--'.'i^iS' Hi Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/accountofrussiaaOOwhitrich A N ,^.i.>. ACCOUNT R U S S I A AS IT WAS ^::/^r-c!t-^>^M In the Year 1710. BY CHARLES LORD WHITWORTH. PRINTED AT STRAWBERRY-HILL. M DCCLVIir. Advertifement^ THE following fliort but curious account of the Ruffian Empire, as it began to emerge from barbarifm in the year 1710, cannot but be ac- ceptable to the public from the curiofity of the fubjeA, and from the merit of the per- formance. Lord Molefworth's account of the Revolution in Denmark, which totally over- turned the conftitution of that A 2 country [iv] country, is one of our ftandard books. Lord Whitworth's little treatife will throw confiderable lights upon the formation of the Mufcoyite power, and upon the plans of that extraordinary genius, Peter the Great. Each author fhows what lading bene- fits Embafladors and foreign Minifters might confer on man- . kindj beyond the temporary jutility of negotiating and fend- ing intelligence. Our author, Charles Lord Whitworth, was fon of Richard Whitworth t [v] Whitworth Efq; of Blower- .pipe in Staffordfliire, who a- ":i»ut the time of the Revolu- ^^tion had fettled at Adbafton. He married Amie Mofeley, niece vof Sir Ofwald Mofeley of Chef- : hire, by whom he had fix fons and a daughter. Charles ; Richard, lieutenant-colonel of rthe Queen's own royal regi- /Unent of horfe ; Edward, cap- tain of a man of war ; Gerard, one of the chaplains to King George the Firft ; John, cap- ^^ lain of dragoons ; Francis, fur- -^^eyor-general of his Majefly's ^^""^ woods. woods, and fecretary of the ifland of Barbadoes, father of Charles Whitworth Efq; member in the prefent parliament for Mine-^ head in Somerfetfhire ; and Anne, married to Tracey Paun- cefort Efq; of Lincolnfliire. Charles, the eldeft fon, was bred under that accomplifhed minifter and poet, Mr. Stepney, and having attended him through feveral courts of Germany, was in the year 1702 appomted Refident at the Diet of Ratis-,; bon. In 1704, He was name4. Envoy extraordinary to the court of [ vii ] of Peteriburgh, as He was lent EjpLibaffador extraordinary thither on a more folemn and important occafion in 1710. M. de Ma- tueof, the Czar's minifter at London, had been arrefted in the public ftreet by two bailiffs, at the fuit of fome tradefmen to whom he was in debt. This affront had like to have heai attended with very ieri- otJfe eonfequences. The Cza:f^ who had been abfolute enough to civilize favages, had no idea, could conceive none, of the' privileges of a nation civilized [ "^'iii ] in thxe only rational manner, by laws and liberties. He de- manded immediate and fevere punifhment of the offenders:^ He demanded it of a Princefs, _ whom he thought interefted tp affert the facrednefs of the perfons of Monarchs, even in their reprefentatives ; and He^ demanded it with threats of wrecking his vengeance on ali_ Englifh merchants and fubjefti cftabhfhed in his dominionC In this light the menace wa3 fofmidiable-r--- otherwife, happi-^x ly jjie jrights of a whole peot pie were mofe facred here than the perfdns of foreign miniP ters. The Czar's memorials urged the Queen with theiatis-* fadlion which She had extort- ed herfelf, when only the boat and iervahts of the Earl of Manchefter had been infulted at Venice. That State had broken through their funda-^ mental laws to content the Queen of Great Britain. How noble a picture of government, when a Monarch that can force another nation to infringe it's conftitution, dare not vio- b late 1 i late his own! One may ima-- gihe' with what difficulties our Secretaries of State miift have laboured through all the arii- bages of phrafe in Englifli, French, German and Rufs, to explain to Mufcovite ears and Mufcovite underftandings, the meaning of indidlmeiits, plead- ings, precedents, juries and verj didls*; and how impatiently Peter muft have liftened, to * Mr. Dayrolle^s in his ^letter to the- Ruffian Embaflador, MarcK 16, 1705V gives him a "particul.ar account of fhe^^Yial before flie Lord Chief Juftice Holt. ^■:'' Vuk^I\dmleyi Life of Peter I. vqL 2. p, 57. promifes [ xi ] promifes of a hearirlg next tqrm! Wjth wjiat aftonifhment muft He have beheld a great Queen, ^ftgagmg to ^ndeavquu to prevail on her PariiameritV to pafs an a A to prevent any fuch outrage for the future ! What honour does it refled: on the memory of that Princefs; to fee her not blufli to own to ar^ arbitrary Emperor^ that evm tp appeafe ^im She dared not put the meaneft of her fubjedls to death uncondemned by lav^ ! ^ y There are, ' ' fays fhe % in one (^ her difpatches to him, " in-. ^ ibid, /». 67, b 2 " Hiperable r f :xii ] ^5t^^ fuperable difficulties with fe-^ ^^ fpe£t to the ancient and fun- ^^ damental laws of the govern- ^ ^ ment of our people, which : *^ wc fear do not permit {okvcrc ^r^Vand rigorous a fentence to te ^^ given, as your Imperial Ma- ^^ jelly at lirft fecmed to expe6b ^' in- this cafe : And we perlliade <^ our Self, that your Imperial ^^ Majefty, who are a Prince ^^ famous for clemency and for 1)/^ exad juftice, will not require rio^fcWs, w/)o are the guardian and fxc^' proteBrefs of the lawsy to in- ^^ flidl a punifhment upon our il - " fubjeds, [ xiii ] -i}** fiibjeds, which the law does r!*i not empower us ta do." -iiWords ib venerable and heroic, that this broil ought to be- 3i€;ome, Hiftory, and be exempted 3<%c>in the oblivion due to the -ifilly fquabbles of embafladors -and their privileges. . If Anne — j sideferved praife for her condud Ibjoti this occasion, it reflects ftill 3c-grcater glory on Peter, that this ic ferocious man &ad patience to 3i4iften to thefe details, and had ^^moderation, and juftice enough --^to be perfuaded by the reafon ^^ef-them. r^r Mr. [ xi^ ] Mr. Whitworth had the hon- our of terminating this quarrel. In 1 7 1 4, He was appointed Plenipotentiary to the Diet of Aufbouf g ; an^' [ Ratilbon j in 1 7 1 6, Envoy extraordihaiy and Plenipotentiary to the King of Pruflia. In 171 7, Envoy ex- traordinary to the Hague. In 171 9, He returned in his former chara6ler to Berlin ; and in 1 7 21 / the late King rewarded his long fef vices and fatigues^ by creating- htttf Baron Whitworth of Gal^ 4^ylh the kingdom of Irekiidj' the preamble of his patent emi^' meratirig -nod tjdl hik i J merating many of his virtues and kbours, being as follows : 'd -^Q ■ • % /p^UM alii homines re alia clar% \ inclytique fefe Nobis commenr-. daverint^ hand fninorem tamen^ vel Jibimet gloriam acquif^ere^ vet Reg?tis itojlris utilitatem confetTe COS exiJ}ima7nuSy qui res nojlras^ apud principes Jlatufque extero^^ pTiidaiter feliciterque adminif^'^ trant. Inter hofce quidem emi^^ net phirimum twn lo7iginquo uffi^ at que exercitatione^ turn folertid quadam Jingulari jidelis &^ dileQf^^ tus nobis Carolus IVhitworth Ar- 7niger. [ xvi ] miger. Variis in aulis externh perfunEiis muneribus fefe a7ttecef-^ foribus noftris gloriofce mefuo- rieSy Gulielmo Tertio Regi^ Re-- gtmeque Annce perfpeBum ifnpri- 7nts comprobatumque reddidit. In Comitiis RatiJbo7wnJibuSy in Aula Ccefareo-Germanicdy atque apud CzarumMufcovice temporibtis dif- Jicillimis res maximi 7nc7nenti fem-^ per cum laude traSiavity ac me- ritis fuis exifniis fummos honor es rerum exterarum curatoribus tri-- buifolitosy legati fcilicet extraor- dinar ii et plenipotentiarii charaEie- rem confecutus ejl. Ita ornatumy ita [ xvii ] it a commendatufn nos Eum accept^ 7nuSy ac proinde ejus opera in ar-^ duis compluribus negociis tant4i cum 7ioJiro commodo tantoque omnium plaufu uji fumus^ ut tejiimonio a- liquo illujiri ejus virtutesj interne-- rat am prcecipue jidem et conjian- tiam^ re77iunerandas ejfe cenfueri- ?nus ; et cmn Majejiatem imperii nojiri deceat^ tum rebus traSiandis pondus aliquod adjiciat nobilitatis fplendor at que amplitudo^ nosprde^ diBu?n Carolum Whitworth^ quern legati Tiojlri extraordinarii ac ple-^ fiipotentiarii titulis injignivimus ad traBatus pads in congrejfu Brunf- '^'' c vicenji V [ ^^^^^ ] i)tcenft proximo celebrandos^ qui in Aula Berolinenjij atque apud Qrdines Generales U7iiti Belgiiy plena pote?ttid res nojlras procu- raty ad dig?iitatem gradumque Baronis i7i Regno ?wJiro Hiher7iice promovendwn ejfe Jlatuimus : Set- atis igitury &c. The next year his Lordihip was entrufled with the affairs of Great Britain at the Congrefs of Cambray, in the charadler of EmbafTador extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. He returned home in 1724, and died the next [ xix ] next year at his houfe in Gerard-^ ftreet, London. His body was interred in Weftminfter Abbey. r^ Thefe fliort memorials, com- municated to me by his family without any oflentation, are all I have been able to recover of a man fo ufeful to his country ; who befides the following little piece, which muft retrieve and preferve his charadler from obli- vion, has left many volumes of ftate-letters and papers in the (^ pofleilion of his relations. One l^^ilittle anecdote of him I was told by the late Sir Luke Schaub, who c 2 . had [ « ] haditfromhiinfelf: Lord WhiN worth had had aperfpnal intima^ cy with the famous Czarina Ca- therine, at a time when her fa- vours were not purchafed nor rewarded at fo extravagant a rate as that of a diadem. When H&i had compromized the rupture between the court of England, and the Czar, He was invited- to a ball at court, and taken out to dance by the Czarina. Asr they began the minuet, She fqueczed him by the hand, and faid in a whifper, Have