na-<.e^ ^-■■"'1 jj MEMORANDUM. This electrical handbook is one of a series of ten similar handbooks prepared under the aus- pices of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers by the local Reception Committees in the Cities of Boston, New York, Schenectady, Montreal, Niagara Falls, Chicago, St. Louis. Pittsburg, Wash- ington, and Philadelphia. These are the stopping places on the circular tour organized by the Institute for the reception and entertainment of its foreign guests Avho visit the United States in connection with the International Electrical Congress at St. Louis, Septem- ber 12th to 17th, 1904. It is hoped in these hand- books to present short historical sketches of the cities visited and a rapid survey of the power plants and important electrical indiistries along the route. Pittsburg. No. iw9o LOCAL RECEPTION GOMMinEE BOSTON MASS. ELECTRICAL HAND-BOOK THE PITTSBURG ELECTRICAL HAND-BOOK Being a Guide for Visitors from Abroad Attending the International Electri- cal Congress, St. Louis, Mo. September, 1 904 pttBburij Published under the auspices of The American Institute of Electrical Engineers 190^ Copyrighted by the A. I. E. £. 1904 PREFACE The Pittsburg" Electrical Hand-Book is one of a set of ten descrihini;' the electrical interests of American cities including' Boston, New York, Schenectady, Montreal, Niagara Falls, Chicago, St. Louis, Washington and Phila- delphia. These books are prepared especially for the information and guidance of visiting nii'mbers of the Institution of Electrical PLngi- neers. Great Britain and of the Associazione Elettrotecnica Italiana and members of other foreign electrical societies who \isit America to attend the International P^ectrical Congress at St. Louis, and are the guests of the American Institute of P^lectrical Engineers on a tour of visitation to the cities above named. The Hand- Books are prepared under the general direction of the Instituti' 1)}' the local committees in the se\-eral cities. The Pittsburg P^lectrical Mand-Book contains a general descrijjtion of Pittsburg as a manu- facturing and commercial center. The city claims one of the largest electrical manu- facturing establishuK'nts in the world and one which, starting in the earliest years and main- taining its indixiduality antl integrit\'. stands as one ot the oldest eh'ctrical companies of its kind. Pittsbiu'g also is prominent in pioneer work along the piincipal branches of electrical ad\"anceiuent. Man\- of the sxstems which are now most common and the types of apparatus which are most widely used had th(.-ir beginning in this city. Sketches of a number of Pittsburg electrical operating companies show, in the progress made by these companies, the rapid adv^ance- ment in the electrical art, which has con- tributed materially to the importance of the city as a great manufacturing center. The articles which describe other than manufacturing features, such as parks and railroads, the observatory and the Carnegie institute, show that there is much in Pittsburg which is not typified by its smoke. The various parts of this book ha\e been prepared by representati\'es appointed by the interests which are described. The writers in general have not merely considered present equipments and facilities but have taken more or less of a perspecti\e \iew so that their articles are interesting accounts of the steps in the development which have brought about the present conditions. The electrical industry has quickly taken its place among the principal industries of Pittsburg and unless there is to be a radical change in the rate at which progress and growth have taken place, the Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book of a decade hence will take the figures given in this book as the starting point from which to mark subsequent de\elop- m e n t . PITTSBURG LOCAL RECEPTION COMMITTEE Charles F. Scott, Cliairman Past President, American Institute of Electrical En^rineers Consulting: Plngineer, \Vestin liim as a foreigner wiio visits the city for the first lime. George Westinghouse []-:VELOPMENT of an industrial connnunity or of a great in- dustr}- is sometimes the result of the concurrent effort of many men whose individuality is merged in a connnon result. Sometimes, however, there are men whose power as originators and as leaders impress their in- dividuality upon all with which they come in contact. In the industrial development of Pitts- burg and in the evolution of the electrical industrj^ there is a man whose career has been one of leadership and who has expended his best ener- gies in the development of manufacturing companies, whose organization and methods may be taken as ap- proximating the ideal in the new industrial life which has grown up within the ])ast tuenty-tive years. In its, broadest sense the development of modern industry along right lines owes much to the example and the life work of George Westinghouse. George Westinghouse, of German descent through the genealogy of his father, was born at Central Bridge. Schoharie County, New York, October 6, 1846, the son of George and Emeline (Vcdder) Westinghouse. His descent tlnnugh his mother is from Dutch-English an- cestry, and he inherited not only the sturdy character of the lldlland Puritans, hut aNi) their religious tendencies and their capacity f.:, that they justly entitle his name to a hi^h jjlace anion^: the benefactors of the race. PITTSBURG ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES Westinghouse Industries IMOXG the leading manufactur- ing enterprises of Pittsburg, whose products have contrib- uted so largely to the world-wide reputation of the city, the West- inghouse interests occupy a most prominent position. They include the Westinghouse Air Brake Company, manufacturers and original inventors of that brake which, nearly forty years ago, gave such a wonderful im- petus to railroad development throughout the world, and which is now used in every civilized coimtry on the globe where railroads are the means of transportation : the Westinghouse Electric and ]\Ianufacturing Company, makers of apparatus for the generation and distribution of electric light and power, pioneers in the development of the alternating system, patentees and owners of the Tesla system of polyphase power transmission and manufacturers of the largest dynamos the world has ever known : the Westinghouse Machine Company, manufacturers of high grade steam engines, gas engines, steam turbines and mechanical stokers ; the Union Switch and Signal Company, manu- facturers of signal and safety devices employed in the operation of the large railroads of this country as safe- guards to life and property; the Sawyer-Man Electric Company, makers of incandescent lamps ; Westing- house. Church. Kerr & Company, engineers and con- tractors : the Pittsburg Meter Company ; the Nernst Lamp Company; the Cooper-Hewitt P^lectric Company; the R. D. Nuttall Company; the Westinghouse Trac- tion Brake Company; the American Brake Company; the Bryant Electric Company ; Canadian Westinghouse ComiJ.'iny. Limited: the British Westinghouse Electric 34 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book Sawyer-Man Electric Co., New York City and Manufacturing Company ; the Westinghouse Brake Company, Limited, of London, Paris and Hanover; Societe Anonyme Westinghouse of France ; Westing- house Electricitats-Actiengesellschaft of Berlin, Ger- many ; and Westinghouse Company, Limited, of Russia. The various divisions of this group of interests located in the city of Pittsburg and its suburbs, cover an area of several hundred acres and provide occupa- tion for some 20,000 employees. In construction and equipment, Westinghouse workshops represent the most modern development and the latest improvements in tools, labor-saving appliances, operating facilities and general organization. Bryant Electric Co., Bridgeport, Conn. Westinghouse Industries 35 The welfare of employees while at work has been thoroughly considered in the construction of the plants ; ventilation and sanitation have been subjects of careful study and intelligent effort. It is generally recognized among authorities on construction that the Westing- house works may be justly regarded as models for fac- tory builders the world oxer. The total capitalization of the various Westinghouse interests represents approximately the sum of $100,000,- 000 ; the annual output, $75,000,000. These great industries have sprung from small lie- ginnings ; their origin is equally interesting because they have all been created and developed under the guidance of one master mind. As a young man, just past his majority, George Westinghouse laid the foundation for this great in- dustrial structure in a small shop at the corner of Twenty-fifth Street, Pittsburg, where, with less than one hundred workmen, he began the manufacture of the now world-renowned Westinghouse Air Brake, the first patent for which had been issued to him by the United States Patent Office on April 13th, i86g. That same j-ear the Westinghouse .\ir Brake Company was organ- ized, and active work of manufacture was begun soon after. Canadian \Vestin(.rliecured a notable triumph in that it is employed in all long distance plants for power transmission, in many 40 2" he Pittsburg Electrical Hana-Book railway systems which ultimately supply direct current and in central electric light and power stations to such an extent that the output of polyphase alternators in these stations is mi)re than double that of direct cur- rent constant potential dynamos. In the application of electricity to street railway •service the Westinghouse Company has taken a con- spicuous part, culminating in the recent production of a practical and successful alternating current, single- phase railway motor. The little machine shop of 1886 soon became too small and extensions and additions followed each other in rapid succession. The buildings in Allegheny abandoned liy the Air Brake Company were trans- formed into a department of the Electric Company. But more room was needed and in 1894 the first por- tion of the present works in East Pittsburg was erected. At that time the company's pay roll con- tained nearly four thousand names. But its growth had not reached its limit : in fact at East Pittsburg the real development of the company had but begun. From j'ear to year the business grew and additional buildings w^ere constructed : a factory in Newark, N. J., was added for the manufacture of detail apparatus, and more recently, extensive works have been erected at Havre, France ; Manchester, England, and Hamilton, Canada, and the companies of Russia and Germany were organized and developed. Thus from a small beginning in the little shop on Twenty-fifth Street. Pittsburg, in 1869, has grown a great family of industries united in a common parent- age and guided by one master spirit. The various Westinghouse organizations number over 30,000 work- ers, the productions of w'hose hands and brains can be found in every countrj- of the world. Wherever human enterprise and activity have utilized the energy of com- pressed air, steam and electricity, there can be found the products of the Westinghouse Industries. Westinghouse Electric cif Mfg. Co. |APID growth of large enterprises and institutions is characteristic of things American. That rapid development is not inconsistent with solidity and strength is clearly illustrated in the history and by the present standing of the Westinghouse Electric and .Manufacturing Company, the largest of that group of West- inghouse industries whose posi- tion in the manufacturing and engineering world is so com- manding and secure. Organized in 1886 and starting business with a force of but 200 employees, in a factory providing a working floor space of less than 50.000 square feet, this company, under wise and skillful leadership, has gone steadily forward, its progress marked by great commercial courage, farsighted appreciation of industrial require- ments, the highest degree of technical skill, and engi- neering achievements which command the respect and admiration of the w-orld. In the short space of eighteen years Westinghouse ideas have permeated every branch of electrical development, Westinghouse products have been applied to nearly every mechanical industry and the name of the great leader has become familiarly known in every quarter of the globe. .\t the present time the main works of this company, which are located at East Pittsburg, twelve miles east of Pittsburg, in the Turtle Creek Valley, cover forty-seven acres of ground, provide an available floor space of over 2.000.000 square feet and give employ- ment to nearly 9.000 operatives, a large proportion of whom are skilled mechanics or trained engineers. Branch works in .Mlegheny, Pa. : Cleveland. Ohio, and 42 The Pittsburg Electricul Hand-Bcjk Newark, X. J., swell the total number of employees to approximately 12.000. This estimate does not include the closely related industries whoi^e operations are di- rectly controlled hy the Electric and Manufacturing Company ; such companies as R. D. Nuttall Company of Pittsburtj. Pa.; the Sawyer-Man Electric Company of New ^' > h^ \- 'f .A... [»^83 Fl •"! , Storage Casting Warehouse 44 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book prearranged lines and lias fitted in the general scheme originally outlined. In the plan of the buildings, ar- rangement of departments and systematic conduct of the work, there is present a unity of purpose coupled with a loyal co-operation which is bound to bring the best results. The spirit of the leader imbues the entire organization and its inspiration is felt by every em- ployee from manager to apprentice. A centralized re- sponsibility directs and controls, competent assistants execute, and trained and skillful artisans perform the varied operations of manufacture. Implicit obedience to authority is demanded and cheerfully given, but each operative is granted a freedom of action and method commensurate with his ability and responsibil- ity. There is no suppression of the individual but each working unit is developed and encouraged to the utmost endeavor. All are working to a definite end in an harmonious and honorable relation. A general view of the works is shown as the frontis- piece. The main machine shop, which measures, ap- Largre Punch driven by a Type C Induction Motor Westinghouse Electric ijj Mfg. Co. 45 proximately, 1.200 feet in length by 300 feet in width, is divided into four parallel aisles or bays, each form- ing a distinct section or department designated by let- ters : — section A, section B, etc. Eacli section is organ- ized and equipped for the production of work of a par- ticular character. Section A, located on the extreme left as one enters the building, is devoted to the manu- facture of street railway motors, both alternating and direct current : section C to the production of alter- nating and direct current generators and motors of capacity less than 100 K\V, and in sections B and D larger machines are constructed, the latter section esoecially being equipped with tools of gigantic size capable of handling heavy material of large dimensions. Each bay is equipped with overhead electric cranes which traverse the entire length of the building. The cranes vary in capacity from ten to fifty tons. Ill all departments production is carried on with a minimum handling and transportation of material. The arrangement is systematic and progressive. The raw Insulatins: a Single Coil tor an Air Ulast Transformer Weighing: a Large Casting H'^cstinghoiiH' Eire trie o Mfg. Co. 4J material or rough casting enters a department at one end and passing through successive stages of manufac- ture is carried steadily forward to final assembly and test. The completed machine is prepared for shipment in the department in which it is constructed, the large apparatus being there mnuntcd upon the railway cars. For this purpose tracks of standard gauge enter every aisle and a number traverse the entire building. Riiikciis Motor Dcpartmnit A more detailed consideration of one section will il- lustrate the systematic progress of the work to which reference has just been made. To section A. in which railway motors are constructed, are delivered the rough castings for the frames, armature spiders and gear cases ; rough forgings for the axles ; sheet iron punch- ings for the laminated cores : finished commutators : finished brush holders ; and completed armature and field coils. The rough forgings, castings for the spiders and iron punchings are received at the south end of the section : the shafts and spiders machined ; the laminated cores are built up upon shaft or spider, according to the size and design of the armature ; the slots are made true, and the fini-hed cores are delivered to the wind- ing department where the coils are put in place. The commutator is next mounted, the coils connected and the armature completed. As the work progresses step by step it gradually advances up the aisle toward the assembling and testing department in the center of the section. At every stage of its progress it is subjected to the close inspection nf experts trained fur this par- ticular duty and each and every part tested during con- struction and when complete. Simultaneously with the processes just described the rough castings for the frame? and gear cases are re- ceived at the northern end of the section and. passing through the milling, boring and drilling machines, are gradually worked down the aisle to meet the completed 48 The Pittsburg Electrical Ha /id- Book W inaiii},' .