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 PUBLISHER 
 
L-A.\G£ LIBRARY OF EDUCATION 
 
 UNiVtlRSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 bERKELEY. CAL!'="Or'Mia 
 
Marcus Tullius Cicero 
 From the bust in the Vatican 
 
MARCUS TULLmS CICERO 
 
 SEVEN ORATIONS 
 
 WITH SELECTIONS FKOM THE LETTERS, DE 
 SENECTUTE, AND SALLUST'S BELLUM 
 
 CATILINAE 
 
 EDITED 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, GRAMMATICAL 
 APPENDIX, AND PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER B. GUNNISON, Ph.D. 
 
 LATE PRINCIPAL ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL, 
 
 BROOKLYN, NEW YORK 
 
 AND 
 
 WALTER S. HARLEY, A.M. 
 
 TEACHER OF LATIN, ERASMUS HALL HIGH SCHOOL 
 
 SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
. « ' . « ' 
 
 . ' ' « » • * « « t X 
 
 ' EDUCATION DEPT. 
 
 Copyright, 1912, by 
 Silver, Burdett and Company 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The great success of the plan of the previous Latin books 
 of this series has been an encouragement to the authors to 
 present this volume of the works of Cicero and other read- 
 ing matter for the third year in college preparatory work. 
 The orations selected are those usually required for read- 
 ing, supplemented by selections from Cicero's Letters 
 and De Senectute and from Sallust, as recommended by the 
 American Philological Association and by the Regents of 
 the State of New York. 
 
 The general arrangement of the book is that which was 
 followed in the Caesar text which preceded it, — that is, 
 sufficient grammar has been furnished for the full explana- 
 tion of the text, with careful references to all the standard 
 grammars for fuller explanation. This is followed also 
 by exercises in prose composition giving as much as usu- 
 ally can be done during the year by an ordinary class. A 
 very careful effort has been made to present the essential 
 grammatical points of the author and the essential charac- 
 teristics of his style. This, together with the full vocabulary 
 and notes, it is hoped will equip the pupils fully for the read- 
 ing of the third year. 
 
 We wish to acknowledge the valuable criticism of the 
 manuscript, made by Dr. Sidney G. Stacey and by Dr. 
 WiUiam F. Tibbetts. 
 
 THE authors- 
 Erasmus Hall High School, Brooklyn, N.Y. 
 May 1, 1912. 
 
 V 
 
 Af\CC«N'yf O 
 
PUBLISHERS^ NOTE 
 
 For helpful suggestions in regard to the illustrations 
 and for the loan of valuable photographs, the publishers 
 desire to express their indebtedness to Professor Adeline 
 Belle Hawes, of Wellesley College ; Professor John Fran- 
 cis Greene, of Brown University ; Professor Alexander 
 Rice, of Boston University ; and Mrs. Harriet Peirce 
 Fuller, of the English High School, Providence. Thanks 
 are also due to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the 
 Boston PubUc Library, and the Farnsworth Art Gallery 
 at Wellesley College, for courteous permission to repro- 
 duce photographs from their collections. 
 
 VI 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Pack 
 
 List of Maps viii 
 
 List of Illustrations ix 
 
 Introduction: 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero xvii 
 
 Roman Orator}^ . . . ■ xx\d 
 
 Roman Citizens . xxvii 
 
 The Popular Assemblies xxviii 
 
 The Senatp xxx 
 
 The Magistrates ....... xxxii 
 
 The Courts xxxvi 
 
 Provinces xxxvi 
 
 The Forum and the Public Buildings . . . xxxvii 
 Works of Reference xl 
 
 Orations : 
 
 Oratio in Catilinam Prima 1 
 
 Oratio in Catilinam Secunda 19 
 
 Oratio in Catilinam Tertia 38 
 
 Oratio in Catilinam Quarta 57 
 
 De Imperio Cn. Pompei Oratio .... c 75 
 
 Pro Archia Poeta Oratio 110 
 
 Selections for Sight Reading: 
 
 Pro M. Marcello Oratio 129 
 
 Epistulae Selectae 143 
 
 Cato Maior De Senectute Liber . • • .157 
 C. Sallusti Bellum Catilinae . • . . . 170 
 
 vii 
 
viii CONTENTS — LIST OF MAPS 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Abbreviations 180 
 
 Notes 181 
 
 Grammatical Appendix 284 
 
 Latin Prose Composition 346 
 
 English-Latin Vocabulary ...... 399 
 
 Latin-English Vocabulary 415 
 
 LIST OF MAPS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plan of the Forum in Cicero's Time. From Plate 
 III, Ch. Huelsen, The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert & 
 Co., New York, 1909 . . . . . . xxxix 
 
 Italy in Cicero's Time 20 
 
 The Roman Empire in Grf.ece and Asia Minor . 74 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 {Note. — Nearly all of the illustrations in this book have been made from photo- 
 graphs. In the few exceptional cases, the publishers take pleasure in stating in tM» 
 list the works to which they are indebted.] 
 
 Marcus TuUius Cicero. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome. 
 Brunn-Arndt photograph. [For discussion, see Bernoulli, 
 V. I, pp. 138-140, T. xii ; Biirckhardt, v. I, p. 165] F)'ontispiece 
 
 IN THE INTRODUCTION 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Scenes from the life of a famous Roman. Relief from a sarcopli- 
 
 agus in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence .... xvii 
 *' Cicero's Tower " at Arpinum . . , . . . xviii 
 
 Antium xx 
 
 So-called ruins of Cicero's villa at Tusculum .... xxi 
 Raphael's idea of Cicero. From Raphael's sketch book in the 
 
 Museo Civico, Venice . xxvi 
 
 The Forum in Cicero's time. Restoration according to the de- 
 scriptions in Ch. Huelsen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert 
 
 & Co., New York, 1909 xxxviii 
 
 Cicero before the Senate. From one of the Pomfret Marbles in 
 the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, England. Photographed 
 from the engraving by J. K. Sherwin, in Oxonii, E Typo- 
 grapheo Clarendoniano, 1783 . . ... xlii 
 
 IN THE TEXT 
 
 Headpiece: Roman eagle and oak wreath. Ornament from 
 Trajan's Forum ; now in the vestibule of the Church of the 
 Santi Apostoli, Rome ........ 1 
 
 The insignia of the Pontificate. From the frieze of the temple 
 
 of Vespasian ....... ... 2 
 
 The end of a Roman bronze bed (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, 
 
 Naples .5 
 
 vs. 
 
X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page 
 
 Cicero and Catiline in the Senate. From the painting by 
 
 Maccari 8 
 
 A city gate. Porta Latina, in Kome, as it is to-day ... 11 
 
 A domestic shrine. In the middle, the genius of the master of 
 the house, sacrificing, holding a libation saucer and box of 
 incense ; at the sides, two Lares (household gods), each 
 with a drinking horn and pail ; below, a crested serpent 
 about to devour the offerings ; in the pediment above, sacri- 
 ficial implements. From the house of the Vettii, Pompeii , 13 
 
 Ruins of the temple of Jupiter Stator. On the Palatine Hill, 
 
 Rome 17 
 
 The Roman Forum as it is to-day. View from the Tabularium, 
 looking toward the Coliseum. The columns of the Temple 
 of Saturn are prominent at the right. (See map, p. xxxix) 
 In the distance (right) the Palatine Hill .... 18 
 
 A gladiator's helmet, with reliefs representing an episode of the 
 
 Trojan war (Herculaneum). Museo Nazionale, Naples . 23 
 
 The end of a Roman banquet. From a Pompeian wall painting, 
 
 Museo Nazionale, Naples 25 
 
 A Roman sacrifice, showing soldiers carrying the signa militaria. 
 Relief of the time of Marcus Aurelius, from the Arch of Con- 
 stantine, Rome ........ 27 
 
 Ruins of the Roman theater at Fiesole (Faesulae) . . .28 
 
 L. Cornelms Sulla. From the head in the Vatican, Rome. (See 
 
 Helhig, 90) 31 
 
 The interior of the career to-day. Lower dungeon (Tullianum). 
 
 (See Forum map and restoration, pp. xxxviii and xxxix) . 32 
 
 A gladiator's shield and greaves. The shield is adorned with 
 a head of Medusa and an olive wreath (Pompeii). Museo 
 Nazionale, Naples . . 35 
 
 An orator in the toga. British Museum, London ... 36 
 
 Tailpiece : A Roman altar. The right-hand relief represents a 
 goddess with a torch ; the left hand, Leda and the swan. Altar 
 of the Castores, from the Lacus Juturnae, Roman Forum . 37 
 
 Headpiece : Sacrificial animals. From a relief on a balustrade 
 
 in the Roman Forum 38 
 
 The Mulvian bridge. Ponte Molle, as it is now called, rests 
 on the foundation of the Pons Mulvius, built by the Censor, 
 M. Aemilius Scaurus, in b.c. 109. The four central arches 
 axe ancient . .40 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Xl 
 
 PAOB 
 
 The Cumaean Sibyl with the Sibylline books. From the fresco 
 
 by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel, the Vatican, Rome . 43 
 
 A Roman sacrifice. Showing Marcus Aurelius sacrificing before 
 the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. From a relief in the 
 Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome ...... 47 
 
 The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol. Palazzo dei Conservatori, 
 
 Rome 49 
 
 Jupiter. The Zeus Verospi in the Vatican, Rome. (See Melbig, 
 
 No. 245) 51 
 
 A Roman sacrificial procession. From reliefs belonging to the 
 
 Ara Pads in the Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence . . 52, 53 
 
 A Roman in the toga, sacrificing. Vatican, Rome ... 54 
 
 A Roman altar. Altar of Juturna, Roman Forum ... 56 
 
 A corner in a Roman house. The wall painting at the left shows 
 Daedalus, pointing out to Pasiphae the wooden cow that he 
 has made. The painting at the right represents the punish- 
 ment of Ixion ; the prominent standing figure is that of 
 Mercury ; Juno sits on a throne at the right. From a din- 
 ing-room in the house of the Vettii, Pompeii ... 58 
 
 A Vestal Virgin. Found in the Atrium Vestae. Now in the 
 
 Museo delle Terme Diocleziane, Rome 59 
 
 The Atrium in the house of the Vestal Virgins. Showing the 
 statues of the Vestals and the marble-lined cisterns for 
 receiving rain water 65 
 
 A painting from a household shrine (Pompeii). In the center 
 the goddess of Fortune sacrificing, while a servant brings the 
 pig destined for an offering ; on the right and left, two 
 Lares ; below, two serpents at the altar. Museo Nazionale, 
 Naples. Photograph, G. Sommer & figlio .... 69 
 
 Scipio Africanus, the elder. Capitoline Museum, Rome . . 70 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Galleria degli 
 Uffizi. Brunn-Arndt photograph. (For discussion, see ^er- 
 noulli, V. I, p. 132 ; Biirckhardt, pp. 524, 525 ; Dutschke^ 
 V. Ill, p. 293) 73 
 
 Cn. Pompeius. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 76 
 
 The triumph of a Roman general. Relief from a sarcophagus 
 
 in the Vatican, Rome 78 
 
 Medea. From the painting by N. Sichel. By courtesy of the 
 Franz Hanfstaengl Fine Art Publishing House, 28 West 38th 
 Street, New York , .,..,.. 86 
 
Xii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Ostia. Showing the river and the main street bordered by ruined 
 
 shops 90 
 
 View of Rome as it looks to-day. Ruins of Sublician Bridge in 
 
 foreground o . . . 95 
 
 Fortuna. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome ... 96 
 
 M. Claudius Marcellus. From the statue in the Capitoline 
 
 Museum, Rome. Photograph, Anderson .... 97 
 
 Quintus Hortensius. From the herma in the Villa Albani, 
 
 Rome. Fhotograph, Anderson ...... 99 
 
 The Appian Way. Showing the aqueduct of Claudius . . 102 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero. From the bust in the Capitoline Mu- 
 seum, Rome. (See Burckhardt, v. I, p. 166) . . . 109 
 
 Headpiece : Poet and Muse. The poet is evidently reciting 
 from the scroll in his left hand. Relief from a sarcophagus, 
 British Museum, London 110 
 
 Antioch personified. The mural crown distinguishes her as a 
 city goddess. Below her feet the god of the Orontes issues 
 from the ground. From the statue in the Vatican, Rome . 112 
 
 A comic poet, with muse and actors' masks. On the wall above 
 the table, a writing tablet. The muse is supposed to have 
 held a stilus in her right hand, ready to write down the 
 poet's words. From a relief in the Lateran, Rome . . 118 
 
 Ennius. From the bust on the Scipio tomb, in the Vatican, 
 
 Rome 119 
 
 Orpheus, Eurydice, and Hermes. From the relief in the Villa 
 
 Albani, Rome 120 
 
 The bust of Ennius on the Scipio sarcophagus. The Vatican, 
 
 Rome. (For translation of inscription, see HeJhig, No. 127) 122 
 
 Alexander the Great. From the bust in the Capitoline, Rome . 123 
 
 Calliope, the muse of epic poetry. From the statue in the 
 
 Vatican, Rome ......... 125 
 
 Thalia, muse of comedy. Vatican, Rome 126 
 
 Tailpiece : Roman bronze lamp (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, 
 
 Naples 127 
 
 IN THE SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 
 
 Julius Caesar. From the bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples . 128 
 The Piraeus, the harbor of Athens, where Marcellus was assassi- 
 nated . 134 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xiii 
 
 PAGB 
 
 A girl with tabellae and stilus. From a Herculanean wall 
 
 painting in the Museo Nazionale, Naples .... 143 
 The harbor at Baiae . • . . . . . . . 145 
 
 Arpinum (general view) 147 
 
 A grain mill at Pompeii. A corner of a baker's shop, showing 
 
 the baking oven at the left ; grain mills at the right , . 148 
 A group of Roman women. From a Herculanean wall painting, 
 sometimes called "The Tiring of the Bride." Museo Nazio- 
 nale, Naples 149 
 
 A Roman woman sacrificing. From the statue sometimes called 
 
 "Livia" (Pompeii). Museo Nazionale, Naples . . . 151 
 
 Tombs on the Appian Way .157 
 
 Themistocles. From the bust in the Vatican, Rome . . . 160 
 Appius Claudius entering the Senate. From the painting by 
 
 Maccari 162 
 
 Activities on shipboard. A ship entering port. From a relief 
 
 on the end of the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche, Pompeii . .163 
 Homer. From the bust in the British Museum, London . . 164 
 Socrates. From the herma in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. 
 Visconti has translated the Greek inscription as follows : 
 " Not only now, but always, it has been my habit to follow 
 the dictates of my own judgment. Mature reflection, I find, 
 after strict examination, to be the best of all things" . . 165 
 
 An ancient theater (Tusculum) 167 
 
 Tailpiece : A cinerary urn. Vatican, Rome .... 169 
 
 IN THE NOTES 
 
 The temple of Jupiter Stator. Restoration from Duruy''s His- 
 tory of Borne . 182 
 
 The Palatine Hill as seen from the Forum. View from the 
 
 Tabularium .......... 184 
 
 Caius Marius. From the bust in the Uffizi, Florence . , 187 
 
 Subsellium. A bench about six feet long and one foot wide, 
 used in the Senate house. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient 
 Art, London, 1854 193 
 
 A Roman house. Showing the shrine (sacrarium) in place. 
 
 House of Castor and Pollux, Pompeii 197 
 
 The Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 30, Huelsen, The Boman 
 
 Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 1909 . . .203 
 
Xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Gladiators. From a stucco relief on the tomb of Umbricius 
 
 Scaurus, Pompeii Beal 3Iuseo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 . 207 
 
 Cicero in the toga. (See description of cut, p. xlii) . . . 215 
 
 Tabellae et stilus. Objects in order : tablets, double inkstand, 
 
 stilus, inscribed parchment. Beal Museo Borbonico, 1824 . 220 
 
 A Roman sacrifice. Showing the altar, the ram destined as an 
 offering, and the person sacrificing holding the patera. 
 From a relief in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . . 222 
 
 Gladiatorial combats. Showing a vanquished gladiator holding 
 up his thumb in an appeal to the populace for mercy. From 
 a relief on the tomb of Umbricius Scaurus, Pompeii. Beal 
 Museo Borbonico, Naples, 1824 225 
 
 Cato (Uticensis) and Porcia (so-called). From the portrait 
 
 group in the Vatican, Rome ....... 229 
 
 A section of the career. Showing the upper chamber and the 
 lower, or Tullianum, where the conspirators were put to 
 death. Yrom Diiruy^s History of Borne 230 
 
 Sella curulis. A chair about fourteen inches high, which could 
 be folded together like a modern camp stool, and so could be 
 carried about after the consul whenever he appeared in pub- 
 lic. Trollope, Illustrations of Ancient Art, ^London, 1S64: . 231 
 
 Plan of a shop (Pompeii). From Mau''s Bompeii. By courtesy 
 
 of the Macmillan Company 238 
 
 A baker's shop. From a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazio- 
 
 nale, Naples 239 
 
 Front elevation of the Rostra. Restoration after Fig. 27, Huel- 
 
 sen, The Boman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., 1909 . . 245 
 
 Coin of Mithridates VI, king of Pontus (b.c. 121-63). Bau- 
 
 meister, Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 246 
 
 Coin of Perseus, last Greek king of Macedon. Baumeister, 
 
 Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885 . 262 
 
 A rostral column. The columna rostrata of Duillius. From the 
 restoration in the Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome. Bhoto- 
 graph, Anderson ......... 263 
 
 Children at dice play. Medea with a knife, at the right. From 
 a Pompeian wall painting. Museo Nazionale, Naples. Fho- 
 tograph, G. Sommer & figlio, Naples 276 
 
 Orpheus with his lyre. From a Pompeian wall painting. Mu- 
 seo Nazionale, Naples 279 
 
 Plato. From the herma in the Vatican, Rome .... 283 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 
 
 [The following authorities may prove helpful in connection with the objects picture4 
 in this book, and with other monuments of the time of Cicero.] 
 
 Amelung, Walther, Fiihrer durch die Antiken in Florenz, Munich, 
 1897. 
 
 Baumeister. Denkmaler des klassischen Altertums, Munich, 1885. 
 
 Bernoulli, J. J. Romische Ikonographie, Stuttgart, 1882-1902. 
 
 Brunn. Denkmaler griechischer und romischer Sculptur. Unter 
 Leitung von Heinrich Brunn herausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, 
 Munich, 1888- 
 
 Brunn u. Arndt. Griechische und romische Portrats. Nach Aus- 
 wahl und Anordnung von Heinrich Brunn und Paul Arndt her- 
 ausg. von Friedrich Bruckmann, Munich, 1891- 
 
 BuRCKHARDT, Jacob. Der Cicerone, Leipzig u. Berlin, 1900. 
 
 Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiq- 
 uities, in the British Museum, London, 1904. 
 
 DuTSCHKE. Antike Bildwerke in Oberitalien, Leipzig, 1878. 
 
 Helbig, Wolfgang. Guide to the Public Collections of Classic Antiq- 
 uities in Rome. Translated by J. F. and F. Muirhead. Leipzig, 
 Karl Baedeker, 1895. 
 
 Huelsen, Ch. The Roman Forum, G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, 
 1909. 
 
 Mau, August. Pompeii : Its Life and Art. English translation by 
 F. W. Kelsey, Macmillan, 1899. 
 
 MiCHAELis. Ancient Marbles in Great Britain. 
 
 Monaco, Domenico. A complete handbook to the National Museum 
 at Naples. English translation by E. Neville Rolfe, Naples, 1906. 
 
 Tbollope, Edward. Illustrations of Ancient Art, London, 1854. 
 
 XV 
 

 ^i: 
 
 
 ■•^^ 
 
 
 S' 
 
 "m 
 
 1 
 
 4 i 
 1 1 L.. — '' 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 Scenes from the Life of a Famous Roman ^ 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 
 
 1. Early Life. — Marcus Tullius Cicero, the foremost Roman 
 orator and writer, was born Jan. 3, 106 b.c. His birthplace was 
 Arpinum, a small country town about seventy miles southeast of 
 Rome, famous also as the birthplace of Marius. His father, a 
 member of the equestrian order, was descended from a family 
 of old standing. Quintus, a younger brother of Marcus, became 
 a praetor at Rome, and afterwards won distinction as one of 
 Caesar's lieutenants in Gaul. The two brothers were early taken 
 to Rome and placed under the care of the best instructors. One 
 of these was Archias, the Greek poet, whose citizenship the orator 
 defended in later years before Quintus, when the latter was pre- 
 siding judge. 
 
 After a general training in grammar, rhetoric, and the Greek 
 language, Marcus began the study of law under Mucins Scaevola, 
 the greatest lawyer of his time. This study he supplemented by 
 attending the courts and the Forum, listening to such advocates 
 as Crassus and Antonius. Then at the age of eighteen a short 
 military campaign under Pompeius Strabo, uncle of Pompey the 
 
 ^ The group at the left represents the great man's triumph. Note the 
 horses, and Victory with the palm. The central group shows him sacri- 
 ficing ; and the third represents his marriage. Notice that the principal 
 figure is made carefully the same in ail three groups ; that in the two 
 first, however, he is represented in the tunic, and in the third, as wearing 
 the toga. 
 
 xvii 
 
xviii 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 "Cicero's Tower" at Arpinum 
 
 Great, gave Cicero all the experience he desired as a soldier. 
 Gladly he resumed his studies, — rhetoric, logic, philosophy, and 
 oratory, — pursuing them for two years, at Athens, in Asia Minor, 
 and at Rhodes. At Athens he met Pomponius Atticus, who be- 
 came his intimate friend and correspondent. At Rhodes, he was 
 instructed by the celebrated rhetorician, Apollonius Molo, who 
 also taught Caesar. It was this instructor who said, after listen- 
 ing to the young orator, " You have my praise and admiration, 
 Cicero, and Greece my pity and commiseration, since those arts 
 and that eloquence, which are the only glories that remain to her, 
 will now be transferred to Rome." 
 
 2. Cicero as an Advocate. — Cicero's first appearance as an ad- 
 vocate was in 81 B.C., in a civil suit in defense of Publius Quinc- 
 tius, with the brilUant Hortensius as the opposing counsel. 
 The following year he appeared in a criminal suit defending Sextus 
 Roscius against a plaintiff who was a favorite of Sulla. His 
 success in winning the case was therefore a special triumph. In 
 
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xix 
 
 77, after his return from foreign study, he resumed the practice 
 of law, in which he was destined soon to take the leadership. 
 
 3. Cicero's Early Political Career. — It is significant of Cicero's 
 qualifications that being a novus homo, i.e., one whose ancestors 
 had never held office, he himseK was elected to the four offices 
 of the cursus honorum at the earhest legal age : quaestor at thirty, 
 curule aedile at thirty-six, praetor at thirty-nine, and consul at 
 forty-two. The quaestorship in 75 b.c. was spent in the prov- 
 ince of Sicily, where his justice and impartiahty endeared him to 
 the people, while he greatly increased his popularity at home by 
 sending grain from the province at a time of great scarcity. The 
 holding of this office entitled Cicero to a seat in the Senate for life. 
 Five years later the Sicilians appealed to Cicero to prosecute 
 their Roman governor Verres, for tyranny and extortion. He 
 conducted the impeachment with such skill that Hortensius, the 
 defendant's counsel, gave up the case and Verres voluntarily 
 went into exile. ■ 
 
 In 69, as curule aedile, Cicero pleased the people by the public 
 games which he furnished in good taste, though not with the 
 lavish expenditure of his wealthier predecessors. His praetorship 
 in 66 was made memorable by the passing of the IVIanihan Law, 
 conferring upon Pompey supreme command in the war with 
 Mithridates. Cicero's speech in behalf of the bill was the first 
 he delivered to the people from the Rostra, an oration noted for 
 its perfect form (see p. 243). By means of it he won the favor 
 of Pompej^, who was soon to become an important pohtical factor, 
 and, while incurring the opposition of the senatorial party, he 
 secured the support of the populace. It paved the way to the 
 consulship. 
 
 4. Cicero's Consulship. — Declining the governorship of a 
 province at the close of his term as praetor, Cicero devoted his 
 attention to securing the highest prize, the consulship. His 
 name was presented in 64 b.c, with five other candidates, includ- 
 ing Antonius and Catiline. Cicero owed his election to his clean 
 record, which secured for him the solid support of the equites, 
 his own order, and of many patricians of the better sort. He 
 was the first novus homo to be elected since Marius, his fellow 
 
XX 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Arpinate. Antonius, second in the contest, became hi? 
 colleague. 
 
 During his term he opposed the agrarian law of ServiHus Rul- 
 lus, defended Rabirius, an aged senator falsely accused of murder, 
 and also the consul-elect, Murena, charged with bribery. But 
 the main event of his consulship, and indeed of his Ufe, was the 
 suppreseion of the conspiracy of Catiline (see p. 181). This task 
 was the more difficult because his colleague was in sympathy with 
 the conspirators, and Caesar and Crassus had supported Catihne 
 in his candidacy. Furthermore, there was no strong garrison in 
 Rome at the time, for the legions were with Pompey in the East, 
 and the nearest troops were in Cisalpine Gaul. It was the con- 
 sul's prompt action that made him pater 'patriae, and honored 
 him with a supplicatio, the first given to a civihan. 
 
 5. Cicero in Exile. — Having passed the goal of his pohtical 
 ambition, Cicero spent the next four years as an active member 
 of the Senate. In 62 b.c. he dehvered his oration for the poet 
 
 Antium 
 
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO 
 
 XXI 
 
 So-called Ruins of Cicero's Villa at Tusculum 
 
 Archias, his former teacher (see p. 269). He also defended P. 
 Cornehus Sulla, who was charged with complicity in the con- 
 spiracy of Catiline. In private Ufe there was much that added 
 to the enjoyment of the honors he had earned. His house was on 
 the Palatine Hill, the best residential section of Rome. He had 
 villas or country seats at Antium, Cumae, Formiae, Pompeii, 
 and Tusculum, with their libraries and works of art. 
 
 But a cloud hung over his pleasures. On the last day of his 
 consulship, as he ascended the Rostra to give an account of his 
 administration, Metellus, the tribune, had tried to prevent him 
 by declaring that a magistrate who had put Roman citizens to 
 death without trial, should not himself speak. The gathering 
 storm of opposition burst in the tribuneship of Clodius, 58 b.c. 
 This profligate patrician had become the personal enemy of the 
 orator because the latter had testified against his character. As 
 the agent of the triumvirs whom Cicero had offended, he pro- 
 posed a bill that whoever had put to death a Roman citizen with- 
 
XXU INTRODUCTION 
 
 out trial should be outlawed. It was evident against whom it 
 was aimed. Failing to receive assistance from Pompey and the 
 consuls, Cicero went into voluntary exile. Immediately another 
 bill of Clodius was passed, declaring Cicero a public enemy, 
 confiscating his property, and prohibiting him from fire and 
 water within four hundred miles of the city. Cicero fled to South- 
 ern Italy, thence to Greece and Thessalonica. This was about the 
 time of Caesar's battle with the Helvetians. The rest of the 
 year he remained crushed in spirit and hopeless, notwithstanding 
 the consolation and kindness extended to him by the provin- 
 cials. 
 
 But in Rome opposition was turning to favor. Clodius had 
 lost his hold. Pompey and the new consuls and tribunes of 57 
 urged the return of the exile. A month after the bill recalling him 
 was passed in the assembly of the people, he reached Rome. 
 His homeward journey was marked with demonstrations of affec- 
 tion. His entry into the city was like a triumphal procession. 
 Later his house on the Palatine and his villas were rebuilt at the 
 pubhc expense. 
 
 6. Cicero as Ex-consul. — Cicero resumed his place in the 
 Senate and in the courts, but his life was one of weakened influ- 
 ence. His friendship was sought by Caesar, and finally won, so 
 that he wrote to Atticus, "The delightful friendship with Caesar 
 is the one plank saved from my shipwreck which gives me real 
 pleasure." It was after his return from exile that Cicero began 
 to write upon rhetorical and philosophical subjects (see sec. 10). 
 In 53 B.C., he was honored with an appointment to the college of 
 augurs. In 52, while attempting to speak in behalf of Milo, 
 who was clearly guilty of the murder of Clodius, he was humih- 
 ated by failure, breaking down '^ in the presence of the drawn 
 swords of the soldiers, and of the intense excitement of the by- 
 standers." The oration, which was delivered only in part, was 
 afterwards written out, and is one of his best. The following 
 year Cicero was made governor of Cilicia, a province that had 
 been grossly misruled by his predecessor. The new governor 
 won the hearty gratitude of his subjects by his reforms in many 
 ways, and by subduing their enemies with his legions. He was 
 
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO xxiii 
 
 proclaimed imperator, and on his return to Rome would probably 
 have been awarded a triumph, had the citizens not been distracted 
 by Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon. 
 
 7. Cicero and the Civil War. — Cicero's position between 
 Caesar and Pompey was indeed difficult. Both leaders had 
 claims upon his friendship. Failing as a peacemaker, he finally 
 took the side of Pompey, following him to Greece. After 
 Caesar's victory at Pharsalus, he returned to Brundisium, await- 
 ing for months the will of the conqueror, until the message came 
 with a generous offer of pardon. This was in 47 B.C. With but 
 little interest in politics, Cicero sought comfort in wiiting. Three 
 busy years followed, in which he produced four works on rhetoric 
 and oratory, three on ethics, two on philosophy, besides essays 
 on other subjects. Domestic sorrows came. His wife Terentia 
 was estranged, and finally divorced. This was followed by the 
 death of his only daugl: i-er Tullia, to whom he was devotedly 
 attached. 
 
 Then came the assassination of Caesar in 44 b.c, which in the 
 course of events, Cicero was more than ready to approve. Once 
 again, at the age of 63, he threw his energy into the struggle for 
 the freedom of the repubUc. He became the life and soul of the 
 senatorial party, aiding the young Octavianus in his claims 
 against Antony. His last oratorical efforts were called forth in 
 the fourteen " Philippics," hurled against Antony, in which he 
 declared the tyrant to be a public enemy, and called upon the 
 Romans to maintain their liberty. But the voice of her greatest 
 orator could not save the state. 
 
 8. Cicero's Assassination. — The formation of the second 
 triumvirate blasted all hopes of the patriots. Once more the 
 proscription lists were made, and to satisfy Antony, the young 
 Octavianus consented to sacrifice Cicero. His brother Quintus 
 was also proscribed. Marcus might have made his escape, but 
 was overtaken by the assassins near his villa at Formiae, Decem- 
 ber 7, 43 B.C. His faithful slaves would have fought to the end, 
 but he permitted no resistance. It is recorded that his head 
 and hands were taken to Rome and in mockery nailed to the 
 Rostra by order of Antony. 
 
Xxiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 9. Cicero as an Orator. — "It happened many years after, '^. 
 writes Plutarch, " that Augustus once found one of his grandsons 
 with a work of Cicero's in his hands. The boy was frightened 
 and hid the book under his gown ; but the emperor took it from 
 him, and standing there motionless, read through a great part 
 of the book; then he gave it back to the boy and said : ' This 
 was a great orator, my child; a great orator, and a man who 
 loved his country well.' " 
 
 Rome was a nation of orators. Not only did Cicero hold the 
 first place among them, but his influence has been recognized by 
 all men of eloquence since his day. To natural ability, a com- 
 manding voice and a pleasing personahty, were added long and 
 careful discipline and experience. It is true that he argued 
 chiefly as an advocate, often exaggerating or evading facts in 
 order to emphasize. He was criticised for being verbose, but 
 this defect he partly corrected. With his incisive wit, his keen 
 sense of humor, his wonderful mastery of words, he swayed the 
 people and the Senate at his will. Of one hundred and seven 
 orations attributed to Cicero, over fifty have been preserved en- 
 tire, with fragments of twenty others. Most of these were re- 
 vised for publication after being delivered. 
 
 10. Cicero as a Writer. — The name of Cicero is the greatest 
 la Roman literature. Mackail saj^s, " Cicero's imperishable 
 glory is that he created a language which remained for sixteen 
 centuries that of the civilized world, and used that language to 
 create a style which nineteen centuries have not replaced, and 
 in some respects have scarcely altered. He stands in prose, like 
 Virgil in poetry, as the bridge between the ancient and the 
 modern world." One can hardly understand how a busy man 
 could find time to write so much upon so many subjects. His 
 writings, as they have come down to us, fill ten volumes, about 
 five thousand pages. Besides his orations and letters we have 
 his works on rhetoric and i:)hilosophy. With his broad experi- 
 ence no one could write with more authority than he upon rhetoric 
 and oratory. In his De Oratore, Brutus, and Orator, he treats of 
 the ideal orator, his education and training, and the history of 
 oratory down to his own time. 
 
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO XXV 
 
 The treatises in philosophy were written in the last years of his 
 life. In 46-44 b.c. he produced fifteen works, including De 
 Republica, De Legibus, De Offi^ciis, De Amicitia, De Senectute, De 
 Finibus, De Natura Deorum, and the Tusculan Disputations. 
 He had studied Greek philosophy from his youth. But very httle 
 had been written in Latin on this subject. To reproduce the 
 thoughts of the Greeks without aiming to be original, to teach the 
 lessons of philosophy to his countrymen in their own tongue, this 
 was his task. Of the Tusculan Disputations it was Erasmus who 
 said: '' I cannot doubt that the mind from which such teach- 
 ings flowed was in some sense inspired by divinity. I always feel 
 a better man for reading Cicero." 
 
 11. Cicero's Letters. — To the modern world most interest- 
 ing are the letters of Cicero. Of these we have over eight 
 hundred, written to his family and friends {Ad Familiares), to 
 his intimate friend and publisher, T. Pomponius Atticus {Ad 
 Atticum), to his brother Quintus {Ad Q. Fratrem), and to Marcus 
 Brutus {Ad M. Brutum). The}'' cover a period of twenty-five 
 years, 68 to 43 b.c, and are a priceless source of information of 
 the times of Cicero, the last days of the republic. And yet as 
 we read these charming and natural expressions of the great 
 Roman, we are impressed with their modern tone and our com- 
 mon ci^ihzation. 
 
 12. The Character of Cicero. — Historians vary greatly in 
 their estimate of Cicero. Perhaps it is nearest the truth to say 
 that he had many w^eaknesses but much strength. He was 
 emotional, vain, sensitive. As a statesman he made many mis- 
 takes. He failed to grasp the supreme problems of his time. He 
 lacked force, will, and aim. He was vacillating in the ci\dl war, 
 but his choice of affihation had to be made between two e\dls. 
 That he w^as a patriot there can be no doubt. His greatest desire 
 was to save and free the repubhc. That he was honest and in- 
 corruptible is shown in his provincial administration. He was a 
 man of peace and honor, pure in hfe and purpose, and sympathetic 
 with the oppressed. A biographer well says : " His fideht}" to 
 his prudent friend Atticus, his affection to his loyal freedman Tiro, 
 his unfailing courtesy toward his mfe Terentia, the love he lav- 
 
ZXVI 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 ^ 
 
 ■■(/ 
 
 
 !-,/>" 
 
 
 
 ♦^JC^TVUJGP '^iCS' 
 
 ished upon his 
 daughter Tullia, his 
 unworthy son Mar- 
 cus, and his sturdy 
 brother Quintus, 
 stand forth in strik- 
 ing contrast to the 
 coldness of the typi- 
 cal Roman of his 
 day." 
 
 ROMAN ORA- 
 TORY 
 
 13. In the time of 
 Cicero there were 
 two styles of ora- 
 tory, the Asiatic and 
 the Attic. The for- 
 mer style called for 
 ornamentation, and 
 attention to lan- 
 guage and delivery rather than to thought ; the latter was di- 
 rect, simple, natural. Hortensius represented the Asiatic; Cic- 
 ero, the Attic, though being a pupil of the Rhodian School, he 
 was inclined to strike a mean between the two extremes. 
 
 14. Orations were judicial, deliberative, or demonstrative. 
 (1) Judicial orations, of which the Pro Archia is an example, were 
 delivered in a court of justice. (2) Deliberative orations were 
 delivered to the Senate or the popular assembly in the discussion 
 of some public question. The oration for the Manilian Law and 
 those against Catihne were of this kind. (3) Demonstrative 
 orations were designed to praise or censure some one. These are 
 illustrated by the oration Pro Marcello, by the portions of the 
 Manilian Law eulogizing Pompey, and portions of the Catiline 
 orations denouncing the conspirator. 
 
 15. The formal outline of an oration included six parts : (1) the 
 exordium, or introduction; (2) the narratio, or statement of the 
 
 Raphael's Idea of Cicero 
 (From his sketch book) 
 
ROMAN CITIZENS XXVii 
 
 case, including the propositio, or statement of the main theme; 
 (3) the partitio, or division of the argument . (4) the confirmatio, 
 or affirmative argument from the speaker's side; (5) the refutatio, 
 or rebuttal of the opponent's argument; (6) the peroratio, or 
 conclusion. 
 
 ROMAN CITIZENS 
 
 16. The old distinction between patricians and plebeians was 
 wiped out as early as 300 B.C., when both classes aUke were en- 
 titled to hold any office, civil or religious. But another dis- 
 tinction arose, dividing the people into three classes, the sena- 
 torial order, the knights, and the commons. 
 
 17. The Senatorial Order, or Optimates. — This order in- 
 cluded all who were descended from a curule magistrate (32) 
 or who had themselves held office. They therefore constituted 
 an hereditar}^ nobility. They practically held a monopoly of the 
 offices, for while any freeborn citizen might be a candidate, the 
 power of the senatorial party was against all except the nobles. 
 Senators were excluded by law from trade and banking. Their 
 distinctive dress was the tunic with a broad purple stripe. 
 
 18. The Equites, or Knights. — This term, originally apphed to 
 the cavalry of the state, came to be used of the men who had the 
 property quahfication of 400,000 sesterces, about 20,000 dollars 
 {ordo eqiiester) . They formed, therefore, an aristocracy of wealth, 
 controlling capital and farming the pubhc revenues. They had 
 no constitutional privileges until the time of Gains Gracchus, 
 when they were given the exclusive right to sit on juries. The 
 equites then lost their mihtary connection and became influential 
 in poUtics, often as rivals of the senators. The insignia of the 
 order was a gold ring and two purple stripes on the tunic. 
 
 19. The Commons. — In Cicero's time the older famiUes had 
 all become senators or knights. The great body of the people 
 constituted the populus, plebs, or populates. By amassing suffi- 
 cient wealth one of the inferior class could rise to the equites; 
 by holding the offices, he became a senator. Such a man ennobled 
 his family, and being the first to hold office, was a novus homo 
 (a man without ancestry). " The condition of the commons was 
 
xxviil INTRODUCTION 
 
 pitiable. The combinations of capital shut them out of commerce 
 and manufacture, while the competition of slave labor almost 
 closed agriculture and trade against them. Some found employ- 
 ment in the colonies and provinces, some eked out a scanty living 
 on their farms, some made war their trade ; but the idle and de- 
 graded flocked into the capital to live on the cheap corn provided 
 by the treasury, and to sell their votes to the highest bidder.'^ 
 (Johnston.) 
 
 20. Freed slaves {liherti, lihertini) were citizens and had the 
 right to vote, but not to hold office until the taint of slavery 
 was removed by two or more generations. 
 
 21. Municipia, or municipal towns, were conquered com- 
 munities subject to taxation and military service, which finally 
 gained full citizenship. Civitates foederatae were communities 
 whose privileges depended on special treaty with Rome. Colo- 
 nies sent from the city (coloniae), as a rule, enjoyed full citizen- 
 ship. A praefectura was a town in which justice was administered 
 by a prefect sent from Rome. Individual foreigners were often 
 honored with citizenship by special gift, sometimes conferred by 
 a commander. 
 
 THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES 
 
 There were three assemblies based on three different divisions; 
 of the citizens. 
 
 22. The Comitia Curiata. — This was the old assembly of 
 thirty curiae or wards. Originally its function was to confer 
 imperium on the king and to decide on peace and war. In the 
 time of the repubhc its only duty was the conferring of authority 
 on the consuls and praetors as a matter of form, each curia being 
 represented by a single delegate. 
 
 23. Comitia Centuriata. — This assembly began as a mihtary 
 organization in the days of Servius Tullius, when the people were 
 divided into centuries (centuriae). The century or division to 
 which a man belonged was determined by the amount of his 
 wealth. About 250 b.c. the assembly was reorganized into three 
 hundred and seventy-three centuries. This comitia elected the 
 consuls, praetors, and censors, and for a long time decided ques- 
 
THE POPULAR ASSEMBLIES xxix 
 
 tions of peace and war. This latter function, however, was 
 transferred to the Senate. Its power of legislation was trans- 
 ferred largely to the comitia tributa, and its judicial power to the 
 standing courts. It could be summoned by a consul, praetor, or 
 dictator. Being military in theory, its meetings were usually 
 held in the Campus Martins. 
 
 24. Comitia Tributa. — This was an assembly of the tribes, 
 thirty-five in number, growing out of the older concilium plebis. 
 The assembly convened under either name according to whether 
 the patricians were included (comitia tributa), or excluded {con- 
 cilium plebis). Their functions were elective, legislative, and 
 judicial. The comitia tributa elected curule aediles, quaestors, 
 and certain lesser magistrates, and was presided over by a con- 
 sul or praetor. Its enactments were known as leges. The con- 
 cilium plebis, whose presiding officer was a tribune, elected the 
 plebeian tribunes and aediles and came to be the chief legisla- 
 tive body of the government. Its laws, known as plebiscita, 
 had the same validity as the leges of the comitia tributa, and did 
 not require the sanction of the Senate. Like the comitia cen- 
 turiata, these tribal assemblies relegated their judicial authority 
 to the standing courts, though as late as 63 b.c, Rabinius was 
 tried before the tributa mth Cicero as his defender. The ses- 
 sions of these assemblies were held in the Campus for elections, 
 and in the Forum for law-making, 
 
 25. Methods of Voting. Adjournment. — The assemblies 
 mentioned above were called for taking action not for dehbera- 
 tion. The voting was done by secret ballot. At legislative 
 meetings each voter received an affirmative and a negative 
 ballot. At meetings to elect magistrates he received a blank 
 tabella, on which he wrote the name of the candidate of his 
 choice. In each century or tribe the individual votes determined 
 the vote of the century or tribe which was then cast as a unit, a 
 majority of these divisions deciding the vote of the assembly. 
 So, for example, the favoring vote of eighteen of the thirty-five 
 tribes would pass a bill, though the individuals represented might 
 be less than those who opposed it. If the voting was not com- 
 pleted by sunset, all was void. The session might then be ad- 
 
XXX INTRODUCTION 
 
 journed by the presiding officer, by his colleague, or a superior 
 officer, or by the occurrence of Ughtning or storm. Finally the 
 voting would have to be repeated if the officer failed or refused 
 to announce the result. 
 
 26. Contiones. — An assembly of citizens to listen to an ad- 
 dress or to a discussion was a contio. The people came together 
 as individuals. Though called together by magistrates only, the 
 assembly could be addressed by private citizens. It had no 
 powers, and adopted no resolutions. If action was to follow, a 
 comitia had to be properly called. The second and third orations 
 against CatiHne and the oration for the Manihan Law were de- 
 livered before contiones. 
 
 27. Political Parties. — As in all nations, two factions sprang 
 ap, the aristocratic and the democratic {optimates and populares). 
 Cicero defined the former thus : " All those are optimates who, 
 no matter to what class of citizens they belong, bravely defend 
 the institutions of our ancestors." They formed the conservative 
 class, including the nobiUty as the chief element. " Those who 
 wish the things which they do and say to be pleasing to the 
 multitude," said Cicero", '^ are the populares." The intense party 
 strife between these factions which began with the Gracchi lasted 
 till the time of Caesar, who became the successful popular cham- 
 pion. 
 
 THE SENATE 
 
 28. Membership. — In the earlier days of the republic any 
 citizen of proper age was ehgible to the Senate, though the prefer- 
 ence was given to ex-magistrates. After Sulla, the Senate be- 
 came exclusively a body of ex-magistrates, serving ex-officio for 
 life. Before admission to membership, a candidate must be 
 declared worthy by the censor, must be thirty -one years old, and 
 mast abstain from certain occupations. While there was no 
 property requirement, only men of means would be able to serve, 
 as they did, without pay. The senators in a body were ad- 
 dressed as patres conscripti, i.e. patres et conscripti, a phrase first 
 used in 509 B.C. to include the original senators {patres) and the 
 newly enrolled {conscripti) plebeians. The number of senators 
 
THE SENATE XXxi 
 
 was fixed by Sulla at 600, by Caesar at 900, and afterwards re- 
 duced to 600. 
 
 29. The Session. — The regular meeting place of the Senate 
 was the Curia Hostilia on the north side of the Comitium, but 
 any temple might be used instead. The first oration against 
 Catihne was delivered in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, the fourth 
 in the Temple of Concord. A session was called generally by a 
 consul, praetor, or tribune, who became the presiding officer. 
 None but members were admitted, but others might hsten to the 
 proceedings from the entrance. 
 
 30. Procedure. — After the senators had been summoned by 
 the herald (praeco) or by proclamation, the presiding officer took 
 the auspices. He then proposed the question to be considered 
 (rem ad senatum referre), and called upon the members to ex- 
 press their opinions (rogare sententias). The privilege of speech 
 was given first to magistrates-elect, then to ex-magistrates 
 ranking as consuls, praetors, aediles, tribunes, quaestors. The 
 presiding officer was entitled to speak at any stage of the 
 debate. The members either spoke at length or simply ex- 
 pressed agreement, or nonagreement with the motion. After 
 the discussion the voting was by division. All voted except 
 magistrates in office. A decision of the Senate which was not 
 vetoed was called a senatus consultum; but if vetoed by any 
 magistrate having the right of veto, it was only a senatus 
 audoritas. To be valid, the decision must be reached before 
 sunset. Filibustering was practised, for the opponent of a 
 measure could prevent action on it by talking until sunset. 
 
 31. Functions. — The Senate was primarily an advisory body, 
 giving advice only when asked, but by reason of the dignity of its 
 members, it gained in power until it controlled all legislation and 
 elections. Among its special powers were the following : 
 
 1. In rehgious matters the Senate ordered the consultation of 
 the soothsayers or the Sibylline books, decreed a thanksgiving 
 (supplicatio) , games, or hoUdays, and cooperated with the rehgious 
 officers in times of peril. 
 
 2. In financial matters the Senate controlled taxation, reve- 
 nues, appropriations, and coinage. 
 
xxxii INTRODUCTION 
 
 3. The Senate declared war and concluded peace, assigning 
 troops and military commands, awarding the title of imperator 
 and granting a triumph or a supplicatio. 
 
 4. The Senate could enter into an alliance by treaty with a 
 foreign nation, assume the protectorate of a territory, or confer 
 the title of king or friend of the Roman people on a foreign poten- 
 tate. Embassies from foreign nations were sent to it, and de- 
 mands addressed to a foreign nation were sent by the Senate. 
 
 5. The government of the provinces was under the jurisdiction 
 of the Senate, which assigned the proconsuls and the propraetors. 
 
 6. The Senate discussed bills which were to be presented to the 
 legislative assemblies. 
 
 7. The Senate had the sole right of naming a dictator, or might 
 suspend the ordinary laws by passing a senatus consultum ulti- 
 mum, directing the consuls videant ne quid res publica detrimenti 
 capiat. 
 
 THE MAGISTRATES 
 
 32. There were six ordinary magistrates in the repubhcan 
 period : consul, censor, praetor, tribune of the plebs, aedile, 
 quaestor. The dictator and magister equitum were extraor- 
 dinary, appointed only in critical times. The consul and 
 praetor (dictator and magister equitum) were magistrates with 
 imperium, i.e. with supreme executive authority, military, civil, 
 and judicial, which had formerly belonged to the kings. The 
 other officials were magistrates with potestas. The consul, censor, 
 praetor, curule aedile (dictator and magister equitum) were curule 
 magistrates, i.e. were entitled to use the sella curulis, an ivory 
 chair of peculiar shape, as a symbol of authority. Non-curule 
 magistrates used a subsellium, a low wooden bench. By a law 
 in 180 B.C., a cursus honorum was estabhshed, making it neces- 
 sary for one to have been quaestor before becoming praetor, and 
 to have been praetor before becoming consul. Furthermore, it 
 was considered desirable to be aedile before being praetor, though 
 not essential. Besides this sequence, a minimum age limit was 
 fixed for the incumbent of each office ; for quaestor, thirty-one ; 
 aedile, thirty-seven; praetor, forty; consul, forty-three. Th^^ 
 
THE MAGISTRATEiS XXxiil 
 
 date of the elections was usually set by the Senate for July, but 
 postponements might occur. Quaestors were inaugurated the 
 following December 5; tribunes, December 10; others, January 1. 
 The term of office was one year, except for the censor, who served 
 eighteen months. An interval of two years was necessary be- 
 tween the different offices, and one of ten years before reelection 
 to the same office. Every magistrate possessed the power of veto 
 over his colleague or an inferior magistrate. There was no salary 
 for public officials, but an ex-magistrate found a source of gain 
 in the province to which he was assigned. 
 
 33. Consuls. — The two consuls were theoretically of equal 
 power, exercising their authority on alternate months. They 
 were the chief magistrates, checking by veto any other except a 
 tribune. Each consul was limited by the veto power of the other 
 and of the tribune, and was restrained by the fact that he would 
 have to give an account of his administration to the people. In 
 the transaction of foreign affairs, they presided over the Senate, 
 and executed its orders. They conducted the election of the 
 curule magistrates in the popular assemblies. They had the power 
 to levy troops, and were nominally the commanders, but in 
 Cicero's time it was unusual for them to take the field. In times 
 of peril, the consuls were invested by the Senate with the power 
 of a dictator. A consul whose authority was prolonged beyond 
 his term of office became a proconsul and acted as governor of a 
 province. The consular insignia were the toga praetexta, sella 
 curulis, and twelve lictors, who bore the fasces. 
 
 34. Praetors. — In case of the absence of both consuls from 
 the city, the praetors acted in their place. But their chief duty 
 was to act as judges. As the government developed, their 
 number was increased from one to eight, as it was in Cicero's 
 time. Of these, one was the praetor urbanus, in charge of cases 
 between citizens ; another was the praetor inter peregrinos, in 
 charge of cases between foreigners, or between a foreigner and a 
 citizen ; the remaining six presided over the standing courts for 
 special offences. The praetor urbanus was the chief judge of Rome. 
 At the close of his year, a praetor became propraetor, in the ca- 
 pacity of provincial governor. 
 
xxxiv INTRODUCTION 
 
 35. Aediles. — There were four aediles, two " curule " and 
 two '' plebeian." The former were chosen by the comitia 
 trihuta, the latter by the concilium plebis (24). Their duties 
 were practically the same, the city being divided into four dis- 
 tricts, one for each aedile. These duties were the care of the 
 streets and public buildings, the water supply and the grain 
 market, the superintending of the pohce, and the providing against 
 fire. An important function was to provide for the public games 
 and festivals. For this purpose there was a state appropriation 
 of funds, but the desire to win the favor of the people often led 
 the aedile to excessive expenditure which he expected to pay by 
 means of later income in the provinces. 
 
 36. Quaestors. — The quaestors were the public treasurers. 
 Before the third century b.c. they also prepared evidence in 
 public prosecutions (hence the name, from quaero). They col- 
 lected money due the state and paid it out by order of the Senate. 
 They were also custodians of the pubhc documents such as census 
 lists, contracts, and copies of laws. Their number, at first two, 
 was increased by Sulla to twenty. Two of these [quaestor es 
 urbani), served in the city as general financial officers, while the 
 others were with the army or in the provinces as paymasters. 
 Their year of office began December 5, when they drew lots for 
 assignments as referred to in Cat. IV. 7. 
 
 37. Tribunes. — The ten tribunes of the plebs were of neces- 
 sity plebeian, either by birth or adoption (24). The office was 
 first created to protect the people against the arbitrary action 
 of a magistrate. Though they had no positive duties except to 
 preside at certain elections (24) they came to be the most power- 
 ful officers in the state, for by their power of veto (ius intercedendi) 
 they could prevent the act of any curule magistrate, the passage 
 of laws by the assemblies, or the decree of the Senate. The only 
 check upon them was the veto of a colleague. They could also 
 convoke and preside over the Senate (28) and the comitia trihuta, 
 and initiate legislation. Their activity was confined to the city, 
 from which tney were permitted to be absent only a day at a 
 time. As protectors of the people, the houses of the tribunes 
 stood open day and night. Their persons were declared sacred. 
 
THE MAGISTRATES xxxv 
 
 i.e. death might be inflicted on any man who harmed the tribune 
 in the exercise of his authority. 
 
 38. Censors. — Two censors were elected every five years- 
 They served for eighteen months and then abdicated, their 
 duties for the remaining time being assigned to the other magis- 
 trates. These duties were (1) to take the census, assess property, 
 and arrange for the register of tribes, classes, and centuries ; 
 (2) to revise the lists of senators and knights, excluding the 
 unworth}^ (28), and in general to supervise pubhc morals ; (3) to 
 sell the pri\aleges of collecting taxes, and to let contracts for 
 public buildings. A man could be degraded from his rank, 
 remaining so for the current register. On the other hand, a 
 master could free a slave by having liim inscribed on the censor's 
 Ust of citizens. In the last century of the repubhc the office lost 
 much of its prestige, and from 86 to 70 b.c. no censors were 
 elected (Arcliias, ch. 5). 
 
 39. Dictator. — In times of special peril the consuls appointed 
 a dictator by order of the Senate. His authority lasted for six 
 months, or less if regular order was restored. There was no 
 appeal from his decisions. He appointed a military assistant to 
 command the cavalry {magister equitum), while he commanded 
 the infantry. There was no regular dictator after 202 b.c, for 
 Sulla and Caesar, who were so called, usurped the office. 
 
 40. Religious Officers. — The religion of the Romans was a 
 state institution. The priests were men of great influence and 
 had much to do with pubhc hfe. The most important of the 
 priestly colleges were the pontifl's (pontifices) and the augurs 
 (auguries). The former, 15 in number, supervised all reUgious 
 observances, chose and guarded the Vestals, regulated the 
 Calendar, fixing the days for legal business and for festivals. 
 They held office for life. The president of the college, the ponti- 
 fex maximus, was not prevented from engaging in secular pursuits. 
 Thus Caesar was elected to this office at the age of tliirty-six, and 
 continued his public career. The augurs observed and inter- 
 preted the auspices or reputed natural signs. These signs were 
 derived from the heavens, including thunder and hghtning, from 
 the ffight of birds, from the behavior of sacred chickens, and in 
 
XXXvi INTRODUCTION 
 
 other ways according to traditional rules. Unless the auspices 
 were first taken, no assembly, no meeting of the Senate, no elec- 
 tion could be held, neither could war be declared, nor could 
 public business of any kind be transacted. Cicero was made 
 one of the fifteen augurs in 53 b.c. 
 
 Haruspices from Etruria foretold the future in detail, rather 
 than simple answers " yes " or " no." They were an unofficial 
 guild, consulted in special cases. 
 
 THE COURTS 
 
 41. The Roman courts were in charge of the praetors (34). 
 In cases of minor importance, the praetor either gave the deci- 
 sion himself or referred it to a judge (index) or jury. For cases of 
 greater importance, standing courts were estabhshed by Sulla, 
 the quaestiones perpetuae, presided over by the praetors. These 
 courts considered cases concerning misgovernment (extortion), 
 murder, forgery, embezzlement, treason, assault, etc. Juries 
 varied in number of men, and were selected by the presiding 
 judge. After 70 b.c. a law provided that they should be taken 
 equally from the senators, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii. 
 Their service was honorary. Trials were first held in the open 
 air at the tribunal of the praetor in the Forum, but after 184 B.C., 
 often in the basilicas around the Forum. From the decisions of 
 the standing courts there was no appeal. By the Valerian law 
 (509 B.C.) citizens condemned to death or excessive fine by any 
 magistrate had the right of appcfl to the comitia centuriata and 
 tributa respectively. But capital punishment and the flogging of 
 citizens were abolished by the Porcian law (198 b.c). Imprison- 
 ment as a penalty was not known in Rome, though one await- 
 ing trial might be kept in the career. The ordinary penalties 
 were a fine (multa), loss of citizenship (infamia), or exile. Exile 
 was either voluntary, or practicall}^ imposed b}^ the denial of the 
 use of fire and water (aquae et ignis inter dictio) . 
 
 PROVINCES 
 
 42. A Boman provmce was organized under a charter prepared 
 by the conquering general with the sanction of the Senate. Its 
 
THE FORUM XXXvii 
 
 government was intrusted to a proconsul when an army was 
 necessary, to a propraetor when the province was quiet. As far 
 as practicable, the freedom of the provincials in local matters 
 was not interfered with. ** The tax exacted of a prov^-'ice was a 
 tithe (decuma), or a fixed amount in money {stipendium) . Be- 
 sides the tithe, the Senate might impose the burden of supplying 
 further produce at a fixed price." (Gow.) During the later 
 years of the republic, especially, the provinces were plundered 
 by the governors as well as by the tax farmers. Although charges 
 could be brought in the special court at Rome against the offender, 
 yet in fact such action brought little permanent relief. 
 
 THE FORUM AND THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS 
 
 43. The Forum was the low open space between the Capitoline 
 and Palatine Hills, originally a market place. " It was about 
 two hundred and twenty yards long, sixty j^ards wide near the 
 Capitoline, narrowing to thirty-five near the Palatine." (Gow.) 
 Adjacent to it on the northwest corner was a small square, the 
 Comitium, used in earlier days as the center of public life. 
 Between tne Forum and th? Comitium stood the Rostra, the 
 speaker's platform, from which audiences could be addressed on 
 either side. It was from this platform that Cicero's orations to 
 the people were delivered. The Capitoline Hill on the west was 
 famed for its temple of Jupiter. The Palatine Hill on the southeast 
 was the site of many shrines, and of the residences of wealthy 
 citizens. On the north side of the Comitium was the Senate House, 
 the Curia Hostilia, whose site is now marked by the Church 
 of St. Adriano. At the western end of the Forum was the Temple 
 of Concord, built to commemorate the final harmony between 
 the patricians and the plebeians. The Temple of Jupiter Stator, 
 in which Cicero dehvered his first oration against Catihne prob- 
 ably stood on the slope of the Palatine, a short distance to the 
 east of the Forum. Among the other buildings of interest about 
 the Forum were the Temple of Vesta, with its sacred fire ; the 
 Regia, formerly the palace of the king, later the residence of the 
 pontifex maximus; the basilicae, used for the law courts ; and 
 the tabernae, rows of shops. The Forum was therefore the center 
 
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Xl INTRODUCTION 
 
 of the religious, legal, and business interests. On the northwest 
 corner stood the Tulhanum or state's prison, which exists to-day, 
 the place of the execution of Catiline's fellow-conspirators (see 
 p. 32). 
 
 WORKS OF REFERENCE 
 
 . 44. Beesly, a. H., Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius. 
 BoissiER, G., Cicero and his Friends. 
 Collins, W. L., Cicero (Ancient Classics for English 
 
 Readers.) 
 Fausset, W. Y., The Student's Cicero. 
 Forsyth, W., Life of Cicero. 
 Froude, J. A., Caesar, a Sketch. 
 Oman, Ch., Pompey (Seven Roman Statesmen). 
 Plutarch, Life of Cicero. 
 Strachan-Davidson, J. L., Cicero and the Fall of the 
 
 Roman Republic. 
 Trollope, a., Life of Cicero. 
 
 Cruttwell, C. T., a History of Roman Literature. 
 Fowler, H. N., A History of Roman Literature. 
 Mackail, J. W., Latin Literature. 
 MiDDLETON and Mills, The Students' Companion to 
 
 Latin Authors. 
 Sears, L., The History of Orator5^ 
 
 Abbott, F. F., Roman Political Institutions. 
 Church, A. J., Roman Life in the Days of Cicero. 
 Gow, J., A Companion to School Classics. 
 Greenidge, a. H. J., Legal Procedure in Cicero's Time. 
 Greenidge, a. H. J., Roman Public Life. 
 Johnston, H. W., The Private Life of the Romans. 
 
 Huelsen, Ch., Forum Romanum. 
 
 Lanciani, R., The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. 
 MiDDLETON, J. H., The Remains of Ancient Rome. 
 Nichols, F. M., The Roman Forum. 
 
Cicero before the Senate 
 (From the statue at Oxford) 
 
 [xliij 
 
M, TULLI CICERONIS 
 ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 
 IN SENATU HABITA 
 
 The orator arraigns Catiline for his boldness. 
 
 1. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catillna, patientia no- 
 stra ? Quam cliu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet ? Quern 
 ad finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia? Nihilne te 
 nocturnum praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil 
 timor popull, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hies 
 mtinltissimus habendi senatus locus, nihil horum ora 
 vultusque moverunt? Patere tua consilia non sentis? 
 Constrictam iam horum omnium scientia tenerl coniura- 
 tionem tuam non vides ? Quid proxima, quid superiore 
 nocte egeris, ubi fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consiliio 
 ceperis, quern nostrum ignorare arbitraris? 
 
 tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, consul 
 videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit? Immo vero etiam in 
 senatum venit, fit public! consili particeps, notat et desig- 
 nat oculTs ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nosis 
 autem, fortes virl, satis facere rei publicae videmur, si 
 istius furorem ac tela vTtemus. 
 
^ n > 
 
 ) ,.S • J. 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 The Insignia of the Pontificate 
 
 Ad mortem te, Catillna, duci iussu consulis iam pridem 
 oportebat; in te conferri pestem, quam tu in nos machi- 
 
 20naris. An vero vir amplissimus, P. Scipio, pontifex 
 maximus, Ti. Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum 
 rei publicae privatus interfecit; Catillnam orbem terrae 
 caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem nos consules per- 
 leremus ? Nam ilia nimis antiqua praetereo, quod C. 
 
 25 Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manti 
 sua occidit. Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica 
 virtus, ut virl fortes acrioribus suppliciis civem pernicio- 
 sum quam acerbissimum host em coercerent. Habemus 
 senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave. 
 
 3oNon deest rei publicae consilium neque auctoritas huius 
 ordinis; nos, nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 
 
 The Senate has decreed against Catiline, but he is allowed 
 
 to live. 
 
 2. Decrevit quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul 
 \aderet, ne quid res publica detriment! caperet. Nox 
 nfdla intercessit; interfectus est propter quasdam sedi- 
 35tionum suspiciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, 
 maioribus; occTsus est cum liberTs M. Fulvius consularis. 
 Simili senatus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus 
 est permissa res publica. Num unum diem postea L. 
 Saturmnum tribtinum plebis et C. Servllium praetoren? 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 3 
 
 mors ac rei publicae poena remorata est ? At nos vicesi- 40 
 mum iam diem patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori- 
 tatis. Habemus enim htiiusce modi senattis consultum, 
 verum inclusum in tabulis tamquam in vagina recondi- 
 tum, quo ex senattis consulto confestim te interfectum 
 esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non ad dep6nen-45 
 dam, sed ad confirmandam audaciam. 
 
 Cupio, patres conscrlpti, me esse clementem, cupio in 
 tantis re! publicae periculis me non dissolutum videri, 
 sed iam me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. Castra 
 sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae f auci- 50 
 bus conlocata; crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus; 
 eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque hostium 
 intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestlnam 
 aliquam cotldie perniciem rel publicae molientem. 
 
 Si te iam, Catilina, comprehendl, si interfici iussero, 55 
 credo, erit verendum mihi, ne non potius hoc omnes boni 
 serius a me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. 
 Verum ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, 
 certa de causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique 
 interficiere cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, 60 
 tam tul similis invenirl poterit qui id non iure factum 
 esse fateatur. Quamdiu quisquam erit qui te defendere 
 audeat, vives, et vives ita ut vivis, multls mels et firmis 
 praesidiis cbsessus, 'ne commovere te contra rem publicam 
 possis. Multorum te etiam oculT et aures non sentientem, 65 
 sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur atque custodient. 
 
 The conspiracy is fully known. 
 
 3. Etenim quid est, Catilina, quod iam amplius ex- 
 spectes, si neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios 
 nee privata domus parietibus continere voces coniura- 
 tionis tuae potest, si inlustrantur, si erumpunt omnia? 70 
 Muta iam istam mentem; mihi crede, obllviscere caedis 
 
4 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 atque incendiorum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora 
 nobis tua consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recog- 
 noscas. Meministme me ante diem xii Kalendas Novem- 
 
 Tsbres dicere in senatu fore in armis certo die, qui dies fu- 
 turus esset ante diem vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Man- 
 lium, audaciae satellitem atque administrum tuae? 
 Num me fefellit, Catillna, non modo res tanta, tam 
 atrox tamque incredibilis, verum, id quod multo magis 
 
 80 est admirandum, dies ? 
 
 Dixi ego Idem in senatu caedem te optimatium con- 
 tulisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, tum cum 
 multi principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandi 
 quam tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profu- 
 
 85gerunt. Num mfitiarl potes te illo ipso die meis prae- 
 sidils, mea diligentia circumclusum commovere te contra 
 rem publicam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum, 
 nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, caede te contentum 
 esse dicebas? Quid? Cum te Praeneste Kalendls ipsis 
 
 90 Novembribus occupaturum nocturno impetti esse con- 
 fideres, sensistine illam coloniam meo iussu meis prae- 
 sidiis, custodiis, vigiliis esse munitam? Nihil agis, nihil 
 moliris, nihil cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, 
 sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 
 
 Tlie meeting of conspirators at the house of Laeca. The attempt on 
 
 the life of Cicero. 
 
 95 4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem ; 
 iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam 
 te ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse 
 inter falcarios (non agam obscure) in M. Laecae domum; 
 convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae sceleris- 
 
 100 que socios. Num negare audes? Quid taces? Convin- 
 cam, si negas. Video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam 
 qui tecum una fuerunt. 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 
 
 O di immortales ! Ubinam gentium sumus ? In qua 
 urbe vivimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hic, hie 
 sunt in nostro numero, patres conscript!, in hoc orbisios 
 terrae sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro 
 omnium interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis 
 terrarum exitio cogitent. Hos ego video consul et de re 
 publica sententiam rogo, 
 et quos ferro trucldari 
 oportebat, eos nondum 
 voce vulnero ! 
 
 FuistI igitur apud Lae- 
 cam ilia nocte, Catillna ; 
 distribuisti partes Italiae ; 
 statuisti quo quemqiie 
 proficisci placeret ; dele- 
 gistl quos Romae relin- 
 queres, quos tecum edu- 
 ceres ; dlscrlpsisti urbis 
 partes ad incendia ; con- 
 firmasti te ipsum iam 
 esse exiturum ; dixisti 
 paulum tibi esse etiam 
 nunc morae, quod ego 
 viverem. Reperti sunt 
 duo equites Romani qui 
 te ista cura llberarent, et 
 sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo in- 
 terfecturos pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia, vixdum etiam 130 
 coetu vestro dimisso, comperi; domum meam maioribus 
 praesidiis munivl atque firmavi ; exclusi eos quos tu ad me 
 saltitatum mane miseras, cum ill! ipsi venissent quos ego 
 iam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis ventures 
 esse praedixeram. 135 
 
 The End of a Roman Bronze Bed 
 
6 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Catiline is urged to leave the city and join his waiting forces. 
 
 5. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 
 Egredere aliquando ex urbe ; patent portae ; proficlscere. 
 Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra 
 deslderant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos; si minus, 
 
 l4oquam plurimos; purga urbem. Magno me metu libera- 
 bis, dum modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Nobis- 
 cum versari iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, 
 non sinam. 
 
 Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi 
 
 145 lovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod 
 banc tarn taetram, tam horribilem tamque Infestam rei 
 publicae pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius 
 in uno homine summa salus perlclitanda rei publicae. 
 Quamditi mihi consul! designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, 
 
 150 non publico me praesidio, sed privata dlligentia defend!. 
 Cum proximis comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo 
 et competltores tuos interficere voluisti, compress! cona- 
 tus tuos nefarios amicorum praesidio et copi!s, ntillo tu- 
 multu publice concitato ; denique, quotienscumque me 
 
 155 pet!sti, per me tibi obstit!, quamquam videbam perniciem 
 meam cum magna calamitate re! publicae esse coniunc- 
 tam. Nunc iam aperte rem publicam universam petis; 
 templa deorum immortalium, tecta urbis, v!tam omnium 
 c!vium, Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. 
 
 160 Qua re, quoniam id quod est pr!mum, et quod huius 
 imper! disciplinaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non- 
 dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius et 
 ad communem salutem utilius. Nam s! te interfic! iussero, 
 residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus; s!n 
 
 165 tu, quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex 
 urbe tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sent!na rei 
 publicae. Quid est, Catil!na? Num dubitas id, me im- 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 7 
 
 perante, facere quod iam tua sponte faciebas? Exire ex 
 urbe iubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in ex- 
 silium? Non iubeo; sed, si me consulis, suadeo. 170 
 
 All men fear Catiline because of his crimes. 
 
 6. Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te iam in hac urbe 
 delectare possit, in qua nemo est extra istam coniura- 
 tionem perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nemo 
 qui non oderit? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non 
 inusta vitae tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus 175 
 non haeret in fama ? Quae libido ab oculls, quod facinus 
 a manibus umquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore 
 afuit? Cui tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum in- 
 lecebris inretisses, non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad 
 libldinem f acem praetulisti ? 180 
 
 Quid vero? Nuper cum morte superioris uxoris novis 
 nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio incredibili 
 scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetermitto et 
 facile patior sileri, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris im- 
 manitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 185 
 Praetermitto ruinas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes im- 
 pendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio quae 
 non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad 
 domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad 
 summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vitam 190 
 salutemque pertinent. 
 
 Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut huius caeli spiritus 
 esse iucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat 
 te pridie Kalendas lanuarias Lepido et Tullo consulibus 
 stetisse in comitio cum telo, manum consul um et princi-i96 
 pum civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse, sceleri ac 
 furori tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum, sed 
 fortunam populi Romani obstitisse? Ac iam ilia omitto 
 (neque enim simt aut obscura aut non multa commissa 
 
[81 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 9 
 
 postea) ; quotiens tu me designatum, quotiens consulem 200 
 interficere conatus es ! Quot ego tuas petitiones, ita 
 coniectas ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva quadam 
 decllnatione et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi ! Nihil adse- 
 queris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. Quotiens 
 tibi iam extorta est ista sica de manibus ! Quotiens exci- 205 
 dit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Quae quidem quibus abs 
 te initiata sacrls ac devota sit nescio, quod earn necesse 
 putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 
 
 The senators show their hostility. Their country cries out against 
 
 him. 
 
 7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita? Sic enim iam 
 tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo 210 
 debeo, sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti 
 paulo ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia 
 totque tuis amlcis ac necessarils salutavit? Si hoc post 
 hominum memoriam contigit neminl, vocis exspectas con- 
 tumeliam, cum sTs gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppres- 215 
 sus? Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta 
 sunt, quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem 
 constittitl fuerunt, simul atque adsedisti, partem istam 
 subselliorum nudam atque inanem rellquerunt, quo tan- 
 dem animo tibi ferendum putas? 220 
 
 Servl, mehercule, mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te 
 metuunt omnes elves tui, domum meam relinquendam 
 putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me meis 
 civibus initiria suspectum tam graviter atque offensum 
 viderem, carere me aspectu civium quam Infestis omnium 225 
 oculls conspici mallem. Tu cum conscientia scelerum 
 tuorum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diti tibi 
 debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes senstisque vulneras, 
 eorum aspectum praesentiamque vltare? Si te parentes 
 timerent atque odissent tul neque eos ulla ratione placare230 
 
10 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. 
 Nunc te patria, quae communis est parens omnium nos- 
 trum, odit ac metuit, et iam diu nihil te iudicat nisi de 
 parricidio suo cogitare; huius tu neque auctoritatem 
 
 235verebere nee indicium sequere nee vim pertimesces? 
 
 Quae tecum, Catillna, sic agit et quodam modo tacita 
 loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis f acinus exstitit nisi 
 per te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi unl multorum civium 
 neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunita fuit ac 
 
 240 libera ; tu non solum ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, 
 verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. 
 Superiora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut 
 potui, tuli; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter 
 unum te, quicquid increpuerit, Catilinam timeri, nullum 
 
 245videri contra me consilium inirl posse quod a tuo scelere 
 abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque 
 hunc mihi timorem eripe ; si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin 
 falsus, ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' 
 
 Catiline has judged himself deserving of custody. 
 
 8. Haec si tecum, ita ut dixi, patria loquatur, nonne 
 25oimpetrare debeat, etiamsi vim adhibere non possit? 
 Quid, quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vitandae 
 suspicionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dlxisti? 
 A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es, atque ut 
 domi meae te adservarem rogasti. Cum a me quoque id 
 255responsum tulisses, me nullo modo posse isdem parietibus 
 ttito esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, quod isdem 
 moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem 
 venisti. A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum opti- 
 mum, M. Metellum, demigrasti; quem tu videlicet et ad 
 260 custodiendum dlligentissimum et ad suspicandum saga- 
 cissimum et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putasti. 
 Sed quam longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculis abesse 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 
 
 11 
 
 debere, qui se ipse iam dignum custodia itidicarit ? Quae 
 cum ita sint, Catillna, dubitas, si emori aequo animo non 
 potes, abire in aliquas terras et vitam istam multis sup- 265 
 pliciis iustis debitlsque ereptam fugae solitudinlque man- 
 dare? 
 
 'Refer/ inquis, 'ad senatum'; id enim postulas, et, 
 SI hic ordo placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtem- 
 peraturum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret270 
 a meis moribus, et tamen faciam ut intellegas quid hi de 
 te sentiant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna; libera rem pu- 
 blicam metti; in exsilium, si banc vocem exspectas, pro- 
 ficiscere. Quid est, Catillna? Ecquid attendis, ecquid 
 animadvertis horum silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid 275 
 exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatemv 
 tacitorum perspicis? At si hoc idem huic adulescenti 
 optimo, P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello, dixis- 
 
 A City Gate 
 
12 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 sem, iam mihi consul! hoc ipso in templo iure optimo 
 
 280senatus vim et mantis intulisset. De te autem, Catilina, 
 
 cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decernunt ; cum 
 
 tacent, clamant; neque hi solum, quorum tibi auctoritas 
 
 est videhcet cara, vita vilissima, sed etiam illl equites 
 
 Romam, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi 
 
 285 elves, qui circumstant senatum, quorum tu et frequentiam 
 
 videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante exaudire 
 
 potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diti manus ac tela 
 
 contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec, quae vastare 
 
 iam pridem studes, relinquentem usque ad portas prose- 
 
 290 quantur. 
 
 In the face of unpopularity Cicero again calls upon the enemy to go 
 
 into exile. 
 
 9. Quamquam quid loquor? Te ut uUa res frangat? 
 Tu ut umquam te corrigas? Tti ut ullam fugam medi- 
 tere ? Tu ut tillum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam 
 mentem di immortales duint ! TametsI video, si mea voce 
 
 205 perterritus ire in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tem- 
 pestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recent! 
 memoria scelerum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. 
 Sed est tanti, dum modo ista sit privata calamitas et a re! 
 ptiblicae periculis seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitiis tuis com- 
 
 300moveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus re! 
 publicae cedas, non est postulandum. Neque enim is es, 
 Catilina, ut te aut pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus 
 a periculo aut ratio a furore revocarit. 
 
 Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixi, proficiscere, ac, si 
 
 805 mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, recta 
 perge in exsilium. Vix feram sermones hominum, s! id 
 feceris; vix molem istius invidiae, s! in exsilium iussti 
 consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servire meae laud! et 
 gloriae mavis, egredere cum importtina sceleratorum manu, 
 
UKATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 
 
 13 
 
 A Domestic Shrine 
 
 confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos elves, secerne te a sio 
 boms, infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latrocinio, ut a 
 me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad tuos Isse 
 videaris. 
 
 Quamquam quid ego te invTtem, a quo iam sciam esse 
 praemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestolarentur 315 
 armati ; cui iam sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio 
 diem; a quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam, quam tibi 
 ac tuls omnibus confTdo perniciosam ac funestam futuram, 
 cui domi tuae sacrarium constitutum fuit, sciam esse prae- 
 missam? Tu ut ilia carere dititius possis, quam venerari320 
 
14 M. TULLI CICEKOJNIS 
 
 ad caedem proficiscens solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe 
 istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ? 
 
 The character of Catiline. 
 
 10. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam pridem ista tua 
 cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat; neque enim tibi 
 
 325 haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup- 
 tatem. Ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 
 exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, 
 sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupisti. Nactus 
 es, ex perditis atque ab omnl non modo fortuna verum 
 
 ssoetiam spe derelictis conflatam, improborum manum. 
 
 Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudiis exsultabis, 
 quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero 
 tuorum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque vide- 
 bis ! Ad huius vltae studium meditati illi sunt qui ferun- 
 
 335 tur labores tul: iacere hum! non solum ad obsidendum 
 stuprum, verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non 
 solum insidiantem somno maritorum, verum etiam bonis 
 otiosorum. Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram 
 patientiam famis, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus 
 
 340 te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. Tantum profeci 
 tum, cum te a consulatu reppuli, ut exsul potius temptare 
 quam consul vexare rem ptiblicam posses, atque ut id., 
 quod esset a te scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius 
 quam bellum nominaretur. 
 
 The whole country demands that the consul punish the traitor. 
 
 345 11. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscripti, quandam prop© 
 iiistam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, per- 
 cipite, quaeso, diligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis 
 vestris mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, 
 quae mihi vita mea multo est carior, si cdncta Italia, si 
 
 360 omnis res publica loquatur : 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PREMA 15 
 
 'M. TuUl, quid agis? Tune eum quern esse hostem 
 comperisti, quern ducem belli futurum vides, quern ex- 
 spectarl imperatorem in castrls hostium sentis, auctorem 
 sceleris, prlncipem coniurationis, evocatorem servorum et 
 civium perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus355 
 ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse videatur? Nonne 
 hunc in vincula duel, non ad mortem rapi, non summo 
 supplicio mactarl imperabis? Quid tandem te impedit? 
 Mosne maiorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re 
 publica perniciosos elves morte multarunt. An leges, 360 
 quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At 
 numquam in hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt civium 
 iura tenuerunt. An invidiam posteritatis times? Prae- 
 claram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, qui te, homi- 
 nem per te cognitum, nulla commendatione maiorum, tam 365 
 mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus 
 extulit, si propter invidiae aut alictiius periculi metum 
 salutem civium tuorum neglegis. Sed si quis est invidiae 
 metus, non est vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis 
 invidia quam inertiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. An 370 
 cum bello vastabitur Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta arde- 
 bunt, turn te non existimas invidiae incendio conflagra- 
 turum ? ' 
 
 Cicero's reason for recommending exile rather than death. 
 
 12. His ego sanctissimis rei publicae vocibus et eorum 
 hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus pauca respon-375 
 debo. Ego si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- 
 script!, Catilinam morte multari, unius usuram horae 
 gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim si 
 summi viri et clarissimi cives Saturnini et Gracchorum et 
 Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non modo se380 
 non contaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe veren- 
 dum mihi non erat ne quid hoc parricida civium inter- 
 
16 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 fecto invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quodsi 
 ea mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo fui semper, 
 
 385 ut invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 
 
 Quamquam non nuUi sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea 
 
 quae imminent, non videant aut ea quae vident dissimu- 
 
 ient; qui spem Catilinae molhbus sententiis aluerunt 
 
 coniurationemque nascentem- non credendo corrobora- 
 
 390verunt; quorum auctoritate multi non solum improbi, 
 verum etiam imperlti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crude- 
 Uter et regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intellego, si iste, 
 quo intendit, in Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn 
 stultum fore qui non videat coniurationem esse factam, 
 
 395 neminem tam improbum qui non fateatur. Hoc autem 
 tino interfecto intellego hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper 
 reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. Quodsi se 
 eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit et eodem ceteros undique 
 collectos naufragos adgregarit, exstinguetur atque dele- 
 
 40obitur non modo haec tam adulta rei publicae pestis, 
 verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 
 
 All patriots will unite under the guidance of Heaven to save the state 
 
 13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscripti, in his periculis 
 coniurationis insidiisque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto 
 omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas 
 
 405 in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quodsi ex tanto la- 
 trocinio iste tinus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve 
 quoddam tempus cura et metti esse relevati; periculum 
 autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in 
 visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo 
 
 4iogravi, cum aestu febrique iactantur, si aquam„ gelidam 
 biberunt, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius 
 vehementiusque adflictantur, sic hie morbus qui est in 
 re publica, relevatus istius poena vehementius reliquis vivis 
 ingravescet. 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM PRIMA 17 
 
 Ruins of the Temple of Jupiter Stator 
 
 Quare secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in 415 
 locum congregentur, muro denique, quod saepe iam dixl, 
 secernantur a nobis ; desinant Insidiari domi suae consull, 
 circumstare tribunal praetoris urbanl, obsidere cum gladils 
 curiam, malleolos et faces ad Inflammandam urbem com- 
 parare; sit denique Inscrlptum in fronte unius cuiusque420 
 quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor hoc vobis, patres 
 conscrlpti, tantam in nobis consulibus fore dlligentiam, tan- 
 tam in vobIs auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis 
 virtutem, tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut 
 Catillnae profectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, 425 
 vindicata esse videatis. 
 