yand the reft wood on all fides. In the fouthern parts are very large unfrequented plains of le- veral hundred miles, extremely fruitful in grafs, and all fo^ts of fweet herbs and flowers, but wanting in wood and good water, and expofed to the fud- den inroads of the Tartars, a- gainft which no peace or treaty is any fecurity. The foil is different in nature Climate, and goodnefs according to the climate : That about Mofco ,^,of RU S S lA. 5 Mofco is fandy and not very fruitful, but fufficiently fupplied by the convenience of the rivers )i\ fummer, and cheapnefs of yifled carriage in the winter, which ?agenerally lafts there about iix imonths. _ r The inhabitants are chiefly rthofe called Mufcovites, inhabitants. rithe reft fwell the bulk, but add little to the ftrength of the coun- try ; the Laplanders and Samo- iedes being too heavy and dif- pirited; the feveral nations of Jfartars too wild, and the Cof- ooioi ^ lacks A fummary Accoufit facks too full of freedom and priviledge to be of any great advantage. ' ^^• The Laplanders and Samo- Lapianders iedes are dilperfed all Samoiedes. along the large woods on the White and Ice feas ; their ftature is low, their figure very difagreeable, their apprehenfion and underftanding fcarce above^ that of brutes, and their reli- gion, if any at all, little lih^ derftood by thofe who frequent them. Their food is generally raw fifh, or v/hatever they kill or of RUSSIA. 7 or.jiind dead, without diftiiic- tion ; they are of ufe /to the Mufcovites in their feal-fifhery about Nova Zembla ; aiid pay the Czar a fmall tribute of furs. The kingdoms of Siberia and Paury were firft entered Tartan of Siberia and by fome Ruluan male- Daury. fa^djtors who fled from juftice in the time of John Bafilowitz, but on this difcovery received their pardons, and being fe- conded by fome foldiers made feveral fettlements on the neareft rivers; which by degrees have been ^ A fummary Accowit been extended to the frontiers of China, the laft fortrefs of the Czar's dominions called Nerc- zinfk, being built on the river Amur which falls into the South-^ fea; the original inhabitants of thcfe wide countries were feve^ ral forts of Tartars, who living in little hordes or companies un- der diftindl governments, like the Indian nations in America, were eafily fubdued ; near the Ruffian plantations they have learned to dwell in houfes, to till the ground, and pay the Czar an annual tribute of furs, as of RU SSIA, 9 as fables, foxes and ermines : The other Tartars, who continue to range about with their tents, do not acknowledge the Czar's fovereignty, and are often trou- blefome in little parties, though not capable of making any great impreflion. Cafan and Aflracan were Tar- tarian kingdoms, who Of Cafan once made the Mufco- Jjhacan. vites tributary, and feveral times brought that government to the brink of ruin ; but were en- tirely fubdued by John Bafilo- C witz, lo A fummary Account witz, the firft in 1552, and the other in 1554: After which he built feveral towns on the Wolga, ftrengthened them with good garrifons, and fent colo- nies of his own people to Cafan and Aftracan, who to this day do not fuffer any Tartarians to fettle within the walls. The Czeremefles and Mor- Czeremejfes duars poflcfs a largc Morduars. trad: of land between Nifen-Novogrod and Cafan^ on both fides of the river Wol- ga ; they live in houfes, follow hufbandry, of RU S S lA. ir hufbandry, and pay the Czar taxes and fervice as his other fubjedls, but never furnilli re- cruits to the war. The Bafkirs are a powerful nation, extended from Bajkirs^ Cafan to the frontiers of Siberia, they have fome villages, but maintain their old freedom, and rebelled in 1707, when the Czar's officers would have load- ed them with new impofitions, and forced feveral of them to be baptized : They were appeafed by the fhow of force, and redrefs of their grievances. C 2 The 12 A yii^nmafy Account The reft of the countr^r-tq^, Aftracan and the ^ frontiers pf the Ufbecques, is haunted h)^; Cahnucks. the Cahiiucks, and other, hordes, who remove with theii- tents according to the feafojjti and convenience of fubiiflance ^ The Czar makes them prefents every year of cloth, money,^ and fome arms ; and in return they are obHged to ferve him in his wars without pay, which they fufficiently make up to themfetves, by plundering friends and foes wherever they march; Xr^nA the the greateft number which has of late appeared in arms for the Gzar, was about twelve thou- {and, who coming eight days after the battle of Poltawa, were difmiffed back again, only a- bout two thoufand were fent in-; to Livonia. The Religion of th^ Tartars is either Mahome- ^•^-•^aS^^r Heathen, in which they ^^s^ve been left undiftur bed by. the Czar and his anceftors. j^j o ; The Coflacks are diftinguijQir ed into three forts, known Cc/jbc^ by the places where they £rft i^»;: fettled 14 A fummary Account fettled themfelves; but are all of the fame nation, language, religion and form of govern- ment* They were originally Polifh Peafants, formed into a militia under their own officers and difcipline, and placed in the fruitful plains of the Uk- raine, to fecure the frontiers of the common-wealth againft the Tartars ; after fome years they increafed prodigiously in num- ber and riches, and could no longer bear the indignities of the Polifh Nobility, who affec- ted to treat them as their flaves on of RU S S lA. 15 on all occafions ; this ufage was the rife of feveral bloody wars, with difFerent fuccefs. In one of the firft, the Cof- facks being worfted, fe- Coffacks of veral of them rather than '^'^"'• ilibmit to the yoke, removed from the Ukraine to the unfrequented banks of the Don, or Tanais, where they begun a new plan- tation. In the year 1637, ano- thier detachment on the fame occafion refolved to feek their fortune as far as the Caipian fea, but in their paflage were per- iuaded i6 A fummary Account fuaded by their old countrymen on the Don, to flop jQiort and join in an attempt againft Afoph, which they took the fame year and kept till 1642, when the Turks approaching with a great army, and the Mufcovites re- fuiing them timely fuccours, they burnt the place, and fixed the feat of their little common- wealth at Circafky, a town on an ifland in the Don : Some time after they put themfelves under the protection of the Mufco- vites ; and had lately thirty nine towns on that river, from Rybna to Afoph, moft of them on the North- of RU SSIA. 17 North-Eaft fide : The country is generally without trees, but fruitful to a wonder in grafs, flowers, Iweet herbs, wild aipa- ragus, ^c. They fow very little corn, that being only the em- ployment of their flaves ; nor do they eat much bread, roots, o^ herbs ; their chief diet be- ing fifli, flefh, and fruits ; their riches conlift in cattle, horiesy dromedaries and camels; in theit houfes and cloaths they are generally neater than the Muf- covites; their religion is after the Greek, or Eaftern Church; D they i& M fwnmary Account they have very few tradefmen, or artificers ; arms are their em- ployment and delight, which :^n times of peace they exercife by parties againft their conftant enemies, the Calmuck, Cuban, and Crim Tartars; and in time of open war againft the Turks on the Palus Maeotis. Their government is a fort of military Democracy ; their chief Het- man^ or Colonel over all, keeps his refidence at Circafky : He is elected in a general meeting of the captains and civil officers of the nation, but is confirmed by the of RUSSIA. 19 the Czar, and then his employ- ment lafts for hfe, which he often loofes on an unfortunate expedition, or other tumult : Every town is like a little com- mon-wealth, and has it's owr^ Hetman^ or Captain, chofen yearly, who has the care of all bufinefs civil and miHtary, and in the field ads as captain of his own community : They are left in pofleflion of their old laws and cuftoms, pay the Czar no tribute, furnifh no recruits, and are only bound to appear in arms at their own charge when D 2 fummoned: 20 A fummary Account iiimmoned : ^ But on the coii- trary their captains ufed to le- ceive yearly prefents from his treafury of cloth, money and corn ; they have very great pri^- viledges, one of the moil coit- fiderable was the freedom ^bf any peafant or flave, who be- ing once in their country could not be re-claimed by his mafter, .41: .the Mufcovite governmentl; and on this account vaft mxm- bers of deferters fheltered theM^ fclyes here in the prefent w^, of which the Gzar being irt*- jfof^edj. . r^Mnce Dolgoruki was ^Smt four years ago with twelve hundred men to fearch them outy -he found fome hundreds, ;hut not being on his guard was in his return attacked by the Goffacks and cut to pieces with all his people; this occasioned a general revolt, and employed ijhe^Czar about ten thoufand men ^near two years, in which troii- ^bles many of their towns were burnt, and no quarter given to man, woman, or child, befides feveral hundreds who w^ere pub- lickly executed -^sit ^eronitz: 3Fhis has i^ry much difpeopled the b^: 2 2 A fummary Account the country, and made the name of Mufcovy odious to the reft. In their moft flourifliing condi- tion, they might be reckoned at fifteen thoufand men fit to bear arm^. • The Coflacks of the Uk- CoSMsof raine, are much more the ukraim. numerous and confider- able, their dominions extend- ing- feveral hundred mile? bg4 tween the rivers Boriftheneai or Neiper, and the Dony> ift 1 6 54, they with their Hetman, on ill ufage revolted from Po- land, of RUSSIA. 