>ireft k;iii\vay Mdtor .Vrniatures, Section A armatures in the assembling department, where field coils, brush holders and bearings are mounted in place, the armature inserted and the completed motor turned over to the testing experts and thorough]}- tried out for temperature rise, insulation strength, speed regulation and general operating characteristics. As with the ar- mature, so with the field, each stage of manufacture is carried on under the eye of trained inspectors and each part subjected to repeated tests during construction. After test the completed motor is painted and pre- pared for shipment and transferred across the shops over the tracks of an industrial railway operated by small electric locomotives, and delivered to the ware- house just east of Section D. Other Sections Storerooms are provided in each department for the material in immediate demand, supplied from the gen- eral storehouse to which all material is delivered and in which it is held till drawn out to fill a particular shop or manufacturing order. Many of the tools in this, as in all departments of the works, are specially designed U^estiiighouse Electric ■:jj' Mfg. Co. 49 for particular operations. Multiple spindle drills cut all parallel holes in the casting in one operation. Motor fields and bearings are bored out together thus insur- ing absolute alignment. Some machines bore two motors at the same time. Several castings are mounted together on one machine and milled ofif or planed true simultaneously. Everything possible is provided to re- duce labor, minimize handling and insure accuracy and the e.xact duplication of parts. In all this work elec- tric cranes play an important part. They traverse the entire section and expedite nearly every process. In section C. which is devoted to the production of smaller machines other than railway motors, the various manufacturing processes are much the same as those just described, but in sections B and D where large ap- paratus is constructed there is, of necessity, more vari- ety and less duplication of operations. The same sys- tematic progession of the work is maintained here, though the testing departments are located near one ■-cction 1) 50 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book end of the aisles. As the large machines are not de- livered to the warehouse but are loaded on the rail- way cars within the section, it is here literally true that the raw material enters one end of the building and the finished product is shipped out at the other. The thirty-ton traveling cranes in section B and the fifty- ton cranes in section D make the handling of heavy material a matter of simple routine. In section D ha\e been constructed the largest gener- ators in the world, the dynamos now operating the ele- vated and underground railw'ay systems in New^ York City. During their manufacture a method of procedure Turning Down Field Spider for 5000 K\V Generator new to machine shop practice was devised and the tran- sit introduced as a means of setting work and tool in true alignment. The piece to be machined was mounted and set true on the surface bed plate. A center column was next located in exact relation to the work by the use of a centering gauge and secured to the floor plate where it remained throughout all the operations on a particular piece of work. On this center column the dividing instrument, which is of somewhat special con- Westiiigh'juse Electric i?" Mfg. Co. j/ struction, was mounted and the correct position of the zero divison of the dividing circle determined by means of the telescope. Straight edges were then secured in such positions that their front edges were in exact alignment with what were to be the finished surfaces, their precise location being found by use of the di- viding instrument. By means of these straight edges and the dividing instrument the portable tools neces- sary for the various operations of slotting, planing, drilling, etc., were mounted in e.xact position on the floor plate. The accuracy of the method is illustrated by the fact that the variation in the alignment of the vertical joints of the eight generators constructed for the Manhattan Elevated Railway did not exceed three hundredths of an inch. The frames of these machines measure over forty-two feet in height and consist of six parts. A complete generator, without shaft, weighs over one mil- lion pounds. Many of the tools in this department are portable, each driven by its individual motor and connected to the distribution system by flexible cable. In many cases a heavy casting is mounted on the floor and the tool brought to the work, reversing the usual procedure of mounting the work on the tool. Frequently two or more tools are busy on a casting at the same time, cutting slots, drilling, or whatever the work liiay be. The 5.0C0 K W generators just mentioned are still remarkable for their mechanical size, but they will soon be surpassed in capacity, for turbine type alternators of double their rated output are now under construction and will shortly be placed in service. .\s the output of the unit increases approximately as the total output of the works, a record for bigness is held but a short time by any individual machine. The winding department is located in one of the gal- leries. Here are prepared the form wound coil? for generators and motor fields and armatures of all types, together with coils for transformers, instruments and j2 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book other apparatus, large and small. This section also in- cludes the insulating department in which mica and otlier material is prepared and applied to the finished coils. Much of the winding and insulating is perforniL^d by girls who are found particularly deft and skillful in work of this character not too heavy for their strength. This department has its own shop where the forms or molds are made, on which the coils are shaped. The remaining space in the galleries of the main shop is devoted to the manufacture of small transformers, brush holders, commutators, controllers, automobile motors and other detail apparatus. Each department has its own testing room and corps of inspectors and every finished product is prepared for shipment in the department in which it is constructed. The warehouse building adjoins and parallels section D from which it is separated by a heavy fire wall. The warerooms occupy two floors but do not e.xtend the en- tire length of the building, the southern e.xtremity of which forms tlie power-house from which current is de- livered to the workshop just described. The second floor of the warehouse is now devoted to the manufac- ture of switchboards, rheostats, starting boxes, railway diverters and like apparatus, but these departments are One of the Drawing: Offices Westinghoiisc Elcctrit ii/ Mfg. Co. jj .S()00 K\V (Jenerator in Course of Construction soon to be transferred to the new building recently completed. The several departments thus far considered are all under one unbroken expanse of roof in a single building measuring, api)ri>ximately. 1,200 feet in length by 37,3 feet in width and containing a floor space of 800.000 square feet. Immediately south of the warehouse building and across a short intervening yard, which is traversed by an overhead crane, i> the Punch Shop in which are prepared the sheet steel !aniin?e so largely used in the construction of electrical apparatus. The steel sheets are here received, annealed and treated by processes known only to the company's iron experts and punched under heax >■ i)re^ses into the many forms required for the various products of the works. The building is a Iwo-story structure and measures 418x76 feet. South of the main machine shop, located in sepa- rate buildings, are the Brass Foundry, 4:8x76 feet; the Blacksmith Shop, .'43x83 feet: the Oil llon-e. 89 x _'i 54 The Pittsburg Electrical Ha /id- Book feet, and the Sheet Steel Storage Building, 368 x 41 feet. Across the rear of these buildings and overlap- ping the new East Shop there extends a large crane shed used as a receiving and storage department for castings and other heavy material. This building measures 603x213 feet. The Carpenter Shop, an irregular building with a floor space of 39,360 square feet, is located behind and to the left of the crane shed. The Standard House and Record X'ault are across the street west of the main building. The East Shop Tile new East Shop is completed and is now heiny: equipped. It will relieve the congestion in many depart- ments of the older wurks and increase tlie producti\e capacitv nf the company over fifty per cent. The neW' shop is entirely under one roof and is said to be the largest single building in the world wholly devoted to manufacturing purposes. Its total length is 1,658 feet, nearly one-third of a mile. In general A Working Corner in the Standard House Weitiiigkousc Electric c3' Mfg. Co. ^j tiirm it is -iniilar to tlic older shops, and consists of a high central hay flanked on either side by aisles which have both ground and gallery tloors. The central sec- tion extends the entire length of the building and is without obstruction other than a drawbridge which con- nects the two gallery floors and which may be raised or opened to let a crane pass with its load. This draw- bridge is thirty-three feet wide and seventy feet in length, that being the width of the central bay. The new building contains a total floor space of nearly 700,000 scjuare feet, most of which is directly available for manufacturing purposes. Seven bridges of various widths from sixteen to sixty-four feet connect the East Shop to the older buildings. Five of these bridges are on a level with the gallery floor and allow the passage underneath of interworks and freight trains. The other two are over the power houses. In the arrangement of departments economy in manu- facture and a minimum transportation of material have been the two chief items of consideration. The lines of manufacture for the five new sections are, in general, as follows : Tlie Industrial Railway 5(5 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book Section P, running soutli from the power-house, as indicated in the diagram on another page, is utilized for the development and manufacture of transformers of all sizes and types, static interrupters and such ap- paratus. The transformer testing department occupies the entire width of the section for a distance of 192 feet, immediately south of the power-house wall, en- closed on all sides by fire walls with arched ceilings, and is, therefore, as nearly fireproof as possible. Within this department a space has been alloted for ex- perimental determinations, including a reservation, en- closed within partition walls extending from floor to ceiling, for tests on detail apparatus designed for high tension service. Between the east wall of the boiler room and power- house, separating them from section R, provision has been made for the erection of twelve towers arranged for the treatment of insulating material by a continuous process. The portion of section P south of the power-house will be occupied by the tinning, pole piece and cutting off departments, the last named being a new division in which it is nropo^ed to cut cold rolled steel, axle steel and tool steel for all departments of the works re- quiring material of this character. The high central bay of the new building will be equipped for the production of alternating and direct current dynamos and motors, rotary converters and other apparatus, with the exception of street railway motors, having rotor and stator elements, of capacity 100 HP up to and including machines having a maxi- mum internal bore not exceeding six feet. This will relieve the main aisles of the older shop of the smaller apparatus and leave them free for the larger work, to which their equipment is especially adapted. By making a definite diameter of maximum bore of the stationary part the dividing line between departments, the maximum size of the machine tool equipment of the new section was immediately determined. I. 1,(10(1 K\V :i(J(l(l Alternation Turbo-Generators II. Sinirle Shipment of 21 Cars Loaded with Westingfhousc Product III. Knk'ineerinsr Apprentices in Dynamo Testing Department 5M 11 i^ Main Office Building, Westinghouse Klectric & Mfg. Co. lighting, railway and power service. The many styles, types and sizes run up well intu the thousands. Few manufactories turn out so varied a product. The enor- mous proportion of the work is indicated hy the aver- age daily production of generators and motors alone which reaches an aggregate capacity of over 5,000 KW. Such results necessitate a large and thoroughly equipped [)lant and a thorough, united and resourceful organ- i/atinii; nil ire especially as tiie niaiuifacturcd product is not only greatly varied hut is also suhject to rapid cliange of form and type. Standardization has been carried far. but new devices, modified forms and im- proved construction are still constantly introduced to a ready market quick to appreciate advance and improve- 64 The Pittsburg Elcc tried/ Ha/Jil- Book Assembly Hall. Electric Club ment and accustomed to find the latest and the best under a Westinghouse nameplate. Among the more recent notable achievements of this company in the line of new and improved apparatus may be mentioned the >ingle-phase railway motor, the unit switch system of multiple control, the turbine type generator, the static interrupter, the M. P. lightning ar- rester, the tvpe A wattmeter, the new arc lamps, both series and multiple, and the series arc regulator for alternating current circuits. Working For, The rapid development of new and the modification of older apparatus adds greatly to the difficulties of the manufacturer and necessitates an organization of flex- ibility and power, including an enthusiastic, loyal and well-trained working force. Without such a force a modern equipment is of little avail. A good tool can Westinghouse Electric i^ Mfg. Co. 6§ accomplish little in the hands of a skilless artisan. With highly developed system and facilities there must be joined a highly developed force of men, thoroughly dis- ciplined and skillfully led. In few industrial establishments can there be found so hearty a spirit of co-operation and so kindly a feeling between fellow workers and so loyal a devotion to the company and its interests as are characteristic of this " Westinghouse family," as it is often called. All are parts of one grand organization in which each takes pride and for which each wfirkcr feels a personal re- sponsibility. Fair and generous treatment is accorded to all and full credit granted for every merit made evi- dent by work. Every facility is provided and every employee encouraged to develope the best there is in him. Wage System In the payment of employees the company follows an enlightened policy by which the operative profits by putting forth his best endeavor. Wherever possible the