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 SB EfiT 575 
 
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FRANZ THIMM'S 
 
 SERIES 
 
 OF 
 
 CLASSICAL, EUROPEAN 
 
 AND 
 
 ORIENTAL GEAMMAES 
 
 AFTER AN 
 
 EASY AND PRACTICAL METHOD. 
 
 PART XH. 
 THE TURKISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 FRANZ THIffll. 
 
 EUROPEAN AND OKIENTAL BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER. 
 24 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE W. 
 
 1877. 
 
TURKISH SELF-TAUGHT 
 
 OB THE 
 
 DEAGOMAN FOE TEAVELLEES IN THE EAST, 
 BEING A NEW 
 
 PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD 
 
 OF LEARNING THE 
 
 TUEKISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 BY 
 
 ABU SAID. 
 
 M 
 
 VOCABULARY GRAMMAR-DIALOGUES 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 FRANZ THIMM. 
 
 BUEOPEAN AND ORIENTAL BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER. 
 24 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE W. 
 
 1877. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 A new and improved 
 
 System 
 of learning Foreign Languages. 
 
 The study of Foreign Languages having become general, 
 the methods of teaching them have altered and improved, 
 so as to unite the changes which philology has suggested, 
 with those which the comparison of languages has taught. 
 
 The publisher has had this aim in view in the Series of 
 Foreign Grammars which has been issued under the title of 
 
 FEANZ THIMM'S 
 Series of Classical, European and Oriental Grammars 
 
 after an easy and improved method. 
 
 These Grammars combine Theory with Practice, and 
 
 follow the ideas which eminent men have adopted, as to the 
 
 clearest and most rational method of teaching languages. 
 
 On these valuable principles the following grammars 
 
 have been published : 
 
 for the German Language by MEISSNEE. 
 - - French by AHN. 
 
 - Italian v by MAECHETTI. 
 
 - Spanish - by SALVO. 
 
 - Portuguese - by CABANO. 
 
 - Danish - by LUND. 
 
 - Swedish by LENSTEOM. 
 
 M128662 
 
VI 
 
 for the Dutch Language by AHN. 
 
 - Russian by ALEXANDEOW. 
 
 - ModernGreek- by VLACHOS. 
 
 - Icelandic by BASK. 
 
 - Latin by SEEDENSTUCKEE. 
 
 - Hebrew - by HEEXHEIMEE. 
 But for the 
 
 Oriental Series 
 
 principally intended as a Dragoman for travellers, a new 
 plan had to be devised, as all Eastern Languages offer great 
 difficulties to learners in consequence of their written charac- 
 ters. 
 
 All Oriental Grammars hitherto published have been for 
 the learned, nothing has been done for the general Public, 
 and for them this Series is intended. 
 
 That it shall be possible for any one to take up the 
 study of an eastern language without a master has been 
 the editor's ruling idea, and: on this principle will be issued 
 the Grammars for the Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Hindos- 
 tanee and other Eastern Languages. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 First Course. 
 
 Page 
 
 The Pronunciation 1 
 
 The Alphabet 1 
 
 Vowels and orthographical Signs . . 4 
 
 The pronunciation of the letters 6 
 
 Remark to the student 7 
 
 Pronunciation of the letters 9 
 
 Part I. 
 
 Vocabulary and Exercises . . . . 17 
 
 For the pronunciation of letters 17 46 
 
 Part II. 
 
 Introduction to the grammatical form 47 
 
 The article 47 
 
 The substantive 47 
 
 Declension of the noun 48 
 
 The adjective . 55 
 
 Comparisons of adjectives 55 
 
 Formation of adjectives 55 
 
 Numerals 58 
 
 1. Cardinal numbers 58 
 
 2. Ordinal numbers 60 
 
 3. Fractional numbers 61 
 
 4. Distributive numbers 61 
 
 Pronouns 62 
 
 1. Personal Pronouns 62 
 
 2. Possessive Pronouns 63 
 
 Specimens of Declension with possessive affixes ... 65 
 
 3. Demonstrative Pronouns 67 
 
 4. Relative Pronouns 67 
 
 5. Interrogative Pronouns 68 
 
 6. Indefinite Pronouns . 69 
 
VIII 
 
 Page 
 
 The Verb 70 
 
 Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verbs 73 
 
 Conjugation of the Impersonal Verbs 79 
 
 Conjugation of regular Verbs 83 
 
 Conjugation of a negative Verb 91 
 
 Adverbs 95 
 
 Postpositions 100 
 
 Conjunctions 101 
 
 Interjections 102 
 
 A few practical Phrases 103 
 
 Practical English and Turkish Dictionary 111137 
 
 Coins used in Turkey 137 
 
TURKISH LANGUAGE 
 
 FIEST COURSE 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 THE ALPHABET. 
 
 The Turkish Alphabet is composed of the 33 following 
 letters represented by 17 primitive letters only; all of 
 which are written, like most Eastern languages, from the 
 right hand to the left. Each letter assumes a different 
 form, according to its position at the beginning, middle 
 or end of the words. 
 
 The following characters are written 1. when totally 
 unconnected with any other letter. 2. when at the end 
 of a word, or joined only to the letter preceding. 3. when 
 connected with the preceding and following letters. 
 4. when at the beginning of a word, or joined only to 
 the letter following. 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 
 
2 
 
 Name. 
 
 Form of Letters. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 Uncon- 
 nected 
 Cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Joi 
 
 Final 
 Con- 
 nected 
 Pre- 
 ceding 
 only. 
 
 ied to le 
 Middle 
 Con- 
 nected 
 or Pre- 
 ceding 
 and fol- 
 1 lowing. 
 
 tter. 
 
 Initial 
 or fol- 
 lowing 
 only. 
 
 Primitive Letters. 
 
 Alif 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 a, e, i a very soft sound 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 never joined to let- 
 
 Bay soft 
 
 V 
 
 * 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 - 
 
 b bay. [ters following. 
 
 Pay hard 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 * 
 
 f 
 
 
 P pay. 
 
 
 Tay s. 
 
 * 
 
 0, 
 
 A 
 
 J 
 
 
 t tay. 
 
 
 Say s. 
 
 *, 
 
 * 
 
 A 
 
 j 
 
 
 s ss like the french g. 
 
 Djim s. 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 gj 
 
 C 
 
 dj dch. 
 
 
 
 Tchim h. 
 
 
 >>. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 t tch hard. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 
 Hah h. 
 
 c 
 
 t 
 
 *v 
 
 - 
 
 
 h hah strong h. 
 
 
 Khay h. 
 
 t 
 
 e 
 
 *! 
 
 1 
 
 
 kh like chin the scotch 
 word loch, or ger- 
 
 Dal s. 
 
 * 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 d day -soft, [man ch. 
 
 Dsal s. 
 
 b 
 
 tX 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 z, ds soft like the 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 french z in zele 
 
 ? 
 
 Ray s. 
 
 ) 
 
 // 
 
 
 
 
 
 ) 
 
 r err 
 
 oined to 
 
 Zay s. 
 
 ) 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 z soft, as z in zero 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 Je h. 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j like the french j in 
 
 0* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 jour 
 
 5' 
 OK; 
 
 Sin s. 
 
 U" 
 
 U* ^ 
 
 * (^ 
 
 s sharp ss. 
 
 
Name. 
 
 Form of Letters. 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 Uncon- 
 nected 
 Cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Joit 
 
 Final 
 Con- 
 nected 
 Pre- 
 ceding 
 only. 
 
 ied to let 
 Middle 
 Con- 
 nected 
 or Pre- 
 ceding 
 and fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 ter. 
 
 Initial 
 or fol- 
 lowing 
 only. 
 
 Primitive letters. 
 
 Chin h. 
 
 $ 
 
 A 
 
 .w. 
 
 A 
 
 US 
 
 
 ch, sh. 
 
 Sad h. 
 
 
 
 U* 
 
 i* 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 ss, sharp. 
 
 Dhad s. 
 
 U* 
 
 ^ 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 z, a soft s. 
 
 Tay h. 
 
 Jb 
 
 k 
 
 k 
 
 L- 
 
 Jb 
 
 t, hard. 
 
 Tsay h. 
 (shay) 
 
 Jb 
 
 J!L 
 
 Ja 
 
 
 
 
 z, dzee, hard. 
 
 Aine s. 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 X 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 a soft guttural, like 
 
 i 
 
 w 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 ah, eh, ee, o. 
 
 ! Ghine h. 
 
 
 
 i. 
 
 X 
 
 * 
 
 
 g, hard guttural like gh. 
 
 Fay 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 O 
 
 f. 
 
 Kaf h. 
 
 
 
 c> 
 
 A 
 
 3 
 
 
 c, k, kah hard. 
 
 Keef s. 
 
 d 
 
 4, 
 
 x: 
 
 s 
 
 vJ 
 
 k, kah soft. 
 
 Gef(Guief) 
 
 . 
 
 , 
 ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 adjaymees. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i Saghir 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 n nasal. 
 
 noon h. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lam s. 
 
 J 
 
 J> 
 
 JL 
 
 ! 
 
 J 
 
 1. 
 
 Mini s. 
 
 r 
 
 r 
 
 * 
 
 JO 
 
 r 
 
 m. 
 
 Noon s. 
 
 u 
 
 u- 
 
 JL 
 
 ^ 
 
 u 
 
 n soft. 
 

 Form of Letters. 
 
 
 
 
 Joined to letter. 
 
 
 
 
 Name. 
 
 Uncon- 
 nected 
 
 Final 
 Con- 
 
 Middle 
 Con- 
 nected 
 
 Initial 
 
 1 
 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 
 Cha- 
 racters. 
 
 nected 
 Pre- 
 ceding 
 
 or Pre- 
 ceding 
 and fol- 
 
 or fol- 
 lowing 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 
 only. 
 
 lowing. 
 
 only. gj 
 
 
 Vav s. 
 
 j 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v, o, u in the middle and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 at the end of words it 
 
 Hay, He s. 
 
 S 
 
 X, 
 
 * 
 
 & 
 
 5 
 
 h, ah soft, [sounds like 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [o, oo, o. 
 
 ^e, Ye s. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 A 
 
 .> 
 
 ^ 
 
 soft j, i, y middle and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 final like ee. 
 
 Lani-Alif 
 
 y 
 
 ^X 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 is composed of J lam 
 
 
 
 
 
 and | alif. 
 
 The following letters never connect themselves with 
 the next. 
 
 I (Alif) o (Dal) b (Dsal) ; (Ray) } (Zay) - (Je) and 
 j (Vav) as: 
 
 ^\ zor, the power *j J ahrpah, the oats, J<> dahr, 
 narrow ^ota dahdee, the governess (S^* kahree, 
 the wife. 
 
 VOWELS AND OETHO GRAPHICAL SIGNS. 
 
 The Turks use three signs to express vowels, which are 
 
 placed either ahove or below the Consonants, namely: 
 
 ( " ) iistiin (over) an ohlique line over the consonant, 
 
 represents ah or a, the pronunciation of ah is used 
 
 with hard consonants, a with soft consonants, 
 
as: Jj- (kah) ^ (bay) ^JU (kahlb) the heart ^J 
 (balah) the misery. 
 
 ("7~) (ezray) an oblique line under the consonant, repre- 
 sents ee (kee) ^> (bee) y&jj (kees) the winter. 
 
 ( ' ) (uturu) over the consonant, represents the sound of 
 o or oo with hard consonants, or 6 or ii with soft 
 
 consonants as: ^ (po or poo) \ (zo or zii) j^jj 
 (puss) foggy. 
 
 The Accent of the Turkish word is always on the last 
 syllable, if the word be lengthened the accent changes 
 also, thus: 
 
 kitab, the book, kitabda, in the book. 
 
 The following signs to regulate the Turkish pronun- 
 ciation occur only in arabic words: 
 
 ( * ) iki iistiin for an or en. 
 
 ( ) iki esre for in. 
 
 ( G ) iki otiirii for an or un. 
 
 (_!_) gegm, denotes that after the consonant on which it 
 
 stands, the vowel is not pronounced. 
 (._!!_) tesdid, denotes the doubling of the consonant over 
 
 which it is placed, but this occurs only in arabic 
 
 words. 
 
 (jr_) meddelif or medda, stands over the Alif, if it be pro- 
 
 nounced as a pure ah. 
 (_.) hamze or hamzelif, stands over the Alif if it be pro- 
 
 nounced like ay-ay, if it stands over ^, it is pro- 
 
 nounced ii. 
 
_) vasl, stands over the 1, if it belongs to the arabic 
 Article al, in which case the 1 is dropped and the 
 next letter is doubly pronounced. 
 
 THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 
 
 The Turks have adopted the Arabic letters, but they 
 pronounce them much softer and with more harmony 
 of sound. The Alphabet consists of 28 arabic, four persian 
 characters, and only one purely turkish, the Sageer 
 
 noon ig>. 
 
 For the purpose of giving adequate sounds of the 
 turkish pronunciation, we have been obliged to adopt in 
 this little book for Self-tuition, certain rules of sounding 
 letters,, which the student must continually bear in 
 mind, for the english letters are not pliable^enough for 
 the soft sound of eastern pronunciation; but with the 
 assistance of some french and german letters a close and 
 correct sound of the real turkish pronunciation is ob- 
 tained. 
 
 The following are the rules adopted: 
 
 %. 
 a pure a like the a in father as: ot (at) 
 
 the horse M ara, the center, middle. 
 
 F\ - /r \ 
 
 c for a hard(^ch)like ch in c^in, with a(^V)sound as v*Ls&. 
 
 (ceecek) the flower ^f gee, late. 
 $ like the french^s^, 
 ch for (ghjsound, or sometimes soft like the german ch. 
 
e or e for the pureT^sound, like the french and german e. 
 
 g for the (JdsS^) sound. 
 
 h is always pronounced as^ in horse. 
 
 I for ^e/ like a french or german i i long ee i like 
 
 two e e. 
 j gr y to be pronounced like y in yes ji sounds like 
 
 V_ x"* 
 
 dshee. 
 
 s stands for. a hardfsh J 
 
 u stands for the(po^)sound, as in the word "moon." 
 
 ii must be pronounced like the german to. jDr the french 
 
 u in fut. 
 o is pronounced like the germanl^o ybr the french eu in 
 
 the word u feu 
 The other english letters are pronounced purely. 
 
 REMABK TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 The Turkish Language is a mixture of Arabic and 
 Persian, yet so beautifully constructed that a celebrated 
 Orientalist said of it "one might imagine it to be the 
 result of the deliberations of some eminent society of 
 learned men." 
 
 It is spoken and written not only by all the Turkish 
 Authorities at Constantinople and over the Ottoman Em- 
 pire, but by all educated persons in Syria, in Egypt, at 
 Tunis and at Tripoli, it is moreover the language of the 
 
People in the southern Provinces of Asiatic-Russia and 
 of Turkistan. 
 
 The Turkish letters appear at first sight very puzzling 
 and difficult to an English eye, we would therefore ad- 
 vise those who wish to learn the Turkish Language 
 quickly to copy each letter several times attentively; 
 not all the letters at once but three or four at a tiihe. 
 It will surprise the learner how soon he will understand 
 each letter in its various positions. The 17 primitive 
 forms can soon be acquired. Having once mastered the 
 Turkish Alphabet, he has also mastered that of the 
 Arabic, Persian and Hindustani, and has thus made a 
 considerable inroad into the Eastern Languages. 
 
 The beginner will do well to learn as many turkish 
 words as he can by sound only, as a child expresses it- 
 self before it knows the letters; this will greatly facilitate 
 the difficult reading and combination of the turkish letters, 
 and for this purpose the "English, French, Turkish and 
 Russian" Vocabulary, printed by the Publisher of this 
 Grammar, will be a valuable aid to the study and self- 
 tuition of the Turkish Language, and will be a convenient 
 travelling companion. 
 
9 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE LETTERS. 
 
 t Elif has no fixed sound, it being variously pronounced 
 a, e, i, u, as : 
 
 man, 
 civil, 
 
 4* 
 
 adem. 
 edeb. 
 
 distant, 
 hope, 
 
 J';l 
 
 Joo! 
 
 irak. 
 umid. 
 
 When followed t 
 forest, 
 
 ly . vav, it takes the 
 
 sound of o, u, o; as : 
 or man. 
 
 far, 
 
 07? 
 
 uzac. 
 
 to die, 
 
 ^j } \ 
 
 olmek. 
 
 v_j Be is pronounced as b in english. 
 
 gunpowder, 
 five, 
 
 u^ 
 
 baroot. 
 besh. 
 
 At the end of words, and preceding or following one 
 
 . 
 
 of the letters ^i) 
 pronounced p. 
 
 <_> P^ has the sound of the english p. 
 Pasha, 
 money, 
 
 ^ Te is pronounced like the english t. 
 musket, 
 tobacco, 
 
 It often changes to 
 jugations. 
 
 often 
 
 pasha, 
 para. 
 
 tufenk. 
 tutun. 
 
 , in the declensions and con- 
 
10 
 
 > Se is pronounced like the english s. 
 
 a dress, i*_>!.-$'l esvab. 
 
 turkish, (Jol+ie. ^osmanli. 
 
 ^ Djim is pronounced like the english j. 
 
 soul, ^L^. djdn. 
 
 sword, ^Jo killdj. 
 
 When following one of the before named consonants, it 
 changes to _ tchin. 
 
 -. Tchin is pronounced like, ch, in the word, cherry. 
 
 fountain, 
 much, 
 
 tcheshmeh. 
 tehiok. 
 
 Ha requires a strong aspiration of the h. 
 
 female apart- 
 ments, 
 doctor, 
 bath, 
 
 harem. 
 
 hekim. 
 hamdm. 
 
 , Khay has the sound of the german ch, or the scotch 
 word "loch". 
 
 unwell, aCCu^a. khdstd. 
 
 lady, |V->L&. khdnum. 
 
 t> Dal is pronounced like the english d. 
 
 enemy, \j+&& dushmen. 
 
 bed, dL&.O doshek. 
 
 It takes the sound of , following one of the previously 
 named consonants. 
 
11 
 
 O Zal has the sound of the english Z. 
 blame, *6 
 
 , Ray is pronounced like the english r. 
 
 repose, 
 continent, 
 
 Zay has the same sound as the & zal. 
 
 prison, 
 
 zem. 
 
 rdhat. 
 card. 
 
 zmdan. 
 
 * Je has a softer sound then d/w, being pronounced 
 like, j in the french word jour, the letter is rarely used, 
 numerous. | oyj /er/. 
 
 y* 5m is pronounced like ss, in the word, Mss. 
 the voice, U^-w sm. 
 
 sultan, jjltaJLv sultan. 
 
 palace, ,cl^ 5erF. 
 
 has the sound of the english sh. 
 
 sherab. 
 bakhshish. 
 
 _Mv*CO 
 
 f^ Shm, 
 
 wine, 
 gift, beer 
 money, 
 
 jo Sad, is similar to y* sin. 
 morning, 
 banker, 
 water, 
 
 sdbdh. 
 sdrdf. 
 sit. 
 
 o fihad, sometimes Zdd is pronounced like v zdy. 
 
 ready, 
 
 hdzir. 
 
12 
 
 Jo Tay has the sound of the english t. 
 parrot, ^Js^Jo 
 
 earth, ^jLjJb 
 
 Jo Tfcfly is pronounced like the 3 zal. 
 
 cruel, 
 
 victory, 
 
 opinion, 
 
 tutu, 
 toprac. 
 
 zalitn. 
 zefer. 
 zdn. 
 
 c Am; the pronunciation of this letter by the Turks 
 and Arabs, is difficult to acquire; it generally produces 
 a slight suspension of the voice, or sounds like a double 
 vowel, it will be denoted by an apostrophe. 
 
 arab, 
 life, 
 
 'drab. 
 'eumr. 
 
 c Ghain; requires a guttural articulation of gh. 
 
 stranger, 
 master, 
 
 U! 
 
 gharib. 
 
 ay ha. 
 
 / has the sound of the english /. 
 
 poor, 
 
 gentleman, 
 
 fakir, 
 efendy. 
 
 x ##/! corresponds to c, or ^r, in the word cake. 
 
 brother, 
 spoon, 
 
 ii*vO 
 
 cardash. 
 cashic. 
 
 In the declensions and conjugations it changes into 
 d ghain. 
 
 J Kief is pronounced, like k in english, with a slight 
 
13 
 
 articulation of an i, following it; it presents in reading 
 more difficulties than any other Turkish letter. 
 
 kiaghid. 
 
 kiaftr. 
 
 paper, 
 infidel, 
 
 < Guief, takes the sound of gui in the word guild; it 
 differs from the preceding letter, by three additional 
 points only, which the Turks however rarely use. 
 
 handsome, 
 rose, 
 
 guiuzel, 
 guiul. 
 
 In the middle or at the end of a word, it has the sound 
 of ?/, as <j*S^c> duyiin, wedding, ^o bei, prince. 
 
 < Saghir noon (or deaf noon), is pronounced with a 
 nasal sound, like the french n, in the words, non, son; 
 it is a sign of the genitive case, or pronoun in the second 
 person singular. 
 
 the sea, yTt> deniz. 
 
 of the rose, (J&f Qulun. 
 
 J Lam, is pronounced like the english /. 
 
 pen, jjli* calem. 
 
 condition, ^ JL^ Ml. 
 
 * Mm, is pronounced like the english m. 
 
 scissors, ^jo\Js.A micrds. 
 
 letter, ^ycX^o mekttib. 
 
 i* Noon, is pronounced like n in english. 
 
 wide, jJ^I inlu. 
 
 yesterday, *.t> dun. 
 
14 
 
 ^ Vav, takes the sound of v, o, u, in the middle and at 
 the end of words it sounds like, 0, u, 0. 
 
 to find, 
 
 good, 
 
 tinder, 
 
 "bulmak. 
 
 eiu. 
 
 kav. 
 
 s He, is a softly aspirated h, at the end of words, it is 
 pronounced eh or ah. 
 
 weather, !yo havah 
 
 in the house, 
 
 evdeh. 
 
 the heart, 
 a, one, 
 
 ^ Je, Ye, sounds like t/, in the english word yes ; in the 
 middle or at the end, it is pronounced like i or y. 
 
 yurek. 
 bin. 
 
 Mf is composed of the two letters J lam and 
 I elif, and is pronounced, Id. 
 
 tulip, ajy laleh. 
 
 closet, i^^t> doldb. 
 
15 
 
 VOWELS MIXED WITH CONSONANTS. 
 
 *r 
 
 e 
 
 | i 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 U. 
 
 i he 
 
 , - > 
 # In ^ 
 
 hii. 
 
 v 
 
 be 
 
 v bi 
 
 > 
 
 bu. 
 
 V P^ 
 
 > 
 
 LJ PI V^ 
 
 * -* * 
 
 pu. 
 
 i 
 
 te 
 
 v^> tl 
 
 
 
 tu. 
 
 ^> se 
 
 ^ Si vi> 
 
 sii. 
 
 c 
 
 dje 
 
 s: ^ 
 
 > 
 
 C 
 
 dju. 
 
 " tche 
 
 _. tchi l 
 
 tchii 
 
 c 
 
 ha 
 
 C .H 
 
 j 
 
 C 
 
 hu. 
 
 t gha 
 
 c ghi t 
 
 gWL 
 
 3 
 
 de 
 
 di 
 
 i 
 
 du. 
 
 j ze 
 
 6 zi 6 
 
 zii. 
 
 ; 
 
 re 
 
 ^ rl 
 
 ; 
 
 ru. 
 
 v ze 
 
 ; zi 5 
 
 zii. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 j 
 
 
 j> 
 
 je 
 
 J J" 1 
 
 j 
 
 J u - 
 
 \ ijw S(3 
 
 (J* SI jjw 
 
 sii. 
 
 L* 
 
 she 
 
 JA shi 
 
 j 
 
 shu. 
 
 Jo sa 
 
 > 
 
 1 JO ^1 1 JO 
 
 sii. 
 
 yi 
 
 zha 
 
 ^ zhi 
 
 ^ 
 
 zhu. 
 
 lo tha 
 
 ^> thi ij 
 
 thu. 
 
 1 
 
 zha 
 
 jb zhi 
 
 ^ 
 
 ? 
 Jb 
 
 zhu. 
 
 c aa 
 
 e ! e 
 
 u. 
 
 d 
 
 gha 
 
 i ^ 
 
 > 
 
 6 
 
 ghu. 
 
 J f e 
 
 
 
 fii. 
 
 j 
 
 ka 
 
 (j ki 
 
 9 
 
 ku. 
 
 <& ke 
 
 > 
 ^i) ki <i) 
 
 kii. 
 
 x 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 . '. 
 
 
 . 
 
 _ 
 
 * . _ 
 
 *' 
 
 - i: 
 
 .* 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ne 
 
 <^5 ni 
 
 (g 
 
 nu. 
 
 <T gue 
 
 tf gui < 
 
 guiii 
 
 j 
 
 le 
 
 j H 
 
 j 
 
 lii. 
 
 Jl me 
 
 * mi x 
 
 mii. 
 
 c> 
 
 ne 
 
 o ni 
 
 J> 
 
 nil. 
 
 5 ve 
 
 ! vi ^ 
 
 vii. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ) 
 
 
 
16 
 
 These syllables are spelt in the following manner. 
 Elif ustun, e; elif esreh i; elif uturu u. E, i, u. 
 
 Be ustun, be; be esreh, bt; be uturu bu. Be, bi, bu. 
 
 Djim ustun, dje; djim esreh, djl; djim uturu dju. Dje, djl, dju. 
 Ha ustun, Ha; ha esreh, hi; ha uturu, hu. Ha, hi, hu. 
 Kha ustun, kha; kha esreh, khl; kha uturu, khii. Kha,khi,khii. 
 Dal ustun, de; dal esreh, dl; dal uturu, du. De, dl, du. 
 Zal ustun, ze; zal esreh, zl; zal uturu, zfi. Ze, zi, zii. 
 &c. &c. 
 
PAET I. 
 VOCABULARY, AND EXERCISES 
 
 FOB THE PRONUNCIATION OF LETTEKS. 
 
 The Turkish Language has neither a definite article 
 nor a gender. A definite idea is expressed by placing the 
 substantive in the accusative case. The indefinite article 
 however is o bir, one, a, an. 
 
 THE SPIRITUAL WORLD. 
 
 God, 
 
 the sky. heaven, 
 
 the earth, 
 
 paradise, 
 
 hell, 
 
 the angel, 
 
 the devil, 
 
 purgatory, 
 
 the Apostle, 
 
 ut 
 
 >~ 
 
 allah*) 
 
 geeuk. 
 
 yerr. 
 
 djennet. 
 
 djehennem. 
 
 mdylek. 
 
 sh$tdn. 
 
 drdf. 
 
 recoul. 
 
 *) The h when it occurs is always to be pronounced. 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 2 
 
18 
 
 THE WORLD AND ITS ELEMENTS. 
 
 t ii 
 
 The world, 
 
 Lo4 
 
 dunyah. &^nu&^ 
 
 the life, 
 
 7** 
 
 * 
 omr. cryrt<t-Lsis 
 
 the death, 
 
 Jjt 
 
 Olilm. {J ~^L^yy^ 
 
 the sun, 
 
 \f* 
 
 gunesh. 
 
 the moon, 
 
 g\ 
 
 dee. 
 
 the star, 
 
 )^r> 
 
 yilditz. 
 
 the planet, 
 
 ; CL 
 
 seldrdy. 
 
 the comet, 
 
 vjJb J^vJjJ 
 
 quiruqll yilditz. 
 
 the air, 
 
 ly. 
 
 hdvd. 
 
 the water, 
 
 r 
 
 ZU. ^&J^^^ 
 
 the fire, 
 
 A^T 
 
 dtesh. 
 
 the earth, 
 spring, 
 
 "52 
 
 toprdck. UbhM**<^ 
 behdr. 
 
 summer, 
 
 Y*^ 
 
 iats. 
 
 autumn, 
 
 >L ff^ (j> *~\o 
 
 son behdr. /? 
 
 winter, 
 
 *'*i' 
 
 kish. l&<~4 
 
 
 y** 
 
 } 
 
 light, 
 
 ^jjjjol 
 
 aidinlik. 
 
 the rainbow. 
 
 &4..l O 
 
 sdghmah. 
 
 the clouds, 
 
 yb^Jb 
 
 bulutler. ^ 
 
 rain, 
 
 ;^**^. 
 
 ydghmur . ty&Q * nu \ 
 
 hail, 
 
 . f- IP 
 
 tulu. 
 
 snow, 
 
 xU 
 
 car. 
 
 frost, 
 
 ^ly 
 
 kiraghu. 
 
 ice. 
 
 1^3 
 
 buz. 
 
 thaw, 
 
 cs^ ^;';^ 
 
 buz erimesy. 
 
 dew, 
 
 x^ 
 
 tchih. 
 
 a fog, 
 
 ^uyL 
 
 tumdn. G/U^/rnA** I 
 
 an earthquake, 
 
 "W 
 
 zelzeleh. 
 
19 
 
 thunder, 
 lightning, 
 a tempest, 
 heat, 
 cold, 
 
 wind, 
 
 iyldirim* 
 
 shimshek. 
 
 tufan. 
 
 issidjac. 
 
 sunk. 
 
 ruzguiar. 
 
