EASY
INTRODUCTORY
'HEBREW GRAMMAR.
A NEW
ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR
OF (WHAT IS US DALLY CALLED) THE
'HEBREW LANGUAGE
OF THE OLD TESTAMENT.
[SECOND EDITION OF PART I. (ON THE READING),
TOOETHER WITH
A SHORT AND EASY GRAMMAR
IN THE FORM OF
'READING-LESSONS' AND 'NOTES'],
For SELF-INSTRUCTORS, and for COLLEGES and SCHOOLS.
P. H. MASON, M.A.,
ONE OF THE SENIOR FELLOWS AND HEBREW LECTURER AND SENIOR DEAN
of ST. John's college, Cambridge.
CAMBRIDGE :— J. HALL & SON;
LONDON : WHITTAKER <fc CO ; SIMFK1N, MARSHALL & CO. ; AND
G. BELL & SONS. — OXFORD : JAS. PARKER & CO.
1877.
[Entered at Stationers' Hall].
1
Co i\% gttmorj) of
MY FATHER,
WHO
TAUGHT ME HEBREW FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD
AND SPARED NO EXPENCE
IN OBTAINING FOR ME THE BEST INSTRUCTION,
THESE PAGES
ARE
GRATEFULLY INSCRIBED.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION,
The First Edition of pages 1 — 51 of this book (pub-
lished at the beginning of the year 1871) being very nearly ex-
hausted, the author be^s leave to offer his best thanks to those
who have made it necessary for him to bring out a Second
Edition of it now.
The ' Easy, Practical Hebrew Grammar,' (in 2 vols. 8vo.,)
published by him in connection with his friend the late
Dr. Bernard at the close of the year 1853, was out of print in
1870 and the author was then called upon for a new Edition
of that Work. But he preferred to write a new book.
The First Edition (of pages 1 — 51 of this present work)
was intended to be merely the First Part of a large Grammar
entering into all the minutiaB of the subject in order. And the
MS. of a portion of Part II. of the Grammar had been
in the Printers' hands for several days when it was taken back
by the author and rapidly condensed and formed anew into
what became the ' First Part of the Exercise-Book.'
It was with great regret that, through lack of leisure, the
author found himself compelled to provide, for practical pur-
poses, a work in a more condensed form and on a much
narrower plan than that of the one with which he wished to
have proceeded. But a new work of that kind necessarily re-
quires time and much thought, and the author had not much
time at his disposal — what he had was chiefly abstracted
from (too often) much-needed rest. It was indeed a great
pleasure to him, to do his utmost in labouring to supply a de-
mand which previous toil and care in years of Teaching
had been to some extent a means of causing. But nights were
Vlll PREFACE.
not long enough, (for without rest sometimes further work
is impossible), and days were too much occupied, and
Printers also alas! were too much engaged, for the supply
of pages to be rapid enough for the then pressing demand. A
change of plan was therefore necessary. —
The most important portions of ' Parts II and III of the
Grammar' were embodied in the Exercise-Book ; And, for
some less immediately important matters, References were
made to the unpublished MS. of the Grammar. [Most of
those References are omitted in the Second Edition of the
Exercise-book — because that MS. is yet unpublished.]
The subject is of large extent. Not only has the Exercise-
book grown into a Volume, but moreover the condensed form
in which one or two great matters had to be treated therein
may seem to have made necessary some additional help
for Learners. The author has therefore added here to
'Part I. (on the Reading)' an Easy Introduction to the
Grammar-portion of the Exercise-book, — in the form of
'Reading-Lessons ' and 'Notes.' The full open arrangement of
VERB-forms on pages 58 — 74 here (with Notes on some ' Varia-
tions,' on pages 74 — 107), and the Declensions of NouN-forms
on pages 109 — 118, will (it is hoped) enable the Student to
master without much difficulty some important points from
which he may securely advance at his leisure to the conquest
by and by of large and goodly fields in the wide domain of
' Hebrew ' Literature.
St. John's College, Cambridge.
February 1, 1877.
Note. A Key to the ' Examples for Reading ' is perhaps scarcely necessary ; — but,
for the convenience of those who may require the help, a ' Key to the Examples,'
is published separately. It will probably to useful to Self- Instructors.
%* The author will be thankful to any one who will kindly favour him with notice
of the typographical (or other) errors which he may discover in the following pages.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION,
" Know what you have to do, and do it," is good advice to
a writer no less than to the Painter. We wish to bear in
mind that 'What we have to do' in Part I. is — to
point out HOW TO read what we see* in that part of the
Old Testament Scriptures which is in the Language gene-
rally called ' Hebrew.' [The use of this current term is open
to discussion, but such a discussion would be out of place
just now hei'e.] The study of this Language is important, not
only as a means of education peculiarly valuable in itself,
but also in regard to study of the Bible as a whole : —
it aids in a manner of its own the student of the New Tes-
tament ; for underlying the form of the diction of this there
are sometimes modes of thought characteristic of the Old
Language ; and (if the expression may be used) the Spirit
of Old Testament Scripture breathes through the New.
Again, — were it not for the general absence of any know-
ledge of Hebrew, and the various opinions so unhesitatingly
adopted (and sometimes strongly expressed) by those who
know it not, — we might have supposed that a knowledge
of this Language would be recognized as of at least some
value in regard to the opinions which men hold about The
Bible. This Book — what is it ? — Whatever may be men's
opinions about it, all must allow surely that a widely ex-
tended influence has been exercised by and through it on
generations of mankind. Some seem to think that the world
has got beyond it. Such persons generally know only, or
refer only, either to some Translation, or to certain opinions
held by leaders of their school or party. And there is end-
* Cp. Note (*) on p. 51.
X PREFACE.
less confusion, perplexity, disorder of thought, — may we not
say ' As might be expected' ? And, all the while, far above
the mists and the clouds of controversies respecting it, in
bright clear light it is calmly shining. ' Is this so V
— the question may be asked. And ' Does it when studied
in itself help to disentangle the intricacies of the problem of
our life ? — to unveil at all the mystery of our being V And
' Does it more V —
To help a little (if he may) the efforts of some who
may wish to know for themselves the truth of this matter,
is the aim of the writer. Too high an aim for him, it may
be ; but still he cannot but so aim. This first part of the
elementary work on grammar which he has in hand is but
small ; and it falls far short of what it should be for such a
purpose. More and greater defects than those which the
author perceives in it may render it still more unworthy of
the service for which he meant it.
For the removal of several defects and faults, it is his
pleasing duty to acknowledge his obligations to the distin-
guished Hebrew Scholars, Dr Chance of Trinity College, Cam-
bridge (and of Burleigh House, Sydenham-hill, London), and
the Rev. Charles Taylor, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College,
Cambridge, who have favoured him with a careful examina-
tion of the Proof-sheets and with several important sugges-
tions and corrections, as also to his younger friend, Frederick
Watson, Esq. B.A., Naden's Divinity Student (late Scholar)* of
St. John's College, who has also given him the benefit of his
careful revision and caused several additional corrections. His
most hearty thanks are due to these his friends for their kind
and valuable assistance.
St. John's College, Cambridge,
February 1, 1871.
* Now the Rev. F. Watson, M.A., Fellow and Theological Lecturer of St. John's
College, Cambridge, to whom the author is glad to record his obligations for much
kind help given since the above was written. — (February, 1877).
CONTENTS OF PART I. (on the reading).
PAGE
I. Mode of Writing ... ... ... ... 1,2
II. Letters (Alphabet, p. 3) and Vowel-Marks (Table, p. 4) 2—9
First Practice (the Letters, and Letters with Vowels) 5
Second Practice (Easy Words) ... ... ... 7
III. Shva Moving (and Quiescent). — Compound Suva ... 9 — 12
Third Practice ... ... ... ... 12
IV. Quiescent Letters (and Mappek, p. 14) ... ... 12 — 15
Fourth Practice ... ... ... ... 15
V. Accents (and Makkeph, p. 15), — (Pause, p. 17), — ... 15 — 19
VI. Dagesh-lene and Dagesh-forte (and Raphe', p. 21 note) 20 — 22
Rules ... ... ... ... ... 22
Fifth Practice ... ... ... ... 23
VII. Rules (Shva, Slight- vowel, &c.) ... ... ... 24—30
Sixth Practice ... ... ... ... 30
Recapitulation of Rules ... ... ... 31
[Note. Some peculiarities of H, 1, PI, ^> C (Furtivc-Pathakh, —
Dot of $ and ty need sometimes for Khoulem, —
) sometimes consonantal in ), !))] ... ... 32 — 36
Seventh Practice ... ... ... ... 37
Note on Appendices (A — E) ... ... ... 38
Appendix A. On the signification of Vowel-names, especially
Kaumets ... ... ... ... 38—42
„ B. „ Accents ... ... ... 42 — 44
„ C. „ Dagesh ... ... ... ... 45,46
„ D. „ Compound Shva ... ... ... 47, 48
E. „ ^TDandnp ... 49-51
[* # * For Contents of ' Reading-Lessons ' and ' Notes,' see next page].
CONTENTS OF THE < READING-LESSONS ' AND < NOTES.'
Reading-Lessons : — page
Personal Pronouns ... ... ... ... ... 55
Pronoun-Affixes with a Masc. Noun ... ... ... 56
Pronoun- Affixes with a Fem. Noun ... ... ... 57
Verb-Forms : —
Kal Voice ... ... ... ... ... 58—61
Niph-al Voice ... ... ... ... ... 62,63
Pi-el Voice ... ... ... ... ... 64,65
Pii-al Voice ... ... ... ... ... 66,67
Hiph-il* Voice ... ... ... ... ... 68,69
Hoph-al Voice ... ... ... ... ... 70, 71
Hithpa-el Voice ... ... ... ... ... 72—74
Notes : —
' Root '-letters and ' Roots ' ... ... ... 74, 75
' Names ' of Voices ... ... ... ... 76
Some forms of Past- Tense, and Participle (1), Kal, ... 7G — 79
Some ' Variations ' in Kal forms ... ... ... 79 — 82
Some ' Variations ' in Niph-al forms ... ... 82 — 86
Some ' Variations ' in Pl-cl & Pii-al forms ... ... 86 — 90
Some 'Variations' in Hiph-il & Hoph-al forma ... 90, 91
Some ' Variations ' in Hithpa-el forms ... ... 91 — 93
' Variations ' when the 1st Root-letter is X ... ... 94, 95
Some other Great Classes of ' Variations ' ... ... 96 — 102
General ' Chart ' or Table for such, opposite to page 99
Notes on the ' Chart' ... ... ... ... 99
Two Tables (from Exercise book) ... ... 100—102
Two ' Variations ' at once ... ... ... ... 98
Letters called (by some) ' Paragogic ' ... ... 103
PAUSE-forms of Verbs ... ... ... 103—107
Pronoun- Affixes with Verb-forms — mentioned ... 107
Notes on Noun-Forms and such with Pron- Affixes . . . 108 — 120
Small Table for some Plural forms ... ... ... 116
References (to the Exercise-book) for some other matters 119—121
Note on ' Vauv Conversive ' ... ... ... 122, 123
Note on the Names of the Hebrew Tenses ... 1 23, 124
* The i being (as in machine) = ee.
HEBREW GRAMMAR.
PART I.
I. Mode v of Writing.
1. Hebrew is written from right to left. The 22 letters
are consonantal, more or less.
In pointed Hebrew the vowels are represented by marks
attached to those letters. These vowel-marks are placed one
above, one in, and the rest below the line of consonant-marks.
2. In each of these two sets of marks, there is a mark for
Nothing.
i. The first of the 22 letters, K (called A-leph), is the
Nothing-mark among consonants. Without it Hebrew could
have no word beginning with a vowel* (except the one vowel
whose place is in the line of consonants, see § 11, p. 5). Such
English words as am, in, ofj would, if written in Hebrew
fashion, stand thus :
fN nX mtf
o i a
ii. The mark for Nothing among Vowels is — , called
Shva. This is written below the letter to which it belongs,
and expresses that this letter has no vowel.
* There would be no hook, as it were, on which to hang the opening vowel of
the word. Some have considered N as a " Spiritus Lenis" others as an
" Unaspirated Aspirate." It is often used as a .Root-letter. See more hereafter.
1
2 MODE OF WRITING. §§ 3 — 7.
3. In Hebrew every letter* must have either a vowel
or the Shva shewing that it has no vowel. Thus:
{from would stand thus mrf
x -1 ° *■
form mrt
: : o
4. We may remark at once that it is usual to omit the
Shva belonging to the last letter of a word when that last letter
is immediately preceded by a vowel. The Shva belonging to
the last letter is however then understood. Thus, such a word
as from is written mrf; but, in Hebrew, Shva must be under-
o :
stood as belonging to the final consonant, though — be not
given.
5. In Hebrew a vowel can bo attached to the consonant-marks
alone, never to another vowel. Shva too can be attached to the
consonant-marks alone.
6. When a word ends in two -f* consonants with no vowel
to either of them, the Shva is written beneath each of them.
Thus, such a word as form is written mrf; neither of the
: : o
two Shvas being then omitted and understood.
N.B. No pure Hebrew word has two Shvas together thus
ending a syllable anywhere else than at the end of a word.
II. Letters and Vowel-marks.
7. Note. Of the 22 letters of the following Alphabet
five have a different form at the end of a word ; and six have
a dot (belonging to them in pointed Hebrew).
* With certain exceptions, to be mentioned as soon as possible,
t There is no pure Hebreiv word ending in more than two consonants without
a vowel.
ALPHABET.
In the list of Names &, is to be pro-
nounced broadly like a in ball.
§ represents the sound of e in fete,
a in fame.
I represents the sound of i inmachine.
(-) above a vowel makes it long.
* Many pronounce 1 as the English
w, and call it Waw. This is not re-
commended.
t kh stands for the guttural ch in
Loch, or the German Buch.
X The pronunciation of y is inward
guttural. It is not usual to pronounce
it among the best scholars. Some Jews
have the custom of giving for it a na-
sal ng. This, however is not the true
power of the letter and is by no means
to be recommended.
|| Some represent p by q, but as
this letter might be mistaken by the
Header for qu it is advisable to employ
for this purpose an English letter of
which the value is better known than
that of q by itself. The value of q
without u is not so well known in
English that it may be used as a mark
of known value.
IT Moderns sometimes put W (sh)
after *{j> (s) instead of before it. This
is a needless variation from old estab-
lished usage, and cannot (except by ;i
mistake) be supported by the present
arrangement of the letters of the Arabic
Alphabet.
The following Differences may be
noticed between letters somewhat
resembling each other:
(1) Between 3 h and 3 k (or 3 V
and 3 kh). that the second one (of each
pair) is more rounded below ; and be-
tween each of them and Q p (or Q ph),
that this last letter has a stroke inside
it:—
(2) Between J g and 3 n. that the
former has a slight opening between
the base and the stem : —
(3) Between T d and ~\ r, that the
latter is round-shouldered; and be-
tween each of them and "] (kh final),
that this last falls below the line : —
(4) Between n h and n kh- that the former has an opening at the left upper
corner; and between each of them and J"|, that this last has a projecting foot to
the left :—
(5) Between ) v and T Z. that the latter has a crook in its back; and between
each of them and | n (final), that this last falls below the line: —
(6) Between t, and E m. that the former has an opening above and the
latter below : —
(7) Between Q rn (final) and D S. that the latter is more rounded : —
(8) Between y (A-yin) and V ts* that in the former two strokes go each of
them down to the base whereas in the latter there is a short stroke on the back
of the other which is longer and much bent ; and between each of them and y
(ts final), that this latter falls below 7 the line.
o .
V 2
S3 g
S 3
£ es
o a
: 2*
■ go
CD'S
u
o
o
fin
Name.
1
X
None
'A-leph
2
8-
b
V
Beth
Veth
3
8-1
g
Gimel
4
fi-l
d
Daleth
5
P|(4)
li
He
6
V 5 )
V*
Vav
7
J (5)
z
Za-yin
8
n< 4 »
khf
Kheth
9
JO (6)
t
rah
10
*
y
Yod
20
go,
1 (3)
1
k
kh
Kaph
Khaph
30
b
1
La-med
40
Jb<«> '
Dw
m
Mem
50
J (2) :
|(5)
n
Nun
60
D<?> :
s
Si-mech
70
y<« i
-:
A-yin
80
P|
p
Pe
Phe
90
x<«
V(8)
ts
Tsa-di
100
p
k||
Koph
200
^(3)
r
Resh
300
s '
Shin
Sin
400
in
t
til
Tav
Thiv
VOWEL-MARKS. § 8.
o
rd
m
<D
>
to
d
o
1-3
03
r^
o
>
0)
rd
H
0)
CO
o3
K"~i
r>»
+3
CO
o
-r3
O
d
03
M
<x>
<5?
rf
s->
CO
-1-3
d
?3
CO
03
bo
>?
r«o
s
.1
^3
e3
.9
CO
03
CI
• i— 1
-f-
o
O
Sh
r£!
n3
03
03
3
Ph
CD
CD
d
o3
1
CD
ft
rd
a
.2
1
1
rd
o3
-3
ft
f-H
CD
d
o
d
o
CD
y*
0)
CD
d
CD
^
o
ft
o
CO
g
a
—
r*
►*^!
r*
,
H^>
o
H
o
CO
a»
<4i
■H
o
CD
-r->
CD
rd
+3
(3
e in vie
in tin.
o
.3
.2
rO
.3
rd
H-3
ri
o
5
d
CO
cs
'l>
^
CO
<3 ^A
CO "^
o3 co
CO
o3
CO
o3
CO
o3
c3
©
.9
bo
d
o
bo
~ 03
•+3
O Jh
rH
O
H^T
O
•
"Sa c3
1 — '
H
rd d
rd O
rd
i— -i
CD
*
cd
t® -H
•£ .2
O
CD
•+-5
• d
<D o
CO •-*
05 6
. CO
CD o3
CO ^i
• .2
CO
o
CD
CD
a vo?
o
a>
S
»\
»\
■\
«\
«8 <3
eg
©
©
«0
103
3<D 5H
>o
>2
C-]
ft
-d
-4-=>
CO
r*
r^
d
o3
a
(Kaumets
[ or Kamet
)05
r-i
i
io3
CO
H
103
IS
bo
d
o
(Khou-lem
} 0T Kho-lem
M
1
id
rd
m
o3
H-3
1
»o3
ft
Se- gol
Short-Khe-i
l-d
W
1
CO
<v
d
03
CO
-1-3
v d
r^
3
,
l>
1=
I'
•1
rH
o
1'
l=- !•
1-
l-
O
, s —
j-.
&H
r-i
i,
en"
CO
"*■
r-5
©4 co"
-*
T
CO
CO
r— l
"©
a>
ts
£
o
o
rH
&J0
O
d
rd
o
r-3
W
r-H
h- i
r— 1
NOTES. 4,
(1)
[These eight pages, viz. 4 a) — 4 (s) , are not reckoned as part of the hook. They
contain merely what may he called " a little parenthetic talk" ahout some matters
connected with the subject. The subject itself is continued on page 5, and these
intervening pages need not be read by any who are at all pressed for time.
Note (I) may be thought to treat of matters of but small importance.
Note (II) is but an expansion of the Footnote on p. i.
Xote (III) contains merely a few practical observations which perhaps every
one would have been able to make for himself.]
Note (I). Marks for letters (in Transcription).
It may seem needless to remark that : —
Distinction should be made between*
' Marks for the Pronunciation, or Power, of letters,' and
' Marks for such letters themselves (in Transcription) ; '
or, in other words, that, — as a 'Phonetic Equivalent of a word,' i.e.
a ' representative of its Pronunciation,' is not always the same as a
'Transcript of its letters,' so too a 'Phonetic equivalent of a letter,'
i.e. a 'Mark representing its Power,' is not always the same thing
exactly as a ' Mark for the letter itself (in Transcription).'
For example, the Pronunciation of the French word ' honneur '
may be represented by 'on-Ur 1 ; and any mark for 'Xothing,' to
represent the Pronunciation or Power of the 'A,' would be clumsily
out of place there as well as quite unnecessary.
But quite a different thing would be a Transcript of the word in
letters (or other signs) of some other language. For this purpose
it might be requisite to have some mark for representing that ' h, '
in order that the Full Spelling of the'word might be represented in
the other characters.
Again the Pronunciation or Power of the ' e 1 in 'cell' and that of
the 's' in 'sell' are the same ; and so that of the l g' in 'gem' and
the '</"' in 'Jenkins;'' and so that of the 'c' in ' caf and the ' V in
' kangaroo? etc. ; and people find no difficulty in this, nor in having
* Some disregard the distinction and consequently fall into much confusion.
4 (2) NOTES.
the same Power marked by the same Sign in an Alphabet. But if
it were necessary to transcribe such words in the letters (or other
signs) of some other language, it might indeed be necessary to have
distinguishing marks for such letters. Now since, unhappily, so few
comparatively are familiar with Hebrew, many wish to have Hebrew
words transcribed for them in other characters. And it seems to be
necessary at present to recognize and (to some extent) try to meet
that wish. [We trust that with the progress of education the wish
will die away. Greek Scholars do not want such transcripts of
Greek words.]
Bearing in mind then the distinction mentioned above, at the be-
ginning of this ' Note,' wherever in the following pages we think
good to give the Pronunciation of a word we endeavour to give for
this a simple Phonetic equivalent — expressed in characters which
are in common use and generally understood and as unmistakeable as
possible, and such alone without any additions. On the other hand,
in the ' Key to the Examples,' recognizing (as we do) a use to
which it may be put by some who do not know the Hebrew letters,
we endeavour to spell fully the Hebrew words in a ' Transcript.'
There are various methods of such Transcription. And it is ad-
visable that there should be as mnch agreement as possible. "We
adopt therefore as far as we may some signs which are already in
nse. Some however we must reject because they are either not
simple enough, or not distinct enough, or too distressing to the eye
of the Bender.
(1) We may allow the use of (') the ' Spiritus lenis'' (as it is called)
in Greek, which — having no Consonantal Value at all— may be
thought to be not inadmissible as a mark for &$. Some use the
bare ' for this. But the use of a mark for a new and quite
different purpose from any for which it is in common use may lead
to confusion. Dr. H. Ewald, in his ' Lehrh. der hehr. Spr.' uses
the ' for fc$ (sometimes) and also for a quite different purpose.
Thus, on p. 51 [edition, 1870], he uses ' for the tf of "fl^ light, —
although he had used it just before as a sort of Apostrophe in his
NOTES. 4o
bWka for bi-Whhd (in which there is no X), as also in his ss'mitM
for ts'nu-thuth on p. 53, and in his ka-tfbu for Jcd-Wvu on p. 54, etc.
This latter frequent use of the ' is a fair and proper use of it which
he, and all others, have full right to. We gladly cite Dr. E.'s
practice as above, and we too must so use ' when we think fit. But
might not a quite different use of it (for X) cause confusion ? Dr.
E. in his ektfba for ekh-fvd (rftH^X) on P- 55 omits the ' for X at
the beginning of the word, or he would have the mark ' for two
different purposes in one word ! * — Others would use the ' for X, only,
refusing the other which is a fair and proper use of it and one that
is needed sometimes. But, as they in avoiding that confusion fall
into serious error, we had rather not follow them. It seems best to
retain all common uses of the ' and to give it some distinguishing
mark when we use it for {<• Anything, the pair of brackets even
(as above), will do. "We will therefore use (') for X; but [X.B.]
only in the ' Key,' — never in these pages.
(2) The ', the ' Spiritus asper' (as it is called) in Greek, is in
use as a mark for ^. It is not strong enough for representing fairly
the strong 'inward Guttural' value of ^. But since that is already
so in use we may adopt ( f ), from lack of a better, as a mark for
y. The great difference between its value and that of the strong
V should he carefully borne in mind ; also that the best Scholars
usually do not pronounce y at all. [The fact however of this letter
being always a Full Consonant (although not pronounced in practice)
is never lost sight of among Scholars.]
N.B. We should prefer the somewhat older forms of ' and ', viz.
-i older form of the 'spiritus lenis, 1 and Jr older form of the 'spiritus
asper,' for X and ^. — But we see an objection.
(3) Further it is necessary for Transcription-purposes to have some
* As we find in his ftJm'ordhm on p. 155 (i!>.), where the second ' is for N and
the first ' for the other rmrosE (as above), but there is no notice of this
being so. His corresponding transcript of HXD on p. 486 would be *"a (the
second ' f or K , and the first ' for the other purpose) ; which however he does not
give. — Thus the use of ' alone for X seems open to some objection.
4 (4) NOTES.
means of distinguishing between letters similarly sounded. The
simplest means seems to be the use of some additional mark for one
of two such letters. And the simplest additional mark is a simple
dot placed beneath one of them, — as in
s for D, to distinguish it from £J> (s),
t for tO, to distinguish it from ft (t).
(4) So we may give
k for p, to distinguish it from 5 00,
v for 1 , to distinguish it from ^ (v).
[Obs. i. Such arbitrary signs, conveying of themselves no definite
information, not being signs of known value in common use, cannot
well be given as Marks for the ' Pronunciation ' or ' Power ' of
Letters — in an Alphabet. Por some languages such are useful when
fully defined. We abstain from the use of such on p. 3.
Obs. ii. We also abstain here as far as we can from the interminable
disputes about pronunciation. And perhaps it is best to leave them
to those whose nature it is to deligbt therein. The few remarks in
Note II. below are perhaps almost necessary. And the following
brief ' Obs. iii.' may be added here.
Obs. iii. There is a certain amount of correspondence between the
Names and Powers (and also the Numerical value) of several of the
Hebrew and Greek Letters.*
*#* The figures within ( ) here are the Numerical values of the Letters of which
the Names stand on the right of the ( ).
(1) A'leph & Alpha, (2) Beth & Beta, (3) Gimel & Gamma, (4) Bd-
leth & Delta, (5) BZe & E-psilon (formerly a mark for Aspiration),
(6) Vdv & Bau (the Bigamma, lost as a letter of the Alphabet but
retained as a Numeral 6), (7) Zdyin & Zeta,\ (8) Kheth & Ma (h,
* It is very interesting also to trace some correspondencies in Ancient Forms
likewise. But this is certainly not a matter for a practical ' Easy' & ' Introductory'
Hebrew Grammar.
t Zeta is said to have been the representative of Tsa-di formerly, and to have
"taken the place" of [the now lost Greek letter] San — "standing originally 7 th
for Zayin."
NOTES. 4 (5)
which was formerly an Aspirated Guttural), (9) Teth & Theta,
(10) Yod & Iota (Yota), (20) Kapli & Kappa, (30) Lamed & Lambda
(? rather Lamda), (40) Mem & Ma, (50) iVrirc & JS T u, (60) Sdmekh &
JT*» or X*', (80) Pe & Pi.
The many changes, as well as the lapse of time, since "the Phoeni-
cians introduced not only Letters hut also many other matters-of-
instruction among the Hellenes," may cause surprise at the remains
of so much agreement as above rather than at such variations as the
following :
(70) Ayin & O-mikron, (90) Tsddi lost in Greek (in which however
there is the old Sampi* with the value 900 — the value of Tsadi final);
— and so, the numerical values being thus shifted, the Hebrew sign for
100 is Koph whereas to the; corresponding old Greek letter (JToppa) the
value 90 is attributed ; and so we have, also, (200) Resh & (100) Rho,
(300) Shin or Sin & (200) Sigma, (400) Tdv in Hebrew & (300) Tau
in Greek.
But this may be thought to be a matter for Greek rather than for
Hebrew Students.]
Note (II). Pkonunciation of two of the Vowels.
There is considerable difference of opinion with respect to the pro-
nunciation of the First Long-vowel — There is a less important
difference of opinion with respect to the pronunciation of the Fourth
Long-vowel ) (or, as it may also be written, — ).
(a) Some pronounce the First Long- vowel as an o. This may fairly
be called an 'incorrect' pronunciation [Comp. a remark cited in
Note (*) on p. 39].
(/3) Another mode of pronunciation is fashionable, but open to
* It does not matter to us here whether, or not, the "later" Hebrews followed
" (lie example of the Greeks" in using the " letters as Numerals;" — as also whether
the Numerical value of ' Sampi' is due to its being placed after ' Omega,' or its being
placed after ' O-mega' (800) due to its Numerical value (900).
4 (6) NOTES.
some objections. Many, — instead of pronouncing — and *| gutturally
and fully as on p. 4, — give for — much such a value as that of a in
T
father, and for ) the sharp o value of o in tone. With this pro-
nunciation the present writer was familiarised from his early child-
hood. It was the more common one, and is still preferred by not
a few. But he deliberately gave it up more than a quarter of a cen-
tury ago, and he had some difficulty in breaking free from the habit.
He took the trouble to break free from that habit because he found
that the pronunciation as on p. 4 is much more suited to the Lan-
guage. Also, not only is this pronunciation (as on p. 4) the same as
that of very great Hebraists, but moreover one may perhaps think
that as the Language is a Guttural Language it is somewhat strange
to banish from it the Guttural vowel-sound. This is so banished if
it be not allowed to the — , for there is no other means of represent-
ing it in Hebrew. — And (may one add ?) it is sadly amusing to see
the mistakes often made by writers who have adopted the more
fashionable pronunciation. One finds — put for — , and — for — , in
beautiful confusion. In theory they allow a longer-drawn utterance
for — than — , but in practice people make no appreciable difference
between them. And consequently they confuse them. In his now
long experience as a practical teacher and lecturer the present writer
has in several instances found that men who so pronounce have for
a long time been unable to write the simplest piece of Hebrew Com-
position without making most serious mistakes in spelling — owing to
their confusion of _ and — by reason of their pronouncing the two
so much alike.
The difference of pronunciation in the case of the *! is of far less
importance than the other. If any prefer the sharper to the more
full sound of the Fourth Long- vowel, one would not much mind. "We
prefer the more full pronunciation of it which we have endeavoured
to represent in the Table on p. 4. It is somewhat difficult to repre-
sent a sound accurately on paper. What one wishes to represent in
this case is a ' throat-utterance ' rolled through the whole mouth, and
issuing through an aperture formed by the lips — the lower lip being
NOTES. 4 (7)
held slightly inwards. — This careful description may seem unnecessary
to some. It may be found useful hereafter.
Note (III). The Sounds for some Towel-marks in English.
Learners sometimes feel considerable difficulty from what strikes
them as "The difference of the Yowel-sounds in Hebrew from those
of the English a, e, i, o, u, — as usually pronounced." Since however
ry Hebrew the sounds are always the saile fob the same Yowel-
mabk, whereas in English one-and-the-same mark may stand for a
variety of sounds, there is cause for rejoicing rather than of feeling
difficulty at this diffeeexce so far. For instance the a in father is
generally called by a name {Ay), corresponding with the e in fete or
a in fate, although it is generally pronounced differently : for the
a in fate is uttered through a channel limited by the teeth ; but that
in father, rather, is uttered by keeping the teeth out of the way and
employing the extreme upper part of the throat and back part of the
soft palate. This value, and that of a in call (which is produced by
the throat a little lower down), must be allowed to belong to a
different class from that of the a in fate : and the Student may surely
be congratulated that in Hebrew they are not all three of them repre-
sented by one and the same mark. Again, the value of i (in such
English words as file, time, and the Personal Pronoun /) is not that
of a vowel simply ; although we reckon it among our English vowels.
The i as usually pronounced in English is somewhat more than a
simple vowel. There is a distinction between vowels and consonants,
viz. this : — that a vowel-utterance is a simple vocal utterance through
the organs of speech, a \o\vc\-mark being the representative of such
an utterance ; whereas a consonant-letter is a mark of movement of
an organ or organs in the process of vocal utterance, ' sotindiyig along
tvith" 1 (as the word ' consonant' itself implies) or, more strictly, modify-
ing the issuing stream of vocal-utterance. Thus the vowel-mark repre-
senting the particular vocal-utterance, the consonant-letter represents
4 <8) NOTES.
any movement* of organs combined with that vocal utterance. Now
if any one will observe closely what he docs (naturally) in saying
"I" he will perceive that a movement, either of the teeth or of the
tongue in the palate, is concerned in the utterance. Tbis movement
is recognized as consonantal in the word aye (that "bare vowel 'I'"
in Shakespeare's phrase, — Rom. and Jul. iii. 2, —
" I am not I, if there be such an I").
The word eye, like which most pronounce I now, requires the like
movement. It is remarkable, therefore, that in our list of vowels
a, e, i, o, u, the true value of the 2nd is one of the values assigned
to the 1st, the true value of the 3rd is given to the 2nd ; and to the
3rd is attributed a value which seems to have in it what is consonantal
as well as vowel utterance.
* The more advanced student will recognize the agreement of this with the use
of the technical term HJWn {movement) for the pronunciation of a consonant, even
though the consonant be also what is technically termed a " perceived Resting -letter
(nN13 rU)." Thus R. D. Kimkhi writes of the last-word-but-two in Ps. v. 9, that
it "comes with fiJJ3n {movement of i.e. pronunciation of), the first root-letter * ;"
where the letter referred to has — quiescent (§ 21). Compare also the following
remarks of M. Silvestre de Sacy at the beginning of his Grammaire Arabe :
" Les elements de la parole sont de deux sortes : les sons, nommes aussi voix par
quelques grammairiens, et les articulations. Les sons consistent en une simple
emission de Fair modifiee diversement. Ces diverses modifications dependent prin-
cipal ement de la forme du passage que le canal vocal et la bouche pretent a remis-
sion de l'air,mais elles n'exigent aucun jeu des organes exterieurs. Les articulations
sont formees par la disposition et le mouvement subit et instantane des differentes
parties mobiles de l'organe de la parole. . . . Ces parties, diversement disposees,
opposent un obstacle a la sortie de l'air; et lorsque Pair vient a vaincre cet obstacle,
il donne lieu a une explosion plus ou moin forte et diversement modifiee, &c."
Somewhat similarly Dr. H. Ewald writes (Lehrb. der hebr. Spr. p. 76 of the
edition of 1870) : " Vocal ist der ansich klare laut, entweder rein auslautend (a) oder
von den obern und untern organen etwas beengt ((', u), immer aber noch aus offnem
munde ungehemmt hervorschalleud Ein mitlaut fursich ist noch kein
voller fester laut." The following is wordy : " "Wahrend nun der vocal der reiue
athem ist, laut werdend auf verschiedene art, kann er zugleich von den ansich stum-
meren lauten (mitlauten) der sprachwerkzeuge, kehle, gaumen, zuuge und mund,
begleitet, gehalten, beschrankt, angefangen und beschlossen werden ; und indem
diese laute noch viel manchfacher sind als die vocale, audi auf die verschiedenste art
mit diesen verbunden werden konnen, entsteht die grosse menge mijglicher sylben."