Premium System is applied, based on a fixed time for the performance of a given operation with a sub- stantial reward to the workman, in addition to the regu- lar hourly wage, proportionate to the time saved. If, on the other hand, the time taken for a given operation exceed the time limit fi.xed. the employee is paid for his actual W( irking time at his regular hourly rate, so he always makes the full time value of his working hours and may in addition gain a premium by working more rapidly. That the .system may be effective and carried on in good faith a promise is made that a time limit once fi.xed will nni, ( >ftiLe Huildina: II. Corner in Office III. Dinintr Hall, Casino 70 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book thorough examination at the start rather than learn hy trial that an applicant is not qualified to perform the services for which he is employed. Foremen of the departments are consulted hut the final selection of new men lies with the Employment Department and on it the responsihility rests. Whenever a workman is engaged, an employee's cer- tificate is made out recording the name, birthplace and age of the applicant, his previous experience, and such other information as may be obtained. On this certifi- cate is also kept the history of the employee as long as he remains with the company, showing transfers from one department to another and other data of value as a determination of individual efficiency and faithfulness. If for any reason it becomes necessary to reduce the force in anv one department the employment bureau is notified and efifort is made to place the operative in other portions of the works. Apprentice S\stem As the future strength of a community is in its young men, so the development of an efficient working force depends in a large measure upon its apprentice system. This company has had in force since 1896 a carefully One of the Drinking Fountains Westmghouse Eiectric cif Mfg. Co. j i arranged system which provides for two classes of ap- prentices, those without preliminary technical training, called Ordinary Apprentices, and those who are graduates of technical schools, called Engineering Ap- prentices. For the first class a course of four years is provided with pay ranging from five to fifteen cents per hour, according to length of service. During this time the apprentice learns thoroughly that particular branch of the work for which he seems to be best adapted and becomes in the end a skilled mechanic, or, if of excep- tional ability, an inspector or foreman. The Engineering Apprentices, each of whom has already received a technical degree from some college or university of standing, serve through a two years' course with pay running from sixteen to eighteen cents per hour. They are driven a wide range of work en- abling them to get an insight into all branches and methods of manufacture, serve for a time in the draughting room and on the testing floor and, as far as possible, are made acquainted with the business methods of the company. In this way a body of trained men is developed from which are drawn engineers, designers, constructors, salesmen and men for almost all positions A Fi'W Hnj^inc(.'tin(,r .Xppit-ntices J 2 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book of responsibility at the company's disposal. At the present time there are about 200 such apprentices in the works. That the training is of value and appreciated is evidenced by the number of applications for entrance to the course. The waiting list contains the names of many graduates of our universities and colleges who are anxious for the opportunity to enter practical engineer- ing in so favorable a way. Educational and Social Features The company believes that it is good business policy to promote the educational and social advancement of its employees and has found that effort in this direc- tion is fully justified by results. Chief among the agen- cies established to this end is the Electric Club, an organization of 500 members gathered from the office, engineering and apprentice forces of all the Westing- house Companies in the vicinity. The home of the club is adequately equipped with library, containing the more important technical journals, class rooms and assembly hall with seating capacity of nearly 300. The object of the organization is both educational and social. Lectures and discussions, elementary and ad- vanced, for the consideration of electrical and general engineering subjects are held nearly every evening. These meetings are usually under the leadership of en- gineers from the regular engineering staff of the com- pany. From time to time non-technical lectures are also given by prominent men within and without the company's organization, 'ilie local branch of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers holds its monthly meetings in the rooms of the club and these meetings are open to club members. The cost of mem- bership is small. Every two weeks entertainment of a social nature is provided under the guidance of- a com- mittee of ladies, chosen from among the wives of the company's engineers and officials. The apprentice sys- tem draws men from all over the world who are, of Westinghouse Electric ^ Mfg. Co. yj necessity, living away from liome. It is the endeavor, in so far as possible, to promote a wholesome enjoy- ment of life amid pleasant and rehniny- influences. The attendance at these entertainments and the work done in the lecture room indicate a thorough appreciation of the club's advantages. It plays a prominent and useful part in the life and training of the growing engineer. The club maintains a monthly illustrated magazine, the Electric Club Journal, for the immediate purpose of putting into permanent form the engineering papers and technical discussions which form a regular part of its activity. This Journal is unic|ue in that it is prepared precisely and definitely for the ynung electrical engineer, by men close to him who appreciate his qualifications and his need, and under. the guidance of engineers of experience and world-wide reputation who are in daily touch with the advanced engineering practice of the day. Though Init a few months old the Journal already ranks high among technical magazines. For the shop forces and those desiring more ele- mentary instruction, a Casino has been erected near the works and classes established under a corps of six in- structors. The average attendance at these classes is now over lOO. The courses are divided into two terms of about five months each, tw-elve hours per week. They embrace the elements of mathematics, English, technical science and shop practice. 'I he cost to the student is but two dollars per month. The classes are filled with men anxious to learn and alive to the prac- tical value of technical instruction. The Casino building also contains bowling alleys, bil- liard table- and Innrh ri>(nns, all nf which are well attended during ndnuorking hours. To the management of the cnnipany it has not seemed wise to enter directly into general beneficial or pension organizations, but it has been thought better that such matters should be handled by the employees themselves through properly coiiducted and liberally assisted asso- ciations. .\mong such organizations may be mentioned 7^ The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book Inter-Works Line connecting various Works at East Pittsburg, Wilmerding and Trafford City the " Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Com- pany's Beneficial Association," and the " Foremen's As- sociation." The former is open to any employee of the works and, on the payment of a small initiation fee and a monthly due of fifty cents, guarantees a weekly in- demnity of five dollars per week for disability and a death benefit of two hundred dollars, one-half of the latter being paid by the company. This association numbers about i,ioo members. The Foremen's Association has between 200 and 300 members drawn from among the foremen, inspectors and chief clerks in the various departments of the works. Its objects are both beneficial and social. On the theory that close acquaintance leads to better understanding and more cordial co-operation, the com- pany maintains two beautifully furnished dining rooms on the sixth floor of the Office Building where the executive officers, managers and representatives of each department daily gather at the noon hour for a substantial lunch and a free interchange of ideas all the more effective because it is unofficial. These dining- rooms have done much to promote the harmony and Westinghouse Electric Ijj Mfg. Co. /J kindly spirit of helpfulness so characteristic of this organization. The East Pittsburg Club is conducted by the com- pany to provide suitable dining quarters for its large engineering and commercial staff. Comfortable lunch and rest rooms are also provided for the women con- nected with the various offices. The foregoing description has attempted only to give an outline of a great organization, a glimpse at the life of a giant industry. Modern methods, tireless activity, systematic effort, a happy and contented force, wise and fearless leadership, are here found at their best. The works and the organization but reflect the qualities of the man that made them, whose name they bear — " By their fruits ye shall know them." Employees Waitinsr for Home Train An Epoch Making Experiment .'-^'^ ri .- * HE following account of the " Lawrenceville Test " is taken from an article by Mr. Lewis Buckley Stillwell, Electrical Di- rector, the Interborough Rapid Transit Co. of New York, en- titled '■ The Development of Electric Power Transmission," appearing in Cassier's Magazine for June. ■' In October, 1886, in a small room on the top floor of an old house in Pittsburg, Pa., three hundred incandescent lamps were lighted continuously for a period of about two weeks by alternating current, transmitted a distance slightly exceeding two miles, over a single-phase circuit, comprising two copper wires of No. 4 B. & S. gauge. The potential used was 1,000 volts, the frequency about 130 cycles per second, and the lamps were connected in parallel to the secondary circuits of half a dozen transformers. The ratio of transformation was 1,000 to 50. " This was the first instance, in America at least, in which alternating current was used in transmitting elec- tric energy beyond laboratory distances for the supply of translating devices connected in multiple arc. The alternator used to supply the power was driven by belt from a line shaft, to which a high-speed automatic en- gine was connected, and this generating plant was located in a shop of the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company on the banks of the Allegheny river within a mile of the site of old Fort Duquesne. " It was the writer's fortune to be detailed to watch those lamps during twelve hours out of every twenty- four during the test — his first practical experience in An Epoch Making Experiment ~~ applied electricity — and he vividly recalls the keen in- terest with which everybody who had anything to do with the work observed the results. In the history of American industrial progress the Law'renceville test, as it has been called, was an event of no little importance. To Stanley and Shallenberger. for the technical skill and for the patient work which produced the apparatus, and to Geosge Westinghouse, whose far-sighted enter- prise realized possibilities at that time scouted by others, all those who now are deriving benefit from the wonderfully extended use of alternating currents are under an obligation which they should gladly recognize. ■' Prior to the Lawrenceville test, distribution of elec- tric energy to lamps or motors had been accomplished by continuous-current systems operating at potentials of 1 10 to 220 volts. The three-wire system in\ented by Edison, permitting the use of a potential of 220 volts, was coming into use for general purposes in the larger cities, and was regarded as the highest potential available for such work. The general significance of the results of the Lawrenceville test was keenly rea- lized : but the difficulties encountered in attempting to develop single-phase, alternating-current motors, capa- ble of operation at the high frequency then used, prac- tically prevented frc.. . . X'erticai Cross Com- j)ound I I. eg .Manhattan .... Horizontal X'erticai Cross Compound.. 1.23 l\a])i(] Transit.. Horizontal Vertical Cross Compound. . 1.45 Max. •42 ■74 •79 .82 •93 A most important branch of the Ea-^t ritt^l)urg in- dustry is that devoted to the manufacture of gas en- gines. .\ttracted by its superior thermal efficiency. The Westinghousc Machine Company in the early 90's took up its development, and in 1896, introduced the type into which experimental development work had crystal- 94 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book Power-house Westinghouse Maeiun lized. viz : a multi-cylinder vertical, single-acting, en- closed type engine, working on the Beau de Rochas or four-stroke cycle with constant quality of explosive mixture. In opposition to the established precedent of hit-and-miss governing, the engine was equipped with a centrifugal governor proportioning to the load on the engine the quantity of mixture at every inspiration stroke. This improvement led to the adoption of the engine for generator driving, and today this applica- tion constitutes its most promising field for future de- velopments. Engines up to 1,500 Brake HP have been built, and one of double this size is now under con- struction. Natural, Coal, Blast Furnace and Pro- ducer gas have proven entirely suitable for power pur- poses, yielding about the same thermal efficiency, viz : 10,000 to 12,000 British thermal units per Brake HP hour. The problem of the successful operation of A.C. gen- erators in multiple by gas engines was for the first time in America solved upon a practical scale in the power-house of this company and also in that of the Union Switch and Signal Co., Swissvale. Thi-; has Westinghouse Machine Co. 95 opened the vast field of A.C. power work, resulting in the development of the Westinghouse heavy duty double-acting gas engine. Built both horizontal and vertical, according to requirements, and embodying many features of established steam engine practice, this type represents the culmination of advancement in the utilization of gas power. The engine is built in either tandem or cross tandem arrangement, the latter with cranks set at 90° angularity, thus giving four power im- pulses per revolution. Cylinders, pistons, combustion and valve chambers are water cooled, and starting is accomplished by compressed air stored in tanks. This type has proven suitable for direct connection to engine type A.C. generators of the usual frequencies. In San Luis Potosi, Mexico, a model gas power plant recently commenced operation with three 250 HP three- phase units using producer gas. It serves the city with light and power. The awakening of the interest of the American engi- neering public to the advantages of the steam turbine is now an interesting historical fact practically identi- fied with the beginning of the present century. Through the indefatigable efforts of the Hon. Chafles A. Parsons, the turbine had won a permanent standing in English territory, and in iSyfx manufacturing rights 1 j|wmH|| m^s-^^^^n^:^ ^^0^^m Multi-Cylirnter (las Engines on Testing; Floor g6 The Pittsburg Electrical Ha/ui-Book Corliss Erecting Bay were acquired by The Westinghouse Machine Com- pany. Dating from the first installation in 1899 at the works of The Westinghouse Air Brake Company, the Westinghouse- Parsons turbine has, within a period of five years, been introduced to the extent of 200,000 HP in American and British territory, and the output of the Parsons type of all builders' approximates a .total of 60,000 HP.