'«»;t^ f II V f Z<^1(, GRAMMAR OF THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE. BY WILLIAM JONES, ESQ. FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND OF THE ROYAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND COPENHAGEN. THE SIXTH EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS. LONDON: PRINTED BY W. BULMER AND CO. CLEVELAND-ROW, FROM THE TYPES OF W. MARTIN, ORIENTAL TYPE FOUNDER AND PRINTER TO THE HONOURABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY, FOR LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; CUTHELL AND MARTIN; S. BAGSTEB ; J. walker; J. asperne; and black and paruy. 1804. y^ THE PREFACE. 1 HE Persian language is rich, melodious, and elegant; it has been spoken for many ages by the greatest princes in the poHtest courts of Asia; and a number of admirable works have been written in it by historians, philosophers, and poets, who found it capable of expressing with equal advantage the most beautiful and the most elevated sentiments. It must seem strange, therefore, that the study of this language should be so little cultivated at a time when a taste for general and diffiisive learning seems universally to prevail; and that the fine productions of a celebrated nation should remain in manuscript upon the shelves of our public libraries, without a single admirer who might open their treasures to his countrymen, and display their beauties to the light ; but if we consider the subject with a r^r^r^ r r- ii PREFACE. proper attention, we shall discover a variety of causes which have concurred to obstruct the progress of Eastern literature. Some men never heard of the Asiatic writings, and others will not be convinced that there is any thing valuable in them ; some pretend to be busy, and others are really idle; some detest the Persians, because they believe in Mahomed, and others despise their language, because they do not understand it : we all love to excuse, or to conceal, our ignorance, and are seldom willing to allow any excellence beyond the limits of our own attainments: like the savages, who thought that the sun rose and set for them alone, and could not imagine that the waves, which surrounded their island, left coral and pearls upon any other shore. Another obvious reason for the neglect of the Persian language is the great scarcity of books, which are necessary to be read before it can be perfectly learned, the greater part of them are preserved in the different museums and libraries of Europe, where they are shewn more as objects of curiosity than as sources of information; and are ad- mired, like the characters on a Chinese screen, more for their gay colours than fur their meaning. PREFACE. iii Thus, while the excellent writings of Greece and Rome are studied by every man of a liberal education, and diffuse a general refinement through our part of the world, the works of the Persians, a nation equally distinguished in ancient history, are either wholly unknown to us, or con- sidered as entirely destitute of taste and invention. But if this branch of literature has met with so many obstructions from the ignorant, it has, certainly, been checked in its progress by the learned themselves; most of whom have confined their study to the minute researches of verbal criticism; like men who discover a precious mine, but instead of searching for the rich ore, or for gems, amuse themselves with collecting smooth pebbles and pieces of crystal. Others mistook reading for learning, which ought to be carefully distinguished by every man of sense, and were satisfied with running over a great number of manu- scripts in a superficial manner, without condescending to be stopped by their difficulty, or to dwell upon their beauty and elegance. The rest have left nothing more behind them than grammars and dictionaries; and though they deserve the praises due to unwearied pains and industry, yet they would, perhaps, have gained a more shining a^ iv PREFACE. reputation, if they had contributed to beautify and enlighten the vast temple of learning, instead of spending their lives in adorning only its porticos and avenues. There is nothing which has tended more to bring polite letters into discredit, than the total insensibility of commen- tators and critics to the beauties of the authors whom they profess to illustrate : few of them seem to have received the smallest pleasure from the most elegant compositions, unless they found some mistake of a transcriber to be cor- rected, or some established reading to be changed, some obscure expression to be explained, or some clear passage to be made obscure by their notes. It is a circumstance equally unfortunate that men of the most refined taste and the brightest parts are apt to look upon a close application to the study of languages as in- consistent with their spirit and genius: so that the state of letters seems to be divided into two classes, men of learn- ing who have no taste, and men of taste who have no learning. M. de Voltaire, who excels all writers of his age and country in the elegance of his style, and the wonderful variety of his talents, acknowledges the beauty of the Persian PREFACE. V images and sentiments, and has versified a fine passage from Sadi, whom he compares to Petrarch: if that extra- ordinary man had added a knowledge of the Asiatic languages to his other acquisitions, we should by this time have seen the poems and histories of Persia in an European dress, and any other recommendation of them would have been unnecessary. But there is yet another cause which has operated more strongly than any before mentioned towards preventing the rise of Oriental literature ; I mean the small encouragement which the princes and nobles of Europe have given to men of letters. It is an indisputable truth, that learning will always flourish most where the amplest rewards are pro- posed to the industry of the learned ; and that the most shining periods in the annals of literature are the reigns of wise and liberal princes, who know that fine writers are the oracles of the world, from whose testimony every king, statesman, and hero must expect the censure or approbation of posterity. In the old states of Greece the highest honours were given to poets, philosophers, and orators; and a single city (as an eminent writer * observes) in the * Ascham. vi PREFACE. memory of one man, produced more numerous and splendid monuments of human genius than most other nations have afforded in a course of ages. The Hberality of the Ptolemies in Egypt drew a number of learned men and poets to their court, whose works re- main to the present age the models of taste and elegance ; and the writers, whom Augustus protected, brought their compositions to a degree of perfection, which the language of mortals cannot surpass. Whilst all the nations of Europe were covered with the deepest shade of ignorance, the Califs in Asia encouraged the Mahomedans to improve their talents, and cultivate the fine arts; and even the Turkish Sultan, who drove the Greeks from Constantinople, was a patron of literary merit, and was himself an elegant poet. The illustrious family of Medici invited to Florence the learned men whom the Turks had driven from their country; and a general light succeeded to the gloom which ignorance and superstition had spread through the western world. But that hght has not continued to shine with equal splendour ; and though some slight efforts have been made to restore it, yet it seems to have been gradually decaying for the last century : it grows very faint in Italy ; it seems PREFACE. vii wholly extinguished in France, and whatever sparks of it'' remain in other countries are confined to the closets of humble and modest men, and are not general enough to have their proper influence. The nobles of our days consider learning as a subor- dinate acquisition, which would not be consistent with the dignity of their fortunes, and should be left to those who toil in a lower sphere of life : but they do not reflect on the many advantages which the study of polite letters would give peculiarly to persons of eminent rank and high employments ; who, instead of relieving their fatigues by a series of unmanly pleasures, or useless diversions, might spend their leisure in improving their knowledge, and in conversing with the great statesmen, orators, and philoso- phers of antiquity. If learning in general has met with so little encourage- ment, still less can be expected for that branch of it, which lies so far removed from the common path, and which the greater part of mankind have hitherto considered as inca- pable of yielding either entertainment or instruction : if pains and want be the lot of a scholar, the life of an Orien- talist must certainly be attended with peculiar hardships. viii PREFACE. Gentius, who published a beautiful Persian work called ihe Bed of Roses ^ with an useful but inelegant translation, lived obscurely in Holland, and died in misery. Hyde, who might have contributed greatly towards the progress of Eastern learning, formed a number of expensive projects with that view, but had not the support and assistance which they deserved and required. The labours of Meninski immortalized and ruined him : his Dictionary of the Asiatic languages is, perhaps, the most laborious compilation that was ever undertaken by any single man ; but he complains in his preface that his patrimony was exhausted by the great expense of employing and supporting a number of writers and printers, and of raising a new press for the Oriental characters. M. d'Herbelot, indeed, received the most splendid reward of his industry ; he was invited to Italy by Ferdinand II. Duke of Tuscany, who entertained him with that striking munificence which always distin- guished the race of the Medici : after the death of Ferdi- nand, the illustrious Colbert recalled him to Paris, where he enjoyed the fruits of his labour, and spent the remainder of his days m an honourable and easy retirement. But this is a rare example: the other princes of Europe ha /e not PREFACE. ix Imitated the duke of Tuscany; and Christian VII. wa? reserved to be the protector of the Eastern Muses in the present age. Since the hteraturc of Asia was so much neglected, and the causes of that neglect were so various, we could not have expected that any sHght power would rouze the nations of Europe from their inattention to it ; and they would, perhaps, have persisted in despising it, if they had not been animated by the most powerful incentive that can influence the mind of man : interest was the magic wand which brought them all within one circle j interest was the charm which gave the languages of the East a real and solid im- portance. By one of those revolutions, which no human prudence could have foreseen^ the Persian language found its way into India; that rich and celebrated empire, which, by the flourishing state of our commerce, has been the soui'ce of incredible wealth to the merchants of Europe. A variety of causes, which need not be mentioned here, gave the Enghsh nation a most extensive power in that kingdom: our India Company began to take under their protection the princes of the country, by whose protection they gained their first settlement; a number of important aftairs were b X PREFACE. to be transacted in peace and war between nations equally jealous of one another, who had not the common instru- ment of conveying their sentiments ; the servants of the company received letters which they could nofc.read, and were ambitious of gaining titles of which they could not comprehend the meaning; it was found highly dangerous to employ the natives as interpreters, upon whose fidelity they could not depend ; and it was at last discovered, that they must apply themselves to the study of the Persian language, in which all the letters from the Indian princes were written. A few men of parts and taste, who resided in Bengal, have since amused themselves with the literature of the East, and have spent their leisure in reading the poems and histories of Persia ; but they found a reason in every page to regret their ignorance of the Arabic language, without which their knowledge must be very circumscribed and imperfect. The languages of Asia will now, perhaps, be studied with uncommon ardour ; they are known to be useful, and will soon be found instructive and entertaining; the valuable manuscripts that enrich our public libraries will be in a lew years elegantly printed ; the manners and sentiments of the Eastern nations will be perfectly known; PREFACE. xi and the limits of our knowledge will be no less extended than the bounds of our empire. It was with a view to facilitate the progress of this branch of literature, that I reduced to order the following instructions for the Persian lanc^uao^e which I had collected several years ago ; but I would not present my grammar to the public till I had considerably enlarged and improved it : I have, therefore, endeavoured to lay down the clearest and most accurate rules, which I have illustrated by select examples from the most elqgant writers; I have carefully compared my work with every composition of the same nature that has fallen into my hands; and though on so general a subject 1 must have made several observations which are common to all, yet I flatter myself that my own remarks, the disposition of the whole book, and the passages quoted in it, will sufficiently distinguish it as an original production. Though I am not conscious that there are any essential mistakes or omissions in it, yet I am sensible that it falls very short of perfection, which seeiiis to with- draw itself from the pursuit of mortals, in proportion to their endeavours of attaining it; like the talisman in the Arabian tales, which a bird carried from tree to tree as b ^ xil PREFACE. often as its pursuer approached it. But it has been my chief care to avoid all the harsh and affected terms of art which render most didactic works so tedious and un- pleasant, and which only perplex the learner, without giving him any real knowledge : I have even refrained from making any inquiries into general grammar, or from enter- ing into those subjects which have already been so elegantly discussed by the most judicious philosopher,* the most learned divine,t and the most laborious scholar of the present age4 It was my first design to prefix to the grammar a history of the Persian language from the time of Xenophon to our days, and to have added a copious praxis of tales and poems extracted from the classical writers of Persia ; but as those additions would have delayed the publication of the grammar, which was principally wanted, I thought it advisable to reserve them for a separate volume, which the public may expect in the course of the ensuing winter. I have made a large collection of materials for a general history of Asia, and for an account of the geography, phi- ♦ See Hermes. + A short Introduction to English Grammar. :|: The graxmnur prefixed to the Dictionary of the English Language. PREFACE. xiii losophy, and literature of the Eastern nations, all which I propose to arrange in order, if my more solid and more im- portant studies will allow me any intervals of leisure.* I cannot forbear acknowledging in this place the signal marks of kindness and attention, which 1 have received from many learned and noble persons ; but General Carnac has obliged me the most sensibly of ihem, by supplying me with a valuable collection of Persian manuscripts on every branch of Eastern learning, from which many of the best examples in the following grammar are extracted. A very learned Professor + at Oxford has promoted my studies with that candour and benevolence which so eminently distinguish him; and "many excellent men that are the principal ornaments of that University have conferred the highest favours on me, of which I shall ever retain a grateful sense : but I take a singular pleasure in confessing that I am indebted to a foreign nobleman i for the little knowledge which I have happened to acquire of the Persian language; and that my zeal for the poetry and philology of the Asiatics '•• See the History of the Persian Language a Description of Asia^ and a Short History of Persia^ published with my JJfe of Nader Shah in the year 1773. + Dr. Hunt. X Baron Rxviski.. xiv PREFACE. was owing to his conversation, and to the agreeable cor- respondence with which he still honours me. Before I conclude this preface, it will be proper to add a few remarks upon the method of learning the Persian lan- guage, and upon the advantages which the learner may expect from it. When the student can read the characters with fluency, and has learned the true pronunciation of every letter from the mouth of a native, let him peruse the grammar with attention, and commit to memory the regular inflexions of the nouns and verbs: he need not burden his mind with those that deviate from the common form, as they will be insensibly learned in a short course of reading. By this time he will find a dictionary necessary, and I hope he will believe me, when I assert from a long expe- rience, that, whoever possesses the admirable work of Meninski,* will have no occasion for any other dictionary of the Persian tongue. He may proceed by the help of this work to analyse the passages quoted in the grammar, and to examine in what manner they illustrate the rules ; in the mean time he must not neglect to converse with his living instructor, and to learn from him the phrases of • This.was wriiten before Richardsons's Diaionary was published. PREFACE. XV common discourse, and the names of visible objects, which he will soon imprint on his memory, if he will take th,e trouble to look lor them in the dictionary : and here I must caution him against condemning a work as defective, because he cannot find in it every word which he hears; for sounds in. general are caught imperfectl)^ by the ear, and many words are spelt and pronounced very differently. The first book that I would recommend to him is the Gulistan,or Bed of lloses^ a work which is highly esteemed in the East, and of which there are several translations in the languages of Europe : the manuscripts of this book are very common ; and by comparing them with the printed edition of Gentius, he will soon learn the beautiful flowing hand used in Persia, which consists of bold strokes and flourishes, and cannot be imitated by our types. It will then be a proper time for him to read some short and easy chapter in this work, and to translate it into his native language with the utmost exactness;, let him then lay aside the original, and after a proper interval let him turn the same chapter back into Persian by the assistance of the grammar and dictionary: let hinv afterwards compare his second translation with the originalj and correct its faults xvi P R E F A C E; according