One is tempted to think that De Sacy's lucid style and master-like exposition
betoken a more intimate and exact knowledge of w T hat he is writing about.
LETTERS AND VOWELS. §§ 9-11.
9. The letters have been classed as follows :
ymN* Guttural
M»J Palatal
rran Lingual
WD13 Labial
p^DT Dental Q^DT are by some called Sibilant).
10. They may be read, for Practice, in the following lines:
: ana am mmtf •p *p7 nz poy epa ptp-wnn
: nnnn W yyt ddd& jn ^m aaa 3332
Tbe Consonants with Vowels may be spelled in
^a n ^ 3 3 x tjj s n n ft* ix \s* k k
I I v to ^ n ij t tn j n sin hnn
■♦a a *& te <y £ d d tj .} o o & iS *3 3 ;
nn in vi jpi' jj b te> tf & *\ n ip *p ? ?
11. A syllable may consist of
(1) A Consonant with a Vowel, — as X 3 etc. above ;
(2) A Consonant with a Vowel followed by a Consonant,
or by two Consonants, — as in the following words
(to be read from Right to Left, and to be spklled) :
\m EJ$ if el 7}^ to muth f\fo one d ea d (•*) , ken |^J a son
auv 3i$ a father douv 'y^ a bear piikli t"!l2 a flask yaud^ a hand
heen V>f\ a hin sak p£*J sack-cloth ^vauv I") a hook t Ehag }p| a festival
t gasli g«|!| a cZotf ^netsVJaAawi- ,Zeephgp£»jpA /Tatar *T2f or *fj^ 7>-e
mikk-maur ^33£ a we^ / toupb ttfl a timbrel f kous ^3 a CM J°
yiishk pjj/* /<e will-give-drink goph-reethfVl^|t brimstone fit J^^ a jdc?4
Obs. } may, at the beginning of a word, stand as a syllable by
itself as in s l2^ ii-med, «|^ u-voii. It is the only vowel which can
stand as a syllable by itself. It may also be attached to fc$
as in "fix ur, t^-flX u-reem ; or to any Consonant as in V? lu,
yfo tuv. It then always stands after the letter to which it is
attached.
* From the peculiarity of N, it must either he allowed to have a Class to itself
or he put with others in a Class the full conditions of which it cannot satisfy. The
latter has been preferred by those who have classed it as above.
t The — is u (K. Khautuph), i.e. No. 4 of (II) on p. 4.
% 1J is Final Khaph (p. 3, No. 20) with Sltva. See more on p. 7, Note (J).
6 VOWEL-MARES. §§ 12-16.
12. The 3 d Long- vowel *— (§ 8, 1. 3) has, with the --, a * he-
longing to it.* The two together stand for this Vowel. But
[Sometimes, in the Bible, the * is not ■written, and the — alone stands for the
3 d Long- vowel (looking like the 3 d Short-vowel, § 8, II. 3). This is called
'Deficient' or 'Defective' Long-Kherik.t It has the full value of *— .
N.B. Sometimes, in the Bible, the 3 d Short-\ov?e\ (— ) has * standing_after it (and
so looks like the 3 d Zowy-vowel) ; i.e. '— stands sometimes for Short-Kherik.]
13. The 4 th Long- vowel has two forms, ) and — (§ 8, I. 4).
The form i* is called 'Full IDwulem,' and the form — is called
'Deficient Khoulem.' f Their vowel-value is the same.
N.B. The ' Deficient ' form (— ) is never used at the end of a word.
14. The 5 th Long- vowel 'Shurik' (}*), the only Vowel which
stands in the line of the Hebrew Consonants, cannot be repre-
sented by the dot alone without the ). But
['Deficient' or 'Defective' Shurik f is sometimes represented by— (Kibbuts),
which then has the full vowel-value of Shurik.
N.B. Also, the u of Kibbuts is sometimes represented by -1* in the Bible.]
15. In appearance the 4 th Short- vowel —6 does not differ from
the 1 st Long- vowel. But these are quite different vowels. The
Student will be able to distinguish between them soon. At
present we will always help him by specially marking any
— which stands for 6. %
16. In any Hebrew word (a) the number of syllables is the
same as the number of Vowels ; for (/3) there is no syllable with-
out a Vowel in it, and (7) no Consonant ever has more than one
Vowel at a time, and (8) no Vowel ever has another Vowel in
the same syllable with itself, and (e) two Vowel-marks are never
combined to represent a single vocal-utterance. § [(£) Of course
no Consonant can ever have at once both a Vowel and a Shva to
show that it has no Vowel.~\
* For this, the 'full form, some use the expression ' scripho pletia.'
t For 'deficient form' some use the expression 'senptio defectiva.'
\ From an old use of the mark — for this 4th vowel v, its name may not im-
probably have arisen. For, C|t3n w T as (in Masora, i.e. Tradition) used as a name
for — (Shva) ; and K/iautuph (P|-1Dn), being strictly the Passive Participle of PpH
may therefore express " written with Shva (lit. Shva'd)." Hence, -5- being Kaumels,
yr is Kaumcts Khauluph (lit. Kaumets Shva'd).
\ Therefore there is properly no such thing as a diphthong in Hebrew.
VOWEL-MARKS. § 17, 18. 7
17. All the vowels and consonants occur in the following few words,
and some of them more than once.
Obs. Kaumets-Khautuph is marked with an asterisk here.
Syllables are divided by a vertical line, where it is necessary.
1. Til a fleece
2. 7J3 dew (pause fform)
3. Yp an end
4. TE? plaister
5. pi corn
6. H)2 a star
7. [3 lest
8. 1¥ a precept
9. D*fcO comers (m.)
10. nty awake thou (f.)
11. riHIJil he was made to
- 1: t *
go down
12. &3h|D* he will keep-
threshold
13. tl/l^to flung (sing, mas.)
18. Excepting the cases mentioned in §§ 12, 14, 15, each
Hebrew vowel-mark represents always one and the same vowel-
sound. Where a change of vowel-soimd is wanted, a different
vowel-mark is put.
It may bo well to caution the Reader to be on his guard against
adopting usages of his own language as affording him trustworthy
guidance for liis practice in Hebrew. Does any desire the familiar
a, e, i, o, u, (as we call them) 1 Let him bear in mind that in English
we do not limit each vowel-mark to one vowel-sound, and the repre-
sentation of our pronunciation on paper is consequently very imperfect.
* 6, Kaumeta- Khautuph. See " Obs." above.
f The meaning of this expression will be seen by and by; it will be given as
soon as possible.
J This word, No. 13, is given here as a means of introducing to the Reader's
notice a case of exception to § 4, viz. this: When the last letter of a word is "i,
as here, the Shva belonging to the last letter of a word is written inside the
"\ instead of being understood as usual.
[Further, it may be here remarked that
i. When this final letter has its dot, besides, the Shva is put below the dot
(thus *|) :
Similarly, ii. When the "J has ~^r, this vowel is written inside the letter
(thus f\),
And iii. When the "] has its dot, as well as a T", the T is put below the dot
(thus })].
8
VOWELS. § 19.
[19. Of the ten vowels given in § 8, it is seen that there
is a certain correspondence between the 1st, 2nd, &c. of the one
set and the 1st, 2nd, &c. of the other. The inter-relation may-
be more fully pointed out by means of the anticipatory statement
that, in the process of Hebrew word-forming, certain broad facts
of usage stand out in regard to the shortening of Long into
Short vowels, and the lengthening of Short into Long ones.
The following great Leading Rules may be given :
Long Vowels. Short Vowels. Long Vowels.
is shortened into —
is lengthened into —
::: I)
The Three grand classes to which the ten vowels are thus
reduced are more clearly seen in the following Table, in which
the arrow-heads point out the interchange just now mentioned.
(1)
II.
f(2)
(3)
The expressions Long and Shortf vowels are used here
* o, Kaumeta-Khautuph.
f In place of these terms, ' Long ' and ' Short,' Hebrew writers used 'Great'
and 'Little.' This difference in the expressions may correspond with a differ-
ence of conception, and should be borne in mind by any one who deals with
their expressions. To deal with their differing expressions as if they were the
same as our own, may very probably cause one not only to fail of apprehending
their meaning but even to form wrong notions respecting it.
VOWELS. § 20. SHVAS. § 21, 22. 9
with reference respectively to the length and shortness of the
time of breathing through the particular channel which defines
the stream of utterance in each case.
20. The defining channels for the above-marked vowels are 3 in number,
corresponding with the 3 Classes I, II, III. In I, (the tongue being kept
down) the channel of utterance is that of throat and whole open mouth
for ^f, and that of the open mouth (particularly the back part of the soft palate
and the extreme upper throat) for — ; In II, the utterance is palatal and
through the slightly-opened teeth ; the middle of the tongue rises towards
the roof of the mouth for — - and ir, and much more for i-r and — . In
III, the utterance is through the slightly-opened lips, — the lower lip being
held within the upper one for *| and ~v (6), and made to project a little
beyond it for !) and — for which last two the middle of the tongue is also
up towards the roof of the mouth.]
III. Shva Moving [& Quiescent], — Compound Shva.
21. In Hebrew there are not only such syllables as ro, ram,
rend, see § 11, — but also such as fro, tram, trend, i.e. having
two consonants before a Vowel. The first of two such Con-
sonants in Hebrew has a Shva (§ 3), as in (i) *73 (klee),
(ii) 733 (k'ner), (iii) T133 (k'nerd). And
Def. (1). A Shva under a letter which begins a syllable is
called Shva ' Moving.'
Def. (2). A Shva (whether expressed or understood) at the
end of any syllable is called Shva ' Quiescent,' as that under
the 7 in (ii), and under the 7 & 7 both in (iii) above and also
in (iv) 737D (sir-paud).
Def. (3). A syllable which does not end in Shva is called
'Open' (and also 'Simple'), — as 3 N3, *2, ttS; and
Def. (4). A syllable which ends in Shva is called 'Closed*
(and also ' Compound'), as those in (ii), (iii) & (iv) above.
22. The Shva Moving requires special attention. Occurring,
as it does, beneath a consonant which has no vowel and there-
fore is carried on to the next consonant, Shva Moving may be
said to mark the hiatus between the 1st and 2nd of two com-
* The terms Quiescent and Moving are simply English equivalents of Hebrew
terms current among Hebrew writers.
10 SHVA SIMPLE AND COMPOUND. § 22.
bined consonants*. The hiatus is more or less perceived ac-
cording as the combination of consonants is more or iess difficult.
There are combinations of consonants in Hebrew which we are
not familiar with. These may at first present to the beginner
some little mechanical difficulty t which he will soon get over by
practice. There are, however, certain consonants in the utter-
ance of which there is such difficulty that no one could avoid
making the hiatus perceptible in endeavouring to combine one
of these (having no vowel) with the consonant following.
More fully : — In any case of such a combination of two consonants as,
for instance, the f and r in the English word fro, the organs are first
prepared for producing the first consonant f and then shifted rapidly for
producing the second consonant r so that the two combined are brought
out together upon the vowel-utterance, the mark for which (viz. o here) is
attached to the second consonant.
When, instead of the f in fro, a Hebrew consonant involving difficulty
of utterance has to be combined with a consonant after it, and an effort
therefore is commenced and at once broken off— and the organs prepared
for producing the consonant which follows, — a perceptible hiatus is
unavoidable.
This perceptible hiatus involves an approximation to vocal
utterance or vowel-sound ; and, in order to give a hint of the
vowel-sound chosen in each case, a short-vowel j mark is put by
the side of the Shva which marks the hiatus. Of the short
vowels only three are used for this purpose, viz. — , — , — 1|, — for,
approximation to i (as well as to e) is, for practical pur-
poses, sufficiently marked by -vy, and
approximation to u (as well as to o) is, for practical pur-
poses, sufficiently marked by -^r-
[This agrees with what was said above that there are Three Classes in
* In Hebrew there are never more than ttvo Consonants so combined ; — i, e.,
in other words, there are never two moving Shvas consecutively.
t It is this, most probably, which has given rise to the great mistake of
some that Shva stands for a half vowel! The vowel of the second Consonant
(or the corresponding Short-voiael) may sometimes be very slightly heard during
the combining process, but the — must not be mistaken as a mark for that.
+ Of course the Long Vowels are excluded by the nature of the case ; for,
it is approximation only to vowel-sound that is spoken of. Approximation to a
Long Vowel would involve somewhat more than a short vowel.
H o, Kaumets-Khautuph.
COMPOUND SHVAS. §§ 23 — 26. 11
which all the Ten Vowels may be grouped. It may be added that the
three vowels just now mentioned, viz.
may be taken as representative vowels of the Three Classes ; and that the
vowel-points in Arabic are but three, corresponding therewith.]
23. -=r {i.e. Shva with Pathakh) is called Khateph-Pathakh,
-vf (i.e. Shva with Segol) is called Khateph- Segol, and
-^r (i.e. Shva with Kaumets-Khautuph), Khateph-Kaumets^ ,
and each of these compound forms is called a Compound Shva.
2-1. The Consonants to which the Compound Shvas belong
are the four ^ PI H X. Beneath any of these a Moving Shva
always takes one of the three compound forms in § 23.
Obs. Shva occurs sometimes in compound form under letters other
than ynnX> m some instances for Declension and Conjugation reasons
(as will be seen hereafter), and sometimes in cases of perceived hiatus in com-
bining two consonants with the vowel of the second one.
25. Simple — under any of ynnX is, by § 21, Quiescent.
26. In the case of J$ the difficulty is of a different nature from that
spoken of in 5} 22 above. Thus, for example, the word for say thou (m.)
is "1/J2X' the ^ having a Moving Shva and the Qa-. But the {«{ and
the ~ beneath it having each of them no pronunciation-value, all that
could be pronounced would be ")ft which means myrrh. The difficulty
of notifying the presence of the X i s avoided by the use of a compound
form (■*■ in this case) for the Moving Shva beneath the {$; so that tho
word becomes ""l/btf r niour, in which there is approximation to e-sound
before saying niour.
* d, Ka,\imets-Khautuph.
t Rarely, ^ is for 5 K. Khautiiph (p. 6, J), cp. Ez. 26. 9.— Gesenius, in
" Grammaticis legibus contrariuin et non ferendum est i?3P", Thes. p. 1190,
mistook the TT; so, too, in * , 3L?p- — Some books have "? (6), uot tT
12 QUIESCENT LETTERS.
27. The following words may be
1. Y*£l choose ye (m.)
2. V)3 be ye (m.) fruitful
3. yip draw thou (m.) near
4. iH ink
5. v^| a bucket
6. t TJ'l|il thy (ni.) back
7. Tp*V5.3 thy (f.) young lions
8. p wine
9. npb thou (f.) hast put
10. JVW thou (f.) hast kept
11. *h$ a pestle
12. *7Pl sickness
• t;
13. vHn he hath made sick
14. tiTrt hither
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
§§ 28, 29.
read for practice :
tiwfl a dream
pTM be strong (m.)
Y12K be firm (m.)
*JK I
*JX a ship, a navy
V!l be ye (m.)
^ty an ornament
&b$P be will faint
W 7#* they (m.) will exult
Dftnft an ostrich (m.)
t ; ~
JTDSnrfi in perverseness
(plu.) '
nVnn/^l and to cause to
live.
IV. Quiescent Letters.
28. From the principle of the use of Shva (§ 3) it follows
that every consonant must have belonging to it either a
vowel or a Shva marking the absence of any vowel. At the end
of a word where the — is not written, in accordance with § 4,
it yet belongs to the letter and must be borne in mind as
understood.
29. But there are four letters ^HX which may be said to
vanish in certain cases. The term Quiescent may be applied to
them, but the term so applied should be carefully defined.
Def. Any one of the letters ^HX is said to be Quiescent
when it, at the end of a syllable,
QUIESCENT LETTERS. §§ 29, 30. 13
(1) is fused in the vowel before it, so as
(2) to vanish (in pronunciation), and
(3) not to require, or have, Shva quiescent (either written
in the middle of a word* or understood at the end).
[N.B. (i) No one of ♦lnX can have a vowel belonging to it
when it is Quiescent.
(ii) A syllable ending in a Quiescent Letter is open, § 21 (3).]
Note, (a) Letters and vowels of the same organ or utterance (pp. 6, 9)
may be called homogeneous, others heterogeneous.
(b) That a letter may vanish in fusion with a vowel, they must be to
some extent homogeneous.
(c) The Labial ") is homogeneous only with vowels of the Class III) (cp. § 20,
{d) The Palatal » Class II J p. 9. )
( e ) fc$> M are noi heterogeneous with respect to any vocal utterance,
and we may not say of any vowel that it could not have f"] or N Quiescent
after it.
30. But the only part of the Def. above which can be
fully satisfied by tf is the 3rd. It may, in accordance with (3),
stand without Shva after a vowel -f* immediately before it. It
* When of two letters together without a vowel at the end of a word the
first one is Quiescent as the * in JVC'V (and so the X in JliO^), the Shva which
belongs to the final letter is not marked ; since the case practically falls under
§ 4, p. 2 rather than § 6. The Shva appears once in each of the two words
F1X3 and H^H, see 2 Sam. 14. 2, 3, and in nxyin, in some good Editions,
1 Kings 17. 13, although HX2 and n^H occur five or six times with fl not T\,
and so nXV^ , JVC'y , and many other such.
t (1) X with T (Shva Quiescent § 25), as in DtJ'X'., does not come under the
Def. in § 29 ; — (2) Nor does X, without vowel or Shva, not immediately preceded
by a vowel [Nos. 25, 26, § 36]. This case is not strictly of the same class with
that of the Quiescent letters. The X being a mark for Nothing is treated as
Nothing in any such a word where it belongs to the word etymologically but
needs no recognition in pronunciation. [X is read through, as if not present,
in nm, D^rnm, (where the -I is double 1, § 62 (3) and (4))].— (3) In the case
of R*|, X*JI, X-17, &c, the X may be assumed to be Quiescent after a Quiescent
letter. The reason for this (if there be any) lies in the X. It seems better to say at
once (without the assumption) that X may stand unnoticed, as after — , so also
after a Quiescent letter which dispenses with Shva. — (4) The X may be dropped,
as in > i, ^.—(5) For examples of X (read through, as if not present) between a
consonant and its vowel, see Nos. 23—26, § 58.— The letters '•THX are, by some,
called ' weak letters.'
14 QUIESCENT LETTERS. §§ 31 — 35.
lias therefore for ages been classed with the others. There
is nothing in it which is at all contradictory to the Definition,
and it satisfies this Definition as far as it can.
31. The H is never Quiescent anywhere else than at the
end of a word. At the end of a word, H (without a vowel) is
always Quiescent unless it has a dot within it — thus H. This
dot is called Mappek, and signifies that the letter is to have
its full consonantal value. See Exs. 12, 21, § 36.
32. 1 (§ 29, Note c) may be Quiescent in the case of
only Khoulem and Shurik. After any other vowel, ") has its full
consonantal v- value (as in Exs. 14, 15, 16, § 36).
33. * (§ 29, Note d) may be Quiescent in the case of
only Kherik, Tsa-re, and Segol. After any other vowel, * has
its full consonantal y-value (as in Exs. 17, 24, § 36).
[For *< mute, see § 35.]
34. The term Mappek (§ 31) means causing to go forth. It expresses
well, therefore, that the consonant bearing it is to be brought out in pro-
nunciation. The 1 and the * also, when consonantal (not quiescent) after
a vowel in the same syllable, may be said to have Mappek although the dot
is not now put in their case.
35. When a word ends in V — (i- e. in — followed by * and
this by 1 each without a vowel), the case is, strictly, one of a
word ending in two consonants without a vowel to either of them ;
and, if both these were to be pronounced, Shva would stand
beneath each of them* (§ 6, p. 2). The absence of Shva from
them shews that they are not to be both of them pronounced ;
and this accords with what is conventionally accepted among
Hebrew Scholars, viz. that the * in such a case is Mute and the
pronunciation exactly the same as if no * were present. Only
one consonant (the )) being recognized as present, the Shva
belonging thereto is as usual understood (not written).
* Some speak of such heterogeneous Combinations as '•^r, *~, ''i, 1~,
)~T% &c, as Diphthongs. Since, however, 1 and > when not Quiescent (according
to §§ 32, 33) have their full consonantal value, these combinations are syllabic
and there is always Shva (understood when not expressed) beneath the 1 and
the "> in each case ; as in Exs. 14 — 17, 23, 24, (§ 36). — Conversely, 1. or \ (or any
letter with — ) is consonantal according to § 5, p. 2. '
QUIESCENT LETTERS. § 36. ACCENTS. § 37.
15
36. The following words may be given here as examples
of closed and open syllables, and for practice in readme- : —
1. tftfa ahead
2. ,1ft- what?
3. & and fctfp would that !
(also if)
4. fit this
5. (12 thus
6. trcy'|*n heads
7. JW|N"1 beginning
8. [te*J*n first
9. iTlX3 a bough
T
10. n^T he will do
11. WDil thou (m.) wast high
12. H3 in her
T
13. "HSrO it (m.) was turned
14. iri a mark
T
15. 1¥ a precept
16. 13 a back
17. *13 a nation
18. Wfi outside
19. S|W he will add
20. mil an aunt
T
21. PHl^l her uncle
22. \TP| my bosom
23. JT?1J depravity
24. *J^ my eyes (in pause
25. XDn sin
26. X*5 a valley.
V. Accents.
37. Every Hebrew word either
(1) has an Accent belonging to it, or
(2) is (in the Bible) followed in the line of con-
sonants by a small horizontal dash (")* called Makkeph, which
marks therefore Absence of Accent from any word followed by it.
38. The Hebrew Accents serve
I. as Accents simply, marking (in most"f cases) the ac-
* "When there are more than one between two words, their value is the same
as that of one alone. There may be more than two words connected by Mak-
keph. All words so connected count as one word. [Makkeph, and MappSk
(§ 31), are strictly Aramaean Participles Pp[?D and p" 1 ???.]
f There are six which stand away from the syllable which they accent.
1G ACCENTS. §§ 38, 39.
cented syllable, i. e. the syllable on which the chief stress is laid
in words of more than one syllable ; — all of them are equal in
mere accent- value ; —
II. for purposes of Interpunctuation, some (called Distinc-
tive, or Disjunctive, Accents) marking Stops of greater or less
duration, others (called Conjunctive Accents) marking close-
ness-of-connection of one word with the following one ;
III. as Music-marks in accordance with which the verses
were chaunted. This use (from which the uses I. and II. may
seem to follow derivatively) we are not concerned with here :
it is a matter for Musicians.
[N. B. In citing a word from the Bible, it is unscholarly to cite the
Accent with it ; except in any case in which the Accent is required for
illustration.]
39. There are 18 Distinctive or Disjunctive and 8 Conjunc-
tive Accents. [See Appendix B.] The latter have all the same
connecting value. Of the Disjunctives it is unnecessary to
mention here more than two : viz.
(1) — Silluk ; which is always attached (below the line) to
the accented syllable of the last word only in each verse, and is
always followed by ( : ) * placed immediately after the word,
thus
(2) — Ethn&kh ; which is attached, below the line, to the
accented syllable f of that word (other than the last one of a
verse) on which there is made the chief rest or stop. Take, for
example, the verse Gen. 33. 9, "And Esau said, I have enough :
— my brother, to thyself be that which is thine." Here the chief
stop in the midst of the verse is placed in the Hebrew Bible on
"Enough "I (2~\) which is marked with (— ), and the last
word of the verse is marked with (; — ) thus, • T?
* Called p-lDQ PpD i.e. end of verse.
t Some verses have no T. The ~ and x stand, as seen here, to the left
of the accented vowel; but when this is not below the line, they stand alone
beneath the letter opening the accented syllable ; thus : 73S, ?3*S, :"VIK>.
X In the English Authorized Version, the stop is (by a slight inaccuracy)
placed after " my brother." According to the Interpunctuation standing in the
Hebrew Bible, the chief stop being after "enough," the "my brother" belongs
to the second part of the verse (as given above).
ACCENTS. §§ 40 — 43. 17
40. These two accents Silluk, and Ethndkh, marking the
chief rests or stops or Pauses, are called " Pause Accents." And
41. The Pause form of a word is a form of it in which the
word is more or less changed from its natural state by reason of
the stop or Pause. Thus, in the two words just given, — ^1
is the Pause form of i*l (which last is the word in its natural
state), and T? is the Pause form of TO. Also, the vowel
adopted by reason of the ' Pause' may be called a " Pause-voivel."
This will be more fully understood hereafter. The mere
statement is all that can be given at present.
These two Accents are especially the Pause Accents. Pause
Forms, however, are used with some few other Distinctive
Accents to be mentioned hereafter.
42. In Hebrew the only syllables that can be accented (or
bear the Tone, as it is called) are the last* and the last but
onef. As the accented syllable is called the Tone-syllable, this
may be stated thus : —
N.B. The Tone-syllable cannot be further from the end of
a Hebrew word than last but one.
|_43. But though there can be no Tone-accent on any other
than either the last or the penultimate syllable, there is a sub-
sidiary half-accent — Metheg \ ( as ^ i s called) which can be
attached to earlier syllables. This mark ] as the same form
indeed as, but cannot be mistaken for, Silluk (§39 (1)) : for, its
place is not the place of Silluk, and this latter always has ( : )
at the end of its word. Metheg is never a tone-accent ||.
Metheg may occur more than once (with different syllables)
in one word. Any accent attached to a syllable further from
* The accent is then said to be JTl/P mi-Vra (meaning below). This term
may also be used of the word so accented.
t The accent is then said to be W^P mi-Vel (meaning above). This term
may also be used of the word so accented.
X Also ^HXQ mii-iVrt'kh, and p-TVn Kheruk sometimes; and tOya ga-yd
(especially when with Shva).
|| It is better not to follow some of the "Writers on Hebrew Grammar by
giving ~ as the general mark for a Tone-accent. (It looks like either Metheg,
or Silluk, — and cannot well be this last in some words). We will adopt, rather,
" where it may be necessary to mark an accented syllable.
2
18 METHEG. § 43, 44.
the end of a word than last but one, is not to be considered as
a tone-accent there, but only in the place of Meiheg.
Metheg is a Hebrew word ypfo meaning a bridle; and, as its name
implies, it may be said to serve as a check to the course of the utterance of
a word. It is a means, thus, of preserving distinctness of pronunciation,
not only by (1) checking a too rapid accumulation * of syllables upon the tone-
syllable of the word, but also (and, perhaps it may be said, more especially)
by (2) interfering where otherwise indistinctness of articulation might arise
from either too great similarity in the utterance of the end of one syllable
and the beginning of the next, or from some difficulty caused by sudden
change in the frame or posture of the organs of speech in passing from
syllable to syllable.
For the purposes of (1), the usual position of Metheg is with the syllable
third from (i.e. next but one before) the tone; but the Metheg is generally
dropped f, or placed with the preceding syllable (if there be one in the
word), where the third syllable from the tone ends in a quiescent Shva : —
For the purposes of (2) the cases of its occurrence are multitudinous.
A multiplicity of rules, and exceptions thereto, would be practically useless.
The only real guide to its use is Euphony.
N.B. In Hebrew Composition, neither Metheg nor any Tone-Accent
is put.
44. (i) With an unaccented Long Vowel which is followed
immediately by a Moving Shva there is generally a Metheg. But
(ii) with a Short vowel followed immediately by Shva
(whether Moving or Quiescent J) there is generally no Metheg.
Hence is obtained a rough and ready means of helping the
tyro
(a) to recognize as Long Vowels some which he might at
* Or, making a prolongation, as the name "pIXD given in § 43, note %, may
be rendered.
+ It may be there, nevertheless, owing to (2) — i.e. for Euphonic reasons.
X Some instances occur of Metheg with a short Vowel followed by Shva
Quiescent. This is, of course, especially the case where a Metheg is wanted to
check the iitterance for the sake of Eivphony. Thus we have NKHF) Gen. 1. 11
(according to some, the ~ is omitted by others) ; iTrP and the like forms, very
many times: and so, n'VrP, i\)7i\, fV.nl, &c. This is really the case in such
words as PH.DJSO in the case of the p ; for, the first syllable being (»)p (as will
be seen presently, § 53) virtually ends in Shva Quiescent. Similarly in D3/FI3
and Drpn3 (in each of which the T is 8), the first syllable is hot, a Shva
Quiescent being understood at the end of the first syllable (as will be seen, § 53).
It should be observed that the exceptions here mentioned are not exceptions to
44 (i) but only to (ii) and (b). Eather too much importance is attached by some
to this means of distinguishing between the Long and Short ^r.
METHEG. §§ 44—46. 19
first mistake for short vowels ; as, for instance, the Defective
Long-Kherik (§ 9) in !)XT1 Is. 59. 19, and they shall fear, and
Deficient Shurik {§ 11) represented by the — in DD?2il Deut
11. 24, your (m.) territory* ;
(b) to distinguish at sight {sometimes, however, only) be-
tween Kaumets and Kaumets-Khautuph : — thus in Hft^n Zech.
t : it
9. 2, she was wise, the — beneath ft, — having Metheg, — is a
Long vowel and is therefore not o but Kaumets ; whereas
in flD^n Is. 11. 2 wisdom, the — beneath H, — without Metheg,
m t
— is not Kaumets, but o Kaumets Khautuph. Since, however,
(c) a Metheg is generally given to a vowel which imme-
diately precedes a Comjjound Shva, — a — before -^- may be
6 although accompanied by Methegf : thus, \3X1 1 Kings 9. 26.
(d) Moreover the Metheg remains with such a vowel, after
which there would naturally be a Compound Shva, even when
the Compound Shva adopts a vowel form (as will be explained
by and by, § 56) : thus, Tj^nX Ps. 61. 5 where H is for H.
(e) When two Accents occur on the same word, the second
marks the Tone and the first is reckoned only as a Metheg —
half-accent : except in the Psalms, Proverbs, and Jub.
45. Metheg is often, though not always, placed with an
unaccented £ Long vowel which should be shortened into a
Short vowel but of which the long form is retained.
Hebrew Accentuation is a subject to be more fully treated
of hereafter ; but we may mention here that
46. When a word with a Disjunctive accent on its opening
syllable would be preceded by a word having a Conjunctive accent
on its last syllable, this Conjunctive accent is often turned back
to the penult. syllable|| if there be one and then is reekoned
only as a Metheg — half-acceut. This is called linN JliDJ.]
T T J
* It must not be supposed that Defective Long Vowels can always be thus
known. They are often without Metheg. All that is said above is with refereuce
to the case of their being ' followed immediately by a Moving Shva.'
t There are cases in which jf before ^f is the Long-v; as, for instance,
when it is for a lengthened "=" as in n*3XH. This will be understood by and by.
+ i. c. not having any Tone-accent.
|| Sometimes the accent remains on the Tone- syllable, the other one adopting
a different form.
O 9
20 DAUESii. §§ 47, 48.
VI. Dagesh.
47. It was mentioned (§ 7) that, of the Alphabet, six letters*
have a dot belonging to them in a sense. This dot, which is
called Dagesh Lene, may be said to belong to each of these
6 letters
(1) at the beginning of a word (with the exceptions men-
tioned presently in § 48),
(2) after a Quiescent"^ Shva, anywhere [See Nos. 1, 3, G,
12 — 14, § 58] ; — but (when not at the beginning of a word)
N.B. it is dropped after aught else than — Quiescent. —
48. Any one of those six letters at the beginning of a word
loses its dot when the preceding word ends in a long vowel
or quiescent-letter and is closely read along with J the word so
beginning. Thus,
* For remembering these, the mnemonic form-word B'gad-li'phath has
often been employed.
t The V\ (i.e. P he final) has not the Dagesh-lene in Sjpifl Prov. 30. 6, from
P|pin the P| of which remains as it was — probably in order that the shortened
form may be like in sound to the original word so far.— But generally when there
are two consonants at the end of a word without a vowel to either of them the
last of the two has its D. Lene when it is one of the six letters for D. L. This
D. L. is retained too even when the first of the two Shvas (§ 6) is replaced by a
vowel, as will hereafter be seen to be the case, in such words as fiyOfc?, "^IT, &c,
belonging to classes Fl?J?S, TY|, &c, with two Shvas at the end; and so the
appearance of the Shva with the last letter is accounted for, because the case is
virtually one of § 6, p. 2.
J i.e. either has a Conjunctive Accent, or is followed by Makkeph which
shews that it has no Accent at all. If there be a Disjunctive Accent § 38, n.
(however small in value) on the first of the two words, there is a stop made on
that word, which is then not read closely along with the following word. — [The 1
and * following any other vowels than one of those with which they can be
Quiescent (§§ 32, 33), have Shva Quiescent understood though not expressed
beneath them at the end of a word (cp. § 35 note *). And the Dagesh
DAGESH. §§ 48, 49. 21
For Example, we have in Gen. 19. 12 HS j!?™, but T*$5 jj?' 21 ;
y&Pi ih m Geu - 4 - 7 > and 5]ph"J<S (4) »■ 12, but >3 nV'> Gen. 18. 15;
<Q Vgfo Gen. 2. 3 and p"*n*l (7! Gen - 1- 7 &c -> but DV5 ^ (8) Gen - 3 - 5 ' -
where the — in (1), (3), (6), is a Conjunctive Accent, — the — in (2), (5),
and the dot above the middle of the 3 i Q (8), are Disjunctive Accents.
[For some apparent exceptions to this great Rule, see App. C.]
N.B. Dagesh Lene belongs only to the six Letters,
• ft ,3 ,2 ,1,3,3
49. There is another Dagesh, which appears not only in
those 6 letters bat in all the others (except the 5 "lyrVlX*).
Dagesh Forte, as it is called, is said to double -f- the letter in
which it stands. It can only stand immediately after a vowel
Lene therefore stands in an initial D 2 3 1 3 2 after a word ending in 1 or * in
such a case. There is nothing to bring the case under § 48. Three exceptions
however are noted in the margins of most Bibles, viz. Is. 34. 11, Ez. 23. 42,
Ps. 68. 18 ; in the first of which J"l, and in the others 3, is said to be l"ID"l.
(i) PIS"! means weak, i.e. without the strengthening dot. HS1 is used also
of a letter without Dagesh Forte; and also of a letter without Mappek §§ 31, 34.