*^"^"> Realizing that the most important field of the turbine lay in the generation of alternating current electric Westinghouse Machine Co. gy Horizontal Double-Actingf Gas Engine power, tlie operations of the company have been, up to the present time, confined to this field. The turbo-generator has thus been developed simul- taneously with the American Parsons turbine, and starting with a unit of moderate size — 400 KW — the sizes manufactured have gradually increased simul- taneously with the increase of confidence in the turbine until at the present time turbine power units ranging up to 5.500 KW capacity are being manufactured. Eleven of these units are in various stages of com- pletion in the American and British factories. The ad- vantages of the turbine are too w'ell known to require comment here, but closer acquaintance resulting from a visit to the shop cannot fail to further emphasize its extreme compactness, its simplicity of construction, the facility with which it is erected and operated, and the economy which it shows under test. The construction of the Westinghouse product is also no secret. A visit to the shop is further profitable by a more thorough knowledge of details: The simple nietiiod of blade mounting: the water-sealed packing glands sur- rounding the shaft : the automatic speed limit, the automatically controlled secondary valve, enabling tlie turbine to carry enormous overloads; the oil cushioned journals employed on smaller sizes: the construction of the rotating field of the alternator ; and the methods of obtaining brake and electrical tests. 98 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book The testing department justly forms a most im- portant part of the manufacturing equipment, in that the results obtained convey precisely the information desired of a prime mover, viz : the steam consumption per unit of useful work done at the shaft or generator terminals. Tests are regularly conducted from zero to full and overloads under steam pressures up to 150 lbs. with superheat from zero to 300° F. and vacua ranging from 29-30 of the barometer reading down to atmos- pheric pressure. The followinir results obtained upon a comparatively small machine — 400 K\V — will give an indication of the progress that has been made by the turbine : 180' Super- heat 100° Super- heat Dry Stea.m Load BHP Steam Pressure Lbs .... ^'acuum in. (30'') Superlieat Deg. F Water per BHP hr 763 •51 27.9 182 II. 17 592 154 27.9 181 11.45 759 150 27.95 104 12.07 595 156 27.9 109 12.41 728 153 27.9 593 154 27.9 13-63 13-91 A wealth of information of like character is vailable to the visitor, which reflects not only the achievements of this one manufacturing concern, but also serves as an indication of American industrial progress in one of its most important branches. Westingfhouse Foundry at Trafford City Ufiiofi Switch & Sig?ial Co. |HE works and the home office of tile I'nion Switch & Signal Co. are situated at Swissvale, Pa., on *!M« ■Si'W* ^^^^ main line of the Pennsyl- ^M -- ■ clj f ^^f^^^^ \'^iiia Railroad, eight miles east wV Ini'^^'T^A. "* ^^^'^ Pittsburg Union Station. ^*^i liri -"^tttrw 'I'l^n. Iniildings cover an area of 169,200 square feet, and the shops have a floor area of 290,520 square feet. In the works and home office about i,coo men are employed, and the outside force employed on installation runs from 300 to 600 men, according to the number and size of contracts in process of execution. The company was organized in 1882, and Mr. George Westinghouse is the president. This concern was formed to carry on the work of protecting railroads by the interlocking of switches and signals, and bj> block signals of various kinds, and its product now embraces a great variety of apparatus for the protection of moving trains : but a considerable iiart of its product is frogs, switches and crossings, which business was developed naturally as auxiliary to the interlocking and signaling business. At the outset the interlocking was entirely by mechan- ical apparatus, and the Union Company early secured control of the famous Saxby & Farmer devices, the patents on which have gradually expired; but the Saxby & barnuT machine, as inii)rii\c(l frmn time to time, is still considered by the I'nidU Company the best mechanical interlocking. It buil(l>. however, half a dozen other types. The Union Company very early took up ])ower inter- locking, and installed hydraulic and hydro-iMieumatic machines. These were soon replaced bv the Westing- I02 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book house Electro-pneumatic machine, which quickly es- tahlished itself as the highest development of power interlocking, and within the last thirteen years the Union Company has booked orders for 4726 electro- pneumatic levers. Its installations of this class of interlocking protect many of the most important passen- ger terminals in the world ; as for example, at the Pittsburg, the Broad Street, Philadelphia, and the Jersey City Terminals of tlie Pennsylvania Lines; at the Boston Southern Station, and at the St. Louis Union Station. Until recently the installation at the Boston Southern Station was the largest, the machine there having 143 levers. Quite recently, however, the Com- pany has installed at St. Louis a machine containing 215 levers worked in combination with two smaller machines. These three electro-pneumatic machines per- form a duty that would require 800 mechanical working levers. In this system the movement of switches and signals is effected by compressed air, distributed from Automatic Block Sigrnals P. R. R. — Westinghouse Electro-Pneumatic U/iio/i Switch cif Signal Co. loj a central station, the operating valves being controlled by elecricity. The Company has recently brought out a system of interlocking in which all of the work is done by electricity. Each of these systems has its special advantages, and the choice of the system must be governed by local conditions. Early in the development of the art of automatic block signaling the Company brought out an electro- pneumatic system of automatic signaling. Here the power to clear the signals is compressed air, which is distributed along the line of railroad, either way from central compressing stations. The valves which admit the air to the signal cylinders are actuated by electricity, and are controlled by track circuits in such a way as to make the movement of signals depend entirely upon the progress of trains through the blocks. A good example of this class of signaling may be seen on the Pennsylvania Railroad leading out of Pittsburg. It is extensively used in other places and on other roads. This apparatus is simple and robust, and there are great advantages in having ample power for clearing the signals, but the cost of distributing the power is considerable, which fact has led to many efforts to intro- duce other forms of automatic signaling. A few years ago the Company produced a semaphore signal actuated by an electric motor which is controlled through a track circuit precisely as the electro-pneu- matic signals are controlled. This has been very suc- cessful, and up to the end of July, 1904, the Company has booked orders for 5840 signals of this type. Its electro-pneumatic signals at that date numbered 6250. It will be seen that the electric motor signal is rapidly overhauling the electro-pneumatic, a fact which is due entirely to the difference in cost of installation. At the same cost the electro-pneumatic would almost always be preferred. The Company makes several other styles of automatic signals, as well as simple mechanical signals for tele- graph blocks and for other purposes. U/iion Szvitch i>' Signal Co. lOj A type (if block signals much used in England, but not used in the United States, is the controlled manual, and the Union Company developed some excellent ap- paratus for this kind of signaling, which is used on the New York Central more extensively than anywhere else in America. The present tendency is to replace manual signals by automatic in order to reduce the wages account, and now there are not many calls for the controlled manual system. The progress cf the use of electricity as a motive power for heavy and fast traffic has made it necessary to bring forward still another system of signaling. It is obvious that the use of the rails for the return of propulsion current introduces a difficulty in the control of signals by a track circuit. This difficulty the Union Switch & Signal Company has met by using alternating current for the track circuit. Direct current is taken from the distribution system for propulsion and passed through motor generators, and alternating current at a low voltage is delivered on the rails for the track circuit. A selecting relay is introduced which is sensi- tive only to the alternating current, and thus the direct return current is prevented from interfering with the control of the signals. This system was first put in practical use on the North Shore Railway in California, where a number of signals were installed in November of 1903. .\ very important application of this system is now in progress on the lines of the Interborough Rapid Transit Co. in New York City. The require- ments there are very severe. I he trains are heavy, fast and frequent, and a great (|uantity of propulsion current must be dealt with. The express tracks are to be protected by a complete automatic block system, and cur\es and stations on the liical tracks will also be protected by block signals. There are numerous turnouts and crossovers, and other points where inter- locking must be introduced, and the interlocked signals must be controlled by the block signal circuits. Further- more, automatic trips are designed, to come into action io6 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book and stop a train in case a signal at danger is passed, and these also are controlled through the signaling circuits. This work is now approaching completion, and at the time of writing these words it is expected that much of the signaling will be in condition to be tested out and instruction trains will be run by the middle of August. The signals in the sub-way portion of this line, which is much the greater portion, are light sig- nals only, showing red for "stop," green for "proceed," and yellow for "caution." Out of doors semaphores will be used with the same arrangement of colors for night signaling. It is impracticable to give here anything more than a general account of the work of this Company, but at its home office in Swissvale there are excellent ar- rangements for showing the apparatus made, full size and in working condition. • life' • Electro-Pneumatic Block Sigrnals. New York Subway Westinghoiise Traction Brake Co. [he product of this Company con- sists of power 1)rakes for street railway service. It has adapted tile regular Westinghouse railway schedules to the use of street railway equipments and has per- fected axle and motor-driven compressors to" take the place of the steam-driven compressor, usu- ally found on steam locomotives. Its general office is in New York City. l)ut all the apparatus is manufactured at the works of the Westinghouse .\ir Brake Co., at Wilmerding, on the Pennsylvania railroad. 15 miles east of the Union station at Pittsburo^, Pa. This factory is by far the lar^rest brake building plant in the world, employing ordinarily about 3,000 men. and having a capacity of over i.aoo brake sets per day. The plant was erected in 1889, and has been added to from time to time to meet the growth of the brake business. The engraving shows these works and part of the surrounding town. In the works there are about 9 acres of floor .space ; while the works and yards occupy about 30 acres. The general office building of stone and brick is sit- uated on the side hill opposite the works and a short distance from them. The various offices of the Company occupy the second and third floors, part of the basement and first floor being given up to the Young Men's Chris- tian Association. The general arrangement and fittings f)f these offices are elegant and most suitalile for the administrative department nf such a ijromincnt and long established company. The situation and surroundings of the building arc beautiful and the views from the windows looking over the valleys and shops are excep- tionally picturesciue. no The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book Central Aisle of Machine Shop The central power station consists of four 400 K\\ Westinghouse-Parsons steam turbines direct connected to 2 phase alternating current generators 440 volts. The current is distributed to about 60 induction motors throughout the works aggregating nearly 1,300 horse power. One of the most unique features of these works is the iron foimdry where iron is poured continually, the molds being set on movable tables which pass in front of the moulding machines, core makers, cupolas and cleaning floor. The cut of the iron foundry, page 114, will give an idea of how this arrangement is carried out. The daily capacity of the foundry is about 200 tons whereas the number of men employed is only about 550. Above is shown the central aisle of the long macliine Westinghouse Traction Brake Co. Ill shop building. The castings from the iron foundry are brought into the lower floor of this aisle for distribu- tion. The large iron castings are machined on the lower floor to the right and left. The small iron cast- ings are machined in the gallery on the right, while the brass is all finished in the gallery on the left. There are employed in the machine shop about i,6oo men. Below is shown a portion of the gallery in which the smaller iron parts are machined. The machines are operated by shafting in short lengths driven by small induction motors. Due to the large number of brake equipments being manufactured every inch of available space has necessarily lieen utilized. The pipe rising from the floor back of each machine contains wires con- nected to the incandescent lamp which swings from the upper end so as to furnish light to the machinist. \'ie\v in (lallery An industrial railway connects the various buildings and parts of the yard, it contains about 6,000 feet of track and the locomotives are electrically propelled by storage batteries. Steam railway connections are also 112 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book made with the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Westing- house Interworks Railway. This cut shows a corner in the motor compressor test room where every compressor that is made for supply- ing compressed air for the various air brake equip- ments of electrically operated traction lines, is thorough- ly tested both for efficiency i.nd endurance. The two compressors shown with gear-case cover removed ha\'e motor and pump-shaft gears connected by the Morse Motor Compressor Testing Room silent running frictionless chain. The Westinghouse motor compressors are however also arranged for regu- lar gear-drive with herringbone gears. The accompanying diagram illustrates the equipment known as the Straight Air Brake. It is the same in principle as the original Westinghouse brake, consist- Westinghouse Traction Brake Co. J 13 ing of compressor for obtaining the compressed air and reservoir in which it is stored; a cylinder, the piston rod of which is connected to the foundation brake gear in such a manner that when the air pressure is admitted Straiiiht Air Brake Equipment to the cylinder tlie brake shoes press against tlie wheels thereby applying the retarding force. The principal parts of this equipment are the compressor, governor, brake cylinder and operating valve. 