23 land, and put themfelves under the Czar's protedion, giving him up Chioff, Czernichoff, and leveral other ftrong towns, as pledges of their fidelity. This country is extremely well peo-- pled, and tilled ; their towns are many, all fortified with a dry ditch, earthen wall, and palifadoes ; the villages are large and neatly built with wood, they drive a great trade in hemp, pot-afti, wax, corn and cattle ; they live in much eafe and plen- ty, enjoying the fame privi- ledges as thofe on the Don, which 24 J^ Jwrmiary Account which with their riches, drew upon them the envy of the Mufcovitc nobihty and govern- ment, who by degrees made feveral incroachments on their Hberties ; and from hence Iprung an univerfal difcontent, and the revolt of Mazeppa to the King of Sweden; which being ill managed, the refidence town of Bathnrin was immediately taken and burnt, and above fix thoufand perfons put to the fword without diftindlion of age or fex. The of RU SS IA.> 25 The Zaparovian Collacks arc luft of the fame Xjtvci" Cojfachof per and manner or lire roh^orFaih. with thofe on the Don; they are fo called from the Falls in the river Borifthenes, about which they featcd themfelves chiefly for their greater fecu- rity and convenience of their incurflons againft the Turks and Tartars: When the Cof^ facks of the Ukraine, difcour- aged by the fevere execution at Bathurin, fat ftill, thefe openly declared for Mazeppa, and con- E tinued 26 A fummary Account tinued firm to him to the lafl: ; two or three thoufand followed his fortune to Bender^ and are ftill with the King of Sweden; moft of the reft were cut to pieces, fo that the remains of that name are at prefent very inconfiderable. From thefe accounts it is plain the Czar's ftrength muft Mujcovites. be chiefly computed from his national Mufcovites, from whence alone his regular forces are formed and main^ tained, if you except fome few contributions of RUSSIA. 27 contributions from the Mor- duars and Czeremefs Tartars, who by degrees have been civi- lized and fubjedled. rhdr Num^ The higheft and moft ^'"'^ probable computation of their numbers is, by I loufes that contribute to the war in money. ^ 884000 Houfes that contribute towards ) carriages and provifions, J 4- 4 o Houfes 1,308,000. Souls. Which at a medium of five 7 zr perfons to a houfe, make J ^^^ '^^^ E 2 I have 2 8 A fummary Account I have feen another by which the Empire was divided into eighty four parts, for raifing the Czar's fleet in 1697 : Houfcs. Each part reckoned at - - - 10,000 In all, 840,00a Souls. At five pcrfons per houfe, 4,200,000 Thefe calculations compre- hend all the Mufcovites and their feveral colonies from Chioff to China, and the Ice-fea. As the ground lies in moft parts untilled, and the improve- ment of RU S SIA. 29 ment of every gentleman's re- venue is the number of his pea- fants, or fubjeds ; it has been the old maxim of the Mufco- vite officers in all their fuccefs- ful wars to carry off as many of the people as they could, and plant them on their own eftates : Several towns on the Wolga, are the fruits of their former expeditions in Poland, and Lithuania ; and they have at prefent drained above one third of the inhabitants from Ingria and Livonia, and fettled whole villages of them in the fouthera 30 A fummary Account Ibuthern parts towards Veronltz, who findina; their new ilaverv eafler than their old, the earth more fruitful, and the climate more gentle, would, I believe, never return back, though left 4li liberty; an irreparable lofs to the King of Sweden, if ever thole provinces fhould return to their former mafter. Ingria has in fome meafure been re- peopled by colonies of Mufco- vites : Moft of the great fami- lies now in being are of foreign extraiftion ; as the Galliczyns, Apraxins, Narefkins, ^c. from Poland ; of RUSSIA. ^t Poland; the Circafkys from Tartary ; and the Czar prides himfelf in a Pruflian original. They are divided into three ranks, the Nobility, Dcp-ces. , called Kneas^^^ the Gentry, cah led DuoRNiNs, and the Pea- sants. The Kneas, or Dukes, were antiently heads of the Nobin'tf?^ little governments into which this country was divided, but were all fubdued in time by the Princes of Volodomir, who translated 32 A fummary Account tranflated their refidejice to Mofco, and took upon them the title of Ws:liki Kneas, or Great Duke: The races of thefe farriiUes ftill retain their antient title, and feveral Poles tranfplanted thither, as they be- came considerable, aflumed the fame mark of diftindlioii, on pretence of being defcended from their Waywodes, of Pa-, . latines. This title is different- ly refpedtied, according to t^ revenue or employment of "^le perfon ; for thofe Dukes who fubmitted on condition, and re- ceived of RU S S lA 2Z ceived eftates in exchange for their petty fovereignties, ftill continue in fome fplendor ; others have raifed themfelves again by their civil or mili- tary fervice, while the reft are re- duced to the loweft poverty and contempt : And two years ago, there were near three hundred Kneas common foldiers in Prince MenzikofF's regiment of dra- goons. To remedy the con- fufton of this title, the Czar has begun fince his progrefs to make fome alterations : His late firft Minifter Golowin, F and ,34 A fiimmary Account and General Gordon,- ytttt made Counts by- the Empe- ror ; Alexander Menzikoff his Favorite, was made Prince ;; of the Empire, four years iagQ : But the Czar's ambition en- creadng with his fuccefs, he thought of beftowing his own. honours, and foon after created Prince Menzikoff Duke of In- gria. When Monfieur Golof- kin, his prefent firft Minifter and Great Chancellor, was made a Count by the Empe- ror, he received foon after, the fame title from the Czar, who has has iince made his High Ad- miral Apraxin, and Lord Privy- feal Setoff, both Counts, with- tcout any recourfe to the Im- perial Court, and defigns by degrees to introduce the title •'Cif Barons and Knights ; he has already inftituted an Order of Knighthood in honour of St. Andrew, who wear a blue Rib- bairid and Star in imitation or the Garter. ' T^ DuoRNiNs are Country Gentlemen, moft where- Gentry. of hold their lands by Knights : E 2 fervice, L ; 36 A fuimnary Account fervice, to appear in war on horfe-back ; formerly it was fufficient to fend a man well armed and mounted, but the prefent Czar makes them or their Sons ferve in perfon, if they cannot buy intereft e- nough with his minifters to be excufed: When they ap- pear in the field, they are not allowed a fervant, though they may be mafters of fbme hundred peafants, and are oblig- '«d to do all the Duties of com- mon foldiers ; but their great- eft mortification is, that fueh of '':> :,j}f RUSSIA. 37 of . their peafants as will but lift volunteers, are immediately iideclared freemen, and in e- -^^qual confideration with their i mafters, though the point of h honour has not yet prevailed fo far, as to give many inftan- ces of this nature. Such of the Duornins as live on their eftates, and are far from Mof- rfT)^PP, are at much eafe, and give ^nrrrthemfelves great airs, though they are again as humble and fubmiflive to the chief nobility and officers; for this country is the perfedl model xDf Bayes's grand- 38 j4 fummary Account^ grand-dance, where every one has lids lliare of flavery and worfhip ; except .^^, The Peasants, who are P^/7/2r«/x. perfedl flaves, fubjed: to the arbitrary power of their lords, and transferrred with goods and chatties; they can call nothing their own, which: makes them very lazy, and: when their mafters tafk is done, and a little bread and firings provided for the year, the ^^%^^ bulinef^blr their Hfe is over^ri- the reft of their time being idled of RUSn^*^ 39^' vaBi;!> idled or flept away; and jrct they live content, a couple of earthen pots, a wooden platter, wooden Ipoon, and knife, are all their houfhold goods ; their drink is water ; their food oat- meal, bread, fait, muflirooms and roots, on great days a Httle fifli, or milk, if it is not a faft ; but flelh very rarely ; thus mere cuftom in them fhames the pretended aufterities of philofo- phy and falfe devotion, and fits them admirably for the fatigues , of war, which if once familiar by ufe and difcipline, will cer- tainly 40 A fummary Account tainly advance far in a people,, who go as unconcerned to deaths or torments, and have as much paiTive valour as any nation;^^! the world. Their Religion is the Eaftcrii. Religion, or Greek Church, ftill more corrupted by ignorance and fuperfti'tion ; they think- ^^ fatisfy the fecond Gommand-^. Images, mcut by allowiug nc> carved images, but their chu^^^ ches are filled with miferable paintings without fhade or per- lpe6live, and yet fome of thofe dawbings, of RUSSIA. 