 Hisce ominibus, Catillna, cum summa rei publicae 
 salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio 
 qui se tecum omnI scelere parricldioque iunxerunt, pro- 
 ficlscere ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, 430 
 qui Isdem quibus haec urbs auspicils a Romulo es con- 
 stitutus, quem Statorem huius urbis atque imperl vere 
 nominamus, hunc et huius socios a tuls ceterlsque templls, 
 a tectis urbis ac moenibus, a vita fortunisque civium arce- 
 bis et homines bonorum inimlcos, hostes patriae, latrones435 
 Italiae, scelerum foedere inter se ac nefaria societate 
 coniQnctos, aeternis supplicils vivos mortuosque mactabis. 
 
M. TULLl CICERONIS 
 ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 
 
 AD POPULUM 
 
 Cicero announces the departure of Catiline. 
 
 1. Tandem aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catilinam, furentem 
 audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
 tem, vobis atque huic urbl ferro flammaque minitantem, 
 ex urbe vel eiecimus vel emlsimus vel ipsum egredientem 
 verbis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. 5 
 Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moeni- 
 bus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem 
 unum huius belli domestic! ducem sine controversia vici- 
 mus. Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica iila versa- 
 bitur; non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, noni^* 
 denique intra domestico^ parietes pertimescemus. Loco 
 ille motus est, cum est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum 
 hoste nullo impediente bellum iustum geremus. Sine 
 dubio perdidimus bominem magnificeque vicimus, cum 
 ilium ex occultis msidiis in apertum latrocinium conieci-i5 
 mus. Quod vero non cruentum mucronem, ut voluit, 
 extulit, quod vTvIs nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e 
 manibus extorsimus, quod incolumes elves, quod stantem 
 urbem reliquit, quanto tandem ilium maerore esse adflic- 
 tum et profligatum putatis? lacet ille nunc prostratus, 20 
 Quirltes, et se perculsum atque abiectum esse sentit et 
 fretorquet oculos profecto saepe ad banc urbem, quam e 
 
 19 
 
Italy in Cicero's Tims 
 
 (%1 
 
ORATIO IN CATILESTAM SECUNDA 21 
 
 suis faucibus ereptam esse luget; quae quidem mihi 
 
 laetarl videtur, quod tantam pestem evomuerit forasque 
 
 proiecerit. 26 
 
 Why he was allowed to go without arrest. 
 
 2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, qui 
 in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me 
 vehementer accuset, quod tam capitalem hostem non 
 comprehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea 
 culpa, Quirltes, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. 30 
 Catilinam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam prldem 
 oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperi 
 severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos 
 fuisse putatis qui quae ego deferrem non crederent, quam 
 multos qui etiam defenderent? Ac si illo sublato depelliss 
 a vobis omne periculum iiidicarem, iam pridem ego L. 
 Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vitae 
 periculo sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobis quidem 
 omnibus re etiam tum probata, si ilium, ut erat meritus, 
 morte multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus40 
 persequi non possem, rem hiic deduxi ut tum palam pug- 
 nare possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. 
 
 Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer 
 foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod 
 etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus45 
 exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! 
 Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, 
 Publicmm et Minucium, quorum aes alienum contracium 
 in popina nullum rei publicae motum adferre poterat; 
 rellquit quos viros, quanto aere alieno, quam valentes, so 
 quam nobiles ! 
 
 Cicero's contempt for the conspirators left in the city. 
 
 3. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae Gallicanis legioni- 
 bus et hoc dilectu, quem in agro Piceno et Gallico Q. 
 
22 M. TULLI CICER0NI8 
 
 Metellus habuit, et his copiis quae a nobis cotidie com- 
 
 55parantur, magno opere contemno, collectum ex senibus 
 desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rtisticis decoctoribus, ex 
 eis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium exercitum ma- 
 luerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem exercitus nostri, 
 verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 
 
 60H0S quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, 
 quos etiam in senatum venire, qui nitent unguentis, qui 
 fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos mllites eduxisset ; qui 
 si hie permanent, mementote non tam exercitum ilium 
 esse nobis quam hos qui exercitum deseruerunt perti- 
 
 oSmescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt timendi magis, quod, 
 quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen permoven- 
 tur. 
 
 Video cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat Etruriam, 
 quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urbanas 
 
 TOlnsidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia 
 
 superioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt; 
 
 patefeci in senatu hesterno die. Catillna ipse pertimuit, 
 
 profugit ; hi quid exspectant ? Ne illi vehementer errant, 
 
 si illam meam pristinam lenitatem perpetuam sperant 
 
 76 futtiram. 
 
 These men should follow Catiline. 
 
 4. Quod exspectavl, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes 
 factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam 
 videretis; nisi vero si quis est, qui Catillnae similes cum 
 Catillna sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitatl locus; 
 
 80 severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc conce- 
 dam: exeant, proficiscantur, ne patiantur deslderio sui 
 Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : Aurelia 
 via profectus est; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam con- 
 sequentur. 
 
 S5 O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem hanc sentinam 
 urbis eiecerit ! Uno, mehercule, Catillna exhausto, levata 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 
 
 23 
 
 mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut 
 sceleris fingi aut cogitarl potest quod non ille conceperit? 
 Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
 sicarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum subiector, 90 
 quis circumscrlptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, 
 quae mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuventutis, quis cor- 
 ruptus quis perditus invenirl potest, qui se cum Catillna 
 non familiarissime vixisse fateatur? Quae caedes per 
 hosce annos sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprumgs 
 non per ilium? 
 
 lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis 
 inlecebra f uit quanta in illo ? Qui alios ipse amabat tur- 
 pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat; alils 
 fructum libldinum, alils mortem parentum non modo im-ioo 
 pellendo, verum etiam adiuvando poUicebatur. Nunc 
 vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, vcrum etiam ex 
 agrls ingentem 
 numerum perdito- 
 rum hominum col- 
 legerat ! Nemo 
 non modo Romae, 
 sed ne ullo qui- 
 dem in a n g u 1 o 
 totius Italiae op- 
 pressus aere alieno 
 fuit quem non ad 
 hoc incredibile sce- 
 leris foedus asci- 
 verit. 
 
 Fate overhangs these 
 degenerate traitors. 
 
 A Gladiator's Helmet 
 
 5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimili ratione per- 116 
 spicere possltis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad faci- 
 
24 M. TULLI CICERCNIS 
 
 nus audacior qui se non intimum Catilmae esse fateatur, 
 nemo in scaena levior et nequior qui se non eiusdem prope 
 
 I20sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque Idem tamen, stupro- 
 rum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame 
 et siti et vigiliis perferendis fortis ab istis praedicabatur, 
 cum industriae subsidia atque mstrumenta virtutis in 
 libidine audaciaque consumeret. 
 
 125 Hunc vero si secuti erunt sul comites, si ex urbe exierint 
 desperatorum hominum flagitiosi greges, O nos beatos ! 
 O rem publicam fortunatam ! praeclaram laudem con- 
 sulatus mei ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum 
 libidines, non htimanae ac tolerandae audaciae; nihil 
 
 I30c6gitant nisi caedem, nisi incendia, nisi raplnas. Patri- 
 mofliia sua profuderunt, fortunas suas obUgaverunt; res 
 eos iam pridem deseruit, fides nuper deficere coepit; 
 eadem tamen ilia quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. 
 Quodsl in vino et alea comissationes solum et scorta 
 
 135 quaererent, essent illl quidem desperandl, sed tamen essent 
 ferendi; hoc vero quis ferre possit, inertes homines for- 
 tissimls virls Insidiari, stultissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos 
 sobrils, dormientes vigilantibus ? Qui mihi accubantes in 
 convlvils, complexl mulieres impudica?, vino languid!, 
 
 I4oconferti cibo, sertis redimltl, unguentla obliti, debilitati 
 stuprls ertictant sermonibus suls caedem bonorum atque 
 urbis incendia. 
 
 Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum aliquod, et poenam 
 iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, scelerl, libldini debitam 
 
 145 aut Instare iam plane aut certe adpropinquare. Quos si 
 mens consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, 
 non breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propa- 
 garit rei publicae. Nulla est enim natio quam perti- 
 mescamus, nullus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere 
 
 isopossit. Omnia sunt externa linius virtute terra marique 
 pacata; domesticum bellum manet; iatus insidiae sunt, 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 
 
 25 
 
 The End of a Roman Banquet i 
 
 intus inclusum periculum est; intus est hostis. Cum 
 luxuria nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. 
 Huic ego me bello ducem profiteor, Quirites; suscipio 
 inimicitias hominum perditorum ! Quae sanari poterunt, 15S 
 quacumque ratione sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non 
 patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere. Proinde aut ex- 
 eant aut quiescant aut, si et in urbe et in eadem mente 
 permanent, ea quae merentur exspectent. 
 
 1 This illustration taken from a badly damaged Pompeian wall paint- 
 ing shows the Roman custom of reclining at a feast (accubantes in conviviis). 
 In the foreground (almost obliterated) is a slave putting on his master's 
 shoe ; another offers the wine cup ; and a third supports a banqueter who 
 is vino languidus. 
 
26 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Cicero narrates the arraignment of Catiline. 
 
 160 6. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirltes, a me eiectiiim 
 in exsilium esse Catillnam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi 
 possem, istos ipsos eicerem qui haec loquuntur. Homo 
 enim videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem con- 
 sulis ferre non potuit; simul atque ire in exsilium iussus 
 
 165 est, paruit, ivit. 
 
 Hesterno die, Quirites, cum domi meae paene inter- 
 fectus essem, senatum in aedem lovis Statoris convocavi, 
 rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli. Quo cum 
 Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit, quis salu- 
 
 ITOtavit, quis denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem ac non 
 potius ut importtinissimum hostem? Quin etiam prln- 
 cipes eius ordinis partem illam subselliorum ad quam ille 
 accesserat ntidam atque inanem reliquerunt. Hie ego 
 vehemens ille consul qui verbo cives in exsilium eicio 
 
 175 quaesivi a Catilina in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam 
 fuisset necne. Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia 
 convictus primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera; quid ea nocte 
 egisset, quid in proximam constituisset, quem ad modum 
 esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Cum haesi- 
 
 isotaret, cum teneretur, quaesivi quid dubitaret proficisci eo 
 quo iam pridem pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum 
 fasces, cum tubas, cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam 
 argenteam, cui ille etiam sacrarium domi suae fecerat, 
 scirem esse praemissam. In exsilium eiciebam quem iam 
 
 185 ingressum esse in bellum videbam ? Etenim, credo, Man- 
 lius iste centurio, qui in agro Faesulano castra posuit, 
 bellum populo Romano suo nomine indlxit, et ilia castra 
 nunc non Catillnam ducem exspectant, et ille eiectus in 
 exsilium se Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in haec castra conferet* 
 
A Roman Sacrifice, showing Soldiers carrying the Signa 
 
 MiLITARIA 
 
 (Notice also the aquila.) 
 
28 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Ruins of the Roman Theatre at Fiesole (Faesulae) 
 Cicero is willing to endure unpopularity. 
 
 190 7. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, 
 verum etiam conservandae rei publicae ! Nunc si L. 
 Catillna consiliis, laboribus, periculls meis circumclusus ac 
 debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, 
 deseruerit suos, consilium belli faciendl abiecerit, et ex 
 
 195 hoc cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsilium 
 converterit, non ille a me spoliatus armis audaciae, n5n 
 obstupefactus ac perterritus mea dlligentia, non de spe 
 conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus, innocens in exsilium 
 eiectus a consule vi et minis esse dicetur; et erunt qui 
 
 200 ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non 
 diligentissimum consulem sed crudelissimum tyrannum 
 existimari velint ! 
 
 Est mihi tanti, Quirites, huius invidiae falsae atque ini- 
 quae tempestatem subire, dum modo a vobis huius horri- 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 29 
 
 bilis belli ac nefarii perlculum depellatur. Dicatur sane 204 
 eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in exsilium. Sed, mihi 
 credite, non est ittirus. Numquam ego ab dis immortali- 
 bus optabo, Quirites, invidiae meae levandae causa, ut L. 
 Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium atque in armis voli- 
 tare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis; multoque magis2io 
 illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium 
 emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. Sed cum sint 
 homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum esse dicant, 
 Idem, si interfectus esset, quid dlcerent? Quamquam 
 isti qui Catilinam Massiliam Ire dictitant, non tam hoc 21a 
 queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum tam miseri- 
 cors qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses Ire 
 malit. Ille autem si, mehercule, hoc quod agit numquam 
 antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet 
 quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil adhuc220 
 praeter ipslus voluntatem cogitationemque accident, nisi 
 quod vivls nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius ut 
 eat in exsilium quam queramur. 
 
 Six classes of men in Catiline's forces. 
 
 8. Sed cur tam diu de uno hoste loquinmr, et de eo 
 hoste qui iam f atetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod 225 
 semper volul, mtirus interest, non timeo ; de his, qui dis- 
 simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui noblscum sunt, nihil 
 dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 
 tam ulclscl studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rel 
 publicae; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me audIre23Q 
 volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirites, ex qui- 
 bus generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur ; deinde 
 singulis mediclnam consill atque orationis meae, si quam 
 potero, adferam. 
 
30 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 First : Men of wealth, unwilling to pay their debts. 
 
 235 Unum genus est eorum qui magno in aere alieno maiores! 
 etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvi 
 nuUo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est 
 honestissima, sunt enim locupletes; voluntas vero et 
 causa impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificiis, tu argento, 
 
 240 tu familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et 
 dubites de possessione detrahere, adquirere ad fidem? 
 Quid enim exspectas? Bellum? Quid ergo? In vasta- 
 tione omnium tuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? 
 An tabulas novas? Errant qui istas a Catilina ex- 
 
 245 spectant ; meo beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum 
 auctionariae ; neque enim isti qui possessiones habent alia 
 ratione ulla salvi esse possunt. Quod si mattirius facere 
 voluissent neque, id quod stultissimum est, certare cum 
 usurls fructibus praediorum, et locupletioribus his et 
 
 25omehoribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime 
 puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt 
 aut, si permanebunt, magis mihi videntur vota facturi 
 contra rem publicam quam arma laturl. 
 
 Second : Debtors ambitious for political power. 
 
 9. Alterum genus est eorum qui, quamquam premun- 
 
 355 tur aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum 
 
 potlrl volunt ; honores, quos quieta re publica desperant, 
 
 perturbata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc 
 
 praecipiendum vide tur, unum scilicet et idem quod reli- 
 
 quis omnibus, ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi 
 
 260 posse; primum omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, pro- 
 
 videre rel publicae; deinde magnos animos esse in bonis 
 
 virls, magnam concordiam, magnas praeterea copias mili- 
 
 tum ; deos denique immortales huic invicto populo, claris- 
 
 simo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi, contra tantam vim sceleris 
 
 366 praesentes auxilium esse laturos. Quodsl iam sint id 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 
 
 31 
 
 quod summo furore cupiunt adept!, num illi in cinere urbis 
 et in sanguine civium, quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria 
 concuplverunt, consules se aut dictatores aut etiam reges 
 sperant futures ? Non vident id se cupere quod, si adept! 
 sint, fugitive alicui aut gladiator! conced! sit necesse? 270 
 
 Third : Sulla's veterans, who hope for the spoils of another war. 
 
 Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen 
 exercitatione robustum ; 
 quo ex genere iste est 
 Manlius cui nunc Cati- 
 llna succedit. Hi sunt 
 homines ex els colonils 
 quas Sulla constituit ; 
 quas ego universas civ- 
 ium esse optimorum et 
 fortissimorum virorum 
 sentio, sed tamen ei sunt 
 coloni qui se in Insper- 
 atls ac repentlnis pecu- 
 nils sumptuosius Inso- 
 lentiusque iactarunt. 
 Hi dum aedificant tam- 
 quam beati, dum prae- 
 diis lectls, familils mag- 
 nis, convlvils apparatis 
 delectantur, in tantum 
 aes alienum inciderunt, 
 ut, si sah^ esse velint, 
 Sulla sit els ab Inferls 
 excitandus ; qui etiam 
 nonnullos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in ean-295 
 dem ill am spem raplnarum veterum impulerunt. Quos 
 ego utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum dlreptorum- 
 
 / 
 
 ■™-"**^ ■"— ^ 
 
 L. Cornelius Sulla. 
 
32 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 que pono. Sed eos hoc moneo, desinant furere ac pro- 
 
 scriptiones et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum 
 
 300 temporum dolor inustus est civitati ut iam ista non modo 
 
 homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse vide- 
 
 antur. 
 
 Fourth : Hopeless bankrupts. 
 
 10. Quartum genus est sane varium et mlxtum et tur- 
 bulentum; qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam 
 
 SOoemergunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo nego- 
 tio, partim etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; 
 qui vadimonils, itidicils, proscrlptione bonorum defatlgati, 
 permultl et ex urbe et ex agris se in ilia castra conferre 
 dicuntur. Hosce ego non tam mllites acres quam Infitia- 
 
 310 tores lentos esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, 
 SI stare non possunt, corruant, sed ita ut non modo civitas, 
 sed ne viclnl quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non 
 intellego, quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, 
 perire turpiter velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se 
 
 315 cum multls, quam si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 
 
 The Interior of the Carcer To-day 
 See note on 1. 319, p. 88. 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 33 
 
 Fifth: Criminals. 
 
 Quintum genus est parricldarum, sicariorum, denique 
 omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catilina non revoco ; 
 nam neque ab eo divelll possunt, et pereant sane in latroci- 
 nio, quoniam sunt ita multi ut eos career capere non possit. 
 
 Sixth : Catiline's body-guard of effeminate debauchees. 
 
 Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum320 
 etiam genere ipso atque vita, quod proprium Catillnae 
 est, de eius dilectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu; 
 quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut imberbes aut bene barba- 
 tos videtis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, veils amictos, 
 non togis; quorum omnis industria vitae et vigilandi325 
 labor in antelucanis cenls expromitur. In his gregibus 
 omnes aleatores, omnes adulter!, omnes impuri impudici- 
 que versantur. Hi pueri tam lepidi ac delicati non solum 
 amare et amari, neque saltare et cantare, sed etiam sicas 
 vibrare et spargere venena didicerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, 330 
 nisi pereunt, etiamsi Catilina perierit, scitote hoc in re 
 publica seminarium Catilinarum futiirum. Verum tamen 
 quid sibi isti miseri volunt? Num suas secum mulier- 
 culas sunt in castra ducttiri? Quem ad modum autem 
 illis carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noctibus? Quo 335 
 autem pacto ill! Appenninum atque illas pruinas ac nives 
 perferent ? Nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem toleratiiros 
 putant, quod ntidi in conviviis saltare didicerunt. 
 
 The forces of the State contrasted with those of Catiline. 
 
 11. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum hanc 
 sit habiturus Catilina scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 340 
 Instruite nunc, Quirites, contra has tam praeclaras Ca- 
 tilinae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et 
 primum gladiator! ill! confecto et saucio consules impera- 
 
34 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 toresque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufra- 
 
 S45 gorum eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totius Italiae 
 ac robur educite. lam vero urbes coloniarum ac muni- 
 cipiorum respondebunt Catilmae tumulis silvestribus. 
 Neque ego ceteras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra 
 cum illlus latronis inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 
 
 350 Sed SI omissis his rebus quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 
 ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vect/igali- 
 bus, cuncta Italia, provinciis omnibus, exterls nationibus, 
 SI his rebus omissis causas ipsas quae inter se confllgunt 
 contendere vellmus, ex eo ipso quam valde illl iaceant 
 
 355 intellegere possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor ptignat, 
 ilhnc petulantia; hinc pudlcitia, ilHnc stuprum; hinc 
 fides, iUinc fraudatio ; hinc pietas, ilhnc scelus ; hinc con- 
 stantia, illinc furor ; hinc honestas, ilhnc turpitude ; hinc 
 continentia, illinc libido ; denique aequitas, temperantia, 
 
 360 fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes omnes certant cum inlqui- 
 tate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum vitils omnibus; 
 postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, 
 mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
 rerum desperatione confllgit. In eius modi certamine ac 
 
 365proelio nonne, si hominum studia deficiant, dl ipsi im- 
 mortales cogant ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et 
 tanta vitia superarl? 
 
 The consul calls for vigilance, and warns traitors of punishment. 
 
 12. Quae cum ita sint, Quirltes, vos, quem ad modum 
 iam antea dixl, vestra tecta vigilils custodilsque defendite ; 
 
 370mihi, ut urbl sine vestro motu ac sine ullo tumultu satis 
 esset praesidi, consultum atque provlsum est. Colon! 
 omnes municipesque vestrl certiores a me facti de hac 
 nocturna excursione Catillnae facile urbes suas finesque 
 defendent. Gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum certissi- 
 
 375 mam fore putavit, quamquam animo mehore sunt quam 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 
 
 35 
 
 A Gladiator's Shield and Greaves 
 
 pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra contincbuntur. 
 Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum 
 Picenumque praemisT, aut opprimet hominem aut eius 
 omnes motCis conatusque prohibebit. Reliquis autem de 
 rebus constituendls, maturandls, agendis iam ad senatumsso 
 referemus, quern vocarl videtis. 
 
 Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 
 contra urbis salutem omniumque vestrum in urbe a Catilina 
 relict! sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt 
 elves, monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas385 
 adhuc SI cui solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod 
 latebat erumperet. Quod reUquum est, iam non possum 
 obllvisci meam hanc esse patriam, me horum esse con- 
 sulem, mihi aut cum his vivendum aut pro his esse morien- 
 dum. Nullus est portis custos, ntillus Insidiator viae; si 390 
 qui exire volunt, conivere possum. Qui vero se in urbe 
 commoverit, cuius ego non modo factum, sed inceptum 
 ullum conatumve contra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in 
 
36 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 394 hac urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios magistra- 
 
 tus, esse fortem senatum, 
 esse arma, esse carcerem, 
 quern vindicem nefariorum 
 ac manifestorum scelerum 
 maiores nostrl esse volue- 
 runt. 
 
 Order will be restored by the 
 aid of the gods. 
 
 13. Atque haec omnia 
 SIC agentur, Quirites, ut 
 maximae res minimo motu, 
 perlcula summa ntillo tum- 
 ultu, bellum intestinum ac 
 domesticum post hominum 
 memoriam crudelissimum 
 et maximum me uno togato 
 duce et imperatore sedetur. 
 Quod ego SIC administrabo, 
 Quirites, ut, si ullo modo 
 fieri poterit, ne improbus 
 quidem quisquam in hac 
 urbe poenam sui sceleris 
 sufferat. Sed si vis mani- 
 festae audaciae, si impen- 
 dens patriae periculum me 
 necessario de hac animi 
 lenitate dedtixerit, illud 
 profecto perficiam, quod in 
 tanto et tam msidioso bello 
 422 vix optandum videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat 
 paucorumque poena vos omnes salvi esse possitis. 
 
 Quae quidem ego neque mea prudentia neque humanis 
 
 An Orator in the Toga 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM SECUNDA 
 
 37 
 
 consilils fretus polliceor vobis, Quirltes, sed multis et non425 
 dubiis deorum immortalium significationibus, quibus ego 
 ducibus in banc spem sententiamque sum ingressus; qui 
 iam non procul, ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste 
 atque longinquo, sed hic praesentes suo numine atque 
 auxilio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos430 
 vos, Quirltes, precari, venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam 
 urbem pulcherrimam florentissimamque esse voluerunt, 
 banc omnibus hostium copils terra marique superatis a 
 perditissimorum civium nefario scelere defendant. 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 
 
 AD POPULUM 
 
 Cicero congratulates the Roman people on their safety. 
 
 1. Rem ptiblicam, Quirites, vltamque omnium vestrum, 
 bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros, atque hoc 
 domicilium clarissimi imperi, • fortunatissimam pulcher- 
 rimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium 
 ssummo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, perlculls meis 
 e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et 
 vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. Et sT non minus 
 nobis iucundl atque inlustres sunt ei dies quibus conser- 
 vamur quam ill! quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa 
 lolaetitia est, nascendl incerta condicio, et quod sine sensu 
 nascimur, cum voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam 
 ilium qui banc urbem condidit, ad deos immortales bene- 
 volentia famaque sustulimus, esse apud vos posterosque 
 vestros in honore debebit is qui eandem banc urbem con- 
 
 38 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 39 
 
 ditam amplificatamque servavit. Nam toti urbi, templis, i6 
 delubris, tectis ac moenibus subiectos prope iam ignes 
 circumdatosque restinximus ; idemque gladios in rem 
 publicam destrictos rettudimus mucronesque eorum a 
 iugulls vestrls deiecimus. Quae quoniam in senatu inlus- 
 trata, patefacta, comperta sunt per me, vobis iam exponam 20 
 breviter, Quirltes, ut et quanta et quam m?,nifesta et qua 
 ratione investlgata et comprehensa sint, vos, qui et igno- 
 ratis et exspectatis, scire possitis. 
 
 Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 
 cum sceleris sui socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos25 
 duces, Romae reliquisset, semper vigilavi et providi, 
 Quirites, quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis in- 
 sidiis salvi esse possemus. 
 
 How written evidence was secured against the conspirators. 
 
 2. Nam tum, cum ex urbe Catilinam eiciebam (non 
 enim iam vereor huius verbi invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 30 
 timenda, quod vivus exierit), sed tum, cum ilium exter- 
 minari volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simui 
 exituram aut eos qui restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac 
 debiles fore putabam. Atque ego ut vidi quos maximo 
 furore et scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos nobiscum35 
 esse et Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque con- 
 siimpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac 
 viderem, ut, quoniam auribus vestrls propter incredibilem 
 magnitudinem sceleris minorem fideni faceret oratio mea, 
 rem ita comprehenderem, ut tum demum animis salutI40 
 vestrae provideretis, cum oculis makficium ipsuni videretis. 
 Itaque, ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli Transalpini 
 et tumulttis Gallici excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse solli- 
 citatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos elves eodemque itinere 
 cum litteris mandatisque ad Catilinam esse missos, comi-46 
 temque els adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic 
 
[40] 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 41 
 
 esse ad Catilinam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam 
 putavl, ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper 
 optabam ab dis immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, 
 sed etiam a senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. 5o 
 
 Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C . Pomptlnum prae- 
 tores, fortissimos, atque amantissimos rei publicae viros, 
 ad me vocavl, rem exposul, quid fieri placeret ostendl. 
 111! autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
 sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine uUa mora negotium sus-55 
 ceperunt, et cum advesperasceret, oceulte ad pontem Mul- 
 vium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita bipertito 
 fuerunt ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem 
 autem et ipsi sine cuiusquam suspicione multos fortes 
 viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatlna complureseo 
 delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor adsidue in rei 
 publicae praesidio, cum gladils miseram. Interim tertia 
 fere vigilia exacta, cum iam pontem Mulvium magno 
 comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredl inciperent unaque Vol- 
 turcius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab illls gladii et a 65 
 nostrls. Res praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur a 
 ceteris. 
 
 How the conspirators and the Gallic envoys were brought before the 
 
 Senate. 
 
 3. Tum interventti Pomptini atque Flacci pugna quae 
 erat commissa sedatur. Litterae, quaecumque erant in 
 eo comitatu, integris signis praetoribus traduntur; ipsi 70 
 comprehensT ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, dedticuntur. 
 Atque horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machina- 
 torem Cimbrum Gabinium statim ad me nihil dum sus- 
 picantem vocavT ; delude item arcessltus est L. Statilius 
 et post eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus 76 
 venit, credo quod in litteris dandis praeter consuettidinem 
 proxima nocte vigilarat. 
 
42 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Cum summis et clarissimis huius civitatis viris, qui 
 audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, litteras a 
 
 some prius aperiri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, ne, si 
 nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus iniec- 
 tus civitati videretur, negavi me esse facturum, ut de peri- 
 culo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram 
 deferrem. Etenim, Quirltes, si ea quae erant ad me 
 
 85delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar in 
 tantis rel publica3 periculis esse mihi nimiam dlligentiam 
 pertimescendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidis- 
 tis, coegi. Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. 
 Sulpicium praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus 
 
 90 Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret ; ex quibus ille 
 maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 
 
 The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the Senate. 
 
 4. Introduxi Volturcium sine Gallls; fidem publicam 
 iussu senatus dedl ; hortatus sum ut ea quae sclret sine 
 timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 
 
 95timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam 
 mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut 
 ad urbem quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem 
 eo consiho, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad 
 modum discriptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae- 
 
 loodemque Infinitam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui 
 et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanls ducibus 
 coniungeret. 
 
 IntroductI autem Galli ius iurandum sibi et litteras ab 
 Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data esse 
 
 105 dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse praescrlp- 
 tum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mitterent; 
 pedestres sibi copias non dcfuturas. Lentulum autem sibi 
 conflrmasse ex fatis Sibylllnis haruspicumque responsis se 
 esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quem regnum huius urbis 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 
 
 43 
 
 The Cumaean Sibyl, with the Sibylline Books i 
 
 atqiie imperium pervenire esset necesse ; Cinnam ante se no 
 et Sullam fuisse. Eundemque dixisse fatalem himc 
 annum esse ad interitum huius urbis atque imperi, qui 
 esset annus decimus post virginum absolutionem, post 
 Capitoll autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc autem 
 Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quodii5 
 Lentulo et aliis Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem 
 incendi placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 
 
 Four conspirators identify their letters and confess their guilt. 
 5. Ac ne longum sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri iussi- 
 mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus 
 Cethego signum ; cognovit. Nos linum incldimus, legi- 120 
 mus. Erat scriptum ipsius manti Allobrogum senatui et 
 populo, sese quae eorum legatis confirmasset facturum 
 
 * See note on line 108, p. 42. 
 
44 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 esse; orare ut item ill! facerent quae sibi eorum legati 
 recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen 
 
 125 de gladiis ac sicis quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa re- 
 spondisset, dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum 
 studiosum fuisse, recitatis litterls debilitatus atque abiectus 
 conscientia repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius; 
 cognovit et signum et manum suam. Recitatae sunt 
 
 130 tabellae in eandem fere sententiam ; confessus est. Tum 
 ostendl tabellas Lentulo et quaes! vl cognosceretne signum. 
 Adnuit. 'Est vero/ inquam, 'notum quidem signum, 
 imago avi tul, clarissimi viri, qui amavit tinice patriam et 
 elves suos; quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam muta 
 
 i35revocare debuit.' 
 
 Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum AUobrogum popu- 
 lumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, fee! 
 potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit ; post 
 autem aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, 
 
 I40surrexit; quaesivit a Gallis quid sibi esset cum eis, quam 
 ob rem domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. 
 Qui cum illi breviter constanterque respondissent, per 
 quem ad eum quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab 
 eo nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis loctitus, tum ille 
 
 145 subito scelere demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset osten- 
 dit. Nam cum id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem 
 omnium confessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium 
 illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam 
 propter vim sceleris manifest! atque deprehensi impuden- 
 
 150 tia, qua superabat omnes, improbitasque defecit. 
 
 Volturcius vero subito litteras proferri atque aperiri 
 iubet, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas esse dicebat. 
 Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen et 
 signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine 
 
 166 nomine, sed ita : ' Quis sim, scies ex eo quem ad te misi. 
 Cura ut vir sis, et cogita quem in locum sis progressus. 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 45 
 
 Vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et cura ut omnium tibi 
 auxilia adiungas, etiam Infimorum.' Gablnius deinde in- 
 troductus, cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad 
 extremum nihil ex eis quae Galli msimulabant negavit. 160 
 Ac mihi quidem, Quirites, cum ilia certissima visa sunt 
 argumenta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, mantis, 
 denique unius cuiusque confessio ; tum multo certiora ilia, 
 color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, 
 sic terram intuebantur, sic furtim nonnumquam inter sese 165 
 aspiciebant, ut non iam ab aliis indicari, sed indicare se 
 ipsi viderentur. 
 
 The Senate praises the consuls and praetors, decrees custody for the 
 traitors, and a solemn thanksgiving to the gods. 
 
 6. Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum con- 
 sului de summa re piiblica quid fieri placeret. Dictae 
 sunt a principibus acerrimae ac fortissimae sententiae, i70 
 quas senatus sine iilla varietate est seciitus. Et quoniam 
 nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 
 vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit exponam. 
 
 Primum mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod vir- 
 tiite, consilio, providentia mea res piiblica maximis periculis i76 
 sit liberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus praetores, 
 quod eorum opera forti fidelique iisus essem, merito ac 
 iiire laudantur. Atque etiam viro forti, collegae meo, laus 
 impertitur, quod eos qui hiiius coniurationis participes 
 fuissent, a suis et a rei piiblicae consiliis removisset. Atque 180 
 ita censuerunt, ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetiira abdicasset, 
 in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, L. Sta- 
 tilius, P. Gabinius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in custo- 
 diam traderentur; atque idem hoc decretum est in L. 
 Cassium, qui sibi prociirationem incendendae urbis depo-i86 
 poscerat; in M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores 
 Apiiliam attributam esse erat indicatum; in P. Furium, 
 
46 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 qui est ex eis colonis quos Faesulas L, Sulla deduxit; in 
 Q. Annium Chilonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper erat 
 
 190 in hac AUobrogum sollicitatione versatus; in P. Um- 
 brenum, libertinum hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad 
 Gablnium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate 
 senatus est usus, Quirites, ut ex tanta coniuratione tanta- 
 que hac multitudine domesticorum hostium novem homi- 
 
 195 num perditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reli- 
 quorum mentes sanari posse arbitraretur. 
 
 Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pro singular! 
 eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum 
 post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta 
 
 200 verbis est, 'quod urbem incendiis, caede cives, Itaham 
 bello liberassem.' Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris sup- 
 plicationibus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene 
 gesta, haec una conservata re publica constituta est. 
 Atque illud quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque 
 
 205 transactum est. Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis 
 indiciis, confessionibus suis, iiidicio senatus non modo 
 praetoris ius, verum etiam civis amiserat, tamen magi- 
 stratii se abdicavit, ut, quae religio C. Mario, clarissimo 
 viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil 
 
 2ionominatim erat decretum, praetorem occideret, ea nos re- 
 ligione in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. 
 
 The victory of the state could not have been won easily with Cati- 
 line in the city. 
 
 7. Nunc quoniam, Quirites, consceleratissimi pericu- 
 losissimique belli nefarios duces captos iam et compre- 
 hensos tenetis, existimare debetis omnes Catilinae copias, 
 2i5omnes spes atque opes his depulsis urbis periculis con- 
 cidisse. Quem quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc 
 providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina non mihi 
 esse P. Lentuli somnum nee L. Cassi adipes nee C. Cethegl 
 
A Roman Sacrifice 
 (The Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in the background) 
 
 [47] 
 
48 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat umis 
 
 220 timendus ex istis omnibus, sed tarn diu dum urbis moeni- 
 bus continebatur. Omnia norat, omnimn adittis tenebat; 
 appellare, temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat. Erat ei 
 consilium ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus 
 neque lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas cer- 
 
 225 tos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat. Neque vero, 
 cum aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat; nihil erat 
 quod non ipse obiret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, 
 sitim, famem ferre poterat. 
 
 Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tam para- 
 
 230 tum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in 
 perditis rebus dlligentem, nisi ex domesticis insidiis in 
 castrense latrocinium compulissem (dicam id quod sentio, 
 Quirltes), non facile hanc tantam molem mail a cervlcibus 
 vestris depulissem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituis- 
 
 235 set, neque tanto ante exit! ac fati diem rei ptiblicae de- 
 nuntiavisset, neque commTsisset ut signum, ut litterae 
 suae testes manifest! sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae 
 nunc illo absente sic gesta sunt ut nullum in privata 
 domo furtum umquam sit tam palam inventum quam 
 
 240 haec tanta in re publica coniuratio manifesto inventa atque 
 deprehensa est. Quodsl Catillna in urbe ad hanc diem 
 remansisset, quamquam, quoad fuit, omnibus eius con- 
 silils occurri atque obstiti, tamen, ut levissime dIcam, 
 dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos umquam, 
 
 245 cum ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis perlculls rem publicam 
 tanta pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio llberassemus. 
 
 The will of the gods was clearly shown. 
 
 8. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me ad- 
 
 ministrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio 
 
 et gesta et provlsa esse videantur. Idque cum coniectura 
 
 260consequl possumus, quod vix videtur human! consil! tan- 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 
 
 49 
 
 The Bronze Wolf of the Capitol 
 
 tarum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, turn vero ita 
 praesentes his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt, 
 ut eos paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omit- 
 tam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardorem- 
 que caeli, ut fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, 253 
 ut omittam cetera, quae tarn mult a nobis consulibus facta 
 sunt, ut haec quae nunc flunt, canere di immortales vide- 
 rentur, hoc certe, quod sum dicttirus, neque praetermitten- 
 dum neque relinquendum est. 
 
 Nam profecto memoria tenetis Cotta et Torquato con- 260 
 sulibus complures in Capitolio res de caelo esse percussas, 
 cum et simulacra deorum depulsa sunt et statuae veterum 
 hominum deiectae et legum aera liquefacta et tactus 
 etiam ille qui hanc urbem condidit, Romulus, quem in- 
 auratum in Capitolio, parvum atque lactantem uberibus263 
 luplnis inhiantem, fuisse meministis. Quo quidem tem- 
 pore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenissent, caedes 
 
50 M. TULLl CICERONI^ 
 
 atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum civile ac 
 domesticum et totius urbis atque imperi occasum adpro- 
 
 27opinquare dixerunt, nisi di immortales, omni ratione pla- 
 cati, suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 
 
 Itaque illorum responsis turn et ludi per decern dies 
 facti sunt, neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret 
 praetermissa est. Idemque iusserunt simulacrum lovis 
 
 275 f acere mains et in excelso conlocare et contra, atque antea 
 fuerat, ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si 
 illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiam- 
 que conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia quae clam essent inita 
 contra salutem urbis atque imperi, inlustrarentur, ut a 
 
 280senatu populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud 
 signum conlocandum consules illi locaverunt; sed tanta 
 fuit operis tarditas, ut neque superioribus consulibus neque 
 nobis ante hodiernum diem conlocaretur. 
 
 A new statue to Jupiter, by whom the magistrates were guided. 
 
 9. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tam aversus a vero, 
 
 285 tam praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia 
 
 quae videmus, praecipueque banc urbem deorum immor- 
 
 talium nutu ac potestate administrari ? Etenim cum 
 
 esset ita responsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rei pu- 
 
 blicae comparari, et ea per cives, quae tum propter mag- 
 
 29onitudinem scelerum nonnuUis incredibilia videbantur, ea 
 
 non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus verum etiam sus- 
 
 cepta esse sensistis. Illud vero nonne ita praesens est ut 
 
 ntitu lovis Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, 
 
 cum hodierno die mane per forum meo iussu et conitirati 
 
 295 et eorum indices in aedem Concordiae diicerentur, eo 
 
 ipso tempore signum statueretur? Quo conlocato atque 
 
 ad vos senatumque converse, omnia quae erant contra 
 
 saltitem omnium cogitata, inliistrata et patefacta vidistis. 
 
 Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odio supplicioque digni qui noD 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 
 
 51 
 
 solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam deorumsoo 
 templls atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios Ignes 
 Inferre conatl. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium 
 mihi sumam et non sim ferendus. Ille, ille luppiter re- 
 stitit; ille Capi- 
 tolium, ille haec 
 templa, ille cunc- 
 tam urbem, ille 
 vos omnes salvos 
 esse voluit. Dis 
 ego immortalibus 
 ducibus banc 
 mentem, Quirites, 
 voluntatemque 
 suscepi atque ad 
 haec tanta in- 
 dicia perveni. 
 lam vero ab Len- 
 tulo ceterisque 
 domesticis hos- 
 tibus tarn de- 
 menter tantae res 
 creditae et ig- 
 notis et barbaris 
 commissaeque 
 litterae num- 
 quam essent pro- 
 fecto, nisi ab dis 
 immortalibus 
 huic tantae au- 
 daciae consilium 
 
 esset ereptum. Quid vero ? Ut homines Galli ex civitate 
 male pacata, quae gens una restat, quae bellum populo Ro- 
 mano facere et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperi 
 
 Jupiter 
 
 33(1 
 
52 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 A Roman Sacrificial Procession 
 
 ac rerum maximarum ultro sibi a patriciis hominibus 
 335oblatam neglegerent vestramque saltitem suls opibus 
 anteponerent, id non divmitus esse factum putatis, prae- 
 sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare 
 potuerint ? 
 
 This conspiracy compared with former civil dissensions. 
 
 10. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pul- 
 
 Movmaria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 
 
 * coniugibus ac liberis vestris. Nam multi saepe honores 
 
 dis immortalibus iusti habiti sunt ac debit!, sed profecto 
 
 iustiores numquam. Erepti enim estis ex crudelissimo ac 
 
 miserrimo interitu ; sine caede, sine sanguine, sine exer- 
 
 345citu, sine dimicatione, togati me uno togato duce et im- 
 
 peratore vicistis. Etenim recordaminl, Quirltes, omnes 
 
 civiles dissensiones, non solum eas quas audistis, sed eas 
 
 quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla . P. 
 
 Sulpicium oppressit ; C. Marium, custodem htiius urbis, 
 
 35omult6sque fortes viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim 
 
 interemit. Cn. Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 
 
 53 
 
 ft ft - T'^ i ' 
 
 5 
 
 r 
 
 -/*'' 
 
 •JBr-.' 
 
 A Roman Sacrificial Procession 
 
 collegam ; omnis hic locus acervis corporum et civium 
 sanguine redundavit. Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario ; 
 turn vero clarissimis viris interfectis lumina civitatis ex- 
 stincta sunt. Ultus est huius victoriae crudelitatem 355 
 postea Sulla ; ne dici quidem opus est quanta deminutione 
 civium et quanta calamitate rei publicae. Dissensit M. 
 Lepidus a clarissimo et fortissimo viro Q. Catulo ; attulit 
 non tam ipsius interitus rel publicae Itictum quam cetero- 
 rum. 360 
 
 Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi 
 quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem pub- 
 licam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, 
 sed in ea quae esset se esse principes, neque banc urbem 
 conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. Atque 365 
 illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei 
 publicae quaesivit, eius modi fuerunt ut non reconcilia- 
 tione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. 
 In hoc autem tino post hominum memoriam maximo cru- 
 delissimoque bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbariaSTO 
 
54 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 371 cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, 
 Catilina, Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes qui salva 
 
 urbe salvl esse pos- 
 sent, in hostium nu- 
 mero ducerentur, ita 
 me gessi, Quirites, ut 
 salvi omnes conserva- 
 reminl ; et, cum hostes 
 vestri tantum civium 
 superf uturum putas 
 sent quantum infini- 
 tae caedi restitisset, 
 tantum autem urbis 
 quantum flamma obire 
 non potuisset, et ur- 
 bem et cives integros 
 incolumesque servavl. 
 
 Cicero's own reward. 
 
 11. Quibus pro tan- 
 tis rebus, Quirites, 
 nullum ego a vobis 
 praemium virttitis, 
 nullum Insigne hono- 
 ris, nullum monumen- 
 tum laudis postulo 
 praeterquam htiius 
 diei memoriam sempi- 
 ternam. In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, om- 
 nia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, laudis Insignia 
 condi et conlocari volo. Nihil me mutum potest delectare, 
 400 nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi quod etiam minus 
 dlgni adsequi possint. Memoria vestra, Quirites, nostrae 
 
 A Roman in the Toga, sacrificing 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM TERTIA 55 
 
 res alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum monumentis 
 inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; eandemque diem intel- 
 lego, quam spero aeternam fore, propagatam esse et ad 
 salutem urbis et ad memoriam consulatus mei, unoque405 
 tempore in hac re publica duos cives exstitisse, quorum 
 alter fines vestri imperi non terrae sed caeli regionibus ter- 
 minaret, alter eiusdem imperi domicilium sedesque servaret. 
 
 Cicero's safety depends upon his fellow-citizens. His personal am- 
 bition. 
 
 12. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi, non 
 eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum qui externa 4io 
 bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum eis vivendum est quos vici 
 ac subegi, illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppresses reli- 
 querunt, vestrum est, Quirites, si ceteris facta sua recte 
 prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. Mentes 
 enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefariae ne4i5 
 vobis nocere possent, ego providi ; ne mihi noceant ves- 
 trum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem 
 ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest. Magnum enim est 
 in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum compara- 
 tum est ; magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper 420 
 tacita defendet, magna vis conscientiae, quam qui negle- 
 gunt, cum me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 
 
 Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo 
 nuUius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro 
 semper lacessamus. Quodsi omnis impetus domesticorum 425 
 hostium, depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, 
 vobis erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos 
 esse velitis, qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae 
 periculisque omnibus; mihi quidem ipsi quid est quod 
 iam ad vitae fructum possit adquiri, cum praesertim neque 430 
 in honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam 
 altius quo mihi libeat ascendere? 
 
56 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Illud perficiam profecto, Quirltes, ut ea quae gessi in 
 consulatti privatus tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est 
 
 435invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, 
 mihi valeat ad gloriam. Denique ita me in re publica 
 tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, curemque 
 ut ea virtute, non casu gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quiri- 
 tes, quoniam iam est nox, venerati lovem ilium, custo- 
 
 440 dem huius urbis ac vestrum, in vestra tecta discedite; et 
 ea, quamquam iam est periculum depulsum, tamen aeque 
 ac priore nocte custodiis vigiliisque defendite. Id ne 
 vobis dititius faciendum sit atque ut in perpetua pace esse 
 possitis, providebo. 
 
 A Roman Altar 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ORlTIO IN CATILINAM QUlRTA 
 HABITA IN SENATU 
 
 The consul declares his will to suffer for his country. 
 
 1. Video, patres conscrlpti, in me omnium vestrum ora 
 atque oculos esse converses; video vos non solum de 
 vestro ac rei publicae, verimi etiam, si id depulsum sit, 
 de meo periculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls 
 et grata in dolore vestra erga me voluntas, sed earn, per 5 
 deos immortales, deponite atque obliti salutis meae de 
 vobis ac de vestrls llberis cogitate. Mihi si haec condicio 
 consulatus data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes dolores 
 cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum 
 etiam libenter, dum modo meis laboribus vobis populoque 10 
 Romano dignitas saltisque pariatur. 
 
 Ego sum ille consul, patres conscripti, cui non forum, in 
 
 quo omnis aequitas continetur, non campus consularibus 
 
 auspiciis consecratus, non ciiria, summum auxilium 
 
 omnium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non 15 
 
 lectus ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris 
 
 umquam vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego 
 
 multa tacul, multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo 
 
 quodam dolore in vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si himc 
 
 exitum consulatus mei di immortales esse voluerunt, ut20 
 
 vos populumque Romanum ex caede miserrima, coniuges 
 
 liberosque vestros virginesque Vestales ex acerbissima 
 
 vexatione, templa atque delubra, banc pulcherrimam 
 
 57 
 
OS 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 P5 
 
 an 
 o 
 
 [58] 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 
 
 59 
 
 patriam omnium nostrum ex foedissima flamma, totam 
 
 Italiam ex bello et vastitate eriperem, quaecumque mihi 25 
 
 unl proponetur 
 
 forttina, subeatur. 
 
 Etenim si P. Len- 
 
 tulus suum nomen 
 
 inductus a vati- 
 
 bus fatale ad per- 
 
 niciem rei publicae 
 
 fore putavit, cur 
 
 ego non laeter 
 
 meum consulatum 
 
 ad salutem populi 
 
 Roman! prope fa- 
 
 talem exstitisse? 
 
 The Senate must pro- 
 vide for this crisis, 
 which is the grav- 
 est of all. 
 
 2. Quare, patres 
 conscript!, consuli- 
 te vob!s, prospicite 
 patriae, conservate 
 
 VOS, COniugeS, li- a Vestal Virgin 
 
 beros fortunasque 
 
 vestras, populi Roman! nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 4S 
 parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam pr!mum debec 
 sperare omnes deos qu! huic urb! praesident, pro eo mihi 
 ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam ; deinde, s! quid obtigerit, 
 aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors 
 fort! viro potest accidere neque immatura consular! nee 50 
 misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, qu! 
 fratris carissim! atque amantissim! praesentis maerore non 
 
60 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 movear, horumque omnium lacrimis a quibus me circum- 
 sessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe 
 
 ssrevocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu filia et parvulus 
 fllius, quem mihi videtur amplecti res publica tamquam 
 obsidem consulattis mel, neque ille qui exspectans huius 
 exitum die! stat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his 
 rebus omnibus, sed in eam partem, uti salvl sint voblscum 
 
 eoomnes, etiamsi me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et 
 illi et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. 
 
 Quare, patres conscripti, incumbite ad salutem rei 
 publicae, circumspicite omnes procellas quae impendent 
 nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus 
 
 esplebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios conci- 
 tare conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium 
 occidit, in discrimen ahquod atque in vestrae severitatis 
 indicium adducitur; tenentur ei qui ad urbis incendium, 
 ad vestram omnium caedem, ad Catilinam accipiendum 
 
 70 Romae restiterunt ; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, deni- 
 que unius cuiusque confessio ; solUcitantur Allobroges, 
 servitia excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum con- 
 sihum, ut interfectis omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum 
 quidem populi Roman! nomen atque ad lamentandam 
 
 75tanti imperi calamitatem rehnquatur. 
 
 The prisoners have been condemned, but their punishment must be 
 
 decided before nightfall. 
 
 3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confessi sunt, 
 vos multis iam itidiciis iiidicavistis : primum quod mihi 
 gratias egistis singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque 
 dihgentia perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam 
 80 esse decrevistis ; deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare 
 praettira coegistis ; tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus 
 iudicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis; maximeque 
 quod meo nomine suppHcationem decrevistis, qui honos 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 61 
 
 togato habitus ante me est nemini ; postremo hesterno die 
 praemia legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistisss 
 amplissima. Quae sunt omnia eius modi, ut ei qui in 
 custodiam nominatim dati sunt, sine ulla dubitatione a 
 vobis damnati esse videantur. 
 
 Sed ego institui referre ad vos, patres conscripti, tam- 
 quam integrum, et de facto quid iudicetis et de poena 90 
 quid censeatis. Ilia praedicam quae sunt consulis. Ego 
 magnum in re publica versari furorem et nova quaedam 
 misceri et concitari mala iam pridem videbam; sed banc 
 tantam, tam exitiosam haberi. coniurationem a civibus 
 numquam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 95 
 mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobIs ante 
 noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. 
 Huic SI paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. 
 Latins opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit 
 non solum per Italiam verum etiam transcendit Alpes, et 100 
 obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id 
 oppriml sustentando aut prolatando nullo pacto potest; 
 quacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 
 
 Silanus proposes death as a punishment; Caesar, life-imprisonment. 
 
 4. Video duas adhuc esse sententias : unam D. Silani, 
 qui censet eos qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse 105 
 multandos; alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam re- 
 movet, ceterorum suppliciorum omnes acerbitates am- 
 plectitur. Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum 
 magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. Alter eos 
 qui nos omnes vita privare conati sunt, qui delere im-110 
 perium, qui populi Romani nomen exstinguere, punctum 
 temporis frui vita et hoc communi spiritu non putat 
 oportere; atque hoc genus poenae saepe in improbos 
 Gives in hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. 
 
 Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus non esse 115 
 
62 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 supplici causa constitutam, sed aut necessitatem naturae 
 aut laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. Itaque earn 
 sapientes numquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter 
 oppetiverunt. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad 
 
 120 singularem poenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Mtini- 
 cipiis dispertirl iubet. Habere videtur ista res inlquita- 
 tem, si imperare veils; difficultatem, si rogare. Decer- 
 natur tamen, si placet. Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, 
 reperiam qui id quod salutis omnium causa statueritis, 
 
 125 non putent esse suae dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gra- 
 vem poenam municipiis, si quis eorum vincula ruperit; 
 horribiles custodias circumdat et dignas scelere hominum 
 perditorum ; sancit ne quis eorum poenam quos con- 
 demnat aut per senatum aut per populum levare possit ; 
 
 isoeripit etiam spem, quae sola homines in miseriis consolari 
 solet. Bona praeterea publicari iubet. Vitam solam relin- 
 quit nefariis hominibus, quam si eripuisset, multos una 
 dolores animi atque corporis et omnes scelerum poenas 
 ademisset. Itaque ut aliqua in vita formido improbis 
 
 I35esset posita, apud inferos eius modi quaedam illi antiqui 
 supplicia impiis constituta esse voluerunt, quod videlicet 
 intellegebant his remotis non esse mortem ipsam perti- 
 mescendam. 
 
 It would be safer to adopt the proposal of Caesar, the popular leader. 
 
 5. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid inter- 
 140 sit. Si eritis seciiti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam hanc 
 is in re ptiblica viam quae popularis habetur secutus est, 
 fortasse minus erunt, hoc auctore et cognitore huiusce 
 sententiae, mihi populares impetus pertimescendi ; sin 
 illam alteram, nescio an amplius mihi negoti contrahatur. 
 145 Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes titilitas rei pub- 
 licae vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipsius dig- 
 nitas et maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 63 
 
 tamquam obsidem perpetuae in rem ptiblicam voluntatis. 
 Intellectum est quid interesset inter levitatem contiona- 
 torum et animum vere popularem, saluti popull consulen- 150 
 tern. 
 
 Video de istis qui se populares haberi volunt, abesse 
 non neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum 
 sententiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam cives 
 Romanos dedit et supplicationem mihi decrevit et indices 155 
 hesterno die maximis praemiis adfecit. lam hoc nemini 
 dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesltorl gratulationem, 
 indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa itidi- 
 carit. At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam 
 esse de civibus Romanis constittitam ; qui autem rei pub- leo 
 licae sit hostis, eum civem esse nullo modo posse; deni- 
 que ipsum latorem Semproniae legis iniussu popull poenas 
 rei publicae dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largi- 
 torem et prodigum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi 
 Romani, exitio huius urbis tam acerbe, tam crudeliter les 
 cogitarit, etiam appellari posse popularem. Itaque homo 
 mitissimus atque lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum 
 aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare et sancit in posterum 
 ne quis huius supplicid levando se iactare et in pernicie 
 popull Romani posthac popularis esse possit. Adiungit 170 
 etiam publicationem bonorum, ut omnes animi cruciatus 
 et corporis etiam egestas ac mendlcitas consequatur. 
 
 But no punishment can be too severe for crimes so unnatural. 
 
 6. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 
 comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucundum; 
 sIve SllanI sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque 175 
 vos a crudelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo, 
 atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, 
 patres conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti sceleris im- 
 manitate punienda crtidelitas? Ego enim de meo sensu 
 
64 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 isoiudico. Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum perfrui 
 liceat, ut ego, quod in hae causa vehementior sum, non 
 atrocitate animi moveor (quis enim est me mitior?) sed 
 singular! quadam humanitate et misericordia. Videor 
 enim mihi videre hanc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum atque 
 
 185 arcem omnium gentium, subito uno incendio concidentem ; 
 cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque Insepultos 
 acervos civium ; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus 
 Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 
 
 Cum vero mihi proposul regnantem Lentulum, sicut 
 
 190 ipse se ex fatis sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse 
 huic Gabmium, cum exercitu venisse Catilinam, tum 
 lamentationem matrum famihas, tum fugam virginum 
 atque puerorum ac vexationem virginum VestaHum per- 
 horresco ; et, quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera 
 
 195 atque miseranda, idcirco in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt 
 me severum vehementemque praebeo. Etenim quaero si 
 quis pater familias, llberis suTs a servo interfectls, uxore 
 occlsa, incensa domo, suppHcium de servo non quam 
 acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum is clemens ac misericors 
 
 200 an inhumanissimus et crudeHssimus esse videatur. Mihi 
 vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore et cruciatti 
 nocentis suum dolorem cruciatumque lenierit. Sic nos in 
 his hominibus, qui nos, qui coniuges, qui llberos nostros 
 trucidare voluerunt, qui singulas unlus cuiusque nostrum 
 
 205domos et hoc universum rel publicae domicilium delere 
 conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut gentem Allobrogum in 
 vestlgils huius iirbis atque in cinere deflagrati imperi 
 conlocarent, si vehementissimi fuerimus, misericordes habe- 
 bimur; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summae nobis 
 
 210 crudelitatis in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda 
 est. 
 
 Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir fortissimus et amantissi- 
 mus rel publicae, crtidelior nudius tertius visus est, cum 
 
■A 
 
 < 
 
 > 
 
 'A 
 ■A 
 H 
 
 o 
 
 H 
 'A 
 
66 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum praesentem et 
 
 215 audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum avum suum 
 iussu consulis interfectum filiumque eius impuberem, 
 legatum a patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit. 
 Quorum quod simile factum ? Quod initum delendae rel 
 publicae consilium ? Largltionis voluntas tum in re pub- 
 
 220 blica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. Atque 
 illo tempore huius avus Lentull, vir clarissimus, armatus 
 Gracchum est persecutus. Ille etiam grave tum vulnus 
 accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur ; hic 
 ad evertenda rel publicae fundamenta Gallos arcessit, 
 
 225servitia concitat, Catillnam vocat, attribuit nos trucldan- 
 dos Cethego et ceteros elves interficiendos Gablnio, urbem 
 Inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam dlripien- 
 damque Catillnae. VereaminI, censeo, ne in hoc scelere 
 tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse vid- 
 
 230 eamini ; multo magis est verendum ne remissione poenae 
 crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis 
 nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur. 
 
 The unanimity of good citizens of all classes. 
 
 7. Sed ea quae exaudio, patres conscrlpti, dissimulare 
 non possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad 
 
 235aures meas, eorum qui vererl videntur ut habeam satis 
 praesidi ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigenda. 
 Omnia et provlsa et parata et constituta sunt, patres con- 
 script!, cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, tum etiam 
 multo maiore popull RomanI ad summum imperium retinen- 
 
 240 dum et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate. 
 Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium gener- 
 um, omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena 
 templa circum forum, pleni omnes adittis huius templl ac 
 loci. Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa 
 
 i245 sola in qua omnes sentlrent unum atque idem, praeter eos 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 67 
 
 qui, cum sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus 
 potius quam soli perire voluerunt. 
 
 Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter, neque in 
 improborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium 
 numero habendos puto. Ceterl vero, di immortales ! qua 250 
 frequentia, quo studio, qua virtute ad communem salutem 
 dignitatemque consentiunt ! Quid ego hic equites Ro- 
 manes commemorem? qui vobis ita summam ordinis 
 consillque concedunt ut voblscum de amore rel publicae 
 certent; quos ex multorum annorum dissensione huius255 
 ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos hodiernus 
 dies voblscum atque haec causa coniungit. Quam si con- 
 iunctionem, in consulatu conflrmatam meo, perpetuam in 
 re ptiblica tenuerimus, confirmo vobIs nullum posthac 
 malum civile ac domesticum ad ullam rel publicae partem 260 
 esse venturum. Pari studio defendendae rel publicae con- 
 venisse video tribunos aerarios, fortissimos viros; scribas 
 item universes, quos cum casu hIc dies ad aerarium fre- 
 quentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad salutem com- 
 munem esse converses. Omnis ingenuorum adest mul-265 
 titudo, etiam tenuissimorum, Quis est enim cui non haec 
 templa, aspectus urbis, possessio llbertatis, lux denique 
 haec ipsa et commune patriae solum cum sit carum tum 
 vero dulce atque iucundum ? 
 
 Even freedmen and slaves show their loyalty and good will. 
 
 8. Operae pretium est, patres conscript!, llbertlnorum 270 
 hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunam 
 huius civitatis consecuti vere hanc suam esse patriam 
 indicant, quam quidam hIc nati, et summo nati loco, non 
 patriam suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed 
 quid ego hosce homines ordinesque commemoro, quos 275 
 privatae fortunae, quos communis res publica, quos deni- 
 que llbertas, ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae 
 
68 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 defendendam excitavit? Servus est nemo qui modo 
 tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam 
 
 280clvium perhorrescat, qui non haec stare eupiat, qui non 
 quantum audet et quantum potest conferat ad communem 
 salutem voluntatis. 
 
 Quare si quem ve strum forte commovet hoc, quod audi- 
 tum est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum 
 
 285tabernas, pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium 
 atque imperltorum, est id quidem coeptum atque tempta- 
 tum, sed null! sunt invent! tam aut fortuna miseri aut 
 voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis 
 et quaestus cotidianl locum, qui non cubile ac lectulum 
 
 290suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae 
 salvum esse velint. Multo vero maxima pars eorum qui 
 in tabernis sunt, immo vero (id enim potius est dicendum) 
 genus hoc universum amantissimum est oti. Etenim 
 omne instrumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequen- 
 
 295 tia civium sustentatur, alitur otio ; quorum si quaestus 
 occlusis tabernis minul solet, quid tandem incensis futu- 
 rum fuit? 
 
 Quae cum ita sint; patres conscrlpti, vobis populi 
 Roman! praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano 
 
 soodeesse videamini providete. 
 
 The foundation of the government must never hereafter be shaken. 
 
 9. Habetis consulem ex plfirimls perlculls et Insidils 
 atque ex media morte non ad vltam suam, sed ad salutem 
 vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines ad conservandam 
 rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce 
 305 consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et tells impiae conitirationis 
 vobIs supplex manus tendit patria communis ; vobIs se, 
 vobis vitam omnium civium, vobIs arcem et Capitolium, 
 vobIs aras Penatium, vobIs ilium Ignem Vestae sempiter- 
 num, vobIs omnium deorum templa atque delubra, vobis 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 
 
 69 
 
 A Painting from a Household Shrine 
 (Pompeii) 
 
 mtiros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de vestra 31c 
 vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque llberorum anima, de 
 fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focls vestris hodierno die 
 vobis iudicandum est. 
 
 Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblltum sui, quae non 
 semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnessis 
 homines, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civlli 
 causa hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem 
 sentientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fundatum im- 
 perium, quanta virtute stabihtam llbertatem, quanta deo- 
 rum benlgnitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas, una nox320 
 paene delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo confici, 
 3ed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die 
 providendum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi 
 studio paene praecurritis, excitarem, loctitus sum, sed ut 
 mea vox, quae debet esse in re pubhca princeps, officio 32S 
 functa consular! videretur. 
 
70 
 
 M. TXJLLI C1CER0NI8 
 
 Whatever may befall the consul, he will never repent of his course. 
 
 10. Nunc, antequam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca 
 dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam 
 
 videtis esse permagnam, 
 tantam me inimicorum 
 multitudinem suscepisse 
 video ; sed eam esse iudico 
 turpem et mfirmam et 
 abiectam. QuodsT ali- 
 quando alicuius furore et 
 scelere concitata manus 
 ista plus valuerit quam 
 vestra ac rel publicae dlg- 
 nitas, me tamen meorum 
 factorum atque consilio- 
 rum numquam, patres 
 conscript!, paenitebit. 
 Etenim mors, quam illl 
 f ortasse minitantur, omni- 
 bus est parata ; vitae tan- 
 tam laudem, quanta vos 
 me vestris decretis hon- 
 estastis, nemo est adsecu- 
 tus. Ceteris enim bene 
 390 gesta, mihi unl conservata re publica gratulationem decre- 
 vistis. 
 
 Sit Scipio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hanni- 
 bal in Africam redire atque Italia decedere coactus est; 
 ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes huic 
 355imperi6 infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, dele- 
 vit; habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex 
 potentissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ; 
 sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et 
 
 Scipio Africanus, the Elder 
 
ORATIO IN CATILINAM QUARTA 71 
 
 metu servitutis libera vit ; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, 
 cuius res gestae atque virtutes isdem quibus solis cursusseo 
 regionibus ac terminls continentur; erit profecto inter 
 horum laudes aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte maius 
 est patefacere nobis provincias quo exire possimus, quam 
 curare ut etiam illl qui absunt habeant quo victores rever- 
 tantur. 366 
 
 Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae vic- 
 toriae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut op- 
 pressl serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se obli- 
 gates pat ant ; qui autem ex numero civium, dementia 
 aliqua depravati, hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos370 
 cum a pernicie rei ptiblicae reppuleris, nee Vi coercere nee 
 beneficio placare possls. Quare mihi cum perditis civibus 
 aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
 bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum peri- 
 culorum, quae non modo in hoc populo qui servatus est, 375 
 sed in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper 
 haerebit, a me atque a mels facile propulsarl posse confldo. 
 Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunc- 
 tionem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam con- 
 splrationem bonorum omnium confringere et labef actare 380 
 possit. 
 
 Cicero asks for nothing but the recollection of his consulship, and 
 
 protection for his son. 
 
 11. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro 
 provincia quam neglexl, pro triumphs ceterlsque laudis 
 inslgnibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salu- 
 tis custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitilsque pro- 385 
 vincialibus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore 
 tueor quam comparo, pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro 
 mels in vos singularibus studiis, proque hac quam per- 
 spicitis ad conservandam rem publicam dlligentia, nihil a 
 
72 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 39ovobls nisi huius temporis totlusque mel consulatus me- 
 moriam postulo ; quae dum erit in vestrls fixa mentibus, 
 ttitissimo me muro saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si 
 meam spem vis improborum fefellerit atque superaverit, 
 commendo vobis parvum meum fllium, cui profecto satis 
 
 395 erit praesidi non solum ad salutem verum etiam ad dig- 
 nitatem, si eius, qui haec omnia suo sollus perlculo conser- 
 varit, ilium fllium esse memineritis. 
 
 Quapropter de summa salute vestra popullque RomanI, 
 de vestrls coniugibus ac llberls, de arls ac focis, de fanis 
 
 400 atque templls, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio 
 ac libertate, de salute Italiae, de tiniversa re publica decer- 
 nite dlligenter, ut Instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum 
 consulem qui et parere vestrls decretis non dubitet et ea 
 quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum 
 
 iOopraestare possit. 
 
Marcus Tullius Cicero 
 (From the bust in the Uflazi) 
 
1741 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 DE IMPERIO CN. POMPEl 
 
 AD QUIRlTES ORATiO 
 
 Cicero's first address before the popular assembly. 
 
 1. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester 
 multo iucundissimus, hic autem locus ad agendum am- 
 plissimus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirltes, 
 tamen hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime 
 patuit, non mea me voluntas adhuc, sed vltae meaes 
 rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam 
 cum antea per aetatem nondum huius auctoritatem loci 
 attingere auderem statueremque nihil hue nisi perfectum 
 ingenio, elaboratum industria adferrl oportere, omne meum 
 fcempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. lo 
 Ita neque hIc locus vacuus umquam fuit ab eis qui vestram 
 causam defenderent, et meus labor in privatorum perlculis 
 caste integreque versatus ex vestro iudicio fructum est 
 amplissimum consecutus. Nam cum propter dilationem 
 comitiorum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis renuntia- 15 
 tus sum, facile intellexl, Quirltes, et quid de me iudicaretis 
 et quid aliis praescrlberetis. 
 
 Nunc cum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum 
 vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum 
 facultatis tantum, quantum homini vigilant! ex forensi 20 
 Qsu prope cotldiana dicendi exercitatio potuit adferre, 
 certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, apud eos utar qui 
 eam mihi dederunt, et si quid in dicendo consequi possum, 
 
 76„ 
 
76 
 
 M. TULLl CICERONIS 
 
 eis ostendam potissimum qui ei quoque reT frtictum suo 
 25iudicio tribuendum esse duxerunt. Atque illud in primis 
 
 mihi laetandum iure 
 esse video, quod in hac 
 msolita mihi ex hoc 
 loco ratione dicendi 
 causa taHs oblata est 
 in qua oratio deesse 
 nemini possit. Dicen- 
 dum est enim de Cn. 
 Pompel singular! ex- 
 imiaque virtute ; hiiius 
 autem orationis diffi- 
 cilius est exitum quam 
 principium in venire. 
 Ita mihi non tam copia 
 quam modus in die- 
 endo quaerendus est. 
 
 The situation in the East. 
 The main points to be 
 
 considered. 
 Cn. Pompeius 
 
 2. Atque ut inde 
 
 oratio mea proficlscatur unde haec omnis causa ducitur, 
 
 . bellum grave et perlculosum vestris vectlgalibus ac socils 
 
 45 a duobus potentissimis regibus infertur, Mithridate et 
 
 Tigrane, quorum alter relictus, alter lacessltus occasionem 
 
 sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam esse arbitratur. 
 
 Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis virls, adferuntur ex 
 
 Asia cotldie litterae, quorum magnae res aguntur in 
 
 50 vestris "/ectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui ad me, 
 
 pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam 
 
 rei publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt; 
 
 Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos 
 
 i 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 77 
 
 esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod flnitimum 
 est vestrls vectlgalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate55 
 L. Lucullum magnis rebus gestis ab eo bello discedere ; 
 huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum 
 bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus socils et 
 cTvibus ad id bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti, 
 eundem hunc unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 60 
 
 Causa quae sit videtis; nunc quid agendum sit con- 
 siderate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de 
 magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. 
 Genus est enim belli eius modi quod maxime vestros ani- 
 mos excitare atque inflammare ad persequendi studiumes 
 debeat ; in quo agitur popull Roman! gloria, quae vobis a 
 maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in 
 re militari tradita est ; agitur salus sociorum atque ami- 
 corum, pro qua multa maiores vestri magna et gravia 
 bella gesserunt ; aguntur certissima populi Romani vecti- 70 
 galia et maxima, quibus amissis et pacis ornament a et 
 subsidia belli requiretis ; aguntur bona multorum civium, 
 quibus est a vobis et ipsorum et rei publicae causa con- 
 
 sulendum. 
 
 The honor of Rome must be maintained. 
 
 3. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cet-75 
 eras gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda est vobis 
 ilia macula Mithridatico bello superiore concepta, quae 
 penitus iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani 
 nomine, quod is qui uno die, tota in Asia, tot in civitati- 
 bus, uno nuntio atque una significatione litterarum civesso 
 Romanes omnes necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non 
 modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit, 
 sed ab illo tempore annum iam tertium et vicesimum 
 regnat ; et ita regnat ut se non Ponti neque Cappadociae 
 latebris occultare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regno 85 
 atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est in Asiae luce, versari. 
 
78 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 The Triumph of a Roman General i 
 (From a Roman sarcophagus) 
 
 Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt im- 
 peratores ut ab illo insignia victoriae, non victoriam re- 
 portarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena 
 
 90 de Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri et summi imperatores, 
 sed ita triumpharunt ut ille pulsus superatusque reg- 
 naret. Verum tamen illis imperatoribus laus est tribu- 
 enda quod egerunt, venia danda quod rellquirunt. 
 propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam res ptiblica, 
 
 95 Murenam Sulla revocavit. 
 
 The strength of Mithridates. The services of Pompey and LucuUus. 
 
 4. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad 
 oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- 
 tulit; qui postea, cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque 
 classes exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex genti- 
 100 bus potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis, finitimis suls, 
 bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac 
 litteras misit ad eos duces quibuscum tum bellum gere- 
 bamus, ut, cum duobus in locis disiunctissimis maxime- 
 que diversis uno consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum 
 
 1 Notice the captives kneeling ; the crown and the palm, both em- 
 blematic of victory. 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 79 
 
 terra marlque gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione district! 106 
 de imperio dimicaretis. 
 
 Sed tamen alterius partis perlculum, Sertorianae atque 
 Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmamentl ac roboris habe- 
 bat, Cn. Pompel divlno consilio ac singular! virtute depul- 
 sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucullo, summo viro, no 
 est administrata, ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna 
 atque praeclara non fellcitati eius sed virtuti, haec autem 
 extrema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae sed fortunae 
 tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicam alio locO, 
 et ita d!cam, Quir!tes, ut neque vera laus e! detracta ora- 115 
 tione mea neque falsa adf!cta esse videatur; de vestr! 
 imper! d!gnitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus 
 orationis meae, videte quem vob!s animum suscipiendum 
 putetis. 
 
 The allies of Rome are in danger; they silently appeal for Pompey's 
 
 aid. 
 
 5. Maiores nostr! saepe mercatoribus aut naviculari!s 120 
 nostr!s iniuriosius tractat!s bella gesserunt ; vos, tot mili- 
 bus c!vium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore 
 necat!s, quo tandem animo esse debetis? Legat! quod 
 erant appellat! superbius, Corinthum patres vestri, totius 
 Graeciae lumen, exstinctum esse voluerunt; vos eumi25 
 regem inultum esse patiemini, qu! legatum popul! Ro- 
 man! consularem vinculis ac verberibus atque omn! sup- 
 plicio excruciatum necavit? 111! l!bertatem imminutam 
 c!vium Romanorum non tulerunt; vos ereptam v!tam 
 neglegetis? lus legationis verbo violatum ill! persecut!i30 
 sunt ; vos legatum omn! supplicio interfectum relinquetis ? 
 Videte ne, ut ill!s pulcherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperi 
 gloriam tradere, s!c vob!s turpissimum sit id quod accepis- 
 tis, tuer! et conservare non posse. 
 
 Quid ? Quod salus sociorum summum in per!culum ac 135 
 
80 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 discrimen vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis? 
 Regno est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius popull Ro- 
 mani atque amicus; imminent duo reges toti Asiae non 
 solum vobis inimlcissimi, sed etiam vestris sociis atque 
 
 140 amlcis ; civitates autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia 
 vestrum auxilium exspectare propter pericull magnitudi- 
 nem coguntur; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, 
 cum praesertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent neque 
 se id facere sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. Vident 
 
 145 et sentiunt hoc idem quod vos, unum virum esse in quo 
 summa sint omnia, et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent 
 aegrius; cuius adventii ipso atque nomine, tametsi ille 
 ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen impetus hostium 
 repressos esse intellegunt ac retardates. Hi vos, quoniam 
 
 I50libere loqui non licet, tacite rogant ut se quoque, sicut 
 ceterarum provinciarum socios, dignos existimetis quorum 
 salutem tali viro commendetis; atque hoc etiam magis, 
 quod ceteros in provinciam eius modi homines cum im- 
 perio mittimus, ut etiamsi ab hoste defendant, tamen 
 
 155 ipsorum adventus in urbes sociorum non multum ab hos- 
 tili expugnatione differant. Hunc audiebant antea, nunc 
 praesentem vident tanta temperantia, tanta mansue- 
 tudine, tanta humanitate, ut ei beatissimi esse videantur, 
 apud quos ille diutissime commoratur. 
 
 The revenues of the state are imperiled. 
 
 160 6. Quare si propter socios, nulla ipsi iniuria lacessiti, 
 maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolis, 
 cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit 
 iniiiriis provocates sociorum salutem una cum imperi 
 vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximis 
 
 165 vestris vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum 
 vectigalia, Quirites, tanta sunt ut eis ad ipsas provincias 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 81 
 
 tutandas vix content! esse posslmus ; Asia vero tarn opima 
 est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fruc- 
 tuum et magnittidine pastionis et multitudine earum 
 rerum quae exportentur facile omnibus terrls antecellat. no 
 Itaque haec vobis provincia, Quirltes, si et belli utilitatem 
 et pacis dignitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate 
 sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in 
 ceteris rebus cum venit calamitas, tum detrlmentum accipi- 
 tur ; at in vectigalibus non solum adventus mall sed 175 
 etiam metus ipse adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium 
 copiae non longe absunt, etiamsl irruptio nulla facta est, 
 tamen pecuaria relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, merca- 
 torum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu ncque 
 ex decumis neque ex scrlptura vectlgal conservarl potest ; I8O 
 quare saepe totius anni fructus uno rumore pericull atque 
 tino belli terrore amittitur. 
 
 Quo tandem animo esse existimatis aut eos qui vecti- 
 galia nobis pensitant, aut eos qui exercent atque exigunt, 
 cum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter adsint, cum 185 
 una excursio equitattis perbrevi tempore totius anni vec- 
 tlgal auferre possit, cum publican! familias maximas quas 
 in saltibus habent, quas in agrls, quas in portubus atque 
 custodiis, magno periculo se habere arbitrentur? Puta- 
 tisne vos illis rebus frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructuiioo 
 sunt conservaritis non solum, ut ante dixi, calamitate sed 
 etiam calamitatis formidine liberates? 
 
 The private for+unes of Roman citizens are affected. 
 
 7. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod 
 mihi ego extremum proposueram cum essem de belli 
 genere dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Ro-195 
 manorum pertinet; quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, 
 Quirltes, habenda est ratio diligenter. Nam et publican!, 
 
82 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 homines honestissimi atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et 
 copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, quorum ipsorum 
 
 200 per se res et fortunae vobis ctirae esse debent. Etenim si 
 vectlgalia nervos esse rel publicae semper dtiximus, eum 
 certe ordinem qui exercet ilia firmamentum ceterorum 
 ordinum recte esse dicemus. 
 
 Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavi atque in- 
 
 205dustrii partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absen- 
 tibus consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia 
 pecunias magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur humani- 
 tatig vestrae magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate 
 prohibere, sapientiae videre multorum civium calamita- 
 
 210 tem a re publica seitinctam esse non posse. Etenim pri- 
 mum illud parvi refert, nos publicanls omissis vectlgalia 
 postea victoria recuperare; neque enim Isdem redimendi 
 facultas erit propter calamitatem neque alils voluntas 
 propter timorem. 
 
 215 Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque idem iste Mithri- 
 dates initio belli Asiatic! docuit, id quidem certe calami- 
 tate docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam tum, cum in 
 Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae solu- 
 tione impedita fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una 
 
 220 in civitate multi rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures 
 secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo periculo 
 prohibete rem publicam, et mihi credite, id quod ipsi 
 videtis: haec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum quae 
 Romae, quae in foro versatur, implicata est cum illls 
 
 225pecuniis Asiaticis et cohaeret; ruere ilia non possunt, ut 
 haec non eodem labefacta motu concidant. Quare videte, 
 num dubitandum vobis sit omni studio ad id bellum in- 
 cumbered in quo gloria nominis vestri, saltis sociorum, 
 vectigalia maxima, fortunae plurimorum civium coniunctae 
 
 230 cum re publica defendantur. 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 83 
 
 Lucullus must be praised for his great achievements. 
 
 8. Quoniam de genere belli dixl, nunc de magnittidine 
 pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc dici, belli genus esse ita 
 necessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut sit 
 pertimescendum. In quo maxime laborandum est ne 
 forte ea vobis, quae dlligentissime providenda sunt, con- 235 
 temnenda esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant 
 me L. Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, quantum forti 
 viro et sapienti homini et magno imperatorl debeatur, 
 dico eius adventu maximas Mithridati copias omnibus 
 rebus ornatas atque instructas fuisse, urbemque Asiae240 
 clarissimam nobisque amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam . 
 esse ab ipso rege maxima multitudine et oppugnatam 
 vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus virtute, assiduitate, 
 consilio, summis obsidionis perlculis liberavit; ab eodem 
 imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, quae ducibus245 
 SertorianTs ad Italiam studio Inflammata raperetur, supe- 
 ratam esse atque depressam; magnas hostium praeterea 
 copias multis proeliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostrls 
 legionibus esse Pontum, qui antea populo Romano ex 
 omni aditu clausus fuisset ; Sinopen atque Amisum, qui- 250 
 bus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, omnibus rebus orna- 
 tas ac refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et Cappadociae 
 permultas uno aditu adventuque esse captas; regem 
 spoliatum regno patrio atque avito ad alios se reges atque 
 ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse; atque haec omnia 255 
 salvis popull Roman! sociis atque integrls vectigalibus esse 
 gesta. Satis opinor haec esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, 
 ut hoc vos intellegatis, a ntillo istorum qui huic obtrec- 
 tant legi atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter ex hoc loco 
 esse laudatum. 260 
 
84 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 The escape of Mithridates, the rising of many eastern nations, the 
 retreat of LucuUus, and the defeat of part of his army. 
 
 9. Requiretur fortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum 
 haec ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. 
 Cognoscite, Quirites; non enim hoc sine causa quaeri 
 videtur. Primum ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit 
 
 265 ut ex eodem Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, 
 quam praedicant in fuga fratris sui membra in els iocis, 
 qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, ut eorum col- 
 lectio dispersa maerorque patrius celeritatem persequendJ 
 retardaret. Sic Mithridates fuxgiens maximam vim aurl j 
 
 27oatque argenti pulcherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et 
 a maioribus acceperat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia 
 direptas in suum regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem j 
 rellquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia diligent ius, rex 
 ipse e manibus effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio 
 
 275maeror, hos laetitia tarda vit. 
 
 Hunc in illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Armenius, 
 excepit diffidentemque rebus suis confirmavit et adflictum j 
 erexit perditumque recreavit. Cuius in regnum postea- 
 quam L. Lucullus cum exercitu venit, plures etiam 
 
 280 gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt. Erat 
 enim metus iniectus els nationibus quas numquam popu- 
 lus Romanus neque lacessendas bello neque temptandaL | 
 putavit; erat etiam alia gravis atque vehemens opiniCi 
 quae animos gentium barbararum pervaserat, fan! locu- 
 
 285 pletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa in eas oras nos- 
 trum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae atque 
 magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. 
 Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regno 
 ceperat et proeliis usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longin- 
 
 29oquitate locorum ac desiderio suorum commovebatur. 
 
1/. SicJiel 
 
 Medea 
 
 [851 
 
86 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 t 
 
 Hie iam plura non dicam; fuit enim illud extremum, 
 ut ex eis locis a militibus nostris reditus magis maturus 
 quam processio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem 
 et suam manum iam confirmarat, et eorum qui se ex 
 
 295ipsius regno collegerant et magnis adventlciis auxilils 
 multorum regum et nationum iuvabatur. Nam hoc fere 
 sic fieri solere accepimus, ut regum adflictae fortunae 
 facile multorum opes adliciant ad misericordiam, maxi- 
 meque eorum qui aut reges sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut 
 
 300 eis nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. 
 Itaque tantum victus efficere potuit quantum incolumis 
 numquam est ausus optare. Nam cum se in regnum 
 suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus quod ei praeter 
 spem acciderat, ut illam, posteaquam pulsus erat, terram 
 
 305umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum nostrum clarum 
 atque victorem impetum fecit. 
 