114 The Pittsburg Electric a, Hand-Book Foundry The governor illustrated consists of a single-pole, double-break, snap switch operated by a small air cylinder and slide valve arrangement so that when a given maximum pressure is obtained in the reservoir the switch is thrown to a position to break the circuit The Governor Westinghouse Traction Brake Co. j ij to the motor ; and when this pressure falls to a pre- determined minimum the switch is thrown to the other position so as to make the circuit to the motor and cause the pump to operate. The motor-driven compressor consists of a horizontal, duplex, single-acting pump connected by gearing or chain drive to a small four-pole, direct-current, series motor. The operating valve illustrated consists of a slide valve connected through rack and pinion to a swinging handle so that when this handle is in certain positions, ports in the slide valve seat are made to connect either the reservoir to the brake cvlinder and admit air for Motor Driven Coinprrssor ap])lying tlie brakes, or to connect the brake cylinder to the atmosphere and release them. Of course, by proper manipulation the pressure of the brake cylinder may be graduallv raised or lowered to anv desired extent. A Ji6 The Pittsburg Electrhal Hand- Book gauge placed on the top of the valve is connected to cavities in the valve body so that one hand will show reservoir pressure and the other brake-cylinder pressure. The Axle Driven Compressor is sometimes required in place of one operated by a separate motor. It is installed in the Straight Air Brake equipment quite the same as the Motor Driven unit, and consists of a horizontal, double-acting, single-cylinder, gear-driven pump, arranged so that it can be mounted upon the same axle with the car motor. The accompanying cut shows the air cylinder in ghost outline and the piston and crank shaft full. Axle Driven Compressor The accompanying diagram shows the equipment for automatic brakes such as are commonlj' used on the steam railway systems. This equipment is always pre- ferable w^here cars are operated in trains, because with it the breaking in two of the train or anj' disruption of the air brake system immediately and automatically ap- plies the brakes and brings the train to a stand-still. Westinghouse Traction Brake Co. iiy The apparatus going to make up the equipment is very similar to that of the straight air brake with the excep- tion that an auxiliary reservoir is connected to the Automatic Brake Etiuipmcnt ii8 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book l)rake cylinder, and a triple valve makes proper con- nection between the train pipe, auxiliary reservoir and brake cylinder, so that when the brakes are applied air flows from the auxiliary reservoir to the brake cylinder ; and when they are released the brake cylinder is con- nected to the atmosphere and the auxiliary reservoir is recharged from the train pipe and main reservoir. The operating vahe in this case is of different design and construction because of the fact that witli the auto- matic system the train pipe pressure is reduced to apply the brakes and increased to release them, whereas with the straight air the opposite occurs. The Operating Valve This system has been adopted in many places because of its simplicity and also low cost of maintenance. The compressor and governor of the systems just described are replaced with storage reservoirs designed for high lf\'stinghou5C Tractifj/i Brake Co. ll<^ pressures and a reducing valve wliich supplies the operating system with air at the usual pressure. The storage reservoirs are connected by piping with coup- ling fittings on each side of the car so that at a charging station the usual hose coupling can be quickly coupled and the storage reservoirs recharged. The accompanying cut will show how simple is this recharging operation and how little space is required for the recharging connections. The car shown in the cut Charging Brakes on Car with Storage Equipment is one of the St. Louis 'iVansit Co.'s system, operating between the city of St. Louis and the World's Fair grounds, all of which are being equipped with the West- inghouse Traction Rrako Equipment. The accompanying cut shows the W'estinghou^e Elcc- 120 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book Majrnetic Brake tro-AIagnetic brake which has been extensively adopted for various clashes of traction service and proven emi- nently successful. This is the brake which was adopted by the City of Bath. England, for the Municipal Tramways, after extensive investigation and trials. The high speed attained by the street cars in the city of Pittsburg has been very largely made practicable and safe by the application of this brake, which actuates both on the rails and wheels. Unlike other track brakes the drag of the rail shoes is not due to the weight taken from the force with which the car bears on the rails through its wheels. The pressure of the track shoes on the rail is derived entirely from the pull of the electro magnet of which the shoes form the poles and the rails the armature. The weight of the car upon the rails remaining practically unimpaired and may, therefore, be utilized to the fullest extent for the braking force apolied through the customary medium of the wheels. Another and important advantage of this brake is Westinghouse Traction Brake Co. Brill Truck Equipped with Magrnetic Brake its independence of the trolley circuit, the current which energizes the magnet being generated by the motors transformed to generators. This is done through proper arrangement in the controller so that when it is desired to apply the brake the motor leads are reversed and the momentum of the car compels the motors, now generators, to supply such current as is necessary for the magnets. Immediately upon being energized the track shoes are thrown into contact with the rails and the sliding friction forces the magnet, Works of American Brake Co. The Pittshurg Electrical Hand- Book Car of Pittsburg Railways Co. which is elastically suspended, toward the rear wheels thus applying the shoes to each pair of wheels through the system of levers shown in the accompanying cuts. Thus to the ordinary retardation of the wheel shoes is added that of the track brake and also the back Pittsburg, McKeesport & Connellsville Car Weitiiighouse TfiUtio/i Briikc Co. '^3 Grid Resistance torque of the motors. For controlling the current sup- plied by the motors, its E. M. F. is divided between the electro magnets and diverters in such a ratio as to cause such braking force as is required. These diverters may be simply grid resistance or may be placed under the seats in tlie car and utilized as heaters Heater 124 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book during cold weather. In this way both braking power and car heating are obtained without extra cost. Other interesting features of the magnetic brake of interest and great value are : since the current generated by the motors declines with the speed during a stop the increased coefficient of friction at the lower speeds (ieneral Offices is thereby offset. In bad weather when the condition of the rails is liable to be accompanied by wheel- sliding, the braking force operating the w'heel brake is correspondingly reduced so that the force- of appli- cation of the wheel brake is automatically proportioned to the rail friction which rotates the wheels. If by chance the wheels should slide, the magnetising current Westinghousc Traction Brake Co. I2j at once ceases and the pressure of the brake shoes upon the wheels is instantly relaxed so that rotation of the wheels is resumed without iniurv or lo^.^ of time. IniiustriHi kanway Power House Westinsr'iouse Traction Brake Co. Street Scene. Pittsburg Illuminated by Nernst Lamps Nernst Lamp Company HE development of the arc lamp, tile birth of the carbon filament incandescent lamp, and the ad- vent of the Nernst lamp may be regarded as the three great epochs m the annals of commercial elec- tric lighting. The latter and more recent of the trio is to be regarded as a means of filling the gap and covering the field which has long existed between the arc and incandescent lamps in electric lighting. The Nernst lamp is the result of an invention of Dr. Walter Nernst, a (German physicist. This invention consists in using as a light-giving body a filament of porcelain composed of rare earths, which is maintained at an incandescent temperature in the open air by the passage through it of an electric current. Other incan- descent filaments burn out in the air and have to be surrounded by a glass globe in which a vacuum is maintained. The filaments used in the lam]) are also characterized by the fact that at ordinary temperatures they do not conduct electricity, and nnist be heated to a red heat iiefore they will transmit the current. These differences from other lamps bring about other require- ments which altogLther constitute the present Nernst lamp. The lamp in embryo was first brought to the attention of Mr. Geo. Westinghouse in 1897, and early the follow- ing year Dr. Nernst came to East Pittsburg, at Mr. Westinghouse's request, to exhibit the invention. Fore- seeing its great possibilities. Mr. Westinghouse promptly midertook its commercial development and introduction in the United States. Under the guidance of Mr. Alex- ander J. Wnrt^. Henry Xoel Potter and a small body 128 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book of technical experts, the experimental work was at once started in the Westinghouse Company's shops, and in two years' time the work of development brought about a practically operating and economical lamp. In the fall or. 220 volt tvpe.. 125 Single-gK)wer Laiii]); liulixir, 220 \cilt. 88 watt type 50 Single-glower Lami); ( )utdiiiir, 110 volt. 88 watt type 50 Single-glower Lamp; Iiuluor, 110 xolt, 88 watt type 50 Single-glower Lamp; ( )utcln(ir. iio\(ilt,88 watt type ;o 55 watt. Indoor 220 xolt tyjie 25 44 watt, Indoor 1 10 volt type 20 These units are su])i)licd with globes and shades of various styles to --uit different conditions, and may be operated on alternating current circuits of any conuiier- cial frequency. The first public demonstration of the Xernst lamp was made at the Buffalo Exposition in igoi. the interior i)f till' dome of the Electricity F>uil(linL; being illumin- IJO The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Buok ated with six-glower lamps in festoons. Six months prior to this time, however, a number of trial installa- tions had been successfully operated. Since that time, the growth of the Nernst lamp industry has been steady and sure. By virtue of its many superior characteristics, the lamp has been extensively adopted throughout the country, and is now generally recognized as an impor- tant factor in commercial electric lighting. In addition to the Company's exhibits in the Machinery and Electricity Buildings, the lighting of the Illinois State Building, the Brazilian Building and numerous concessions on the Pike, as well as private exhibits at the St. Louis Exposition, one of the special applications of the Nernst lamp is commercially demonstrated in the lighting of the Art Palaces; a total of 4,780 glower units being used for this purpose. Nenist Lamp Compan-i 131 <^'^' View of Xernst Lamp Company's Works Aside from tlie World's Fair installations, the Com- pany has placed in service thronghout the United States 64.216 Nernst lamps of different types ; making a total of over 130,000 glowers in service. The beautiful sunlight quality of the light is one of the distinguishing features of the lamp. Its efficiency is equal to that of the liest modern arc lamps and is twice that of the ordinary incandescent electric lamps. When operated in accordance with the recommenda- tions of the manufacturers, the cost of maintaining Xernst lamps is practically the same as for other elec- tric illuminants. The Company is prepared to furnish lamps in large quantities, a sufficient stock being kept on hand to insure prompt delivery. R. D. Nut tall Company I HAT is claimed to be the largest and most completely equipped gear cutting establishment in the I'nited States, if not in the world, Pittsburg has in the R. 1). Xuttall Co It enjoys all the necessary facilities for the manufacture of gearing of every description, and in fact every- thing that can be classed as ■■ gearing '' ; a special depart- ment in these extensive works being also devoted to the manu- facture of trolleys for every electric haulage service. The premises they occupy have a tloor surface of 75,000 square feet, one portion being a six-story struc- ture, while the powerful machinery used in cutting heavy gears is housed in a one-story extension, lofty and roomy so as to insure abundant light. The various shops are equipped with the latest ma- chines and tools for the production of " cut " gears, to which the company's exclusive attention is given, much of the machinery employed being of a special character. .\mong these machines is a large gear cutter, a unique machine with few if any equals in capacity, capable of cutting spur gears up to thirty feet in diameter by sixty inch face and, with some minor changes, it can be adjusted to cut gears of any diameter, limited only by the available floor space. Other special tools include machines for cutting worm gears up to 72 inches in diameter, spiral gear machines for spirals up to fifty- two inches in diameter, and machines for turning out interna! gears and racks. The entire plant is electrically operated, power being furnished by four 125 HP Westinghouse three-cylin- der gas engines, direct comiected to electric generators. '/'//(' Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book View in Gear Cutting Department and 1-85 belted gas engine, all using natural gas. Various tools have their own motors and the principal shops are divided into electrical sections. Many tools are also equipped with a variable speed countershaft. Through the center of the shops in which large work is handled, tracks are laid down on which cars are run, carrying material from one machine to another through the different steps of manufacture. The main aisle of the heavy gear department is also equipped with a 20- ton electric crane, and the motor gear aisle is equipped with pneumatic hoists. In addition to special machines which have been men- tioned there are upwards of 100 gear cutting machines employed in the works, besides a full complement of auxiliary machines, drill presses, forging presses, etc. On the main floor of the works are located the heavy gear, motor gear and pinion, smithing and gorging de- partments. A view of the aisle in the former, which is equipped with the most powerful machines for cutting gears, is shown elsewhere. R. D. Xuttdll CoKpd/i\ 135 The motor gear department is one of the most inter- esting in the works. All machines in this department are suppHed with lul)ricant hy pipes leading from a single pnmp and their drainage is accomplished in a similar manner. The trolley mannfactnring department handles an- other very important branch of the company's business. Here are manufactured and assembled trolleys for street railway work, mine and indu^trial haulage, locomotives, etc., and this may be regarded as an important adjunct to the company's immense business in motor gears. On the third floor is located the fully equipped pat- tern department, and on the fourth floor are accommo- dations for the storage of patterns, the company's list covering more than 6,cco of every conceivable type. The fifth floor is used for machining material for small gears, and tool making, and on the sixth floor is located the small gear cutting department. The works employ an average of two hundred men, nearly all skilled mechanics. .\ I'fw (icar (iitlin.i: Machines Standard Underground Cable Co. |HE Standard Underground Cable Company was organized in the City of Pittsburg, 1882. by Mr. Richard S. Waring, whose later interest in the Fowler-Waring Co.. of England, gave his name to that Company. The Standard "^Bi^--!