4X dawbings, as well as the fiaer ftrokes of the Italian pencils, arc faid to be the work of angels ; particularly a celebrat- ed piece of the Virgin Mary with three hands, which is preferved in the Monaftery of Jerufalem, about thirty miles from Mofco : The re- Worjhip. fped paid to thefe picflures is the grqfleft kind of idolatry, and makes up a principal part of their devotion-; to thele they bow and crofs themfelves ; every child has it's own patron faint allotted him at baptifm, G and 42 A jummary AccoUnt and every room it's guardiaii piAure in ia corner^ the Rufliltif place of honour, to which ftrangers pay their revereriee coming in, before they begiii their bufinefs, or take any ho-^" tice of the company : Thefe reprefentations are all called by the general name of Bog, W Fap. God. The reft of their worihip is, iii obferving the fafts, which are four in--ti»6 ye^^" * beildes Wednefdays tiiid* Fridays, and very fevere;'-^ frequenting the church, if nigh at hand, once a day, in light- ing ing up wax candles to their iaiflts, and often repeating the GospoDi PoHMELi, or, Lord have mercy upon me^ without ^ifl^ farther attention : Since the war, and frequent voyages of thdr young gentry, they begin to be lefs ftridt in their fafts; the Czar himfelf eats flefh on all of them in private houfes^ but refrains from giving any fcindal in publick. Their Churches are very nup .C*«r^A^/f> merous, fome of ftone, the reft of wood, all built in the form of a crofs, with five little .v^rrf G 2 cupolas ; 44 Ji Jummafy "^Acdnunt cupolas; every nobleman's ieat has one ; to build a church be-^ ing"' thought a nieritorious ad; and laying a fort of obligatio^a ai heaven, though they: ate left at liberty to frequent theaf. ■■- Stcufar Their parilh priefts :^isd -^^'^y* chaplains, are of the meaneft people, hujhands of one wife^ in a literal explicaticai ©f "the fcripture ; and when file ■diedy' the prieft v/as formfefly ^t^cluded from the fervice^t acnd " bbliged to turn monk, oY' tKke \i1^l*fp^ lorry trade for zlwt- lihood; but this Czar allows h''''^^ them th^jn:tp;.epntinue in the ;Un except fome . few edu- cated at Chioff, are in much greater efteem, their habits, fafts, for they never eat any flelh, gravity, and continual devotion, draw to them the eyes and veneration of the peo- ple, and their large pofieilions formerly ftrengthened their teinbli poral intereft fo far, that the^ Patriarch Nichon durfl ftriagt;^ gle with the Czar's Fatlierrjforq independency, and was . tudtri kept under without great, difev turbance. This power has- been of ku ssiJt> if hm^^ fa^ dangerous,-^^thafe^i]fe^ prefeht Czar, on the death df the late Patriarch, fequeftered the office, committing the fpi-^ rltiml adminiftration to the Archbifhop of Rezan, and the management of the temporal affairs to a lay-commiffion, who have likewife the difpoy fal of the abbey lands and re- venues, which he took away^ fome years ago on a pleafant^ pretence ; for the abbots on : his enquiry, affeding to^ appeaf - vei-y poor, alledging, t4iat thc;^ were fcarce able to maihtafil^ ^ their 48 A fu7nmary Accowit their monks though they con- fined themfelves to the poor pittance of fifteen rubles a year per head ; the Czar in a feem- ing compafiion told them, he would take care of their re- venues, and double that allow- ance ; as he has done in effect:, which befides the annual ad- vantage of one hundred and fifty thoufand pounds fterling to his treafury, has quite broke their intereft in the country, where they have no more freehold left, and their peafants or fubjeds, now immediately depend upon the Czar's officers. The of^ RUSSIA. 49 The Government is abfelute in the laft degree, not Government. bound up by any law or cuf- fbitr,' but depending on the breath of the Prince, by which the hves and fortunes of all tfife * fubjefts are decided; the common compliment of the greateft Nobility being, I am THY SLAVE, TAKE MY HEAD : However, fuch as are employ- ed in the ftate have their fhare of arbitrary power, their pro-- ceedings being without appeal, all in the Czar's name, which they often abufe to fatisfy their H avarice, 5 o A fummary Accou72t avarice, revenge, or other guilty!^, pafiions. For right betweea Lavjs^ .private men, they have written laws and precedeats^j which they generally follow, though without any obligation, and their methods are eafy and; t fhort enough, could their juf- tice be proof againft the temp- tation of a bribe, which is fel- dorn found in this natipn,. Adminijirauon. The Czars ufed for- merly to keep up the venera- tipn of their fubjedls, by ap- pearing very rarely, except iii publfck ads of ceremony and devotion, ofkussiA 51 devotion, and then with a fo^'' lemnity fuitable to the occa- sion ; while the Bojars y or pri- vy Counfellors difpofed of the Empire at their pleafure: But his prefent Majefty has broke through this formal fervitude, and omits no occafion of ex- pofing them and their cuftoms to the common people ; to weaken antient families farther, he often obliges their children to the meaneft fervice, as be- in^**' cdinmon foldiers in his fodt-guards, and raifes perlbna of no extradlion to the greait H 2 employ- 52 A fummary Account employments. The Bpjars^ o5r TheBojars, privy Counfellors, had formerly the chief direction of all the PricaJfeSy or offices : The Ocolnitzen were their a- ffiftants, being a lower fort of privy Counfellors, only ad- mitted on extraordinary oc- The Dummy, cafions. TXiz Dumnoj the procefies, and the Diacks^ the fecretaries : Every Pricafle was compofed of thofe officers, and had a fovereign jurifdic- tion of life and death, inde- pendant one of another, which ■ often of RUSSIA. 53 often caufed no fmall confu- iion ; they were above thirty in number, for the feveral branches or provinces of the Empire, and though they are ftill kept up, yet the head officers, as Bojars and Ocolnit- z,en, have been dropt by de- grees, and moft of them left to the Diack, or fecretary. In New Scheme. 1 7 10, the Czar fell upon a new Scheme, which in time may caufe great alter- ations ; he has divided the Em- pire into eight governments. Mosco, 54 A fummary Account Mosco, with all it's depen-. dencies, is given to Mr. Stref- nofF, the Prelident at War. Archangel, to Prince Gal- liczyn, formerly Envoy at Vienna. AsoPH and the Don, to Count Apraxin, High- Admiral. Casan and Astracan, to Lieutenant-General Apraxin, his Brother. .:,,j..,i Chioff and the Ukraine^ to Lieutenant-General Galli- czyn, of RU S S lA. 55^ czyn, who was Commiilary of War with the Mufcovite troops, in Saxony. Siberia, to Prince Gagarin. Livonia, Ingria, Plescow and NovoGROD, to Prince Men- zikoiF the Favorite. Smolensko, to Monfieur Sol- tikoff. Veronitz and the Shlp-^ Yards, are to be a fmall go- vernment apart, which the Czar relerves in petto. Thefe i .56 A fumfiiary Account *^ Tliefe Governors have the difpofal of all employments civil 'and military, receive the reve- nues, and defray all the ex- pences in their feveral provinces, and fend a certain fum yearly in- to the great Treafury, clear of all charges ; they have abfolute power, except in relation to the regular troops, who are never to be under their direction, nor paid by them, though quartered ill their jurifdidion, but are to receive their orders immediately IMih the Czar and his Generals. ifu,**> The of RUSSIA. s7 The prefent Czar is in his thirty-eighth year, a T/jeCzar. handfome Prince, of a ftrong conftitution, but of late much broke by irregular Hving, and other fatigues: He was very iiibjed: to convulfions, faid to be the effects of poifon from his Sifter Sophia in his youth, which made him fhy of being feen, but of late they are much mended. He is extremely cu- rious and diligent, and has fa- ther improved his Empire in ten years, than any other ever was, in ten times that fpace ; and I which S^ ^ Jti7nmary Account which is more Hirprizing, with- "but any education, without any foreign help, contrary ^o'^^^tlife intention of his people, clergy, and chief minifters, but merely by the ftrength of his own ge- nius, obfervation and example: He has gradually paft through all the employments of the ar- my, from a Drummer to Lieti- tenant-General ; of the fleet, from a common Seaman to Rear Admiral ; and in his ihip-yards, from an ordinary Carpenter to Mafter-Builder : Farther parti- culars though agreable, would /' be of RUSSIA. 5^ ■■ ff' X* *^ ' • ■■ . • be too long for this place ; He is good-natured but very paf-- fionate, though by degrees he has learnt to conftrain himfelf, except the heat of wine is added to his natural temper; he is certainly ambitious, though very modeft in appearance ; fiifpi- cious of other people ; not over fcrupulous in his engagements, or gratitude ; violent in the firft heat, irrefolute on longer de- liberation, not rapacious, but h?ar in his temper and expence ,^to extremity ; he loves his Ibl- diers, underftands navagation, I 2 jQiip^ 6o A fummaryy Account £hdp-building, fortification, and fire-working : He fpeaks High^^ Diitch pretty readily, whicn Is now growing the Court Xi^-^. guage. He is very particularVm his way of Hving ; when at Mofco he never lodges in tj^e palace, but in a little wooden^ houfe built for him in the fu- burbs as Colonel of his guards :^ He has neither court, equipage^^; or other diftindion from a pri;r= vate officer, except when he appears on publick folemni- f^ ^ ■ - ■ \^\mK\ ties, . ^ Thr of RUSSIA. 6f ■' ■ . .