to that model. This is the exercise so often re- commended by the old rhetoricians, by which a student will gradually acquire the style and manner of any author, whom he desires to imitate, and by which almost any language may be learned in six months with ease and pleasure. When he can express his sentiments in Persian with tolerable facility, I would advise him to read some elegant history or poem with an intelligent native, who will explain to him in common words the refined expressions that occur in reading, and will point out the beauties of learned allusions and local images. The most excellent book in the language is, in my opinion, the collection of tales and fables called Anver Soheili by Hussein Vaes, sur- named Cashefi, who took the celebrated work of Bidpai or Pilpay for his text, and has comprised all the wisdom of the Eastern nations, in fourteen beauiiful chapters. At some leisure hour he may desire his Munshi or writer to trans- cribe a section from the Gulistan, or a fable of Cashefi, in the common broken hand used in India, which he will learn perfectly in a few days by comparing all its turns and con- tractions with the more regular hands of the Arabs and Persians: he must not be discouraged by the difficulty of PREFACE. xvii reading the Indian letters, for the characters are in reality tlie same with those in which our books are printed, and are only rendered difficult by the hequent omission of" the diacritical points, and the want of regularity in the position of the words: but we all know that we are often at a loss to read letters which we receive in our native tongue ; and it has been proved that a man who has a perfect knowledge of any language, may with a proper attention decypher a letter in that idiom, though it be written in characters which he has never seen before, and of which he has no alphabet. In short, I am persuaded that whoever will study the Persian language according io my plan, will in less than a year be able to translate and to answer any letter from an Indian prince, and to converse with the natives of India, not only with fluency, but with elegance. But if he desires to distinguish himself as an eminent translator, and to un- derstand not only the general purport of a composition, but even the graces and ornaments of it, he must necessarily learn the Arabic tongue, which is blended with the Persian in so singular a manner, that one period often contains c xviii PREFACE, both languages wholly distinct from each other in ex- pression and idiom, but perfectly united in sense and con- struction. This must appear strange to an European reader; but he may form some idea of this uncommon mixture, when he is told that the two Asiatic languages are not always mixed like the words of Roman and Saxon origin in this period, " The true law is right reason, conformable " to the nature of things , which calls us to duty by com- *' manding, deters us from sin by forbidding;*" but as we may suppose the Latin and English to be connected in the following sentence " The true lex is recta ratio, conjor- mable naturae, which by commanding vocet ad officium, by forbidding a fraude deferreat." A knowledge of these two languages will be attended with a variety of advantages to those who acquire it : the Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, and Ethiopian tongues, are dialects of the Arabic, and bear as near a resemblance to it as the Ionic to the Attic Greek; the jargon of Indostan, very improperly called the language of the Moors, contains 60 great a number of Persian words, that I was able, with -> See Middleton's Life of Cicero, vol. III. p. 351. PREFACE. xix very little difficulty, to read the fables oFPilpai which arc translated into that idiom; the Turkish contains ten Arabic or Persian words for one originally Scythian, by which it has been so refined that the modern kings of Persia were fond of speaking it in their courts: in short, there is scarce a country in Asia or Africa, from the source of the Nile to the wall of China, in which a man who understands Arabic, Persian, and Turkish, may not travel with satisfaction, or transact the most important aiFairs with advantage and security. As to the literature of Asia, it will not, perhaps, be essentially useful to the greater part of mankind, who have neither leisure nor incfination to cultivate so extensive a branch of learning ; but the civil and natural history of such mighty empires as India, Persia, Arabia, and Tartary, cannot fail of delighting those who love to view the great picture of the universe, or to learn by what degrees the most obscure states have risen to glory, and the most flou- rishing kingdoms have sunk to decay; the philosopher will consider those works as highly valuable, by which he may trace the human mind in all its various appearances, from the rudest to the most cultivated state : and the man c2 XX PREFACE. of taste will undoubtedly be pleased to unlock the stores of native genius, and to gather the flowers of unrestrained and luxuriant fancy.* ♦ Note to the Third Edition. My professional studies having wholly engaged my attention zpA induced me not only to abandon Oriental literature, but even to efface, as far as possible, the very traces of it from my memory, I committed the conduct and re\'isal of this edition of my grammar, and the composition of the index to Mr. Richardson, in whose skill I have a perfect confidence, and from ■whose application to the Eastern languages, I have hopes that the learned world will reap no small advantage. [ xxi ] ADVERTISEMENT IN presenting this the sixth edition of Sir William Jones' s inestimable Persian Grammar to the Public^ the Editor thinks proper to apprize his readers of such improvements and alterations as he has found it expedient to make therein. The work has been carefully revised, and many errors, which had been accumulating with every former edition, have been attentively corrected. Great improvement has been made in the printing and paper ; and it comes forth with an elegant new type, cut after the best examples of writing in the Niskhi character, and of which no specimen has before been published. . The Persian Title, with which the work was originally published, has been given in an imitation of the Tadik, instead of the old type* xxii ADVERTISEMENT. Some examples in Prose, designed for the exercise of the student, have been added, printed in types of two sizes ^ both entirely new. The Editors of Richardson s Persian and Arabic Dictionary, fas will more fully appear from the notice subjoined to this work), having caused great alterations ^ with numerous additions and improvements^ to be made in the new and more convenient form it is about to assume; and being of opinion that this Grammar, as a necessary companion, should be made to correspond with it, the same mode of spelling the Persian words in Roman characters has herein been adopted^ as is pursuing in the revision of that Dictionary ; and which being upon a plan at once both regular and simple, cannot, we think, but be of great use to beginners in particular, as an invariable guide to the prominciation. The plan is developed in the body of this work in its proper place, the part which treats on the power of the letters. At the time the learned author of this truly elegant and useful Grammar composed it, he does not seem to have formed that system of orthography of Asiatic words in Roman letters which he afterwards ADVERTISEMENT. xxlii so ably explains in the opening of the Jirst Volume of ike Asiatic Researches^ else but little occasion would have been found for the alterations it has been judged expedient to make. THE EDITOR. GRAMMAR OF THE y-\ PERSIAN LANGUAGE. % . r y ^ \ OF LETTERS. 1 HE learner is supposed to be acquainted with the common terms of grammar, and to know that the Per- sians write their characters from the right hand to the left. There are thirty-two Persian letters. A GRAMMAR OF THE IV. III. 11. I. FINALS. INITIALS a nd MEDIALS. Connected. Unconnected. Connected. Ui A nconneci \ ted. alif r^ V J.' V a be *- • Jk ^ J b pe te V V o J V P ^ t se tl. ll> It. A s jini cheor he chlm t t t V j EngHsh ch h strong khe dal t • kh d zal cX • i^ z re ^ J J J E ze -> J J Z zhe A J A J A J ■ j French sin u- u- aM* •M) s shin (^ c^ * ^ sh swad c^ u^ rfA *c s zwad t> L> • Js z t5 k L k b t PERSIAN LANGUAGE. IV. III. II. 1. 1 fINALS. INITIALS and MEDIALS. Connected. Unconnected. A Conncctc< 1. Unconnected. zp f ii > ■ ^ Z ain t t X. £- f or a guttural ghain • t X. '' i gh guttural fe (—a k 3 f . kaf (J A 3 k hard caf ^ C^ C^ for £5 k gaf i^ iJ ' i r g hard lam J ^ J \ ) 1 mini nun r r m n wa*v,- J J :5 J U, V, w he <)w 6 1 •* h weak ya lam-alil la The second and fourth columns of these letters from tlie right hand are used only when they are connected with a preceding letter; as tX^:^ Muhammad. Every letter should be connected with that which follows it, except these seven ; \ alif, ^ dal, b zal, j re, j ze, J je, and j waw, •n 4 A GRAMMAR OF THE which are never joined to the following letter, as will appear from the words L^Sj^ barg, a leaf, S^b davari, a dominion. Though the perfect pronunciation of these letters can be learned only from the mouth of a Persian or an Indian, yet it will be proper to add a few observations upon the mpst remarkable of them. ;> , OF CONSONANTS. It will be needless to say much of the three first conso- nants c_> t_j O since their sound is exactly the same as our b, /?, and t, in the words bar, peer, and loo, which would ^ be written in Persiail jUjo andjJ. tl> s This letter, which the Arabs pronounce somewhat like a thy has in Persian the same sound with a (j** or s, as i^^ jA Abu Lays, a proper name. It might, therefore, have been rejected from the Persian alphabet without any inconvenience; but it is useful in showing the origin of words, as it is seldom, or never, used in any that are not Arabic. The same may be observed of the following PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 5 letters, ^ u^ i^ ^ ^ ^?(J which rarely occur in words originally Persian. ^ j and "^ ch The first of these letters answers to our soft g in gem, which a Persian would write j^ or to oury mjg.rj^: the second of them -. sounds exactly Hke our ch in the words chernjj cheek; as f^jSj^ Chirkas, Cir cassia. ^ is a very strong aspirate, and may be expresseji'in our characters by h (with a dot under it to distinguish it. from if), as JW hal, a condition. t kh ^ is formed in the throat (and produces that kind of inarticulate vibration which is made in preparing to ex- pectorate). The Germans have the sound, and express it by ch. The sound does not exist in English ; and having no simple character for it, we use kh as its substitute; as ^jU^ khan, a lord. This is the word so variously and so erroneously written by the Europeans. The sovereign lord 6 A GRAMMAR OF THE of Tartary is neither the cham, as our Iravellers call him, nor the han, as Voltaire will have it, but the (^Vk khan, with a guttural aspirate on the first letter. 2> d 3 answers exactly to our d in deerjj^ i z This letter, which the Arabs pronounce somewhat like c//f, has in Persian the sound of j z, and is often confounded withSt; thus they write ^jl^o^ and ^^y-t^^ guzishtan, to pass: It is seldom used but in Arabick words; though it sometimes occurs in words purely Persian, as ^ls5?f,b\ Azarbljan, the province of Media, so called homj2\ azar, an old word for Jire, because the adorers of fire, if we believe the Asiatick historians, first built their temples in that province. J r J and the three liquids (J a (^ are pronounced exactly like our r, /, m, n; as m\j\ aram, resty <0'i lalah, a tulip^ ,Uc mar, a serpent , ^ nan, bread. But ^ before a CJ PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 7 has the sound of m, as 4>-*l/ gumbad, a tower, jCs> tambar, ambergris, J ^ J has the sound of our z, as^Vj*^*^ lalahzar, a bed of tulips. J J This letter has the sound of our s in the word pleasure, treasure ; and corresponds precisely with the soft g of the French in gens, or their j in jour* It may be expressed in our characters by j with two dots, as and (Jii are our s and sh, as i\ti ^Jl^ sallm shah, king Selim. {jo s (^ z \s i )o z These four letters are pronounced by the Arabs in a manner peculiar to themselves ; but in Persian they are confounded with other letters, ^jo differs little from (^ as^^jutf saddar, the name of a Persian book ; and !b has nearly the same sound with Cj as ji^ui t^tr, essence; a word often used in English, since our connexion with India, to 8 A GRAMMAR OF THE denote the precious perfume called otter of roses. The word is Arabic, as the letters ?• and \o sufficiently prove. (_^ and is differ very little fromj; as ^^ NazamI, the name of a poet ; j-A^ Khazar^ the name of a prophet in the Eastern romances, ^t and ^gh These two letters are extremely harsh in the pronun- ciation of the Arabs. The sound of ^ says Meninski, est vox vituli matrem vocantis (It is considered as a conso- nant, and occasions any vowel, with which it is connected, to be pronounced as if from the chest ; but as no letters can convey an idea of its force, in imitation of Mininski, we have used the Arabic form in combination with the Roman and Italic characters), as in the word c_^ iavab, the Arabians; f^^ tayn, a fountain. As to P it is pro- nounced something like our hard gh in the word ghosi^ as A^ ghulam, a boy, a servant (The true sound of ?• is that which is produced in gargling). Ljf cJ has the sound off in fall, as (Jls fal, an omen. .#**;• PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 9 Jk ande5^k jj is another harsh Arabic letter, but iri Persian it id often confounded with C-5, which has the sound of our //, as ;^Uo^ K^Lxmrnt the pro-Cfince of Carmania ; 4*iU Kaf, a fabulous mountain in the Oriental tales. ij g When (^ has a small stroke over its upper member, or three points above it, the Persians give it the sound of ^ in the word gay^ as (^ll**-ir gulistan, a bed of roses; but these marks are very seldom written in the Persian manu- scripts ; so that the distinction between i^ k and (^ g can be learned only by use : thus they often write cjjb rose water, and pronounce it gulab (The letter gj without any mark, is its natural representative)* J (♦ O See the remark on j These letters are the hquids /, m, n, r. ^ is a slight aspiration, asin^l^ bahar, the spring, CL>\jib Harat, a city in the province of Cor as an, which the c 10 A GRAMMAR OF THE Greeks call Aria. At the end of a Persian word it gene- rally serves only to shew that it terminates in a vowel, as be or bi, l^j bo or bu; thus, Agar an turki ShirazI badast arad dili mara Bakhiili hinduyash bakhsham Samarkand wa Bokharara. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 11 fJYoie. \ alif, at the beginning of a word, not being distinguished by the mark mad over it, thus f, is not only always short, but occasionally pronounced as the short vowels a, i, u. In the middle or at the end of a word it is generally long by position, though it have no mark over it.) The mark " placed above a consonant shows that the syllable ends with it, as LptMu^p^**? Sa-mar-kan-dl, a na- tive of Samarcand ; the first of which syllables is short, the second and third long by position, and the last long by nature : but this belongs to the prosody. These short vowels are very seldom written in the Persian books ; and the other orthographical marks are likewise usually sup- pressed, except Medda ^, Hamza *, and Tfeshdid ". Medda above an \ gives it a broad and long sound (like two alifs), as ^j\ an, that; Hamza (with the mark of short 1 expressed or understood, and placed at the foot of the letter) supplies the place of C^ in words that end in 6\ it therefore sometimes represents the article, as *«X.^U namahi, a book, or denotes the former of two substantives, as C-Cm^ *«3viU nafahi mushk, a bag of musk; or, lastly, it occasionally marks the second person singular in the c^ U A GRAMMAR OF THE compound preterite of a verb, as »^ib dadahi, which would regularly be C^5l>b, thou hast given. Tashdid shews a consonant to be doubled, as iys turrah, a lock of hair. The omission of the short vowels will at first perplex the student ; since many words, that are compounded of the sanje letters, have different senses, according to the difference pf the vowels omitted : but until he has learned the exact pronunciation of every word from a native, he may give every short vowel a kind of obscure sound very common in English, as in the words sun^ bird, mother, which a Mahometan would write without any vowel, sn, brd, mthr; thus the Persian word 430 bd may be pro- nounced like our bud (This short obscure sound in the words sun, bird, Sec. is the exact power which those who speak the Persian language in India give to the short vowel called Fatah, and which it is convenient to repre- sent by a. In this edition the short vowels are represented by a for ' , i and sometimes f for , , and u and occasionally o for ' ; and the long vowels are distinguished from the short by the prosodial mark of a long syllable, thus a, i, e, 0, u.) PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 13 Wavv J and Ya iS are often used as consonants, like our w and y ; thus, f^\j Wan, a town in Armenia ; ^j)^ jawan, juvenis^ giovane, young; ^J^ Yaman, that province of Arabia which we call the happy ; j\^\(^ Khudayar, a proper name, signifying the friend of God, j before \ often loses its sound, as <^\p* kh'an, a table, (j, when considered a5 a consonant, has a sound somewhat between TV and F.) I would not advise the learner to study the parts of speech until he can read the Persian characters with tole- rable fluency ; which he will soon be able to do, if he will spend a few hours in writing a page or two of Persian in English letters (following the system of orthography, used in the following example), and restoring them after a short interval to their proper characters by the help of the alphabet. I shall close this section with a piece of Persian poetry written both in the Asiatick and European characters: it is an ode by the poet Hafiz, the first couplet of which has been already quoted ; and a trans- lation of it shall be inserted in its proper place. 14 A GRAMMAR OF THE Badeh saki may-i baki keh dar jannat nakh'ahi yaft, Kanar-i ab-i ruknabad wa gulgasht-i musallara. Faghan kin luliyan-i shokh-i shiringar-i shahrasliub Chunan burdand sabr az dil keh turkan kh'an-i yaghmara. Za tishk-i natamam-i ma jamal-i yar-i mustaghnlst Ba ab wa rang, wa khal wa khatt cheh hajat royi zebara. Hadls az mutrib wa may go wa raz-i dahar kamtar jo Keh kas nak'shud wa nak'shayad ba hikmat inmutammara- ^M-jb cu^b lJu^ **^cl?