^^ Underground Cable Co., from its ^B4^^ ■^^ beginning, has been properly re- ^^^^fi^^l^V garded as a Pittsburg corpora- '^^^i^^Jfr'^ tion, since its Directors and Offi- cers, from its inception, have been connected with prominent connnercial, manufacturing and banking interests. It was the pioneer American manufacturer to produce lead-covered cables for transmission of electricity, and it has also led the way in many important developments which have now come to be looked upon as essential manufacturing and trade methods; such, for instance, as the application of the lead sheath to the cable core by means of the hydraulic press, the application of tin to the lead sheath in the form of a coating; the manufac- ture of the approximately flat or duplex type of cable ; and the installing and guaranteeing of its cables under working conditions. It was also the pioneer American manufacturer to issue a hand-book of technical information dealing with subjects allied to cable manufacture and installation. such as temperature rise in underground cables. — forma- tion, weights and resistance of copper strands,- — " Skin effects" with alternating currents, — electrostatic capacity and insulation resistance for varying materials and sizes of conductors, — preventive measures against damage to lead sheaths by electrolysis, — and field and laboratory methods of testing for conductivity, electrostatic capac- Standard Uiidergrou/id Cable Co. ijj ity. faults, etc. Tliis " Hand-lxiok " contains not only much information along the lines mentioned, but in- cludes detailed information as to descriptions of the varied output of the Company, including such miscella- neous accessories as are needed in connection with bare and insulated wire and cable installation, as also detailed working directions for placing, splicing and connecting electric cables. Tt has. for many years, been a recog- nized standard of the trade and has literally a world- wide circulation. .3-0 B. & S. G. Triplex Cable for interborough Rapid Transit and Manhattan Ry. N. Y. 111,000 Volts Service) The regular output of the diuipauy i-- nut confined to cables for underground u^e miIcIv, but includes copper rods, also wire and cables, both bare and insulated in all styles suitable for use as conductors of electricity. This Company operates at Pittsburg. Pa.. Factory N'i>. I, its original plant (now greatly rnl;irged .and re- ecpiipped ) for the inanufiicture of magnet wire, weather- pnxif wire and r;ible. .'ind tibri' and p;ii)er insulated lead- f^8 The Pittsburg Electrical Hiuid-Book covered cables of all kinds. At Pittsburg is also located the machiiie shops for the manufacture of wire and cable-making machinery, terminals, junction boxes, lightning arresters and accessories. Here is located the general laboratory in which extensive experimental work is conducted to determine the availability of differ- ent dielectrics and insulating compounds, and to note the efifect of high voltage strains wdien applied to such dielectrics under different conditions. The apparatus in place is regularly used up to 60,000 volts and an ad- 1,000,000 C. M. Concentric Cable with Three Pairs of Pressure Wires. (Low Voltage Service) ditional equipment for testing up to loo.oco volts, with a capacity of 125 kilowatts, is n.ow in process of con- struction. While not overlooking the practical or com- mercial fide of laboratory work, special attention has always been devoted to research and experiment in ad- vance of the current commercial practice. Factory No. 2 is situated at Oakland. Cab. and is equipped for insulating, papering, braiding and lead- covering cables, and for thoroughly testing the output of the factorv. Standard Underground Cable Co. ^39 The principal factories (Xos. 3, 4 and 5) are located on the outskirts of New York harbor at Perth Amboy, N. J., and are in direct connection via trunk line ser- vice and also by deep water transportation, with New York and other shipping points for home and export trade. Here are operated the Rod Rolling Mills, Wire Drawing Mills. Weatherproof Factory, and factories for making rublier insulated wires and cables, both leaded and un-leaded, and also fibre and paper insulated lead-covered cables, for any service. Duplex Cable (2.20(1 Volts Service) The aggregate floor s])ace of the combined factories is about seven acres or 300,000 square feet, not includ- ing tracks, sidings and storage yards, which aggregate about as much more. .\^ ty])ical of the cla^s of in>tallations made by this company, may be mentioned the following: Minnesota Brush Co. (now Minneapolis Gen, Elec. Co.), Min- neapolis, i8go; Philadelphia Traction Co.. Philadelphia, during 1893-4-5, -it experinifnt was made- at tlie earnest solicitation of a steamboat cai)tain wlio had suf- fered great losses, in loading and unloading his goods upon the wharf, from thieves who were enabled to pur- sue their \ocation in safety, owing to the po;ir illumina- tion of the wharf. It was not, howe\'er. until many years later that the City was induced to adopt arc light- ing generally on its streets. The Allegheny plant of the Company also enjoyed a degree of prosperity similar to that of the Pittsburg plant. Shortly following the in- troduction of the alternating current system in the Vir- gin Alley plant, six alternating machines were installed and operated with great success in Alleghen}'. The advantages of lighting by means of electricity were materially recognized in Pittsburg and the growth of both arc and incandescent business was very rapid. By 1892 the number of incandescent lamps had increased to almost 40,000 and of the arcs to over 1,000. .Such an increase demanded a still greater enlargement of the Company's nlant. Further expansion on Virgin .\lley was impossible so that a new location was found, and the property of the Bradley Foundry Company on Etna Street, between 12th and 1.3th Streets, was purchased and the old buildings on this site were remodeled to suit the needs of the Light Company. During the years following, up to 1897. the estab- lished rate of growth continued until still further en- largement became necessary and the present buildings used at the Thirteenth Street Station were erected. The machinery installed in the new station consisted of four 1500 KW two-phase A. C. Generators, direct con- nected to X'ertical Compound W'estinghouse Engines of suitable size. These machines were the largest built by the Westinghouse Companv up to that time for central station work, and it may be added that they are still in use. .Additional and more modern machines have since been built and installed until the present capacity of this plant has reached 9,000 kilowatts. Owing to the limited range of economic distribution Jlieghe/is Counts Light Conipam Ijj of current durinp^ the early periods of electric lighting industry, many central stations were required to sup- ply the needs of large communities. This condition brought about the organization of numerous electric lighting companies in Pittsburg as well as in other large centers. The first of these was the Electric Light and Power Company, on Diamond Street. This Company was chartered July i4tli. i8(S2, nnd after operating for a number of years, its entire stock was sold to Mr. George Westinghouse in 1894, but shortly thereafter it became a part of the Allegheny County Light Company's holdings. The next of these companies to be organized was the Pittsburg Light Company of the South Side, which was incorporated August 27th. 1885. This belonged to the Oliver interests and after a limited period of usefulness passed into the control of the Allegheny County Light Company, during the early part of 1887. The most for- midable competitor of the .Alleghenv County Light Com- pany was the East End Electric Lijj:ht Company, in- corporated January 20th. 1886. Sometime prior to its incorporation the Company placed and operated a 5 arc light machine in the basement of a confectionery store at 6202 IV'nn .A\enue in the East End. After a \ery short period of operation, additional machinery was in- stalled in a building in the rear of this store. Part of tliis installation was for incandescent lighting, the d rect current at no volts bein 100 6,000 Cejitral District and Printi?ig Telegraph Company X the light of the present day the telephone is considered as a ne- cessity in even the smallest towns and hamlets. How indispensable then must the telephone be to a city like PittNbnrg. which is di- vided by natural and political biumdaries into numerous dis- tricts, many of tbern small cities in themselves. Transportation in a rugged district such as makes up and surrounds Pittsburg is nece-sarily slow and tedious, and the demand for in>tantancou> conuu'uiication of thought by the telephone is coiiseiiuently greatly euhancetl. This demand for telephone service has been met by the Cen- tral District and Printing Telegraph Company, who arc the licensees of the American Telephone and Telegraph Companj- for Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and Northern West Virginia. It is interesting to note that the Central District & Printing Telegraph Company was originally chartered to exploit the Gray Printing Tele- graph. Later, when the telephone was invented this company secured a license from the American Tele- phone and Telegraph Company to operate in the above mentioned states. Although telephone service was started in Pittsburg something over twenty years ago by the Bell Telei)honc Company, it is only within the i)ast ten years that the great advantages of the teleiihone were realized by the public and the growth in the nunilur of subscriber^ during this period has consequently been phenomenally great. To-day the Central District & Priming Tele- graph Company operates two lnni(b\-(l and two ex- i6o The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book changes, to which are connected sixty-three thousand stibscribers. Of this number about thirty-five thousand are included in what is commonly known as the Pitts- burg District, which may be defined as the territory included in a circle struck with a fifteen-mile radius from the point at the intersection of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. This company also operates four thousand miles of toll line, connecting the various cities of Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and Northern West Virginia, thus furnishing a rapid means of com- munication between all of the immense industries of these districts. In addition to their own toll lines, the Central District & Printing Telegraph Company also connects with the long-distance lines of the Ameri- can Telephone and Telegraph Company, so that any subscriber in this territory can talk with any of the two million subscribers of the Bell System in the United States. One of the secrets of success of the great steel in- dustries of Pittsburg, has been their readiness to discard old methods and machinery, just as soon as it was Detail of Central Battery Board Central District ':3' Printing Telegraph Co. i6l General View Central Battery Board denionslrated that better methods and more efficient macliinery were available. Fortunately, the same thing has bc>;n trrc of the Central District & Printing Tele- graph Company. But a few years ago most of the exchanges of his company were equipped with magneto switchboards, the best of their kind at the time and capable of giving fair service for many years to come. However, the invention of the central battery lamp signal switchboard opened up a way of furnishing great cities v»ith the rapid and efficient service, which was necessary to keep pace with the increase of business and the growing tendency to throw more and more work on the telephone. Realizing the many advantages to he obtained from this type of switchboard, the Central District & Printing Telegraph Company discarded their magneto apparatus and re-equipped all of their Pittsburg Exchanges as well as many of the exchanges in the outside district with new central batterv boards. In the accompanying l62 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book illustrations are shown views of one of the most recently installed central battery boards. This switch-board has a capacity for ten thousand telephones and furnishes service to that part of Pittsburg, known as the point. The other central battery exchanges are equipped in a similar manner. So intimately is the telephone becoming associated with all the every-day affairs of business and social life that telephone engineers hardly dare to predict how great its future may be. Development studies now being made of the Pittsburg District seem to indicate that at least one hundred thousand telephones may be expected in this district by the year 1920. If the present rate of increase keeps up the total number of sub- scribers in 1920 in the territory of the Central District & Printing Telegraph Company will be over two hundred thousand. SOME NOTABLE FEATURES OF PITTSBURG m Si s *^ o c X c n — cu ^ > 1 9 I S Manufacture of Iron and Steel |KE first blast furnace that paled the sky line of the Pittsburg I'.ills was blown in during the vc-ar I7Q2, and by tlie year t8l2 the manufacture uf iron was pretty well established. When later, ii"(in tire of an extremely high grade was discovered in the Lake Superior district, the local deposits ,i of ore in Pennsylvania gradually ■***■ ceased to be worked; and today practically all of the ore used in the Pittsburg district—millions of tons conies from the upper lake region, 800 miles away. That the smelting should take place so far from the deposit of ore may seem strange, but it is largely due to the superabundance of rich steaming and coking coal in the Connellsville district adjacent to Pittsburg. And it is because of this fuel that the Pittsburg district today produces a quantity of pig iron which is one quarter of all that is made in the United States, and one-half as much as is made in all England : over one-third of all the steel rails, over one-third of all the steel ingots and castings, two-thirds of all the open hearth steel ingots, one-half of all the crucible steel, two-thirds of all the structural steel and nearly one- third of all the plate steel. The activity required in producing this prodigious quantity of metal is Init slightly portended by the great cloud of smoke that lies over the city by day, and by the fitful flare here and there of flames in the valleys, for Pittsburg lies in valleys cut out by the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, and the blast furnaces and mills lie close to the water front. From the conflu- ence of the rivers, along up the Monongahela are ranged the furnaces of the Clinton Iron & Steel Co., on 1 66 The Pittsburg Electrical Hcifui-Book the right hand bank ; a mile further, the plant of the Jones & Laughlin Co., which operates six large fur- naces as well as mills for structural plate, bar and sheet steel. The well known Carrie furnaces of the Car- negie Steel Co. are on the left bank some six miles further up the river and on the immediate right are the world-famous Homestead mills. Almost directly across from them, but further up at Braddock on the left, are the Edgar Thompson furnaces and mills. The Du- quesne furnaces of the Carnegie Steel Co. lie a mile fur- ther up the river on the right. Numerous mills and furnaces lie along the Allegheny River as well, and along the Ohio, which is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers. In the marvel- ous progress of the last century, the development of the iron and steel industry has been a magnificent succes- sion of triumphs over material difficulties. Not the least of these is the evolution of the blast furnace from a small stack 40 or 50 feet high with a capacity of 100 tons per day to a monster smelting tower rising 120 feet and producing 800 tons a day. Another i f the solved problems is the speedy handling of material in the course of its manufacture, worked out in many dif- ferent ways, for many different manufacturing pro- cesses. In its solution the electric motor has been applied very generally and its use in that way may be esteemed one of the triumphs of electrical en- gineerinj^r. The pig iron of the Pittsburg district is refined into various shapes quite diversified, as the steel skeleton of the modern " skyscraper," the massive armor plate of a battleship, or the delicate and finely tempered watch spring and the jeweler's tiny drill. But not all of the material is worked into shape in Pittsburg, and it is the handling of the metal in bulk that may be seen to advantage. The largest group of blast furnaces in the Pittsburg district is to be found at the Edgar Thompson Steel Works, which are devoted solely to the manufacture of Manufacture of Iron and Steel i6j rails. The site is Braddock, a spot memorable for the defeat of General Braddock by the Indians in 1755. At this place there are now in operation nine furnaces pro- ducing sufficient metal to make 2.200 tons of finished rails each day, or enough to lay 12^ miles of track with the heaviest rails that are made — 100 pounds to the yard — an output more than sufficient to single-track the United States from ocean to ocean within the year. Braddock can be reached by the Pennsylvania, Baltimore & Ohio, and the Pittsburg & Lake Erie Railroads, or by electrical cars from the center of the city. Every stage of the manufacture of rails in these works is il- lu.strated by gigantic object lessons. One of the