-• . -:.ri! The Court - of the fornjet Czars was very nume- TheCour^ rous and magniiicent, beings iiUed on folemn occasions by the^ BojdrSy or privy Counfellors^^ with all the officers of each Prir^ cafle, by the NobiHty and Gen- try, who were oMiged to a^j tendance by titles of honour. and diftindion without any fa-. lary ; as the Krapjhecksj or Carvers, who are only two q^^ the firft Nobility, this employ 7^^ ment being reckoned very cofi^ jfiderable : The Stolnicks^ or Sewers, who are alfo ufed to carry ^ 62 JJ fufnmary Account carry any meflage of impor- tace, to receive ambaffadors, ^c. The Spalnicks^ or Gentlemen of the Bedchamber ; which two laft title$ are in great number, and defcend from Father to Son, though generally confirmed by the Prince : And laftly, by the Gojisy or chief Merchants. Qn publick feafts or ceremonies all thefe received rich go^Mls' of brocade lined with furs from the treafury, which they return- ed as foon as the appearance was over ; but the preient Czar has quite aboHfhed thefe forma- lities, of R U S S lA. 63 lities, without fettling any other court ; fome fay to fpare the expence during the war, or ra- ther from his particular temper which is averfe to fuch con- ffcraints. On any ceremony he is atttended By the officers of his army, and nobility without any diftindiion, which makes a tolerable fhow. His favorite Alexander Men- zikofF is born of very The Favoring. mean parents; was accidentally met by the Czar in the ftreets when a boy, and for fome unluc- ky anfwers preferred to ferve one of 6ij. A fummary Account of his gentlemen ; from which ftep he is grown by degrees the moft powerful fubjedt in Europe ; his diligence and difpatch have -been his chief recommendation ; and fome have thought their intimacy rather refembled love than friendfhip, they having frequent jars and conftant re- concilements, though fome fuch accident may once prove fatal, as has already been very near. His parts are not extraordinary, his education low, for the Czar would never let him learn to read or write, and his advancement too of RUSSIA. 65 too quick to give him time foi". obfervation or experience. Un- der the Czar's name he ufes an abfoliite power in all affairs j^ makes every intereft give way to his private paiHons ; in which he often contradi(S:s the Czar's orders, and if it comes to be contefted generally carries the point from his Mafter ; he is not beloved by the common people, and much lefs by the old nobi- lity and chief officers, who have a ftrong cabal againft him, head- ed by the High- Admiral Aprax-^ in. He was made Prince of K the 6'6^ A ftirmnafy Account die Empire in 1706; Duke of Ingria in 1707 ; and Felt Mar- flial in 1709. He is a violent enemy to Felt Marflial Shereme- toff, and has often brought him to the brink of ruin. He lias formed a Covirt after the fafliion of the little German Princes^ of chamberlains, marflials, fecre- taries, &^c. moft foreigners. Molifitetir Golofkin is of ^i ehanieiior aiitieiit family, he wa^ iiiipw. Great Chamberlain, an oh the death of Count Golowii¥ \!vas made Lord Chancellor of the 1 of RUSSIA. 67 the Empire, which great em- ployment he modeftly decUncd for feveral months ; he is a gen- tleman of good fenfe, very de- vout, and has the general cha- rafter of a man of honour : No one ever complained of his cru- elty and injuftice, though fome think he is not refolute enough in oppofing that of others. . He was made Count of the Roman Empire, and of Ruffia about three years ago. Monfieur Schapfirroff is of no great extraction, his ^-^^ errand-father was one of ^^^""^^^" '. K 2 the ^4-68 r^ fu77i7nary Account rlrthe Jews carried out of Poland >lin their former wars^* his father was baptized, and he profefics the Ruffian reHgion: In' 1705, he was private fecretary to Cotint Golowin, to whom his diUgerice and knowledge of the High- Dutch tongue made him abfo- lutely neceffary ; on the Count's death he was made Secretary to the Office of Embaffies, ^id in 1709, Vice Chancellor .^vWi Count Golofkin; all foreign affairs go neceflarily through his hands ; he has more experience than natural qualifications ;.. he .IDOII' is ^wv^" RUSSIA. 69 ..iis gfeiierally efteemed fair enough iii his bufinefs, but his quick preferments have given him an - air rof i ftiffnefs, and it is faid his private intereft will not al- ways let him diftinguifh the merits of the caufe. Prince Dolgoruki, who fome years ago was the Czar's • ^^^^ embaffador in Poland^^^^4f '' is often joined to thefe gentle^ men in the confultations on any foreign affairs, but the execu- tii*e' part is entirely left ^o them ; ^li^ i^;a ^pihn. of good fenie, 'manrier^5 modefty and honour. Moniieur 70 yf fummary Account Monfieur Apraxin is of a High' Admiral, good family, his aii- ceftors having been Stolnicks, or Sewers ; the old Emprefs dowager, Mother of the Czar's eldeft Brother, is his Sifter ; this alliance brought him into court and favour, which he foon im- proved by a ready wit, and a confcience not enflaved to any fcruples to obftrud: his fortune j he had been Commifiioner of the Admiralty for many J^^Xh and on Count Golowin's aeath was made High- Admiral ; in 1709^' of RU S StA. 71 1709, he was made Governor of Ingria in Prince Menzikoff 's abfence, and had the good for- tune to fee the Swediih army under General Lubecker kill tn^^^^ horfes, and retire out of that province unaccountably j which mifcarriage turned as his own merit, and thereby increaf- ed his credit with his Prince; h^ is very revengeful, and no, ene- my to prefents ; he appears openly againft the Favorite, and has great credit at court, but his indifcretion in drink when in the Czar's company, fome- times 72 A ftinmiary Account times cxpofcs him to difagrcable accidents. Felt Marflial Slieremetoff is FdtMarjhai of a vciy anticiit fa- mily, famous for producing lucky Generals againft the Tar- tars, of which fuccefs he has alfo had his fhare in the late Turkifhwar : In his travels to Italy, he made a campaign on the Galleys of Malta, and is honoured with a Crofs of that Order. He is the politefl: man in the country, and moft im- proved by his travels, is magni- ficent in his equipage and way of of RUSSIA. 7j of life, extremely beloved by the foldiers, and almoft adored by the people ; he enjoys a vigorous age at fixty and odd, has good-nature, honour, and as much perfonal valour as any man, but not experience enough to ad: againft an army of re-? gular troops ; he often fuiFers under the Favorite's perfecution, and has more than once defired leave to lay down his command^ but has always been refufed. There are feveral other Mi- nifterswho come into the privy Council, but as they confine L themfelves 74 -^ fmnmary Accotmt themfelves to the domeftick af- fairs, and have no remarkable degree of favour, or mfluence in matters of ftate, I fhall not trou- ble you with their names or etp- iJ/V/^/^f. ployments, but proceed to fome fmall account of - i^c Czar's riches. r The commerce coin of Mujf- Silver Coin. QOVJ is a fuiall picCC of filver about the bignefs of an Englifh penny, called a Copeekl 7 C0VE1.KS. make an AtTiNE.r . 10 COPEEKS, a GrEIVExV. ^^5X^Veeks, ^^^i^a ^^^^ PopoLTi^y: h^yO GOPEEKS, a POLTINE. 100 CopEEKs, a Ruble, Formerly of RUSSIA. 75 Formerly there was no coin but Copeeks, and the other liames were only to fignify fuch a number, for the ealinefs of the tale ; but in 1703, great (Quantities of fpecie, Rubles, half Rubles, &^c. were made, though the mafs of money is ftillvin Copeeks. ?r All great fums are generally by Rubles, or an hun- Fake. drcd Copeeks, the intriniic value whereof may be about j\,s. ^d. Englifh, but in the courfe of exchange, is generally reckoned L 2 at 76 A fummary Account i at ^s. 8d. : And fifteen years ago was 10 s. An hundred Rubles weighed iFeighf. twelve pound in , [ohn Bafilowitz's time, who reigned from 1540 to 15845 and were kept up to eleven pounds till the reign of his prefent Majefty, but fince the war, and growing ne- cefiities of the treafury, have been reduced by degrees to nx pounds twelve ounces and three quarters, Englilh weight.' ^"^ An hundred Rubles of old Copecks weighing ten pounds, arfe^tb- ceived in the trealury, at an al- lowance :r 4^ RU S S lA. 77 iowance of fifteen per centy and are there melted down into new . Copeeks. . 'Tlie ftandard fliould be of the fame goodnefs with Standard. X^yon Dollars, viz. twelve oun- ces fine filver, and four ounces alloy to the pound weighty, but moft that is carried into the mint, is not above ten oimces fii^e filver, and being feldom .^tryed when melted, their coins are of different value, as the run Jhfappens to, be good or bad, ;gl^^,. Dollars, and old Copeeks, v^^r. being; 78 u^ fummary Account being all melted together, with an additional alloy of brafs. * The Silver is Crofs Dol- imporud. lars, hjovi Dolkrs, and Albertus Dollars, with un^ wrought Plate, brought from Holland and Hamburgh, and Bremen. Of Dollars yearly from two to three thoufand ; part to clear the Merchants cuftoms ; part in return of brafs money, which the treafury often ad^ vances to roreigners, to be ,re- paid in Dollars at two years ena^ and partly for the advantage of the exchange, in the coiirle whereof of RU S S lA. 79 whereof to Holland, a Dollar is only rated from fixty-two to f^venty-three Gopeeks ; but can buB fold- ^ in Archangel from eighty-five to ninety Copeeks* raoit i: In 1702, the nrft Ducats bni; / were coined with the Gold Coin. Czar's ftamp, at twenty-fix carrats, being the value of Holland's Ducats ; but next year the diredlion of the mint was taken from the foreigners, and the Chinefe gold being only ^t twenty or twenty-one carrats frorft one to three grains, was jeft without refining, which ut-- terly $9 A fu7n7na7y Account terly decried thofe Ducats, and very few have been coined fmce 1706. The gold is imported in ingots from China, about three hundred and Hxty pound weight EngHfh yearly, beiides feme thoufand Ducats brought every fummer by the fleet to Archangel. In 1705, the Czar begun Brafs. to coin brafs Copeeks, halves and quarters, thirty-{ix pound of brafs Englifli weight which is bought in Mofco for feven Rubles, produce tvventy when coined ; about ten thou- ^A^% l^nd of RU SSIA. 8r fand of thefe Copeeks are given out monthly, but no one is obliged to receive them in pay- ment, except fuch as are in the Czar's fervice ; they may be ne- gotiated againft iilver at two per cent. lofs. The brafs comes by the fleets to Archangel. The money of this country, ais' to the fupplies of fllver and value of the coin, de- "Trade. pends {o much on Trade, that it will be neceilary to make fome mention of the chief bran- ches in this place, fn M The 8.2 A ftinmiary Account l^Iie goods chieily imported impcrtations. uovci England arp all forts or woollen nianufa6tiir^% lead, tin, dying- woods, indigo, pewter, plibanum, brimftone, lignum-vitae : The Hollanders and Hamburghers, beiides thele, bring wines, paper, allum, glafs- ware, fpices, dollars, plate, gold and filver lace, brocades, Silefia cloth, and all forts of gal^ lanterics. ry. ■ r .,, ,The Englifh export chiefl)^, .