 THE EARTH. 
 
 The earth, 
 
 the continent, 
 
 the island, 
 
 the peninsula, 
 
 the isthmus, 
 
 the headland, 
 
 the gulf, 
 
 the port, 
 
 the roadstead, 
 
 the ocean, 
 
 the sea, 
 
 the Mediterranean, 
 
 the Black Sea, 
 
 the Caspian Sea, 
 
 the lake, 
 
 the river, 
 
 the stream, 
 
 the brook, 
 
 the torrent, 
 
 the spring, 
 
 
 drs. 
 
 /card. 
 
 ddhd. 
 
 mm gesire. 
 
 derbend. 
 
 burun. 
 
 korfes. 
 
 limdn. 
 
 wrl. 
 
 dkidnos. 
 
 denitz. 
 
 dk denitz. 
 
 /card denitz. 
 
 Mhr ul-hdser. 
 
 guol. 
 
 nehr. 
 
 tcd'i. 
 
 djuice. 
 
 zeiL 
 
 cechme. 
 2* 
 
20 
 
 the mouth of the 
 
 river, 
 the bank, 
 the mountain, 
 the hill, 
 the valley, 
 the plain, 
 the forest, 
 the desert, 
 the meadow, 
 
 sddji'dt. 
 
 mil kendr. 
 
 ddgh. 
 
 Mir tepe. 
 
 dere vddi. 
 
 ova idts. 
 
 or man. 
 
 col. 
 
 cd'ir. 
 
 METAI/S AND MINEEALS. 
 
 Metals and minerals, 
 gold, 
 silver, 
 bronze, 
 copper, 
 ead, 
 tin, 
 iron, 
 
 quicksilver, 
 sulphur, 
 antimony, 
 
 arsenc 
 
 edjsai md'deniie. 
 
 dltun. 
 
 gumush. 
 
 pirmdch. 
 
 backiir. 
 
 kurshun. 
 
 kdlai. 
 
 demir. 
 
 djwd sibik. 
 
 kibrit. 
 
 rdstik. 
 
 sitshdn oti. 
 
 THE MONTHS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK &c. 
 
 January, ^jU ^j& kanooni zani. 
 
 February, ^Lxx shuMt. 
 
 March, c^\Lo mart. 
 
21 
 
 April, 
 
 ^LwUU 
 
 neecdn. 
 
 May, 
 
 (j*oLo 
 
 metis. 
 
 June, 
 
 u'r^ 
 
 hdtseerdn. 
 
 July, 
 
 )r* J 
 
 temoots. 
 
 August, 
 
 u*y^T 
 
 dghostos. 
 
 September, 
 
 JjJb! 
 
 illool. 
 
 October, 
 
 J^t ^v&S 
 
 teshrm-i-evvel. 
 
 November, 
 
 ^U ^~o 
 
 teslirin-i-zanee. 
 
 December, 
 
 Jjt ^jjfc' 
 
 kdnun-i-evvel. 
 
 Sunday, 
 
 ^^TslvL 
 
 batzdr gunu. 
 
 Monday, 
 
 <5*ojj| ; t)b 
 
 Mtzctr ertdyzee. 
 
 Tuesday, 
 
 jLo 
 
 zalee. 
 
 Wednesday, 
 
 auJL& ; L$a. 
 
 cdrshembe. 
 
 Thursday, 
 
 iuJLc^sUj 
 
 pendshembe. 
 
 Friday, 
 
 J^J 
 
 djumd. 
 
 Saturday, 
 
 ^^^1 iUL*.^ 
 
 djumd ertdyzee. 
 
 a year, 
 
 *J^ 
 
 sene. 
 
 an epoch, 
 
 d*) 
 
 semdn. 
 
 a date, 
 
 'j>l.)^ 
 
 tdrukh. 
 
 eternity, 
 
 &J 
 
 eslnet. 
 
 THE TIME. 
 
 The day, 
 
 ^ 
 
 gun. 
 
 the night, 
 
 **\f 
 
 gedje. 
 
 morning, 
 
 El 4 . 
 
 zdbdH. 
 
 evening, 
 
 1 
 
 dkhcdm. 
 
 noon, 
 
 KJb.t 
 
 oile. 
 
 midnight, 
 
 *?^n^ 
 
 jdrim gedje. 
 
99 
 
 Jpw 
 
 at midnight, 
 
 yesterday evening, 
 
 the afternoon, 
 
 night and day, 
 
 sunrise, 
 
 sunset, 
 
 an hour, 
 
 half an hour, 
 
 a minute, 
 
 beginning, 
 
 middle, 
 
 end, 
 
 today, 
 
 yesterday, 
 
 the day before yes- 
 terday, 
 
 tomorrow, 
 
 / 
 
 *\ 
 
 dun jaricinde. 
 
 diin dkhcdm. 
 
 ikindi. 
 
 gedje ve gundus. 
 
 gun dhoghucu. 
 
 gun bdttci. 
 
 btr sd'dt. 
 
 jdrim sd'dt. 
 
 ddkikd. 
 
 tbttdd. 
 
 ortd. 
 
 nihdjet. 
 
 bu guiun. 
 
 diin. 
 
 o bir guiun. 
 
 yarin. 
 
 AND RELATIONS. 
 
 Man, 
 
 the woman, 
 Sir (Mr.), 
 Madam (Mrs.), 
 the father, 
 the mother, 
 the brother, 
 the sister, 
 
 the uncle, 
 the aunt, 
 
 dddm. 
 
 carl. 
 
 -_*- j- 
 efendi. 
 
 khdmm. 
 
 peder. 
 
 valide. 
 
 kdrddsh btradir, 
 
 kiitz kdrddsh 
 
 hemshire. 
 dmdjd. 
 khald. 
 
23 
 
 the parents, 
 the son, 
 the daughter, 
 the child, 
 the boy, 
 the girl, 
 the youth, 
 the maiden, 
 infancy, 
 youth, 
 
 age, 
 
 an old man, 
 
 'f 
 
 dkrabalar. 
 
 off hi evldd. 
 
 kutz. 
 
 codshook. 
 
 bekidr. 
 
 bikr. 
 
 oglan. 
 
 kutz. 
 
 codjuklik. 
 
 gilnedjUk. 
 
 whtijdrlik. 
 
 kodjalik. 
 
 ichtijdr kodja, 
 
 THE BODY. 
 
 The limb, 
 
 y*L, 
 
 uzef. 
 
 the forehead, 
 
 ^\ 
 
 dim. 
 
 the skull, 
 
 ^Lb j^L 
 
 bach thacl. 
 
 the face, 
 
 )t* 
 
 iutz. 
 
 the eyes, 
 
 )^ 
 
 ffiiitz. 
 
 the eyebrows, 
 
 ijte 
 
 kdsh. 
 
 the eye-lash, 
 
 &*ff 
 
 kirpik. 
 
 the head, 
 
 jib 
 
 bdsh. f 
 
 the hair, 
 
 r^ 
 
 sdtch. 
 
 the nose, 
 
 o)y* 
 
 boroon burn. 
 
 the mouth, 
 
 1^ 
 
 dgJiitz. 
 
 the teeth, 
 
 JUO(> - 
 
 dischler. 
 
 the neck, 
 
 ch'r 3 
 
 bojoun. 
 
 the hands, 
 
 r Li 
 
 eller* 
 
24 
 
 the heart, 
 the stomach, 
 the foot, 
 the ears, 
 the cheeks, 
 the tongue, 
 the palate, 
 the lips, 
 the chin, 
 the shoulders, 
 the chest, 
 the elbow, 
 the arm, 
 the finger, 
 the nails, 
 the knee, 
 the blood, 
 a vein, 
 an artery, 
 a nerve, 
 a muscle. 
 
 the soul, 
 
 the spirit, 
 
 intelligence, 
 
 reason, 
 
 good sense, 
 
 memory, 
 
 wisdom, 
 
 sjuuo 
 
 p&* 
 
 MENTAL FACULTIES. 
 
 yurek. 
 
 meede. 
 
 djdk. 
 
 kolackldr. 
 
 jdndkldr. 
 
 dill. 
 
 dimdgh. 
 
 doddk. 
 
 chayne. 
 
 omuz. 
 
 giojus. 
 
 dirsek. 
 
 koll 
 
 pdrmdck. 
 
 tirndck. 
 
 dltz. 
 
 kdn. 
 
 dhdmdr. 
 
 sdh dhdmdr. 
 
 ziriir. 
 
 zinirll et. 
 
 djan. 
 
 ziihn. 
 
 dkl. 
 
 khured hush. 
 
 hushimendi. 
 
 hufz. 
 
 hukmet. 
 
25 
 
 prudence, 
 
 CJvAA^J 
 
 bacured. 
 
 goodness, 
 
 i 
 
 (home! good) ejltk. 
 
 modesty, 
 
 ^L^: 
 
 hiid/db. 
 
 piety, 
 
 S 
 
 merhdmet. 
 
 mercy, 
 
 
 rdhmet. 
 
 justice, 
 
 s 
 
 dddlet. 
 
 discretion, 
 
 ^jp*-A^O t 
 
 usluluk. 
 
 sweetness, 
 
 ^jLt&f*j 
 
 idvacliik. 
 
 confidence, 
 
 o\^\ 
 
 itimdd. 
 
 experience, 
 
 SL>f 
 
 tedjribe. 
 
 intrepidity, 
 
 ) 
 
 djecdret. 
 
 courage, 
 
 
 ghdiret. 
 
 love, 
 
 (jAe 
 
 ask. 
 
 hatred, 
 
 (J^fr u*r^ 
 
 ghdrds keen. 
 
 anger, 
 
 ^jJbjixb 
 
 darghunluk. 
 
 pride, 
 
 (d^jjtc 
 
 mdghrurluk. 
 
 desire, 
 
 i j 
 
 drsu. 
 
 hope, 
 
 Juyol 
 
 umid. 
 
 jy> 
 
 jjJoLo 
 
 shdshluk. 
 
 grief, 
 
 ^ 
 
 kacafoet. 
 
 pain, 
 
 (J! 
 
 elem. 
 
 fear, 
 
 v 
 
 korku. 
 
 fright, 
 
 J^J 
 
 rd'b. 
 
 despair, 
 
 V^AJywwiXAvo! 
 
 umidzisllk. 
 
 tranquillity, 
 
 VSfcdfcfj 
 
 rdhdt. 
 
 will, 
 
 / 
 
 irddet. 
 
 folly, 
 
 dULJo 
 
 delffik. 
 
 suspicion, 
 
 ^s^ 
 
 shubhe. 
 
 envy, 
 
 <x^^ 
 
 hdsed. 
 
 shame, 
 
 (jJU^b.l 
 
 utdnmdkluk. 
 
26 
 
 IMPERFECTIONS AND DISEASES OF THE BODY. 
 
 blind, 
 
 ))^ 
 
 ^or. 
 
 lame, 
 
 Jbjfc 
 
 topal. 
 
 maimed, 
 
 O^W 
 
 tchollac. 
 
 deaf, 
 
 jiLs 
 
 scighir. 
 
 dumb, 
 
 y*Ja 
 
 dilsitz. 
 
 illness, 
 
 dUaJuA^ 
 
 khdstalik. 
 
 fever, 
 
 U=* 
 
 hitmd. 
 
 ague, 
 
 **Ju* 
 
 sitmah. 
 
 plague, 
 
 (J^r^ 
 
 jumrudjac. 
 
 colic, 
 
 ^soLo 
 
 sdndji. 
 
 dysentery, 
 
 (S^T* 1 ^ 
 
 itch dghrissi. 
 
 gout, 
 
 yp^. 
 
 nikriz. 
 
 asthma, 
 
 ^1*^ ^-b 
 
 tek nefeslu. 
 
 apoplexy, 
 
 iJUb 
 
 ddmlah. 
 
 small pox, 
 
 L-*JL i <v t *'^ 
 
 V V 
 
 tcldtchek. 
 
 jaundice, 
 
 I&jo\w0 
 
 sdrilik. 
 
 measles, 
 
 L3^ 'V* 
 
 kizdmdc. 
 
 consumption, 
 
 r;^ 
 
 verim. 
 
 inflammation, 
 
 aJ\U 
 
 ndzileh. 
 
 a cold, 
 
 H| 
 
 zukiam. 
 
 tooth-ache, 
 
 
 dish aghrisi. 
 
 head-ache, 
 
 ^^jUt jib 
 
 bash aghrisi. 
 
 laughing, 
 
 &J^ 
 
 gulme. 
 
 tears, 
 
 ^&L v^5" 
 
 gilds jdchi. 
 
 respiration, 
 
 (j^Ai 
 
 nefes. 
 
 sighing, 
 
 5? 
 
 ah. 
 
 sneezing, 
 
 MyJf| 
 
 dksirmd. 
 
sleep, 
 
 idleness, 
 
 forgetfulness, 
 
 dUUUs 
 
 ojuku. 
 
 tenbellik. 
 
 unutma. 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 The coat, 
 the shoes, 
 the watch, 
 the shirt, 
 the stockings, 
 the trousers, 
 the waist-coat, 
 the drawers, 
 trousers of the 
 
 turkish ladies, 
 the dress, 
 the frock-coat, 
 the hat, 
 the bonnet, 
 the red cap, 
 the turban, 
 the cloak, 
 the slippers, 
 the boots, 
 linen, 
 cloth, 
 
 the handkerchief, 
 gloves, 
 the shawl, 
 
 ju 
 
 zeln. 
 
 kundiira. 
 
 zcihdt. 
 
 gwmlek. 
 
 cdrdb. 
 
 pdntdlon. 
 
 jelek. 
 
 don. 
 
 cmtidn. 
 
 libas urba. 
 
 djubbe. 
 
 cdpkd. 
 
 kdlpdk. 
 
 fez. 
 
 kdvuk zdrik. 
 
 ferddje kdpoth. 
 
 pdpuc. 
 
 citsme. 
 
 cdmdchir. 
 
 bez. 
 
 mendeel. 
 
 eldiven. 
 
 shdL 
 
28 
 
 the dress, 
 
 ^VJUi 
 
 kaftan. 
 
 the petticoat, 
 
 uUcuo 
 
 fist an. 
 
 the apron, 
 
 *jy 
 
 futd. 
 
 velvet, 
 
 &A*k3 
 
 kadife. 
 
 cloth, 
 
 2t3f* 
 
 cohd. 
 
 bed clothes, 
 
 OU*sll 
 
 cdrchdf. 
 
 wool, 
 
 ^ 
 
 jun. 
 
 silk, 
 
 viJLo! 
 
 ipek. 
 
 the comb, 
 
 jflJb 
 
 thdrdk. 
 
 the razor, 
 
 5*JU*jl 
 
 us turd. 
 
 the button, 
 
 **A 
 
 dujme. 
 
 HOUSE AND FURNITURE. 
 
 The house, 
 
 > | 
 
 ev. 
 
 the door, 
 
 y& 
 
 kapu. kdpe. 
 
 the key, 
 
 \ v<^*^V3 1 
 
 andchtdr. 
 
 the stairs, 
 
 Lj O v-3 
 
 merdiven. 
 
 the room, 
 
 Jtb^l 
 
 odhd. odd. 
 
 the window, 
 
 5 7^4. 
 
 pengere. 
 
 the chair, 
 
 jd^M.t 
 
 iskemle. 
 
 the table, 
 
 S^w. 
 
 zdfrd. 
 
 the bed, 
 
 ^Ucj 
 
 jdtdk. 
 
 the candle, 
 
 r yo 
 
 mum. 
 
 the kitchen, 
 
 ^H^ 
 
 methbdkh. 
 
 the well, 
 
 ^ 
 
 kuju. 
 
 the garden, 
 
 V 
 
 bdgtce. 
 
 the roof, 
 
 j!i> -.^gA^I ^1 
 
 ef ustl dam. 
 
 the wall, 
 
 ;W- i> 
 
 divdr. 
 
 the chimney, 
 
 .vLJ.I 
 
 ogdk. 
 
29 
 
 the terrace, 
 
 the chest of drawers, 
 
 the wardrobe, 
 
 sideboard, 
 
 the larder, 
 
 the carpet, 
 
 the sofa, 
 
 the rug, 
 
 the mattress, 
 
 cushion, 
 
 the straw-mattress, 
 tapestry, 
 the clock, 
 the curtain, 
 the picture, 
 the bellows, 
 the scissors, 
 the salt-cellar, 
 the water-bottle, 
 the glass, 
 the bottle, 
 the cup, 
 the towel, 
 the lock, 
 the pin, 
 the needle, 
 
 u'^' 
 
 eivdn. 
 
 0."^$ 
 
 doldb. 
 esvdb khdsmeci 
 
 15 ^v . 
 
 sofrd dolabi. 
 kildr. 
 kali. 
 
 va^jS 
 
 kerevet. 
 
 ^ 
 
 jorghdn. 
 minder. 
 
 ^jJbUo 
 
 sdmdnluk. 
 
 (. 
 
 %f % 
 
 zdr. 
 
 *** ) 
 
 cdldr sd'dt. 
 perde. 
 tdsvir. 
 
 "d)yf 
 
 koruk. 
 
 uoty^ 
 
 mikrdz. 
 
 .U ;y> 
 
 tuz kdbi. 
 
 jjoo! 
 
 ibruk. 
 
 aL^xo 
 
 kddeh. 
 chzche. 
 
 205! 
 
 fmdjdn. 
 peskir. 
 kdfl. 
 thopluk. 
 ikne. 
 
30 
 
 THE TABLE AND NUTEIMENTS. 
 
 The breakfast, 
 
 ts*' 1 M* 
 
 kahvalti. 
 
 the dinner, 
 
 (jJL^I r L*io 
 
 thadm w/ew- 
 
 
 15^ 
 
 jemeji. 
 
 the supper, 
 
 ^jc+j piLu 
 
 dksdm jemeji. 
 
 the table, 
 
 5 yAj\A/ 
 
 sofra. 
 
 a dish, 
 
 ^jLJb 
 
 thdbdk. 
 
 a plate, 
 
 ijUa. 
 
 cdndk. 
 
 a spoon, 
 
 (JfJbUi 
 
 kdshiik. 
 
 a fork, 
 
 JU^ 
 
 cdtdl. 
 
 a knife, 
 
 jjLgu 
 
 bicdk. 
 
 a napkin, 
 
 wOCxLo 
 
 pechkir. 
 
 nutriments, food, 
 
 sil^UO 
 
 jejegek. 
 
 bread, 
 
 viusi 
 
 ekmek. 
 
 meat, 
 
 ^>1 
 
 et. 
 
 bouillon, 
 
 (5^r' 
 
 et swii. 
 
 soup, 
 
 L?;^ 
 
 corbd. 
 
 boiled meat, 
 
 u^y^ 
 
 sdjiis. 
 
 roast meat, 
 
 ^JuS' 
 
 kebab. 
 
 beef, 
 
 _Sl *JLuo 
 
 sighir eti 
 
 
 aiJUiL 
 
 hdchldmd. 
 
 mutton, 
 
 C5 5 ' U^' 
 
 kojun eti. 
 
 veal, 
 
 ^1 ^1)^? 
 
 busdghu eti. 
 
 lamb, 
 
 C5- 5 '' ^r 5 
 
 kusu eti. 
 
 calves-head, 
 
 ^b^t^ 
 
 busdghu bdchl. 
 
 tongue, 
 
 ij.13 OLA.O 
 
 sighir dili. 
 
 chicken, 
 
 ^s^-b 
 
 pilidj. 
 
 fish, 
 
 ^JL 
 
 Mlik. 
 
 pudding, 
 
 u^ 
 
 g uioden. 
 
 sausage, 
 
 XLJO..J ,5^^ 
 
 sudjuk bumbdr 
 
31 
 
 pie, 
 
 4)9* 
 
 ~borek. 
 
 salad, 
 
 xL0 
 
 sdldtd. 
 
 cheese, 
 
 jjUUu 
 
 peinir. 
 
 butter,* 
 
 .0 x.V 
 C5> ** j 
 
 tere jdghi. 
 
 sauce, 
 
 f^W&OyJ rl *_Y* 
 
 id' dm terliieci 
 
 sugar, 
 
 jCco 
 
 cheker. 
 
 honey, 
 
 JL 
 
 Ml. 
 
 milk, 
 
 *y 
 
 sud. 
 
 cream, 
 
 (3+** 
 
 kdimdk. 
 
 oil, 
 
 ^fcL jjjfcjv 
 
 seitm idgln. 
 
 vinegar, 
 
 *j==,y 
 
 zirke. 
 
 mustard, 
 
 Jby^ 
 
 khdrddl. 
 
 salt, 
 
 )& 
 
 tutz. 
 
 pepper, 
 wine, 
 
 h 
 
 V'r-^ 
 
 Mber. 
 ~sdrab. 
 
 brandy, 
 
 ^7^ 
 
 rdkl. 
 
 tea, 
 
 (5^ 
 
 tchai. 
 
 coffee, 
 
 5^5 
 
 cahveh. 
 
 the dessert, 
 
 )T^ 
 
 ceres. 
 
 water, 
 
 r 
 
 su. 
 
 beer, 
 
 ^AflUt 
 
 arpasui. 
 
 sugar and water, 
 
 OOj-CO 
 
 sherbet. 
 
 lemonade, 
 
 ^ b ^' 
 
 elimunatah. 
 
 DEMANDS. 
 
 Some bread, 
 
 iU! 
 
 ekmek. 
 
 some water, 
 
 r 
 
 sit. 
 
 some cheese, 
 
 rHSf. 
 
 peinir. 
 
 some eggs, 
 
 *b)r*. 
 
 jumurtd. 
 
 some meat, 
 
 vail 
 
 et. 
 
32 
 
 some fish, 
 some wine, 
 some beer, 
 some butter, 
 some tea, 
 
 batik. 
 
 sdrab. 
 
 drpd suyou btra. 
 
 say jdghijdgh. 
 
 cdj. 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 The herb, 
 
 lS>j1 
 
 0^. 
 
 the carrot, 
 
 r^ 
 
 hdvug. 
 
 the turnip, 
 
 J3UI& 
 
 chdlgdm. 
 
 the leek, 
 
 *~1ji 
 
 prdpd. 
 
 the radish, 
 
 
 turp. 
 
 cabbage, 
 
 ioi 
 
 Idhdnd. 
 
 cauliflower, 
 
 ooly 
 
 karnabit. 
 
 onions, 
 
 u^r 
 
 zoghdn. 
 
 garlic, 
 
 ^jLwAX^-O 
 
 zdrimsdk. 
 
 7 7_ 7 
 
 asparagus, 
 
 Y*"j^ u"?* 
 
 kuch konmas 
 
 artichoke, 
 
 xLjJot 
 
 engmdr. 
 
 lettuce, 
 
 J.xLx> 
 
 mdrul. 
 
 celery, 
 
 )> 
 
 kirlvis. 
 
 parsley, 
 
 U-yJobo 
 
 mdgMdnos. 
 
 cucumber, 
 
 .L*. 
 
 khyjdr. 
 
 spinach, 
 
 (jjLv^l 
 
 ispdndk. 
 
 gourd, 
 
 . jM 
 
 kabak. 
 
 rice, 
 
 /jp-y. 
 
 pirlng. 
 
 caper, 
 
 s^J" 
 
 gebere. 
 
 mushroom, 
 
 oOx> 
 
 mdntdr. 
 
 the white bean, 
 
 LJ^U 
 
 fdculid. 
 
 beans, 
 
 L^r^ 
 
 lotyd. 
 
33 
 
 peas, 
 
 *^H 
 
 piselia. 
 
 lentils, 
 
 viJU^v* 
 
 merdjimek. 
 
 cresses, 
 
 sJ>* 
 
 ,- 3L 
 
 tere. 
 
 corn, 
 
 i^tJou 
 
 boghddl 
 
 rye, 
 
 ;^;L^ 
 
 cidvddr. 
 
 barley, 
 
 *&l 
 
 drpd. 
 
 oats, 
 
 oiLj 
 
 juldf. 
 
 hay, 
 
 ijj^l 
 
 otluk. 
 
 straw, 
 
 ^U-o 
 
 sdmdn. 
 
 flour, 
 
 l 
 
 oun. 
 
 FEU1TS. 
 
 The apple, 
 the pear, 
 peach, 
 apricot, 
 melon, 
 water melon, 
 
 fig, 
 
 grape, 
 
 almond, 
 
 raspberry, 
 
 mulberry, 
 
 orange, 
 
 lemon, 
 
 strawberries, 
 
 the nut, 
 
 hazel-nuts, 
 
 gooseberries, 
 
 Turkish Grammar 
 
 Ul 
 
 elma. 
 
 drmud. 
 
 ceftali. 
 
 kdici. 
 
 kdvun. 
 
 kdrpus. 
 
 mgir. 
 
 usum. 
 
 bddem. 
 
 biigurtlen. 
 
 dud tut. 
 
 portdkdl. 
 
 limon. 
 
 cilek. 
 
 gevits. 
 
 findiik. 
 
 frenk usumii, 
 3 
 
34 
 
 chesnut, 
 
 cherry, 
 
 plum, 
 
 date, 
 
 pomegranate, 
 
 olive, 
 
 kestane. 
 
 kirds. 
 
 erik. 
 
 khurmd. 
 
 endr. 
 
 seitun. 
 
 TUBES. 
 
 A fig tree, 
 an orange-tree, 
 an apple-tree, 
 a pear tree, 
 a mulberry-tree, 
 a peach-tree, 
 a plum-tree, 
 a walnut-tree, 
 an olive-tree, 
 a chesnut-tree, 
 an almond-tree, 
 a cherry-tree, 
 the oak, 
 the elm, 
 the beech, 
 the pine, 
 the cypress, 
 the fir, 
 the poplar, 
 the willow, 
 the lime, 
 
 indjir aghadji. 
 turundj aghadji. 
 elmd aghadji. 
 drmud aghadji. 
 tut aghadji. 
 ceftali aghadji. 
 erik aghadji. 
 djeviz aghadji. 
 zeitun aghadji. 
 kestaneh aghadji. 
 badem aghadji. 
 vishni aghadji. 
 misheh aghadji. 
 card aghadji. 
 cdin aghadji. 
 cam aghadji. 
 servi aghadji. 
 tchdm aghadji. 
 cdvdc aghadji. 
 soyut aghadji. 
 filamur aghadji. 
 
35 
 
 the lime, 
 
 ^^L&J ^jjojw 
 
 oghldmur dghadji. 
 
 the laurel, 
 
 ,-a-Ul xJLs<> 
 
 defneh dghadji. 
 
 the acacia, 
 
 ^UIJ^ 
 
 sdnt dghadji. 
 
 
 FIELD CHOPS. 
 
 
 Wheat, 
 
 ^tjJb 
 
 boghddi. 
 
 barley, 
 
 4>' 
 
 drpd. 
 
 oats, 
 
 ***y& 
 
 yuldf. 
 
 rice, 
 
 f~*T* 
 
 Hirindje. 
 
 maize, 
 
 ^tjc*j^ax> 
 
 mmrboghdai. 
 
 flour, 
 
 u; 1 
 
 un. 
 
 grass, 
 
 ^jf 
 
 ot. 
 
 hay, 
 
 gfc,l 
 
 otluk. 
 
 
 FLOWEBS. 
 
 
 A flower, 
 
 dL^ 
 
 tchltchek. 
 
 a rose, 
 
 J^ 
 
 guiul. 
 
 a lily, 
 
 (3-y) 
 
 zaribac. 
 
 a violet, 
 
 a^Jij^ 
 
 benefsheh. 
 
 a pink, 
 
 Ju3y 
 
 carenftl. 
 
 jessamine, 
 
 *.X*-U/LJ 
 
 jdssmir. 
 
 a lilac, 
 
 ^^LJ 
 
 leilac. 
 
 a tulip, 
 
 ijy 
 
 laleh. 
 
 a hyacinth, 
 
 J^^Lu, 
 
 sunbul. 
 
 mignionette, 
 
 >*? 
 
 faghv. 
 
 . 
 
 ANIMALS. 
 
 - 
 
 Wild animals, 
 
 T^'T*^ u^ 
 
 jebdn haivanlar. 
 
 lion, 
 
 ,J^U,st 
 
 drsldn. 
 
 tiger, 
 
 u^* 5 
 
 cap Jan. 
 
 
 
 3* 
 
36 
 
 elephant, 
 
 leopard, 
 
 camel, 
 
 deer, 
 
 wolf, 
 
 wild boar, 
 
 hyena, 
 
 bear, 
 
 fox, 
 
 hare, 
 
 rabbit, 
 
 squirrel, 
 
 weasel, 
 
 monkey, 
 
 mouse, 
 
 rat, 
 
 mole, 
 
 horse, 
 
 mare, 
 
 colt, 
 
 bull, 
 
 ox, 
 
 cow, 
 
 calf, 
 
 dog, 
 
 ass, 
 
 mule, 
 
 ram, 
 
 sheep, 
 
 lamb, 
 
 Uet 
 
 JsU 
 
 pars. 
 
 deveh. 
 
 gileik. 
 
 curd. 
 
 jebdn donuzi. 
 
 sertldn. 
 
 dm. 
 
 dilki. 
 
 tdvshdn. 
 
 add tdvshdn. 
 
 sendjiab. 
 
 guelindjek. 
 
 meimun. 
 
 sitchdn. 
 
 buyuk sitchdn. 
 
 kostebek. 
 
 at. 
 
 kissrac. 
 
 tdi. 
 
 bugha. 
 
 okuz. 
 
 mek. 
 
 buzaghi. 
 
 kopek. 
 
 eshek. 
 
 cdtir. 
 
 cotch. 
 
 cuiun. 
 
 cuzi. 
 
