Jlwembe, 147 'Myrmidon,' H.M.S. 158 Natal, 6 — colony of, 127 Negro Education Fund, 55 Nelson, See of, 91 Neutral French, 28 New Caledonia, 101 Newcastle, Bishop of, 73, 102 New England, 4, 11 Company, 8 Newfoundland, 5,o\et seq. New Guinea, S3 New Holland, discovery of, 69 New Jersey, 11 New Westminster, Bishopric of, 52 New York, 5 New Zealand, i! See of, 7;> Niger Kiver, 153, 155 Nixon, Bishop, 119 Nobbs, Edwin, 105 Norfolk Island 103 ct seq. North Borneo Company, 199 North Queensland, See of, 78 Nova Scot ia, 4, 5, 27 ft seq. — Bishopric of, 30 Nukapu Island, 106, 109, 110 Nyanza Lakes, 143, 148 Oneidas (Indian tribe), 23 Onitsha, 155 Ontario, church in province of, 35 — See of, 209 Orange Free State, 131 Paduox, Capt. 98 Panda, King, 128, 130 Paramatta, 83 Paris, treaty of (1814), 6 Parkes, Sir H. 197 Palmas, Cape, 24. 156 Patrick, Bishop, 13 Patteson, Rev. J. C. (afterwards Bishop), 91, 103 eiS seq. Payne, Bishop, 156 Penang, 177 Penick, Bishop, 157 Penn, 115 Pennsylvania, 5, 11 Perrj', Bishop, 76 Perth, See of, 77 Philadelphia, Trinity Church, 23 Pinder, Rev. J. H. 59 Pitt, Rt. Hon. \y. 113 Pocahontas, 8 Pongas Mission. 157 Poole, Bishop, 196 Poonindie, 81 Portugal and its conquests, 3 Pretoria, Bishop of, 132 The English Church in other Lands PEIDEAUX Prideaux, Dean, 13 Trovoost, Bishop, 23 Qu'Appelle, Eisliop of, -15 Quebec, See of, 31 — population of, IM IvADAMA I. II. III. Kings, 135, 136 Baffles, Sir S. 200 Ealeigh, Sir AV. 8, (iO, 70 Kanavalona, Queen, 136 Kangoon, Bishojj of, 180 Kawle, Bishop, 57, 157 Kebnuinn, Dr. Ii2, 146 Kegina, 44 Riverina, See of, 76 ' Rosario,' H.M.S. 10!) Eota (Maori deacon), 90 Rotuma Island, 97 Rupert, Prince, 5 Rupert's Land, 5, 39, 41 Russia Company, 3 Saccibarei or Cornelius, 62 Saint Helena, 5, 122, 133 St. John's, Diocese of, 122 Sandilli, Chief, 120 Sandwich, Earl of, 112 ^- Islands, 112 Sandys, E. 8 Santa Cruz, 105, 109 Sarawia, Rev. G. 105 Sargent, Bishop, 188 Schereschcwsky, Bishop, 193 Schwartz, F. C. 164, 176, 185 Scotland, Free Kirk of, 147 — Established Church of, 147 Seaburv, Bishop, 18, 22, 25 Selkirk, Earl of, 40 Sehvyn, Bishop, 25, 74, 88, 97 et scq., 206 — Bishop J. R. 108 et scq. Sharpe, Archbishop, 13 — Granville, 152 Sierra Leone, 6, 151 (Singapore, 6, 200 Six-Nation Confederacj^, 23 Skelton, Rev. T. 181 Slavery, lirst mention of, 21 Smith, Lieut. Shergold, 149 — Sir Harry, 120 .Smythies, Bishop, 148 Society for Promoting Chris- tian Knowledge, 13, 14, 164 — for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 14, 20, 138, 164 — South American, 18, 66 — Wesleyan Missionary, tlie, 15, 98 — Baptist Missionary, the, 15 — London Missionary, the, 16, 98, 103, 114,136,138,148,193 — Church Missionary, the, 16, 40, 138, 148, 152, 154 — Colonial and Continental, the, 17 Solomon Islands, 103 Soudan, the, 151 ' Southern Cross,' mission .ship, 109 Southcy's ' Life of Wesley,' 20 Spain and its Conquests, 4 Speke, Capt. 148 Spencer, Bishop A. G. 32 Stanley, H. J\I. 148, 149, 151 Stanton, Bishop, 78 Statistics of missionary con- tributions, 203 Steere, Bi-shop, 146, 147 Stewart, Bishop, 34 Still, Rev. J. 108 Strachan, Bishop (Toronto) 37, — (Rangoon), 206 Straits Settlements, 200 Sydney, city of, 71 — See of, 75 Synge, Rev. E. 75 Synods, 206 et scq. Tamahana Wiremu, 91, 92 Tanganyika, Lake, 148 Tapu, system of, 86, 113 IXDF.X TASMANIA Tasmania, See of, ?;> — Bishop of, 78 Teni.son, Arclibisliop, 13, 1 i 1'haba 'Nclni, 132 Thcebaw, King-, 183 'J'i]ipahce, chief, 81 'J'itec.mb, Bisliop, 180 Toninto, Univcv.sit}^ at, 37 Toung-hoo, 178 'J'ownsend, Rev. H. lo4, 155 Tozer, Bishop, 115 Tranquebar, Danish Mission at, 15 Trinidad, 6, 57 Tristan d'Acunlia, 133 Tufnell, Bishop, 71 Tugela River, 1 30 — Turner, Bishop of Calcutta, 119, 176 Tuttle, Bishop, 24 Tutty, Rev. W. 28 Umtata River, 126 Umhala, Chief, 120 ' Undine ' yacht, 100 Universities and colleges, colonial, 204 Utrecht, treaty of, 5 VANCOtJVER, Captain, 112 'Venn, Henry,' steamer, 156 Vidal, Bisho]3, 153 Virginia, 3, -l — Companv, 8 Volkner, Rev. C. S, 94 Wadrokal, Rev. 109 ^\'airau, outbreak at, 89 Waitangi, treaty of, 6 Waitara, 93 Wales, New South, 6 Warangesda, 82 Waters, Archdeacon, 1 21 Weeks, Bishop, 153, 158 Wellesley, Lord, 164 ZULULAND Wclhngton, first Duke of, 72 — See of, 91 Wesley, Rev. J. 20, 21, 97 — Rev. C. 20 West, Rev. J. 40 — Afi-ica Mission, 59 — Indian Church, 53 et scj. Society, 157 Western Australia or Perth, See of, 77 Whanganui, conference at, 90 Whipple, Bishop, 24 Whitaker, Mr., 8 AVhite, Bishop, 23 Wilbcrforce, Bishop, 116 'Wild North Land,' author of the, 47 Wilkinson, Lewis, 15S Williams, Bishop (China and Japan), 193 — Rev. H. andW. 87 Wilson, Bisliop, 21 Daniel, 119, 177 Windsor, N.S., King's College, 31 Windward Islands, Diocese of, 57 Winnipeg, 40, 42 Winter, Rev. R. R. 181 Wolseley, Sir G. 43 Woodfall, Jlaster, 7, 70 ' Wright, Henry,' steamer, 150 Xavier, St. Fraxcis, 164, 195 Young, Fisher, 105 — J. 118 York, Duke of, 5 Yoruba, 153 ZAJtfBESi River, 144-146 Zanzibar, 141 Zenanas, work in, 190 Ziegenbalg, 163, 185 Zululand, Bishopric of, 130 SpottisKOode