 Sinite hoc loco, Quirites, sicut poetae solent qui res 
 Romanas scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, 
 quae tanta fuit ut eam ad aures imperatoris non ex proelio 
 
 sionuntius, sed ex sermone rtimor adferret. Hie in illo ipso 
 malo gravissimaque belli offensione L. Lucullus, qui 
 tamen aliqua ex parte eis incommodis mederi fortasse 
 potuisset, vestro iussti coactus, quod imperi diuturnitati 
 modum statuendum vetere exemplo putavistis, partem 
 
 3i5militum qui iam stipendiis confecti erant dimisit, partem 
 M'. Glabrioni tradidit. 
 
 Multa praetereo consulto, sed ea vos coniectura per- 
 spicite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod 
 coniungant reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, 
 
 320 suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat 
 vetere exercitu pulso. 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 87 
 
 In Pompey are the four qualifications of a good general. First : 
 
 knowledge of warfare. 
 
 10. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor quare esset 
 hoc bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine perl- 
 culosum; restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo 
 ac tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. 325 
 Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium 
 copiam tantam haberetis ut haec vobis deliberatio difficilis 
 esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello 
 praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn. 
 Pompeius qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt 330 
 gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam virtute superarit, 
 quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium 
 facere possit? Ego enim sic existimo, in summo impera- 
 tore quattuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rei mili- 
 taris, virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitatem. 335 
 
 Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut 
 asse debuit? qui e ludo atque pueritiae discipllnis bello 
 maximo atque acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum 
 atque in militiae disciplinam profectus est; qui extrema 
 pueritia miles in exercitti fuit summi imperatoris, ineunte 340 
 adulescentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator ; qui saepius 
 cum hoste confllxit quam quisquam cum inimico concer- 
 tavit, plura bella gessit quam ceteri legerunt, plures pro- 
 vincias confecit quam alii concupiverunt ; cuius adules- 
 centia ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praeceptis, 345 
 sed suis imperils, non offensionibus belli, sed victoriis, 
 non stipendiis, sed triumphis est erudita. Quod denique 
 genus esse belli potest in quo ilium non exercuerit fortuna 
 rei publicae? Civile, Africanum, Transalpinum, His- 
 paniense mixtum ex civitatibus atque ex bellicosissimis 350 
 nationibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa genera 
 et bellorum et hostium non solum gesta ab hoc tino sed 
 
88 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 etiam confecta nullam rem esse declarant in usu positam 
 militari, quae huius viri scientiam fugere possit. 
 
 Second qualification : ability. Pompey's is attested by many nations. 
 
 355 11. lam vero virtuti Cn. Pompei quae potest oratio 
 par inveniri? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum 
 aut vobis novum aut cuiquam inauditum possit adferre? 
 Neque enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae quae 
 vulgo existimantur, labor in negotils, fortitudo in peri- 
 
 360culis, industria in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, con- 
 silium in providendo ; quae tanta sunt in hoc uno quanta 
 in omnibus reliquls imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus aut 
 audivimus, non fuerunt. 
 
 Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius 
 
 365virtute et subsidio confessus est llberatam. Testis est 
 Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore 
 belli sed consili celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, 
 quae magnis oppressa hostium copiis eorum ipsorum 
 sanguine redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legioni- 
 
 370 bus nostris iter in Hispaniam Gallorum intern ecione pate- 
 factum est. Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime plurimos 
 hostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis 
 est iterum et saepius Italia, quae, cum servili bello taetro 
 periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente ex- 
 
 375 petivit ; quod bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque 
 imminutum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes 
 nunc vero iam omnes sunt orae atque omnes exterae 
 gentes ac nationes, denique maria omnia cum universa, 
 tum in singulis oris omnes sinus atque portus. 
 
 860 Quis enim toto mari locus per hos annos aut tam firmum 
 habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, aut tam fuit abditus ut 
 lateret? Quis navigavit qui non se aut mortis aut ser- 
 vitutis periculo committeret, cum aut hieme aut referto 
 praedonum mari navigaret? Hoc tantum bellum, tam 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 8S 
 
 turpe, tam vetus, tarn late divisum atque dlspersuin, quis 385 
 umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus tino 
 anno aut omnibus annis ab uno imperatore confici posse ? 
 Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus liberam per 
 hosce annos? Quod vectigal vobis ttitum fuit? Quem 
 socium def endistis ? Cui praesidio classibus vestris fuistis ? 390 
 Quam multas existimatis Insulas esse desertas, quam 
 multas aut metu relictas aut a praedonibus captas urbes 
 esse sociorum ? 
 
 The long struggle with the pirates was soon ended by Pompey. 
 
 12. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro? Fuit hoc 
 quondam, fuit proprium popull Roman! longe a domo 395 
 beliare et propugnaculls imperi sociorum fortunas, non 
 sua tecta defendere. Sociis ego nostrls mare per hos 
 annos clausum fuisse dicam, cum exercittis vestri num- 
 quam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint ? Qui 
 ad vos ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos querar, cum 400 
 legati popull RomanI redempti sint ? Mercatoribus tutum 
 mare non fuisse dicam, cum duodecim secures in prae- 
 donum potestatem pervenerint? Cnidum aut Colopho- 
 nem aut Samum, nobilissimas urbes, innumerabilesque 
 alias captas esse commemorem, cum vestros portiis, atque 405 
 eos portus quibus vitam ac spiritum ducitis, in praedonum 
 fuisse potestate sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae 
 celeberrimum ac plenissimum navium inspectante prae- 
 tore a praedonibus esse direptum ; ex Miseno autem eius 
 ipsius liberos, qui cum praedonibus antea ibi bellum4ia 
 gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? Nam quid ego 
 Ostiense incommodum atque illam labem atque igno- 
 miniam rei publicae querar, cum prope inspectantibus 
 vobis classis ea cui consul populi Romani praepositus 
 esset, a praedonibus capta atque oppressa est? Pro dins 
 iromortales ! tantamne unius hominis incredibilis ac 
 
[90] 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 91 
 
 dlvlna virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem adferre rei ptib- 
 licae potuit, ut vos qui modo ante ostium Tiberlnum 
 classem hostium videbatis, ei nunc nullam intra Oceani 
 ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis? 420 
 
 Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis, 
 tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. Quis 
 enim umquam aut obeundi negoti aut consequendl quaes- 
 tus studio tam brevI tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus 
 conficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompeio duce tanti425 
 belli impetus navigavit? Qui nondum tempestivo ad 
 navigandum mari Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in 
 Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque haec tria frumentaria 
 subsidia rei publicae firmissimis praesidiis classibusque 
 munlvit. Inde cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus His- 430 
 paniis et Gallia Transalpina praesidiis ac navibus confir- 
 mata, missis item in oram Illyrici maris et in Achaiam 
 onmemque Graeciam navibus, Italiae duo maria maximis 
 classibus firmissimisque praesidiis adornavit; ipse autem 
 ut Brundisio profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam435 
 ad imperium populi Romani Ciliciam adiunxit; omnes 
 qui ubique praedones fuerunt, partim capti interfectique 
 sunt, partim unius hiiius se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. 
 idem Cretensibus, cum ad eum usque in Pamphyliam 
 legatos deprecatoresque misissent, spem deditionis non 440 
 ademit obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantum bellum, tam 
 diiiturnum, tam longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes 
 gentes ac nationes premebantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema 
 hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate 
 confecit. 445 
 
 Pompey's moral qualities. His scrupulous honesty. 
 
 13. Est haec divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- 
 toris. Quid ? Ceterae quas paulo ante commemorare 
 coeperam, quantae atque quam multae sunt ? Non enim 
 
92 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 bellandl virtus solum in summo ac perfects imperatore 
 
 450 quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius ad- 
 ministrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum quanta inno- 
 centia debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus 
 rebus temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto 
 ingenio, quanta humanitate ! Quae breviter qualia sint 
 
 455 in Cn. Pompeio consideremus. Summa enim omnia sunt, 
 Quirites, sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa 
 per sese cognosci atque intellegl possunt. 
 
 Quern enim imperatorem possum us tillo in numero 
 putare cuius in exercitu centuriattis veneant atque venie- 
 
 460rint? Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re 
 publica cogitare, qui pecuniam ex aerario depromptam 
 ad bellum administrandum aut propter cupiditatem pro- 
 vinciae magistratibus diviserit aut propter avaritiam 
 Romae in quaestti reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit, 
 
 465 Quirites, ut agnoscere videamini qui haec fecerint ; ego 
 autem nomino neminem ; quare irasci mihi nemo poterit, 
 nisi qui ante de se voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter banc 
 avaritiam imperatorum quantas calamitates, quocumque 
 ventum sit, nostri exercitus ferant, quis ignorat ? Itinera 
 
 470 quae per hosce annos in Italia per agros atque oppida 
 civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recorda- 
 mini; tum facilius statuetis quid apud exteras nationes 
 fieri existimetis. Utrum plures arbitramini per hosce 
 annos militum vestrorum armis hostium urbes an hiber- 
 
 475 ms sociorum civitates esse deletas? Neque enim potest 
 exercitum is continere imperator qui se ipse non continet, 
 neque severus esse in iudicando qui alios in se severos 
 esse iudices non vult. 
 
 Hie miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 
 
 480 cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint ut non modo 
 manus tanti exercitus sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
 pacato nocuisse dicatur? lam vero quem ad modum 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 93 
 
 milites hibernent, cotldie sermones ac litterae perferuntur ; 
 non modo ut sumptum facial in mllitem nemini vis adfer- 
 tur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis 485 
 enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostrl in sociorum 
 atque amicorum tectls esse voluerunt. 
 
 His self-control, good faith, and kindness, 
 
 14. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit temperantia, 
 considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tarn in- 
 credibilem cursum inventum putatis? Non enim ilium 490 
 eximia vis remigum aut ars inaudlta quaedam gubernandl 
 aut venti aliqul novl tam celeriter in ultimas terras per- 
 tulerunt, sed eae res quae ceteros remorari solent non 
 retardarunt ; non avaritia ab instituto cursu ad praedam 
 aliquam devocavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoeni- 495 
 tas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad cognitionem, 
 non denique labor ipse ad quietem; postremo signa et 
 tabulas ceteraque ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae 
 ceterl tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda 
 quidem existimavit. ooo 
 
 Itaque omnes nunc in els locis Cn. Pompeium sicut 
 aliquem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de caelo delapsum 
 intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse homines 
 Romanes hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationibus 
 exterls incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur. 505 
 Nunc imperl vestrl splendor illls gentibus lucem adferre 
 coepit. Nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos 
 tum, cum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, servire 
 populo Romano quam imperare alils maluisse. Iam vero 
 ita faciles adittis ad eum privatorum, ita llberae queri-sio 
 moniae de aliorum iniurils esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dlg- 
 nitate principibus excellit, facilitate infimis par esse 
 videatur. 
 
 Iam quantum consilio, quantum dicendl gravitate et 
 
94 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 6i5copia valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas impera- 
 toria, vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco saepe cognovistis. 
 Fidem vero eius quantam inter socios existimarl putatis, 
 quam hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudi- 
 carint? Humanitate iam tanta est ut difficile dictu sit 
 
 520 utrum hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes tim_uerint an 
 mansuetudinem victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit 
 quin huic hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad 
 omnia nostrae memoriae bella conficienda dlvino quodam 
 consilio natus esse videatur? 
 
 Third qualification of a general : personal influence. 
 
 625 15. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellls adminis- 
 
 trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe 
 
 , nemini dubium est quIn ea re idem ille imperator plurimum 
 
 possit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella adminis- 
 
 tranda quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostris 
 
 530 existiment, quis ignorat, cum sciamus homines in tantis 
 rebus ut aut contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut 
 ament opinione non minus et fama quam aliqua ratione 
 certa commoveri? Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe 
 terrarum clarius fuit? Cuius res gestae pares? De quo 
 
 635homine vos, id quod maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et 
 tam praeclara iudicia fecistis? An vero tillam usquam 
 esse Oram tam desertam putatis quo non illius diel fama 
 pervaserit, cum universus populus Romanus, referto foro 
 completisque omnibus templis, ex quibus hic locus con- 
 
 540spici potest, unum sibi ad commune omnium gentium 
 bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem depoposcit? 
 
 Itaque, ut plura non dicam neque aliorum exemplis 
 conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem 
 Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum exempla suman- 
 
 645 tur ; qui quo die a vobis maritime bello praepositus est 
 imperator, tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia 
 
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96 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est tinlus hominis 
 spe ac nomine, quantam vix ex summa tibertate agrorum 
 diuturna pax efficere potuisset. 
 550 lam accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio de quo 
 vos paulo ante invltus admonul, cum socii pertimuissent, 
 hostium opes animique crevissent, satis firmum praesidium 
 provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad 
 ipsum discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus Cn. Pompeium 
 
 ad eas regiones f ortfma 
 populi Roman! attulis- 
 set. Huius adventus 
 et Mithridatem insol- 
 ita mflammatum vic- 
 toria continuit et 
 Tigranem magnis 
 copiis minitantem 
 Asiae retardavit. Et 
 quisquam dubitabit 
 quid virtute perfec- 
 turus sit, qui tantum 
 auctoritate perfecerit, 
 aut quam facile im- 
 perio atque exercitu 
 socios et vectigalia 
 conservaturus sit, qui 
 ipso nomine ac rumore 
 def enderit ? 
 
 Fourth qualification of a 
 general : good fortune. 
 
 16. Age vero ilia res 
 
 quantam declarat 
 
 eiusdem hominis apud 
 
 FoRTUNA hostes populi Roman! 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 auctoritatem, quod 
 ex locis tarn longin- 
 quis tamque dlversis 
 tarn brevi tempore 
 omnes huic se uni 
 dediderunt ! Quod 
 Cretensiura legati, 
 cum in eorum Insula 
 noster imperator ex- 
 ercitusque esset, ad 
 Cn. Pompeium in 
 ultimas prope terras 
 venerunt, eique se 
 omnes Cretensium 
 civitates dedere velle 
 dixerunt ! Quid ? 
 Idem iste Mithridates 
 nonne ad eundem Cn. 
 Pompeium legatum 
 usque in Hispaniam 
 misit ? Eum quern 
 Pompeius legatum 
 semper iudicavit, ei 
 quibus erat molestum 
 ad eum potissimum 
 esse missum, specula- 
 
 torem quam legatum iudicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur 
 iam constituere, Quirltes, banc auctoritatem, multls postea 605 
 rebus gestis magnisque vestrls iudicils amplificatam, quan- 
 tum apud illos reges, quantum apud exteras nationes vali- 
 turam esse existimetis. 
 
 Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se 
 ipso nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de alteroeio 
 possumus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, 
 
 M. Claudius Marcellus 
 
98 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 timide et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic existimo, Maximo, 
 Marcello, ScipionI, Mario, et ceteris magnis imperatoribus 
 non solum propter virtutem sed etiam propter fortunam 
 
 6i5saepius imperia mandata atque exercitus esse commissos. 
 Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis virls quaedam ad 
 amplitudinem et ad gloriam et ad res magnas bene geren- 
 das divinitus aditincta fortuna. De huius autem hominis 
 felicitate, de quo nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione 
 
 62odIcendl, non ut in illlus pot estate fortunam positam esse 
 dicam, sed ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua sperare videa- 
 mur, ne aut invlsa dis immortalibus oratio nostra aut 
 ingrata esse videatur. 
 
 Itaque non sum praedicaturus quantas ille res domi 
 
 625mllitiae, terra marique quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut 
 eius semper voluntatibus non modo elves adsenserint, socii 
 obtemperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tem- 
 pestatesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dIcam, ne- 
 minem umquam tam impudentem fuisse, qui ab dIs im- 
 
 630 mortalibus tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot 
 et quantas dl immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. 
 Quod ut illl proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirltes, cum 
 communis salutis atque imperl tum ipslus hominis causa, 
 sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis. 
 
 635 Quare cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegi 
 non possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit adminis- 
 trandum, et cum el imperatorem praeficere possltis, in 
 quo sit eximia belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima 
 auctoritas, egregia fortuna, dubitatis, Quirltes, quin hoc 
 
 eiotantum boni, quod vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et 
 datum est, in rem publicam conservandam atque amplifi- 
 candam conferatis ? 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 
 
 99 
 
 Pompey's advantage of being near the enemy. The objections of 
 
 Catulus and Hortensius. 
 
 17. Quodsi Romae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc 
 tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque 
 mittendus ; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec 645 
 quoque opportunitas adiungatur, ut in els ipsis locis adsit, 
 ut habeat exercitum, ut 
 ab eis qui habent accipere 
 statim possit, quid ex- 
 spectamus ? Aut cur non 
 ducibus dis immortalibus 
 eidem, cui cetera summa 
 cum salute rei publicae 
 commissa sunt, hoc quo- 
 que bellum regium com- 
 mittamus ? 
 
 At enim vir clarissimus, 
 amantissimus rei publi- 
 cae, vestris beneficils am- 
 plissimis adfectus, Q. 
 Catulus, itemque summis 
 ornamentis honoris, for- 
 tunae, virtutis, ingeni 
 praeditus, Q. Hortensius, 
 ab hac ratione dissenti- 
 
 unt. Quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis 
 plurimum valuisse et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac 
 causa, tametsi cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum 
 fortissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritati- 
 bus ipsa re ac ratione exqulrere possumus veritatem, atque 670 
 hoc facilius, quod ea omnia quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, 
 Jdem isti vera esse concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse 
 et magnum et in uno Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 
 
 QUINTUS HORTENSroS 
 
100 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Quid igitur ait Hortensius? Si uni omnia tribuenda 
 
 6T5sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad tinum tamen 
 omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio, 
 re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, 
 Q. Hortensi, multa pro tua summa copia ac singulari 
 facultate dicendi et in senatti contra virum fortem, A. 
 
 68oGabinium, graviter ornateque dixisti, cum is de uno im- 
 peratore contra praedones constituendo legem promul- 
 gasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item contra earn 
 legem verba fecisti. Quid? Tum, per deos immortales, 
 si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua quam 
 
 685 ipsius populi Romani salQs et vera causa valuisset, hodie 
 banc gloriam atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus? 
 An tibi tum imperium hoc esse videbatur, cum populi 
 Romani legati, quaestores praetoresque capiebantur, cum 
 ex omnibus provinciis commeatu et private et publico 
 
 690 prohibebamur, cum ita clausa nobis erant maria omnia 
 ut neque privatam rem transmarinam neque piiblicam iam 
 obire possemus ? 
 
 •The law of Gabinius restored Roman naval supremacy. 
 
 18. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dico 
 Atheniensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse 
 
 e95dicitur; non Carthaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac 
 maritimis rebus valuerunt; non Rhodiorum, quorum 
 usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina navalis et gloria 
 remansit, — quae civitas, inquam, antea tam tenuis, quae 
 tarn parva insula fuit quae non portus suos et agros et 
 
 Tooahquam partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa 
 defenderet? At hercule aliquot annos continues ante 
 legem Gabiniam ille populus Romanus, cuius usque ad 
 nostram memoriam nomen invictum in navalibus pugnis 
 permanserit, magna ac multo maxima parte non m.odo 
 
 705 utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperi caruit. Nos quorum 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 101 
 
 maiores Antiochum regem classe Persemque superarunt 
 omnibusque navalibus pugnis Carthaginienses, homines in 
 maritimis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vice- 
 runt, el nuUo in loco iam praedonibus pares esse potera- 
 
 710 mus ; nos qui antea non modo Italiam tutam habcbamus, 
 sed omnes socios in ultimls oris auctoritate nostri imperi 
 salvos praestare poteramus, turn, cum insula Delos, tam 
 procul a nobis in Aegaeo mari posita, quo omnes undique 
 cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divitils, 
 
 7i5parva, sine muro, nihil timebat, idem non modo pro- 
 vinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nostris, 
 sed etiam Appia iam Via carebamus; et eis temporibus • 
 non pudebat magistratus populi Romani in hunc ipsum 
 locum escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostri exuviis 
 
 720 nauticis et classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent ! 
 
 The question of appointing Gabinius as Pompey's lieutenant. 
 
 19. Bono te animo tum, Q. Hortensi, populus Romanus 
 et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia dicere existimavit 
 ea quae sentiebatis; sed tamen in salute communi idem 
 populus Romanus dolori suo maluit quam auctoritati 
 
 725vestrae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, unus 
 annus non modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine liberavit, 
 sed etiam effecit ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus 
 gentibus ac nationibus terra marique imperare. 
 
 Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse 
 
 73oadhuc — Gabinio dicam anne Pompeio an utrique, id 
 quod est verius ? — ne legaretur A, Gabinius Cn. Pom- 
 peio expetenti ac postulanti. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad 
 tantum bellum legatum quem velit, idoneus non est qui 
 impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque 
 
 735 provincias quos voluerunt legates eduxerint; an ipse, 
 cuius lege saltis ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus 
 gentibus constituta est, expers esse debet gloriae eius im- 
 
5 
 
 SI 
 
 [102] 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 103 
 
 peratoris atque eius exercitus qui consilio ipsius ac peri- 
 culo est constitutus? 
 
 An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latlniensis, 740 
 Gn. Lentulus, quos omnes honoris causa nomino, cum 
 tribuni plebl fuissent, anno proximo legatl esse potuerunt ; 
 in uno Gablnio sunt tam dlligentes, qui in hoc bello quod 
 lege Gablnia geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu, 
 quem per vos ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse 745 
 deberet? De quo legando consules spero ad senatum 
 relattiros. Qui si dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me 
 profiteor relaturum ; neque me impediet cuiusquam iniml- 
 cum edictum quo minus vobis fretus vestrum ius bene- 
 fieiumque defendam, neque praeter intercessionem quic-750 
 quam audiam, de qua, ut arbitror, isti ipsi qui minantur 
 fetiam atque etiam quid liceat considerabunt. Mea 
 quidem sententia, Quirltes, unus A. Gabinius belli maritimi 
 rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio socius ascrlbitur, prop- 
 terea quod alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum vestrls755 
 ^uffragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque confecit. 
 
 A reply to the objections of Catulus. 
 
 20. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen- 
 tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaere- 
 ret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo 
 factum esset, in quo spem essetis habittiri, cepit magnum 760 
 suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes una prope 
 voce in eo ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim 
 talis est vir, ut niilla res tanta sit ac tam difficilis, quam 
 ille non et consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute 
 eonficere possit. Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime 76« 
 dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus 
 diuturna vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos im- 
 mortales licet, frui debet summi viri vita atque virtute. 
 
 At enim ne quid novi fiat contra exempla atque instituta 
 
104 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 770 maiorum. Non dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in 
 pace consuetudinl, in bello utilitati paruisse, semper ad 
 novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes 
 accommodasse ; non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum 
 atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta, 
 
 775duasque urbes potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime 
 minitabantur, Karthaginem atque Numantiam, ab eodem 
 Sclpione esse deletas ; non commemorabo nuper ita vobis 
 patribusque vestris esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes 
 imperl poneretur, ut Idem cum lugurtha, idem cum Cim- 
 
 78obris, idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret. In ipso 
 Cn. Pompeio in quo novi constitui nihil vult Q. Catulus, 
 quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuli voluntate con- 
 stituta recordamini. 
 
 New precedents already established in the career of Pompey. 
 
 21. Quid tam novum quam adulescentulum privatum 
 
 785 exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere ? Con- 
 fecit. Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu suo 
 gerere ? Gessit. Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam 
 homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe 
 abesset, imperium atque exercitum dari, Siciliam permitti, 
 
 790 atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? 
 Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocentia, gra^dtate, vir- 
 tute ; bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exer- 
 citum deportavit. 
 
 Quid vero tam inauditum quam equitem Romanum 
 
 795 triumphare ? At eam quoque rem populus Romanus non 
 modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio visendam et concele- 
 brandam putavit. Quid tam inusitatum quam ut, cum 
 duo consules clarissimi fortissimique essent, eques Ro- 
 manus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque pro 
 
 80oconsule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem tempore, 
 cum esset non nemo in senatii qui diceret non oportere 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 105 
 
 mitti hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus dixisse 
 dicitur non se ilium sua sententia pro consule sed pro 
 consulibus mittere. Tanta in eo rel publicae bene geren- 
 dae spes constituebatur ut duorum consulum munus unius 80S 
 adulescentis virtuti committeretur. 
 
 Quid tam singulare quam ut ex senatus consults legibus 
 solutus consul ante fieret quam ullum alium magistratum 
 per leges capere licuisset ? Quid tam incredibile quam ut 
 iterum eques Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? 8io 
 Quae in omnibus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam 
 constituta sunt, ea tam multa non sunt quam haec quae 
 in hoc uno homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla, 
 tanta ac tam nova, profecta sunt in eundem hominem a 
 Q. Catuli atque a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissi-8i5 
 morum hominum auctoritate. 
 
 Hortensius and Catulus should therefore withdraw their objectiona. 
 Pompey especially fitted for the war in Asia. 
 
 22. Quare videant ne sit periniquum et non ferendum, 
 illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis 
 comprobatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem 
 homine iudicium popullque Romani auctoritatem impro-820 
 barl, praesertim cum iam suo iure populus Romanus in 
 hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui 
 dissentiunt possit defendere, propterea quod Isdem istis 
 reclamantibus vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quem 
 bello praedonum praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecis-826 
 tis et rei publicae parum consuluistis, recte isti studia 
 vestra suls consilils regere conantur. Sin autem vos plus 
 tum in re publica vidistis, vos els repugnantibus per vos- 
 met ipsos dignitatem huic imperio, salutem orbl terrarum 
 attulistis, aliquando istI principes et sibi et ceteris popullsao 
 Romani universi auctoritati parendum esse fateantur. 
 
 Atque in hoc bello Asiatico et regio non solum mllitaris 
 
106 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
 quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. 
 
 835 Difficile est in Asia, Cilicia, Syria, regnlsque interiorum 
 nationum ita versari nostrum imperatorem ut nihil aliud 
 nisi de hoste ac de laude cogitet. Deinde, etiamsi qui 
 sunt pudore ac temperantia moderatiores, tamen eos esse 
 tales propter multitudinem cupidorum hominum nemo 
 
 840 arbitratur. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in odio 
 simus apud exteras nationes propter eorum quos ad eas 
 per hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et iniurias. 
 Quod enim fanum putatis in illis terris nostris magistra- 
 tibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanctam, quam domum 
 
 845 satis clausam ac munltam fuisse? Urbes iam locupletes 
 et copiosae requiruntur, quibus causa belli propter dlrip- 
 iendl cupiditatem mferatur. 
 
 Libenter haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, 
 summis et clarissimls viris, disputarem ; noverunt enim 
 
 85osociorum vulnera, vident eorum calamitates, querimonias 
 audiunt. Pro sociis vos contra hostes exercitum mittere 
 putatis, an bostium simulatione contra socios atque 
 amicos? Quae civitas est in Asia quae non modo im- 
 peratoris aut legati, sed unlus tribuni militum animos ac 
 
 855splritus capere possit? 
 
 The bill is supported by many eminent men. 
 
 23. Quare, etiamsi quem habetis qui conlatis signls 
 exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit 
 idem qui se a pecunils sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugibus 
 ac llberis, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, qui 
 860 ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere 
 possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regium- 
 que mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse 
 quae locuples sit, ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata 
 esse videatur? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pompeium 
 
DE IMPERIO POMPEI ORATIO 107 
 
 non solum propter rel militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 865 
 animi continentiam requisivit. Videbat enim impera- 
 tores locupletari quotannis pecunia publica praeter paucos, 
 neque eos quicquam aliud adsequi classium nomine, nisi 
 ut detrimentis accipiendls maiore adfici turpitudine vide- 
 remur. Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provincias et 870 
 quibus iacturis, quibus condicionibus proficlscantur, igno- 
 rant videlicet isti qui ad tinum deferenda omnia esse non 
 arbitrantur. Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suls 
 virtutibus, tum etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videa- 
 mus. Quare nollte dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia, 875 
 qui inter tot annos unus inventus sit quem socii in urbes 
 suas cum exercitu venisse gaudeant. 
 
 Quodsl auctoritatibus banc causam, Quirites, confir- 
 mandam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium 
 maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servllius, cuius 880 
 tantae res gestae terra marlque exstiterunt ut, cmn de 
 bello deliberetis, auctor vobis gravior esse nemo debeat; 
 est C. Curio, summis vestris beneficiis maximisque rebus 
 gestis, summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. 
 Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis vestris honoribus 885 
 summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ; 
 est C. Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia singularl. 
 Quare videte horum auctoritatibus, illorum oration! qui 
 dissentiunt responderene posse videamur. 
 
 Cicero encourages Manilius and pledges his support. 
 
 24. Quae cum ita sint, C. Manlll, primum istam tuamsoo 
 et legem et volimtatem et sententiam laudo vehemen- 
 tissimeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore populo 
 Romano maneas in sententia neve cuiusquam vim aut 
 minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi per- 
 se verantiaeque arbitror ; deinde, cum tantam multitudinem 896 
 cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum nunc 
 
108 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est quod aut 
 de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus? 
 
 Ego autem quicquid est in me studi, consili, laboris, 
 
 90oingenI, quicquid hoc beneficio popull Roman! atque hac 
 potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia 
 possum, id omne ad banc rem conficiendam tibi et populo 
 Romano polliceor ac defero ; testorque omnes deos, et 
 eos maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui 
 
 905 omnium .mentes eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt 
 maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere ctiius- 
 quam, neque quo Cn. Pompel gratiam mihi per hanc causam 
 conciharl putem, neque quo mihi ex cuiusquam ampH- 
 tudine aut praesidia perlculls aut adiumenta honoribus 
 
 9ioquaeram; propterea quod perlcula facile, ut hominem 
 praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus, honorem 
 autem neque ab uno neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia 
 nostra laboriosissima ratione vltae, si vestra voluntas feret, 
 consequemur. 
 
 915 Quam ob rem quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, 
 Quirites, id ego omne me rel publicae causa suscepisse 
 conflrmo ; tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam 
 gratiam quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates 
 partim obscuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non neces- 
 
 920sarias, vobis non inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc 
 honore praeditum, tantis vestrls beneficiis adfectum 
 statu!, Quirites, vestram voluntatem et re! publicae digni- 
 tatem et salutem provinciarum atque sociorum mels omni- 
 bus commodls et rationibus praeferre oportere. 
 
Marcus Tullius Cicero 
 
 (From the bust in the Capitoline Aluaeum) 
 
 1109) 
 
M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA POETA 
 
 ORATIO AD lUDICES. 
 
 Cicero's own indebtedness to Archias. 
 
 1. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam 
 sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me 
 non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei 
 ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studils ac discipllna 
 
 5 prof ecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus 
 abhorruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hic A. 
 Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. 
 Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium 
 praeteriti temporis et pueritiae memoriam recordari ulti- 
 
 10 mam, inde usque repetens hunc video mihi principem et 
 
 110 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 111 
 
 ad suscipiendam et ad ingrediendam rationem horum 
 studiorum exstitisse. Quodsl haec vox huius hortatu 
 praeceptlsque conformata nonnullis aliquando saluti fuit, 
 a quo id accepimus quo ceteris opitularl et alios servare 
 possemus, huic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, 15 
 et opem et salutem ferre debemus. 
 
 Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia 
 quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi 
 ratio aut discipllna, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus 
 umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes quae ad 20 
 humanitatem pertinent habent quoddam commune vincu- 
 lum et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 
 
 Cicero begs indulgence for his unusual plea. 
 
 2. Sed ne cui vestrum mTrum esse videatur me in 
 quaestione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur 
 apud praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et25 
 apud severissimos indices, tanto conventu hominum ac 
 frequentia, hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a con- 
 suetudine iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone 
 abhorreat, quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc 
 veniam, accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum 30 
 spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque 
 eruditissimo homine dicentem, hoc concursu hominum 
 litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique 
 praetore exercente iiidicium, patiamini de studiis humani- 
 tatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi 35 
 persona, quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis 
 periculisque tractata est, uti prope novo quodam et in 
 usitato genere dicendi. Quod si mihi a vobis tribui conce- 
 dique sentiam, perficiam profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non 
 modo non segregandum, cum sit civis, a numero civium, 40 
 verum etiam si non esset, putetis asciscendum fuisse. 
 
112 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Archias in his youth won fame in the East. Coming to Italy, he was 
 
 welcomed by men of high rank. 
 
 42 3. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias, atque 
 ab eis artibus quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem in- 
 fSrmari solet se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum 
 
 Antiochiae (nam ibi 
 natus est loco no- 
 bili), celebri quon- 
 dam urbe et copiosa 
 atque erudltissimis 
 hominibus liberalis- 
 simisque studiis 
 adfluenti, celeriter 
 antecellere omni- 
 bus ingenl gloria 
 coepit. Post in 
 ceteris Asiae parti- 
 bus cunctaque 
 Graecia sic eius 
 adventus celebra- 
 bantur ut famam 
 ingeni exspectatio 
 hominis, exspecta- 
 tionem ipsius 
 adventus admira- 
 tioque superaret. 
 Erat Italia tum 
 plena Graecarum 
 artium ac discipli- 
 narum, studiaque 
 Antioch Personified haec et in Latio 
 
 vehementius tum 
 72colebantur quam nunc Isdem in oppidis, et hie Romae 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 113 
 
 propter tranquillitatem re! publicae non neglegebantur. 
 Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Locrenses et Reginl et Neapoli- 
 tan! civitate cefcerlsque praemils donarunt, et omnes qui 75 
 aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare cognitione atque hos- 
 pitio dignum existimarunt. 
 
 Hac tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus 
 notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus 
 est primum consules eos quorum alter res ad scrlbendumSO 
 maximas, alter cum res gestas tum etiam studium atque 
 aures adhibere posset. Statim LucullI, cum praetextatus 
 etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. 
 Et erat hoc non solum ingeni ac litterarum, verum etiam 
 naturae atque virtutis, ut domus quae htiius adulescentiae 85 
 prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat 
 temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et eius 
 Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo 
 et patre et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero et 
 Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 90 
 domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur 
 summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid 
 percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte 
 simulabant. 
 
 Archias has fulfilled the conditions of Roman citizenship 
 
 4. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 95 
 Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum 
 eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracllam. Quae cum 
 esset civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam 
 civitatem voluit, idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, 
 tum auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus im- loo 
 petravit. Data est civitas Silvan! lege et Carbonis : Si 
 
 QUI FOEDERATIS CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT ; SI TUM, 
 CUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ItALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT ,* 
 
 ET SI sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent pro- 
 
114 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 105FESSI. Cum hic domicilium Romae multos iam annos 
 haberet, professus est apud praetorem Q. Metellum, 
 familiarissimum suum. 
 
 Si nihil aliud nisi de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil dico 
 amplius; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari, 
 
 iioGratti, potest? Heracliaene esse eum ascrlptum nega- 
 bis ? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, M. 
 Lticullus, qui se non opinari sed scire, non audivisse sed 
 vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Hera- 
 clienses legati, nobilissimi homines; huius iudicT causa 
 
 115 cum mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt, qui 
 hunc ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hic tu tabulas 
 desideras Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello in- 
 censo tabulario interisse scimus omnes. Est ridiculum ad 
 ea quae habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non 
 
 I2opossumus; et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum 
 memoriam flagitare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri 
 religionem, integerrimi milnicipi ius iurandum fidemque, 
 ea quae depravari nullo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, 
 quas idem dicis solere corrumpi, desiderare. An domi- 
 
 I25cilium Romae non habuit is qui tot annis ante civitiitem 
 datam sedem omnium rerum ac fortunarum suarum Romae 
 conlocavit ? An non est professus ? Immo vero eis tabu- 
 lis professus quae solae ex ilia professione collegioque 
 praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem. 
 
 The records involved are trustworthy. 
 
 130 5. Nam cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae 
 dicerentur, Gabini, quamdiu incolumis fuit, levitas, post 
 damnationem calamitas omnem tabularum fidem resig- 
 nasset, Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque 
 omnium, tanta diligentia fuit ut ad L. Lentulum prae- 
 
 i35torem et ad itidices venerit et unius nominis litura se 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 115 
 
 commotum esse dlxerit. His igitur in tabulis nullam 
 lituram in nomine A. Licinl videtis. 
 
 Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubi- 
 tetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit 
 ascrlptus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multls et aut nulla 140 
 aut humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in 
 Graecia homines impertiebant, Re^nos credo aut Lo- 
 crenses aut Neapolitanos aut Tarentlnos, quod scaenicis 
 artificibus largirl solebant, id huic summa ingeni praedito 
 gloria noluisse ! Quid ? Cum ceterl non modo post I4d 
 civitatem datam, sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo 
 modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas inrepserunt ; hie qui 
 ne utitur quidem illis in quibus est scrlptus, quod semper 
 se Heracllensem esse voluit, reicietur ? 
 
 Census nostros requiris. Scilicet ; est enim obscurum 150 
 proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore L. 
 Lticullo apud exercitum fuisse; superioribus, cum eodem 
 quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primTs, lulio et Crasso, nullam 
 populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census non ius 
 civitatis confirmat ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit 155 
 census ita se iam tum gessisse pro cive, eis temporibus, 
 quem tti criminaris ne ipslus quidem iudicio in civium 
 Romanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe 
 fecit nostris legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romano- 
 rum et in beneficils ad aerarium delatus est a L. Lucullo 160 
 pro consule. Quaere argumenta, si quae potes ; num- 
 quam enim hic neque suo neque amicorum iudicio re- 
 vincetur. 
 
 The study of literature relaxes as well as cultivates. It preserves 
 
 the examples of the past. 
 
 6. Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
 delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc i65 
 forensi strepitti reficiatur et aures convicio defessae con- 
 
116 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis pos&c 
 quod cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos 
 nostros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse 
 
 170 contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus? Ego 
 vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat, 
 si qui ita se litteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex eis neque 
 ad communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum lucem- 
 que proferre; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita 
 
 175 vivo, indices, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut com- 
 modo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voluptas avocarit 
 aut denique somnus retardarit ? 
 
 Quare quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi iure 
 suscenseat, si quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, 
 
 180 quantum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad 
 alias voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis 
 conceditur temporum, quantum alii tribuunt tempestivis 
 conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tan- 
 tum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero? 
 
 i85Atque hoc eo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his 
 studiis haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae, quan- 
 tacumque in me est, numquam amicorum periculis defuit. 
 Quae si cui levior videtur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa 
 sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum 
 
 190 praeceptis multisque litteris mihi ab adulescentia suasis- 
 sem nihil esse in vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem 
 atque honestatem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cru- 
 ciatus corporis, omnia pericula mortis atque exsili parvi 
 esse ducenda, numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac 
 
 I95tantas dimicationes atque in hos profligatorum hominum 
 cotidianos impetus obiecissem. Sed pleni omnes sun* 
 libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas ; 
 quae iacerent in tenebris omnia nisi litterarum lumen 
 accederet. Quam multas nobis imagines, non solum ad 
 
 200 intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum, fortissimorum 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 117 
 
 virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latlnl rellquerunt ! 
 Quas ego mihi semper in administranda re publica pro- 
 ponens animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatione homi- 
 num excellentium conformabam. 
 
 Nature and culture unite to produce the greatest men. 
 
 7. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? Illi ipsi summi viri 205 
 quorum ^drtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina 
 quam tu effers laudibus erudltl fuerunt?' Difficile est 
 hoc de omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certum quid 
 respondeam. Ego multos homines excellent! animo ac 
 virtu te fuisse sine doctrina et naturae ipsius habitu prope 210 
 divTno per se ipsos et moderates et graves exstitisse fateor ; 
 etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
 naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrlnam. 
 Atque Idem ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam 
 et inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque 215 
 doctrlnae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare 
 solere exsistere. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quem patres 
 nostrl viderunt, divlnum hominem Africanum ; ex hoc C. 
 Laelium, L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et con- 
 tinentissimos ; ex hoc fortissimimi virum et illls tempori-220 
 bus doctissimum, M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto 
 SI nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtutem litteris 
 adiuvarentur, numquam se ad earum studium contulissent. 
 Quodsl non hic tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his 
 studils delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc225 
 animl remissionem humanissimam ac llberalissimam iudi- 
 caretis. Nam ceterae neque temporum sunt neque aeta- 
 tum omnium neque locorum ; at haec studia adulescentiam 
 alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis 
 perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non im-230 
 pediunt forls, pernoctant noblscum, peregrinantur, rtisti- 
 cantur. 
 
118 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 All true artists deserve our admiration. 
 
 sacred. 
 
 Poets have been called 
 
 8. Quodsi ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro 
 
 gustare possemus, tamen ea mirarl deberemus etiam cum 
 
 235 in alils videremus. Quis nostrum tam animo agresti ac 
 
 A Comic Poet with Muse and Actors' Masks 
 
 duro fuit ut Rosci morte nuper non commoveretur ? Qui 
 cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem 
 artem ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. 
 Ergo ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a 
 240 nobis omnibus; nos animorum incredibiles motiis celeri- 
 tatemque ingeniorum neglegemus? Quotiens ego hunc 
 Archiam vidi, indices (utar enim vestra benlgnitate, 
 quoniam me in hoc novo genere dlcendi tam dlligenter 
 attenditis), quotiens ego hunc vidl, cum htteram scrlpsisset 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 
 
 119 
 
 Enxius 
 (From the bust on the Scipio Tomb) 
 
 nullam, magnum numerum optimorum versuiim de eis244 
 ipsis rebus quae tum agerentur dicere ex tempore; quo- 
 tiens revocatum eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis 
 atque sententiis ! Quae vero accurate cogitateque scrip- 
 sisset, ea sic vidi probarl ut ad veterum scrlptorum laudem 
 
120 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Orpheus,! Eubydice, and Hermes 
 
 SCO pervenlret. Hunc ego non dlligam, non admirer, non 
 
 omni ratione defendendum putem ? 
 
 Atque SIC a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi- 
 
 mus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doctrina et praeceptis et 
 
 arte constare ; poetam natura ipsa valere et mentis viribus 
 355 excitari et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Quare suo 
 
 lure noster ille Ennius 'sanctos' appellat poetas, quod 
 
 ^ ^ee note on lines 260-262. p. 121. 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 121 
 
 quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati 
 nobis esse videantur. Sit igitur, iudices, sanctum apud 
 vos, liumanissimos homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod 
 nulla umquam barbaria violavit. Saxa et solitndines voci 29C 
 respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque 
 consistunt ; nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce 
 moveamur? Homerum Colophonil civem esse dicunt 
 suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei 
 vero suum esse confirmant itaque etiam delubrum eius in 265 
 oppido dedicaverunt ; permulti alii praeterea ptignant 
 inter se atque contendunt. 
 
 Archias should be honored for celebrating the glories of the Roman 
 
 people. 
 
 9. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem 
 etiam expetunt ; nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et 
 legibus noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim cum omne270 
 olim studium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad 
 populi Roman! gloriam laudemque celebrandam? Nam 
 et Cimbricas res adulescens attigit et ipsi ill! C. Mario, 
 qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, iucundus fuit. Neque 
 enim quisquam est tam aversus a Musis qui non mandarl 276 
 versibus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium 
 patiatur. Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum, 
 dixisse aiunt, cum ex eo quaereretur quod acroama aut 
 cuius vocem libentissime audlret : ' eius, a quo sua virtus 
 optime praedicaretur.' Itaque ille Marius item eximie280 
 L. Plotium dilexit, cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat 
 posse celebrari. 
 
 Mithridaticum vero bellum, magnum atque difficile et 
 in multa varietate terra marlque versatum, totum ab hoc 
 expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissi-286 
 mum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani 
 nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lu- 
 
122 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 cullo imperante Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa 
 natura et regione vallatum; populi Romaiii exercitus 
 
 29oeodem duce non maxima manu innumerabiles Arme- 
 niorum oopias fudit; populi Romani laus est urbem 
 amicissimam Cyzicenorum eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu 
 regio atque totlus belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque 
 servatam; nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lti- 
 
 295 cullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium 
 classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis; 
 nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostrl triumph!. 
 Quae quorum ingenils efferuntur, ab eis populi Romani 
 fama celebratur. Carus fuit Africano superiorl noster 
 
 aooEnnius, itaque etiam in sepulcro Sclpionum putatur is 
 esse constitutus ex marmore; cuius laudibus certe non 
 solum ipse qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani nomen 
 ornatur. In caelum huius proavus Cato toUitur ; magnus 
 honos populi Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique 
 
 The Bust of Ennius on the Scipio Sarcophagus 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 
 
 123 
 
 illi Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium 305 
 nostrum laude decorantur. 
 
 The great leaders of history have longed to be remembered in verse. 
 
 10, Ergo ilium qui haec fecerat, Rudlnum hominem, 
 maiores nostrl in civitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Hera- 
 cllensem multis civita- 
 tibus expetltum, in hac 
 autem legibus consti- 
 tutum de nostra civi- 
 tate eiciemus ? 
 
 Nam si quis mino- 
 rem gloriae fructum 
 putat ex Graecis ver- 
 sibus percipl quam ex 
 Latlnls, vehementer 
 errat, propterea quod 
 Graeca leguntur in om- 
 nibus fere gentibus, 
 Latina suls finibus ex- 
 iguis sane continentur. 
 Quare si res eae quas 
 gessimus orbis terrae 
 regionibus definiuntur, 
 cupere debemus, quo 
 manuum nostrarum 
 tela pervenerint, 
 
 eodem gloriam famamque penetrare; quod cum ipsissao 
 populls de quorum rebus scribitur, haec ampla sunt, tum 
 eis certe, qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant, hoc maximum 
 et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. Quam mul- 
 tos scrlptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum 
 habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad 336 
 Achillis tumulum adstitisset : 'O fortunate/ inquit, 
 
 Alexander the Great 
 
124 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 'adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem in- 
 veneris ! ' Et vere. Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem 
 tumulus qui corpus eius contexerat nomen etiam obruisset. 
 
 340 Quid? Noster hic Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam 
 adaequavit, nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scrip torem 
 rerum suarum, in contione militum civitate donavit; et 
 nostri illi fortes viri, sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine qua- 
 dam gloriae commoti, quasi parti cipes eiusdem laudis, 
 
 345 magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 
 
 Itaque, credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non 
 esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur perficere 
 non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et Gallos donaret, credo, 
 hunc petentem repudiasset ; quem nos in contione vidimus, 
 
 350 cum el libellum mains poeta de populo subiecisset, quod 
 epigramma in eum fecisset tantum modo alternis versibus 
 longiusculis, statim ex eis rebus quas tum vendebat iubere 
 el praemium tribul, sed ea condicione, ne quid postea 
 scriberet. Qui sedulitatem mall poetae duxerit aliquo 
 
 355tamen praemio dignam, huius ingenium et virtutem in 
 scribendo et copiam non expetisset? Quid? A Q. 
 Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos dona- 
 vit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetravisset ? Qui 
 praesertim usque eo de suis rebus scribi cuperet ut etiam 
 
 deoCordubae natis poetis, pingue quiddam sonantibus atque 
 peregrlnum, tamen aures suas dederet. 
 
 The desire for praise and fame is common to all. 
 
 11. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurarl 
 non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes 
 studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. 
 865lpsi illl philosophi, etiam in eis libellls quos de contem- 
 nenda gloria scribimt, nomen suum Inscribunt ; in eo ipso, 
 in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, prae- 
 dicarl de se ac nominarl volunt. Decimus quidem 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 
 
 125 
 
 Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissiml sul, 
 carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exor-370 
 navit suorum. lam vero ille 
 qui cum Aetolis Emiio comite 
 bellavit, Fulvius, non dubi- 
 tavit Martis manubias Musis 
 consecrare. Quare in qua urbe 
 imperatores prope armati 
 poetarum nomen et Musarum 
 delubra coluerunt, in ea non 
 debent togati indices a Musa- 
 rum honore et a poetarum 
 salute abhorrere. 
 
 Atque ut id libentius 
 f aciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, 
 indicabo et de meo quodam 
 amore gloriae, nimis acri 
 fortasse verum tamen ho- 
 nesto, vobis confitebor. Nam 
 quas res nos in consulatu 
 nostro voblscum simul pro 
 salute huius urbis atque im- 
 peri et pro \^ta civium pro- 
 que universa re publica gessimus, attigit hic versibus 
 atque incohavit. Quibus audltls, quod mihi magna res et 
 iucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhortatus sum. 
 Nullam enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum pericul 5-395 
 rumque desiderat praeter banc laudis et gloriae ; qua 
 quidem detracts, iudices, quid est quod in hoc tam exiguo 
 vitae curricul5 et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exer- 
 ceamus? Certe si nihil animus praesentlret in posterum, 
 et si quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, 400 
 eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se 
 laboribus frangeret neque tot curis vigil iisque angeretur 
 
 Calliope, thk Muse of Epic 
 Poetry 
 
126 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 nee totiens de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nune insidet quae* 
 
 dam in optimo quoqiie virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum 
 
 405gloriae stimulis concitat, atque admonet non cum vitae 
 
 tempore esse dimitten- 
 dam commemorationem 
 nominis nostri, sed cum 
 omni posteritate adae- 
 quandam. 
 
 Literature a lasting monu- 
 ment. Archias must be re- 
 ceived and protected as a 
 citizen. 
 
 12. An vero tarn par\'i 
 animi videamur esse 
 omnes, qui in re ptiblica 
 atque in his vitae pericu- 
 lls laboribusque versa- 
 mur, ut cum usque ad 
 extremum spatium nul- 
 lum tranquillum atque 
 otiosum spiritum duxe- 
 rimus, nobiscum simul 
 moritura omnia arbitre- 
 mur? An statuas et 
 imagines, non animorum 
 simulacra sed corporum, 
 studiose multi summi 
 homines reliquerunt ; con- 
 siliorum relinquere ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem 
 nonne multo malle debemus, summis ingeniis expressam 
 et polTtam? Ego vero omnia quae gerebam iam tum in 
 48ogerendo spargere me ac disseminare arbitrabar in orbis 
 
 Thalia, the Muse of Comedy 
 
PRO ARCHIA ORATIO 127 
 
 terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec vero sive a meo 
 sensti post mortem afutura est sIve, ut sapient issimi homi- 
 nes putaverimt, ad aliquam animi mel partem pertinebit, 
 nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. 
 
 Quare conservate, indices, hominem pudore eo, quern 433 
 amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate tum etiam 
 vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto quantum id convenit 
 existimarl, quod summorum hominum ingenils expetltum 
 esse videatis; causa vero eius modi quae beneficio legis, 
 auctoritate municipi, testimonio Luculll, tabulls Metelll44(> 
 comprobetur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, 
 iudices, si qua non modo humana verum etiam divlna in 
 tantis ingenils commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, 
 qui vestros imperatores, qui popull Roman! res gestas 
 semper ornavit, qui etiam his recentibus nostrls vestrisque 445 
 domesticis perlculis aeternum se testimonium laudis 
 daturum esse profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper 
 apud omnes sancti sunt habiti itaque diet!, sic in vestram 
 accipiatis fidem, ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam 
 acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 450 
 
 Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simplici- 
 terque dixl, iudices, ea confldo probata esse omnibus; 
 quae a forensi aliena iudiciahque consuetudine et de 
 hominis ingenio et commfmiter de ipso studio locutus 
 sum, ea, indices, a vobIs spero esse in bonam partem 455 
 accepta; ab eo qui indicium exercet, certo scio. 
 
C. Juiiius Caesar 
 (From a bust in the Museo Nazionale, Naples) 
 
 ri28j 
 
SELECTIONS FOR SIGHT READING 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 
 
 Marcus Claudius Marcellus was a distinguished advocate, consul in 
 51 B.C., and leader of the senatorial party. He was a bitter enemy of 
 Caesar, even proposing the latter's recall from his province. After 
 the battle of Pharsalus (48 B.C.) and the defeat of Pompey, he retired 
 to the island of Lesbos, and engaged in the study of philosophy. He dis- 
 dained to seek the conqueror's pardon, though appealed to by Cicero 
 to do so. In 46 B.C. pardon was granted him through the efforts of a 
 relative, Gaius Marcellus, whose entreaty as he threw himself at the feet 
 of Caesar was seconded by the whole Senate. When Caesar generously 
 offered to grant the request, and put the question to a formal vote of the 
 Senate, Cicero in his turn delivered the panegyric, known as " The Ora- 
 tion for Marcellus." Marcellus, however, did not live to return to Rome, 
 for on his way he was assassinated at the harbor of Athens by one of his 
 own party. The Athenians honored him with burial in their own Acad- 
 emy. 
 
 Cicero's silence is broken by Caesar's clemency. 
 
 1. Diuturni silenti/ patres conscript!, quo eram - his 
 temporibus tisus non timore ^ aliquo, sed partim dolore, 
 partim verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit idemque 
 initium, quae vellem quaeque sentlrem, meo pristino 
 more dicendi. Tantam enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusi-5 
 tatam inaudltamque ciementiam, tantum in summa po- 
 testate rerum omnium modum/ tam denique incredibilem 
 
 1. * Cicero had not spoken in the Senate since 52 b.c. ^ eram usus, 
 we should expect the pres. perf . ^ timore, etc., abl. of cause. * moderation. 
 
 129 
 
130 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 sapientiam ac paene divinam tacitus praeterire nullo 
 modo possum. M. enim Marcello ^ vobis, patres con- 
 
 10 script!, reique publicae reddito non illius solum, sed etiam 
 meam vocem et auctoritatem et vobIs et rei publicae con- 
 servatam ac restitutam puto. 
 
 Dolebam enim, patres conscripti, et vehementer ange- 
 bar virum talem, cum ^ in eadem causa in qua ego fuisset, 
 
 15 non in eadem esse forttina ; nee mihi persuadere poteram, 
 nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in nostro vetere 
 curriculo/ illo aemulo ^ atque imitatore^ studiorum 
 ac laborum meorum quasi quodam socio a me et 
 comite distracto. Ergo et mihi meae pristinae vitae 
 
 20 consuetudinem, C. Caesar, interclusam aperuisti, et his ^^ 
 omnibus ad bene de omni re ptiblica sperandum quasi 
 signum ^^ aliquod sustulisti. Intellectum est enim mihi 
 quidem in^^ multis et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante 
 omnibus,^^ cum M. Marcellum senatui reique publicae 
 
 25 concessisti commemoratis praesertim offensionibus, te 
 auctoritatem huius ordinis dignitatemque rei publicae tuls 
 vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. 
 
 Ille ^^ quidem fructum omnis ante actae ^^ vitae hodierno 
 die maximum cepit, cum summo consensu senatus,^^ tum 
 
 soiudicio tuo gravissimo et maximo.^^ Ex quo prof ec to 
 intellegis, quanta in dato beneficio sit laus, cum in accepto 
 sit tanta gloria. Est vero fortunatus ille, cuius ex salute 
 non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad ipsum ventura sit, 
 laetitia pervenerit ; quod quidem ei merito atque optimo 
 
 35iure contigit. Quis enim est illo aut nobilitate aut pro- 
 bitate ^^ aut optimarum artium studio aut innocentia aut 
 uUo laudis genere praestantior ? 
 
 8 abl. abs. w. reddito. ^ though. '' routine. » rival. ' imitator, ^o these 
 senators. " standard, a military term. 12 {^ the case of. " contrasted w. 
 mihi. 14 Marcellus. i^ ante aetae, past, i^ The Senate unanimously re- 
 quested the pardon of Marcellus. " most significant. ^^ honesty. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 131 
 
 Caesar's pardoning of Marcellus excels even the glory of his mili- 
 tary achievements. 
 
 2. Nullius ^ tantum fiumen ^ est ingeni, nullius dicendl 
 aut scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae non dicam exor- 
 nare,^ sed enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. 40 
 Tamen adfirmo,^ et hoc pace ^ dicam tua, ntillam in his ^ 
 esse laudem ampHorem quam earn, quam hodierno die con- 
 secutus es. Soleo saepe ante oculos ponere idque^ Ubenter 
 crebris usurpare ^ sermonibus, omnes ^ nostrorum im- 
 peratorum, omnes exterarum gentium potentissimorum- 45 
 que populorum, omnes clarissimorum regum res gestas 
 cum tuis ^^ nee contentionum magnitudine nee numero 
 proeHorum nee varietate regionum nee celeritate con- 
 ficiendi nee dissimiUttidine bellorum posse conferri; nee 
 vero disiunctissimas terras citius passibus cuiusquam50 
 potuisse peragrari,^^ quam tuis non dicam cursibus, sed 
 victoriis lustratae ^^ sunt. 
 
 Quae quidem ego nisi ita magna esse fatear, ut ea vix 
 cuiusquam mens aut cogitatio capere ^^ possit, amens ^^ 
 sim; sed tamen sunt aha maiora. Nam belhcas laudes55 
 Solent quidam extenuare ^^ verbis easque detrahere duci- 
 bus, communicare ^® cum multis, ne propriae sint impera- 
 torum. Et certe in armis mihtum virtus, locorum oppor- 
 tunitas, auxiUa sociorum, classes, commeatus multum 
 iuvant; maximam vero partem quasi suo iure Fortunaeo 
 sibi vindicat ^^ et, quicquid prospere ^^ gestum est, id 
 paene omne ducit suum. 
 
 At vero huius gloriae,^^ C. Caesar, quam es paulo ante 
 adeptus, socium habes neminem ; totum hoc, quantum- 
 
 2. 1 of no one. ^ stream. ^ extol. * assert. ^ permission. ^ sc. rebus 
 gestis. ''the fact, stated in the following clause. ^ speak of. ^ w. res 
 gestas. 1° sc. rebus, modifying conferri (be compared). ^^ have been 
 traversed. ^^ visited. ^^ compass. ^* senseless. ^^ belittle. i® share. 
 *^ claims. ^^ successfully, i^ derived from the pardon of Marcellus- 
 
132 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 85 cumque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, 
 tuum. Nihil sibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus 
 nihil cohors, nihil turma ^^ decerpit ; '^^ quln etiam ilia ips8 
 rerum humanarum domina,^^ Fortuna, in istius societa- 
 tem gloriae se non offert ; ^^ tibi cedit, tuam esse totam el 
 
 70 propriam f atetur. Numquam enim temeritas cum sapien- 
 tia commiscetur,24 neque ad consilium casus admittitur. 
 
 Caesar, the conqueror of nations. 
 
 3. Domuisti ^ gentes immanitate ^ barbaras, multi- 
 tudine innumerabiles, locis mfinltas, omni copiarum genere 
 abundantes ; ^ sed tamen ea vicistl, quae et naturam et 
 
 75 condicionem, ut vinci possent, habebant. Nulla est enim 
 tanta vis, quae non ferro et viribus debilitari frangique 
 possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam "^ cohibere, victoriae 
 temperare,^ adversarium ^ nobilitate, ingenio, virttite prae- 
 stantem non modo extollere ^ iacentem, sed etiam ampli- 
 
 soficare eius pristinam dignitatem, haec qui facit, non ego 
 eum cum summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo 
 itidico. 
 
 Itaque, C. Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur 
 illae quidem non solum nostris, sed paene omnium gen- 
 
 85 tium litteris atque linguis, nee ulla umquam aetas de tuis 
 laudibus conticescet ; ^ sed tamen eius modi res nescio 
 quo modo, etiam cum leguntur, obstrepi^ clamore mllitum 
 videntur et tubarum sono.^^ At vero cum aliquid cle- 
 menter, mansuete,^^ itiste, moderate, sapienter factum, 
 
 90 in 12 iracundia praesertim, quae est inimica consilio, et in 
 victoria, quae natura insolens et superba est, audimus 
 aut legimus, quo studio incendimur non modo in gestis ^ 
 
 2° troop. 21 claims a share. " mistress. ^3 thrust. ^4 united. 
 
 3. 1 subdued. ^ ferocity. ^ rich. * anger. ^ be moderate (in the time 
 of) . * adversary. ' raise. ^ will be silent. ^ be overwhelmed. ^° sound, 
 1^ vnth humanity. ^ in a time of. ^^ real. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 133 
 
 reb'js, sed etiam in fictis/^ ut eos saepe, quos numquam 
 vidimus, diligamus ! Te vero, quern praesentem ^^ intue- 
 mur, cuius mentem sensusque et os cernimus, ut, quicquid95 
 belli ^^ fortuna reliquum ^^ rel publicae fecerit, id esse 
 salvum veils, quibus laudibus efferemus, quibus studiis 
 prosequemur, qua benevolentia complectemur ! ^^ Parie- 
 tes medius fidius,^^ ut mihi videtur, huius curiae tibi 
 gratias agere gestiunt,^^ quod brevi tempore futura sit ilia lOO 
 auctoritas ^^ in his maiorum suorum et suis sedibus. 
 
 Caesar, the conqueror of himself. 
 
 4. Equidem ^ cum C.^ Marcelll, viri optimi et com- 
 memorabili ^ pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum 
 viderem, omnium Marcellorum meum pectus ^ memoria 
 obfudit,^ quibus tu etiam mortuls M. Marcello conservato 105 
 dignitatem suam reddidisti ® nobilissimamque familiam 
 iam ad paucos redactam ^ paene ab interitu vindicasti. 
 Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus 
 gratulationibus itire antepones. Haec enim res unlus 
 est propria C. Caesaris; ceterae duce te gestae magnaeiio 
 illae quidem, sed tamen multo magnoque comitatu. 
 Huius autem rel tu idem ^ es et dux et comes ; quae 
 quidem tanta est,^ ut tropaeis et monumentis tuis adla- 
 tura finem sit aetas (nihil est enim opere et manti fac- 
 tum, quod non aliquando conficiat et consumat vetustas) ; 115 
 at haec tua iustitia et lenitas animi florescit cotidie magis, 
 ita ut, quantum tuis operibus dititurnitas detrahet, tan- 
 tum adferat laudibus. 
 
 Et ceteros quidem omnes victores bellorum civilium iam 
 
 " imaginary. ^^ present. 1* w. fortuna. ^^ reliquum fecerit = relique- 
 rit. ^^ honor, ''medius fidius (sc. iuvet), I declare. ^° are eager. ^^ i.e. 
 that influential man, Marcellus. 
 
 4 ' for my own part. ^ brother or cousin of Marcus. ^ memorable. 
 * breast, heart. ^ filled. * have restored. '' reduced. ^ at once. ' tanta 
 est at (anacoluthon), is so great that while ... at, yet. 
 
134 
 
 M. TULLI CICERO N IS 
 
 The Piraeus, the Harbor of Athens 
 (Where Marcellus was assassinated) 
 
 120 ante aequitate et misericordia viceras ; hodierno vero die 
 te ipsum vicisti. Vereor ut hoc, quod dicam, perinde^'* 
 intellegl possit auditum, atque ipse cogitans sentio : ipsam 
 victoriam vicisse videris, cum ea, quae ilia erat adepta, 
 victis remisisti. Nam cum ipsius victoriae condicione 
 
 l25omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae itidicio con- 
 servati sumus. Recte igitur tinus invictus es, a quo etiam 
 ipsius victoriae condicio visque devicta est. 
 
 Caesar's love of peace shown by the pardon of Marcellus. 
 
 5. Atque hoc C. Caesaris itidicium, patres conscript!, 
 quam late pateat, attendite. Omnes enim, qui ad ilia 
 130 arm a fat 5 sumus nescio quo rei public ae miser o fiinesto- 
 que ^ compulsi, etsi aliqua culpa tenemur ^ erroris humani, 
 scelere certe liberati sumus. Nam, cum M. Marcellum 
 deprecantibus vobis rei publicae conservavit, me et mihi 
 et item rei publicae nullo deprecante, reliquos amplissimos 
 
 10 perinde atque, exactly as. 
 
 5. * Jatal. ' are guilty of some favli. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 135 
 
 viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit, quorum et frequen-i35 
 tiam et dignitatem hoc ipso in consessu ^ videtis. Non 
 ille hostes induxit in curiam, sed iudicavit a plerisque ^ 
 ignoratione potius et f also atque inani '" metu quam cupi- 
 ditate aut crudelitate bellum esse susceptum. 
 
 Quo quidem in bello semper de pace audiendum putavi, 140 
 semperque dolui ^ non modo pacem, sed etiam orationem 
 civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque enim ego 
 ilia nee ulla umquam secutus sum arma civilia, semperque 
 mea consilia pacis et togae socia,'' non belli atque armo- 
 rum fuerunt. Hominem ^ sum secutus privato ^ officio, 145 
 non publico ; tantumque apud me grati animi fidelis 
 memoria valuit, ut nulla non modo cupiditate, sed ne 
 spe quidem prudens ^^ et sciens tamquam ad interitum 
 ruerem ^^ voluntarium. 
 
 Quod quidem meum consilium minime obscurum ^^ fuit. 150 
 Nam et in hoc ordine integra re ^^ multa de pace dixi et 
 in ipso bello eadem etiam cum capitis mel perlculo sensi. 
 Ex quo nemo iam erit tam iniustus existimator ^"^ rerum, 
 qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas fuerit, cum 
 pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris ^^ 155 
 fuerit iratior. Atque id minus mirum fortasse tum, cum 
 esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli; qui vero 
 victor pacis auctores diligit, is profecto declarat se maluisse 
 non dimicare quam vincere. 
 
 Let Caesar continue to exhibit his generosity. 
 
 6. Atque huius quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis, led 
 Nostri enim sensus ut in pace semper, sic tum etiam in 
 bello congruebant.^ Quotiens ego eum et quanto cum 
 
 3 assembly. * most of them. ^ groundless. « grieved. ^ on the side of, 
 allied to. ^ i.e. Pompey. ^ from personal devotion, i" with eyes open. 
 " rushed on. 12 concealed. ^^ integra re : i.e. before the war. " critic, 
 iudge. " dat., at the rest. 
 
 6. * agreed. 
 
136 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 dolore vidi cum msolentiam ^ certorum hominum, turn 
 etiam ipsius victoriae ferocitatem extimescentem ! ^ Quo 
 
 165gratior tua llberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, qui ilia vidimus^ 
 debet esse. Non enim iam causae sunt inter se, sed vic- 
 toriae comparandae. Vidimus tuam victoriam proelio- 
 rum exitu terminatam, gladium vagina vacuum ^ in urbe 
 non vidimus. Quos amisimus cives, eos Martis ^ vis per- 
 
 iTOCulit, non ira*^ victoriae, ut dubitare debeat nemo, quln 
 multos, SI fieri posset, C. Caesar ab inferis excitaret, 
 quoniam ex eadem acie conservat, quos potest. Alterius 
 vero partis nihil amplius dicam quam, id quod omnes 
 verebamur, nimis iracundam '^ futuram fuisse victoriam. 
 
 17o Quidam enim non modo armatis, sed interdum etiam 
 otiosis minabantur; nee quid quisque sensisset, sed ubi 
 fuisset, cogitandum esse dicebant ; ut mihi quidem videan- 
 tur di immortales, etiamsi poenas a populo Romano ob 
 aliquod delictum ^ expetlverunt, qui ^ civile bellum tantum 
 
 180 et tarn luctuosum ^^ excitaverunt, vel placati iam vel 
 satiati ^^ aliquando omnem spem salutis ad clementiam 
 victoris et sapientiam contulisse. 
 
 Quare gaude tuo isto tam excellent! bono,^^ et fruere 
 cum fortuna et gloria tum etiam natura et moribus tuis, 
 
 185 ex quo quidem maximus est fructus iucunditasque ^^ 
 sapienti. Cetera cum tua recordabere, etsi persaepe 
 virtuti, tamen plerumque ^^ f ellcitati tuae gratulabere ; de 
 nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul esse voluisti, quo- 
 tiens cogitabis, totiens de maximis tuis beneficiis, totiens 
 
 190 de incredibill llberalitate, totiens de singular! sapientia 
 tua cogitabis ; quae non modo summa bona, sed nimi- 
 rum ^^ audebo vel sola dicere. Tantus est enim splendor 
 in laude vera, tanta in magnitudine animi et consili dig- 
 
 ' presumption. ^ dreading. ^ vagina vacuum: unsheathed. * of Mars. 
 ^ wrath (after) . ''angry, ^offense. ^ when they. ^^ sorrowful. ^^ satisfied. 
 w disposition. " pleasure. ^* generally. ^^ certainly. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 137 
 
 nitas, ut haec a Virtute donata, cetera a Forttina com- 
 modata ^^ esse videantur. Noli igitur in conservandis 195 
 bonis virls defatigarl/^ non cupiditate praesertim aliqua 
 aut pravitate ^^ lapsis/^ sed opinione offici stulta fortasse, 
 certe non improba, et specie quadam rei ptiblicae. Non 
 enim tua ulla culpa est, si te aliqui timuerunt ; contraque 
 summa laus, quod minime timendum fuisse senserunt. 200 
 
 The safety of Caesar is the safety of all. 
 
 7. Nunc venio ad gravissimam querellam ^ et atrocis- 
 simam suspicionem tuam, quae non tibi ipsi magis quam 
 cum 2 omnibus civibus, tum ^ maxime nobis, qui a te 
 conservati sumus, providenda est; quam etsi spero fal- 
 sam esse, tamen numquam extenuabo> Tua enim cautio '" 205 
 nostra cautio est, ut, si in alterutro ^ peccandum ^ sit, 
 malim videri nimis timidus quam parum prudens. Sed 
 quisnam est iste tam demens ? De ^ tuisne ? — tametsi qui 
 magis sunt tui, quam quibus tii salutem insperantibus 
 reddidisti ? — an ex hoc numero, qui una tecum f uerunt ? 210 
 Non est credibilis tantus in ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia 
 summa sit adeptus, huius vitam non anteponat suae. 
 An, si nihil tui ^ cogitant sceleris, cavendum est, ne quid 
 inimici? Qui? Omnes enim, qui fuerunt, aut sua per- 
 tinacia ^^ vitam amiserunt aut tua misericordia retinue- 215 
 runt, ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis aut, qui fuerunt, 
 sint amicissimi. 
 
 Sed tamen cum in animis hominum tantae latebrae sint 
 et tanti recessus,^^ augeamus sane suspicionem tuam; 
 simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis est omnium 220 
 
 ^* lent. 1^ become weary. ^^ from depravity. ^^ when they have erred. 
 
 7. 1 complaint. 2 omit in translating. ^ 5^^, 4 niake light of. ^ caution 
 for you. ^ in one way or the other. '' err. ^ some one of. ' your friends. 
 1° obstinacy, shown by their continuing opposition after the battle of 
 Pharsalus. ^^ dark corners. 
 
138 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 tam ignarus ^^ rerum, tam rudis ^^ in re publica, tarn nihil 
 umquam nee de sua nee de communi salute cogitans, qui 
 non intellegat tua salute contineri suam et ex unlus tua 
 vita pendere omnium ? Equidem ^^ de te dies noctesque, 
 
 225 ut debeo, cogitans casus dumtaxat ^^ humanos et incer- 
 tos eventus valettidinis ^^ et naturae communis fragilita- 
 tem extimesco ^^ doleoque, cum res publica immortalis 
 esse debeat, eam in unius mortalis anima consistere. Si 
 vero ad humanos casus incertosque motus valetudinis 
 
 230sceleris etiam accedit insidiarumque consensio/^ quem 
 deum, SI cupiat, posse opitulari rei ptiblicae credamus? 
 
 Caesar is not to consider his life's work ended. 
 
 8. Omnia sunt excitanda ^ tibi, C. Caesar, unl, quae 
 iacere sentis belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, perculsa 
 atque prostrata; constituenda indicia, revocanda fides, 
 
 235 comprimendae libidines, propaganda suboles ; ^ omnia, 
 quae dilapsa iam diffluxerunt,^ severis legibus vincienda ^ 
 sunt. Non fuit rectisandum ^ in tanto civili bello, tanto 
 animorum ardore et armorum, quin quassata ^ res publica, 
 quicumque belli eventus f uisset, multa perderet et ornamenta 
 
 240 dignitatis et praesidia stabilitatis suae, multaque uterque 
 dux faceret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. 
 Quae quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt, 
 quibus praeter te mederi nema potest. 
 
 Itaque illam tuam praeclarissimam et sapientissimam 
 
 245 vocem ^ in Vitus audivi : ' Satis diu vel naturae vixi vel 
 gloriae.' Satis, si ita vis, fortasse naturae, addo etiam, si 
 placet, gloriae ; at, quod maximum est, patriae certe 
 parum. Quare omitte istam, quaeso, doctorum homi- 
 
 ^2 ignorant. " inexperienced. ^* for my part. ^^ merely. ^^ health. 
 1^ am. made afraid. ^^ conspiracy. 
 
 8. ^ All our institutions must be restored. ^ the population m,ust be 
 increased. ^ have become lax or disordered. * must be strengthened. 
 'non . . . recusandum : could not be avoided. * violently shaken. ' saying. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 139 
 
 num ^ in contemnenda morte prudentiam ^ ; noli nostro 
 perlculo esse sapiens. Saepe enim venit ad aures meas te 250 
 idem istud nimis crebro ^'^ dicere, tibi satis te vixisse. 
 Credo ; sed turn id audlrem, si tibi soli viveres aut si tibi 
 etiam soli natus esses. Omnium salutem civium cunc- 
 tamque rem piiblicam res tuae gestae complexae sunt ; 
 tantum abes a perfectione maximorum operum, ut fun-25r 
 damenta nondum, quae cogitas, ieceris.^^ Hic ^^ tti 
 niodum ^^ vitae tuae non saliite rei publicae, sed aequitate ^'^ 
 animi definies ? Quid, si istud ^^ ne gloriae tuae quidem 
 satis est ? Cuius te esse avidissimum, quamvis ^^ sis 
 sapiens, non negabis. 260 
 
 'Parumne igitur,' inquies, 'magna ^^ relinquemus ? ' 
 Immo vero aliis quamvis multis satis, tibi unl parum. 
 Quicquid est enim, quamvis amplum sit, id est parum tum, 
 cum est aliquid amplius. Quodsi rerum tuarum immor- 
 talium, C. Caesar, hic exitus futdrus fuit, ut devictis ^^265 
 adversariis rem publicam in eo statii relinqueres, in quo 
 nunc est, vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis 
 plus sit habitura quam gloriae, siquidem gloria ^^ est 
 inlustris ac pervagata ^^ magnorum vel in ^i suos cives vel 
 in patriam vel in omne genus hominum fama meritorum. 270 
 
 Let Caesar win undying fame by reestablishing the State. 
 
 9. Haec igitur tibi reliqua pars est, hic restat actus,^ 
 in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publicam constituas, 
 eaque - tu in primis summa tranquillitate et otio perfruare ; 
 tum te, si voles, cum et patriae, quod debes, solveris et 
 
 ^ i.e. the philosophers. ^ wisdom. ^° frequently. " laid. 12 under these 
 circumstances. ^^ duration. '* aequitate animi : resignation (willingness 
 to die). ^^ that sentiment " satis diu," etc. ^^ although, however, i" pa- 
 rum magna: achievements too small. ^^ de + vinco. i* Order: gloria est 
 fama magnorum meritorum. ^o widespread. 21 toward. 
 
 9. 1 act; Caesar has a part to play. ^ sc. re publica. 
 
140 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 375 naturam ipsam expleveris ^ satietate vivendi, satis diu 
 vixisse dicito.^ Quid enim est omnlno ^ hoc ipsum "diu," 
 in quo est aliquid extremum? Quod cum venit, omnis 
 voluptas praeterita pro nihilo est, quia postea nulla est 
 futura. Quamquam iste tuus animus numquam his 
 
 280 angustiis, quas nattira nobis ad vivendum dedit, contentus 
 fuit; semper immortalitatis amore flagravit. Nee vero 
 haec tua vita ducenda ^ est, quae corpore et spiritu con- 
 tinetur ; ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, quae vigebit ^ me- 
 moria saeculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, quam 
 
 285 ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. Huic tu mservias,^ huic 
 te ostentes oportet ; quae quidem, quae miretur, iam pri- 
 dem multa habet ; nunc etiam, quae laudet, exspectat. 
 
 Obstupescent ^ posterl certe imperia, provincias, Rhenum, 
 Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumerabiles, incredibiles 
 
 290 victorias, monumenta, munera,^^ triumphos audientes et 
 legentes tuos. Sed nisi haec urbs stabilita tuis consiliis 
 et institutis erit, vagabitur " modo tuum nomen longe 
 atque late ; sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non 
 habebit. Erit inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, sicut inter 
 
 295 nos fuit, magna dissensio, cum alii laudibus ad caelum res 
 tuas gestas efferent, alii fortasse aliquid requirent, idque 
 vel maximum, nisi belli civllis incendium salute patriae 
 restlnxeris, ut illud ^^ fati fuisse videatur, hoc ^^ consili. 
 Servi ^^ igitur eis etiam itidicibus, qui multis post saeculis 
 
 800 de te iudicabunt, et quidem haud scio an incorruptius ^^ 
 quam nos ; nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate et rursus 
 sine odio et sine invidia itidicabant. Id ^^ autem etiamsi 
 tum ad te, ut quidam putant, non pertinebit, nunc certe 
 
 'expleveris . . . vivendi: shall have satisfied with a full life, ''imper- 
 ative. * quid . . . omnino: for what is the meaning, anyway, of, etc. 
 • to be considered. "^ will flourish. * be subservient. ^ will stand amazed. 
 *• games, the public shows given when he was a magistrate. " will be 
 talked about. ^^ i.e. bellum civile. ^^ i.e. salus. '^ imperative, give heed 
 to. ^^ m,ore honestly, i* i.e. the judgment of posterity. 
 
PRO M. MARCELLO ORATIO 141 
 
 pertinet esse te talem, ut tuas laudes obsctiratura nulla 
 umquam sit obllvio. 90i 
 
 The war being ended, all will unite to protect the conqueror. 
 
 10. Diversae voluntates civium fuerunt distractaeque 
 sententiae. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis 
 etiam et castris dissidebamus ; ^ erat enim obscuritas quae- 
 dam, erat certamen inter clarissimos duces ; multi dubita- 
 bant, quid optimum esset, multl, quid sibi expediret,^ 3io 
 multi, quid deceret,^ nonnulli etiam, quid liceret. Per- 
 functa '^ res publica est hoc misero fatallque bello ; vicit is, 
 qui non fortuna Inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate 
 leniret, nee qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem exsilio aut 
 morte dignos iudicaret. Arma ab aliis ^ posit a, ab aliis ® 3i5 
 erepta sunt. Ingratus est iniustusque civis, qui armorum 
 perlculo liberatus animum tamen retinet armatum, ut 
 etiam ille melior sit qui in acie cecidit,^ qui in causa 
 animam profudit. Quae enim pertinacia ^ quibusdam, 
 eadem aliis constantia viderl potest. 320 
 
 Sed iam omnis fracta dissensio est armIs, exstincta 
 aequitate victoris ; restat, ut omnes unum velint, qui modo 
 habent aliquid non solum sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis.^ 
 Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in ista sententia, qua cum 
 antea, tum hodie vel maxime iisus es, manente, salvl esse 325 
 non possumus. Quare onmes te, qui haec salva esse volu- 
 mus, et hortamur et obsecramus,^" ut vltae tuae et salHtl 
 consulas ; omnesque tibi ^^ (ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod 
 de me ipse sentio), quoniam subesse ^^ aliquid putas, quod 
 cavendum sit,^^ non modo excubias ^^ et custodies, sed 330 
 etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur. 
 
 10. 1 were at variance. ^ was expedient. ^ was becoming. * has fin- 
 ished. ^hy some. 'from, others, ''fell, ^obstinacy. ^ good sense. ^^ en- 
 treat. " w. pollicemur. ^^ (^ ^g) concealed. " must be avoided. " jm^o- 
 teetion. 
 
142 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 Caesar's crowning kindness. 
 
 11. Sed ut, unde est orsa/ in eodem terminetur oratio, 
 maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Caesar, maiores 
 etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex 
 
 335 omnium precibus et lacrimis sentire potuistL Sed quia 
 non est omnibus stantibus ^ necesse dicere, a me certe 
 dici volunt, cui necesse est quodam modo ; et, quod fieri 
 decet,^ M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et 
 rei publicae reddito, fieri id intellego. Nam laetarl omnes 
 
 340 non de unius solum, sed de communi salute sentio. Quod 
 autem summae benevolentiae est,^ quae mea erga ilium 
 omnibus semper nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et 
 amantissimo fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem nemini, 
 cum id sollicitudine,^ cura, labore tamdiu praestiterim, 
 
 345 quamditi est de illius salute dubitatum, certe hoc tempore 
 magnis curls, molestiis,^ doloribus liberatus praestare 
 debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago ut, omnibus 
 me rebus ^ a te non conservato solum sed etiam ornato, 
 tamen ad tua in me unum innumerabilia merita,^ quod 
 
 !i50 fieri iam posse non arbitrabar, maximus ^ hoc tuo facto 
 cumulus accesserit. 
 
 11. 1 began. ^ stantibus dicere : to stand and speak. Cicero was a per- 
 sonal friend of Marcellus. ^ quod decet : which is proper, w. antecedent id, 
 explained by laetari omnes. * quod. . . . est : as J or that which is the duty 
 of the deepest affection. ^ anxiety. ^ distress. '' abl. of specification. 
 ^benefits. ^ maximus cumulus : crowning favor. 
 