37 
 
 goat, 
 
 (S &3 
 
 ketchi. 
 
 kid, 
 
 r^JLft*! 
 
 oghlac. 
 
 cat, 
 
 iCcXS^ 
 
 kedi. 
 
 BIKDS. 
 
 A bird, 
 
 ^.Jf 
 
 cush. 
 
 an eagle, 
 
 uV M 
 
 card cush. 
 
 an ostrich, 
 
 , ^.ww . S O 
 
 deveh cushi. 
 
 a stork, 
 
 dUL J y 
 
 card Idilek. 
 
 a falcon, 
 
 e*-**k 
 
 doghdn. 
 
 a hawk, 
 
 dUL^ 
 
 tchiailik. 
 
 a crow, 
 
 <J^>* 
 
 cuzghun. 
 
 a magpie, 
 
 . lii^Si^ 
 ^/ 
 
 sdcsdghan. 
 
 an owl, 
 
 ^^s y& yc 
 
 huhu cushi. 
 
 a cuckoo, 
 
 olrV 
 
 cucuvac. 
 
 a parrot, 
 
 r^r^ 
 
 dudu. 
 
 a pheasant, 
 
 ur JL5^ 
 
 suiliin. 
 
 a partridge, 
 
 dLJLCir' 
 
 keklik. 
 
 a woodcock, 
 
 ^^ s^Jb 
 
 jelveh cushi. 
 
 a wild duck, 
 
 v5^>;^' u 1 ^ 
 
 jelan ordegili. 
 
 a wild pigeon, 
 
 (j^^S^T^Lo 
 
 jeban guyerdjen 
 
 a blackbird, 
 
 ^li j3 
 
 card tduk. 
 
 a thrush, 
 
 ^*y^S r ^l 
 
 drdidje cushi. 
 
 a nightingale, 
 
 >i. JL Jl|_^ 
 
 lulbul. 
 
 a swallow, 
 
 /d-^J^' 
 
 kirlanghetch. 
 
 
 ^* X 
 
 
 a lark, 
 
 N VJf_^ ^ j>* 
 
 toighdr. 
 
 a sparrow, 
 
 a^ui 
 
 sertcheh. 
 
 a peacock, 
 
 i ^ 
 
 tduz. 
 
 a swan, 
 
 ^S 
 
 cughu. 
 
38 
 
 a hen, 
 
 Jf>^ 
 
 tank. 
 
 a chicken, 
 
 ^JL> 
 
 pilitch. 
 
 a cock, 
 
 u*n^ 
 
 khoroz. 
 
 a duck, 
 
 Jj^f 
 
 ordek. 
 
 a goose, 
 
 \U 
 
 cdz. 
 
 a turkey, 
 
 ^.Lb tXJJo 
 
 hind taughi. 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 A flea, 
 
 **W 
 
 pireh. 
 
 a bug, 
 
 cs^ **^' 
 
 tahtah Uti. 
 
 a beetle, 
 
 dl^j jJyL> j* 
 
 ~boinuzly bodjek. 
 
 a moth, 
 
 5^ 
 
 giiveh. 
 
 a caterpillar, 
 
 C5^"^ O^ 
 
 loc bodjegui. 
 
 a spider, 
 
 JLs2>^t 
 
 drumdjek. 
 
 a silk-worm, 
 
 LS^)9*^ ?l' 
 
 ipek curdi. 
 
 a butterfly, 
 
 ^^ v 7" 
 
 pervaneh. 
 
 a gnat, 
 
 ^AAkAM j^X 0-^A> 
 
 sivry sifiek. 
 
 a fly, 
 
 aL, 
 
 sinek. 
 
 a bee, 
 
 ^;T 
 
 ari. 
 
 FISHES. 
 
 A fish, 
 
 <3-L> 
 
 Milk. 
 
 a turbot, 
 
 ^L ^UJU 
 
 c ale an balighi. 
 
 a skate, 
 
 _Ajb ^tX5" 
 
 kedi 'balighi. 
 
 a sole, 
 
 xJLj u^ 
 
 dit balighi. 
 
 an oyster, 
 
 XJ(^%juuii 
 
 esridia. . 
 
 a muscle, 
 
 eojoo 
 
 midia. 
 
 a pike, 
 
 
 turna balighi. 
 
39 
 
 a carp, 
 a trout, 
 an eel, 
 
 bdlighi. 
 ala bdlighi. 
 ilan bdlighi. 
 
 THE TOWN. 
 
 The town, 
 the street, 
 the cross-street, 
 
 the quarter, 
 the palace, 
 the mosque, 
 the quay, 
 the bridge, 
 the market, 
 the bazaar, 
 the shop, 
 the hippodrome, 
 the horse fair, 
 the square, 
 the promenade, 
 the fountain, 
 the custom-house, 
 the prison, 
 the academy, 
 the bath, 
 the post-office, 
 the fish market, 
 the Library, 
 the Hospital, 
 
 v 
 
 ^ 
 
 sehir. 
 
 sokdk. 
 
 dort idl dghm. 
 
 mdhdlle. 
 serai, 
 gdmd. 
 idli. 
 kopri. 
 carchu. 
 bazar, 
 dukidn. 
 at meiddni. 
 Mt basari. 
 meiddn. 
 gesmedjek 'ier. 
 cechme. 
 gumruk. 
 smddn. 
 medrece. 
 hdmdm. 
 mensil hhdne. 
 bdlik bdzdri. 
 kitdb hhdne. 
 khdstd hhdne. 
 
40 
 
 the church, 
 the prayer, 
 the railway, 
 
 the train, 
 
 the station, 
 
 hotel, 
 
 the embassy, 
 
 the consulate, 
 
 tavern, 
 
 coffee house. 
 
 uAfcw 
 
 kelise. 
 
 du'd ndmds. 
 
 demir yol. 
 
 demir yol 
 
 'drdbdldri. 
 mensil. 
 condc. 
 
 seferet devlet. 
 consoloslik. 
 meikhaneh. 
 cdveh dukiani. 
 
 DIGNITARIES. 
 
 The Emperor, 
 the Sultan, 
 the King, 
 Prince of the blood, 
 the prince, 
 his Majesty, 
 the prime minister, 
 minister of foreign 
 
 affairs, 
 home minister, 
 
 secretary of war, 
 finance minister, 
 minister of police, 
 grand chamberlain, 
 keeper of the purse, 
 
 ^^; 
 
 imperathor. 
 
 pddishah sulthan. 
 
 kurdl. 
 
 sdhsdde. 
 
 bay emir. 
 
 hesrelleri. 
 
 bds vekil. 
 
 reis efendi umur 
 
 khdridjie ndslrl. 
 kiahid bay umur 
 
 ddkhiliie ndstri. 
 deflerddr. 
 cdvuch bdsi. 
 kapudji bdsi. 
 khdsme dar bdsi. 
 
41 
 
 treasurer of the 
 
 harem, 
 governor of the 
 
 harem, 
 
 chief of the eunuchs, 
 pacha of three tails, 
 ambassador, 
 governor of the 
 
 province, 
 postmaster 
 
 general, 
 clergy, 
 
 grand chaplain, 
 chief judge, 
 the judge, 
 commissionary, 
 
 UL 
 
 yCcU 
 
 khasme dar nsta. 
 harem klahidci. 
 
 kusler dghdci. 
 utch tughlit pasha, 
 iltci. 
 bayler bay. 
 
 mensil bast. 
 
 ulemd. 
 
 khunkidr imam, 
 kdsii lecker. 
 kdsi. 
 vekil 
 
 WRITING MATERIALS. 
 
 Stationery, 
 
 paper, 
 
 pen, 
 
 book, 
 
 inkstand, 
 
 ink, 
 
 penknife, 
 
 the seal, 
 
 sealing wax, 
 
 writing-desk, 
 
 the letter, 
 
 XiU. 
 
 J^AX/O 
 
 kiathana. 
 
 kldghid. 
 
 kdlem. 
 
 kltab. 
 
 devit. 
 
 murekkel). 
 
 kdlemtrdch. 
 
 muhur. 
 
 dhdms'irmd. 
 
 pich tdkhtd. 
 
 mektiib. 
 
42 
 
 the pencil, 
 the ruler, 
 the compass, 
 
 * - N HMX> 
 
 kurchun kalem. 
 djedvel mdsthar. 
 perguidr. 
 
 ARTS AND TRADES. 
 
 The baker, 
 the pastry-cook, 
 the butcher, 
 the architect, 
 the mason, 
 the tailor, 
 the shoemaker, 
 the hatter, 
 the doctor, 
 the surgeon, 
 the chemist, 
 the printer, 
 the bookseller, 
 the bookbinder, 
 the joiner, 
 the carpenter, 
 the turner, 
 the locksmith, 
 the blacksmith, 
 the farrier, 
 the carman, 
 the painter, 
 the cooper, 
 the watchmaker, 
 
 JkJLxJLju 
 
 etmektshi. 
 
 borektsht. 
 
 kdcdb. 
 
 mil'mdr. 
 
 idpidji. 
 
 tersi. 
 
 papudshdji. 
 
 shdpkddji. 
 
 hekim thdbib. 
 
 djerrah. 
 
 edjsd zdtidjl. 
 
 bdsmddji. 
 
 sehhaf. 
 
 miidjelid. 
 
 dhoyhrdmddji. 
 
 dulgur. 
 
 khdrdth. 
 
 tshilmgur. 
 
 demirdjl. 
 
 nedlbend. 
 
 drabddji. 
 
 tdsvirdji. 
 
 futchidji. 
 
 zaatdji. 
 
43 
 
 the weaver, 
 
 s^^ 
 
 ciulah. 
 
 the laundress, 
 
 l^aUoUL 
 
 djameshui. 
 
 the cobbler, 
 
 .qSkXXX4Mf 
 
 eskidji. 
 
 the fisherman, 
 
 <x <? ilj* 
 
 baluktchi. 
 
 the cutler, 
 
 ^ASUsuo 
 
 Utchaktchi. 
 
 the merchant, 
 
 7^-^b 
 
 tddjir laser guan . 
 
 COUNTRIES, NATIONS AND CITIES. 
 
 Europe, 
 
 l^| 
 
 evropd. 
 
 Asia, 
 
 LJ 
 
 asm. 
 
 Africa, 
 
 XAJ-st 
 
 dfrikd. 
 
 France, 
 
 X^otri 
 
 franca. 
 
 
 v ~ 
 
 
 a Frenchman, 
 
 
 franzls. 
 
 Paris, 
 
 U*; 1 ^ 
 
 par is. 
 
 Marseilles, 
 
 LJLu^lxi 
 
 mdrsilia. 
 
 England, 
 
 cS ^CUx> vJlJot 
 
 ingliz memleketi. 
 
 Scotland, 
 
 x^^Ju,! 
 
 escotchldh. 
 
 Ireland, 
 
 | (Js. J j' Y-^ 
 
 'irldndd. 
 
 London, 
 
 S \ cX^ *J 
 
 londrd. 
 
 Austria, 
 
 ^jGUx) ^>j 
 
 betsh memleketi. 
 
 Prussia, 
 
 ****^ 
 
 prusid. 
 
 Turkey, 
 
 ^^ JoUcfc 
 
 osmdnli vilaieti. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 ^5 y v 
 
 nemtcheh vilaieti. 
 
 Spain, 
 
 V 
 
 ispdnia. 
 
 Portugal, 
 
 (C"^^ 5 V "^^r. 
 
 portuguez vilaieti. 
 
 Italy, 
 
 ^Lb! 
 
 Italia. 
 
 Bohemia, 
 
 vs^^ & ^ 
 
 cell vilaieti. 
 
 Hungary, 
 
 ^^ ^ 
 
 magar vilaieti. 
 
 Russia, 
 
 ,*ti^+* L^5) 
 
 rus memleketi. 
 
a Russian, 
 
 the Crimea, 
 
 Croatia, 
 
 the Morea, 
 
 Persia, 
 
 Arabia, 
 
 Armenia, 
 
 Egypt, 
 
 Albania, 
 
 Cyprus, 
 
 Rome, 
 
 Venice, 
 
 Beyrout, 
 
 .Jerusalem, 
 
 Aleppo, 
 
 Damascus, 
 
 Suez, 
 
 Constantinople, 
 
 Jassi, 
 
 Bucharest, 
 
 Scutari, 
 
 Cairo, 
 
 Alexandria, 
 
 Trebizond, 
 
 Tripoli, 
 
 Smyrna, 
 
 Moldavia, 
 
 Wallachia, 
 
 Bosnia, 
 
 Servia, 
 
 
 moskoflu. 
 
 krim. 
 
 khervdt memleketi. 
 
 mure. 
 
 dgemistdn. 
 
 arabistan. 
 
 ermenie. 
 
 musir. 
 
 arnaudluk. 
 
 kilbris. 
 
 rim. 
 
 venedik. 
 
 "beirut. 
 
 cudsi sherif. 
 
 halep. 
 
 sham. 
 
 suveis. 
 
 IstamboL 
 
 mch. 
 
 Mkrech. 
 
 tchkodrd. 
 
 el-kdhire. 
 
 ukenderie. 
 
 tJirabison. 
 
 thardbolus. 
 
 ismir. 
 
 bughddn. 
 
 ifldk. 
 
 bosna. 
 
 surf. 
 
45 
 
 Asia Minor, 
 
 Athens, 
 
 the Dardanelles, 
 
 the Danube, 
 
 Assyria, 
 
 Syria, 
 
 Tartary, 
 
 China, 
 
 India, 
 
 the Thames, 
 
 the Euphrates, 
 
 the Jordan, 
 
 the Nile, 
 
 the Volga, 
 
 U-o! 
 
 andtholu. 
 
 dtind. 
 
 boghds hiicari. 
 
 tuna. 
 
 kurdistdn. 
 
 sham. 
 
 tatar vildieti. 
 
 tchin. 
 
 hmdistdn. 
 
 nehri temiz. 
 
 furdt. 
 
 erden. 
 
 ml. 
 
 etil sui. 
 
 TRAVELLING. 
 
 Traveller, 
 
 passport, 
 
 horse, 
 
 saddle, 
 
 to saddle, 
 
 girths, 
 
 stirrups, 
 
 buckle, 
 
 bridle, 
 
 to bridle, 
 
 bit, 
 
 reins, 
 
 yoldji. 
 yol emri. 
 
 at. 
 
 eier. 
 
 eierlemek. 
 
 coldnler. 
 
 uzengui rlkiab. 
 
 coptchd. 
 
 man. 
 
 man urmac. 
 
 guiem. 
 
 dizguin. 
 
46 
 
 halter, 
 
 jfyt 
 
 yular. 
 
 spurs, 
 
 ))*** 
 
 mdhmuz. 
 
 whip, 
 
 (S^+* 
 
 cdmtchi. 
 
 horse-shoe, 
 
 Jou 
 
 nd'dl. 
 
 mule, 
 
 ^SlSySS 
 
 cdtir. 
 
 pack-saddle, 
 
 y* W 
 
 semer. 
 
 muleteer, 
 
 3*f* 
 
 cdtirdji. 
 
 tent, 
 
 wj^U* 
 
 tchddir. 
 
 to pitch the tent, 
 
 (jjo^-^uL 
 
 tchddir curmac. 
 
 carpet, 
 
 K^uL&> 
 
 khalidjeh. 
 
 high-way, 
 
 *-''*- * 
 
 olu yol. 
 
 cross-road, ' 
 
 Jjj (^y>)l 
 
 arcuri yol. 
 
 valise, 
 
 (jljooU. 
 
 djamedan. 
 
 saddle bags, 
 
 ^L 
 
 ydndjuk. 
 
 wine flask, 
 
 r 3 ^ 
 
 tcJiiotrd. 
 
 water bottle, 
 
 LJoJL^^ 
 
 tchentd. 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 kettle, 
 
 i^V 
 
 cdzdn. 
 
 matches, 
 
 o*JvA5 
 
 kibrit. 
 
 pistols, 
 
 Kuyb 
 
 tdbandja. 
 
 fowling piece, 
 
 xi&jJLj 
 
 filintdh. 
 
 to fire, 
 
 H.^.3! dLx$.J> 
 
 tufenk dtmac. 
 
PART II. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE GRAMMATICAL 
 
 FORM. 
 
 THE ARTICLE. 
 
 The Turkish Language has no article. 
 Mbd means the father, ana, the mother. 
 
 THE SUBSTANTIVE. 
 
 1. The Turkish language is composed of Arabic, 
 Persian and Turkish words; it consists therefore of primi- 
 tive words "djamid" and of derivative words (mustdk). 
 
 2. The Turkish language has no gender; to denote the 
 masculine gender of persons (er) man r and the feminine 
 (kits) girl, and of animals (erkek) male, and (disi) female, 
 are placed before the word, as: 
 
 oghlan, the boy. er oghlan, the son. 
 
 kits oghlan, the daughter. 
 /7/, the elephant. erkek fil, the male elephant. 
 
 dm fil, the female elephant. 
 
 3. Proper names derived from the Arabic form the 
 feminine by adding e or a to the male name, as: 
 
48 
 
 c 
 
 Hdlil (masc.) Halile (fern.) 
 Selim (masc.) Selima (fern.). 
 
 It is also customary to place the name of the Sultan 
 after, but that of the Sultana before the word Sultan, 
 thus: 
 
 Sultan Selim Selima Sultan. 
 
 DECLENSION OP THE NOUN. 
 
 The Turkish noun has two declensions, and six 
 cases. 
 
 Those ending in a consonant belong to the first, those 
 ending in a vowel belong to the second declension. 
 
 The plural is formed by the particle J lam-re which 
 is either pronounced lar or ler, it is pronounced 
 lar, if the final syllable is hard, or if the word contains 
 
 the vowels a, o or u. 
 
 ler, if the final syllable is soft, or if the word contains 
 the vowels e or i, as: 
 
 and, the mother, plural analar, the mothers. 
 bdbci, the father, babalar, the fathers. 
 
 kopek, the dog, kopekler, the dogs. 
 
 gun, the day, gunler, the days. 
 
 
 FIRST DECL. 
 
 SECOND DECL. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 PL 
 
 Sing. PL 
 
 Gen. 
 
 In 
 
 un 
 
 nun un 
 
 Dat. 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 ja a 
 
 Ace. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 jy y 
 
 Ablat. 
 
 den 
 
 den 
 
 dan dan 
 
49. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 Norn, lutf, the mercy. 
 Gen. lutfin, of 
 Dativ lutfe, to 
 Accus. lutfi, mercy. 
 Vocativ./# lutf, oh mercy. 
 
 Plural 
 lutfler, mercies. 
 lutflerun, of mercies. 
 lutfler e, to 
 lutfler i, 
 ja lutfler, oh 
 
 Abl. lutf den, from - 
 
 lutfler den, from - 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. ana, the mother 
 Gen. ananiin, of the - 
 Dat. anaja, to the - 
 Ace. andjy, the 
 Voc. ./ ;&, oh 
 Abl. anadan, from the - 
 
 Plural. 
 
 analar, the mothers. 
 analarun, of the 
 analara, to the - 
 analary, the 
 y analar, oh 
 analar dan, from the - 
 
 To the Vocative, which is always like the Nominative 
 the exclamations o, bre, hej or ja precede. 
 
 SPECIMEN OF DECLENSION. 
 
 The Turks add the following postpositions to the No 
 minative. 
 
 Consonant. 
 
 Genitive (& h (nasal) 
 Dative 5 h 
 
 Accusative ^ i 
 
 Turkish (irammar. 
 
 Vowel. 
 
50 
 
 Although there are in reality only two declensions, 
 yet the modern grammarians adopt four different forms 
 for each declension, which the euphony of the language 
 suggests, namely: 
 
 FIKST DECLENSION. 
 
 For words ending in a Consonant: 
 
 Hard. Soft. 
 
 Genitive EN OUN IN UN < sagher-keef. 
 
 Dative A A E E 5 he. 
 
 Accusative E ou i u ^ ye. 
 
 Ablative DAN DAN DEN DEN ^o dal-noon. 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 For words ending in a Vowel: 
 
 Hard. Soft. 
 
 Genitive NEN NOUN NIN NUN 
 
 Dative JA JA JE JE 
 
 Accusative JE jou ji ju 
 
 Ablative DAN DAN DEN DEN 
 
 noon-sdgher-keef. 
 JL> ye-he. 
 ye-ye. 
 dal-noon. 
 
 FIEST DECLENSION. 
 
 Words ending in a Consonant of which the last syl- 
 lable is hard. 
 
 First Class. 
 
 Singular &*JL>O miff red. 
 Nom. The book, 
 Gen. of the book, 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 
 to the book, 
 the book, 
 Abl. from the book, 
 
 ! kltab. 
 I ki tab-en. 
 j kitdb-a. 
 
 kitab-z. 
 
 kitdb-dan. 
 
51 
 
 Plural, - t ^ djem. 
 Nom. The books, 
 Gen. of the books, 
 Dat. to the books, 
 Ace. the books, 
 Abl. from the books, 
 
 Second Class. 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. The bird, 
 
 Gen. of the bird, 
 
 Dat. to the bird, 
 
 Ace. the bird, 
 
 Abl. from the bird, 
 
 Nom. The birds, 
 
 Gen. of the birds, 
 
 Dat. to the birds, 
 
 Ace. the birds, 
 
 Abl. from the birds, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 I 
 
 kitab-lar. 
 
 kitalo-lar-un. 
 
 kitdb-lar-d. 
 
 kitdb-lar-e. 
 
 kitab-lar-dan. 
 
 qush. 
 qush-oun.. 
 qush-a. 
 qush-ou. 
 qush- dan. 
 
 qush-lar. 
 qush-lar -un. 
 qush-lar-d. 
 qush-lar-e. 
 qush-lar-ddn, 
 
 Words ending in a Consonant of which the last syllable 
 is soft. 
 
 Third Class. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. The language, 
 
 Gen. of the language, 
 
 Dat. to the language, 
 
 Ace. the language, 
 
 Abl. from the language, 
 
 J* 
 
 dil. 
 dll-ih. 
 dil-e. 
 dll-i. 
 
 dil- den. 
 
 4* 
 
52 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. The languages, 
 Gen. of the languages, 
 Dat. to the languages, 
 Ace. the languages, 
 Abl. from the languages, 
 
 j^j 
 
 Fourth Class. 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. The rose, 
 Gen. . of the rose, 
 Dat. to the rose, 
 Ace. the rose, 
 Abl. from the rose, 
 
 Nom. The roses, 
 
 Gen. of the roses, 
 
 Dat. to the roses, 
 
 Ace. the roses, 
 
 Abl. from the roses, - 
 
 Plural. 
 
 dil-ler. 
 dil-ler -In. 
 dil-ler -e. 
 dil-ler-i. 
 dil-ler-den. 
 
 gul-un. 
 \ gill-e. 
 | gul-il 
 | gill-den. 
 
 I gul-ler. 
 I gul-ler-in. 
 
 gul-ler-e. 
 
 gul-ler-i. 
 
 gul-ler-den, 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 Words ending in a vowel of which the last syllable is 
 
 hard. 
 
 First Class. 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. The chamber, 
 Gen. of the chamber, 
 
 oda. 
 oda-n-en. 
 
53 
 
 Dat. to the chamber, 
 Ace. the chamber, 
 Abl. from the chamber, 
 
 oda-j-d. 
 odd-j-e. 
 odd-dan. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. The chambers, 
 Gen. of the chambers, 
 Dat. to the chambers, 
 Ace. the chambers, 
 Abl. from the chambers, 
 
 oda-lar. 
 
 odd-ldr-un. 
 
 odd-ldr-d. 
 
 odd-ldr-e. 
 
 odd-ldr-ddn, 
 
 Nom. The box, 
 
 Gen. of the box, 
 
 D%t. to the box, 
 
 Ace. the box, 
 
 Abl. from the box, 
 
 Second Class, 
 Singular. 
 
 20 
 
 qutu-nun. 
 qutu-jd. 
 qutu-ju. 
 qiitu-ddn. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. The boxes, 
 
 Gen. of the boxes, 
 
 Dat. to the boxes, 
 
 Ace. the boxes, 
 
 Abl. from the boxes, 
 
 I qutu-ldr. 
 \ qutu-ldr -un. 
 ; qutu-ldr-d. 
 \ qutu-ldr-e. 
 qutu-ldr-ddn. 
 
 Words ending in a vowel of which the last syllable 
 is soft. 
 
54 
 
 Nom. The vinegar, 
 
 Gen. of the vinegar, 
 
 Dat. to the vinegar, 
 
 Ace. the vinegar, 
 
 Abl. from the vinegar, 
 
 Third Class. 
 Singular. 
 
 dbtt&AM 
 
 Nom. The vinegars, 
 
 Gen. of the vinegars, 
 
 Dat. to the vinegars, 
 
 Ace. the vinegars, 
 
 Abl. from the vinegars. 
 
 Plural 
 
 \ wj^u 
 
 sirke. 
 
 sirke-n-in. 
 
 sirke-j-e. 
 
 sirke-j-i. 
 
 sirke-den. 
 
 sirke-ler. 
 sirke-ler-m. 
 sirke-ler-e. 
 sirke-ler-i. 
 sirke-ler -den. 
 
 Fourth Class, 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. The bridge, 
 
 Gen. of the bridge, 
 
 Dat. to the bridge, 
 
 Ace. the bridge, 
 
 Abl. from the bridge, 
 
 Nom. The bridges, 
 
 Gen. of the bridges, 
 
 Dat. to the bridges, 
 
 Ace. the bridges, 
 
 Abl. from the bridges, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 koprii. 
 
 kopru-nun. 
 
 kopru-je. 
 
 kopru-ju. 
 
 kopru-den. 
 
 kopru-ler. 
 
 kdpru-ler-un. 
 
 kopru-le-re. 
 
 kopru-ler-i. 
 
 kopru-ler-den. 
 
55 ~- 
 
 THE ADJECTIVE. 
 
 The Turkish adjective is exactly like the english, un- 
 declinable, nor does it change either in singular, plural, 
 or gender; and it always stands before the noun: 
 guzel at, a fine horse guzel-dtldr, fine horses. 
 
 COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 The comparative is formed by placing the word dahi, 
 or daha (more) ^-t> or cok (much) ,v,^ before the posi- 
 tive as: 
 
 Inge, thin ddhd Inge, thinner, 
 
 but it is more elegant to form the comparative by adding 
 the syllable rek after soft, and rdk, after hard finals as: 
 dhmdk, stupid, comp. dhmdkrdk, more stupid. 
 gutsel, pretty - gutselrek, prettier. 
 The Superlative is formed by placing the words <&\ en, 
 &* peki <>Ls) tsijdde, oole. ghajet, before the Positive as: 
 en gutsel, very beautiful or the most beautiful. 
 pek fend, the worst. 
 tstjdde mdlli, very rich. 
 
 FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Adjectives may be formed from nouns by the syllables 
 7i7, U or lii, (jj J) as: 
 
 "itibar, the honour Wbdrli, honourable, 
 akll, reason akilli, reasonable. 
 kir, dirt, kirli, dirty. 
 
56 
 
 osman, the Turk osmarili, turkish. 
 
 magar, the Hungarian magarli, hungarian. 
 osmarili tutun, turkish tobacco. 
 magarli sarab, hungarian wine. 
 
 The syllables clshe, and yWi, are also used to form 
 adjectives, as: 
 
 franzits g~ii,* like a Frenchman. 
 nemce gib'i, like a German. 
 arab gibi, like an Arab. 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Red, 
 
 white, 
 
 black, 
 
 yellow, 
 
 green, 
 
 blue, 
 
 great, 
 
 small, 
 
 good, 
 
 bad, 
 
 wide, 
 
 straight, 
 
 long, 
 
 short, 
 
 heavy, 
 
 light, 
 
 new, 
 
 old, 
 
 V * 
 
 qermeze. 
 
 beydz. 
 
 s'tydh 
 
 sure. 
 
 yeshil. 
 
 mdvl. 
 
 biiyilk. 
 
 kiltchuk. 
 
 eiu. 
 
 fena kern. 
 
 inlu. 
 
 doghrii. 
 
 uzun. 
 
 k'issah. 
 
 dgher. 
 
 khdfif. 
 
 yeni. 
 
 eski. 
 
57 
 
 difficult, 
 
 easy, 
 
 strong, 
 
 weak, 
 
 handsome, 
 
 ugly, 
 
 hard, 
 
 soft, 
 
 full, 
 
 empty, 
 
 sweet, 
 
 sour, 
 
 clean, 
 
 dirty, 
 
 hot, 
 
 cold. 
 
 dry, 
 
 wet, 
 
 high, 
 
 low, 
 
 near, 
 
 far, 
 
 much, 
 
 little, 
 
 wise, 
 
 stupid, 
 
 brave, 
 
 timid, 
 
 polite, 
 
 vulgar, 
 
 ar" 
 
 gutch. 
 
 coldi. 
 
 cuvetlu. 
 
 zebun. 
 
 guzeL 
 
 tchirkin. 
 
 cdti. 
 
 yumshac. 
 
 bosh. 
 
 tatlu. 
 
 ddji. 
 
 temiz. 
 
 murddr. 
 
 zssi. 
 
 souk. 
 