The mark (-) was anciently placed over a letter which is thus !"I2"I (weak)] and
(ii) the term HS") is sometimes applied to the mark. This mark is still
seen over a letter in some places of the Hebrew Bible, and may be said to imply
absence of power, — whether the Slight power of Dagesh Lene, or the Strung of
Dagesh Forte, or that of a letter which can lose its poiver (as H and \ and ' do
when Quiescent). — -With these N might, perhaps, be classed according to § 30]. ■
* But it appears in N, -1ST Job 33. 21 (omitted by some). The dot in {< in
Gen. 43. 26, Lev. 23. 17, Ezra 8. 18, is not a Grammatical Dagesh. Some sup-
pose it to be a Mappek, although the N is here not in the same syllable with the
vowel before but has a vowel of its own. The letter T was anciently reckoned
among those which admit D. forte. This D. occurs in "1 in Ez. 16. 4 twice,
Frov. 14. 10, Cantic. 5. 2: — in some few other places "I has a Euphonic D.
+ See more fully Appendix C. We may mention here that this D. forte
is sometimes used to make up or ' compensate ' for some letter omitted before
the letter in which the D. is placed, in which case some would call it a
'Compensating Dagesh F.' Sometimes D. forte is a characteristic-mark of a
set of Noun-forms or Verb-forms, in which case some would call it a ' Ciiakac-
tekistic Dag. F.' These terms may be useful to us by and by ; but it is un-
necessary to classify cases of Dagesh-forte under these names, and so far wo
may agree with Dr Ewald (Lehrb. p. 69) in thinking the names superfluous.
22
§5
(which vowel belongs, of course, to the preceding Consonant) ;
and
N.B. This vowel can only be either a short vowel, or an
accented* long one [Nos. 2, 10, &c, and 21, (§ 58)].
50. It follows from this last that — not accented, and fol-
lowed immediately by Dagesh, is not a Long vowel, and there-
fore is the short one o [No. 20, (§ 58)].
51. Five Rules, which are involved in what has been said above, may
bj borne in mind with advantage by the Beginner ; viz.
i. Dagesh after a vowel is Dagesh-Forte as in ij^ (ap-pce) ;
ii. Dagesh after a Shva is Dagesh-Lene as m*T"^J zav-dee).
iii. In the middle, or at the end of a word, Dagesh-Lene cannot occur
except after — quiescent ; — and consequently
iv. A word that begins with one of the six, ft, £, *)» % 5> 3> must lose
the D.-Lene on receiving a prefix not beai'ing Shva Quiescent.
v. The five letters 1 V H H X ^° n °t admit Dagesh.
52. The last sentence of § 49 must not be supposed to involve its
converse. Because Dagesh-Forte cannot come except after a Short or an
accented Long vowel, — it by no means follows, of course, that it is to
appear always after either of these.
53. The Dagesh-Forte, as doubling its letter, may be sup-
posed to imply a letter which is not written. This letter so
implied is understood before the letter having the Dagesh-forte
and carries with it a — quiescent*)- understood; thus, the word
*jJil my garden may be supposed to represent \30)il.
54. For the sake of euphony the implied letter is under-
stood with that pronunciation which belongs to it when having
Dagesh-Lene (if it be one of the six letters for D. L.). Thus
the son is read hab-ben, not hav-ben.
* And therefore D. forte cannot properly come after an unaccented Long
Vowel. There are several apparent exceptions to this great Kule which may be
referred to § 9 N.B., and § 11 N.B. — Several are noted in the margin of the
Bible, being in appearance not in accordance with the strict rule for D. forte. —
There is another Dagesh : see Appendix C.
f Hebrew writers express this by saying " Every Dagesh-forte — its power is
that of (i.e. it virtually involves) Shva Quiescent."
PRACTICE ON §§ 47, 49, &' 51,
03
*** The Student should name the dot seen in a letter here, in each instance
1. T13 a pit, § 47 (1)
2. i^ Ins heart, § 51 (i)
3. *hbm a cluster, §51 (ii)
4. * "l^n^lSl in the wilderness
5. ^JH3 thy (/.) morsel
6. fi^I comminution
7. H£3 her hand
8. D^nn the timbrels
9. flntt? from Zion
10. Wl our festival
11. JiB'^S in the gladness !
N.B. The Student's attention
footnotes here.
12. ^33 like a pit
13. H^3 in its (/.) side
14. ^]>'!P from indignation
IS^nSEW Thy quiver
16. mn53 in the wine presses
17. Wb*1 and they left him
15. Pj^l lite the abomina-
tion
19. MnPSfi her prayer
20. T?*?? like Esther
21.| % ?rj»l and Mordecai.
may he specially called to the
* The division of syllables in this word is known by means of the Shva.
This Shva must tie Quiescent, because the dot of the following letter would bo
dropped after aught else ({ 47, N.B.); and the term 'Quiescent Shva'
stands for a 'Shva at the end of a syllable' (§ 21, Def. 2).
t This example is given as a means of calling the Student's attention to tho
removal of the dot of 113 (No. 1) when the word receives such a prefix as it has
here. Comp. § 51 (iv). The Student need not however trouble himself to know
anything about this prefix (or any other prefix) at present.
X In this word, (1) the Shva of the C> is seen to be 'Quiescent,' i.e. at the ' end
of a syllable,' because the dot stands in the S after it (§ 47, N.B.), but (2) the Shra
of the n is seen to be not Quiescent — because the dot is dropped from the final
letter "| which follows that Shva (§ 47, KB.). But Shva is always either Quiescent
[§ 21 (2)], or Moving [§ 21 (1)]; and therefore any Shva which is not Quiescent
must be Moving. Hence the word is seen to be divided thus ash-pau-th'khau.
§ (1) The Student must be told, at present, that the -^ of O here is u Kaumets
Khautuph. (2) The — under "1 is seen to be Quiescent, because the dot stands in
the 1 after it. (3) The — under the 1 is seen to be not Quiescent, and therefore
Moving, because the dot is dropped from the D after it. (4) The * has its full
Consonantal y-value after — . Comp. § 33.
24 rules. § 55.
VII. Some Principles and Rules.
55. It Avlll be well for the Student to have certain Principles and Rules brought
forward prominently before him here. Some of them he may know already from
what has been said above, and some of them follow necessarily therefrom.
(1) (a) Shva is 'Moving' under the first letter of a word, as
in !Tp (k'rdv); [see § 21, Def. (1)].
(/?) Shva is 'Quiescent' under the last letter, and under
the last two letters of a word, — as in T\fo {ineth) [§ 4],
and in pV)* (ydslilc).
Note carefully the following two Great Principles. They have
already been just mentioned in passing.
(7) There are never two 'Moving' Shvas together anywhere
[§ 22, Note (*), p. 10], — and such may never be.
(S) There are never two 'Quiescent' Shvas together any-
where else than at the end of a word [comp. § 6
N.B., p. 2], — and such may never be.
(e) ITence, whenever there are two Shvas together in the midst of a word
(as in -l7pP1), since by (7) they are not both of them 'Moving,'
and by (8) they are not both of them ' Quiescent,' one of them must
be 'Quiescent' and the other 'Moving.' And, — since
(£) It cannot be that the first one is 'Moving' and the second
' Quiescent,' i.e. there cannot be a vowelless letter at the beginning
of a syllable followed immediately by a vowelless letter at the end
of the syllable,— because there is no syi.laht.k without a vowel
[$ 1G (/3)]; -therefore it follows that
rules. § 55 (2)-(6). 25
(2) Of two Shvas together, in the midst of a word, the first is
always 'Quiescent' and the second always 'Moving."
Now
:Since, (tj), Dagesh-Lene occars only either at the beginning of a word
[§ 47 (1)], or after a Shya 'Quiescent' [§ 47 (2)]; it follows
that a Shva under a Dagesh-Lene is always* 'Moving,' —
either because it is under the first letter of a word as in
'"12 (b're(), or because it is the second of two Shvas together
as in *irip3 {nis-Vru), comp. (2) above.
And since, (0), Dagesh-Forte implies a Shva 'Quiescent' before it, it follows
that a Shva under a Dagesh-Forte is (by implication) the
second of two Shvas together and therefore 'Moving'
[comp. (2) above] as in -"PSD (sa(p)-prit).
Hence, from (tj) and (0) together, it is seen that
(3) Shva under a Dagesh is always* 'Moving.' Again
Since, (j), each of the six letters of § 47 has Dagesh-Lene after a Shva
'Quiescent' [§ 47 (2)], it follows that whenever a Shva occurs
before one of those six letters without its Dagesh the
Shva cannot be Shva 'Quiescent' — for then there would bo
Dagesh-Lene in the letter after it. Hence
(4) Shva is always 'Moving' before any one of the letters
fl £ 3 *l J 1 without its Dagesh-L. as in ^t33 (nl-t'plic),
!ft$* (ye-sh'vu). Also
Since, («),tho Dagesh-Lene is dropped after AUGHT else than Shva
* Quiescent' [§ 47 N.B.] — and therefore is dropped not only
after any vowel but also after a Shva ' Moving,' — it follows that
whenever a Dagesh t is seen standing immediately after a
Shva, this Shva is not 'Moving' and therefore is ' Quiescent' ;
in other words
(5) Shva immediately before a Dagesh f is 'Quiescent'; as
in IStJO (nish-pou), !Q£y* (yish-bu). — And, necessarily,
Since, (\), a 'Moving' Shva under any one of the four letters JfnriN
always adopts a Compound form [§ 24] ; it follows that
(6) A simple — [§ 25] under one of JJ H Pi N is 'Quiescent.'
* Except, of course, at the end of a word, as in "T)* {yerd).
t Which can only be D.-lene, for D. -forte can only come after a vowel (§ 49). —
The exceptional words D)FltJ* *Wt^ CR^', will be noticed hereafter.
26 rules. § 55.
But it is necessary to state
(7) ' Rule I :' Shva after a vowel bearing a Tone- Accent is
generally Quiescent * [So No. 17, § 58] ; and
(8) 'Rule II:' Shva after an unaccented Long-vowel is
Moving,
[Note] except, apparently, at the end of some words having a Long
vowel in a closed final syllable where the Long-vowel is retained when the
Tone-accent is removed and the word followed therefore by Makkeph.
(See some Examples in Note (*) on p. 25).
["This ' Rule II' is important. It is indirectly a means of determining
the Tone-syllable in very many words, as may be seen thus : —
(i) In such words as V^bD the Dag. L. in the ft shews - [(5) p. 23]
■ : |t >
that the — of } is Quiescent. But, according to ' Rule II,' this -r- (fol-
lowing the Long- Vowel — ) must be Moving if the — be unaccented.
Therefore, either this great 'Rule II' must be broken here, or the — can-
not be unaccented, i.e. it must be accented ; and so the Penultimate is seen
to be the Tone-syllable. So, too, in such words as *5DF) tne Tone-syllable
is the Penultimate ; for, the Dag. Forte (§51. i.) in the ^ virtually involves
-j- Quiescent (§ 53), and therefore the — must bear the Tone, or 'Rule II'
would be broken. The same holds for Nos. 17 and 21 (§ 58); and, of
course, in the case of any other Long- vowel as well as for — .
(ii) So in such words as Q ,,> ") ,, £^ the last is the Tone- syllable. For, since
the Shva understood beneath the Q (§ 4) must be Quiescent (in a closed
syllable at the end of the word [§21, (1)]), therefore the Long- vowel before
that Shva cannot be unaccented, or 'Rule II' would be broken. So, too,
in such words as rhlfi, riVOI, tDl3X, 2313 ( the ~ bein g Long), the
last is the Tone-syllable. Some exceptions (apparently), when there is a
Makkeph, were referred to just above [Note]. But the general statement
may be made, that
(9) (a) Where a Long-Vowel has after it a Shva that is known to be
Quiescent, the Tone-accent (if there be one) is on that Long- Vowel. And
* The exceptions are chiefly where the Rule seems to be disregarded in order
to keep up a correspondence in sound with that of a simpler form of the word
in each case. Thus JV2 ba-yith retaining the tone-accent on the first syllable ba
allows the yith to become y'thau in H1V3, in pause :nJV2,-— Pb. 68. 7,
Is. 14. 17, &c. Similarly the veth of ni^H becomes v'thau in Pinion Ps. 116. 15;
and so for the last word of v. 3, the 3rd of v. 4, and the last of v. 5, in Ps. 103.
Thus, too, r\~\V*r\ in Josh. 17. 15 (Dr Ewald, in his Lehrb. p. 65, says that J? ia
wrong ' unrichtig' here, and that the better editions have J?, but ?). The Rale
KULES. ^T FOR 0. §55 (10). 27
(b) that vowel is generally* shortened if the accent be removed.
An Example or two of this, by way of illustration, may be given here, —
if we may make another slight digression. — Thus, the last syllable of the
word CI!"! [Ex. 14. 16] bears the Accent in accordance with what has been
said. But when the Accent is turned back from the last syllable to the last-
but-one, the ■=■ would be unaccented; and ' Rule II.' would therefore be
broken if the — were to remain [since the Shva understood beneath the Q is
not Moving at the end of the word, §21, and §55(1)]. To avoid this, the ~ is
shortened into -»-, thus Q^n [2 Kings 6. 7, where the t is a Conjunctive
Accent (App. B)]. So S*t?ri, or 2&ft, becomes ^gjfjrj ; &c. So, in § 58,
the word No. 15 would be "V)} 7 , if without the \ which is there prefixed.
In No. 15 the accent has been drawn away/;'om the last to the penultimate
syllable; and, to avoid the breach of ' Rule II.' by the unaccented !) having
a Shva not Moving but Quiescent after it (beneath the "j), the !) has been
shortened into ~w (o) K. Khautuph. Again, when 73 (all, cccry) is followed
by Makkeph (§_37) and so is seen to be unaccented, the _^ is shortened
into T (0) K. Kh., as in No. 16 (§ 58). — Similarly, the _i. of No. 17 is short-
ened into 6 in No. 18, — where the ^~r must bear the Tone, by (a) above. —
So, as the Student will easily see, in Nos. 19 and 20 the T must be a
Short-vowel and therefore 6. So, too, we see that
(10) (a) It follows from (8), that an unaccented -7- followed
by a Shva that is known to be Quiescent is — Kaumets Khautuph.
Except, of course, in one of the exceptions to 9 (b). See Note * below.
[Also, — is 0, as seen above § 44 (b), (c), (d),
(b) if without -j- before — , generally, as in ri/D¥J7 Is. 40. 29 ; —
And often even with — , if
(c) before -^- , as in *7£V * Lev. ] 6. 10, — but see p. 19, note t —
-'it
(d) or before a — for -p-, as in Q*12W Dent 13. 3; —
•• : tit
And, also, as seen above § 50,
(c) if unaccented and followed immediately by Dagesh ;
which case is really the same in principle as (a).
To which may be added
(f) A — , for Shva (whether Simple or Compound), is o ;
of which more will be seen hereafter, § 5G, &c.]l
however is not always disregarded in such like words.
* The exceptions are chiefly those mentioned just above in (8) [Note] ; thus,
the 1 of DV is retained in ~DV, and so the s •• in "pS and "JV3; and so the Long
— of *7V in "*iy Gen. 27. 33 ; and so in "D s Num. 34. 3, &c, but we very often
have "D^ which is according to Enle.
In "IV above, the 1 might go on to TV [thus TV*7jV (§ 37 *)h ^o also in
some other cases ; but, perhaps, not in all.
28 RULES, § 55. — SLIGHT- VOWEL, § 56.
[We may here re-state (7), (8), & (9), thus, generally ; —
'Rule I.' A — after an Accented vowel is 'Quiescent';
'Rule II.' A — after an Unaccented Long-Yowe\ is 'Moving.'
(9) (a) "Where a Long- vowel stands before a — which is known
to be 'Quiescent/ that Yowel has the Accent of the
word; and
(b) If the Accent be removed, that Yowel is shortened [p. 27(*)].]
(11) 'Rule III.' A — is 'Moving' under a letter followed im-
mediately by the same letter, as in w;?] (hd-l'lu)*
(12) 'Rule IV.' A — is usually 'Quiescent' after a 'Real'
Short- VOWel f [}-e. one which does not mask Shva, § 56].
This brings us to a more important matter. Very often a
vowel which looks like an ordinary Short- vowel is not
a ' Real ' vowel, but merely a Shva masked by a vowel-
form, — and does not belong to 'Rule IV at all. — For
(13) (a) Since there may not be two 'Moving' Shvas together
[comp. (7) on p. 24], it follows that
(b) Whenever in the process of word-forming there would
be two 'Moving' Shvas together, some change must be
made. The change usually made is as follows 2
56. The first of two 'Moving' Shvas which would occur
together is replaced by a Short- vowel ; and such a vowel (so
masking a Shva, and followed by Shva 'Moving' under the next
letter) is called l"Hp Hl^Pl a Slight voicel.%
[This is not so much of a ' Real ' vowel as to have Shva Quiescent after it, or to
hear a Tone-accent. It represents merely a Slight vowel-sound given to the first of
what would else be three combined consonants, — because in Hebrew no more than two
(p. 10, Note *) are ever allowed to be combined with one vowel following them.]
It may be useful to have an example or two of this. An
easy means of illustrating the principle is furnished by the
* Hence such words as *J3l2p* Ps. 1. 23, ^N"^ etc. Prov. i. 28, are seen to he
exceptions to ' Pule I.' For the accent — see p. 17, note || .
f Words like DS"}^, EprVTffl, are perhaps exceptions to this 'Rule IV.*
% The names 'Compulsory Vowel' and 'Auxiliary Vowel,' which have been pro-
posed instead, fail to express the slight nature of the vowel. The name Auxiliary
Vowel is liable to the further objection that it would suit rather the vowel which
is introduced sometimes to help out the utterance of a guttural letter at the end of
a word (see § GO), which has nothing in common with this.
SLIGHT VOWEL. §§ 56, 57. 29
three prefixes 2 in or by, 3 as, 7 to or for. When one of
these is to be prefixed to a word the first consonant of which has
Shva (simple or compound) there would be two MoviDg Shvas
together. Since that may not be, the first of the two Shvas
adopts a Short-vowel form ; and thus (1)^3 meaning glory of,
and HfaS) my glory) we have* HM3 M "ltaMW v iO^?(%
the — under the first letter of (1), (2), (3), being instead of — ; and so the
-r (o) in (4), — in (5), — in (6), of
*TTia ( 4 ) in fury of, T\btib® to truth, *TK3 ( 6 ) as a Kon-\.
[N.B. When a Slight Vowel has thus taken the place of
Shva, another Moving Shva may then appear before it (as
need scarcely be said). So we have 1 prefixed to (3) and (6)
thus ntaafri ro, and nasi ( 8 >].
Many other examples of this ' Vowel in the place of (and, as
it were, masking) Shva' will occur as we proceed. The Reader
will before long be able to recognize as such the -=- in Ha ( 9 ),
the -r- in l ?p7M« ( 10 ), and the -*- (o) under the J in H3M ( n )
[Gen. 30. 28], and so in other cases.
[57. It is scarcely necessary to remark that the second one of the two
Moving Shvas (of 'which the first one adopts the Slight-vowel form) is not
altered in its nature by the change of the first one. Dr Ewald takes such a
Shva to be one of a special nature, as 'floating between two syllable.*'
("zwischen zwei sylbeu schwebeudcs", Index, p. 957), and he gives it a
special name "Shva medium." It is a strange thing, — this Shva between
two syllables, and belonging " neither wholly to the preceding nor wholly
"to the following syllable, but in suspense, standing at the end (?) of a
" loosely put-together syllable, in the midst between both" X. We are very
* For the omission of the dot from the 3 in (1), (2), (3), see § 51 (iv).
t It is unnecessary, perhaps, to mention that ~ is a very common form of the
Slight-vowel, but that the forms "=", T, T, also occur, — and wry often when the
Slight-vowel either takes the place of, or precedes (as in 4, 5, 6) a Compound
Shva. We may not say that this is always the case. — We find sometimes — under
a Guttural, as in npfl Judg. 5. 16, VltDJ} Nah. 2. 9, &c— The whole matter of
the Slight-vowel is very important.
% His words are " ...weder ganz zur vorigen noch ganz zur folgenden sylbe,
Bondem schwebt, am endc einer lose zusaniniengesezter sylbe stehend, in der
mitte zwischen beiden..." Lehrb. p. 9o.
30
§ 57, 58.
glad that it has nothing to do with Hebrew, and that therefore we need
not trouble ourselves or the Reader any more about it.
Note. A kind of rolling value is sometimes attributed to a consonant
having Euphonic Dagesh, see Appendix C. (§ 71). This value of a con-
sonant is marked by the Euphonic Dagesh,— the Shva is innocent of it.]
58. The following words may be read for practice now.
[The accent is vii-Vrd (§ 42, Note „) in Nos. 3, 4, 8.]
1. n^TlX a locust
2. O'fiin two myriads
3. anj^TW they four (m.)
4. T\12 her pitcher
5. ^TT ways of
6. t333"Tl your (m.) way
7. dpp3 emptiers (m.)
8. VrD3*l his myriads
9. DvSiri&n the boasters
14. fiJlNI thou (f.) wast anx-
; : - t
ious
15. "IJ*! and he sojourned
16. v5/5 every vessel
17. 'Fo'y I prevailed
18. VJT?^ I prevailed over
him
19. 033Ttf your (m.) ear
20. ^JJIT may He favour us
21. !)3D* they (m.) shall com-
pass
22. toxbft his work.
(m.)
10. fipgj and they (m.) kept ^ *(a)'^^ left hand
11. ^|JJ and they fell 24 •WjTWteTl sins of
12 - T!3 and may He rule 25. *( b 'KV fear ye (m.)
13. 3£?*1 and he took captive 26. * (c 'd , 'X£Dh men sinning
* The X is read through as if not there ; — it stands as belonging to the
WO rd. — (a) The dot of the IN* goes with the 1, for Full-Khoulem, and is put over
the x so as to be close to the consonant (D in 23, L3 in 24) to which the vowel
1- (for \) belongs. So, too, in TlltO??, nifcOp. — (b) Here -1 is the vowel for
the "1; (the word is read like VrJ). So, too, in -1NS"13 to S. — (c) The — goes with
the * as Long-Kherik belonging (as vowel) to the 13, (as if it were thus '•p). So,
too, in D^fcOp, to "I. — N.B. The technical term 71113 {'motionless' 1 ) was a
means of stating a letter to be without a vowel (which was called ' a motion , ).
31
Recapitulation of Rules.
(A) (1) Of two Shvas together in the midst of a word,
the first is always Quiescent, and the second
always Moving [p. 25, (2)].
(2) Two Shvas together at the end of a word are
BOTH OF THEM QUIESCENT [cp. § 21 (2), p. 9].
(B) Shva is Moving
(i) Under a Dagesh [p. 25, (3)],
(ii) Before one of the fi 3 3 *1J 2 without its Dag. L.
[p- 25, (4)],
(iii) After an Unaccented LoNG-Vowel* [p. 26, (8)],
(iv) Under a letter followed by the same letter im-
mediately [p. 28, (11)].
(C) Shva is Quiescent
(i) Immediately before a Dagesh [p. 25, (5)],
(ii) When in simple form (— ) under one of the letters
v n n a [p. 25, (6)],
(iii) After an Accented Vowel [p. 26, (7)],
(iv) After a 'Real* Short- Vowel t [p. 28, (12)].
(D) (i) A Long- Vowel before a Shva which is known to
be Quiescent is Accented [p. 26, (9, a)], and
(ii) If the Accent be removed that Long- Vowel is to be
shortened* [p. 27, (9, b)].
* For some exceptions see Note (*) on p. 27.
t For some seeming exceptions see Note (t) on p. 23.
32 FURTIVE PATHAKH. § 60.
Some Peculiarities of ft, 1> ft, SJ> £*•
Note.
59. Some peculiarities, in the case of ft, ), ft, V> &> &> may-
be mentioned here in the following order
(i) ft, ft> and J? ;
(ii) & and b (and W) ;
(iii) V
(i.) Furtive Pathakh (under ft and ft and y).
60. (1) A — is always placed under ft (§ 31) and PI and ty
at the end of a word, when these letters have no
vowel of their own,* after any LoNG-Vowel other
than — ; and
(2) When a word so ends in ft or n or y (i.e. in either
ft or Pi or V with a — under it), the — is always
to be read before the letter above it; as in
HSIin hag-be-ah, ft*W see-akh, etc.f
N.B. Such a — is called Furtive Pathakh.
(3) Furtive Pathakh is only a means of helping out the
utterance of a difficult ^ro^-Consonant after a Long-
Vowel of the Classes II and III in §§ 19 and 20.
(ii.) The Dot of $ and b used sometimes for Khoulem.
61. The dott of w and & sometimes stands for the Vowel
Khoulem, besides distinguishing between sh and s. Thus
[(A) ft (B) &>],-
(A) (1) When & has immediately before it a Consonant with
Deficient Khoulem (§ 13), then, to avoid having two
dots together, the special dot for the Khoulem is
dropped and the dot of the & is used for a Khoulem
* Shva Quiescent being understood, therefore, § 4.
t As we do not pronounce V, the — of V (in such a case) is sounded alone ; as in
J?n re-a, JMJ nu-a.
% This dot, distinguishing between sh and s, is called the Diacritic Point.
DOT OF W FOR KHOULEM SOMETIMES. §61. 33
to the preceding Consonant — besides marking the
letter to be sh. But
(2) N.B. The dot of $ never stands so for a — to the
preceding letter when that preceding letter is K
after a vowel.* Thus t^NI is resh (not re-tfoush),
and S^X'H is roush (not rou-Stfoush).
(3) The Reader may therefore have the following Prac-
tical Rule :
Rule I. In the case of all the letters except &
(and except any Quiescent letter of course f) —
A Consonant without any Shva, and ap-
parently WITHOUT ANY YoWEL-MARK, BEFORE
%}, HAS THE DOT OF THE £> FOR ITS YoWEL
(Khoulem), as in *1$3 bou-shu, tt/3 gou-shu, etc.
[Note. — No ambiguity arises from this double use of the dot
of £^. For since there must be either a Yowel or Shva to
every letter that is not Quiescent (§§ 28 and 29), therefore
the Consonant without Shva (before the \j) must have a
Yowel ; and there being no Yowel for it, but only the dot of
the $ following, it is seen at once that this must be a case for
the application of Rule I, — viz. that the dot of the £' is to be
read as a Khoulem to the Consonant before it.]
(4) The dot of \j never stands for Khoulem when the ty
either (a) begins a word (as in *W sheer, *QL^ shvu),
or (/?) has immediately before it a Yowel J (as in
rC3 ge-sheth) or a Shva§ of any kind (as in 1^5
g'smi, mn kh'shash).
* We may add that there is only one word in the Bible (Is. xlvi. 8) in which X
with a Deficient Khoulem belonging to it as its vowel is immediately followed
by {? , and there the X is not after a vowel but after — . In several editions two
dots are given there, one for the Khoulem and one for the E\ — In some words the
possibility of taking the dot of U? as a vowel to an X (before it) is guarded against
by giving — to the X and so marking the X to be without a vowel; thus Dt'X*.
t A letter when ' Quiescent' is at the end of a syllable [§20 (Def.)] ; but a
letter is not at the end of a syllable if it has a vowel.
% No letter can have two Vowels at once (§ 16. y).
§ A Shva of any kind shows that the letter above it has no Vowel.
34 DOT OF jy (& £>) FOR KHOULEM SOMETIMES. § 61.
(B) (5) "When a C has deficient Khoulem {—) for its Vowel,
then, to avoid having two dots together, the special
dot of the Khoulem is dropped and the dot of the &
stands for that J_, besides marking the letter to be s.
(6) The Reader may therefore have the following Prac-
tical Rule.
Rule II. When W (anywhere else than at the
end of a word, § 13 N.B.) stands without a
Shva, and apparently without a Yowel,
then the £? has its own dot for its Yowel
(Khoulem), as in yifc> sou-va, fcWK> sou-ne.
(7) The dot of V? can never stand for Khoulem when
the W has attached to it either (a) any Yowel-mark
(as in D&? saum, D^ seem, § 16. 7), or (/3) a Shva (as
in y^b^ s'va, nftb M yis-makn).
The Mark jjj.
(8) "When a letter immediately before & (s) has belonging
to it a — i.e. Deficient Khoulem, the dot for the De-
ficient Khoulem is put over the right shoulder of
the & (thus W), as in tfb^ nou-se.
Note. There can be no doubt about the reading in such a
case ; for, the letter before the ty having then no Shva and no
Yowel-mark other than this dot for Khoulem, this is seen at
once to be a case for the application of the following
Rule III. "When ^ has before it a Consonant
without any Shva, and apparently without
any Yowel-mark, that Consonant before the
t^ has the first dot of the & for its Yowel
(Khoulem) [as in Rule I. p. 33], and the second
DOT MARKS THE LETTER TO BE S.
N.B. The ^ must then always have either a
Vowel-mark belonging to W (s) [as in Pl^tf], or
Shva (either expressed, — or understood as in
S^Sft tau-phous).
§ 61 (9) & § 62 (1). 35
(9) When V) (sh) has a Deficient Khoulem (— ) for its
Vowel the dot for the Khoulem is put over the left
shoulder of the $ (thus j*j), as in *l£^ shou-mer,
i&y* yau-shouv.* There can be no doubt about the
reading in this case ; for, the V? having then no Shva
and no Vowel-mark other than the second dot (for
a Khoulem), this is seen at once to be a case for the
application of the following
Rule IV. When $ (anywhere else than at
the end of a word, § 13 N".B.) stands WITH-
OUT a Shva and without any Vowel (other
THAN THE SECOND DOT), THE SECOND DOT THEN
stands for Khoulem and the first dot marks
only that the letter is sh.
N.B. (i). Since the dot of \& is never used for
Khoulem at the end of a word (§ 13
N.B.), it follows that jy at the end of
a word always stands for C? (s) with a
Khoulem belonging to the preceding
LETTER.
(ii). There is no word in the Language
HAVING a jy with BOTH ITS DOTS AT ONCE
representing Khoulem.
(iii.) 1 Consonantal (sometimes) in i and 1.
62. Sometimes the 1 in i, and in \ is v Consonantal ; as
follows,
(1) When 1 bears a Vowel, f the ) cannot of course be
itself a Vowel, viz. Full- Khoulem (because one Vowel
cannot bear another, § 16. 7). The 1 of the ) is then
* Except only when followed by 1 Consonantal, as in the 2 d Example in § 62 (1).
The dot for the Deficient Khoulem is then put over the 1 , as may be seen there.
t So in the case of 1, the 1 would be 1 Consonantal and the — alone would be the
Vowel of the preceding letter.
36 1 CONSONANTAL SOMETIMES IN ] & ) • §62.
v Consonantal, and the dot above it is a Dcficient-
Khoulem belonging to the preceding letter; as in
nin hou-vau, T\\p shou-ve.
(2) When 1 is immediately preceded by a Vowel or a
Shva of any kind, the ) cannot itself be a Vowel, viz.
Full-Khoulem (because no letter in Hebrew has two
Vowels, and no letter can have a Vowel when it has a
Shva showing that it has no Vowel, — cp. § 16. £). The
1 of the 1 is then v Consonantal, and the dot above
is a Deficicnt-Khoulem belonging to the 1 as its
Consonant ; as in jitf au-voun, ^iy 'vou-nee.
(3) "When } is immediately preceded by a vowel, and
(4) When ) itself has either a vowel or Shva, the 1 is
v Consonantal doubled by Dagesh-Forte ; as in
ilVl ra(v)-ve, PtttH ri(v)-v'thau.
Note. It may be observed that each one of the cases
(3) and (4) involves the other.
[Summary of §§ 60-62.
Furtive — used under H, H or J|, when vowelless at end
of a word after any Long- Vowel other than — [§ 60, p. 32].
The dot of w used for Khoulem after a Consonant not having
either Shva or any vowel other than this dot [Rule I, p. 33].
The dot of W used for Khoulem when the W has neither —
nor any vowel other than its dot [Rule II, p. 34].
One dot of $ for Khoulem [Rules III & IV, pp. 34 & 35}.
i for — ou v — , p. 35 ; & for vou, p. 36.
5) for — 0) v — , p. 3G.]
§ 63. APPENDIX A.
64.
37
63. The following words may serve as Examples for prac-
tice in Reading.
1. m Noah
2. PA") spirit
3. JT3 fine ashes
4. P!H scent
5. nriS^ a key
6. HTG? her song
T •
7. PDil height
8. PD-I high (m.)
— T
9. PD/l/fiD a madman (in
Eng. V.)
io. n^^n thou (m.) wilt exalt 26 - p? Equity
11. y^D a fountain 27. gfaa at the dying of
17. Sron to rule?
t ~;
18. ^'J3n the ruler
19. 7&fon dominion
20. B^B* three
T
21. EE>3 spice
22. yi&h abundantly
23. p^p to have enough
24. T|X^ thy (m.) hater
25. ^an^l and I took hold
12. ^ he will utter
13. ytiW one (m.) hearing
14. J"lBO shame
15. *H^3 I was ashamed
16. Uh$ti rulers (m.)
28. HJty her iniquity
29. gfa one dying
30. iyp a borrower
31. "fly a blind man
32. D^ty* blind men
* This is strictly the full and proper form of the word, viz. with -"j. — But in all
the instances in which the word occurs in the Bible the Dagesh of the 1 is dropped,
and the Student has to remember that there is a Dagesh F. properly belonging to the \,
There are so many instances in which a Dagesh F. is so dropped, over a Shva,
that it may be well to call the Eeader's attention specially thereto by the following
Observation : —
Obs. A Dagesh-Forte is often dropped from a letter bearing a Shva, as in v/H
(for ^H), -lyp*. (for WEP), etc. This will be better understood by and by.
88
[note on appendices (a — e).]
We give now Five Appendices, viz.:
(A). On the signification of Vowel-names \
(B). On the Accents;
(C). OnDagesh;
(D). On Compound Shva;
(E). On Z^rD and *p.