^^j^xporiations. hemp, flax, train- oil, linnen, pot-afh, rhubarb, n4«: ifinglal^. of RU SSIA. 83 iidnglafs, wax, tar, red-hide5 and caviar ; the two laft to Leghorne, The Hollanders and Hamburghers carry out farther, wood-afli, mafts, hydes dried and faked, tallow, fables, hemp- feed, mats, and hogs-briftles. v>i>f|'heir Fifhery of feaU^ or •lea-dogs, about ten Fifljery. thoufand a year, yield live thou- iand meafures of oil ; the fkins and oil are fent to England. Morfes^ or fea~horfes, from No- i^a Zeriibia, ufed to load thirty Bi6ats a year with blubber, the ti^eth are efteemed next to ivory, ■^'^'^- M 2 but 84 A fu7n7nary Account but the trade being monopoliig^ ed by a COMPANY decays daily. Cod and ftock-fifb, about three fhips lading yearly to Denmark ; falmon faked and dried^ a Ihip's loading to Bilboa; thefe with the cod are taken in the Norths fea, about Kilduyn and Cola; but the fliips bring fait from St. Ubes, The foreign merchants a:re Cujioms, obliged to pay th6ir cuftoms in Dollars fpecie^ ^at Archangel, which are only rec- koned at the antient value bf .fifty of RUSSIA.^ 85 fifty Copeeks when received in- to the treafury, and that too by weight, fourteen to the pound, which feldom holding, it comes from fourteen and a quarter to .three quarters. Foreigners pay RvQiperce^U. for all goods bought and fold by weight, and four "per cent, for thofe by tale or meafure ; they only pay fingle duties, either for their exporta- tions or importations, whichfo- ^pyer mount higheft at the end J of the trade time; goods fen t up by foreigners to Mofco, or jgn^ inland towns pay t^n per i\\x\ cent. 86 A ftim7nary Account cent, in Dollars, and fix per cent, where they buy or fell in Rufs money : The Ruffians pay five per cent, where they fell or buy in the country, and five per ce77t. at Archangel. Wine pays a particular cuftom of five Dol- lars an hogihead* In 171 o, the courfe of e^- Exchange, changc was three S!l3-^ bles ten Copeeks to the pound fterling, whereas the intrinfick value is only about four Ruble^ and a half; for the exportation^ exceeding the importations near two ^.qf RU S S IJ^. 8^ t\VP thoufand Rubles yearly; the ' ' national credit of their rnoney is kept up, which would j^lr; almoft to the real worth, if aay coniiderable fum above the ballance of the trade was to be remitted beyond fea. The Czar's revenues may be about feven millions of Rubles yearly^ ariUng chiefly ; From the cuftom of goods in Archangel, and How arifmg. the duties on them when bought of fold by retail in the country. -^^' From 88 A fmmnary Account From 7?io?topolies in the Czar's hands ; pot-afli yearly to the value of forty thoufand dollars ; wood-afli one hundred and twenty-five thoufand dollars ; caviar, thirty thoufand pieces of eight, befides what is con- fumed in the country ; rhubarb, about twenty thoufand dollars, all which commodities are never fold but for Ipecie dollars ; tar, in 1706, forty thoufand dollars, and aiiother for ten thoufand rubles ; very little fold fince. From of RU S S lA. 89 , From inland monopclies ; fait, five hundred thcufand rubles; tobacco, boards and bricks, which are only fold by the Czar's officers, the fums un- certain; furs from Siberia in the treafury ; brandy and beer, which in the tow^n of Mofco alone bring in fix hundred thouland rubles ^^r ami. From the ^nint by re-coinage of dollars, at one hundred and twenty per cent, profit. Of OLD MONEY zt thirty per Cent. Of BRASS MONEY at fixty-fivt per cent. N From 90 j4 fummary Account Fjom the Chhiefe trade, which, if well managed, would bring in about two or three hundred rubles profit yearly ; the cargoes thither are feveral forts of Eu- ropean merchandize, but chiefly furs, as fables, ermines, black foxes, and grey fquirrels, from Siberia ; the returns are made in damafks, callicoes, blewlinneh, gold, tapiftry, China ware^ rand drugs: A great part of thefe ufed to be fold into Lithuania and Poland, which trade is now almoft funk. .^^ From of RU S S lA. 91; ,i,From the Perjtan trade^ whence raw-iilk, carpets, brorj^ cades, fattins, jewels, and Per-f fia leather are imported, chiefly bj . the Armenians, who only pay two per cent, cuftom, for whatever they tranfport through the Czar's dominions v/ithout breaking bulk, according to aq old privilege. From new impofitiom on ftampt paper ; on all law-fliits, v/hich pay ten per ce7it. of the value contefted ; oven, or chim- ney money ; all hackney horfes N 2 and 92 A'Jtimmary Account aiid carriages ; all Bath-ftoves, of which every village has one irf '^liHlcki 2M^ every lailiion^ able houfe one in partitufff, ar6 taxe3 at a ruble a piece yearly. "^ From the abbey lands ^ whiqh were very confiderable, but hpye been taken into the Czay'^s hands, and are managed bytft /ecular commiffion, a compep tency being allowed each clpiftq- in proportion to the number of monks. From tint land. iax. 2inAmyal aomames. ':.n All of RU S S lA. 93 _^ All the Czar's expences are paid within the year, which makes the prefent war fall very heavy on him ; for though he does not owe above two hundred thou- fand rubles on all accounts ; his treafliry by ill management can- not find credit for ten thoufahd -rilbles ; nor will the merchants ^iV€ any bills of exchange, till ^€?)^ have received the money fetfore hand. to noqoic| . Mines there are, ,4Mrv Of iron, feveral in Ruflia in- Hifferent ; in Siberia very good^ ^ ^A ,. Of 94 A fu7nma7y Account Of copper^ at Olonitz. ^ Of hrimjione^ at Cafan^ and in the mountains which bound Siberia. Hot baths and mi?ieral iratefs are found about Terki on the Calpian-fea. Salt-peter comes from ChiofF and Rebena in the Ukraine, as good as any in the world. In 1709, an engineer fent down into the deferts betweeii" Afoph and Chioff, found threli' mines of different ore, on thtb river of RU S S I A. 95 river Kundruczi which falls in- to the Don, above the town of Circafky : Oii other little rivers which fall into the Donee, lie found old melting ovens, the openings of feveral mines which had been worked on, all thought to be the remains of the Genoefe colonies. He fuppofes fome of them to have vitriol, and quick- liiver, or good tin. /The Czar's forces which are regimented, cloathed Czar's Fancu. , ancj difciplined, after the foreigi|t>^ manner, including the feperat^^ bodies -' '-> ^^rr^ # 96 A fummary Accou7it bodies in Poland, Lithuania, Li- .vonia, and Ingria, with the fe- veral garrifons along the frontiers from ChioiF to Wy burgh, con- fift of fifty-one regiments of root, VIZ. Men, [The fir ft of Guards, 2400 Five more 1 800 each, 9000 Forty-five more 1200 each, 54000 Fifty-one companies of Grenadiers, 5 1 00 One company of Bombardiers, 1 50 Thirty-fix regiments of Dragoons, 7 ^ at 100 each, j ^ Three regiments of horfe Gre-? nadiers, 3 ^ ^otal^ 109,650. The P # of RU S SIA. 97 The firft regiment of foot- guards has twenty- rhdr Ejiabujh^ tour companies, the ^'"^^^ five others eighteen companies, and the ordinary regiments tv\' elve ; , the regiments of drar goons have ten companies each. The foot receive equal pay and portion Vi^ith the dragoons, hay and oats excepted. STAFF OFFICERS. , Yearly KuUes% Colonel, as fuch, 650 Lieut. Colonel, as ftich^ 390 Major, as fuch, 325 Clerk of the Regiment, 9 x . Surgeon, *[f-»^^^ ^ 130 Chaplain 1 ! ..:. and \ are -paid by the Regiment. Provoft J O Of 9^8 A fum7nary Account Of .? COMPANY. Captain, 234 Lieutenant, 139 Enfign, 19^ •Quarter Mafter, ^91 .Three Serjeants, at 15 rubles 60 7^^ '^v ^^^ copeekseach, ,. ^^^.^ ^ Six Corporals, at 1 3 rubles each, 78 «Clerk of the company^ i^ Two Drurnaiers, 11 rubles each,. %i Eighty-four common Soldiers, atl' 'i 1 1 rubles each; ibRlr" One hundred Men, 1642 Nine companies more, ^^^^^^iX^jjt. s. .?. '. ■•'V Total of a Dragoon regirrieht, '18066. rno^he Colonels, Lieut. Colo- nels, and Majors, have all com- panies, and full allowance as Captains. -.Tiic ^ar tf RUS si:^. 9^ /The portions are to every common foldier a * tun of corn^ the eighth part of a tun of peafe or oatmeal, and ten pounds of bacon, per month : To the dragoons eighteen pounds EngHfh of hay per diem^ and two tun of oats per month. All under officers, from Quar- ter-jnafters to Drummers inclu- iiply, have double portions ; the Hautboys, where any are, ¥^eive their extra pay frpm M^ Colonels. ^i^mz * So in the original ; but probabfy a RuflKin -^(iiii differs very much from ours. :iii£jq£3 O 2 The 2 op A' fummary Account The foreign Generals are on GemraiOfficeru different footings ac^ cording to their capituIation3.,.3fj^' Felt Marfhal Lieutenant, ?.9»99f?.