 I 
 
 curu. 
 
 jdshlu. 
 
 yuksek. 
 
 dltchdc. 
 
 ydqen. 
 
 uzdc. 
 
 tchoc. 
 
 dz. 
 
 akellu. 
 
 ahmac. 
 
 shedja'atlu. 
 
 corcdc. 
 
 edeblu. 
 
 bciyaghi. 
 
58 
 
 cruel, 
 
 humane, 
 
 generous. 
 
 faithful, 
 
 just, 
 
 unjust, 
 
 zalim. 
 
 muruvetlu. 
 
 djumerd. 
 
 sadakatlu. 
 
 ^adaletlu. 
 
 insafstz. 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 1. CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 The Turks have two methods of computation, one by 
 ciphers (which we give below) the other by letters of. the 
 alphabet, which is now rarely used. 
 1. one, 
 
 ikl. 
 
 titch. 
 
 dort. 
 
 besh. 
 
 altee. 
 
 yed~i. 
 
 seklz. 
 
 dhoquz. 
 
 on. 
 
 on-bir. 
 
 on-lki. 
 
 dn-utch. 
 
 dn-dort. 
 
 on-besh. 
 
 on-dltee. 
 
 2. 
 
 two, 
 
 Jo! F 
 
 3. 
 
 three, 
 
 A ( 
 
 4. 
 
 four, 
 
 ) 
 
 5. 
 
 five, 
 
 
 
 ^j*O d 
 
 6. 
 
 six, 
 
 ts^' ** 
 
 7. 
 
 seven, 
 
 ^Ju v 
 
 8. 
 
 eight, 
 
 '*>AtaAU A 
 
 9. 
 
 nine, 
 
 \*Ju0 ^ 
 
 10. 
 
 ten, 
 
 (J^ ^ 
 
 11. 
 
 eleven, 
 
 ^ (J^ tf 
 
 12. 
 
 twelve, 
 
 ^ u;' ^ 
 
 13. 
 14. 
 
 thirteen, 
 fourteen, 
 
 1 t UJ 
 
 5* \ & 
 
 15. 
 
 fifteen, 
 
 (J^? oJ I* 
 
 16. 
 
 sixteen, 
 
 .LJI (.t.t 11 
 
59 
 
 17. seventeen, 
 
 18. eighteen, 
 
 19. nineteen, 
 
 20. twenty, 
 
 21. twenty-one, 
 
 22. twenty-two, 
 
 23. twenty-three, 
 
 24. twenty-four, 
 
 25. twenty-five, 
 
 26. twenty-six, 
 
 27. twenty-seven, 
 
 28. twenty-eight, 
 
 29. twenty-nine, 
 
 30. thirty, 
 
 31. thirty-one, 
 
 32. thirty-two, 
 40. forty, 
 
 50. fifty, 
 60. sixty, 
 
 70. seventy, 
 
 71. seventy-one, 
 
 72. seventy-two, 
 80. eighty, 
 
 90. ninety, 
 
 91. ninety-one, 
 
 100. one hundred, 
 
 101. hundred and 
 
 one, 
 
 102. hundred and 
 
 two, 
 
 tv 
 
 U 
 
 14 
 
 o 
 
 Fa 
 
 F1 
 Fv 
 FA 
 
 rt 
 
 o/ 5 * 
 JJ! *. 
 
 A* 
 
 1( 
 
 on-yedi. 
 
 on-sekiz. 
 
 on-dhdquz. 
 
 yirmi. 
 
 yirmi loir. 
 
 yirmi iki. 
 
 y'lrrni iitsh. 
 
 yirmi dort. 
 
 yirmi besh. 
 
 yirmi dltee. 
 
 yirmi yedi. 
 
 yirmi sekiz. 
 
 yirmi dhoquz. 
 
 otuz. 
 
 otuz ITir. 
 
 otuz iki. 
 
 qirq. 
 
 elli. 
 
 dltmish. 
 
 yetmish. 
 
 yetmish bir. 
 
 yetmish iki. 
 
 seksen. 
 
 dhoqsdn. 
 
 dhoqsdn bir. 
 
 yuz. 
 
 yuz bir. 
 
 yuz iki. 
 
60 
 
 200. two hundred, 
 300. three hundred, 
 1000. a thousand, 
 2000. two thousand, 
 one million, 
 
 iki yuz. 
 utsh yuz. 
 
 iki bin. 
 ITir milyon. 
 
 2. ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 The ordinal numbers are formed by the addition of 
 the particle .^^ indjy, to the cardinal. 
 
 birindjy. ilk. 
 
 ikmdju. 
 
 utchundjy. 
 
 dordundjy. 
 
 beshindjy. 
 
 altindjy. 
 
 yedmdjy. 
 
 sekizindjy. 
 
 dhoquzundjy. 
 
 onimdjy. 
 
 on Urindjy. 
 
 on ikindjy. 
 
 on utchundjy. 
 
 on dordundjy. 
 
 on beshindjy. 
 
 The first, 
 the second, 
 the third, 
 the fourth, 
 the fifth, 
 the sixth, 
 the seventh, 
 the eighth, 
 the ninth, 
 the tenth, 
 the eleventh, 
 the twelfth, 
 the thirteenth, 
 the fourteenth, 
 the fifteenth, 
 
 &c. 
 
 the twentieth, 
 the twenty-first, 
 the twenty-second, 
 
 yirmmdjy. 
 yirmi birindjy. 
 yirmi ikindjy. 
 
61 
 
 the twenty-third, 
 the thirtieth, 
 &c. 
 
 j I ylrmi utchundjy. 
 j otiizindjy. 
 
 I 
 
 The ordinal numhers are declinable; they always pre- 
 cede the subject counted. 
 
 3. FRACTIONAL NUMBERS. 
 
 Half, 
 
 the third part, 
 
 the quarter, 
 
 the fifth part, 
 the sixth part, 
 
 ^ 
 
 r? 
 
 yarem. yare. 
 utchte blr. sills, 
 dortte Ur. bir 
 
 rub', 
 beshte blr. bir 
 
 khums. 
 dltedd bir. blr 
 
 suds. 
 
 4. DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS. 
 
 The distributive numbers are formed by adding to the 
 cardinal the termination * er, for those ending ,in a con- 
 sonant, and *,& shr for those ending in a vowel. 
 
 One by one, singly, 
 two and two, the pair, 
 three and three, by threes, 
 four and four, by fours, 
 five and five, by fives, 
 
 birer. 
 
 ikisher. 
 
 utsher. 
 
 dorder. 
 
 besher. 
 
62 
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 1. PEKSONAL PKONOUNS. 
 
 Nom. I, 
 Gen. of me, 
 Dat. to me, 
 Ace. me, 
 Abl. from me, 
 
 Nom. We, 
 
 Gen. of us, 
 
 Dat. to us, 
 
 Ace. us, 
 
 Abl. from us, 
 
 First Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 uH 
 
 ben. 
 
 
 r^ 
 
 bemm. 
 
 
 i^ : 
 
 baha. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 bent. 
 
 
 ^JoL? 
 
 ben den 
 
 Plural 
 
 , 
 
 o 
 
 biz. 
 
 
 r yj 
 
 bizim. 
 
 
 9? 
 
 bizeh. 
 
 
 
 bizt. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 bizden . 
 
 Second Person. 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. Thou, 
 
 &" 
 
 sen. 
 
 Gen. of thee, 
 
 dUu* 
 
 senm. 
 
 Dat. to thee, 
 
 IJL 
 
 sana. 
 
 Ace. thee, 
 
 (5^ 
 
 sent. 
 
 Abl. from thee, 
 
 ^JU^ 
 
 sen den 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. You, 
 
 JT 1 
 
 siz. 
 
 Gen. of you, 
 
 i)Ly 
 
 sizm. 
 
63 
 
 Dat. to you, 
 Ace. you, 
 Abl. from you, 
 
 sizeh. 
 sizt. 
 \ sizden. 
 
 Nona. He, she, it, 
 Gen. of him, her, it, 
 Dat. to him, her, it, 
 Ace. him, her, it, 
 Abl. from him, her it, 
 
 Third Person. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Jjl ^ 
 
 0, O/. 
 
 
 
 db! 
 
 Oftim (anun) 
 
 ? 
 
 iri 
 
 ona (ana). 
 
 
 
 C5^' 
 
 onu. 
 
 it, 
 
 Jo! 
 
 on dan. 
 
 Norn. They, 
 Gen. of them, 
 Dat. to them, 
 Ace. them, 
 Abl. from them, 
 
 Plural. 
 
 \ 
 
 ^. 
 
 onlar. 
 onlarin. 
 onlard. 
 onlari. 
 onlar dan. 
 
 2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 From the Genitive of the Personal pronouns are formed 
 the possessive pronouns, namely: 
 
 benim, mine, my. 
 senin^ thine, thy. 
 onun, his, her. 
 
 They are used like the Adjectives, and remain un- 
 changed under all circumstances. 
 
 j "bizim, our, ours. 
 ^ sizm, your, yours. 
 onldrm, their, theirs. 
 
2. Affixed Pronouns, are however generally employed 
 by the Turks, namely: 
 mine after a vowel is expressed by m, *, 
 
 after a consonant by im, urn, um. 
 our after a vowel by mis, mils, mils, yo, 
 after a consonant nriis, iimus, umus. 
 et, the meat, etirnls, our meat, 
 
 . 
 
 thine after a vowel by w, after a consonant by m, tin, ww, <. 
 
 sac-in, thy hair sdcldr-in, thy hairs, 
 ?/owr after a vowel by w7s, wws, nz7s after a consonant 
 by mts, units, unus, J?'. 
 
 usta-nis, your master ustalar-ims, your masters. 
 his, her after a consonant by i, u, u, _ after a vowel by 
 
 -jgu 
 
 as: 
 
 , the red" (turkish) cap fezJ, his, her red cap. 
 Inna, the building binasi, his, her building. 
 
 EXAMPLES: 
 
 baba, father, bdbam, my father, baban, thy father, babasj, 
 his father, bdbamls, our father, bdbams, your father, 
 bdbdldri, their father. 
 
 e/, hand, 
 
 God, 
 
 ?, the way, 
 
 , book, 
 
 ehm, 
 
 eli-mis, 
 
 my hand, 
 our hand, 
 
 attahim, my God, 
 oMdhimis, our God, 
 
 my way, 
 our way, 
 "kitabiwi, my book, 
 kitdbimzs, our book, 
 
 e?M&, thy hand, 
 elmls, your hand, 
 dttdhin, thy God, 
 dlldhmis, your God, 
 
 thy way, 
 
 wlunus, your way, 
 kitdbm, thy book, 
 Jcitdbmis, your book, 
 
 efe, 
 
 his hand. 
 
 elileri, 
 
 their hand. 
 
 attain, 
 
 his God. 
 
 allahlarl, 
 
 their God. 
 
 wlu, 
 
 his way. 
 
 wldri, 
 
 their way. 
 
 kitdbi, 
 
 his book. 
 
 Tcitdbldri, 
 
 their book. 
 
65 
 
 All Substantives, which have taken the possessive ter- 
 mination are regularly declined thus: 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. bdbdm, my father, 
 G. babamm, of my 
 D. babamd, to my 
 Ace. babamt, my 
 Abl. babamddn, from my - 
 
 Plural. 
 
 babalarim, my fathers. 
 babalarimm, of my 
 babalarimd, to my 
 babalarimi, my 
 balalarimddn, from my - 
 
 SPECIMENS OF DECLENSION WITH POSSESSIVE AFFIXES. 
 
 Nom. My son, 
 Gen. of my son, 
 Dat. to my son, 
 Ace. my son, 
 Abl. from my son, 
 
 Singular. 
 ( r my.) 
 
 oghlum. 
 
 oghlumuh. 
 
 oghlumdh. 
 
 oghlumi. 
 
 oghlumddn. 
 
 Singular. 
 (i thy). 
 
 Nom. N Thy friend, 
 Gen. of thy friend, 
 Dat. to thy friend, 
 Ace. thy friend, 
 Abl. from thy friend, 
 
 do s tin. 
 dostinin. 
 dostindh. 
 dostini. 
 do s tin dan. 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 
 
66 
 
 Singular. 
 y> his, her.) 
 
 Nona. His bread, 
 Gen. of his bread, 
 Dat. to his bread, 
 Ace. his bread, 
 Abl. from his bread, 
 
 ekmeguy. 
 
 ekmeguinun. 
 
 ekmeguineh. 
 
 ekmeguini. 
 
 ekmeguinden. 
 
 The pronouns, mine, thine, his, &c., are expressed by 
 the genitive cases of their respective persons ^ . ben, 
 sen, J.t ol, &c.; followed by the relative ^ki; as: 
 
 benumki. 
 senufiki. 
 
 mine 
 
 thine, 
 his, 
 
 ours, 
 
 yours, 
 
 theirs, 
 
 Myself, thyself, &c.; are expressed by ^Jo5" kendu, 
 kendi, to which are joined the corresponding possessive 
 Affixes, as: 
 
 anuiiki. 
 
 bizumki. 
 sizunki. 
 anldrunki. 
 
 myself, 
 thyself, 
 
 himself, herself 
 
 , j 
 
 >jos" 
 
 ourselves, 
 
 yourselves, 
 
 themselves, 
 
 kendum. 
 kenduh. 
 kendi. 
 kendisi. 
 
 kendumiz. 
 kendunuz. 
 kenduleri. 
 
67 
 
 3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 this, that, 
 this, the same, 
 this, 
 
 Nom. This, that, 
 
 Gen. of this, 
 
 Dat. to this, 
 
 Ace. this, 
 
 Abl. from this, 
 
 Nom. These, 
 
 Gen. of these, 
 
 Dat. to these, 
 
 Ace. these, 
 
 Abl. from these, 
 
 shu. 
 
 bu. 
 
 ishbu. 
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 XOj *& 
 
 that, 
 that, 
 
 o. 
 ol. 
 
 bu, shu, ishbu. 
 
 bunun. 
 
 bund. 
 
 bunu. 
 
 bunddn. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 bunlar, or bunnar. 
 bunldrin, or bunndrih. 
 bunldrd, or bunndrd. 
 bunldrz, or bunndri. 
 bunlar dan , or bunnar dan, 
 
 4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 *5 kih) who, which, that; is not declinable, but is joined 
 to .1 or J.| o, ol, with which it forms one word. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. Which, that, 
 Gen. of which, 
 Dat. to which, 
 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 which, 
 from which, 
 
 111 
 
 ki. 
 
 ki onun. 
 ki ond. 
 ki oni. 
 ki ondan. 
 
68 
 
 5. INTEBBOGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Who? of persons 
 
 what? of things 
 
 who? which? what? which one? 
 
 20 
 
 kim. 
 
 ne. 
 
 kanghi. 
 
 
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom 
 
 . Who, which? 
 
 jf 
 
 kim. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 of whom, of 
 
 which ? 
 
 (^ 
 
 kimm. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 to whom, to 
 
 which ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 kime. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 who, which? 
 
 
 (S+* 
 
 kimi. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 from whom? 
 
 
 U^ 
 
 kimden. 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom 
 
 . Who, which? 
 
 JU^ 
 
 kimler. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 of whom, of 
 
 which? 
 
 ^juy 
 
 kimlerm. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 to whom, to 
 
 which? 
 
 aJUS^ 
 
 kimlere. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 who, which? 
 
 
 ^JU*' 
 
 kimleri. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 from whom? 
 
 
 <jV+ r 
 
 kimler den. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom 
 
 . What? 
 
 
 XJ> 
 
 ne. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 of what? 
 
 
 (^020 
 
 nenm . 
 
 Dat. 
 
 to what? 
 
 
 30^ 
 
 neje. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 what? 
 
 
 J2O 
 
 nehji. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 from what? 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 neden. 
 
 When preceding 
 
 an Adjective, it signifies how; as 
 
 how 
 
 handsome, 
 
 J\5^*ao ne guzel . 
 
 how 
 how 
 
 many, 
 happy, 
 
 \ Jo ao ne cdddr. 
 JLbxj 20 ne mutlu. 
 
69 
 
 When followed by a substantive, it becomes an Ad- 
 jective; as: id *t>t & ne ddem dir, what man is it? 
 
 The interrogative pronoun ,-AxS kdnghi, which; always 
 precedes the substantive, and is indeclinable unless joined 
 
 with the possessive Affixes. 
 house? 
 
 kanghi ev, which 
 
 Examples. 
 
 kirn dir o? who is that? 
 
 klme jasdm? to whom hast thou written? 
 
 ne vdr? what is it? 
 
 nem vdr? what have I? 
 
 nenln dir su? to what belongs that? 
 
 kdnghy elmds? which diamond? 
 
 kdnghy at? which horse? 
 
 kdng.hymis? which of us? 
 
 6. INDEFINITE PEONOUNS. 
 
 a certain one, 
 
 some one, some-body, 
 
 any-one, 
 
 all, every, 
 
 each, every-one, all, 
 
 another, 
 
 no one, none, 
 
 nothing, 
 
 such a one, a certain one, 
 
 bir kimse. 
 bir kishi. 
 
 her. 
 
 her birJ. 
 her kess* 
 he pis si. 
 ghairi. 
 
 hich bir kimse. 
 hich Ur shei. 
 filldn. 
 
70 
 
 the other, 
 
 whoever, 
 whatever, 
 
 ol far. 
 her kim. 
 her kdnghl. 
 her ne. 
 
 nereli means: from which country, nereli zsm? what 
 countryman are you? 
 
 kimze, nobody kimze gelmedl, nobody has come. 
 
 THE YEEB. 
 
 There are in the Turkish Language verbal forms for 
 any possible action, that one may want to expressed. 
 One or two letters are however sufficient to give to the 
 active verb an entirely different signification; it is 
 between the root and the termination of the verb that 
 this insertion takes place. 
 
 Every turkish verb ends in the infinitive either in mek 
 or mdk. 
 
 Those whose root has a soft vowel end in mek those 
 with a hard vowel end in mdk. 
 
 The Passive Verb is formed by placing J lam, before 
 the terminations vJlx> mek, or j^o mdk; as; dixy*, sevmek, 
 to love; dLfrJ^w sevllmek, to be loved. 
 
 The Negative form of the Verb is formed by adding to 
 the root * mim, as; dLJ^I olmek, to die; dU^t olmemek, 
 not to die; (j^j'l atmak, to throw; ^J-M^'I dtmdmdk, not to 
 throw. 
 
The Impossible is formed from the Negative by insert- 
 ing 5 eh, or | ah, before the negative terminations dUx> 
 memek; <o.vo mamak, as : 
 
 * dUxu.-uw sevmemek, not to love; dL+xj*.^ sevehmemek, 
 to be unable to love. 
 
 The Reciprocal is formed by inserting ^& sh, to the 
 root; viLo^uw sevmek, to love; viL^..,*, sevishmek, to love 
 one another. 
 
 The Causal Verb is formed by inserting ^ dir, or J> 
 tir, dUJJ olmek, to die; dUujJJ oldlrmek, to cause to 
 die, to kill. 
 
 The Reflective Verb is formed by inserting ^ to the 
 root; vdo<K.X gormek. to see; dl^..^ gormmek, to see 
 one's self. 
 
TABLE OF THE FORMATION OF TURKISH 
 From the Act. Verb, to love, 
 
 2 
 
 Negat.: not to love, 
 
 cu I Imposs.: to be unable to love, 
 From the Causal V. to make one love, 
 Negat. : not to make one love, 
 
 Imposs. : to be unable to make 
 one love, 
 From the Passive: to be loved, 
 
 Negat.: not to be loved, 
 
 Imposs.: not be able to be 
 loved, 
 
 Causal : to cause to be loved, 
 From the Reflective to love one's self, 
 
 Negat. : not to love one's self, 
 
 Imposs. : to be imposs. to love 
 one self, 
 
 Causal: to make one self 
 loved, 
 
 Negat. : not to make one 
 self loved, 
 
 Imposs.: to be imposs. to make 
 one self loved, 
 From the Recip. to love each other, 
 
 Negat.: not to love each 
 other, 
 
 Imposs.: to be imp. to love, 
 Passive: to be loved mutually, 
 
 Causal: not to be loved 
 mutually, 
 
 Imp. of d to be unable to be 
 
 loved mutually, 
 
 Caus.ofr. to make one love 
 
 another, 
 
 Neg. of C. not to make, d, 
 Imp. of C. to be imp. ; d 3 
 
 i;wj-, 
 
 *)*r* 
 
 r* 
 y^r* 
 
 N fc^N- .<WU 
 tjtef*, 
 
 I*JM 
 
 MM 
 
 '*W 
 
 ?\(.A.UJ*^uw 
 
 X 
 
 \ CAxA-w w 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 sevmek. 
 
 sevmemek. 
 
 sevememek. - 
 
 sevdirmek. 
 
 sevdirmemek. 
 
 sevdirememek. 
 
 sevilmek. 
 
 sevilmemek. 
 
 sevilememek. 
 
 sevildirmek. 
 sevinmek. 
 sevinmemek. 
 sevinememek. 
 
 sevindirmek. 
 
 sevindirmemek. 
 
 sevindirememck. 
 
 sevishmek. 
 sevishmemek. 
 
 sevishememek. 
 
 sevishilmek. 
 
 sevishilmemek. 
 
 sevishilememek. 
 sevishdirmek. 
 
 sevisdirmemek. 
 sevishdirememek. 
 
73 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB. 
 
 to be, 
 
 olmac. 
 
 I am, 
 thou art, 
 he is, 
 
 we are, 
 you are, 
 they are, 
 
 I was, 
 thou wast, 
 he was, 
 
 we were, 
 you were, 
 they were, 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 y/> 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I was, or have been, 
 thou wast, or hast been, 
 he was, or has been. 
 
 we were, or have been, 
 you were, or have been, 
 they were, or have been, 
 
 im. 
 sen. 
 dir, der. 
 
 iz. 
 
 siz simz. 
 
 dirler, derler. 
 
 idim. 
 idih. 
 idi. 
 
 idik. 
 
 idihiz. 
 
 idiler. 
 
 imishim. 
 imishsiz. 
 imishdir. 
 
 imishiz. 
 
 imishsiz. 
 
 imishlerdir. 
 
74 
 
 COMPOUND OP PERFECT. 
 
 I had been, 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 Jot (jSbJjl 
 
 olmish idim. 
 
 thou hadst been, 
 
 
 
 <a 
 
 Jot (ji^Jjt 
 
 olmish idin. 
 
 he had been, 
 
 
 
 (S 
 
 Jot (jic*J^t 
 
 olmish idi. 
 
 we had been, 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 t\-j| (JM^J^I 
 
 olmish idik. 
 
 you had been, 
 
 
 1 
 
 : 
 
 tXs! yi^Jl olmish idiniz. 
 
 they had been, 
 
 s 
 
 J 
 
 r 
 
 Lj 
 
 Jo! (jii-*J! olmish idiler. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall, or will be, 
 
 
 
 
 r;r^ 
 
 olurim. 
 
 thou shalt, or wilt be 
 
 
 
 
 
 c^;^' 
 
 olur sen. 
 
 he shall, or will be, 
 
 
 
 
 ; ^l 
 
 olur. 
 
 we shall, or will be, 
 
 
 
 
 ;;^| 
 
 oluriz. 
 
 you shall, or will be, 
 
 
 
 
 
 olursiz. 
 
 they shall, or will be, 
 
 
 
 
 y^ 1 
 
 olurler. 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 I would be. 
 
 (^J.l olur dim. 
 
 ^4>sJ.I olurdik. 
 
 ^X> v J 1 olur din 
 
 
 
 
 j5t> % .J . 1 o /wr tf wzz . 
 
 (^^J.t olurdi. 
 
 
 
 
 ^Ov^iJJ olurlerdi. 
 
 COMPOUND 
 
 OP 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 I would have been, 
 
 
 
 
 r ju^ ;r r ; t 
 
 olurmishidim. 
 
 thou wouldst have been, 
 
 
 
 c^Ju^x ; J.t 
 
 olurmishidih. 
 
 he would have been, 
 
 
 
 
 ^ju^ ; ^1 
 
 olurmishidi. 
 
 we would have been, 
 
 
 
 
 ^Jjoui^os J.l olurmishiduk. 
 
 you would have been, 
 
 
 
 
 / * t **)r5* 
 
 olurmishidiniz . 
 
 they would have been, | 
 
 ( 
 
 y 
 
 5 
 
 
 olurmishidiler . 
 olur mishler idi. 
 
75 
 
 IMPEBATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Be thou, 
 let him be, 
 
 let us be, 
 
 be ye, 
 
 let them be, 
 
 olsun. 
 
 olalem. 
 olaniz, or 
 olsunler. 
 
 OPTATIVE. 
 
 PKESENT OF FUTUBE. 
 
 That I may be. 
 
 ollam. 
 
 ollasin. 
 
 olid. 
 
 COMPOUND OF PKESENT. 
 
 That I may have been. 
 olmish ollam. 
 olmish ollasin. 
 olid. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 that, I 
 
 I might be. 
 
 olaidim. 
 olaidih. 
 
 ollaiiz. 
 ollasiz. 
 dialer. 
 
 olmishollauz. 
 olmish ottasiz. 
 ollaler. 
 
 olaidik. 
 
 olaidiniz 
 
 olaleridi. 
 
76 
 
 COMPOUND OF IMPERFECT. 
 
 That I might have been. 
 
 olmish ollaidi. 
 olmish ollaidih. 
 olmish ollaidi. 
 
 olmish ollaidik. 
 olmish ollaidihiz. 
 olmish ollaleridi. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 If I be. 
 eier issam. 
 eier is sen. 
 eier isseh. 
 
 IMPERFECT 
 
 If I were, 
 eier olsaidim. 
 eier olsaidih. 
 eier olsaidi. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 If I have been,' 
 if thou hast been, 
 if he has been, 
 
 if we have been, 
 if you have been, 
 if they have been, 
 
 eier issek. 
 eier isseniz, 
 eier isseler. 
 
 j! S\ eier olsaidik. 
 eier olsaidiniz. 
 
 t S\ eier 
 
 olsaidiler. 
 
 olmish issam. 
 eier olmish issan. 
 eier olmish isseh. 
 
 eier olmish issek. 
 eier olmish issahiz. 
 eier olmish isseler. 
 
77 
 
 FUTUKE. 
 
 If I shall be. 
 
 eier olmish olurim. 
 
 eier olmish olursen. 
 
 eier olmish oliir. 
 
 eier olmish oliiriz. 
 
 eier olmish olursiz. 
 
 eier olmish olurler. 
 
 INFINITIVE MOOD. 
 
 To be, 
 
 olmac. 
 
 Being, 
 
 having been, 
 intending to be, 
 whilst being, 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 PARTICIPLE PEESENT. 
 
 Which is, 
 
 PAETICIPLE PAST. 
 
 Which has been, 
 
 ;JJ,I 
 
 PAETIPIPLE FUTUEE. 
 
 Which will be, 
 which must be, 
 
 iken. 
 olup. 
 olidjac. 
 olundjeh. 
 
 ollan. 
 
 olmish. 
 
 imish. 
 
 oldiik. 
 
 oladjak. 
 olmeli. 
 
 The negative of the Verb (J*JJ olmac, to be, to become, 
 is formed by the insertion of a * before the termina- 
 
78 
 
 tion (j^o mac; when used as Auxiliary, it is formed by 
 prefixing the negative particle J^o deyil, to the 
 tenses. 
 
 Not to be, 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 (3++V 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. TENSE. 
 
 I am not, 
 thou art not, 
 he is not, 
 
 we are not, 
 you are not, 
 they are not, 
 
 jJot 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was not, 
 deyil idim. 
 deyil idin. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I have not been, 
 thou hast not been, 
 he has not been, 
 
 we have not been, 
 you have not been, 
 they have not been, | * 
 
 olmamac. 
 
 deyil im. 
 deyil sen. 
 deyil dir. 
 
 deyil iz. 
 deyil siz. 
 deyillerdir. 
 
 idik ' 
 deyil idiniz. 
 
 deyil imishim. 
 deyil imishsen. 
 deyil imishdir. 
 
 deyil imishiz. 
 deyil imishsiz. 
 deyil imishlerdir. 
 
79 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 PRESENT AND FUTURE. 
 
 If I be not, 
 if thou be not, 
 if he be not, 
 
 if we be not, &c. 
 
 If I were not, 
 if thou wert not, 
 if he were not, &c. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 uuol J5t> 
 
 deyil issam. 
 deyil issan. 
 deyil isseh. 
 
 deyil issek. 
 
 deyil issaidim. 
 deyil issaidin. 
 deyil issaidi. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERSONAL VERB. 
 There is, *& J. var dir. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 There is, 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 There was, | ^5 Jo! 
 
 s 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 If there be, 
 
 If there had been, 
 
 There being, 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 x. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 var dir. 
 
 var idi. 
 
 var isseh. 
 
 var saidi. 
 
 var iken. 
 