>^1;jj cr-^ a^ j^ c/^ PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 15 Man az an husn-i rozafzun keh Yusuf dasht danistam Keh tishk az pardah-i iJsYmt berun arad zulikhara. t>J^,b jlJU^^ lj^j\ ^\J^ f^^J^CUSKfjA> Nasihat goshi kun jana keh az jan dostitar darand Jawanan-i satadatmand-i pand-i pir-i danara. Badani gufti wa khursandam t^^ak allah neko gufti Jawab-i talkh-i mizebad lab-i la^l-i shakarkh'ara. \j\^ tXfli: C^53i c>J\jiJ\y ^j^ ^ Ghazal gufti wa durr sufti biya wa khush bakh'an hafiz Keh bar nazm-i to afshanad falak j^ikdi suriyara. In this specimen of Persian writing the learner will pbserve a few combinations of letters, which he must.by no means forget ; as "i lamalif, compounded of J / and \ a, in the word ^Lx/t musalla: but the most difficult 16 A GRAMMAR OF THE combinations are formed with * ^ ^ ^ which have the singular property of causing all tiie preceding letters to rise above the line, as \j\ss^ bokhara,^^-3=^ nakhchir, i^ '^^ tashih. The letters that precede ^ m kre also sometimes raised {J^'ote. It would greatly facilitate the art of printing widi Arabic types if we were to introduce a method of joining all the letters on the same line ; and which might be done without occasioning the least incon- venience to the readei'. According to this idea we might print the three words, heiie given as an example, in tliis manner \^\aJuai»^ ^j^*^,"}. It appears to have been the ancient practice of the Arabs themselves). The Arabic characters, like those of the Europeans, are written in a variety of different hands ; but the most common of theitt are the ^^^>---J Niskhi, the ^jJaJ Tatllk, or hanging, and the ^r. ...Oo Shakastah, or broken. Our books are printed in the Niskhi hand, and all Arabic manuscripts, as well as many Persian and Turkish histo- ries, are written in it; but the Persians write their poetical works in the Tajik, which answers to the most elegant of our Italic hands. As to the Shakastah, it is yery irregular and inelegant^ and is chiefly used as the ciu-sive PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 17 hand for business and correspondence; but this hand, however difficult and barbarous, must be learned by all men of business in India, as the letters from the princes of the country are seldom written in any other manner. A specimen of these different forms of writing is engraved, and inserted at the end of this Grammar. OF NOUNS, AND FIRST OF GENDERS. The reader will soon perceive with pleasure a great resemblance between the Persian and English languages, in the facility and simplicity of their form and construction : the former, as well as the latter, has no difference of termination to mark the gender, either in substantives or adjectives : all inanimate things are neuter, and animals of different sexes either have different names, as *— j pi^ar, a son, a boy,j<^ kaniz, a girl^ or are distinguished by the words •i nar, male^ and 53Uc madah, yemo/e; as ♦3^-t; shiri nar, a lion, s:;k/cj-JLi shiri madah, a lioness. D 18 A GRAMMAR OF THE Sometimes, indeed, a word is made feminine, after the manner of the Arabians, by having 6 added to it, as ^_J^-Ut^ matshuk, a friend, amicus, i^j^Lx^o ma^shukah, a mistress, arnica, as in tliis verse: Flowers are in my bosom, wine in my hand; and my mistress yields to my desire. But in general, when the Persians adopt an Arabic noun of the feminine gender, they make it neuter, and chano-e the final ^ into O; thus ^^ ni^mat, a benefit^ is written CU*3U : and almost all the Persian nouns ending in O, which are very numerous, are borrowed from the Arabs. OF CASES. The Persian substantives, like ours, have but one varia- tion of case, which is formed by adding the syllable^ to the nominative in both numbers; and answers often to the dative, but generally to the accusative case in other languages ; as, Nominative, r^ pi??*!!"? d child. Dative and Ace. )jj^ pisarra, to a child or the child. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 19 When the accusative is used indefinitely, the syllable ]^ is omitted, as j^; bulbula as the vocative of ^JJj bulbul, a nighlingale. Bring, O nightingale, the tidings of spring; leave all unpleasant news to the owl. In some old compositions the particle j^ mar is prefixed to the accusative case; as ^i^^\jj\j^ mar ora didam, / saw him ; but this is either obsolete or inelegant, and is seldom used by the moderns. The reader, who has been used to the inflexions of European languages, will, perhaps, be pleased to see an PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 21 example of Persian nouns, as they answer to the cases in Latin: jj^gul. a rose J rosa. Singular. Plural. Norn. ^ a rose, rosa. \i^ roses, rosae. Gen. ^ of a rose, rosae. ^^ of roses, rosarum. Dat. \^ to a rose, rosae. \J^ to roses, rosis. Ace. \^ the rose, rosam. \^^ the roses, rosas. '^^ *' \Orosej oros2i. \^fS\ O roses, 6 rosae. Poet. ^ J ^ " Abl. \^'Jsfrom a rose^ rosa. "^^'Jsfrom roses, rosis. jJ-Jj bulbul, a nightingale. Singular. Nom. and Gen. ^J-l> a nightingale, Dat. and Ace. j^^A? lo « nightingale. Voc. JJo t/\ (Poet. IUj) nightingale. Abl. L/^ j^ y/'c?w a nightingale. Plural. Nom. and Gen. o^M^ nightingales. Dat. and Ace. U^^L1> to nightingales. Voc. a^y^* S^l nightingales. Abl. cJ^y^ j^ /r kaltajat, castles. But these must be considered as barbarous, and are a proof that the late dreadful commotions which have ruined the empire of the Persians, have begun to destroy even the beautiful simplicity of their language. It must not be omitted, that the Arabic substantives frequently have two sorts of plurals, one formed according 26 A GRAMMAR OF THE to the analogy of the Persian nouns, and another after the irregular manner ei the Arabians ; as u-^-t tayb, a vice, Lx-x- taybha and <-^\^ jLawayb, vices ; «sjJi kaltah, a castle, L«)i kaltnha and ^^ kilat, ensiles ; L^^ nayib, a viceroy, piur. <^\y nuwab, which our countrymen have mistaken for the singular number, and say very improperly a nabobJ" This is one argument out of a great number to prove the impossiblHty of learning the Persian language accurately without a-moderate knowledge of the Arabic; and if the learner will fallow my advice, he will peruse with atten- tion the Arabic grammar of Erpeniust before he attempts to translate a Persian manuscript. OF ADJECTIVES. The Persian adjectives admit of no variation, but in the degrees of comparison. The positive is made com- * It is no mistake. The plural is used in India as a respectful distinction. + There are two line editions of this grammar, the first published by the very learned Golius, and the second by the late Albert Schultens ; both these Orientalists have added a number of Arabic odes and elegies, which they have explained in excel- lent notes •• but these editions are scarce ; and Meninski has inserted in his grammar the substance of ErpeniuS, with many new remarks. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 57 parative by adding to it^, and superlative by adding CJyk khub, fair, j^jL khubtar,/a/rer, (^J^y^ \i\\uhi?ivin, fairest. Our than after a comparative is expressed by the prepo- sition j\ az, as The brightness of thy face is more splendid than the cheek of day ; the blackness of thy locks is darker than the hue of night. The moon is bright, but thy face is brighter than it ; the cypress is graceful, but thy shape is more graceful than the cypress. An adjective is sometimes used substantively, and forms its plural like a noun, ^^^U-*^ haklman, the wise; if it be a compounded adjective, the syllables ^ and^, denoting the plural number and the oblique case, are placed at the E ^ 28 A GRAMMAR OF THE end of it, as^jL^^J pari-ro, angel face; oblique ^jjL^ paiirora; plural ^\^^^ pariroyan ; oblique ]y^jj^ji pariroyanra; as ^y^ ^\j ^\j^ ^j-^**? txoui/ Ja^ The damsels with faces like angels are dejected at the sight of that cheek ; the nymphs with the fragrance of jessamine are filled with envy when they view those curls. OF PRONOUNS. The personal pronouns are these which follow ; ^j^ man, /. Sing. 1^ man, /., Oblique, \yt mara, me. Plur. Uo ma, we (or ^Uo mara, us (or (j\jI/« mayan). U^^^ mayanra). j5 to, thou. Sing, y to, thou. Obi. \y tora, thee. Plur. U-ij shuma, you or ye,* )}^ shumara, you (or (or (^\jU-^ sliumayan). \Ji\^r^ shumayanra). •" Iki, shuma is used, as you in Eng^sh, in the singular number, for y . PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 29 j\ o, he. Sing. J\ 0, he^ she^ or it. Obi. \jj\ ora, him^ her, or tV. Plur. ^jl-i^\ eshan, //z^y. ^W^ eshanra, them. The poets often use ^Uj for tjtlj\. as I went, and bruised their helmets; I disfigured their beautiful faces. After a preposition j\ is often changed into Lfj or j or lSj\, as When the king of the world showed his face, the general kissed the ground, and advanced before him. Ferdusi. Sometimes after the preposition L-) in^ the letter 3 is inserted to prevent the hiatus, as jt>o bado for jU ba-6, to him ; the same may be observed of (j;W badan for ^ ba-an, to that, (^^^ badin for ^l> to this.* "■ In the same manner, and from the same motives, the old Romans added zdto many words followed by a vowel ; thus Horace, if we adopt the reading of Muretus, uses tibid for tibi, Omne crede diem tibid illuxisse supremum. 30 A GRAMMAR OF THE The possessives are the same witli the personals, and arc distinguished by being added to their substantives *, as Sing. (^ (J^ dili man, my hearts y i^^ diU to, thy heart, {lSj way oy)j\ ^J^ dili 6, his or her heart. Plur. Uo c/L)^ dilhai ma, our hearts. \^ (^^^ dilhai shuma, your hearts. Poet. ^jU ' ij^\ ^A^^ dilhai eshan, their hearts. Poet. J^ They are often expressed in the singuFar number by these final letters (with the short a pronounced before them), A am, O at, and (jii ash, and after an \ or ^ by J am, ol at, and (jt\ ash: but after nouns ending in \ alif or J waw the letter Lf ya is inserted before the finals ^ O 4^; as J^ dilam, my heart, cJ.i dilat, thy heart. (^^ dilash, his or her heart. J^ *^ Oblique, ]j^j^ C/^-S*^^ or ^yij^ AjiJLLj^ or Jj "J^ thus we may use ^j^ (^ myself, ^j^ Uj ourselves, ^js^^ thyself. ^^ U^ yourselves. ^j^j\ his or herself, 2ijL, i^^^\ theirselves.* ^j^ is also joined like the Latin ipse to every person of a verb, as Sing. Plur. AtVt^ ^js^ ipse veni, (^^^^^^ ^j^ ip^i venimus. Lfi^^] ^jk. ipse venisti. tXxx^l ^^^ ipsi venisiis. tV<^ ^»a» ipse venit. tXJtX^l 2ij^ ipsi venerunt. • I here use his self and their selves Instead of the corrupted words himself and themselves ; in which usage I ain justified by the authority of Sidney, and of other writers in the reign of Elizabeth : self seems to have been originally a noun, and was, perhaps, a s)Tionymous word for soul^ accorduig-to Locke's definition of it : " Self is '* that conscious thinking thing, which is sensible or conscious of pleasure and pain, " capable of happines and miser)-." If this obserN'ation be just, the Arabs have exactly the same idiom, for their ^-su soul, answers precisely to our self, as ja^ 4^ imJJ ^j (_j^ " a boy threw Am self inloz river." . PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 55 The word ^^ seems to be redundant in the followinfir beautiful hnes of Sadi, Dost thou know what the early nightingale said to me? '* What sort of man art thou, that canst be ignorant of " love?" When 2ijs»^ is used as a pronoun possessive, it answers to the Greek o-cpsVs^©^, and signifies my, thy^ our, your, his or her J and their, according to the person and number of the principal verb in the sentence ; as in this couplet of Hafiz, i I see no man, either among the nobles or the populace, to whom I can trust the secret of my afflicted heart. The demonstrative pronouns are the following : ^\ in, this. Sing. ^\ this. Oblique cases, \fj\ Plur. ,^\lJ\ these. ]yW^ or \^\ or ]J^\ 34 A GRAMMAR OF THE ^^F an, that. Sing. f^T that. Oblique cases, \yX piur. ^yur those, \yur or ^^r or^l^r When ^\ in is prefixed to a noun, so as to form one word, it IS frequently changed into ^\ im, as L^^^i^\ imshab, to-night; i^;^^^L^\ (*;bJ3 ^;\^ 4V«r i^ Heaven * how grcat is my happiness this night .' for this night is my beloved come unexpectedly ! mdjjj^] imroz, to-day; \j ••ei Cii*-— * LmJyam CjA?^ "jjj This day is a day of mirth, and joy, and the feast of spring; this day my heart obtains its desires, and fortune is favourable. The words ^^f and f^V j\ prefixed to pronouns personal ^ change them into possessives^ and are read with a short vowel, jjf ani to, or jJ o' j\ az ani to, i. e. thine^ as O my moon of Canaan (O Joseph), the throne of Egypt is thine! % PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 35 _. The relatives and interrogatives are supplied by the invariable pronouns <^ kjeii and ^ cheh, of which the former usuall)^ relates to pcrscuiii and the latter to things : in the oblique cases of these pronouns the final s is absorbed before the syllable \j, as Nom. who is it? »i"i.M '^ what is it? ll^ii/SJil *• t O heaven ! whose precious pearl, and whose inestimable jewel is that royal maid, with a cheek like the moon, and a forehead like Venus ?* ^S^ kadam (properly which ?) is also an interrogative pronoun, as We are fond of wine, wanton, dissolute, and with rolling eyes; but who is there in this city that has not the same vices? F 2 T^ 36 A GRAMMAR OF THE Our soever is expressed in Persian hyJb bar or (j\j^ haran prefixed to the relatives, as AS\ife and iiSj\Jb whosoever. AA>yfc and <^\^ whatsoever. OF VERBS. The Persians have active and neuter verbs like other nations ; bufmany of their verbs have both an active and neuter sense, which can be determined only by the con- struction. These verbs have properly but one conjugation, and but three changes of tense ; the imperative, the aorist, and the preterite ; all the other tenses being formed by the help of the particles ^ ml and ^^^ hami, or of the auxiliary verbs 4:/u-jb hastan or ^^3^ budan, to be^ and ijr^\^ kh'astan, to want, will or be willing. The passive voice is formed by adding the tenses of the verb substan- tive ^jOwj shudan to the participle preterite of the active ; jwi S(^\jSk. kh'andah shud, «7 was read. The inflexions of these auxiliaries must be here exhibited, and must be learned by heart, as they will be very useful in forming the compound tenses of the active verbs. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 37 f^2ij} budan, to be. The present tense of" this verb is irregular, but very easy, and must be carefully remembered, as it is the model for the variations of person in all tenses. Indicative Mood, Present Te nse. • Sing. Plur. J\ am, lam. >j\ em, we are. Lf\ 1, thou art. ^^\ ed, ye are. C^^\ ast, he is. jo\ and, thei/ are. This tense joined to nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, often coalesces w^ith them, and loses the initial short \ alif ; as with pronouns, Plur. r^^ nos sumus. ma im, 4>jW^ shama-id, vos est is. tMjUL>\ eshan and, illi sunt. Sing. A^ manam. ego sum. (^y to yi, tu es. CLu^j\ ast, ille est. With adjectives, ^^Us shad am, lam glad. j^^Uj shad em^ we are glad. LfyJ^i shad i, thou art glad. i^^\jL> shad id, you are glad. C^wi^lij shad ast, he is glad. OJ ^Ui shad and, they are glad- 3S A GRAMMAR OF THE The negatives are formed by prefixing «Jsj nah or ^j na, as A,\ ^ I am not^ 8cc. but C*wi\ .;.i) nest, there is not, as The path of love is a path to wt\ich there is no end^ in which there is no remedy for lovers, but to give up their souls. Hafiz. Second Present from the defective (jru^ hastan, to be. Sing. Plur. jiL^ I am* A,. A w ^ we are, ^_^U-J^ Ikou art. i^JL^ ijou are. C -..w^ he is. ;XL!x— ji theij are. Preterite. Sing. Plur. j,^^ I was. ^^ji we were. Lf2iji thou wast. ^V^ y^^ were, 2ij^ he was. ^^j^ ihey were. Preteriie Imperfect. PERSIAN KANGUAGE. 39 Compound Preterite. Sing. Plur. A^ ^^^ I have been. ^\ <^^ we have been. <^\ i2>jj or >^3y thou hast been. j\ ^^ they have been. Preterpluperfect. A^ ^^ 7t/6 had been. Lf<^^ i^3^ thou had been. tSJtX^ s^jj you had been. Ow J^^ Ae ^ac? Z'€€Ai. jjjwtj S2iyi they had been. Future. :iji Ji>\j^ I will he. '■' ^ ^\^ ^^^ '^^IH ^^• 3^ ^\^ ^^Ji>\^ he will be. ^ \j^ they will be. Imperative. >-«i>ib tet us be. (^Xi oYj^ be thou. O^^ be ye. OwjIj or :>l) tet him be. 4^-tiU let them be. 40 A GRAMMAR OF THE Subjunctive, or Aorist. Sing. Plur. Jti\j or *y / h. (^^ or (^ we be. ^\j or lSj^ thou beest. t^--^^ or Jo^ ijou be. oJL>[} or 2>ji he be. oc^U or OJj^ Iheij be. Potential. ^3^ I would be. ij^-^J^ ^^ would be. (^^j^ thou %vouldst be, c/ jo^i^ you would be. Lf:ij> he would be. (^iX>^j^ they would be. Future Subjunctive. ^U ^3^ / shall have been. ^-r^ ^^ we shall have been. ^±ki 6^j^ thou shall have been tX-^V ^^j^ you shall have been jwU 2f:>^ /ic ^/ifl// /mve been. tXi^b ^^ they shall have been Infinitive. Present, o-^ ^7 contractiyi 3y /c? be. Preterite, ^JL>JL :i^j} to have been. Participles. \th being. a^j^ been. j^tiwj shudan, to be^ used in forming the Passive voice. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 41 Indicatiye Present. Sing. Plur. j^ ^ / am. ^j^ ^ we are, ijjti ^ thou art. i>^j^ (^ you are. ^^ ^he is. 4>J^ ^ they are. Preterite. AtX^ I was. ^^f^^ we were. Lfi\^ thou wast. ^x^tiw? you were. jwj he %vas. .^ Ihavebeen. ^\ ii<^J^ we have been. lS\ <^Jwj or *^iXtj thou hast been. 4>o\ ^jw you have been. C^w\ ^Jw he has been. Jo\ ^4^.2^ they have been. Preterpluperfect. ^:iji so^ I had been. ^3^ ^tX^ we had been. Lf:ij^ ^jw^ thou haclst been. i>^:ij^ ^^X^ you had been. 3^ SJ3^ 2^;X^ //i^y /^a^^ ^^^«- 42 A GRAMMAR OF THE Future. Sing. Plur. 0^ j^\j^ I will be. (^JL j^\^ we will be, Owj (J!