A (jlKL, WITH TaBELLAK AXD STILUS 
 (From a Herculanean wall painting) 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 EPISTULAE SELECTAE^ 
 
 1. To Pompey in Asia.^ 
 
 M. Tidlius M. F.^ Cicero S. D. Cn. Pompeio Cn. F. Magno 
 
 Imperdtorl. 
 
 S. T. E. Q. V. B. E.^ Ex litterls tuis, quas publice^ 
 misisti, cepi una cum omnibus incredibilem voluptatem ; 
 
 1. 1 See Introduction, 11. 2 Written at Rome, 62 B.C., after Pompey's 
 dispatches to the Romans announcing his victory over Mithridates. 
 • M. F. = Marci filius. S. D. = salutem dicit (greets, sends greeting). 
 Cn. F. = Gnaei filio. * The initials stand for si tu exercitusque valetis, 
 bene est. ' officially. 
 
 143 
 
144 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 tantam enim spem oti^ ostendisti, quantam ego semper 
 omnibus te uno fretus pollicebar. Sed hoc scito, tuos 
 
 5 veteres hostes, novos amicos vehementer litteris perculsos 
 atque ex magna spe deturbatos ^ iacere. 
 
 Ad me autem litteras quas mlsistl, quamquam exiguam 
 significationem tuae erga me voluntatis habebant, tamen 
 mihi scito iucundas fuisse ; nulla enim re tam laetarl 
 
 10 soleo quam meorum officiorum ^ conscientia, quibus si 
 quando non mutue respondetur,^ apud me ^^ plus ^^ offici 
 residere facillime patior. Illud non dubito, quin, si te 
 mea summa erga te studia ^^ parum mihi aditinxerint, res 
 publica nos inter nos conciliatura coniuncturaque sit. 
 
 15 Ac, ne ignores, quid ego in tuis litteris desiderarim,^^ 
 scribam aperte, sicut et mea natura et nostra amicitia 
 postulat. Res ^^ eas gessi, quarum aliquam in tuis litteris 
 et nostrae necessitiidinis et rei publicae causa gratula- 
 tionem exspectavi; quam ego abs te praetermissam esse 
 
 20arbitror, quod vererere, ne cuius animum offenderes. 
 Sed scito ea, quae nos pro salute patriae gessimus, orbis 
 terrae iudicio ac testimonio comprobari; quae, cum 
 veneris, tanto consilio tantaque animi magnitudine a me 
 gesta esse cognosces, ut tibi, multo maiori quam Africa- 
 
 'j5nus fuit, me, non multo minorem quam Laelium,^^ facile 
 et in re publica et in amicitia aditinctum esse patiare. 
 
 (Ad Fam. V. 7.) 
 
 ^ of peace, ''disappointed, ^services. ® non . . . respondetur; no re- 
 turn is made. ^° apud me : in my favor. ^^ the balance. " zeal. ^^ missed. 
 " I.e. the suppression of Catiline's conspiracy, to which he expected 
 Pompey to refer. " Africanus and Laelius were ideal friends. 
 
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 
 
 145 
 
 The Harbor at Baiae 
 
 2. To Atticus, in Rome. 
 
 Cicero Attico Sal} 
 
 Epistulam cum a te avide exspectarem ad vesperum, ut 
 soleo, ecce tibi ^ nuntius pueros ^ venisse Roma ! Voco ; 
 quaero, ecquid litterarum. Negant. ''Quid ais?" in- 
 quam, '^ nihilne a Pomponio? " PerterritI voce et vultti 
 confessi sunt se accepisse, sed excidisse in via. Quids 
 quaeris ? Permoleste tuli ; nulla enim abs te per hos 
 dies epistula inanis ^ aliqua re titili et suavi venerat. 
 Nunc, sT quid in ea epistula, quam ante diem xvi Kal. 
 Maias dedisti,^ fuit historia dlgnum,^ scribe quam pri- 
 
 2. 1 salutem dicit. Cicero was writing in his villa near Antium, Apr. 
 69 B.C., to his intimate friend, T. Pomponius Atticus. * look you (115, b). 
 
 • = servos ; indir. disc. w. vb. implied in nuntius. ■* without. ^ sent. 
 
 • historia dignum : of importance. 
 
146 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 10 mum, ne ignoremus ; sin nihil praeter iocationem/ redde * 
 id ipsum. 
 
 Et scito Ctirionem adulescentem venisse ad me salu- 
 tatum. Valde eius sermo de Public cum tuis litteris 
 congruebat^ ; ipse vero mirandum in modum '^reges^^ odisse 
 
 15 superbos." Peraeque ^^ narrabat incensam esse iuventutem 
 
 neque f erre haec posse. Bene habemus ^^ nos, si in his spes 
 
 est ; opinor, aliud ^^ agamus. Ego me do historiae. Quam- 
 
 quam licet me Saufeium ^^ putes esse, nihil me est ,inertius. 
 
 Sed cognosce itinera nostra, ut statuas ubi nos visurus 
 
 20 SIS. In Formianum ^^ volumus venire Parilibus ^^ ; inde, 
 quoniam putas praetermittendum nobis esse hoc tempore 
 Cratera ^^ ilium delicatum,^^ Kal. Mails de Formiano 
 proficlscemur, ut AntI ^^ simus a. d. v Nonas Maias. 
 LudI enim AntI futurl sunt a iiii ad pr. Nonas Maias. 
 
 25 Eos Tullia spectare vult. Inde cogito ^^ in Tusculanum,^^ 
 deinde Arplnum,^^ Romam ad Kal. lunias. Te aut in 
 Formiano aut AntI aut in Tusculano cura ut videamus. 
 Epistulam superiorem restitue nobis et adpinge ^^ aliquid 
 novi. 
 
 (Ad Att. II. 8.) 
 
 3. To Atticus, in Epirus.^ 
 
 Cicero Attico Sal. 
 
 Numquam ante arbitror te epistulam meam legisse, nisi 
 mea manu scrlptam. Ex eo colligere ^ poteris, quanta 
 
 ''joking. ^ repeat. ^ agreed. ^° obj. of odisse, referring to the Trium- 
 virate. " to the same degree. ^^ bene habemus : are well off. ^^ let us do 
 something else, giving up politics. " because, like Saufeius, he wrote 
 much. 15 ffig villa at Formiae. ^^ on the feast of Pales (Apr. 21). *' ace, 
 Crater, a bay near Baiae. ^^ charming, i' at Antium. ^o gc. ire. ^^ to the 
 Tusculan villa. ^ to Arpinum,. ^3 d^d^ 
 
 3. 1 The first paragraph of a letter written at Rome, Aug., 59 b.c, 
 « infer. 
 
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 
 
 147 
 
 Arpinum 
 
 occupatione ^ distinear.^ Nam, cum vacul temporis nihil 
 
 haberem et cum recreandae voculae ^ causa necesse esset 5 
 
 mihi ambulare, haec dictavi ambulans. 
 
 (Ad Att. II. 23.) 
 
 4. To Quintus Cicero, at Ephesus.^ 
 
 Praeterea Aesopi ^ tragoedi, nostri familiaris, Licinius 
 servus, tibi notus, aufugit. Is Athenis apud Patronem ^ 
 Epicureum pro libero fuit. Inde in Asiam venit. Postea 
 Plato quidam Sardianus,'' Epicureus, qui Athenis solet 
 esse multum ^ et qui turn Athenis f uerat, cum Licinius eo 5 
 
 ^ business. * am engaged. ^ my weak voice. 
 
 4. 1 A paragraph about a runaway slave, from a letter by Cicero at 
 Rome, Nov., 59 b.c, to his brother, then governor of the province of Asia. 
 » of Aesopus, a Roman tragedian. ^ Patron, the Epicurean. * of Sardis, 
 • m,uch (of the time) . 
 
148 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 A Grain-mill at Pompeii 
 
 (Notice the baking' oven at the left) 
 
 venisset, cum eum fugitlvum esse postea ex Aesopi litteris 
 
 cognosset, hominem comprehendit et in custodiam 
 
 Ephesi tradidit, sed ^ in publicam ^ an in plstrinum ^ non 
 
 satis ex litteris eius intellegere potuimus. Tu, quoquo 
 
 lomodo est, quoniam Ephesi est, hominem investiges vehm 
 
 summaque diHgentia vel tecum deducas. Noli spectare 
 
 quanti homo est ; parvi enim preti est, qui iam nihil! est ; 
 
 sed tanto dolore Aesopus est adfectus propter servl scelus et 
 
 audaciam ut nihil gratius facere possis, quam si ilium per te 
 
 15 recuperarit.^ 
 
 (Ad Q. Frat. I. 2.) 
 
 ^ but (whether) . ' sc. custodiam. 
 by slaves. ^ recover. 
 
 8 a grain-mill, sometimes worked 
 
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 
 
 149 
 
 A Group of Roman Women 
 
 (From a Herculanean wall painting) 
 
 5. To his Wife and Family, in Rome.^ 
 
 Tullius S. D. Terentiae et Tulliolae et Ciceroni Suls. 
 Noli putare me ad quemquam longiores epistulas 
 scribere, nisi si quis ad me plura scrlpsit, cui puto rescribi 
 
 5. 1 Written at Thessalonica, Oct., 58 b.c, during Cicero's exile. 
 
150 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 oportere ; nee enim habeo, quod scrlbam, nee hoc tempore 
 quidquam difficilius facio. Ad te vero et ad nostram 
 
 5 Tulliolam ^ non queo ^ sine plurimis laerimis seribere ; 
 vos enim video esse miserrimas, quas ego beatissimas 
 semper esse volui idque praestare ^ debui et, nisi tam timidi 
 fuissemus, praestitissem. 
 
 Pisonem^ nostrum merito eius amo plurimum; eum, ut 
 
 10 potui, per litteras eohortatus sum gratiasque egi, ut debui. 
 In no VIS tribunis pl.*^ intellego spem te habere ; id erit fir- 
 mum,^ si Pompel voluntas erit, sed Crassum tamen metuo. 
 A te quidem omnia fieri fortissime et amantissime video, 
 nee miror, sed maereo casum eiusmodi, ut tantis tuis miseriis 
 
 15 meae miseriae subleventur.^ Nam ad me P. Valerius, homo 
 officiosus,^ scripsit, id quod ego maximo cum fletti legi, 
 quemadmodum a ^° Vestae ad tabulam ^^ Valeriam ducta 
 esses. Hem, ^2 mea lux, mcum deslderium/^ unde omnes 
 opem petere solebant ! te nunc, mea Terentia, sic vexarl, 
 
 20 sic iacere in laerimis et sordibus/"^ idque fieri mea culpa, 
 qui ceteros servavl, ut nos perlremus ! 
 
 Quod de domo scribis, hoe est de area,^^ ego vero tum 
 denique mihi videbor restitutus, si ilia nobis erit restituta. 
 Verum haee non sunt in nostra manu ; illud doleo, quae 
 
 25 impensa ^® faeienda est, in eius partem ^^ te miseram et 
 despoliatam venire. Quod si eonficitur negotium,^^ omnia 
 consequemur ; sin eadem nos forttina premet, etiamne 
 reliquias ^^ tuas misera proicies ? Obsecro te, mea vita, 
 quod ad sumptum attinet,^^ sine ^^ alios, qui possunt, si 
 
 3omodo volunt, sustinere, et valetudinem istam infirmam, si 
 
 2 little TulHa. ' / am able. * to have secured. ^ Tullia's husband 
 * for plebis. "^ a safe thing {to depend on) . ^ are relieved . ^obliging ^° sc. 
 templo. " the office of Valerius, probably a bank. ^^ alas. ^^ love. ^*mourn- 
 ing. 1^ de area : about its site, Cicero's house had been destroyed when 
 he was banished, i® quae impensa : the expense which, "in eius partem 
 venire : share. '* i. e., his recall from banishment. ^' what you have left. 
 *• quod . . . attinet " as to the expense (of my support) . *' imperative. 
 
A KOMAN WoMAiN OA^ Kii it. j.>i »ji 
 
 [1511 
 
152 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 me amas, noli vexare. Nam mihi ante oculos dies 
 noctesque versaris ; omnes labores te excipere video ; 
 timeo, ut sustineas. Sed video in te esse omnia 22 ^ quare, 
 ut id, quod speras et quod agis, consequamur, servi vale- 
 
 35 tudini. 
 
 Ego, ad quos scrlbam, nescio, nisi ad eos, qui ad me 
 scribunt, aut ad eos, de quibus ad me vos aliquid scribitis. 
 Longius, quoniam ita vobis placet, non discedam ; sed 
 velim quam saepissime litteras mittatis, praesertim si 
 
 40 quid est firmius, quod speremus. Valete, mea deslderia, 
 valete. 
 
 (Ad Fam. XIV. 2.) 
 
 6. To Caesar, in Gaul ^ 
 
 Cicero Caesari Imp} S. D. 
 
 Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse alterum ^ non 
 modo in eis rebus, quae ad me ipsum, sed etiam in eis, quae 
 ad meos pertinent. C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque 
 exirem, mecum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis, 
 
 sbeneficiis quam ornatissimum domum reducerem. Sed 
 postea quam et Pompei commoratio diuturnior erat, quam 
 putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubitatio 
 aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur aut certe 
 tardare, vide quid mihi sumpserim. Coepi velle ea 
 
 10 Trebatium exspectare a te, quae sperasset a me, neque 
 mehercule minus ei prolixe '' de tua voluntate promisi, 
 quam eram solitus de mea poUicerl. Casus ^ vero miri- 
 ficus ^ quidam intervenit quasi vel testis opinionis meae vel 
 sponsor ^ humanitatis tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Tre- 
 
 22 all (our hopes) . 
 
 6. ^ Part of a letter from Rome, Apr., 54 b.c, recommending Tre- 
 batius, a famous jurist, to Caesar. ^ imperatori. ' te . . . alterum: 
 that you are my second self. * freely. ' coincidence. * extraordinary. * o 
 pledge- 
 
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 153 
 
 bafcio cum Balbo nostro loquerer accuratius * domi meae, 15 
 litterae mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scrlptum erat • 
 '' Mescinium Rufum, quern mihi commendas, ve' regem 
 Galliae faciam, vel hunc Leptae delega,*^ si vis. Tu ad me 
 alium mitte, quem ornem." Sustulimus ^^ mantis et ego et 
 Balbus ; tanta fuit opportunitas, ut illud nescio quid non 20 
 fortultum/i sed dlvlnum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te 
 Trebatium atque ita mitto, ut initio mea sponte, post 
 autem invitatu tuo mittendum duxerim.^^ Hunc, mi 
 Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate ^^ complectare, ut 
 omnia, quae per me possis adduci ut in meos conferre veils, 25 
 in unum hunc conferas. 
 
 (Ad Fam. VII. 5.) 
 
 7. To Trebatius Testa, in Gaul.^ 
 
 Cicero Trehdtid. 
 
 Ego te commendare non desisto ; sed, quid proficiam, 
 ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo in Balbo, ad 
 quem de te dlligentissime et saepissime scribo. Illud 
 soleo mirari, non me totiens accipere tuas litteras, quotiens 
 a Quinto mihi fratre adferuntur. 5 
 
 In Britannia nihil esse audio neque auri neque argenti. 
 Id si ita est, essedum ^ aliquod capias, suadeo, et ad nos 
 quam primum recurras. Sin autem sine Britannia tamen 
 adsequi, quod volumus, possumus, perfice, ut sis in famil- 
 iaribus Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit meus, 10 
 multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et labor pluri- 
 mum. Imperatorem liberalissimum, aetatem ^ oppor- 
 
 8 with unusual earnestness. ® intrust. ^^ lifted in surprise. ^^ accidental. 
 12 believed. ^^ kindness. 
 
 7. 1 From Rome, May, 54 b.c. Trebatius was with Caesar, to gain 
 military experience. * a war-chariot, neut. ^ Balbus was thirty-five. 
 
154 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 ttinissimam, commendationem certe singularem habes, ut 
 tibi unum timendum sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare. 
 
 (Ad Fam. VII. 7.) 
 
 8. To Tiro, at Patrae.^ 
 
 Tullius et Cicero S. D. Tironl Suo. 
 
 Septimum iam diem Corcyrae tenebamur ; Quintus 
 
 autem pater et filius ^ Buthrotl.^ Solliciti eramus de 
 
 tua valetudine mlrum in modum, nee mirabamur nihil a 
 
 te litterarum ; eis enim ventis istim ^ navigatur, qui si 
 
 eessent, nos Corcyrae non sederemus. Cura igitur te 
 
 et confirma et, cum commode et per valetudinem et per 
 
 anni tempus navigare poteris, ad nos amantissimos tui 
 
 venl. Nemo nos amat, qui te non dlligat ; carus omnibus 
 
 exspectatusque venies. Cura ut valeas. Etiam atque 
 
 10 etiam, Tiro noster, vale. 
 
 (Ad Fam. XVI. 7.) 
 
 9. To L. Papirius Paetus.^ 
 
 Cicero Paeto. 
 
 Heri 2 venl in Cumanum,^ eras ad te fortasse. Sed 
 cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem. EtsI * 
 M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Gallinaria ^ obviam ve- 
 nisset ^ quaeslssemque, quid ageres, dixit te in lecto esse, 
 5 quod ex pedibus laborares. Tull scilicet moleste, ut 
 debul, sed tamen constitui ad te venire, ut et viderem te et 
 viserem et cenarem etiam ; non enim arbitror coquum ' 
 
 8. 1 From Cicero and his son Tullius to Tiro, his secretary ; written at 
 Corcyra, Nov. 17, 50 B.C. 2 The younger Quintus, son of Cicero's 
 brother. ^ ^i Buthrotum. ^ thence, from Patrae. 
 
 9. 1 Written at Cumae, Nov. 19, 46 B.C. Paetus was a friend living 
 near Naples. 2 yesterday. ^ rny Cumaean estate. * and I shall come 
 although, ^a wood in Campania, near Cumae. * obviam venisset: had 
 met. ^ the cook. 
 
EPISTULAE SELECTAE 155 
 
 etiam te arthrlticum ^ habere. Expecta igitur hospitem 
 cum mininie edacem,^ turn inimlcum cenis sumptuosis. 
 
 (Ad Fam. IX. 23.) 
 
 10. To C. Cassius Longinus, in Syria.^ 
 
 Cicero Cassio Sal. 
 
 Vellem Idibus Martils me ad cenam invltasses ; re- 
 liquiarum - nihil fuisset. Nunc me rehquiae vestrae exer- 
 cent, et quidem praeter ceteros me. Quamquam egregios 
 consules habemus, sed turpissimos consulares ; senatum 
 fortem, sed mfimo ^ quemque honore fortissimum. Populo 5 
 vero nihil fortius, nihil melius, Italiaque universa ; nihil 
 autem foedius Philippo et Pisone legatls, nihil flagitio- 
 sius ; qui cum essent missi, ut Antonio ex senatus sententia ^ 
 certas res nuntiarent, cum ille earum rerum nulll paruisset, 
 ultro ^ ab illo ad nos intolerabilia postulata rettulerunt. lO 
 Itaque ad nos concurritur/ factique iam in re salutarl^ 
 populares sumus. 
 
 Sed til quid ageres,^ quid acturus, ubi denique esses, 
 nesciebam. Fama nuntiabat te esse in Syria ; auctor erat 
 nemo. De Bruto, quo ^ propius est, eo firmiora videntur 15 
 esse quae nuntiantur. Dolabella ^" valde vituperabatur ^^ 
 ab hominibus non insulsis,^^ quod tibi tam cito succederet, 
 cum tu vixdum xxx. dies in Syria fuisses ; itaque con- 
 
 « attacked with gout. ' greedy. In joking with Paetus, Cicero always 
 pretended to be a great eater. 
 
 10. 1 Written at Rome, Feb. 2, 43 b.c. Cassius, the leading conspira- 
 tor against Caesar, was governor of Syria, 44-42 B.C. ^fragments, leav- 
 ings, i.e., Anthony would also have been killed. The cena was the assas- 
 sination of Caesar, which Cicero applauded. ^ infimo . . . honore : the 
 lowest in rank. * in accordance with the vote. ^ on his part. ^ i.e., my 
 house is thronged. '' in re salutari : though supporting a sound constitu- 
 tional measure. * trans, the impf., ageres, esses . . . erat by the pres. 
 (180). ^ as. 1" Dolabella, who was to succeed Cassius, scarcely allowed 
 him the legal month's grace to leave the province. ^^ was criticised, i* non 
 insulsis : of wit. 
 
156 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 stabat eum recipi in Syriam non oportere. Summa laus et 
 2otua et Bruti est, quod exercitum praeter spem exlstima- 
 mini comparasse. Scriberem plura, si rem causamque 
 nossem ; nunc quae scribo, scrlbo ex opinione hominum 
 atque fama. Tuas litteras avide exspecto. Vale. 
 
 (Ad Fam. XII. 4.) 
 
Tombs on the Appian Way 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 
 
 AD T. POMPONIUM ATTICUM 
 
 Cicero's essay " De Senectute " is a treatise in praise of old age, so 
 charmingly written that Montaigne said of it, that " it made one long 
 to grow old." It is cast in the form of a dialogue, in which Marcus Cato 
 the Elder, in his eighty-fourth year, converses with two young companions, 
 Scipio Africanus and Gaius Laelius. Cicero says, " I introduced Cato, 
 the old man, speaking, because no personage seemed better fitted to talk 
 concerning old age, than he who had been an old man a very long time, and 
 in old age itself had flourished beyond others." 
 
 Old age not burdensome to Cato. 
 
 2. Sclpid. Saepe numero ^ admirari soleo cum hoc C. 
 Laelio cum ceterarum rerima tuam excellentem, M. 
 Cato, perfectamque sapientiam, tum vel maxime» quod 
 
 2. » very often. 
 157 
 
158 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 numquam tibi senectutem gravem ^ esse senserim, quae 
 splerisque senibus sic odiosa est, ut onus se Aetna gravius 
 dlcant sustinere. 
 
 Cato. Rem haud sane difficilem, Scipio et Laeli, 
 admirarl videmini. Quibus enim nihil est in ipsis opis ad 
 bene beateque vivendum, els omnis aetas gravis est ; qui 
 
 10 autem omnia bona a se ipsi petunt, eis nihil malum potest 
 videri, quod naturae necessitas adferat. Quo in genere est 
 in primis senectus ; quam ut adiplscantur omnes optant, 
 eandem accusant adept! ; tanta est stultitiae ^ mconstantia * 
 atque perversitas. Obrepere ^ aiunt eam citius quam 
 
 15 putassent. Primum quis coegit eos falsum put are ? Qui ^ 
 enim citius adulescentiae senectus quam pueritiae adules- 
 centia obrepit ? Deinde qui ^ minus gravis esset eis senec- 
 tus, si octingentesimum annum agerent quam si octo- 
 gesimum? Praeterita enim aetas quam vis longa, cum 
 
 2oeffluxisset,^ nulla consolatione permulcere ^ posset stultam 
 senectutem. Quocirca si sapientiam meam admirarl soletis 
 (quae utinam digna esset opinione vestra nostroque 
 cognomine !^), in hoc sumus sapientes, quod nattiram 
 optimam ducem tamquam deum sequimur elque paremus ; 
 
 25 a qua non verl simile est, cum ceterae partes aetatis bene 
 discrlptae ^^ sint, extremum actum tamquam ab inert! 
 poeta esse neglectum. Sed tamen necesse fuit esse aliquid 
 extremum,!^ et tamquam in arborum bads ^^ terraeque 
 fructibus, maturitate tempestlva quasi vietum ^^ et 
 
 30 caducum, ^^ quod ferendum est molliter ^^ sapient!. Quid 
 est enim aliud Gigantum ^^ modo bellare cum dis nisi 
 naturae repugnare ? 
 
 Laelius. AtquI,^^ Cato, gratissimum nobis, ut etiam 
 
 ^burdensome. ^ of folly. * inconsistency. ^ comes on. ^howf "^ has 
 stream-edby. ^soothe. ^ my surnaw,e** Sapiens.^' ^° coTuposed. actum: ac^. 
 Cf. Shakespeare's Seven Ages of Man. " end. '^ ^'^ the case of the fruits. 
 ^ a time of bending. ^* a time of falling. ^^ patiently. ^^ of giants, "and yet 
 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 159 
 
 pro Sclpione pollicear, feceris, si, quoniam speramus, 
 volumus quidem certe series fieri, multo ante a te didi-35 
 cerimus, quibus facillime rationibus ingravescentem aeta- 
 tem ferre posslmus. 
 
 Cato. Faciam vero, Laell, praesertim si utrlque 
 vestrum, ut dicis, gratum futurum est. 
 
 Laelius. Volumus sane, nisi molestum est, Cato, tam-40 
 quam longam aliquam viam confeceris, quam nobis 
 quoque ingrediendum sit, istuc,^^ quo pervenisti, videre 
 quale sit. 
 
 He consents to discourse on the enjoyments of oli age. 
 
 3. Cato. Faciam, ut potero, Laell. Saepe enim inter- 
 ful querells ^ aequalium ^ meorum (pares autem vetere 45 
 proverbio cum paribus facillime congregantur), quae C. 
 Sallnator, quae Sp. Alblnus, homines consulares, nostrl 
 fere aequales, deplorare solebant, tum quod voluptatibus 
 carerent, sine quibus vitam nullam putarent, tum quod 
 spernerentur ^ ab els, a quibus essent coli ^ solitl. Qui 50 
 mihi non id videbantur accusare, quod esset accusandum. 
 Nam si id culpa senectutis accideret, eadem mihi tisu 
 venlrent ^ reliqulsque omnibus maioribus natu, quorum 
 ego multorum cognovl senectutem sine querela, qui se et 
 libldinum vinculis laxatos ^ esse non moleste ferrent, nee a 55 
 suls despicerentur. Sed omnium istlus modi querelarum 
 in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. ModeratI ^ enim et 
 nee difficiles * nee inhumani senes tolerabilem senectutem 
 agunt ; importunitas ^ autem et inhumanitas omnI aetati 
 molesta est. 60 
 
 Laelius. Est, ut dicis, Cato ; sed fortasse dlxerit 
 
 ^* istuc quo quale sit : what is the character of that stage at which. 
 
 3. 1 have been conversant with the complaints. ^ contemporaries. ' were 
 despised. * to be respected. ^ usu venirent: would happen. ^ set free. 
 ' temperate. * morose. • rudeness. 
 
160 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 quispiam tibi propter opes et copias et dignitatem tuam 
 tolerabiliorem senectutem viderl, id autem non posse 
 multis contingere. 
 65 Cato. Est istud quidem, Laell, aliquid, sed nequaquam ^^ 
 in isto sunt omnia. Ut Themistocles fertur Serlphio ^^ 
 cuidam in iurgio ^^ respondisse, cum ille dixisset non eum 
 
 sua, sed patriae glo- 
 ria splendorem^^ 
 adsectitum : " Nee 
 hercule/' inquit, ''si 
 ego Seriphius essem, 
 nee tu SI Atheni- 
 ensis, clarus um- 
 quam fuisses.'' 
 Quod eodem modo 
 de senectute dici 
 potest. Nee enim 
 in summa inopia 
 levis esse senectus 
 potest, ne sapient! 
 quidem, nee insipi- 
 enti etiam in sum- 
 ma copia non gra- 
 vis. Aptissima^^ 
 omnino sunt, Scipio 
 • Themistocles et Laeli, arma senec- 
 
 ttitis artes exercitationesque virtutum, quae in omni aetate 
 cultae, cum diu multumque vixeris, mirificos ^^ efferunt 
 Qofrtictus, non solum quia numquam deserunt ne extreme 
 quidem tempore aetatis (quamquam id quidem maximum 
 est), verum etiam quia conscientia bene actae vitae multo- 
 rumque bene factorum recordatio ^^ iucundissima est. 
 
 1° by no means. " a Seriphian, 12 a dispute. ^' eminence. " fittest, 
 " wondrous. " recollection. 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 h ■ 
 
 .^ 
 
 
 %- 
 
 ':-.^>':^''^^^^^^^^mH 
 
 -^~9^^^|^^I^H 
 
 r 
 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 161 
 
 The topics of his theme. 
 
 5. Etenim, cum complector animo, quattuor reperio 
 causas, cur senectus misera videatur: unam, quod avocet95 
 a rebus gerendls ; alteram, quod corpus faciat infirmius ; 
 tertiam, quod privet fere omnibus voluptatibus ; quartam, 
 quod baud procul absit a morte. Earum, si placet, causa- 
 rum quanta quamque sit iusta una quaeque, videamus. 
 
 Youth and age. 
 
 6. ''A rebus gerendis^ senectus abstrahit." Quibus? lOO 
 An eis, quae iuventute geruntur et viribus ? Nullaene 
 igitur res sunt seniles,- quae veP InflrmTs corporibus animo 
 tamen administrentur ? Nihil ergo agebat Q. Maximus, 
 nihil L. Paulus, pater tuus, socer ^ optimi viri, fill mei ? 
 Ceterl senes, Fabricii, Curil, Coruncanii, cum rem pu- 105 
 blicam consilio et auctoritate clefendebant, nihil agebant ? 
 Ad Appi Claudi^ senectutem accedebat etiam, ut caecus^ 
 esset ; tamen is, cum sententia senatus inclinaret ad 
 pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque faciendum, non dubitavit 
 dicere ilia, quae versibus persecutus^ est Ennius : HO 
 
 Quo^vobismentes,rectae quae stare solebant 
 Antehac, dementes sese flexere vial? 
 ceteraque gravissime ^ ; notum ^^ enim vobis carmen est ; 
 et tamen ipsius AppI exstat oratio.^^ Atque haec ille egit 
 septimo decimo anno post alterum consulatum, cum inter iis 
 duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent censorque ante 
 
 6. ^ a. rehus get endis, from our activities. ^ activities for old men. ^even. 
 * father-in-law. * ^ppius Claudius, censor 312 B.C., consul 307 B.C. He 
 commenced the Appian Way and completed the Appian Aqueduct. 
 From him Roman jurisprudence, oratory, grammar, and Latin prose 
 date their beginning. « blind. ^ expressed. » quo, w. viai (archaic gen. of 
 via) — quern in locum : " On what wild course have wits, once true, but witless 
 now, misguided you?" ^ in the most dignified style, i" hence there is no 
 reason for quoting further from Ennius, " the speech against peace w. 
 Pyrrhiis. 
 
1 162 ^ 
 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 
 
 163 
 
 superiorem consulatum fuisset ; ex quo intellegitur Pyrrhi 
 bello grandem ^^ sane fuisse ; et tamen ^^ sTc a patribus 
 accepimus. 
 
 Nihil igitur adferunt, ^'* qui in re gerenda versarl 120 
 senectutem negant, similesque '^ sunt, ut si qui guberna- 
 torem ^^ in navigando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos ^^ 
 scandant/^ alii per foros ^^ cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant, 
 ille autem clavum -° tenens quietus sedeat in puppi, non f a- 
 ciat ea, quae iuvenes, at vero multo maiora et meliorai25 
 faciat. Non viribus aut velocitate aut celeritate corporum 
 res magnae geruntur, sed 
 consilio, auctoritate, sen- 
 tentia ; quibus non modo 
 non orbari,^^ sed 2- etiam 
 augeri senectus solet. Nisi 
 forte ego vobis, qui et miles 
 et tribunus et legatus et 
 consul versatus sum in 
 vario genere bellorum, ces- 
 sare^^ nunc videor, cum 
 bella non gero. At se- 
 natui quae sint gerenda 
 praescribo, et quo modo ; Karthagini male iam diu cogi- 
 tanti bellum multo ante ^^ denuntio ; de qua vereri non i48 
 desinam, quam illam excisam -^ esse cognovero. 
 
 AoTiviTiKS ON Shipboard 
 (From a Pompeian tomb-relief) 
 
 12 aged, sc. eum as subj. of fuisse. ^^ {g^^ although old, he exhibited such 
 ability and energy. ^* say nothing to the point. ^^ similesque. . . qui: 
 
 16 
 
 pilot. 1' masts. ^^ climb. ^^ gangways. 
 
 ^0 rudder. 
 
 24 
 
 and are like those who. 
 
 2' to be deprived (of). 22 repeat quibus, by which. 23 to be inactive. '■" i.e. 
 before it is declared by the state. 25 destroyed. It was Cato who used to 
 end all his speeches in the Senate with censeo delendam esse Karthaginenu 
 
164 
 
 M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 The wisdom of old age. 
 
 10. Videtisne, ut ^ apud ^ Homerum saepissime Nestor 
 de virtutibus suls praedicet ? Tertiam iam enim aetatem * 
 hominum videbat, nee erat ei verendum, ne vera praedi- 
 £45 cans de se nimis videretur aut Insolens aut loquax. Ete- 
 nim, ut ait Homerus, ''ex eius lingua melle ^ dulcior fluebat 
 oratio/' quam ad suavitatem ^ nullls egebat corporis viribus. 
 
 Et tamen dux ille 
 Graeciae nusquam^ 
 optat, ut Aiacis ^ 
 similes habeat de- 
 cern, sed ut Nesto- 
 ris ; quod si sibi 
 accident, non dubi- 
 tat, quln brevi * sit 
 Troia perittira. 
 
 The pleasure of agri- 
 culture in old age. 
 
 17. Multas ad 
 
 res perutiles Xeno- 
 
 phontis libri sunt ; 
 
 quos legite, quaeso, 
 
 studiose, ut facitis. 
 
 Quam copiose ab eo 
 
 agri cultura lauda- 
 
 tur in eo libro, qui 
 
 est de tuenda re 
 
 166 familiar!,^ qui Oeconomicus mscrlbitur ! At que ut in- 
 
 tellegatis nihil el tam regale videri quam studium agri 
 
 colendi, Socrates in eo libro loquitur cum Critobtilo 
 
 10. 1 how. 2 m. ' generation. ^ honey. ^ sweetness. ' nowhere. '' Ajax, 
 * sc. tempore. 
 
 17. 1 on the management of one's property. 
 
 Homer 
 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 
 
 165 
 
 Cymm minorem, Persarum regem, praestantem ingenio 
 
 atque imperi gloria, cum Lysander Lacedaemonius, virno 
 
 summae virtutis, venisset 
 
 ad eum Sardis ^ elque dona 
 
 a sociis attulisset, et ceteris 
 
 in rebus comem ^ erga 
 
 Lysandrum atque huma- 
 
 num ^ fuisse et ei quen- 
 
 dam consaeptum^ agrum 
 
 diligenter consitum^ 
 
 ostendisse. Cum autem 
 
 admiraretur Lysander et 
 
 proceritates ^ arborum et 
 
 derectos^ in quincuncem^ 
 
 Srdines et humum sub- 
 
 actam^'^ atque puram et 
 
 suavitatem odorum, qui 
 
 adflarentur ex floribus, 
 
 tum eum dixisse mlrarl 
 
 se non modo dlligentiam, 
 
 sed etiam sollertiam ^^ 
 
 eius, a quo essent ilia 
 
 dimensa atque discrlpta ; 
 
 et Cyrum respondisse : 
 
 "Atqui ego ista sum 
 
 omnia dimensus; mel 
 
 sunt ordines, mea di- 
 
 scriptio/2 multae etiam 
 
 istarum arborum mea 
 
 manu sunt satae."^^ 
 
 Tum Lysandrum intu- Socrates 
 
 5 ace. to (Sardis. ^affable. * kind, ^fenced. ^planted. "^ the size. 
 • arranged. ' in fives. " cultivated. " skill. " plan. " planted. 
 
1 166) 
 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 167 
 
 entem purpuram eius et nitorem^'* corporis ornatumque ^^ 200 
 Persicum multo auro multlsque gemmis ^^ dixisse : " Rite ^^ 
 vero te, Cyre, beatum ferunt, quoniam virtuti tuae fortuna 
 coniuncta est." 
 
 Spartan respect for old age. 
 
 18. Lysandrum Lacedaemonium, cuius modo feci men- 
 tionem, dicere aiunt solitum Lacedaemonem ^ esse ho- 205 
 nestissimum domicilium senectutis ; nusquam enim tan- 
 turn 2 tribuitur aetati, nusquam est senectus honoratior. 
 Quin etiam memoriae proditum est, cum Athenis ludls 
 quidam in theatrum grandis ^ natu venisset, magno con- 
 sessu ^ locum nusquam ei datum a suis civibus ; cum au- 210 
 tem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legatl cum essent, 
 certo in loco consederant, consurrexisse ^ omnes ill! dicuntur 
 
 et senem sessum ^ recepisse. Quibus cum a cuncto consessti 
 plausus ^ esset multiplex datus, dixisse ex eis quendam 
 Athenienses scire, quae recta essent, sed facere nolle. 215 
 
 The harvest time of life. 
 
 19. Horae quidem cedunt et dies et menses et anni, nee 
 praeteritum tempus umquam revertitur, nee, quid sequa- 
 tur, sclrl potest ; quod cuique temporis ad vivendum da- 
 tur, eo debet esse eontentus. Neque enim histrionl,^ ut 
 plaeeat, peragenda fabula ^ est, modo,^ in quoeumque 220 
 fuerit actu, probetur, neque sapient! usque ad " Plaudite " ^ 
 veniendum est. Breve enim tempus aetatis satis longum 
 est ad bene honesteque vivendum ; sin processerit lon- 
 gius,^ non magis dolendum est, quam agricolae dolent 
 
 ^* splendor. ^^ attire. ^^ jewels, "rightly. 
 
 18. 1 Sparta. 2 so much respect. ^ grandis natu : elderly. * assembly. 
 ' to have risen up. ^ to a seat. ^ plausus multiplex : rounds of applause. 
 
 19. 1 actor, dative. 2 the play. ' if only. * " applaud " the word with 
 which the chief actor closed the play. * sc. aetate. 
 
l,^^ M. TULLI CICERONIS 
 
 225 praeterita vemT ^ temporis suavitate aestatem autum- 
 numque venisse. Ver enim tamquam adulescentiam 
 significat ostenditque frtictus futures, reliqua autem tem- 
 pera demetendis ^ fructibus et percipiendis ^ accommo- 
 data sunt. Fructus autem senecttitis est, ut saepe dixi, ante 
 
 230 partorum bonorum memoria et copia. 
 
 The soul is immortal. 
 
 22. Apud ^ Xenophontem autem moriens Cyrus maior 
 haec dicit : " Nolite arbitrari, o mihi carissimi filil, me, 
 cum a vobis discessero, nusquam aut nullum fore. Nee 
 enim, dum eram voblscum, animum meum videbatis, sed 
 
 235 eum esse in hoc corpore ex els rebus, quas gerebam, in- 
 tellegebatis. Eundem igitur esse creditote,^ etiamsi nul- 
 lum videbitis. Nee vero clarorum virorum post mortem 
 honores permanerent, si nihil eorum ipsorum animi effi- 
 cerent, quo diutius memoriam sul teneremus. Mihi 
 
 240quidem numquam persuader! potuit animos, dum in cor- 
 poribus essent mortalibus, vivere, cum excessissent ex eis, 
 emori ; nee vero tum animum esse insipientem,^ cum ex 
 msipientl corpore evasisset ; sed cum omni admixtione "* 
 corporis liberatus purus et integer esse coepisset, tum esse 
 
 245 sapientem. Atque etiam cum hominis natura morte 
 dissolvitur, ceterarum rerum perspicuum ^ est quo quaeque 
 discedat ; abeunt enim illuc ^ omnia, unde orta sunt; ani- 
 mus autem solus, nee cum adest nee cum discedit, ap- 
 paret. lam vero videtis nihil esse morti tam simile quam 
 
 260somnum. Atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant 
 divTnitatem suam ; multa enim, cum remiss! ' et llberi 
 sunt, futura prospiciunt. Ex quo intellegitur, quales 
 futuri sint, cum se plane ^ corporis vinculls relaxaverint. 
 
 • of spring. ' reaping. * gathering. 
 
 22. 1 in. ' you must believe. ' without consciousness. * connection 
 (with). ' dear; rerum limits quaeque. * to the place. ^ released. * entirely. 
 
CATO MAIOR DE SENECTUTE LIBER 169 
 
 Quare, sT haec ita sunt, sTc me colitote," ^ inquit, " ut 
 deum ; sin una est interiturus animus cum corpore, vos 255 
 tamen deos verentes, qui banc omnem pulchritudinem ^^ 
 tuentur et regunt, memoriam nostrl pie inviolateque ^^ 
 servabitis." 
 
 ■" lou must reverence. i° beautiful (world). " affectionately and sacredly. 
 
 
 
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C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 
 BELLUM CATILINAE 
 
 Sallust (C. Sallustius Crispus, 86-35 b.c.) was tribune of the people 
 in 52 ; was expelled from the Senate in 50, being an opponent of Cicero, 
 and Pompey, but restored later by Caesar ; was praetor in 46, and gov- 
 ernor of Numidia. After Caesar's assassination he wrote Bellum Cati- 
 linae and Bellum lugurthinum. In the former he gives an account of 
 the conspiracy of Catiline and the moral condition of the times. The 
 speeches of Caesar and Cato before the Senate, concerning the punish- 
 ment of the conspirators, are of special interest (chapters 51, 52). 
 
 The character of Catiline. 
 
 5. L. Catilma, nobil! genere natus, fuit magna vi et 
 animi et corporis sed ingenio malo pravoque.^ Huic 
 ab adulescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinae, discordia 
 civllis, grata fuere ^ ; ibique ^ iuventutem suam exercuit. 
 5 Corpus patiens inediae/ algoris,^ vigiliae, supra quam 
 cuiquam credibile est. Animus audax, subdolus,^ varius, 
 cuius rei libet simulator ac dissimulator ; ^ alieni ^ adpe- 
 tens, sui profusus, ardens in cupiditatibus ; satis eloquen- 
 tiae, sapientiae parum. Vastus ^ animus immoderata, 
 
 10 incredibilia, nimis alta semper cupiebat. Hunc post 
 dominationem L. Sullae libido maxima invaserat rei 
 publicae capiendae ; neque id quibus modis adsequeretur, 
 dum sibi regnum pararet, quicquam pens! ^^ habebat. 
 Agitabatur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei 
 
 15 familiaris et conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque eis 
 
 5. ^depraved. * = ' uerunt. ^ and in these. * hunger. ^ cold. * subtle. 
 ' pretending and dissembling anything you please (libet). * other men's 
 property. * insatiable. ^° scruple. 
 
 170 
 
BELLUM CATILINAE 171 
 
 artibus auxerat, quas supra memoravi. Incitabant prae- 
 terea corrupt! civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa " 
 inter se mala^ luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant. 
 
 Virtues of the Ancient Romans. 
 
 Res ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus civi- 
 tatis tempus admonuit, supra repetere ac ^- paucis In- 20 
 stituta maiorum domi militiaeque; quo modo rem publicam 
 habuerint quantamque reliquerint; ut, paulatim immii- 
 tata ex pulcherrima atque optima, pessima ac flagitio- 
 sissima facta sit, disserere. 
 
 6. Urbem Romam, sTcutI ego accepi,^ condidere ^25 
 atque habuere initio Troianl, qui Aenea duce profugi ^ 
 sedibus incertis vagabantur ; cumque eis Aborigines, 
 genus hominum agreste,'^ sine legibus, sine imperio, 
 llberum atque solutum.^ Hi postquam in una moenia ^ 
 convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingua, alii alio more 30 
 viventes, incredibile memoratu est quam facile coaluerint.^ 
 Sed postquam res eorum, civibus, moribus, agrls aucta, 
 satis prospera satisque pollens ^ videbatur, sicuti ^ pleraque 
 mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentia orta est. Igitur 
 reges populique finitimi bello temptare ; ^^ pauci ex amicis 35 
 auxilio esse,^^ nam ceteri metu perculsi a periculis aberant. 
 At Romani domi militiaeque intenti ^^ festlnare parare, 
 alius alium hortari, hostibus obviam ^^ ire, libertatem, 
 patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post ubi pericula 
 virtiite propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant, 40 
 magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis amicitias 
 parabant. Imperium legitimum,^^ nomen imperi regium ^^ 
 habebant. Delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, in- 
 
 11 contending. 12 w, disserere (1. 24), to describe. 
 
 6. 1 understand. 2 = condiderunt. ^ as exiles. * savage. ^ uncon- 
 trolled. ^ city, '^ united, ^powerful, 'sicuti . . . habentur: as is gen- 
 erally the case in human affairs. *° historical inf. " intenti festinare : 
 vnth alertness made haste. 1* met. " regulated by laws. ^* monarchy. 
 
172 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 
 
 genium sapientia validum erat, rei publicae consultabant ; 
 
 45 el vel aetate vel curae similitudine ^^ patres appellabantur. 
 Post ubi regium imperium, quod initio conservandae 
 llbertatis ^^ atque augendae rei publicae fuerat, in super- 
 biam dominationemque se convertit, immutato more 
 annua imperia binosque imperatores sibi fecere ; eo modo 
 
 50 minime posse putabant per licentiam insolescere ^^ ani- 
 mum humanum. 
 
 7. Sed ea tempestate ^ coepere se quisque magis ex- 
 tollere ^ magisque ingenium in promptu habere.^ Nam 
 regibus boni ^ quam mail ^ suspectiores sunt, semperque 
 
 55eis aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredi- 
 bile memoratu est, adepta ^ libertate quantum brevi ^ 
 creverit ; tanta cupido gloriae incesserat. lam primum 
 inventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens ^ erat, in castris per 
 usum militiam discebat, magisque in decoris ^ armis et 
 
 60 militaribus equis quam in scortis atque conviviis libidinem 
 habebant. Igitur talibus viris non labor insolitus, non 
 locus ulliis asper ^° aut arduus " erat, non armatus hostis 
 formidolosus ; virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriae maxi- 
 mum certamen inter ipsos erat : se quisque hostem ferire,^^ 
 
 65murum ascendere, conspici dum tale facinus faceret, pro- 
 perabat. Eas divitias, eam bonam famam magnamque 
 nobilitatem putabant. Laudis avidi, pecuniae liberales 
 erant ; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas ^^ volebant. 
 Memorare possem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias 
 
 jopopulus Romanus parva manu fuderit, quas urbes natura 
 munitas ptignando ceperit, ni ^^ ea res longius nos ab in- 
 cepto traheret. 
 
 8. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur ; ea res 
 
 *^ similarity. ^* sc. causa. " grow overbearing. 
 
 7. ^period. ^ to seek distinction. ^ in promptu habere: show. * the 
 meritorious. ^ the undeserving, ^secured. ' sc. tempore. ^ able to bear, 
 • fine. 1° difficult. " inaccessible. " to wound. " moderate. " but that. 
 
BELLUM CATILINAE 173 
 
 cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero celebrat ^ obscurat- 
 que. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti ego aestimo, satis 75 
 amplae magnificaeque fuere, verum aliquanto minores 
 tamen quam fama feruntur. Sed quia provenere ^ ibi 
 scrlptorum magna ingenia, per terrarum orbem Athe- 
 niensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui 
 ea fecere, virtus tanta habetur, quantum ea verbis potuere 80 
 extoUere praeclara ingenia. At populo Romano num- 
 quam ea copia fuit, quia prtidentissimus ^ quisque maxime 
 negotiosus erat ; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat ; 
 optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab alils bene facta 
 laudarl quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 85 
 
 • 9. Igitur domi mllitiaeque boni mores colebantur ; 
 Concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; ius bonumque 
 apud eos non legibus magis quam natura valebat. lurgia,^ 
 discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant ; elves cum 
 civibus de virtute certabant. In suppliciis ^ deorum 90 
 magnifici, domi parcl,^ in amicos fideles erant. Duabus 
 his artibus, audacia in bello, ubi pax evenerat, aequitate, 
 seque remque publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego 
 maxima documenta haec habeo, quod in bello saepius 
 vindicatum '^ est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem 95 
 pugnaverant, quique tardius, revocati,^ proelio excesse- 
 rant, quam ^ qui signa relinquere aut pulsl loco cedere ausi 
 erant ; in pace vero quod beneficiis quam metti imperium 
 agitabant,^ et accepta iniuria ignoscere quam persequi 
 malebant. lOO 
 
 Caesar's speech in the Senate Dec. 5, 63 B.C. 
 
 Caesar, ubi ad eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a 
 consule huiusce modi verba locutus est : 
 
 8. ^ she (ea) makes famous. * flourished. ' m,08t talented. 
 
 9. ^strife. ^ the worship, ^frugal. * punishment was i/nfiicted. * when 
 commanded to retreat. • sc. in eos. ^ managed. 
 
174 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 
 
 51 (a). '' Omnes homines, patres conscript!, qui de 
 rebus dubils consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira, atque 
 
 105 misericordia vacuos esse decet. Haud ^ facile animus 
 verum providet, ubi ilia officiunt,^ neque quisquam om- 
 nium libidini simul et usui ^ paruit. Ubi intenderis ^ 
 ingenium, valet : si libido possidet,^ ea dominatur, animus 
 nihil valet. Magna mihi copia est memorandi,^ patres 
 
 110 conscrlpti, qui reges atque popull ira aut misericordia 
 impulsl male consuluerint. Sed ea malo dicere, quae 
 maiores nostrl contra libidinem animi sui recte atque 
 ordine ^ fecere, Bello Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse 
 gessimus, Rhodiorum civitas magna atque magnifica, 
 
 115 quae populi Romani opibus creverat, inflda atque adversa ^ 
 nobis fuit. Sed postquam bello confecto de Rhodiis 
 consultum est, maiores nostri, ne quis divitiarum magis 
 quam iniuriae causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunTtos 
 eos dimlsere.^ Item bellls Punicis omnibus, cum saepe 
 
 120 Carthaginienses et in pace et per indutias multa nefaria 
 facinora fecissent, numquam ipsi per occasionem ^° taUa 
 fecere ; magis quid se dignum foret,^^ quam quid in illos 
 iure fieri posset, quaerebant. Hoc item vobis providen- 
 dum est, patres conscrlpti, ne plus apud vos valeat P. 
 
 l25Lentuli et ceterorum scelus quam vestra dignitas, neu 
 magis irae vestrae quam famae consulatis. Nam si digna 
 poena pro factis eorum reperitur, novum consilium ^- 
 adprobo ; sin magnitudo sceleris omnium ingenia ^^ exsu- 
 perat, his utendum censeo, quae legibus comparata sunt. 
 
 130 51 (6). Plerlque eorum, qui ante me sententias dixerunt, 
 composite atque magnifice^ casum rei publicae miserati 
 
 51 (a), ^not. ^obstruct the view, ^interest. * freely exert. ^ holds 
 possession. ^ i.e., I could easily mention, ''properly. ^hostile. ^ left. 
 ^^ when opportunity offered. ." = esset. ^^ i.e., of putting citizens to 
 death in violation of law. " imaginations. 
 
 51 (6). 1 in studied and impressive language. 
 
BELLUM CATILINAE 175 
 
 sunt. Quae belli saevitia ^ esset, quae victis acciderent, 
 enumeravere ; rapi virgines pueros ; divelli liberos a 
 parentum complexu ; matres familiarum pati quae vie- 
 toribus conlibuissent ; ^ fana atque domos spoliari ; cae- 135 
 dem, incendia fieri ; postremo armis, cadaveribus,^ cruore,^ 
 atque luctu omnia compleri. Sed, per deos immortales, 
 quo ^ ilia oratio pertinuit ? An uti vos mfestos coniura- 
 tionl faceret? Scilicet, quern res tanta et tarn atrox non 
 permovit, eum oratio accendet.^ Non ita est, nequei40 
 cuiquam mortalium iniuriae suae parvae videntur ; multi 
 eas gravius aequo ^ habuere. Sed alia aliis licentia est, 
 patres conscript!. Qui demissi ^ in obsctiro vltam habent, 
 SI quid Iracundia deliquere,^° pauci sciunt ; fama atque 
 fortuna eorum pares sunt; qui magno imperio praeditlus 
 in excelso ^^ aetatem agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales 
 novere. Ita in maxima fortuna minima licentia est ; 
 neque studere ^^ neque odisse, sed minime Irasci decet ; 
 quae apud alios Iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio ^^ superbia 
 atque crudelitas appellatur. Equidem ego sic existimo, iso 
 patres conscrlpti, omnes cruciatus minores quam facinora 
 illorum esse. Sed plerlque mortales postrema meminere 
 et in hominibus impils sceleris eorum obliti de poena 
 disserunt,^^ si ea paulo saevior fuit. 
 
 51 (c). D. Sllanum, virum fortem atque strenuum, certoi55 
 scio quae dixerit, studio ^ rel publicae dixisse, neque ilium 
 in tanta re gratiam aut inimlcitias exercere ; eos mores 
 eamque modestiam ^ virl cognovl. Verum sententia 
 eius mihi non crudelis (quid enim in tales homines crudele 
 fieri potest?), sed aliena a re publica nostra videtur. 160 
 Nam profecto aut metus aut injuria ^ te subegit, Sllane, 
 
 2 barbarity. ^ should please. * corpses. ^ blood. ^ to what end. '' will 
 inflame. ^ than was right. ' sunk. ^° have done wrong. " in an exalted 
 atation. 12 iq show favor. ^^ in the powerful. ^* talk. 
 
 51(c). ^ from zeal for. * moderation. ^ the nature of the crime. 
 
176 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 
 
 consulem designatum, genus poenae novum decernere. 
 De timore supervacaneum ^ est disserere, cum praesertim 
 dlligentia clarissimi virl, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in 
 
 165armls. De poena possum equidem dicere, id quod res 
 habet/ in luctu atque miseriis mortem aerumnarum * 
 requiem, non cruciatum esse ; eam cuncta mortalium mala 
 dissolvere ; ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. 
 Sed, per deos immortales, quam ob rem in sententiam non 
 
 170 addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos animadverteretur ? 
 An quia lex Porcia ^ vetat ? At aliae leges item condem- 
 natls civibus non animam eripi, sed exsilium permitti 
 iubent. An quia gravius est verberarl quam necari? 
 Quid autem acerbum aut nimis grave est in homines tanti 
 
 175 facinoris convictos ? Sin quia levius est, qui ^ convenit ^ 
 in minore negotio legem timere,^*^ cum eam in maiore 
 neglegeris ? 
 
 51 (d). At enim quis reprehendet quod in parricidas rei 
 ptiblicae decretum erit? Tempus,^ dies,^ fortuna, cuius 
 
 180 libido ^ gentibus moderatur.^ Illis merito accidet, quic- 
 quid evenerit ; ceterum ^ vos, patres conscrTpti, quid in 
 alios statuatis, considerate. Omnia mala exempla ® ex 
 rebus bonis orta sunt. Sed ubi imperium ad ignaros ^ 
 eius aut minus bonos pervenit, novum illud exemplum 
 
 185 ab dignis ^ et idoneis ad mdlgnos et non idoneos trans- 
 fertur. Lacedaemonii, devictis Atheniensibus, triginta 
 viros imposuere,^ qui rem publicam eorum tractarent. 
 El primo coepere pessimum quemque et omnibus invisum 
 indemnatum necare ; ea populus laetari ^^ et merito 
 
 * needless. ^ id . . . habet: what is the truth. ^ from hardship. ^ the 
 Porcian Law ordained that no one should bind, scourge, or kill a Roman. 
 • how. 9 is it consistent. *° observe. 
 
 51 (d). 1 sc. reprehendet. ^ the course of events, ^caprice. * sways, 
 w. dat. '^but. * I.e., examples of severe punishment, ''into the hands o/ 
 the ignorant. * sc. poena. ' appointed, ^o hist. inf. 
 
BELLUM CATILINAE 177 
 
 dicere fieri. Post ubi paulatim licentia crevit, itixta " lOO 
 bonos et malos libldinose ^^ interficere, ceteros metu 
 terrere ; ita civitas servitute oppressa stultae ^^ laetitiae 
 graves poenas dedit. Nostra memoria victor Sulla cum 
 Damasippum ^^ et alios eius modi, qui malo rei publicae 
 creverant, iugulari iussit, quis non factum eius laudabat ? 195 
 Homines scelestos ^^ et factioscs, qui seditionibus rem 
 publicam exagitaverant, merito necatos aiebant. Sed ea 
 res magnae initium cladis fuit. Nam utT ^^ quisque 
 domum aut vlllam, postremo ^"^ vas ^^ aut vestlmentum 
 alicuius concupiverat, dabat operam, ut is in proscriptorum 200 
 nnmero esset. Ita ill!, quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae 
 fuerat, paulo post ipsi trahebantur, neque prius finis 
 iugulandi fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos divitiis explevit.^^ 
 Atque ego haec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus 
 vereor, sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 205 
 Potest alio tempore, alio consule, cui item exercitus in 
 manti sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credi ; ^^ ubi hoc exemplo 
 per senatus decretum consul gladium eduxerit, quis ill! 
 finem statuet aut quis moderabitur ? 
 
 51 (e). Maiores nostri, patres conscript!, neque consili 210 
 neque audaciae umquam eguere ; neque illis superbia 
 obstabat, quo minus aliena institUta, si modo proba* 
 erant, imitarentur. Arma atque tela militaria ab Sam- 
 nitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis pleraque sump- 
 serunt. Postremo quod ubique apud socios aut hostes2i5 
 idoneum videbatur, cum summo studio domi exseque- 
 bantur ; ^ imitari quam invidere ^ bonis malebant. Sed 
 eodem illo tempore Graeciae morem imitati verberibus 
 animadvertebant in cives, de condemnatis summum^ 
 
 " without discrimination. " at their pleasure. " imprudent. ^* before 
 Sulla's victory Damasippus had put to death some of the senators. 
 *• wicked. ^^ when. " or even. '* plate. ^* satisfied. *" may be credited. 
 
 51 (c). 1 worthy 0/ regard. » adopted. * envy. * i.e., death. 
 
178 C. SALLUSTI CRISPI 
 
 220 supplicium sumebant. Postquam res publica adolevit ^ 
 et multitudine civium factiones valuere, circumvenlrl ^ 
 innocentes, alia huiusce modi fieri coepere ; turn lex Porcia 
 aliaeque leges paratae sunt, quibus legibus exsilium 
 damnatis permissum est. Hanc ego causam, patres 
 
 ^25 conscript!, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in pri- 
 mis magnam puto. Profecto virtus atque sapientia maior 
 illis fuit, qui ex par\as opibus tantum imperium fecere, 
 quam in nobis, qui ea bene parta ^ vix retinemus. 
 
 Placet igitur eos dimitti et augeri exercitum Catilinae? 
 
 23oMinime. Sed ita censeo, publicandas eorum pecunias, 
 ipsos in vinculis habendos per municipia, quae maxime 
 opibus valent ; neu quis de eis postea ad senatum referat 
 neve cum populo agat ; qui aliter fecerit, senatum existi- 
 mare eum contra rem publicam et salutem omnium fac- 
 
 ■235turum." 
 
 The Execution of the Conspirators. 
 
 55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam 
 discessit, consul optimum factu ratus ^ noctem quae in- 
 stabat antecapere,^ ne quid eo spatio novaretur,^ trium- 
 viros ^ quae supplicium postulabat parare iubet. Ipse 
 
 240 praesidiis dispositis Lentulum in carcerem^ dediicit; 
 idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod 
 Tullianum ^ appellatur, ubi paululum ^ ascenderis ad 
 laevam,^ circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus ; ^ eum 
 muniunt undique parietes atque insuper ^^ camera lapideis 
 
 245 fornicibus iimcta;^^ sed incultu,^^ tenebris, odore, foeda 
 atque terribilis eius facies ^^ est. In eum locum postquam 
 
 5 grew. * to he involved. "^ acquired. 
 
 55. 1 thinking. ^ to anticipate. ^ ne quid novaretur: that no new de- 
 velopments might arise. * the three officers in charge of executions. 
 ^ the city prison. See Introd. 43. ^ See cuts on pp. 32 and 231. '' a little. 
 » to the left. ^ humi depressus : sunk in the ground. ^° above. " camera 
 , . . iunctSL, a chamber formed of stone arches. ^^ neglect. ^^ condition. 
 
BELLUM CATILINAE 179 
 
 demissus est Lentulus, vindices ^'^ rerum capitalium, qui- 
 bus praeceptum erat, laqueo ^^ gulam ^® fregere. Ita ille 
 patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui consulare 
 imperium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus ^^ f actisque 250 
 suis exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, 
 Caepario, eodem modo supplicium sumptum est. 
 
 1* punishers. ^^ with a noose. ^^ neck. " charactei', 
 
 25 
 
ahbr. 
 
 abs. 
 
 adj. 
 
 adv. 
 
 App. 
 
 appos 
 
 Ar. 
 
 cf. {confer 
 
 comp 
 
 conj. 
 
 cons. 
 
 def. 
 
 dem. 
 
 dep. 
 
 dir. disc 
 
 dist. 
 
 freq. 
 F. P. 
 
 i.e. (id 
 
 impers 
 
 impf. 
 
 indecl. 
 
 indef. 
 
 indie. 
 
 interj. 
 
 interrog. 
 
 est) 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 abbreviated intr intransitive 
 
 absolute Introd. . . . Introduction 
 
 adjective irr irregular 
 
 adverb I line 
 
 Appendix lit literally 
 
 apposition loc locative 
 
 Archias num numeral 
 
 compare ohj object 
 
 comparative P Pompey's 
 
 conjunction Command 
 
 consonant p page 
 
 defective part participle 
 
 demonstrative pass passive 
 
 deponent perf perfect 
 
 direct discourse plup pluperfect 
 
 distributive poss possessive 
 
 following pred predicate 
 
 frequentative prep preposition 
 
 future perfect pron pronoun 
 
 that is rel relative 
 
 impersonal sc. {scilicet) . . supply 
 
 imperfect suhj subject 
 
 indeclinable subjv subjunctive 
 
 indefinite sup. . . . . superlative 
 
 indicative tr transitive 
 
 interjection trans translate 
 
 interrogative w with 
 
 180 
 
NOTES 
 
 References to Latin Grammars are indicated as follows: 
 A., Allen and Greenough's New ; B., Bennett's ; Bur., Burton's; 
 G., Gildersleeve and Lodge's ; H., Harkness's Complete ; HB., 
 Hale and Buck's. References without a preceding initial are 
 made to the Grammatical Appendix of this book. 
 
 FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 1. Catiline. — Lucius Sergius Catiline, who was born about 
 108 B.C., belonged to a patrician family that had fallen into 
 poverty. According to Cicero and the historian Sallust, he was a 
 man of remarkable powers of body and mind, but a reckless 
 debauchee whose strong influence was perverted. He appears first 
 in history in connection with the proscriptions of Sulla. His 
 own hands were stained, it is said, with the blood of his wife, 
 his son, and his brother-in-law. Catiline was praetor in 68 b.c. 
 and governor of the province of Africa in 67. Returning to Rome, 
 he was prevented from standing for the consulship in 66 by threats 
 of prosecution for extortion in his province. He then formed a 
 plot to kill the consuls-elect, Cotta and Torquatus, on January 1, 
 65 B.C., and to make himself and Autronius consuls in their place. 
 This so-called first conspiracy was discovered and failed, and on 
 a second attempt, February 5, was frustrated because Catiline 
 gave the signal too soon. 
 
 2. The Conspiracy. — In 65 and 64 b.c, Catiline again sought 
 the consulship but failed, Cicero and Antonius being elected for 
 63. Maddened by his fourth failure at the election, in July 63, 
 he planned his insurrection, known as *' The Conspiracy of Cati- 
 line." The plot included the murder of Cicero, the massacre of 
 enemies, the burning of the city, and the seizing of the government. 
 The city was filled with dangerous classes, men who had lost their 
 fortunes acquired during the civil wars, and discontented veteran* 
 
 181 
 
182 
 
 NOTES 
 
 of Sulla. These Catiline would stir to revolution by hope of '* new 
 tablets," being emboldened himself by the silent approval of 
 many men of rank. Recruits for his army were to be drawn 
 from the colonies in Italy and Gaul. " The wild shepherds, the 
 brigands of the hills, the slaves and gladiators were all to play 
 their part." Cicero was fully informed of the details by the 
 mistress of one of the conspirators. When he disclosed the con- 
 spiracy to the Senate on October 21, that body virtually declared 
 martial law by its decree " Let the consuls see to it that the state 
 suffer no harm." On October 27, Manlius raised the standard of 
 the rebel forces at Faesulae, in Etruria. The next day Cicero 
 foiled the projected murder of the Optimates. On November 1 
 the rebels attempted to seize the fortress of Praeneste near Rome, 
 but were successfully resisted by the inhabitants, upon Cicero's 
 warning. Then occurred the meeting of the conspirators in the 
 house of Laeca on the night of November 6, when two men volun- 
 teered to murder Cicero. But the consul learned of the design in 
 time to take precaution. 
 
 3. The First Oration. — On the 8th of November, 63 B.C., 
 the Senate met for safety in the temple of Jupiter Stator, on the 
 Palatine Hill, surrounded by a special guard of knights. Catiline 
 
 The Temple of Jupiter Stator 
 
 (Kestored^ 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 183 
 
 boldly took his place among the other senators, conscious in all 
 probability of the purpose of the meeting. It was then that Cicero 
 delivered the oration which is one of the world's masterpieces of 
 eloquence, The First Oration against Catiline. 
 
 Consult Forsyth, W., " Life of Cicero," Vol. I, p. 131 ; 
 Strachan-Davidson, J. L., " Cicero," Ch. V ; Froude, J. A., 
 " Caesar," Ch. XL For a defense of Catiline, see Beesly, A. H., 
 " Catiline, Clodius, and Tiberius," and " Catiline as a Party 
 Leader." 
 
 OUTLINE 
 I. Propositio — 
 
 a. Catiline's audacity, Ch. 1. 
 h. Catiline deserving of punishment, Ch. 2. 
 II. Narratio — 
 
 The movements and plans of the conspirators, Ch. 3, 4. 
 
 III. Hortatio — 
 
 Catiline exhorted to leave the city, Ch. 5-10. 
 
 IV. Peroratio — 
 
 Reasons for allowing Catiline to go unpunished, Ch. 11-13. 
 
 Chapter 1 «.-« 
 
 1. abutere : fut. ind. In the second sing, pass., Cicero regu- 1 
 larly uses the ending -ris only in the pres. indie, -re in other 
 tenses; HB. 151. Catilina : case, 96.^ patientia : case, 147.- 
 
 2. Quam diu etiam : how much longer? furor iste tuus : that 
 frenzy of yours. 
 
 3. audacia : sc. tua, Nihilne : not at all, stronger than nonne. 
 For the case of nihil see 129.^ For the repetition of nihil in the 
 following phrases, " anaphora," see 235. The sentence may be 
 rendered in the passive : are you not alarmed at all by the^ight 
 guard ? 
 
 4. Palati : the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills on which 
 Rome was built. It was famous for its temples, for the resi- 
 dences of prominent men, including Cicero, and later for the pal- 
 aces of the emperors. Hence our words " palatial," " palace." 
 The conspirators would attempt to seize this part of the city. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 398 
 
 340 
 
 171 
 
 201 
 
 402 
 
 400 
 
 2 — 572 
 
 410 
 
 218 
 
 407 
 
 477 
 
 429 
 
 « — 522 
 
 ,397 
 
 185 
 
 333 
 
 416 
 
 387 
 
184 
 
 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1 
 
 Looking toward the Palatike Hill from the Forum 
 
 5. bonorum : i.e. good citizens. They had probably assem- 
 bled outside the Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which the Senate 
 had met for safety (hie . . . locus, 1. 6). The Senate house was 
 the Curia Hostilia (Introd. 43), but a session might be held in 
 any temple for special reasons. 
 
 6. horum : i.e. the senators. 
 
 7. moverunt : alarmed, disturbed. Patere : note the order of 
 words ; 233, a. non : used for nonne. 
 
 8. Constrictam . . . teneri : is held in check, as might be said 
 of a wild beast. 
 
 9. proxima (nocte) : Nov. 7. superiore : Nov. 6 ; see Introd. 
 Note, p. 184. 
 
 10. egeris, fueris, etc. : subjunctives in indirect questions, de- 
 pending on ignorare ; 202.^ quid consili : what plan; consili : gen, 
 of the whole ; 103.^ 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 846 
 
 574 
 
 300 
 
 467 
 
 649 
 
 537 
 
 « — 412 
 
 346 
 
 201 
 
 367 
 
 441 
 
 346 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 185 
 
 PAQB 
 
 11. quern . . . arbitraris : what man of us do you think is not 1 
 aware? nostrum: for the form of this gen., see 162, b.^ 
 
 12. tempera: ace. of exclamation; 130.^ haec : the con- 
 spiracy, consul : Cicero. 
 
 13. hie : Catiline. 
 
 14. fit . . . particeps : takes part in the public deliberations. 
 consili : case, 104.^ 
 
 15. oculis : i.e., as he glances about ; abl. of means. 
 
 16. fortes : ironical, satis facere videmur (sc. nobis) : we 
 think we are doing our duty (lit., seem to ourselves, etc.). 
 
 17. istius : of that scoundrel, yitemus : subjunctive in indir. 
 disc, depending on videmur (we think). 
 
 18. te duci oportebat : you ought to have been led. For the f 
 pres. inf. translated as if perf., see 209, 6.^ iussu consulis : the 
 Senate had given the consuls special authority by its decree of 
 Oct. 21. See Introductory Note, p. 182. 
 
 19. conf erri : w. oportebat, ought to have been fought. See 
 note on 1. 18. 
 
 20. An : this particle ordinarily connects the members of a 
 double question, with the meaning or. Here, as in early Latin, 
 it is used somewhat like -ne, or nonne, but putting strong em- 
 phasis on the preceding statement ; 89, 6.^ Trans, did not a 
 most honorable man . . . kill . . .; (and) shall we endure 
 (perferemus, 1. 24) . . .? 
 
 21. Scipio, Gracchum: Tiberius Gracchus, a tribune of the 
 people in 133 b.c, had aroused the opposition of the wealthy by 
 reviving the law limiting the amount of land to be held by an 
 individual. Though he was a patriot and reformer, he was 
 not always legal in his methods. He was put to death by a 
 mob of his opponents led by P. Scipio Nasica. The latter is 
 caljed a private citizen (privatus, 1. 22) because the high priest 
 was not classed as a magistrate. 
 
 24. Nam . . . quod : for I pass over that precedent as too 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 663 
 
 295 
 
 242 
 
 304 
 
 500 
 
 254 
 
 * — 501 
 
 397 
 
 183 
 
 343 
 
 421 
 
 399 
 
 ^ — 425 
 
 349 
 
 204 
 
 374 
 
 450 
 
 354 
 
 * — 948 
 
 486 
 
 270 
 
 653 
 
 617 
 
 582 
 
 5 — 368 
 
 
 162. 4. a 
 
 
 
 236 
 
186 NOTES 
 
 ?aqb 
 
 8 ancient, that. The plural ilia may imply other similar prece- 
 dents in the mind of the speaker. 
 
 25. Maelium: M. Maelius, a rich plebeian, in the famine of 
 439 B.C. obtained grain for the sufferers. Charged by the 
 patricians with seeking favor in order to make himself king, he 
 was summoned before the dictator Cincinnatus, but refusing to 
 obey the summons was slain by Ahala, the master of horse. 
 
 26. Fuit, fuit : the figure of anaphora ; 235. ista : such. 
 
 29. senatus consultum : the decree of Oct. 21. in te : against 
 you. 
 
 30. rei publicae : dat. w. deest ; trans, the republic does noi 
 lack, huius ordinis : i.e. the Senate. 
 
 Chapter 2 
 
 32. Decrevit : "A Roman citizen had the right to appeal to 
 the people in a case of life or death, but the Senate found means 
 of suspending this right, when it wished to get rid of an enemy, 
 by establishing a special commission or by passing a senatus 
 consultum ultimum.'^ — Abbott, quondam: in 121 b.c. ut . . . 
 videret, ne . . . caperet, object clauses ; 205, a.^ 
 
 34. intercessit : between the passing of the decree and the 
 execution. 
 
 35. C. Gracchus : a more able statesman than his brother 
 Tiberius (1. 21). As tribune in 123 and 122 b.c, he accom- 
 plished many reforms in the interest of the people. His in- 
 fluence, however, was undermined by the Senate, whose su- 
 premacy he had attacked. Defeated for the tribuneship of 121, 
 he met the fate of his brother in the insurrection which followed. 
 patre, etc. : abl. of description. The father of Gracchus had 
 been censor, twice consul, and twice honored with a triumph. 
 His mother Cornelia, famed for her " jewels," was the daughter 
 of Cornelius Scipio (avo), the conqueror of Hannibal. 
 
 36. Note the emphatic position of occisus est, and of decrevit, 
 interfectus est above ; 233, a. Fulvius : it is said that three 
 thousand of the followers of Gracchus perished after him. 
 
 37. Mario, Valeric : datives. Marius, the conqueror of the 
 Cimbri and Teutones, was consul for the sixth time in 100 B.C. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 * — 826 563 295 546 565 502 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 187 
 
 As leader of the democracy, he was to some extent in sympathy 
 with Saturninus and Servilius (1. 39), but because of their un- 
 scrupulous action, ending in 
 the murder of their rival 
 Memmius, he was compelled 
 to carry out the Senate's 
 decree against them. 
 
 38. res publica : the safety 
 of the republic. Num . . . re- 
 morata est? in the case of 
 . . . was death delayed . . .? 
 (Lit., did death delay them?) 
 
 40. mors ac poena : omit 
 ac ; poena explains mors, rei 
 publicae : 98.^ vicesimum : 
 Cicero uses round numbers. 
 From Oct. 21, when the de- 
 cree was passed, to Nov. 8 
 was eighteen days. 
 
 41. aciem : edge, as of a 
 sword. 
 
 43. tabulis : i.e. the public 
 records, vagina : the meta- 
 phor of a sword is continued. 
 
 44. ex : according to. te 
 . . . convenit : you should have 
 been put to death (lit., it was 
 fitting, etc.). 
 
 47. patres conscripti : conscript fathers, a phrase used in 
 addressing the senators in a body. The expression was prob- 
 ably patres et conscripti at first, patres referring to the original 
 senators, who were patricians, conscripti to the plebeians who 
 were enrolled and admitted later. (Introd. 28.) 
 
 49. inertiae : for the case, see 105. ^ 
 
 50. Etruria faucibus : .t Faesulae (modern Fiesole), about 
 three miles from Florence. "It is a position of great natural 
 strength, commanding a wide view of the valley of the Arno 
 
 PAGE 
 
 2 
 
 Caius Marius 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 UB. 
 
 1 — 402 
 
 343 
 
 199 
 
 363 
 
 440 
 
 344 
 
 • — 431 
 
 352 
 
 208 
 
 378 
 
 456 
 
 342 
 
188 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 3 and the Tuscan plain. To the northwest lie the passes (fauces) 
 by which the great roads crossed the Apennines." — Nicol. 
 
 52. imperatorem ducemque : Catiline. 
 
 55. comprehendi : w. iussero. Trans, iussero as if pres 
 Latin is more exact than English in its use of tenses, and there- 
 fore uses the fut. perf. here. 
 
 56. credo . . . dicat : the sentence is ironical. Cicero means 
 that he fears the charge of slowness rather than of severity in 
 his treatment of the conspirators. Trans. / shall have to fear^ 
 I suppose, that all good citizens will not say my action was too 
 tardy, rather than that any one should say it was too severe, non : 
 modifies dicant (to be supplied w. omnes boni), but not dicat. 
 
 59. certa de causa : for a definite reason, stated in the next 
 sentence, ut faciam : to do. 
 
 61. tui : for the gen. w. similis, see 119, a.^ qui . . . fateatur: 
 as not to admit; rel. clause of result ; 192, a.^ 
 
 62. qui . . . audeat : a clause of description ; 192.^ 
 
 63. multis et firmis : English omits the connective. 
 
 64. commovere te : to raise a hand against. 
 
 65. sentientem : though you do not perceive; 223.* 
 
 Chapter 3 
 
 67. quod . . . exspectes : a descriptive clause ; 192.^ 
 
 69. domus : the house of Laeca ; see 1. 98. parietibus : 
 paries, wall of a house ; moenia, walls of a city ; murus, the 
 general word for wall. 
 
 70. omnia : nom. ; note the position. 
 
 71. caedis : for the case, see 108.^ 
 
 4 72. luce : note the emphatic position ; 233, a. 
 
 73. licet recognoscas : you may recall (lit., it is permitted thai 
 you recall). The subjunctive verb here has a substantive force, 
 subject of licet ; 205, d, note.^ ante . . . Nov. : = Oct. 21 ; see 
 248.8 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HK. 
 
 1 — 410 
 
 385 
 
 204 
 
 359 
 
 435 
 
 339 
 
 « — 798 
 
 537 
 
 284 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 521 
 
 • — 798 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 521 
 
 « — 991 
 
 496 
 
 337 
 
 667 
 
 638 
 
 604 
 
 »— 798 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 521 
 
 • — 438 
 
 350 
 
 206 
 
 376 
 
 454 
 
 350 
 
 » — 828 
 
 565 
 
 295, 6 
 
 607 
 
 564. 1 
 
 531 
 
 • — 604 
 
 631 
 
 371 
 
 App. 
 
 754 
 
 660 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 189 
 
 75. dicere : used for dixisse. futurus esset : indirect discourse. 4 
 78. Num . , . fefellit . . . res: was I mistaken either (lit., noi 
 only) in the fact or (verum). 
 
 81. idem: also, w. ego. contulisse : appointed. 
 
 82. in : the object is the phrase ante , . . Nov. 
 
 83. conservandi : singular for plural, because of the ap- 
 parently singular form sui. Trans, for the purpose of saving 
 themselves. 
 
 84. cum . . . prof ugerunt : the indicative in a clause of date, 
 not of description ; 195.^ 
 
 88. nostra ( = nostri, gen. pi.) caede : with the slaughter of its; 
 164, h. 
 
 89. cum . . . dicebas : see note on 1. 84. Quid : again. 
 Praeneste : an ancient town, twenty miles southeast of Rome. 
 
 92. agis, moliris, cogitas : note the climax ; 239. 
 
 Chapter 4 
 
 95. noctem superiorem : night before last, i.e. Nov. 6. 
 
 96. lam : note the difference in the meanings of iam in the 
 Voeab. 
 
 97. priore : = superiore. 
 
 98. inter falcarios : among (i.e. into the street or quarters 
 of) the scythe makers. 
 
 99. eodem : adv. eius amentiae : in the same madness. 
 
 103. Ubinam gentium? where in the world? gen. of the whole; R 
 103.2 
 
 106. hoc consilio : i.e. the Roman Senate, noted for its dig- 
 nity, nostro omnium: of all of us; we should expect nostrum, 
 gen. pi. of nos ; see note on 1. 88. 
 
 107. qui . . . cogitent : a descriptive clause, 192.^ de huius 
 urbis : w. exitio. 
 
 109. sententiam rogo : it was the custom for the presiding 
 ofl&eer of the Senate to call upon the members, in order of rank, 
 to express their views upon the question before them. " The 
 senator might express verbal agreement, or simply nod or raise 
 his hand, or he might rise and make a speech." 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 857 
 
 545 
 
 288 
 
 580 
 
 600 
 
 550 
 
 « — 412 
 
 346 
 
 201 
 
 367 
 
 441 
 
 346 
 
 • — 798 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 521 
 
190 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 6 115. distribuisti partes : f.e. assigned to different conspiratoi:® 
 
 divisions in whicli they were to carry out the plans of Catiline. 
 
 116. quo: where. quemque : i.e. each one of the conspira- 
 tors. 
 
 118. quos relinqueres : may be a purpose clause, men (whom) 
 to leave; or an indirect deliberative question, whom you would 
 leave (direct, whom shall ive leave?). 
 
 121. confirmasti : = confirmavisti. 
 
 124. paulum : w. morae, a gen. of the whole. 
 
 127. equites : knights, members of the equestrian order, qui 
 . . . liberarent : a clause of purpose. 
 
 129. in meo lectulo : in my very bed. 
 
 133. salutatum : supine. This refers to an early morning call 
 or greeting which prominent Romans received from their clients, 
 venissent : causal and temporal. 
 
 134. id temporis : at that time; id is an adverbial ace, tern- 
 poris a gen. of the whole. 
 
 Chapter 5 
 
 f 136. Quae . . . sint : causal, since these things are so. 
 
 137. Egredere : imperative. 
 
 138. Nimium diu desiderant : has too long heen missing ; 173, c* 
 castra : the camp referred to in 1. 49. 
 
 139. Educ : used for educe, si minus : if not. 
 
 141. dum mode : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199.^ 
 me atque te : the Latin order is the reverse of the English. 
 
 142. feram, patiar, sinam : synonyms, used for emphasis. 
 
 144. Magna : w. gratia, 1. 145. habenda est : is due. atque : 
 and especially, huic : the orator pointed to the statue of the god 
 in whose temple the Senate was assembled. 
 
 145. lovi Statori : the flight of the Romans from their enemies, 
 the Sabines, in the time of Romulus, was said to have been stayed 
 by Jupiter. Hence the epithet stater, stayer. 
 
 147. saepius : too often. 
 
 148. in : in the case of. homine : i.e. Catiline, periclitanda : 
 passive in meaning ; 220, a. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 749 
 
 466 
 
 259 
 
 230 
 
 533 
 
 485 
 
 « — 929 
 
 528 
 
 310 
 
 593 
 
 587 
 
 529 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 191 
 
 PAGE 
 
 149. consul! designate : Roman officers were elected in July, 6 
 usually, and entered upon their duties the following January. 
 During the intervening half year they were designati, elect. 
 