N.B. The Student need not trouble himself with these Appendices
at first, hut may refer to them merely as occasion may arise hereafter. He is
advised now to proceed at once to work through the Exercise-Book. And while
learning therehy to construe Hebrew sentences from The Bible, and also to turn
English sentences into Hebrew, he may bo glad to be supplied with a few more
Reading-Lessons. As such we give (on pages 55, etc., below) (1) The Hebrew
Personal Pronouns (p. 55), (2) A Masculine and a Feminine Noun declined
with Pronoun-Affixes, (3) Some specimens of leading Verb-forms in the
several Voices. These matters (and others also) are entered into more fully in the
Exercise-Book. The Student will find that by familiarizing himself carefully
with the words in these Reading-Lessons (pp. 55, etc., below) he will gain great
help towards the reading and understanding of the Grammar in the Exercise-
Book..
APPENDIX A.
SIGNIFICATION OF VOWEL-NAMES.
64. Some of the names of the vowels (the more ancient especially)
correspond somewhat with the forms of the mouth concerned in the
utterances. Thus (1) ' Shurik' ( from p~\ty) ' hissing'' utterance through the
lips crvpiyfi.6s. So (2) ' Kherik' (from fi^H use< i f° r ''■gnashing 1 — the
teeth — ) an utterance through the teeth. [Also called, of old, 'Soever'
(from '■Qgf to break)~\. So (3) 'Khoulem' (from Q7PI in the sense to be
'whole,' '■complete]) utterance filling the 'whole' mouth, and therefore
called of old £"]£) K?fo mouthful. So (4) ' Pathakh' (from flfiS to open)
utterance from the back of the open mouth. And so (5) ' Kibbuts' (from
Y*2p to collect, gather together) an utterance for which, as in the case of
' Shurik' (1), the lips are drawn together, somewhat. (6) ' Segol' is sup-
APPENDIX A. § 6-t. 39
posed to refer to the figure of a 'bunch of grapes' in which the three
dots are arranged. So (7) ' Kauniets-Khautuph' may perhaps (see above
§ 12, Note *) refer to the form.
There seems to be some confusion in regard to the signification of (S) Ytip
— as to its meaning, and as to the value of the vowel designated by it. We
must try to clear this up a little, if we may.
In Masora
(1), "r", d (au), was called ' Great Kanmets;' and (2), — , 6 (fi), 'Little Kaumets;' —
(3), "=", a, was called ' Great Pathakh;' and (4), -~r, e, ' Little Patha};)^'
It is seen that the names ' Great' and ' Little' ' Pathakh' (i.e. Opening)
correspond with the Great and Little channels of utterance for the vowels
in (3) and (4). Is this so, or not, in the case of (l)and (2)? The name
' Little K.' in (2) does correspond with the Small channel for the utterance
of -r ; and the question which we will try to answer in this App. is
(a) Can the name ' Great K.' also correspond with a Great Channel-
utterance, for "v , in (1) 1
Analogy seems to shew that those who gave the name thought so : and
()3) such would suit well the broad guttural sound of a stream of
utterance filling the throat and the mouth wide-open, — and issuing from
the cavern-like pit of the throat.
But there is an objection.
(y) The name 'Kaumets' is generally said to signify 'compression,'
'contraction,' 'shutting' of the mouth*. There is so much authority for
this, that it must be treated with respect. But
* Some suppose that Kaumets iu the sense of closing or contracting tltc
mouth had reference to the o sound given by some as the value of this long — .
Dr Ewald writes "}'Dp 6 (a) contraction [zusammenziehung] from the ecu trac-
tion of the mouth" for o, and states that the appellation Kaumets for [both] " <Z
and o" originates thus from tliosc wlio wrongly read a [as] o [" die beuennung
Qamess fur a und 6 stammt also von solchen, welche a unrichtig o laseu,"
where the sign a stands for his a value of ~~~r, and Q for p (Cp. p. 3, note ||].
Those who so " wrongly read" may perhaps be glad to find antiquity allowed fur
their so- faulty practice, for the name Kaumets is of some antiquity. One
modern Writer, who gives ' Compression ' as the meaning (and a as the value) of
Kaumets, states : — ■
" It is certain, from a distinct statement of Ebn Ezra (Tsachoth, p. 2, b), that
" the scholars of Tiberias and the African granunarians sounded it o." [Kalisch,
Pt. ii. p. 67, 3 (a)].
Aben Ezra's statement so referred to is : — "but
,^-un yopn xnp 1 ? a»jnv KpnsKi ansa *»an dj nnao »8MK
"the men of Tiberias also the wise-men* of Egypt and Afiuca know now
TO BEAD THE Gr.EAT KAUMETS."
This is not quite the same, surely, as - they sound it o\
Dr K. proceeds to say, referring to this same passage, " It is equally certain
40 APPENDIX A. § b4.
(a) Not only docs the name ' Kaumets ' admit of a sense corresponding *
more with what might be expected for it ; but, moreover,
(b) Such a word was current in the sense 'pit,' 'cavern,' or 'hole' in the
old Rabbinic diction.
As concisely as possible let this be shewn here.
(a) The name ' Kaumets' is from a root T*ftp which, along with a word
expressing 'fulness,' is used in the Bible for 'hand-fid', and for 'collecting
into a hand-fal.' The sense of 'compressing,' 'contracting' may perhaps
be deduced from this. Suppose such a sense to be admitted. Add that in
post-Biblical times the root was, with reference to the eye, used for shutting
the eye. Does it therefore certainly mean ' shutting or compressing the
mouth' 1 even when not used with direct reference to the mouth? Since
T'ttp docs not in itself involve the ' mouth,' this last is really introduced
by assumption in (j3). The mouth may, however, be said to be involved
here, because the reference is to a stream of vocal utterance. Exactly. The
reference is to this Stream. (Here the train of thought has changed the
line of its course). The compressing-channel of such a stream of utterance
need not be the shutj- or greatly-compressed mouth. It may be the widely-
opened mouth (so a ' Great-Kaumets') for one stream of utterance, and the
not-quite closed mouth (so a ' Little-Kaumets') for another; and thus, the
names in (1) correspond with the utterances if ' Kaumets' may be taken to
signify ' Compressing-channel.' But this agrees with the strict value of
T*/Dp- For, — a 'handful' being expressed by 'fulness of (or, that which
tills) a T*Dp>' — this Yfop stands for 'that in which the contents are,' and
the contents are compressed (it may be), within the including cavity? This
'cavity' may be large for large contents, and may be distended by the
contents which it is a means of compressing. The contents in our particular
case being 'a stream,' the word 'channel' may be used for the 'cavity'
containing it (or even compressing it, if any wish for this term).
But (b), — A term of this sort is sometimes given in accordance rather
with certain current notions than with strict derivation of meaning. It
may be interesting to notice that we find ' hole,' ' pit,' or ' cavity,' to be a
"that it was, in the middle ages, read in many districts as a, Comp. Ebn Ezra, I.e."
A. E. mentions that pronunciation (in the passage so referred to by Dr K.) in the
following terms : rtwn nioipon mix pip urns two ^ttj nnD3 runs u:»n
i. e. " it is not ' read as a' as we read it in these places." [Note, We have given
here Dr K.'s expression 'read ... as a' for the words 2 — 4 ; but, with regard to
his 'many districts' for A. E.'s 'these places,' it should be observed that A.E.
contrasts the pronunciation in the ' places' where he was, with that of the 'Men
of Tiberias, &c.' (Aben Ezra, or A. E., stands for tniy p'N i- e. miy p omziN
Abraham ben Ezra as he is called fully, in Rabbinic,— and, for shortness, y"n. — Some-
times he is called merely Ben Ezra, or— in Arabic form — Ebn Ezra, and Ibn Ezra, by some)].
* Whether — be read broadly, or as a in far, the mouth is open— not closed.
t From shut, closed, compressed, mouth or lips — could o get out ?
APPENDIX A. § 64. 41
value of Vf2'p current in Rabbinic Aramaean. The Arukh*, in giving this
value, cites f the Targum of 2 Sam. 17. 9 where a word corresponding to
Kaumets is given for the Bible-word meaning 'pits' So Buxtorf (Lex.
Rcibb. col. 2058), who cites also the 'great XXD^p' gi yen by the Targum
for 'great pit' in 2 Sam. 18. 17. This sense of 'pit' or 'hole,' into which
things were collected for storing purposes, is even claimed by some for the
Bible-word D^£jp£- Thus the Midrash of Breshith Rabba on this word
is [as given || in the Jalkut] —
xnvap *6*n Nnsopn 'nox pan wnrb KSDpe
A convenient means of shewing what we want to shew by this is offered in
the following from the y~\W [Appendix to the "P"iy (Arukh)],
: tto 'its Knsrap 'vn Dibs pen xbi '»mb 'p id pnv in jn v 'a in
" Breshith Rabba, c. 90, t/tus we read; — R. Johanan said 'From the Kaumets
" to mill, and they lacked not at all,' as much as to say that every day they icere
"taking out from the pit (or hole serving as store-place) for grinding, and the pit
"failed not; and ourR.'s say 'That in the Kaumets, and that not in t lie Kaumets,'
" as much as to say ' Not in the pit (or store-HOLE) alone was this blessing' As
"for the word Kaumets, its meaning is pits (or holes) "
This sense 'pit' or 'hole' is (we well know) supposed to come from yfy\^
(Eccles. 10. 8). So the TH^, and Tiyft- But that does not matter at
all. Our point here is that the word Kaumets was so used in the sense
hole or pit, whencesoever obtained. This being so, the result is much the
same as that arrived at in (a): -and the question in (a) may therefore be an-
swered affirmatively thus far, viz. that the name ' Great U Kaumets' (whether
(a) as ' Great containing*"-channel, or (b) as ' Great Pit, Cavity, or Hole,'
may have-meant somewhat corresponding with the guttural utterance filling
the whole open-mouth as described above in (j3) ; and the fact of such a
name having been given is an evidence (so far as it goes) in favour of a
corresponding value having been given to the vowel
[Notes. Thus, too, — taking together (1) and (3), (2) and (4), at the commence-
* A Rabbinic-Aramaean Lexicon.
t N**Dip [}oi irn 'p o-pppp 'h.
X Gen. 41. 47, rendered by " handfuls" in our E. V.
|| It is unnecessary to spend time and space on the reading of the Breshith
Rabba itself here in several editions.
§ The true reading there (for rflip ")pip 'p pi in some editions) is
fPU 1P1P 1 31. Buxtorfs reference to (KXD13 and) KSDIJ involves that on
which this rests. Buxtorf gives a citation in favour of the sense ' closing the
lips ' for Kaumets.
H "We find also the epithet " Wide" used instead of " Great ;" thus in 73 Ps.
35. 10 the t~ is marked as 3m , i.e. wide or broad. [We are aware that
- T T 1 l
Dr Kalisch cites this as an instance in -which a Conjunctive accent ~ " produces
the same changes in the vowel as" Makkeph,— taking this to be 6 therefore.]
•* Or ' Compressing' if this be preferred.
42 APPENDIX B. ACCENTS. § 65.
raent of this Appendix on (8), p. 32, —
(1) ' Great Channel, Cavity, or Hole,' and (3) ' Great Opening' (merely), for
T and — respectively,
(2) ' Little Channel, Cavity, or Hole' *, and (4) ' Little Opening' (merely), for
~^~ and ~ respectively;
correspond with what was said of these four vowels in §§ 19 and 20.
And though we find later, in the "HfDn "1QD (ii. 80), the three —, '), and .<),
classed together as 'Great,' 'Intermediate,' and 'Little,' Aa«/«£fs'd[utterance], — it
does not follow that - -r~ was there taken as o. Nor does this follow (as some
seem to think) from Aben Ezra's saying,
(i) " Kaumets is compounded of Khoulem and Great Pathakhf";
(ii) " It (i. e. Kaumets) is Kaumets'd from them, and the mouth is Kaumets'd
in the utterance of it."
Bather, — by naming, in (i), 'Great Pathakh' ('Great opening') as a com-
ponent part of ' Great Kaumets,' he so far declares the mouth to be well-open in
sounding it. He can hardly be supposed % then to give it an o-value requir-
ing the lips to be drawn together].
APPENDIX B.
ACCENTS.
65. As the Student may wish to know the names of the Accents which
he may see attached to the words in the Hebrew Bible, it is advisable to
give a List of them. But, as it is decidedly unadvisable for the Beginner to
lose time in learning their forms and names at present, it is as well to
give them in an unattractive manner. The names are therefore given in
their Hebrew form with the several accents themselves attached thereto.
They are given here for purposes of reference, merely.
* The name 'Tsa-re' may mean a fissure from the sense " breaking,"
" rending" (of iTlV), and so when used as an equivalent for the name ' Little
Kaumets' (see above) it might very well stand for ' fissure' — as a cleft or ' Little
Cavity' in contrast with the 'Great Cavity' of ' Great Kaumets.' [The sense of
' narrowness' from the Biblical "V)¥ would quite as well give what would contrast
with the 'wide' in 2m J*Dp (p. 34, note II)]. But we do not object at all to take the
name 'Tsa-re,' as it is generally taken, in the sense of 'Breaking,' — whereby it is
recognized as being akin to Kherik for which an old name was "Qt^ ' Breaking '
as mentioned before.
t " Therefore its form is like the form of them both," he adds, (meaning "=~
an old form of — , consisting of -=- with a dot below it). — The passage here
cited from A. E. is the first part of that referred to on p. 33, note.
J To get at his meaning it is sometimes necessary to guess a sort of riddle.
In such cases it is dangerously easy to misinterpret him altogether by what
might seem to be a literal rendering of his words.
APPENDIX B. ACCENTS. § 66.
43
The Accents are usually said to be 28 in number, — some of them Dis-
junctive, others Conjunctive.
66.
The Distinctive, or Disjunctive Accents, 18 in number, are
Form.
Name and Position.
Class.
Form.
Name and Position.
Class.
y»fp (7)1
III.
'T
A
i:
V
(piDS BjiD) : p-i^p an
runs (2) 1
I.
II.
(p'Ds; i n^?e> (s)
* Kgrs (9)
* KflfP (10)
"van (ii)
A 1 : v - 1
* i?ijD (3)1
(;'lOW eip'r (■*)
i- :
t TJV (12)
snso (6)
*.▼ 8
Form.
Name and Position.
Clan.
V
p
i
a
1-
ITS (13)1
IV.
J-PS '3"1D (14)
TT K X*-
:..(n^nf s*^n as)
DID or C^n$ (16)
Qȣhj (17)
| p^DS (18)
Theso Accents are arranged here in descending order of value as Stops.
[Note. In (1), — beneath 5 is the Sillak ; the : at the end is specially the
pIDQ PpD (°P- § 39 (!))•
In (8), the _!_ is Shalsheleth; the ( I ) is P'sik No. 18.— Shalsheleth [without
( i ) P'sik, as in Ps. 3 . 3], is used as a Conjunetivo Accent : See below.
P'sik ( | ), No. 18, has a Disjunctive value but is not properly an ' Accent.' 1 ]
* These three, — viz. Nos. 3, 9, 10, — always stand over the last letter of the
word thereby accented, whether the Tone-syllable be the last or the last but one.
But when JL. (No. 10) is attached to a word of which the Tone-syllable is the last
but one, an additional _^_ is then placed over the consonant bearing the vowel of
the Tone-syllable.
t Always just before the first consonant of its word, but below the lino of con-
sonants.
Always over the first consonant of its word.
44
APPENDIX B. ACCENTS. §§ G7 — 69.
67. The Conjunctive Accents, 8 in number (of one Class, all equai
to each other in conjunctive value), are
Form.
Name and Position.
Form.
Name and Position.
i
V
i (njBp) NB^n (s)
&0"1KIJ (6)
<
i
n>io C 1 )
* tjsno (2)
t N»np (3)
Na-n (4)
fc^-lSS N31ND (7)
t : jjt ;
. .ioV p m* (s)
68. The Accentuation in the Books of The Psalms, Proverbs, and Job§,
is somewhat different from that of the other Books of the Bible. No Accents,
however, occur there of forms different from those given above. But some
of the forms given above occur in combination; — thus (1) _L, or — — f
or —II, is a great Disjunctive and Pause Accent; and we find also
(2) ■' j or _; '— very frequently, and so also (3) — (called Initial Tiphkhd)
placed beneath the line and just before the opening letter of its word.
These three are Disjunctive Accents. And we have, as Conjunctive Accents,
(4) °° , and (5) _~ , or - — ^_, and (6) — (i.e. above the word, instead of
below), and _*_ (without P'-slk). —
69. Several of the 26 Accents are known by other names, besides those
given above. The Reader need not be troubled with them here.
* Of the same form as No. 12, of Class III. above ; but this ~ (Mahpakh)
stands to the left of the accented vowel.
t This -A. is exactly like J_, No. 10 of the Disjunctives. But the Disjunc-
tive _A_, No. 10, stands over the last letter of its word, and the Conjunctive _1_,
No. 3, over the opening letter of the Tone-Syllable. This No. 3 is also called
&6t8.
I Always over the last letter of its word.
§ These three Books are called "the Books of DON" (a word which signifies
truth). They are so called because the letters of this word DDX are the initial
letters of the Hebrew names of these Books viz. N of n'VN "Job," of ^D
"Proverbs," and n of DVPHP) "Psalms." flDX serves therefore- as a,- convenient
mnemonic form.
|| The two parts may be on Wthe same syllable, or on < 2 > different syllables of
thesame word or (3) of different words. Cp. <*> Ps. 14. 4 &c. , <=» Ps. 1. 2 &c, < 3 > Ps. 1. 3
&c. Dr Kalisch gives also the form — ^ , but this is at least doubtful; it is certainly
not a great Disjunctive like (1); and it may be doubted whether it is really a
double accent at all. Dr K. cites Ps. 68. 21 for a disjunctive value, where there
APPENDIX C. EUPHONIC DAGESH. § 70. 45
APPENDIX C.
EUPHONIC DAGESH.
70. There is a use of Dagesh, called Euphonic,
(1) at the beginning of a word in letters besides those for D. Lene (§ 47),
as in the 7} of *$vn£ 1 K- 17. 18, ^Tt^il Is - 49 - 20 > *? fflsfe I s - L Hi
to^J^S Is. 26. 12;
(2) in the midst of a word, where it is not wanted grammatically (a&
in the ¥ of WSyil Ex - 2 - 3 > and of THX) Prov ' 4 - 13 in some copies).
[Note. The Euphonic D. of (1) in a letter of 7133*133 produce3 some
apparent (not real) exceptions to § 48. Thus the dot in the 3 of '3~*1713yi Gen.
30. 33, 13 7T3*1 Ex. 17. 5, »T3TH3 Pr. 31, 2, and in the S of naTl^y Gen. 1.
12, |*713 ^y Gen. 38. 29, &c. &c, is in each case a Euphonic D., and not merely
a Dagesh-lene.
There are some few real exceptions to § 48 ; as, for instance, in ny"]D3 "T133N1
Ex. 14. 4 and 17, t*>'»:n33 t6n Is. 10. 9*.]
is a P'sik however. In Ps. 84. 4, the 3 without D. L. of 7V3 seems to point to
a Conjunctive accent before the 3 ; and in Ps. 50. 3, 55. 20, the sense seems to
require a Conjunctive accent where we find j<, 7<. Some copies seem to have
given D. L. after r? in Ps. 65. 9. From this passage, and 65. 6, some might think
^ to be one of these Accents. — While one of two together is the Accent,
the other often serves as subsidianj before or after it. The t~ under the Tone-
syllable seems to have been regarded as Conjunctive in Ps. 76. 8, according to
some copies; but it is often a Disjunctive, as ordinarily. We find (a) both above
and below the same syllable as in Job 21. 28, 71133*^*3, according to some.
* These instances come under a Eule of Euphony mentioned by K. D.
Kimkhi, viz. that When there are together at the beginning of a word 33, or 33
or S3 or S3, and the first of the two has Shva, then that first letter has its
Dagesh although after a Long Vowel (or Quiescent letter) at the end of a word
which is read closely along with the word beginning as described. Cp. also tho
3 Lev. 25. 53 (after -13 Tf ), the 3 1 Kings 18. 44 (after 71 I?),— and so Ex. 14. 18,
Jer. 3. 25, where the D. is omitted in many Editions. — R. D. K. mentions some
exceptions and ancient variations ; and the Rule, as he gives it, is stated rather
too generally. The absence of the dot is, of course, in accordance with § 48.
46 APPENDIX C. EUPHONIC DAGESH. § 71.
71. The dot of both* D. lene and D. forte may be said to have a hardening
and strengthening value, — in the case of D. lene, indeed, only to so slight a
degree as to mark 6 instead of v and p instead of ph, &c, — but in the case of
D. forte to such a degree that the letter in which it stands may be considered as
doubled. This strong dot (Dagesh forte) is employed for otherf than mere
pronunciation-purposes. But, for pronunciatio?i-pnriposes, a dot is sometimes
employed — with a higher value than that of Dagesh lene — to mark a rolling enun-
ciation caused by a delayed and prolonged movement of the organs while in the
act of pronouncing the letter in which this Dagesh + stands.
[Note (a) When beneath this Dagesh there is a Shva, this Shva
(1) is always Moving, and
(2) adopts, sometimes, a Compound form marking an approach to vowel-
sound by help of which the rolling pronunciation can be more fully given.
(b) As might be expected — from this D. marking so fine a process, and only
for the sake of Euphony, — the usage || ought not to be limited too precisely. - ]
* We are aware that we have against us the authority of Dr Kalisch, who
says (Pt. ii. p. 61), "It must be regarded as a defect in the system of the
"Hebrew points, that the same sign was chosen both for dagesh lene and dagesh
" forte ; for the functions of both are essentially different." Perhaps we may
think that this sentence of condemnation needs revision.
t As will be seen hereafter.
X If any name, other than 'Euphonic Dagesh,' be wanted for this, — one
might perhaps offer ' Dagesh medium* or 'Intermediate Dagesh,' 1 as not inappro-
priate. We are glad to say that we agree with Dr Ewald in disapproving of the
name 'Dagesh neutrum' (as it has been called by some, after J. D. Michaelis;
see Gesenius Lehrgeb. p. 88, and cp. Ewald Lehrb. p. 128, note 2). The name
' Dagesh forte Euphonicum' which some give (a mistake perhaps for 'Dagesh
Euphonicum" 1 ) is bad, — since this dot represents less than D. forte. — Also, the
name 'Dagesh Conjunctivum* which some give for this D. in the cases of (1), is
not good since the Dagesh has no Conjunctive value. The closeness of connec-
tion is marked either by a Conjunctive Accent or by Makkeph. Nor can we
approve of the name 'Dagesh dirimens' 1 for the D. in some of the cases of (2).
For, so far as it is applicable to Dagesh at all, it would be perhaps more suita-
ble to Dagesh-forte than to a Dagesh of this intermediate sort. The employment
of this (quite modern) name, by some, is merely one of the passing fashions of
the day.
|| A detailed statement of the matter which we have ready would tire the
Eeader too much if given here. The further treatment of this must therefore
be deferred at present. Enough has been said here for relieving the Student
of doubt or difficulty at his meeting with any instances.
APPENDIX D. COMPOUND SHVA. § 72. 47
APPENDIX D.
COMFOUND SHYA.
72. As was said, in § 24 Obs., -=r and ~rr are founa sometimes under
other letters than Wlili^- I Q some cases this is for Declension and
Conjugation reasons, — as will be seen by and by. Thei'e are other cases, in
which a compound Shva occurs uuder non-gutturals, which may be noticed
here.
In dealing with this matter it may be well to bear in mind that : —
The hiatus between the first and second of two consonants (combined —
with a vowel to the second one) is the more perceived if there is
(1) any difficulty arising from the nature of the consonants,
(2) some change in direction of movement while combining them,
(3) a vowel-utterance affecting the process.
[N.B. (3) sometimes gives rise to (2).]
In such cases a Compound Shva often helps distinctness* of enunciation,
being a means of bringing out more fully the first of the two consonants.
(a) The chief cases of ( 1 ) were mentioned in §§ 22 — 24, [viz. cases in
which one of VnilX (without a vowel) is combined with a letter after it.]
(/3) Among other cases arising from (1) are some in which the two
consonants are the same, and the distinct enunciation of the first one is
aided by approximation to vowel-utterance;
* Moreover,
('i) Since Metheg does so too (§ 43), one is not surprised to find "T with a
vowel preceding a Compound Shva.
(b) Any aid to distinctness is additionally useful in the case of a word fol-
lowed by Makkeph (and so— having no Tone-accent of its own — marked to be
hurried on upon the word after it).
(c) For Compound Shva under Euphonic D, see § 71 (Note a).
(d) As an aid to smoothness of pronunciation, a Shva which by Eule -would
be Quiescent is sometimes made Moving and marked as such by a Compound
form. Sometimes the Compound form of Shva is given besides the Euphonic
(e) Where help is given, sometimes, by dropping a Dagesh forte from a
letter bearing Shva (and so relieving the pronunciation by the removal of the
understood letter, which was implied by the D. F.), there further help is some-
times given by a Compound form of the Shva. [But not always, observe. Thus,
there is •1??rP1 in Gen. xii. 15, but the same word sometimes occurs with ?.]
48 APPENDIX D. COMPOUND SHVA. § 73.
Thus 3' 1 ' before 3 in Nu. 10. 36, 3® before 1 Deut. 21. 2 (in some good
Editions), and so ^ 3 » Gen. 29. 3 and 8,'OM Ez. 35. 9, ;. (6) Gen. 9. 14, J*) Gen.
27. 29, and W 49. 23', Cp. Ex. 1. 14, &c.
(y) There are cases in which (2) and (3) occur, (and in some concur) ;
Such as 3< 8 > Zech. 4. 12 (according to some), 3 (9) Gen. 27. 38, T™ Gen. 2.
12, t?< u > Job 33. 25, 3 (12 > Gen. 3. 17, k™ Ju. 16. 16, y. (M) Gen. 21. 6, g< 15 > Gen.
30. 38, |3<M> Gen. 2. 23,' n< 17 > Gen. 12. 3, t?' 18 > Ju. 5. 12, tym Lev. 25. 34, n' 20 ' Ez.
26. 21, &c. &c. Such as the D™ in 1 Kings 13. 7, §J<») Is. 31. 5, V™ Jer# 2 2.
20, come under the head of "Declension and Conjugation reasons" (referred to
in § 24 Obs.) rather than here.
Now there is this grand difference between the cases (a) and all
others that, — whereas in (a) the Moving Shva always takes a Compound
form, in these others the occurrence of Compound form not only
First, depends often on some stream of ^ow^-utterance, in connection
with which the combined letters are pronounced, or b.f which they are
immediately preceded or followed ; but also
Secondly, is not at all regular; — there beLig sometimes — , and
sometimes a Compound form, not only in similar words but even in the
same word.
There is abundant evidence of this irregularity in the occurrence of
Compound Shva under other than Vl"!!"!^- This irregularity has importance
as shewing that we are not entitled to lay down strict rules for the
occurrence. And it has a greater importance : — viz.
73. The great regularity in the one set of cases (a) contrasts so strongly
with this irregularity in the others, that we may well be led to think that
there must be some essential difference between the two sets. Now,
according to the general principles on which the whole matter has here
been treated, there is such an essential difference. From the detailed
statement (1) — (3), (a) — (y), one may readily perceive that the difficulty
involved in the cases (a) (see § 22), — the difficulty of bringing out in
pronunciation a consonant which, besides having no vowel of its own, is a
difficult consonant to be pronounced — does not exist where the consonant
(without a vowel) is not one of those difficult ones. Consequently the
strongly-perceived hiatus of the one set of cases is not necessarily involved
in the others ; and the mark for strongly-perceived hiatus we might there-
fore expect to find not regularly given, although it is used here-and-there to
help out and give more fulness to the flow of utterance.
[Note. Different arrangements of the cases are given by Dr Gesenius
(Lehrgeb. p. 76 — 78), and Dr Ewald (Lehrb. p. 95, 96). The former gives a list
of not -well grouped occurrences, — from which (he says, p. 76,) "one may see
that* the cases of ■=■■ under non- gutturals are analogous to those of the simple
Moving Shva:" — but, since a Compound Shva is always Moving, the remark
does not help one much. Dr E.'s arrangement looks better, but it will not bear
examination.]
* ...dass die Falle des ■=•" unter Nicht-Gutturalen denen des einfachen Schwa
mobile analog sind.
APPENDIX E. KTHIV AND KKI. § 74. 49
APPENDIX E.
KTHIV AND KRI.
74. It was given as a principle (§ 3) that every full consonant always
has either a vowel or a Shva shewing that it has no vowel. There are in
the Bible some apparent exceptions to this, which are not exceptions
really. Thus
(1) the name ^fttyty (Issachar) has the letter ffl without any mark
whatever attached to it. This £J> may be said to have place in the written
form of the name (testifying to the origin of it) but no place in the
pronunciation ; and therefore no one of the marks for pronunciation is
attached to it, and the word is read as if the unmarked ty were absent.
(2) In several instances a letter which appears in the written text is
called superfluous and is not recognized as part of the read text. Now the
vowel-point system has reference only to the read text, and any letter not
regarded as part thereof is unrecognized by vocalisation ; and the word is
therefore marked to be read without that letter altogether — as if the letter
were not there at all. — Thus the |"| in the word J1"V¥ (Gen. 27. 3) stands
without a vowel or Shva, because it is unrecognized in the word as read
(which is merely *"[*¥)• ^ u u ^ the common editions of the Hebrew Bible a
mark is always given to such a letter (as to the |"| in this instance) directing
attention to a marginal note which declares that letter to be superfluous ;
and the Student therefore need not anticipate any trouble in regard to such
appearances. [Under this head should be classed D^VVnD m 1 Chron.
15. 24 and three other places, in all four of which there is a note telling
that the ¥ is superfluous.]
(3) In several instances the written text, which is called ^J13, differs
(in a greater or less degree) from the read text, which is called **Tj5*. In
all such instances the vowel-marks that are given correspond with and
belong to the letters of the read text (the Kri). These letters are always
given (in the ordinary editions of the Hebrew Bible) in a marginal note, to
which attention is directed by means of a mark (generally a small circle,
thus -2.) over the word in the written text ^the Kthiv). Thus in Gen. 24. 33
there appears E£^** , l, the -1 directing attention to the marginal note
C**lp D£? VI] which signifies that the dots and the - and — belong to the
letters Q£>V1> and that the word to be ' read 1 is Q^VV Similarly in Gen.
39. 20 there appears ^DX? where the marginal note gives the letters
* We may employ Kthiv to represent 3^03, and Kri to represent "Hp, — the
value of i being ee, like the t in machine.
50 APPENDIX E. KTHIV AND KRI. §§ 75 — 79.
^DX*) an( l the word ia ' read' *^DX. So in the case of a corresponding
word in v. 22; and so in the word irVHXp (Ex. 37. S, 39. 4) where the
marginal note, 'ft V]"Yl¥p> tells tuat tnc wor( l is 'read' VHi^pt- —
Thus, too, for X^H Gen. 8. 17, — in accordance with the marginal
note ('p NX*n)»— tbeword'roatf'iB fcttPft- So for ^KTl Ps. 5. 9,— in
accordance with the mai'ginal note there, — the word ' read' is ^iJ^Tl ; & c -
See also Josh. 6. v. 7, 9, 13, 15 ; 24. v. 3, 8 ; IS. 18. 1, &c; 2 S. 21. 9 where
there arc U) one case of (2) and (2) two cases of (3) ; &c. &c.
75. There arc some instances in which the vowel-marks that are given
belong to a set of letters quite different from those given in the Ktfup.
Thus (to take just one example) in the well known place 2 Kings 18. 27
there appears DrT*^^ (the last word but one in the verse) where the
vowels and the Shva havemo reference whatever to the letters QfpyfcS' but
only. to those given in the marginal note signifying the words 'read' to be
Driven ^j^D* This is a strong instance : — but, as in all instances
76. the vowel-marks belong to the 'Read' Text (and, wherever this
differs from the ' Written' Text, the vowels that are given do not belong
to the letters to which they are attached, but to those in the margin)
pi-actically, it may be said, the Student will never find himself in doubt or
difficulty by reason of this.
77. According to the Note ^p X/*) ^TO — *■ e - ' Written' and not
' Read' — 2 Sam. 13. 33, the letters of the word Q5>$ there belong to the
' Written' but not to the ' Read' Text.— And,
78. According to the Note 3TO J\?1 Hp — *• e - ' Read' and not
' Written,'— preceded by ^ Judg. 20. 13, and 'by j^fi) 2 S. 8. 3; the
word ^)5 belongs to the 'Read' Text in the former place (where p. may be
seen in printed editions), and the word HIS) m the latter place (where f? :
may be seen), but not to the •' Written' Text in either case.
79. There are a few cases (of what some call " Kri perpetuum") in
which the consonants corresponding to the vowel-points are not given in the
margin. Thus,
(1) instead of D^Sfc^T (Jerusalem) there is frequently £&$)'!'*
without the *> which although not 'written' is 'read' as the consonant
bearing the — . So, the same *> (not ' written') is ' read' with the -f between
the 7 and the ft in nkSfcJTV-
* N.B. 'p is often given as an abbreviated form for "Hp.
f In the Bible an additional _°_ is placed to the 1 at the end of the word.
This _°. refers to the mute » of VTliXp. (§ 35).
APPENDIX E. KTHIV AND KRI. §§ 79, 80. 51
(2) The Name J"|iiTj when thus pointed, is 'read' ^"IX ^ord.
Sometimes this latter word itself occurs immediately before or after the
word Jlin*- I Q this case the word CTl/X God is 'read' for nin\ an( i
the points of this word Q^H/X are then &i yen to the letters ni!"V> — thus
niPl* (Cp. Gen. 15. 2, Ps. 109."21). [If ^K were read for J-flpp then,
there would be ^"7X twice in succession, — once for nin*> an( i ° nce f° r
itself.]
(3) The word XIH, which occurs very frequently in the Pentateuch,
is ' read' always as J^J"] .
[N.B. As may be seen, the expression 'read' is employed above technically
for ' what is peonounced in beading aloud'].
80. We have taken care to state this whole matter of App. E. in such
a manner as to avoid entering upon a great controversy. Not one word has
been written therefore hereabout either (1) adopting the one or the other
(or neither) of Kthlv and Kri, or (2) any reason for the differences. What
we are here concerned with is — How to read what we see*. The writer of
this knows well that the Controversy alluded to is a matter of serious
difficulty. (The discussion of it would be out of place here). It is very
easily settled by some excellent persons who know very little of the exoteric
practices (and still less, if possible, of the esoteric principles) of those by
whom the outward form has been handed down.