^\y^ Ihou will be Ow j^ be ye. ^ let him be. jj^ let them be. Subjunctive, or Aorist. [^>^ ^ ^^' ^y^ we be. ciyti thou beest. iiu^ you be. ^ he be. oJ^ they be. Infinitive. ^ t>^ /o he. j^3y ^ jji^ to have been. Participles. \yti being. ^\jL. I will. ^\j^ we will, f^\j=^ thou wilt. (\Jb\^ you will. t^\jL. he will. (^:Jb\j^ they will. The other tenses are formed like those of the regular verbs. OFTENSES. It will here be useful to exhibit an analysis of all the tenses of a Persian verb, and to show in what manner they are deduced from the infinitive, which is properly consi- dered by the Oriental grammarians as the spring and foun- tain of all the moods and tenses, and which, therefore, i» called in Avdhic j^y^^c^ masdar or, the source. All regular infinitives end in ^^Oo, as (j;X«*j; rasidan, to arrive^ c;<^^ nalldan, to grieve, (^tX-«-iJ tarsidan, to fear. The third person of the preterite is formed by rejecting ^ from the infinitive, tX---^ he arrived, OyJU he grieved, 4X*«jy he feared. * 44 A GRAMMAR OF THE 1 said, is the zephyr breathing from the garden ? or is a caravan of musk coming from Khoten? The letter l-> prefixed to this tense is often redundant, as CUiyj .3wJ^<)s^U- he took the mantle, and departed. From the preterite is formed the imperfect tense by pre- fixing the particles ^ or ^^^^J^, as 4X*-^;yo or Os--^ ^^5*^ he was arriving. In the third persons the imperfect tense is sometimes expressed by adding L^ to the preterite, as L^^U he was grieving, c/t^JtxJlJ they were grieving; this form is common in prose, as J C^il^ ij^jj\ ^\y >j arrive thouy from (j^N-m-^ to arrive: the letter cj is often pre- fixed to the imperative, asjX3 say thou; (^j*»j^fear thou; so Ferdusi in his noble satire against a king who had slighted him. 48 A GRAMMAR OF THE king Mahmud, thou conqueror of regions, if thou fearest not me, at least fear God ! why hast thou in- flamed my wrathful temper? dost thou not dread my blood-dropping sword? It must here be observed, that the negatives are changed into ^J, ^ and ^, as before^! are used jLj bring thou^ J^^ do not bring; PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 49 Boy, bring a cup of wine; bring a few more cups of pure wine. Say, ^n/2g /zo tapers into our assembly, for this night the moon of my beloved's cheek is at its full in our banquet; sprinkle no perfume in our apartment, for to our minds the fragrance that constantly proceeds from thy locks is sufficiently pleasing. The contracted participle used in compound epithets is exactly the same with the imperative, asJJ^S\ excite thou, j^\ CJjLS' mirth- ex citings jyy^ inflame thou^ 'jJ>J^ L§^ world-inflaming^ Geti-afroz, the name of a fairy in the Persian tales translated by Colonel Dow. The participles of the present tense are formed by add- ij^g a^» ^ or 6i^ to the imperative, as (^L*^, L^ and Hf^fL^ arriving; which last participle is often used for a noun of action, as ^<^\-> a player, , H 50 A GRAMMAR OF THE From the imperative also is formed the conjunctive tense or aorist by adding to it the usual personal termination, as from (>S\ come thou^ ^\ I may or will come. When the sun of the wine shall rise from the east of the cup, a thousand tuhps will spring from the garden of the cup-bearer's cheek. By this affected, yet lively allegory, the poet only means that " the cup-bearer will blush when he shall present the " wine to the guests." For the most part this forai of the Persian verb, which the grammarians properly call the aorist, or indefinite tense^ answers to the potential mood of other languages, and is governed by conjunctions as in Latin and English : this will be seen more clearly in the following example taken from the life of Nader Shah; PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 51 c/LSi^ c5^ u^l^ c^wj^ -^ / will arrive; thus Nakshebi in his work called «L^U ^J^jL or Ihe Tales of a Parrot^ Night 35, O Nakshebi, a man who desires to enjoy his beloved must be active and diligent : whoever labours diligently in his affairs, will at last attain the object of his wishes. After having given this analysis of the Persian verb, it will be necessary to add a table of the moods and tenses as they answer to those of European languages. Verb Active, ^^4X--»*j^ parsidan, to ask. Indicative Mood, Present Tense. Sing. Plur. (*-^ ^ Task. (^^^^^ L^ ^*'^ ^^^' ij^(^ thou askest. ^^s^-^ (^ you ask. ^:f.^ we asked. i/iX---^ Ifiou askedst. c>^iXf^^ you asked. 4^--J^ he asked. t^iXf,^ they asked. Compound Preterite. J\ ^tX:--^ Ihdtveasked. *j\ ^ JvjJ *■ ^^ ^ Preterite Imperfect. ^;wi^ (^ ^ "^^-^ asking. j^4X--.j^ ^ Tvc were asking, c/tX--^^ thcuwast asking. 4^jo<-— ^^ you were asking j Jsc--^ (^ ^^^y were asking Preterpluperfect. ^:>y3iX--*^ I had asked. j^:>ji Si^^:*^^ we had asked Lf^j^ ^0^5--^ '/^ow /iarfi/ «^/:e^. t>o3^ ^<^r-^ y^w ^^<^ fl^Aeci :y JJiX---^ ^i^ ^«^ a.$/:e£f. txi:^ ^t^--^ they had asked PERSIAN LANGUAGE. ' 55 First Future. Sing. Plur. ^(M-j^ I shall ask. ^jt^ '^^ -^^^^^ «•^^• je-^ thou shall ask. ^^-^^ you shall ask. (X-jj-J he shall ask. tXLw^ theij shall ask.* Second Future. Jw^jjj Jb]^ I will ask. tX*-^i ^\)^ f^^ "ivill ask. tX-M-?^ ij>\^ Ihou wilt ask. j he might ask. iSi^iX^^jJ they might ask. ■•■• This forai is also commonly used for the imperative, as j,^ .-j let me ask, &c. 56 A GRAMMAR OF THE Compound Future. Sing. JL\j ^j^---j^ / shall have asked. ^\j 2f4X*-j^ thou shall have asked. (XL\j ^Jo--j^ he shall have asked. Plur. M>rr^^ ^<^s--^ we shall have asked. fXJiXi 2(tX;M-j^ you shall have asked. tX-S^U 2(4X---^ Ihey shall have asked. Infinitive. Present, (^tX-^-j^ to ask, contracted 4N-«-j»j Preterite, (^^ HiXf.*^ to have asked. Participles. Present, cr"^ and ^tXl-^^ asking, who asks. Preterite, ^4X-«-|%j asked or having asked. Passive Voice. Indicative Present. Sing. A^ /^ iJ--«j»j yoM are asked. t>jjj^ ^ ^Jo—ju they are asked. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 57 Preterite. Sing. aJwj ^tX--*>^ I was asked, Lf(X^ ii(^.^-^ thou wast asked. 4X^ j^jo-j^ he was asked. Plur. [^t^-^ ^'N---^ w^ >v€re asked. c)otX^ ^4>-— ^ yo^ were asked. i^i^J^ ^4\-mw^ /Aey ,7vere a^^et/. Preterpluperfect. Sing. A 3^ ^Owj ^t^-M-J^ / Aarf ^ee/z a^^erf. (J"^ ^t^wj ^iX-— ^ ^^^w ^arf^^ ^em a5^63*^ ^jw3 ^4X--j»j /Aey /?«(/ ^€6/1 asked. Aorist. Sing. Mj^ i^Js--j*J I may be asked. iSyti ^^lV-^j* ^Aom mayst be asked. :iyti ^> ^tX-M-j y we may ^e asked. i^jyti ^«x— ^ yoM m^y ^e asked. tijj^ ^tX,..^ //ley may ^e a^^ecf . 58 A GRAMMAR OF THE Second Future. Sing. Jwj Ji>\jk, ^4X-^ / shall ke asked, tXt? f^\^ ^^^ &^Xf0^ you skull be asked. Infinitive. Present, ^^o^ ^^i^*-^ ^ are formed by prefixing ^b f^ ijou do not knowy nescitis. tX^b f^ they do not know, nesciunt. CU^ tiU^r efi, L-.W- ^j\ Jy\i^ PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 59 I know not why the damsels, tall as cypresses, with black eyes, bright as the moon, have not the colour of love. Hafiz, OF IRREGULAR VERBS. In the ancient language of Persia there were very few or no irregularities : the imperative, which is often irre- gular in the modern Persian, was anciently formed from the infinitive by rejecting the termination {^(^ idan; for originally all infinitives ended in ^^ dan, till the Arabs introduced their harsh consonants before that syl- lable, which obliged the Persians, who always affected a sweetness of pronunciation, to change the old termination of some verbs into ^' tan, and by degrees the original infinitives grew quite obsolete ; yet they still retain the ancient imperatives and the aorists which are formed from them. This little irregularity is the only anomalous part of the Persian language, which, nevertheless, far surpasses in simplicity all other languages, ancient or modern, of which I have any knowledge. This remark on the for- mation of the Persian imperatives from an obsolete verb, i5 60 A GRAMMAR OF THE may be useful to those who are curious in ancient dialects; as it will enable them to trace ^out a considerable part of the old Persian language or Pehlevian ^^^L-> which has the same relation to the modern l£j^ or Persic, as the Icelandic has to the Danish, or the Saxon to the Eng- lish; and which was, perhaps, spoken in the age of Xenophon. This is the language in which the works of Zeratusht or Zoroaster are preserved, and into which the fables of Bidpai or Pilpai were first translated from the Indian : but as we rejected the Saxon alphabet to admit the Roman ; so the Persians, when they embraced the religion of Mahomet, adopted the characters in which the Alcoran was written, and incorporated into their language a multitude of Arabic words and phrases. The Persian verbs that form their imperatives, and consequently their aorists, from obsolete infinitives, may be distributed into the following classes : the old infinitives may be found by adding ^jtXJ idan to the imperatives, and the aorists by adding to them the personal termi- nations. ; a; PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 61 I. Irregulars that form their imperatives by rejecting a^or^_^ Infin. Imper. Aorist. ^jSawV to draw a sabre ^f ^kf f^yj\ to sow together j\ jA\ ^3,V,\ to rebuke J\j\ ^J\j\ fj^^ji\ to embrace ^j^\ A-tjji-l ( J V M ' .. ' r ] to cut cAf-^\ . * ^ r] (^>,Ul3\ to speak idly j<^\ *jlli\ ^4>jui\ to sprinkle ^jl.l3\ ^SLlil ^^j^\ to press yL^\ ^j^\ ^ ^ . \to throw down ^^\ ^^:Si\ ^o:S\ to Jill ^\ ^X a^y to bring jjf andjl (tJJ^ ^^^ p^ (jA3u to tinge, to weave <— 5U ^U ij^ to bear ^ ^ j U^jjy, io feed, cherish j^ ^j^ ^j4>j5^ to read o]y^ (^W 62 A GRAMMAR OF THE Infin. Imper. Aorist. (jj(^\j to drive ^\j J)]j ( J* . u to buz U**^ f^j j^>^ to resign^ give in charge jX^ tV^*^ and^L-j and f»j^ ^:>y^ to shave jjL^ (^r^ ^^ jolij to comb ^J^ j^\jL f^s^li to cleave lJ\S^ j^a^Sj^ jM^^;^ to hunt Jw fV^ ^>^ to number J^^ (t)^ ^j^j^ to hear jiw {V-^ j^ 3^li. /o slumber jli, , .'.r. ^3^ to freeze ^^ ^^^ \ to press ^f ^-^ for oir^'-* and^lli ^Il3 for ^JcXfU ^-^ r^ a ^\f to perform Jc^ ^J\^ ^"^y^ to stro-w , spread Jy*^ frf^ ^J^ to kill ^^ ^jlT ^\'i . t. ' ^ to scatter (*J»-lS^ f^J^ PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 6S Infin. Imper. Aorist. ^jjj3 to nicf^e jj3 ^S (j; jsSUo /(? remain ^^Uo ^\^ ?• /a fay cfo7v/2 c^A*A . ^ ,\ and ^^^yjuLAJ ** r rr. Irregulars that change^ into cil. i^^i^] to rest ., L^t^t ^jU^r Wo increase \ ^ or cJ'^Jr^-' or ^?b^ or^V)i ij^pr /£> defile L5^r ^^r The participle of this verb, used in compound adjectives is,op^ , as ^^\ l^\^ sleepy^ drowned in sleep. f^:^jiX>\ to hesmear ^^^^^ /^^^^ u^^^ lo strain ' ^\ Ji^ U^J^'i ^^ measure ^^ (^W {^^j^j to polish ^^^ (^\y) ^j^iy:^^ to praise S^^^^ (^J^^"^ 64 A GRAMMAR OF THE Infin. Imper. Aorist. (J 2ij^ to stroke Lf\^ A^ ^^yrcj3 to command ^A^oji /^^j^ ^j^j^ to show ^^* j^ ,Jf to open ciUr Aji^ and ^J^IlTJ ^ " P III, Irregulars that change cJ into lj or j. ^ Wo disturb S^^^' (•^^^^ 4 (^U /o injlame t-jU ^U ^^ /o understand v>^^ (^^j^ ^^yi-j /o bore ^..i^ ^,:^ This imperative is very anomalous. ^jl?c-l> /o hasten t-jb^ .^>\". *^ ^^y^ax^ to blossom l--^-5w ^^^jlsy^ /o deceive ^-^ (^^ {^y^ to smite L^^ ^S ^^yiy to lie hid turV I have never met with this strange imperative. ^^\j to find Lj\j Ay » ■*- PERSIAN LANGUAGE: 65 Infin. Imper. Aorist. . ^\3^^ to dig Ji ^j^ (J^^ to say y ^y and lS/ m * ^laiw^ to hear j^ f'y^ IV. Irregulars that change ^ into j, (j^ Into {^ gjjlLUi^ io exalt ^J^^y^ to injlame ^jIa-^\ to learn ^Jicsyf^\ to mix - i^y^\(^\ to throw f^yk^j(^\ to gain ^jjcv^i to excite {J^,^\ to hang '■ •< ^^yi>^v to plaij ^^y^\^ to finish i^ysirt^jj to beware ^jlrs^ to holt f^ys:?^ to sift f^y^rf^ to take captive : ^^yh»^ to twist j\J\ fjV^ p:>/\ jyc\ 3\oi\ ^j\0^ y/ Mji ■' r^y y ry Jw rjy. f3^ 66 A GRAMMAR OF THE Infin. Imper. Aorist. (J-^^ lo collect > •* ^J^^ lo pour yj rJb ^J^\^ lo prepare^ make > ^jL. ^J^j^ to prick JyT" ^JOf i^y^^ to burn jy fjj-' lJ^\^>^ to melt •}^ f.j\^ ^Jy:^^ tojlee yj rji/ (J^\y to soothe j)y rjly ^jlklUj to understand (j*»\I*-ij A tllw^n) ^Jys^J^ to sell V. cV r'jj* Irregulars that char ige f^ \iiiOj J^KJ\ to Jill M :M ^JiJ:XJ\ to think ja (tP^ ^J^\i^ to swallow >y cM ^jS-ij\3j to raise Jb^ fJ^y ^jjuij\ rP (JiJiiVo^to leave Jo/ ^j\of (^yJiii^ to pass J^ 1 4jjwijlt^ to loose, dismiss J^ ^jUf PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 67 Infin. ^A -^ \ y4j» \ i*«b > ') ^jJU*5 JO VI. Irregulars that reject (jm Imper. plant adorn, arrange be necessary accept deck seek know grow live wash weep resemble view - V ^J j^U ^ VII. Irregulars in ^ (jt^jyiV to create cj^^ ^j(X^ to gather c^-^ ^(^^ to choose CD^r Aorist. JU 6S A GRAMMAR OF THE VIII. Irregulars in jj that i reject cJ Infin. Imper. Aorist. ^jjiyjoo to accept (jji^ to take IX. Irregulars that change (^ into s ^"x >■■■'%> to leap (j^^ to be delivered ^jjy-ij^ to he willing^ want ^jl-i^ to lessen \ Irregulars that change (j* > into (^ or jJ ^^\,„,t)ji to ascend ^jl^ to bind ^Jx>^j^ to join ^jlw^ to break ^jiwLiJ to cause to sit down 4jA-i-) 1 PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 69 XI. Irregulars that add c/. Infin. Imper. Aorist. ^:i\j to be horn ^\j (^5) ^:>^ to caress ^ ^ ^±^ to open (^f^ (^\-^ XII. Irregulars that reject f^^\ ^^\::i^ to fall C^\ f^^ ^^:h^ to stand ^-^^-^-^^ ^*^*^' ^^liiwjji to send CU->^ f^^^t^ ^j^y to place jitobe U^^ ^'^ ^JLJ^ to rise jrt^ (V^^ ^:i\^togive £:> ' ' ^^ ^^y^ to strike ch ^j ^ \to take o^ f'^ and ^j^ '70 A GRAMMAR OF THE Infin. Imper. Aorist. (Jf>Jiij^ to miXf compose (>2^;-> . * s .^ ^yf to do ^ ^ , - . ^V^ break Sn^ Xt-^ and ^iV..*..S J ^ \ " ^(^ to rot 4XLi Mf^ ^j2>j>^ to die j^ ^»jyo /«» X^MI. I.) and ^jl^ Example of an irregular verb. 4:/ii\j yaftan, tojind. Contracted infinitive CUiL Present Tense. Sing. Plur. ^Ij ^ /^/zJ. ^j\j ^ wejind, ^\j ^ thoajindesi. ' 4\-jIj ^ you find. jo\j ^ he finds. jCj\j ^ they find. Preterite. j^U I found. ^^\} we found. (J^\j thoufoundest. <>t-^^ you found. CUiU he found. ^^^^ they found. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 71 Future, or Aorist. Sing. Plur. j»j\j / shall or may find. ^\j we shall or may find, ^\j Ihou shall or may st find. \jfind thou. ixAjfind you. Participles. Present, V\?, c-->l>, or &0^\^ finding. Preterite, <^^ having found. It is better for me not to turn my face from patience; it may happen that I may find what my heart desires. The contracted participles, as it has been before ob- served, are of great use in the composition of words, as _j^\ CJj^Lp mirth-exciting, from CJj^LS' which in Arabic signifies mirth, and the participle of (J^aSA to excite: but of these elegant compounds I shall speak at large in the next section. 72 A GRAMMAR OF THE OF THE COMPOSITION AND DERIVATION OF WORDS. 0^'E of the chief beauties of the Persian language is the frequent use of compound adjectives; in the variety and elegance of which it surpasses not only the German and English, but even the Greek. These compounds may be multipHed without end according to the pleasure and taste of the writer ; they are formed either by a noun and the contracted participle, as t--'^ (J^ or u^^j^^ heart- alluring; or by prefixing an adjective to a noun, as lSj. ty-s sweet-smelling; or lastly, by placing one sub- stantive before another, as Jsb^^ rose-cheeked. Since one of the nouns in a compound word is often borrowed from the Arabic, a man who wishes to read Ihe Persian books with satisfaction, ought to have a competent knowledge of both languages. I shall subjoin a list of the most elegant compounds that I can recollect ; but I must express most of them in English by circumlocutions; for though we have some compound epithets which give a PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 73 grace to our poetry, yet in general the genius of our lan- guage seems averse to them. I'hus >. t .. ^ yb\ from^^ a fawn, and z*-^ an eye, a Persian epithet, which an- swers to the Greek eXiKUTrig, seems very harsh in English, if we translate it fawn-eyed ; Lady Wortley Mountague's translation stag-eyed'^ is not much better, and conveys a different idea from what the Eastern poets mean to express by this epithet. Adjectives compounded of nouns and participles. (^\jiJ\ ;J^gul afshan, ^LiiV^Ji durr afshan, ^jLii\ j^^ gohar afshan, (^Lli\ ^* tegh afshan, ^^Lli^ c^ khun afshan. J\j\ (J 3 dil azar, J\j\ (j;W jan azar, f^^\ cjU tab afgan, f^\ :^ bekh afgan, ^^\ CiiwJ sang afgan, i^^\ ^^koh afgan, shedding flowers, sprinkling pearls- shedding gems, brandishing a scymitar. dropping blood, afflicting the heart, wounding the souL darting flames, tearing up roots, casting stones, throwing down mountains- See her Letters from Constantinople. L 74 A GRAMMAR OF THE ^^^\ ^j^ mard afgan, ij^SjCS' tambar agin, iji^S fjj-*j surur agin, jj\ S\yQ murad a war, jijf J^ dil a war, and ^r JU fcalam ara, ^r ^_^^J^ majlis ara, )y (J^ dil ara, A^ (J 3 dil aram, Wjf y^ nabard azma, L>r ^jjj ruh asa, \J\ ^jW jan asa, 3^\ ^^^^ khun alud, ^fjUi. ghubar alud, ^\ Wok khata alud, \\i\ -^j ruh afza, \^\ CUar^ bahjat afza, ^ H^ shahr ashub, overthrowing heroes, full of ambergris, full of pleasures, fulfilling our desires. stealing hearts, \adorning the world. gracing the banquet, rejoicing the heart, giving rest to the heart, experienced in battle, appeasing the spirit, giving rest to the soul, sprinkled with blood, covered with dust, stained with crimes, refreshing the spirit, increasing cheerfulness. L^ .5'**'' y/^ disturbing the city ; elegantly applied to beauty^ to which likewise the poets give the following epithet, ^^y^^jjj roz afzun, increasing daily. K>r PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 75 j\j^\r^ sar afraz, raising his head, j\j3\ (^^^gardan afraz, exalting his neck. jj»*3\ J\ji tSlam afroz, j . .i \ . , c-. \ enlizhleninz the world, or jjj3] ^jW^ janan atroz, ) o o jjji^ ^^^L*^giti afroz, en/laming the universe. JjjjJ\ \ cJ^-"-^ bos tan afroz, inflaming the garden , a beautiful epithet for the anemone. \yo\ (^jt>\^ danish amoz, skilled in science. jy^yj^ kar amoz, expert in affairs. jyc\ 2i^yo mujdah amez, mixed with joyful tidings. This participlej^r is used in a great variety of compounds. \yo\ C^%a.]^ rahat amez, gl'^i'^g f^^l' jyo\ aI-^ sitam amez, full of threats. _jytX 4>Y^ shahd amez, mixed with honey. jy^X C^5o^ rang amez, mixed with colours^ that is, deceitful. j\<>j\ Jy parto andaz, darting rays. 'J\(^\ C H^..(S3 dahshat andaz, striking with fear. \\(^\ (j-i3\ atish andaz, casting out hre. j\i>j\j^ tir andaz, shooting arrows. ■ ^ 76 A GRAMMAR OF THE j^jJl CuJJs zulmat andoz, gathering darkness^ ' an epithet of the night. jj^^\ '•^^f^ tibrat andoz, attracting wonder. jSJ\ olft:J\ iltifat angez, exciting respect. ySJ\ {^J^ khulus angez, promoting sincerity. ySJ\ sayah parwar, bred in the shade, an epithet for an ignorant young man who has not seen the world. jjjj IJk^ Lulama parwar, cherishing learned men. j.y ti^ •^'^ parwar, nourishing the body. \\j /J-i-c tishk baz, sporting with love. ^oo c^W pozish pazir, accepting an excuse.^ jbjj ij\y turanah pardaz, composing tunes^ a musician. j\:^ (^jsi^ sakhun pardaz, composing sentences, an orator. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 77 tMJ (J^ nakl band, compiling narratives, an historian. Oslu>j shagufah chin, cropping flowers, i:j^ ^jsi^ sakhun chin, collecting wordsy an informer. Jf^L vsr* sahar khez, rising in the morning. ^j\jLtijL. khush kh'an, sweetly singing. J\(yj[^ jahandar, possessing the world. fj\^ ^cio noktah dan, skilful in subtleties. ij^ 3^j^ khurdah bin, seeing minute objects. J\j ^^ys^ sakhun ran, lengthening his discourse. fj\y^_^U nazar fareb, j\i^S^ ]\^Av gudaz, j\ji^l-i-o summa gudaz, jL^\f^ zaya gustar, jy^\^ talam gir, Lii3^ dilkusha, dropping sugar, scattering jewels, shedding tears, dispersing care, dispelling darkness, infesting the way^ a robber. preparing inchantments, ravishing hearts, inflaming the htart a hunter of souls, destroying life, breaking the ranks, equal to the stars in number, skilful in business, selling sugar, boasting of himself , deceiving the beholder, melting the heart, dispelling a calamity, spreading light, subduing the world, rejoicing the heart. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 79 uLij^JLTkishwar kusha, conquering provinces. U^ CtSj^\ awrang nashin, silling on a Ihrone, Lf):^ Jamshid kulah, with the diadem of Gems hid. C^^. M^ j^b Dara hashmat, with the troops of Darius. fj^ C/!-*--^ simin sak, with legs like silver. uJ^yw shakar lab, with lips ofsugat. ^\:Lfii^^jL tuti guftar, talking like a parrot- PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 81 uJ ./■■» i>> hambistar, lyi'i^g on the same piltow, ij\ys^ hamkh abah, sleeping together, '...