80 
 
 The other tenses, are derived from the Verb 
 olmac, to be. 
 
 The Negative is expressed by: 
 
 There is not, 
 
 , 
 
 yok dir. 
 
 There is not, 
 
 There was not, 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 
 PEESENT. 
 
 
 )^ Oj 
 
 | yok dir. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 
 ^tXx^ 
 
 yoghidi. 
 
 If there be not, 
 
 If there had not been, 
 
 There not being, 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 
 1 ***> 
 
 | yoghissah. 
 
 IMPEEFECT. 
 
 
 Jen, ^cXAju^C*5 
 
 | yoghisaidi. 
 
 GERUND. 
 
 yoghiken. 
 
 The Turkish language possesses no verb "to have" 
 but they use, instead of it, the impersonal Verb *t> J. 
 var dir, preceded by the genitive cases of the possessive 
 pronouns. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PEESENT. 
 
 I have, (literally; mine there is) J. *jb benim var. 
 
 thou hast, J. tjSJLuw senih var. 
 
 ) i ^^ 
 he has, J. (&\ onin var. 
 
81 
 
 we have, 
 you have, 
 they have, 
 
 bizim var. 
 sizih var. 
 onlarin var. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I had, (mine there was.) 
 
 benim var idi. 
 senin var idi. 
 onih var idi. 
 
 bizim var idi. 
 sizih var idi. 
 onlarin var idi. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall have, (mine there will be.) 
 benim olur. 
 senin olur. 
 onih olur. 
 
 bizim olur. 
 sizih olur. 
 onlarin olur. 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 I should have, etc. 
 
 Have thou, 
 let him have, 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 benim 
 
 senin olsun. 
 
 onih olsun. 
 6 
 
82 
 
 let us have, 
 
 have ye, 
 
 let them have, 
 
 bizim olsun. 
 sizin olsun. 
 'onlarin olsun. 
 
 And so on, through the other tenses of the impersonal 
 var dir. 
 
 Verb . 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE NEGATIVE OF THE VEBB TO HAVE. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I have not, (mine there is not.) 
 *t> .J.J jvJo benim yok dir. 
 
 senin yok. 
 onih yok. 
 
 bizim yok. 
 sizin yok. 
 onlarin yok. 
 
 I had not, 
 we had not, etc. 
 
 If I have not, 
 
 if we have not, etc. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 xcj jv-o | benim yoghidi. 
 x-> *yy | bizim yoghidi. 
 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 XfcjJ p-0 
 
 benim yoghissa. 
 
 Lcj ^' 
 
 bizim yoghissd. 
 
 COMPOUND OF PRESENT. 
 
 If I have not had, | ^ Juu*fcfrj *jo | benim yoghsaidi. 
 
 if we have not had, etc. 
 
 zim yoghsaidi. 
 
83 
 
 CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION TERMINATING IN dLo mek. 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 to love, 
 
 SECOND PRESENT. 
 
 I am loving, 
 seviorim. 
 seviorsin. 
 sevior. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I did love, 
 sever dim. 
 severdin. 
 severdi. 
 
 SECOND IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was loving, &c. 
 
 *4>s-^ 
 
 sevmek. 
 
 INDICATIVE, 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 I love, 
 
 r;r* 
 
 sever im. 
 
 thou lovest, 
 
 vj^r* 
 
 sever sin. 
 
 he loves, 
 
 ;r* 
 
 sever. 
 
 We love, 
 
 
 
 sever iz. 
 
 you love, 
 
 '?*)?" 
 
 seversiz. 
 
 they love, 
 
 j)+"> 
 
 severler. 
 
 sevionz. 
 
 seviorsiz. 
 
 siviorler. 
 
 sever 'dik. 
 
 severdihiz. 
 
 severdiler. 
 
 sevior dim. 
 
84 
 
 *W 
 
 T\MM 
 
 M M 
 -wu 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I loved, 
 
 sevdim. 
 
 sevdin. 
 
 sevdi. 
 
 v3 ^ %_ AjV 
 
 f**r> 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall or will love, 
 seve-djeyim. I yjC^.-u; 
 sevedjeksen. yujC^.^ 
 
 seve-djekder. ^oJLjC^.*^ 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 I would or could love. 
 severidim. 
 severidih. 
 sever idi. 
 
 COMPOUND OF PRESENT. 
 
 I have loved, 
 sevmishim. 
 sevmishsen. 
 sevmishdir. 
 
 vAWwW./?^v 
 
 Love thou, 
 let him love, 
 
 IMPEEATIVE MOOD. 
 
 r* 
 
 sevdik. 
 
 sevdihiz. 
 
 sevdiler. 
 
 seve-djeyiz. 
 
 seve-djeksiz. 
 
 seve-djeklerdi. 
 
 severidik. 
 sever idimz. 
 severleridi. 
 
 sevmishiz. 
 
 sevmishsiz. 
 
 sevmishler. 
 
 Let us love, 
 
 love ye, 
 
 let them love, 
 
 sevsin. 
 
 sevelim. 
 seveniz. 
 sevsinler. 
 
85 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 That I may love, 
 seveyim. 
 sevesin. 
 seveh. 
 
 *4ttMM 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 That I might love, 
 seveidim. 
 seveidih. 
 seveidi. 
 
 seveiz. 
 
 sevesiz. 
 
 seveler. 
 
 seveidik. 
 
 seveidihiz. 
 
 seveidiler. 
 
 \+j 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 If I love, 
 seversem. 
 severseh. 
 severseh. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 If I did love, 
 
 sevsem. 
 sevsen. 
 sevseh. 
 
 COMPOUND OF PRESENT. 
 
 If I have loved, 
 sevmish issem. 
 sevmish isseh. 
 sevmish isseh. 
 
 seversek. 
 
 severseniz. 
 
 seversehler. 
 
 sevsek. 
 
 sevseniz. 
 
 sevsehler. 
 
 sevmish issek. 
 j guo ^w sevmish issehiz. 
 sevmish issehler. 
 
86 -i. 
 
 PAST IMPERFECT. 
 
 If I had loved, 
 
 sevsehidim. 
 sevsehidm. 
 sevsehidi. 
 
 *^ 
 
 sevsehidik. 
 
 sevsehidiniz. 
 
 sevsehidiler. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 fc^w 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 to love, 
 to have loved, 
 before having loved, 
 after having loved, 
 intending to love, 
 
 In loving, 
 
 having loved, 
 
 in continuing to love, 
 
 loving, 
 
 -^ 
 
 INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLES 
 
 Present. Loving, 
 
 Past. Loved, 
 
 Present. Declinable. Loving, 
 Past. Declinable. Loved, 
 
 Future. Intending to love, 
 
 obliged to love, 
 
 sevmek. 
 sevmish olmac. 
 sevdikden evel. 
 sevdikden sohra. 
 sevedjek olmac. 
 
 sever ken. 
 severiken. 
 
 sevip. 
 
 severek. 
 
 sevindjeh. 
 
 sever, 
 sevmish. 
 seven, 
 sevdik. 
 
 sevedjek. 
 sevmeli. 
 
 tftdw 
 
87 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION TEEMINATING IN <J^ mac. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 To look, 
 
 bacmac. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 I look, 
 thou lookest, 
 he looks, 
 
 ~J * 
 
 bacarim. 
 bacarsin. 
 bacar. 
 
 We look, 
 you look, 
 they look, 
 
 5S 
 
 bacariz. 
 bacarsiz. 
 bacarler. 
 
 SECOND PRESENT. 
 
 I am looking, 
 L bacaiorim. 
 L bacaiorsin. 
 bacaior. 
 
 L bacaioriz. 
 L bacaiorsiz. 
 bacaiorler. 
 
 'Y** 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I did look, 
 
 bacardim. 
 
 ,vjy.sL "bacardik. 
 
 bacardin. 
 
 yTt>ySLj bacardiniz. 
 
 bacardi. 
 
 vJLsOvi'Lj bacar diler. 
 
 SECOND IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was looking, &c. 
 
 bacaiordim, 
 
88 
 
 * 
 
 
 PEEFECT. 
 
 I looked, 
 
 bacdim. 
 bacdin. 
 bacdi. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall or will look, 
 bacadjdghim. 
 bacadjaksen. 
 bacadjakdir. 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 I would or could look, 
 bacaridim. 
 bacaridih. 
 bacaridi. 
 
 COMPOUND OF PKESENT. 
 
 I have looked, 
 bacmishim. 
 bacmishen. 
 bacmishdir. 
 
 bacdik. 
 
 bacdiniz. 
 
 bacdiler. 
 
 bacadjaghiz. 
 bacadjaksiz. 
 bacadjaklar. 
 
 bacaridik. 
 
 bacaridiniz. 
 
 bacarlaridi. 
 
 bacmishiz. 
 
 bacmtshsiz. 
 
 bacmishler. 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Look thou, 
 let him look, 
 
 Let us look, 
 
 look ye, 
 
 let them look, 
 
 bac. 
 bacsin. 
 
 bacalim. 
 bacaniz. 
 bacsinler. 
 
89 
 
 * 
 
 OPTATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 That I may look, 
 bacayim. 
 bacasen. 
 baca. 
 
 JssL 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 That I might look, 
 bacaidim. 
 bacaidin. 
 bacaidi. 
 
 bacauz. 
 bacasiz. 
 bacaler. 
 
 bacaidik. 
 
 bacaidiniz. 
 
 bacaidiler. 
 
 /*> 
 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 If I look, 
 bacarsam. 
 bacarsan. 
 bacarsah. 
 
 J 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 If I did look, 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 bacsdm. 
 bacsan. 
 bacsah. 
 
 COMPOUND OF PRESENT. 
 
 If I have looked, 
 bacmish issem. 
 bacmish is sen. 
 bacmish isseh. 
 
 bacarsac. 
 
 bacarsafiiz. 
 
 bacarsaler. 
 
 bacsac. 
 
 bacsaniz. 
 
 bacsaler. 
 
 bacmish issek. 
 bacmish issehiz, 
 bacmishissehler. 
 
90 
 
 PAST IMPERFECT. 
 
 If I had looked, 
 bacsaidim. 
 bacsaidin. 
 
 O. 
 
 bacsaidic. 
 bacsaidmiz. 
 
 bacsaidi. Jb<Xu*J>b bacsaidiler 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 J.I . 
 
 GERUNDS. 
 
 To look, 
 to have looked, 
 before looking, 
 after looking, 
 intending to look, 
 
 In looking, 
 
 having looked, 
 
 in looking (constantly), 
 
 in looking, 
 
 INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLES 
 
 Present. Looking, 
 
 Past. looked, 
 
 Declinable Present. Looked, 
 Declinable Past. Looked, 
 
 bacmac. 
 bacmish olmac. 
 bacdikden evel. 
 bacdikden sonra. 
 bacadjac olmac. 
 
 bacarken. 
 \ bacariken. 
 
 bacip. 
 
 bacarak. 
 
 bakindjeh. 
 
 
 Future. 
 
 Intending to look, 
 obliged to look, 
 
 bacar. 
 bacmish. 
 toucan, 
 bacdik. 
 
 bacadjak. 
 bacmali. 
 
91 
 
 CONJUGATION OF A NEGATIVE VERB. 
 
 The negative Verb is formed by adding . mim to the 
 root through all its Moods and Tenses; the indeclinable 
 Participle present, instead of ending in , as in the affir- 
 mative Verbs, forms its termination in yc pronounced 
 mez or maz, according as the Infinitive ends in ^Lo mek, 
 or jo mac. 
 
 To speak, 
 not to speak. 
 
 EXAMPLE. 
 
 sdilemek. 
 soilememek. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PKESENT. 
 
 I do not speak, 
 thoudoestnot speak, 
 he does not speak, 
 
 We do no speak, 
 you do not speak, 
 they do not speak, 
 
 SECOND PKESENT. 
 
 I am not speaking 
 soilemeiorem. 
 soilemeiorsin. 
 soilemeior. 
 
 soilemem. 
 
 sdilemezsin. 
 
 soilemez. 
 
 soilemeziz. 
 
 soilemezsiz. 
 
 soilemezler. 
 
 soilemeioriz. 
 s o Hem e'io rsiz . 
 sdilemeiorler . 
 
92 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 I did not speak, 
 sbilemezdim. \ 
 M sbilemezdin. -S^>\ 
 
 * sbilemezdi. 
 
 SECOND IMPERFECT. 
 
 I was not speaking, &c. I ^ 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 I spoke not, 
 soilemedim. 
 soilemedin. 
 sbilemedi. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I will not speak, 
 
 sbilemezdik. 
 
 soilemezdiniz. 
 
 soilemezdiler. 
 
 soilemeiordim. 
 
 soilemedik. 
 
 sbilemedmiz. 
 
 sbilemediler. 
 
 sbilemeyedjegim. 
 
 The other tenses are formed in the like manner. 
 
 GERUND. 
 not speaking, | ^jJot yjb^-. 
 
 sbile'mez ikin. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF A VEEB INTEEEOGATIVELY. 
 When a verb is used interrogatively, the interrogative 
 particle o mi, is inserted immediately after the root. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 To know, 
 
 dLJb 
 
 Wmek. 
 
 Do I know? 
 dost thou know? 
 does he know? 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 PRESENT. 
 
 or 
 
 Hilirmi tm. 
 bilirmisen. 
 HUrmi. 
 
93 
 
 Do we know? 
 do you know? 
 do they know? 
 
 bilirmiiz. 
 
 bilirmisiz. 
 
 bilirmiler. 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Did I know? 
 
 or 
 
 bihrmidim. 
 
 yo v Jb bilirmidin . 
 UUrmidi. 
 
 ^JJoucs Jb bilirmidik. 
 
 bilirmidiniz . 
 Mirmidiler . 
 
 JLj <X 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Did I know? 
 
 ^4.4.3 tX-L 
 
 mi. 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Shall I know? 
 *JUL*JL=* jJb UUdjekmi im. 
 ^.-wwuL^j^Jb bilidjekmi sen. 
 Widjek mi. 
 
 bildiniz mi. 
 bildiler mi. 
 
 ^ JLj bilidjekmi iz. 
 j bilidjekmisimz. 
 bilidjek miler. 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 Like the Imperfect, &c. &c. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF A VEEB. 
 
 NEGATIVELY AND INTERROGATIVELY. 
 
 To understand? 
 not to understand, 
 
 anlamac. 
 anlamamac. 
 
94 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT OR FUTURE. 
 
 Do I not understand? 
 dost thou not understand ? 
 does he not understand? 
 
 Do we not understand? 
 do you not understand? 
 do they not understand? 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Did I not understand? 
 
 anlamaz mi im. 
 ahldmdz mi sen. 
 ahldmdz mi. 
 
 ahldmdz mi iz. 
 ahldmdz mi siniz. 
 ahldmdz mi dirler. 
 
 r 
 
 anlamaz mi dim. 
 ahldmdz mi din. 
 anlamaz mi di. 
 
 ahldmdz mi dik. 
 anlamaz mi dihiz. 
 ahldmdz mi diler. 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Did I not understand? 
 
 ahldmddim mi. 
 ahldmddih mi. 
 ahldmddi mi. 
 
 ahldmddik mi. 
 ahldmddimz mi. 
 ahldmddiler mi. 
 
95 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Shall I not understand. 
 fi^ aj(+)&] ahlamaiadjakmi im. 
 
 ahlamaiadjakmisen. 
 
 ahlamaiadjakmi. 
 
 ahlamaiadjak mi iz. 
 ahlamaiadjak mi sihiz. 
 ahlamaiadjak mi ler. 
 
 CONDITIONAL. 
 
 Like the Imperfect. &c. &c. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 There are a great number of adverb's in Turkish, for 
 besides the adjectives which are used adverbially, there 
 are formed in various ways. 
 
 1. By a Substantive, followed by the postposition 
 adbt ileh, with; or ,v^| izreh, upon; as: viJULJo delilik, 
 stupidity; &Jbt dULJt> delilik ileh, stupidly; dUUu*^ 
 dostlik, friendship; sy-,.! viUjuv.O dostlik izreh, friendly. 
 
 2. By adding the Arabic termination (| an) to the 
 noun, as: ^A^O s^r^, appearance; b^.,0 suretan, ap- 
 
 ^ 
 
 parently; o^JLt akibet, end; LuJLa akibetan, finally. 
 
 3. By adding the Persian termination xj| ^we^, or 
 &jL yaneh, to a Noun, as-: ou*.c> ^os^, friend; xiLxAw.4> 
 dostdnehj friendly. 
 
96 
 
 4. By adding the syllable x^ djeh, to a noun, 
 as: JUot ingliz, English; x^JUG! ingliz dj 'eh , in the 
 English fashion. 
 
 
 
 Luo b _JLS cany a. 
 
 Where? 
 
 
 Lo# 
 
 hanija. 
 nereje. 
 
 
 
 St>S*J 
 
 nerede. 
 
 in which place? 
 
 
 SjJ^? *3 
 
 ne mahalda. 
 
 
 
 Ljj 
 
 bura. 
 
 here, 
 
 
 AV 
 
 bunda. 
 
 
 
 50l ;r ? 
 
 burada. 
 
 here, in this place, 
 
 
 >* j4 
 
 biijerde. 
 
 there, 
 
 
 
 ';j'~~ 8 ;j' or ^* 
 
 Ss^co shura, 
 
 from thence, 
 
 
 ,jJO.-ci shimdan. 
 
 on this side, 
 
 
 8 Jo Jo ^J 
 
 bu tarafta. 
 
 on that side, 
 
 
 
 8 ^! 
 
 ottarafta. 
 otede. 
 
 here and there, 
 
 
 ^ ^' 
 
 ote beri. 
 
 every-where, 
 
 
 ^/ 
 
 her jerde. 
 
 nowhere, 
 
 
 "*^y g** Mshbiryer 
 
 up above, 
 
 
 sLso ^>L.-5 yocare. 
 
 clown below, 
 
 
 ^Lol 
 
 ashaghe. 
 
 in front, 
 
 
 v^' 
 
 ileri. 
 
 in rear, 
 
 
 ^7^ 
 
 gueri. 
 
 before, 
 
 
 c^l 
 
 un. 
 
 behind, 
 
 
 t>;l 
 
 ard. 
 
 within, 
 
 
 jr$*.'~~"<5r?*.' 
 
 itcheri. 
 
 without, 
 
 
 5 r AJb-~ ( < ) L^J 
 
 die hare. 
 
97 
 
 under, beneath, 
 above, upon, 
 
 much, 
 
 little, 
 
 for a long time, 
 
 early, 
 
 late, 
 
 far, { 
 
 near, 
 
 quickly, 
 
 to-day, 
 
 this evening, 
 
 yesterday, 
 
 to-morrow,. 
 
 the next day, 
 
 towards the morning, 
 
 during the day, 
 
 during the night, 
 
 at noon, 
 
 at midnight, 
 
 more, 
 
 too much, 
 
 together, 
 
 less, 
 
 so-so, 
 
 so, thus, 
 
 here, behold, 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 
 
 
 01* 
 
 alt 
 
 ust. 
 
 uzere. 
 
 tchoc. 
 
 dz. 
 
 tchoctariberi, 
 
 erken. 
 
 guetch. 
 
 uzac. 
 
 irac. 
 
 yak in. 
 
 tez. 
 
 tshapek. 
 
 bu gun. 
 
 bit akhsham. 
 
 dun. 
 
 yarin. 
 
 ertessy gun. 
 
 sabahlayin. 
 
 gunduzun. 
 
 guedjeleyn. 
 
 oylen. 
 
 giiedje yarese. 
 
 drtek. 
 
 zidde. 
 
 beraber. 
 
 eksik. 
 
 dyle. 
 
 boyle. 
 
 ichte. 
 
98 
 
 f 
 
 ijv^ 
 
 Mtun. 
 
 all, every, 
 
 *JU^ 
 
 djumle. 
 
 I 
 
 L^ r JL_& 
 
 v 
 
 hep. 
 
 other, 
 
 XJL&J 
 
 L^T 
 
 bachka. 
 ghayre. 
 
 always, 
 
 I f ^j^N 
 
 ddyma. 
 
 now, at present, 
 
 154X4-& 
 
 shimdi, shindi. 
 
 again, scarcely, 
 
 jjjj* 
 
 henuz. 
 
 immediately, 
 
 JLll^ 
 
 fil-hdl. 
 
 afterwards, 
 
 sJilo 
 
 sonrd. 
 
 very, 
 
 4$ 
 
 pek. 
 
 f 
 
 L 
 
 katsh. 
 
 how much? 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 NtXftJ 
 
 nekadar. 
 
 very often, 
 
 V 
 
 sektsha. 
 
 
 Juij 
 
 nassel. 
 
 
 X^vO 
 
 nidjeh. 
 
 how? 
 
 JjCi'L 
 
 ne shekil) 
 
 
 *L$^ io 
 
 ne vejh-ileh. 
 
 
 au^xj 
 
 ne guiuneh. 
 
 almost, 
 
 ^L^ 
 
 heman. 
 
 r 
 
 ^j I 
 
 evet. 
 
 yes, 
 
 jL 
 
 beli. 
 
 no, there is not, 
 
 o^ 
 
 yok. 
 
 no, 
 
 7^ 
 
 khair. 
 
 again, 
 
 L^ & 
 
 dahd. 
 
 also, 
 
 t*^. 
 
 dakhi. 
 
 as much, 
 
 \ U< 
 
 kddar. 
 
 most, 
 
 & 
 
 en. 
 
 certainly, 
 
 ycUo 
 
 zdhlr. 
 
 it is true, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 guertshek. 
 
99 
 
 it is true, 
 
 r& 
 
 sahih. 
 
 successively, 
 
 XJUt8di6 
 
 sera-ela. 
 
 very softly, 
 
 L|^ (>'> 
 
 javach javach. 
 
 henceforth, 
 
 ^7?*"? lO*-^- 3 *-? 
 
 'bundan boyle. 
 
 at least, 
 
 &-wo! (jS& /&~^ 
 
 hitsh deyil isse. 
 bdri. 
 
 opposite, 
 
 y&y**3 y*u) 
 
 kdrche be/car che. 
 
 from time to time, ! 
 
 ^&T* 
 
 vaket bevaket. 
 guiah begiiiah. 
 
 above all, 
 
 l^y^ 
 
 khucussa. 
 
 at last, 
 
 SjoL5^0 
 
 sonunda. 
 
 perhaps, 
 
 ijGL) 
 
 belki. 
 
 afresh, again, 
 
 (j^xJo 
 
 jeniden. 
 
 for instance, 
 
 ^JUQ 
 
 mesela. 
 
 to suppose that, j 
 
 *$"$ 
 
 tutalom ki. 
 farz edelim ki. 
 
 take care! 
 
 U ^Lo 
 
 sakin ha! 
 
 you are right, 
 
 ^!^ J:^ 
 
 hakkenez vdr. 
 
 several times, 
 
 V 
 
 tchoq kerre. 
 tchend def a. 
 
 at first, before now, \ 
 
 y;i 
 
 evvela. 
 
 ( 
 
 ItXxil 
 
 iptida. 
 
 previously, 
 
 Lcjuw 
 
 mukaddema. 
 
 as, like, 
 
 ' X" 
 
 guibi. 
 micillu. 
 
 in such a manner that, 
 
 ^L^ 
 
 giliuyaki. 
 
 why? 
 
 ur^^ 
 
 nitchin. 
 
 excellent! bravo 1 
 
 tf*yf 
 
 aferin. 
 
 so, as much, 
 
 
 olkadar. 
 
 7* 
 
100 
 
 by accident, 
 by chance, 
 
 UUsI 
 
 kaza-ela. 
 ittifaka. 
 
 POSTPOSITIONS. 
 
 The Turks have no Prepositions, all words so termed, 
 are placed in the Turkish language after the noun, and 
 hence are called Postpositions. 
 
 before, 
 
 after, 
 
 beyond, 
 
 since, 
 
 other, 
 
 by reason of, 
 
 proceeding, 
 
 outside, 
 
 inside, 
 
 as to, 
 
 towards, 
 
 as far as, until, 
 
 near, close, , 
 far, 
 
 with, 
 
 on, after, concerning, 
 
 sohra. 
 
 ote. 
 
 beri. 
 
 ghctyri. 
 
 ma 'ada. 
 
 nashL 
 
 dishare. 
 
 itcheri. 
 
 yana. 
 
 doghru. 
 
 kddar. 
 
 deguin. 
 
 dek. 
 
 yakin. 
 
 uzak. 
 
 irak. 
 
 guore. 
 
 ile y le. 
 
 uzre. 
 
101 -4- 
 
 ( 
 
 .^..^xjl 
 
 itchin. 
 
 for, in order, 
 
 ^ 
 
 dayr. 
 
 I 
 
 ts^^yk 
 
 dolay. 
 
 beyond, 
 
 (S)+&i 
 
 as here. 
 
 instead of, 
 
 2CU ,o 
 
 yerine. 
 
 near, by, 
 
 *JoL 
 
 ydnena. 
 
 concerning, 
 
 10*^ 
 
 hakkena. 
 khuciicuna. 
 
 - 
 
 _ 
 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 If, { 
 
 /I 
 
 eyer. 
 
 ( 
 
 ftUtof 
 
 isse. 
 
 ( 
 
 u 
 
 amma. 
 
 but, however, 
 
 ^9 
 
 I akin. 
 
 1 
 
 Njf 
 
 ilia. 
 
 then, 
 
 ^cX+jt 
 
 imdi, indi. 
 
 with, same, 
 
 ytf 
 
 Uleh. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 hdtta. 
 
 if, but, 
 
 iyCfl 
 
 meyer. 
 
 also, 
 
 cs^^ 
 
 ddkhi. 
 
 I. 
 
 5J> 
 
 dd, de. 
 
 because, since that, 
 
 iOo^ 
 
 tchunki. 
 
 because, 
 
 fe 
 
 zirah. 
 
 or, either, | 
 
 O^^L yakhod. 
 
 [ 
 
 L ytf. 
 
 until, until that, 
 
 Li* ! to. 
 
102 
 
 and, 
 
 provided that, so that, 
 provided that, only, 
 that is to say, 
 
 hem. 
 
 tek. 
 
 ya'ni. 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 Oh! well! 
 
 very well, bravo! 
 
 capital, 
 
 oh! oh! how nice! 
 ah! eh! oh! 
 well! let us see, 
 
 halloo! 
 
 hush! silence! 
 
 'tis a pity, what a pity ! 
 
 oh! helas! 
 
 *JU!Ulo 
 ; t *l 
 
 L 
 L 
 
 hayde. 
 
 aferin. 
 
 mas hall a. 
 
 ne guzel. 
 
 oh oh. 
 
 hay hay. 
 
 guel bakalem. 
 
 ey. 
 
 bana bak. 
 
 bak sana. 
 
 ya hu. 
 
 ya. 
 
 ey. 
 
 sus. 
 
 sus ol. 
 
 yazek. 
 
 ne yazek. 
 
 yazeklar olsiin. 
 
 meded. 
 
 ey vah. 
 
103 
 
 oh! ah! 
 
 o God! 
 
 God be praised! 
 
 God be thanked! 
 
 oh! ah! 
 
 halloo! 
 
 oh! 
 
 take care, atten- 
 tion! 
 
 *JUI 
 
 JO 
 
 subhan allah. 
 
 barek allah. 
 
 vdy. 
 
 bre. 
 
 be. 
 
 sakin. 
 
 guozunu dtch, 
 
 AT FEW PRACTICAL PHRASES. 
 
 Give me, 
 bring me, 
 if you please. 
 
 I beg. Pray, 
 
 what do you want ? 
 I want, I wish, 
 is there? 
 there is, 
 there is not, 
 where is it? 
 never mind, 
 do not be angry, 
 
 where are you going? 
 
 xu.! x3 
 
 ver bana. 
 ghetir bana. 
 eyer 1st er sin. 
 
 herein et. 
 ridja ederim. 
 
 yalvarerem. 
 ne istersin. 
 isterim. 
 varme. 
 
 vdr. varder, 
 jok, joktur. 
 nerede. nerde. 
 zardr jok. 
 ghudjenme. 
 
 dharelma. 
 nereyeghideyorsun. 
 
104 
 
 I am going home, 
 do you like it ? 
 very much, 
 
 lend me, 
 
 do me the favour, 
 
 do you learn 
 
 turkish? 
 take care, 
 shut the door, 
 I am tired, 
 how so? 
 give me that, 
 open the door, 
 ring the bell, 
 
 do you hear? 
 call the servant, 
 
 make haste, 
 I want, 
 
 I do not want, 
 
 I am ready, 
 
 are you ready? 
 
 yes, Sir, 
 
 no, 
 
 come here, 
 
 go away, 
 
 &-LI X 
 
 o 
 
 ei;^ ghideijorum. 
 onu severmisin. 
 pek tchok. 
 
 ziyadecile. 
 odundj ver bana. 
 bu 'ynajeti eyle 
 
 bana. 
 turktche oireniyor- 
 
 mucun. 
 sd ken. 
 k dp eye kdpd. 
 yorghunum. 
 nacel bmjle. 
 chunu bana ver. 
 kapuyu dtch. 
 tchlngherdghe 
 
 tchdl. 
 