* This we set before us to do here. It seemed unadvisablc to try to do
more than one thing at a time. Thereforo many interesting discussions of
kindred matters, and speculations respecting tho facts of the case, and how
they camo about, and the state of the case before the facts, and such like, have
been passed by. The Student will, it is thought, be ablo to enter into such
with greater advantage when familiar with the facts themselves.
READING-LESSONS
CONSISTING OF
SOME LEADING GKAMMATICAL EOKMS.
[Note. There are of course many other Noux-forms, and
many other VERB-forms, besides the few which are mentioned
in the following pages. These are merely introductory to
the Exercise -book.
N.B. It must be borne in mind that some of the Verb-forms
are merely Paradigm-forms.]
READING-LESSONS. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
55
I. Personal Pronouns.
N.B. The forms of the Personal Pronouns given here are
the ordinary forms. There are also a few other forms. There
are also some Pause-forms [§ 41 above]. — These are all fully
given in the Exercise-book [p. 9, & Tab. I].
SINGULAR.
thou (m.) !"lfiK
thou (/.) AN
PLURAL.
ye (m.) EHS
[Note. The following are not to be read as Peading-
Lessons. They are given as introductory to the next two
/
roe
MWN
he
tfin
she
N»n
they (m.) EH &
n»n
they (/.)
nm
PAGES.
my
our
Pronoun-Affixes attached to Nouns.
(i) For a Noun in the Singular.
«-
thy (m.)
thy (/.)
your (m.)
your (/.)
It
his
her
their (m.)
their (/.)
V
D
I-
(ii) For a Noun in the Plural (or Dual).*
my
our
W-
thy {m.) *J —
thy (/.) V-
yowr (m.) ED*—
her iT-
their if.) ftV
The above are the ordinary forms of these Affixes. There
are also a few other forms. There are also some Pause-forms
[§ 41 above]. These are all fully given in the Exercise-book.]
* The mark of the Plural Masculine is D\— , of the Plural Feminine ni —
or (n— ), and of the Dual DJ— . See more in the Exercise-book [pp. 30-33, etc.].
56
READING-LESSONS. NOUN (m.) W. AFFS.
II. (a) Declension of the Masculine Noun *V&5> a song with
Pronoun- Affixes.
Singular y& a song, 'in Construction'* *V$ a song of: —
iw
my song
♦w
his song
her so?ig
our song
my songs
xsw
s-w
thy (m.) song *T^
thy (/.) song fW
your (m.) song M*l t their (m.) song D"]^
Plural DH^ songs, 'in Construction'* 1h V£? songs of: —
thy (m.) songs ^^V his songs VY^
thy (/.) songs *=|!T^ /^r so^s '"} ,, '7 , ^
yo^r (/.) s<?^s j^T^ their (f.) songs |fi*T^
Note. The PAUSE-form [§ 41] of Sp'E* % (>.) so»# is i'TJW-
The PAUSE-form of IpT % (/.) so^« is J TJ0.
The PAUSE-form of ,h Vfe? my sow^s is J ^^.
(/3) The Student may also read (from right to left) and give
the meaning of the following Declension-forms of D'lD a horse
with Pronoun- Affixes.
our so?igs
WW
/ •
»*D1D
/ -
/••sfttD) f DID
/JWD)'QpiDJ
/jrrao) dto^id
D^ID
D^D
Note. The ' Construct' f form of DID (Sing.) is the same,
viz. DID, and that of D^D (Plur.) is ♦p ! lD.
* For this expression, ' in Construction,' the Abbreviation ' i.e.' will be employed.
The expression is used of a word which is in close Structural connection with xohat
folloivs. For further information on this matter we must be content to refer to the
Exercise-book [pp. 33-37].
f The ' Construct' form of a word is the form which it has ' in Construction,'
see Note (*) above.
1 In Pause ^D-ID. 2 In Pause tTpD-ID. 3 In Pause PD-1D.
'I. - ''ir it
READING-LESSONS. — NOUN (f.) IN Ht W. AFFS. 57
III. (a) Declension of the Feminine Noun mitt law with
Pronoun- Affixes .
N.B. The T\~ marking a Feminine Noun is an accented
termination [Exercise-book, § 40 (p. 31)].
Singular mitt law, 'in Construction'* mitt law of.
thy Cm.) law ^T^ I his law irnitt
thy (/.) foro ^r™ I for /aw ttmitt
{ your (m.) law D^rnitt their (m.) law un'TII'l
lyowr (/.) law Rl^A their (/.) /aw Jjiifl
Plural TVnitt &mw, 'i.e.'* the same (viz. ttHitt laws of). ,
thy (tt2.) laws f'T™ hi* laws Vtthitt
% (/.) laws ^'tthitt | /^ r i am irnhiri
your(m.) /awsEpVYnitt
. i
our law ^rH^i
Plural ttHiJ
I
my laws "TVmtti
^WawsWtthitt
yo^r (/.) /aws RTlYTiM
^^>(?72.)/a72;sCttnitt
or DiTrHfi
M«'r (/.) /a7^ ]tti"li tt
or iD'ttinitt
Note. The PAUSE-form of Tjmitt thy (m.) feu is ♦ ^ITYlfl-
The PAUSE-form of ^ttnitt % (/) km is : TrOfi-
The PAUSE-form of VYHitt >»!/ laws is J TVHitt-
%* There may be — in place of the ) in these words.
(/?) The Student may also read (from right to left) and give
the meaning of the following forms of n*13 a kid :
;nni jcTOTT?) lS Br» /nttHi) ittH?j ^
.wni ,(|??-1!) D ?0H^ /KT9) a KT! l J ' T ' :
•awna /jynnj) taynna rctnTi^rDjrnhjij
l<ar^)Larfinhi
Note. The 'Construct'! form of n*13 (Sing.) is fYHil; and
that of ITH* ( plu -) is tne sam e («*"*. tti*"I5).
* See Note (*) on the preceding page. t See Note (t) on the preceding page.
1 In Pause FMVJJ. 2 In Pause WUhj. 3 In Pause PrthJ.
1 iv t • : I • it ■ : it • :
58 READING -LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (KAL).
IV. Conjugation of a Verb.
The First Voice [termed] 'Kal.'*
Infinitive.
to visit "tpS Inf. Absolute
{the] visiting [of] *lp3 Inf. Construct
in (or on) visiting "lp— •? \
as (or at) visiting "to Infinitive
• • ' L > With prefixes
to visit, or for visiting y^P \ ** L -. s
jfom (or wzore £/*aw) visiting "Tp^P /
— &c, my visiting 1p|>,t ^ s visiting *lp&\ With Pron.-Affs.
[For the forms of the Infin. Kal with other Pron.-Affs., see
Exercise-book, Tab. XV (i).]
Past Tense,
^e visited "TpS 3 s.m.
s/^ w'sz'ted *"Hp? 3 s.f.
£^0W (m.) visitedst V*Tpf 2 s.m.
^ow (/.) visitedst fl"]p? 2 s .f.
^ey (w. ory.) visited ^p? 3 pi.
ye (m.) visited u $ jp£ 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) ©mted PHP? 2 pi. f.
we visited :p? 1 pl«
[There are two other forms of Past-Tense Kal, see hereafter ;
see also Exercise-book, p. 81 & Note (f ) on Tab. XIV.]
There are two Participles in the Kal, (1) one of the form
hvk or SyiS, and (2) one of the form Sw3 or hv%. It will
.... ^ T \ T
be sufficient here to designate them as Participle (1) and Par-
ticiple (2), and to refer for a further account of them to § 139 (7)
of the Exercise-book [p. 83] (see § 117, p. 69, for S J? 3).
* For the Names of the Voices, see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
f The — is u here. For — (and — ), in place of the — u here, see Exercise-book,
§ 137 (4, iv) [pp. 80 & 81].
READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (KAL). 59
Participle (1).
one (m.) visiting, or a visitor "Jp3* s.m.
one if.) visiting (l"Hp^ or) ""HptD* St f.
PL (m.) visiting (i.e. 1j35) DHpb* p l. m .
pi. (/.) w«*% niifjb* pl. f.
Participle (2).
one (m.) visited (i.e. "ftp3) "fij^f s.m.
one (f.) visited (i.c.rVTIp3) rTtlpSj- B .f.
P/. (?n.) visited (i.e. *?lp3) D*tlp3-f p l. m .
PL (/.) omferf niTlpS-j- p i. f.
[There are two other forms of Participle (1) Kal, see here-
after ; see also (8) on p. xvii of Tables in the Exercise-book.]
Imperative.
visit thou (m.) *^P? 2 s.m.
visit thou (/.) '"!p G 2 s.f.
visit ye (m.) i»j? » 2 pl. m.
mi* ye (/.) n HP? 2 pl. f.
Future.
^0 will visit *"^P?? 3 s.m.
s/te wrctf otm* J*^? 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wilt visit %1pSF\ 2 s.m.
thou (/.) tot7< visit 'IpSri 2 s.f.
1 will visit X1 p^ 1 a.
*^<?y (tw.) w?7/ visit ^p^ 3 pl. m.
they (/.) wi# pin* ^"JpSFl 3 pl. f.
ye (w.) will visit ^p^H 2 pl. m.
ye (/.) trig t&ft njlpSft 2 pl. f.
we will visit *^p7^ 1 pl.
[For some 'Notes' on the Imper. & Fut. Kal, see next page.]
* Or, there may be 1 in place of the — here.
t Or, with — for "I [§ 14 above]; thus *7pQ (i.e. *lp3) s.m., etc.
X Or with \ in place of the — .
60 READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (KAL).
Note (i). We must be content here to refer to the Exercise-
book for Pause-forms [pp. 110-113].
Note (ii). The Imper. 2 s.m. has sometimes T\ at the end,
as in rnj&fe? * preserve thou (m.) for 1fo$ and
PnpD sell thou (m.) for *DD • Comp. Exercise-
bookj § 141 ( 7 ) [p. 86].
Note (iii). The Fut. 1 s. & 1 pi. sometimes have D at the
end, as in rni&EW / will keep or preserve
from Ift^tf , and so rTllb&SO we will keep or
preserve from ^\!2&^. Comp. Exercise-book,
§ 144 [p. 88].
Note (iv). (a) The Imperative & Future Kal given above
(p. 59) are said to be of the — (IDioulem)-
form, and Verbs which have that form of
Imperative & Future in the Kal are called
Verbs 'Fut. (-).' But
(/3) Some Verbs have — in the Imper. & Fut.
Kal where there is — on p. 59, and these
are called Verbs 'Fut. (— ).' See also Exer-
cise-book, § 132 [p. 75] and § 141 [p. 85].
The Student may also read (from right to left) and give the
meaning of the following — from ^DD to write : —
;rnn3 /ton?) W? / ri ? 1 ?^) && )
.mr»| /PJ?wj) &p?n? ;on3 T j Past Tense *
/rtani) mto jnaja or nnn2) ana j Par ti- ( (i)
•<rtbv\3) D^n3 /rbvi) »ma j C i P i e ( (2)
.(HJ?h2l) WJT3 X'^JT?) 5H3 Imperative.
•afru /nOT) siajjopi pjnrpn) ^ny J Future Tense *
Forms, corresponding to those from *lp3 above, may be
written out by the Student from \7ti to reign.
* The — here is 8.
READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (KAL). 61
[It will be well to give at once the forms of the Imperative
and Future (Kal) of Verbs " Fut. (—),"* i.e. which have the
(— )-form of Imperative & Future Kal. Thus from D07 to
put on (as clothes) the forms are
Imperative.
put thou (m.) on ®4? 2 s.m.
put thou (/.) on *&?J? 2 s.f.
put ye (m.) on ^^? 2 pi. m.
put ye (/.) on •W?? 2 pi. f.
Future.
lie will put on W^f. 3 s.m.
she mil put on « ^ ?fl 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wilt put on &% 7T\ o s<nii
thou if.) wilt put on *#fpri o B> £
/ will put on ^??^ 1 a.
they (m.) will put on ^'t?* 3 pi. m.
they (/.) will put on ™t?V?n 3 pi. f.
ye (m.) will put on ^WZDT) 2 pi. in.
ye (/.) will put on <"^'^ = ^ 2 pi, f.
we will put on &??} 1 pi.
Note (i). The Impcr. 2 s.m. of this form also has sometimes
Jl at the end, as in i"D*lp approach thou (/«.) for
nnp, and TtytW hear thou (m.) for $£)&. Comp.
Exercise-book, § 141 (7) on p. 86, and (5) (a & /3)
on p. 331.
Note (ii). The Fut. 1 s. & 1 pi. of this form also sometimes
have n at the end, as in rQ^K / will lie down
for 35£^X, and so T\TX!2^^ ice will rejoice for
n^bO, Comp. Exercise-book, § 144, on p. 88.]
* See above, p. 60, Note iv (/8).
62 READING-LESSONS. — VERB-FORMS.
The Second Voice [termed] Niph-al.*
Infinitive forms.
to be visited Op?? + ) Iffil Inf. Absolute.
[the] being visited [of] "Tp^ Inf. Construct.
in (or on) being visited ^p-H* \
as (or at) being visited ^p-p^r 1 I
(_ > With prefixes
to be (or for being) visited 'p? . 7 L L >, s
from (or more than) being visited *"lps T\u J
— etc., my being visited ^Ip^, his being visited 1 'P*D
[For the forms of the Infin. Niph-al with other Pron.-Affs.,
see Exercise-book, Tab. XV (ii).l
Past Tense.
he was visited *"fp^ 3 s.m.
she was visited '"Hp^ 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wast visited ^HPt^ ^ s,m *
thou if.) wast visited v'TPr'? ^ s 'f«
/ w«s visited v*]p^ 1 8.
^ey (wz. or/".) were visited ^p^ 3 pi.
ye (m.) were visited ^?7Pr ^ ^ pi* m -
ye (/.) were visited |v*7|- : • ^ P^ ^
we were visited ^1p^ 1 pl«
Participle,
owe (wz.) ^>e^<7 visited ""^p^ s.m.
erae (y.) £e^2y visited \ ^jLL^ \ s.f.
, or rnjjM )
iYw. (w.) £emy visited EHp£3 pi. m.
P/«. (/.) £emy cmterf ^j??? pi. f.
* For the Names of the Voices see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
t For the form "IpDJ (beforb a Past-Tense) see Exercise-book, § 137 1 (c),
[p. 77] —and p. 338, 6 (a).
READING-LESSONS. — VERB-FORMS (nIPH-Al).
63
be thou (m.) visited
be thou (y.) visited
be ye (m.) visited
be ye if.) visited
Imperative.
0"H T ) *W 2 s.m.
•TpBTI 2 B .f.
npen 2 P i. m .
(or j?) fifjpsn 2 pi. f.
Future.
Tp9! 3 s.m.
npsi? 3 s .f.
1J53F1 2 s.m.
npwg 2 s .f.
^e w?7/ #6 visited
she will be visited
thou (m.) wilt be visited
thou {/.) wilt be visited
I shall be visited (F^—, Iffi* or) "lp3K l s .
they (m.) will be visited ^p^! 3 pi. m.
they (/.) will be visited (or p) njTjWl 3 pi. f.
ye (m.) will be visited ^p^ 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) will be visited (or p) ^J"]|?¥? 2 pi. f.
we shall be visited C^Ht) "'P?? 1 pi-
The Student may also read (from right to left) and give the
meaning of the following from
(i) DS&y in Kal to judge, Niph. to be judged,
(ii) &?5H in Kal to hold, Niph. to be held.
Hii)
/ •• T V
/^snn) ^srin /^snri) paw
Forms corresponding to those from IDS may be written
out from 137 , in Niph. fo fo ta£e>i or caught.
64 READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (Pl-EL).
The Third Voice [termed] Pi-el* — [an Intensive Voice].
From IDS (Pi-el) to visit diligently, the Pi-EL Infinitive
(Absolute and Construct) is 1p% the Past 3 s.m. is *lp£), the
Partic. s.m. is Ip&fc, Imper. 2 s.m. *"lp2, Put. 3 s.m. *7(5£\
To vary the Reading- Lessons we will now take ^fc^, which
in the Pi-el Voice signifies to break {intensively), to shatter.
Infinitive Forms.
to shatter ^® l n f. Absolute.
[the] shattering [of] ""l?^ I n f, Construct.
in (or on) shattering ^^^ \
as (or at) shattering ™S I *& with
7 • i.k,M.L ^prefixes
to shatter, or for shattering 131^7 I I
from (or more than) shattering *^^P /
— etc., my shattering ^^, /«'s shattering • >38/ [Tab. xv (iii)].
Past Tense.
Ac shattered \(W or) T3t? 3 s .m.
sAe shattered <™^ 3 s.f.
jf/ww (m.) shatter edst 1?*]^ 2 s.m.
Mow (/.) shatter edst ^"^P 2 s.f.
I shattered WfilpJ 1 s.
Mey (w. or/.) shattered TlStfP 3 pi.
ye (»i.) shattered bftlSW 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) shattered P™^ 2 pi. f.
we shattered ^W 1 pi.
Participle.
ewe (w.) shattering *^5^P s.m.
ewe (/.) shattering (1™^? or) i"^^? s.f.
iV. (m.) shattering (i.e. *1^?) ^-1^& pi. m.
P/. (/.) shattering TftlS&h pi. f.
* For the Names of the Voices see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
f The form 1|5>B (i.e. with the — ) is the usual oue for the Pi-el Past 3 s.m.
READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (Pl-EL).
65
Imperative.
shatter thou (m.)
shatter thou {/.)
shatter ye (m.)
shatter ye {/.)
(m_)n^ 2s .m.
T»? 2 s.f.
fi30 2 pi. m.
riarjto 2 P i. f.
Future.
Ae wi<7 shatter *&?. 3 s.m.
5/^ w^tf setter *fi#fi 3 s.f.
M0&5 (m.) wilt shatter ^?^fi 2 s.m.
</fow (/.) w*& s^a«er *)??fcl 2 s.f.
/ wafl s/^ter (FTl- ) "fi^K 1 s.
i72<?y (m.) wzY/ shatter ^^) 3 pi. m.
2*% (/.) mill shatter HJ"]|TO 3 pi. f.
y<e (w.) 7t77/ shatter *\1%&Fl pi. m.
ye (/.) hhTJ shatter ^3*13^ 2 pi. f.
me mill shatter (^Tr) ^5^? 1 pi.
Note. The Student may also read (from right to left) and
give the meaning of the following from
(i) YfoX in Pi-el to strengthen ;
(ii) i)lty in Pi-el to set up on high.
^m /toy®*) pwsn
/^fiwfi) paw?
(i)
(ii)
Forms corresponding to those from ^QE? above may be
written out from *l£7, in Pi-el to teach.
* Or, with — in place of the — here.
66 READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (PU-AL).
The Fourth Voice [termed] Pu-al* [Passive of Pi-Sl],
From "Tp3, (Pu-al) to be visited diligently, the Infinitive
Absolute is 1J53, Inf. Constr. IpD, Past 3 s.m. 1p& f
Partic. s.m. I&bti, Fut. 3 s.m. npfi\
To vary the Peading-Lessons we will take now the Yerb ^33
(Kal) to steal, — which in the Pi-el signifies to steal and in
the Pu-al to be stolen (with an Intensity of meaning).
Infinitive forms.
to be stolen ^^ Inf. Absolute
the [being] stolen [of] ^5 l n f. Construct
in (or on) being stolen -^ : \
as (or at) being stolen *i?r I
ssiC /With prefixes
to be stolen ox for being stolen J?" I H L », <.
y*row (or wore than) being stolen ^^P J
—etc., my being stolen ^ty, his being stolen 1^5 [Tab. XV (iv)].
Past Tense.
he was stolen ^\\ 3 s.m.
she was stolen ^1*? 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wast stolen ^^*) 2 s.m.
thou (f) wast stolen ^^ 2 s.f.
/ was stolen vrr^ 1 s.
£Aey (m. orf) were stolen ^3| 3 p],
ye (m.) were stolen uPQ!& 2 pi. m.
ye if) were stolen P^*?3 2 pi. f.
we were stolen ^~\ 1 pl«
Participle forms.
one On.) stolen ^^P s.m.
one (/.) sfo/ew ( n ?^? or) H^? s .f.
PI. (?n.) stolen ^**?H? P 1 - m -
PJ. (/.) «tofe« ™?^? pi. f.
* For the Names of the Voices see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (pu-Al). 67
There is no Imperative in this Voice (Pu-al).
Future.
he will be stolen ^^. 3 s.m.
she will be stolen 33Hn 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wilt be stolen ^/T 2 s ' m '
thou (/.) wilt be stolen *^fi 2 s.f.
/ shall be stolen ^-?? 1 s *
they (m.) will be stolen ^fl 3 pi. m.
*% (/.) will be stolen ™lttn 3 p i. f.
ye (m.) will be stolen ^^ 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) will be stolen ^J?^ o pi. f.
we shall be stolen ^33 1 pi.
The student may also read (from right to left) and give the
meaning of the following from (i) *"|fiD in Pu-al to be told, and
(ii) Hiy in Pu-al to be crooked (in which the 1 is Consonantal).
.-ij-isd ,(iFnsD) Dnnsp /lisp /rpsp ,(ljO§D) J!?")BD ,(nn?D) isp (i)
.n$a /(n^n-iyn) -iroyn ,(roJM$i) -in?iP n-iyx ,(*£$$) rwjjfl /(niv^) nj$ (ii)
[Note.
It is important to observe that there is Dagesh- Forte in all
the Pi-el and Pu-al forms given above [on pp. 64-67], — viz.
in the p of the forms from *1p5,
in the ^ of the forms from *D£? ,
in the t2 of the forms from V£X ,
in the 3 of the forms from *2y& ,
in the 3 of the forms from 333 ,
in the 3 of the forms from *13D, and
in the 1 of the forms from T\)V (j us ^ above).
N.B. This Dagesh F., in the second one of the three
Fundamental or 'Root' letters (as they are called) of each of
these Verbs, belongs to and is said to be 'Characteristic' of
these two Voices Pi-el and Pu-al.]
68 READING-LESSONS. — VERB-FORMS (HIPH-IL).
The Fifth Voice [termed] Hiph-il* [a Causative Yoice].
From IDS the Hipii-il Infin. Absolute is 1pSfl, Infin.
Constr. TpSH, Past 3 s.m. YMFl, Partic. (s.m.) TpSfi,
Imper. 2 s.m. ngSH, Fut. 3 s.m. Tptf (or Ij^J.
To vary the Reading-Lessons we will take now the Root \?W
which in the Hiph-il signifies to cast, or fling.
Infinitive forms.^
to cast J?Vfo Inf - Absolute
[the] casting [of] Y ? ^H Inf. Construct
in (or era) casting "^ ?*f - : \
/ a ,• Tt^wrt'n V Inf- with
as (or at) casting =| 'VUV f
^Lm«.L /Prefixes
to cast, or for casting =1 7^"J? \ ^ L >. ■.
/rem (or were £/j<2w) casting *sj V7 •?¥ '
—etc., wy casfc'w^ W^T 1 , to cos£% lO^Pl [Tab. XV (v)].
Past Tense.
/<e eas* T/^ 3 s.m.
s/;e cas* nyh&) 3 s.f.
tf/ww (w.) didst cast fti?WT) 2 s.m.
^ew (/.) didst cast ^/^ 2 s.f.
least ™bVfa Is.
*Aey (m. or/.) ras£ to^Pl 3 pi.
ye (m.) cast &$??&? 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) cas* 157??^ 2 P 1 - f -
we cast ^??^ 1 pi.
Participle,
owe (m.) casting **J /7P s.m.
ewe (/.) easftwy ( n fc f?^ or) MJ r$? s.f.
i>/. (w.) 0«S!% (i.e. *3 Y?9) D 'P >( 7^ pi. m.
pi. (/.) ras^y nirwft pi. f.
* For the Names of the Voices see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
READING-LESSONS. — VERB-FORMS (HIPH-il/). 69
Imperative.
cast thou (m.) (fo*?&0 &) J>&\) 2 s.m.
cast thou (/.) WBVI 2 s.f.
cast ye (m.) 'Dv^H 2 pi. m.
cas* ye (/.) •"w^? 1 2 pi. f.
Future.
/^ will cast ($& &) yTf!. 3 s.m.
*&? frig ras* 0(?®ft &) 1^?p? 3 s.f.
*te (*».) witt ras* (^^ &) y?^? 2 s.m.
*ta (/.) wilt cast *?7?^ 2 s.f.
/ will cast (fa^t &) T^ 5 1 8.
*% Gra.) ««'# cas£ W Y#! 3 pi. in.
they {/.) will cast ™7^ 3 pi. f.
ye (m.) will cast ID v£Tl 2 pi. m.
ye if.) will cast ™?^ 2 pi. f.
we will cast (H?^ &) f^ 1 pi.
The Student may also read and give the meaning of the
following from 73^ in IIiph-il to cause to be low, to lower.
:h$m jyEtmh }?E&rh ^stfna y %m
,*fiWn ^nSa^ri) rhzm /piS^bti) 7 % stfn
4^3) L • L • L • L
* For the H at the end of the 2 s.m. Iraper., and of the 1 s. & 1 pi. Fut., see
Exercise-book [§ HI (7) for Imperative forms, and § 144 for Future forms].
70 READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (hoPH-AL).
The Sixth Voice [termed] Hoph-al* (or Huph-al).*
N.B. The — is 6 under the first letter of the words below ;
thus from "Tp3 the Infin. Hoph-al is HpSPl (hoph-ked) and
"7p3Pl (kdph-kdd), the Past 3 s.m. is IpfiPI (I/oph-kdd), the
Partic. s.m. IpSft (mdph-kaud), the Put. 3 s.m. HpS* 1 (yoph-kdd).
The corresponding Huph-al forms are "TpfiPI or IpSH Infin.,
T&SPl Past 3 s.m., TjjSfc Partic. s.m., *]&& Fut. 3 s.m. " But
The difference between the sister-vowels — 6 and — u is
so slight that both forms are included under the one name
Hoph-al [as said in the Exercise-book, p. 72].
We will now take the Root fiPl&S' which in Hoph-al signifies
to be destroyed (or marred). The Student knows that a Shva-
Moving under Pi takes a Compound form [§ 24 above]. — This
Root may serve as a means of introducing the following im-
portant Pule [Comp. Exercise-book, § 183 (p. 121)].
Pule. When in the process of word-forming a letter would
occur twice together with a Shva- Quiescent under the first
of the two, this with its — is dropped and Dagesh F. (im-
plying a letter with — Quiescent before it, § 53) is put in the
next letter ; as in *|3P0 for ^(3)P0 1 pi. Past Kal, fr. jj"0.
The Hoph-al Infinitive forms PlPl^Pl UPt^n^ etc., are so
very rare that we need not give them in full here.
Past Tense.
he was destroyed ^D^'7 3 s.m.
she was destroyed ^}V^^ 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wast destroyed [JjCWP^-] ^H^ 2 s.m.
thou (/.) wast destroyed [fi(fi)H#ri==] HPl^n 2 s.f.
I was destroyed [^(ri)Pl^Pl=] WtfTl 1 s .
they (m. ory.) were destroyed 'inilfepn 3 pi.
ye (m.) were destroyed [^(ty^M D ?^0 2 pi. m.
ye if.) were destroyed [|Jj(h)|T^n-=] PJfltfn 2 pi. f.
we were destroyed ^v - : 1 pl«
* For the Names of the Voices see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (hoPH-AL). 71
Participle.
one (m.) destroyed ^O^r s - m «
one (/.) destroyed *nnnSf>D s .f.
Pl. (m.) destroyed B^W? pi. m.
PL (/.) destroyed rilttj&ti p l. f.
There is no Imperative in this Yoice [but see Exercise-book,
p. 87, Note (*)].
Future.
he will be destroyed ^D^ 3 s.m.
she will be destroyed nriBTjl 3 s .f.
thou (m.) wilt be destroyed HH^n 2 s.m.
thou (/.) wilt be destroyed W^fTl 2 s.f.
/ shall be destroyed IV®*} 1 s .
they (m.) will be destroyed ^^\ 3 pl. m.
they (/.) will be destroyed IWftWfa 3 pl. f.
ye (m.) will be destroyed ifirwFI 2 pl. m.
ye (/.) will be destroyed ^H^ 2 pl. f.
we shall be destroyed ^DP^I 1 pl.
The Student may also read and give the meaning of the
following from *^$ which in Hoph-al signifies to be cast or
flung.
M?bvr\ (trpk'n) Dm^n G^J *5P?ift! (^H"vO?^^( n ?W ; ?)^ :
For PAUSE-forms we must be content to refer to the Exercise-
book, pp. 110-112.
t For J"innL' ; E the form would be JinnB'D (because of the II), and this is said to
be contracted into nnCJ>!9 — see Exercise-book [p. 3G9].
72 READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (HITHPA-EL).
The Seventh Voice [termed] Hithpa-el* (a Reflexive Voice).
From *Tp3 (in Hithpa-el, to visit oneself) the Hithpa-el
Infin. is ISfinn Absol. & Constr., Past 3 s.m. *"Tp53nn, Par-
tic, s.m. 1p2np, Imper. 2 s.m. Tftfinn, Fut. 3 s.m. Tj-JSn*.
"We will take now the Root 113 (in Hithpa-el " to honour
oneself" as in Prov. xii. 9, — or " to make oneself many" as in
Nah. iii. 15). We may adopt the former here for convenience.
Infinitive forms. ■
to honour oneself *T!33nn Abs.&Constr.
in (or on) honouring oneself *l33nfl2l \
as (or at) honouring oneself ^r?-?^P^ /
to honour (or for honouring) oneself *$2jfTy) \ i
from (or more than) honouring oneself ' H^nno /
etc., My honouring myself i^T^, his honouring himself " «^-f?vP
[For Infin. Hithp. with other Pron.-Affs. see Tab. XV (vii).]
Past Tense.
he honoured himself "^rT^ 3 s.m.
she honoured herself PHipSnn 3 s.f.
thou (m.) honouredst thyself JTl2l3nPl 2 s.m.
thou (f) honouredst thyself JiH^^ 2 s.f.
/ honoured myself v*]'?#?P 1 s.
Mey (?w. ory.) honoured themselves i133nn 3 pi.
ye (#0 honoured yourselves ufi^33nn 2 pi. m,
ye (y.) honoured yourselves jfi^33riP! 2 pi. f.
we honoured ourselves ^7- - : ■ ^ P-^
Participle,
owe (m.) honouring himself ^?rO • s,m *
owe (y.) honouring herself (^"J^^P or) iT"l|LSi™ s.f.
P/. (m.) honouring themselves (i.e. "I^GlTp) DHlLSHp pi. m.
iV. (y.) honouring themselves rinSSTI Q pi. f.
* For the Names of the Voices see Exercise-book [pp. 69-72].
READING-LESSONS. VERB-FORMS (HITHPA-EL). 73
Imperative.
honour thou (m.) thyself H?3nn 2 s.m.
honour thou (/.) thyself '1?3nn 2 s.f.
honour ye (m.) yourselves ^^r^H 2 pi. m.
honour ye if.) yourselves FOT-aSJln 2 pi. f.
Future.
he will honour himself ^t^^T. 3 s.m.
she will honour herself ^T?rT^ 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wilt honour thyself ^?*vv 2 s.m.
Mom (/.) wid honour thyself H?^! 1 2 s - f -
7wi// honour myself C'TJt) "^rT^ 1 s.
they (m.) will honour themselves ^^STV 3 pi. m.
they (f.) will honour themselves ^fl^rT^ 3 pi. f.
ye (wO will honour yourselves ^--PJ"^ 2 pi. m.
ye {/.) will honour yourselves •"^Irl^nri 2 pi. f.
we will honour ourselves C^Tt) "WH^ 1 pi.
Note. There is often — in place of the — given to the 3
here, in the Past 3 s.m., and in the Imper. 2 s.m., and in the
Fut. 3 s.m. & f., 2 s.m., 1 s. & pi., and 3 & 2 pi. f. [See
Note (**) on this at the foot of p. xv(*) in the Tables.]
The Student may also read and give the meaning of the fol-
lowing from 233 in Hithpa-el to .steal oneself away.
;nn^nn /raaanri) raaann /naaanri) aaann
.lasaann /j&iaanri) Droaann ^naann
. rfbaanp /*naan&> D^ana ^raaana & raaarto) aaanp
.(piaaaanri) toaann x^aann) ^aann
paana ,0*aanfi) ^aanri paann) aaan?
.naana /n&ainfi) toaana ^naaaanri) toaan*
For PAUSE-forms see Exercise-book [p. 112 (c), & Note (h)
on Tab. XIV].
74 NOTES : — ' ROOT '-LETTERS, ' ROOTS.'
Note (i). There may be PI at the end of the 2 s.m. Impera-
tive Hithpa-el, as in ^l^TH (for l^TH), stand thou (m.)
up, station thyself, which is 2 s.m. Imperative Hithp. with H ,
from y&\
Note (ii). There may be H at the end of the 1 s. & 1 pi.
Future Hithpa-el, as in PDXTltf (for i^TlN), I will station
myself, which is 1 s. Put. Hithp. with M , from ^¥* ; and
similarly Hl^Tli (for 1¥T0) would be 1 pi. Fut. Hithp. with
n, from i¥\
Notes.
(tf) General Notes (a-e).
(a) It may be observed that all the Hebrew Verbs which have
been mentioned on pages 58-73 have, each one of them, three
fundamental or ' Hoot ' letters as they are called (p. 67). Thus
the £ and the p and the 1 of the Verb *lp5 to visit, are called
its 'Root' letters; and so the 3 and the T\ and the "2 are the
'Root '-letters of ^]"0 to write; and so the ^ & the ^ & the t?
of &JO/ to put on (as clothes) ; etc.
(/3) We may also mention here in passing that
(i) Most Hebrew Verbs have three such funda-
mental or 'Root '-letters; and that
(ii) The 'Root '-letters taken together, in the proper
order for each Verb, constitute what is called
the 'Root' of the Verb. Thus Hp5 is the
'Root' of the Verb to visit, on p. 58; and so
^1"0 of the Verb to lorite, on p. 59 ; etc.
(7) On page 58 certain words (viz. IpB and *"P)p3, — p. 59)
were spoken of as being of the forms 7^3 and v)VB • And the
meaning was sufficiently plain there without any digression
being made for the purpose of explaining why the particular
letters 3 and tf and 7 were adopted as the special letters for
specifying forms. Reference was however made at once to a
* For this, jrO^nn in Job. xxxiii. 5, is the PAusE-form.— For the Pause-
vowel T comp. Exercise-book, § 166 (c) [p. 112].