^ ^tXtJ^ hamdam, breathing together, that is, very intimately connected. The particles U not, ^ little, and ^ without, ^are placed before nouns to denote privation, as ^kambaha, of little value, (Ji.t ^ kam takl, with little sense; c^b ^ bl bak, fearless, ^J^\ ^ bi aman, merciless: this particle is often joined to Arabic vert>sf as j^J^lj ^ bl tammul, inconsiderate, <--v^ <^^' fartib, irregular. Example. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. S3 Henceforth, wherever I write thy name, I will write Jalse^ unkindy ^nd faithless. Names of agents are generally participles active in ^jJ, as jjJ^Lj sazandah, a composer; or they are formed by adding *^ gar, ^IS^ gar, or j^U ban to a substantive, as J^j « goldsmith y jS^ a writer^ (jW^ ^ gardener. Nouns of action are often the same with the third person preterite of a verb, as iZ^j^Sj Oo^ buying and sellings iXijj OwioV coming and going. Adjectives implying possession or plenty are formed by adding to nouns the terminations ^L; sar, (j-^ gin, JC^ mand, oU nag,^\^ war, or_^ war, as^^L.*^*^ bash- ful, U'jf^ sorrowful^ <, V '.i.. l> b learned^ oU^ T^ewo- mous^ j\j(^^ri^\ hopeful^ J J^^ having life. The Arabic words jbzu, t-^U? sahib and (Jj^\ ahl prefixed to nouns form likewise adjectives of possession, as J^ ji majestic^ dignitate praeditus, (JU^ u^o^lo beautiful^ venustate praeditus, C-viXk- jjjb\ wise^ sapientia praeditus. We may here observe, that the Indians use a great variety of phrases purely Arabic, some as proper names and titles of chiefs and princes, and others as M 2, 84 A GRAMMAR OF THE epithets or constant adjuncts to substantives ; such are the names <0j4i)\ ^^ ShujaLud'dawlah, \ Jierij, i^j golden, (^^j^j made of emeralds. The termination «XJ\ anah added to substantives forms adverbs that imply a kind of similitude, as ^\j\j\^ pru- dently, like a prudent man, ^\^j^ courageously , like a man of courage. Adjectives of similitude are formed by adding L-f asa, L; sa, or (^j wash, to substantives, as Li\ ^y>^ tambar asa, like ambergris, Lj\ C^C^^c like musk, \^X C ^ Ijw like paradise; \^ jse^ like magic; {^^ <4^ like a rose- hud^ (^^j^ or (^y^ like the moon. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 85 Some adjectives and adverbs are formed by nouns doubled with the letter \ alif between them, as(-J \J up lo the bvim^j^j^ from the beginning to the md^yX^jSjj or ^^\iy manij-coloured. Example. A garden, in which were the clearest rivulets, an orchard in which the notes of the birds were melodious ; the one was full of many-coloured tulips, the other full of fruits with various hues The two first lines of this tetrastich are in pure Arabic. The termination Jj fam, as well as ^j^ gun, denotes colour, as As^for f^^^^ rose-coloured, f^^^j^j emerald- coloured. From the compounds above-mentioned, or any other adjectives, compounded or simple, may be formed abstract substantives by adding t/, as 86 A GRAMMAR OF THE J^,^*>iijL bashful, i^L-.'*^ bashfulness, cVi ^t. '»b learned, L^(.v...»,.l'?l^ learning. ^L-j ^/«c^, (J^W blackness. If the adjectiveend in ^ the abstract is made by changing ^ into ^ as ^ sight, JzJi^ speech, ^l::i, motion; or b^ adding^ to the cpntracted participle, a ;_^Li\ rest, ^^^b^) praise^ U^^j) temptation. The letter \ alif ^iddjsd ^o Sfiqijg ^^(Jj^tiyes makes them abstract nouns, as Mj^warpi^ K^c^wc^rmth. ;, Nouns denoting ti]e place of apy thing are formed by the terminations ^b-^l istan, j^b dan,^V) ^^^^ ^^g^!?» or ,^J<:*.^^^SJ nagaristan,* a gallenj of pictures. * The five first of these names are the titles of as many excellent books : the Baharislan and Gulislan are poetical compositions by Jam and Sddi; the Naga- ristan is a very entertaining miscellany in prose and verse ; and the Shakarddn is a miscellaneous work in Arabic upon the history of Egypt : as to the Sambulislan, I have seen it quoted, but recollect neither the subject, nor the name of its author. The Greeks sometimes gave these flowery titles to their books ; thus Pamphilus published a treatise on different subjects, which he called AuftMVjSy,.^ a meadow; and Apostolius compiled an 'Iwwa .U ^tj^--* a garden of violets, or a collection of proverbs and sentences. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 87 (^b-*jjL^ baliaristan, the mansion of the spring. j^l::.«wiS^gulist5bv a bower of roses. ^^biw shakardan, -VCi ;^ j , .^ \ a chest of sugar. or ^v:i-*>^5ilti shakarrstan, J ^^^.^JlJuj sambulistan, a garden of hyacinths. fjc^^^iyj^ sheristan, the country of lions. (^\^*y ginistan, fairy-land. jKiTgulzar, a bed of roses. jK^]^ lalahzar, a border of tulips. ^^iD^Lt tibadatgah, a place of worship. U- t-j^pw khab ja, the place of sleep ^ 2i bed. The learner must remember, that when these compounds- are used as distinct substantives, the termination ^^ of the plural, ancK\ of the oblique case, must be added to the end of them, as ' ^J"'-> Sing. Nom. ^i^3^^^j;p-| ^-^ ^ \a girl with sweet lips. Obi. \jJb:i^jJ:^] Plur. Nom. ^J^^^ i^y^^] V "- ' -- > girls with sweet lips. Obi. \jkjb:i^r^j The Persian verbs are compounded eitlier with nouns and adjectives, or with prepositions and other particles. 88 A GRAMMAR OF THE The verbs chiefly used in the first sort of composition are ^^^ to do, vJ^ ' '^ bring, ^j:»-ti\^ to have, ^^^:i^Lj to make, ^^'^yt^ to order, [J^jy^ to devour, ^'^j to strike, ^j3y to hear, i^^j^ to show, ^^^:i-li^or ^(^^j^ to become, jjiVof to come, ^i>^^ to see, ij^^ to take, and ij^^ to Jind. The most common of these is ^j3»i which is joined in all its inflexions to a multitude of Arabic gerunds or verbal nouns, as well as to Persian adjectives and parti- ciples, as ^^AjI/^ ikrar kardan, to confess^ ' " ^jli^WicJ^ intizarkardan, to expect. j' 1^^ ?y^ rujut kardan, to return. j^>^a\v tamum kardan, /o com/?/e/e. ^J^ji y pur kardan, to Jill, ^y ^3 tark kardan, to leave. j^ri^pjWs tulut kardan, to rise (oriri). Thus Hafiz, ., . , PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 89 It is morning; hoy ^ Jill the cup with wine: the rolling heaven makes no delay ; therefore haslen. The sun of the wine rises from the east of the cup: if thou seekest the delights of mirth, leave thy sleep. (J^S *y^ hujum awardan, lo assault, i^y^j\ ^^ yad awardan, lo remember. (jK^\^ <-r^ Lajab dashtan, to wonder. {jrltA^jji^x^ matiur dashtan, lo excuse (j^ (X-wy.^ hasad burdan, to envy. ^j^ ^liii;\ ittikad burdan, lo believe. ^j3^ ^ ghamm khurdan, lo grieve. jj^^^ 4M^^ sogand khurdan, to swear. ij^\^ ^^j roshan sakhtan, to enlighten. (^fk\^3 tar saktan, to moisten, ^^j^ oU:J\ iltifat namudan, to esteem ^.*.f ^^An^ madhosh gashtan, to be astonished > ^jiXj^J^^^llwii-ghamnaggardidan, to be affiicted ^jOwtsf tXJtV padid amadan, to appear. ^OS^ ^jL«^\ ihsan didan, to be benefited. d^ U^JX)i parwarish yaftan, to he educated. d^^J^y karar griftan, to be confirmed. N 90 A GRAMMAR OF THE The verbs ^j^ and ^^2>yoJ3 are very frequently used in composition, as ^^^ ^jXJ uatrah zadan to call aloudy ^'^iycy ^i fikr farmiidan to consider; thus Jalaluddin Rozbahar, While the nightingale sings thy praises with a loud voice, I am all ear, like the rose-tree. And Hafiz, Consider attentively; where is a rose without a thorn? Some of the particles, with which verbs are compounded, are significant, and others redundant and ornamental, as ^jtV«\ j^ dar amadan, to enter. i^^yj^ dar avvardan, to bring in, U^\js^j^ dar kh'astan, to require*. (jr^^J^ dar yaftan, to understand. ^iy^\ ji bar amadan, to ascend. ijrJL^j^ bar gashtan, to return. U"^*^^ j^ ^'^^ asudan, to rest. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 91 (jiL\^j^ baz dashtan, to with-hold. ^4Vo\ 2ijj3 farod amadan, to descend. crui^b^^l^ wapasdashtan, to detain. j^3b j-^ sar dadan, to banish^ to confine to a place. In the present tense of a compound verb the particle ^ is inserted between the two words of which it is com- posed, as c)^/\j^ to Jill, Sing. Plur. i^ i<^ j^ thou fittest. <^-i-i iS^ji you Jill. (X.^ i^j^ he Jills, OJ^ ^jj they Jill. Sometimes the two words of which a verb is compounded are placed at a great distance from each other, as \j\^ *2(^bjJ c;^Wj ^^^ ^ O western breeze, say thus to yon tender fawn, thou hast confined us to the hills and deserts, where ^^b wmj the preterite of ,^:>\^j^to confine^ rele- guer, is separated by three words. The noun j^ has a number of different senses, and is therefore the most 92 A GRAMMAR OF THE difficult word in the Persian language; it signifies /A^^garf, the top, the point, the principal thing, the air\ desire^ love, will, intention, &c. and sometimes its meaning is so vague that it seems a mere expletive, though the Persians un- doubtedly feel its force. There are derivative verbs in Persian, as in Hebrew and Arabic, which may be called causals ; they are formed from the transitive verbs by changing ^jcXj intO(^txJ\, and sometimes into j^tX-^y , as jjJojU to shine, a'^V^ 1 ^ /o cause to shine. and jjiis-^vv^ -' j^j^-^-i^ to arrive, (j^tX-JU^ to cause to arrive, to conduct, bring. O heaven! bring that musky fawn back to Khoten; bring back that tall waving cypress to its native garden. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 93 OF PERSIAN NUMBERS. The numerals and invariable parts of speech belong more properly to a vocabularly than to a grammar; but for the use of such as will-take the trouble to learn them by heart, I will here subjoin the most common of them : t \ Ci$S yak one, r V j3 do, Iwo, r - <5w3 seh, three. ^ f^ 3 _J^f^ chahar, four. « a ^nIj panj, Jive. _ 1 J {j^^ shash, six. V J CLjJb haft, seven. A «- C .■M..6 hasht, eight. '\ \s «u nuh, nine. \ . lS ii^ dah, ten. W U, i^^Uyazdah, eleven. ^ \ t u^ ^•^J\y^ dowazdah, twelve. S r ^ &yj^ sezdah, thirteen. \f' 00 ^^W- chahardah,/(?MW shanzdah, sixteen. ^txiib hafdah, seventeen. ^iXJLA hashdah, eighteen, ^^jy nuzdah, nineteen. C t......,>; bist, twenty. ^ CiSo J r ^,M,u.; bist wa yak, twenty-one. r w J \ . jj^ chehal, ^la^o parijah, Cm 1 1 ii snast) thirty, forty. sixty. seventy. eighty. ninety. a hundred. two hundred. three hundred. :k^ haftad, ^li-lA hashtad, 2>y nawad, 4>wo sad, tXoj3 dosad, i^^^tc^ !;e$ad^ tXcjjlp- chaharsad, Jour hundred, tX^lj pansad, 7?^^ hundred. c^.^cJL^ shashsad, six hundred. 0^zJji> haftsad, seven hundred cX..f."..,l» hashtsad, eight hundred Om^^ nuhsad, nine hundred. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 95 1 ♦ . ♦ ? J\ji^ hazar, a thousand. t . » . . ^ J\yb ^3 dah hazar, ten thousand. \ J3 Jcjib 4X0 sad hazar, a hundred thousand, or (^ iak ORDINALS. (^,»**<^ nukhustin, firsts Myi dowum, second, ^^•t^ sewum, third. l%^L^ chaharum, fourth. j»A-j panjum, fifth - All the other ordinals are formed in the same manner by adding a to the cardinal numbers. ADVERBS. jL— J bisyar, much, <^Jo\ andak, little. \alJ\ Inja, here. U^t anja, there. If I could send my very soul to that place ^ how trifling a present would it be ! 96 A GRAMMAR OF THE UijI j\ az Inja, hence, \^\ ^ ^lz anja, thence. J— :^\ insQ, hither. j^\ an^u, thither. lad kuja, where or whither. \^ j\ az kuj5, whence, *j l^ j5 har kuj.t keh, wheresoever. (^jjii berun, without. ujj^ darfm, ^ ,. }^ within. or (^^4X>i andarun, ) ^j^jj^ ^^j^j^V djJjS^ The nightingales were warbling in the garden, and the fawns were sporting on the hills. jj3 faro, 1 -^^ \below. jJb bala, fl/^oi/c. or ^5^ farod, J That evil which comes from above is not evil. ii\o^^U b'amdad, -\ i!^jsc^ sahargah, >in the morning, or jsr*^ sahar, J ilColtj shamgah, in the evening. L$^ dl, yesterday* \^ farda, to-morrow* (^^Lj pesh, before. (^ pas, after. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 91 ^jL^\ aknun, now. ii^\ angah, ihen. ^ijj^ chun, when, ^(>j\^ hamandam, directly. j^j^ t?argiz, ever. ^j^yb hargiznah, never. jjUb hanuz, yet. c)' j^ *^^ ^^^''^ '^^ ^^^ afterward. u ta, until. ,» ba, joined to the noun, to. V ba, with. f^ bl, without. ^j^ pahlawl, near. j^ dar, in. fS^ baray, CU^ bajehat,/iii>^V^\ J jJb ^II ^i^ ^^\ c^w*J \jj b\j ^\ Wherefore art thou come ? if thou art come to learn the science of ancient and modern times, thou hast not taken the right path: the Creator knoweth all this; and if thou art come to seek him, know that where thou first wastjixed^ there he was present. 'I- See the Bibliotheque Orientale, p' 950. 102 A GRAMMAR OF THE yet it is remarkable, that many Arabic plurals are con- sidered in Persian as nouns of the singular number, and agree as such with verbs and adjectives, as By the approach of spring, and the return of December, the leaves of our life are continually folded. where ^\^^ the plural of ^J^j a leaj\ governs ^^i^n^ in the singular. There is another strange irregularity in the Persian syntax ; the cardinal numbers are usually joined to nouns and verbs in the singular, asjjjj ^-^ jj\j^ o. thousand and one days. If the gale shall waft the fragrance of thy locks over the tomb of Hafiz, a hundred thousand Jlo^vers will spring from the earth that hides his corse. These idioms, however, are by no means natural to the Persian, but seem borrowed from the Arabs, who say, aU j ^5 L-k)\ a thousand and one nights. In Arabic PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 103 too a noun of the plural number, if it signify a thing without life, requires a verb in the singular, and that of the feminine gender, for the Arabic verbs have distinct genders like nouns, as The rivers murmured, and the branches were bent to adore their Maker. Their cups overflowed with wine, and my eyes with tears. Most active verbs require the oblique case in \j after them, as If that fair damsel of Shiraz would accept my heart, I would give for the black mole on her cheek the cities of Samarcand and Bokhara, It has before been observed (see page 19) that the^ is omitted if the noun be indefinite or general, i^j^^ f»V Jill a cup\ but that it is inserted, if the thing be particular and limited, ^^ )jf*^ he filled the cup; examples of this occur in almost every page. 104 A GRAMMAR OF THE All nouns or verbs by which any profit or acquisition is implied govern the oblique case, as Yes! whenever the sun appears, what advantage can there be to Soha,* but his being hidden ? The following remark relates to the position rather than to the syntax : in a period of two or more members, each of which might end with an auxiliary verb, the first of them commonly contains the verb, which is understood in the rest, as The disadvantages of haste are many, and the advantages of patience and deliberation (are) innumerable. The adjective is placed after its substantive, and the governing noun is prefixed to that which it governs, as c-)^ lSjj a beautiful face ^ ^ lS^ the scent of a rose; but if this order be inverted a compound adjective is formed, as f^jj Ljijs^ fair faced, LfjA^ rose-scented. ^ Soha is the Arabic name for a very small and obscure star in the constellation of the Great Bear. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 105 Conjunctions which express conjecture, condition, will, motive, 8cc. require the conjunctive or potential mood, as If I had known (hat thy absence would have been so sorrowful and afflicting, I would not have departed from thee a single day ; I would not have left thee a single moment. Prepositions and interjections are fixed to nouns in the nominative case, as I have heard that two doves lived together in one nest, and whispered their secrets in one chamber ; the dust of jealousy had never sullied their minds, and the anguish of misfortune had never pierced their hearts, p 106 A GRAMMAR OF THE The spicier holds the veil in the palace of Caesar; the owl stands sentiael on the watcU-^iPWC^Ql Afrasiab. These are the principal rules that I have collected for the Persian language; but rules alone will avail but little, unless the learner will exemplify them in his own re- searches : the only office of a grammarian is to open the mjne of literature, but they who wish to possess the gems must endeavour to find them by their own labours. J J is an Arabic word signifying a tttrn, a change^ a zcalch, excubise^ hence ^^^J!j v,^>J.J in Persian, and ^_^l>- c^^^jj- '^ Turkish, signify to relieve the guards by the sounds of drums and trumpets. This office is given by the poet to the awl, as tliat of ,\ J 4 Jj or chamberlain is elegantly assigned to the spider. Some copies have i,.:>o-y instead of vc^y which reading would make very good sense, but destroys tl^e beauty, of th^ allusion. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 107 A PERSIAN FABLE. The Gardener and the Nightingale. -iJ ^^J\ ^jCik^L) ijt^ ^W" ^^ uA^l/^ rju u^^ * i^Ty ^\^^ZJ:^ f^j^y:^ ^b^f ^^}jLl^\j^ ^ .^^j:^J\C>6i^ 110 A GRAMMAR OF THE t PERSIAN LANGUAGE. in y^ literal Translation of the foregoing Fable The gardener and the NIGHTINGALE. It is related that a husbandman had a sweet and pleasant orchard, and a garden more fresh than the bower of I rem. The air of ii gave mildness to the gales of the spring, and the scent of its herbs that refreshed the spirits, conveyed perfume to the very soul. VERSES. A bower hke the garden of youth, a bed of roses bathed in the waters of hfe; the notes of its nightingales raising delight; its fragrant gale shedding perfume. And in one corner of his garden there was a rose-bush fresher than the shrub of desire, and more lofty than the branch of the tree of mirth. Every morning on the top of the rose-bush the roses blossomed, coloured like the cheek of heart-alluring damsels with gentle minds, and the face of lily-bosomed maids scented like jessamine. The 112 A GRAMMAR OF THE gardener began to show an extreme fondness for these ex- cellent roses, and said, A DISTICH. I know not wliat the rose says under his lips, that he brings back the helpless nightingales with their mournful notes. One day the gardener according to his established custom went to view the roses; he saw a plaintive nightingale, who was rubbing his head on the leaves of the roses, and was tearing asunder with his sharp bill that volume adorned with gold. A DISTICH. The nightingale, if he see the rose, becomes intoxicated; he lets go from his hand the reins of prudence. The gardener viewing the scattered condition of the rose- leaves, tore with the hand of confusion the collar of pa- tience, and rent the mantle of his heart with the piercing thorn of uneasiness. The next day he found the same action repeated, and the flames of wrath occasioned by the loss of his roses. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 115 me this service, according to the sentence (in the Alcoran) Is there any recompense for benefits, but benefits? it is necessary to reward thee for it. Know, that under the tree where thou standest there is a coffer full of gold ; take it, and spend it to supply thy wants. The gardener searched the place, and found the words of the nightingale to be true ; he then said, O nightingale ! what a wonder it is, that thou couldst see the coffer of gold beneath the earth, and not discover the springe upon the ground ! The nightingale said. Dost thou not know that (an Arabic sentence) when fate descends, caution is vain? AN HEMISTICH. It is impossible to contend with fate. When the decrees of heaven are fulfilled, no light re- mains to the eye of understanding, and neither prudence nor wisdom bring any advantage. Q^ 116 A GRAMMAR OF THE OF VERSIFICATION: 1 H E modern Persians borrowed their poetical measures from the Arabs : they are too various and complicated to be fully explained in this Grammar ; but when the learner can read the Persian poetry with tolerable ease, he may receive further information from a treatise written pro- fessedly upon versification by (Si>Ui)j Wahldl, who was himself no contemptible poet.* There are nineteen sorts of metre which are used by the Persians, but the most common of them are \s^ y^^ or the iambic measure, (3^^ J^ ^^ ^^^ trochaic measure, and ^jib y^^ a metre that consists chiefly of those com- pounded feet which the ancients called 'ETr/T^/ra?^ and which are composed of iambic feet and spondees alter- nately, as (imator'es pUellurum. In lyric poetry these verses are generally of twelve or sixteen syllables, as * See abo Dissertations c»i the Rhetoric, Prosody,- and Rhyme of the Persians, by Franci* Gladwin. Calcutta, 1798. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 117 Babo i na | fahi k'akhar | sabu zan tur | rah bak'shayad Zajafcdi zul | fi mushkinash | cheh tab uftad | a dar dilha When the zephyr disperses the fragrance of those musky locks, what ardent desire inflames the hearts of thy admirers ! ' They sometimes consist of fourteen syllables in this form, as Ta ghuncha | hi khandanat | dawlat ba | keh kh'ahad dad Ay shakhi | guli ratna | az bahri | keh miroyi Ah ! to whom will the smiling rose-bud of thy lips give delight? sweet branch of a tender plant ! for whose use dost thou grow ? or in this, ■-"1 1 \--- as ^ , ^ 118 A GRAMMAR OF THE Gosham ha | mah bar kuli | nay 6 nagma | ti changast Chashmam ha | mah bar ladi | to o garda [ shi jamast My ear is continually intent upon the melody of the pipe, and the soft notes of the lute : my eye is continually fixed upon thy rubied lip, and the circling cup. This kind of measure is not unlike that which Sappho uses in those elegant lines quoted by Hephestion, TXvKBiex, yMTto Utoi Swotfjiou xpsKHV Tov Igov Ho^u doi[j,ii(rcx, Ttrocidog f^puotvoiv St *A(ppo$iTO(.v, which he scans thus, TXuTceTot fia, [ re^, iiTOi 06 | votfjcoti xpiicnv I tov Igov Tli^ta oujxiT J (ra "zs-ocidcg (3poc j dtvuv Ji' *A I (ppollruv. Other lyric verses contain thirteen syllables in this form, as <>-^i U^y ^j^ J cAf^j ^T^ ^j^ ^ Saba bah tah | niati pi | ri mayfarosh ( amad Keh^mawsimi | tarbo tlsh j wa naz wa nosh | amad PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 121 common letters written in the Persian language, which are not interspersed with fragments of poetry ; and because all the Persian verses must be read according to the pauses of scansion : thus the following elegant couplet quoted by Meninski, L^y Ul:^ ^^ J:^^ ^JJ^ JO ^J^ ^ ■ must be pronounced, Tabadar chl | na har tarl | buwad zulfi | tara sad chin Keh sazi bar | guli surl | zasumbul pu | dah chin bar chin with a strong accent upon every fourth syllable ; and it may here be observed, that the Persians, like the French, usually accent the last syllables of their words. As to their prosody, nothing can be more easy and simple ; their vowels \ alif, • waw, and lS ya are long by nature ; the points, or signs for these short vowels which they commonly suppress, are naturally short ; and every short syllable that ends with a consonant is long by position; ^Sj^yJLi Shiraz, J-I-j sumbul, ,^1^^ dahan, ^j^..^^ saman : but the Persians, like other poets, have many licences; R 122 A GRAMMAR OF THE they often add a vowel which does not properly belong to the word, as in the first ode of Hafiz, lACl^ 2)Cj\ ^Jj wall uftada mushkilha, and Uc jJW 4>iU\^ W kuja danandi hali ma. They also shorten some long syllables at pleasure by omitting tire vowels \ alif,j waw, and iS ya ; thus ^jj^ berun, which is a spondee, becomes an iambic foot when it is written ^jjji berun : in the same manner j^^ is used for *xj3 and ^^t^ for (j^. The omission of \ alif is more common : so ^ is put for ^U, and ^^Lli for (^Ul5^, as in this beautiful couplet, *' Call for wine, and scatter flowers around; what favour " canst thou expect from fortune ?" so spake the rose this morning; O nightingale ! what sayst thou to her maxim? In which lines ^LtilTis used hr fj^)^ shedding flowers, and ^Sjss^ for iWjsrr' the morning. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 123 1 shall close this section with some examples of Persian verses from the '^^^^^^^ or hemistich, to the ^Jji. or ode, which differs from the ^aX*-^ or elegy m nothing but the number of the distichs, of whicji the ode seldom contains fewer than fiye^ and the elegy seldom fewer than twenty. I shall not set down the^e examples at random, but shall select such as are remarkable for beauty of sentiment or delicacy of expression. p\j-^a.^ AN HEMISTICH. He who plants thorns will not gather roses. A DISTICH. The caravan is departed, and thou sleepest; the desert lies before thee ; whither wilt thou go ? of whom wilt thou ask the way? what wilt thou do? how wilt thou exist ? R^ 124 A GRAMMAR OF THE i^^j A TETRASTICH. lS^ i^y o:^ ^j^jj ^j ^]b At the time that the dawn appears, dost thou know for what reason the bird of the morning complains? He says, that it is shown in the mirror of the day, that a whole night of thy Hfe is passed, while thou art lost in indolence. Another. Dost thou desire to be free from sorrow and pain? hear a maxim more valuable than a precious gem : Despise not thine enemy, though he be distressed; and trust not thy friend, if he be proud and malevolent. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 125 In all the Persian elegies and odes tlie two first hemi- stichs have the same rhyme, which is continued through the whole poem at the end of every distich. A short piece of poetry, in which the two first lines do not rhyme together, is called (J^ V ij^^^^ i:^^j One day, as I was in the bath, a friend of mine put into my hand a piece of scented clay.* I took it, and said to it, " Art thou musk or ambergris? for I am charmed " with thy delightful scent." It answered, I was a de- *' spicable piece of clay ; but I was some time in the * <^J-wi»J;^- Ji gili khushbo-1, a kind of unctuous claj/, which the Persians per- fume with essence of roses, and use in the baths instead of soap. 126 A GRAMMAR OF THE " company of the rose ; the sweet quality of ray com- *' panion was communicated to me; otherwise I should " have been only a piece of earth, as I appear to be." When both lines of each couplet rhyme together through a whole composition, it is called ^jJL^^ as in the following examples : Such is the nature of inconstant fortune, neither her mildness nor her violence are of long duration: she exalts no one whom she does not at last oppress ; for she is light in her affection, but most harsh in her hatred. The happy Feridun* was not an angel; he was not formed * An ancient king of Persia, highly celebrated for his eminent virtues. The learned and excellent d'Herbelot has made a mistake in his translation of these lines PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 127 of musk or ambergris. He gained his reputation by justice and liberality: be thou just and liberal, and thou wilt be a Feridun. ^J^U^J^ CU«j3 jj\ jwO \yo There was an affectionate and amiable youth, who was betrothed to a beautiful girl. I have read, that as they were sailing in the great sea, they fell together into (see the article Farrakh ia his Bibliotheque Orientale) ; for not recollecting the sense of Lj3 HAPPY, he made a proper name of it, and tell5~ us that Farrakh was a maa whom the Persians consider as a perfect model of justice and magnanimity. 128 A GRAMMAR OF THE a whirlpool. When a mariner went to the young man that he might catch his hand, and save him from perishing in that unhappy juncture; he called aloud, and pointed to his mistress from the midst of the waves; " Leave me, and take the hand of my beloved." The whole world admired him for that speech; and when he was expiring he was heard to say, " Learn not the " tale of love from that wretch who forgets his beloved '* in the hour of danger." These examples will, I hope, be sufficient to undeceive those who think that the Asiatic poetry consists merely in lofty figures and flowery descriptions. There is scarce a lesson of morality or a tender sentiment in any European language, to which a parallel may not be brought from the poets of Asia. The verses of eleven syllables, which are used in the great Persian poems, always rhyme toge- ther in couplets. It is unnecessary in this section to give an example of the Persian 2^4X--^ or elegy, as it differs only in its length from the f^y> or ode, except that the Kassldah often turns upon lolty subjects, and the Ghnzal comprises for the most part the praises of bve and mcr- PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 129 riment, like the lighter odes of Horace and Anacreon. The most elegant composers of these odes are ^W Jam! and laiW Hafiz, each of whom has left an ample collec- tion of his lyric poems. I may confidently affirm that few odes of the Greeks or Romans upon similar subjects are more finely polished than the songs of these Persian poets : they want only a reader that can see them in their original dress, and feel their beauties without the disad- vantage of a translation. I shall transcribe the first ode of Hafiz that offers itself, out of near three hundred that I have paraphrased : when the learner is able to understand the images and allusions in the Persian poems, he will see a reason in every line why they cannot be translated lite- rally into any European language. 4 l?o A GRAMMAR OF THE ^iXlJ (Ja^ C^w>3 &^(y:A)y^ Tlie rose is not sweet without the cheek of my beloved; the spring is not sweet without wine. I'he borders of the bower, and the walks of the garden are not pleasant without the notes of the nightingale. The motion of the dancing cypress and of the waving flowers is not agreeable without a mistress whose cheeks are like tulips. The presence of a damsel with sweet lips and a rosy com- plexion is not delightful without kisses and dalliance. The rose-garden and the wine are sweet, but they are not really charming without the company of my beloved. All the pictures that the hand of art can devise are not agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful girl. PKRSIAN LANGUAGE. 131 Thy life, O Hafiz, is a trifling piece of money, it is not valuable enough to be thrown away at our feast. The last distich alludes to the Asiatic custom of throw- ing money among the guests at a bridal feast, or upon any other extraordinary occasion : the Persians call this money j\tiJ nisSr, and him who collects it cj\^^\Lj nisar chFn. I shall conclude this grammar with a translation of the ode quoted in the section upon the Persian letters; see p. 13, If that lovely maid of Shiraz would accept my heart, I would give for the mole on her cheek the cities of Samarcand and Bokhara Boy, bring me the wine that remains, for thou wilt not find in paradise the sweet banks of our Rocnabad,or the rosy bowers of our Mosella. Alas I these wanton nymphs, these fair deceivers, whdse beauty raises a tumult in our city, rob my heart of rest and patience, like the Turks that are seizing their plunder. s 2 132 A GRAMMAR OF THE Yet the charms of our darlings have no need of our ini* perfect love ; what occasion has a face naturally lovely for perfumes, paint, and artificial ornaments? Talk to me of the singers, and of wine, and seek not to dis- close the secrets of futurity ; for no one, however wise, ever has discovered, or ever will discover them. I can easily conceive how the inchanting beauties of Joseph affected Zoleikha 50 deeply, that her love tore the veil of her chastity. Attend, O my soul ! to prudent counsels ; for youths of a good disposition love the advice of the aged better than their Own souls. Thou hast spoken ill of me ; yet I am not offended : may heaven forgive thee ! thou hast spoken well : but do bittei' words become a lip like a ruby, which ought to shed nothing but sweetness? O Hafiz ! when thou composest verses, thou seemest to make a string of pearls: come sing them sweetly: for heaven seems to have shed on thy poetry the clearness and beauty of the Pleiads. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 133 The wildness and simplicity of this Persian song pleased me so much, that I have attempted to translate it in verse: the reader will excuse the singularity of the measure which I have used, if he considers the difficulty of bringing so many Eastern proper names into our stanzas. I have endeavoured, as far I was able, to give my trans- lation the easy turn of the original ; and I have, as nearly as possible, imitated the cadence and accent of the Persian measure; from which every reader, who understands music, will perceive that the Asiatic numbers are capable of as regular a melody as any air in Metastasio. A PERSIAN SONG. Sweet maid, if thou wouldst charm my sights And bid these arms thy neck infold ; That rosy cheeky that lily hand Would give thy poet more delight Than all Bocara's vaunted gold, Than all the gems of Samarcand, 134 A GRAMMAR OF THE Boy, let yon* liquid ruby flow,,. And bid thy pensive heart be glad, Whate'er the frowning zealots say : Tell them their Eden cannot show A stream so clear as Rocnabad, A bow'r so sweet as Mosellay. Oh ! when these fair, perfidious maids, Whose eyes our secret haunts infest, Their dear destructive charms display, Each glance my tender breast invades, And robs my wounded soul of rest, As Tartars seize their destin'd prey. In vain with love our bosoms glow ; Can all our tears, can all our sighs New lustre to those charms impart ? Can cheeks where living roses blow, Where nature spreads her richest dies, Require the borrow'd gloss of art ? '^ i^\X< JaJ vi melted ruby is a common periphrasis for wine in the Persian poetr)-. See Hafiz, ode 22. PERSIAN LANGUAGE. 135 Speak not of fate — ah ! change the theme, And talk of odours, talk of wine, Talk of the flow'rs that round us bloom : Tis all a cloud, 'tis all a dream ; To love and joy thy thoughts confine, Nor hope to pierce the sacred gloom. Beauty has such resistless pow'r, That ev'n the chaste Egyptian dame * Sigh'd for the blooming Hebrew boy ; For her how fatal was the hour, When to the banks of Nilus came f A youth so lovely and so coy ! But ah ! sweet maid, my counsel hear (Youth should attend when those advise Whom long experience renders sage) ; While music charms the ravish'd ear, While sparkling cups delight our eyes, Be gay ; and scorn the frowns of age. ■" Zoleikha, Potiphar's wife. + Joseph. 130 A GRAMMAR, Xcc. What cruel answer have 1 heard ! And yet, by heavn, I love thee still : Can aught be cruel from thy lip ? Yet say, how fell that bitter word From lips which streams of sweetness fill, Which nought but drops of honey sip ? Go boldly forth, my simple lay, Whose accents flow with artless ease. Like orient pearls at random strung ; Thy notes are sweet, the damsels say, But oh, far sweeter, if they please The nymph for whom these notes are sung ! END OF THE GRAMMAR. A CATALOGUE OF THE MOST VALUABLE BOOKS IN THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE. Oxf. The Public Libraries at Oxford. Par. The Royal Library at Paris. Lond, The British Museum at London. Priv. The Collections of private Men. HISTORY. ^Lt>4>j\^_jvo\ t— Q-.:.^.> U-ycJ^ '^^jj lJc^ The garden of purity ^ by Mirkhond. — A general history of Persia in several large volumes. Oxf. Priv. The history of the life of Sultan Acber, by the learned and elegant Abu Fazl. Oxf 138 A CATALOGUE OF ^j^\ c^i^r lj^ A description of the Indian empire, written by the order of Sultan Acber by a society of skilful men. — A trans- lation of this book would be extremely useful to the European companies that trade in India, as it contains a full account of every province and city in the dominions of the Mogul, of his revenues and expences, both in peace and war, and of all the customs and ceremonies in his palace; together with a description of the natural productions of his empire. OxJ,* The actions of Sultan Baber; written either by himself, or under his inspection. — This book contains a minute ac- count of that prince's wars, and a natural history of his dominions. Oxf. The history of Chashmir^hy a native of that extraordinary country. — A very curious and entertaining work. Oxf * It has since been translated into English by Francis Qadwin, Esq. originally published at Calcutta, in 3 vols. 4to. PERSIAN BOOKS. 139 The history of the Hves of the Persian kings, from the head of the Sefi family to the death of Abbas the Cruel, improperly called the Great. OxJ\ The select chronicle. — This work is an excellent history of Persia, and has been translated into Arabic and Turkish. Oxf. A short history of Persia, in one volume, by Khandemir, a learned and agreeable writer. Oxf. The heart of histories. — A copious history of the Persian empire, written in the middle of the sixteenth century by Abdallatif, a native of Cazvin. The book of victory. — A history of the hfe of Timur, com- monly called Tamerlane, written in a most beautiful and elegant style. T 2, 140 A CATALOGUE OF An account of the lives of the Persian poets, by Dawhitshah ofSamarcand. Far, The history of the life of Nader Shah, king of Persia, written by Mirza Mahadi, and translated into French by the author of this grammar. POETRY. Shah nameh. A collection of heroic poems on the ancient histories of Persia, by Ferdusi. See the treatise on Oriental poetry added to the life of Nader Shah, sect. II. p. 248. Oxf. Priv, The works of Khakani, a sublime and spirited poet. Oxf, Priv. PERSIAN BOOKS. Ml The odes of Hafiz: see the treatise above-mentioned. Lond. Oxf, Par. Priv. The words of Sadi ; containing ;^\:x-Ji^or the bed of roses ^ ^Jc^j^ or the garden, and olst^Lo or the rays of light. The two first of these excellent books are very common; but I have not seen the last : they are all upon moral subjects, and are written with all the elegance of the Persian language. Oxf. The works of Ahli ; containing, fj^js^ lawful magic, a poem. ^\VvJ t^ ^^^ taper and the moth, a poem. OoUftj LJc^a book of elegies. oLKi. Ljh^a book of odes. The works of J ami ; containing, among others, L^ A poetical work called Mesnavi, upon several subjects, of religion, history, morality, and politics; composed by Gelaleddin, surnamed Riimi. — This poem is greatly ad- mired in Persia, and it really deserves admiration. Oxf. Priv. ^j\y\ ^\^^ The poems of Anvari, which are quoted by Sadi in his Gulistan, and are much esteemed in the East. PERSIAN BOOKS. 