 151. Cum voluisti : temporal, w. indie; 195, h.^ proximis 
 comitiis : abl. of time when, at the last election; not held until 
 Oct. 28 (63 B.C.), owing to political disturbances. For Roman 
 elections see Introd. 25. 
 
 151. campo : the Campus Martins, a plain in Rome along 
 the Tiber, dedicated to Mars, where the general assembly of 
 the people (comitia centuriata) was held. 
 
 152. competitores : Decimus Silanus, Lucius Murena, and Ser- 
 vilius Sulpicius. The first two were elected. 
 
 153. nullo tumultu . . . concitato : without causing any public 
 disturbance. Cicero might have called upon the forces of the 
 state for aid. 
 
 155. petisti : aimed at. 
 
 157. Nunc iam : now actually. 
 
 160. id quod est primum : namely to put Catiline to death, 
 huius imperi proprium : in accordance with this authority. Cicero 
 refers to the special power conferred on him by the Senate. 
 For the gen., see 119, b.- 
 
 162. ad: as regards. 
 
 165. quod te iam dudum hortor : as (lit., which) I have long 
 been urging upon you. For the tense of hortor, see note on 1. 138. 
 
 166. tuorum comitum : a defining gen., consisting of your 
 followers, sentina : dregs; primarily, the bilge water of a ship ; 
 243. If Catiline should go from the city, his associates would 
 follow. 
 
 167. me imperante : abl. abs. 
 
 168. quod faciebas : which you were preparing to do, i.e. to 
 leave the city. For this force of the impf., see 174, b.^ Exire 
 . . . hostem : note the word order. 
 
 171. 
 172. 
 
 clauses. 
 
 Quid es 
 possit, 
 
 A. 
 
 545 
 
 385 
 470 
 
 Chapter 6 
 
 ;t : what is there f 
 metuat, oderit : subjunctives in descriptive 
 
 Bur. 
 
 » — 857 
 « — 410 
 » — 752 
 
 B. G. H. HB. 
 
 288 580 600 550 
 204 359 451 339 
 260 233 530 484 
 
192 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 7 174. oderit: the perf. tense of this def. vb. has the force of 
 
 the present, nota inusta : runaway slaves were branded on the 
 forehead as a punishment, domesticae : referring to domestic 
 or family scandal ; privatarum rerum : of private life, in a broader 
 sense. 
 
 176. haeret in f ama : clings to your name. Quae libido . . . 
 af uit : from what lust have your eyes ever been free f 
 
 178. Cui adulescentulo : w. praetulisti, before what young 
 man f quern inretisses : a descriptive clause, meaning a young 
 man such as you had ensnared. 
 
 179. ad audaciam : i.e. for some daring deed. 
 
 180. praetulisti : as a slave by night carried a torch before his 
 master to light the way, so Catiline guided the youth into crime. 
 
 181. Quid vero : but again, morte : abl. of means, novis 
 nuptiis : dat. of purpose. 
 
 182. alio scelere : the murder of his son in addition to the 
 implied murder of his first wife. 
 
 183. cumulasti : = cumulavisti. praetermitto : the orator, by 
 pretending to omit, really emphasizes the statement. This 
 figure of rhetoric is called praeteritio, a passing over. 
 
 184. tanti facinoris immanitas : a crime so enormous. 
 
 185. non vindicata esse : to have been left unpunished. 
 
 186. omnes : to be taken w. ruinas in the main clause, utter 
 ruin. 
 
 187. proximis Idibus : Nov. 13. Debts were due on the 
 Kalends and Ides of each month. 
 
 190. summam rem publicam : the highest welfare of the state. 
 
 193. cum: causal, horum : the senators. 
 
 194. Lepidus and TuUus were consuls in 66 b.c. On Dec. 31 
 of that year Catiline had planned to kill the new consuls, Cotta 
 and Torquatus, who were to take office the following day. 
 
 195. comitio : see Vocab. cum telo : armed. 
 
 196. paravisse : repeat te as subj. sceleri ac f urori : w. 
 obstitisse; trans, passively, and that your criminal frenzy was 
 checked. 
 
 198. fortunam: fortunately for the state the first conspiracy 
 of Catiline had failed, because the signal was given too soon. 
 ilia : the following, omitto : see note on 1. 183. 
 
 199. neque . . . postea : your later crimes are indeed neither un- 
 known nor few in number, non multa : few; the figure litotes ; 242. 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 193 
 
 PAGE 
 
 200. designatum : sc. consulem. 9 
 
 201. petitiones : thrusts, as made by gladiators. 
 203. declinatione et corpore : hendiadys; 240. 
 
 205. tibi : dat. of reference w. manibus, from your hands. 
 
 206. Quae . . . nescio quod : / know not by what ceremonies, 
 etc. . . . because. 
 
 207. initiata : it was customary for assassins to consecrate their 
 weapons to some deity. 
 
 Chapter 7 
 
 209. Nunc vero : the orator here begins a calmer appeal, 
 based on Catiline's present life. 
 
 211. debeo : sc. 'perinotus esse, nulla: not at all. 
 
 213. hoc: this {lack of greeting), post: within. 
 
 214. vocis contumeliam : the reproach of speech. 
 
 216. Quid . . . putas : again, with what feelings do you think 
 you ought to bear the fact that, etc. f The two quod-clauses are 
 subjects of feiendum (esse) ; 204.^ ista : those near you. 
 
 SUBSELLIUM 
 
 subsellia : the low seats of the senators, distinguished from the 
 sella curulis, the official chair of the consul. 
 
 217. consulares : Catiline's place was with the other ex- 
 praetors next to the exconsuls (consulares). tibi : dat. of agent, 
 used w. a compound tense; 116.- 
 
 218. f uerunt : have been, used for sunt to denote what is no 
 longer true. 
 
 221. si . . . metuerent : if my slaves feared me, not if they 
 should fear ; a condition contrary to fact ; 198, a.^ The subject 
 servi is more emphatic by its position. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 ' — 822 
 
 572 
 
 299 
 
 525 
 
 588 
 
 552 
 
 » — 480 
 
 374 
 
 189 
 
 354 
 
 431 
 
 373 
 
194 NOTES 
 
 9 223. putarem : / should think, the conclusion of the con- 
 ditional sentence.^ meis civibus : dat. of agent; 116.^ 
 
 225. carere me (subj.) aspectu: to withdraw from the sight 
 (lit., to he without the sight) ; 149.^ 
 
 226. Tu : emphatic position. 
 
 230. odissent : expresses the same time as timerent ; see 
 Vocab. neque : and not. 
 
 10 232. patria : our country. 
 
 234. huius : of her. Note the absence of interrogative words 
 here and in lines 214 and 223 ; 88, c* 
 
 236. Quae : now she. tacita : though silent. 
 
 237. aliquot annis : for several years; abl. of time within 
 which. 
 
 238. tibi uni : in the case of you alone; dat. of reference ; 115.^ 
 
 239. neces : Catiline took part in the proscriptions of Sulla, 
 in 82 B.C. vexatio : referring to Catiline's misgovernment of 
 Africa during his propraetorship in that province in 67 B.C. 
 
 240. quaestiones : the law courts; Introd. 41. In 65 b.c. 
 Catiline had been tried for his extortion in Africa, but by bribery 
 secured an acquittal. 
 
 243. me totam : that I, the whole state, in contrast w. unum te. 
 
 244. quicquid increpuerit : at every sound (lit., whatever makes 
 a noise). 
 
 245. a . . . abhorreat : is not connected with; subj. because 
 the clause is descriptive. 
 
 247. mihi : from me; dat. of separation; 113.* 
 
 Chapter 8 
 
 249. si . . . loquatur: a condition less probable, should 
 
 speak; 198, c.^ 
 
 251. Quid . . . dedisti? What of the fact that of your own 
 
 accord (ipse) you put yourself in custody? Catiline had been 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 919 
 
 514 
 
 301 
 
 589 
 
 571 
 
 581 
 
 « — 480 
 
 374 
 
 189 
 
 354 
 
 431 
 
 373 
 
 » — 528 
 
 409 
 
 214 
 
 405 
 
 458 
 
 425 
 
 * — 363 
 
 330 
 
 162 
 
 454 
 
 378 
 
 231 
 
 • — 470 
 
 376 
 
 188 
 
 356 
 
 433 
 
 366 
 
 • — 477 
 
 381 
 
 188 
 
 345 
 
 427 
 
 371 
 
 » — 915 
 
 514 
 
 301 
 
 596 
 
 571 
 
 573 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 195 
 
 PAGE 
 
 accused of inciting to riot (de vi). A citizen who was to be 10 
 tried for a crime against the state might place himself under 
 the protection (custodia libera) of some man of rank who be- 
 came responsible for his appearance at court. Note that such 
 protection was refused Catiline by an ex-consul, by the consul 
 Cicero, and by a praetor. 
 
 252. ad : = apud, at the house of. 
 
 254. domi meae : locative, at my house; 154. 
 
 255. tulisses : had received, isdem parietibus : in the same 
 house walls; loc. abl. moenibus (1. 257) : hy the same city walls; 
 abl. of means. 
 
 256. qui . . . essem : since I was; a causal rel. clause ; 192, c.^ 
 259. optimum: said w. irony. M. Metellum : a friend of 
 
 Catiline, of whom little is known, videlicet : of course, ironical. 
 
 262. quam longe videtur : how far does it seem that he, etc. 
 (lit., does he seem) ? 
 
 263. dignum custodia ; 150.2 iudicarit : perf. subj. 11 
 
 264. emori, abire : i.e. suicide or exile. 
 
 265. suppliciis : abl. of separation. 
 
 268. Refer ad senatum : sc. rem, lay the matter before the 
 Senate; a technical expression. The Senate, however, had no 
 power to banish a citizen. 
 
 270. id quod abhorret : an act which is foreign to. 
 
 271. faciam ut intellegas : I will make you understand, 
 
 273. hanc vocem : this word, i.e. exsilium. 
 
 274. attendis, animadvertis : synonyms. 
 
 276. auctoritatem loquentium, etc. : the expressed command of 
 those whose silent desire. 
 
 277. si . . . intulisset : a condition contrary to fact ; 198, h.^ 
 
 278. Sestio : a friend of Cicero who was now quaestor. Mar- 
 cello : Marcellus became consul in 51 b.c. Cicero delivered an 
 oration Pro Sestio, in 56 b.c. and another Pro Marcello in 46 B.C. 
 
 279. hoc in templo : a temple was a place of special safety. 12 
 
 280. vim et manus : violent hands ; what figure of speech ? 
 
 281. quiescunt: are silent; tacent: say nothing. Note the 
 climax in this passage. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HK. 
 
 ^ — 807 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 626 
 
 592 
 
 523 
 
 * — 587 
 
 418 
 
 226 
 
 397 
 
 481 
 
 442 
 
 * — 919 
 
 614 
 
 304 
 
 597 
 
 577 
 
 58) 
 
196 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 12 282. hi {i.e. the senators), equites, cives : the orator includes 
 
 all classes of citizens, as arrayed against Catiline. 
 
 286. studia : sympathies, feelings, voces : shouts, raised by the 
 crowd, when the conspirator entered the temple, or during the 
 speech. 
 
 287. iam diu, iam pridem : see note on 1. 138 and 1. 165. 
 289. prosequantur : it was the custom for citizens going into 
 
 exile to be escorted to the city gate by their friends. 
 
 Chapter 9 
 
 291. Quamquam : and yet, a common meaning in transitions. 
 The clauses Te ut , . . frangat, etc. are exclamatory questions,^ 
 and may be explained as subjects of potestne fieri {can it bef) 
 to be understood. Note the emphatic position of the pronouns. 
 Trans. You he subdued by anything! You ever reform! 
 
 293. Utinam . . . duint : a wish expressing possibility. 
 that the gods may give; 188. ^ 
 
 294. duint : an old form of do, = den^. 
 
 295. animum induxeris : you determine {lit., bring your mind 
 to). The tense is fut. perf., which is to be translated by the pres. 
 after si. 
 
 296. nobis : indirect obj. of impendeat. si minus : if not. 
 
 297. recenti memona : abl. of cause, at : at least, impen- 
 deat : indir. question w. quanta. 
 
 298. est tanti : it is ivorth while (lit., of such value); 110.^ dum 
 mode : if only, introducing a clause of proviso ; 199.'* privata : 
 i.e. confined to myself. 
 
 300. commoveare : for the ending, see note on I. 1. tem- 
 poribus : to the needs; cf. " hour of need." 
 
 301. est postulandum: the ut-clauses preceding are the sub- 
 ject, is : such a man. 
 
 303. ratio : reason. 
 
 305. vis : from vole. 
 
 306. feram, si f eceris : for the form of condition see 198, c.^ 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 » — 772 462 558 559 503 
 
 * — 773 441 279 260 558 510 
 » — 424 417 203 380 448 356 
 « — 929 528 310 573 587 529 
 
 • — 911 514 301 589 571 573 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 197 
 
 307. istius : this pronoun expressing contempt is used in ref- 
 erence to Catiline twelve times in this oration. 
 309. mavis : from male. 
 
 311. latrocinio : in brigandage, a me: modifies eiectus and 
 invitatus. 
 
 312. ad alienos : sc. isse. 
 
 314. quid . . . invitem? why should I invite? A deliberative 
 question; 201.^ a quo . . . sciam : a descriptive clause ; 192. ^ 
 
 315. Forum Aurelium : a small town about fifty miles north 
 of Rome, praestolarentur : sub j. of purpose. 
 
 316. cui: dat. of agent, cum Manlio diem: Oct. 27; see 
 1.76. 
 
 317. a quo : i.e. Catiline ; modifies esse praemissam. aquilam 
 illam : a standard which, according to Catiline, had been in the 
 army of Marius in the war with the Cimbri. It was regarded 
 
 PAGB 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 ■I I Mil 1 1 rr'iiB" rm«im~"iT tr 
 
 A Roman House (Pompeii) 
 (Showing the shrine (sacrariuiyi) in place) 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 UB. 
 
 » — 771 
 
 444 
 
 277 
 
 265 
 
 642 
 
 513 
 
 * — 798 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 521 
 
198 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 13 with reverence, and kept in a sacred place or shrine (sacrarium) 
 to bring good fortune to the cause of Catiline. 
 
 320. Tu ut . . . possis : the same construction as in 1. 291. 
 
 Chapter 10 
 
 14 323. tandem aliquando : at last (lit., some time at length), 
 
 iam pridem rapiebat : has long been hurrying; 174:, c.^ 
 
 325. haec res : i.e. joining Manlius in rebellion against the 
 country. 
 
 326. peperit : from pario. voluntas : desire. 
 
 327. Nunquam non modo : not only . . . never. 
 
 329. ex perditis atque derelictis conflatam : composed of men 
 morally ruined, and deserted, ab fortuna : modifying derelictis. 
 The abl. of agent is used instead of the abl. of means, because 
 fortuna is personified. 
 
 331. Hie: here, i.e. in company with such men. perfruere : 
 note the ending of the second person singular, gaudiis : abl. of 
 cause. 
 
 334. Ad . . . studium : for the pursuit of a life like this. 
 meditati sunt : were designed. The deponent verb is here 
 passive in meaning. f eruntur : see Vocab. 
 
 335. iacere : in appos. w. labores (practices), ad . . . stu- 
 prum : to watch for some intrigue. 
 
 338. bonis otiosorum : for the property (goods) of peaceable 
 men. ubi ostentes : an opportunity to display (lit., where you 
 may display); rel. clause of purpose; ubi = locum in quo. 
 
 339. patientiam : Catiline, according to the historians, was a 
 man of great physical strength and endurance. His character is 
 here depicted in darkest colors. 
 
 340. Tantum : so much, explained by the following ut-clauses, 
 which are appositive clauses of result. 
 
 341. a consulatu reppuli : kept from, etc. Catiline had been 
 a candidate for the consulship in the election of 63 b.c. His 
 defeat was brought about by Cicero, exsul, consul : a play upon 
 words. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 » — 753 471 260 234 535 485 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 199 
 
 Chapter 11 
 
 PAGl 
 
 345. Nunc, patres conscripti : the peroration or conclusion 14/ 
 (chapters 11-13) is thought by critics to have been added or at 
 least revised by Cicero when he wrote the oration later for pub- 
 lication. It seems too elaborate to have been delivered as here 
 given. 
 
 346. detester ac deprecer : / may avert by protest and entreaty. 
 
 347. dicam : future, quae is relative not interrogative, 
 penitus : adv., but may be rendered inmost, w. animus. 
 
 350. loquatur : should speak. The conclusion of this condi- 
 tion is implied in the first sentence of chapter 12 : His . . . voci- 
 bus . . . respondebo. 
 
 351. Tune : = tu + ne, to be taken w. patiere, 1. 355. hostem : 16 
 pred. ace. ; 122, a.^ 
 
 354. servorum : eight years before this time the slaves under 
 Spartacus had defeated several Roman armies and even threat- 
 ened the city itself. 
 
 355. emissus, immissus : another play upon words (lit., let 
 out, let into), driven out, let free against; cf. 1. 341. 
 
 357. duci, rapi, mactari : a pass. inf. may be used w. impero 
 instead of the regular ut and the subj. 
 
 358. mactari: note the meanings of this word, as given in 
 the larger dictionaries: 1. to honor the gods; 2. to honor a man; 
 3. to present a man with anything good; 4. to present a man with 
 an evil, hence to punish. 
 
 359. persaepe : this is an exaggeration. In chapter 1, Cicero 
 mentions only one instance of a private citizen, that of P. Scipio, 
 which was exceptional. 
 
 360. leges : the Valerian law of 509 e.g., the Porcian law of 
 198 B.C., and the Sempronian law of 122 b.c, provided that no 
 Roman citizen should be scourged or put to death without the 
 consent of the people, and that voluntary exile might be sub- 
 stituted for these penalties. 
 
 362. qui a . . . defecerunt : who have been traitors to. 
 
 363. invidiam posteritatis : it was the odium resulting from 
 Cicero's prosecution of the conspirators that led to his banish- 
 ment in 58 B.C. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 » — 389 284 168 211 612 319 
 
200 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 15 364. praeclaram gratiam : ironical, fine gratitude. 
 
 365. hominem . . . cognitum : Cicero was a novus homo, i.e. 
 lie was the first of his family to hold the higher offices ; see 
 Introd. 3. nulla commendatione : abl. of description, tam ma- 
 ture : Cicero held all his offices at the earliest legal age ; see Introd. 
 32. 
 
 366. omnes honorum gradus : what were they? See Introd. 
 32. 
 
 369. severitatis : arising from severity; poss. gen. 
 
 Chapter 12 
 
 374. His ego, etc. : see note on 1. 350. 
 
 375. hoc idem : i.e. that Catiline should be put to death, 
 mentibus : sentiments. 
 
 376. hoc : explained by Catilinam . . . multari. optimum 
 factu : the best thing to do; 229.^ si iudicarem, dedissem : 
 Cicero uses the impf. iudicarem rather than the plup., because 
 he is still of the same opinion. Trans, if I judged (not if I should 
 judge); 198.2 
 
 378. gladiatori : used as a. word of reproach. 
 
 379. Saturnini, etc. : these names recall the incidents men- 
 tioned in chapter 2. 
 
 380. superiorum : men of former times. 
 
 382. verendum . . . erat : / had no need to fear, quid : w. 
 invidiae, gen. of the whole, parricida : ef. patria, quae com- 
 munis est parens, 1. 232. The abl. abs. w. interfecto has the 
 force of a condition. 
 
 16 383. mihi redundaret : should overivhelm me, as a wave (unda). 
 
 384. hoc animo fui ut putarem : / have been disposed to con- 
 sider (lit., been of such a mind that I considered). The ut-clause 
 expresses result. 
 
 385. gloriam, non invidiam : pred. ace, as glory, not unpopu- 
 larity. 
 
 387. qui videant : subjv. in a descriptive clause, ea quae 
 imminent : we might expect a subjv. by attraction, but the 
 indie, is used when the relative clause forms a circumlocution 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HR 
 
 1017 
 
 510 
 
 340 
 
 436 
 
 635 
 
 619 
 
 919 
 
 517 
 
 304 
 
 697 
 
 579 
 
 581 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 201 
 
 PAGH 
 
 that may be expressed by a single word. Here ea quae imminent 16 
 is equivalent to pericula.^ 
 
 388. qui aluerunt : while this clause is descriptive, it is not 
 closely attached to the antecedent (nonnulli). and hence does 
 not take the subjv.^ 
 
 389. non credendo : by not believing that there was a con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 392. regie : after the expulsion of the Tarquins, a word sug- 
 gesting king was odious to Roman ears. 
 
 393. intendit: scire, pervenerit : perf. subjv. in indir. dis- 
 course, used for a direct fut. perf. ; 216, b.^ 
 
 395. Hoc uno interfecto : conditional, as in 1. 382. uno = 
 solo. 
 
 397. reprimi, comprimi : repress (or check), suppress. 
 
 Chapter 13 
 
 403. diu versamur : we have long been living, i.e. since the 
 time of Catiline's first conspiracy, 65 b.c. nescio quo pacto : 
 somehow (lit., / know not in what way), nescio quo is used as a 
 compound indef. pron. 
 
 404. maturitas erupit : the full development has burst (upon). 
 406. latrocinio : concretely, a band of brigands. 
 
 408. inclusum penitus : deep hidden. 
 
 409. Ut, sic (1. 412) : introducing clauses of comparison. TJt 
 saepe : as it often happens that. 
 
 410. cum: when, aestu febrique : by the heat of fever. What 
 figure ? 
 
 413. relevatus : concessive, reliquis vivis : conditional abl. 
 abs. 
 
 415. secedant : let them begone ; subjv. of command ; 187,6.^ 17 
 
 416. quod : rel. pron., having as antecedent the clause muro 
 . . . secernantur. 
 
 418. circumstare tribunal : for the purpose of intimidating the 
 court. The tribunal was a raised platform on which the praetor's 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB 
 
 1 — 905 
 
 593 
 
 
 629 
 
 
 
 « — 806 
 
 
 
 
 
 568 
 
 » — 794 
 
 484 
 
 269 
 
 514 
 
 644 
 
 470 
 
 * — 768 
 
 439 
 
 275 
 
 263 
 
 559 
 
 501 
 
202 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 17 chair (sella curulis) was placed, praetoris urban! : see Tntrod. 
 34. cum gladiis : with swords (in their hands) ; abl. of accom- 
 paniment. 
 
 419. curiam : Introd. 29. malleolos : fire darts, shaped like 
 hammers having the end covered w. lighted pitch or tow. 
 
 420. sit inscriptum : let it he written once for all. The perfect 
 tense is here used w. more positiveness than the present; HB. 
 490. 
 
 427. Hisce ominibus : with these words of warning, cum 
 salute : to the safety. These ablatives denote attendant circum- 
 stance ; 140.^ 
 
 430. luppiter: the orator addresses his final words to the 
 deity whose statue was before him. 
 
 431. qui: whose worship, haec urbs : sc. constituta est. Th^ 
 temple to Jupiter vowed by Romulus was not built till 294 B.C. 
 
 432. Statorem : protector ; ef. chapter 5, 1. 145. 
 
 436. foedere : abl. of means, inter se : together. 
 
 437. vivos mortuosque : the Romans, as a nation, believed in 
 a future existence. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 1 — 556 221 — 473 422 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 At the conclusion of Cicero's oration against him, Catiline 
 replied in his own defense, but upon speaking abusively of the 
 consul, was interrupted by the senators, who called him " traitor " 
 and "assassin." (See Sallust, Ch. 31). That night he left the 
 city, pretending to go to Marseilles into exile, but in reality to 
 join his army in Etruria, and assume the insignia of a consul. 
 
 The Rostra (restored) 
 
 The Second Oration was delivered the following day (Nov. 9, 
 63 B.C.) from the rostra before the people in the Forum, to ac- 
 quaint them officially of the facts, and to justify his own course. 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 I. Exordium — Catiline's departure, Ch. 1, 
 II. Narratio — 
 
 1. Cicero's defense against the charge of 
 
 (a) Too great leniency, Ch. 2-5 ; 
 (6) Too great severity, Ch. 6, 7. 
 
 2. The forces of CatHine, Ch. 8-10. 
 
 203 
 
204 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 19 3. The forces of the republic, Ch. 11. 
 
 III. Peroratio — The consul's vigilance and the protection of the 
 
 gods. 
 
 Chapter 1 
 
 I. Tandem aliquando : an emphatic expression, noiv at last. 
 Quirites : fellow citizens. This word, of uncertain origin, was 
 applied to the Romans as civilians ; Romani, as warriors and 
 rulers. 
 
 3. ferro flammaque : we say with fire and sword. 
 
 4. eiecimus, etc. : an anticlimax. Note the climax and asynde- 
 ton in the next sentence, Abiit, etc. See 237 and 239. ipsum : 
 of his own accord. 
 
 5. verbis : with words of farewell, used in irony. For the 
 same thought see Oration I, line 289. 
 
 6. Nulla iam : see Vocab. for iam w. negatives. 
 
 7. moenibus ipsis : dat. of ind. obj., against the city, i.e. the 
 walled city. 
 
 9. inter versabitur : will play about, sica ilia : the famous 
 dagger, referred to in Oration I, 1. 205. 
 
 10. campo, fore, curia: "the three chief centers of Roman 
 public life." 
 
 II. domesticos parietes : Cicero may have had in mind the 
 attempt on his own life, loco motus est : he was forced from his 
 position, i.e. vantage ground, as a wrestler or gladiator. 
 
 13. bellum iustum : a regular war, i.e. with an open enemy, 
 not with insidious conspirators. 
 
 16. Quod : causal, vero : hut. cruentum : red with bloody 
 used as a pred. adj. 
 
 17. ei : dat. of reference, 115, a.* 
 
 20. lacet prostratus : as a defeated gladiator. 
 21 23. e suis faucibus : the figure of animal of prey. 
 
 24. evomuerit, proiecerit : subjv. in a quoted causal clause ; 
 196.2 
 
 Chapter 2 
 
 26. quales . . . oportebat : as all ought to have been; see note 
 on Cat. I, 1. 18. If the citizens had all desired the arrest of 
 Catiline, the consul's task would have been easier. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HR. 
 
 » — 471 
 
 377 
 
 188 
 
 350 
 
 425 
 
 368 
 
 • — 886 
 
 540 
 
 286 
 
 541 
 
 588 
 
 535 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 205 
 
 PAGE 
 
 26. qui . . . accuset : a clause of description, in hoc ipso : 21 
 
 in this very thing, i.e. the fact of Catiline's departure. 
 
 30. Interfectum esse : the perf. tense is here used for em- 
 phasis instead of the pres. ; HB. 490. 
 
 31. adf actum : we should expect this word to precede inter- 
 fectum, as it does in thought. 
 
 32. mos maiorum : see Cat. I. 1. 362. huius imperi : of this 
 authority, vested in the consul. 
 
 33. res publica : the public welfare. 
 
 • 34. qui . . . crederent : a clause of description, def errem . 
 subjv., by attraction. 
 
 35. def enderent : sc. eum. si iudicarem : if I judged; a 
 condition contrary to fact. 
 
 30. periculo : at the risk, cum : causal, ne . . . probata : 
 as the matter had not even then been made clear to all of you. 
 
 40. multassem : should punish; a subjv. in indir. disc, for 
 multavero. 
 
 41. hue: to this point, ut . . . possetis : a clause of result. 
 
 43. Quem hostem : to preserve the emphasis, trans, as for 
 this enemy, quam . . . putem : indir. question, depending on 
 intellegatis, how much I think he should be feared. 
 
 44. licet intellegatis : you may know (lit., it is permitted thai 
 you know), intellegatis (without ut) is the subject of licet, 
 hinc : explained by the following clause. 
 
 45. quod exierit : subjv. as if quoted from another person, 
 parum comitatus : with so small an escort.. 
 
 46. Utinam eduxisset ; 188.^ 
 
 47. Tongilium, etc. : friends of Catiline, mihi : an ethica) 
 dat. not easily translated. I see, bless me, thank Heaven, are 
 suggested equivalents ; 115, 6.^ in praetexta : see Vocab. 
 
 50. quanto aere alieno : how much in debt (lit., of how great 
 debt); abl. of description. 
 
 Chapter 3 
 
 52. ilium exercitum : of Catiline, prae : in comparison with, 
 Gallicanis legionibus : the Roman garrison in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HR 
 
 » — 773 
 
 441 
 
 279 
 
 260 
 
 §58- 
 
 510 
 
 » — 478 
 
 380 
 
 188 
 
 351 
 
 432 
 
 372 
 
206 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 22 54. Metellus : the praetor mentioned in Ca^, 1, 1.257. habuit; 
 
 has made, his copiis : w. prae, 1. 52. 
 
 55. magno opere : greatly, ex senibus : referring to the 
 veterans of Sulla ; the abl. denotes material, 134, a.^ 
 
 56. ex agresti luxuria : abstract for the concrete, of luxurious 
 countrymen, a phrase nearly repeated in ex . . , decoctoribus. 
 
 57. vadimonia : these men in debt were under bail to appear 
 at court, quam : rather than. 
 
 58. quibus si : = et si eis. aciem : the battle array. 
 
 59. edictum praetoris : at the beginning of his year of office, 
 the praetor or judge issued a statement of the principles he 
 would follow in his administration. These of course would 
 concern the bankrupts. 
 
 61. unguentis, purpura : the use of these was a sign of de- 
 generation in the eyes of the sterner Romans, 
 
 62. mallem : a potential subjv., / should prefer; 189.^ Here 
 it takes the place of utinam before eduxisset, to express a wish ; 
 cf. 1. 46., SUDS milites : pred. ace, as his soldiers. 
 
 66. quid cogitent : indir. question, object of scire. 
 68. cui sit . . . attributa : Catiline had assigned the various 
 parts of Italy to his lieutenants. 
 
 70. has . . . insidias : the execution in the city of these plots 
 of murder and cf fire. 
 
 71. superioris noctis : Nov. 6, when the meeting was held at 
 Laeca's house. 
 
 73. Ne : surely, or. / assure you. 
 
 Chapter 4 
 
 76. Quod : what, explained by the noun clause ut . . . videre- 
 tis, that you should see. 
 
 78. nisi si : unless, quis : any one. Catilinae similes : men 
 like Catiline (cf. " the likes of "). Catilinae is in the gen. case, 
 like tui in Cat.y I, 1. 61. 
 
 81. concedam : fut. exeant: let them begone, ne patiantur; 
 187, 6.' desiderio sui : with longing for them. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 539 
 
 403 
 
 
 396 
 
 467 
 
 406 
 
 « — 776 
 
 447 
 
 280 
 
 257 
 
 556 
 
 519 
 
 « — 768 
 
 439 
 
 275 
 
 263 
 
 559 
 
 501 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 207 
 
 82. miserum : in misery. Aurelia via : abl. of the route taken ; 
 146.^ This road extended from Rome along the coast to Pisa. 
 Another road would have been more direct to the camp of Man- 
 lius, but Catiline was pretending to go to another place ; see 
 
 1. 215. 
 
 83. ad vesperam : by evening. 
 
 85. O rem publicam : cf. O tempera, Cat., I, 1. 12. sentinam 
 urbis, exhausto : the figure of the ship of state. Catiline is com- 
 pared to the *' bilge water " of the ship. 
 
 88. quod . . . conceperit : a descriptive clause. 
 
 89. tota Italia : the loc. abl. may omit in when tota modifies 
 the noun. 
 
 97. lam vero : and again. 
 
 98. alios: some; aliorum (1. 99), of others. 
 
 99. serviebat : ministered to. Repeat qui as the subject, 
 aliis, aliis : to some, to others. 
 
 100. impellendo : 227, d.^ 
 
 Chapter 5 
 
 1 16. eius studia . . . ratione : his varied activities in a dif- 
 ferent sphere oj life. 
 
 BEeRYX-T'l-^^V^T: 
 
 Gladiators 
 (From a Pompeian tomb relief) 
 
 117. ludo gladiatorio : gladiators were trained in schools in 
 Rome, Capua, and other places. They were slaves, originally 
 captives taken in war. 
 
 Btir. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 » — 581 
 
 429 
 
 218 
 
 •—1014 
 
 501 
 
 338 
 
 G. 
 
 425 
 
 H. 
 
 630 
 
 HB. 
 
 426 
 611 
 
 PAGE 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
208 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 24 ii8. audacior: holder, thsm the rest; so levior (1. 119). fate- 
 
 atur : subjv. in a descriptive clause. 
 
 119. nemo in scaena : actors as well as gladiators were slaves 
 as a rule, their art being considered unworthy of Romans. 
 
 121. exercitatione : abl. of means, adsuefactus frigore . . . 
 
 122. perf erendis : trained to endure cold (lit., in enduring) ; abl. of 
 specification. Cicero spoke of Catiline's powers of endurance in 
 Cat., I, 1. 339. fortis : pred. adj. w. praedicabatur. 
 
 123. cum: concessive, industriae subsidia : the aids of irtr- 
 dustry. 
 
 126. O nos beatos : for the ace, cf. 1. 85. 
 
 129. libidines, audaciae : used concretely, deeds of passion^ 
 acts of boldness. 
 
 131. res: money, fides: credit. 
 
 133- quae erat (sc. eis) : which they had. in abundantia : in 
 their {time of) prosperity. 
 
 134. comissationes solum : if they aimed only at revelry, 
 they would be tolerable, but they mingle their revelry with 
 plans of murder and fire. 
 
 136. hoc: explained by insidiari. quis possit : who would he 
 able? potential subjv. in a rhetorical question; 201.^ 
 
 138. mihi : ethical dat., implying sarcasm or disgust, which 
 we may express by the tone of the voice ; or trans, bless me. 
 accubantes : it was the Roman custom to recline at table. 
 
 143, Quibus: = sed eis: dat. w. impendere ; 112, h.^ 
 
 144. improbitati : dat. w. debitam. 
 
 146. sanare : se. eos as obj. sustulerit : fut. perf. 
 
 147. breve nescio : = quoddam breve ; cf. Cat. I, 1. 403. 
 
 150. externa: matters abroad, unius virtute : i.e. of Pompey, 
 who had suppressed the Mediterranean pirates, and conquered 
 eastern nations, terra marique : loc. abl. 
 
 151. pacata: settled, intus, intus: anaphora; 235.^ 
 26 154. Huic belle: dat. w. ducem ; 118.* 
 
 156. quacumque ratione : sc. potero. quae resecanda erunt: 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 MB. 
 
 >— 771 
 
 268 
 
 277 
 
 259 
 
 557 
 
 519 
 
 a— 456 
 
 367 
 
 187 
 
 346 
 
 426 
 
 362 
 
 «— 1070 
 
 
 350 
 
 
 666 
 
 632 
 
 *— 461 
 
 366 
 
 — . 
 
 
 
 436 
 
 363 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 209 
 
 whatever will have to he cut away, a figure derived from surgery page 
 
 or from pruning. 
 
 Chapter 6 
 
 i6o. etiam : still, sunt qui : there are some who. 26 
 
 i6i. Quod si: now if . . . this, verbo : i.e. by a mere word 
 
 163. videlicet: used in irony. 
 
 165. paruit, ivit: note the frequent occurrence of asyndeton; 
 237. 
 
 168. patres conscriptos : see note Cat., I, 1. 47. Quo: there, 
 
 169. Quis (senator) : the usual adj. form is qui. 
 
 170. ita . . . ut : as (lit., so . . . as). 
 
 171. Quin etiam: why even; cf. Cat., I, 1. 213. 
 
 173. Hie: adv., hereupon, at this point. 
 
 174. vehemens : ironical. 
 
 175. in nocturno . . . necne : a double indir. question, 
 whether . . . or not. utrum (or ne), whether, is omitted; 89. 
 
 179. ei : by him; dat. of agent, ratio: plan. 
 
 180. teneretur: was caught ("cornered"), eo, quo: to that 
 place, to which. 
 
 181. secures, fasces: symbols of authority, carried by lictors 
 before Roman magistrates. 
 
 182. aquilam : cf. Cat., I, 1. 317. 
 
 184. cum scirem : causal; note the anaphora in the sentence. 
 
 185. credo : / suppose. 
 
 186. iste : said with contempt. 
 
 189. Massiliam : a city of Gaul founded by a Greek colony. 
 It was a favorite place of exile for Romans. 
 
 Chapter 7 
 
 190. condicionem miseram : grievous task. 28 
 
 192. consiliis meis : by my counsels. Note the asyndeton in 
 this line. 
 
 193. pertimuerit: becomes alarmed. The conditional clause 
 si . . . converterit includes five verbs in the fut. perf. ; the 
 conclusion begins w. non ille (1. 196) . 
 
 196. non ille : w. dicetur (1. 199), he will not be said, spoliatus, 
 obstupefactus, perterritus, depulsus : sc. esse w. each and 
 connect w. dicetur. armis : of the arms; separation. 
 
 199. eiectus : w. esse, vi et minis : with threats of violence; 
 hendiadys. 
 
210 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 28 203. Est . . . tanti : it is worth while for me; 110.* 
 
 204. dum modo : introducing a clause of proviso ; 199.* 
 a : from. 
 
 29 205. Dicatur : let him be said. 
 
 210. triduo : time within which. 
 
 211. ne ... sit: in appos. w. illud. invidiosum : a cause 
 (source) of unpopularity, quod emiserim : that I let him go. 
 The subjv. is used because the orator is quoting his enemies. 
 The quod-clause is subj. of sit. 
 
 213. profectus sit: he has gone away (of his own will). 
 
 214. idem quid dicerent : what would the same men say? 
 Quamquam : and yet. 
 
 216. verentur : the associates of Catiline feared that he had 
 gone to Massilia, and hence had given up the war. tam miseri- 
 cors : these men preferred to have him lead the army, even to 
 certain death, than be safe in exile. 
 
 217. qui . . . malit : a descriptive clause of result. 
 
 218. Ille : w. mallet: he would prefer. 
 
 222. vivis nobis : abl. abs., leaving us alive; but nobis may 
 here refer to Cicero alone, optemus : hortatory ; 187.^ 
 
 Chapter 8 
 
 225. quod: as (lit., which), referring to murus interest; cf. 
 Cat., I, 1. 141. 
 
 226. dissimulant : conceal their sentiments, in contrast w. 
 fatetur (1. 225). 
 
 229. sanare sibi ipsos : to cure them for their own sakes (lit., 
 for themselves), placare : reconcile to. 
 
 230. neque : = et non. 
 
 232. generibus : classes. 
 
 233. singulis: to each of the classes, quam : any, sc. medi- 
 cinam adferre. 
 
 30 235. est : consists, eorum : pred. gen. in aere alieno : con- 
 
 cessive, though in debt. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 424 
 
 417 
 
 203 
 
 380 
 
 448 
 
 356 
 
 « — 929 
 
 528 
 
 310 
 
 573 
 
 587 
 
 529 
 
 • — 768 
 
 439 
 
 274 
 
 263 
 
 559 
 
 501 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 211 
 
 PAQB 
 
 236. quarum : = sed earum. dissolvi : reflexive, to free them-' 30 
 selves. 
 
 238. voluntas : intention. 
 
 239. Tu ... sis et dubites : a potential rhetorical question * 
 implying a negative answer, is it possible that you are . . . and 
 (yet) hesitate ? Tu : used without reference to a particular per- 
 son, agris, etc. : abl. of means. 
 
 240. familia : slaves, not family. 
 
 241. fidem : credit. 
 
 244. tabulas novas : debtors were sometimes relieved by a law 
 providing for new accounts (lit., new tablets), the creditors receiv- 
 ing only a part of their due. Catiline proposed to cancel debts 
 entirely. 
 
 245. meo beneficio : thanks to me (lit. by my kindness). 
 
 247. Quod si : = et si id. 
 
 248. cum usuris : against the interest on their debts. 
 
 249. fructibus : with the profits, locupletioribus his uteremur : 
 we shoidd find them richer. It would be wiser, he says, to seU 
 part of their property and pay the creditors. 
 
 250. minima : least of all the classes. 
 
 252. permanebunt : sc. in sententia; cling to their opinions. 
 
 Chapter 9 
 
 254. Alterum : secundum, est : consists. 
 
 256. honores : i.e. offices. 
 
 257. Quibus . . . videtur: to these it seems necessary to give 
 this warning, hoc: explained by me vigilare, etc. (1. 260). 
 
 259. reliquis omnibus: ind. obj. of praecipiendum est, which 
 is to be supplied, ut desperent : expressing purpose. 
 
 261. animos : courage. 
 
 265. praesentes : in person, used w. deos. sint : w. adepti : 
 this perf. subjv. stands for a fut. perf. ind. of dir. disc. 
 
 267. quae : referring to cinere et sanguine. 3] 
 
 270. gladiatori : i.e. to some man like Spartacus, who for 
 two years (73-71 b.c.) headed a band of gladiators and slaves 
 against the Roman forces, sit necesse : it woidd be necessary. 
 
 271. aetate adfectum (adj.) : feeling the effects of age, advanced 
 in yearc. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 * — 771 444 277 466 559 503 
 
212 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 31 277. quas Sulla constituit : Sulla gave land to 120,000 of his 
 men, after the civil war with Marius. He planted one colony 
 in Faesulae, where Catiline's army was now encamped. 
 
 278. universas : as a whole, civium : pred. gen. esse : cou' 
 sist. 
 
 284. sumptuosius : render the comparative ending by too. 
 
 292. salvi : solvent, freed from debt. 
 
 293. sit excitandus : would have to be summoned. Sulla died 
 in 78 B.C. 
 
 295, agrestes : countrymen, the neighbors of the farming 
 veterans. 
 
 296. rapinarum veterum : such as they had in their soldier 
 days. 
 
 32 298. eos hoc moneo : I give them this advice ; 121. ^ desinant: 
 let them cease. This is the medicina (1. 233) for the third class 
 of revolutionists, proscriptiones, dictaturas : recalling the days 
 of the civil war in which these men had served. 
 
 300. ista non mode, etc. : non is understood after mode, but 
 it is simpler to connect ne (not) w. passurae. Trans, not only 
 men but even beasts seem to me to be unwilling to endure such things. 
 
 Chapter 10 
 
 303. sane : utterly; in 1. 318, by all means. 
 
 304. premuntur : have been overwhelmed. 
 
 305. emergunt : rise, i.e. from their sea of debt, male ge- 
 rendo negotio : by badly managing their affairs. 
 
 307. vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione : the three legal steps 
 in a case against debtors : 1. the giving of a bail bond to appear 
 at court ; 2. the trial ; 3. the confiscation or sale of the property 
 to pay the claim of the creditor. 
 
 310. quam primum : as soon as possible. 
 
 311. corruant : subjv. expressing command. 
 
 312. Connect ne (not) w. sentlant; cf. 1. 301. 
 
 33 318. pereant : expressing command. 
 
 319. career : the state prison was built in the time of the kings 
 and stUl exists, covered by a small church. It was used for 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 1 — 50i 390 178 333 412 397 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 213 
 
 PAGE 
 
 executions, or for detention until the time of trial, imprisonment 33 
 as a punishment of citizens being practically unknown. See 
 cuts, pp. 32 and 231, and description, pp. 178, 179. 
 
 321. genera: character, quod . . . est: one that is Catiline^ a 
 own. Catilinae : gen. case; 119, h.^ 
 
 322. de complexu . . . sinu : composed of his hosom friends. 
 
 323. pexo : i.e. elaborately dressed, capillo : abl. of descrip- 
 tion, imberbes : because of their youth, bene barbatos : with 
 well-trimmed beards, a mark of affectation, since it was not the 
 custom for Romans to wear beards at this time. 
 
 324. manicatis tunicis : the tunic was the main garment of the 
 Romans, worn with or without the toga. Ordinarily it had very 
 short sleeves and reached only to the knees, velis non togis : 
 these dandies wore togas (the outer garment or robe) so large 
 that they were compared to sails. 
 
 325. quorum . . . expromitur : trans, actively, who spend all 
 the energy of their lives and wakeful nights (lit., labor of keeping 
 awake). 
 
 331. scitote : know; a fut. imperative used for the pres., 
 which is lacking for this verb, hoc : sing, to agree w. seminarium. 
 We should say these men. 
 
 333. isti miseri : such wretches. 
 
 Chapter 11 
 
 339. pertimescendum : ironical, cum : causal. 
 
 340. cohortem praetoriam : a general's bodyguard. 
 
 341. Instruite nunc contra : here begins a notable passage of 
 rhetorical comparison. 
 
 343. gladiatori : Cicero again selects this word to express his 
 
 contempt of Catiline. 
 
 345. florem : i.e. the best or finest part. 34 
 
 347. tumulis silvestribus : these hillsides around Faesulae 
 
 were all that Catiline yet possessed. 
 
 350. eget : w. quibus ; 149. 
 
 351. equitibus : knights, not cavalry. 
 
 354. quam . . . iaceant : how powerless they are (lit., how 
 prostrate they lie). 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 > — 410 
 
 385 
 
 204 
 
 359 
 
 435 
 
 339 
 
 • — 528 
 
 409 
 
 214 
 
 405 
 
 458 
 
 425 
 
214 NOTES 
 
 PAQE 
 
 34 355. ex hac parte : on this side, illinc : on ^W (side), pudorj 
 
 modesty, pudicitia : purity. 
 
 358. honestas : honor. 
 
 359. aequitas, etc. : the four cardinal virtues, according to 
 Plato were justice, self-control, courage, wisdom. 
 
 362. bona ratio cum perdita : sound (political) principle against 
 corrupt. 
 
 363. omnium rerum desperatione : utter despair. 
 
 Chapter 12 
 
 368. cum : causal, quern ad modum : as. 
 
 369. antea : the speech, as written, contains no earlier use of 
 these words (defendite, etc.). 
 
 370. mihi : contrasted w. vos (1. 368) ; dat. of agent w. 
 consultum; 116; ^ trans, actively, I have taken care, urbi: dat. 
 of possessor w. esset. 
 
 371. Coloni : Roman citizens who became colonists of other 
 parts of Italy. 
 
 372. municipes : inhabitants of free towns who gained the right 
 of Roman citizenship. 
 
 374. quam : for agreement w. manum see 167, h.^ 
 
 375. certissimam : most faithftd. animo meliore : better dis- 
 posed. 
 
 36 376. patriciorum : some of Catiline's leading associates were 
 
 patricians. 
 
 377. hoc : i.e. the present state of affairs. 
 
 381. quem vocari videtis : officers were probably summoning 
 senators to a meeting, as Cicero spoke. 
 
 386. hoc exspectavit : has had this object. 
 
 387. Quod reliquum est : as for the future. 
 
 389. mihi vivendum : that I must live; 225, a.' 
 
 390. portis, viae : dat. of possessor. 
 
 391. Qui vero : but he who. 
 
 36 396. carcerem : the state prison ; see note on 1. 319. 
 
 399. voluerunt : intended. 
 
 Bar. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 - 480 374 189 354 431 373 
 
 - 707 306 250 614 396 326 
 -1000 500 337 251 621 600 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 215 
 
 Chapter 13 
 
 403. res : sc. sedentur, shall 
 he brought to an end. 
 
 408. togato : the toga was 
 the garb of peace, distinguished 
 from the paludamentum, or 
 military cloak. The phrase 
 therefore implies that there 
 would be no real warfare. 
 
 410. Quod : = et id. 
 
 417. patriae : ind. obj. of 
 impendens. 
 
 422. optandum : to he hoped 
 for. 
 
 424. mea prudentia fretus : 
 relying on my prudence; 150.^ 
 
 425. et : omit, non dubiis : 
 unmistakahle. 
 
 426. quibus ducibus : under 
 whose leadership; abl. abs. 
 
 431. quam urbem hanc : 
 trans, hanc urbem quam. In 
 the Latin order the rel. clause 
 precedes, for emphasis. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 36 
 
 37 
 
 Cicero in the Toga 
 
 Bur. A. 
 « — 576 431 
 
 B. 
 
 218 
 
 G. 
 
 401 
 
 H. 
 
 476 
 
 HB. 
 432 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 The Senate promptly declared Catiline an enemy of the state 
 and offered amnesty to all his followers who would lay down 
 their arms. To Cicero was assigned the guarding of the city, 
 and to his colleague, Antonius, the command of the army. The 
 documentary evidence needed against the conspirators was sup- 
 plied by the AUobroges who had come to Rome to secure aid for 
 their financial difficulties. Their patron at Rome was Q. Fabius 
 Sanga, To him they reported the overtures made to them by the 
 conspirators, and he in turn informed Cicero. By design they 
 were to feign enthusiasm and require written statements from the 
 leaders. On the night following December 2, they left Rome with 
 Volturcius, and were arrested on the Mulvian Bridge two miles 
 north of the city. The Gauls and the leading conspirators were 
 brought before the Senate, which hastily convened in the Temple 
 of Concord. The meeting wds prolonged till the dusk of evening, 
 when Cicero gave an account of it to the people who were await- 
 ing the news outside the temple. This was the Third Oration 
 against Catiline (December ^, 63 b.c). 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 I. Exordium — The exposure of the conspiracy, Ch. 1. 
 II. Narratio — 
 
 1. The arrest of the AUobroges, Ch. 2, 3. 
 
 2. The testimony of Volturcius and the Gauls before the 
 
 Senate, Ch, 4, 5. 
 
 3. The action of the Senate, Ch. 6. 
 
 4. Success due to the absence of Catiline, and to divine aid, 
 
 Ch. 7-9. 
 Ill, Peroratio — The people exhorted to express their gratitude 
 and to fulfill their duties as citizens, Ch. 10-12. 
 
 216 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 217 
 
 Chapter 1 
 
 PAQF 
 
 I. Rem publicam . . . videtis : this long sentence illustrates 38 
 the " period " in Latin rhetoric; 234.^ We may translate the 
 objects first, then introduce the verb and the participles, vitam : 
 
 we should say lives. 
 
 3. domicilium : urbem is an appositive. 
 
 4. deorum : subjective gen. w. amore ; 98.2 
 
 7. non minus iucundi : the figure of litotes ; 242. 
 
 9. salutis . . . condicio : the joy of safety is certain, (while) 
 our lot at birth is uncertain; i.e. whether we are destined to good 
 fortune or not. censu : consciousness. 
 
 II. prof ecto : w. debebit. ilium: i.e. Romulus. 
 
 13. benevolentia famaque : with our loyalty and regard for his 
 fame, sustulimus : exalted. The Romans deified their heroes 
 and leaders. As a deity Romulus was called Quirinus. 
 
 14. debebit : J,e (Cicero) will deserve. 
 
 15. urbi, etc. : dat. w. subiectos, circumdatos. 39 
 
 20. comperta : logically should precede inlustrata. exponam : 
 / will tell {the facts). 
 
 21. et quanta . . . sint : obj. of scire. 
 
 22. investigata, comprehensa : investigated, detected (lit., 
 tracked, caught). 
 
 23. exspectatis : are waiting to hear. 
 
 24. ut : ever since. 
 
 26. cum reliquisset : having left. 
 
 Chapter 2 
 
 29. cum eiciebam : indicative because the clause is merely 
 temporal, and not descriptive ; 195, h.^ 
 
 30. ilia : sc. invidia. 
 
 31. quod exierit : subjv., quoting what men wiU say; 196, a.* 
 33. restitissent : what form would the direct discourse re- 
 quire? 216, 6.S 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 
 
 600 
 
 351 
 
 684 
 
 685 
 
 630 
 
 * — 402 
 
 343 
 
 199 
 
 363 
 
 440 
 
 344 
 
 « — 857 
 
 545 
 
 288 
 
 580 
 
 601 
 
 550 
 
 < — 886 
 
 540 
 
 286 
 
 541 
 
 588 
 
 555 
 
 • — 794 
 
 4S4 
 
 319. a 
 
 516 
 
 541 
 
 4I» 
 
218 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 34. putabam : I was thinking; the time denoted is the same 
 39 as that of eiciebam and volebam ; cf . putavi, 1. 48. 
 
 36. in 60 : explained by the noun clause ut . . . sentirem ac 
 viderem, in the effort to know and see. 
 
 38. auribus : ind. obj. w. minorem fidem faceret : found too little 
 credence in your ears. 
 
 39. faceret : subjv. by attraction, oratio mea : my words. 
 
 40. ut . . . comprehenderem : stating the purpose of viderem. 
 
 42. Allobrogum : this Gallic tribe had been conquered by the 
 Romans in 121 b.c. Their envoys had come to Rome to com- 
 plain of the provincial government. 
 
 43. Lentulo : one of the praetors who was allied with Catiline. 
 
 44. eodem itinere : i.e. through Etruria, where Catiline had 
 his headquarters. 
 
 46. Volturciimi : he was sent along as an agent of the con- 
 spirators. 
 41 49. ut : repeating ut of 1. 48, for emphasis. 
 
 51. praetores : there were eight praetors in the city. Though 
 they were primarily legal officers, judges, they had also the 
 power to command troops (imperium). 
 
 52. amantissimos rei publicae (gen.) : most patriotic. 
 
 54. qui . . . omnia sentirent : who entertained all sentiments, 
 a descriptive causal clause. 
 
 56. pontem Mulvium : across the Tiber, about two miles 
 north of the city, now called Ponte Molle. 
 
 60. praef ectura Reatina : a provincial town governed by an 
 officer (praefectus) sent from Rome, and having Cicero as a 
 patron (patronus). Introd. 21. 
 
 Chapter 3 
 
 69. erat commissa : had begun, litterae : letters; the pi. 
 may mean either letter or letters. 
 
 70. integris signis : with seals unbroken, ipsi : the Allobroges 
 and Volturcius. 
 
 73. Gabinium: this man had brought about the conference 
 of the Allobroges and the conspirators. 
 
 76. credo : ironical, I suppose. Lentulus was known for his 
 sluggishness as well as his wickedness, in litteris dandis : in 
 writing the letter. This letter, however, was very short ; see 
 chapter 5, 1. 155. 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 219 
 
 PAGl 
 
 78. viris placeret : it seemed best to the men. The subject of 42 
 placeret is the infinitive clause litteras . . . aperiri . . . deferri. 
 
 80. prius-quam: here takes the infin. deferri because of aperiri. 
 
 81. tumultus iniectus (esse) civitati : English inverts this 
 construction, the state was thrown into panic. 
 
 82. ncgavi . . . deferrem : / said that I would not fail to lay 
 before the public council (the Senate) the case as a whole which 
 concerned the public peril (lit. would not act so as not to refer, etc.). 
 
 87. frequentem : /uZZ. 
 
 89, qui efiferet : purpose. 
 
 90. si quid . . . esset: any weapons there might be. esset: 
 subjv. by attraction. 
 
 Chapter 4 
 
 92. fidem publicam : a promise of pardon in the name of the 
 state, because of his turning state's evidence. 
 
 93. quae sciret : subjv. by attraction. 
 
 96. litteras : a letter, ut uteretur : advising him to employ. 
 
 98, ut . . . esset ille : a noun clause explaining consilio. 
 
 100. caedem infinitam: the plan was to kill the senators and 
 as many other citizens as possible. 
 
 103. litteras : letters. 
 
 105. sibi praescriptum . . . mitterent : that they had been 
 directed to send. 
 
 108. ex fatis Sibyllinis : according to the Sibylline prophecies. 
 The tradition was that the Cumaean prophetess, Sibyl, had sold 
 to King Tarquin her books of prophecy, written in Greek hexam- 
 eters. These books were destroyed in the Capitol fire, in 83 
 B.C., but were replaced by others, haruspicum : the soothsayers 
 foretold the future and interpreted the divine will chiefly by 
 inspecting the entrails of animals slain in sacrifice. 
 
 109. Cornelium : his full name was P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura. 
 no. esset necesse : it was ordained. Cinna : L. Cornelius 
 
 Cinna, the successor of Marius as leader of the popular party. 43 
 
 III. Sulla : L. Cornelius Sulla, the dictator and rival of Marius. 
 
 fatalem : ordained by fate. 
 
 113. virginum absolutionem : six Vestal Virgins guarded the 
 
 sacred perpetual fire in the Temple of Vesta. If a Vestal broke 
 
 her vows, she was to be buried alive. Nothing is known of the 
 
 acquittal referred to. 
 
220 
 
 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 43 
 
 114. Capitoli incensionem : the Capitol, or Temple of Jupiter, 
 was burned in 83 B.C. 
 
 115. Cethego : dat. of possessor. 
 
 116. Saturnalibus : on the Saturnalia, a festival of merriment 
 and good will in honor of Saturn, beignning Dec. 17. Revolu- 
 tionists select holidays as the time for executing their plots. 
 
 Chapter 5 
 
 118. ne longum sit: not to he tedious, tabellas : short letters 
 were written on tablets (tabellae) made of two or more thin boards 
 
 Tabellae et Stilus 
 
 fastened together. The inner surfaces were hollowed out and 
 the depressions filled with wax, so as to leave a raised rim, re- 
 sembling our slates. Writing was done upon the wax by means 
 of a pointed instrument (stilus). The letter was bound with a 
 thread (linum), and sealed on the knot with wax (cera). 
 
 119. datae : written; sc. esse. 
 
 120. signum : the seal made on the knot with a signet ring. 
 
 121. Erat scriptum: the subj. is the inf. clause following. 
 
 123. orare : the subj. is sese (Cethegus). sibi recepissent: 
 had undertaken for him, i.e. had promised him (Cethegus). 
 
 124. qui : = cum is, although he; 192, h.^ 
 
 125. apud ipsum : at his house. 
 
 Bur. A. 
 
 * — 808 535 
 
 B. 
 
 283 
 
 G. 
 
 634 
 
 H. 
 
 593 
 
 HB. 
 
 523 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 221 
 
 PAG. 
 
 127. recitatis litteris : by the reading of the letters, abiectus 44 
 conscientia : conscience-smitten. 
 
 129. manum : handwriting. 
 
 130. in eandem sententiam : to the same purport. 
 133. avi tui : P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c. 
 135- revocare debuit : ought to have recalled. 
 
 136. eadem ratione : of the same character; abl. of description. 
 
 137. si vellet : subjv. in implied indir. disc. 
 
 139. exposito atque edito : given and taken down (recorded). 
 
 140. quid sibi esset : what he had to do (lit., what there was to 
 him). 
 
 144. fatis Sibyllinis : cf . 1. 108. 
 
 145. subito : adv. 
 
 146. posset infitiari : might have denied. 
 
 147. eum : obj. of defecit (1. 150). 
 151. litteras : the letter. 
 
 154. Erant : it was. sine nomine: the customary greeting 
 was omitted, as well as the name of the writer. 
 156. quern in locum : to what position, in the plot. 
 158. infimorum : of the lowest, referring to the slaves. 46 
 
 161. cum . . . tum : not only . . . hut also. 
 
 Chapter 6 
 
 168. Indiciis . . . editis : cf. 1. 139. The evidence was 
 recorded by the clerks of the Senate. 
 
 169. de summa re publica : for the highest welfare of ihe state. 
 £eri placeret : should he done (lit., was pleasing to he done). 
 
 170. principibus : i.e. the leading men of the Senate, includ- 
 ing ex-consuls and consuls elect. See Introd. 30. 
 
 171. sine uUa varietate : without any dissenting voice, unani- 
 mously. 
 
 176. sit liberata : subjv. in a quoted reason. 
 
 177. forti fidelique : may best be taken as pred. adj. Trans. 
 / had found (usus essem) their service brave and loyal. 
 
 178. coUegae meo : C. Antonius, the other consul. He was 
 in sympathy with Catiline, but was made neutral by the promise 
 of the province of Macedonia for his proconsulship. 
 
 181. abdicasset : see Vocab. A Roman magistrate could not 
 be brought to trial until he resigned his office, in custodiam: 
 cf. Cat. I, 1. 251. 
 
222 
 
 NOTES 
 
 iPAQB 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 184. hoc decretum est : this decree was passed (lit., this was 
 decreed). L. Cassium : a senator mentioned in 1. 105. 
 
 187. Apulia: a district used chiefly for grazing; cf. Cat. II, 
 1. 68. indicatum : proved. 
 
 188. deduxit : " deducere i<5 the technical word for leading 
 forth or conducting a colony to a place. The Roman colonia 
 marched out in military style, sub vexillo." — Nicol. 
 
 190. versatus : engaged. 
 192. ea . . . ut : such . . . that. 
 
 194. novem hominum : of this number Lentulus, Cethegus, 
 Statilius, and Gabinius were already under arrest ; Ceparius fled 
 from Rome when the conspiracy was discovered, but was ar- 
 rested later ; the rest escaped punishment by flight. 
 
 197. supplicatio : a solemn thanksgiving to the gods for vic- 
 tory, declared by the 
 Senate. The student 
 wiU recall the instances 
 mentioned in Caesar's 
 Gallic War. 
 
 199. togato : i.e. in a 
 civil capacity. 
 
 202. hoc interest : 
 there is this difference 
 (lit., differs this), hoc: 
 ace. used adverbially.^ 
 The indicative (inter- 
 est) is used because the 
 difference exists 
 whether the comparison (conferatur) should be made or not. 
 
 203. gesta : sc. re publica. 
 
 204. quod primum fuit : the resignation of Lentulus men- 
 tioned in the next sentence. 
 
 206. indiciis, confessionibus : abl. of cause, iudicio : abl. of 
 accordance. 
 
 208-211. Order: ut in privato P. Lentulo puniendo liberare- 
 mur ea religione, quae . . . fuerat {which had not prevented 
 
 A Roman Sacrifice 
 
 Bur. 
 1 — 504 
 
 A. 
 390, c 
 
 B. 
 
 176, 2, o 
 
 G. 
 
 332 
 
 H. 
 
 409, 1 
 
 HB. 
 
 397 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 223 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Marius), quo minus . . . occideret (from killing Glaucia) de 46 
 quo . . . decretum. 
 
 208. quae Mario (dat. of possessor) fuerat : lit., which had 
 not been to Marius. 
 
 209. Glauciam : praetor in 100 b.c. He was allied with 
 
 Saturninus, the tribune, in opposing the senatorial party. See 
 
 note on Cat. I, 1. 37. 
 
 Chapter 7 
 
 216. cum pellebam : indie, because the clause merely 
 defines the time of the main verb ; 195, 6.^ 
 
 218. somnum, adipes, temeritatem : the characteristics of the 
 men were well known to Cicero's audience. " This Cassius had 
 not a lean and hungry look." — Nicol. 
 
 220. tarn diu dum : (only) as long as. 48 
 
 221. norat : = noverat, he knew (lit., had learned), omnium 
 aditus : access to everybody; objective gen. 
 
 223. consilium : ability, shrewdness. 
 
 224. lam : moreover. 
 
 226. mandarat : = mandaverat. The indicative w. cum here 
 denotes repeated action, whenever, etc. ; 195, c.^ neque confec- 
 tum putabat : i.e. he did not assume that his command was 
 obeyed. 
 
 227. quod : the ace. is required only by obiret ; occurreret 
 takes the dat. vigilaret, laboraret : watch for, toil for. frigus, 
 etc. : cf. Cat. I, 1. 339. 
 
 231. domesticis : i.e. within the city. 
 
 234. Non ille . . . constituisset : he (emphatic) would not 
 have fixed upon the Saturnalia (but upon an earlier date), con- 
 stituisset, denuntiavisset, commisisset are subjunctives of 
 " ideal certainty " (Hale), or potential subjunctives, denoting 
 action contingent upon the condition implied, si in urbe 
 remansisset : 189.^ 
 
 235. tanto ante : so long in advance. 
 
 236. neque commisisset : nor have permitted (made the mis- 
 take of allowing). 
 
 243. ut levissime dicam : to say the least. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB 
 
 ' — 856 
 
 545 
 
 288,1 
 
 580 
 
 600 
 
 550 
 
 * — 904 
 
 548 
 
 288,3 
 
 584 
 
 601 
 
 579 
 
 • — 919 
 
 446 
 
 280 
 
 597 
 
 553 
 
 519 
 
224 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 48 244. dimicandum fuisset : we should have had to fight. The 
 
 past indie, is more common than the subjv. (fuisset) in a peri- 
 phrastic conclusion ; 198, note 2.^ 
 
 246. tanta pace, etc. : abl. of attendant circumstance. 
 
 Chapter 8 
 
 247. Quamquam : and yet. 
 
 249. Id consequi : to reach that conclusion, cum : not only. 
 
 250. quod : because, vix humani consili esse potuisse : 
 could scarcely have been within the power of human wisdom, con- 
 sili : pred. gen. ; 111.^ 
 
 49 251. ita. praesentes : so clearly present. 
 
 254. ab occidente : in the west, the unlucky quarter of the 
 heavens, faces : meteors. 
 
 255. fulminum iactus : flashes of lightning^ terrae motus : 
 earthquakes. 
 
 256. nobis consulibus : in our consulship. 
 
 260. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : the year was 65 B.C. 
 
 261. de caelo percussas : struck by lightning. 
 
 262. depulsa : overthrown, from their pedestals. 
 
 263. legum aera : the laws were engraved on bronze tablets, 
 tactus : struck. 
 
 264. quern . . . meministis : which you recollect was in the 
 Capitol, gilded, small, and suckling, clinging to the breast of a wolf. 
 A bronze group of Romulus and Remus with the wolf-nurse, now 
 in the Capitoline museum, is marked as if by lightning and is 
 thought to be the statue to which Cicero refers. 
 
 266. Quo tempore cum : when at this time. 
 
 267. haruspices : Etruria was noted for its soothsayers. See 
 note on 1, 108. 
 
 60 270. omni ratione : by every possible means. 
 
 271. prope fata ipsa: even the gods were subject to fate and 
 could not change it. 
 
 272. responsis : abl. of accordance, ludi : public games were 
 celebrated as religious rites. They included chariot racing and 
 gladiatorial combats. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 921 
 
 517 
 
 304, 3 
 
 597, R. 3 . 
 
 582 
 
 582,3 
 
 « — 408 
 
 343 
 
 203 
 
 366 
 
 447 
 
 340 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 225 
 
 Gladiatorial Combats 
 (From a Pompeian tomb relief) 
 
 275. in excelso : on a high situation, contra atque . . , 
 fuerat : opposite to its former position. 
 
 277. illud signum : that statue, just finished. 
 
 281. conlocandum locaverunt : gave the contract for setting up, 
 
 282. superioribus consulibus : in the preceding consulships. 
 
 283. nobis : sc. consulibus. 
 
 Chapter 9 
 
 284. Hie : in this matter, aversus a : obstinate against. 
 
 285. mente captus : deprived of reason (lit., captured in mind). 
 qui . . . neget : as to say thai . . . not; a descriptive clause of 
 result. 
 
 288. esset responsum : by the soothsayers. 
 
 289. rei publicae : dat., for, etc. et ea : and that too. 
 
 292. Illud . . . est: was not this fact so opportune (piaesens)? 
 Illud is explained by the second ut- clause following (ut . . . 
 statueretur), the first ut- clause expressing result. 
 
 293- Optimi Maximi : best (and) mightiest. 
 
 294. per forum in aedem : the conspirators were taken from 
 Cicero's house on the Palatine Hill, and hence would have to be 
 led through the Forum to reach the temple on the Capitoline Hill. 
 
 299. Quo : wherefore, odio digni : for construction see 150.* 
 
 302. Quibus si : = et si eis. restitisse : from resisto. si 
 dicam : if I should say; 198, c, 2.2 
 
 page 
 50 
 
 61 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 > — 587 
 
 418. b 
 
 226,2 
 
 397,2 
 
 481 
 
 442 
 
 » — 915 
 
 51^, 6 
 
 303 
 
 596 
 
 576 
 
 580 
 
226 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 SI 303. non ferendus : unbearable, ille, ille luppiter : he, yonder 
 
 Jupiter, said with a gesture toward the new statue. 
 314. suscepi : I have cherished. 
 322. creditae : entrusted. 
 324. commissae : given over. 
 
 327. nisi . . . ereptum : unless prudence had been taken 
 from this great audacity, i.e. from these bold men. audaciae : 
 dat. of separation, 113.^ 
 
 331. Quid vero : se. dicam. 
 62 334. patriciis hominibus : Catiline, Cethegus, Lentulus, etc. 
 
 336, id : explained by the preceding noun clause ut homines 
 . . . anteponerent. praesertim qui : especially since they. 
 
 Chapter 10 
 
 339. pulvinaria : altars, more exactly cushioned couches on 
 which the images of the gods were laid before the altars. Food 
 and wine were set before the images in the feast called lectister- 
 nium. 
 
 340. celebratote : imperative fut., second pers. plur. 
 
 342. iusti : connect w. ac debiti, just and deserved, habiti 
 sunt : have been paid. 
 
 345. me uno togato : cf. Cat., II, 1. 408, 
 
 347. civiles dissensiones : the instances of civil strife cited 
 by Cicero in 11. 348-360 occurred during the war between the 
 democratic party under Marius and the aristocratic party under 
 Sulla, 88-77 b.c. 
 
 348. Sulla . . . Suspicium : P. Sulpicius Rufus, tribune of 
 the plebs in 88 b.c, proposed a law transferring the command 
 against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched upon 
 Rome and drove out his enemies. Sulpicius was killed ; Marius 
 escaped to Africa. 
 
 349. Marium custodem : so called because he saved Rome 
 from the Cimbri and Teutones in 102 b.c. 
 
 351. Octavius . . . collegam: in 87 b.c. the consuls were Cn. 
 Octavius, a partisan of Sulla, and L, Cornelius Cinna, leader of 
 the democratic party in the absence of Marius, Cinna proposed 
 to enlarge the franchise privileges of the Italians and began an 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB, 
 
 >~477 381 18S. d 345 427 371 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 227 
 
 PAGE 
 
 agitation in favor of his party. In the riots that foUowed 10,000 53 
 are said to have perished. Octavius was victorious, and Cinna 
 fled from Rome. 
 
 352. hie locus : the Forum. 
 
 353. redundavit : was filled, w. acervis; ran, w. sanguine; an 
 instance of zeugma ; 247.^ Cinna cum Mario : these leaders 
 returned to the city at the head of a large army and took ven- 
 geance upon their enemies. 
 
 354. clarissimis viris : including Octavius the consul, Anto- 
 nius the orator, Scaevola the highpriest. Marius died a few 
 days after the victory and Cinna returned to power. 
 
 356. Sulla : having finished the war mth Mithridates, 83 b.c, 
 Sulla entered Rome and placed 5000 names upon his proscription 
 lists, remaining dictator till his death, 78 b.c. ne . . . opus 
 est : it is quite needless to say. 
 
 358. Lepidus, Catulo : consuls 78 b.c. The former, a Marian, 
 attempted to overthrow Sulla's constitution, but was driven from 
 the city by his colleague. 
 .359- rei publicae : dat. w. attulit. 
 
 367. quaesivit : aimed at. 
 
 369. uno maximo : without exception (lit., alone) the greatest. 
 
 370. quale bellum : a war such as. 
 
 371. quo in bello: a war in which. 54 
 
 372. constituta : laid down, ut omnes . . . ducerentur : that 
 all should be classed as enemies, etc., a noun clause explaining lex 
 haec. salva urbe : abl. abs. 
 
 379. tantum civium : only so many citizens. 
 382. restitisset : had survived. The subjv. depends on putas- 
 sent, and would be fut. perf. in dir. disc. 
 
 Chapter 11 
 
 388. pro : in return for. rebus : services. 
 397. In animis : note the emphatic position. 
 399. condi et conlocari : to be stored and treasured. Nihil 
 mutum : as a statue. 
 
 401. nostrae res : my deeds. 
 
 402. litterarum monumentis : in the records of literature. 55 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 -1070 374 690 751 631 
 
228 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 &6 403. eandem diem intellego propagatam esse : I feel sure that 
 
 the same time has been granted. Cicero means that his consulship 
 will be rememibered as long as the city stands. 
 
 406. quorum alter : i.e. Pompey, who had conquered Mithri- 
 dates. 
 
 408. terminaret: limited; the subjv. depends on intellego. 
 alter: i.e. Cicero himself. 
 
 Chapter 12 
 
 410. quae illorum : as (in the case) of those men. 
 
 411. mihi . . . illi : contrasted emphatically. 
 
 413. vestrum est : it is your duty. The subj. of est is pro- 
 videre (1. 417). si ceteris . . . prosunt: if others deservedly 
 profit by their acts, ceteris : ind. obj. 
 
 414. Mentes : designs. 
 
 417. mihi nihil noceri potest : no harm can be done to me (lit., 
 in no way can harm be done to me), nihil is an adverbial ace. For 
 <he passive noceri see 112 ; note 2.^ 
 
 419. quod : rel. mihi : for me. 
 
 421. tacita : concessive, though silent, conscientiae : i.e. 
 the conviction that Cicero had saved the state, quam qui neg- 
 legunt: = et ei qui neglegunt eam. 
 
 423. is Animus : such spirit. 
 
 424. nullius : used as gen. of nemo, audaciae : dat. 
 
 426. in mw unum : within five years Cicero was forced to go 
 into exile because of his part in punishing the conspirators. 
 
 427. qua condicione : in what position, i.e. what is to be their lot. 
 
 429. mihi ipsi : as for myself; dat. w. adquiri. 
 
 430. ad vitae tructum : to life's enjoyment. 
 
 431. quicquam altius : Cicero now held the highest office Id 
 the state. 
 
 56 434. ut privatus . . . ornem : that as a private citizen I will 
 
 uphold and dignify. 
 
 435. laedat, valeat : supply a connective, ut mihi valeat ad 
 gloriam : that it may redound to my glory. 
 
 437. gesserim : subjv. by attraction. 
 
 440. vestrum : unusual form of the objective gen. 
 
 441. aeque : see Vocab. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 -459 369 187 346 426.3 364 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 1. The penalty. — On December 4, the Senate voted rewards to 
 the Allobroges and Volturcius, and heard further evidence. Fi- 
 nally, on December 5, this body met in the Temple of Concord at 
 the foot of the Capitoline Hill, to consider the question of punish- 
 ment for the prisoners. Silanus advocated the death penalty ; 
 Caesar, life imprisonment and the confiscation of their property. 
 Then the consul, as the presiding officer, reviewed the two opin- 
 ions in his Fourth Oration against Catiline. He was followed by 
 M. Porcius Cato, the young tribune-elect, who in a speech of 
 great vigor declared that the conspirators were criminals who 
 deserved death. The Senate had been strongly impressed by 
 
 M. Porcius Cato (Uticensis) and his Wife 
 
 229 
 
230 
 
 NOTES 
 
 the proposal of Caesar, but, after hearing Cato, decided for imme' 
 diate execution. 
 
 2. The execution. — Without delay, the five prisoners were 
 taken to the state's prison, known as the Tullianum, where in the 
 
 A Section of the Tullla.num 
 
 (Showing the upper and the lower dungeon pictured on page 82 of the text. See 
 Sallust's description, chapter 55, page 1T8.) 
 
 lower dungeon, death was inflicted by strangling. (See Introd. 
 43.) On his way across the Forum Cicero announced to the 
 populace " Vixerunt,'' " they have lived." Although the law 
 provided that Roman citizens should not be put to death without 
 appeal to the people, Cicero attempted to justify the Senate's 
 course on the plea that such men were not to be treated as citizens. 
 3. The fate of Catiline. — Early in 62 b.c. the rebel forces, 
 attempting to escape into Cisalpine Gaul, were annihilated near 
 Faesulae, between two divisions of the Roman army. Of Cati- 
 line, who led them, the historian Florus wrote, Catilina longe a 
 suls inter hostium cadavera repertus est, pulcherrimd morte, si prd 
 patrid sic concidisset. 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 231 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 I. Exordium — The welfare of the state alone to be consulted, 
 
 Ch. 1, 2. 
 XL Narratio — The two propositions for punishment, Ch. 3-5. 
 
 III. Propositio et Confirmatio — The relative merits of these 
 propositions, Ch. 6-9. 
 
 IV. Peroratio — The Senate's duty to the state and to the consul, 
 Ch. 10, 11. 
 
 Chapter 1 pagh 
 
 I. in me : toward me. vestrum : poss. gen. of vos. 57 
 
 3. vestro : se. periculo. depulsum sit : implied indir. disc, 
 for depulsum erit. 
 
 4. iucunda : pleasing, grata : welrome. 
 
 7. si . . . data est : i.e. if the consulship has been given to me 
 on these terms. 
 9. f eram : fut. 
 
 13. aequitas continetur : justice is centered. The reference is 
 to the law courts or basilicas, located around the Forum, cam- 
 pus consecratus : the consuls were elected by the Comitia Cen- 
 turiata, which met in the Campus Martins. But no election could 
 take place until the auspices were favorable. 
 
 14. auxilium . . . gentium : the Senate, meeting usually in 
 the Curia, determined the policy of the Roman government 
 toward foreign nations. 
 
 16. lectus : cf. Cat. I. 1. 129. haec sedes : the sella curulis, 
 or curule chair, a symbol of authority for a 
 consul, censor, praetor, curule aedile, dicta- 
 tor, or magister equitum. It was shaped 
 like a camp chair, without a back, resting 
 on ivory legs. 
 
 19. meo quodam dolore : with some pain 
 on my own part; abl. of attendant circum- 
 stance, in vestro timore : i.e. while you were Sella Curulis 
 afraid. 
 
 20. ut . . . eriperem . a noun clause explaining hunc exitum. 
 22. virgines Vestales : cf. note on Cat., Ill, 1. 113. 
 27. subeatur : let it 63 endured; 187, 6.^ fatale : cf. Cat., Ill, 69 
 
 1. 111. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 »--768 439 275 263 659 60) 
 
232 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 59 34. cur non laeter : why should I not rejoice t A deliberative 
 question; 201.^ 
 
 Chapter 2 
 
 47. praesident : watch over, pro eo ac mereor : in such measure 
 as I deserve. 
 
 48. gratiam ; see Vocab. si quid obtigerit (fut. perf.) : if any- 
 thing happens, put mildly for if I shall he killed. 
 
 50. consulari : death could not be untimely for a man who had 
 held the highest office. 
 
 51. sapienti : Roman philosophy taught that one should en- 
 dure with calmness whatever fate might befall him. 
 
 52. fratris : Quintus TuUius Cicero, the praetor elect. In 54 
 B.C. he served as a legatus with Caesar's army in Gaul ; Caes, 
 B. G., Bk. V, 38-52. praesentis : now present. 
 
 60 53- horum : his friends among the senators. 
 
 54. Neque . . . revocat : and often my thoughts are recalled 
 homeward by, etc. neque non : = et. 
 
 55. uxor : Terentia. filia : TuUia. parvulus filfus : Marcus, 
 now only two years old. Cicero in his letters gives evidence of 
 his affection for his family. 
 
 57. obsidem : the thought of his son's name and welfare would 
 strengthen Cicero's purpose. If he failed while performing his 
 duty, the state would protect his heir. 
 
 58. gener : C. Calpurnius Piso, TuUia's husband. He was 
 not a senator, and therefore stood with the other spectators at 
 the entrance of the temple. 
 
 59. in eam partem uti : to the end (or purpose) that. 
 
 61. una peste : in one common destruction. 
 
 62. incumbite, circumspioite : lit,, bend to the oars, look out for. 
 These words with nautical meaning suggest the ship of state. 
 
 64. Non Ti. Gracchus . . . adducitur : (it is) not Tiberius 
 Gracchus . . . (who) is brought. 
 
 69. vestram omnium : = omnium vestrum. 
 72. servitia : = servi, abstract for the concrete. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 — 771 444 277 265 642 503 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 233 
 
 Chapter 3 
 
 PAQ 
 
 76. indices : the witnesses, rei : from reus. 60 
 
 77. iudiciis : the official measures explained in the following 
 statement. 
 
 82. dandos : sc. esse. 
 
 83. qui hones : an honor which. 
 
 85. praemia : Sallust says that the Senate had offered to any 61 
 slave who should give information, freedom and 100,000 ses- 
 terces ; to a freeman, impunity and 200,000 sesterces. 
 
 87. nominatim : the names are given by Sallust, Cat., 47, 4. 
 
 90. tamquam integrum : as an open question. 
 
 91. praedicam : will say first, sunt consulis : belong to the 
 consul (to say) ; pred. gen. of possession. 
 
 92. nova . . . mala : that certain strange evils were brewing and 
 stirring. 
 
 94. haberi : was being made. 
 
 96. ante noctem : to be valid, a decree of the Senate must be 
 passed before sunset. 
 
 97. delatum sit : has been reported. 
 
 99. Latius opinione : more widely than is supposed. 
 
 100. transcendit Alpes : this refers to the Allobroges. 
 
 loi. provincias : Catiline expected aid from Spain, and from 
 Mauretania in northern Africa. 
 
 102. sustentando aut prolatando : by forbearance or delay. 
 
 Chapter 4 
 
 104. sententias : the motions offered, or opinions expressed by 
 the senators, when called upon by the presiding officer ; cf . Cat. 
 I. 1. 109. D. Silani : being consul elect he was entitled to speak 
 first ; see Introd. 30. 
 
 105. haec : these things, i.e. this city. 
 
 106. C. Caesaris : Gains Julius Caesar, leader of the popular 
 party. He had been quaestor and aedile and was now praetor 
 elect for 62 b.c. 
 
 108. amplectitur: (but) includes; asyndeton, pro: in accord- 
 ance with, rerum : the crisis. 
 
 109. versatur : is in favor of, advocates. Alter ; i.e. Silanus ; 
 subj. of putat. 
 
 III. punctum: ace. of duration. 
 
234 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 61 112. vita: abl. w. frui; 147.^ 
 
 115. Alter: i.e. Caesar, intellegit: recognizes the fact that. 
 
 62 116. necessitatem : a necessity, when resulting from natural 
 causes, laborum (obj. gen.) quietem (1. 117) : a rest from toils, 
 when self-inflicted. This was the teaching of the Epicurean phi- 
 losophers regarding death. 
 
 118. inviti: used Sidverhislly, unwillingly. 
 