 'ichidly or mucun. 
 khezmetcheye 
 
 tchdgher. 
 tchapuk oL 
 isterim. bana 
 
 lazem. 
 istemem. 
 hdzerem. 
 hdzermecen. 
 evet efendim. 
 khdyer. 
 biirdya ghel. 
 hdyde ghit. 
 
105 
 
 go to bed, 
 listen to me, 
 he came, 
 why? what for? 
 I do not know, 
 come quickly, 
 do not be long, 
 I shall wait for you, 
 I am mistaken, 
 I made a mistake, 
 you are right, 
 
 will you do it? 
 
 yes, I will, 
 
 I cannot, 
 
 it is very nice, 
 
 it is beautiful, 
 
 I am thirsty, 
 
 are you hungry? 
 
 sit down, 
 
 take a seat, 
 
 what do they call 
 - that? 
 
 the turkish lan- 
 guage is har- 
 monious. 
 
 the position of 
 Constantinople 
 is magnificent, 
 
 y Xft^ * L 
 
 j>5 L> 
 
 vXli *.i* 
 
 ; < T;J 
 
 oo Lc. 
 
 yatagha ghit. 
 dinle beni. 
 gheldi. 
 
 mtchin.ne-itchin. 
 Mlmem. 
 tchapek ghel. 
 tchok dhurmd. 
 seni bekleyedjeyim. 
 yanlechem vdr. 
 ydnlech ettim. 
 hdcken vdr. 
 
 hdckenez vdr. 
 ~bunu yapdrmecen. 
 beli yaparem. 
 yapamdm. 
 pek eyi. 
 pek a'ala. 
 sucamechem. 
 
 ddjmecen. 
 kdrnenezddjme. 
 
 othdr. othurun. 
 buyuritn othurun. 
 bund ne dersin. 
 
 turki licane-nen 
 sedaee Idlhifdir. 
 
 istdmbol-un mev- 
 kyi'-y gha yet 
 ghuzeldir. 
 
106 
 
 what do you want? 
 
 your 
 
 what is 
 
 desire ? 
 what will you give 
 
 me? 
 
 what is that? 
 is it all right? 
 
 it is all right, 
 
 what kind of 
 
 money have you? 
 I have english 
 
 money, 
 what do you call 
 
 that in Turkish? 
 whatis the name of 
 
 that in Turkish? 
 
 what is your name ? 
 
 what is the price 
 of that? 
 
 it is six piastres 
 (one shilling), 
 it is very dear, 
 it is very cheap, 
 
 it 
 
 ne drzularsen. 
 nedrzuldrsenez. 
 
 emriniz nedir. 
 bdna ne verirsiniz. 
 
 bu ne dir. 
 yolundame. Her 
 
 chey yolundame. 
 yolimda-der. 
 
 pek egi. 
 
 ne djins dktchen 
 vdr. 
 
 inghiliz pdrdm vdr. 
 
 bi~ma tiirktche ne 
 dersin. 
 
 bunun de turktche 
 ade nedir. 
 
 dden nedir. 
 ddenez nedir. 
 
 bunun pdhace 
 ne-dir. bunun 
 fiyate kdtchter. 
 
 dlte ghuriichtur. 
 bir chilindir. 
 
 pek pahale-der. 
 
 pek udjuzdur. 
 
107 
 
 I always sell cheap, 
 
 how much will you 
 
 give? 
 I will only give you 
 
 six pence, 
 
 Good day, Sir, 
 be welcome, 
 how are you? 
 
 are you quite well? 
 
 very well (God be 
 praised) andyou, 
 how are you? 
 
 I hope that you 
 are well, 
 
 Good night, 
 are you hungry? 
 I am very hungry. 
 
 have you anything 
 ready for break- 
 fast? 
 
 yes, Sir, 
 
 i / 
 
 U^ f 
 wAwCu 
 
 'yX-WW 
 
 *JU! 
 
 w^) 
 
 dctima udjiiz 
 satarem. 
 nekaddr verirsin. 
 
 yalenez iitch. 
 
 ghuruch veririm 
 
 sana. 
 sabahiniz khair ola 
 
 e fen dim. 
 khoch gueldiniz 
 
 sulthanim. 
 mizadji cherifiniz 
 
 nidje dir. 
 ke'ifiniz enrni. 
 chukiir 'ia siz nidje 
 
 sintz. 
 
 umid ederimki 
 
 mizadjiniz 
 
 e'iidir, e'iiciniz in 
 
 chd'dllah. 
 
 giledjeniz khair ola. 
 karniniz atchmi. 
 dju'i mufritha 
 
 dutchar oldum. 
 kahve altyie hazir 
 
 bir cheiin iokmii. 
 
 evel sulthanim. 
 
108 
 
 what have you for 
 
 dinner ? 
 what do you wish 
 
 for Sir? 
 can I give you some 
 
 roast meat? 
 what will you take ? 
 will you have a 
 
 little soup ? 
 bring the fruit, 
 there is beautiful 
 
 fruit! 
 
 are you thirsty? 
 Ishould like to drink 
 
 a glass of wine, 
 I am very thirsty, 
 give me something 
 
 to drink, 
 bring the wine, 
 it is excellent, 
 will you take tea 
 
 or coffee? 
 give me a cup of 
 
 coffee, 
 how do you like the 
 
 coffee? 
 do you not under 
 
 stand what I say, 
 I understand, but 
 
 I cannot speak, 
 
 wj 
 
 
 jiy 
 
 15* r* 
 
 20 
 
 yX^AAAX) '^*M +*J<G 
 
 *j 
 
 >* 
 
 (L 
 
 bAM 
 
 iemkde nemiz var. 
 
 ne istersiniz 
 
 sulthanim. 
 bir kebabdan vere 
 
 im mi. 
 
 ne iemek istersiniz. 
 bir az tchorba 
 
 istermiciniz . 
 zemichi giietirin. 
 ichte pek guzel 
 
 lemich. 
 
 sucuz mucunuz. 
 pek en itcheim bir 
 
 kadeh charab. 
 pek sucuzum. 
 verin bir az itcheim. 
 
 charabi guetir. 
 pek e'ii dir. 
 kahve mi istersiniz 
 
 tcha'i mi. 
 bana bir fildjan 
 
 kahve veriniz. 
 nacil bu kahve. 
 
 soildiklerimi anla- 
 
 mazmiciniz. 
 
 anlarim andjak 
 
 soiliemem. 
 
109 
 
 by and by you will 
 find it easy, 
 
 for the purpose 
 of learning 
 Turkish, one 
 must speak it 
 continually, 
 
 to speak it conti- 
 nually, one must 
 know something 
 of the language, 
 
 well or ill al- 
 ways, speak, 
 
 ogrenirsiniz. 
 turktcJie eiisoilemek 
 itchin syk syk 
 soilemekguerek. 
 
 syk syk soilemek 
 itchin Mr az 
 l)ilmek guerek. 
 
 eiifena ddima soile. 
 
PRACTICAL ENGLISH 
 
 AND 
 
 TURKISH DICTIONARY. 
 
 FOB TRAVELLERS. 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUEKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 Abandon, v. x 
 
 brakmak 
 
 acquit, v. 
 
 fuchsuz 
 
 able 
 
 kabil, kadir 
 
 across 
 
 arkuru 
 
 abolish 
 
 ibtal etmek 
 
 action 
 
 da'va 
 
 abominable 
 
 mekruh 
 
 active 
 
 chabuk 
 
 above 
 
 jokari . 
 
 admiration 
 
 te'ajjub 
 
 abound 
 
 chok olmak 
 
 admire, v. 
 
 te'ajjub etmek 
 
 about 
 
 atraf 
 
 adorn 
 
 zinetlemek 
 
 absent 
 
 gaib 
 
 advance, v. 
 
 ileril gelmek 
 
 absolutely 
 
 mutlak 
 
 advantage 
 
 fa/ide 
 
 absurd 
 
 iakeshmaz 
 
 adventure 
 
 vakia 
 
 abundance 
 
 kesret 
 
 advice ^ 
 
 ' naQihat 
 
 abundant 
 
 bol, chok 
 
 affair 
 
 matfahat 
 
 abuse 
 
 fend 1 adet 
 
 afraid, to be 
 
 korkmak 
 
 accept 
 
 kabul etmek 
 
 after, p. 
 
 gonra 
 
 acceptable 
 
 makbul 
 
 afternoon 
 
 ikindi 
 
 accompany, v. s 
 
 He beraber gitmek 
 
 again 
 
 jine 
 
 accomplice 
 
 slierik 
 
 against 
 
 karshi 
 
 according 
 
 gore 
 
 age 
 
 jash 
 
 account, v. 
 
 hisab etmek 
 
 agent 
 
 vekil 
 
 account 
 
 hisab 
 
 agree, v. 
 
 milttefik olmak 
 
 (news) 
 
 khabar 
 
 agreeable 
 
 makbul 
 
 accuse, v. 
 
 shikajet 
 
 aid 
 
 imdad 
 
Ill 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUEKISH 
 
 aim, v. 
 
 nishan 
 
 army 
 
 asker 
 
 air 
 
 hava 
 
 around 
 
 chevre 
 
 alarm 
 
 korku 
 
 arrange, v. 
 
 duzeltmek 
 
 alive 
 
 diri 
 
 arrest 
 
 habs 
 
 all 
 
 hep, jumle 
 
 arrival 
 
 vugul 
 
 alone ^ 
 
 jaliniz 
 
 arrive, v. 
 
 gelmek 
 
 also 
 
 daha 
 
 arrow 
 
 ok 
 
 although x 
 
 egerchi 
 
 art (science) 
 
 Qana^at 
 
 always 
 
 daima 
 
 as 
 
 gibi 
 
 ambassador 
 
 iltchi 
 
 ashamed, to be 
 
 utanmak 
 
 ambition 
 
 bujuk milrad 
 
 ashes 
 
 kill 
 
 ambush 
 
 pugu 
 
 ask, v. 
 
 gormak 
 
 among 
 
 mabein 
 
 asleep, to be 
 
 ujumak 
 
 ancestors 
 
 ejdad 
 
 ass 
 
 eshek 
 
 ancient 
 
 kadim 
 
 assault, s. 
 
 bagkin 
 
 and 
 
 ve 
 
 assembly 
 
 jem'ijet 
 
 angel 
 
 melek 
 
 B/SSlStij V 
 
 imdad etmek 
 
 anger 
 
 ffhazeb, darghun- 
 
 assistance 
 
 imdad 
 
 
 lik 
 
 astonish, v. 
 
 hairan etmek 
 
 angry 
 
 darghin 
 
 astonished 
 
 hairan 
 
 animal 
 
 haivan 
 
 attempt, s. 
 
 tejrube 
 
 another 
 
 bir bashka 
 
 attempt, v. 
 
 tejrube etmek 
 
 answer 
 
 jevab 
 
 attend, v. (serve) 
 
 millazemet etmek 
 
 * > v. 
 
 jevab vermek 
 
 attendance 
 
 mulazemet 
 
 ant s 
 
 karinja 
 
 attentive (to be) 
 
 tekaijud etmek 
 
 anxiety 
 
 rahatsizlik 
 
 authority 
 
 kudret 
 
 anxious 
 
 rahatsiz 
 
 autumn 
 
 9** 
 
 any 
 
 hich 
 
 awake 
 
 oianik 
 
 anybody 
 
 kimse 
 
 awful 
 
 beibetli 
 
 appear 
 
 gorunmek 
 
 awkward 
 
 meharetsiz 
 
 apple 
 
 elma 
 
 axe 
 
 balta 
 
 appoint, v. 
 
 na$b, etmek 
 
 Back, s. 
 
 arka 
 
 appointment 
 
 mangib 
 
 back, adv. 
 
 giru 
 
 approach 
 
 jakin gelmek 
 
 bad 
 
 fena 
 
 approve, v. 
 
 razi olmak 
 
 badness ^ 
 
 fenalik 
 
 arabic <* 
 
 arabche 
 
 bag 
 
 chuval 
 
 arm 
 
 kol 
 
 bake, v. 
 
 furunda pishir 
 
 arms 
 
 silah 
 
 
 mek 
 
112 
 
 ENGLISH TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH TURKISH 
 
 baker -^ekmekji 
 ball (cannon) gule 
 
 bind, v. 
 bird 
 
 baghlamak 
 kush 
 
 bandage 
 
 garghi 
 
 birth 
 
 doffhma 
 
 banish 
 
 stirgun etmek 
 
 bitter 
 
 aji 
 
 bank (of a river) 
 
 kenar, ark 
 
 black 
 
 kara 
 
 (money) 
 
 banka 
 
 blacksmith ^ 
 
 demirji 
 
 banker 
 
 sarraf 
 
 blame 
 
 zemm 
 
 barber 
 
 berber 
 
 blind 
 
 kior 
 
 bare + 
 
 r chiplak 
 
 blood 
 
 kan 
 
 bark (of a tree) 
 
 kabak 
 
 blow, s. 
 
 vurush 
 
 barley 
 
 arpa 
 
 to blow, v. 
 
 esmek 
 
 bath 
 
 hammam 
 
 blue 
 
 mam 
 
 bathe, v. 
 
 ijkanmak 
 
 boar 
 
 ydban 
 
 battle 
 
 jenk 
 
 boat 
 
 kayk 
 
 be, v. 
 
 olmak 
 
 boatman 
 
 kaykji 
 
 bear, to, v. 
 
 geturmek 
 
 body 
 
 ten 
 
 bear, s. 
 
 aiu 
 
 boil, v. 
 
 kainamak 
 
 bearer ^ 
 
 getilren 
 
 bone 
 
 kemik 
 
 beard 
 
 Qakal 
 
 book 
 
 kitab 
 
 beat, v. 
 
 vurmak 
 
 borrow, v. 
 
 b'dunj almak 
 
 beautiful 
 
 gilzel 
 
 both 
 
 iki 
 
 beauty 
 
 guzellik 
 
 bottle 
 
 shishe 
 
 because 
 
 chiinki 
 
 bottom 
 
 dib 
 
 become, v. 
 
 olmak 
 
 box 
 
 kutu 
 
 bed 
 
 doshek 
 
 boy 
 
 Offhlan 
 
 bee 
 
 ari 
 
 brain 
 
 beini 
 
 beer 
 
 arpa fuju 
 
 branch 
 
 dal 
 
 before 
 
 evvel 
 
 brass 
 
 pirinj 
 
 beggar 
 
 dilenji 
 
 brave 
 
 yilrekli 
 
 begin, v. 
 
 bashlamak 
 
 bread 
 
 ekmek 
 
 believe (v) x 
 
 'inanmak 
 
 break 
 
 kirmak 
 
 bell 
 
 chan 
 
 breakfast 
 
 kahvalti 
 
 belly 
 
 karin 
 
 breast 
 
 goks 
 
 below, pr. s 
 
 ashaghi 
 
 breath, s. 
 
 foluk 
 
 bend, v. 
 
 eimek 
 
 breathe, v. 
 
 goluk almak 
 
 besides 
 
 bashka 
 
 to bribe 
 
 rishvet vermek 
 
 between 
 
 ara 
 
 bride 
 
 gelin 
 
 beyond 
 
 o bir tarafinda 
 
 bridge 
 
 kopril 
 
113 
 
 ENGLISH TURKISH ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 bridle ^ bashlik carpet 
 
 khali 
 
 bright 
 
 berrak 
 
 carriage 
 
 araba 
 
 bring, v. 
 
 geturmek 
 
 to carry 
 
 geturmek 
 
 broad 
 
 enli 
 
 cart 
 
 yuk arabasi 
 
 broom 
 
 silpurge 
 
 cartridge 
 
 fishek 
 
 brother 
 
 kardash 
 
 carve, v. 
 
 kesmek 
 
 brown 
 
 esmer 
 
 cat 
 
 kedi 
 
 bud 
 
 Jills 
 
 catch, v. 
 
 tutmak 
 
 brush 
 
 fyrcha 
 
 cattle 
 
 $ygUr 
 
 bug 
 
 taklita biti 
 
 celebrated 
 
 meshhur 
 
 build, v. 
 
 iapmak 
 
 ceremony 
 
 teklif 
 
 bull 
 
 buffha 
 
 certain 
 
 gahih 
 
 bullet 
 
 kurshun 
 
 certainly 
 
 shiibhesiz 
 
 burn, v. 
 
 iakmak 
 
 chain 
 
 zinjir 
 
 burst, v. 
 
 patlamak 
 
 chair 
 
 sandalije 
 
 bury, v. 
 
 ff'ommek 
 
 chamber 
 
 oda 
 
 business 
 
 maglahat 
 
 change, v. 
 
 deyishilmek 
 
 busy 
 
 meshghul 
 
 chalk 
 
 tebeshir 
 
 but 
 
 amma, lakin 
 
 cheap 
 
 ujuz 
 
 butcher 
 
 kassdb 
 
 cheat, v. 
 
 aldamak 
 
 butter 
 
 yagh 
 
 cheek 
 
 janak 
 
 buy, v. 
 
 satun almak 
 
 cheerful 
 
 shen 
 
 by 
 
 ydkin 
 
 cheese 
 
 peinir 
 
 
 
 cherry 
 
 kiras 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 laliana 
 
 chess 
 
 shatranj 
 
 cage 
 
 kafes 
 
 chicken 
 
 pilij 
 
 calf 
 
 dana 
 
 chief 
 
 bash, reis 
 
 camel 
 
 deve 
 
 child 
 
 chodshuk 
 
 camp 
 
 ordu 
 
 chin 
 
 chaynai 
 
 campaign 
 
 sefer 
 
 choose, v. 
 
 oyuritemek 
 
 canal 
 
 oluk 
 
 circle 
 
 dai 
 
 candle 
 
 mom 
 
 city 
 
 shehir 
 
 cannon 
 
 top 
 
 civil 
 
 edebli 
 
 caravan 
 
 kiarvan 
 
 civility 
 
 edeb 
 
 care, s. 
 
 himmet 
 
 clean 
 
 temiz 
 
 careful 
 
 mukaijet 
 
 clerk 
 
 kiatib 
 
 careless 
 
 ihmalji 
 
 climb, v. 
 
 tyrmashmak 
 
 carpenter 
 
 duller 
 
 cloak 
 
 binish 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 8 
 
114 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKK1SH 
 
 clock 
 
 sd'at 
 
 conspiracy 
 
 fitne 
 
 cloth 
 
 choha 
 
 consul 
 
 konsolos 
 
 clothe, v. 
 
 geydirmek 
 
 consult, v. 
 
 naQihat istemek 
 
 cloud 
 
 bulut 
 
 consume, v. 
 
 duketmek 
 
 coat 
 
 setteri 
 
 content 
 
 khoshnudluk 
 
 coal 
 
 komur 
 
 continue, v. 
 
 durmak 
 
 coarse 
 
 kaba 
 
 contradict, v. 
 
 karshe soylemek 
 
 coffee 
 
 kahve 
 
 contrary, a 
 
 karshe 
 
 cock 
 
 horos 
 
 conversation 
 
 soyleshme 
 
 cold, ad 
 
 souk 
 
 cook, v. 
 
 fishirmek 
 
 cold, s. 
 
 soukluk 
 
 cook, s. 
 
 ashje 
 
 college 
 
 medrese 
 
 cool 
 
 gouk 
 
 colour 
 
 renk 
 
 copper 
 
 bakur 
 
 column 
 
 direk 
 
 copy, v. 
 
 furet almak 
 
 comb 
 
 tarak 
 
 corn 
 
 boghdai 
 
 come, v. 
 
 gelmek 
 
 corner 
 
 koshe * 
 
 comfort 
 
 rahatlyk 
 
 corpse 
 
 jenaze 
 
 comfortable 
 
 rahat 
 
 correct, v. 
 
 diizeltmek 
 
 command 
 
 emr 
 
 cost (expense) 
 
 deymek 
 
 to command, v. 
 
 emr etmek 
 
 cotton 
 
 pambuk, pembe 
 
 commerce 
 
 alish verish 
 
 counsel (advice) 
 
 ogut 
 
 common 
 
 bayaghe 
 
 count, v. 
 
 Qaymak 
 
 comparison 
 
 teshbih 
 
 cover 
 
 ortu 
 
 compare, v. 
 
 benzetmek 
 
 county 
 
 vilaiet, memleket 
 
 compel, v. 
 
 mejbur etmek 
 
 courage 
 
 yurek 
 
 compensation 
 
 ivaz, mukidfdt 
 
 court (of justice) 
 
 mehkeme 
 
 complaint 
 
 shikdyet 
 
 courtesy 
 
 chelebilik 
 
 complete 
 
 temdm etmek 
 
 cow 
 
 inek 
 
 compliment 
 
 seldm 
 
 cream 
 
 kaimak 
 
 conceal, v. 
 
 gizlemek 
 
 creator 
 
 yaradeje, khdlik 
 
 conclusion 
 
 netije 
 
 creature 
 
 makhluk 
 
 condemn 
 
 hukm etmek 
 
 crime 
 
 guch, gundh 
 
 condition 
 
 shartj hdl 
 
 criminal 
 
 guchlu 
 
 conduct, s. 
 
 tavr u hareket 
 
 crooked 
 
 eyri 
 
 conduct, v. 
 
 tedbir etmek 
 
 crow 
 
 qargha 
 
 confuse, v. 
 
 qareshdermak 
 
 crown 
 
 tdj 
 
 confusion 
 
 qaresheklek 
 
 cruel 
 
 rahmsez 
 
 conscious 
 
 duymak 
 
 cry, s. 
 
 chagherte 
 
115 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 cup 
 
 filgan, tas 
 
 descend 
 
 enmek 
 
 cure, s. 
 
 shifd 
 
 desert, v. 
 
 brakmak 
 
 curtain 
 
 perde 
 
 desert (wilder- 
 
 issir yer 
 
 cushion 
 
 yagdek 
 
 ness) 
 
 
 custom 
 
 ddet 
 
 deserter 
 
 kachken 
 
 cut, v. 
 
 kesmek 
 
 despair 
 
 umudsuzluk 
 
 cypress 
 
 serv 
 
 despise 
 
 khor gdrmek 
 
 
 
 destroy 
 
 bozmak 
 
 Dagger 
 
 khancher 
 
 dew 
 
 chih 
 
 daily 
 
 her ffunki 
 
 diamond 
 
 elmds 
 
 damage 
 
 ziydn 
 
 dictionary 
 
 loghat Utdbe 
 
 damp 
 
 nem 
 
 die, v. 
 
 olmek 
 
 dance, v. 
 
 khora 
 
 difference 
 
 fark 
 
 danger 
 
 mukhatara 
 
 difficult 
 
 gilch 
 
 dark 
 
 qaranlek 
 
 difficulty 
 
 gucUuk 
 
 darkness 
 
 qaranlek 
 
 dig, v. 
 
 kazmak 
 
 date (time) 
 
 tarikh 
 
 dinner 
 
 oyle ta-dme 
 
 date ("fruit) 
 
 khurmd 
 
 dirty 
 
 murdar 
 
 daughter 
 
 qez, kutz 
 
 disease 
 
 khastalek 
 
 dawn of day 
 
 gun agharmase 
 
 disguise, v. 
 
 tebdil etmek 
 
 day 
 
 gun 
 
 dishonest 
 
 erzsez 
 
 dead 
 
 b'lu 
 
 dismiss, v. 
 
 kovmak 
 
 deaf 
 
 gagher 
 
 disorder 
 
 nizamsezlek 
 
 dear (beloved) 
 
 sevgili 
 
 dispute 
 
 chekish 
 
 dear (price) 
 
 pahdle 
 
 dissolve, v. 
 
 erimek 
 
 death 
 
 olum 
 
 distance 
 
 mesafa 
 
 debt 
 
 alajak 
 
 distant - 
 
 irak 
 
 deceit 
 
 hile 
 
 distress 
 
 bela 
 
 decide 
 
 kesmek 
 
 district 
 
 ndhiye 
 
 deed 
 
 amel 
 
 disturb, v. 
 
 kareshtermak 
 
 deep 
 
 derin 
 
 disturbance (riot) 
 
 karesheklek 
 
 defeat, v. 
 
 bozmak 
 
 ditch 
 
 khandak 
 
 defend, v. 
 
 hefs etmek 
 
 divide, v. 
 
 taksim etmek 
 
 delay, v. 
 
 eylenmek 
 
 do, to, v. 
 
 etmek 
 
 delightful 
 
 gafale 
 
 doctor 
 
 hekim 
 
 demand 
 
 sudl 
 
 dog 
 
 kopek 
 
 denial 
 
 inkidr 
 
 door 
 
 kapu 
 
 depth 
 
 derinlik 
 
 doubt 
 
 shubhe 
 
 8* 
 
116 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 doubtless 
 
 shiibhesiz 
 
 elegant 
 
 latif 
 
 down 
 
 ashaghe 
 
 elephant 
 
 fil 
 
 draw 
 
 chekmek 
 
 eloquent 
 
 fagili 
 
 drawers 
 
 ish donu 
 
 embrace 
 
 kujmak 
 
 dream, s. 
 
 diish 
 
 embroidery 
 
 nakesh 
 
 dress, s. 
 
 esvab 
 
 Emperor 
 
 imperator 
 
 drink, v. 
 
 ichmek 
 
 employment 
 
 ish 
 
 s - 
 
 ichki 
 
 empty 
 
 bosh 
 
 drop, s. 
 
 damla 
 
 encamp 
 
 ordu kurmak 
 
 drown, v. 
 
 boghmak 
 
 end 
 
 $on, akher 
 
 drum 
 
 tall 
 
 i endeavour 
 
 jalid 
 
 drunk 
 
 serkhosh 
 
 endless 
 
 nihayetsiz 
 
 dry 
 
 kuru 
 
 enemy 
 
 dilshmen 
 
 dumb 
 
 dilsiz 
 
 energy 
 
 kuvvet 
 
 durable 
 
 dayarakle 
 
 England 
 
 ingilterra 
 
 during 
 
 vaktenda 
 
 English 
 
 ingiliz 
 
 dust 
 
 toz 
 
 language 
 
 ingilizche 
 
 duty 
 
 hack 
 
 enormous 
 
 oransez 
 
 duty (tax) 
 
 gumruk 
 
 enough 
 
 yetishir 
 
 dye, s. 
 
 boya 
 
 enter, v. 
 
 ffdrmek 
 
 dynasty 
 
 dl 
 
 envy 
 
 hased 
 
 
 
 equal 
 
 beraben 
 
 Each 
 
 her 
 
 error 
 
 khata 
 
 eagle 
 
 kartal 
 
 escape, s. 
 
 nejdt 
 
 ear 
 
 kulak 
 
 escort 
 
 kulaghuzlar 
 
 early 
 
 chabuk 
 
 especially 
 
 WlllQUQd 
 
 earnest 
 
 bejid 
 
 establish 
 
 dikmek 
 
 earth 
 
 yer, zemin 
 
 eternal 
 
 ebedi 
 
 easily 
 
 kolay 
 
 Eunuch 
 
 khddem 
 
 East 
 
 gun doffhusu 
 
 Europe 
 
 evropa 
 
 easy 
 
 kolay 
 
 european 
 
 evropale 
 
 eat, v. 
 
 yemek 
 
 even (adj.) 
 
 duz 
 
 edge (of a sword) 
 
 yalem 
 
 evening 
 
 akhsham 
 
 edge (side) 
 
 etek 
 
 event 
 
 majard 
 
 egg 
 
 yumurta 
 
 ever (alway) 
 
 dayma 
 
 Egypt 
 
 mifir 
 
 every , 
 
 her 
 
 either 
 
 birisi 
 
 evidence 
 
 shehadet 
 
 elbow 
 
 dirsek 
 
 evident 
 
 zahir 
 
117 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 examine 
 
 imtihan 
 
 fast (firm) 
 
 berk 
 
 examination 
 
 imtihan 
 
 fat 
 
 semiz 
 
 example 
 
 ornek 
 
 fate 
 
 takdir 
 
 except 
 
 ghayri 
 
 father 
 
 baba, peder 
 
 excessive 
 
 olchusuz 
 
 fatigue 
 
 yorghunluk 
 
 exchange, v. 
 
 deyishtirmek 
 
 fault 
 
 kabahat 
 
 n > S. 
 
 deyish 
 
 favour 
 
 utufet, kerem 
 
 excuse 
 
 uzur 
 
 fear, s. 
 
 korku 
 
 execution 
 
 ijra 
 
 fear, v. 
 
 korkmak 
 
 expense 
 
 magraf 
 
 feast 
 
 shenlik 
 
 experience 
 
 tejrube 
 
 feather 
 
 tuy 
 
 N experiment 
 
 imtihan 
 
 feed 
 
 beslemek 
 
 explain 
 
 beyan etmek 
 
 female 
 
 avret 
 
 extinguish 
 
 soyundilrmek 
 
 ferry 
 
 gechid 
 
 extract 
 
 kulaga 
 
 fertile 
 
 mafhullu 
 
 extraordinary 
 
 adetden dashra 
 
 festival 
 
 shenlik 
 
 extremely 
 
 gJiayet 
 
 fever 
 
 isitma 
 
 eye 
 
 goz 
 
 few 
 
 az 
 
 eye (of a needle) 
 
 yurdu 
 
 fidelity 
 
 vefa 
 
 eye-ball 
 
 bebek 
 
 field 
 
 tarla 
 
 eye-brow 
 
 hash 
 
 % 
 
 injir 
 
 eye-lash 
 
 kirpik 
 
 fight, v. 
 