<^i5^ lars, -per annunh • tu-)! J A foreign Lieutenant General^ Q^hit monly 3250 rubles, per annum. Rubles yearly. Lieutenant General of the cowtrjr, . 1 560 A foreign Major General, ^ £7 n i \ ^-9SJ^ Major General of the country, 1 1 70 Brigadier General, about ' ^^^^§^0^ All general offieers have re- giments and companies^ %ifh allowance of pay and proli]tsl,.^,vj ^^,^ Allowance of RU ssiM. roi Allowance ^.SERVANT^ri Felt Marllial, Lieut. General, Major General, •Golonel, Lieut. Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, Eafign, ReTg I M E N T s which ^are not compleatly off.- ' xCered^ cloathcd a^d , payed on the for cig^t ^ footing : Men. Four Regiments in garrifon at? „ -t;; Smolenfko, 3 ^ ^^ Qije, Regiment in Archangel, . ,^^^^^200, One Remment in Veronitz, 1200 Four Regiments in Afoph and? ^ Taganrok, i "^ Five •': ^ n 102 A fu7nmary Account p^ncau ■ Men. Five Rcgiijacnts in Aftracan, 6000 * ^ /. -)r our Regiments? ^ ^ Twenty-one Regiments^ 24,800. Two Rcgriments of militia near 7 Cain, \ nooo Un-rcgimentcd Soldiers and freeO companies in the IcfTer gar- r 3 3 S3 rifons of Ingria, J Pj^ccrs and Soldiers of the artil- -^ lery in feveral garrifons of (. 7^7 Ingria, -^iB:> 1 llccruits €xercifing in feveral parts'Ttctuq of the country, generally k io,OQO t^^^ about ^ }^^ Ninety Regiments of drao;oons.7 :^'/rxf as on page 90, j :^ :^ jT^/^/, 150,600, Six Qf RU S SIA, 103 .^^•V .:-, ?^ Six Regiments of Germans, \vEb after tlieir capitulation at Ferevolotfch took fervice tiiidef the Cziyr,^.,?!!!^, were fent laft "Winter to Cafan and Aftracan, being between three or four hundred each, may be about 1O5OOO. k vC of the CofTacks and Tartars I cannot make any juft com- putation 4^ the moft the Czar Ms had together in this war, li^v^ not been above ^OjOod To 104- A fummary Account To thefe muft be added, die garrifons of Siberia and^'thl North, which cannot be drawn off for any fervice in FAirope. The pay of the Officers in the garrifons and uncompleated regiments is, Colonel, from 2^ to ^o Rubles, per month. 'Lieut. Colonel, 1 5 Rubles, per nwni!?. -^ Major, .14 Captain, 1 1 Lieutenant, 9, loCopeeks. For cloathing the Gzar's ar- cioathing. my, every man is; al-- lowed eight arjhine's of ^loth, from of RUSSIA 105 from fixty to feventy copeeks the arjhine ^ ; the firft coft of the cloth in England is about 3x. id. the yard. Cloaks for the Dragoons, each fix yards. Hats deUvered into? ^ ^ , t . ^ c 60 Copeeks a piece, the magazines at 3 ^ ^ Boots, 80 Copeeks a pair. A Sword, 25 Copeeks. A pair of Piftols, 3 Rubles. N. B. Only the guards have Pijiols ; they have alfo better arms from Utrecht^ or Saxony. * The name of a Rufs meafure, near a quar- ter lefs than an Englifli yard. P The i"o6 -, j% fummary Account c-:<, ; -: ■;•-. .<. y •.;! ■"The ^my kmm&s'm^ in two years ;' towilrds the cloathing a copeek a day is de- duced from the foldiers ; rthe Czar finds the arms and horfes. • The nobility are obliged, ,^9 Horfes. jFurnilh the horfes tor thf ^05, fo* a proper place to make fomd docks, Taveroff a little villagfe fix miles lower was pitched M by the High- Admiral Apraxirt, contrary to the opinion of all the fhip-carpenters and fluice^ makers, who reprefented that it was impoflible to lay any fonfii- dation there, which could fe- cure them againft the force of the floods, the banks being a loofe fand; but the Admiral cbntinuing obftinatc for fonfc priv interefl:, eight docks were begun under the diredibn .4111^ of oft a Polander, Annifee Miketo- wick, in 1706. The gates and foundations were accordingly blown up in 1707, and not- T(Vithftanding all poilible care and 3<^parations, met the fame fate in 1708 : In. the fame year however poiitive orders being given to fet up four eighty gun fhips, three of forty-eight, and iqne of twenty-four in that place, vthe carpenters refolved to open ithe gates in the floods and let Ml the water, rather than have the foundation of the dock tore r^iV . ^d . the carcailcs o^^ the ■fiii ps 1 1 8 A fum7nary Account £hips fpoiled at the fame time^ as happened to one the year be- fore : V This . occafions a great delay of near fix weeks in the fpring, during which all the men lye idle. The Czar being convinced of thefe inconveniencies in 1 709, when he was there in the fpring, ordered the lliips to be run up with plank, until they could hold water, and then to aban- don the work, which had coft above one hundred and fixty thoufand dollars, and the lives of three or four thoufand men*; and of RUSSIjl. 119 and a new work is begun at the mouth of the river Seriot, which forms a fmall lake a little be- fore it falls into the Don, about one hundred Englifli miles be- low Veronitz ; and an engineer is already ordered thither, to lay out the plan of a fortification, the place being on the Jiep^ or dejfert, expofed to the rebellions of the Coflacks, and fudden in- curidons of the Tartars. tiGXhe river Don fprings from ^^:^Ivan OzerO^ or River Don, th€ Stv John's-lea, in the ancient Tanais. 54th degree 15 minutes, and Ibni from raa ji Jummary Accou7tt from thence runs a coiirfe of a- bout five hundred EngHfh miles to Afoph, a little below which place it falls into the Palus Masotis, in the 47th degree 20 minutes. The Don is below Veronitz, from three hundred to fix hundred fathom broad, and deep enough from the mid- dle of April to the end of June for ftiips of burthen, but in the other months the water is {o low, that in feveral fhallows there is not above a foot and k half In the fpring floods tm$ river rifes from fixte^n to eight- ^if^flBn^ teen of RUSSIA. 121 teen foot perpendicular, and the current is very rapid. In 1 709, the Czar fet out from Veronitz with fix brigantines on the tenth of April, and arrived at Afoph on the twentieth of the fame month ; two men of war, which were carried down at the fame time, got thither about a fort- night afterwards. Vl i . Aibph lies at the mouth of tne river Don, in 47 de- Jfiph. grees 27 minutes latitude, and 64 degrees 32 minutes longi- tude ; it was taken by the Cof- facks in 1637, who continued R malters 12 2 A fti?nmary Accou7it mafters of the place till 1642, when it fell to the Turks, and remained in their hands till 1696, but was then taken by the Czar ; the fortifications were new modelled, and two little fortreffes built at the mouth of the Don. This haven is very-^ inconvenient, and almoft mi^' practicable for fhips of burthenf^; - for the Don dividing into feve- ral branches, the currents are not ftrong enough to clear the mouths of the river from the fands which choak them up, and leave not above fix or kvtii foot HlO'JA^ .K ,...^..,,, , oL RUSBIA. 123 foot of water in moft places, fo that the men of war can only- go out in. the fpring floods, and then muft be lightened from their artillery, ^c. or when vio- lent winds have fet in from the fea for feveral days together, which raife the water to a very great height, as generally hap-^| pen in autumn in the Finnifh '' gwlph. By reafon of this difficulty, the Czar was obliged Taganrok. to 4ooK.''otit for another haven,, arid pitched on a nook of land vvhich runs out into the Palus R 2 Maeotis, 124 A fummary Account^^ Maeotis, to the weft^ of Afoph, ' where he built a^ very good town, regular fortifications, a large mole like the bafin of ty M."^ Toulon/' and for the greater fe- ' curity, a redoubt in nature of the Rielbank has been raifed be- fore the entrance. When this work was begun, the harbour was deep enough for fhips of force, but as the mole was car- ried on, the fands increafed, aiid -)inow a fhip of fifty guns cannot go in or out without camels, as at the Pampus ; fa that it can-- not ferve for a retreat from an ^ s enemy, or in bad weather. The of RU SSIA. 125 r ;^ The Palus M^otis is about tKree hundred Eng- Paks Maotis. hfli miles long, and generally -^boyt an hundred broad, it ebbs . ,9fl4rflows as the Mediterranean, .^I^C;:; water is very fhallow to- wards the ftiores, and fubjed: to great ftorms, and fhort waves. The Czar's fhips for the Baltick are built at Ladinopde ' Ladinopole, and Olo- Oknkz. ' nitz, or Olonec, villages lying "^dii tW^ foiall rivers on the iiorth-eaft iide of the Ladoga- '^ai ' .. ^' '^^ • ■-■'At 126 A fummary Account At Peterfburgh there is a Peter/burgh, little yard, where all forts of boats and fmall craft arc built, and fome of the frigates are repaired : This is the Czar's favorite town and haven, built on two fmall iflands in the river Nieva, which is there large and deep enough to receive fixty gun fhips clofe to the walls of thaq fortrels : The foundation of thi3<^ new town was laid foon aftd#^5 th?. taking of NyenfchantZj'"'^ \\ liich the Czar demolifhed, itiv/ hopes it might one day prove iAi the other has been repaired, \ Two Dutch fhips re-built at 7 ^ Stupenaof \^^ One by Mr. Nye of 1 6 The lafi in imitation of the 1 trajfport, \ In allj 13. In which Mr. Cofens has been employed eight, and Mr. Nye eleven years. Gn of RU S S lA. 131 0;//>&^ STOCKS at TOVAROFF. Guns. Two by Mr. Cofens of 80 Two by Mr. Nye of 80 The frames of thefe are up, but on reprefentation of their being too large, only one is to be finifhed for a trial. The Czar has timber lying ready there for two more of eighty guns ; but none of thefe will carry fo many guns as they are rated at, by fix or ten each. S 2 On 132 A fummary Account On the LAUNCHES at TOVAROFf\ , j^TwQ^by Mr. Cofens of 48 One by Mr. Nye of 48 One by Mr. Nye of 24 ^he lajl is deftgnedfor a battery jhip^ 7 to carry one tire only^ 24 pounders. \ Thefe laft fliips now in hand are to be built on cliefts, for the ealier floating them dowji the Don, and over the flats a^t Afoph. ^^ On the Don at feveral places, are thirty-fix fail of Dutch Ihip^ from eighty to thirty guns, all rotten, and only planked on the out-fide to keep above water for a fliow, of RUSSIA. 