most potent factors in the development of these works has been the use of electricity. A modern central station now distributes electricity to the various machines formerly driven by small steam engines. In times past steam was supplied through long, leaky pipe lines, the loss of heat by radiation was great and the condensation of water in the pipes troublesome. Now a few slender threads of copper replace the large and cumbersome steam piping and at the end of the transmission line an electric motor supplants the steam engine. The introduction of electricity into rail mak- ing, and the substitution of the motor for the steam engine are largely due to the farsightedness of Mr. George Westinghouse. Without adding to its manu- facturing equipment, the Edgar Thompson Works has greatly increased its output by using electricity to oper- ate the various metal saws, roll tables, runs, roll con- veyors and cranes. Two paramount reasons have gov- erned in this choice — reliability in service and the in- creased output which has been accompanied with greatly decreased labor costs. Ore is electrically hoisted to the top of the furnace, the metal is poured from the metal cars by a motor, and from the time that the Bessemer ingot enters the rail mills, it is handled thereafter en- tirely by electricity. It is conveyed to the blooming mill l)y a motor drive, cut in the shears l)y a motor, i68 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book Electric Locomotive used in Hauling Rails conveyed to the re-heating ovens and handled in its in- tricate movements through the various rolls, runs and hot saws by motors. Everywhere electricity is the vital- izing force. Not very far from Braddock on the opposite shore of the Monongahela is the famous industrial plant created by Andrew Carnegie — the Homestead inills of the United State? Steel Corporation. Here we enter the armor plate department where massive steel plates are made for sheathing the battleships of America. Here the armor for the Oregon, Iowa, Brooklyn and Indiana and many other fighting vessels has been wrought. The material is of open hearth basic steel cast into ingots weighing as much as 150 tons. which, by subsequent heating and forging in hydraulic presses of mighty power, are fashioned into ponderous plates. Homestead is likewise the center of tremendous activ- ity in the manufacture of structural steel. There is scarcely a " skyscraper "' on the continent, finished or in process of construction, which does not owe its steel structure to Pittsburg. The steel beams and girders turned out from these mills varv in length from six to Manufacture of Iron and Steel i6g The .\lotor-l)riven Hloom Carriagfe ninety feet, and in their manufacture J.ooo men and tlie most massive and ingenious macliinery coml)ine to make the output the largest of its kind in the world As in the lulgar Thompson plant, tiie machinery a> far as possible is motor-driven and wherever hand labor or the steam drive can be replaced it has given way to the electric motor. At Homestead also are vast mill-, for the making of sheet steel for all purposes. And the production of structural steel here and at other mills of the city proper, is of prime im])()rtance in the Pittsburg industry, representing nearly 70 per cent of tiie entire outjjut of such steel in the United States. About 1.000,000 tons, 34 per cent of the total output of basic open hearth steel, is made at the Homestead mills. Nearby are the Carrie P)last b'urnaces. as costly and a> nearly complete I~0 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book as any furnaces in the United States. Here are seen all the latest appliances for handling ore in bulk, the traveling bridges for distributing and gathering the ore, car dumpers that pick up a thirty-ton steel car with its load of fifty tons and invert it at one swing, the stock- yard bins, as well as weighing devices for mixing the burden of a furnace. The various works of the Carnegie Steel Company are interconnected by railways over which liquid metal for the various blast furnaces is carried for miles from one plant to another. This economic measure, necessitated by the needs of manufacturing, has led to the establishment of hot metal bridges designed for carrying the heavy metal cars. They are so protected that they are fire-proof and an accident to a metal car will not endanger their in- tegrity, nor be a menace to vessels on the river, nor to persons or vehicles passing under the bridge. The largest of these bridges, and the heaviest in the world for its strength of span, is at Rankin and reaches from the Carrie furnaces to the yards at the Homestead Steel Works. The iron and steel manufacturing plants of the Car- negie Steel Company in the Pittsburg district include 39 blast furnaces, three steel works with eight Bessemer converters, and 88 open hearth furnaces, five rolling plants with 34 mills, an armor- plate works and a forge works for the manufacture of locomotive and car axles — Cyclopean works worthy of the Homeric archetype ! The works enumerated, wnth the improvements under way and completed, will have an aggregate capacity of 3,430,000 tons of steel per an- num, equal to 32.56 per cent of the production of the United States, 12.65 per cent of the output of the world, and nearly 71 per cent of that of Great Britain, meas- ured by her production in 1899, the year in which it was heaviest. The magnitude of the steel manufacturing operations of the present day, in and about Pittsburg, may be ap- Manufacture of Iron and Steel iji predated from the fact that the receipts of raw material and the shipments of the finished product of the three largest Carnegie works aggregate approximately 16.000,- 000 tons, which about equals the combined tonnage handled by the Missouri Pacific, Southern Pacific and Northern Pacific railways, operating 13,000 miles of track, 15C0 locomotives and 50,000 cars. In the mining, transportation and manufacturing operations the com- pany provides employment for about 50.000 persons, and disburses yearly about $50,000,000 to its operative and administrative forces. The amount oi business trans- acted is exceeded by few, if any, commercial organ- izations in America or Europe. Out of the depressed steel prices in the early '90s there arose a necessity for handling material cheaply and hence cars are designed and built of steel — steel alone has the required strength — to carry burdens of fifty tons, nearly twice the former and usual capacity. The manufacture of these cars can be most readily in- spected at the plant of the Pressed Steel Car Company, on Neville Island in the Ohio River, which can be reached by street cars from the city. This plant can turn out 100 finished steel cars per day. .•\t Ambridge, on the Fort Wavne Railroad 16 miles from the city, may be seen the largest bridge building works in the world, which have just been erected at that point by the .American Bridge Company. I :"t . * Ml--'::.--"/ w3 ■>- :3 33 -^A''-' ^^'' 3a 2^ ;• ^: :;6"": •'^ -- ^: j: '-'Vwf 2J jw jj :: ;!;,i35^j' a ii ;; ;; ;^:;; jjrj 12 JJ ^< sV^ j'r 55 J^ «^' Farmers' Bank Building The Farmers' Bank Biiild'm^ |NE (jf the features in Pittsburg which is most characteristic of its business section, and which in a way shows the remarkable development both in building construction and in the business ^Ajj - ■ T" 'i activity of the city, is its office [ (ni 'I I buildings. There was nothing which could be classed as an office building in the modern sense until the construction, about iSgo, (jf the Westinghouse Building, which had thick walls of brick and was striking at the time of its construction in hav- ing the unusual height of nine stories, devoted exclu- sively to office purposes. Since that time new office buildings have gone up year by year until they form a characteristic feature of the down-town portion of the city. Some of these buildings, in height and size and elegance of appointment, rival any which have ever been constructed. 'Ihe expansion in the business inter- ests of Pittsburg which has filled these buildings with busy offices is a true index of the development of Pitts- burg as a business and industrial center. One of the most striking of these office buildings is the Farmers' Bank Building. Fronting one hundred and twenty feet on Fifth Ave- nue by one hundred and twenty feet on Wood Street, in the very center of the business section, the Farmers' Bank Building occupies one of the most prominent sites in the city. It stands twenty-four stories above the level of the street and has in addition a basement and sub-basement. In excellence of material and construction, and in ele- gance of finish, it is equalled by few buildings in the countrv. The first four stories are constructed of white I"/ 4 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book marble, the remaining stories of dark brown pressed brick with white trimmings. The interior is finished in mahogany and white marble. Every room has outside windows and the walls are decorated in light colors, giving abundance of light. There are toilet rooms on every floor and lavatories in every office. The steam heating apparatus is of the latest and best, with thermo- static control, and the building is ventilated by means of air shafts and power fans. Ten hydraulic elevators, equipped with safety devices and run with duplicate engines, furnish a continuous service. The first floor is occupied by The Farmers' Deposit National Bank, and by store rooms. The remaining floors are devoted to office purposes. On the mezzanine floor under the banking room is the Safe Deposit Armor Plate vault, provided with reception rooms, coupon rooms and all facilities for the prompt and convenient conduct of business. The building is lighted throughout by Nernst lamps, current for which is supplied by three 150 KW and one 75 KW two-phase 220-volt Westinghouse engine type alter- nators. This building is the first of its kind to be wholly illuminated by Nernst lamps, and one of the best exam- ples of an alternating current isolated plant in a modern office building. Frick Building: The Frick Building |HE Frick Building, said to be the handsomest office building in the world, is located at Fifth Avenue and Grant Street. It rises twenty-one stories above the street level and con- tinues three stories below. The total height of the building, from the engine room floor to the roof, is 265 feet. The build- ing is of the best type of steel construction and this together with the outside walls of gran- ite, insures the highest type of physical construction. Fine Italian marble and Honduras mahogany is used exclusively as the interior finish. All metal work on the main floor, including windows and door frames and main doors to banking brokers' rooms, as well as the elevator grille work and finish of elevator cars, the telephone booths, etc., all located on this floor, are of solid bronze, and the entire efifect is one of surpassing beauty. The offices average in size about ^00 square feet and are en suite. They are all light and airy, each office having two outside windows. The average size of the windows is 47 in. x6i-}4 in., and in keeping with every detail of the building, the glass is all mirror plate. The building contains 6,493,592 cubic feet, from en- gine room floor to roof. The passenger elevators, of the Otis Hydraulic type of 2,500 pounds capacity at 400 feet per minute, furnish continuous service and the average number of persons carried from 8 a. m. until 6 p. m. is about 28,000 ; this fact alone is indicative of the " bigness " in every de- tail of this building. In addition to the ten passenger elevators, one freight elevator and several direct lifts. I "J 8 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book complete the elevator installation. Hydraulic power is furnished by one 21 x 34 by 17x24 duplex plunger type pump, and as auxiliaries there are three 16 in. x 25 in. by 14 in. X 15 in. slip plunger type pumps. The Power Plant comprises five 300 HP Babcock & Wilcox water tube boilers, complete with Roney Stokers. Slack coal is used and is dumped into hop- pers from the street level and conducted from the hop- pers to the boilers by gravity. Four 250 HP West- inghouse Compound Engines, direct connected to 150 KW direct current, no-volt Westinghouse Gener- ators furnish light and electric power. TwiS 45 KW motor generator sets furnish current for the 6 glower Nernst lamps, which illuminate the main corridor and banking and brokers' rooms on this floor. There are about 9,000 lights of various candle power installed. Two refrigerating plants of 40 tons each in capacity furnish all ice used in the Union Club and in the Union Restaurant, as well as for cooling 6,000 square feet of refrigerators and all the drinking water. Four foun- tains on each floor supply specially filtered and cooled water for drinking purposes. The usual quota of smaller machinery, such as house service pumps, of which there are two 14 in. x 8 in. x 18 in. of the duplex plunger type, and boiler feed pumps, of the same type but smaller: the small air pumps for the thermostatic control of the radiators ; the vacuum pumps for the heating system ; hot water heaters, for the building sup- ply : air pumps for the elevator pressure tanks ; am- monia and brine pumps ; the mechanical ventilating system for the restaurant : are all contained in the engine and boiler rooms located in the sub-basement and all furnish their portion of the " Thousand and One " details necessary to a plant of this size. There is also installed a vacuum system for the cleaning of the 636 rooms and this vacuum system is absolute in its cleanliness and besides is perfectly san- itary. All dust is collected in proper reservoirs con- nected to this system and located in the engine room. The Frick Building lyg The building is heated by direct radiation. Exhaust steam is used and the supply is sufficient at all time>, without the introduction of any live steam whatever. The vacuum system is used and thermostatic valves on each radiator, connected to a wall thermostat in each room, insure an equitable temperature in each room, through the wide range of outside temperature. An average of from two to two and one half pounds back pressure, with a vacuum on the return risers of about 14 inches, serves to circulate the steam thoroughly. The basement floor is occupied by the Union Res- taurant and The Union Safe Deposit Company. The development of the cafe and restaurant rooms is in splendid detail and in keeping with the general tone of the building. Installed in the Union Safe Deposit Company's rooms is one of the largest and safest of vaults, made of armor plate. The vault is 44 feet long, 24 feet wide and 8 feet high and weighs 892,000 pounds. The front plates are 9 ft. 6 in. x 12 ft. 6 in. ; bottom plates 24 ft. 6 in. x9 ft. 6 in.: side plates 9 ft. 3 in. x 15 ft.; top plates 24 ft. X 9 ft. The thickness of these plates is 6 inches. There are two doors to this vault, of tlie circular pattern, each weighing 17 tons. Safety devices of the latest practice are installed, thus making this vault absolutely safe from any agency whatever. The steel for the first pier was set July 27th, 1901. and in less than eight months from that date, tenants were occupying the building. It is estimated that from 3,000 to 3,500 occupants are in the various rooms during business hours. The Phipps Power Bui/ding HE Phipps Power Building is lo- cated in Cecil Way. 4th Ward, Pittsburg, and occupies a ground space 100 X loo-ft. It supplies light, heat ana power in various forms to the surrounding group of properties owned by Mr. '•'^iP^^Wt^M Henry Phipps. The building has ^ a capacity of three 1000 KW gen- erators, each driven by a 28X46X 48 vertical cross compound en- gine; four 2i,'/2X2 — 28-in.x6i4x 24-in. three cylinder compound pressure pumps for furnishing hydraulic elevator pres- sure at 850 lbs. per square inch ; and 7200 HP high pressure water tube boilers with chain grate stokers. The generators with their exciting machines, also the elevator pumps, switchboard, superintendent's office, etc., are located on the first, or ground floor, about seven feet above the street, which is well out of danger from high water in this vicinity. The boilers are lo- cated, 3600 