 jenk etmek 
 
 
 
 fight, s. 
 
 doyush 
 
 Face, s. 
 
 yuz 
 
 fill, v. 
 
 doldurmak 
 
 faith 
 
 itiqad 
 
 filth 
 
 murdarlek 
 
 faithful 
 
 vefaddr 
 
 final 
 
 akhyr 
 
 fall, v. 
 
 dilshmek 
 
 find 
 
 bulmak 
 
 false 
 
 doghru deyil 
 
 fine (delicate) 
 
 inje 
 
 fame 
 
 ad, nam 
 
 (penalty) 
 
 jerime 
 
 family 
 
 ayal 
 
 finger 
 
 parmak 
 
 famine 
 
 ketlek 
 
 finish 
 
 bitirmek 
 
 fan 
 
 yelpaze 
 
 fire 
 
 atesh 
 
 far 
 
 uzdk 
 
 firm 
 
 berk 
 
 farewell 
 
 Allalia egmarla- 
 
 first 
 
 evvel 
 
 
 dek 
 
 fish 
 
 balek 
 
 fast (abstinence 
 
 oruj tutmak 
 
 fisherman 
 
 kalekche 
 
 from food) 
 
 
 fist 
 
 ffumruk 
 
 fast (quick) 
 
 chabuk 
 
 fix, v. 
 
 dimek 
 
118 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 flag 
 
 bayrak 
 
 fraud 
 
 hile 
 
 flat 
 
 duz 
 
 free 
 
 azad 
 
 flesh 
 
 et 
 
 freedom 
 
 azadlik 
 
 flint 
 
 chakmak tashy 
 
 frequently 
 
 chok 
 
 float, v. 
 
 yuzmek 
 
 fresh 
 
 taze 
 
 flood 
 
 $u tashmasy 
 
 friend 
 
 dost 
 
 floor 
 
 dosheme 
 
 friendly 
 
 dostlu 
 
 flour 
 
 un 
 
 frighten, v. 
 
 korkutmak 
 
 flow, v. 
 
 akmak 
 
 frog 
 
 kurbaffha 
 
 flower 
 
 chichek 
 
 front 
 
 onn 
 
 flute 
 
 dudiik 
 
 frontier 
 
 serhadd 
 
 fly, v. 
 
 uchmak 
 
 fruit 
 
 yemish 
 
 8. 
 
 sinek 
 
 full 
 
 dolu 
 
 foam 
 
 kb'puk 
 
 furious 
 
 kuduz 
 
 fodder 
 
 otluk 
 
 furnace 
 
 furun 
 
 follow, v. 
 
 ardyna gitmek 
 
 furniture 
 
 ev takimi 
 
 food 
 
 yeyejek, ta'am 
 
 future 
 
 gelejek 
 
 fool 
 
 ahmak 
 
 
 
 foolish 
 
 ahmak 
 
 Gain 
 
 kazanj 
 
 foot 
 
 aiak 
 
 gamble 
 
 oynamak 
 
 for 
 
 ichiin 
 
 game 
 
 oyun 
 
 forbid 
 
 yagak 
 
 garden 
 
 baghche, bostan 
 
 ford 
 
 gechid 
 
 gardener 
 
 baghchevan 
 
 forehead 
 
 aryn 
 
 garland 
 
 istifan 
 
 foreign 
 
 ejnebi 
 
 garlic 
 
 garlmsak 
 
 a foreigner 
 
 gharib 
 
 garrison 
 
 muhqfiz asker 
 
 forest 
 
 ormanlik 
 
 gate .. 
 
 kapu 
 
 forge, v. (iron) 
 
 chekijlemek 
 
 gay 
 
 shen 
 
 forget, v. 
 
 onutmak 
 
 General 
 
 jeneral 
 
 forgive, v. 
 
 baghyshlamak 
 
 generally 
 
 ekseri 
 
 fort 
 
 kal'a 
 
 generous 
 
 jb'merd 
 
 fortress 
 
 kal'a 
 
 gentle 
 
 yavash 
 
 fortunate 
 
 bakhtli 
 
 Gentleman 
 
 effendi 
 
 fortune 
 
 bakhtli 
 
 gift 
 
 ata 
 
 foundation 
 
 temel 
 
 girl 
 
 kiz, bikr 
 
 fountain 
 
 bunjar 
 
 give, v. 
 
 vermek 
 
 fowl 
 
 tavuk 
 
 glad 
 
 shen, shad 
 
 fox 
 
 dilki 
 
 glass 
 
 jam 
 
119 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 glory 
 
 nam 
 
 gun 
 
 tufenk 
 
 glove 
 
 eldiven 
 
 gun (cannon) 
 
 top 
 
 glue 
 
 tutkal 
 
 gunpowder 
 
 barut 
 
 gnat 
 
 sivri sinek 
 
 
 
 go, v. 
 
 ffitmek 
 
 Habit (custom) 
 
 adet 
 
 goat 
 
 kechi 
 
 habit (dress) 
 
 esvab 
 
 gold 
 
 altun 
 
 hail 
 
 tulu 
 
 good 
 
 eiii 
 
 hair 
 
 satch - 
 
 goose 
 
 kaz 
 
 half 
 
 yarim 
 
 govern 
 
 zabt etmek 
 
 hall 
 
 buyuk divankhane 
 
 Government 
 
 devlet 
 
 hammer 
 
 chekij 
 
 graceful 
 
 latif 
 
 hand 
 
 el 
 
 gradually 
 
 dereje He 
 
 handful 
 
 avuj, tutam 
 
 grain 
 
 bughday 
 
 handkerchief 
 
 makrama 
 
 granary 
 
 ambar 
 
 handsome 
 
 guzel 
 
 grand-father 
 
 dede 
 
 hang (up) 
 
 agmak 
 
 grand-mother 
 
 nene 
 
 happen 
 
 zuhur etmek 
 
 grand-daughter 
 
 kys torun 
 
 happy 
 
 seadetli, mutlu 
 
 grape 
 
 uzum 
 
 hard 
 
 kati 
 
 grass 
 
 ot 
 
 hare 
 
 tavshan 
 
 grateful 
 
 eyilik bilen 
 
 harvest 
 
 harman 
 
 gratis 
 
 muft 
 
 hasten, v. 
 
 ajele etmek 
 
 grave, s. 
 
 mezar, kabr 
 
 hastily 
 
 ajele ile 
 
 graze 
 
 otlamak 
 
 hat 
 
 shapka 
 
 great 
 
 buyuk 
 
 hate, v. 
 
 sevmemek 
 
 green 
 
 yeshil 
 
 hawk ' 
 
 atmaja 
 
 grief 
 
 kacavat 
 
 he 
 
 ol 
 
 grind, v. 
 
 uyutmek 
 
 head 
 
 bash 
 
 groom 
 
 seyis 
 
 heal 
 
 shifa vermek 
 
 ground 
 
 yer; toprak 
 
 heap, s. 
 
 yighin 
 
 grow, v. 
 
 bitmek 
 
 hear 
 
 ishitmek 
 
 guess, v. 
 
 takhmin etmek 
 
 heart 
 
 gb'nul 
 
 guide, v. 
 
 kulaghuzluk et- 
 
 heat 
 
 issijaklik 
 
 
 mek 
 
 heaven 
 
 gokler 
 
 guide, (runner) 
 
 kulaghuz 
 
 heavy 
 
 aghir 
 
 guilt 
 
 guch 
 
 heel, s. 
 
 okche 
 
 guitar 
 
 tambura 
 
 height 
 
 yukseklik 
 
 gum 
 
 gamk 
 
 heir 
 
 varis 
 
120 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKKISH 
 
 Hell 
 
 jehennem 
 
 humanity 
 
 insaniyet 
 
 helm 
 
 dilmen 
 
 hunger 
 
 ajlik 
 
 help 
 
 imdad 
 
 hungry 
 
 aj 
 
 hemp 
 
 kenevir 
 
 hunt, v. 
 
 avlamak 
 
 hence 
 
 bundan 
 
 hunter 
 
 avji 
 
 herd 
 
 suru 
 
 hurt 
 
 yaralamak 
 
 hire 
 
 kira 
 
 husband 
 
 koja 
 
 hide, v. 
 
 gizlemek 
 
 
 
 hide, B. 
 
 deri 
 
 Ice 
 
 buz 
 
 hideous 
 
 pek chirkin 
 
 idea 
 
 teQavvur 
 
 high 
 
 yuksek 
 
 idle 
 
 tembel 
 
 Highness 
 
 hazret 
 
 if 
 
 eger 
 
 hill 
 
 dagh 
 
 ignorant 
 
 bilmez 
 
 history 
 
 tarlkh 
 
 ill (sick) 
 
 hasta 
 
 hold, v. 
 
 tutmak 
 
 illegal 
 
 shar'a 
 
 hole 
 
 delik 
 
 image 
 
 Quret 
 
 hollow 
 
 kovuk 
 
 imagination 
 
 kliayal 
 
 holy 
 
 pak 
 
 imitate 
 
 uymak 
 
 honest 
 
 doghru 
 
 immediately 
 
 fil-hal 
 
 honey 
 
 bal 
 
 immortal 
 
 olmez 
 
 honour 
 
 itibar 
 
 impatience 
 
 fabersezlik 
 
 hoof 
 
 tirnak 
 
 impertinence 
 
 kustakhlik 
 
 hook 
 
 chengel 
 
 important 
 
 milhimm 
 
 hope, s. 
 
 umid 
 
 impossible 
 
 mumkin deyil 
 
 hopeless 
 
 umudsuz 
 
 imprison 
 
 hobs etmek 
 
 horn 
 
 buynuz 
 
 improper 
 
 milnasib deyil 
 
 horse 
 
 at 
 
 imprudent 
 
 akelsiz 
 
 horse-shoe 
 
 na'l 
 
 in 
 
 de, da 
 
 horseman 
 
 atli 
 
 inclination 
 
 meyl 
 
 hospitality 
 
 konukluk 
 
 imcome 
 
 irad 
 
 host 
 
 muzif 
 
 increase 
 
 artmak 
 
 hot 
 
 issijak 
 
 incurable 
 
 shifa olmaz 
 
 hotel 
 
 meykhane 
 
 indeed 
 
 fil-liakika 
 
 hour 
 
 scCat 
 
 India 
 
 Hindustan 
 
 house, v. 
 
 ev 
 
 Indian 
 
 hindustanli 
 
 how 
 
 nagyl 
 
 indigo 
 
 chivid 
 
 how much 
 
 ne kadar 
 
 individual 
 
 kishi 
 
 human 
 
 imam 
 
 indolent 
 
 kayghesiz 
 
121 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 industrious 
 
 chalyshkan 
 
 island 
 
 ada 
 
 industry 
 
 hilner 
 
 it 
 
 ol, o 
 
 inferior 
 
 ashaghi 
 
 itch 
 
 uyuz 
 
 infidel 
 
 kiafir 
 
 ivory 
 
 fil dishi 
 
 infinite 
 
 nihayetsiz 
 
 ivy 
 
 garmashik 
 
 inform, v. 
 
 khabar vermek 
 
 
 
 inhabitant 
 
 oturan 
 
 Jail 
 
 zindan 
 
 ink 
 
 murekkeb 
 
 jar 
 
 kop 
 
 inkstand 
 
 divid 
 
 jealous 
 
 kezkanji 
 
 inn 
 
 loqanta 
 
 jealousy 
 
 kezkanjlik 
 
 innocent 
 
 gilnahsiz 
 
 jelly 
 
 pukhti 
 
 inquire 
 
 teftish etmek 
 
 jest 
 
 latife 
 
 insane 
 
 divane 
 
 jew 
 
 yahudi 
 
 inscription 
 
 yazi 
 
 jewel 
 
 jevahir 
 
 insert 
 
 gokmak 
 
 join, v. 
 
 yapeshdirmak 
 
 insensible 
 
 duymaz 
 
 joint 
 
 milshterek 
 
 insolence 
 
 yuzsuzluk 
 
 journey 
 
 yol, sefer 
 
 insolent 
 
 yuzsuz 
 
 joy 
 
 shenlik 
 
 inspector 
 
 nazir 
 
 judge 
 
 hakim 
 
 instantly 
 
 filhal 
 
 judical 
 
 sheri 
 
 instead of 
 
 yer-de 
 
 jugglar 
 
 hokkabaz 
 
 instinct 
 
 tabiat 
 
 juice 
 
 gu 
 
 instrument 
 
 alet 
 
 jump, v. 
 
 gyrchramdk 
 
 insult, v. 
 
 sitem etmek 
 
 just 
 
 doffhru 
 
 insurrection 
 
 zorbalik 
 
 justice 
 
 doghruluk 
 
 intelligent 
 
 akelli 
 
 
 
 intention 
 
 murad 
 
 Keep 
 
 gaklamak 
 
 interpreter 
 
 terjilman 
 
 kernel 
 
 chekirdek 
 
 interrupt, s. 
 
 kesmek 
 
 kettle 
 
 tenjire 
 
 interval 
 
 mdbeyn 
 
 key 
 
 anakhtar 
 
 intrenchment 
 
 meteris 
 
 kick 
 
 tepme 
 
 intrigue (plot) 
 
 girishijilik 
 
 kid 
 
 oghlak 
 
 investigate 
 
 teftish 
 
 kiU 
 
 oldurmek 
 
 invisible 
 
 gorunmez 
 
 kind, adj. 
 
 eyi 
 
 invite, v. 
 
 davet etmek 
 
 kind, sort. 
 
 nevi 
 
 inundation 
 
 tashkynlik 
 
 king 
 
 padishah 
 
 iron 
 
 demir 
 
 kingdom 
 
 memleket 
 
 irregular 
 
 yolsuz 
 
 kiss, v. 
 
 b'pmek 
 
122 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH TURKISH 
 
 kitchen 
 
 mutvak 
 
 leg bajak, baldir 
 
 knave 
 
 haramzade 
 
 legal 
 
 sheri 
 
 knee 
 
 diz 
 
 leisure 
 
 vakit 
 
 knife 
 
 bychak 
 
 lemon 
 
 limun 
 
 knot 
 
 duyum 
 
 lend, v. 
 
 ayreti vermek 
 
 know, v. 
 
 bilmek 
 
 length 
 
 uzunluk 
 
 
 
 leper 
 
 judam 
 
 Labour 
 
 zahmet 
 
 leprosy 
 
 judamlik 
 
 lace 
 
 kaytan 
 
 less 
 
 daha az 
 
 ladder 
 
 nerduban 
 
 letter (epistle) 
 
 mektub 
 
 lady 
 
 khanum, kadin 
 
 letter (alphabet) 
 
 harf 
 
 lake 
 
 gol 
 
 level 
 
 duzlik 
 
 lamb 
 
 kuzu 
 
 to tell lies 
 
 yalan soylemek 
 
 lame 
 
 topal 
 
 to lie down 
 
 yatmak 
 
 lamp 
 
 chyragh 
 
 liberty 
 
 azadlik 
 
 lancet 
 
 neshter 
 
 library 
 
 kitab-khane 
 
 land 
 
 yer, toprak 
 
 lie, s. 
 
 yalan 
 
 land, v. 
 
 gemiden chekmak 
 
 life 
 
 'eumr 
 
 language 
 
 dil, lisan 
 
 lift 
 
 kaldyrmak 
 
 lantern 
 
 fener 
 
 light 
 
 aidinlik 
 
 large 
 
 buyiik 
 
 lightning 
 
 shimshek 
 
 lark 
 
 chayr 
 
 like, to be 
 
 benzemek 
 
 last 
 
 gon 
 
 lime 
 
 kirej 
 
 late 
 
 gech 
 
 line 
 
 chizi 
 
 laugh 
 
 gulmek 
 
 lion 
 
 arslan 
 
 law 
 
 sheriat 
 
 HP 
 
 dudakb 
 
 lawful 
 
 Tialal 
 
 listen 
 
 dinlemek 
 
 lazy 
 
 tembel 
 
 little 
 
 kucMk 
 
 lead (guide) 
 
 kulaglmzluk et- 
 
 live, v. 
 
 yashamak 
 
 
 mek 
 
 liver 
 
 kara jiyer 
 
 leaf 
 
 yaprak 
 
 lizard 
 
 keler 
 
 lean 
 
 aryk 
 
 load, v. 
 
 yukletmek 
 
 to lean against 
 
 dayanmak 
 
 load (a gun) 
 
 doldurmak 
 
 learn 
 
 b'yrenmek 
 
 lock, s. 
 
 kilid 
 
 leather 
 
 meshin 
 
 lock (of hair) 
 
 zillf 
 
 leave, v. 
 
 brakmak 
 
 lock (of a gun) 
 
 chekrik 
 
 leech 
 
 sulilk 
 
 lock, v. 
 
 kilidlemek 
 
 left 
 
 gol 
 
 locust 
 
 chekirqe 
 
123 
 
 ENGLISH TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 long 
 
 uzun 
 
 marrow 
 
 ilik 
 
 look 
 
 nazar 
 
 marry, v. 
 
 evlenmek 
 
 looking-glass 
 
 ayne 
 
 mast 
 
 direk 
 
 loose, a 
 
 gevshek 
 
 master 
 
 effendi, agha 
 
 Lord (God) 
 
 Allah 
 
 mat 
 
 hagir 
 
 lose 
 
 ghayb etmek 
 
 mattress 
 
 minder 
 
 loss 
 
 zarar 
 
 me 
 
 beni 
 
 love, s. 
 
 muhabbet 
 
 meaning 
 
 mana 
 
 love, v. 
 
 sevmek 
 
 means 
 
 chare, mal 
 
 low 
 
 alchak 
 
 measure 
 
 olchu 
 
 lucky 
 
 bakhtli 
 
 measure, v. 
 
 olchmek 
 
 luck 
 
 bakht 
 
 meat 
 
 et 
 
 lungs 
 
 jan evi 
 
 medical man. 
 
 hekim 
 
 luxury 
 
 israf 
 
 meet, v. 
 
 kavushmak 
 
 
 
 melon (musk) 
 
 kavun 
 
 Machine 
 
 alat 
 
 melon (water) 
 
 karpuz 
 
 mad 
 
 deli 
 
 melt 
 
 erimek 
 
 magazine 
 
 ambar 
 
 memorandum 
 
 kayme 
 
 magistrate 
 
 hakim 
 
 memory 
 
 zikr 
 
 magic 
 
 scherbazlik 
 
 mend 
 
 meremmet 
 
 magnificent 
 
 azametli 
 
 mention, v. 
 
 zikr etmek 
 
 Majesty 
 
 shevket 
 
 merchandise 
 
 meta 
 
 make 
 
 etmek 
 
 merchant 
 
 tujjar 
 
 male 
 
 erkek 
 
 mercy 
 
 merhamet 
 
 malice 
 
 kemlik 
 
 merry 
 
 shen 
 
 man 
 
 adem 
 
 method 
 
 UQUl 
 
 manage 
 
 idare etmek 
 
 middle 
 
 orta 
 
 mane 
 
 yeli 
 
 milk 
 
 sud 
 
 manliness 
 
 muruvvet 
 
 mill 
 
 deyirmen 
 
 manner 
 
 vejh 
 
 mind 
 
 ruh, firaset 
 
 many 
 
 chok 
 
 mine (metals) 
 
 madern 
 
 how many? 
 
 kach 
 
 mirror 
 
 ayne 
 
 map 
 
 kharta 
 
 mischief 
 
 fenalik 
 
 marble 
 
 mermer 
 
 miser 
 
 tamakiar 
 
 mare 
 
 kesrak 
 
 miserable 
 
 zevalli 
 
 mark 
 
 nishan 
 
 misfortune 
 
 bela 
 
 market 
 
 pazar 
 
 mist 
 
 duman 
 
 marriage 
 
 nikyah 
 
 mistake 
 
 yanlish 
 
124 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 mix, v. 
 
 kareshdermak 
 
 Nail (finger) 
 
 ternak 
 
 model 
 
 b'rnek 
 
 nail (iron) 
 
 enser 
 
 modest 
 
 edebli 
 
 naked 
 
 cheplak 
 
 moist 
 
 nemli 
 
 name 
 
 isim 
 
 moment 
 
 dem 
 
 narrow 
 
 dar 
 
 money 
 
 para 
 
 nation 
 
 millet 
 
 month 
 
 aee 
 
 native place 
 
 doghdughum yer 
 
 moon 
 
 aee 
 
 nature 
 
 tabiat 
 
 moonlight 
 
 mahitab 
 
 nature (disposi- 
 
 mizaj 
 
 more 
 
 dalii 
 
 tion) 
 
 
 morning 
 
 sabah 
 
 near 
 
 yakin 
 
 morrow 
 
 erte 
 
 necessary 
 
 gerek 
 
 mortar 
 
 havan 
 
 neck 
 
 boyun 
 
 mortar (plaster) 
 
 khorasan 
 
 necklace 
 
 gerlanlik 
 
 mosque 
 
 jami 
 
 needle 
 
 iyne 
 
 moth 
 
 guve 
 
 neglect 
 
 ihmal 
 
 mother 
 
 ana, valide 
 
 neigh 
 
 kishnemek 
 
 mother-in-law 
 
 kayin ana 
 
 neighbour 
 
 komshu 
 
 move, v. 
 
 teprenmek 
 
 neither 
 
 ne birisi 
 
 mount, v. 
 
 chykmak 
 
 nephew 
 
 kardash oghlu 
 
 mountain 
 
 dagh 
 
 nest 
 
 yuva 
 
 mourn 
 
 yas tutmak 
 
 net 
 
 agh 
 
 mouse 
 
 sechan 
 
 never 
 
 hich 
 
 mouth 
 
 aghiz 
 
 nevertheless 
 
 hele, lakin 
 
 much 
 
 chok 
 
 new 
 
 yeni 
 
 mud 
 
 chamur 
 
 news 
 
 khabar 
 
 mule 
 
 katir 
 
 next 
 
 gelen 
 
 mushroom 
 
 mantar 
 
 night 
 
 gedje 
 
 murder 
 
 katt 
 
 no 
 
 khayr, yok 
 
 music 
 
 musika 
 
 noble 
 
 sherif 
 
 musician 
 
 chalghiji 
 
 nobleman 
 
 sherif 
 
 musk 
 
 misk 
 
 nobody 
 
 kimse yok 
 
 musket 
 
 tufenk 
 
 noise 
 
 shamata 
 
 mustard 
 
 khardel 
 
 nonsense 
 
 bosh 
 
 mutiny 
 
 zorbalik 
 
 none 
 
 hich yok 
 
 mutton 
 
 koyun eti 
 
 north 
 
 shimal 
 
 my 
 
 benim 
 
 nose 
 
 borun 
 
 
 
 nostril 
 
 burun adiyi 
 
125 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 not 
 
 deyil 
 
 opium 
 
 afiyun 
 
 nothing 
 
 hich bir shey 
 
 opportunity 
 
 forgat 
 
 notwithstanding 
 
 raghm, nisbet 
 
 oppose, v. 
 
 karshi durmak 
 
 nourish 
 
 beslemek 
 
 opposite 
 
 karshu 
 
 now 
 
 shimdi 
 
 or 
 
 ya 
 
 nowhere 
 
 hich bir yerde 
 
 orange 
 
 portukal 
 
 nuisance 
 
 zararli shey 
 
 order (arrange- 
 
 kanun 
 
 number 
 
 raqam 
 
 ment) 
 
 
 numerous 
 
 jerf 
 
 order (command) 
 
 emr 
 
 nurse 
 
 daye 
 
 origin 
 
 agil 
 
 nut 
 
 fendik 
 
 ornament 
 
 zinet 
 
 nut (walunt) 
 
 jeviz 
 
 other 
 
 bashka 
 
 nutmeg 
 
 hindistan jevizi 
 
 the other 
 
 o bir 
 
 
 
 out 
 
 dashra 
 
 Oar 
 
 kurek 
 
 oven 
 
 furun 
 
 oath 
 
 yemin 
 
 over 
 
 ust 
 
 obedience 
 
 ita'at 
 
 owe, v. 
 
 borjlu olmak 
 
 obedient 
 
 muti 
 
 owl 
 
 baykush 
 
 obey, v. 
 
 ita'at etmek 
 
 own (possess) 
 
 malik olmak 
 
 obstinate 
 
 inadji 
 
 ox 
 
 okuz 
 
 obtain 
 
 almak 
 
 
 
 occasionally 
 
 furgat He 
 
 Page (of a book) 
 
 gahife 
 
 occupation 
 
 ish 
 
 page (in waiting) 
 
 ich oghlani 
 
 offend, v. 
 
 injitmek 
 
 pain 
 
 aghri 
 
 offer, v. 
 
 gunmak 
 
 paint 
 
 boya 
 
 office 
 
 mangib 
 
 pair 
 
 chift 
 
 officer 
 
 zabit 
 
 palace 
 
 serai 
 
 often 
 
 chok vakit 
 
 palanquin 
 
 takhti revan 
 
 oil 
 
 yagJi 
 
 pale 
 
 gary 
 
 old 
 
 eski 
 
 palm tree 
 
 khurma aghaji 
 
 old (age) 
 
 ikhtiyarlik 
 
 pan 
 
 tava 
 
 olive 
 
 zeytun 
 
 paper 
 
 kiaghid 
 
 once 
 
 bir kerre 
 
 pardon 
 
 'afv 
 
 one 
 
 bir 
 
 parents 
 
 ana baba 
 
 onion 
 
 goghan 
 
 parrot 
 
 tutu 
 
 only 
 
 bir, tek 
 
 part 
 
 pay, parcha 
 
 open, v. 
 
 achmak 
 
 partner 
 
 sherik 
 
 opinion 
 
 keias zan 
 
 partridge 
 
 keklik 
 
126 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH TURKISH 
 
 pass, v. 
 
 ffechmek 
 
 pipe (tube) 
 
 Ma 
 
 patience 
 
 gabr 
 
 pipe (for water) kilnk 
 
 patient 
 
 gdbyrli 
 
 pipe (for tabacco) 
 
 chibuk 
 
 pattern 
 
 ornek 
 
 pirate 
 
 kurgan 
 
 pay, v. 
 
 b'demek 
 
 pistol 
 
 tabanja 
 
 peace 
 
 gulh 
 
 pitch 
 
 zift 
 
 peacock 
 
 tavus 
 
 pity 
 
 merhamet 
 
 pear 
 
 ermud 
 
 place 
 
 yer 
 
 pearl 
 
 inju 
 
 plain (even) 
 
 dilz 
 
 pleasant 
 
 kyoylu 
 
 plait, v. 
 
 bukmek 
 
 pen 
 
 kalem 
 
 plane, v. (a tool) 
 
 rendelemek 
 
 penknife 
 
 kalem-trash 
 
 plant 
 
 nebat 
 
 people 
 
 khalk 
 
 play 
 
 oyun 
 
 pepper 
 
 biber 
 
 play (an instru- 
 
 chalmak 
 
 perfume 
 
 guzel koku 
 
 ment) 
 
 
 perhaps 
 
 belkih 
 
 pleasant 
 
 khosh 
 
 perish 
 
 helak olmak 
 
 plenty 
 
 kesret 
 
 permission 
 
 izin 
 
 plough 
 
 fapan 
 
 Persia 
 
 ajem 
 
 plunder 
 
 yaghma 
 
 Persian 
 
 farisi 
 
 poetry 
 
 sha'irlik 
 
 person 
 
 zat, kishi 
 
 poet 
 
 slia'ir 
 
 perspiration 
 
 terleme, ter 
 
 point 
 
 uj 
 
 petition 
 
 arzu-hal 
 
 poison 
 
 zehir 
 
 pewter 
 
 kalay 
 
 police 
 
 ihtisab 
 
 pheasant 
 
 suylun 
 
 polish, v. 
 
 jila 
 
 philosopher 
 
 feylisuf 
 
 polite 
 
 chelebi 
 
 pickaxe 
 
 - killunk 
 
 pomegranate 
 
 nar 
 
 picture 
 
 tapvir 
 
 pond 
 
 gol 
 
 piece 
 
 parcha 
 
 pony 
 
 kuchiik at 
 
 Pig 
 
 domuz 
 
 poor 
 
 fakir 
 
 pigeon 
 
 guverjin 
 
 poppy 
 
 khashkhash 
 
 pilgrim 
 
 haji 
 
 pork 
 
 domuz eti 
 
 pill 
 
 habb 
 
 porter (carrier) 
 
 hammal 
 
 pillage 
 
 yaghma 
 
 porter (door- 
 
 kapuju 
 
 pillar 
 
 direk 
 
 keeper) 
 
 
 pillow 
 
 yagdik 
 
 portmanteau 
 
 jamedan 
 
 pin 
 
 toplu iyne 
 
 possible 
 
 mumkin 
 
 pincers 
 
 kegaj 
 
 post (for letters) 
 
 posta 
 
127 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUBKISH 
 
 posthouse 
 
 menzil-khane 
 
 protect 
 
 himayet etmek 
 
 pot 
 
 chomlek, kab 
 
 proud 
 
 maghrur 
 
 potatoe 
 
 yer elmasi 
 
 prove 
 
 isbat etmek 
 
 pound, to 
 
 ezmek 
 
 proverb 
 
 masal 
 
 poverty 
 
 fakirlik 
 
 province 
 
 eyalet 
 
 pour, v. 
 