143 t- The works of Nezami ; containing six poems: (j^SLti\3d\j\j^\ the secrets of lovers, ^^Lj CUaA the s even faces- ^j\li J jy^Ji^ the loves of Cos r a and Shir in. from O, Cj and c->, Sec. are for the most part omitted, and these seven letters, \ ^*^jjjj ..'■( €■.%■■ ADVERTISEMENT. . * , yif£ following Index will be founds it is hoped^ oj * considerable use to learners^ and to those in particular who 'tire unprovided with dictionaries. It is not only in- ^ tended as a literal alphabetical explanation and analysis of the extracts and authorities from the various writers interspersed through the Grammar^ but, as a vocabulary, it may be employed to advantage^ by imprinting on the 1 iiChnory a number of useful words. M*may not be improper however to inform those who havefnade but little progress in this language, that, in con- ^'^■^ suiting any dictionary, there is a variety of inseparable particles prefixed and annexed to words, which must be analysed or separated before the meaning can be found : for .ii ^ example^ ,^ \ C^w*^^ which literally signifies to desire is, must not belooked for under the letter L^ but undent, the L^ prefixed 152 ADVERTISEMENT. being the inseparable preposition for^ to, in, jX implying desire, kc. and CU-^ [forC^^mJ\) the third person present of i^^ji to be. it is unnecessary to multiply examples^ but it will save the learner much trouble if he keep in mind, that the prin- cipal of those prefixed particles are, jj\ the Arabic particle the. CJ (or ^ before words beginning with \) the character- istic of the first future, and sometimes of the imperative. &j or i~j the preposition to, for, kc. L^ prefxed sometimes by way of pleonasm^ to which no translation can give any precise meaning, b with. ^ without. J (/^O^) from, with, by, 8cc. C^(for ixT) which, what. M ^^ or ^e*^ characteristics of the present tense. — These characteristics of the present are frequently omitted by the Persian authors. A [or ^ before words beginning with \) the negative prefixed to imperatives. ADVERTISEMENT. 153 *i or (J (s--^ or 0^---^ in the Index\ let him look for f^i^^f^^jj 4j^ ^j)j f-r'j^ At^i t^y-^ /•W jLj ijjy j\ ijLj (j:^^-j^ Sjo J«ys^j ^^**^. ^ c)^.^ **t»x^ JjJ^Jj^ ^^ J^\/^ J^ ^^W cJ^ '^ C>J^ C^-^i^Ls ^_5^.jj;t) (»l5 *-L» ^^! (♦<-^j '■^j'^^j^ c:,.^-'' ^1 j_*isi»^ Ji »- f->^j /*lxJi j^*i^J01j cJ_^ (****■'-' *5j*" /•w aIJ *-Li ^jllaL 5;^ jiy J^ Jo«J Jjy" ^Ij U:^^ ^ J ^ (JLiSi^ b .V.".„.y;,<, t::^'UL'j d^l^Uc f|y^^^ Jjc-L< Jw. .^-^ |*Uj '^^ ^^^J, ^f a^ J^ j»^-3^ *^^ ^J '^IrF -^J^ ^ u-^«^ L^y- ^^^V J t^ Jj^ J ^\ - ^b a^ jcj^i^ j^^' z**^ illi^b ^ (.:>,ir (^y^^ \Z -'-^^ ' j^^ ixLii^ ^U ^jJUy allob -i^\ X»>.s:* i\,':l'^^ c)^ (J^) J [ 155* ] A Description of the City of Agra^Jrom the same, j:*JL^ ^^\i\j CjJ^ ^ ^^ [ 154* ] Lr^J^J lM l)^ "^J^ ^^^-*r-i^ J J>* ij^ ^ L^%-^ j:j j^ ^yy- ^y^ ^J^c^ ^ 3^*-*^ ^ M^y\ 3^
    to txJ:^^.^^ lL>^4X^\ l^Vj^'^ ^-^ C'ty^ ^^-^V^ tc^.?w O^U jjjti^ t^jj^ ^So ^;_j-*^ cj^ Oo)L-j ^Jlc INDEX. c^r Water, fountain: lustre. J\ upon: a cloud. jKJi A. pi. ofji the just. C^SjjI colour, paint, comp. of t-jT water «wc/ C^>Jj colour. JL«j\ A. Absal,/7r(?/?€r name. (J-a3^1 A. Abufazal (father of virtue) proper name. cLn-J^^ a. Abulays (father of the lion)y;r(9/7er name. cJ\ [annexed to words) thy. ;^r fire. U^\ fiery. S\ A. a mark, impression. 4:^w»-\ to plant. jj\jn^\ a. pi. of^i>>A. the eyes. J\y^\ A. pi' ofj^ the noble, free i^j^\ A. or. ^jsJ\ care, grief. (^L-^^ A. a present, favour, benefit. tX-f^\ A. Ahmad (most worthy of praise) a proper name. i^y^\ A.pL of^^^ affairs, con- ditions; secrets. iJ^\ todrdwasword^knifei&c, ^L:iL\ A. choice, liberty ; pru- dence. ^^\ A. end, finally; another. ^jj^\ A. moderns ; posterity. j*^\ A. Adam; a man: a mes- senger. \^\ A. when. _j\'2\ the 9th Persian month; vernal, ^bl fire. ^Jssrt^j!^] the province of Media. j\ bringing, bring ihou^ from , (S\jX or\j\ adorning,/irom V 9 (jfl>J\j] to adorn. a\j\ rest. yjj\ is y/orih, from i^jf^jj^ ^\ may brings from o^^ ^l^i^l A. safety, rectitude. Aj\ Iram, name of a fabulous garden in the East. j\ from. ^ ^\j\ he set. at liberty. rf^^\jX liberty. j\j\ Micting, from ^j3,V)\ to rebuke, afflict, wound. ^\j\[rom that. Wr j\ thence. ^>j\j^ from this. l=»lj\ j\ hence. ^^ jl on account of. ^-^\ ^j^Wj^ temptation, experience, O-^^^^ to try, tempt. 156 ^ j^L^\ from amidst. ^y.j(^^j\ from one another. ^y^\ to sew together. L;\ like, resembling: appeas- ing. (^LjV rest, both from ^J2y^X c^w;\ or c^wl a horse. • V ^|U^^^^ A. hearing, sound. ^Mji ^Ki;:^\ they listened. j\^\ k.pl. ofj^ secrets. (^U->( heaven. ^^yJ\ to rest. {^ [annexed to words) his i^jM a tear. _JCl\ clear, evident. L^u-ijf love, friendship, fami- liarity ; knowledge. c-->^r disturbing, yrc?w. (j^ijli\ to disturb. \ a nest. L^\ya^\ A. confusion, pain. 4-JUib\ A. /?/. o/^ ui^ parts, tracts. J\tX:xt\ A. equality, temperance. :>U:xc\ A. belief, faith. J-a^-^ A. great; greater. jVc-l a beginning. " f^Las] A. pi. o/^^^-Afr branches. (j^ji\ to embrace. _j\^\ A. pi. oJj\£' rivals, jea- lousy. iJlL^\ to cut. lJz^X the sun. i^\Li\ or ^uliijf a bottle; a coffer. ^j:kLi\ to fall. j^\ exalting, yro/w 4:/ik\^\ C-jlwUil Afrasiyab, proper name. (jr\^j)S\ to inflame. jjy^\ inflaming,/A"(7TO the above. ^jt>o^\ to create. ^jjji\ creating,yrom //^^ above. \j5\ or '^\^\ increasing, /rem (jj3£j3\ to increase. (^^l to fill, (^^y-S'^\ now. cnff full. jj\ A. /Ae article the, 1S\ A. but, except. oU:J\ A. esteem, respect. A^\ A. gentleness, lenity (j;Ui-\ A. musical notes. ^jy^^\ A. the mind. L-fl3\ A. a thousand. ^^ sprinkled, stained j/rc)w (j^^\ to stain, sprinkle. ^^Jl A. O God, heaven; divine. 4xJ\ A. the Arab, article pre- fixed to oo aid, strength, hand, fcc. m\ [annexed to words) my. j^^Ucf to prepare ; to be ready. jU«r preparing. j^U)l A. security, mercy; sin- cerity. tX^r he came ; coming. (^4X^\ to come, approach: the coming, approach. (Xi^jtVof coming and going. 158 ^\ (^r that: time: now. ^Ul those. C>i.L)^ to fill. j^aCLj] A. desire, expectation. Ur\ there, in that place. JD^ \ to-d ay. L->^JL^\ to-night. ^iwj^l to learn, teach. jyc\ skilled, teaching. ijrcsyr^\ to mix. 4X-^^ hope. J\^(^s^\ hopeful. j'^\ a prince, noble. &\ti iyj\js>.^jyc\ Amirkh'and shah, proper name. jyoX mixing, /rom (jr^s^f^S ^\ A. or A:f\ stars. C/i^l4X^\ to throw, dart. j\tx31 throwing,yrc>m the above, i^jji^\ within. t^5jo\ little. C:/i^t>o\ to gain, gather ^j^jJ\ to besmear. j^tX>\ gathering, gaining. (_,hi->t>j\ thought, consideration. ^^— Ji thither. iSiiof that which; he who. iSjX or ^ISI then, at that time. C/i^lSo^ to think. (jr^^Sj\ to excite, raise ySS\ raismg, exciting. j\y\ A. Anwar (splendour) proper name. l^\ those. J^^\ A. pi. oj.j^ rivers. (J\ lSj\ orj\ or J he, she, it: his, her, its. ^ijA. jl himself, herself. j\j\ a voice, sound : fame. f^\j\ A. pL of ^\ times. j^J\ devouring, swallowing, Jrom (jritXiJ\ to devour. jjX hnngm^Jrom ^y^^\ V)J\ him, her, it ; to him, Xcc. (jU^ A. pi. of (Jjj leaves. ^jy^j{ to bring. Csij^\ a throne: a manufac- turing village. ^j\ A. pi. of ^j affairs, actions. f^j\ A. first : the beginning. (j^j\ A. forefathers, the an- cients. (j^^j\ to hang. jJjk\A. skilful: endowed with, possessed of: people. CL^t^ (Jjb\ wise. j^] a fawn. 159 U i/\ coming; come thou, from lS\ or \j\ O i sign of the voc. case, aW A. times, days,/?/, of j^^j (^^l:i-*j\ to stand. (^Ulj\ they : their. 3^ o^^ themselves. \yLljl them : to them yy. lS\ O Sir ! ^j^\ A. the right hand. iy\ this. ij^\ these. la»lj\ here. C^<*j\ so, thus j-«-lj\ hither. eilj\ behold. \j A. a gate; a chapter, jb Babar, a proper name. b 160 V UKkXi to play. 2)[i the wind, air ; let it be. u-o ^U zephyr; a gentle gale ; the east or morning wind. i{2)\j wine. _J^ a load, baggage. j^^U Persian. Lfj\} once. . jV playing, play thou, from jU again, anew. UiJL>\y^\j with-hold, keep back. i^jo^\j a player; playing. (^U being, be thou, from ^j2>^ l.tjb a basha, governor. (>JL\j it may be ; it may happen, from ^:>ji jjjt>s--^\j to sprinkle, diffuse. ?^ a garden. (j;Ui.^o a gardener. ijrs^ to weave : to tinge. ^b A. the remainder ; perma- nent. ob fear, care. C^U pure, chaste, clean. jL^U affectionate. ^^\j more pure. ^j-^\ J^\j innocent, unblemished. • ^Ij beautiful, amiable. ^}^lj gentle, pure, lovely. JV a wing : an arm. "iU above, upwards. (j^lj to strain. ^^4V«l> in the morning. 2(>^U fifteen. tX-oJlj five hundred. j*jiU together. 4^J\J it is necessary, /ro/?i j^tNjlj permanent, yrom tJu a foot, and ^b //le participle of (jriti\^ to have. iji^\> to be necessary. C/u^U to accept. ^ he took or bore up. (jl^ fear thou,yr<9m ^i^^j*^^ t,V>*^> he kissed,/r(?m ^j4X— j^ 7/ie ^rj/ L_) appears to be rC' dundant. ^ 161 ^ ^, (/;/. u^^^) an infant. ^ C^r^ for. y^ A. metre: the sea. J;->2r^^ A. the Iambic measure. ij-^ot^^ A. the Trochaic mea- sure. ^y^jj^^ A. a kind of verse, con- sisting of Iambics and Spondees. i^j^j^, A. dual ofy^^ the two seas. \y^^ Bokhara, name of a place. CA^ to boil. >-i^ I would giYQjfrom (jjo-Ls;:^ to give. oo bad. j*t>o bad of me. ^j^ 4>-> to 6>r for these. ^j\i^ know thou. ^ »::.>..^. v \tX) I might have known, yro/7i c/w>b ^jo give thou, /row ^j^b tiojo conspicuously, publicly. j^tVo^ i^i^^ to become conspi- cuous. jjou accepting, yrom (:/i^L\j to accept. o ^ full. ^ the bosom: upon. Oy upon thy bosom. ^ carry- ing, ravishing, /rom ^^X) f^2ijj\j^ to rest. ^2>jJ\j^ I should rest. ^j;4X^\^ to ascend. ^\j^ for, because. i>^\^ arises, comes, from i^Vy a harp, lute. j5^ a ray, splendour. CiriJ[s^ to rise, arise. (j^\:^ to finish, compose. j\Xj composing, completing. 3^\Xj he finishes, performs. (jriJti\^ to raise, exalt ij^ to bear, carry, lead. jJ^y they carry off. ^^ a veil, tapestry. iSj\^^^jj a chamberlain, porter. (j*^j:> ask thou, asking. Jw^y it arrives. j-^ above, on the top i?r bead. j^-«w»j to ask. ^\ Si^,^f^jj we have asked. CU3y he went away. L^jj a leaf; power; arms; ornament; a musical instrument. ^3^ to fill. ijrlL^ to return, recede. iifu*^.L')jJ to ascend, mount. AjU^ a butterfly, moth. jjjj a protector, nourishcr; educating; educate thou. ij^jj^ to educate, nourish. U^jj^ education. Nourish- ment. (^ J without, out of. Jbjj together. Cj^rf^j^ to beware, abstain. j^:^ abstinence, chastity. Lfjj an angel, fairy. j^Ulj^ ruinous, disordered, scattered. jjj^ under, below. j^X they will give up,yrom 162 J^ jj^liu**^ a garden : (jtw-J a breast. C^w) to bind, shut. _j^ a boy, child. ^L— J much, many. (^JJoiLi it blossomed. ^;..\Ct^> let us break. OfeM^ A. sight: prudence. (JliaJ A. lazy ; a miscreant. (Jkj A. vain, fruitless. iXsu after, ^jl j\ 4^*J afterwards. Ucvij second person impera- tive^ from f^2>y0j3 to com- mand, 8cc. 0>-y«-^\^ is to my desire. Oo^US he shall dig, from u^^ J\oSj leave thou. ^ say thou, yrom (j^ ^oSj it shall pass, from Jj but. ^ A. misfortune; without, i^ A. a country, region. (JJj a nightingale. y 163 (J. ii^ but. Ctxij a tiger. (^ A. yes. ^j^^ it shall perishj/r^m ij^j^ ij^J^ therefore. Jll^ mourn thou, from ^;tOU ,tf^ five. ^fUlJ fifty. ^jslj the fifth. JCj binding, compiling ; bind thou. iM*j advice, counsel. (j/UiltMj to suppose, think. ^tMJ can hind, from (jri^ jSJik ,tsi:*) a garden of violets. J>j-^1J showed, /rom ^j3^* : the c_j prefixed seems to be redun- dant. (^3^ to be. L^jJ^^ they were, from ^jJ>^ 2^3^ a little branch. (^^>^2?:^ an excuse. (jio^ a kiss. ^j\:l*^ a garden. Jo-**5y he kissed, from i^f^^rt^j^ (jt>s--ij^ to hide, cover, conceal. ^ an owl. ^^ to the owl f^ji fragrance, smell. Ji^Liy rose-scented. Scent of the rose. 2lj before; the front. ^l »■:'._..) innumerable. j^y^ inconstant ; afflicted. J 1 may see, ^o//i /ro/n L::,.-^ or Lu\ ^^ endless. ^^^ helpless, unfortunate. ij^^j^ to join, touch. \y thee ; to thee. iUUJ harmony, modulation. C^^P A. a tomb. u-^-jy A. order, regularity. (^y thou fearest,yrom. (^U-3\y Xiy A. repentance ; conversion. ij'c^y to collect ; to pay debts. CU-lui A. congratulation. ^3 wretched, empty, naked, poor. j'3 an arrow *. the river Tigris. JO sharp; violent, passionate. ^ a sword. "if ^y A. moisture. U J> A. the constellation Plei'des. W a place. j3U- aninchanter; inchanting. ^W a remedy. (^U.. a fissure, a breach ^J^j L^U. to tear. aU- a cup, glass ; mirror. - a collection. ^U- the soul; a beautiful woman. (^UW souls, friends: lovers c/V^ uV delighting the soul. j^W having life, an animal. (j^n-^ A. the forehead. tXs. A. study, endeavour. \y^ wherefore, why? CUa»..L^ [pi. oU.U^) a wound. ^y^ fortune; the world, globe. i^j^y^ Circassia. - except, unless. i;Ju*^ to leap; to seek, ex- amine. A^L^ an eye. <^4..1^ a fountain. ivjtX^ to taste, try. ^Ujs ..m>^ I have tasted. tXx^ A. a curling lock. j\ J^U- Jalaluddin (theglory of religion) proper name. t>W A. a volume: a skin. Jl^^ A. beauty, elegance. tX,.,n-i,»^ Jamshed,/?rc/?^/' «ame. j-^ A. collection, assembly, troops. {^y^ a garden, meadow. ^J}1^ a verdant plain, meadow. 167 4)^ ^vl*^ in like manner. iSL^ll^ in the same way. «5^u^ in this manner, thus. CC*A. A. or 1> ;^ > a harp, lute. ^^ when [or LK^) like, as. _^ seek ihou^ from cru-.^- ^-i]^ an answer. uly?" young ; a young man. <^\y^ youth. ^\js>^ A. [pi of ^yi*-) jewels, i:^^ how? when. <5^j^ when that. (jij^ Jawini, name of an author. ^^y^ thou mayst seek, from <3ci.. what, which. ^ijs.- leaping, /ri 's what is it? 4X*^ he gathered, /rom ^j^X*^ i^jss^ ^ what dost thou seek? ^y-ri^ x I may gather,yrc/m (j^ A. a condition, state*, a thin,c; ; time present. ^.^-v^A. motion, action; state. A. miprisonment. ^^Jci. A. (/;/. of i!Ju<^.js^) gar- dens. Oojca^ A. news; an accident. jb^^ A. Caution. C-o^ A. motion: a vowel. A. envy, malevolence. ^;^— >^ A. beauty, elegance. C-^-^-law A. followers, troops. ^Ja. A. true; truth, reason. C-^^-JL^ A. sincerity: truly. j*^ A. a decree; wisdom. CU.^^ A. science; a miracle. j»;-5^ A. wise: a doctor, learned man, philosopher, physician. i^^ A. lawful. ^X^^ A. a bath. cX.»^ A. praise. C^:>\j^ A. (pi. of Ll^^W) acci- dents, news. iiS\js^ A. assistance, support: a fortress; eminence, mountain. 0ff\j^ A. (/?/. of CL-^^) neces- saries, necessities: things. oLa. a. life; a portico, vesti- bule. {3n^i- A. {pi. (?/21^) frauds. (J\j^f^ A. Jiving, life; an animal. 1^ j\^ a thorn. j^XL. anguish, resentment. cA^^ to rise. j^lk A. pure, excellent; noble. _Jo\^ A. mind, heart, disposition. (j}j\L. Khakani, name of a poet. C^Uw earth, dust. JIL a. a mole on the face. Jj3U^ A. the Creator. ^\L. a lord, grandee ; an inn. IjLL {pi. ^'\^ sleep; a dream. :>^\ LJ>\^ drowned in sleep. Wl-)\^ the place of rest; a bed. \J\j^ eating, devouring. (jLJ\j^ to be willing; to want. ij\j^ a reader, singer, singing: viands, victuals; a table. ^j4io^»A> to read, sing- i\jk. ask, call, wish for. cj^\^ you will,yrow C-^)^ L_j>^ pleasant, fair, gentle, good. J^j^ more beautiful, See. ^jfSfjjL, most beautiful. iSjj L^j^ fair-faced. ^^ or (J^^ji^ one's self; his. ^..^^ to eat, devour. iX-^j^i^ the sun. 70 b (Ji^j^ sweet; happy. \jLjL, joy be to — LfjjJtijL, sweet-scented. Lfj^jk. sweet-tempered. ^^js>^ blood, j^j^ blood' dropping. 4jyL disposition, temper. (^t>o^ to chew the cud. Jul imagination, phantasy; a spectre : vain, fruitless. JjjL rising,/rcw cj^^\s^ or ^JJJ^L to rise, spring up. LfoJj\^ thou hast risen. -b darkness, night. 2>\^ equity; a gift; lamenta- tion. (j^b to give. j\^ having, /row t^\^ jb A. a family ; house ; town. \j\^ Dara, Darius. Ajb I have, enjoy, possess. 4>o,b they have or hold. ib he had. CA^b to have, hold. p\3 a wound, scar, mark. J3 a net, snare, trap. ^^b a fold, lappet, or lierii^ skirt, border of a garment. j^b knowing: a vessel; sheath. Ub a wise or learned man. ^J:..!)\:i learning, literature. tNLJb they know, from c/u**jb ^b snare, allurement ; a grain : cannon ball. ;jb thou knowest, dost thou know? c/,jbA. dominion, administra- tion of justice. j^ in, above; around: agate. J^ {pi. ofij:^) A. pearls. ^j(^^\j^ to enter. 71 0-bj)j^ to carry in. U^^)j^ to suspend ; contend ; provoke. CUk,^ a tree, a plant. iJ^^\JLJ^ to require, demand. ^^ a wound, pain, torment; dregs. C^^^ right, complete. CU.«j^3 harsh, hard. 3jj 5^.i was betrothed. C.^5o,3 delay. ^S^J^ he beholds, /rom (jrL*)SJj:^ to view, behold. ;^j^ within: the heart; in- trails. l£,^ the Persian language. \j^^ the sea. 4:^\j^.5 to understand. Iijj3 (?r ^^ alas ! C-wj3 the hand. ^^^^:> an enemy. j^5.^ a register, journal ; index. CuLii A. minute ; subtile, small ; a subtilty ; a minute. z2, j^j^ depart from, leave. C^«t-<*\5^3 it passes away. ^^ again: another, jj^ the heart. ji^^ ravishing, dehghtful, comp. of 1^^ and '^J\ participle of Lifj^^^ to exalt, suspend. j^^ agreeable, salutary, camp, of 1^^ andj^ [for '^j^) part, of iif.^-^^ to desire, ask, seek. J\(^^ as mistress ; heart-ravish- ing, comp. of jj3 andj\^particip. of uPJl\^ to have, hold. j*-J.> heart-wounding, comp. of f^^ and jy^ part, of (jr^j^ to burn. u-^*»i33 heart-deceiving, comp. of jj3 and t--^ part of urJu^ to deceive. ^jl503 heart-conquering, comp. of J^ and f^JiS from ^j^tX-Jii^ to open, conquer, 8cc. O time: breath: pleasure. 9U)^ the brain, the palate. ju*.^.> a hriend ; harmony, comp, of m:> breath, 'dudj^from c^Lj to do, make. j^ two. ^^^-^^j^ A. a species of large trees; an orchard: rattles for children. j^^ A. a circle, orbit, revolu- tion: rolling. ^j3 p. far ofF, distant. '^jj^ distance, absence. j«3 sewing, piercing. ^^^ for ^^\j3 twelve. CU*^^ a friend, mistress. Jc»^yi dearer, more friendly. (Xw?^^ two hundred. C-Jj^6>r<0j3A. felicity; riches; a kingdom, state. ^.5 the second. a^ a village; a giver: ten. j^\ fortune, fate, time, world. i^j^^ ii gift, liberality. CUJLA3 fear, astonishment. ^j\ijfe.i a villager. j\y^ ^i icn thousand. iS^ winter, first winter month, December; yesterday. J^:i [pi. ofj\^) friends, famihes, habitations : a country. Oo3 he s?iWi from j^tNj^ to see. j\i>^^ sight. j^o yesterday. S^^ another. \^S^^ again. i^j^^ a collection of an author*s works, chiefly .poetical : a royal court, tribunal of justice. A great officer of government so called. jb A. possessed of, endowed with. J\Wj'3 A. majestic. L^b gold. C^^^U A. tranquillity. j\j a secret, mystery. 9^ a declivity, foot of a hill. '70 ^ C^i\j A. compassion, favour. ^(^\j to drive, banish. Aj a way, path. ^yj Aj to rob, steal, infest the highway. ^^^\j A. fragrant; fragrance. ^V; A. a verse of four lines, a word of four letters. Pj^ A. returning. '^j a cheek, face ; a groan ; the sound of a musical instrument. yu^^A^ a cheek. <5jLj^ A. an embassy; a man- date. ^txJLj^ to cause to arrive. (jrLij to grow; to be delivered. wj A. manner, law, regulation. (X^ arrives, /row ^jtN-^ to arrive. j A. colouring, painting, em- broidery : writing; a letter, cha- racter; arithmetic. ^Ul:-^, Rokncibad, name oj a place, jytj A. [pi. ofyoj) enigmas. f^^ A. he threw ; throwing. ^j sorrow, pain. tVj a wanton, dissolute, drunken person. CiGj colour paint. C^iojlS, many-coloured, va- rious. i:J^j coloured. \«^A. right, competent, worthy. ^jj A. the soul, Hfe, spirit. \j3\ ^j , spirit-raising, from L5"1?J Riidaki, jprc>/7«r name. c)jj^)jjj increasing daily. 