 119. Vincula et ea sempiterna : imprisonment and that too for 
 life. In this argument it must be remembered that Cicero him- 
 self favored the death penalty. Life imprisonment, as he shows, 
 would be more severe than death, but it was not legal as a penalty, 
 and besides there were no prisons for the purpose. 
 
 121. iubet : i.e. he proposes to order them (sc. eos). Habere : 
 to involve, ista res : that proposition, iniquitatem : it would be 
 unfair to the towns to impose the burden of responsibility for the 
 prisoners, difficultatem (1. 122) : a refusal to take them would 
 embarrass the towns in their relations with Rome. 
 
 122. si velis : if you (i.e. any one) vrish; the indef. second 
 person sing, requires the subjv. in subordinate clauses.^ De- 
 cernatur : let it be decreed. 
 
 124. reperiam : sc. eos. 
 
 125. esse suae dignitatis : (it) is consistent with their honor; 
 pred. poss. gen. recusare : the obj. is id. 
 
 126. eorum : w, vincula. ruperit : subjv. in implied ind. 
 disc, representing a fut, perf. 
 
 128. eorum : of these men, limiting poenam. 
 
 134. ademisset : the idea that there was no life after death 
 was held by many of Cicero's hearers. But this declaration does 
 not agree with Cicero's own sentiment expressed at the close of 
 the First Oration; Cat. I. 11. 430-437. improbis (dat.) esset 
 posita : might he inspired in the wicked. 
 
 135. apud inferos : contrasted with in vita, eius modi : modi- 
 fying supplicia. illi antiqui voluerunt : the ancient (writers) held, 
 or maintained. 
 
 137. his remotis : abl. abs. expressing condition. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 « — 572 
 
 410 
 
 218 
 
 407 
 
 477 
 
 429 
 
 • — 912 
 
 518,o 
 
 302.2 
 
 595 
 
 388,3 
 
 504.2 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 235 
 
 Chapter 5 ^.^t- 
 
 PAGE 
 
 139, mea quid intersit : what is for my interest; i.e. to advo- 62 
 
 cate Cicero's plan. For the abl. mea see 107.^ 
 
 141. banc viam : that course, politically. Caesar was leader of 
 the popular party at this time, popularis : popular, democratic. 
 This word, occurring six times in this chapter, passes into the 
 meanings devoted to the people's interest, and agreeable to the people. 
 
 142. hoc auctore : abl. abs. 
 
 143. populares : of the people, pertimescendi : w. erunt. 
 
 144. alteram : sc. eritis secuti. nescio an : possibly, or I am 
 inclined to think (lit., / do not know whether), contrahatur: 
 subjv. in an indir. question. 
 
 145. rationes : considerations. 
 
 146. vincat : outweigh; subjv. of command. 
 
 147. maiorum amplitudo : in the Aeneid the gens fo which 
 Caesar belonged is traced to lulus, grandson of Venus. 
 
 149. Intellectum est quid interesset : it was seen (when Caesar 
 spoke) what a difference there is. levitatem : " irresponsible utter- 
 ances." — Nicol. 
 
 152. de istis : eorum. 
 
 153. non neminem : one or more. Cicero may have had in 
 mind particularly the tribune elect, Q. Metellus Nepos, who 
 with his veto a few weeks later prevented Cicero from addressing 
 the people on the ground that the consul's execution of the con- 
 spirators was illegal, de capite : regarding the life, or civil rights. 
 The power to condemn a citizen to death did not belong to the 
 Senate, but to the people in the Comitia Centuriata. 
 
 154. sententiam ferat : cast a vote. Is : singular in form, re- 
 ferring to non neminem. 
 
 155. mihi : in my honor. 
 
 156. Order : lam . . . dubium est, quid, . . . iudicarit, qui. . . 
 decrerit (= decreverit). 
 
 157. quaesitori : the investigator, i.e. CiGero. 
 
 158. re et causa: the fad (of the conspiracy) and the case (i.e. 
 the legal question). 
 
 159. legem Semproniam : the law of C. Sempronius Gracchus 
 reaffirming the right of Roman citizens to appeal to the people 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 > — 434 355 210 381 449 345 
 
236 NOTES 
 
 PAGF 
 
 63 before they could be punished with death. But enemies of their 
 country cannot be protected by this law (1. 161). 
 
 162 latorem : if Gracchus himself was not saved by his law, 
 how can these men be saved by it ? 
 
 163. rei publicae : dat. of ind. obj. 
 
 164. largitorem et prodigum: concessive, however lavish a 
 giver. 
 
 166. popularem : a friend of the people, homo mitissimus : 
 referring to Caesar. 
 
 169. se iactare : to make himself conspicuous, in pernicie : 
 while ruining. 
 
 Chapter 6 
 
 173. sive hoc statueritis : i.e. if you pass Caesar's motion. 
 
 174. comitem ad contionem : a companion for the assembly. 
 After the meeting of the Senate the consul would be expected 
 to call an informal assembly of the people (contio), and announce 
 the Senate's decision, as he did in delivering the third oration. 
 It was the custom for the man who proposed the bill to stand with 
 the consul, as he thus addressed the people, populo : w. carum 
 atque iucundum. 
 
 176. populo Romano : in the eyes of the Roman people; dat. of 
 reference. 
 
 178. quae: w. crudelitas. tanti sceleris immanitate : a crime 
 of such enormity (lit., the enormity of so great a crime). 
 
 179. de meo sensu : by my own feelings. 
 
 64 180. ita mihi liceat : so may I be permitted. 
 181. ut non moveor : as I am not actuated. 
 
 186. animo : abl. of means. 
 
 187. versatur, etc. : there rises before my eyes, mihi : dat. of 
 reference. 
 
 189. proposui : / have pictured. 
 
 190. ex fatis : in accordance with the fates; cf. Cat. Ill, 1. 111. 
 purpuratum huic (dat. of reference) : his prime minister (lit., clad 
 in purple), suggesting the court of an oriental king. 
 
 192. familias : an old form of the gen. sing. 
 199. de sumpserit : inflict upon (lit., take from), utrum . . • 
 videatur: depending on quaero (1. 196). 
 
 201. qui . . . lenierit: a descriptive causal clause. 
 
 aoi. nocentis : referring to the slave (1. 196). in : in the case of. 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 237 
 
 PAGE 
 
 206. id egerunt : have aimed at this, ut . . . conlocarent : 64 
 in appos. w, id. 
 
 210. fama : in the sense of infamia. 
 
 212. L. Caesar : consul 64 b.c, a distant relative of C. Caesar. 
 His sister Julia was the wife of Lentulus. 
 
 214. virum : husband, praesentem : who was present. 66 
 
 215. dixit: for mood see 195, b. avum : M. Fulvius Flaceus, 
 the grandfather of L. Caesar. He was a partisan of C. Gracchus, 
 and was killed with him ; see Cat. 1, 1. 36 and note. 
 
 216. filium : in the revolution led by Gracchus, the son of 
 Fulvius, eighteen years old, was sent to compromise with the 
 government. He was thrown into prison by ihe consul Opimius 
 and put to death. 
 
 218. Quorum . . . factum: what deed of theirs was like this 
 (crime of the conspiracy) ? 
 
 219. Largitionis voluntas: the spirit of lavish giving, referring 
 to the giving of grain and land at low rates to the people, par- 
 tium : of political parties. 
 
 223. hie : i.e. this our Lentulus, contrasted w. ille. 
 228. Vereamini: you should fear, s&id with, irony. The subjv. 
 here expresses obligation. 
 
 Chapter 7 
 
 233. exaudio : overhear; said of the sentiments expressed by 
 the senators in an undertone. 
 
 235. ut : what is the meaning after vereri? 205, 6.^ 
 
 237. Omnia et provisa, etc. : hence there is no cause for fear. 
 
 238. cum . . . turn etiam : not only . . . but also. 
 
 239. multo maiore : w. voluntate. 
 241. generum : classes. 
 
 243. huius templi : i.e. the Temple of Concord. 
 
 244. inventa : known. 
 
 252. Quid commemorem : why should I mention ? A question 67 
 of deliberation ; 201.2 
 
 253. summam ordinis consilique : preeminence in rank and 
 counsel, ita ut : only to. de : in. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 » — 838 
 
 564 
 
 • — 771 
 
 444 
 
 B. G. H. HB. 
 
 296 550,2 567 502,4 
 277 265 642 503 
 
238 
 
 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 67 
 
 68 
 
 255. ex dissensione huius ordinis : after a quarrel with this 
 order. The quarrel between the Senate and the equites arose 
 over the question who should be the jurors in the courts of justicCc 
 This right originally held by the senators alone was transferred to 
 the equites by C. Gracchus. Sulla restored the right to the- sena- 
 tors. By the Aurelian law in 70 b.c, the jury was divided be- 
 tween the senators, the equites, and the tribunes of the treasury. 
 
 262. tribunes aerarios : their duties are not clearly defined, 
 but were first connected with raising and disbursing the war tax. 
 At this time they constituted an order in the state, scribas : 
 on Dec. 5, the date of this oration, the clerks were customarily 
 assigned by lot (sors) to the quaestors, to serve in the provinces. 
 Cicero says that they had come away from the treasury because 
 they were more interested in the fate of the conspirators than in 
 their own fortune. 
 
 263. quos : = cos, them, cum : conj. aerarium : the treasury 
 was in the Temple of Saturn, near the Temple of Concord. 
 
 265. ingenuorum : of free-born men, opposed to lib ertini, /reec?- 
 men. 
 
 266. non : w. cum (1. 268), not only. 
 
 Chapter 8 
 
 270. libertinorum hominum : 
 
 their freedom was gained either 
 by purchase with their own sav- 
 ings, or as a gift from the master 
 in recognition of their merit. 
 
 273. quidam : members of the 
 conspiracy, loco : abl. of source 
 or origin ; 134.^ 
 
 278. nemo : adj., no. qui 
 mode sit : providing he he ; 199.^ 
 
 281. quantum: w. voluntatis. 
 
 283. hoc quod auditum est: 
 thif< rumor, explained by lenoneni 
 . . imperitorum. 
 
 283. tabernas : the shops of 
 
 Plan of a Shop (Pompeii) 
 
 1. 
 
 2. 
 
 Entrance 3. 
 
 Counter 4. 
 
 5,5. 
 
 Place for a fire 
 Stairway to upper floor 
 Back rooms 
 
 Bur. A. 
 
 1 — 532 403 
 
 8 — 929 528 
 
 B. 
 
 215 
 310 
 
 G. 
 
 395 
 573 
 
 H. 
 
 467 
 587 
 
 HB. 
 413 
 529 
 
FOURTH ORATIOl^ AGAINST CATILINE 239 
 
 A Baker's Shop 
 
 (This cut from a Pompeian wall painting shows the typical corner counter (see plafc 
 on p. 238) ; the loaves of bread on the counter ; the clerk, the customers, and the little 
 slave reaching up to take the purchase.) 
 
 tradesmen and artisans, especially those along the north and south 
 sides of the Forum, pretio : by money. 
 
 288. voluntate perditi : corrupt in purpose, qui non velint : 
 as not to wish; subjv. of description, sellae : i.e. the workmen's 
 bench. 
 
 291. salvum : preserved. 
 
 293. genus : class. 
 
 294. omne instrumentum : their whole stock in trade. 
 
 295. frequentia sustentatur, alitur otic: " chiastic " order; 
 238. quorum si : = et si eorum. 
 
 PAOI 
 
 68 
 
240 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 68 296. futurum fuit : would have happened; a conclusion con- 
 trary to fact, the condition being implied in incensis (tabernis). 
 For the form see 198, note 2.^ 
 
 Chapter 9 
 
 302. media : the midst of. 
 
 306. supplex : as a suppliant. 
 
 307. arcem et Capitolium : " the Capitoline Hill had two sum- 
 mits, the arx or ancient citadel, and the height crowned by the 
 Temple of Jupiter." 
 
 jo8. aras Penatium : sc. publicorum. The state had its 
 Penates as well as each family. The national Penates were wor- 
 shiped on the Palatine, and were fabled to have come from an- 
 cient Troy, ilium ignem : ever burning in the temple of Vesta. 
 
 69 314, vestri: the form regularly used for the objective gen. pi. 
 quae facultas : an advantage which. 
 
 318. quantis . . . imperium: with how great labor the govern- 
 ment (was) founded. 
 
 320. una . . . delerit : (and) how one night almost destroyed 
 (all). Literally, of course, imperium, libertatem, fortunas are obj. 
 of delerit. una nox : the night of the meeting at Laeca's house, 
 or perhaps of the arrest of the Allobroges at the Mulvian Bridge. 
 
 325. officio : 147. 
 
 326. functa : sc. esse. 
 
 Chapter 10 
 
 70 327. ad sententiam (sc. rogandam) : to asking your opinions^ 
 as Cicero had begun to do ; cf. 1. 96. 
 
 328. quanta: as great as; correlative w. tantam. 
 
 334. Quodsi . . . concitata : a forecast of the exile into which 
 Cicero was driven a few years later. 
 
 339. me meorum factorum paenitebit : 106.^ 
 
 343. quam illi minitantur: urith which they threaten (me). 
 
 345. vitae : during life (lit., of life). 
 
 347. honestastis : = honestavistis. 
 
 350. bene gesta : sc. re publica ; abl. abs. denoting cause. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. EB. 
 
 » — 923 517, d 304, 3 597, R. 582 581, o 
 
 • — 444 354 200 377 457 352 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 241 
 
 PAGE 
 
 352. Sit, ornetur, etc. : 187, b.^ Scipio : the elder Scipio, who 70 
 was the victorious leader in the Second Punic War. 
 
 353. Italia : we should expect ex. 
 
 354. alter Africanus : P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus 
 Minor, sonof AemiliusPaulus, but adopted into the Scipio family ; 
 hence his name. He captured Carthage in 146 b.c. and Numan- 
 tia in 133, thus ending the wars with Carthage and Spain. 
 
 356. Paulus : father of the younger Scipio just mentioned. 
 The Macedonian king Perses was defeated by him at Pydna in 
 168 B.C. 
 
 358. bis liberavit : by his victory over the Teutons in 102 b.c, 
 and over the Cimbri in 101. 
 
 360. res gestae : exploits, deeds, soils cursus : sc. continetur. 71 
 
 363. quo : = ad quas. 
 
 364. quo: a country to which (lit., whither). 
 
 366. Quamquam : and yet. uno loco : in one respect. 
 
 368. oppress! serviunt : (when) conquered become our slaves. 
 
 371. cum reppuleris : when you have driven. 
 
 372. possis : you can (w. the force of potes). Both verbs are 
 in the subjv. because of the indef . second person, mihi : dat. of 
 agent. 
 
 377. a me : abl. of separation. 
 
 380. conspirationem : not conspiracy; see Vocab. 
 
 Chapter 11 
 
 382. pro imperio : in place of the military command. The rich 
 province of Macedonia had fallen by lot to Cicero for his procon- 
 sulship, but he had conceded it to his colleague Antonius, to secure 
 the latter' s neutrality. 
 
 385. clientelis : clientships. A province or provincial town 
 might appoint an ex-governor or other influential person to be 
 its representative (patronus) at Rome. The provincials were then 
 his clients (clientes). hospitiis : ties of friendship, formed by 
 two citizens of different states, by which they were bound to 
 protect and aid each other ; or a community might honor an 
 individual by making him their hospes. 
 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 t 
 
 — 768 
 
 438 
 
 273 
 
 263 
 
 559 
 
 500 
 
242 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 71 386. urbanis opibus : by my influence in the city. 
 387. pro (meis studiis) : in return for. 
 
 72 391. quae dum : for as long as this (memory). 
 
 396. suo solius periculo : with risk to himself alone. What 
 would solo mean ? 
 
 405. praestare : be responsible for (stand good for). 
 Read Introductory Note, p. 229. 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 1. Mithridates. — One of Rome's most formidable foes was 
 Mithridates the Great, king of Pontus, a country south of the 
 Black Sea. As early as 90 b.c. he had extended his power over 
 a large part of Asia Minor. Allying himself with Tigranes, king 
 of Armenia, he overran the Roman province of Asia, i.e. Phrygia, 
 Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. In 88 b.c, by his edict, 80,000 
 Italians on the Asiatic Coast were cruelly murdered. His next 
 step was to invade Greece. At this time Sulla, the Roman gen- 
 eral, was sent against him, who within four years reestablished 
 the Roman power, causing the king to give up his conquests, 
 surrender 80 war vessels, and pay a heavy fine. This was the 
 First Mithridatic War (88-84 b.c). The Second Mithridatic 
 War (83-82 b.c) was of little importance, though resulting in the 
 defeat of Murena, whom Sulla had left in command. 
 
 2. The Third Mithridatic War (74-63 B.C.). — For eight years 
 the king increased his forces and strengthened his cause. In 74 
 he renewed hostilities by invading Bithynia. The Romans were 
 led in succession by LucuUus, Glabrio, and Pompey. LucuUus, 
 who was an able general, conquered both Mithridates and Ti- 
 granes taking the greater part of Pontus and the Armenian capital. 
 But this conquest was left incomplete by the mutiny of his sol- 
 diers and his recall, secured by his enemies at Rome (74-67 b.c). 
 Taking advantage of this situation, the king succeeded in recov- 
 ering all his lost territory, while the incompetent Glabrio, who 
 succeeded LucuUus, remained inactive (67-66 b.c). It was 
 then that the Romans turned to Pompey. 
 
 3. Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) was preeminently a soldier. 
 Born in 106 b.c, he was, at the age of 17, a subordinate to his 
 father in the Social War. He had distinguished himself in Italy 
 under Sulla, in Africa against the Marians who had fled there, in 
 Gaul, in Spain against Sertorius, and, on his return from Spain, 
 
 243 
 
244 NOTES 
 
 against Spartacus and the slaves. In 70 he was made consul, 
 though under legal age, and not having been praetor or quaestor. 
 The bill of the tribune A. Gabinius, in 67 b.c, gave him supreme 
 command for three years over all the Mediterranean and its 
 coasts for ten miles inland. It was in the exercise of this com- 
 mand that Pompey won his greatest fame, by promptly clearing 
 the Mediterranean of the pirates who had been a menace to com- 
 merce for many years. 
 
 4. The Manilian Law. — With the popularity naturally result- 
 ing from this career, Pompey was logically the man for the war 
 with Mithridates. The tax-farming Equites and all classes ex- 
 cept the conservative Optimates demanded him. C. Manilius 
 the tribune nominated him early in 66 b.c, in the bill known as 
 the Manilian Law. The Optimates, represented by Catulus and 
 Hortensius, opposed the law on the ground that it bestowed too 
 much power on an individual. Cicero, who was serving as 
 praetor, was the chief advocate of the bill. The speech which he 
 then delivered was his first from the Rostra to the popular 
 assembly. It is noted as a model for " clearness of statement, 
 beauty of diction, and regularity of construction." But it has 
 been criticised because it treats the questions of public policy 
 but superficially, conjuring with facts rather than weighing argu- 
 ments. 
 
 6. End of the War. — The bill was passed by the Comitia, 
 and Pompey, who was still in Cilicia, hastened to encounter 
 Mithridates. Within three years (66-63 b.c), the king was 
 completely vanquished, and perished in the Crimea, to which he 
 had fled. 
 
 Consult Forsyth, W., " Cicero," Vol. I, p. 100; Sirachan- 
 Davidson, J. L., " Cicero," p. 86 ; Plutarch, " Lives of Sulla, 
 Lucullus, Pompey." 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 I. Exordium — Reason for the speech, Ch. 1. 
 II. Narratio et Partitio — The statement of the case, Ch. 2. 
 III. Confirmatio — 
 
 1. The character of the war, Ch. 2 (par. 3)-7. 
 
 2. The greatness of the war, Ch. 8, 9. 
 
 3. The choice of a commander. Pompey*s qualifications : 
 o. Military knowledge, Ch. 10 ; 
 
 b. Ability (his soldierly and other virtues), Ch. 11-14 ; 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 
 
 245 
 
 c. Prestige, Ch. 15, 16 (par. 1) ; 
 
 d. Good fortune ; nearness to the scene of the war, Ch. 16 
 
 (par. 2)-17 (par. 1). 
 IV. Refutatio — The objections of Hortensius, Catulus, and 
 others, Ch. 17 (par. 2)-23. 
 V. Peroratio — Appeal to Manlius and to the citizens, Ch. 24. 
 
 Chapter 1 
 
 1. frequens conspectus vaster: the sight of your crowded as-, 
 semhly. 
 
 2. hie locus : i.e. the rostra in the Forum. The right of ad- 
 dressing the people on a question of legislation (ius agendi) be- 
 
 PAGE 
 
 76 
 
 Front Elevation of the Rostra (Restored) 
 
 (The small rectangles on the front indicate the positions of the beaks of ships with 
 which the rostra was ornamented and from which it took its name.) 
 
 longed only to a magistrate (hence amplissimus, most dignified) ^ 
 though he might delegate the privilege to a private citizen (hence 
 ornatissimus, most honorable. 
 
 4. aditu laudis : pathway to fame, optimo cuique : to all the 
 best men. 
 
 6. vitae rationes : plan of life, in the practice of his legal pro- 
 fession, ineunte : early (lit., beginning). 
 
 7. per aetatem : a citizen under forty years could not be prae- 
 tor, and hence had not the ius agendi. See Introd. 32. 
 
246 
 
 NOTES 
 
 tAGE 
 
 75 
 
 t6 
 
 8. perf ectum : refers to the thought in an address ; elaboratum 
 to its form; " nothing save the finished product of talent and 
 painstaking industry." — NicoL 
 
 ID. temporibus : the necessities, periculis (1. 12) legal dangers^ 
 trials. 
 
 13 caste integreque : the Cineian law (204 b.c.) made it 
 illegal for advocates to receive fees. Cicero here implies his own 
 innocence. 
 
 14. dilationem : the election for the eight praetors, which was 
 held in the Comitia Centuriata, was declared void on two occasions 
 in 67 B.C. possibly because of some political disturbance. On 
 each occasion Cicero had been elected first and unanimously 
 before the postponement (dilationem) occurred. 
 
 19. honoribus mandandis : hy conferring honors (offices), 
 
 20. ex forensi usu : i.e. from practice in the courts. 
 
 24. ei rei : for this ability, i.e. in dicendo. quoque : as well 
 as for other qualifications. 
 
 26. laetandum esse : is a cause for rejoicing (lit., w. pass, 
 force, must be rejoiced over). 
 
 39. copia : abundance of material, modus : proper limit. 
 
 Chapter 2 
 
 43. ducitur : is derived, originates. 
 
 46. alter relictus : Mithridates, after being defeated by Lu- 
 
 cullus, had been allowed to escape, alter 
 lacessitus : Tigranes had been provoked to 
 warfare by the demand to surrender Mith- 
 ridates, his father-in-law, who had taken 
 refuge with him. 
 
 47. Asiam : the Roman province consist- 
 ing of Phrygia, Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. 
 
 48. Equitibus : the members of the 
 equestrian order, because of their wealth, 
 were the financiers of Rome. 
 
 49. magnae res aguntur : capital is at 
 stake. 
 
 51. necessitudine : Cicero himself came 
 from an equestrian family. 
 
 52. detulerunt : the obj. of this verb ex- 
 CoiN OF Mithridates tends to neminem (1. 60). 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 247 
 
 PAOB 
 
 53. vestra provincia : Bithynia had been bequeathed to the 76 
 Romans by Nicomedes III. in 74 b.c. quae . . . est: paren- 
 thetical, and not affected by the indir. disc. 
 
 54. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia, bordering on Pontus. 77 
 
 56. magnis rebus gestis : concessive. 
 
 57. qui successerit : the successor of LucuUus was Glabrio, 
 who was incompetent for the task, esse paratum : sc. eum as 
 subj. 
 
 58. unum : one man, Pompey. imperatorem : pred. ace. 
 
 64. quod ( = ut id) . . . debeat : a descriptive clause of 
 result. 
 
 65. persequendi : sc. belli : of ^prosecuting it, i.e. following it 
 up to the end. 
 
 71. pads ornamenta, subsidia belli : chiasmus; 238.^ 
 73. a vobis : abl. instead of dat. of agent, to avoid confusion 
 w. quibus which is dat. of ind. obj. 
 
 Chapter 3 
 
 77. ilia macula: explained by quod (1. 79) . . . regnat (1. 84), 
 etc. bello superiore : the First Mithridatic War, 88-83 b.c. 
 
 78. insedit : from inside. 
 
 80. una significatione litterarum : hy one stroke of the pen, as 
 we should say. Mithridates commanded that all Italians in his 
 dominions be put to death. Eighty thousand are said to have 
 perished. 
 
 85, latebris : abl. of means, but trans, in the hiding places. 
 
 86. versari : to flaunt himself. 
 
 88. insignia victoriae : i.e. the triumphal procession in Rome, 7g 
 granted by the Senate on the return of the victorious army. 
 
 89. Sulla's triumph was celebrated in 83 b.c, Murena's in 
 81. 
 
 93. quod : sc. propter id : for what they did, etc. 
 
 94. res publica : the political situation, caused by the renewed 
 supremacy of the Marian faction, while Sulla was absent. To 
 meet this, Sulla returned to Rome, leaving his lieutenant Murena 
 in command. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1067 
 
 598 
 
 350 
 
 682 
 
 666 
 
 628 
 
248 NOTES 
 
 Chapter 4 
 
 PAGE 
 
 78 98. qui : subj. of misit ; trans, w. postea cum, afterward, when 
 he. 
 
 99. classes exercitusque : for an account of his new forces and 
 equipment, read Plutarch's Lucullus. 
 
 100. potuisset : subj v. by attraction. 
 
 102. ac litteras : we should say with despatches, eos duces: 
 i.e. Sertorius and his associates, who succeeded Marius in Spain, 
 Sertorius, who was a very able leader, agreed to send the king 
 Roman military instructors in exchange for a fleet. 
 
 103. disiunctissimis . . . diversis : Pontus and Spain, widely 
 separated and most remote (in opposite directions) from Rome. 
 
 104. binis : used for duobus.^ 
 
 79 106. de imperio : for the supremacy. 
 107. alterius partis : from one quarter. 
 
 no. in altera parte : in the East, res: affairs. 
 
 III. initia . . . gestarum : his exploits at the beginning, 
 
 114. alio loco : in chapter 8. 
 
 115. vera : deserved, ei : dat. of separation. 
 
 Chapter 5 
 
 120. Maiores . . . gesserunt : the statement refers to cam- 
 paigns against the lUyrian pirates, in 229 b.c. 
 
 121. inluriosius : the force of the comp. is somewhat, rather: 
 so in superbius, 1. 124 ; see 160.^ tot milibus : see note, 1. 80. 
 
 124. appellati superbius : Sparta desired to withdraw from the 
 Achaean League and appealed to Rome for help. Commissioners 
 were sent to Greece to settle the difficulty (148 b.c), but they were 
 insulted in the assembly at Corinth, prevented from speaking, 
 and, as some say, imprisoned. Cicero states the offense mildly 
 for the sake of argument. 
 
 125. exstinctum: agreeing in gender w. lumen ; Corinthus i8 
 feminine. 
 
 126. legatum consularem : M. Aquillius, who had been con- 
 sul with Marius in 101 b.c. He was sent in 90 b.c. to restore the 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 218 
 
 137 
 
 81 
 
 97 
 
 164 
 
 247 
 
 « — 642 
 
 291 
 
 240 
 
 297 
 
 498 
 
 241 
 
THE MANIIJAN LAW 249 
 
 PAQB 
 
 kings of Cappadocia and Bithynia to their thrones, from which 79 
 Mithridates had driven them. But, urging Nicomedes to invade 
 Pontus and leading an army himself against that country, he for- 
 feited his rights as an ambassador, and justly so in the eyes of 
 Mithridates. 
 
 128. libertatem imminutam : the infringement of the liberty. 
 Notice this use of the participle instead of a noun w. a limiting 
 gen. ; cf. ante urbem conditam. 
 
 131. relinquetis : leave unpunished. 
 
 135. Quod : the fact that, vocatur : is brought. 
 
 138. duo reges : see 1. 45. 80 
 
 143. alium : Glabrio. 
 
 146. omnia : all qualifications, propter : adv. quo : for which 
 reason, carent : sc. eo and see 149.^ 
 
 148. maritimum bellum : i.e. the war w. the pirates, venerit : 
 subjv. due to indtr. disc. 
 
 151. quorum salutem commendetis : to have you intrust their 
 safety; 192, c. 2 
 
 152. hoc (abl.) etiam magis : and that too all the more. 
 
 154. cum imperio : with full authority, ut : denoting result. 
 
 Chapter 6 
 
 161. Antiocho : the Roman people fought with Antiochus, king 
 of Syria, on behalf of Pergamus and Rhodes, 192 b.c. Antiochus 
 was aided by the Aetolian League (cum Aetolis). The war with 
 Philip V, of Macedonia, was undertaken for the Athenians ; the 
 three Punic wars, for allies in Sicily, Spain, and Africa. But the 
 protection of allies in all these wars was merely a pretext for con- 
 quest. 
 
 165. de vectigalibus agatur : = vectigalia agantur. 
 
 166. tanta : (only) so great, scarcely enough to pay the troops. 
 
 166. eis contenti : see 150.' 81 
 
 171. belli utilitatem : the advantage gained by war, derived from 
 the resulting revenues. 
 173. in : in the case of. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 528 
 
 401 
 
 214 
 
 405 
 
 462 
 
 425 
 
 » — 798 
 
 535 
 
 282 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 513 
 
 • — 676 
 
 431 
 
 219 
 
 401. 6 
 
 476 
 
 438 
 
250 NOTES 
 
 PAQE 
 
 81 178. pecuaria . . . conquiescit : "The English prefers the 
 
 concrete, the ranches are deserted, the fields left untilled, the trading 
 vessels lie idle.'' — Nicol. 
 
 179. ex portu : duties on imports and exports, collected at the 
 harbors, decumis : tithes (" tenths "), the tax on farm products, 
 scriptura : a tax on cattle grazing in the public lands, according 
 to the number listed (scribere). 
 
 181. fructus : income. 
 
 184. exercent : men " farmed " the taxes, i.e., took the con- 
 tract for collecting them. The contract was awarded to the 
 highest bidder, who paid the stated amount annually into the 
 treasury, keeping as his profit any additional amount collected. 
 The revenue farmers, or publicans, were of the equestrian order, 
 the wealthy class. In the case of large provinces the revenues 
 were farmed by great stock companies, which kept their head- 
 quarters at Rome. 
 
 187. familias : hands of helpers, chiefly slaves. 
 
 189. custodiis : the watchtowers, where officials guarded against 
 smuggling. 
 
 190. fructui : a source of income ; 114.^ 
 
 Chapter 7 
 
 193. ne illud quidem : that too must not, etc. 
 
 194. extremum : as the last topic; see 11. 62-74. 
 
 195. quod . . . pertinet : an appos. clause explaining illud, 
 the fact that, etc. 
 
 197. ratio : regard, consideration, et : omit. The correlative 
 is deinde, 1. 204. 
 82 198. rationes et copias : interests and resources. 
 
 199. ipsorum per se : on their own account. 
 201. eum ordinem : the equestrian order; see note, 1. 184. 
 205. partim, partim : some, others. 
 207. humanitatis, sapientiae : see III.2 
 
 210. a re publica : = a calamitate rei publicae. 
 
 211. parvi ref ert : it matters little ; see 107.^ publicanis omis* 
 sis : i.e. if we leave them to their fate. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 483 
 
 382 
 
 191 
 
 356 
 
 433 
 
 360 
 
 • — 408 
 
 343 
 
 198 
 
 366 
 
 447 
 
 340 
 
 • — 434 
 
 355 
 
 210 
 
 381 
 
 449 
 
 345 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 251 
 
 VAOS 
 
 212. redimendi : of contracting for {them); sc. vectigalia. 82 
 
 2 1 6. belli Asiatic!: the First Mithridatic War. id: antece- 
 dent of quod, 1. 215. 
 
 2i8. res: fortunes, amiserant : see 195 6. ^ 
 
 220. ut non trahant : without drawing (lit., so as not to draw). 
 
 223. ratio pecuniarum : financial system. 
 
 224. in foro : the center of the banks. Rome at this time was 
 the greatest commercial city, implicata est et cohaeret : is closely 
 involved. 
 
 226. ut non labefacta concidant : without causing to totter and 
 fall. 
 
 Chapter 8 
 
 232. belli genus : = bellum genere, the war in its nature. 88 
 
 234. maxime laborandum est (mihi) : / must take special care. 
 
 235. vobis contemnenda : unworthy of your attention. 
 239. Mithridati : an alternate form of the gen. 
 
 241. Cyzicenorum : an appos. Cyzicum would seem better 
 here. The city was important and prosperous, situated on an 
 island in the Propontis opposite Byzantium (Constantinople). 
 It is noted to-day for its extensive ruins. 
 
 244. periculis : abl. of separation. 
 
 245. ducibus Sertorianis : abl. abs., under Sertorian leaders. 
 The fleet of 50 ships with 10,000 men was sent to Italy by Mith- 
 ridates and Sertorius (recall their alliance, note, 1. 102). It was 
 destroyed by the ships of Lucullus near Lemnos 73 B.C. 
 
 246. raperetur : was being hurried. 
 249. legionibus : dat. 
 
 253. uno aditu : by his mere approach. This applies only to 
 permultas. It took Lucullus nearly two years to complete the 
 reduction of Pontus and its fortresses. 
 
 254. alios reges : especially to his son and son-in-law, the kings 
 of Bosporus and Armenia. 
 
 256. integris vectigalibus : Lucullus completed his work with- 
 out drawing upon their allies or their resources. 
 
 257. ita : sc. dicta, so expressed. 
 
 259. huic legi : i.e. legi Maniliae. hoc loco: the Rostra; cf. 
 1. 2. 
 
 Bur. A. B. 6. H. HB. 
 
 » — 857 545 288 580 601 550 
 
PAGE 
 
 252 NOTES 
 
 Chapter 9 
 
 84 262. reliquum : what remains of; w. bellum. 
 
 265. Medea : daughter of the king of Colchis. According to 
 the story she helped Jason, leader of the Argonauts, to win the 
 Golden Fleece and then fled with him to Greece, taking her 
 brother Absyrtus with her. Colchis was north of Pontus and not 
 in fact part of it (eodem Ponto). 
 
 267. eorum collectio dispersa : the collecting of the scattered re- 
 mains. 
 
 269. vim auri, etc. : the Roman soldiers who pursued the flee- 
 ing Mithridates were attracted by some bags of gold that had 
 burst, and they let the king escape. For the jftory see Plutarch's 
 Lucullus, sec. 17. 
 
 270. pulcherrimarum rerum : works of art. 
 272, omnem : note the emphatic position. 
 274. ilium : the father of Medea. 
 
 277. diffidentem rebus suis : while despairing of his fortunes ; 
 for the dat. see 112, 6.^ adflictum . . . recreavit "raised him up 
 from his abasement and put new life into his ruined fortunes." — 
 Nicol. 
 
 283. gravis . . . opinio : a deep-seated and strong conviction, 
 which was quite natural. 
 
 288. urbem : Tigranocerta. 
 
 289. usus erat : had fought, secundis : successful. 
 
 290. suorum : of their friends, commovebatur : there was a 
 mutiny of the army. 
 
 86 291. illud extremum : the result. 
 
 294. eorum : modifies auxiliis, coordinate w. multorum regum. 
 296. fere : almost invariably, sic : omit. 
 
 2q8. multorum opes : many men of resources, who are moved 
 to pity. 
 
 301. incolumis : i.e. in the days of his power. 
 303. eo : explained by the ut-clause following. 
 
 307. poetae : probably Naevius, who wrote of the First Punic 
 War, and Ennius, who wrote the annals of Rome, both in verse. 
 
 308. nostram calamitatem : the Romans under a lieutenant 
 of Lucullus were almost annihilated at Zela, 67 b.c. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 1 — 4*6 367 187 346 426 302 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 253 
 
 PAOB 
 
 310. ex sermone rumor : rumor in conversation, 86 
 
 312. aliqua ex parte: in some measure, incommodis : disad- 
 vantages, a euphemism for great disasters. 
 
 314. modum : a limit, vetere : i.e. of the ancestors, 
 
 318. factum: sc. esse ; has become. 
 
 319. coniungant: unite in waging. 
 
 Chapter 10 
 
 322. quare : to show why. esset : this tense is required by 
 sequence after fecisse ; trans, by the pres. 
 
 324. restat . . . videatur : in addition it seems necessary to 
 speak. 
 
 327. ut . . . esset : i.e. it would be difficult to decide. 
 
 331. antiquitatis memoriam: put illogically for the glory of 
 the men recorded in the past. Cicero's statement of course was 
 made for effect, and must be properly discounted. 
 
 334. res : qualities, virtutem : ability, capacity, auctorita- 
 tem : personal influence (due to reputation). 
 
 336. scientior: sc. rei militaris. debuit : deserved. 
 
 338. paths : Cn. Pompeius Strabo, who commanded the 
 army of the Senate in the Social War, 89 b.c. Pompey was then 
 seventeen years old (extrema pueritia). 
 
 339. extrema : 159.^ 
 
 340. summi imperatoris : the father just mentioned. 
 
 341. ipse imperator: at the age of twenty-three Pompey 
 raised three legions to aid Sulla on his return from the East. 
 With these he won several victories over detachments of the 
 Marian army, and was saluted " imperator " by his commander. 
 
 342. hoste, inimico : what is the difference in meaning? 
 
 347. stipendiis : campaigns, years of service, triumphis : one 
 over Africa in 81 b.c, and another over Spain ten years later. 
 
 349. Civile, etc. : during the civil war between Marius and 
 Sulla, Pompey conducted a victorious campaign in Sicily; in 
 Africa he conquered the Marian forces and their ally, King 
 Hiarbas of Numidia; in Transalpine Gaul, he drove back the 
 mountain tribes, who attempted to prevent his march to Spain; 
 in Spain he fought against Sertorius, whose army was com- 
 posed (mixtum) of Romans, Spaniards, and Orientals. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 1 — 646 293 341 291 497 244 
 
 87 
 
PAGE 
 
 254 K0TE3, 
 
 351. servile: the war against Spartacus and the slaves, 
 navale : against the pirates, diversa : in different localities. 
 
 353. in usu . . . militari : within the range of military ex- 
 perience. 
 
 Chapter 11 
 
 355. virtuti : ability; the word is here used in a comprehen- 
 sive sense, including soldierly and personal virtues ; see 1. 335. 
 oratio : words. 
 
 359. labor in negotiis : activity in routine, labor . . . con- 
 silium : briefly, these five virtues are energy, courage, diligence 
 promptness, prudence. Pompey's special virtues are mentioned 
 in chapter 13. 
 
 361. tanta quanta non fuerunt: greater . . . than (lit., as 
 great as they were not). 
 
 364. Italia, Sulla : during the Civil War, Pompey was Sulla's 
 ablest general; see note, 1. 341. For his services in Sicily, 
 Africa, and Gaul, see note, 1. 349. 
 
 366. non terrore belli : on Pompey's arrival one of the demo- 
 cratic leaders in Sicily evacuated the island without resistance. 
 
 368. eorum ipsorum : of those very enemies. 
 
 369. testis, testis, testis: what figure is this? legionibus : 
 dat. 
 
 371. Hispania, saepissime : Pompey, however, accomplished 
 but little in Spain until the death of Sertorius in 72 B.C., and on 
 one occasion was saved from defeat only by the arrival of his 
 colleague Metellus. 
 
 373. servili belle : Crassus had practically ended this war, 
 before Pompey on his way back from Spain met and easily 
 destroyed a remnant of the army of Spartacus, who were trying 
 to escape into Gaul. But Pompey claimed the honors of the 
 bellum servile, taetro : disgraceful, because the enemy were 
 slaves and gladiators, periculoso : because the slaves had 
 defeated four Roman armies in succession. 
 
 374. absente : Pompey was in Spain. 
 
 375. quod: = etid. attenuatum . . . est: trans, by the part., 
 having wasted and dwindled away. 
 
 378. cum universa : not only in their whole extent. 
 382. servitutis : the pirates often sold their captives into 
 slavery. 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 
 
 255 
 
 383. hieme : men might risk the storms of winter, in order 
 to escape the pirates who would then be inactive, referto : 
 governs either the gen, or abl. ; 104,^ 
 
 385. vetus : piracy in the Mediterranean had begun many 
 years before Pompey was appointed commander (67 B.C.). 
 divisum : extended, quis . . . arbitraretur : who would ever 
 have thought? 201. ^ 
 
 Chapter 12 
 
 395. proprium: characteristic, " the peculiar pride; " 119, h.^ 
 a dome : the prep, is regularly used after longe. 
 
 396. propugnaculis : i.e. the army and navy. 
 
 398. dicam: am I to say; subjv. ; see 201,^ and cf. com- 
 memorem, 1. 405. Note the omission of an interrogative word. 
 
 399. Brundisio : a famous seaport, which still has some 
 commercial importance. It was the terminus of the Appian Way 
 and the starting point for Greece and the East. For the use of 
 the prep, see 133, b.^ hieme summa : in midwinter; cf. note 
 
 on 1. 383. transmiserint : intr., see Vocab. 
 
 401. legati : it is not known who these envoys were. 
 
 402. duodecim secures : by metonymy for " two praetors," 
 who were attended outside the city by six lictors each. As a 
 symbol of authority each lictor carried an ax in a bundle of rods 
 (fasces). Plutarch mentions the incident in his Life of Pompey ^ 
 sec. 24. 
 
 406. quibus . . . ducitis : owing to the decline of Italian 
 farming and the increase in the population of Rome, it was 
 necessary to obtain foreign supplies. The ports to which Cicero 
 refers were sources of grain. 
 
 408. inspectante praetore : under the eyes of a praetor. His 
 name is unknown. 
 
 410. liberos : a rhetorical exaggeration. According to Plu- 
 tarch, a daughter of Marcus Antonius was captured by the 
 
 PAGE 
 
 88 
 
 89 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 429 
 
 349 
 
 204 
 
 374 
 
 453 
 
 347 
 
 » — 771 
 
 444 
 
 277 
 
 265 
 
 642 
 
 519 
 
 » — 410 
 
 385, c 
 
 204, 2 
 
 359 
 
 435, 4 
 
 339, c 
 
 « — 771 
 
 444 
 
 277 
 
 265 
 
 642 
 
 503 
 
 » — 530 
 
 428 
 
 229.2 
 
 391 
 
 462.3 
 
 453 
 
256 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 89 pirates and ransomed for a large sum. Antonius, who had 
 fought against them in 102 b.c, was the grandfather of the 
 triumvir. 
 
 412. Ostiense : Ostia was the port of Rome, sixteen miles 
 away, at the mouth of the Tiber. The pirates had burned the 
 Roman fleet in the harbor and plundered the town. 
 
 413. cum: at the time when; hence followed by the indie; 
 cf. transmiserint (1. 399), where the subjv. is due to the in- 
 volved idea of cause. 
 
 414. ea cui : = ea ut ei, a fleet such that a consul, etc. The 
 subjv. clause is descriptive. 
 
 416. unius hominis : Pompey. 
 
 91 419. ei: the same persons, emphasizing vos. Oceani ostium : 
 i.e. the Straits of Gibraltar. 
 
 422. a me : stronger than the usual dat. of agent. 
 
 425. celeriter : omit, tanti . . . navigavit : ''the storm of so 
 great a war swept the sea. The impetus was Pompey's fleet of 
 500 war galleys." ^ — D'Ooge. 
 
 426. nondum tempestivo : navigation on the Mediterranean 
 was suspended from November till March. 
 
 428. frumentaria subsidia : granaries. 
 
 430. duabus Hispaniis : two provinces, citerior and ulterior, 
 divided by the river Ebro. 
 
 433. omnemque Graeciam : and in fact all Greece. Achaia 
 was the southern part, the Peloponnesus, duo maria : the Adri- 
 atic and the Tuscan. 
 
 435. ut : from the time when. 
 
 436. Ciliciam : the stronghold of the pirates. 
 
 439. Cretensibus : dat. of separation w. ademit. The Cre- 
 tans had been almost subdued by Metellus, but sent envoys 
 to Pompey, hoping for more favorable terms from him. usque 
 in Pamphyliam : not far from Crete ; the great distance implied 
 would be from Rome. 
 
 Chapter 13 
 
 446. haec : i.e. bellandi virtus, as given in chapters 11 and 12. 
 
 447. Quid : transitional, but further. Ceterae : sc. virtutes, 
 distinguished from military ability. 
 
 92 450. artes : qualities. 
 
 451. innocentia : Pompey's integrity, scrupulous honesty in 
 money matters, is set forth in the rest of the chapter. 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 257 
 
 PAGB 
 
 454. Quae : these qualities. 92 
 
 455. Summa : of the highest order. 
 
 456. ex aliorum contentione : from a comparison with (the 
 qualities of) others, ipsa per sese : by themselves. 
 
 458. ullo in numero : of any standing, of any account. 
 
 459. centuriatus : centurions were selected from the ranks 
 by the commander-in-chief because of good service, veneant: 
 from veneo. 
 
 460. Quid magnum aut amplum : obj. of cogitare ; sc. possu- 
 mus putare : what great or nohle thoughts . . . can we suppose that 
 this man has? 
 
 462. provinciae : sc. retinendae. The governor bribed men 
 of influence (magistratibus) to secure for him a longer term of 
 office. 
 
 463. propter avaritiam : Caesar speaks of the avarice of 
 generals in B.G., I, chap. 40. 
 
 464. Romae : loc. facit . . . videamini : makes it evident that 
 you recognize; 205, c.^ 
 
 467. ante : beforehand, voluerit : fut. perf. 
 
 469. ventum sit: they have come; impers,, see 172, 6;^ 
 subjv. by attraction. 
 
 470. per hosce annos : during the time of the Social and the 
 Servile wars. 
 
 472. quid . . . existimetis : the question, being deliberative, 
 would also be in the subjv. in dir. disc. Utrum ... an : a 
 double question; 89.^ 
 
 474. hibernis : the allies maintained the Roman army in 
 winter quarters unless they were released from the burden by a 
 money payment. 
 
 477. in iudicando : sc. alios. The governor of a province was 
 judge as well as general. 
 
 479. Hie : under these circumstances, ceteris : excellere gov- 
 erns the dat. 
 
 480. non mode manus : the second non is omitted ; trans. 
 not only no hand in so great an army. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 » — 842 
 
 568 
 
 297 
 
 553 
 
 566 
 
 521, 3 
 
 « — 346 
 
 208, d 
 
 138 
 
 208 
 
 302 
 
 201, c 
 
 • — 372 
 
 335 
 
 162,4 
 
 458 
 
 380 
 
 234 
 
258 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 92 482. quern ad modum hibernent : i.e. how the soldiers con^ 
 duct themselves. 
 
 93 484. ut . . . in militem : to incur expense for the soldiers (lit., 
 for the soldiery), nemini vis adfertur: no one is compelled (lit., 
 force is brought upon no one). 
 
 485. hiemis . . . perfugium : a shelter from winter {ohjeGtive) , 
 not for avarice (subjective). 
 
 Pompey's integrity then is established because : (1) he is not 
 bribed in selecting centurions ; (2) he does not misappropriate 
 war funds ; (3) he does not allow the allies to be oppressed. 
 
 Chapter 14 
 
 488. Age : this imperative is used as an inter j. in transitions, 
 and hence is not pi. temperantia : self-control; abl. of descrip- 
 tion. 
 
 490. cursum inventum : so. esse ; progress was m,ade possible. 
 
 491. eximia vis : extraordinary force (crew) . War galleys were 
 propelled with great speed by trained bands of rowers. 
 
 494. institute cursu : i.e. the course set before him. 
 
 495. amoenitas : sc. locorum ; the charm of beautiful scenery 
 did not lure him to the enjoyment of it. 
 
 497. signa, tabulaSj ornamenta : statues, paintings, works of 
 art. Rome was full of art treasures of conquered peoples. 
 
 503. fuisse : really were. 
 
 504. quod : a fact that. 
 
 507. maiores sues (their) : subj. of maluisse. habebamus : 
 195, 6.1 
 
 510. privatorum: Pompey was ready to receive private 
 citizens who sought to interview him. liberae : freely allowed. 
 
 94 516. hoc loco: the Rostra, from which Pompey had spoken. 
 He was not a trained orator, however. 
 
 517. Fidem: good faith. 
 
 518. omnium generum : to be taken w. hostes. iudicarint: 
 subjv. in a causal clause. 
 
 519. humanitate : on Pompey's kindness see Mommsen, Vol. 
 IV, p. 114. dictu: see 229, 6.2 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1— 857 
 
 545 
 
 288 
 
 580 
 
 601 
 
 650 
 
 »— 1017 
 
 510 
 
 340 
 
 436 
 
 635 
 
 619 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 259 
 
 Chapter 15 
 
 PAGE 
 
 525. aactoritas : -personal influence, -prestige; cf. 1. 335. 94 
 Cicero has already spoken o^ knowledge (chapter 10), and ability 
 (chapters 11-14). 
 
 527. plurimum possit : is preeminent. 
 
 528. Vehementer . . . ad . . . quis ignorat : who does not know 
 that it has very much to do vnth, etc. 
 
 531. ut contemnant : to despise; construe w. commoveri, 
 
 532. opinione et fama : by common opinion and report. 
 
 533. ratione certa : well-founded reason, commoveri : are in- 
 fluenced. 
 
 536. iudicia fecistis : as shown in the conferring of offices 
 and commands. Pompey was consul in 70 b.c. An . . . puta- 
 tis : 89, h. 
 
 537. quo : = ut 60, that to it. illius diei : the day when 
 Pompey was put in charge of the war against the pirates, 67 b.c. 
 
 544. omnium . . . egregiarum : of all excellence, sumantur : 
 independent subjv. of command ; 187, b.^ 
 
 545. qui quo die : on the day that he. 
 
 546. vilitas : prices feU because the pirates no longer inter- 
 fered w. commerce, ex : after; in 550 (ex eo), as the result of. 
 
 548. ex . . . agrorum : conditional, = si ubertas agrorum 96 
 summa fuisset. 
 
 550. proelio : the battle of Zela. 
 
 551. paulo ante : in chapter 9, 1, 308. invitus : adverbial. 
 
 553. provincia: Asia. The force of cum extends to haberet. 
 
 554. ad ipsum discrimen : at the critical mom-ent. 
 559, inflammatum: flushed (with). 
 
 572. ipso nomine ac rumore : by the mere mention of his name. 
 The people said, " The very name of Pompey has terminated the 
 war." — Plutarch. 
 
 Chapter 16 
 
 574. Agevero: well then; cf. note, 1. 488. ilia res : that fact, ^ 
 explained by the quod-clauses. 
 584. Cretensium : cf . note 1. 439. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 U 
 
 H. 
 
 HB. 
 
 1 — 368 
 
 335 6 
 
 162, 4, a 
 
 457 
 
 380, 3 
 
 236 
 
 « — 768 
 
 439 
 
 275 
 
 *i3 
 
 560 
 
 501.3 
 
260 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 97 585. cum: concessive, noster imperator: a commander of 
 
 ours, i.e. Quintus Metellus. 
 
 589. ultimas terras : Pamphylia. 
 
 598. eum : subj. of iudicari. 
 
 600. ei . . . missum : those to whom it was annoying (Pom- 
 pey's rivals) that he (the envoy) was sent to him (Pompey) rather 
 than to any one else. The incident is not fully understood. We 
 know that Mithridates was negotiating with Sertorius (1. 102), 
 against whom Pompey and Metellus were fighting. It has been 
 suggested that " Pompey caught a spy of the king in his camp 
 and was led by his vanity to believe that Mithridates was 
 making overtures to him." Pompey's rivals considered this a 
 slight to Metellus, who outranked him. 
 
 606. multis . . . gestis : by many later achievements, iudiciis ; 
 of. note, 1. 536. 
 
 609. praestare de : guarantee for. 
 
 610. meminisse : asyndeton, but which, etc. 
 
 611. aequum est: sc. dicere. 
 
 ^^ 612. Maximo: Q. Fabius Maximus, who defended Rome 
 
 against Hannibal by his policy of delay. 
 
 613. Marcello : M. Claudius Marcellus, a brilliant general, the 
 conqueror of Syracuse, 212 b.c, Scipioni : either Scipio Africanus 
 the Elder, conqueror of Hannibal, or more probably Scipio 
 Aemilianus the Younger, who destroyed Carthage in 146 b.c. 
 
 616. Fuit : w. adiuncta, has been granted, quaedam : as it were. 
 ad : for. 
 
 618. f ortuna : emphatic by position. 
 
 621. videamur : it may he seen that we. 
 
 624. non sum praedicaturus : one of many instances of 
 praeteritio, the figure by which the orator emphasizes what he 
 pretends to omit. 
 
 625. militiae : loc, and in the field (of hsittle). ut : how. 
 
 626. voluntatibus : ind. obj. w. four following verbs. 
 632. Quod ut : = et ut id. 
 
 634. sicuti facitis : just as you do (wish). 
 
 639. dubitatis quin conf eratis : do you hesitate to devote f 
 dubito, hesitate, usually takes an infinitive to complete it, but 
 may take quin w. a subj v., when a negative is implied, as 
 here. 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 261 
 
 Chapter 17 p^qb 
 
 644. erat deligendus: would deserve to be chosen. Why indie? 99 
 See 198, note 2.^ 
 
 646. ut . . . adsit, etc. : appositive clauses explaining oppor- 
 tunitas. 
 
 648. ab eis : i.e. Lucullus and Glabrio ; see chapter 9. acci- 
 pere : sc, exercitus. 
 
 649. quid exspectamus : why do we hesitate ? 
 652. cetera : sc. bella. 
 
 655. regium: against the kings Mithridates and Tigranes. 
 committamus : deliberative, should we commit. 
 
 657. At enim : but indeed, introducing an objection to the 
 argument just given. 
 
 659. beneficiis : referring to the offices of state. 
 
 660. adfectus : honored. Catulus : a man of fine character, 
 consul in 78 b.c, and leader of the aristocratic party. 
 
 664. Hortensius : a famous orator and rival of Cicero. He 
 was an ex-consul (hence honoris), and a man of great wealth 
 fortunae). ratione : view. 
 
 666. locis : occasions. 
 
 670. re ac ratione : hendiadys, by a consideration of the facts. 
 
 672. idem isti : they likewise, isti : referring to the opponents 
 of the bill, at necessarium, etc. : explaining ea omnia. 
 
 678. Hortensi : the regular voc. ending for nouns in -ius. 100 
 pro : in accordance with. 
 
 680. Gabinium: the tribune who proposed the law giving 
 Pompey command against the pirates, 67 b.c. graviter ornate- 
 que : with weight and eloquence, referring to the thought and the 
 expression of it. 
 
 681. promulgasset : a proposed law had to be announced at 
 least seventeen days before it was voted on. 
 
 685. vera causa : real interests. 
 
 689. commeatu: from intercourse; abl. of separation, ex 
 omnibus provinciis : with all the provinces, modifying commeatu 
 (lit., a going back and forth from all the provinces). 
 
 Btir. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 * — 921 517. c 304.3 597.3 583 582,3 
 
262 
 
 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 100 
 
 101 
 
 Chapter 18 
 
 694. Atheniensium, etc. : the naval supremacy of Athens 
 over the Aegean began with the Persian wars in the fifth cen- 
 tury B.C. Carthage held the Mediterranean for years before the 
 First Punic War. Rhodes became a maritime power after the 
 death of Alexander, and had assisted Rome with her fleet. 
 696. rebus : resources. 
 
 regionis : of its territory; modified by maritimae. 
 ante legem Gabimam : see note 1. 680. 
 invictum : Cicero omits notable exceptions, however, 
 permanserit : subjv. in a relative clause of concession ; 
 6.1 ac : and indeed, parte : abl. w. caruit ; 149.^ 
 
 700 
 702 
 
 703 
 
 704 
 
 192, 
 
 706. Antiochum : 
 
 189 B.C.) included 
 
 the war with Antiochus III, of Syria (192- 
 two naval battles disastrous to the king. 
 Persem : the last king of Macedonia. After 
 his defeat at Pydna in 168 B.C., he surren- 
 dered to the Roman admiral on the island 
 of Samothrace without a naval battle. 
 " The final supremacy of Rome upon the 
 sea was all the more remarkable because 
 the Romans were not naturally a nation 
 of sailors. The wars with Carthage com- 
 pelled them to build and equip fleets and 
 learn how to use them successfully against 
 the best seamen in the world." — D'Ooge. 
 
 709. ei : we, repeating nos, 1. 705. pares : 
 a match (for). 
 
 712. Deles : after the fall of Corinth the 
 Romans made this sacred island an impor- 
 tant commercial center. 
 
 715. idem: referring to nos. 
 717. Appia Via : the famous road from Rome to Brundisium, 
 built as far as Capua by Appius Claudius, 300 B.C. carebamus : 
 were losing control of, because of the pirates. 
 
 The Coin of Perseus 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 UB. 
 
 » — 807 
 
 535. « 
 
 283 
 
 634 
 
 593 
 
 523 
 
 » — 528 
 
 409 
 
 214 
 
 405 
 
 458 
 
 425 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 
 
 263 
 
 719. exuviis ornatum : 
 
 the Rostra took its name 
 from the " beaks " or 
 prows, of captured ves- 
 sels, with which it was 
 adorned. 
 
 Chapter 19 
 
 721. Bono animo : m^/i 
 good motives, modifying 
 dicere ; emphatic by 
 position. 
 
 723. ea quae sentie- 
 batis : i.e. your senti- 
 ments in regard to the 
 Gabinian law. in salute : 
 in (a matter affecting) the 
 safety. 
 
 724. dolori : feelings, 
 of indignation against the 
 pirates. 
 
 725. una lex : the law 
 of Gabinius ; cf. note, 1. 
 680. unus vir : Pompey. 
 unus annus : 67 b.c. 
 
 729. indignius obtrec- 
 tatum esse : objection has 
 been made the more un- 
 deservedly. 
 
 730. dicam : delibera- 
 tive, shall I say? 
 
 731. ne legaretur Ga- 
 binius : that Gabinius 
 might not be appointed 
 lieutenant. Lieutenants 
 in the provinces were 
 chosen by the Senate, 
 who might consult the 
 preference of the gover- 
 nor. Pompey desired to 
 have Gabinius as his 
 
 PAGE 
 101 
 
 A Rostral Column 
 
 (Showing the beaks ot ships, similar probably to 
 those on the Rostra) 
 
264 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 101 lieutenant for this war. But legally no man nor any of his 
 relatives could be appointed to an office created under his own 
 statute. This applied to Gabinius, for the proposed law of 
 Manilius only added to the imperium that was conferred by the 
 Gabinian law. 
 
 732. Utrum idoneus . . . impetret : does he not deserve to 
 obtain? utrum, an (1. 735) introduce a double direct question; 
 see 89.1 
 
 733. quem velit: descriptive (a lieutenant) whom he wishes, 
 qui impetret: 192, c.^ 
 
 734. cum : translate when, but the clause is concessive. 
 
 103 738. periculo : at his peril. The proposer of a law was treated 
 
 as if responsible for its results. Even at the time when the bill 
 was passed Gabinius narrowly escaped death at the hands of the 
 senators who opposed it. 
 
 740. An : here = nonne. 
 
 741. honoris causa : with respect. From the use of this phrase 
 it is inferred that the men were still living, cum : although. 
 
 742. plebi : a gen. used for plebis w. tribunus. 
 
 743. in : in the case of . diligentes: scrupulous. Cicero implies 
 that the opposition to Gabinius was due to his having been 
 tribune the preceding year ; but the true reason was his author- 
 ship of the law bearing his name ; cf. notes on 11. 680 and 731. 
 
 744. in (hoc imperatore) : under. 
 746. De : the question of. 
 
 748. inimicum edictum: Cicero as praetor might bring a 
 matter before the Senate for consideration, unless forbidden by 
 a higher magistrate, quo minus def endam : from defending ; 
 205, e.3 
 
 750. intercessionem : the tribunes had the right to veto the 
 action of any magistrate. 
 
 751. minantur : i.e. to exercise the power of veto. 
 
 752. quid liceat : the will of the people would have to be re- 
 spected. 
 
 " In fact Gabinius did serve with Pompey under the new 
 commission, and took advantage of the position to amass a 
 fortune." — Kelsey. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HK. 
 
 » — 372 
 
 335 
 
 162 
 
 458 
 
 380 
 
 234 
 
 t— 798 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 631 
 
 591 
 
 513 
 
 — 82ff 
 
 558 
 
 205 
 
 519 
 
 56S 
 
 502 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 265 
 
 Chapter 20 p^^j. 
 
 758. cum quaereret: at the time of his address before the 103 
 assembly (contio). 
 
 759. omnia : all your dependence, si quid factum esset : if any- 
 thing should happen to him (lit., should have been done with him). 
 
 760. in quo : interrogative. 
 762. in eo ipso : i.e. in Catulus. 
 
 766. quo minus, hoc magis : the less, the more; abl. of degree 
 of difference. 
 
 769. At enim : introducing the objection of Catulus. ne quid : 
 let nothing. 
 
 770. Non dicam : what figure ? hoc loco : at this point. 104 
 
 771. consuetudini, utilitati paruisse : followed custom, con- 
 sulted expediency. 
 
 772. novorum consiliorum rationes : new measures. 
 
 773. Punicum : the Third Punic War. 
 
 774. uno imperatore : Scipio Aemilianus the Younger. Prec- 
 edent was violated in his case, for he was chosen consul before 
 he had been praetor, and later was reelected consul when it 
 was illegal to hold that office twice. 
 
 777. nuper : over forty years before. 
 
 778. esse visum : it seemed best. Marius was elected consul 
 several times in succession, owing to the stress of the Cimbriaa 
 War, though the law then required a lapse of ten years. 
 
 781. no vi nihil : nothing new. 
 
 782. summa voluntate : with the full approval. 
 
 Chapter 21 
 
 784. adulescentulum : cf. 1. 341, and note. 
 
 785. conficere : shoidd raise. 
 
 786. ductu suo : under his own leadership; cf. suis imperils, 
 1. 346. 
 
 788. senatorio gradu : the age required for admission to the 
 Senate was thirty ; Pompey was twenty-four when he was sent 
 to Sicily by Sulla. 
 
 789. permitti : should be intrusted. 
 
 790. bellum administrandum : the management of the war (lit., 
 the war to be managed). 
 
 794. equitem triumphare : only men of consular or praetorian 
 
266 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 104 rank were entitled to triumph. This special privilege was con* 
 ferred on Pompey by the Senate ; cf . 1. 347 and note. 
 
 796. studio : with enthusiasm. 
 
 798. duo consules : Lepidus and Brutus declined their right 
 to take the command against Sertorius. 
 801. non nemo: = nonnuUi. 
 
 105 804. se mittere : i.e. that he voted to send. 
 
 807. legibus solutus : the legal age for the consulship was 
 forty-three ; Pompey was only thirty-six. Furthermore he had 
 not been quaestor or praetor, as was required of candidates for 
 the consulship. Hence the need of a decree in his favor. 
 
 808. ante, quam : = antequam. 
 
 810. iterum : cf. 1. 347 and note. 
 
 811. Quae nova: the innovation which, in: in the case of. 
 814. prof acta sunt in : have been conferred upon (lit., have 
 
 proceeded to). 
 
 Chapter 22 
 
 817. videant : i.e. Catulus, Hortensius, and other objectors, 
 non f erendum : intolerable. 
 
 818. illorum : i.e. the optimates, who had conferred honors 
 on Pompey, which were ratified by the people. Now, he claims, 
 the optimates in turn should support the will of the people. 
 
 819. vestrum : asyndeton, but that your judgment. 
 
 822. vel : even. 
 
 823. isdem istis : i.e. Catulus, etc. 
 
 826. parum consuluistis : had too little regard for. studia : 
 enthusiasm. 
 
 828. in . . . vidistis : showed deeper political insight. 
 
 830. sibi . . . parendum esse : that they and all the others 
 must bow. populi : w. auctoritati. 
 106 837. qui: indef. pudore . . . moderatiores : of greater self- 
 
 control because of their sense of honor and regard for moderation. 
 
 842. libidines et iniurias : acts of lust and injustice. 
 
 843. nostris magistratibus : dat. ; trans, in the eyes of, etc. 
 Cicero said in another address that Pompey, when he took 
 Jerusalem in 63 B.C., permitted nothing in the temple to be 
 touched. 
 
 846. quibus . . . inf eratur : a clause of purpose. 
 851. Pro sociis : in defense of allies. 
 
THE MANILIAN LAW 267 
 
 PAQB 
 
 852. hostium simulatione : under the pretense of acting against 106 
 ihe enemy. 
 
 854. sed : hut even, animos ac spiritus capere : to satisfy 
 the arrogance and insolence. 
 
 Chapter 23 
 
 856. conlatis signis : i.e. when the battle has been joined. 
 
 857. nisi erit idem qui : unless he is also a man who. The 
 rel. clauses are descriptive. 
 
 861. idoneus qui mittatur : the man to he sent (lit., suitahle 
 who should he sent) ; a rel. clause of obligation or propriety ; 
 192, c. Cf. impetret, 1. 733. 
 
 862. pacatam, locuples : the state would not be considered 
 subdued as long as plunder was possible. 
 
 864. Ora maritima : of Asia Minor. 
 
 866. Videbat : the subj. is ora. 107 
 
 868. eos : refers to imperatores, not to paucos. classium 
 nomine : with their so-called fleets, existing only in name. The 
 money for the support of these fleets had been embezzled by 
 the commanders ; see 1. 468. 
 
 869. maiore : greater than if we had not fought, videremur : 
 we were seen. 
 
 870. cupiditate : desire for gain. 
 
 871. iacturis : expenditures, in purchasing their appointments. 
 873. Quasi videamus : a conditional clause of comparison 
 
 takes the subjv. non : w. videamus. 
 
 875. quin . . . credatis : we should expect the infinitive here, 
 since dubitare means hesitate. Cf. note on 1. 639. 
 
 879. est vobis auctor : you have as an authority. 
 
 880. Servilius had fought against the pirates and the Isauri ; 
 Curio (1. 883) against the Thracians and Dardanians. 
 
 881. exstiterunt : = fuerunt. 
 
 884. praeditus : honored (beneficiis), distinguished (rebus), 
 possessing (ingenio). 
 
 885. Lentulus : consul 72 b.c, lieutenant under Pompey in the 
 war with the pirates, pro : in keeping with. 
 
 888. auctoritatibus : abl. of means, orationi : argument. 
 
 889. responderene : whether, etc. We should expect the 
 enclitic -ne to be written w. horum instead of respondere. 
 
268 NOTES 
 
 Chapter 24 
 
 PAGE 
 
 107 892. auctore : with the approval of. 
 893. neve : and not. 
 
 896. iterum : the first time was when the bill of Gabinius 
 was passed. 
 
 108 897. quid est quod : what reason is there to. 
 
 898. re : the proposal, perficiendi facultate : the power to 
 carry it through. 
 
 900. beneficio : in electing him praetor. 
 
 904. temple: not temple, but sacred spot; i.e. the Rostra. 
 The word is applied to any space marked off by the augurs. 
 
 905. ad . . . adeunt : enter the service of the state. 
 907. neque quo : nor because. 
 
 909. honoribus : what office was still to be sought by Cicero ? 
 
 910. ut . . . oportet : as one ought to do. 
 
 912. ab uno : from any individual, hoc loco : where political 
 addresses were made. 
 
 913. f eret : permits it. 
 
 917. tantum abest ut videar : so far am I from seeming, ut 
 videar is subj. of abest; ut intellegam is a clause of result. 
 
 920. hoc honore : the praetorship. 
 
 921. adfectum : the recipient of. 
 
 924. rationibus : interests, praef erre : me is the subj. 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 1. Archias. — The poet, A. Licinius Archias, was a Greek, bom 
 at Antioch in Syria about the year 119 b.c. In his youth he 
 acquired considerable fame among his fellow citizens for his 
 poetical ability, and, traveling in Asia Minor, Greece, and South- 
 ern Italy, was received with honor by men of rank. In 102 b.c, 
 he came to Rome, where the LucuUi in particular were his pa- 
 trons, for whom he took the gentile name of Licinius. Accom- 
 panying Marcus Lucullus, he visited Heraclea in Lucania, where 
 he was honored with citizenship. Later he accompanied Lucius 
 Lucullus upon his Asiatic campaign. 
 
 In 89 B.C. the lex Plautia-Papiria gave the Roman franchise 
 to aU residents in Italy who were enrolled as citizens in any aUied 
 town, provided that they should register before a Roman praetor 
 within sixty days. That same year Archias was registered by 
 Quintus MeteUus Pius at Rome, in accordance mth the law. It 
 was not until twenty-seven years later (62 b.c.) that a man named 
 Grattius called his citizenship into question. This he did under 
 the lex Papia, passed in 65 b.c, which required the removal of aU 
 foreigners from Rome. The charge was aimed not so much at 
 Archias as against his patron, Lucius Lucullus, who had many 
 political enemies, and whose victories had been celebrated in verse 
 by the poet. 
 
 2. The Oration. — Cicero undertook the defense of the poet, 
 partly, as he says, because of his personal indebtedness to him. 
 The case was tried before a jury, with Cicero's own brother as 
 presiding judge (62 b.c). The oration was irregular in the fact 
 that the orator argued the case but briefly, discoursing at greater 
 length on the benefits of literature. *' Strange words these to 
 faU from the pleader's lips in the dusty atmosphere of the praetor's 
 court ! non fori, neque iudiciali consuetudine, says Cicero himself, 
 In the few words of graceful apology with which the speech ends. 
 
 269 
 
f 
 
 270 NOTES 
 
 But in truth, as he well knew, he was not speaking to the respect- 
 able gentlemen on the benches before him. He addressed a larger 
 audience : posterity and the civUized world." — MackaiVs " Latin 
 Literature." 
 
 The defense was undoubtedly successful, for Archias is men- 
 tioned later as a resident of Rome. 
 
 OUTLINE 
 
 L Exordium et propositio — The orator's reasons for defending 
 
 Archias, Ch. 1, 2. 
 II. Narratio — The early life of Archias in Greece and his re- 
 moval to Italy, Ch. 3, 4 (par. 1). 
 III. Confirmatio — 
 
 1. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen, Ch. 4-5. 
 
 2. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citi- 
 
 zen, Ch. 6-12 (par. 1). 
 rV. Peroratio — Archias should be protected in his rights, Ch. 
 12 (par. 2). 
 
 Chapter 1 
 
 PAGE 
 
 110 I. ingeni : natural ability, talent, iudices, judges, ^^gentle- 
 
 men of the jury,'' composing the court over which the praetor 
 presided; cf. note, Cat., IV, 1. 255. quod: = et id. 
 
 2. exiguum : the modesty here assumed by the orator was 
 intended to conciliate the jury, exercitatio dicendi : readiness 
 of speech, derived from practice. 
 
 3. versavum : best taken as an adj. 
 
 4. ratio : theoretical knowledge, of the art of public speaking. 
 This is the third requisite of an orator, the others being in- 
 genium and exercitatio. optimarum artium : of the liberal arts. 
 Cicero means that an orator must have broad general culture. 
 
 5. prof acta : derived (from), a qua: to which, confiteor: 
 *' Roman juries looked on the literary barrister as unpractical ; 
 hence the faltering way in which Cicero owns to a knowledge of 
 Greek literature." — Reid. tempus : lit., subj. ace. of abhorruisse, 
 but trans, as ace. of duration. 
 
 6. abhorruisse : (7) have been averse, earum rerum : i.e. the 
 three essential qualities, vel : strengthens in primis, especially. 
 
 7. A. Licinius : Cicero skillfully assumes the Roman citizen- 
 ship of his defendant by using only his Latin name. 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 271 
 
 PAGB 
 
 8. quoad longissime : as far back as. 110 
 
 10. repetens : looking back, mihi principem : my guide. 
 
 11. suscipiendam : referring to the resolution, ingrediendam 
 
 to the actual undertaking. rationem : pursuit. Ill 
 
 12. exstitisse : = fuisse. 
 
 13. nonnullis : to any. saluti : 114.^ After fuit trans, de- 
 bemus ferre . . ., quantum . . ., huic . . ., a quo . . ., quo 
 . . . possemus. 
 
 14. ceteris, alios : others^ some, quo . . . possemus : a 
 descriptive clause. 
 
 15. quantum . . . nobis : as far as in me lies. 
 
 17. hoc ita dici : i.e. that I am so indebted to the poet. 
 
 18. facultas ingeni : natural ability. 
 
 20. dediti : devoted, fuimus : used rather than sumus be- 
 cause dediti has the force of an adj. 
 
 21. humanitatem : culture. 
 
 Chapter 2 
 
 24. quaestione legitima : in a legal inquiry, conducted in a 
 regular court, iudicio publico : in a state trial, one in which 
 the state was a party, cum agatur : though the case is tried. 
 
 25. praetorem : Q. Cicero, brother of the orator, lieutenant 
 a few years later in Caesar's army. 
 
 26. tanto . . . frequentia : in so crowded an assembly; abl. of 
 attendant circumstance. Note the hendiadys. 
 
 29. abhorreat : differs. The. difference consisted in this, that 
 Cicero proposed to speak in praise of literature, as well as argue 
 the case. 
 
 30. vobis : (and) to you. 
 
 32. hoc concursu, hac . . . humanitate : in this assembly, with 
 such culture on your part; abl. of attendant circumstance. 
 
 33. hoc praetore : Q. Cicero wrote some poetry himself, but 
 only a few verses remain. 
 
 34. de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum : about the pursuit of 
 culture and the study of literature. 
 
 35. in . . . persona : in the case of a character. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 » — 483 382 191 356 433 360 
 
272 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 111 36. persona : lit. mask, a word borrowed from the stage, in 
 iudiciis periculisque : in courts and lawsuits. 
 
 39. perficiam ut putetis : / will cause you to think. 
 
 40. segregandum : sc. esse. 
 
 41. asciscendum fuisse : ought to have been; in dir. disc, 
 asciscendus fuit ; 198, note 2 ; 218.^ 
 
 V Chapter 3 
 
 112 42. ut primum: as soon as. ex pueris excessit: grew out of 
 boyhood. 
 
 43. ab eis artibus : modifies contulit, which is coordinate w, 
 excessit. ad (humanitatem) : with a view to. 
 
 44. scribendi : of composition, primum : w. coepit. 
 
 46. loco nobili : of a noble family. 
 
 47, quondam : Antioch had lost much of its importance 
 because of the Mithridatic wars and the quarrels of the Seleucidae. 
 urbe : a noun in app. w. a loc, (Antiochiae) is in the abl. 
 
 59. celebrabantur : the tense implies customary action. 
 61. exspectatio : anticipation in regard to the man. 
 
 63. ipsius : of the man himself. 
 
 64. admiratio : the admiration he excited. Italia : i.e. southern 
 Italy, known as Magna Graecia. 
 
 68. disciplinarum : sciences, studia haec : i.e. the study of 
 poetry. 
 118 73- tranquillitatem : in the interval between the Gracchan 
 
 distiu-bances (121 b.c.) and the Social War (90-88 b.c). 
 
 74. vehementius : with greater zeal. 
 
 ^6. aliquid iudicare : to form any opinion, de ingeniis : 
 about men of genius. 
 
 78. Hac tanta celebritate famae : because of this fame so 
 widely spread, absentibus : sc. nobis, to us who were far away. 
 
 79. Mario, Catulo : consuls in 102 b.c. consule is singular 
 because Marius was the more famous. 
 
 80. eos : such, quorum alter : Marius. res maximas : the 
 victory over the Cimbri and Teutones. 
 
 81. alter : Catulus, who was a soldier and shared with Marius 
 the glory of his victory. He was also a man of literary taste : 
 hence studium et aures : appreciation and attention. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 1^921 517 c 304,3 697 582 581 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 273 
 
 FAQB 
 
 82. posset : subjv. in a descriptive clause. Luculli : a noble 113 
 Roman family distinguished by Lucius and Marcus, praetexta- 
 tus : a youth, properly applied to a Roman boy who wore the 
 toga praetexta until his seventeenth year ; not to be taken lit- 
 erally here, for the honors mentioned would scarcely have been 
 given to one so young. 
 
 84. hoc : explained by the noun clause ut . . . senectuti. 
 ingeni ac litterarum: an evidence of his literary ability; pred, 
 gen. 
 
 87. illi : the well known. Numidico : Metellus was so called 
 because of his victories over the Numidians. 
 
 88. Pio : a surname given to the younger Metellus because 
 he sought the recall of his father from exile. Aemilio : a great 
 sta esman and orator, vivebat : associated. Catulo et patre et 
 filio : the father was the colleague of Marius (1. 81) ; the son 
 was consul in 78 b.c, and was a prominent leader of the aris- 
 tocracy. 
 
 89. L. Crasso : a famous orator about 95 b.c. 
 
 90. Drusum : a political leader early in the first century b.c, 
 assassinated because of his efforts at reform. Catonem: prob- 
 ably the father of Cato Uticensis. 
 
 91. devinctam consuetudine : hound hy ties of friendship. 
 93. eum colebant : cultivated his acquaintance. 
 
 93. si qui : whoever. 
 
 Chapter 4 
 
 95. satis longo intervallo : after quite a long interval; the abl. 
 may be taken as absolute. 
 
 97. decederet : was returning. Rome was still his place of 
 residence, Heraclia : nothing remains to-day of this old Greek 
 city of southern Italy. Quae cum: = et cum (causal) ea. 
 
 98. esset aequissimo . . . foedere : enjoyed very favorable 
 treaty rights (with Rome) ; abl. of description. 
 
 99. cum: although, tum: yet especially. 
 
 loi. civitas : ritizenshi-p. lege: known as the lex Plautia- 
 Papiria from the gentile names of the tribunes who proposed it 
 in 89 B.C. 
 
 loi. si qui: i.e. (civitas data est) eis qui. Note that the 
 law is stated in the form of a quotation ; hence the subjv. verbs 
 which in dir. disc, would be fut. perf . 
 
274 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 113 103. ferebatur : is parenthetical and not part of the wording 
 of the law. 
 
 104. praetorem : a praetor; see Introd. 34. essent professi : 
 i.e. declared their intention to become citizens. 
 
 114 109. causa dicta est : Archias has met the three conditions of 
 the law : he was a citizen of an allied town, Heraclea, had long 
 been a resident of Rome, and had made his declaration before a 
 praetor, Metellus. 
 
 * no. Gratti : voc. Grattius was the prosecutor who claimed 
 that Archias was not a citizen. 
 
 III. religione et fide : scrupulous honor and good faith, non : 
 not that. 
 
 113. interfuisse : was present (when it was done), egisse : 
 i.e. by his influence. 
 
 114. huiusiudici: of this trial. 
 
 117. Italico belle : in the Social War of 90 B.C. 
 
 118. ad ea : in reply to the proofs. 
 
 120. litterarum memoriam : documentary evidence. 
 
 121. et: sc. est ridiculum. amplissimi viri : Metellus. 
 
 122. religionem : conscientious testimony, municipi : before 
 the Social War, Heraclea was an allied town without Roman 
 citizenship (civitas foederata) ; afterwards, a town enjoying full 
 citizen rights (municipium) ; see Introd. 21. 
 
 124. quas idem : you yourself. An : introducing a rhetorical 
 question ; 89, h. ; B. 162, 4, a ; Bur. 368 ; HB. 236 ; cf. Cat., I, 
 1. 20. 
 
 125. tot annis : Archias came to Rome in 102, thirteen years 
 before citizenship was granted (ante civitatem datam). 
 
 128. collegio : board, consisting of eight praetors. 
 
 Chapter 5 
 
 130. Appi : Appius Claudius Pulcher, whose records were 
 kept too carelessly (neglegentius). 
 
 131. Gabini : = et Gabini. quamdiu . . . fuit : before he was 
 tried (lit., as long as he was safe). After his praetorship Gabinius 
 was convicted of extortion practiced while he was governor of 
 Achaia. 
 
 132. calamitas : he lost his civil rights, tabularum fidem: 
 confidence in his records. 
 
 133. Metellus : the third praetor mentioned. 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 275 
 
 PAGE 
 
 138. quid est quod dubitetis : what reason is therefor doubting? 116 
 The clause is descriptive. Archias, therefore, was a citizen not 
 only of Heraclea but of other towns. 
 
 140. mediocribus multis et praeditis : dat. arte (1. 143) : abl. 
 of means. 
 
 142. credo : / suppose, used w. irony. The four towns 
 referred to were in Magna Graecia, called here Graecia. 
 
 143. quod: the antecedent is id (1. 146). scaenicis artifici- 
 bus : the Romans of the Republic regarded acting on the stage 
 as unworthy of citizens. 
 
 146. legem Papiam : the alien act of the tribune Papius, 
 passed in 65 b.c, providing that all foreigners should be ex- 
 pelled from Rome. It was under this act that Archias was 
 brought to trial. 
 
 150. Scilicet . . . obscurum : of course, for I suppose {ironical) 
 it is not known. 
 
 151. proximis censoribus : during the time of the last censors, 
 70 B.C., and also those of 86 (superioribus) the poet was absent. 
 The first censors (primis) after he became a citizen in 89, resigned 
 without taking the census. 
 
 152. apud exercitum : with the army, as a guest of the com- 
 mander, cum eodem quaestore : with the same man (Lucullus) 
 when he was quaestor, under Sulla. 
 
 156. ita : thereby, pro : as. eis temporibus : beginning the 
 main clause ; construe w. fecit. 
 
 157. quern: he whom. 
 
 158. et (omit) testamentum fecit, etc. : only citizens could 
 perform these acts. 
 
 159. civium : i.e. bequeathed by Romans. 
 