'general representatives' of 'root '-letters. 75
place in the Exercise-book where information might be found
by any who should have the curiosity to inquire why those par-
ticular letters (7 ^ 3) were so employed. It was not necessary
to interfere there with the course of the matter in progress by
dwelling on that use of these special letters (7 V 5)- But it
may be well to take this opportunity for stating distinctly that
(a) It is a common and very convenient practice of Hebrew
writers to employ those three letters (7 V £) to represent the
three Root-letters of any Word, so that 2 and ^ and 7 may
be said to be used as convenient short expressions — Q for
'First Root-letter,' ^ for 'Second Root-letter/ and 7 for
' Third Root-letter.'
(b) It is because /VB is the Hebrew word for what we call
'Verb' that the letters 3 and y and 7, being the ' Root '-letters
of 7^3, have been so adopted as General Representatives
of the ' Root '-letters of all Verbs, and of all Words, that have
Three Root-letters. And thus
The 1 st RooT-letter of any word* is called its '3/ — as cor-
responding to the 3 of 7^3,
The 2 d RooT-letter of the word* is called its '$?,' — as cor-
responding to the J? of 7yb, and
The 3 d RooT-letter of the word* is called its ' 7/ — as cor-
responding to the 7 of 7^3.
For example, of the word !"nft£'{< , in Note iii on p. GO above,
The &, being the 1 st Root-letter, is the 3,
The to, . . . the 2 d Root-letter, is the y,
The *!,... the 3 d Root-letter, is the 7 ; and so
Of the word ni¥TlN, in Note (ii) on p. 74,
The *, being the 1 st Root-letter, is the 3,
The ¥, . . . the 2 d Root-letter, is the V,
The n, . . . the 3 d Root-letter, is the 7.
(S) From this use of these letters 3 & ^ & 7, the Names of
the Voices — Niph-al, Pi-el, etc. are derived. [The First
* Any word, that is, which has tiikee Koot-letters.
76 VOICE-NAMES. | 7tt£ FORM OF PAST (KAL).
Voice is called Kal (i.e. 7p light, not burdened) because this
Voice has no prefix belonging to it, and no Doubling Dagesh,
§ 49 above.] The name of the Second Voice, Niph-al is the
word 7^53 which is seen to be the ' General form ' of *1D33
(3 s.m. of the Past Tense on p. 62), — having 3 & J? & /, the
General Representatives of Root-letters, in place of the
special Root-letters 3 & p & 1 of the Verb to visit. So the
name Pi-el is the word 703 which is the 'General form' of
*1j-)3, and of 73£^, the 3 s.m. of the Past-Tense on p. 64. And
so for the names of the other Voices. And
(e) The 3 s.m. of the Past-Tense in each Voice was specially-
chosen as that part, of which the ' General form' is taken as
the Name of the Voice, because the 3 s.m. Past of each Voice
has no letter, or letters, besides those which either belong to
the Root or are 'Characteristic' of the Voice. [A full ex-
planation of the Names of all the Voices may be found on
pp. 69-71 of the Exercise-book.]
(2) Some other forms of Past- Tense & Participle (Kal).
We may give here (A) the 7^3 & (B) the 7^3 forms of
(a) the Past-Tense Kal, and (j3) the Participle (1) Kal. — See
p. 58 for the 7^3 form of Past-Tense Kal, and p. 59 for the
7tf3 form of Participle (1) Kal.
(A) (a) The 7^3* form of Past-Tense (Kal).
From ^311 to be willing we have
he was willing X*r) 3 s.m.
she was willing ^V^C 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wast willing ^^} 2 s.m.
thou (y.) wast willing ^-fr^ 2 s.f.
I was willing v«?0 1 8.
they (m. ovf.) were willing Wan 3 pi.
ye (m.) were willing EPl¥s n 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) were willing I v ¥- 2 pi. f.
we were willing *^f - v 1 pi*
* See also Exercise-book, § 138 (A, ii) [p. 81].
7y2 forms (continued). 77
Note (i). These forms from T*3Pl are seen to be the same as
those from *Tp5 in the Past-Tense Kal on p. 58, with the sole
exception of the 3 s.m. viz. V*£PI he was willing in place of *lp3 he
visited. (For
(ii). The — under the Pi in the 2 pi. m. and 2 pi. /. is merely
the Compound form adopted by the Moving-Shva under the PI
here, in accordance with the Rule given in § 24 above). But
(iii). The Pause- form of H^SPI 3 s.f. is JPlVSPI, and that of
^SP! 3 pi. is J ^SPl ; whereas the Pause-form of Pl1p2 3 s.f. is
tnipS, and that of HpS 3 pi. is JHp3. For the Rules, and
some more examples, see Exercise-book [p. 111].
(/3) The hv%* form of the Participle (1) Kal.
From *1¥p to be short we have
one (m.) short (i.e. ^Vp) "^i? s.m.
one (/.) short (i.e. m_Vp) iTTXj? B .f.
PL (m.) short (i.e. T*j?) D*1£j? pi. m.
P/. (/.) short (i.e. rtlflfj?) nVttjp p l. f.
Note (i). The Construct form *")¥p above is really a 'borrowed'
form, but it is the most common one. The strictly proper form
is 7^fi, as in 7^X (or, when unaccented, — 7 IN) the Construct
form of 72X one (m.) mourning or a mourner (m.).f This, how-
ever, is a comparatively rare form, — except that
(ii). The 7^2 form with K for last letter retains the tf— as
in tf*V a fearer of, from N*V one (m.) fearing or a fearer (m.).
(iii). Some retain the — in the Constr. B.f. and PI. m. as in
HKftp Constr. form of PlX^tO s.f from NfttO one (m.) unclean, &
^SH Construct form of D^SPi PI. m. from VfiPl one (m.) wilting.
(iv). For some more of these see the Exercise- book, pp. 327
&328.
(v). For 'Rules' respecting the Formation of Construct
forms, see Exercise-book, [p. 35].
* See also Exercise-book, § 139 (5 iii) [p. 84], also (0 ii) & (e) [pp. 327 & 328].
t As said also in the Exercise-book, Appendix (A) to Tab. IX (Notes i & ii).
78 7^3 FORMS (CONTINUED). — 7^3 FORMS.
Note (vi). For the 'Slight'- vowel in 'Htfp above, compare the
explanation of the formation of **OT from DHl'l in the Exer-
cise-book, § 57 (7) [p. 37]. So for m_¥p from H^p see § 56
(i & v) [p. 35] of the Exercise-book, and compare the explana-
tion of the formation of HpW from *W4 in § 57 G 8 ) LP- 36 J-
(B) (a) The 7$3* form of Past-Tense Kal.
From 7^ to be able we have
he was able '^ T 3 s.m.
she was able ? = T 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wast able ^}(^ T % s - m>
thou (/.) n-ast able np\ 2 s.f.
/ was able . 7*^ T 1 s.
they (m. or/.) were able ^!t\ 3 pi-
ye {m.) were able DFttDjt 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) were aife \^) f 2 pi. f.
we were a£/e ^7 t 1 pi*
Note (i). These forms from ^y are seen to have — in the
place of the — in the Past-Tense of *lp3 on p. 58, with the
exception of the 2 pi. m. and the 2 pi. f. in which the — is
replaced by — &• And
(ii). The — is so shortened into — 6 in these two forms end-
ing in Dft & jft because
(a) The accent of the word is always on the ending
Dft, & [ft, in the 2 pi. m. & 2 pi./., of all Past-
Tenses in all Voices of all Verbs ; —
(b) Therefore the syllable before the Dft, & jft, is
unaccented ; —
(c) Therefore if the — were not so shortened, there
would be an unaccented Long- Vowel before a
Shva which is known to be Quiescent because
it is followed by Dagesh L. in the ft [p. 31 (C, i)] :
* See also Exercise-book [§ 138 (A, iii), p. 81].
t The — here is u, see Note (ii) in (a) just above.
7^2 FORMS (CONTINUED). — VARIATIONS IN KAL FORMS. 79
(d) To avoid such a breach of the Great Rule (II)
on p. 26, the Long-Yowel — is shortened into
- 6 [p. 31 (D, ii)].
(0) The Sy3* form of Participle (1) (Kal).
From ^y to be able, the forms are
one (m.) able (i.e. /^) ^ '3* s.m.
one (/.) able (i.e. Tub]) iTO| s .f.
P/. (m.) able (i.e. 7^)) & <S? pi. m.
pi (/.) a^d ri\b'y pi. f.
(J) Some slight Variations from forms on pages 58-73
BECAUSE OF ONE OF THE LETTERS "lyPin^ IN THE ROOT.
(I) Some Variations in ' KaV forms.
1. "When the first Root-letter is H or H or y.
The Kal forms arc such as — from T2]} to serve —
,"ttV Infin. Constr. ,"OT Infin. Absol.
. ihvt; , issh , thai , ihyz infin. w. & h 3 a
. ( nn^) enny , ( rm'y & rrnft -uy a) j
Past.
Partic. forms.
.(Hra^rny /H}?)TK> Imperative.
In these forms above there is not much Variation from the
forms on pp. 58 & 59. There is no Variation when the first
* See also Exercise-book, § 139 (5 i) [p. 84].
t The word b\li (used commonly as an Adjective "great") is really the Partic. (1)
Kal of this 7j?S form. So also in the case of some other words. The word
?i*13 when in Constr., and followed by Malckeph (i.e. unaccented, § 37 above), becomes
"?"]|. Comp. Exercise-book, § 56 (i) and page 50 (Note ||).
80 variations in kal forms (H or PI or y as 1 st Rt.-letter).
Root-letter Las a Vowel. And the Student knows that a
Moving- Shva always takes a Compound form under any one
of the four letters p Pi H K (§ 24 above). [The Infin.* forms
with the 7 5 3 prefixes, as above, consist of the form *T^y with
the prefix-letter bearing a 'Slight '-vowel — as in Ex. (6) on
p. 29 above. The prefix £ takes — here instead of the —
followed by Dagesh on p. 58, because no one of the five letters
l^nnN receives a Dagesh — and the Long- Vowel (in place
of the Short one) is said to 'compensate' for the omitted
Dagesh, of which more will be said soon]. But there are
greater Variations in the Future (Kal) forms, as we proceed
to show.
There are four classes of Future forms.
(a) Some Verbs have (— — ) and (— — ) as, — from "TJ^
to stand, —
he will stand "^^! 3 s.m.
she will stand lUST} 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wilt stand "IfiS/fl 2 s.m.
thou (/.) wilt stand + H^ 2 s.f.
/ will stand ( + nn^) lb§« 1 s .
they (m.) will stand ^IW] 3 pi. m .
they (/.) will stand ^Pp8^ 3 pi. f.
ye (m.) will stand tyioij/J-l 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) will stand niTOJl 2 pi. f.
we will stand ( + -"H^) TO 1 p l.
(b) Some Verbs have — in place of the — in (a) ; as, from
*)¥$ to shut up, restrain, —
* The forms "1TV2 & "lTlG (from "ITJ?) are rare. Some Verbs, especially with n as
first Root-letter, have the form 2¥n? (from n^ll).
f Here a ' Slight '-vowel (§ 56 above) replaces the Compound-Shva of the first
Root-letter, because the next letter has Shva-Moving, [p. 31 (B, ii)].
variations in kal FORMS (M or Pi or y as a Rt.-letter). 81
(c) Some Verbs have (— — ) in place of the (— —) in (a) ;
as, from U*$ fo fo su>g££, —
he will be sweet ^Ml 3 s.m.
she will be sweet *5&V 3 s.f.
^o# (m.) wilt be sweet ^*^? 2 s.m.
*to (/.) finA be sweet % ?T?9 2 s.f.
7 s^atf or witt fo srcatf ( n ?^X) UtiJ 1 s.
they (m.) will be sweet ^1V» 3 pi. m.
M*y (/.) will be sweet ™T®% 3 pi. f.
ye (m.) will be sweet Qj^fl 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) *i// be sweet n ??1?! J ? 2 pi. f.
w<? shall or wz'# £e sweetf (""^V-?) -HHv 1 pl«
(r/) Some Verbs have — in place of the — in (c) ; as, from
1T\y to make prayer, —
jT?wj jcTSTO) Tito »osto) "W
2. Some Variations (in Kal forms) when the 2 d Root-letter
is one of the letters J? n H K.
The Kal forms are as on pp. 58 and 59 except that a Moving -
Shva under the 2 d Root-letter takes a Compound form.
3. Some Variations (in Kal forms) when the 3 d Root-letter
is one of the letters T\ Consonantal, or H or y.
The Kal forms are as on pp. 58 and 59, except that
(a) Either (i) there is Furtive Pathakh (§ 60) under the
3 d Root-letter when at the end after any Long-vowel other
than — , or (ii) a — is substituted for that Long- vowel, as in
VOW (once) for H?^ Infinitive Constr. Kal of Fl/W, and
ypH for yjTl Partic. Kal, s.m. fr. ftD,—
* The ' Slight'-vowel — here replaces the yr as in Note (t) p. 80.
82 VARIATIONS IN KAL AND NIPH-AL FORMS.
(b) A Euphonic — is substituted for the — under the 3 d
Root-letter in 2 s/. Past, as in riPlpS (for ITlpb) 2 s./. Past
KALfr. npS-
(c) The s.f. Participle (1) ends in H — — instead of fi V — ;
thus, FMEfc? Partic. (1), Kal, s.f., from ^^—corresponding
to the form H*Tp3 on p. 59.
(II) Some Variations in ' Niph-aV forms,
(a) The special feature of the Niph-al Voice is the letter 3
put on before the first Root-letter. This 3 is called the ' Cha-
racteristic ' of the Voice ; and every Verb-form belonging to
this Voice on pages 62 & 63
either has this 3 standing before the first Root-letter
(as in the Past Tense and the Partic. forms on p. 62),
or has Dagesh F. in the first Root-letter — as in "IpGH
Infinitive Niph-al on p. 62 and so in the Im-
perative & Future forms on p. 63 — this Dagesh-
F. implying a letter for the 3 Characteristic of the
Voice, thus npSn for 1D^)T\ and !p& for lp^)\
etc. But since
(/3) The five letters 1 ^ Pi H K do not receive Dagesh, as
said in § 49 above, therefore
(7) The Dagesh F., for the 3 'Characteristic' of the Voice,
cannot be put in the first Root-letter when the first Root-
letter is one of these five letters (1 y H H N) ; and what is
called ' Compensation ' for the omitted Dagesh is made by
lengthening the Short-vowel which would stand before it into
the corresponding Long-vowel. Thus from Dft*1 (in Kal to
trample, in Niph-al to be trampled) we have, for the Niph-al
Infinitive forms,
(corresponding to 'R^ri) D^lil Absol. & Constr.
in (or on) being trodden down ^rTf^ \
as (or at) being trodden down ^Tl3 J With pre fi xes
to be {ovfor being) trodden down ^TTR I £, 7> 3> 3
from (or more than) being trodden do?vn E^Ho J
— etc., his being trodden down ^o*1J1 With Pron.-Affs.
VARIATIONS IN NIPH-AL FORMS.
83
/•:-:■
Past Tense (as on page 62).
0&Tb) IjDtfT? /HDpn?) Dpi:
Participle forms (as on page 62).
. (rtttyp) DW>a /naw & Harp) aria
[In these Past and Partic. forms there is seen to be no
Variation from the forms on page 62. But
N.B. There are Variations when the 1 st Root-letter is one
of the four JJ Jl H K > as will be seen in (S) (<y & b) on next page].
Imperative.
be thou (m.) trodden down
DfiTl 2 s . m .
WH 2 s.f.
IDftnn 2 pi. m.
(or ft naaann 2 pi. f.
be thou if.) trodden down
be ye (m.) trodden down
be ye if.) trodden down
Future.
he will be trodden down DpT 3 s.m.
she will be trodden down ^rTfi 3 s.f.
thou (m.) wilt be trodden down D/p*in 2 s .in.
thou if.) wilt be trodden down "P^p^ 2 s.f.
I shall or will be trodden down 0"^?— ) DftlX 1 s .
they (m.) will be trodden down ^£"V 3 p]. m .
?% (/.) roitf fo trodden down (or ft HJDto'Vl 3 pi. f.
ye (?n.) will be trodden down ^D'ln 2 pi. m.
ye (f.) will be trodden down (or ft '"^DpIF) o pi. f.
we s/^// or w?// 60 trodden down (■""?— ) ^3*13 1 pi.
(8) As was remarked above, there are Variations in the
Past-Tense & Partic. Niph-al when the 1 st Root-letter is one
of the four ]) H PI X. Thus
84
VARIATIONS IN NIPH-AL FORMS.
(a) From 3T^, in Niph-al to be forsaken, the forms are
Past Tense.
he was forsaken
she was forsaken
thou (m.) wast forsaken
thou (f) wast forsaken
I was forsaken
they (m. ovf.) were forsaken
ye (m.) were forsaken
ye (f.) were forsaken
we were forsaken
Participle forms.
one (m.) forsaken ^JvJ s.m.
one if) forsaken ( n ?$? or) 5"Qtttt s.f.
»$ 3 s.m.
•naiya 3 s.f.
??39 2 s.m.
vqwj 1 s .
•ttiyj 3 pi.
DPQWJ 2 pi. m.
I9?ffj 2 p 1 - f-
u?SB 1 pi.
/Y. {m.) forsaken
PL if) forsaken
(i.e. **3JM) WJfj pi. m.
™!£> pl. f.
(6) Some Verbs have — under the 1 st Root-letter, especially
when this is T\. Thus from 2$ PI, in Niph-al nfo fo reckoned,
Past Tense.
/ • : - : v # v : : - ; v 7 t : - : v
.«a?Hj /tw^n?) tip®™
Participle forms.
.nintfro /i.e. ^n?) *M0nj / + nn^m or roBTij) afro
(c) For a few forms with — to the 3 see Exercise-book
[Note (*) on p. 119].
* A ' Slight '-vowel here replaces tt, under the 1 st Root-letter, because the next
letter has — (§ 56).
t Thus rni8j» s.f. Partic. Niph-al, fr. 11]}, Is. lix. 15.
X The form DHDHJ Ps. xix. 11 is like the PI. m. Partic. form in (a) above.
VARIATIONS IN NIPH-AL FORMS. 85
(e) In the Imper. & Fut. the Characteristic 3 of the Niph-al
Voice is dropped and, the Dagesh F. for it being necessarily
omitted here, Compensation for the Dagesh is made when the
1 st Root-letter is one of the four ^ PI PI K as in the Imper. & Fut.
forms from Df21 on p. 83.
*** For PAUSE-forms we must be content to refer to the
Exercise-book, pp. 110 & 111.
(£) The Student may also read and give the meaning of the
following from
(1) tpV in Niph-al, to swoon,
(2) T*?n in Niph-al to be ready {for active employment),
lit. to be stripped (of encumbrances),
(3) "l^n in Niph-al to be turned,
(4) 7Dtf in Niph-al to be eaten.
(1)
ybrirh e wbm jSjt f whm #)
t^po ,«** ,T\^m Austin ,^sn* (3,
^w tawxn Aan» t^am ban 1 (4)
(77) Some Variations in Niph-al forms caused by the 2 d Root-
letter being one of the four letters ^ Pi Pi X.
The Niph-al forms are as on pp. 62 and 63, except that
A MoviNG-Shva under the 2 d Root-letter takes a Com-
pound form.
* For this we have the contracted form Pjl3^2 in Lament, ii. 11. Comp. Exercise-
book, p. 79 Note (t).
t As this may be either 3 s./. or 2 s.m., the Student should give the English for
both of these.
86 VARIATIONS IN NIPH. AND Pl-EL AND PU-AL FORMS.
(0) Some Variations caused by the 3 d Root-letter being one
of the three letters |"l consonantal, or H or $J.
The JNiph-al forms are as on pp. 62 and 63, except that
(a) Either (i) there is 'Furtive' (— ) under the 3 d Root-letter
when at the end after any Long- vowel other than — , or (ii)
a — is substituted for that Long- Vowel, as in PlpyPl Infini-
tive Constr. Niph-al fr. T\th (for HDm), etc.
(b) A Euphonic — is substituted for the — under the 3 d
Root-letter in 2 s./. Past, as in (3, b) on p. 82.
(c) The s./. Partic. ends in T\ ~ ~ instead of T\ — ~, as in
(3, c) on p. 82.
(Ill) Variations in 'Pi-el' and 'Pu-aV forms.
1. No Variations in Pi-el & Pu-al forms are caused by a
First Root-letter K or PI or fi or $?,* — except that the prefix fa
before the Infinitive takes — (as on p. 80) because the 1 st Root-
letter here cannot receive Dagesh [§ 49].
2. Some important Variations are caused by a *1, and also by
one of the four letters ^ PI PI tf , as Second Root-letter. For
(a) All the Verb-forms on pages 68-71 are seen to have
Dagesh-Forte in their 2 d Root-letter. And this
Dagesh-F. in the Second Root-letter is 'Charac-
teristic' of the Pi-el and Pu-al Voices. But
(/3) Since the five letters *1 $? PI Pi K do not admit Dagesh,
therefore
(7) When the 2 d Root-letter is one of the 5 1 ^ Pi Pt N the Da-
gesh-F. for the Pi-el and Pu-al Voices cannot stand.
(8) ' Compensation' for the omitted Dagesh (by lengthening
a — into —, a — into — , a — into — ) is made when
the second Root-letter is *), — and sometimes when it
is one of the letters y Pi tf, but rarely when it is Pi ; —
See Exercise-book, Tab. XVI (2) & Appendix.
* Because, in PT-^l & Pu-al, the first Root-letter always has a Vowel, — and all
PREFix-letters have Shva, except the 12 before the Infinitive.
VARIATIONS IN Pl-EL AND PU-AL FORMS. 87
(e) (i) It is unnecessary to give here all the forms in which
no Compensation is made, because they are the same as those
on pp. 64-67 except only that the Dagesh Forte is necessarily
omitted [§ 49] from the 2 d Root-letter here. Thus, from p$flf,
in Pi-el to cry out, the 3 &.m. Past Pi-el is pV^ he cried out,
and the 3 s.m. Fut. Pi-el is pV)£\ he mil cry out.
(ii) But a CoMPOUND-Shva is put under the 2 d Poot-letter
here whenever this is to have a Shva, and so we have the
Pi-el forms
etc. ,my crying out ^pV^ his crying out ^pV^ Inf.w.Pr.Affs.
,they cried out ^V she cried out ^|?^V Past Tense.
t cry out ye (m.) ^p^"4 cry out thou (/SpV^ Imperative.
(Obs. These Imperative forms are the same in Pi-el as in
Kal.)
Future.
4 ye im.) will cry out PVV^ t thou (/.) wilt cry out ^V^
,they (m.) will cry out ^p^V.
And so (fr. DH*1 in Pu-al to be compassionated) we have the
Pu-al forms
Past Tense.
t they were c. ^^0 J s ? ie was compassionated ^QVT)
Future.
thou (/.) shalt be compassionated ^P^H^
they {m.) shall be compassionated ^0T :
ye (m.) shall be compassionated 'ItoHnfi
(£) But when ' Compensation ' is made, as in (8) above, the
forms present so different an appearance that it is advisable to
give them more fully. The Pi-el & Pu-al forms of ""TO, in
Pi-el to bless, are therefore given at length on pp. 88 & 89.
88
SOME Pl-EL FORMS.
-etc. \T& (w. Affs.)
he blessed
she blessed
thou (m.) blessedst
thou (/.) blessedst
I blessed
they (m. or/.) blessed
ye (m.) blessed
ye (_/.) blessed
we blessed
Pl-EL.
Infinitive forms.
,etc. "^p.-?^ (w. prefixes)
Past Tense.
&) ^|13 3 s.m.
i1?1? 3 s.f.
1W3 2 s.m.
??S 2 s.f.
*l?9 1 0.
WTJ 3 pi.
QW13 2 pi. m .
jnra 2 P i. f.
«?9 1 pi-
i(rtaryaa) dwj& , (Wja? & n ?1??) "PS? Partic ' forms -
Imperative.
■Spa 2 s.m.
#&ss i/ww (m.)
i/ess Mow (/.)
&/<?ss ye (m.)
*?}? 2 s.f.
toSa 2 pi. m.
maria 2 P i. f.
Future.
/^ rae7(? bless
she will bless
thou (m.) wilt bless
thou (/.) wilt bless
J will bless
they (m.) will bless
they if.) will bless
ye (m.) will bless
ye if.) will bless
we will bless
T5K 3 s.m.
T5? 3 s.f.
X)lft 2 s.m.
•p™ 2 s.f.
(fta-) ipsa 1 B .
nana: 3 pi. m.
njytjri 3 pi. f.
imin 2 pi. m.
niran 2 P i. f.
( n?-) ^tjj 1 P i.
SOME PU-AL FORMS. 89
Pu-AL.
Infinitive forms,
-etc. 'iTp (w. Affs.) ,etc. fP* (w. prefixes) /f^
Past Tense.
Ae was blessed ^p& 3 s.m.
s/^e was blessed ^?*?^ 3 s.f.
<^« (w.) was^ blessed v-tH^ 2 s.m.
*/wa (/.) was* itei 1W3 o a .f.
I was blessed TP*P Is.
they (m. ovf.) were blessed ^^3 3 pi.
ye (m.) were blessed EP01J3 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) were blessed P??"^ 2 pi. f.
we were blessed ^?""P 1 pi.
Krtarfto) mrito /nypa & nrp&) fp? Partic. forms.
There is no Imperative in the Pu-al.
Future.
he will be blessed T^) 3 s.m.
she will be blessed T^? ^ s -f*
*/ww (w.) w?7* £e blessed l*!^ 1 2 s.m.
^e-w (/.) wilt be blessed 'TpR 2 s.f. ■
/ will be blessed ^~}^ 1 s.
they (m.) will be blessed ^"ll* 3 pi. m<
they (/.) will be blessed ^J^W 1 3 pi. f.
ye (m.) will be blessed 'D'ISfi 2 pi. m.
ye (/.) w?7/ be blessed ™:nhfi 2 pi. f.
we w?// £e blessed ^"P^ 1 pi.
For PAUSE-forms see Exercise-book, pp. 110-112.]
90 SOME Pl-EL AND PU-AL AND HIPH-IL FORMS.
3. The Variations in Pi-el & Pu-al caused by a Third
Root-letter Pi Consonantal or Pi, or y, are the same as those in
Kal [(3) on pp. 81 & 82] and in Niph-al (p. 86), viz.
(a) Either (i) there is Furtive — under the 3 d Root-letter
when at the end after any Long- vowel other than — , or (ii)
a — is substituted for that Long-vowel, as in PI 9$ for Pi y$
PlW] for rh&\, etc.
(b) A Euphonic — is substituted for the — under the 3 d
Root-letter in 2 s.f. Past, as in (3, b) on p. 82.
(c) The s.f. Partic. ends in H — — instead of T\ ~ ~, as in
(3, c) on p. 82.
(IV) Variations in ' Hiph-il' and ' Hoph-dV forms.
1. It is unnecessary to dwell at any length on Variations in
Hiph-il & Hoph-al forms caused by a 1 st Root-letter X or PI
or Pi or y. The only Variation is that a Compound- Shva often
occurs, and the Hiph-il Past has a — under its prefix Pi (cor-
responding to a Compound-Shva — under the 1 st Root-letter), —
as in the following, from "Itt^, in Hiph-il to cause to stand,
Hiph-il FORMS.
-,etc.HWl _,eto.TWna TpyPI pfigTj Infin.
;?1P?0 ,Q?W}) *FWi *( n T?8 ! 3) T ?20 ) Past
.WWO /l£*P?0) fil T£?0 yip$ft j Tense.
.(linW) D*TtigO / n l??P & n T^) T ^ft Partic.
.(n™ypi) n w tCytsgri) rnwi & n&yn i mpe r.
Future.
/Map* XT9P?) n ~ or T ^ J* 1 - «" T 98? 1 ) n - or^W
Obs. A few Verbs have — to the 1 st Root-letter, preceded
by — in the Past (as in ^lpWPI Hiph-il Past 3 pi. fr. DTO),
by — in other parts (as in DFJSP, like T?B^ on p. 69).
SOME HOPH. AND HITHP. FORMS. 91
HOPH-AL FORMS.
;rnwr\ ,(fi*W!) n"«n /rrjfcyn) nayn \ Past
.uwi ;|m&yn) djvtopi ;nayn j Tense.
.(nnttgft) Dnasfib ,(J"H98? & «"H&??) w p ar tic.
itm (HOT) nayn n^*) "W
/ - t: t / v • : t t ' - t: t / x - t: t ' - t:t
.naw (niiayn) nayn /nrwn) w
-t;t /* t ; - t; t ' :tt / x t:-t;t / :tt
Future.
2. No Variation is caused by any one of the four letters
$? n n X being Second Root-letter; — the Hiph-1l forms are
the same as those on pp. 68 & 69 ; and the Hoph-al forms
are as given on pp. 70 & 71.
3. A 3 d Root-letter PI Consonantal or PI or y causes, in the
IIiph-il and Hoph-al, the same Variations as those already
described on page 90 [3 (a-c)~\. Also
(V) Variations in l Hitltpa-eV form*.
1. In this Voice a 1 st Root-letter X or PI or PI or y causes no
Variation from the forms on pp. 72 & 73.
2. A 2 d Root-letter, *1 or one of the four letters ^ H H X,
causes (in the Hithpa-el) Variations corresponding to those
in the Pi-el ; for
The Dagesh-Forte in the 2 d Root-letter, which is a ' Charac-
teristic' of the Hithpa-el Voice, cannot stand when the 2 d
Root-letter is one of these five letters (1 y PI PI X). And 'Com-
pensation' for the omitted Dagesh, by lengthening — into — ,
is made when the 2 d Root-letter is *1, and sometimes when it
is one of the letters y PI X, — but rarely when it is Pi. Comp.
(a — 8) on p. 86, and Tab. XVI (2) & Appendix.
3. A 3 d Root-letter PI Consonantal or PI or y causes, in the
Hithpa-el, the same Variations as those already described on
page 90 [3 (fl-c)].
* A ' Slight'-vowel here replaces the Compound-Shva because it is followed by a
Moving-Shva (§ 56).
92 REFERENCES. SOME IMPORTANT HITHP. FORMS.
[Obs. Variations caused by a Root-letter being one of the
four y Pi H X are mentioned in the Exercise-book as follows : —
For Verbs with 1 st Root-letter PI or H or ^, on pages 115-120 ;
For Verbs with 2 d Root-letter N or H or n or y, on pages 321
& 322, 368 & 369 ;
For Verbs with 3 d Root-letter H Consonantal or H or y, on
pages 370-374.
For the Paradigm of Verbs having 1 st Root-letter M or H or ^,
see Tab. XVI (1).
For the Paradigm of Verbs having 2 d Root-letter X or H or
H or y, see Tab. XVI (2) — see 'Appendix' thereto for Verbs
with ' Y for 2 d Root-letter.
For the Paradigm of Verbs having 3 d Root-letter H Con-
sonantal, or J! or y, see Tab. XVI (3)].
4. There are some very important Variations in Hithpa-el
forms which we will mention now.
The H of the HPI of (Hithpa-el forms) changes places
with the First letter of the Root when this 1 st Root-letter
is either
(1) #, or (2) b>, or (3) D, or (4) ¥, and
N.B. Moreover when the 1 st Root-letter is ¥, the D of the
HPl is not only so transposed but is moreover replaced by t0 (see
IV. next page).
(I.) First Root-letter $, —
From *T&$, in Hithpa-el, to pour oneself out, the forms are
Infin. ^?Wn Absol. and Constr., With Affs. i^^H, etc. ;
Past 3 s.m. ^M*!, 3 s.f. *??#?, 2 s.m. W3ftB7t, etc. ;
Partic.s.m.^#P, s.f. T\^WK & fD M, pl. m .MSj^a,
etc. ;
Imper. 2 s.m. ^fi^Pl, 2 s.f. 'ZBMtfo , etc. ;
Fut. 3 s.m. ^fi^, 3s.f.or2s.m.^ri^n, 2 s.f. VM©*!, etc.;
SOME HITHPA-EL FORMS. 93
(II.) First Root-letter, &, —
From 132^, in Hithpa-el to hire oneself out, the forms are
Innn. ^ribTl Absol. and Constr., With Affs. i^n^H, e tc. :
Past 3 s.m. ^^H, 3 s .f. ?Tl3Wn, 2 s.m. Jjn3riBTl,etc.;
Partic. s.iO^fP, sj.^ftfrti &n^T)'m p l. m . Dn|PlB>&,
etc. ;
Imper. 2 s.m. ^3WPl, 2 s .f. * h T|WTl J e tc.
Fut. 3 s.m. ^J???, 3 s.f. or 2 s.m. WJ1, 2 s.f. ^Wn, etc.;
(III.) First Root-letter D, —
From 7^D, in Hithpa-el to load oneself, the forms are
Infill. 7!inDn Absol. & Constr., With Affs. TCafiDTl, etc. ;
Past 3 s.m. TSlfiDn, 3 s .f. nSllfiDH t 2 s.m. ^a^DTl t etc. ;
Partic. Bjn}?SNBb t s.f. rbmto&rb&Mb, pl.m .D^aplDp |0 tc.
Imper. 2 s.m. ^MJTI, 2 s.f. v^?"! 1 , etc.;
Fut. 3 s.m. 73JP1D*, 3 s.f. or 2 s.m. ?|fi&fi , 2 s.f. vMDFl , etc.
(IV.) First Root-letter ¥, —
From p"l¥, in Hithpa-el to justify oneself, the forms are
Infin. f^Vn Absol. & Constr., With Affs. ip^??, etc. ;
Past 3 s.m. j*!^ 3 s.f. ^P^) t 2 s.m. fip^n, e tc. ;
Partic. s.m. p^.P^ ■^T?WfP« ri P19?9» pi- m. D^DVp,
etc. ;
Imper. 2 s.m. pl^H, 2 s.f. *j?^^, etc. ;
Fut. 3 s.m. p^py, 3 s.f. or 2 s.m. p^P^fi, 2 s.f. *pf3Nti, etc.
See also Exercise-Book ['Note I' on pp. 89 & 89(*), and
'Note' on pp. 315-318: and, for Pause-forms, page 112 (c)].