133 a fliQW, but as the new lliips can be' *^0t ready, will be broke up and ufed for firing, the two late-- ly re-built having not proved worth the expence of time and charge. In the Palus M^eotis ; at Afoph are two men of war Britifh built, and carried down thither in 1709; the reft are brigantines and half gallics. • f-^ At Taganrok are fix or feven Dutch built fhips quite decayed ; tvvo are ufed every year to fetch ialt from one of the iflands in the Palus Ma^otis, on the coaft of 134 A fwnmary Account of Georgia, and are all fit for no other fervice. The dimenfions of the eighty Dimenfms. gun fhips are fifty feet broad, and one hundred and fiixty-eight feet long, and feven- teen feet and a half is to be their greateft draught of water ; but they being built too fliallow for the length and breadth, the fhijl- Wrights were of opinion, their backs would be in danger^ bf breaking in bad weather, that they had not hold enough in the water to fave themfelves from a lee-fhore, and were of too great bulk ^ of RUSSIA. 135 bulk for the Palus Maeotis. The other rates are after the fame proportion. All the fhlpsl^^tlt^Milt of the timber, fome being green, others over-grown, and a great part cut in the ipring after the lap is run up, which makes the wood fpungy, moiflnefs of the ^ir, and damps of the earth, rot as faft as they are built ; to prevent which, a propofal Vv^as ^Tiade by Captain Perry^ three years ago, to lay them up in a 4ry haven, and cover them with {beds ; the timber for the proje^ w^as 136 A ftwimary Accotmt was cut down, but the work not yet begun ; a copy of the propofal was fent by me to Great Britain fome time ago. ^ The fleet at Peterfburcrh, Ships at confifts of tweke fri- flx fire-fhips, and two bomb- veflels, belides fmall craft. Of the frigates only three are in a condition of fervice, the reft being decayed will fcarce en- dure the fea, and much lefs an engagement before they ai'e re- built. At of RUSSIA. 137 At Olonitz, two fhips of fir are building of forty guns, and may be ready this fum- mer. At Ladinople, two by Mr. Brown of fifty guns were to be ready the laft fummer, the knee, timbers, ftem and ftern are of oak, brought from Cafan by land. One fliip of eighty guns was to be fet up laft year. T All 138 A ftmnnary Account ..^;rf411. the other fliips at Peferf-' hin'gh;.and Archangel are of fir, thofe at Veronitz and Cafan are of oak. In 1710, orders' were given for fitting up twenty-' three fail of fhips on the Don, "^ being thofe built, or building by_ the Enghfh, which are like to be the main force of thcf'^ ,Czar> fleet, the reft being ihow^I and number. 3133 jibnwfi The fleet at Peterfburgh has Sea-M,n oulv . hithcrto been at ' ■ ■' Peterjhurgh. manned in any toler-* able regularity; each frigate ■ ' there of RUSSIA. 139- there had, a captain, Ueu tenant, mafter, boatlwain, boatiwain's- mate, feamen, and eighty ma * rines; but on any expedition' they were always re-inforced by the foldicrs of the garrifon. On the thirty-fix fail of Dutch fhipS on the On the Don. Don are thirty-five Dutch offi- cers and feamen, and about two hundred Ruffians. At Taveroff, are about fif- teen officers and feamen. ^isrit T 2 At X40 A fummary Account At Taganrok is Commodore Beckham, an Englifliman, with about three foreign officers and feamen, and fixteen Ruffians on board each ffiip : When the veffels fail for fait, they are manned by the foldiers of the garrifon. At Archangel was a Com- modore, a Hollander ; the fri- ' gates there were better manned by Ruffian pilots and water- ' men, '^ and foreign feamen, ''Which were yearly debauched out ,^^^USSI^. 141 out of the fleets : Thefe vefTels are now pirating in the Baltick. iiJrX'/^ f^^ captain has thirty-nine ^'tubles, a month ; a Heu- Pay. tenant feventeen; an under Heutenant and mafter eleven : The Ruffian feamen and rna- rines are paid on the fame foot- ing with the land forces, viz. each man a tun of corn, the eighth part of a tun of peafe or -iTbatmeal/ and ten pounds of ^>:^ bacon, a mo?tth^ and eleven ru- i^bles a year in money. The fb- /i reigners have fbmething extraor- he?rdinary for then- encouragement. Jiio On 142 A fufnmary Account On the Don are three yards .on the following eftablifhment. In the Firfl YARD. Yearly Salary.^ Pounds Ster, Rubles, Mafter Builder, Rich. Cofens, 500 1 20 Under Mafter, Hadley, 100 100 Afliftant, Rob. Davenport, 70 So Firft Prentice, Francis Kitchen, 182 Second Prentice, Wm. Snel-7 grove, fent to Peterjburghy i ^ A Dutch Smith for the fhip- ? ^^^ -- work, .$ roinli Five hundred Carpenters and 1 itftift A Labourers, one with a- r i2ir59:^^{X nother, J ^ a\ of RU S S lA. 143 In the Seco?jd YARD. Yearly Ruhle^.^ Matter Builder, The CZAR, at ' ' 560 Under Mafter, Fedafee Soltikoff, 1000 Firft Affiftant, 260 Second Affiftant, 260 A Dutch Smith, j 8 2 Five hundred Carpenters, £5?r. 7 as in tU Firft, \ ^^^59^ T!otal, 14,794, rR/// the Third YARD. Yearly Salary. Pounds Jler. Ruhks. Mafter Builder, Henry Nye, 256 100 Under Mafter, Henry Johnfon, 1 00 120 Affiftant, Wm. Gardner, 80 100 Three Ruffian Prentices, at? » 130 rubles each, i ^^ A Dutch Smith, 2 60 Five hundred Carpenters, ^c. 1 2,592 Totals 430. 13,562. Notej 144- A ftwimary Account NotCy The men dying in the yards, and their places not be- ing fuppHed, no yard has at prefent above two hundred meq. The Czar's yard for thefe three laft years has only built brigan- tines and fmall craft, he being in the army, and his under mafter at Feterfburgh, but he regularly receives his proportion of timber, by lot, v^ith the reftf nor will he fufFer the other yards to make ule of his ftuiT, but on obligation to repay him the next receipts. He allows no foreigners of RUSSIA. 145 foreigners to work in his yard, but has the draughts of his fhips from the Britifh mafters^ Mr. Cofens and Nye have the infpedlion of the Dutch Ships. Dutch fhips on the Don, which are moft decayed ; under them fof this fervice are, Yearly Salary. Pounds Jier, Rubles. Affiftant, Henry Bird, 100 120 Prentice, Leonard Chapman, 182 An Italian Calker, 260 Three hundred Carpenters, 1 ^ Calkers and Labourers, 'Totals 100. 7314, 146 A fummary Account /^/ STUPENA, /(? take care of the oU Dutch Ships : Yearly Salary. PoundsJIer, Rubles. A Dutch Builder, 220 Under him a few men taken > " \ ^"'^ out of the other yards. ( amT For building and taking care of . « ^<^hn\ ' theGAlAAES. wl Matter Builder, a Greek, , ^00 His Affiftant, Fifty Carpenters, Maji-makers and other Artificers^ 1 i:3il£jyi Mafter Maft-maker, Henry? ^ ^^"^ Wright, 5 ^^ '^^^ Two Prentices, at 130 ru-? : hies each, 3 ; i.^^^l?/ Interpreter, ^ ^oA^m ii^^ t^flKt/ Eighty Carpenters, ' « - -r/jr? ib41»J/- Mafter of RUSSIA. 147 Yearly Salary. Pounds Jfer, Rubles. Maftcr Block-maker^ Baggs, joo 220 Two Affiftants^i at 195 ru-? r bleseach, 3 ^ One hundred Carpenters and? Turners. S */9^ Mafter Carver, Mansfddi, 400 Under Carver, a Pole, 195 Two Affiftants, at lo^ ru-7 bleseach, ^ i 39° Seventy Men, 1533 Mafter Calker, H. Atherley, 50 One hundred and fifty Calkers, 2737 Mafter Painter, S. Hopkins, loo Under Painter, a Ruflian, 260 Japanner, Brunquafs, 325 Joyner, a Swede, 6^ Mafter Boat-builder, a Rufs. 260 Mafter Sail-maker, a Rufs. 260 ' Mafter Sawyer, a Dutchman, 390 ' Twenty Men, 219 U 2 All fKfX48 V A fuimnany Accomit All the Czar's anchors are made at Dobrove, about an hundred Englifh miles from Veronitz, nearer Mofco. Pounds Jler* Mafter Anchor-fmith, R. Halley, 150 Under Mafter, Robert Davies, 80 Lock-fmith, Thomas Daniel, 100 Smiths arid Prentices under them. ^^- Purveyors in the Woods. Yearly RtMes^ A Dutchman, . . 260 A Greek, who has been in England, ? ^ chufes good timber, j A Greek, who fends down any ftufF^ ^ 00 • , u J • .it 260 that comes to hand, 3 The Labourers are Peafants, obliged to work in the woods for nothing, which hardlhip has made feveral hundreds defert the country. zt\ ■ Dock- v.. • «v of RUSSIA. 149 Yearly Rubles* , Dock-builder, Anniffee Miketo- 7 wick, a Pole, 5 700 ^' Affiftaht, a Ruffian, 260 Two hundred Carpenters, 3650 Several hundred Labourers, which the neighbouring provinces are obHged to fend in by turns, and furnilh them with bread and fitbfiftance for fo many months. y^/ OLONITZ, in the LadogaSea. Yearly Salary. Poundsjier, Rubles. Mafter Builder, Rich. Brent, 200 150 -'^-' Afliftant, Edward Hill, 100 120 ^'^ Two hundred and fifty Car- 7 ^ ^ penters and Labourers, 3 9 At LADINOPLE. Mafter Builder, Brown, 150 100 Two hundred and fifty Car- : \ penters and Labourers ^^'^\ Mafter Boat-builder, Hunt, 150 1 00 Mafter Joyner, Evans, 80 Mafter Carver, Mallard, 80 The 6296 150 A fumfuary Account 11 bnBa > irj The communications whicl^i Communicathm thc CzOT, tlOS Ordef-f/ between ^^^^ \ ^ ^ ■ - ^* Don andWoiga. cd Dctween ievexal> rivers, with a profped of ad- vancing his trade and fhipping, are between the Don, and Wolga. 1