 160. in beneficiis : among those to be rewarded. The proconsul 
 (pro consul e) on returning from his province would report the 
 names of his followers who were to be rewarded for their ser- 
 vices. The naming of Archias implied that Lucullus regarded 
 him as a citizen. 
 
 162. suo . . . iudicio : the poet and his friends have acted as 
 though he were really a citizen. 
 
 Chapter 6 
 
 165. ubi : = id quo, the means by which (lit., wherewith); t.9. 
 his poetry, ex: after. The clause is descriptive. 
 
?AGE 
 116 
 
 UT 
 
 276 
 
 NOTES 
 
 1 66. convicio : the wrangling of the courts. 
 
 167. An: cf. 1. 126, and Cat., 1, 1. 20. suppetere . . . posse: 
 that we could have ideas. 
 
 168. quod dicamus : a purpose clause, nisi excolamus : the 
 subjv. may be due to the indir. disc, or may be a condition 
 less probable (should cultivate). 
 
 171. deditum : cf. dediti sumus, 1. 21. Ceteros pudeat : let 
 others be ashamed. 
 
 173. adferre, prof erre : either in speaking or writing some- 
 thing new. 
 
 174. quid pudeat: cf. Cat., I, 1. 314. 
 
 Two Children at Dice-play 
 (From a Pompeian wall painting) 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 277 
 
 PAGE 
 
 175. vivo: have lived, tempore: needs, in court; time of 116 
 
 peril. 
 
 178. quis reprehendat : a potential question, or a question of 
 
 " ideal certainty." (Hale.) 
 
 179. si: w. sumpsero, 1. 186. quantum temporum tantum: 
 as much time as. suas res obeundas : attending to their business. 
 
 182. tempestivis : protracted, beginning before the usual 
 hour, which was three or four in the afternoon. 
 
 183. alveole : gambling flourished notwithstanding many laws 
 condemning it. pilae : throwing and catching formed the basis 
 of the different games of baU, but the bat seems not to have 
 been used. See Johnston's The Private Life of the Romans. 
 
 185. eo : w. magis, the more. 
 
 186. crescit oratio et facultas : the power of public speaking is 
 improved. 
 
 187. periculis : a term referring to criminal trials. 
 
 188. Quae : this ability, quae summa sunt : the principles of 
 living, derived from philosophy. 
 
 190. multis litteris : by wide reading. 
 
 191. magno opere : = magnopere. laudem : true merit. 
 193. parvi : of little importance ; see 110.^ 
 
 196. impetus : the attacks resulting from the suppression of 
 Catiline's conspiracy. 
 
 197. exemplorum : the examples of men who have practiced 
 these high principles. 
 
 199. accederet : were thrown upon them. Literature pre- 
 serves the examples of great men. imagines, expressas : words 
 used of the work of a sculptor or painter. 
 
 Chapter 7 
 
 208. est . . . respondeam: it is clear (to me) what answer I 117 
 shall give. The question is deliberative (dir. what shall I reply f), 
 
 209. animo ac virtute : attributive w. homines. 
 
 210. sine doctrina : pred. phrase w. fuisse. naturae ... di- 
 vine : by an almost divine quality of their very nature. 
 
 212. ad laudem valuisse : has availed to produce true merit. 
 214. idem ego : I further. 
 
 Bur. A. B. G. H. HB. 
 
 1 — 424 417 203 380 448 356 
 
278. NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 117 215. ratio . . . doctrinae : systematic training derived from, 
 instruction. 
 
 216. nescio quid : see Voeab. 
 
 218. Africanum : Scipio Africanus the Younger, conqueror of 
 Carthage, a scholar and statesman as well as soldier. Scipio, 
 Laelius, and Furius were patrons of Greek culture at Rome, 
 after the conquest of Greece in 146 b.c. 
 
 220. illis temporibus : abl. of time, but trans, for {i.e. con- 
 sidering) those times. 
 
 221. Catonem: Cato, the Censor, who lived 234-149 b.c, 
 was the father of Latin prose. " He was considered by men of 
 later times as the ideal of Roman character." 
 
 222. ad percipiendam : in appreciating. 
 
 223. adiuvarentur : were continually aided. 
 
 227. ceterae : sc. animi remissiones. This passage in Cicero's 
 tribute to letters is deservedly famous, temporum : gen. of pos- 
 session. 
 
 Chapter 8 
 
 118 234. deberemus : it would be our duty. 
 
 236. Rosci : Roscius, the comic actor, died a few months be- 
 fore this trial. He had been a slave, but lived to realize a large 
 fortune by his profession, and became the friend of Cicero and 
 other public men. 
 
 237. excellentem . . . venustatem : the excellence and charm 
 of his art. 
 
 240. animorum motus : mental activity, celeritatem ingeni- 
 
 orum : natural quickness. 
 
 243. novo genera dicendi : cf. 1. 27. 
 
 244. cum : concessive, litteram nullam : not a single word. 
 
 119 246. quae agerentur : which were then going on; i.e. current 
 events. The subjv. is due to attraction, revocatum : i.e. en- 
 cored. 
 
 247. eandem rem dicere : treat the same theme. 
 249. sciiptorum : the Greek writers, of the same country as 
 Archias. 
 
 120 250. diligam, etc. : deliberative subjv. ; cf. 1. 176. 
 
 253. ceterarum . . . constare : the study of other things (than 
 poetry) is based on theory, rules, and practice. 
 
 254. poetam : sc. sed. valere : derives his power (from)c 
 Poeta nascitur, non fit was a Latin proverb. 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 
 
 279 
 
 256. ille : well-known, great. Ennius, " the father of Latin 
 poetry," was born in Calabria 239 b.c, and came to Rome in 204. 
 
 260. Saxa . . . bes- 
 tiae : when Amphi- 
 on, king of Thebes, 
 was building the 
 walls of his city, ac- 
 cording to the story, 
 he caused the stones 
 to take their places 
 by the music of his 
 lyre. Orpheus in the 
 same way drew after 
 him wild beasts and 
 even trees. 
 
 266. pugnant in- 
 ter se : there were 
 seven cities claiming 
 the honor of being 
 the birthplace of 
 Homer. 
 
 Chapter 9 
 
 270. repudiabi- 
 mus : in questions 
 of deliberation the 
 fut. ind. is some- 
 times used instead of 
 the pres. subjv. ; 
 Bur. 757; HB. 572. 
 
 271. omne studi- 
 um : his utmost zeal. 
 
 273. Cimbricas res 
 
 274. durior 
 
 PAGE 
 
 120 
 121 
 
 ORrHEUS WITH HIS LVKK 
 (From a Pompeian wall painting-) 
 
 the war w. the Cimbri. 
 too rude. Marius boasted that the camp and 
 battle field weie his only school. 
 275. aversus a : unfriendly to. 
 
 277. Themistoclem : Themistocles, the Athenian statesman 
 and commander, the victor in the battle of Salamis, 480 b.c. 
 ilium, ille (1. 280) ; cf . 1. 256. 
 
 278. quaereretur : impers. acroama : performer. This Greek 
 
280 NOTES 
 
 PA.GE 
 
 121 word (lit., thing heard) comes to mean an entertainment, as a 
 play, dance, or recitation ; then the person who gives the enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 281. Plotium : the first Roman teacher of rhetoric, a friend of 
 Marius. 
 
 284. ab hoc : i.e. by Archias. 
 
 287. aperuit : especially to Roman merchants. 
 
 122 289. natura et regione : hy natural situation ; hendiadys. 
 populi Romani : note the repetition and emphatic position of 
 this phrase. 
 
 290. non maxima : no very great. Plutarch says that Lucullus 
 had 10,000 men against an army of 200,000. Armeniorum : the 
 allies of Mithridates. 
 
 292. urbem Cyzicenorum : Cyzicus was an important city on 
 the southern coast of the Propontis, friendly to Rome, eiusdem : 
 LucuUus. 
 
 293. ore ac faucibus : the open jaws (lit., mouth and jaws). 
 
 294. nostra feretur : as ours (the battle) will he spoken of. 
 296. apud Tenedum pugna : the battle off Tenedos, 73 b.c. 
 
 So it is named, though really fought near Lemnos. 
 
 298. Quae . . . efferuntur : hy whose genius these deeds are 
 proclaimed. In trans, begin w. the antecedent clause ab els, etc. 
 
 299. Africano superior! : the elder Scipio. 
 
 300. is : i.e. his statue. In Cicero's time, according to Livy, 
 there were three statues at the entrance of the tomb of the Scipios, 
 one of which was thought to be that of Ennius. 
 
 303. huius : of the present Cato (Uticensis). Cato : the Cen- 
 sor. His praises were sung by Ennius, who had served as a sol- 
 dier under him in Sardinia. It was in Cato's army that Ennius 
 first came to Rome in 204 b.c. 
 
 Chapter 10 
 
 123 307. haec : sc. carmina. fecerat : the word for " poet " in 
 
 Greek means maker. Rudinum hominem : Ennius, born at 
 Rudiae of Greek origin, became a Roman citizen late in life. 
 
 309. civitatibus : dat. of agent. 
 
 320. Graeca leguntur : Greek is (or Greek writings are) read. 
 Archias wrote in Greek, Ennius in Latin. 
 
 322. suis finibus : to its own boundaries (lit., by, etc.). sane: 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 281 
 
 we must admit. Latin was spoken in Latium and in the Roman 123 
 colonies, Greek in the whole civilized world. 
 
 327. quo : wherever. The antecedent is eodem. 
 
 329. pervenerint : subjv. in an indir. clause. 
 
 330. cum . . . turn : while . . . at the same time. 
 
 331. haec : i.e., these poems, ampla : honorable. 
 
 332. de : at the risk of. 
 
 337. qui . . . inveneris : a rel. causal clause ; 192, h^. 124 
 
 338. vere : sc. dixit, 
 
 340. Magnus : a surname given to Pompey by Sulla. 
 
 342. in contione , . , donavit : citizenship was of ten conferred 
 by generals in this way. 
 
 344. eiusdem laudis : the same as Pompey received from 
 Theophanes. 
 
 346. credo : ironical. 
 
 347. perficere non potuit : could not have managed; 198, note 
 2,2 
 
 349. petentem : = si petisset, quem : i.e. Sulla; subj. of 
 iubere (1, 352). 
 
 350. de populo : from the common people, untrained; cf. 
 Archias loco nobili (1. 46), ei subiecisset : had handed up to him, 
 sitting upon the tribunal at the auction of the goods of the con- 
 quered. 
 
 351. quod fecisset : causal, giving Sulla's reason, in eum: 
 about him. 
 
 352. longiusculis : the only merit of the writing was its verse- 
 form, consisting of alternate lines of five and six feet (elegiac 
 couplets), 
 
 355. huius : Archias, 
 
 358. qui . . . cuperet : especially since he (Metellus) so much 
 
 desired to have his own deeds ivritten about. 
 
 360. pingue . . . peregrinum : though uttering something dull 
 
 and provincial. 
 
 Chapter 11 
 
 363. prae nobis ferendum : 7nust be openly acknowledged. 
 
 364. optimus quisque : all the best men. 
 
 Bur. 
 
 A. 
 
 B. 
 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 HK. 
 
 1 — 807 
 
 535 
 
 283 
 
 634 
 
 592 
 
 523 
 
 » — 921 
 
 308. c 
 
 304,3 
 
 597 
 
 511 
 
 582,3 
 
282 NOTES 
 
 PAGE 
 
 124 366. in eo ipso : in the very act. 
 
 367. despiciunt : express contempt for. praedicari . . . no- 
 minari : to be named and praised. 
 
 125 3^9- amicissimi sui : his own most intimate friend. 
 
 373. ille Fulvius : Fulvius Nobilior, who was criticised by 
 Cato the Censor for taking Ennius with him (comite), 180 b.c. 
 
 374, Musis : Fulvius built a temple in Rome to Hercules and 
 the Muses. 
 
 376. prope armati : i.e. before laying down their arms. 
 
 381. a abhorrere : to disregard. 
 
 384. me indicabo : / will betray (accuse) myself; said in a 
 jocular spirit. The phrase is generally used of criminals who 
 give themselves up to the authorities, quodam: here used to 
 soften the following phrase. 
 
 392. hie : Archias. The poem dealing with the suppression 
 of the conspiracy was probably never completed. 
 
 393. res : subject, theme. 
 
 397. quid est quod : cf . note, 1. 138. 
 
 401. nee tantis : the conclusion begins here. 
 
 126 403- Nune : as it is, opposed to si nihil (1. 399). 
 
 404. Optimo quoque : cf. 1. 364. virtus : a noble impulse. 
 408. eum adaequandam : must endure to; *' must be made cch- 
 existent with.'' — Reid. 
 
 Chapter 12 
 
 412. videamur: are we to seem? Deliberative subjv. 
 416. eum : concessive, spatium : sc. vitae : moment of our lives, 
 423. imagines: portraits, molded or carved; perhaps the 
 wax portrait masks of ancestors who had been curule magis- 
 trates, simulaera : as representations; pred. ace. in relation to 
 statuas et imagines. 
 
 427. effigiem : a delineation. 
 
 428. nonne debemus : and ought we not? expressam: accu^' 
 rately drawn. 
 
 429. omnia : obj. of spargere ae disseminare. 
 
 127 432. sapientissimi : especially the Greek philosophers Pythag- 
 oras, Socrates, and Plato, who taught immortality. 
 
 433- pertinebit : shall continue in relation. 
 435. pudore, ingenio (1. 437), causa (with a cause, 1. 439) : abl, 
 of description. 
 
 437. vetustate : by the duration (of his friendship). 
 
 1 
 
THE CITIZENSHIP OF ARCHIAS 
 
 283 
 
 438. quod . . . 
 videatis : descrip- 
 tive, summorum 
 . . . ingeniis : hij 
 men of the highest 
 genius. 
 
 439. beneficio le- 
 gis : the lex Plau- 
 tia-Papiria. 
 
 443. ut eum : w. 
 accipiatis (1. 449), 
 depending on peti- 
 mus. 
 
 451. de causa: 
 i.e. on the question 
 itself, chapters 1-5. 
 
 452. omnibus: 
 dat. of agent. 
 
 453. a aliena : at 
 variance with. 
 
 454. de studio : 
 on the pursuit of lit- 
 erature, chapters 6- 
 12. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 127 
 
 Plato 
 
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 PART I. INFLECTION 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION 
 
 1. 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 N. 
 
 porta 1 
 
 G. 
 
 portae 
 
 D. 
 
 portae 
 
 Ac, 
 
 portam 
 
 Ab. 
 
 porta 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 portae 
 
 portarum 
 
 portis 
 
 portas 
 
 portis 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 amTcus 
 
 puer 
 
 ager 
 
 vir 
 
 bellum 
 
 G. 
 
 amTci 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 beUi 
 
 D. Ab. 
 
 amico 
 
 puero 
 
 agro 
 
 viro 
 
 bello 
 
 Ac. 
 
 amTcum 
 
 puerum 
 
 agrum 
 
 virum 
 
 bellum 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 amici 
 
 pueri 
 
 agri 
 
 viri 
 
 beUa 
 
 G. 
 
 amicorum 
 
 puerorum 
 
 agrorum 
 
 virorum 
 
 belloru 
 
 D. Ab. 
 
 amicis 
 
 pueris 
 
 agris 
 
 viris 
 
 bellis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 amicos 
 
 puero s 
 
 agros 
 
 vir OS 
 
 beUa 
 
 1 The base of a noun is found, in any declension, by dropping the end- 
 ing of the genitive singular ; the stem, by dropping -rum of the genitive 
 plural in the first, second, and fifth declensions, -urn in the third and 
 fourth : base, port-, stem, porta. 
 
 284 
 
NOUNS 
 
 285 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 3. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 c5nsiil 
 
 mercator 
 
 pater 
 
 legio 
 
 G. 
 
 consul is 
 
 mercatoris 
 
 patiis 
 
 legionis 
 
 D. 
 
 consul! 
 
 mercatori 
 
 patri 
 
 legion I 
 
 Ac. 
 
 consulem 
 
 mercatorem 
 
 patrem 
 
 legionem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 consule 
 
 mercatore 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 patre 
 
 legione 
 
 N. . 
 
 Ac. consules 
 
 mercatore s 
 
 patres 
 
 legiones 
 
 O. 
 
 c5nsulum 
 
 mereatorum 
 
 patrum 
 
 legionum 
 
 D. . 
 
 Ab. consulibus 
 
 mercatoribus 
 
 patribus 
 
 legionibus 
 
 4 
 
 • 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 lex 
 
 prmceps 
 
 miles 
 
 civitas 
 
 G. 
 
 legis 
 
 principis 
 
 militis 
 
 civitatis 
 
 D. 
 
 legl 
 
 principi 
 
 mTliti 
 
 civitati 
 
 Ac. 
 
 legem 
 
 principem 
 
 militem 
 
 civitatem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 lege 
 
 prlncipe 
 
 milite 
 
 civitate 
 
 (The plural is regular) 
 
 5. 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 N.Ac. 
 
 flumen 
 
 opus 
 
 tempus 
 
 caput 
 
 G. 
 
 fluminis 
 
 operis ^ 
 
 temporis ^ 
 
 capitis 
 
 D. 
 
 fltimini 
 
 operi 
 
 tempori 
 
 capiti 
 
 Ab. 
 
 flumine 
 
 opera 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 tempore 
 
 capite 
 
 N.Ac. 
 
 fltimina 
 
 opera 
 
 tempora 
 
 capita 
 
 G. 
 
 fluminum 
 
 operum 
 
 temporum 
 
 eapitum 
 
 D. Ab. 
 
 fluminibus 
 
 operibus 
 
 temporibus 
 
 eapitibus 
 
 * Many words in -s, of all genders, change s to r between two vowela : 
 aeg, aeris ; mos, mdris ; ius, iuris. 
 
286 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 6. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 caedes 
 
 navis 
 
 hostis 
 
 mons 
 
 nox 
 
 G. 
 
 caedis 
 
 navis 
 
 hostis 
 
 montis 
 
 noctis 
 
 D. 
 
 caedi 
 
 navi 
 
 hosti 
 
 monti 
 
 nocti 
 
 Ac. 
 
 caedem 
 
 Tiavim(-i 
 
 em)i hostem 
 
 montem 
 
 noctem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 caede 
 
 navi(-e) 
 
 2 hoste 
 
 monte 
 
 nocte 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 N. caedes naves hostes montes noctes 
 
 G. caedium ^ navium ^ hostium ^ montium ^ noctium ' 
 D.Ab. caedibus navibus hostibus montibus noctibus 
 Ac. caedis (-es)^ navis (-es)^ hostis (-es)^ montis (-es)^ noctis (-es)* 
 
 7. 
 
 PLUR. SING. 
 
 cubilia ^ vectigal 
 
 cubilium ^ vectigalis 
 
 cubilibus vectigali ^ 
 
 SING. 
 
 N, Ac. cubile 
 
 G. 
 D.Ab. 
 
 cubilis 
 cubili ^ 
 
 PLITR 
 
 vectigalia * 
 vectlgalium 
 vectigali bus 
 
 8. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 Ab. 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 inanus 
 manus 
 manui (-u) 
 manum 
 manu 
 
 lacus 
 lacus 
 lacui (-li) 
 lacum 
 lacu 
 
 domus 
 domus 
 domui 
 domum 
 domo (-u) 
 
 Locative sing, domi, at home. 
 
 cornu 
 
 cornus 
 
 cornii 
 
 cornii 
 
 cornii 
 
 * Ace. sing, in -im or -em is found in febris, navis (usually -em), puppis 
 (usually -im), securis, sementis, turris. 
 
 2 Abl. sing, -i or -e is found in avis, civis, classis, febris, finis, ignis, 
 imber, navis, orbis, puppis, sementis, turris. 
 
 3 Gen. plur. -ium and ace. plur. -is or -es are found in, — 
 
 a. Nouns in -es or -is (having the same number of syllables in nom. 
 
 and gen.). 
 h. Polysyllables in -ns or -rs, and sometimes -tas ; also proper names 
 
 in -as. 
 
 c. Monosyllables in -s or -x, following a consonant. 
 
 d. imber, linter, and nox. 
 
 * Gen. plur. -ium, nom. and ace. plur. -ia, are found in neuters with 
 nom. in -e, -al, -ar. 
 
 * Abl. sing, -i is found in neuters with nom. sing, in -e, -al, -ar. 
 
NOUNS 
 
 287 
 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 inanus 
 
 lacus 
 
 
 domus 
 
 cornua 
 
 G. 
 
 manuum 
 
 lacuum 
 
 domuum 
 
 cornuum 
 
 D. Ab. 
 
 manibus 
 
 lacubus (-ibus) 
 
 domibus 
 
 eornibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 manus 
 
 lacus 
 
 
 domos (-us) 
 
 cornua 
 
 9. 
 
 
 FIFTH 
 
 DECLENSION 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 N. 
 
 dies 
 
 
 dies 
 
 res 
 
 r6s 
 
 G. 
 
 diei 
 
 
 dierum 
 
 rei 
 
 rerum 
 
 D. 
 
 diei 
 
 
 diebus 
 
 rei 
 
 rebus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 diem 
 
 
 dies 
 
 rem 
 
 les 
 
 Ab. 
 
 die 
 
 
 diebus 
 
 re 
 
 rebus 
 
 Note. Other nouns of the fifth declension lack the plural 
 forms, though the plural nominative and accusative are found in 
 acies, effigies, species, spes, and a few other words. 
 
 10. 
 
 SPECIAL NOUNS 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 deus 
 
 senex 
 
 vis 
 
 iter 
 
 G. 
 
 dei 
 
 senis 
 
 vis 
 
 itineris 
 
 D. 
 
 deo 
 
 seni 
 
 vi 
 
 itineri 
 
 Ac. 
 
 deum 
 
 senem 
 
 vim 
 
 iter 
 
 Ab. 
 
 deo 
 
 sene 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 vi 
 
 itinere 
 
 N. 
 
 dei, dii, di 
 
 senes 
 
 vires 
 
 itinera 
 
 G. 
 
 deorum, deum 
 
 senum 
 
 virium 
 
 itinerum 
 
 D. Ab. 
 
 deis, diis, dis 
 
 senibus 
 
 viribus 
 
 itineribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 deos 
 
 senes 
 
 viris (-es) 
 
 itinera 
 
 11. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 Archias ^ 
 
 Perse s ^ 
 
 Deles 2 
 
 luppiter 
 
 G. 
 
 Archiae 
 
 Persae 
 
 Deli 
 
 lovis 
 
 D. 
 
 Archiae 
 
 Persae 
 
 Delo 
 
 lovi 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Archian (-am) 
 
 Persen 
 
 Delon 
 
 lovem 
 
 V. 
 
 Archia 
 
 Perse 
 
 Dele 
 
 luppiter 
 
 Ab. 
 
 Archia 
 
 Perse 
 
 Delo 
 
 love 
 
 1 A Greek noun of the first declension. 
 
 2 A Greek noun of the second declension. 
 
288 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 12. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 13. 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M, 
 
 F. N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 bonus 
 
 bona bonum 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae bona 
 
 G. 
 
 boni 
 
 bonae boni 
 
 bonorum 
 
 bonarum bonorum 
 
 D. 
 
 bono 
 
 bonae bono 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis bonis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 bonum 
 
 bonam bonum 
 
 bonds 
 
 bonas bona 
 
 Ab. 
 
 bono 
 
 bona bono 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 bonis 
 
 bonis bonis 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 liber 
 
 libera liberum liberi 
 
 liberae libera 
 
 G. 
 
 liberi 
 
 liberae liberi 
 
 liberorum liberarum liberorum 
 
 
 
 etc. 1 
 
 
 etc. 1 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 M. F. N. M. F. N. 
 
 noster ^ nostra nostrum nostri nostrae nostra 
 nostri nostrae nostri nostrorum nostrarum nostrorum 
 
 etc. 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 alius 
 
 alia 
 
 aliud 
 
 alter 
 
 altera 
 
 alterum 
 
 G. 
 
 alius 
 
 alius 
 
 alius 
 
 alterius 
 
 alterius 
 
 alterius 
 
 D. 
 
 alii 
 
 alii 
 
 alii 
 
 alteri 
 
 alteri 
 
 alteri 
 
 Ac. 
 
 alium 
 
 aliam 
 
 aliud 
 
 alterum 
 
 alteram 
 
 alterum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 alio 
 
 alia 
 
 alio 
 
 altera 
 
 altera 
 
 altero 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N, 
 
 N. 
 
 neuter ^ 
 
 neutra 
 
 neutrum 
 
 iinus * 
 
 tina 
 
 unum 
 
 G. 
 
 neutrius 
 
 neutrius 
 
 neutrius 
 
 tinius 
 
 tinius 
 
 unius 
 
 D. 
 
 neutri 
 
 neutri 
 
 neutri 
 
 tini 
 
 uni 
 
 tini 
 
 Ac. 
 
 neutrum 
 
 neutram 
 
 neutrum 
 
 unum 
 
 linam 
 
 tinum 
 
 Ab. 
 
 neutro 
 
 neutra 
 
 neutro 
 
 lino 
 
 iina 
 
 tino 
 
 ^ Other cases like bonus. 
 ' So also uter. 
 
 2 Possessive pronoun, used as an adjectivei 
 * So also nuUus, sdlus, totus, uUus. 
 
ADJECTIVES 
 
 289 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION 
 
 14. 
 
 Adjectives of Three Endings 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. acer 
 
 acris acre 
 
 acres 
 
 acres 
 
 acria 
 
 G. acris 
 
 acris acris 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 acrium 
 
 D. Ab. acri 
 
 acri acri 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 acribus 
 
 Ac. acrem 
 
 acrem acre 
 
 acris (-es' 
 
 ) acris (-es^ 
 
 ) acria 
 
 15. 
 
 Adjectives of Two Endings 
 
 
 singular 
 
 plurai 
 
 1 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 fortis 
 
 forte 
 
 fortes 
 
 fortia 
 
 G. 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortis 
 
 fortium 
 
 fortium 
 
 D. Ab 
 
 . forti 
 
 forti 
 
 fortibus 
 
 fortibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 fortem 
 
 forte 
 
 fortis (-es) 
 
 fortia 
 
 
 singular 
 
 plural 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M, & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 longior 
 
 longius 
 
 longiore s 
 
 longiora 
 
 G. 
 
 longioris 
 
 longioris 
 
 longiorum 
 
 longiorum 
 
 D. 
 
 longiori 
 
 longiori 
 
 longioribus 
 
 longioribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 longiorem 
 
 longius 
 
 longiore s 
 
 longiora 
 
 Ab. 
 
 longiore 
 
 longiore 
 
 longioribus 
 
 longioribus 
 
 16. 
 
 Adjectives of One Ending 
 
 
 singular 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N, 
 
 N. 
 
 potens potens 
 
 potentes 
 
 potentia 
 
 G. 
 
 potentis potentis 
 
 potentium 
 
 potentium 
 
 D. 
 
 potenti potent! 
 
 potentibus 
 
 potentibus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 potentem potens 
 
 potentis (-es) 
 
 potentia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 potenti (-e) potenti (-e) 
 
 potentibus 
 
 potentibus 
 
290 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 PLURAIi 
 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 vetus vetus 
 
 vetere s 
 
 Vetera 
 
 G. 
 
 veteris veteris 
 
 veterum 
 
 veterum 
 
 D. 
 
 veteri veteri 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veteribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 veterem vetus 
 
 vetere s 
 
 Vetera 
 
 Ab. 
 
 vetere (-i) vetere (-i) 
 
 veteribus 
 
 veteribus 
 
 17. 
 
 SPECIAL ADJECTIVES 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 &F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 
 pliis 
 
 pltire s plura 
 
 
 G. 
 
 
 pltiris 
 
 plurium plurium 
 
 
 D. 
 
 
 
 pltiribus pliiribus 
 
 
 
 Ac. 
 
 
 plus 
 
 pltire s pliira 
 
 
 Ab. 
 
 
 pltire 
 
 pltiribus pluribus 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. & F. N. 
 
 N. 
 
 duo 
 
 duae 
 
 duo 
 
 tres tria 
 
 G. 
 
 duorum 
 
 duarum 
 
 duorum 
 
 trium trium 
 
 D. Ab. 
 
 duobus 
 
 duabus 
 
 duobus 
 
 tribus tribus 
 
 Ac. 
 
 duos 
 
 duas 
 
 duo 
 
 tris, tres tria 
 
 18. 
 
 
 REGULAR COMPARISON 
 
 
 POSITIVE 
 
 COMPARATIVE 
 
 SUPERLATIVE 
 
 latus, - 
 
 ■a, -um 
 
 latior, - 
 
 ius 
 
 latissimus, -a, -um 
 
 fortis, 
 
 -e 
 
 fortior. 
 
 -ius 
 
 fortissimus, -a, -um 
 
 potens 
 
 
 potenti 
 
 or, -ius 
 
 potentissimus, -a, -um 
 
 velox 
 
 
 velocior, -ius 
 
 velocissimus, -a, -um 
 
 acer, acris, acre 
 
 acrior, - 
 
 -ius 
 
 acerrimus, -a ,-um 
 
 liber, - 
 
 era, -erum 
 
 liberior 
 
 , -ius 
 
 liberrimus, -a, -um 
 
 facilis. 
 
 -e 
 
 facilior. 
 
 -ius 
 
 facillimus, -a, -um ^ 
 
 19. 
 
 
 IRREGULAR COMPARISON 
 
 bonus, 
 
 -a, -um 
 
 TTielior, 
 
 melius 
 
 optimus, -a, -um 
 
 malus, 
 
 -a, -um 
 
 peior, peius 
 
 pessimus, -a. -um 
 
 magnus, -a, -um 
 
 maior, i 
 
 maius 
 
 maximus, -a, -um 
 
 1 So also difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis. 
 
PRONOUNS 
 
 291 
 
 multus, -a, -um 
 parvus, -a, -um 
 senex 
 iuvenis, -e 
 
 vetus 
 
 exterus 
 
 inferus 
 
 posterus 
 
 superus 
 
 [cis, citra] 
 
 [in, intra] 
 
 [prae, pro] 
 
 [prope] 
 
 [ultra] 
 
 20. 
 
 , plus 
 
 minor, minus 
 
 senior 
 
 itinior 
 
 vetustior, -ius 
 
 exterior 
 
 inferior 
 
 posterior 
 
 superior 
 
 citerior 
 
 interior 
 
 prior 
 
 propior 
 
 ulterior 
 
 plurimus, -a, -uni 
 
 minimus, -a, -um. 
 
 maximus natii 
 
 minimus natO. 
 
 veterrimus, -a, -um 
 
 extremus, extimus 
 
 infimus, imus 
 
 postremus, postumus 
 
 supremus, summus 
 
 citimus 
 
 intimus 
 
 primus 
 
 proximus 
 
 ultimus 
 
 COMPARISON* OF ADVERBS 
 
 POSITIVE 
 
 COMPARATIVE 
 
 SUPERLATIVE 
 
 late 
 
 
 latius 
 
 
 latissime 
 
 libere 
 
 
 liberius 
 
 
 llberrime 
 
 facile 
 
 
 facilius 
 
 
 faeillime 
 
 acriter 
 
 
 acrius 
 
 
 acerrime 
 
 fortiter 
 
 
 fortius 
 
 
 fortissime 
 
 bene 
 
 
 meUus 
 
 
 optime 
 
 male 
 
 
 peius 
 
 
 pessime 
 
 magnopere 
 
 
 magis 
 
 
 maxime 
 
 multum 
 
 
 plus 
 
 
 plurimum 
 
 parum 
 
 
 minus 
 
 
 minime 
 
 prope 
 
 
 propius 
 
 
 proxime 
 
 diu 
 
 
 diutius 
 
 
 dititissime 
 
 saepe 
 
 
 saepius 
 
 
 saepissime 
 
 21. 
 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 
 
 PERSONAL 
 
 
 REFLEXIVE 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLU. 
 
 SING 
 
 . PLTJ. 
 
 SING. PLU. 
 
 N. es'o 
 
 nos 
 
 tu 
 
 vos 
 
 
 G. mei nostrum, -tri 
 
 D. mihi nobis 
 
 Ac. me nos 
 
 Ab. me nobis 
 
 tul vestrum, -tri sui sui 
 
 tibi vobis sibi sibi 
 
 te vos se, sese se, .'ese 
 
 te vobis se, sese se, sese 
 
292 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 22. POSSESSIVE 
 
 Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, are used and declined like 
 adjectives. 
 
 23. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 
 M, 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 hio 
 
 haec 
 
 hoc 
 
 hi 
 
 hae 
 
 haec 
 
 O. 
 
 huius 
 
 htiius 
 
 htiius 
 
 horum 
 
 harum 
 
 horum 
 
 D. 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 huic 
 
 hTs 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 Ac. 
 
 hunc 
 
 hanc 
 
 hoc 
 
 hos 
 
 has 
 
 haec 
 
 Ab. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hac 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 hoc 
 
 his 
 
 his 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 his 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N, ' 
 
 M, 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 illei 
 
 ilia 
 
 iUud 
 
 illi 
 
 illae 
 
 ilia 
 
 G. 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 illius 
 
 illorum 
 
 illarum 
 
 illorum 
 
 D. 
 
 ill! 
 
 illi 
 
 ilh 
 
 ilhs 
 
 illis 
 
 iUis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 ilium 
 
 illam 
 
 iUud 
 
 illos 
 
 illas 
 
 ilia 
 
 Ab. 
 
 iUo 
 
 ilia 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 iUo 
 
 illis 
 
 ilHs 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 ilhs 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 is 
 
 ea 
 
 id 
 
 ei, ii 
 
 eae 
 
 ea 
 
 G. 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 eius 
 
 eorum 
 
 earum 
 
 eorum 
 
 D. 
 
 ei 
 
 ei 
 
 ei 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 Ac. 
 
 eum 
 
 eam 
 
 id 
 
 eos 
 
 eas 
 
 ea 
 
 Ab. 
 
 eo 
 
 ea 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 e5 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 eis, iis 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 A^. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. 
 
 idem 
 
 eadem 
 
 idem 
 
 eidem ^ 
 
 eaedem 
 
 eadem 
 
 G. 
 
 eiusdem eiusdem 
 
 eiusdem 
 
 eorundem 
 
 earundem 
 
 eorundem 
 
 D. 
 
 eidem 
 
 eldem 
 
 eidem 
 
 elsdem ^ 
 
 elsdem 
 
 eisdem 
 
 Ac. 
 
 eundem eandem 
 
 idem 
 
 eosdem 
 
 easdem 
 
 eadem 
 
 Ab. 
 
 eodem 
 
 eadem 
 
 eodem 
 
 eisdem ^ 
 
 eisdem 
 
 elsdem 
 
 1 
 
 Iste, ista, istud, is declined like ille. ^ Qr idem. 
 
 ' Or isdem. 
 

 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 
 29 
 
 24. 
 
 
 INTENSIVE 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M, 
 
 F. 
 
 JV. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 N. 
 
 N, ipse 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsae 
 
 ipsa 
 
 G. ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsius 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 ipsarum 
 
 ipsorum 
 
 D. ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsi 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 Ac. ipsum 
 
 ipsam 
 
 ipsum 
 
 ipsos 
 
 ipsas 
 
 ipsa 
 
 Ab. ipso 
 
 ipsa 
 
 ipso 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 ipsis 
 
 26. 
 
 
 RETiATIVE 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 M, 
 
 F. 
 
 N, 
 
 M, 
 
 F, 
 
 N, 
 
 N. qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quod 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae 
 
 G. cuius 
 
 cuius 
 
 ciiius 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
 D. cui 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 Ac. quern 
 
 quam 
 
 quod 
 
 quos 
 
 quas 
 
 quae 
 
 ^b. quo 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 quibus 
 
 26. 
 
 
 INTERROGATIVE 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 
 
 M. & F. 
 
 
 
 N. 
 
 
 
 N. quis 
 
 
 
 quid 
 
 
 
 G. cuius 
 
 5 
 
 
 cuius 
 
 
 
 D. cui 
 
 
 
 cui 
 
 
 
 Ac. quern 
 
 
 quid 
 
 
 
 Ab. quo 
 
 
 
 quo 
 
 
 The plural of the interrogative quis is like that of the relative 
 qui. When used as an adjective, the singular also is like that of 
 the relative. 
 
 27. 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOXINS 
 
 The indefinite pronouns are : — 
 
 1. quis (qui), quae (qua), quid (quod), any (one), anything. 
 
 2. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some (one), some thing, 
 
 3. quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam (quod-), any (one) at all. 
 
 4. quisquam, quicquam, any (one) at all (169), 
 
 5. quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quod-), any (one) you please, 
 
 6. quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quod-), any (one) you wish. 
 
 7. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quod-), a certain (one). 
 
294 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 8. quisque, quaeque, quidque (quod-), each {one), every (one). 
 
 28. The indefinite quis is declined like the interrogative quis 
 (26), but has quae or qua in the neuter plural, and, when used as 
 an adjective, in the feminine singular. Aliquis has aliqua, not 
 aliquae, in the feminine singular and neuter plural. 
 
 a. The feminine singular forms of quis, aliquis, quispiam, and 
 quisque, are not used as pronouns, but as adjectives. In all 
 words the neuter singular form in quid is used as a pronoun, in 
 quod as an adjective. 
 
 h. Quidam has n instead of m before d in quendam, quandam, 
 quorundam, quarundam. Quisquam has c for d in the neuter 
 quicquam. 
 
 29. 
 
 VERBS 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION 
 
 -^ _ [laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum, vraise. 
 
 Principal Parts , , , j.-i j-x r ■ j 
 
 [laudor, laudari, laudatus sum, he 'praised. 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 / praise^ am praising 
 
 laudo laudamus 
 
 laudas laudatis 
 
 laudat laudant 
 
 Indicative 
 Present 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 / am praised 
 
 laudor laudamur 
 
 laudaris (-re) laudamini 
 laudatur laudantur 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 I was praising (I praised) I was praised 
 
 laudabam laudabamus laudabar laudabamur 
 
 laudabas laudabatis laudabaris (-re) laudabamini 
 
 laudabat laudabant laudabatur laudabantur 
 
 7 shall praise 
 
 laudabo laudabimus 
 laudabis laudabitis 
 laudabit laudabunt 
 
 Future 
 
 / shall be praised 
 
 laudabor laudabimur 
 
 laudaberis (-re) laudabimini 
 laudabitur laudabuntur 
 
VERBS 
 
 295 
 
 Perfect 
 
 / have praised, I praised I have been (or / was) praised 
 
 laudavi laudavimus laudatus sum laudati sumus 
 
 laudavisti laudavistis laudatus es laudati estis 
 
 laudavit laudaverunt (-ere) laudatus est laudati sunt 
 
 / had praised 
 
 laudaveram laudaveramus 
 laudaveras laudaveratis 
 laudaverat laudaverant 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 / had been praised 
 
 laudatus eram laudati eramus 
 laudatus eras laudati eratis 
 laudatus erat laudati erant 
 
 Future Perfect 
 
 / shall have praised I shall have been praised 
 
 laudavero laudaverimus laudatus ero laudati erimus 
 
 laudaveris laudaveritis laudatus eris laudati eritis 
 
 laudaverit laudaverint laudatus erit laudati erunt 
 
 30o 
 
 / may praise ^ 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 laudem laudemus 
 
 laudes laudetis 
 
 laudet laudent 
 
 / might praise ^ 
 
 laudarem laudaremus 
 laudares laudaretis 
 laudaret laudarent 
 
 I may have praised ^ 
 laudaverim laudaverimus 
 laudaveris laudaveritis 
 laudaverit laudaverint 
 
 Subjunctive 
 Present 
 
 I may be praised 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 lauder 
 
 lauderis (-re) 
 laudetur 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 laudemur 
 laudemini 
 laudentur 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 / might be praised ^ 
 
 laudarer laudaremur 
 
 laudareris (-le) laudaremini' 
 laudaretur laudarentur 
 
 Perfect 
 
 7 may have been praised ^ 
 laudatus sim laudati simus 
 laudatus sis laudati sitis 
 laudatus sit laudati sint 
 
 * The translation of the subjunctive varies. 
 
296 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 / should 1 have praised 2 
 
 laudavissem laudavissemus 
 laudavisses laudavissetis 
 laudavisset laudavissent 
 
 / should 3 have been praised ^ 
 
 laudatus essem laudati essemus 
 laudatus esses laudati essetis 
 laudatus esset laudati essent 
 
 31. 
 
 lauda, praise thou 
 laudate, praise ye 
 
 laudato, thou shall praise 
 laudato, he shall praise 
 laudatote, you shall praise 
 laudanto, they shall praise 
 
 32. 
 
 Imperative 
 
 Present 
 
 laudare, he thou praised 
 laudamini, be ye praised 
 
 Future 
 
 laudator, thou shall he praised 
 laudator, he shall be praised 
 
 laudantor, they shall he praised 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Pres. laudare, to praise laudari, to he praised 
 
 Perf. laudavisse, to have laudatus esse, to have been 
 
 praised praised 
 
 FuT. laudaturus esse, to be laudatum iri, to he about to be 
 
 about to praise praised 
 
 33. 
 
 Pres. laudans, praising 
 
 FuT. laudaturus about 
 praise 
 34. 
 
 Gerund 
 
 G, laudandi, of praising 
 
 D. Iaudand5, for praising 
 
 Ac. laudandum, praising 
 
 Ab. laudando, by praising 
 
 Participles 
 
 Perf. laudatus, having been 
 praised 
 to FuT. laudandus (Gerundive), to 
 be praised 
 
 Supine 
 
 Ac. laudatum, to praise 
 Ab. laudatu, to praise 
 
 * You, he, they would have praised. 
 
 2 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 
 
 3 You, he, they would have been praised. 
 
VERBS 
 
 297 
 
 36. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION 
 
 _, T^ moneo, monere, monui, momtum, advise 
 
 Principal Parts . . .' 77.7 
 
 [moneor, monen, monitus sum, be advised 
 
 
 ACTIVE 1 
 
 
 PASSIVE 1 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjtmctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 
 Subjimctive 
 
 Pres. 
 
 moneo 
 
 moneam 
 
 moneor 
 
 
 monear 
 
 
 mones 
 
 moneas 
 
 moneris (-re) 
 
 monearis (-re) 
 
 
 monet 
 
 moneat 
 
 monetur 
 
 
 moneatur 
 
 
 monemus 
 
 moneamus 
 
 monemur 
 
 
 moneamux 
 
 
 monetis 
 
 moneatis 
 
 monemini 
 
 
 moneamini 
 
 
 monent 
 
 moneant 
 
 monentur 
 
 
 moneantur 
 
 Impf. 
 
 monebam 
 
 monerem 
 
 monebar 
 
 
 monerer 
 
 FuT. monebo 
 Perf. monui monuerim 
 
 Plup. monueram monuissem 
 F. P. monuero 
 
 monebor 
 
 monitus sum monitus sim 
 monitus eram monitus essem 
 monitus ero 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 Pres. 
 
 mone ^ 
 
 monete 
 
 monere 2 monemini 
 
 FuT. 
 
 moneto 
 
 monetote 
 
 monetor 
 
 
 moneto 
 
 monento 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 monetor monentor 
 
 Pres. 
 
 monere ^ 
 
 
 moneri 
 
 Perf. 
 
 monuisse 
 
 
 monitus esse 
 
 FuT. 
 
 moniturus 
 
 esse 
 
 Participles 
 
 momtum iri 
 
 Pres. 
 
 monens 
 
 Perf. 
 
 monitus 
 
 FuT. 
 
 moniturus 
 
 FuT. 
 
 monendus (Gerundive) 
 
 Gerimd Supine 
 
 monendl, etc. monitum, -u 
 
 ^ Omitted forms and meanings are like those of laado. 
 2 The meanings are as given in 31 and 32. 
 
298 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 36. 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION 
 
 Principal Parts I ""^^' '^^^!^ I'T' '''^'''^' '""^^ 
 
 [regor, regi, rectus sum, be ruled 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 PRES. 
 
 rego 
 
 regam 
 
 
 regor 
 
 regar 
 
 
 regis 
 
 regas 
 
 
 regeris (-re) 
 
 regaris (-re) 
 
 
 regit 
 
 regat 
 
 
 regitur 
 
 regatur 
 
 
 regimus 
 
 regamus 
 
 
 regimur 
 
 regamur 
 
 
 regitis 
 
 regatis 
 
 
 regimini 
 
 regamini 
 
 
 regunt 
 
 regant 
 
 
 reguntur 
 
 regantur 
 
 Impp. 
 
 regebam 
 
 regerem 
 
 
 regebar 
 
 regerer 
 
 FUT. 
 
 regam 
 reges 
 reget, etc. 
 
 
 
 regar 
 
 regeris (-re) 
 regetur, etc. 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 rexi 
 
 rexerim 
 
 
 rectus sum 
 
 rectus sim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 rexeram 
 
 rexissem 
 
 
 rectus eram 
 
 rectus essem 
 
 P.P. 
 
 rexero 
 
 
 
 rectus ero 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 pRES. 
 
 rege 
 
 regite 
 
 
 regere 
 
 regimini 
 
 FuT. 
 
 regito 
 
 regitote 
 
 
 regitor 
 
 
 
 regito 
 
 regunto 
 
 
 regitor 
 
 reguntor 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 regere 
 
 
 
 regi 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 rexisse 
 
 
 
 rectus esse 
 
 * 
 
 FuT. 
 
 recturus esse 
 
 
 rectum iri 
 
 
 
 
 Participles 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 regens 
 
 
 Perf 
 
 . rectus 
 
 
 FuT. 
 
 recturus 
 
 
 FuT. 
 
 regendus (G 
 
 'erundive) 
 
 Gerund 
 
 Supine 
 
 
 
 
 regendi, etc. rectum, -u 
 
 
 
 
VERBS 
 
 299 
 
 37. 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION IN -10 
 
 ^ _. fcapio, capere, cepi, cap turn, take 
 
 Principal Parts \ . . . i . i 
 
 [capior, capi, captus sum, be taken 
 
 The perfect and supine systems are regular; see rego. 
 
 ACTIVE 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 PASSIVE 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 Pres. 
 
 capi 6 
 
 capiam 
 
 capior capiar 
 
 
 capis 
 
 capias 
 
 caperis (-re) capiaris (-re) 
 
 
 capit 
 
 capiat 
 
 capitur capiatur 
 
 
 capimus 
 
 capiamus 
 
 capimur capiamur 
 
 
 capitis 
 
 capiatis 
 
 capimini capiamini 
 
 
 capiunt 
 
 capiant 
 
 capiuntur capiantur 
 
 Impf. 
 
 capiebam 
 
 caperem 
 
 capiebar caperer 
 
 FUT. 
 
 capiam 
 
 
 capiar 
 
 
 capies 
 
 
 capieris (-re) 
 
 
 capiat, etc. 
 
 
 capietur, etc. 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 Pres. 
 
 cape 
 
 capite 
 
 capere capimini 
 
 FuT. 
 
 capito 
 
 capitate 
 
 capitor 
 
 
 capito 
 
 capiunto 
 
 capitor capiuntor 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Pres. 
 
 capere 
 
 
 capi 
 
 
 
 Participl* 
 
 ss 
 
 Pres. 
 
 capiens 
 
 
 FuT. capiendus (Gerundive) 
 
 Gerund 
 
 
 
 capiendi, etc. 
 
 
 
 38. 
 
 Principal 
 
 FOURTH CONJUGATION 
 
 Par 5, f^udio, audire, audivi, auditum, hear 
 [audior, audiri, auditus sum, be hean 
 
300 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 PRES. 
 
 audio 
 
 audiam 
 
 audior 
 
 audiar 
 
 
 audis 
 
 audias 
 
 audiris (-re) 
 
 audiaris (-re) 
 
 
 audit 
 
 audiat 
 
 auditur 
 
 audiatur 
 
 
 audimus 
 
 audiamus 
 
 audimur 
 
 audiamur 
 
 
 auditis 
 
 audiatis 
 
 audimini 
 
 audiamini 
 
 
 audiunt 
 
 audiant 
 
 audiuntur 
 
 audiantur 
 
 Impf. 
 
 audiebam 
 
 audirem 
 
 audiebar 
 
 audirer 
 
 Put. 
 
 audiam 
 audies 
 audiet, etc. 
 
 
 audiar 
 
 audieris (-re) 
 audietur, etc. 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 audivi 
 
 audiverim 
 
 auditus sum 
 
 auditus sim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 audiveram 
 
 audivissem 
 
 audltus eram 
 
 auditus essem 
 
 P.P. 
 
 audivero 
 
 
 auditus ero 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 Pres. 
 
 audi 
 
 audite 
 
 audire 
 
 audimini 
 
 Put. 
 
 audito 
 
 auditote 
 
 auditor 
 
 
 
 audito 
 
 audiunto 
 
 auditor 
 
 audiuntor 
 
 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 • 
 
 Pres. 
 
 audire 
 
 
 audiri 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 audivisse 
 
 
 auditus esse 
 
 Put. 
 
 auditurus ( 
 
 esse 
 
 auditum iri 
 
 
 
 Participles 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 audiens 
 
 
 Perf. auditus 
 
 
 Put. 
 
 auditurus 
 
 
 Put. audiendus {Gerundive) 
 
 Gerund Supine 
 
 audiendi, etc. auditum, -u 
 
VERBS 
 
 301 
 
 39. ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 
 
 Subjunctive 
 Pres. laudaturus sim 
 
 Impf. laudaturus essem 
 
 Perf. laudaturus fuerim 
 Plup. laudaturus fuissem 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Pres. laudaturus esse 
 Perf. laudaturus fuisse 
 
 40. PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 
 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Pres. 
 
 laudaturus sum, / am about 
 
 
 to praise 
 
 Impf. 
 
 laudaturus eram 
 
 FUT. 
 
 laudaturus ero 
 
 Perf. 
 
 laudaturus fui 
 
 Plup. 
 
 laudaturus fueram 
 
 P.P. 
 
 laudaturus fuero 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Pres. laudandus sum, I am to he 
 
 praised, I have to he praised 
 Impf. laudandus eram 
 FuT. laudandus ero 
 Perf. laudandus fui 
 Plup. laudandus fueram 
 P. P. laudandus fuero 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Subjunctive 
 laudandus sim 
 
 Impf. laudandus essem 
 
 Perf. laudandus fuerim 
 Plup. laudandus fuissem 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Pres. laudandus esse 
 Perf. laudandus fuisse 
 
 41. 
 
 DEPONENT VERBS 
 
 CONJ. I. 
 
 CONJ. II. 
 
 CoNJ. III. 
 
 CoNJ. IV. 
 
 Examples 
 
 liortor, hortari, hortatus sum, exhort 
 vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear 
 sequor, sequi, sectitus sum, follow ^ 
 potior, potiri, potitus sum, become master of 
 
 * Pres. indie. : sequor, sequeris, sequitur, sequimur, sequimini, 
 ■equuntur. 
 
302 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 In the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative, these verbs 
 are conjugated Uke the passive of regular verbs. All the forms, 
 except the gerundive, are active in meaning. 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 RES 
 
 •<. hortare 
 
 verere sequere 
 
 potire 
 
 UT. 
 
 hortator 
 
 veretor sequitor 
 
 potitor 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Pres. hortari vereri sequi potiri 
 
 Perf. hortatus esse veritus esse sectitus esse potitus esse 
 FuT. hortaturus esse veriturus esse secuttirus esse potlturus esse 
 
 Participles 
 
 Pres. hortans 
 FuT. hortaturus 
 Perf. hortatus 
 Ger. hortandus 
 
 hortandi 
 
 verens 
 veriturus 
 veritus 
 verendus 
 
 sequens 
 secuttirus 
 secutus 
 sequendus 
 
 potiens 
 potitiirus 
 potitus 
 potiendus 
 
 Gerund 
 verendi sequendi potiendi 
 
 hortatum 
 
 Supine 
 veritum secutum 
 
 potitum 
 
 42. There are four semi-deponent verbs, having the active 
 form in the present system, but the passive in the perfect system, 
 with the active meaning throughout: audeo, audere, ausus sum, 
 dare; gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoice; soleo, solere, soli- 
 tus sum, be accustomed; fido, fidere, fisus sum, trust. 
 
 43. IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui, futurus 
 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 Present Present 
 
 / am I may he ^ 
 
 The translation of the subjunctive varies. 
 
VERBS 
 
 303 
 
 SINGULAR PLURAL 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 sum sumus 
 
 sim 
 
 
 simus 
 
 es estis 
 
 sis 
 
 
 sitis 
 
 est sunt 
 
 sit 
 
 
 sint 
 
 iMPERif'iJCT 
 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 I was 
 
 
 / might 
 
 be^ 
 
 eram " eramus 
 
 essem 
 
 
 essemus 
 
 eras eratis 
 
 esses 
 
 
 essetis 
 
 erat erant 
 
 esset 
 
 
 essent 
 
 Future 
 
 
 
 
 / shall be 
 
 
 
 
 ero erimus 
 
 
 
 
 eris eritis 
 
 
 
 
 erit erunt 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect 
 I have been, I was 
 fui fuimus 
 
 Perfect 
 I may have been ^ 
 fuerjm fuerimus 
 
 fuisti fuistis 
 
 fueris fueritis 
 
 fuit fuerunt (-ere) 
 
 fuerit fuerint 
 
 • 
 
 Pluperfeci" 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 I had been 
 
 I should have been ^ 
 
 fueram fueramus 
 
 fuissem fuissemus 
 
 fueras fueratis 
 
 fuisses fuissetis 
 
 fuerat fuerant 
 
 fuisset fuissent 
 
 Future Perfect 
 / shall have been 
 
 fuero 
 fueris 
 fuerit 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fueritis 
 
 fuerint 
 
 * The translation of the subjunctive varies. 
 
304 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 Imperative 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 Pees, es, he thou 
 
 FuT. esto, thou shalt 
 he 
 esto, he shall 
 be 
 
 PLURAL Pres. esse, to he 
 
 este, he ye Perf. fuisse, to have 
 
 heen 
 estote, ye shall Fut. futiirus esse, to 
 he he ahout to he 
 
 sunto, they shall 
 he 
 
 44. 
 
 Participle 
 
 futiirus, ahout to he 
 
 Principal Parts: possum, posse, potui, he able. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Pres. possum, potes, potest 
 possumus, potestis, 
 
 possunt 
 Impf. poteram 
 Fut. potero 
 Perf. potui 
 Plup. potueram 
 F. P. potuero 
 
 Infinitive 
 Pres. posse 
 Perf. potuisse 
 
 Subjunctive 
 Pres. possim, possis, etc, 
 
 Impf. possem, posses, etc, 
 
 Perf. potuerim 
 Plup. potuissem 
 
 Participle 
 
 Pres. potens (adj.) 
 
 45. Principal Parts: fio, fieri, f actus sum, be made, be done. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Pres. fio, fis, fit 
 
 fimus, fitis, fiunt 
 Impf. fiebam 
 Fut. fiam, fies, etc. 
 Perf, factus sum 
 Plup. factus eram 
 F. P. factus ero 
 
 Imperative 
 Pres. fi, fite 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Pres. fiam, fias, etc. 
 
 Impf. fierem 
 
 Perf. factus sim 
 Plup. factus essem 
 
 Participles 
 
 Perf. factus 
 
 Fut. faciendus (Gerundive) 
 
VERBS 
 
 305 
 
 Infinitive 
 Pres. fieri Perf. factus esse Fut. factum in 
 
 46. Principal Parts : eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, go. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Pres. e5, is, it, 
 
 imus, itis, eunt 
 Impf. ibam 
 Fut. ibo 
 Perf. ii, isti, iit (it) 
 
 iimus, istis, ierunt (-re) 
 Plup. ieram 
 F. P. iero 
 
 Imperative 
 
 Pres. i, ite 
 Fut. ito, itote 
 ito, eunto 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Pres. ire 
 
 Perf. isse 
 
 Fut. ittirus esse 
 
 Subjunctive 
 Pres. earn 
 
 Impf. irem 
 
 Perf. ierim 
 
 Plup. issem 
 
 Participles 
 
 Pres. lens {Gen. euntis) 
 Fut. itiirus 
 
 eundi, etc. 
 
 itum -u 
 
 Gerund 
 
 Supine 
 
 47. Principal Parts 
 
 f fero, ferre, tuli, latum, hear 
 Iferor, ferri, latus sum, he home 
 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Pres. 
 
 fero 
 
 feram 
 
 feror 
 
 ferar 
 
 
 fers 
 
 feras 
 
 ferris 
 
 feraris (-re) 
 
 
 fert 
 
 ferat 
 
 fertur 
 
 feratur 
 
 
 ferimus 
 
 feram us 
 
 f erimur 
 
 feramur 
 
 
 fertis 
 
 feratis 
 
 ferimini 
 
 feramini 
 
 
 ferunt 
 
 ferant 
 
 feruntur 
 
 ferantur 
 
 Impf. 
 
 ferebam 
 
 ferrem 
 
 ferebar 
 
 ferrer 
 
 Fut. 
 
 feram 
 
 
 ferar 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tuli 
 
 tulerim 
 
 latus sum 
 
 latus sim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 tuleram 
 
 tulissem 
 
 latus eram 
 
 latus essem 
 
 F. P. 
 
 tulero 
 
 
 latus ero 
 
 
306 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 PRES. 
 
 fer, ferte 
 
 ferre, ferimini 
 
 Put. 
 
 ferto, fer tote 
 
 fertor 
 
 
 fer to, ferunto 
 
 fertor, feruntor 
 Infinitive 
 
 pRES. 
 
 ferre 
 
 ferri 
 
 Perf. 
 
 tulisse 
 
 latus esse 
 
 Put. 
 
 laturus esse 
 
 latum iri 
 
 Pres. ferens 
 Put. laturus 
 
 Gerund 
 ferendi, etc. 
 
 Participles 
 
 Perf. latus 
 
 Put. ferendus {Gerundive) 
 
 Supine 
 latum, -u 
 
 48. Principal Parts 
 
 volo, velle, volui, he willing^ wish. 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, he unwilling. 
 malo, malle, malui, prefer. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 volo 
 
 Indicative 
 nolo 
 
 malo 
 
 
 VIS 
 
 non VIS 
 
 mavis 
 
 
 vult (volt) 
 
 non vult 
 
 mavult 
 
 
 volumus 
 
 nolumus 
 
 malumus 
 
 
 vultis (voltis) 
 
 non vultis 
 
 ma vultis 
 
 
 volunt 
 
 nolunt 
 
 malunt 
 
 Impf. 
 
 volebam 
 
 nolebam 
 
 malebam 
 
 Put. 
 
 volam, voles, etc. 
 
 nolam 
 
 malam 
 
 Perf. 
 
 volui 
 
 nolui 
 
 malui 
 
 Plup. 
 
 volueram 
 
 nolueram 
 
 malueram 
 
 P. P. 
 
 voluero 
 
 noluero 
 Subjunctive 
 
 maluero 
 
 Pres. 
 
 velim, veils, etc. 
 
 nolim 
 
 malim 
 
 Impf. 
 
 vellem, velles, etc. 
 
 nollem 
 
 mallem 
 
 Perf. 
 
 voluerim 
 
 noluerim 
 
 maluerim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 voluissem 
 
 noluissem 
 
 maluissem 
 
VERBS 
 
 307 
 
 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 noli 
 
 1 
 
 nolite 
 
 
 FUT. 
 
 nollto 
 nolito 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 ndlitote 
 nolunto 
 
 Pres. 
 
 velle 
 
 
 nolle 
 
 malle 
 
 Perf. 
 
 voluisse 
 
 
 noluisse 
 Participle 
 
 maluisse 
 
 Pres. 
 
 volens 
 
 
 nolens 
 
 
 49. do, dare, dedi, datum, give, is conjugated like the verbs 
 of the first conjugation, but the stem vowel a is short in all 
 forms except the second person singular of the present active 
 indicative and imperative (das, da), and the nominative singular 
 of the present participle (dans). 
 
 60. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS 
 Indicative 
 
 Perf. coepi, I began memini, / remem- 
 ber 
 
 Plup. coeperam memineram, I remem- 
 
 bered 
 
 F. P. coepero meminero, / shall re- 
 
 member 
 
 odi, I hate 
 oderam, / hated 
 
 odero, / shall hate 
 
 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 coeperim 
 
 meminerim 
 
 5derim 
 
 Plup. 
 
 coepissem 
 
 meminissem 
 Imperative 
 
 odissem 
 
 
 SINGULAR 
 
 
 PLURAL 
 
 
 memento 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 memento te 
 
 Perf. 
 
 coepisse 
 
 meminisse 
 
 odisse 
 
 FuT. 
 
 coep.turus esse 
 
 
 osiirus esse 
 
308 
 
 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 
 
 Participles 
 
 
 Perf. 
 
 coeptus, begun 
 
 
 osus 
 
 FUT. 
 
 coepttirus 
 
 
 osurus 
 
 51. The defective verb inquam, say, is used with direct quota- 
 tions. It has the following forms, but only the first three are in 
 common use. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Pres. inquam inquis inquit inquimus inquitis inquiunt 
 
 Imp. inquiebat 
 
 FuT. inquies inquiet 
 
 Perf. inquii inquisti inquit 
 
 Imperative 
 Pres. inque Fut. inquito 
 
 62. 
 
 IMPERSONAL VERBS 
 
 Principal Parts: licet, licere, licuit (licitum est) it is allowed. 
 Indicative Subjunctive 
 
 Pres. licet 
 
 Impf. licebat 
 
 Fut. licebit 
 
 Perf. licuit (licitum est) 
 
 Plup. licuerat (licitum erat) 
 
 F. P. licuerit (licitum erit) 
 
 liceat 
 liceret 
 
 licuerit (licitum sit) 
 licuisset (licitum esset) 
 
 Infinitive 
 licere, licuisse, hciturum esse 
 
 PART II. THE FORMATION OF WORDS 
 
 53. Root. — A root is a monosyllable which contains the funda- 
 mental meaning of a word. Thus due- implies the idea of lead- 
 ing in the noun dux and in the verb duco. A root may vary in 
 quantity or in spelling, as diic-, due- (in duco, dux) ; teg-, tog- 
 (in tego, toga). 
 
 54. Stem. — A stem is a fixed part of an inflected word. In 
 some words it is the same as the root, as in dux (duc-s), in which 
 
NOUNS. PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 309 
 
 the stem and the root are both due-. In others the stem is the 
 root with one or more added letters, as in duc-e-, the stem of 
 duco, and in flu-min-, the stem of flumen. 
 
 55. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more letters added to a root 
 or to a stem, to modify the meaning. Thus -tor is the suffix 
 added to the root due-, to make duetor, a leader; but added to the 
 stem audi-, to make auditor, a hearer. 
 
 56. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more letters joined to the 
 beginning of a word to modify its meaning : ab-dueo, / lead away. 
 
 57. Word Formation. — Word formation treats of the deriva- 
 tion of words from roots or stems by the use of suffixes and pre- 
 fixes. 
 
 58. Derivative Words. — A word formed from a root or a verb- 
 stem is called a primary derivative : vie-tor, victor. A word de- 
 rived from a noun-stem or an adjective-stem is called a second" 
 ary derivative : vietor-ia, victory. 
 
 NOUNS: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES i 
 
 59. The suffixes -tor, -sor, form nouns denoting the agent or 
 doer: orator, one who speaks (oro) ; defen-sor, one who defends 
 (defendo). 
 
 (a) gladia-tor, one who uses the sword, is probably from the stem 
 of an obsolete verb. 
 
 (6) Other suffixes denoting agency are seen in serib-a, eol-onus 
 pa-ter (one who protects). 
 
 60. The suffixes -io, -sio, -tio, -sus, -tus (gen. us), -tura, 
 -ina, -ium form nouns denoting action or, concretely, the result 
 of action : leg-io, a levying, a legion (lego) ; ineen-sio, a setting 
 fire to (ineendo) ; ora-tio, a speaking (oro) ; vi-sus, a looking, act 
 of seeing (video) ; adven-tus, a coming to, approach (advenio) ; 
 iac-tura, a throwing (iacio) ; rap-ina, act of robbery (rapio) ; 
 gaud-ium, yo?/ (gaudeo). 
 
 Note. — In general, nouns denoting action are primarily ab- 
 stract, but often become concrete, that is, they lose the idea of 
 action and come to denote the result, the means, or the place of 
 action. 
 
 61. The suffixes -men, -mentum, -monia, -monium form 
 nouns denoting action, the means, or the result of action : ag-men, 
 that which is led (ago) ; flu-men, a flowing (fluo) ; orna-mentum, 
 
 ^ Some of the less common suffixes are omitted. 
 
310 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 that which adorns (orno) ; detri-mentum, that which is worn away^ 
 loss (detero)' ; queri-monia, a complaining (queror) ; testi- 
 monium, evidence (tester). 
 
 62. The suffixes -brum, -crum, -trum, -ulum, -bulum, -culum, 
 -bra, -ula, -bula, etc., form nouns denoting the means, the instru- 
 ment, or the place : delu-brum, a place of cleansing, a temple 
 (deluo) ; simula-crum, a likeness (simulo) ; vinc-ulum, a bond 
 (vincio) ; pa-bulum, that which nourishes (pa-, nourish) ; guber- 
 na-culum, a helm (guberno) ; late-bra, a hiding-place (lateo). 
 
 63. The suffix -or forms masculine abstract nouns denoting a 
 mental state: am-or, love (amo) ; tim-or, /ear (timeo). 
 
 NOUNS; SECONDARY DERIVATIVES 
 
 64. The suffixes -lus, -la, -lum, -ulus, -cuius, etc., form nouns 
 called diminutives. These words follow the gender of the words 
 from which they are derived : libel-lus, little hook (liber) ; tabel-la, 
 small board, tablet (tabula) ; lect-ulus, little couch (lectus). 
 
 65. The suffixes -tas, -tus, -tudo, -ia, -tia, -ium, -tium form 
 abstract nouns denoting quality or condition : boni-tas, goodness 
 (bonus) ; vir-tus, manliness (vir) ; audac-ia, boldness (audax) ; 
 amici-tisi, friendship (amicus) ; servi-tium, slavery (servus). 
 
 66. The suffix -ium is much used in both primary (60) and 
 secondary (65) derivatives. The following secondary derivatives 
 denote action : auspic-ium, augury (auspex) ; remig-ium, rowing 
 (remex). 
 
 67. The suffix -arius added to a noun-stem denotes a dealer or 
 maker; -arium, the place where things are kept : falc-arius, scythe- 
 maker (falx) ; tabul-arium, record-office (tabula). 
 
 68. The suffixes -6, -lis, -nus (gen., -i) added to a noun-stem 
 may denote the person concerned, frequently an officer : cen- 
 turi-o, commander of a century (centuria) ; aedi-lis, commissioner 
 of buildings (aedes) ; tribu-nus, head of a tribe (tribus). 
 
 69. The suffixes -atus, -ura, added to the stem of a personal 
 name, denote office ; -Ina, an art : consul-atus, office of consul 
 (consul) ; praefect-ura, office of commander (praefectus) ; 
 medic-ina, the healing art (medicus). 
 
 ADJECTIVES: PRIMARY DERIVATIVES 
 
 70. The suffixes -ax, -icus, -idus, -ulus form adjectives, chiefly 
 with the meaning of the present participle; aud-ax, daring 
 
DERIVATION OF VERBS 311 
 
 (audeo) ; am-Icus, loving, friendly (an^o) 5 tim-idus, fearfult 
 timid (timed) ; cred-ulus, quick to believe (credo). 
 
 71. The suffixes -ilis, -bilis, -tivus form adjectives, chiefly with 
 a passive meaning, sometimes denoting capability: fac-ilis, that 
 may be done, easy (facio) ; credi-bilis, that may be believed (credo) ; 
 cap-tivus, captured (capio). 
 
 ADJECTIVES: SECONDARY DERIVATIVES 
 
 72. Adjectives meaning belonging to, relating to, derived from^ 
 are formed with the following suffixes : -cus, -icus, -ticus ; -ius, 
 -icius ; -nus, -anus, -enus, -inus ; -alis, -elis, -ilis, -ulis ; -aris, 
 -arius ; -ivus, -timus ; -ensis ; -cer, -cris, -ter, -tris, -ester, 
 -estris, -estis : bell-icus, of war (bellum) ; frater-nus, of a 
 brother (frater) ; reg-alis, of a king (rex) ; consul-aris, of a con- 
 sul (consul) ; mari-timus, of the sea (mare) ; agr-estis, of the 
 field (ager). 
 
 73. The suffixes -osus, -lentus, -tus form adjectives meaning 
 full of, provided with: pericul-osus, full of -danger, dangerous 
 (periculum) ; turbu-lentus, disorderly (turba) ; hones-tus, 
 honorable (honor) ; ius-tus, just (ius). 
 
 74. The suffix -eus forms adjectives denoting material; 
 idus, denoting state or condition : argent-eus, made of silver 
 (argentum) ; luc-idus, bright (lux). 
 
 75. The suffixes -anus, -enus, -inus, -icus, -ius, -ensis, form 
 adjectives denoting place of origin : Rom-anus, of Rome (Roma) ; 
 Ital-icus, Italian (Italia) ; Athen-i-ensis, of Athens (Athenae). 
 
 76. The suffixes -ernus, -urnus, -tinus form adjectives from 
 nouns or adverbs denoting time: hodi-ernus, of this day (hodie) ; 
 noct-urnus, at night (nox) ; cras-tinus, of to-morrow (eras). 
 
 DERIVATION OF VERBS 
 
 77. Primary Verbs. — Some verbs are derived from roots, 
 either directly or by the addition of a vowel. In this class are 
 most verbs of the third conjugation and irregular verbs : reg-e-re, 
 es-se, i-re, fer-re, vel-le, da-re. Others are formed from nouns, 
 adjectives, or other verbs. 
 
 78. Denominative Verbs. — Verbs derived from nouns or 
 adjectives are called denominative : liber-6, set free (liber) ; 
 nomin-o, name (nomen) ; flor-eo, bloom (flos, flower) ; met-ud 
 fear (metus) ; fin-io, put an end to (finis). 
 
312 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 79. Verbs Derived from Verbs. — These include : 
 
 (a) Frequentative or intensive verbs, denoting repeated or 
 intense action. They are of the first conjugation, and end in 
 -to, -so, -ito, -tito, -sito : iac-to, toss (iacio) ; ag-ito, move vio' 
 lently (ago) ; cur-so, run about (curro). 
 
 (6) Inceptive or inchoative verbs, denoting the beginning of an 
 action. These end in -sco, and are added to present stems : 
 hebe-sco, grow dull (hebeo, be dull). 
 
 Note. — Some verbs of this class apparently come from nouns 
 or adjectives : advesperascit, evening approaches (vesper) ; 
 inveterasco, grow old (vetus). 
 
 (c) Causative verbs, signifying a causing to act : caedo, cause 
 to fall (cado, fall) ; fugo, put to flight (fugio, flee) ; sisto, cause to 
 stand (sto, stand). 
 
 DERIVATION OF ADVERBS 
 
 80. Adverbs are derived chiefly from adjectives, nouns, or 
 pronouns. 
 
 81. Adverbs in -e are formed from adjectives of the second 
 declension : late, widely (latus). In bene and male, -e is short. 
 
 82. Adverbs in -ter (-iter) are formed chiefly from adjectives 
 of the third declension : gravi-ter, heavily (gravis). 
 
 83. Adverbs in -am, -em, -im, -um, and some in -e are the 
 accusative singular of nouns or adjectives ; those in -a, -as are 
 the accusative plural : quam, vicem, partim, multum, facile, cet- 
 era, alias. 
 
 84. Adverbs in -a, -6, -6, and some in -e, -e, are the ablative 
 singular of adjectives, nouns, or pronouns : recta, primo, modo, 
 forte, hodie. 
 
 85. Adverbs in -tus (-itus) are formed from nouns or adjec- 
 tives and denote source or time : antiquitus, anciently (antiquus) ; 
 divinitus, by divine favor (divinus). 
 
 COMPOUND WORDS 
 
 86. Compound words are formed by the union of simple 
 words. 
 
 (a) Nouns: agri-cola., tiller of a field, farmer; arti-f ex, master of 
 an art (ars, facio) ; bene-volentia, good-will ; inter-regnum, in- 
 terval between two reigns; res-publica, commonwealth. 
 
SYNTAX 
 
 313 
 
 (5) Adjectives: omni-potens, almighty; parti-ceps, partaking^ 
 sharing (pars, capio) ; vene-ficus, poisoning (venenum, facio). 
 
 (c) Verbs: ab-eo, go away; anim-ad-verto, turn attention to, 
 observe; prae-dico, foretell; satis-facio, make amends (do enough 
 for) ; ven-eo, go to sale, he sold (venum, eo). 
 
 (d) Adverbs : ad-huc, hitherto; postri-die, the next day. 
 
 87. Prefixes. — The prefixes of compound words are the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 a, ab, abs, away, off, without. 
 
 ad, to, toward, near. 
 
 ambi-, around. 
 
 ante, before. 
 
 circum, around, about. 
 
 com-, con-, co-, together, 
 
 de, away. 
 
 dis-, di-, apart. 
 
 e, ex, out, without. 
 
 in, in, into, against; not, 
 
 inter, between. 
 
 intro, within. 
 
 ob, before, against. 
 
 per, through, thoroughly, 
 
 post, after, behind. 
 
 prae, before. 
 
 praeter, beside. 
 
 pro, pro, -por, forth, before^ for, 
 
 re-, red-, hack. 
 
 se-, sed-, apart. 
 
 sub, under. 
 
 subter, beneath. 
 
 super, supra, over, 
 
 trans, across. 
 
 PART III. SYNTAX 
 
 88. Questions. — Questions, in Latin, may be introduced by 
 an interrogative pronoun, interrogative adjective, or interroga- 
 tive adverb, especially -ne, nonne, num. Nonne implies the 
 answer yes; num, the answer no: -ne is an enclitic, attached to 
 the first word of the question, and implies nothing about the 
 answer. 
 
 1. quis te salutavit ? who saluted you? Cat. I. 7. 
 
 2. quanta in voluptate bacchabere ? in what pleasure will you 
 revel? Cat. I. 10. 
 
 3. quid taces ? why are you silent? Cat. I. 4. 
 
 4. mosne maiorum (te impedit) ? does the custom of our an^ 
 cestors hinder you? Cat. I. 11. 
 
 5. nonne hunc in vincula duci imperabis ? will you not order 
 him to be put into prison? Cat. I. 11. 
 
 6. num negare audes ? you dare not deny, do you ? Cat. 1. 4. 
 
314 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 a. -ne is sometimes used for nonne or num, when the answer 
 is understood : potestne tibi haec lux esse iucunda ? can this 
 light of day he pleasant to you? Cat. I. 6 (answer " no "). 
 
 b. Tandem or the enclitic -nam are sometimes used to empha- 
 size a question: quo usque tandem? how far, pray? Cat. I. 1. 
 
 c. Questions are sometimes expressed without an interroga- 
 tive word : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see that 
 your plots are exposed? Cat. I. 1. 
 
 d. For indicative questions see 184 ; for subjunctive questions 
 see 201 ; for questions in indirect discourse see 215, d. 
 
 89. Alternative or Double Questions. — These inquire which 
 of two or more suppositions is true. The first member begins 
 with utrum, -ne, whether, or without an introductory word ; the 
 second member begins with an, or, negative annon, or not: 
 utrum is clemens an inhumanissimus esse videatur, whether he 
 would appear to be mild or most inhuman; Cat. IV. 6. 
 
 a. Necne, or not, may be used instead of an non in the second 
 member of a double indirect question (202) : quaesivi in conventu 
 fuisset necne, / asked whether he had been at the meeting or not; 
 Cat. II. 6. 
 
 5. An may introduce a single question, being equivalent to -ne, 
 nonne, or num, with added surprise or emphasis upon a preceding 
 statement : an Scipio Gracchum interfecit ? did not Scipio kill 
 Gracchus? Cat. I. 1.. 
 
 90. Rhetorical Question. — A rhetorical question is one whose 
 answer is self-evident, and is put by way of emphasis for a 
 declarative statement: quis dubitat ? who doubts? (= nobody 
 doubts). 
 
 91. Answers. — The answer " yes " is expressed by repeating 
 the verb or another emphatic word, or by vero, etiam, ita, certe, 
 etc. The answer " no " is expressed by repeating the verb with 
 non, or by non minime, etc., without a verb. 
 
 NOUNS 
 
 92. Agreement. — A noun used as an appositive or predicate of 
 another noun or pronoun agrees with it in case : Opimius, consul, 
 Opimius the consid ; Cat. I. 2 ; viro forti, coUegae meo, to a 
 brave many my colleague; Cat. III. 6. 
 
NOUNS 315 
 
 Nominative Case 
 
 A noun in the nominative case may be used as follows : — 
 
 93. Subject of a finite verb : senatus haec intellegit, the Senate 
 knows these things; Cat. I. 1. 
 
 94. Subject of an " historical " infinitive (213) : Caesar 
 frumentum flagitare, Caesar kept demanding grain. 
 
 95. Predicate nominative, after 
 
 a. The intransitive verbs be, become, seem, etc. : patria, quae 
 est parens omnium, our country, which is the parent of all; Cat. I. 7. 
 
 6. The passive verbs be made, be called, be chosen, etc. : habea- 
 tur vir egregius Paulus, let Paulus be regarded as an extraordinary 
 man; Cat. IV. 10. 
 
 Vocative Case 
 
 96. The name of the person or thing addressed is put in the 
 vocative case. This is spelled like the nominative except in the 
 singular of -us nouns of the second declension, which have the 
 vocative in -e : quo usque abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? 
 how long, Catiline, will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1. 
 
 a. Filius and proper names in -ius form the vocative singular 
 in -i : fili, son; Marce Tulli, quid agis? Marcus Tullius, what are 
 you doing? Cat. I. 11. 
 
 Genitive Case 
 The genitive case is used with nouns, adjectives, and verbs. 
 
 A. Genitive with Nouns 
 
 97. Possessive genitive, denoting the possessor: ex aedibus 
 Cethegi, from the house of Cethegus ; Cat. III. 3. 
 
 98. Subjective genitive, denoting the agent or subject of an 
 action or feeling implied by another noun : deorum erga vos 
 amore, with the love of the gods for you; Cat. III. 1. 
 
 99. Objective genitive, denoting the object of an action or feel- 
 ing implied by another noun : invidiae metus, the fear of unpopv^ 
 larity ; Cat. I. 11. 
 
 100. Descriptive genitive, used to describe another noun. In 
 this use the genitive is modified by an adjective or pronoun : 
 huius modi consultum, a decree of this kind; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 101. Genitive of material, denoting the material of which some- 
 thing consists ; talentum auri, a talent of gold. 
 
316 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 102. Appositional genitive, having the force of an appositive : 
 hoc poetae nomen, this name of poet ; Ar. 8. 
 
 103. Genitive of the whole, depending on a word denoting a 
 part. The word denoting the part may be a noun, a pronoun 
 (indefinite or interrogative), an adjective (numeral, comparative, 
 or superlative), or an adverb (denoting quantity or place) : 
 quid consili ? what plan f Cat. I. 1 ; ubinam gentium ? where 
 in the world? Cat. I. 4. 
 
 a. The ablative with de or ex may be used instead of the 
 genitive of the whole, especially after cardinal numerals : unus ex 
 istis, the only one of these; Cat. III. 7. 
 
 B. Genitive with Adjectives 
 
 104. The objective genitive is used with adjectives denoting 
 desire, knowledge, memory, fullness, participation, or their oppo- 
 site : plenissimum navium, very full of ships ; P. 12. 
 
 a. For the genitive with proprius, similis, see 119 a, 6. 
 
 C. Genitive with Verbs 
 
 105. With verbs of accusing, acquitting, condemning, a genitive 
 is used to denote the charge : me inertiae condemno, / fnd 
 myself guilty of inactivity ; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 106. The impersonal verbs of feeling, miseret, paenitet, piget, 
 pudet, and taedet, take an accusative of the person concerned, 
 and a genitive of that which causes the feeling : me meorum f ac- 
 torum paenitebit, / shall repent of my deeds (lit. it will repent 
 me of) ; Cat. IV. 10. 
 
 107. Interest and refert take the genitive of the person or 
 thing concerned, if expressed by a noun, but the ablative feminine 
 singular of the possessive, if expressed by a personal pronoun. 
 The degree of interest is expressed by a genitive of value, a neu- 
 ter accusative, or an adverb : parvi refert, it matters little; P. 7. 
 mea quid interest, what is for my interest; Cat. IV. 5. 
 
 108. Verbs of memory, memini, obliviscor, reminiscor, take 
 the genitive or accusative. If the object is a person, obliviscor 
 takes the genitive only, and reminiscor the accusative only : 
 obliviscere caedis, forget murder; Cat. I. 3. 
 
 109. The genitive is sometimes used with potior (147) ; rerum 
 potiri, to get control of affairs ; Cat. II. 9. 
 
NOUNS 317 
 
 110. With est and verbs of value, the genitive adjectives 
 magni, parvi, tanti, quanti, pluris, plurimi, denote indefinite 
 value : est tanti, it is of such value, it is worth while; Cat. I. 9. 
 
 111. Predicate Genitive. — A possessive or descriptive geni- 
 tive may be used in the predicate : unum genus est eorum, one 
 class consists of those men; Cat. II. 8 ; est sapientiae, it is the 
 part of (belongs to) wisdom; P. 7. 
 
 Dative Case 
 
 The uses of the dative case are as follows : — 
 
 112. Dative of indirect object, 
 
 a. With transitive verbs : (tabellas) ostendimus Cethego, we 
 showed the tablets to Cethegus; Cat. III. 5. 
 
 b. With intransitive verbs meaning favor, help, please, trusty 
 and their opposites ; believe, persuade, command, obey, serve^ 
 resist; envy, threaten, pardon, spare: huic urbi minitantem, 
 threatening this city; Cat. II. 1. mihi credite, believe me, Cat. 
 II. 7. 
 