94 VARIATIONS FOR FIRST ROOT- LETTER tf.
(!"l) Some Variations when the 1 st Eoot-letter is X.
In the Exercise-Book, § 170 [page 116], the Great Rule
is stated that
"When the 1 st Root-letter is either H or H or J?, the pre-
fixes * & H & 3 f° r the Future Kal
(i) Generally take — when the 2 d Root-letter bears
— ; and
(ii) Generally take — when the 2 d Root-letter bears -r.
N.B. This Great Rule does not, so far as (i) is concerned,
hold in the case of Verbs whose 1 st Root-letter is N. The
Student may perhaps have wondered why such Verbs were ex-
cluded on page 79. The reason for the exclusion may be seen
from parts (3) & (4) & (5) of the following ' Note' (A).
Note (A). Some Variations in Future (Kal) forms token the
1 st Root-letter is K.
(1) Some Verbs with 1 st Root-letter X have Fut. Kal forms
like those in (c) on page 81 ; thus, from T*ftK to be firm,
(2) And some Verbs with 1 st Root-letter K have Fut. Kal
forms like those in (d) on p. 81 ; thus, from D&^tt to be guilty,
(3) But some of these Verbs have Fut. (Kal) forms such as
the following from l^ltf to lie in wait,
* A ' SLiGHT'-vowel here replaces the Compound-Shva, hecause there is Shva
Moving heneath the next letter here [§ 56 ahove].
f Instead of the like form from 2HS, we find in Prov. i. 22 the irregular form
•13nxn 2 pi. m. Future Kal. — For the form |-13nXFl in Ps. iv. 3 see hereafter.
VARIATIONS FOR FIRST ROOT-LETTER X. 95
(4) And some have such forms as *1DX* IDXft, etc., from
1DX to bind.
(5) Moreover there are certain Verbs with I s * Root-letter X,
which have a special form of Future Kal, — such as, from
/3X to eat,
he will eat Q%}& &)" '?# 3 a.m.
she will eat Qr^ &) ^Xft 3 s.f.
thou (m.) mlt eat QI&Fl &) 7?XH o B . m .
thou (/.) wilt eat h'SXR 2 s.f.
J will eat /blW / (^ + &) ^kt 1 s.
they (m.) will eat ^TOX 11 3 pi. m .
*% (/.) will eat nraxn 3 p i. f.
y<? (m.) ?n7/ £dtf V?3NJn o p] # m>
ye (/.) will eat iWDKfl 2 pi. f.
rce wz'# <?a* , n ^J /6^ &) ^^ 1 pi.
Note (B). Variations in other Voices/or 1 st Root-letter X.
In other Voices the forms of Verbs whose 1 st Root-letter is K
are like those of Verbs whose 1 st Root-letter is D or H or y —
as on pages 82-85, & 90-91. — But see also Exercise-book, § 190
(/3) [page 129] ; and, for some irregular forms, see there pages
130 & 130**.
* The Tone-accent is on the LoNG-vowel — in the closed final syllable here
[page 31 (D, i)]. And the — is shortened into — when the Accent is removed,
as in "IJDN'l 3 s. m. Fut. Kal. fr. IDS (with a prefix 1 to be mentioned hereafter) ;
and so in lENfll 3 s.f. of the same.
t b$t is for !?3&&, bl'H for ^3KK, and rta'X for r6?NK.
96 some great classes of variations.
(1) Seven Great Classes of 'Variations.'
(a) In accordance with the use of ' 3 ' for ' 1 st Root-letter,' and
'tf' for '2 d Root-letter,' and '?' for ' 3 d Root-letter,'— mentioned
on page 75, —
Verbs whose 1 st Root-letter is X are called 'Verbs X 3.'
And so
Verbs whose 1 st Root-letter is s are called ' Verbs * 3/
Verbs whose 1 st Root-letter is 3 are called 'Verbs 3 3/
Verbs whose 2 d Root-letter is 1 are called 'Verbs 1 y,'
Verbs whose 2 d Root-letter is * are called 'Verbs * J?/ *
Verbs whose 3 d Root-letter is tf are called 'Verbs N 7/
Verbs whose 3 d Root-letter is PI are called 'Verbs Pi 7/
(b) There are often important Variations in the case of Verbs
belonging to these several Classes, and also to the following
Class: viz.,
Verbs whose Second and Third Root-letters are
the same ; as, for instance, ^D to go round, and
T"tt to go in troops.
This last Class, having Roots of the form ^3, i.e. with the
Second Root-letter repeated as their 3 d Root-letter, — may
be said to have the Root-form yj/3 instead of 7$?3, and so may
be called ' Verbs y ^3 ' f for convenience sake.
We must be content to refer to the Exercise-book [pages
128-201, and the Tables] for the 'Variations' in the case of
* It is not necessary to give these specially in the following Chart For
(a) Some forms merely have *— in place of the •! of the corresponding )']) forms,
and
(j3) Other forms are exactly the same as those from Verbs l'j?. [Comp. page 154
of the Exerc.-book.]
f The expression 'Verbs J? I?,' by which some would call them, is very objectionable
— or, rather, it is a dad designation. Comp. Exerc.-bk., page 179, Obs. xx. The
Rabbinic designation is Dy-ID?, i.e. doubled or reduplicated, because of the repetition
of the 2' 1 Root-letter.
SEVEN CLASSES OF VARIATIONS. 97
all these Verbs in the following order — [see also the collection
of Examples in the Exercises thereon (XXVIII to XLII)], —
(1) Verbs K'fi, Table XVII,
(2) Verbs **3, Table XVIII,
(3) Verbs j'fi, Table XIX (with 'Notes' for the Verbs
Pip? to take, & j]"U to give),
(4) Verbs fy (& "'$) Table XX,
(5) Verbs jtyfi, Table XXI,
(6) Verbs K'S, Table XXII,
(7) Verbs p|S, Table XXIII.
Here we may not do more than give the following ' General
Chart' of Leading Forms of the last Six of these Seven
Classes of Verbs,— viz. (2) Verbs *'S, (3) Verbs j's, (4) Verbs
\% (5) Verbs J^fi, (6) Verbs tfS, (7) Verbs PlS- [For
(1) Verbs K 3 see above, pp. 94&95J. In this 'Chart' the several
Voices are arranged in separate columns arranged from right to
left. And the several 'parts' are arranged in horizontal lines
across, — first the 'Infinitives' ('Ads.' for 'Absolute form,' and
' C for 'Construct form') ; then Past-Tenses 3 s.m., 3 s./., &
2 a.m. ; then Participles ; then Imperative forms 2 s.m. &
2 s/. ; and Future forms 3 a.m. and 3 s./. & 2 a.m. The Roots
are given in the right-hand Margin : — the forms without any
Note-mark belong to the Root without Note-mark for that
set of forms, and forms with any Note-mark attached thereto
belong to the Root having the same Note-mark in the right-
hand Margin. Many of the words given in this 'Paradigm '
for 'Paradigm '-purposes are merely ' Paradigm '-forms.
As the Chart is intended for reference, the Student may
find it useful to have the Tone-syllable marked by an Accent.
The Accent (— ) is here employed [comp. Note || on page 17].
98 TWO VARIATIONS AT ONCE.
But whenever the Student may write down a form, in Com-
position, he should never write down the Accent, — as
Hebrew Scholars do not accentuate their Composition, see p. iv
of the ' Preface to the Continuation of the Exercise-book.'
N.B. There are several Verbs from which there are forms
having two sets at once of the 'Variations' mentioned
above. Thus,
From !1S\ the 3 s.m. Fut. Kal H3" ('apocopated' ft**)
has *— corresponding to the *— of 20" & itD*Fl in (2) of
the 'Chart' and has H— corresponding to the PI 77 of 7X7^ &
J-tafi in (7) of the ' Chart.'
So, from the Root HtD3, the 3 s.m. Fut. Kal PltS 1 ' (apocop. £*)
has also the J"!^ corresponding to that of H aP & Tw^P\ in (7)
and moreover has Dagesh-F. in the 2 d Root-letter standing for
the omitted 1 st Root-letter 3 as in the case of $tf & S^ft in (3)
of the ' Chart.'
[These, and a few other examples, are given on page 174 of
the Exercise-book. And a full List of the Verbs and Verb-
forms, belonging to two sets at once of the Seven Classes
(1-7) above, may be found on pages 267 to 314 of the same.]
3 If
d ddd
5 -3 S 3
3 3
_3 3 _ 23. _'S. S^S.
I |
t*
^oa
•3 a „ -j 3
=g. r "3 g.'g.
s .3 -*s -a CI 3
3 ,«i S .3
H 3 3 3
-s:q =1.3.3
.<s. -z % % : n 1 ?
3 .5 -, d 3 si » 2J - a J - u
3$
:_3.;;
O -3 3
~ 5 o ~ cj »j n
--3 *'Lf .: 'I
-3 :*^T
,-.3 ^'^^J-
--B S S^JT^T -V
5 S3. 23. - -3 '3 3 '3- -u- £■
: 3--f
X % z
§ § 3
r 3- 3. ~ Si 3- ~ g. ~ -y -3. 3.
Mr3#s'i?|4^
S "3 ^"i~4-iJ
3. 3.
« w 3 3 - ©
3 3 r 3 :3 3 .^3 k ■
.S-s=§
'.S.g.
3 -■*
=9 ^3
3 -
a -z g.
1 ri JT
•0 3
"2:3
*§.s-
;§:§,§
^ p
!2 B - Vj
^^g_o
7§^
M 33
'= . "'• 1 :<3 1
.3 S:1
q "3
NOTES.
99
Notes on the preceding 'Chart.'
[As stated on page 97 — we give Leading Forms merely in
tins * General Chart.' It would be too unwieldy to be useful
if more forms were given in it. And in some cases such 'other'
forms are unnecessary. "Where such are necessary they are
given in these 'Notes.']
Note (b).
(Other forms.)
Imperative.
m,WZ 2pl.m.
rwa 2pi.£
r : i-
Future.
*mt\ 2 s.r.
IT i" V
!gfe< 3 pi. m.
i : •
rw'jri s P i. f.
ji^n 2 pi. m.
rwan 2 pi. £
t : i- •
Note (a).
(Other forms.)
Imperative.
Jftt? 2 pi. m.
i :
ilEiB* 2 pi. f.
t : i"
Future.
>2m 2 s.f.
IT i {.■■ "
W&1 3 pi. m.
npm 3 pi. f.
intrn 2 pi. m.
rtineto 2 P i. f.
nn_ i n^'i 1 pi-
Note (c).
(Endings for other forms.)
Imperative.
!)_ 2 pi. in.
n^- 2pl-f.
Future.
l_ 2s.f.
PI- is.
5|__ 3 pi. m.
r\y~ 3 pi. f
T IV
!)_ 2 pi. m.
nrl 2 pi. f.
fl- 1 Pi-
Past Ten so.
(or _) IV— 2 s.f.
t- 3 pi
(or _) DJV— 2 pi- m.
(or_)]n*_ 2 pi. f.
(or _) W_ 1 P L
(Continued on next page.)
[To face page 90.]
MS d
), (3),
(VII.) HITHPA-^L.
(y)
etc. x^tonn
it : - : •
t i" - : •
etc.
1 (e)
(p!73)'( Z )
(P- 73) (z)
nWnn (Ab S .)
etc.n^ann(o.)
rfarnn
n^ann
etc. (c)
it - : •
00
i- - : •
etc. (c)
Sunn , rfeanft
i- j • iv * ; •
etc. (c)
(Vl-EL.
(y)
It :
I-
etc.
\e)
N$
65) l (,
65) (
53 (A
L s
nrfe
it :
T «
etc. (
TO
rra
IT -
w
f
I"
etc. (|§
etc. (i
M
3 For transposition of the D &
NOTE?.
99
Notes on the preceding 'Chart.'
[As stated on page 97 — we give Leading Forms merely in
this ' General Chart.' It would be too unwieldy to be useful
if more forms were given in it. And in some cases such 'other'
forms are unnecessary. Where such are necessary they are
given in these 'Notes.']
Note (b).
(Other forms.)
Imperative.
i i :
nj$a 2 P L£
t : i-
Future.
>&m 2 s.r.
W# 3 pi. m,
TWXft 3 pl- f.
t : i- •
WXF\ 2 pl- m.
rwan 2 P i. f.
t : i- •
Note (a).
(Other forms.)
Imperative.
13^ 2 pl. m.
I :
T)p& 2 pl. f.
Future.
"2m 2 s.f.
W&l 3 pl. m.
npefa 3 pl- f-
intf n 2 pi. m.
rontfn 2 P i. f.
Note (c).
(Endings for other forms.)
Imperative.
5|_ 2 pl. m.
n^- 2pl-f.
T IV
Future.
t_ 2s.f.
ni is.
IV
5|_ 3 pl. m.
ni*- 3 pi. f
*|_ 2 pl. m.
n y_l 2 pi. f.
h- ipL
Past Tensn.
(or _) JV_ 2 B.f.
*n-,*n*- i&
U. 3 pi
i
(or _) DfV— 2 pl- m.
(or_)|n^_ 2pl. f.
(or _) !)}*_ 1 pl.
(Continued on next page.)
99* notes on the 'chart' (continued from p. 99).
Note (d). For other Participle-forms add the endings
PI- s.f., D*_ PL m., ni-Pi. f.
Note (c). Por othor Participle-forms replace the — by
n (or n — ) s.f, & — pi. m., ni — pi. f.
it : v v iv if ■ t t :
Note (f). For other Participle-forms add the endings of
Note (d), and replace the vowel of the prefix-
letter by — .
Note (g). For other Participle-forms replace the ^ — or i by
P13- or PIS- s.f, M- or D*£- PL m,
IT - IT ■ I" - l" •
IT) 2— or ni3— PL f. ; and in Niph-al & Hiph-il
replace the Vowel of the prefix-letter by — .
Note (h). For other Participle-forms replace p| — of the s.f. by
D»- (i.c. *-) PL m, Hi- PL £
<.■ i- i
Note fx). See also Tab. XX (from the Exercise-book) on
pp. .100 & 100*.
Note (y). See also Tab. XXI (from the Exercise-book) on
pp. 101 & 101*.
[The Student need not trouble himself with the Notes in
these two Tables.]
(z) But the PL (f.) forms end in PDfc* — ; thus, in the Kal,
PlJKttD Imper. 2 pi./, & riWipri Fut. 3 & 2 pi./,
etc.
N.B. (i). The — of the open syllable tf— , is for the
of a closed syllable (such as *7 — of *Jp3 etc, and
W— of ^iW^T etc.)— iu Past & Imper. (2 s.m.)
& Fut. Kal, — in the Past 3 s.m. Niph-al &
Pu-al & Hoph-al, — and in the Fut. Pu. & Hoph.
(ii). But (of X ) takes the place of the — (as of 1 — )
in the 2 a & 1 st Persons of— (a) the S?3 form of Past
Kal, — and (/3) the Past-Tense of other Voices also.
ADDITIONAL NOTES. 99**
Notes on some Fut. forms (Kal & Hiph.) of Tabs. XX & XXI.
(a) The 3 s.m. Fut. Kal Dtt? [Tab. XX] becomes Dj£ in
Up") with the Prefix of p. 122 ; for, the Accent being removed
from the last syllable here, the ] is shortened into — o as on
p. 27. — So Dlpfi 3 s.f. or 2 s.m. Fut. Kal becomes Dpn in
JV T |t IT
Dpni *
| T IT - •
(/3) So the 3 s.m Fut. Hiph. D\T becomes Dp* in Dp*1> etc.*
[For a more full statement of this, with more examples, see
Exercise-book, pp. 156-158.]
(7) So 3D' 3 s.m. Fut. Kal and 2D* 3 s.m. Fut. Hiph. [Tab.
XXI] give the forms 20' in 3D*1 (Kal) and 3D* in nD*l
J ° TIT T i.1- VIT V1.T-
(IIiph.), etc.*
* "When the 3d Root-letter is n or V , and sometimes also when it is ~\, a — is
put instead of both the — S in the Kal and the — in the Hiph. ; and so we
have "Ip'l for both Kax and llivu. Fut. 3 a. m. from T»D, etc.
100
xxvn
< 5
•s, S v;
6 ^
H. "Si 01 "E.
CN <N ~*
Pi.
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43
102 NOTES ON TABLE XXI.
Some Notes on Table XXI.
(1). From Hoots having the 2 d and 3 a letter the same, or (in
other words) having their 2 d Root-letter repeated as their
3 d Root-letter, there are often forms which agree entirely
with the forms given on pp. 58-73 [Comp. Exercise-book,
Obs. XXI (on p. 180)]. Such forms need not be given in
the Table of 'Variations. 5
(2). "When the 2 d Root-letter is dropped (as is seen to be
frequently the case in Tab. XXI), Dagesh-forte is put into
the 3 d Root-letter whenever this letter has a vowel as seen
in the Table. This Dagesh implies the omitted 2 d Root-letter.
(3). The Dagesh however cannot be put if the 2 d & 3 d Root-
letter be one of the five letters which do not receive Dagesh.
Compensation for this Dagesh is sometimes made (as seen
in Note §).
%* The Roman Numerals xxix & xxx on the upper margin
of this Table, and the Figures 42 & 43 on the lower margin
of it, are the Numbers for the pages of this Table (XXI)
amonj? the Tables of the Exercise-book.
[So also of course in the case of the Roman Numerals xxvii
& xxvni, and the Figures 40 & 41, on the upper and lower
margin of the preceding Table (XX).]
PARAGOGIC LETTERS. — SOME PAUSE-FORMS. 103
(T) Certain letters sometimes called 'Paragogic.'
The letter Jl, mentioned on page 60 (Notes ii and iii) and
elsewhere, above, is by some called ' Paragogic.'
So also the letter T] which is often found at the end of
2 s. m. Past forms (as in HFOETI 2 s. m. Past Kal of 1L5T1,
nnV^ 2 s. m. Past Pi-el of f*ftX, and many others), — and
sometimes at the end of some other forms. Comp. Exerc.-bk.,
page 82.
So also the letter j which is found sometimes at the end of
Future forms ending in ^ on pages 59, 61, 63, etc. (i.e. the
3 pi. m. & 2 pi. m.) ; and also, but rarely, at the end of the
2 s. /. ending in *—. [Exercise-book, §§ 145 & 146, pages
88 & 89.]
And so also the letter j which is sometimes, but rarely, found
at the end of the 3 pi. Past [ib. p. 82 (iv. /3)].
So also the letter * [ib. p. 84 (e)], and the letter K [ib. p. 82
(iv. a)].
(!"l) Note on ' Pause '-forms of Verbs.
We have hitherto abstained from dwelling at all upon
1 PAUSE-forms ' in these pages. It may be well to ask for a
little attention now to some ' Pause '-forms of Verbs — in this
brief ' Note.'
As said in § 41 above, " The PAUSE-form of a word is a form
of it in which the word is more or less changed from its natural
state by reason of the Stop or Pause."
The chief changes are
(i) The lengthening of a Short- vowel into the corresponding
Long one, — as — into — ;
(ii) The replacing Shva by a Vowel.
N.B. (a) It is important to observe that in Verb-forms it is
specially the Second PooT-letter of which the Vowel, or the
Shva, — as the case may be, — is liable to this change.
104
' PAUSE '-FORMS OF VERBS.
KB. (6) The 2 pi. m. and the 2 pi./, of all Past-Tenses, in all
Voices, have the Tone-accent on the last syllable always and
are unchanged in Pause.
(g) As the Student knows already, — Any closed syllable with
a Long- vowel therein is the Tone-syllable of that word [Comp.
§ 55, 8 (i & ii), p. 26].
"We will give now the Past-Tense Kal as each of the words
is in Pause, — (a) the 7^3 form, (/3) the 7^3 form, (7) the 7^3
form. The letter "p," to the left of a word, stands for the
expression 'Pause-form.' And any one of these words here
WITHOUT THE " p " is the SAME IN FORM AS WHEN IT IS NOT IN
Pause. "We will use ' Silluk' [§ 39 (1)] as the Pause-accent.
The Student should compare the forms given here with the
corresponding forms given on pages 58, 76, & 78.
Past-Tense forms (Kal), in Pause.
7?3 08) 7V? (a)
(see page 76) (see page 58)
:fSn p. i-IJJS 3s.m.
p. : rrasn p. j rnps 3 s .f.
p. tflxfin p. trnjjB g B .m,
p. ift^? 1 ? p* :iTn i?? 2 s.f.
p. •roan p. : *jjnj5fi 1 b.
p. tWjBn p. JVTJ3& 3 pi. (m. or f.)
mmm tt3 ET7pP 2 P i.m.
tgnterj fjgrjpB 2 P i. f.
P . tttfen p. ttfigfi 1 pi.
The Student will have no difficulty about the Pause-forms
when the Pause- vowel is in place of a Short- vowel, — as the
— in (a) & (J3) above, in place of the — of the corresponding
ty? (7)
(see page 78)
j 7b;
p. trb'y
trh'y
p. th'y
: nrhy
i \fhy
p. th'y
'PAUSE '-FORMS OF VERBS. 105
forms on pages 58 & 76. But he may be glad to have some
guidance with regard to the choice of Pause-vowel which is
to replace a Shva. He sees that here,
In IB), rttSn is the Pause-form of H^SPl (3 s./. on p. 76), and
T •■ T t:t
1¥5n is the Pause-form of ftflBh (3 pi. on p. 76) ;
i.e. that — , the Long- vowel of the 2 d Root-letter in T*3Pl
(3 s.m.) the first word in the set on page 76, is the Pause-
vowel in place of a Shva to the 2 d Root-letter elsewhere in
this set.
So he sees that,
In (7), rh'y is the Pause-form of Tr?y (3 s./. on p. 78), and
)/'y is the Pause-form of T?y (3 pi. on page 78) ;
i.e. that — , the LoNG-vowel of the 2 d Root-letter in 7'y (3 s.m.)
the first word in the set on page 78, is the Pause-vowel in
place of a Shva to the 2 d Root-letter elsewhere in this set.
Also he sees that,
In (a), mp3 is the Pause-form of mp2 (3 s.f. on p. 58), and
*np3 is the Pause-form of )1p$ (3 pi. on page 58) ;
i.e. that — , the Pause-vowel in place of the — of *1p3 3 s.m.
the first word in the set on page 58, is the Pause- vowel in
place of a Shva elsewhere in this set.
It may be well to illustrate the matter a little further, by
means of the Future Kal forms.
"What is the Pause-vowel to be given to the 2 d Root-letter
in place of the Shva of the p in the Future forms HpSfi 2 s./.,
and Hpfl* 3 pLm., and HpSfi 2 pLm., on page 59 ?
It is seen that in the first word of the set there (i.e. in the
3 s.m. of the Future) the 2 d Root-letter has — . This — is the
Pause-vowel required. And so the 2 s.f PAUSE-form is J HpSft
the 3 pi. m. PAUSE-form is J *np£5*, and the 2 pi. m. PAUSE-form
is : npsn.
Again what is the Pause-vowel to be given to the 2 d Root-
letter in place of the Shva of the 3 in the Future forms ^^7^1
2 s.f., and fcfelfr 1 3 pi. m., and W?$hft 2 pi. m., on page 61 ?
106 'PAUSE '-FORMS OF VERBS.
It is seen that in the first word of the set there (i.e. in the
3 s.m. of the Future) the 2 d Root-letter has — . This — would
in Pause be lengthened into — . This — is the Pause-vowel
required. And so the 2 s./. Pause- form here is t *$3 /fi , the
3 pi. m. PAUSE-form is J ^2T, and the 2 pi. m. PAUSE-form is
These explanatory remarks will, it is hoped, sufficiently
illustrate the following Great General Rules (given, with
examples, on pages 110 & 111 of the Exercise-book), viz.
I. When the 2 a Root-letter has a Vowel,
(a) if that Vowel be Long, the word is generally un-
changed in Pause,
(ft) if that Vowel be Short, this SHORT-vowel is
generally lengthened into the corresponding Long-
vowel.
[For some exceptions, and for the Euphonic — some-
times in place of a — , we must be content to refer
to the Exercise-book (page 110 & Notes).]
II. "When the 2 d Root-letter has Shva, a Vowel is generally
given to it in Pause. And this Vowel is generally the same
as either
(i) the Vowel which the 2 d Root-letter has in the
first word of the Tense or set, or
(ii) the Vowel which the 2 d Root-letter takes in
Pause, in the First word of the Tense or set.
[See also page 111 of the Exercise-book.]
In the case of Imperative forms, the 2 s.m. is the first word
of the set. Therefore
(i) Of the 2 s./. & 2 pi. m. of the Imper. Kal forms on page
59, the Pause-forms are J HpS 2 s./. & J HpS 2 pi. m. For,
Obs. The — under the 3 of Hp3 & 'HpS on page 59 is merely
a ' Slight '-vowel [see Exerc.-bk., page 86 (Obs.)], and the
Vowel-form is of course dropped and replaced by Shva when
the next letter has a Vowel — as it has in Pause. And the
'PAUSE '-FORMS. PRON.-AFFS. TO VERBS. 107
Pause- vowel is — here, because the 2 d Root-letter has — in the
2 s.m. form *7D£l (see page 59). — Similarly
(ii) of >&& 2 s./. & ^lS 2 pi. m., of the Imper. Kal forms
on page 61, the Pause-forms are : ^17 2 s./. & J ^17 2 pi. m.
For the ' Slight '-vowel — is as before dropped and replaced by
Shva when the next letter has a Yowel — as it has in Pause.
And the Pause-vowel is — here, because the first word of the
set (page 61) is £J07 the — of which would be lengthened into
-7- in Pause.
This is so very important a matter that it may be well to give
a few more examples of it here.
(a) Of rrWN* 1 s. (with H) of the Fut. Kal on page 80, the
Pause-form is 'jnibgli, the 'Slight '-vowel of the 1 st Root-
letter being replaced by — when the next letter has a Yowel.
And so the Pause-forms of the 2 s.f. & 2 pi. m. (on page 80) are
: nbyn 2 s/. & nbgri 2 P i. m.
(b) So : nmVK is Pause-form of the 1 s. (with Pi) of the
Fut. Kal on page 81 ; and 1 11*")^ of the 2 pi. m. there.
(c) And so J^QnKn is Pause-form of ^Qntffl 2 pi. m. Future
Kal like ^pXH 2 pi. m. on page 94 ; and this last Pause-form,
with the | (by some called ' Paragogic ') of page 103, becomes
N.B. Pause- forms are sometimes used "when not in Pause.
And thus we find this last word j'Dnxn used as 2 pi. m. Fut.
Kal from 1HX (with j), a ' Pause-form not in Pause,' in
Ps. iv. 3.
(t0) Pronoun- Affixes added to Verb-forms.
Pronoun- Affixes may be attached to Verb-forms, to represent
Objective Pronouns, — and also sometimes where, in English,
a Preposition or some other word may be required.
Many Verb-forms undergo some change on receiving suclv
Affixes. See Exercise-book, Obs. XXXIII-L [on pp. 208-212],
and Tabs. XXIV-XXXI [on pp. xxxv-xlvi of Tabs.].
108 noun-forms.
(*) Notes on 'Noun-forms.'
On page 56 we gave the Declension of a Masculine Noun
with Pronoun- Affixes. There the purpose was to exemplify
the AFFix-forms, and therefore a Noun was chosen which
remains unchanged in form when the Affixes are attached.
So the Feminine Noun given on page 57 remains unchanged
except as regards the Feminine ending PI — . It may be well
to give here a few brief remarks on Noun-forms themselves.
There are in Hebrew not only Singular and Plural forms,
as on pages 56 & 57, but also a Dual form for which the special
ending is D* 1 — (thus, from "V a hand, Dual D*"V hands). The
Dual may be said to be chiefly used as a special Plural (if one
may say so) for things ' double ' or * in pairs ' (Comp. Exerc-
book, page 32). And besides the Feminine Singular ending
T\— (page 57), there is also the ending T\~ T7 (in Pause
i T\~ —), and T\-r — (in Pause ift-r —), and the endings
The number of Various forms of Nouns in the Singular is
very great, and many of them undergo more or less change of
Vocalisation both when ' in Construction,' and on taking the
Plural form, and on receiving ' Pronoun- Affixes.' Practically
the Student will doubtless find the help of his Dictionary more
available to him than any treatment of the subject here could
be. [Probably the multitude of forms would be utterly con-
fusing to him at present.]* We may give here a few leading
' Declensions ' — as they may be called.
* It is, however, a very interesting subject, though it may seem to be very dry
perhaps to many, and it is certainly abstruse, and in some parts rather intricate. The
present writer is somewhat fond of it, and would like to enter upon it here if he might ;
and he fancies that he could offer an attempt at arrangement involving some little
improvement upon the various ' Methods of Classification ' (if such they can be called)
which have been adopted by various writers on the subject. [Some writers on
Hebrew Grammar simply pass the subject by almost, or wholly, unnoticed.] It is one
of those subjects which a public-spirited Journal might admit to its pages, — if not
unwilling to give some little space to matter which only very few would know to
be useful, and which many (it is to be feared) would consider tedious as well as dry
aud difficult.
NOUN-FORMS. 7j^ Tr?VQ 109
it t' it t : *
I. (a) The 7^2 form. Take, for example, ^11 a word
[Exerc.-book, Tab. IX]. [(— ) marks Tone-syllables here.]
Singular 1^ « tvord*, * i.c.'f "^ wore? 0/; —
my word *1!2F\
thy (m.) word
thy (/.) word
his word
her word
v t :
our word ^121
my words 3**"QTj
our words ! D < H11
l" t :
your (m.) word E^ni" 7 ! their {m.) word E'l^tt
your (f) word j^l^l their {/.) word fT^j
Plural B^in words, 'i.c.'t ^.? >T ! words of;—
thy (m.) words "*] ^-^.Ihis words
thy (/•) words ^!y^\her words
your (m.) words Qjj^^n
your if.) words j^l^!
(/?) The corresponding Feminine form PI 7^3. Take, fo
example, PljTJX righteousness [Exerc.-bk., App x (C) to Tab. IX].
Singular ^jjHy righteousness, 'i.e.' ^jjT]V righteousness of.
v-in
it t :
rrtn
t iv t :
their (m.) words DH "lyi
their (f.) words j^H^!
my r.
ow r.
wra
?/«/ (m.) r.
thy (/.) r.
/«'s right 8 ,
her right 8 .
nnrm
un Tn * >WMr (w,) r * ^WPffl*** r (w>) r - D Pl"H*
lycwr (y.) r.
^eir (y.) r.
Plural *"JjH¥ righteousnesses, 'i.e.' ^j?"l¥ righteousnesses oj.
my r. sTliTRC
oar r. WHiTl^
£/«/ (m.) r.
thy (/.) r.
ynprsihisr.
*Vtfnt\brr.
your (m.) r. DJ^PT^
^tfir (m.) r.
£/^> (/.) r.
vnpnv
orDTlp*W
Djrnjrrc
or IPPT?
* Also a </«'«y. t See Note * on p. 56.
1 In Pause t t|— . • In Pause t Sp— . 3 In Pause '. *■
f
110 'construct' forms, etc.
[Obs. (a) The — under the ¥ [in the 'Construct' forms of (/3)
and in the forms ' with Pron. -Affixes '] is a
' Slight '-Vowel, which replaces the — of the "£
when the next letter has — (see § 56 above).
(b) For Great Rules respecting ' Construct ' forms,
viz. that they
(i) Drop the Vowel next before the Accented
vowel of a word (if it can be so dropped),
(ii) Shorten generally — (in a closed final syllable)
into — ,
(iii) Replace — sometimes by — , etc.,
(iv) Replace the ending H~ by T\~>
(v) Replace the ending Pi— by T\~,
(vi) Retain unchanged a *— (except in the last
syllable of the Plural (w.) form), — also
\ (or — ), and J|, —
(vii) Remain the same (without change) in the case of
certain forms ^fi & SttS & hvZ, Sttb & hVB,
etc.,
(viii) Change the forms 713 into 713 and 7*3 into 73
(ix) Change the Plural ending Q* into * — and
the Dual D <t — also into "> —
we may refer to the Exercise-book [§ 56, pp. 35 & 36, where
examples are given in illustration of the Rules]. Also,
(A) For the very important Rule that
The Vowel next but one before (or third from) the
Accented vowel of a word is generally dropped (if it can be
so dropped) when the word is increased in length by the
appendage of an additional syllable, —
And (B) For explanations of some forms in accordance with
this Rule, —
we may refer to the Exerc.-book (§ 59, pp. 37 & 38).]
NOUN-FORMS. — 7^2. HI
N.B. (i) Some Nouns which are apparently of the form 7^3
are not so really and do not belong to the Declension in I (a)
at all. For instance, ^HPl a smith or artificer, and £JH2 a horse-
man, belong to a Class of forms having Dagesh F. in their 2 d
Root- letter (such as 135 a thief), and the — of their 1 st Root-
letter stands in the place of ' — followed by Dagesh.' Such
a — , in place of ' — followed by Dagesh,' is not dropped* like
that of the 1 st Root-letter in I (a) [on page 109], but remains
unchanged. Thus the Construct form of KHP1 is EHPl # and the
Plural is D*BhH • and so the Plural of BH3 is Mhfi — etc.
V T T 9 VT T V* T T >
(ii) Nouns of 7^3 form as above are mi-Vrd i.e. ' accented on
the last syllable ' [Note (*) on page 17 above]. There are several
other Classes of forms mi-Vra. There are also several Classes
of forms mi-Vel i.e. 'accented on the penultima' [Note (t) on
page 17 above], — thus the forms 7^3 (or 7^3 or 7^3), 7^3
(or hVB), and hvh or hvh).
(iii) The forms of the Plural are the same in (II.) as in (I.).
II. (a) The 7^3 form. Take, for example Tpl2 a king.
Singular *=|?£ a king, 'i.e.' the same {viz.) "=]?$ king of.
thy (m.) king
my king *37£
thy (/.) king \^D
his king ^r?P
her king ^rr?P
I thy (m.) kings ^^P his kings ^/P
my kings ^2/12 lJ.I _L/_
i your (m.) king M37& their (m.) k. Df??
our king )^2/l2 '{ l_
l " : " lyowr (/.) king \2f7l2 their (/.) £. \fp
Plural E*j?£ kings, * i.e.' ^/'P /foVzys <?/.
^y (m.) kings ^^/P kis kings
thy if.) kings ^J^ her kings Vff&
l \your(m.) /angs^-P-T^ti their (m.) k. ErV37p
our kings^27l2\ ( f
l " T : \your (/.) &wys t?'??P their (/.) /I. |[T??P
[Tab. X. 1.]