HP each, on the second and third floors, and above these in the centre of the building is a coal storage bin of 1000 tons capacity. Coal is necessarily delivered to the building by wagon, as no track ap- proach can be had. The building contains two large vertical pumps, drawing their water directly from the Allegheny river and delivering same into the general distributing system at 150 lbs. pressure. There is furthermore an artesian well in the building for supply- ing drinking water to the various Phipps properties. The building has been made of sufficient height to give five clear, well lighted floors for renting to light manufacturers, printers and others requiring space of this character. The upper portion of the building is served by two high speed hydraulic passenger elevators. The Phipps Pozvcr Building i8i and one extremely large platform 10,000 lb. capacity freight elevator. Two chimneys are provided, one on either side of the building, each chimney being 11 feet in diameter and extending to a height of 254 feet from the level of Cecil Way ; the chimneys are built of plates and are unlined. Coal elevating and conveying machinery and ash handling apparatus are in duplicate, and so installed that a wagon of coal may be dumped through the grating at the Cecil Way entrance, and after being righted, the wagon may receive from an overhead bin a load of ashes. The entire structure is very substantially built of steel frame work with fire proof floors and walls ; foundations are carried about 22 feet below the level of Cecil Way to a solid stratum of river gravel. The coping of the walls is approximately 160 feet above Cecil Way. Pa?'ks and Boulevards |HE visitor who first views the city of Pittsluirg in its con- gested down-town business dis- trict is apt to form an erroneous impression of Pittsburg as a whole, as he has not yit seen the weahh of natural scenery, the picturesque surioundings and the points of beauty in which the residence district and environs literally abound. The topographical formation of the city is exceptional and has been the controlling factor in the building of the city. The Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, by their con- fluence just in front of the city, form the Ohio. These three have narrow valleys, which on either side are fringed with high hills or precipitous blufifs some 4C0 or 500 feet in height. Along the river banks and in the tributary valleys are the various factories and industrial works. At " the point " where the rivers unite is an unsymmetrical area measuring scarcely more than a half dozen squares in one direction and 10 or u in the other in which the business interests of the Pittsburg district are conducted. Across the Allegheny river lies the city of Allegheny extending back from the river front up over the hills where are found magnificent residences, the beautiful Riverview Park and the Allegheny Observatory. To the east of the business part of Pittsburg lies a rolling plateau, wdiere once, the geologists say, flowed the Monongahela. The Liberty valley with, its sur- rounding hills is the principal residence portion. On the one side overlooking the Monongahela river is Schenley Park with an area of some 750 acres. This Parks and Boulez'ards i8- park was donated to the city by the late Mrs. Mary E. Schenley, whose ancestors were among the earliest set- tltr-. She herself was a native of the city although for many years a resident of London. Ten years ago the present park was partly farm land and partly hilly sides and deep ravines, but with characteristic energy, armies of workmen and gardeners under the super- vision of engineers were set to work, roads were built, bridges were constructed, walks wore laid and gardens planted, so that within a few years a beautiful park has been developed. Near the entrance to the park is a great conservatory presented by Mr. Henry Phipps, which contains an array of floral specimens which is said to be unsurpassed. Far away across the Liberty valley lies Highland Park. .At the top of a high bluff overlooking the Alle- gheny river is the reservoir sup])lie the existing de- mand for technical educatiDii. A preliminary canvass of the schools and factories disclosed a student enroll- ment of over five thousand individuals, who signified their intention and desire to secure technical instruction as soon as some quarters were established. Lastly, the constructi\e period necessitated careful study of the existing .schools in this vicinity, and the preparation of a program of competition upon which could be based the selection of an architect who pos- sessed the resourceful qualities necessary to carry into execution the building scheme. During the period when these three distinct matters were l)eing prosecuted it was felt that it would be ad- 202 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book visable to present to the pul)lic some idea of the char- acter of the instruction to be given. In order to accom- plish this purpose a number of public addresses were given. These addresses supplemented by the cordial support of the public press have infused a spirit of enthusiasm and intense interest in both young and old in the projected plans for the erection of this school. What method will be employed in forwarding the educational movement during the coming winter has not yet been announced. The preparation of plans, the question of temporary classes and the continuation of the lecture course are the subjects of immediate concern and interest to the committee on technical schools at the present time. It is the present intention to begin only on a scale commensurate with the possibilities of efficient utiliza- tion, allowing for expansion as the demand for technical instruction increases. It is proposed that few buildings should be built at the beginning, this to be followed by a gradual growth in the construction of the buildings. As the educational area becomes utilized to its fullest extent, the next and more important problem to be solved is that of the selection of a faculty capable of ad- ministering to the needs of an institution of the char- acter outlined. This faculty will likewise have in charge very largely the equipping- of the buildings, great care being taken to have this equipment of such a character that this may be a most modern and complete school. Its influence is in a large measure dependent upon the virility, character and personality of its stafif, and especially is this so of an institution of a scientific char- acter as has been outlined. Men who have a thorough knowledge of the subject and who have the faculty of imparting that knowledge to others are the kind of teachers needed, but men with character who can wield positive influence upon their students and who have the ability for entTiusing the young and the ambitious are not readily found. When the student realizes that all the school can do Carnegie Technical School 20J for him is to help him to solve his life problem, leaving it for him to develop his talent, it then becomes neces- sary that the kind of teaching eiven should be of such a character as shall lead him in the most direct way to the accomplishment of the end sought for by his in- nate desires. Keeping this aim in view, the future course of the student will be guided in a large measure by the advice of his teacher, who will be able in some degree to determine both his capacity and adaptability, and whenever a student shows a lack of capacity or un- decided attitude it is hoped that the personality of the teacher will be surficiently strong to guide him to safe and sure points of interest which will lead to his ulti- mate advancement. The fields in which the graduates of an institution of this character will prove useful are too many to enumer- ate with minuteness, but they should in a comparatively short period demonstrate to the community the need for instruction of this character and prove of undoubted value in a much wider sphere of influence. Graduates should find ready and waiting for them places in all the manufacturing, building and scientific industries of the country ; some of them as apprentices, others as journeymen of greater skill and capacity than the past generations have produced, of foremen, superintendents, managers, assistant engineers and ar- chitects. The women graduates should find places as wage- earners, secretaries, librarians, and costume designers with a thorough knowledge of domestic art and science, whether dealing with plain design or the utilization of the common necesssities of life, all finding their training to have been so sound in fundamental principles that after a reasonable amount of experience and practice they can become leaders in the lines which they have selected. The subject of civics, pride of city and iumie, is one to which too little weight is given by the average tech- nical school. It is expected that the high character of 204 ^^^' Pittsburg Electrical Hand- Book the members of the faculty of this institution will liave its influence socially and that breadth of view and wide discernment as to the relations of the individual to the community will best tind expression in the graduates who have been under the guidance of high-minded, purposeful men and women. It is in an ideal such as this, a philanthropy which recog- nizes and assists those with capacity, virility, knowledge and enthusiasm, that a broad and munificent gift such as Mr. Carnegie's can best find its expression. The following prooosed groups of buildings will con- vey a clearer description of scope of the undertaking and of the four distinct schools projected: Admimstratvve Group. — The Administrative Group should be so designed as to house the executive depart- ment of the Institution, make provisions for the social development of the students, and provide an auditorium for the assemb'age of the entire School. School of Applied Science. — This group must be de- signed to administer to the needs of a School of Applied Science, operative for both day and night students, and for the training nf young men over si.xteen years old during periods of two or three years, for such callings as Draughtsmen, Inspectors. Foremen, Engineers' As- sistants, and numerous other positions above those of the skilled mechanic, where intelligence and technical information are more essential than manual dexterity. In this School a large part of the instruction, in- cluding that in shop work, will be given in Laboratories, Draughting Rooms, etc. To make this instruction thorough and effective the entire equipment must be of the most modern type. The machinery and appliances will be of such a char- acter and so used that an economic use of both labor and material can" be demonstrated in a manner similar to that found in the commercial shops. In the arrangement of the various class rooms, labora- tories and shops of this Group, the principal object sought should be close correlation. Carnegie Technical School 20§ The School for Aff^reiiticcs ami Journeymen. — Tliis Group should be adapted to the night instruction of students. The School for Apprentices and Journeymen will offer a system of instruction for the further educa- tion of apprentices already at work in the trade, who will receive at night technical and theoretical informa- tion, coupled wath a fair amount of that practical demon- stration necessary to their ultimate advancement into the ranks of skilled mechanics. The object of this night instruction is to supplement the daily practice of the apprentices, but it must not be supposed that this School will in any sense endeavor to turn out skilled mechanics. The students, upon completing this course supplemented by their daily apprenticeship, would necessarily continue to serve the balance of their time in commercial opera- tions, prior to their beintr ranked as skilled mechanics. This School Group will also provide for the educa- tion and training of those mechanics in the building and manufacturing trades, who are already rated as journeymen, giving them an opportunity to supplement and develop their intellectual powers, so that they may relatively keep in advance of the apprentice and find a wider opportunity for their skill, experience and knowl- edge of their subject, which will insure to them further advancement to ]:)iisitions such as foreman, superintend- ents, master mechanics, etc. The course of instrjiction in the school for Appren- tices and Journeymen will be so arranged that the stu- dents will have an opportunity to acciuire familiarity with materials, knowledge of the basic principles em- ployed, and of the mechanical and working drawings, elements of physics and chemistry and a familiarity with new materials and the most modern tools. The instruction must be accurately based on the stand- ard demanded in the skilled labor market, and must be constantly adjusted to conform to the changing con- ditions demanded in the various industries, consequent upon the use of new materials and new methods of manufacture or construction. 206 The Pittsburg Electrical Hand-Book The shops, laboratories and class rooms required for this School Group will therefore be equipped in the most complete manner, so that the practical, as well as the theoretical, part of the instruction may be at all times closel)' related to the best practice in commercial work. The arrangement between the shops, class rooms and draughting rooms should be such as to permit the closest possible correlation in the work carried on in these sections. Technical School for Jl'ouioi. — This Group should be designed to house a technical school for women, giv- ing instructions to both da}- and evening students. The School will be strictly practical in character and will have for its principal aim the training of women to earn their livelihood. Its purpose will be to give to them a technical training or special skill in various subjects, which will increase their earning power. It will offer courses of two grades : First: Short courses of the trade character adapted to those of comparatively limited natural ability and previous intellectual training, to enable them in the shortest possible time to become skilled workers. Second : Longer and more technical courses for ma- ture women with more intellectual ability, to fit them for more responsible and remunerative positions. These courses will be about three years in length. There will, therefore, be needed in this School, for the practical instruction which is intended the kitchens, laundries, etc. : work rooms for millinery, dressmaking, etc., and special laboratories or shops, carefully de- signed for the purposes indicated, and in accordance with the best precedents found in hospitals, hotels and commercial establishments. Evening instruction will be of the same practical character a? that given in the day courses. School of Applied Design. — This School should be designed to accommodate classes in the design, tech- nique and mechanical processes of the various Art In- dustries specified. The purpose of the School will be Carnegie Technical School 20J to instruct those who aspire to become skilled workers as well as designers after a reasonable amount of ex- perience, who are familiar with the technical require- ments of these industries. There will be needed to accomplish this purpose, well equipped work rooms, where the students can apply the designs which thej- have created, under conditions close- ly resembling those that thev will find later in commer- cial work of like character. The principal part of the instruction will be of this practical character. There will be given in this School, instruction in both day and evening classes. If these aims above set forth can be accomplished it is needless to comment upon the ultimate widespread usefulness of this institution in developing not alone its owm character and growth, but serving as a medium for developing the character of the entire Pittsburgh communitv. Map of PlTTSBURQ SHOWING LOCATION OF WESTIKGHOUSE INTERESTS. Reached "by SIcam and Trolley Lines Railroads: Trolley Linea: ■ ■ i i ■ Inter Works Railroads THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 l.l^.M,;,?.';'!,".^"'' '^^-'"'•^'"•^ .iBMR, FACiLTV A 000 570 620 5 The Pittsburg liiliiilli: Hiiite ■■■■■lii :' "