 dokmek 
 
 province (office) 
 
 ish 
 
 powder 
 
 toz 
 
 provision 
 
 tedarik 
 
 powder (gunpow- 
 
 barut 
 
 prudence 
 
 ihtiyat 
 
 der) 
 
 
 prudent 
 
 hushyar 
 
 power 
 
 kudret 
 
 publish, v. 
 
 ayan 
 
 powerful 
 
 kudretli 
 
 pull, v. 
 
 chekmek 
 
 practise 
 
 istimal 
 
 pump 
 
 tulumba 
 
 praise 
 
 medh 
 
 punish 
 
 hackindan gel- 
 
 praise, v. 
 
 medh etmek 
 
 
 mek 
 
 prayer 
 
 dua, namaz 
 
 pupil 
 
 shagird 
 
 pray, v. 
 
 dua etmek 
 
 pure 
 
 temiz 
 
 prefer 
 
 terjih etmek 
 
 purse 
 
 kise 
 
 present (adj.) 
 
 hazir 
 
 purposely 
 
 kagden 
 
 present (gift) 
 
 hediye 
 
 pursue 
 
 ardynje gitmek 
 
 pretty 
 
 guzel 
 
 push 
 
 itmek 
 
 prey 
 
 yaghma 
 
 put, v. 
 
 komak 
 
 pride 
 
 maghruriyet 
 
 put, on 
 
 geymek 
 
 Priest 
 Prince 
 
 papaz 
 bey 
 
 Quadruped 
 
 dort- aydkli hai 
 vein 
 
 Prince (royal) 
 Princess 
 
 shah zade 
 shah-zade 
 
 quail 
 quantity 
 
 bildirjyn 
 mikdar 
 
 prison 
 
 habs, zindan 
 
 quarrel 
 
 chekish 
 
 prisoner 
 private 
 probably 
 proclamation 
 produce 
 profession 
 profit 
 
 esir 
 khass 
 ghaliba 
 nida 
 peyda-etmek 
 ish 
 fayda 
 
 quarter (one- 
 fourth) 
 quarter (in battle) 
 quarter(of a town) 
 Queen 
 question 
 quick 
 
 cheyrek 
 
 aman 
 mahatt 
 kyralicha 
 sual 
 chabuk 
 
 promise 
 proof 
 
 va'd, voz 
 delil 
 
 quite 
 
 temam 
 
 proper 
 
 miinasib 
 
 Radish 
 
 turp 
 
 Prophet 
 
 peyghamber 
 
 rag 
 
 pachavra 
 
128 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUEKISH 
 
 rain 
 
 yaghmur 
 
 relation (family) 
 
 akreba 
 
 rainbow 
 
 ileyim gaghma 
 
 release 
 
 khalag 
 
 rainy 
 
 yaghmurlu 
 
 relieve 
 
 imdad vermek 
 
 raise 
 
 kaldirmak 
 
 religion 
 
 din 
 
 raisins 
 
 kuru uzum 
 
 remain 
 
 kalmak 
 
 rank 
 
 rutbe 
 
 remedy 
 
 ilaj 
 
 ransom 
 
 kurtulma behasi 
 
 remember 
 
 akla 
 
 rapid 
 
 pek chabuk 
 
 remind 
 
 akla 
 
 rare 
 
 nadir 
 
 remove 
 
 geturmek 
 
 rascal 
 
 haramzade 
 
 repair 
 
 meremmet 
 
 rash 
 
 fikirsiz 
 
 repeat 
 
 tekrar demek 
 
 rat 
 
 ffeme sichani 
 
 report 
 
 chav 
 
 ratify 
 
 karar vermek 
 
 reproach 
 
 azar 
 
 raw 
 
 pishmemish 
 
 repulse, v. 
 
 def etmek 
 
 ray 
 
 pertev 
 
 request 
 
 rija 
 
 razor 
 
 ustura 
 
 reservoir 
 
 havuz 
 
 read 
 
 okumak 
 
 resign 
 
 vaz gechmek 
 
 ready 
 
 hazir 
 
 resist 
 
 karshi durmak 
 
 real 
 
 hakiki 
 
 revolution 
 
 niyet 
 
 reap 
 
 ekin bichmek 
 
 respect 
 
 hilrmet 
 
 rear 
 
 ard 
 
 rest 
 
 rahat 
 
 reason 
 
 akil 
 
 rest, v. 
 
 rahat etmek 
 
 receipt 
 
 VUQUl 
 
 result 
 
 netije 
 
 receive 
 
 kabul etmek 
 
 retreat 
 
 girii donme 
 
 recently 
 
 yeni 
 
 return 
 
 giril donmek 
 
 recollect 
 
 akla 
 
 revenge 
 
 oj 
 
 recompense 
 
 ejir 
 
 revenue 
 
 irad 
 
 record 
 
 defter 
 
 revolt, v. 
 
 zorba olmak 
 
 recover (illness) 
 
 shifta bulma 
 
 reward 
 
 ejir 
 
 red 
 
 kyrmizi 
 
 rheumatism 
 
 vejtii mefagil 
 
 reed 
 
 kamish 
 
 rib 
 
 eye gemii 
 
 reflection 
 
 'aks 
 
 ribbon 
 
 sherid 
 
 refresh oneself 
 
 tazelenmek 
 
 rice 
 
 pirinj 
 
 refuse 
 
 inkiar 
 
 rich 
 
 zengin 
 
 regulation 
 
 nizam 
 
 to ride 
 
 ata binmek 
 
 rein 
 
 dizgin 
 
 ridicule 
 
 istihza 
 
 rejoice 
 
 pek sevinmek 
 
 right (not wrong) 
 
 gerchek 
 
 relation 
 
 'alaka 
 
 right (hand) 
 
 gagh 
 
129 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ring 
 
 yuzuk 
 
 saltpetre 
 
 guvenchile 
 
 riot 
 
 kavgha 
 
 salute 
 
 selam 
 
 ripe 
 
 yetishmish 
 
 salvation 
 
 selamet 
 
 rise, v. 
 
 kalkmak 
 
 salve 
 
 melhem 
 
 river 
 
 nehr 
 
 same 
 
 heman, o 
 
 road 
 
 yol 
 
 sample 
 
 ornek 
 
 roast 
 
 kebab etmek 
 
 sand 
 
 kum 
 
 rob 
 
 chalmak 
 
 savage, a 
 
 yabani 
 
 robber 
 
 harami 
 
 save 
 
 kurtarmak 
 
 robbery 
 
 haramilik 
 
 say 
 
 demek 
 
 rock 
 
 kaysa 
 
 scabbard 
 
 kin 
 
 roof 
 
 dam 
 
 scale (balance) 
 
 terazinin gozu 
 
 room 
 
 yer, oda 
 
 scale (of a fish) 
 
 balik pulu 
 
 root 
 
 kok 
 
 scar 
 
 bere 
 
 rope 
 
 ip, urghan 
 
 scarce 
 
 nadir 
 
 rose 
 
 guiul 
 
 scarcely 
 
 guch He 
 
 rot 
 
 chiirukluk 
 
 scarcity 
 
 nadirlik 
 
 rotten 
 
 churuk 
 
 scarlet 
 
 iskerlet 
 
 rough 
 
 taslak 
 
 to scatter" 
 
 daghitmak 
 
 round 
 
 deyirmi 
 
 scholar 
 
 okur yazar 
 
 rub 
 
 ovmak 
 
 school 
 
 mekteb 
 
 ruby 
 
 Wai 
 
 schoolmaster 
 
 mektebji 
 
 rude 
 
 sert 
 
 science 
 
 'Urn 
 
 ruin 
 
 kharab 
 
 scissors 
 
 micras 
 
 run 
 
 eyirtmek 
 
 scorpion 
 
 'akreb 
 
 rust 
 
 pas 
 
 scull 
 
 bash changhi 
 
 
 
 sea 
 
 deniz 
 
 Sabre 
 
 kilij 
 
 the Black-sea 
 
 kara deniz 
 
 sacred 
 
 mukaddes 
 
 seal 
 
 muhur 
 
 saddle 
 
 eyer 
 
 sealing-wax 
 
 mum 
 
 safe 
 
 gagh 
 
 search 
 
 aramaklik 
 
 safety 
 
 selamet 
 
 season 
 
 mevsim 
 
 sagacity 
 
 firaset 
 
 second 
 
 ikinji 
 
 sailor 
 
 gemiji 
 
 secret 
 
 sirr 
 
 salary 
 
 hack 
 
 sect 
 
 mezheb 
 
 sale 
 
 gatish 
 
 see, v. 
 
 gormek 
 
 sale (by auction) 
 
 mezad 
 
 seed 
 
 tokhum dane 
 
 salt 
 
 tuz 
 
 seek 
 
 aramak 
 
 Turkish Grammar. 9 
 
130 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKKISH 
 
 seldom 
 
 nadir 
 
 shot (small) 
 
 $achma 
 
 self 
 
 kendi 
 
 shot (bullets) 
 
 kurshun 
 
 to sell 
 
 $atmak 
 
 shoulder 
 
 omuz 
 
 send, v. 
 
 gondermek 
 
 show, v. 
 
 gostermek 
 
 sentence 
 
 jumle 
 
 shut, v. 
 
 kapamak 
 
 sense 
 
 hasse 
 
 sick 
 
 hasta 
 
 sentinel 
 
 karavul 
 
 sickle 
 
 orak 
 
 separate, v. 
 
 ayrilmish 
 
 sickness 
 
 hastalik 
 
 seraglio 
 
 serayi Jmmayun 
 
 side 
 
 yan 
 
 serpent 
 
 yilan 
 
 sieve 
 
 kalbur 
 
 servant 
 
 khizmetkiar 
 
 sight 
 
 gorush 
 
 service 
 
 khizmet 
 
 sign 
 
 nishan 
 
 settlement 
 
 kesilme 
 
 signal 
 
 nisJian 
 
 several 
 
 bir kach 
 
 signature 
 
 imza 
 
 severe 
 
 sert 
 
 silent 
 
 sus 
 
 sew, v. 
 
 dikmek 
 
 silk 
 
 ipek 
 
 shade 
 
 golge 
 
 silk (worm) 
 
 ipek bojeyi 
 
 shadow 
 
 golge 
 
 silver 
 
 giimiish 
 
 shake, v. 
 
 fargak 
 
 sin 
 
 ffilnah 
 
 shame 
 
 ar 
 
 since 
 
 beri 
 
 shape 
 
 sliekl 
 
 sincere 
 
 gaf-derun 
 
 sharpen 
 
 bilemek 
 
 sing, v. 
 
 turkii chagirmak 
 
 shave, v. 
 
 trash etmek 
 
 sink, v. 
 
 batmak 
 
 sheath 
 
 kin 
 
 syrup 
 
 shiirub 
 
 shed, v. 
 
 db'kmek 
 
 sister 
 
 kilz-kardash 
 
 sheep 
 
 koyun 
 
 sit, v. 
 
 oturmak 
 
 sheet 
 
 charchav 
 
 size 
 
 Uiyukluk 
 
 shell (bomb) 
 
 kumbara 
 
 skilful 
 
 ma'rifetti 
 
 shepherd 
 
 choban 
 
 skill 
 
 ma'rifet 
 
 shield 
 
 kalkan 
 
 skin 
 
 deri 
 
 shine, v. 
 
 parlamak 
 
 sky 
 
 geeuk 
 
 ship 
 
 gemi > 
 
 slander 
 
 buhtan 
 
 shirt 
 
 chamashir 
 
 slave 
 
 esir 
 
 shoe 
 
 pabuj 
 
 sleep, v. 
 
 uyumak 
 
 shoot, v. 
 
 atmak 
 
 sleep, s. 
 
 uyuku 
 
 shop 
 
 dukkyan 
 
 sleepy 
 
 uyushuk 
 
 shopkeeper 
 
 dukkyanji 
 
 slender 
 
 inje 
 
 short 
 
 kycca 
 
 slice 
 
 dilim 
 
131 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TUKKISH 
 
 sling 
 
 gapan 
 
 to speak 
 
 soylemek 
 
 slovenly 
 
 murdar 
 
 spear 
 
 myzrak 
 
 slow 
 
 aghir 
 
 spectacles 
 
 gozluk 
 
 small 
 
 kiichuk 
 
 spend, v. 
 
 Qarf etmek 
 
 smoke 
 
 tutun 
 
 spice 
 
 bahar 
 
 to smoke a pipe 
 
 tutun ichmek 
 
 spider 
 
 orumjek 
 
 smooth 
 
 duz 
 
 spin, v. 
 
 eyirmek 
 
 snake 
 
 yilan 
 
 spit, v. 
 
 shish 
 
 sneeze, v. 
 
 aksirmak 
 
 split, v. 
 
 yarmdk 
 
 snipe 
 
 yelve kushu 
 
 spoil, v. 
 
 bozmak 
 
 snuff 
 
 enfiyye 
 
 spoon 
 
 kashik 
 
 so 
 
 oyle 
 
 spot 
 
 leke 
 
 so much 
 
 o kadar 
 
 spring (season) 
 
 evvel behdr 
 
 soap 
 
 $abun 
 
 spring (of steel) 
 
 zemberek 
 
 society 
 
 jem'iyyet 
 
 spring (water) 
 
 bunar 
 
 soft 
 
 yumushak 
 
 sprinkle, v. 
 
 serpmek 
 
 soldier 
 
 askeri 
 
 spur 
 
 mahmuz 
 
 solid 
 
 kati 
 
 spy 
 
 jasus 
 
 some . 
 
 bir 
 
 squadron (ca- 
 
 boliik 
 
 somebody 
 
 bir kimse 
 
 valry) 
 
 
 sometimes 
 
 bazi vakit 
 
 squadron (fleet) 
 
 donanma taksimi 
 
 somewhere 
 
 bir yerde 
 
 square, a. 
 
 dort-koshe 
 
 son 
 
 oghl 
 
 squirrel 
 
 teyyun 
 
 son-in-law 
 
 damad 
 
 stable 
 
 akhor 
 
 song 
 
 turku 
 
 staircase 
 
 nerduban 
 
 sorrow 
 
 kasavet 
 
 stand, v. 
 
 durmak 
 
 sorry 
 
 mukedder 
 
 star 
 
 yildiz 
 
 sort (kind) 
 
 turlu 
 
 starch 
 
 ak nyshasta 
 
 soul 
 
 djan 
 
 start, v. 
 
 chykmak 
 
 sound 
 
 $eda 
 
 station 
 
 menzil 
 
 soup 
 
 chorba 
 
 station (rank) 
 
 mertebe 
 
 sour 
 
 ekshi 
 
 steady 
 
 paydar 
 
 source 
 
 bunar 
 
 steal, v. 
 
 chalmak 
 
 south 
 
 kyUa 
 
 steel, s. 
 
 chelik 
 
 sow, to 
 
 ekin ekmek 
 
 steam 
 
 bukhar 
 
 spare aralik 
 
 steep 
 
 Carp 
 
 spade bel 
 
 step 
 
 kademe 
 
 spark kigliiljym 
 
 still 
 
 rahat 
 
 9* 
 
132 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 sting, v. 
 
 $okmak 
 
 surround, v. 
 
 cheveye almak 
 
 stirrup 
 
 uzengi 
 
 suspicion 
 
 ishkil 
 
 stock (capital) 
 
 sermaye 
 
 swear 
 
 yemin etmek 
 
 stock (gun) 
 
 kudak 
 
 sweep, v. 
 
 supilrmek 
 
 stockings 
 
 chorab 
 
 sweet 
 
 tatli 
 
 stone 
 
 task 
 
 sweetmeats 
 
 shekerleme 
 
 stop, v. 
 
 durmak 
 
 swell, v. 
 
 kabarmak 
 
 storm 
 
 furtuna 
 
 swift 
 
 chabuk 
 
 story 
 
 Jiykyayet 
 
 swim 
 
 yuzmek 
 
 straight 
 
 doghru 
 
 swing, v. 
 
 gallamak 
 
 stranger 
 
 ffharib 
 
 sword 
 
 kilidj 
 
 straw 
 
 faman 
 
 
 
 street 
 
 sokak 
 
 Table 
 
 tyrabeze 
 
 strength 
 
 kuvvet 
 
 tail 
 
 kuyruk 
 
 stretch, v. 
 
 germek 
 
 tailor 
 
 terzi 
 
 strew 
 
 gachmak 
 
 take, v. 
 
 almak 
 
 strong 
 
 kuvvetly 
 
 take care 
 
 dykkat etmek 
 
 stupid 
 
 akylsyz 
 
 talk, v. 
 
 lakyrdi etmek 
 
 success 
 
 rast gelme 
 
 tall 
 
 uzun boylu 
 
 successor 
 
 khalif 
 
 tank 
 
 havuz 
 
 such 
 
 boyle 
 
 taste 
 
 dat 
 
 sudden 
 
 ansiz 
 
 to taste 
 
 dadmak 
 
 suffer, v. 
 
 chekmek 
 
 tax 
 
 vergi 
 
 sufficient 
 
 yetisMr 
 
 tea 
 
 chay 
 
 sugar 
 
 sheker 
 
 teach, v. 
 
 oyretmek 
 
 sugar (candy) 
 
 nebat shekeri 
 
 tear, v. 
 
 yiratmak 
 
 suit (at law) 
 
 dava 
 
 tear 
 
 goz yashi 
 
 summer 
 
 iats 
 
 telescope 
 
 dilrbin 
 
 summit 
 
 bash 
 
 to teU 
 
 demek 
 
 summons 
 
 cliaghyrma 
 
 temper 
 
 mizaj 
 
 sun 
 
 gilnesh 
 
 temperate 
 
 itidally 
 
 sunshine 
 
 gunesh aydinlighi 
 
 temple 
 
 ibadet-gyah 
 
 superfluous 
 
 artyklama 
 
 temptation 
 
 ighva 
 
 superintendent 
 
 nazir 
 
 tenant 
 
 kirajy 
 
 supper 
 
 akhsham manjasi 
 
 tent 
 
 chadyr 
 
 support, v. 
 
 dayatmak 
 
 terrible 
 
 korkulu 
 
 surprise 
 
 te'ajjub ' 
 
 thank 
 
 shukilr 
 
 surrender, v. 
 
 teslim etmek 
 
 thankful 
 
 teshekhiir etmek 
 
133 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 then 
 
 o vakyt 
 
 together 
 
 beraber 
 
 there 
 
 orada 
 
 tomb 
 
 mezar 
 
 therefore 
 
 onun ichun 
 
 to-morrow 
 
 yaryn 
 
 these 
 
 bunlar 
 
 tongue 
 
 dil 
 
 they 
 
 anlar 
 
 too 
 
 daha 
 
 thick 
 
 koyu 
 
 tool 
 
 alat 
 
 thief 
 
 khyrsyz 
 
 tooth 
 
 dish 
 
 thigh 
 
 bajak 
 
 top 
 
 bash 
 
 thin 
 
 inje 
 
 torch 
 
 mash : ala 
 
 thing 
 
 shey, nesne 
 
 torment 
 
 azab 
 
 think 
 
 fikir etmek 
 
 torrent 
 
 seyl 
 
 thirsty 
 
 gusuz 
 
 tortoise 
 
 kaplumbagha 
 
 thorn 
 
 diken 
 
 torture 
 
 ishkenje 
 
 those 
 
 anlar 
 
 to touch 
 
 dokanmak 
 
 thou 
 
 sen 
 
 to tow 
 
 yedeye 
 
 thought 
 
 fikir 
 
 towards 
 
 doghru 
 
 thoughtless 
 
 fikirsiz 
 
 towel 
 
 peshkir 
 
 thread 
 
 iplik 
 
 tower 
 
 kulle 
 
 threaten, v. 
 
 korkutmak 
 
 town 
 
 shehir 
 
 throat 
 
 boghaz 
 
 trade 
 
 tijaret 
 
 throne 
 
 katy 
 
 traitor 
 
 khayn 
 
 throw, v. 
 
 atmak 
 
 to translate 
 
 terjume etmek 
 
 thumb 
 
 bash parmak 
 
 translation 
 
 terjume 
 
 thunder 
 
 gyok gurlemesi 
 
 translator 
 
 terjume eden 
 
 thus 
 
 dyle 
 
 trap 
 
 duzak 
 
 thy 
 
 senin 
 
 travelling 
 
 yoljuluk 
 
 to tie 
 
 baghlamak 
 
 to travel 
 
 sefer, yol 
 
 tiger 
 
 kaplan 
 
 tray 
 
 Qahan 
 
 tight 
 
 dar 
 
 treachery 
 
 khyyanet 
 
 tile 
 
 kiremit 
 
 treasury 
 
 beylik 
 
 till 
 
 kadar 
 
 treaty 
 
 'ahd 
 
 time 
 
 vakit, vakt 
 
 tree 
 
 aghaj 
 
 tin 
 
 kalay 
 
 to tremble 
 
 titremek 
 
 tired 
 
 yorulmak 
 
 trial 
 
 imtihan 
 
 title 
 
 lakab, paye 
 
 tribe 
 
 kabile 
 
 to toast 
 
 kyzartmak 
 
 trick 
 
 fenn 
 
 tobacco 
 
 tutun 
 
 troop 
 
 jema'at 
 
 to-day 
 
 bu gun 
 
 to trot 
 
 linklemek 
 
134 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 trouble 
 
 zahmet 
 
 upon 
 
 uzre 
 
 trowsers 
 
 pantalon 
 
 upright 
 
 doghru 
 
 true 
 
 gerchek 
 
 uproar 
 
 shamata 
 
 trumpet 
 
 boru 
 
 us (to us) 
 
 bizi, bize 
 
 trunk (box) 
 
 candyk 
 
 use, v. 
 
 kullanmak 
 
 trunk (tree) 
 
 kutuk 
 
 useful 
 
 faydaly 
 
 trust, v. 
 
 itimad etmek 
 
 useless 
 
 faydasyz 
 
 trustee 
 
 vekil 
 
 usual 
 
 adeta 
 
 truth 
 
 gercheklik 
 
 
 
 to try (endeavour) 
 
 chalyshmak 
 
 Vagabond 
 
 khovarda 
 
 to try (investigate) 
 
 imtihan etmek 
 
 vain maghrur 
 
 tulip 
 
 laleh 
 
 valley 
 
 dere 
 
 tumult 
 
 shamata 
 
 valuable 
 
 kimetly 
 
 turban 
 
 Qaryk 
 
 value 
 
 kimet 
 
 tune 
 
 naghme 
 
 various 
 
 tllrlu turlu 
 
 the Turk 
 
 turk, osmanli, 
 
 vast 
 
 engin 
 
 
 milsliman 
 
 veal 
 
 dana eti 
 
 Turkey 
 
 tiirkistan 
 
 veil 
 
 nikab 
 
 Turkey in Europe 
 
 rum Hi 
 
 vein 
 
 damar 
 
 turkish 
 
 osmanli, turk 
 
 velvet 
 
 kadi/e 
 
 turkish language 
 
 tilrkje 
 
 venerable 
 
 izzetly 
 
 turnip 
 
 shalgham 
 
 vermin 
 
 bojekler 
 
 to twist 
 
 bukmek 
 
 verse (poetry) 
 
 beyt 
 
 tyrant 
 
 zalim 
 
 very 
 
 pek 
 
 
 
 to vex 
 
 injitmek 
 
 Ugly 
 
 chirkin 
 
 victorious 
 
 ghalib 
 
 umbrella 
 
 shemsiyye 
 
 victory 
 
 zefer 
 
 unanimous 
 
 yekjihet 
 
 vile 
 
 alchak 
 
 uncle (paternal) 
 
 amdja 
 
 village 
 
 kyoy 
 
 uncle (maternal) 
 
 dayy 
 
 vinegar 
 
 sirke 
 
 under 
 
 alt 
 
 vineyard 
 
 bagh 
 
 to understand 
 
 anlamak 
 
 violence 
 
 zor 
 
 uneasy 
 
 rahatsyz 
 
 virgin 
 
 bikir 
 
 unfortunate 
 
 oghursuz 
 
 virtue 
 
 fazilet 
 
 unjust 
 
 adaletsiz 
 
 virtuous 
 
 ehli fazilet 
 
 unless 
 
 gelmezse 
 
 visible 
 
 goruniir 
 
 until 
 
 kadar 
 
 visit 
 
 ziyaret 
 
 up 
 
 yokary 
 
 voice 
 
 sess 
 
135 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 volley 
 
 atma 
 
 welcome 
 
 khosh geldin 
 
 volume 
 
 jild 
 
 well (good) 
 
 eyi 
 
 vulgar 
 
 kaba 
 
 a well (water) 
 
 koyn 
 
 vulture 
 
 ok baba 
 
 west 
 
 gun batysy 
 
 
 
 wet 
 
 yglak 
 
 Wager 
 
 bahs 
 
 what 
 
 ne 
 
 waist-coat 
 
 yelek 
 
 wheat 
 
 bughday 
 
 to wait 
 
 beklemek 
 
 wheel 
 
 teker 
 
 to wake 
 
 oyanmak 
 
 when 
 
 ne, vakyt 
 
 to walk 
 
 yurumek 
 
 whence 
 
 nereden 
 
 wall 
 
 duvar 
 
 where 
 
 nerede 
 
 wander, v. 
 
 gezmek 
 
 which 
 
 ne, hanghi 
 
 to want 
 
 ihtiyajym var 
 
 while 
 
 dem 
 
 war 
 
 jenk, sefer 
 
 whip 
 
 kamchy 
 
 warm 
 
 ysajak 
 
 to whisper 
 
 fiQildamak 
 
 wash, v. 
 
 yykamak 
 
 white 
 
 beyaz 
 
 wasp 
 
 yaban orysy 
 
 who (rel.) 
 
 kih 
 
 to waste 
 
 kharab etmek 
 
 who (interr.) 
 
 kim 
 
 watch (time piece) 
 
 sd'at 
 
 whole 
 
 butun 
 
 watch (milit.) 
 
 neubet 
 
 whose 
 
 kimin 
 
 watch-horse 
 
 bekjy-khanesi 
 
 why 
 
 nichun 
 
 to keep watch 
 
 dykkat etmek 
 
 wide 
 
 inlu 
 
 watchman 
 
 neubetjy 
 
 widow 
 
 dul kary 
 
 water 
 
 su 
 
 wife 
 
 kary, ehl 
 
 wave 
 
 dalglia 
 
 wild 
 
 yabani 
 
 wax 
 
 bal mumu 
 
 to win 
 
 ele geturmek 
 
 way (road) 
 
 yoi 
 
 wind 
 
 ruzgiiiar 
 
 we 
 
 biz 
 
 window 
 
 penjere 
 
 weak 
 
 za'if 
 
 wine 
 
 sherab 
 
 wealth 
 
 mal 
 
 wing 
 
 kanad 
 
 weary 
 
 yorghun 
 
 winter 
 
 kish 
 
 weather 
 
 havah 
 
 to wipe 
 
 silmek 
 
 weave, v. 
 
 dokumdk 
 
 wire 
 
 tel 
 
 wedding 
 
 duyun 
 
 wisdom 
 
 akillilik 
 
 week 
 
 hafta 
 
 wise 
 
 akilli 
 
 to weep 
 
 aglilamak 
 
 to wish 
 
 arzulamak 
 
 weigh, v. 
 
 tartmak 
 
 wish, s. 
 
 milrad 
 
 weight 
 
 tarty 
 
 with 
 
 He 
 
136 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 TURKISH 
 
 within 
 
 ichinde 
 
 writer 
 
 yazyji 
 
 without (outside) 
 
 dashra 
 
 wrong 
 
 Jefa 
 
 without (wanting) 
 
 siz 
 
 
 
 witness 
 
 shahid 
 
 Yard (court) 
 
 avlu 
 
 wolf 
 
 kurd 
 
 yard (measure) 
 
 ingiliz endaze 
 
 woman 
 
 kari 
 
 year 
 
 sene, yyl 
 
 wonderful 
 
 ajib 
 
 yearly 
 
 her yyl 
 
 wood (timber) 
 
 odun 
 
 yellow 
 
 $ary 
 
 wood (forest) 
 
 orman 
 
 yes 
 
 evet 
 
 wool 
 
 yun 
 
 yesterday 
 
 dun 
 
 woollen 
 
 yunden 
 
 yet 
 
 ddka, hele 
 
 word 
 
 soz 
 
 yoke 
 
 boyunduruk 
 
 work 
 
 ish 
 
 you 
 
 siz 
 
 workman 
 
 ishjy 
 
 young 
 
 genj 
 
 world 
 
 dunyah 
 
 your 
 
 sizin 
 
 worm 
 
 kurd 
 
 youth 
 
 ffenjlik 
 
 worth 
 
 kimet 
 
 
 
 to be worth 
 
 deymek 
 
 Zeal 
 
 ghayret 
 
 wound 
 
 yara 
 
 zealous 
 
 ghayretli 
 
 wrist 
 
 bilek 
 
 zephyr 
 
 badi gaba 
 
 to write ^ 
 
 yazmak 
 
 zinc 
 
 tutiya 
 
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