Obs. In these Plural forms the 12 has — ; except when the
* See Exercise-book § 55 (£) [page 34].
1 In Pause J t|— . 2 In Pause ; "Sfl — . 3 In Pause ', \—
112
NOUN-FORMS
s.— nSya.
next letter has — , in which case the tH takes a 'Slight '-vowel
(as said in § 56). The 'Slight '-vowel here is — (i.e. the De-
clension-vowel* of the Singular).
(/3) The corresponding Feminine form Tr?V&. Take, for
it : -
example, H3 7J& « <7«eew.
Singular ^5?^ a gweew, 'i.e.' ^7^ ?«^« <?/.
my </m.
o«r (/m.
toS&
urdta
/«'s <7^^w
thy if.) queen ^P??^ ^ r queen
your (m.) qu. MrvSPtt £/^> (?%.) <^. DH2 7^3
yowr (f.) qu.
Plural HIpSp
tor (/.) qu. IP?7?
»??/ <7W. 3
*nb?&
o?<r
?«. wnb7ft
queens, i.e.
thy(m.)qu. TW^
% (/.) 0M. »'^!JOT
your(m.)qu. ^^T^P
your (/.) y«. 13*^/?
rtJ?2D
queens of.
his queens
her queens
it : -
(orjnbSp
[Tab. XII. 1.]
Obs. In the Plural here also the fo has — ; except when
the next letter has — , in which case the Jb takes a ' Slight '-
vowel (as in § 56). The ' Slight '-vowel here is — (i.e. the
Decl.- Vowel in II. (a), or the Vowel of the ft in the Singular
(7) Some Nouns of the form "tyS (and N.B. the ?tf3 form
has the same Declension) have — , and some have — ,f in the
place of the — of the 1 st Root-letter in (II, a). Thus,
* This is so generally. For some ' Variations ' see ' Note IV. (2) ' Tab. X. on
[page x* of Tables in Exercise-book].
t This is specially so when the 1st Koot-letter is n, as in (ii) on page 113.
1 In Pause l^. 2 In Pause {"a* — 3 In Pause Ptt-
'" IT
noun-forms.— ^3 Stf£ • nStfS H^S 113
v iv > ••• <••• > v.t : • > it : v *
(i) From TT3 or T73 a ww ('i.e.' the same) the forms are
;rn ^vn^rp /r-TUjiTpj singular
.im? /ijn?) 03*7*73 /jtj|) trn? j Tg or *n fc
/TO ,( 2 TTI?) fTB # 0J , TI3) VTO j Plural.
t vrr$ /I3TT1? (B^T!* ,(10*Tp) Bjrn? j ^tfp ^?
So ^lSD « &00&, gives i^lDD ^^iSD etc.
(ii) From D7PI ^Mwtf or portion (i.e. the same) the forms are
,T&? /^fol^O / n E?^)^D) Singular
♦W$?n / (]^pSn)D^pSn /]n<pSn)Dn^Sn j a.c. fc g*j) D'pbn
(iii) So also there is sometimes — , and sometimes — , in place
of the — of 1 st Hoot-letter in (/3) — i.e. in the Feminine ' Form
and Declension' on page 112. — Thus, in the forms rP^S and
7r?V% and the corresponding Declensions, as in (a) & (b)
following, viz.
(a) From nHlSt^ a woman-servant (i.e. HnSt^) the forms are
In the Singular, inHSt? & ^mSB^ etc. ; and
In the Plural (Mihfi^, i.e. ninSE>), WhfiJ? & *fnhfi0
etc.
(b) From Hp?!"! a portion, afield, (i.e. HpA 1 !), the forms are
In the Singular, ijlppfl & ^Hp/Pl etc. ; and
In the Plural (HijpSn i.e. nipSlI), VjTpbn etc.
1 In Pause {t|— . 2 In Pause {"ip — 3 In Pause f— .
114 noun-forms. — 7^b M7V3
V I > it : t •
III. (a) The ?yb form. Take, for example, fcJHh « month.
Singular BHH a month, ' i.e.' the same (viz. &*}?} month of)
thy (m.) month x J
thy (f) month
your (m.) month E-^KHri
my month ^fcJHn
his month ^rjO
her month ^J?] v
MezV (w2.) month ^"JO
^ew* (y.) morcM ^"JO
Plural B^ltJ »mw»*&i 'i.e.' *KHn morals of.
• \ thy (m.)months' r VVy*m.\ his months ' 5 10
?n?/ months zw*]n j
v ~ T T: J %(/.)«»0rc^a^!gHn | for »w»*As CT73
ow month !|32^*|h
lyoz^r (y.) month ]2
tffosr (m.) w. E^TIO
o»r months ^LVfcSHPl v ' . ' #
"' TT: |y^r(/.)w. 1JW.0
[Comp. Tab. XI.]
(/3) The corresponding Feminine form is 117^3. Take, for
example, PlST-H a desolation.
Singular '"'•■HO a desolation, 'i.e.' ^Tf) desolation of.
my d. TO^ri
l * T : T I thy (/.) d.
our d. ansnn
3/0 wr (y.) «?.
/«s to?/. ^O?H0
her desol. ^OfHO
their (m.) d. &£?H0
their (f.) d.
Plural fi^lO desolations, ' i.e.' ^"jO .
my d.
TOtl
thy (m.) d.
thy </.) rf.
/«S (5?.
for fl?.
ourd. wronn
: T{P10
. J
?A?wr (w.) <f. M JrD"in their (m.)d.
your (f) d. t^O^O tifetr (/.) rf.
vnnin
*.T : T
#
orCni"}n
or]nhnn
I tv •• : t
* The v tinder the 1 st Root-letter here is S.
1 In Pause l^—. 2 In Pause 5^—.
3 In Pause i 1 "
NOUN-FORMS. — A, E, I, AND 6 DECLENSIONS. 115
[Obs. (a) It may be useful to designate as an ' d-Declension '
the Declension- form /VB i /^3 etc., in (II, a) on p. Ill ; —
and as an ' e-Declension ' the Declension-form ;ty3 ) 7^3, etc.
in (11,7- ii); and as an 'z-Declension' the Declension-form 7!?3
or 7^3 i^V3 etc., in (II, <y. i) ; — and as an 'd-Declension'
the Decl.-form ^3, W3, etc, (the — of the '3' being d),
in (III, a).
(b) There may be — in place of the — of 7^3 and — ~
& — r in place of the — — of 7^3 by reason of
one of the letters y PI H , — as in 171T seed (which has the
' — ' or ' d-Decl.' iVIT etc.), Tith doctrine (which has the ' — '
or ' S-Decl.' Dip?, etc.), ")5p a boy (which has the '—'or
'd-Decl.' )^, JlM, etc.), *W dawn (which has the ' — ' or
'd-Decl.' \yW? t etc.), pQj height (which has the ' d-Decl.' iniS,
etc.), t13 work (which has the 'd-Decl.' iS^3, ^3, etc.).
(c) The d-Declension may be said to include what might be
called an d-Declension, inasmuch as a few Nouns of 7^3 (or
7^3) form have Decl. -forms with — as, for instance, i¥ftp
from Yl2p , See also the latter part of Note (*) on Tab. XI.
(d) We may perhaps mention here that some Nouns of 7^3
(or vVh) form take — d under the 1 st Root-letter in their
Plural forms (and some take — under a Nox-Guttural even).
Thus, from KHp we have the Plural form D^uHp (and p in
the same with !"! prefixed), etc. See also Note (f) on Tab. XI.
—See Note (§) on Tab. XI for forms from ^HX, Plural D*rTlfc
(e) Some Nouns, although not having Pi or any other
Feminine ending in the Singular, have the Feminine fii —
(or IT— ) form of Plural. Thus XD¥ a host has the Feminine-
S. , IT T
Plural form niXl¥ hosts, and so V1X earth or a land has Plural
ni¥^X lands, pi a threshing-floor has Plu. rYO^il threshing-floors,
\ t -: I vv. " n it:
etc. — Such Plurals are declined like Hlpl^ in (/3) page 109.
* The Vowel of the 2<i Root-letter is a ' Slight '-Vowel in place of the Com-
pound-Shva, because the 3d Root-letter here has Shva (§ 56).
116 TABLE OF PLURALS OF NOUN-FORMS (on pp. 109-114).
(/) Some Feminine Nouns have the Masc. form of Plural.
Thus, PHOT a bee has the Plural D^ilH bees. And
it : v.- :
(g) Some Nouns have both forms of Plural (Exerc.-bk. § 45).]
The following little Table may be useful — exhibiting the
sameness of Plural form in the case of several Classes of
Singular forms [(A) Masc., (B) Fern.] : —
(A) Masculine forms.
Plural. Singular.
r [as in I (a) page 109] ?$?fi
B^fi . . . , <
ir t : * * • / i
(I)
(II)
(^or,^ r)%
(*# 3 or) Ws
bvh or) hyh *(iii)
(B) Feminine forms.
Plural.
r
Singular.
(rfate &) rte
(i)
ni^s . . . a
It: ' 4
I
(pte or) nbys^
nSyst t(ii)
nbys
(nffflt &) nWst t(iii)
x u t: t ' it : t
* For some little 'Variations' in Plural forms of these see above [Note (d) on
page 115],— also Tab. XI. (Notes % & §).
t See Exerc.-book § 66 & 67 [page 40], and § 68 [page 41].
\ The — of the is* Root-letter here is 8.
SOME DUAL FORMS.
117
Dual forms of Nouns in I, II, III, — on pp. 109, 111, 114.
As remarked above (page 108) some Nouns have a Dual form,
for which the special ending is iD* .
(a) The Dual of a StfS form is «D*Wfi. Thus,
M3 a icing, Dual »D*£)33 wings, ' i.e.' *333 • and, w. Pron.-Affs.,
utt ■ v- t : K— : - J
thy (m.) wings *| ~?f his wings ' »33
£/«/ (y.) wings **^?^^| for T&iw^s Tr?^?
my ww<7s 3*533
o?<r wmgra 13*1)33
y<9wr (w.) w. ED^-S
their (m.) w. ^333
?foir (/.) w. EP8J?
our feet
whn
your {/.) w. I*?*??^
08) The Dual of a SVS) or ^3 form is iD^fi or '^3. Thus,
^"l afoot, Dual iD^3V«?f, 'i-c' ^31 • and, with Pron.-Affs.,
v vv v S ™ v.- : - >
J, thy (m.) feet ^1 /iis/ed 1*^1
thy (f) feet »T$f] for/e^ £7?]
your {m.) feet ^'7^] \ their (m.) feet tty??]
(7) The Dual of ^3 or h$h form is »df#S* or 'y3* ; Thus,
|Sh «.M Dual WteT}* fists, ' i.e.' *3|&n* ; and, w. Pron.-Affs.,
3*3sn x^TMjn) TJsn (msm V33n*
\.- : t / > I ■ \.- ; t ' I w : t / x t iv : t ' ^t ; t
. W3Sn (p^SH) D3»33n (jmSPl) DiT3Sn*
v : t / x kv ••: t ' vv •• : t / v kv •■ : t' vv " : t
This long ' Note on Noun-forms ' would be too long if we
were to attempt to give more here now than the two following
Declensions of (1) a 7V13 and (2) a P1V3 form. [Sec next page.]
* The -7- of the 1 st Root-letter here is 5.
1 In Pause 5D* — 2 In Pause 5"a* —
• IT '• |T
s In Pause {*-
118 noun-forms. — Syis <& riyb.
(1) The 7J3 form. Take, for example, *\fo)$ a preserver.
Sing. *)$& a preserver, 'i.e.' the same; — and, with Pron.-AfFs.,
my p.
n&ier
£% (m.) p.
thy if.) p.
•Sptftf
his preserver
her preserver
our p. XtftM
your (m.) p. ttFlfiW I their (m.) p.
your {/.) p.
their if.) p.
trpStf
Plural D*lbtej»w»wr«, 'i.e.' npi# — and, with Pron.-Affs.,
my p. 3^7/bit^
o^^. ttnate>
/«s preservers ""TolE^
/^r preservers £l \J^
their (m.) p. Dfi*Tb1$
their (f.) p. Rl*TbW
my maker
our maker
™y
thy(m.)p. f^? 1 ^
thy(f.)p. *X$f&
your (m.) p. u^^jD)^
your {/.) p. \yiti®
(2) The form H^b. Take, for example, nbty # maker.
Singular p||5ty a w«/i-(?r, 'i.e.' PlBty; — and, with Pron.-Affs.,
^|V | thy (/.) ma/^r ^ |fa* wa/fc^ l^
your (m.) m. ^WV \ their (m.) maker E^tf
Plural D* 1 ^ makers, ' i.e.' *2>J? ; — and, with Pron.-Affs.,
thy (m.) makers ^^V I /w's makers V&V
thy if.) makers 2 ^] J&V \ her makers ^T^V
your (m.) m. Ejwy £/^> ( w .) makers ^[}^V
your if.) m. ]^^V \ their {/.) makers ][}^V
* (i) The — of the 2d Eoot-letter here is a ' Slight '-vowel, in place of the —
because the next letter has Shva here, (ii) "When the 2 d Eoot-letter is one of the
four VnriN, there is — for the Moving-Shva under it and — as the' Slight '-
vowel in place of the -7 here [Comp. ' Appx. (B) to Tab. IX' (5)].
t The -in ^r form is the usual one for the 3 s.m. Pron.-AfL with Nouns in H — .
The ') — form is comparatively rare with these Nouns.
J This form occurs in the case of !"INI~I, in '"N") my seer (= one seeing me). The
^j) — form is properly for the Objective me (as in " one making me"), for which there
is '3 ^r in ^N"! Is. xlvii. 10 (one seeing me).
a In Pause J^tflB?. » In Pause :?|— . 2 In Pause tip—. 3 i n p ause ji— .
my makers z s ffly
our makers WWO
REFERENCES. 119
[The following References to the Exercise-book may be
useful : —
For the pointing of the prefixes (i) 1, (ii) 7 3 3, (iii) D,
(iv) n, see pages 1-6 of the Exercise-book.
For the Personal Pronouns see pages 9 & 10, and Tab. I.
For Pronoun- Affixes attached to (1) 3, (2) h, (3) 3, (4) 12,
see Tab. II. and the ' Notes ' thereon.
For Pron.-Affs. attached to (1) HX (Objective), (2) HN with,
(3) UV with, see Tab. III.
For Pron.-Affs. attached to (1) Sx to, (2) hv on, see Tab. IV.
For ' various forms ' of such Pron.-Affs., — see Tab. VIII.
[Declension-forms of Nouns with Pronoun- Affixes.]
For 7^3 forms, see Tab. IX.
For some Variations in Declension-forms of 7^3 words, see
Notes on Tab. IX.
For 7JJ3 forms, and some others, see ' App x (A) to Tab. IX '
and Notes thereon.
For 7V1S forms, and 7^^12*, and some others, — see 'App x
(B) to Tab. IX.'
* (i) The O here is • Preformative,' or a ' Form-prefix' before the 1st Root-
letter, as in 2PDO writing (fr. Hoot 2rD), t23C'D judgment (fr. Hoot t3QB>), etc.
The corresponding Feminine form is n^USD, as in HJDrvO war. For the Declen-
trf s T ' ,t t : •
sion of this form, in the Singular, the Decl. of the IV^SO form is used [comp. (Q
on page x** of Tables].
(ii) A few other letters as ' Form-prefixes' occur; vis. ti as in DiE^X a lattice
(fr. 2JB>), VlSt"^ a cluster (fr. Root ^3P),etc.,— and » as in ~in>*? oil (fr.Root "lilX),
etc., — and F\ in VP/F) a disciple, etc. — The use of H as ' Form-prefix,' as in nWDEJ'n
a hearing (fr. Root yj3K>) , and a few others, is rare in Biblical but very common in
post-Biblical Hebrew.
(iii) The last-mentioned Noun has an added termination IV — ; so fl-1 7" in
JV3")FI increase (fr. Root i"l21). So some have IV — as in JV"1S| brimstone{ix. Root
*13J) and 0^3© perfection (fr. Eoot fTO). Also
(iv) Some Nouns have the added termination | jr , as J^?3 a furnace (fr. Root
K'33) ; and fl — as in fnpn deficiency (fr. Root "ID!"!), etc.
(v) The letters which are so used as ' Formative ' letters, in the case of Noun-
forms, have sometimes been classed in the Mnemonic form "PDJDNn (which is read
thus, VWOSn he- p mantiv).
120 REFERENCES (CONTINUED).
For POVS) forms, and some others, — and for some Variations
in Decl.-forms of TOVB words, — see 'App x (C) to Tab. IX'
and Notes thereon.
For 7^3 forms, etc., see Tab. X.
For 7^b forms, etc., see Tab. XI.
For rWS PlWs and P17V3 forms, see Tab. XII.
For some variations in 7^3 & /Vh forms, etc., see Notes on
Tabs. X-XII (especially on pp. x* & x** of Tabs.).
For Decl.-forms of words ending in ft— — {& D— — ), —
and for a few remarks on TTC NtDfl W 7¥ VW *W ^h —
see page x** of Tabs.
For some forms of words ending in 1"V|— & IY~ see Note (f)
on page x** of Tabs.
For Decl.-forms of BW ^3 ^7H etc., see page 40 of
Exerc.-book.
For Decl.-forms of 3X HK JV3 p M3 H3 see Tab. XIII.
Some important forms are given in the Notes on Tab. XIII.
For the unaccented ending H~ see pp. 41 & 42 (§§ 70 & 71).
For the Relative Pronoun ^X wAo or which, see pp. 21-24.
For the Pronouns HT */ms (m.), HNT ^«s (/.), HpX these
(m. & /.), as used in such expressions as " this is — ,"
" these are — ," see page 28 ; but
For the same used Adjectivally as in " this thing," " these
things," etc., see pages 58 & 59 (after 'Adjectives').
For the Interrogative Pronouns *jb who ?, T\f2 (or lift or
H/b) what ?, see page 29.
For Adjectives see pages 50-55.
For Numerals see pages 62-68.
Verb-forms are dealt with and illustrated on pages 69-220,
and in Tables XIV-XXXI.]
OTHER VOICE-FORMS. 121
(D) Other Voice-forms.
Besides the Seven Voice-forms on pages 58-73 above, there
are some other forms which now and then occur. We may
mention what are called l Po-lel,'* 'Po-ldV* and 'JTithpo-ldl,'*
— mentioned in Hebrew form on page 175 of Exerc.-book.
Also 'Pil-pel' forms, as they are called [ib. (a, 1)] ;
* Pol-pal' forms, [ib. (a, 2)] ; and
'Hithpal-peV forms, [ib. (a, 3)].
'Pi-pa? 'Po-pd,' and 'Hit/ipd-pd,' forms [ib. page 17G
03)];
'Pi-lai; and 'Pii-ldl,' forms [ib. (8, a)] ;
'P-dl-d/; and 'PW-dl,' forms [ib. (8, b)\
'Po-eV* (instead of Pi-el) forms [ib. (e, a)~\ ;
'Po-pheV* (instead of Pi-el) forms [ib. (e, b)~\ ;
'Pu-hl' (instead of Pti-dl) forms [ib. (e, c)~\ ;
l Tiph-W (instead of Hiph-il) forms [ib. p. 177 (e, r/)] ;
'Mixed' forms 'N'pho-aJ,' 'Nithpd-el,'' and 'Ilothpa-dV
forms [ib. (e, e)].
The n of 'Hiph-i7,' and also that of 'ffithpti-Sl,' is sometimes
replaced by X [ib. page 177 (£)].
There are words which by some are taken to have 'Quadri-
literal ' Roots, and by others are considered to be ' reducible to
three Root-letters,' or as 'Composite' [ib. page 177 (77)].
Some forms may be said to be ' Compounded ' of two Ordinary
forms 'Mixed up together,' Comp. the passage translated from
Ben Zev's Grammar on pages 177 & 178 of the Exercise-book.
* N.B. The should be pronounced broadly — for the \.
122 *| conversive.
(Note 7) 1 Conversive.
I. In the latter part of Note (*) on page 95, mention was
made of a " prefix 1 " That ) (bearing — and followed by
Dagesh) is not merely the ordinary prefix 1, which signifies
"and," "thus," etc. [Comp. Exerc.-bk. p. 1, Note (*)]. The
' ordinary prefix 1 ' is not followed by Dagesh. The ' 1 bearing
— followed by Dagesh ' stands only before a Future Tense,
and has a special name. It was called by Hebrews *p£nn 1
[which is read ^ Vaiiv hd-M(p)-puk'] i.e. the "1 of the change,"
— and so the terms ' 1 Conversivum ' and ' 1 Conversive ' have
come into use for it. The old term ' Vaiiv of the change '
seems to us much the best name for it. But for practical pur-
poses ' Vaiiv Conversive ' will do. This latter term has been in
use for some time, and it is a more convenient expression than
' The Yauv of the change ' — for which let it be supposed to
stand.
[The ' change ' ma} 7- be said to be ' a change of the point of
reference ' for Time of Action, — not, observe, an ' arrest of
progress,' but a ' change of the point with regard to whtch
the progress is estimated.'
Probably, however, the Student does not care to trouble
himself with this — which is therefore enclosed within brackets.
He would doubtless much rather have the matter illustrated by
an example or two, as follows] : —
(i) The Hebrew word for " [lie] shall reign " in 1 Kings i. 13,
& 24, & 30, etc., is Trbft* 3 s.m. Fut. Kal (as on p. 59) fr. "[7^ ;
and the same word with the prefix ) bearing — followed by
Dagesh becomes *17p*^ which is the Hebrew word for " and [he]
reigned" in 1 Kings' xi. 25 & 43, xiv. 31, xv. 8 & 24 & 28,
xvi. 22, etc., etc.
(ii) So the Hebrew word for " [he] shall call" in Gen. xlvi. 33
is JOD 1 * 3 s.m. Fut. Kal (as on page 61, but with — in the
' Open ' syllable ^7 here in place of the — of the ' Closed '
syllable 6J^3 there — Comp. Exerc.-book, p. 185, Obs. XXIII)
fr. tOp; and the same word with the prefix 1 bearing —
1 CONVERSIVE. NAMES OF THE TENSES. 123
followed by Dagesh becomes K^p*l which is the Hebrew-
word for " and he called " in Gen. xlvii. 29, etc.
(iii) So the Hebrew word for " Thus hath taken away,"
and that for "and hath given," in Gen. xxxi. 9, are also
such forms with this 'prefix 1 bearing — followed by
Dagesh.' [The Hebrew words without this prefix stand,
the first one for " He shall deliver " in 2 Kings xvii. 39,*
and the second one for "he shall give" in Ex. xxi. 32, etc.].
Multitudes of such examples might easily be given. But
those above are sufficient to enable the Student to see to some
extent why this prefix has been called ' 1 Conversive.' f
II. "We may add that the name "1 Conversive' is often used
also for the 1 (the ordinary prefix) when prefixed to a Past-
Tense — as in T|£D1 and he shall put Lev. i. 4 (3 s.w. Past Kal
with 1) ; and so in tariEh and he shall kill Lev. i. 5, and in a
vast number of other instances.
"We may not say more on this matter here. The Rules will
be found on pages 100-102 of the Exercise-book.
(Note Jb) The Names of the Hebrew Tenses.
"Much strange confusion and misapprehension have been
introduced by some in regard to the usage of the Hebrew
Tenses" — is a remark which we have ventured to make on
this subject in § 149 of the Exercise-book.
There are but two ' Tenses ' or ' TiME-forms ' in Hebrew, and
these have for ages been thought (and by many Hebrew Scholars
are still thought) to have reference to the two great main
divisions of time, viz. the Past and the Future (between which
the Present is strictly but an everchanging instant — Comp.
page 98 of the Exercise-book).
Some few years ago the opinion was started that the second
of the two Hebrew Tenses mentioned above should be called
* For the difference of form of the word with and without that prefix, see
Exerc.-book, page 222 (2).
t Some Moderns wish to call it otherwise — as '1 Consequuliviim,' ~\<it\i whose
opinion we are quite unable to agree.
1*24 NAMES OF THE TENSES.
the * Present ' * instead of ' Future.' So it was the fashion for
a time to call the Tense the 'Present.' That fashion may
safely be said to have now passed away, although it was (and
is still) tenaciously held by some distinguished Persons of high
consideration and authority. Others have preferred the opinion
that the Tense is some ' Indefinite form ' which may be rendered
indefinitely (not to say "anyhow"). The form in which this
opinion was held may also now be said to have passed or at
least to be passing away. Another opinion now is more
fashionable : — viz. to call this Tense an ' Imperfect,' f instead of
* Future,' (and to call the other Tense * Perfect ' instead of
' Past ' £). The name has been cleverly devised for getting over
rather than dealing with thoroughly a somewhat important set
of the circumstances of the case. It is not satisfactory : but
we must allow that it is in fashion just at present. "We are
not able to adopt the name: and we think the fashion one
of the passing fashions of the day [Comp. the latter part of
Note (£) on page 46 above]. Those who wish to adopt the
fashion must of course be allowed the full liberty to do so if
they please, — and those may for convenience sake be called
' Imperfect ' Scholars.
And as we doubt not that Scholars of the time to come, in
Future, will agree with the Hebrew Scholars of Past ages in
regarding the two Hebrew Tenses as the Past and Future
Tenses, so we need have no hesitation in speaking of these as the
Scholars of the -Past' and the 'Future.'
* In Hebrew, Present action is expressed by a Participle tbus : — "A man is
visiting" is represented by the Hebrew word for " a man " and the Hebrew Parti-
ciple for " one (»«.) visiting.''' Comp. § 124 at foot of page 72 of Exerc.-book.
t In the sense of ' unfinished] — for unfinished action.
\ Some use the term ' Preterite ' instead of ' Past.' "We very much prefer the
term ' Past,' viz. the short English equivalent of the Latin word ' prateritum,' to the
long Anglicised form of the Latin word —viz. preterite.
INDEX.
PAGE
Accents, Introductory remarks on, ... ... ... 15 — 19
„ on some syllables regularly ... 17, 26, 78, 111
(See also Tables in the Exercise-book)
„ Table of, ... ... ... ... 42—44
Adjectives, (Reference to Exercise-book for) ... ... 120
Aleph ... ... ... 1, 3, 4 [2) , 13, 30 (Note), 33
,, at end of some Verb-forms, Eeference given for, ... 103
„ Quiescent, ... ... .. ... 12, 13
„ Verbs Laving, as 1st Letter ... ... ... 94, 95
„ Verbs having, as 3rd Letter, see Chart opposite to p. 99.
Alphabet ... ... ... ... ... 3
B'GAD— K'PHATH Letters ... ... ... 20
' Characteristic' Dagesh of Pi-el and Pii-al ... ... 86
„ „ Dagesh of Hithpa-el ... ... 91
„ ,, Nun of Niph-al ... ... ... 82
Chart of certain ' leading Verb-forms,' opposite to page ... 99
,, General plan of, ... ... ... ... 97
„ Notes on, ... ... ... ... 99, 99*, 99**
Compensation for Dagesh ... ... 80, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91
Compound Shva ... ... ... ... 10, 11, 80
„ „ always Moving ... ... ... 10
,, „ under 4 letters ... ... ... 11
„ ,, under other letters sometimes ... ... 47, 48
Conjugation of a Verb ... ... ... ... 58 — 73
' Construct '-forms ... ... ... 56, 57, 110, etc.
Dagesh ' Conjunctivum,' ' Dirimens,' ' Euphonic,' ' Forte-Euphoni-
cum,' ' Intermediate.' ... ... ... 46
Dagesh-Forte ... ... ... ... ... 21, 22
„ „ can stand only after a vowel ... ... 22
„ „ for an omitted Root-letter 70, 98, etc., and Chart
„ „ for Characteristic Nun of Niph-al ... ... 82
„ „ not received by some letters 21, 22, 80, 82, 83, 86, 91
12G INDEX.
PAGE
Dagesh-Forte, The Letters which do not receive, 21, 22, 80, 82, 86
„ „ often omitted over Shva .. . ... 37 (Note)
Dagesh-Lene ... ... ... ... ... 20, 21
„ „ cannot stand after Shva Moving, or after a Vowel 20, 22
„ „ omitted in certain cases at beginning of a word 20, 21
Declension of (an unchanging) Masc. Noun with Pron. Affs. 56
„ „ of (an unchanging*) Fern. Noun with Pron. -Affs. 57
„ „ of certain Noun-Forms with Pron.- Affs. 109 — 118
Defective Long-Kherik and Shurik ... ... ... 6
Diacritic point, (so-called) ... ... ... ... 32
Dropping of the first of two ' same '-letters and its representation
by Dagesh ... ... ... ... 70
Dual ... ... ... ... ... ... 108, 117
Form-Prefix letters ... ... ... 119 (Note)
Furtive-Pathakh ... ... ... ... 32
' Future-Khoulem ' Verbs ... ... ... ... 60
' Future-Pathakh ' Verbs ... ... ... ... 60
Future Kal of a Verb < Fut.-Khoulem ' ... ... 59
Future Kal of a Verb < Fut.-Pathakh ' ... ... 61
He at end of Iraper. and Fut. Kal forms ... ... 60, 61
„ at end of Imper. and Fut. forms Hithp. ... ... 74
,, at end of Imper. and Fut. in other Voices ... 63, 65, etc.
,, at end of some other Verb forms ... ... ... 103
He Quiescent .. ... ... ... ... 12,13
,, when not Quiescent at end of a word has Mapper ... 14
Hupn-AL forms (for Hoph-al) ... ... ... 70
Imperative Kal of a Verb ' Fut.-Khoulem'' ... ... 59
Imperative Kal of a Verb ' Fut.-Pathakh ' .. ... 61
Kaumets, Meaning of the name, ... ... ... 39 — 42
„ Pronunciation of, ... ... 4 (6) , 4 (6)
Kaumets-Khautuph 4, 6, 27, 58, 60, 70, 78, 114, 115, 116, 117
Khoulem ' Full ' and ' Deficient ' ... ... ... 4,6
Kibbuts sometimes in form of Shurik ... ... ... 6
„ The usual form of, sometimes used for Shurik ... 6
* i. e. Except as regards Termination.
INDEX. 127
PAGE
< Kr! ' and ' Kthiv ' ... ... ... ... 49—51
Long-Khirik, The usual form of, sometimes used for Short-Khirik 6
Makkjeph ... ... ... ... 15, 79, etc.
Mappek ... ... ... ... ... 14
Metheg ... ... ... ... ... 17 — 19
'MuTE'Yod ... ... ... .. ... 14
Names of the ' Voices ' ... ... ... ... 75,76
„ of the Vowels, Meaning of the, ... ... ... 38 — 42
Nun, added termination in some Nouns, ... 119 (Note)
,, ' Characteristic ' of Niph-al ... ... ... 82
„ Final at end of some Verb forms ... ... 103
Pathakh ... ... ... ... 4, 82, 86, 90
„ Euphonic, (in places of a Shva, sometimes) 82, 86, 90
Pathakh, Furtive, — ... ... ... ... 32
„ in place of Tsay-re of Hithpa-el ... ... 73
Pau-el (or Pa-el) form of Participle (1), Kal, ... ... 77
„ form of Past-Tense, Kal, ... ... ... 76,104
Pau-oul (or Pa-ol) form of Participle (1), Kal, ... ... 79
„ form of Past-Tense, Kal, ... ... ... 78,104
Pause-forms ... ... ... ... 17, 103—107
„ „ sometimes when not in Pause ... ... 107
Personal Pronouns (Absolute forms) ... ... 55
,, „ (Affix-forms for Nouns), ... ... 55, etc.
Preformative letters (for some Noun-forms) ... 119 (Note)
Pronoun- Affixes (attached to Nouns) ... ... 55 etc.
Replacing of Thdv of Hithpa-el by Teth when the First Root-letter
is Tsddi ... ... ... ... ... 92, 93
Resh in a Root, Variations in some Verb-forms because
of, ... ... ... ... 82,83,88,89
Root letters ... ... ... ... ... 74,75
Roots ... ... ... ... ... ... 74
Short-Khirik sometimes in form of Long- Khirik ... 6
„ ,, The usual form of, sometimes used for Long- Khirik 6
Shortening of a Long- Vowel into a Short one on removal of the
Accent ... ... 27, 31, 78, 95 (Note)
128 INDEX.
PAGE
Shurik sometimes in the form of Kibbuts ... ... 6
,, The usual form of, sometimes used for Kibbuts ... 6
Shva ... ... ... ... ... ... 1, 2, etc.
„ < Medium ' (of Dr. Ewald) ... ... ... 29,30
Shva-Movinq
Definition ... ... ... ... 9
Eules for ... ... ... 24, 25, 26, 28, 31
Shva-Quiescent
Definition ... ... ... ... 9
Eules for ... ... ... 24,25,26,31
Shva understood at end of a word under one vowelless letter, but
put under two such ... ... ... 2
« Slight '-Vowel ... 28, 29, 80, 81, 84, 91, 94, 110, 112 (2 ce ), 115,
(also on pp. 113, 114)
Termination-forms, Some, for Nouns ... 57, 108, 119 (Note)
Transposition of First Boot-letter with Tav of Hithpa-el in
some cases ... ... ... ... 92, 93
' Variations ' in some Verb-forms, — from the Eoot having a
Guttural Letter in it, ... ... ... 79 — 92
< Variations,' Seven great Classes of, ... ... ... 96
„ „ Some, from the First Eoot-letter being n ... 94, 95
„ „ Two [of the Classes] of, at once ... ... 98
Vauv (or Vav) Consonantal except in Khoulem and Shurik 14
Vauv (or Vav) Conversive, — Note on ... ... 122, 123
VERB-forms ... ... ... ... ... 58—107
Verbs < Fut.-Khoulem ' ... ... ... ... 60
„ ■ Fut. -Pathakh' ... ... ... ... 60
VoiOE-forms, Ordinary, ... ... ... ... 76
„ „ Other, ... ... ... ... 121
„ „ [For Po-el and Po-al, see Exercise-Book pp. 365 — 368]
Yod at end of some Verb-forms, Eeference given for, ... 103
„ ' Compaginis ' (so-called by some) [see Exercise-book, page 232]
„ Consonantal except after Khirik and Segol and Tsay-re 14
„ Mute ... ... ... ... ... 14
„ Quiescent ... ... ... ... ... 12 — 14
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