174 J^j^j fortune, world, time, an age; wind, air, vanity. jj beautiful. j^\^j more beautiful. OyJ) agrees, from (jjtS-^ to quadrate, agree with. *j) under, below. \jSj because, for. Lj like, resembling. A^Lj a. a shore, coast, bank. (:/ikLj to prepare, make. J U full of jL; preparing. yj^ he makes, both Jrom (^/ikL; 176 j^ a^J^ a composer, performer. m:*^ injury ,oppression, tyranny, •i-U? a cup. threatening. ^Li A. the leg. ^l^tX>4^.i:i-j the injured, af- ^Lj a. a cup-bearer, water- flicted. carrier. jS^ii,^ a tyrant. C^Lj a. a traveller; going. yi^:^^ the wicked. ^Li a year, age. ^\.C»"..P a tyrant. ^Lj a shade. •• (^^yw) to praise. ww-j A. a cause, motive. ^^l^ A- a kind of carpet. ^"^j^ to resign, commit, give j^ A. rhyme, melody; the in cliarge; recommend, charge. cooing of doves; enjoin. ^y=^ A. adoration. Cj-Cmo light of weight. C^v=^ A. disposition, temper. j^\^LXlw bearers of light y^ A. the morning, crepuscule; burdens. inchantment. ^i.^^j-^ to prick. il€js^ or ii^yssf^ the morn- <5^ a soldier, soldiery, army. ing. Jfjo-^ white. . ^ysi^ A. belonging to the -•b ^4X--w3 the morning, aurora. morning. <:>i^l:i-j to take, ravish. ^j:oc^ adversity, danger, po- j^\:i-^ taking ; a country. verty. 4_^wij\:i*^ praise,y/7?/?i ^"^y*^ i^Js^ speech ; a word. ^i^z^ to take. j^ head, end, extremity; love, ^j>fL- to shave, erase, efface. desire: principal, supreme. iiSL 177 J^ -^^ A. a lamp, lantern; the sun. jJ\j^ from beginning to end. jUiL-j lofty, tall; glorious. ^^^\yJ^ to banish to a place, to confine. C/uts^ to mix, compose. C^oi^ an occurrence, acci- dent : a tal&, song, warbling. \^ A. blackness ; melancholy. C:,ruL^ to burn, inflame. f^^j^ I would touch, rub, from ^J2iJ^ to stroke, rub, touch. l£,j--j a beautiful kind of red rose. jy^ in^'dming, from (j^j^ 4X^jj-j an oath. ti^-j towards; a place, part> side. A a A-j three. l^ Soha, name of a star, i^^ tall, erect. ^J^^ the star Ccinopus; name of a Persian author, f^' thirty. ^U«j or ,..M-> three hundred. j»-wj silver, l^-wj the face, colour. C,n.#->-; silvered. pi£j sixteen. ilij a king, emperor. ' (^^jJi^Ui royal, princely, u^w night. cjLw? a. youth. (Jl£j one night. lJcJ^ haste. ^j^li^ or ^i,\l-i; make haste. crii>\::JL to make haste. _Jiti (pi. ^\f^ or\ibjiti) a camel. y^ A. a tree. 5?cH A. strength, force, agility. Owj he was: goings from ^j(^Jii to be, 8cc. > L->L.t> wine. -i ^L«^iOj-ij bashful. l£,L«^io^ bashfulness. C^w-ij to wash. (^^L^ six. C ^>wiM> sixty. ^lyt^ A. [pi. of js\Li) poets, learned men, doctors. «dx-l> A. light, flame, splendour. r JCti a hunter. L^Cti breaking, from eriJ'i^ to cleave, tear, break. C-o^ A. a complaint, ^yiwj sugar. j^,|^^^5Cij eating sugar. (^3^5w to hunt, take, seize. ^ --^^ U chest of sugar. t--J^;X^ sugar-lipped. C/uXij to break, defeat. ^JC-^Xt? Shakastah (broken) the current Persian hand-w riling- (j^JiSiti to blossom ; to admire- t\lX^ they blossom, from the above. i^yJ:^ a flower. U-X^ patient. ^LjCtj patience, toleration. U^ you, your. I>p- U-^ your selves, jli-ts number; numerous. j^lvij ye, you; to you. ^^U^ A. odour, fragrance. 179 L5^ ^"^j,^ to number, enumerate. {^j**^ A. the sun ; gold. n-l-^ij a scymitar. ^4^ A. a candle, wax taper. ^ A. honey, honey-comb. ^^ A. a city; the moon; a knave. \tXw insane; enamoured. jJ:^ a lion ; also a tiger. ^JsyJ^ the top band of a book. ^j\y^ S\\iY2iZ^ name oj a place. ^J^L^^ijxLi the habitation of lions. ^^Uo;^.^ a lioness. JjUj a lion. A A 9 ^ 180 ^^^l}^ Shiieen (sweet, gentle) proper name. JtuivJii of gentle manners. .Ld a. a lord, master, pos- sessor, friend; endowed with. JL^ u-'A^l-o beautiful. J3 Lj^^awL? honest-hearted. U-o A. the zephyr; youth. .^TT*^ or ^Vwo A. morning, aurora. A^^r?*"^ in the morning. ^( Xv/ * ^ one morning. j^ A. patience. ^_j-u^ A. a boy. CU^^ company, society. ^u-2^ A. a leaf, book, pa^e. tXo a hundred. jitX-»tf Sad-dar (a hundred gates) name of a Persian book, J\jib tx-o a hundred thousand. ^^xTlJ-o to expend, employ. L— Ju? A. difficult, severe. > L-ft-o a rank, file; order. \suc A. purity, pleasure. \>^*o A. a calamity. C^yc A. voice, sound, noise. ^^jy^ A. fancy, image, form ; a spectre. ^2>^ Cjijya to feign. \^ A. fasting ; the season of fasting among the Mahomedans; metaphorically the spring. tX-yw» A. hunting; prey, ^J^^ i^.^ to take prisoner, J^f^ A. mind, conscience L*o A. light, splendour. LJtJo A. joy, mirth, festivity. b^^jk^Ja the house of mirth. ui^ A. a border, margin, part. ^ A. a lock of hair. ^Jj^ A. custom, way, manner. 181 {jLs. ^_^-i!b thouaskest,/rom (jtX-Ji^ ^|jil? A. rising, as the sun, j-»l? A. desire, avarice. 4-j^jL A. a circuit, walk. ^jL> a parrot. (^Uji? the deluge. A storm. ^ A. a fold, ply: folding. j^ A. a bird. ^jsiio A. victory. C'l.Jds A. darkness. Sl Oils A. custom, usage. ^j^lc A. a cheek; a tooth; an accident ; a heavy cloud. ^3^Vii A. a lover. CAft-^^i A. two lovers. 4)u5U A. the end, issue, event, success; finally. Jlc A. the world, time; learned. ^jy^ /*5^ enlightener or in- flamer of the world. f^ A. universal; plebeian, public. i^y^^ A. tabbasi, name of a dynasty of Arabian khallfs. ^lxj^U£. a place of worship. Ofu: A. wonder, mystery, ex- ample. (--^af" A. wonder, admira- tion. cJW A. justice. jOo: A. an enemy. J[b^ A. a cheek, face temples. cjj^ A. a wild Arab. ^^•>j^ A. an Arabian inhabiting a city. <5yo^ A. a field, court, area; an empty space : a dice-table. U^jfj^ A. poetry, prosody. jSjS. A. magnificent, incompa- rable. Oj-i^ A. mirth, conversation ; the pleasures of the table. ^3-^ A. love. L^b ^j-t-& fondness. 182 C ^.^* £^S ' A. chastity, integrity; defence, safeguard. yos- A. perfume, ottar of roses. \^ysj:' perfumed, fragrant. <05\ ^lic A. God preserve. oJl^ a. a string of pearls: a knot ; a treaty. (Ja^^ a. prudence, memory, art, knowledge ; a narrative. C^o^ A. punishment, torment. Jlc a. knowledge, science, art. Ulx- A. (pl.o/j^) learned men. ^^ A. life, j^j^ my life. J-^i A. action, operation. ^t-i^ A. amber, ambergris. L--^4M^ A. a ni^htins^ale. Oj-N^l^ A. a spider. L^\j^ A. (///. o/u-^-x) vices. wio\ 2)jj3 to descend. ^J^y (/^/' '4jjj^^) inflamed, lPj)^ lie sells, both from ^jj3 A. splendour. i^i>j[ytjj3 to be dejected. (^ji or L--^^ deceit, from j^oo^ Farldun, name of a king ijnJUj^ to deceive. f^':>j^5 to freeze, congeal. ^jLli scattering,// (>m ^^j^^U^ j^3^-.li to press, squeeze. CU^uof A. eloquence, melody. ^Ui sorrow, complaint : alas ! iS A. consideration, care. Uo^aj ii consider; \^Jo is the imperative of ^i^yt^ f^^ throwing, throw thou, from ^jdcSi to throw, throw away, lay aside. c53i A. heaven; the world; fourtune. fj A. in, into. f^jo^ A. abundance.* he dif- fused. ^J-i an elepliant. i A. a cup, goblet. j(^ A. fate, predestination; quantity; value; dignity, power. ^y A. constancy, consistency, confirmation; quiet. ^jjyj A. contiguous, related to. OoLoJJ (pi. of ^Js--»^) poems, elegies. %-tf3 A. a palace. ^usJ A. a tale; an action. bi^^^f^ A. an elegy, poem. Uji A. fate, death, judgment; jurisdiction. 184 e^ •SjtLi A. a fragment : segment, part. (^jJi^ a cage. 2j«l5 A. [pi, oUx)i) a castle. J3 A. a pen. jS^ a writer, an engraver* Lj>Jij [pi. ofL^) hearts. y^ A. the moon. U^jr^ like the moon. (Jy» A. a word, speech, elo- quence. y^ A. violence, force, oppres- sion; power; chastisement; anger. (j.wLi A. measure; reasoning, thought, advice, argument; a syllogism. j^Li A. station, standing; resur- rection ; confusion, tumult. j*oJs A. Cesar, an emperor. (^ A. as, like, in the same manner. ^ (^jr^^ A. Katlbi (a writer, secre- tdxy) proper name. ^ItioJ^ A like my eyes, comp. of LD like, (j\o^A.\ eyes, and Lf the inseparable pronoun my. (j^l^ to caress. X business, object ; a maker. . «ula^i^ a work-shop, place of business ; the world. J)[)J^ a battle, contest. j^^ expert : one who labours, adjusts, penetrates, brings a thing to bear. Effective. Workmen. ^J(X^\SJK to penetrate, labour^ Sec. ii^JJ^ a caravan. (j^^^ to lessen. (jt^ would! i6[tX a house, hall, gallery, chamber. (j^^ to dig. ^Ji 1^ a curling lock. \^<*xS^ to pass through. iJi^cS to pass : to leave. j^ if: a performer, maker. \p whom ; to whom ? hire, rent. ^4\yjUr sporting, skipping, strutting. ^action, labour, profession ; life. aW {J^^S the circling of the glass. M^ I rmde, from ^j3^ to do, make. 4j3^ the neck. yS a battle-axe, mace. iJ\iS to take. '' ci^ a wolf. A^ warm. Uc^ warmth. (^Uo^ Carmania, name of a place. y^ marriage, nuptials, betroth- ing, a pledge. . . ^^or ^^^lamentation,weeping. iins^S to flee, escape. {j\^S to weep. ji that, which. <^^V^ to perform. (jrJ:jj^ to pass. (j>xy^ to choose; to bite. ^^^ select, most excellent, noble, glorious: bitten. 186 ^Jf (jS a person, any one. j^^ spreading, strewing, yr(?/^ jj^jwS' to spread, strew,scatter. ijr{ ^^^ to break, tear. (J-— i^ breaking,yrom the above. l-lT conquering, opening, Sec. from ^j^Uj to open, discover, con- quer; to rejoice. 4X>l-ti he discovers, from the above. (J\JiS to become t c^^ to kill. cri*....:„s to break, rend. iJisLL^ to scatter, dissolve. ^jvv^Kashmir, name of a place. 2>y^ he has discovered, Sec. from ^j^yi^ to discover, open, con- quer, delight. jyJ^ ?L region, climate, country. A iJiSj, £,\ I have suffered or drawn. lJo the hand, the palm. cuaT he said. ^l::>i^ speech. Jf 187 f;:Jif I said. (j^ to speak, say ; speaking. (jCkj tiiou hast said ; he said. ^ (gul) a rose. Jf(gil)clay. lS^ rose-water. ^ib hair, Jocks. a'^ a word, writing, oration. aIjJ^ Gulandam (rose-resem- bnng,yro/7z J/ a rose, and A(^\ form, figure, 8cc.) a proper name. d^ a diadem, cap. Cnl/ a rose-bush. C^^Jl^ rose-scented. ^lJ^ a closet, cottage, hut. j\^ a bed of roses. ^j\::-J^Gulistan (a rose-garden, bower of roses) title of a celebrated book. L$jyJ^ a beautiful species of red rose. ^^jJl!^ a rose-garden. y J \b3^ rose-cheeked. \iii^ rose-coloured. jjl-lil^ strewing flowers. CU-iLxL a rose-walk ; bower, delightful place. i^y^ rose-coloured. oUTa. (pi. of^) the whole ; universal. The whole works. j^ little; defective; absent. U^jXS to insert, place, com- mit : to loose, liberate. J\^A. perfection, accomplish- ment, finishing. \-^-w*r of little value. jp^ less. jji*^ with little sense. f^ do thou ; doing,/r ^^ or cj'p hatred, revenge, rancour. (^^nTfuU of. LJ-p that these, comp. ofi^ and 188 J J <0'i a tulip. ^Vj'^J* a border or bed of tulips. ^jtXJ^ to move. u^ (/?/. (^\J) a lip; margiih «JJ A. the heart, pith, marrow. L-^L) up to the brim. jCl) an army. (^^SLl^ a conquering army. L-flisJ A. benignity, gentleness, grace, favour, humanity, gene- rosity. ^JjO a ruby, ruby lip. (^5o a lack, a hundred thousand. ^■^..A^ A. for the worship (of God) comp. of 1^ for, and ^ for the Arabic article *i and y^ adoration. (^Uji A. the most precious sort of pearls; beautiful women. (^^ A. a lion. c/^ but. ^JJ A. Layl or «jJJ night. ^JJ Layla, a woman s name. A {annexed to words) my. *Uo A. water, liquor, juice. Uo A. that, which. Uo we; our. 3yL l^ ourselves. 2^iUo female: a woman. jUo a serpent. UUc us ; to us. CU)l^ A. bent, from j^J-.^ ^jiXJUo to rub, grind, polish. (jfc>ol^ to remain. C/uJU) to resemble. Osljl^ theyremain^yrom^jtiJUo A^ the moon : a month. ^j^Uj with . cheeks like the moon. LfjjA^ with a face like the moon. ^L< lunar, monthly; a fish. jJjUo A. inclining, having a propensity. \iU/« lest, by chance. 89 is^ ^^^*«:*^ A. extended, dilated, spread. Cr^j^ do not ask, /rom ^^tV-j^ (Jwio A. similitude, resem- blance. ^yJt*^ A. rhyme. ^j-ia^A. an assembly, banquet. (^^y-^ A. Majnun (distracted with love) proper name. ^-♦^ A. a place where people assemble; a collection, junction. C*.fS^ A. love, friendship, be- nevolence ; affection; company. L^y*s^ A. a friend, mistress; amiable, dear, beloved. (^j^^^s^ A. confined, impri- soned. *vj^ A. a friend, counsellor; spouse, husband, wife; any one who from their station in a family is admitted into the haram or women's apartments. jAsr° A. vile, contemptible^ trifling. r* 190 ^^ j^fl^ A. place, time, oppor- tunity. uV^*^ Muhammad (praise- worthy) proper name. C 'l,ri^ A. affliction, disgrace. j*cz3s^ A. contracted; an epi- tome. C-fti::»ii* A. discordant, confused. {^y^ a magazine, treasury. %jjs^ A. governing; a governor, magistrate. OJw< A. a space of time. 4_^K^tV« A. astonished, dis- turbed. ^^<*vo A. to taste; the taste, palate. \yt me; to me. ^V^ A. [pi. of CU^a^) iavours, graces. ^\j/c A. desire, will, affection. j!i\yc A. (/;/. of J^yt) remedies, plasters. .3^(»r A:>^aman,hcro; brave. ji ^t>j^UL^ to view. (jyL/t A. the east. ^J^i-L/« A. attentive; attention. J^;, C^Ct.^ musk. ^yJ^JL^ smell- ing of musk. i:j'SjLyc musky. ?- or ?^^^-fi^ A. an hemistich; one half of a folding door. ^tX*.c^ A. a source: infinitive. ^-^ Musalla,;?amg oj a place, 0»-^ A. damage, disadvan- tage. c->»W« A. a singer, musician. jy^juc A. an excuse. perhaps, by chance ; unkss. ;3-^ wine. ^iLo a. a sailor. Ltfl^ A. a kingdom, power, possession, inheritance ; an angel. CU3tJu« A. rays of light, ^J^ I: my. ^ja. ^^^ myself..^ Uiil^ A. finished, concluded. Owi8 full of, endowed with. (J}v« A. a house of entertain* ment, an inn; any place where travellers rest at night; a days journey, a stage. ^ycl*^ A. a conqueror, tri- umpher. CL^xk^ A. advantages. ^Ul^ A.* a bird's bill. j\fL^ do not bring, theimperat. of i^^j\ with the negative pre- fixed. (J^jJi*^ listen not, the negative imperative of ^i^^j^ ,^yo A. a wave. <^ 192 ,U ^.-^^>^ A. a cause; an acceptor. i^jr^ ^' nielodious; adjusted, arranged, weighed. A^j^ A. time, season. jj-o^ A. Musul, name of a place. ^j':'>^jy\j A. memorable events ; rare. 193 y Ats j::i\j Nadir ShSh, proper name. JjU blandishments ; wantonness. C^U gentle, tender, delicate. LTJ:>J^ elegant, delicate, amiable. <3cixSjU unblown, unblemished. (^\LJiXi ignorant. ^j*o^ A. a conqueror, defender. ^^0 A. a spectator, superin- tendant. <3iiu a bag (of musk) : the navel. L^\j full of. plaintive, complaining. jj4>JU to complain. Jj a name. \jv«U thy name. y\(X^\J illustrious', a hero, P near. ^Jy A. descending; hospitaliiy. fj^jy A, descent; happeniii^. c c 194 ^j»-nJ a, Niskhi (a transcript) ihe character in which Arabic ma- nuscripls are generally wrillen. j«--M-j A. a gale. (j^\^ to cause to sit down. i^LlJ A. alacrity, pleasure. (^t>oLlJ to fix. (in>..,.^.,» to sit down. L^y^ you do not hear. cn-U sitting, /row C:,ru-lS C^^SKfj^ A. counsel, exhortation. f^%j Nazami, name of a poet. .J ^yk) A. the sight, the eye. jb^ rolling the eyes, ogling. Jiu A. verse ; a string of pearls. f^y^Xyu to call or sing aloud. C v».fj A. a beneht ; victuals. yu beautiful, good ; svyift. Ck,|JO a. music, harmony. , ^^^^ A. soul, self ; breath; de- sire- ^ a. gain, utility. 4>A) A, ready money. (_>iA> A. painting, embroidery. (Ji-> A. a narration, report, copy, translation. y^ a picture, ornament; a beautiful woman. f^^z^\^ Nagaristan (a gallery of pictures) title of a celebrated book. ^z>j subtilties, mysteries. (jjuoyj to view. cjyl> or yJ good. ifS^ or ^Ixj custody, care, ob- servation. ^b preserve thou, imperat, ofii^i^]^^ W showing. ^>J^J€ they show. f^2)j^ to show. \y melody, voice : wealth. mIP ip^' ^f <-r^^) viceroys, Sec. • (j^^\ji to soothe. j\y sooihmgj from the above. ^ 195 (J^j^y [pi- oli/j\y) a favour. ^'^j\y soothing, warbling, from (Jr{^\yi ^\y a benefit. C-o^ A. a turn, change, watch, centinel. ^j^C-oy to relieve guard. J^y the spring, the early spring ; new year. ^y A. the prophet Noah. C^^j^y A. a complaint. 2>y ninety. jy A. light, brightness. jjjy the first day of spring. ^^jy nineteen. (^y drinking, a drinker; any thing drinkable,yrow ^jtX^i^jJ C-wy or (jrity to write. (jriy write thou, /rom /^e above. .j to commit, perform, ' 2;ive a beinsj to. ^l? or ij like, possessing. fjjj A. a leaf c>/a tree or paper, ji^ and from. jo\j it blows, yrom ^i^j^ CU-j^ he, she, it is. (^j like, resembling. Jloj A. enjoyment; arrival; meeting; conjunction. r^j A. situation: action; gesture. vjj A. good faith; a promise. jjj A. but: a prince: a slave. L^ he, she, it; his, her, its. iJUjj a desert; depopulated. j^Vi A. dreadful, terrible. J^ or ^^^^ A. separation, ab- sence. -•js^ A. an assault; impetuosity. vA or ^j^ every : soever. O^ Harat, «flme oj a cily. ^^\^Jb whenever. i^Jb or ^\j^ whatsoever. ^(X^^s^yJb or C^^A^ altliough. \i^Jb wherever. a:^ \^Jb wheresoever. j^r^ ever. ^j^\jb never. iSj^ or i^\Jb whosoever. j\j^ a thousand; a nightingale. (jrl>^ to be, exist. C^JJb eight. ^IhJlA eighty. iii^Jjii eighteen, cuii^ seven. 3\:ii^ seventy. !i^^JlJb seventeen. ^Jb A. whether, but. Jii and»also; together: both. Jb A. [annexed to words) their. ^L.t;\^ of the same nest. (^\^ only. M^\^ directly. /;^v.cS^. ^(S of the same incli- nation. ^y^ of the same banquet. 197 i^j jS-yy-^ lyii^g o^ the same piJiow. i:j\Ls^ in the same way. ^^♦^ orj^ like, as. <*^]^s>^ sleeping together. AtXfA breathing together. j\^^ an intimate friend. C^. *;.,»» sitting together; a companion. it arrives, comes. j«;ij;;t^ I wQnt^Jrom ij-isj ^M....»^ always. jtMjb black; an Indian. j»ISlj^ time, season. jj^ yet. 1^ A. air: wind: sound. ,^ no, never. Li^iX-^ ^ dost thou not know? from c:/uJb ^ ijr^.~^ to lay down. U O! or. ^^ or f^\Aj finding. M^\j 1 may find, both from ^\j remember; memory, re- cord. j\j a friend, mistress; defender; power, advantage. L^\j O heaven! O Lord! comp. of \j 01 and cj, a lord, master. ay^^j eleven. CA>-j\j jessamine. C--ilj he found, from c/iiU to find. Oy>\j a ruby. C^ [annexed to words) thy. tXJ A. the hand; aid^ power, strength. (^^ [annexed to words) their. ^jUj that is to say, viz. W*j prey, spoil, buoty. c5o one. ^^Cj a hero, conqueror; in- comparable ; unequalled. CiC 198 l51:iSo precious, valuable, rare. «U^j^ inestimable, rare. j*4>io one moment, y>^ one or two, a few. X>Jn5o one another. j^ one day, ^ [annexed to words) my. ^j^ Yemen, Arabia the happy, LJuijj Joseph. THE END. Printed by W. Bulmer and Co. Cleveland-row; from the Types of W. Martin, Oriental Type Founder and Printer to the Honourable the East India Company. ERRATA. The following errors, which, (perhaps with a few others), have chiefly arisen from the breaking of the dots in the press, are pointed out for correction. Page 2 line 12, for »• read »- 6 — 6, J J 8 ib. — 17, — 19, t 14 15 — 1, — 4, C^^^ '\jj\^ • 26 27 3, — 18, ^awayb haklman ^awayb haklman 33 34 — last, — 21, 51 — 19, «ib ^ 63 71 81 — 19, 18, — 1, gunchali ghunchah 86 90 22 note — 10, , ~~~" 95 99 ib. 121 123 1, — 7, — - 15, — 19, — 14, — t 125 — 9, ^J^ — ^JV^ 127 157 164 165 166 — 14, — 14, — 13, 21, — - 1, — — X 167 —- 7, jkA». Sx». ib. 181 8, 5, — — .<6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. REC'D LD'IRL JUL 2 2 ml JtilV 3 1988 PEC'D LD-URC QLOCT 1 8 4^0£C^2'y.9*^ 993 3 1158 00707 5897 f^ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A A 000 136 421 5 '\''^fI:}imW ^Miyi