 Note 1 . — Some verbs of these meanings are transitive and 
 govern the accusative, as delecto, iubeo, iuvo, laedo. 
 
 Note 2, — In the passive these verbs are used only imper- 
 sonally (172, b) : mihi nihil noceri potest, in no way can harm be 
 done to me; Cat. III. 12. 
 
 c. With some verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, de, in, 
 inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super : cui adulescentulo facem 
 praetulisti, before what young man have you carried a torch? 
 Cat. I. 6. 
 
 d. With verbs accompanied by satis, bene, and male : 
 satis facere rei publicae, to satisfy (do enough for) the state; 
 Cat. I. 1. 
 
 113. Dative of separation, with verbs meaning take away, 
 used of words denoting persons : hunc mihi timorem eripe, take 
 away this fear from me; Cat. I. 7. 
 
 114. Dative of purpose or tendency, denoting the purpose for 
 which anything is done, or the object toward which anything 
 tends : eos qui fructui sunt, those who are (for) a source of income; 
 P. 6. 
 
 o. The dative of purpose is often used in connection with the 
 dative of reference (115) : eos qui vobis fructui sunt, those who 
 are (for) a source of income to you; P. 6. 
 
318 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 115. Dative of reference, denoting the person or thing con- 
 cerned by the action : tibi uni vexatio sociorum impunita fuit 
 (for) in the case of you alone the harassing of our allies has been 
 unpunished; Cat. I. 7. 
 
 a. The dative of reference may be equivalent to a possessive 
 genitive or adjective : tibi de manibus, from your hands; Cat. I. 6. 
 
 b. The dative of personal pronouns, mihi, tibi, etc., may be 
 used with expressions of emotion, interest, surprise, or derision. 
 This is called the ethical dative or dative of feeling. It is in 
 reality a dative of reference : Tongilium mihi eduxit, bless me, 
 he did take along Tongilius; Cat. II. 2. 
 
 116. Dative of the agent, used with a passive periphrastic form, 
 or with a perfect participle : erit verendum mihi, / shall have to 
 fear; Cat. I. 2. tibi constituti fuerunt, they have been designated 
 by you; Cat. I. 7. 
 
 117. Dative of the possessor, used with forms of sum: est 
 vobis auctor, you have (as) an authority; P. 23. 
 
 118. Dative with personal nouns, instead of the genitive: 
 nuUus est portis custos, there is no guard for the gates; Cat. II. 12. 
 
 119. Dative with adjectives meaning near, like, fit, sujfficientj 
 acceptable, friendly: proximi Germanis, next to the Germans; 
 B.G. I. 1. i 
 
 a. Similis may take the genitive instead of the dative, espe- 
 cially of words denoting persons : tui similis, like you (the like of 
 you) ; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 b. Proprius may take a possessive genitive instead of the 
 dative : huius imperi proprium, characteristic of this authority; | 
 v/at. X. o. 
 
 Accusative Case 
 
 The uses of the accusative case are as follows : — 
 
 120. Direct object of a transitive verb : ducem hostium vide- 
 mus, we see the leader of the enemy; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 121. Secondary Object. — Some verbs meaning ask, demand^ 
 teach, or conceal, may take two objects, one of the person (direct 
 object), the other of the thing (secondary object) : hos sententiam 
 rogo, / ask them their opinion; Cat. I. 4. id quod nos Mithri- 
 dates docuit, what Mithridates taught us; P. 7. In the passive 
 construction these verbs retain the secondary object in the 
 accusative. 
 
 Note. — The verbs so used are oro, posco, rogo, interrogo. 
 
NOUNS 319 
 
 flagito, doceo, celo. Peto and postulo take ab with the abla- 
 tive of the person asked ; quaero takes ab, de, or ex; pcsco and 
 flagito may take ab. Interrogo and quaero may take de with 
 the ablative of the thing asked about, instead of a direct ac- 
 cusative. 
 
 122. Predicate Accusative. — The verbs make, call, choose^ 
 regard, show, etc., may take two accusatives, one of the direct 
 object, the other a predicate accusative : quem Statorem nomi- 
 namus, whom we call protector; Cat. I. 13. In the passive these 
 verbs take a predicate nominative (95), instead of the predicate 
 accusative of the active construction. 
 
 a. Certain infinitives like esse, with a subject accusative, may 
 take a predicate accusative in agreement mth the subject : 
 quem esse hostem comperisti, whom you have learned to he an 
 enemy; Cat. I. 11. 
 
 123. Subject of an Infinitive. — The accusative is used as the 
 subject of any infinitive except an historical infinitive (213) : 
 si te interfici iussero, if I shall order you to be put to death; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 124. Object of Certain Prepositions. — For these prepositions 
 see 231. 
 
 125. An accusative may follow the adjectives propior, proxi- 
 mus, and the adverbs propius, proxime, pridie : pridie Kalendas, 
 the day before the Calends; Cat. I. 6. 
 
 126. Accusative of place to which, with ad, in, or sub : ut te ad 
 portas prosequantur, to follow you to the gates; Cat. I. 8. 
 
 a. A preposition is not used with the accusative of the names 
 of towns, small islands, domus, or rus, but names of towns may 
 take ad when it means towards, or near to : se Massiliam conf eret, 
 he will go to Massilia; Cat. II. 6. 
 
 127. Accusative denoting duration of time or extent of space : 
 domicilium Romae multos annos habuit, he had a residence at 
 Rome many years; (Ar.) 4. 
 
 a. The preposition per is sometimes used with the accusative 
 of duration : per decem dies ; Cat. III. 8. 
 
 128. Cognate Accusative. — A verb may take the accusative of 
 a noun having a meaning similar to its own. Such an accusative 
 is called cognate; cum trldui viam processisset, when he had gone 
 forward a three days' journey; B. G. I. 38. 
 
 129. Adverbial Accusative. — An accusative, chiefly of neuter 
 pronouns and adjectives, may be used as an adverb : quid 
 taces, why are you silent ? Cat. I. 4. 
 
320 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 130. Accusative of Exclamation. — The accusative is used in 
 exclamations : O tempora ! the times! Cat. I. 1. 
 
 Ablative Case 
 
 131. The with-case was originally the instrumental, thein-case 
 was the locative, and the /rom-case was the ablative. As the 
 instrumental and the locative passed out of use, the ablative 
 absorbed their functions. 
 
 The uses of the ablative are as follows : — 
 
 132. As the object of certain prepositions. For these preposi- 
 tions see 231. 
 
 133. Ablative of separation, with or without ab, de, or ex. 
 A preposition is generally used with words denoting persons. A 
 preposition is generally omitted with verbs of figurative separa- 
 tion, /ree, relieve, deprive:^ cura relevatus, relieved of care; Cat. I. 
 13 ; dum modo a vobis periculum depellatur, provided the danger 
 be removed from you; Cat. II. 7. 
 
 a. This includes the ablative of place from which, generally 
 used with ab, de, or ex : exire ex urbe, to go out of the city; Cat. I. 
 5. 
 
 b. With the ablative of the names of towns, small islands, 
 domus, and rus, the preposition is not used, except in the mean- 
 ing from the neighborhood of: Roma prof ectus est, he went away 
 from Rome; Cat. II. 7. a Brundisio, from (the port of) Brun- 
 disium; P. 12. 
 
 134. Ablative of source or parentage. Ex or ab is sometimes 
 used, especially with pronouns : summo nati loco, born of the 
 highest rank; Cat. IV. 8. 
 
 a. Ablative of material, with ex or de : exercitum coUectum 
 ex senibus, an army composed of old men, Cat. II. 3. 
 
 135. Ablative of agent, with ab, denoting the person hy whom 
 the action of a passive verb is done : dictae sunt a principibus 
 sententiae, opinions were expressed by the chief men; Cat. III. 6. 
 
 136. Ablative of accordance, denoting that in accordance with 
 which something is done. The preposition, if used, is de or ex : 
 iudicio senatus, according to the decision of the senate, Cat. III. 6. 
 
 137. Ablative of comparison, following a comparative adjec- 
 tive or adverb when quam, than, is not used : patria mihi vita 
 mea carior, my country, dearer to me than my life; Cat. I. 11. 
 
 * abdico, exuo, levo, libero, privo, solvo, spclio. 
 
NOUNS 321 
 
 a. Quam is used when the first of the words compared is in the 
 genitive, dative, or ablative, and may be used when the first is in 
 the nominative or accusative. If quam is used, the two words 
 compared are in the same case. 
 
 b. Amplius, longius, plus, or minus, may be used without 
 affecting: the case of the following noun : amplius pedum mille 
 sexcentorum, of more than 1600 feet; B.G. I. 38. 
 
 138. Ablative of accompaniment, with cum : occlsus est cum 
 liberis Fulvius, Fulvius was killed together with his children; Cat. 
 1.2. 
 
 a. Cum may be omitted in military phrases, when the noun is 
 modified by any adjective except a numeral : pedestribus 
 copiis, with the infantry; B. G. III. 11. 
 
 139. Ablative of manner, with or without cum : magno cum 
 strepitu egressi, having gone out with great uproar; B. G. II. 11 ; 
 aequo animo moriar, / shall die with a calm mind; Cat. IV. 2. 
 
 140. Ablative of attendant circumstance, expressing the situa- 
 tion or circumstance of an action. The preposition, if used, is 
 cum : hisce ominibus, with these omens; cum summa salute, to 
 (with) the highest welfare; Cat. I. 13. 
 
 141. Ablative of means or instrument, without a preposition: 
 nox tenebris obscurare non potest, 7iight with its darkness cannot 
 conceal; Cat. I. 3. 
 
 142. Ablative of cause or reason, generally without a preposition : 
 confessionibus suis, because of his own confessions ; Cat. III. 6. 
 
 143. Ablative of description, denoting quality or characteristic. 
 This ablative is always modified by an adjective or genitive: 
 litterae eadem ratione, letters of the same character. Cat. III. 5. 
 
 144. Ablative of specification, denoting that in respect to 
 which anything is or is done : impudentia, qua superabat omnes, 
 his impudence, in which he surpassed all men; Cat. III. 5. 
 
 145. Ablative of degree of difference, used {a) with compara- 
 tives and words implying comparison ; (&) vnth. absum, con- 
 sido, etc., to denote the interval of space : multo carior, much 
 dearer; Cat. I. 11. 
 
 146. Ablative of the route taken, denoting the way or route 
 by which, without a preposition : Aurelia via profectus est, he 
 has gone by the Aurelian road; Cat. II. 4. 
 
 147. The ablative is used with utor, fruor, fungor, potior, 
 vescor, and their compounds : quo usque abutere patientia 
 nostra? how far will you abuse our patience? Cat. I. 1. 
 
322 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 a. Potior may take the genitive (109). 
 
 148. The ablative is used with opus est and usus est, there is 
 need : si opus facto esset, if there should be need of action; B.G. I. 42. 
 
 149. The ablative of plenty or want, used with some adjectives 
 and verbs : ^ carere aspectu, to be without the sight; Cat. I. 7. 
 
 150. The ablative is used with dignus, indignus, contentus, 
 and fretus : dignum custodia, deserving of custody; Cat. I. 8. 
 mea prudentia fretus, relying on my own wisdom; Cat. II. 13. 
 
 151. Ablative absolute. — An ablative absolute is a phrase 
 consisting of a noun or pronoun in the ablative, and a participle, 
 an adjective, or another noun in agreement with it. 
 
 a. An ablative absolute may express time, cause, condition, 
 concession, manner, means, situation. It may be best rendered 
 by a clause beginning with when, because, if, although, etc. 
 vivis nobis, while we are alive; Cat. II. 7. hoc interfecto, if 
 this man were put to death; Cat. I. 12. recitatis litteris, by the 
 reading of the letters ; Cat. III. 5. 
 
 6. The phrase is often to be translated by an active participle 
 with the noun as object, when the agent is the same as the subject 
 of the main verb : eo opera perfect© praesidia disponit, having 
 completed this work, he stationed guards; B.G. I. 8. 
 
 152. Ablative denoting time when or within which, without a 
 preposition : quid proxima nocte egeris, what you did last night; 
 Cat. I. 1. 
 
 153. Ablative of place where (" locative ablative "), with in or 
 sub : in Italia, iii Italy; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 a. The preposition may be omitted with such words as loco, 
 parte, parietibus, and with any noun modified by totus, medius, 
 ciinctus, and the like : tota Italia, in all Italy; Cat. II. 4. 
 
 b. Plural names of towns express place where by the ablative 
 without a preposition: Athenis, at Athens. 
 
 Locative Case 
 
 154. The locative case, denoting place where, is used instead 
 of the ablative in the singular of names of towns and small 
 islands of the first, second, and sometimes the third declension ; 
 also in domi, at home; militiae, in military service; ruri, in the 
 country. The ending of the locative is -ae in the first declension, 
 -i in the second and third : qui Romae remanent, who stay in 
 Rome; Cat. II. 8. 
 
 1 conf ertus, inanis, opimus, ref ertus ; abundo, careo, compleo, egeo. 
 
ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS 323 
 
 ADJECTIVES 
 
 155. An adjective is attributive when it describes a noun di- 
 rectly ; predicate, when it forms part of the predicate with sum, 
 or with a passive verb like be named, be called, be chosen (95). 
 
 156. Agreement. — An adjective or participle (220), whether 
 attributive or predicate, agrees with its noun in gender, number, 
 and case : fortes viri, brave men; res publica (commonwealth), 
 the state. 
 
 a. With two or more nouns connected by et, -que, or atque, 
 the adjective or participle is usually plural, but it may be singu- 
 lar if the nearest noun is singular : signum et manum suam, his 
 seal and hand; Cat. III. 5. 
 
 b. With two or more nouns of different genders an attributive 
 adjective takes the gender of the nearest ; a predicate adjective 
 or participle is generally masculine if one or more of the nouns 
 denote living things, neuter if they denote things without life : 
 vitam, bona, fortunas, coniuges, liberosque vestros, your lives, 
 property, etc. ; Cat. III. 1. 
 
 Uses of Adjectives 
 
 157. An adjective may be used as a noun, chiefly in the plural : 
 boni, good citizens; omnia, all things. 
 
 158. An adjective may be used with the force of an adverb : 
 inviti, unwillingly; frequens, in great numbers. 
 
 159. Some adjectives may denote a part of an object, as extre- 
 mus, the end of, infimus, the bottom of, summus the top of: extrema 
 pueritia, at the end (close) of his boyhood; P. 10. 
 
 160. A superlative adjective or adverb may be best translated 
 by very; a comparative, by too, rather, unusually : serius, too late; 
 superbius, somewhat arrogantly. 
 
 a. A superlative with quam or quam possum is translated as 
 
 , . . as possible : quam maximis potest itineribus, by as long 
 
 marches as possible. 
 
 PRONOUNS 
 
 161. When pronouns are used as nouns, the rules for the cases 
 of nouns apply ; when used as adjectives, they follow the rules 
 for the agreement of adjectives (156). 
 
 162. Personal Pronouns. — There is no special pronoun of the 
 third person, but a demonstrative pronoun may be so used : 
 SI eos placare non posses, if you could not pacify them; Cat. I. 7. 
 
324 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 a. Tke nominatives ego, tu, nos, vos, are used for emphasis: 
 pestem, quam tu machinaris, the ruin which you plot; Cat. I. 1 ; 
 nos consules desumus, we, the consuls, are at fault; Cat. I. 1. 
 
 6. The genitives nostri, vestri, are objective (99) ; nostrum 
 and vestrum, as a rule, are genitives of the whole (103) : quern 
 nostrum, ivhat man of us? Cat. I. 1. ducem memorem vestri, a 
 leader mindful of you; Cat. IV. 9. 
 
 c. The plural of the pronoun of the first person is sometimes 
 used for the singular : vides nos multa conari, you see that I (we) 
 attempt majiy things; Orator, 30. 
 
 163. Reflexive Pronouns. — The reflexive se and the posses- 
 sive suus may refer to the subject of the clause in which they 
 stand (direct reflexive) : se suaque dediderunt, they surrendered 
 themselves and their property; B. G. II. 15. 
 
 a. Se or suus in a subordinate clause may refer to the sub- 
 ject of the verb upon which the clause depends, if the clause 
 expresses the thought of that subject (indirect reflexive) : his 
 mandavit ut ad se referrent, he ordered them to report to him; 
 B. G. I. 47. 
 
 6. Se or suus may refer to a person mentioned in the sentence, 
 not the subject : desinant insidiari domi suae consuli, let them 
 cease to plot against the consul in his own house; Cat. I. 13. 
 
 c. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons may be 
 used in a refiexive sense, that is, they may denote the same person 
 as the subject : me condemn©, I find myself guilty ; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 164. Possessive Pronouns. — Possessive pronouns agree in 
 gender, number, and case, with the word with which they are 
 used, not with the word denoting the possessor : quis te ex tot tuis 
 amicis salutavit? who of so many friends of yours saluted youf 
 Cat. I. 7. 
 
 a. The possessive pronoun suus is used reflexively, that is, it 
 refers to the subject of the sentence (163). When some other 
 person or thing is meant, his, her, its, or their is expressed by 
 the genitive of a demonstrative, eius, eorum, etc. : eius socios, 
 his allies; Cat. II. 2. illorum responsis, according to their 
 answers; Cat. III. 8. 
 
 b. A possessive pronoun may be used in place of the genitive 
 of a personal pronoun : nostra (= nostri) caede, with the slaughter 
 of us; Cat. I. 3. 
 
 165. Demonstrative Pronouns. — Demonstrative pronouns, 
 when not used as adjectives, take the gender and number of the 
 
PRONOUNS 325 
 
 noun to which they refer: quis eum senator appellavit? what 
 senator called him by name? Cat. II, 6. 
 
 a. Hie, this, refers to what is near the speaker in place, time, or 
 thought ; iste, that (of yours), to something near the person 
 spoken to ; ille {that) to what is remote : hie tamen vivit, yet this 
 man lives; Cat. I. 1. ista subsellia, the benches near you; Cat. I. 
 7 ; aquilam illam argenteam, that silver eagle; Cat. I. 9. 
 
 b. Hie . . . ille may mean the latter . . . the former: hie cum 
 auxilium ferret, ilium eripuit, when the latter brought help, he 
 rescued him (the former) ; B. G. IV. 12. 
 
 c. Iste may be used to express contempt, especially when 
 addressing opponents : istius furorem, the frenzy of that scoundrel; 
 Cat. I. 1. 
 
 d. Ille may mean that famous: M. Catonem, ilium senem, 
 Marcus Cato, that (famous) old man; Ar. 7. 
 
 e. Is, this, that, is frequently used as the antecedent of qui, or in 
 agreement with the antecedent : is qui banc urbem servavit, he 
 who saved this city; Cat. III. 1. 
 
 166. Intensive Pronoun. — The pronoun ipse emphasizes the 
 word to which it refers : Catilina ipse profugit, Catiline himself 
 has fled; Cat. II. 3 ; erat seriptum ipsius manu, it had been written 
 in his own hand; Cat. III. 5. 
 
 a. Ipse may mean very, exactly, of one''s own accord; Catilinam 
 ipsum egredientem, Catiline departing of his own accord; Cat. II. 1. 
 
 b. Ipse may be used as a reflexive pronoun : si quid ipsi 
 (= sibi) opus esset : if he needed anything (lit. if any need was to 
 himself) ; B.G.I. 34. 
 
 167. RelaJve Pronoun. — The relative pronoun agrees with 
 its antecedent in gender, number, and person ; its case depends 
 upon the structure of the clause in which it stands : me quid 
 pudeat, qui vivo ? why should I be ashamed who live ? Ar. 6. 
 
 a. With two or more antecedents a relative pronoun may 
 agree with the nearest or follow the rule for a predicate adjective 
 (156) : otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant, 
 leisure and wealth which men consider of the first importance; 
 Sail. Cat. 36. 
 
 6. The relative may not agree "^dth its antecedent, but with 
 an appositive or predicate noun in its own clause : gladiatores, 
 quam maniun certissimam fore putavit, the gladiators, a band which 
 he thought would be most faithful ; Cat. II. 12. 
 
 c. The antecedent may stand in the relative clause : ut, quam 
 
326 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 urbem pulcherrimam esse voluerunt, banc defendant, that the^ 
 may defend this city, which they wished to be the fairest; Cat. II. 13. 
 
 d. The antecedent may be repeated, standing in both clauses : 
 quae religio . . . ea religione ; Cat. III. 6. 
 
 e. The antecedent may be omitted, especially if it is indefinite : 
 sunt qui dicant, there are those who say; Cat. II. 6. 
 
 /. The relative pronoun at the beginning of a sentence or 
 clause may be equivalent to a demonstrative or a personal pro- 
 noun, with or without a preceding conjunction (et, nam, sed) : 
 qui cum respondissent, and when they had replied; Cat. III. 5. 
 
 168. Interrogative Pronouns. — The masculine singular of the 
 interrogative pronoun, as a rule, is quis, who, and of the corre- 
 sponding adjective is qui, what? of what sort? But qui may be 
 used as a pronoun and quis as an adjective: quis te salutavit? 
 who greeted you? Cat. I. 7; quis eum senator appellavit? what 
 senator addressed himf- Cat. II. 6. 
 
 169. Indefinite Pronouns. — There are eight indefinite pro- 
 nouns, as given with their meanings in 27. Quis, any one, is 
 used chiefly after si, nisi, ne, num ; quisquam, any one at all, is 
 used chiefly in negative sentences, and in questions implying a 
 negative : si quid his accidat, if anything should happen to them; 
 B. G. III. 22. neque quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, nor is 
 any one so hostile to the Muses; Ar. 9. 
 
 a. Nescio quis (lit. I don't know who) is used with the force of 
 aliquis, some {one) or other, and in this sense does not require the 
 subjunctive : nescio quo pacto, in some way or other; Cat. I. 13. 
 
 h. With superlatives quisque denotes a class : optimus quisque, 
 all the best men (lit. each best man). 
 
 170. Alius and alter. Alius and alter may be adjectives or 
 pronouns. 
 
 a. Alter . . . alter mean the one . . . the other, alius . . . 
 alius, one . . . another, alii . . . alii, some . . . others: harum 
 altera occisa, altera capta est, one of these was killed, the other 
 taken prisoner; B. G. I. 53. 
 
 b. Two different cases of alius may be used in the same clauses 
 with the meaning one (some) . . . one, another (others) . . . 
 another: aliud alii natura iter ostendit, nature points out one road 
 to one man J another to another; Sail. Cat. 2. 
 
VERBS 327 
 
 VERBS 
 
 171. Agreement. — A finite verb agrees with its subject in 
 number and person : haec consul videt, the consul sees these things; 
 
 Cat. I. 1. 
 
 a. If there are two or more subjects, connected by et, -que, or 
 atque, the verb may agree with the nearest or be plural : Asia 
 atque Mithridates nos docuit, Asia and Mithridates taught us; 
 
 P. 7, 
 
 h. If singular subjects are connected by words meaning either^ 
 neither, the verb is usually singular : neque agri cultura nee ratio 
 atque usus belli intermittitur, neither the cultivation of the land 
 nor the theory and practice of war is interrupted; B. G. IV. 1. 
 
 c. If two singular subjects form one idea, the verb is singular : 
 Matrona et Sequana dividit, the Marne and Seine separate; 
 B. G. I. 1. 
 
 d. A collective noun generally takes a singular verb, but may 
 take a plural : cum tanta multitud5 tela conicerent, when so great a 
 crowd threw spears; B. G. II. 6. 
 
 e. If two or more subjects are of different persons, the first 
 person is preferred to the other two, and the second to the third : 
 SI tu et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus, if you and Tullia 
 are well, Cicero and I are well; Cic. Epist. 
 
 172. Impersonal Verbs. — Some verbs are used only in the 
 indicative and subjunctive, third person singular, and in the 
 infinitive, without a personal subject. To this class belong ; — 
 
 a. Verbs meaning it happens, it is permitted, it is necessary, etc. 
 Such verbs take a phrase or a clause as the subject : quae licet 
 recognoscas, and these things you may recall (lit. it is permitted 
 that you recall) ; Cat. I. 3. 
 
 h. The passive of some intransitive verbs, including verbs 
 which in the active are construed with the dative (112, Note 2) ; 
 quocumque ventum sit, wherever they came (lit. it was come) ; P. 13. 
 
 c. Verbs of feeling : me paenitebit, / shall repent Qit. it will *e- 
 pent me) ; Cat. IV. 10. 
 
 d. A neuter gerundive may be used impersonally in the pas- 
 sive periphrastic conjugation : erit verendum mihi, / shall have to 
 fear; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 Tenses of the Indicative 
 
 173. Present Indicative. — The present indicative represents 
 action as taking place at the time of speaking or writing : uxbis 
 
328 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 tecta defendunt, they are defending the houses of the city; Cat. II. 
 13. 
 
 a. The present is often used instead of a past tense to de- 
 scribe an action more vividly. It is then called the historical 
 present : litteras proferri iubet, he orders the letter to be produced; 
 Cat. III. 5. 
 
 6. The historical present may be used with dum, while (195, d). 
 
 c. With diu, iam, iam diu, iam dudum, the present is used of au 
 action beginning in the past and continuing in the present : ni- 
 mium diu te castra desiderant, the camp has too long been missing 
 you; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 174. Imperfect Indicative. — The imperfect indicative repre- 
 sents action as going on in past time : putabam, / was thinking; 
 Cat. III. 2. 
 
 a. The imperfect may be used in descriptions, erant duo 
 itinera, there were two ways; B. G. I. 6. 
 
 b. The imperfect may represent an action as customary or 
 attempted : classem hostium videbatis, you used to see the enemy's 
 fleet ; P. 12. quod faciebas, which you were preparing to do; 
 Cat. I. 5. 
 
 c. The imperfect with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem, is 
 used instead of a progressive perfect or pluperfect : iam pridem 
 rapiebat, has long been hurrying; Cat. I. 10. 
 
 175. Future Indicative. — The future indicative represents 
 action as taking place in time to come : me metu liberabis, you 
 will free me from fear; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 176. Perfect Indicative. — The perfect indicative has two uses : 
 
 a. The present perfect (translated by have), representing an ac- 
 tion as completed in the present time : audivi, I have heard. 
 
 b. The historical perfect (English past), representing the action 
 as an historical fact. This is the tense of narration, as the 
 imperfect is the tense of description : ad praetorem venisti, you 
 went to the praetor; Cat. I. 8. 
 
 177. Pluperfect Indicative. — The pluperfect indicative repre- 
 sents action as completed before some other past action : qui 
 convenerant, ivho had assembled; Cat. III. 3^ 
 
 178. Future Perfect. — The future perfect represents action 
 which is to be completed before some other future action : si 
 te interfici iussero, residebit coniuratorum manus, if I order 
 (shall have ordered) you to be killed, there will remain a band of 
 conspirators; Cat. I. 5. 
 
VERBS 329 
 
 179. In some verbs a perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect 
 have the force of a present, past, or future : memini, / remember; 
 memineram, / remembered. 
 
 180. Epistolary Tenses. — In letters a writer often takes the 
 position of the receiver and uses the imperfect or historical perfect 
 for a present, and a pluperfect for a present perfect : haec ego 
 scribebam, / am writing this (lit. was writing). 
 
 181. Primary and Secondary Tenses. — The present, future, 
 and future perfect indicative, and the present and perfect sub- 
 junctive are primary tenses. The imperfect, perfect, and plu- 
 perfect indicative, and the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive 
 are secondary tenses. 
 
 Tenses of the Subjunctive 
 
 182. The four tenses of the subjunctive may denote the same 
 time as the corresponding tenses of the indicative, or each tense 
 may have a future force. 
 
 a. In subordinate clauses future time may be expressed by the 
 present subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the imperfect after 
 a secondary tense : venit ut videat, he comes that he may see; 
 venit ut videret, he came that he might see. 
 
 b. In subordinate clauses future perfect time may be expressed 
 by the perfect subjunctive after a primary tense ; by the plu- 
 perfect after a secondary tense : he says that if he goes (shall have 
 gone, dicit si ierit ; he said that if he should go (should have gone)j 
 dixit si isset. 
 
 c. In both clauses of conditional sentences the present sub- 
 junctive may denote future time, and the imperfect may denote 
 present time (198). 
 
 183. Sequence of Tenses. — In subordinate clauses the tense 
 of the subjunctive depends on the foUomng general rule : The 
 present (or perfect) subjunctive is used after a primary tense ; 
 the imperfect (or pluperfect) subjunctive is used after a second- 
 ary : venit ut videat, he comes to see; rogabo quid feceris, / shall 
 ask what you did; venit ut videret, he came to see. 
 
 a. The historical present may be regarded as either primary or 
 secondary, and hence may take either sequence. 
 
 6. The present perfect, though properly a primary tense, often 
 takes the secondary sequence : mihi ut satis esset praesidi 
 provisum est, / have arranged that there should be ample protection; 
 Cat. II. 12. 
 
330 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 Uses of the Indicative 
 
 184. In principal clauses the indicative is used to express direct 
 statements of fact and questions of fact. The negative is non : 
 decrevit quondam senatus, the Senate once decreed; Cat. I. 2. 
 meministine me dicere, do you remember that I said? Cat. I. 3. 
 
 185. The indicative is used in the following subordinate clauses : 
 a. Noun clauses with quod, that: quid quod te in custodiam 
 
 dedisti? what of the fact that you gave yourself into custody? Cat. 
 I. 8. 
 
 6. Parenthetical clauses with ut, as: ut saepe dixi, as I have 
 often said; Cat. I. 9. 
 
 c. Clauses of comparison with ut . . . sic, as . . . so: ut 
 saepe homines ... sic hie morbus . . . ; Cat. I. 13. 
 
 d. Certain types of relative (191), temporal (195), causal (196), 
 concessive (197), conditional (198) clauses. 
 
 The Subjunctive in Principal Clauses 
 
 186. The subjunctive expresses action as willed, desired, or 
 possible. Accordingly we distinguish : — 
 
 a. The subjunctive of will, or volitive subjunctive. 
 
 h. The subjunctive of desire, or optative subjunctive. 
 
 c. The subjunctive of possibility, or potential subjunctive. 
 
 187. In principal clauses the volitive subjunctive may express : 
 
 a. An exhortation, in the first person plural of the present tense 
 (negative, ne) : optemus, let us wish; Cat. II. 7. 
 
 b. A command, in the third person of the present tense (nega- 
 tive, ne) : secedant improbi, let the ill-disposed begone; Cat. I. 13. 
 ne patiantur, let them 7iot allow; Cat. II. 4. 
 
 188. In principal clauses the subjunctive of wish or desire 
 (optative subjunctive) takes the present tense to imply that the 
 desire may be realized ; the imperfect to imply that the desire is 
 not now realized ; the pluperfect to imply that the desire was not 
 realized. Utinam may be used with the present, and generally is 
 used with the other tenses. The negative regularly is ne : utinam 
 di immortales duint, O that the gods may give; Cat. I. 9 ; utinam 
 suas copias eduxisset, that he had taken his forces ; Cat. II. 2. 
 
 189. In principal clauses the subjunctive may express action 
 as possible or conditional (potential subjunctive), and is trans- 
 lated by may, might, can, could, should, would. The negative is 
 non : dicat aliquis, some one may say. 
 
VERBS 331 
 
 The Subjunctive in Subordinate Clauses 
 
 190. The subjunctive is used in the following subordinate 
 clauses : — 
 
 a. Purpose clauses (193). 
 
 b. Result clauses (194). 
 
 c. Clauses of proviso (199). 
 
 d. Indirect questions (202). 
 
 e. Certain types of: relative clauses (192), temporal clauses 
 (195), causal clauses (196), concessive clauses (197), conditional 
 clauses (198), noun clauses (203), direct questions (201). 
 
 Relative Clauses 
 
 191. The indicative is used in the following relative clauses : — 
 n. Clauses that state what person or thing the antecedent is 
 
 (determinative clauses) : hos, qui exercitum deseruerunt, those 
 men who have deserted the army; Cat. II. 3. 
 
 Note. — Determinative clauses are used as pronouns, and must 
 be distinguished from descriptive clauses which are used as 
 adjectives (192). 
 
 6. Clauses that state a fact parenthetically, or that add a fact 
 not necessary to the main statement (parenthetical clauses) : 
 Santonum fines, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, the 
 country of the Santones, which is not far from the country of the 
 Tolosates; B. G. I. 10. 
 
 192. Relative clauses that state what kind of person or thing 
 the antecedent is, are called descriptive or characteristic clauses. 
 The subjunctive is used in descriptive clauses, if they are essen- 
 tial to the completeness of the sentence ; otherwise, the indicative 
 is used (191, 6). The preceding independent clause often con- 
 tains a statement of existence like est qui, sunt qui: sunt qui 
 dicant, there are some who say; Cat. II. 6 ; quam diu quisquam 
 erit, qui te defendere audeat, as long as there will he a man who 
 dares to defend you; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 a. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote pur- 
 pose or result (193, 194) : ut praesto esset ille, qui fugientes 
 exciperet, that he might be on hand to cut off the fugitives ; Cat. III. 
 4 ; nemo tam improbus, qui non fateatur, no one so depraved as 
 not to admit; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 6. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote cause, 
 concession, or condition: qui (= cum ego) magno in periculo 
 
332 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 essem, since I was in great peril; Cat. I. 8 ; Cethegus, qui (= cum 
 is) respondisset, Cethegus who (although he) had replied; Cat. 
 III. 5 ; mihi ferreus, qui (= si is) non suum dolorem lenierit, to 
 me (he would seem) hard-hearted, who {if he) did not soothe his 
 grief; Cat. IV. 6. 
 
 c. The subjunctive is used in relative clauses to denote ohli- 
 gation, after dignus, indignus, idoneus: dignos, quorum salutem 
 commendetis, worthy to have you entrust their safety (lit. whose 
 safety you should entrust) ; P. 5. 
 
 Purpose Clauses 
 
 193. The subjunctive with ut, ne, or a relative may express 
 purpose: ut timere desinam, that I may cease to fear; Cat. I. 7 ; 
 ac ne longum sit, and not to be tedious; Cat. III. 5 ; praetorem 
 misi, qui efiferret, / sent a praetor to bring; Cat. III. 3. 
 
 a. In clauses containing a comparative, quo ( = ut eo) is used 
 instead of ut to express purpose : quo facilius prohibere possit, 
 that he may be able to prevent more easily; B. G. I. 8. 
 
 6. Purpose may be expressed also by a gerund (227), a gerun- 
 dive (226), or by a supine (229). 
 
 Result Clauses 
 
 194. The subjunctive with ut, ut non, or a relative may express 
 result: mons impendebat, ut prohibere possent, a mountain was 
 overhanging, so that they could prevent; B. G. I. 6. 
 
 a. There is often in the principal clause a correlative word 
 
 meaning so, such, so great, as ita, sic, tam, talis, tantus, is, iste : 
 
 tam improbus, qui non fateatur, so depraved that he does not admit; 
 
 Cat. I. 2. 
 
 Temporal Clauses 
 
 195. In temporal clauses : — 
 
 a. Ubi, ut (when), postquam, posteaquam, cum primum, 
 simul atque, take the indicative, usually the perfect, sometimes 
 the historical present : ubi se paratos esse arbitrati sunt, oppida 
 sua incendunt, when they thought they were ready, they burned 
 their towns; B. G. I. 5. 
 
 b. Cum (when) takes the indicative to define the time of the 
 action of the main verb ; the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive 
 to describe the circumstances of the main action : tum, cum ex 
 urbe eiciebam, at the time when I drove him from the city; Cat. 
 
VERBS 333 
 
 III. 2 ; cum haesitaret, quaeslvi, when he hesitated, I asked; 
 Cat. II. 6. 
 
 Note. — Cum may denote cause or concession in connection 
 with time. 
 
 c. Cum, whenever, introducing repeated action, generally takes 
 the indicative, but may take the subjunctive : cum aliquid 
 mandarat, whenever he had given a commission ; Cat. III. 7. 
 
 d. Dum, meaning while, generally takes the indicative histori- 
 cal present (173, b) : dum moratur, while he delayed (lit. delays) ; 
 B. G. I. 39. 
 
 e. Dum, quoad, or quam diu, meaning as long as, take the 
 indicative : quam diu quisquam erit, as long as there shall he any 
 one; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 /. Dum, donee, or quoad, meaning until, take the indicative 
 of an actual event, but the subjunctive of an expected event : 
 quoad potuit, restitit, he resisted as long as he could; B. G. IV. 12 ; 
 dum naves eo convenirent exspectavit, he waited until the ships 
 should arrive; B. G. IV. 23. 
 
 g. Antequam and priusquam take the indicative to denote an 
 actual event, but the subjunctive to denote an expected event : 
 priusquam pervenerunt, before they arrived; B. G. I. 53. prius- 
 quam quicquam conaretur, before he should attempt anything; 
 
 B. G. I. 19. 
 
 Causal Clauses 
 
 196. In causal clauses : — 
 
 a. Quod, quia, quoniam, and quando take the indicative when the 
 speaker or writer gives his own reason, but the subjunctive when 
 he gives another's reason, or a reason not surely known by him- 
 self : quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto ilium maerore esse 
 adflictum putatis, because he left the city standing, with what 
 sorrow do you think he has been filled? Cat. II. 1 ; urbs mihi 
 laetari videtur, quod tantam pestem proiecerit, the city seems to 
 me to rejoice, because {as she says) she has cast out so great an evil; 
 Cat. II. 1. 
 
 6. Cum, meaning since or because, and qui (= cum is) take the 
 subjunctive : quae cum ita sint, since these things are so; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 Concessive Clauses 
 
 197. Concessive clauses grant or concede something. They 
 %re formed as f oUows : — 
 
334 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 a. Quamquam, although, takes the indicative : quamquam 
 sunt hostes, although they are enemies; Cat. II. 12. 
 
 h. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, even if, although, generally take the 
 indicative, but may take the subjunctive like conditional si 
 (198) : etsi prope exacta aestas erat, although summer was almost 
 over; B. G. III. 28. 
 
 c. Cum, quamvis, and qui (= cum is), although, take the sub- 
 junctive : cum id posset infitiari, although he could have denied it; 
 Cat. III. 11 ; Cethegus, qui respondisset, Cethegus, who (aZ- 
 though he) had replied; Cat. III. 10. 
 
 Conditional Sentences 
 
 198. Conditional sentences are complex sentences, one clause 
 of which expresses a condition, the other a conclusion. The con- 
 nective may be si, sin, nisi, or a relative. The negative is non. 
 The condition may be of the following kinds : — 
 
 a. Present condition : — 
 
 1. Stated as a fact ; present indicative : si vincit, bene est, if 
 he is conquering, it is well. 
 
 2. Contrary to fact ; imperfect subjunctive : si vinceret, bene 
 esset, if he were conquering, it would be well. 
 
 h. Past condition : — 
 
 1. Stated as a fact ; a past indicative : si vicit, bene fuit, if he 
 conquered, it was well. 
 
 2. Contrary to fact ; pluperfect subjunctive : si vicisset, bene 
 fuisset, if he had conquered, it would have been well. 
 
 c. Future condition : — 
 
 1. More probable (shall, will) ; future or future perfect : si 
 vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (shall conquer), it will be well. 
 
 2. Less probable (should, would) ; present or perfect subjunc- 
 tive : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it would be well. 
 
 Note 1. — The verb in the conclusion may differ in form from 
 the verb of the condition, as, for example, when command, wish, 
 or exhortation is to be expressed. 
 
 Note 2. — In the conclusion of a condition contrary to fact, the 
 verb may be in the indicative (the past tenses) : — 
 
 a. In expressions of ability, duty, or necessity. 
 
 b. With either of the periphrastic conjugations : (si tabernae 
 incensae essent), quid futiirum fuit? what would have happened? 
 
VERBS 335 
 
 Cat. rV. 8 ; si privatus esset, erat deligendus, if he were a private 
 citizen, he would deserve to he chosen; P. 17. 
 
 Note 3. — For conditional sentences in indirect discourse, see 
 218. 
 
 Clauses of Proviso 
 
 199. The subjunctive is used with modo, dum, dummodo, i) 
 only, provided, so long as, to express a proviso. The negative is 
 ne : dum modo periculum depellatur, if only the danger he re- 
 moved; Cat. II. 7. 
 
 Subjunctive by Attraction 
 
 200. In clauses depending on a subjunctive or on an infinitive, 
 the verb may be put in the subjunctive ** by attraction," as 
 potuisset in the following : cum exercitus, quibuscumque ex gen- 
 tibus potuisset, comparasset ; P. 4. 
 
 Subjunctive in Questions 
 
 201. The subjunctive is used in direct questions expressing 
 deliberation or perplexity, surprise or indignation, possibility, 
 obligation, propriety. The negative is non : quid te invitem? 
 why should I invite you? Cat. I. 9 ; quis possit? who would he 
 able? Cat. II. 5 ; tu agris ornatus sis? can you be rich in lands? 
 Cat. II. 8. 
 
 202. The subjunctive is used in indirect questions : video quis 
 habeat Etruriam, / see who holds Etruria, Cat. II. 3. 
 
 Noun Clauses 
 
 203. A clause may be used as the subject or object of a verb^ 
 or in some other case relation. It is then called a noun clause 
 or substantive clause. Noun clauses may have the verb in the 
 indicative, subjunctive, or infinitive. 
 
 204. Indicative Noun Clauses. — A noun clause beginning mth 
 the conjunction quod, that, takes the indicative : res quod omnes 
 se dediderunt, the fact that all surrendered; P. 16. 
 
 205. Subjunctive Noun Clauses. — Noun clauses beginning 
 with ut, ne, quin, quominus, or an interrogative word take the 
 subjunctive, as follows : 
 
 a. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning- 
 
336 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 advise, command,^ determine, decree; induce, permit,^ persuade^ 
 request, urge, desire, wish : ^ decrevit senatus ut consul videret ne 
 quid res publica detrimenti caperet, the Senate decreed that the 
 consul should see to it that the republic suffered no harm; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 Note. — After verbs meaning advise, command, etc., the sub- 
 junctive may be used without ut. The subjunctive may then be 
 a quoted imperative (215, c). 
 
 b. Noun clauses with ut or ne are used after verbs meaning /ear. 
 Here ne means lest or that , ut means that . . . not : vereri ut 
 habeam satis praesidi, to fear, that I may not have enough protec" 
 Hon; Cat. IV. 7. 
 
 c. Noun clauses with ut are used after verbs meaning accom- 
 plish, cause, and the like ; also after verbs meaning expect, wait 
 for: vestra admurmuratio facit ut agnoscere videamini, your 
 murmuring makes it clear that you recognize; P. 13. 
 
 d. Noun clauses with ut are used with verb phrases and imper- 
 sonal verbs meaning it happens, it remains, it is permitted, it is 
 necessary, customary, advantageous: accidit ut esset luna plena, it 
 happened that there was full moon; B. G. IV. 29. 
 
 Note. — Sometimes without ut : licet recognoscas, you may 
 recall (lit. it is permitted that you recall) ; Cat. I. 3. 
 
 e. Noun clauses with ne, quin, or quominus are used after verbs 
 meaning hinder, prevent, refuse; and with quin, if a negative is 
 expressed or implied, after words meaning doubt, be ignorant,^ 
 and sometimes hesitate: neque me impediet quominus defendam, 
 nor will it prevent me from defending; P. 19. nemini dubium 
 est quin plurimum imperator possit, it is doubtful to no one that 
 the general is preeminent; P. 15. 
 
 /. Noun clauses beginning with an interrogative word are in- 
 direct questions (202). 
 
 206. Infinitive Noun Clauses. — An infinitive with subject 
 accusative may be used in a noun clause after verbs meaning 
 say, think, etc. (212). 
 
 Use of the Imperative 
 
 207. The imperative is used to express command, in the 
 second person of the present tense, and in the second and third 
 
 ' Except iube5, which takes the infinitive (212). 
 
 * With verbs meaning permit or wish the infinitive may be used (212). 
 
 • Used affirmatively, these verbs take the infinitive (213). 
 
VERBS 337 
 
 persons of the future : proficlscere ; educ omnes tuos, depart; 
 take out all your companions ; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 208. Negative command (prohibition) in the second person 
 may be expressed by noli (nolite) + a present infinitive: nolite 
 dubitare, do not hesitate; P. 23. 
 
 Tenses of the Infinitive 
 
 209. The present infinitive denotes the same time as that of the 
 principal verb ; the perfect, time before; the future, time after 
 that of the principal verb ; that is, the time denoted is relative : 
 dicit se audire, he says that he hears, dicit se auditurum esse, he 
 says that he will hear, dixit se audire, he said he was hearing; 
 dixit se audivisse, he said that he had heard. 
 
 a. Periphrastic Future Infinitive. — As a substitute for a 
 future infinitive, fore or f uturum esse with ut and the subjunctive 
 of the given verb may be used. This construction is necessary 
 when the verb has no future participle : videbamus fore ut nemd 
 eis resisteret, we saw that no one would resist them. 
 
 b. A past tense of debeo, oportet, or possum is often used with 
 a present infinitive to express ought to have, might (could) have: 
 te duci oportebat, you ought to have been led; Cat. I. 1. 
 
 Uses of the Infinitive 
 
 210. The infinitive with or without a subject may be used as 
 the subject of a verb, as a predicate nominative, or in apposition : 
 est mihi tanti subire, it is worth while for me to undergo; Cat. II. 7. 
 
 211. The infinitive T\athout a subject may be used as the object 
 of transitive verbs, or the complement of verbs meaning can, dare^ 
 begin, ought, seem, hesitate, etc. : qui defendere audeat, who dares 
 to defsnd; Cat. I. 2 ; vastare cupientem, desiring to devastate; 
 Cat. I. 1. 
 
 * 212. The infinitive with subject accusative may be used after 
 verbs meaning say, think, know, perceive, etc. ; also with iubeo ; ^ 
 veto, decerno, prohibeo, sino, cogo (compel), cupio, patior, volo : 
 tabellas proferri iussimus, we ordered the tablets to be produced; 
 Cat. III. 5. 
 
 213. Historical Infinitive. — The infinitive may be used with a 
 subject nominative in lively narration. It is then called the 
 
 ^ For the subjunctive with impero see 205, a. 
 
338 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 historical infinitive, and is equivalent to an imperfect or perfect 
 indicative : Caesar Haeduos frumentum flagitare, Caesar was 
 demanding grain of the H aeduans ; B. G. I. 16. 
 
 Indirect Discourse 
 
 214. When a sentence is quoted in dependence upon a verb of 
 saying, knowing, or the like, the quotation is said to be an indirect 
 statement or indirect discourse : direct, ibimus, we shall go; 
 indirect, (dixerunt se) ituros esse, they said they would go; B. G. 
 I. 13. 
 
 215. Moods in Indirect Discourse. — In indirect discourse, a 
 principal verb is generally in the infinitive, standing for a direct 
 indicative ; a subordinate verb is in the subjunctive, standing for 
 a direct indicative or subjunctive. In other words, when direct 
 discourse is made indirect : — 
 
 a. A principal declarative verb in the indicative becomes 
 infinitive : direct, meriti sumus, we have deserved; indirect, dixe- 
 runt se meritos esse, they said they had deserved; B. G. I. 11. 
 
 h. A subordinate verb, if indicative, becomes subjunctive ; if 
 subjunctive, remains so : direct, id si fiet, if this happens {shall 
 happen) ; indirect, intellegebat id si fieret, he knew that if this 
 should happen; B. G. I. 10. 
 
 c. An imperative verb becomes subjunctive : direct, rever- 
 timini (imperative), return; indirect, (dixit) reverterentur, he 
 said they should return; B. G. I. 7. 
 
 d. Most interrogative verbs become subjunctive, but those in 
 rhetorical questions (90) become infinitive with subject accusa- 
 tive : direct, quid venitis, why do you come ? indirect, quid 
 venirent, why did they come? B. G. I, 47 ; direct, num memoriam 
 deponere possum? can I forget (lit. blot out memory)? indirect, 
 num . . . posse? coidd he forget ? B. G. I. 14. 
 
 216. Tenses in Indirect Discourse. — The tenses of the infini- 
 tive are used according to 209 ; those of the subjunctive, accord- 
 ing to the rule for sequence (183). 
 
 a. A future tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes present 
 subjunctive in indirect discourse, if it depends on a verb in the 
 present ; imperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : 
 direct, si conabimini, if you (shall) attempt; indirect, si conentur, 
 if they attempt, B. G. I. 8 ; direct, si pacem populus faciet, if the 
 people (shall) make peace; indirect, si . . . faceret, if the peovle 
 should make peace, B. G. I. 13. 
 
VERBS 339 
 
 b. A future perfect tense in a direct subordinate clause becomes 
 perfect subjunctive, if it depends on a verb in the present ; 
 pluperfect, if it depends on a verb in a past tense : intellego si 
 iste pervenerit, / know that if he goes (shall have gone, in dir. 
 disc.) ; Cat. I. 12 ; eos, qui restitissent, infirmos fore putabam, / 
 was thinking that those who should remain (restiterint in dir. disc), 
 would be powerless; Cat. III. 2. 
 
 217. Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. — In changing from the 
 first to the third, ego becomes se ; meus or noster becomes suus. 
 In changing from the second person to the third, tu becomes ille 
 or is ; tuus or vester becomes suus or the genitive of is : mihi 
 minus dubitationis datur, / feel less hesitation, becomes sibi 
 minus dubitationis dari ; B. G. I. 14. 
 
 218. Conditions in Indirect Discourse. — The verb of the con- 
 ditional clause in indirect discourse is always in the subjunctive 
 (215, 6), the tense depending on the rule for sequence (183). 
 The verb of the conclusion, being a principal verb, is generally 
 in the infinitive (215) ; in the conclusion of a less probable condi- 
 tion (198, c) the future infinitive is used. 
 
 In conditions contrary to fact (198) note the following : — 
 a. The verb of the conditional clause remains unchanged. 
 6. The conclusion, if active, is expressed by an infinitive con- 
 sisting of the participle in -urus + fuisse : direct, venissem, / 
 would have gone; indirect, sese venturum fuisse, he would have 
 gone; B. G. I. 34. 
 
 c. The conclusion, if passive, is expressed by futurum fuisse ut 
 with an imperfect subjunctive : direct, si pugnavissent, victi 
 essent ; indirect, si pugnavissent, futurum fuisse ut vincerentur, 
 if they had fought, they would have conquered. 
 
 d. Theconclusion, if indicative (198, note 2), is expressed in indir. 
 disc, by the perfect infinitive : direct, si non esset (civis), asciscen- 
 dus fuit ; indirect . . . asciscendum fuisse, if he were not {a citizen), 
 he ought to have been received (as one) ; Ar. 2. 
 
 219. Informal Indirect Discourse. — When a quotation de- 
 pends on a verb of saying not expressed but implied in the sen- 
 tence, the indirect discourse is said to be informal : si dicere vellet, 
 feci potestatem, if he wished to speak, I gave him permission; 
 Cat. III. 5. 
 
340 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 Participles 
 
 220. Participles are verbal adjectives, and agree with nouns in 
 gender, number, and case (156). The active participles are the 
 present and the future ; the passive are the perfect and the 
 future (or gerundive). The negative is non. 
 
 a. Deponent and semi-deponent verbs have four participles, 
 all active in meaning, except the gerundive, which is always 
 passive. 
 
 221. The present participle denotes the same time as the main 
 verb of the clause or sentence in which it stands : videor videre 
 hanc urbem concidentem, / seem to see this city falling. 
 
 222. The perfect participle denotes time before that of the main 
 verb. It may be used to modify a noun directly, as an adjective, 
 or to form the compound tenses of the passive voice : his rebus 
 cognitis discessit, having learned of these things, he departed. 
 
 a. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is sometimes used 
 as if present : isdem ducibus usus, employing the same men as 
 guides; B. G. II. 7. 
 
 223. The present and the perfect participle are sometimes to be 
 translated by a relative clause, or by a clause expressing time, 
 cause, condition, concession : Pompeio postulanti, to Pompey who 
 demands; P. 19. te non sentientem, though you do not notice 
 (them) ; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 224. The future active participle is used with the verb sum 
 to form the active periphrastic conjugation, and denotes future 
 or intended action: cum sit habiturus, since he is going to have; 
 Cat. II. 11. 
 
 225. The future passive participle is used with sum to form 
 the passive periphrastic conjugation, and denotes necessity or 
 obligation: magna gratia habenda est, great gratitude {must be 
 felt) is due ; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 a. The passive periphrastic forms of intransitive verbs are 
 often used impersonally : mihi vivendum esse, that I must live; 
 Cat. II. 12. 
 
 226. The Gerundive. — The future passive participle (220) 
 when used in direct (attributive) agreement with a noun, is called 
 the gerundive. It is so used in the following cases, singular and 
 plural : — 
 
 a. Genitive : condicionem conservandae rei publicae, the task 
 of saving the republic; Cat. II. 7. 
 
VERBS 341 
 
 b. Dative : rare in Cicero. 
 
 c. Accusative : ad deponendam audaciam, to lay aside your 
 boldness; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 d. Ablative : supplicio levando, by alleviating the penalty; 
 Cat. IV. 5. 
 
 Note. — A gerundive in the accusative with ad, or in the geni- 
 tive with causa, may express purpose : vitandae suspicionis 
 causa, for the purpose of avoiding suspicion; Cat. I. 8. 
 
 The Gerund 
 
 227. The gerund is a verbal noun, found in the genitive, dative, 
 accusative, and ablative singular. The present infinitive is used 
 for the nominative. 
 
 a. Genitive : dicendi exercitatio, skill in (of) speaking; Cat. 
 III. 5. 
 
 b. Dative : rare in classical Latin. 
 
 c. Accusative : tempestivo ad navigandum marl, the sea being 
 at for sailing; P. 12. 
 
 d. Ablative : non credendo, by not believing; Cat. I. 12. 
 
 Note. — A gerund in the accusative with ad, or in the genitive 
 with causa, may express purpose : praedandi causa, for the pur- 
 pose of plundering ; B. G. II. 17. 
 
 228. In the genitive or ablativo a traiLsiti^^e gerund may take 
 an object, but the gerundive is more common. If the object is 
 a neuter adjective or a neuter pronoun, only the gerund is used : 
 artem vera ac falsa diiudicandi, the art of distinguishing the true 
 from the false. After prepositions the gerundive is regularly used 
 (226, c). 
 
 The Supine 
 
 229. The supine is a verbal noun found in the accusative 
 and ablative cases. 
 
 a. The supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to express 
 purpose : quos tu ad me salutatum miseras, whom you had sent 
 to greet me; Cat. I. 4. 
 
 b. The supine in -u is used to denote specification, especially 
 with adjectives meaning easy, good, strange, or the opposite: 
 optimum factu, the best thing to do; Cat. I. 12. 
 
 \ 
 
342 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 ADVERBS 
 
 230. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. 
 They may express time, manner, degree, place, etc. 
 
 a. Ne is the negative adverb for commands and expressions of 
 will or desire ; non is used in statements and questions of fact, 
 and with infinitives, participles, and gerunds. 
 
 h. Two negatives generally make an affirmative : non neminem, 
 some one, more than one; Cat. IV. 5. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS 
 
 231. A preposition shows a relation between a word in the 
 accusative or ablative case and some other word. 
 
 a. The prepositions used with the accusative are ad, adversus, 
 ante, apud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, 
 in, infra, inter, intra, iuxta, ob, penes, per, post, praeter, prope, 
 propter, secundum, sub, supra, trans, ultra, versus. 
 
 h. The prepositions used with the ablative are a, ab, abs, cum, 
 de, e, ex, in, prae, pro, sine, sub, 
 
 c. With the accusative, in and sub denote motion to a place, 
 with the ablative, rest in a place. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS 
 
 232. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal 
 rank, or principal with subordinate clauses. 
 
 a. Coordinate conjunctions (connecting expressions of equal 
 rank) : et, -que, ac, atque, etiam, quoque ; aut, sive, vel ; nee, 
 neque ; at, autem, enim, nam, sed, tamen. 
 
 h. Subordinate conjunctions (connecting subordinate with 
 principal constructions) : (1) Temporal, denoting time : cum, 
 ubi ; dum, donee, quoad ; antequam, priusquam ; postquam, 
 posteaquam, simul. (2) Causal, denoting cause : cum ; quod, 
 quia, quoniam, quando. (3) Conditional, denoting condition: 
 si, sin, nisi, (4) Concessive, granting something : cum, etsi, 
 tametsi, quamquam, quamvis. (5) Comparative, denoting com- 
 parison : ac, atque, quam, ut. (6) Final, denoting purpose : ut 
 (uti), quo, ne. (7) Consecutive, denoting result : ut. 
 
WORD ORDER 343 
 
 WORD ORDER 
 
 233. There is no fixed rule for the order of words in a Latin 
 sentence. A eonunon order is (1) the subject with its modifiers, 
 (2) the modifiers of the verb, (3) the verb. 
 
 a. To produce emphasis, a word may stand out of its normal 
 position : patere tua consilia non sentis ? do you not see the 
 exposure of your plots f Cat. I. 1. 
 
 h. Nouns in the genitive usually follow the words they modify, 
 but precede causa, for the sake, gratia, on account of: ex faucibus 
 fati ; pads causa. 
 
 c. A vocative generally stands after one or more words of the 
 sentence : quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit ; Cat. T. 7. 
 
 d. Demonstrative and intensive pronouns and adjectives of 
 quantity usually precede their nouns ; other adjectives precede 
 or follow, according to the emphasis intended : in hac urbe. 
 The adjective Romauus regularly follows its noun ; populus 
 Romanus. 
 
 e. An adjective modifier may be separated from its noun by a 
 preposition : summa cum laude, vdth the highest praise. 
 
 f. Relative pronouns and interrogative words generally stand 
 first in their clauses, unless governed by prepositions. 
 
 g. A preposition generally stands before its object, but cum 
 is an enclitic with personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns : 
 tecum, quibuscum, secum. 
 
 h. The conjunctions autem, enim, and vero do not stand first 
 in a sentence, but second or third, igitur usually second. With 
 ne . . . quidem the emphatic word comes between. 
 
 i. Inquam and inquit stand after one or more words of a direct 
 quotation: " refer," inquis, " ad senatum." 
 
 j. Adverbs regularly stand before the words they modify. 
 But fere, paene, prope, usually follow. 
 
 234. Period. — A period is a sentence in which the subordinate 
 phrases or clauses all stand before the main verb, the thought 
 thus being suspended till the end of the sentence. The periodic 
 style is common in Latin ; see Cat. Ill- lines 1-7. 
 
344 GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 
 
 FIGURES OF SPEECH 
 
 235. Anaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of 
 successive clauses or sentences : intus insidiae sunt, intus peri- 
 culum est, intus est hostis, within are snares; within, the danger ; 
 within, the enemy; Cat. II. 5. 
 
 236. Antithesis is the placing of words in contrast or opposi- 
 tion : non alienis praeceptis, sed suis imperils, not by the precepts 
 of others, but by his own command; P. 10. 
 
 237. Asyndeton is the omission of a connective : frigus, 
 sitim, famem ferre poterat, he could bear cold, thirst, hunger; 
 Cat. III. 7. 
 
 238. Chiasmus. — When two similar phrases have the order 
 of words reversed, the figure is called chiasmus : pacis ornamenta, 
 subsidia belli ; P. 2. 
 
 239. Climax (" ladder " ) is a series of phrases or clauses arranged 
 with increasing force : nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, you 
 do nothing, plan nothing, think of nothing; Cat. I. 3. 
 
 240. Hendiadys (" one through two ") is a figure in which two 
 nouns of the same case are connected by a conjunction, when 
 we should expect one noun to modify the other : declinatione et 
 corpora, by a turning aside of the body; Cat. I. 6. 
 
 241. Irony is saying the opposite of what is meant, when the 
 falsity is evident : credo, erit verendum mihi, / suppose I shall 
 have to fear; Cat. I. 2. 
 
 242. Litotes is a negative statement used instead of the equiva- 
 lent affirmative : non multa, few ; Cat. I. 6. 
 
 243. Metaphor is an implied resemblance : sentina rei publi- 
 cae, the dregs of the state; Cat. I. 5. 
 
 244. Metonymy is the use of one name for another suggested by 
 it : duodecim secures, for duo praetores ; see note P. 1. 402. 
 
 245. Polysyndeton is the repetition of a connective, as et, with 
 several words or clauses : turpem et infirmam et abiectam, base 
 and weak and downcast; Cat. IV. 10. 
 
 246. Preterition is a figure by which one pretends to omit what 
 he really inserts and emphasizes : non dicam duo bella esse 
 co^fecta, I will not say that two wars were ended; P. 20. 
 
 247. Zeugma is a connection of two words with a verb which 
 strictly applies to only one of them : hie locus acervis corporum 
 et sanguine redundavit, this place was filled with heaps of bodies, 
 and flowed with blood; Cat. III. 10. 
 
ROMAN CALENDAR, ROMAN NAMES 345 
 
 ROMAN CALENDAR 
 
 248. The Roman year was designated by the names of the 
 two consuls holding office for that year, as if we should say, 
 " during the presidency of Washington." The names were in 
 the ablative case wdth consulibus, forming an ablative absolute : 
 Lepido et Tullo consulibus Cat. I. 6. 
 
 a. The Romans did not number the days of the month, as we 
 do, but called the first day the Calends (Kalendae), the fifth 
 (seventh of March, May, July, and Oct.) the Nones (Nonae), 
 and the thirteenth (fifteenth of March, May, July, and October) 
 the Ides (Idus). 
 
 The days between the Calends and the Nones were reckoned 
 as so many days each before the Nones ; the days between the 
 Nones and the Ides as so many days each before the Ides ; the 
 days after the Ides as so many days each before the Calends of 
 the next month. But they counted both the day from which 
 and the day to which they reckoned. Therefore, to determine a 
 date falling before the Calends, add two to the number of days 
 in the current month before subtracting the given ordinal. 
 
 Thus, the phrase ante diem duodecimum Kalendas Novembris 
 means Oct. 21, for 31+ 2 - 12 = 21. 
 
 6. A phrase like ante diem quintum Kal. Apr. is idiomatic, for 
 which we should expect dies quintus (or die quinto) ante Kal. Apr. 
 
 ROMAN NAMES OF PERSONS 
 
 249. It was customary for Romans to have three names : a 
 praenomen (individual name), a nomen (name of the gens or 
 tribe), and a cognomen (family name) : Marcus Tullius Cicero. 
 
 a. There were less than twenty praenomina, such as Gains, 
 Gnaeus, Marcus, Publius, etc. The nomen ended in -ius. The 
 cognomen often originated as a nickname : Cicero, chickpea. 
 
 h. Women had no personal names, but were given the feminine 
 form of the tribe name : TuUia, a daughter of Cicero. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 BASED ON CICERO 
 
 Introductory Note. — The following thirty lessons in 
 prose composition are intended to furnish a general review 
 of the principles of syntax, as found in the orations read. 
 Questions, commands, conditions, and the independent 
 uses of the subjunctive, are treated in the first seven les- 
 sons, because of their importance and early use in Cicero. 
 Other topics are presented in the usual order of the gram- 
 mars. The vocabulary, with few exceptions, is confined 
 to the orations read. In the connected passages at the 
 end of each lesson, the pupil should consult the text upon 
 which it is based, rather than the general vocabulary. 
 The references to grammars are explained on p. 181. 
 
 LESSON I 
 
 Indicative Questions 
 
 1. Direct questions: 88 ;i Bur. 363; A. 330; B. 162; 
 G. 450;H. 378;HB. 231. 
 
 2. Alternative or double questions : 89 ; Bur. 372 ; 
 A. 334; B. 162, 4; G. 458; H. 380, 1 ; HB. 234. 
 
 3. Answers: 91; Bur. 370; A. 336; B. 162, 5; G. 471 ; 
 H. 379 ; HB. 232. 
 
 4. Word order: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; G. 
 684; H. 685; HB. 630. 
 
 ^See Grammatical Appendix. 
 346 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 347 
 
 Note 1. — The connectives in double questions may be: — 
 
 I. utrum. ... an 
 II. -ne ... an 
 III. — ... an 
 Note 2. — In the second member or not is expressed by annon, 
 or necne. The latter is used rarely in direct questions, but often 
 in indirect. 
 
 Exercise 1 (Cat. I. Chapters 1, 2) 
 
 1. Who delivered the orations against Catiline? 2. 
 Where was the first oration delivered? 3. How-many 
 orations were delivered against the same conspirators ? 4. 
 Into what strongly-fortified place were the senators called 
 together? 5. Why were all good citizens afraid? 6. 
 Have you not heard the decree of the Senate and the plan 
 of the consul? 7. Will the number of the enemy increase? 
 8. Does not the consul condemn himself for (of) ^ inactiv- 
 ity? He does (he condemns). 9. Patriots will not plot 
 the ruin of the republic, will they? 10. Do we seem to be 
 doing enough for the republic, or not? 11. By whom was 
 Gains Gracchus killed? 12. Gains Gracchus was the son 
 of Cornelia, was he not? 13. Were the Gracchi patriots, 
 or did they desire to devastate Italy with fire and sword 
 (slaughter) ? 14. Will Catiline see the eyes of many who 
 are watching him? No (he will not see). 15. To whom 
 shall we intrust [the welfare of] ^ the republic ? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 1, 2) 
 
 Catiline has too long abused the patience of the people. 
 His boldness has been unbridled. But he will not carry 
 out (perficio) his designs, if the consul does (fut. tense) 
 his duty by (enough for) the republic. For the Senate has 
 intrusted to Cicero [the welfare of] the republic. Once 
 
 1 Words in parentheses ( ) are explanatory or to be used in transla- 
 tion ; words in brackets [ ] are not to be translated. 
 
348 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 citizens were put to death because of a suspicion of insur- 
 rection. And so the consul has ordered (iubeo) CatiUne 
 to be arrested, and will do what ought (oportet) to be done. 
 
 LESSON II 
 
 Commands 
 
 1. The imperative: 207; Bur. 931; A. 448; B. 281; 
 G. 266 ; H. 560 ; HB. 495. 
 
 2. The subjunctive of command: 187, h; Bur. 768; 
 A. 439; B. 275; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 501. 
 
 3. Negative command (prohibition) : 208 ; Bur. 934 ; 
 A. 450 ; B. 276 ; G. 271 ; H. 561 ; HB. 501. 
 
 4. The vocative: 96; Bur. 398; A. 340; B. 171; G. 
 201; H. 402; HB. 400. 
 
 Note 1. — Die, due, and fac are used for dice, duee, faee. 
 Note 2. — In commands of the third person, the negative is ne. 
 Compare the following : — 
 
 "•Positive Negative 
 
 2 pers. scribe, seribite, write. noli (nolite) scribere, do not write, 
 
 3 pers. scribat, let him write. ne scribat, let him not write. 
 
 scribant, let them write, ne seribant, let them not write. 
 Note 3. — Distinguish between let used in translating the sub- 
 junctive of command and let meaning allow, which requires a 
 separate Latin word : sine {let, allow) eos scribere. 
 
 Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 3, 4) 
 
 1. Send two Roman^ knights to the consul before day- 
 break (light). 2. Call all patriots together and encourage 
 them. 3. Fortify and strengthen your homes, citizens, with 
 stronger (greater) guards. 4. Let them not condemn the 
 consul tor (of) inactivity. 5. Let Catiline be arrested and 
 put to death. 6. Let all good men say [that] it was done 
 too late. 7. Marcus Tullius, will you allow (patior) the ene- 
 mies of the republic to live ? 8. Don't change your mind. 
 
 1 The adjective Romanus regularly follows its noun. 
 
LATEST PROSE COMPOSITION 349 
 
 9. Be not lax in [the midst of] these dangers. 10. Lead 
 out all the forces of the state and free us from danger. 
 11. Fear the guards of the city, Catiline, and lay no plots 
 (plot nothing) in your camp in Etruria. 12. Who will 
 defend you, Catiline? 13. Were you not hemmed-in 
 on-all-sides? 14. Were your plans not clearer to me than 
 day (light) ? 15. Was your conspiracy confined within 
 (by) the walls of a private house or the walls of the city ? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 3, 4) 
 
 Were you not at the house (domi) of Laeca, Catiline? 
 The walls of that private house have not contained the 
 voices of your conspirators. My guards have surrounded 
 you, and you will not be able to lift-a-finger (move your- 
 self). You^ have planned for (de) the destruction of the 
 city, but I ^ for her safety. Listen-to (hear) the opinions 
 of these senators. Those men whom you have chosen 
 will not set-fire-to the city, but will be patriotic citizens. 
 
 LESSON III 
 
 Subjunctive in Independent Sentences 
 
 1. Hortatory, expressing exhortation: 187, a; Bur. 
 768; A. 439; B. 273; G. 263; H. 559; HB. 500. 
 
 2. Optative, expressing a ^vish ; 188; Bur. 773; A. 441; 
 B. 279; G. 260; H. 558; HB. 510. 
 
 3. Potential, expressing possibility: 189; Bur. 777; 
 A. 446; B. 280; G. 257; H. 552; HB. 516. 
 
 Note 1. — For the independent subjunctive in commands, see 
 Lesson II ; in dehberative questions, see Lesson VIL 
 
 Note 2. — The negative for hortatory and optative seutencea 
 is regularly ne ; for potential sentences, non. 
 
 1 Use a pronoun. 
 
350 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 5, 6) 
 
 1. Let us defend the city with all our forces. 2. May 
 the consul defend the city. 3. that (would that, utinam) 
 the consul were defending the city. 4. Would that the 
 consul had defended us against (ab) this band of conspira- 
 tors. 5. Let us not say [that] the consul was too cruel. 
 6. O that you had gone to the camp of the enemy. 7. 
 Some one (aliquis) may think [that] Jupiter is not the most 
 ancient guardian of the city. 8. You may [possibly] say 
 [that] the gates are open and [that] many leading men have 
 fled. 9. May all good citizens be grateful (have gratitude) 
 to the immortal gods, who have checked these wicked 
 attempts. 10. Let us do what (that which) is most expe- 
 dient (useful) for the common safety. 11. Did you not 
 stand in the Comitium, ready to kill the consuls and the 
 chief men of the state? 12. Offer to this young man a 
 better gift than a sword and a torch. 13. that he were 
 offering a better gift. 14. Let them not stand in the 
 Comitium (Lesson II, Note 2). 15. Did they stand in the 
 Comitium or in the Forum? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 5, 6) 
 
 Let Catiline depart with all his friends and go to the 
 camp of Manlius. He has often attacked (peto) the con- 
 sul-elect and his rivals. By this time (iam) all know his 
 life and hate him. They are unwilling [to have] him live 
 (him to live) in the city which he dooms (calls) to destruc- 
 tion. They fear the dagger which has been consecrated 
 by sacred [rites]. May the good fortune of the Roman 
 people stand-in-the-way-of his madness (dat.). 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 351 
 
 LESSON IV 
 
 The Infinitive 
 
 1. Tenses of the infinitive: 209; Bur. 939; A. 486; 
 B. 270; G. 281; H. 617; HB. 472. 
 
 2. The infinitive without subject: 211; Bur. 951; A. 
 456; B. 328; G. 423 ; H. 607 ; HB. 586. 
 
 3. The infinitive with subject-accusative : 212 ; Bur. 
 954; A. 459; B. 331 ; G. 527 ; H. 613; HB. 589. 
 
 4. The infinitive with possum, licet, oportet, debeo 
 209,6; Bur. 944; A. 486, a; B. 270; G. 254, R; H. 618; 
 HB. 582, 3. 
 
 Note 1. — Can and could are expressed by the forms of possum : 
 / can do this, hoc facere possum ; / could (was able to) do this, 
 hoc facere poteram. 
 
 Note 2. — May and might, denoting permission (not possibil- 
 ity) are expressed by licet : I may do this, licet mihi (or me) 
 hoc facere (lit. it is permitted me to do this). 
 
 Note 3. — Must may be expressed by oportet or necesse est ; 
 ought, by debeo or oportet: (1) / tnu^t do this, me hoc facere 
 necesse est (or oportet) ; (2) I ought to do this, hoc facere debeo, 
 or me hoc facere oportet. 
 
 Note 4. — To say could have done, might have done, ought to 
 have done, Latin uses a present (not perfect) complementary 
 infinitive. 
 
 1. / could have done this, hoc facere potui. 
 
 2. / might have done this, mihi (or me) hoc facere licuit (per- 
 mission) ; hoc facere potui (possibility). 
 
 3. / ought to have done this, hoc facere debui, or me hoc 
 facere oportuit. 
 
 Noted. — Debeo denotes obligation based on duty to one's 
 self ; oportet denotes obligation based on duty to others. 
 
 Note 6. — With oportet the person affected is expressed by the 
 accusative ; with licet, necesse est, by the dative or the accusa- 
 tive. 
 
 Exercise 1 (Cat. I. 7, 8) 
 
 1. CatUine was ordered (iubeo) to go into exile. 2. He 
 said he would go into exile. 3. He is said to have gone 
 
352 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 into exile. 4. Catiline ought to have gone into exile. 
 5. You know, Catiline, that you ought to have gone into 
 exile. 6. Ought the consul to have been moved by hatred 
 or by pity? 7. Why did you attempt to come into the 
 Senate? 8. Did not the senators hesitate to salute him? 
 9. Cicero desired to do his duty by (do enough for) the 
 republic. 10. Cicero said that he desired to do his duty 
 by the republic. 11. Who was not able (impf.) to hear 
 the voices of those who stood around the Senate? 12. All 
 could have heard them a little while ago. 13. My slaves 
 must (oportet) not fear me. 14. A slave may not (i.e. is 
 not permitted to ; Note 2) come into the Senate. 15. Let 
 us compel all the friends of Catiline to go out with him. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 7, 8) 
 
 No one of (from) that great throng dared (to) salute 
 Catiline in the Senate. For good citizens feared him, and 
 thought he was the common enemy of them all. Did he 
 not discern (perspicio) their will? Would that he had 
 heard the voice of his country, which silently (silent) 
 spoke to (with) him. 
 
 Catiline desired to give himself into custody, but no one 
 received him. Even his friend Metellus rejected him. 
 And so Cicero said that he ought to leave (go out of) the 
 city. 
 
 LESSON V 
 
 Conditional Sentences 
 
 1. Conditions stated as a fact: 198, a, h; Bur. 911; 
 A. 515 ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 ; HB. 579. 
 
 2. Conditions more probable (shall, will) : 198, c; Bur, 
 911 ; A. 516 ; B. 302 ; G. 595 ; H. 574 ; HB. 579, a. 
 
 3. Conditions less probable (should, would) : 198, c; 
 Bur. 915; A. 516; B.303; G.596; H. 576; HB. 580. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 353 
 
 Note 1. — Latin often requires a future or future perfect where 
 English uses a present tense : if he does (Latin shall do) this, it 
 will be well. 
 
 Note 2. — Conditions less probable are sometimes called possv- 
 hie or less vivid conditions. 
 
 Note 3. — A negative condition is generally introduced by 
 nisi, unless; if the negative is applied to a single word by si non. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. If he was in the Forum, he heard Cicero's speech. 2. 
 
 If he is in the Forum now, he is listening-to (hears) Cicero's 
 
 speech. 3. If he goes (Note 1) to the Forum, he will hear 
 
 Cicero's speech. 4. If he should go to the Forum, he 
 
 would hear Cicero's speech. 5. If Catihne should go, 
 
 who would salute him? 6. If you are patriotic citizens, do 
 
 not let (patior) the enemy (to) collect their troops. 7. If 
 
 we have a decree of the Senate against (in) the conspirators, 
 
 let them fear its authority. 8. If Catiline did not send 
 
 ahead his silver eagle, he did not wish to go to his army. 
 
 9. If I say this to Marcellus, men will lay violent (violence 
 
 and) hands on me (dat.) . 10. The consul will not order 
 
 you to leave (go out of) the city, unless you hesitate 
 
 (Note 1). 11. The consul would not order you to leave 
 
 the city, unless you should hesitate. 12. If Catiline was 
 
 rejected by Lepidus, he ought to have gone (Lesson IV, 
 
 Note 4) to Metellus. 13. Ought we not call all good men 
 
 together? 14. We ought to call all good men together. 
 
 15. How long, Catiline, do you think you can abuse our 
 
 patience ? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 9, 10) 
 
 All [men] know, Catiline, that you will never reform 
 (correct yourself). And so a storm of unpopularity over- 
 hangs you (dat.). If you wish to declare (indie o) war upon 
 your country (dat.), your army in Etruria is ready. Go 
 straight to that army, and let hatred be kindled (conflo) 
 
354 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 against me (dat.)- Go to that band of scoundrels, with 
 whom you may revel (subjv.) in pleasure. O that the 
 gods had given you a better purpose (mens). But do not 
 think that you will ever distress the republic [as] a consul. 
 
 LESSON VI 
 
 Conditional Sentences {Continued) 
 
 1. Conditions contrary to fact: 198, a, h; Bur. 919; 
 A. 517; B. 304; G. 597 ; H. 579; HB. 581. 
 
 2. Conditions with debeo, oportet, possum : 198, 
 Note 2; Bur. 921 ; A. 517; B. 304; G. 597; H. 582; HB. 
 581. 
 
 3. Proviso: 199; Bur. 929; A. 528; B. 310; G. 573; 
 H. 587; HB. 529. 
 
 Note. — Debeo, oportet, possum, necesse est often stand in the 
 indicative instead of the subjunctive, in the conclusion of a condi- 
 tion contrary to fact. The imperfect represents present time, the 
 perfect or pluperfect, past time : deleri exercitus potuit, si per- 
 secuti victores essent, the army might {could) have been destroyed, 
 if the victors- had pursued. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. They will conquer, if they fight bravely. 2. They 
 would have conquered, if they had fought more bravely. 
 3. If they had heard the speech, they would have praised 
 the orator. 4. If they were listening-to (hearing) the speech 
 now, they would praise the orator. 5. If they should hear 
 the speech, they would praise the orator. 6. If the con- 
 sul had not ordered Catiline to leave (go from) the city, 
 he would not have gone. 7. If Cicero had feared unpopu- 
 larity, he could not have saved the state. 8. We shall 
 reach (pervenio ad) the camp before evening, provided we 
 go by the shortest road. 9. If the friends of the con- 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 355 
 
 spirators had gone into the temple, who would have sa- 
 luted them? 10. If you had spoken with (cum) them, 
 they ought to have feared your authority. 11. If I were 
 in Italy, I should see the cities which the Romans built 
 (aedifico). 12. Would you encourage the soldiers, if you 
 were the commander-in-chief? 13. Let us separate these 
 conspirators from patriotic men. 14. Many thought that 
 Cicero was embarrassed by the customs of the ancestors. 
 15. Do not fear unpopularity, but show (refero) gratitude 
 to the Roman people, by whom you have been raised to 
 the highest office. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. I. 11-13) 
 
 I ought not to neglect the safety of my [fellow] citizens. 
 If only Jupiter will aid us, I promise (to) you that I shall 
 bring all things to light. Let all know that I will not give 
 one hour to this gladiator. If I punish him, many will 
 say that I have acted cruelly. But I shall keep him and his 
 allies from the houses of the city and the temples of the gods. 
 
 LESSON VII 
 
 Subjunctive Questions 
 
 1. Indirect questions : 202; Bur. 846; A. 330; B. 300; 
 G. 460; H. 649; HB. 537. 
 
 2. Double questions : 89, and a; Bur. 372 ; A. 334 ; B. 
 162, 4 ; G. 458 ; H. 380 ; HB. 234. 
 
 3. Questions of deliberation, possibility, propriety: 
 201; Bur. 771; A. 444; B. 277; G. 465; H. 559,4; HB. 
 503. 
 
 4. Sequence of tenses : 183; Bur. 781 ; A. 482; B. 266; 
 G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. 
 
 Note 1. — Whether, in single questions, is expressed by -ne or 
 num (without difference of meaning) ; in double questions, by 
 
356 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 utrum or -ne : quaesivit salvusne esset filius, he asked whether his 
 son was safe; quaerit utrum verum an falsum sit, he asks whether 
 it is true or false. 
 
 Note 2. — The future tense in indirect questions is expressed 
 by the subjunctive of the active periphrastic conjugation: 
 rogo quid facturus sis, / ask what you will do (are about to do) ; 
 rogavi quid facturus esses, / asked what you would do (were about 
 to do) ; rogo quid facias means / ask what you are doing. 
 
 Note 3. — The person asked is expressed by the accusative 
 with rogo ; by ab, de, or ex + the ablative with quaero ; by 
 ab + the ablative with peto and postuio. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Why, Catiline, are you an enemy of your country? 
 2. I ask you, Catiline, why you are an enemy. 3. I ask 
 you, Catiline, whether you are an enemy or not. 4. The 
 consul asked Catiline why he was an enemy. 5. The con- 
 sul asked him how long he had been an enemy. 6. I ask 
 you, whether you were an enemy of your country yester- 
 day. 7. I ask you, Catiline, whether you will be an 
 enemy. 8. He asked Catiline whether he would be an 
 enemy. 9. I shall ask Catiline whether he is an enemy 
 or a good citizen. 10. I-am-in-doubt ; what shall I say 
 about the punishment of this man? 11. Why should you 
 go (pres. tense) [as] an ambassador to the camp of the 
 enemy? 12. What was I to do ? (not inf. ; cf. what am I to 
 do ? i.e. what shall I do ?) 13. I didn't know (nescio) what 
 I was to do. 14. Let all men declare what they have 
 heard about the perils of the republic. 15. If you know 
 in what peril the republic is, tell the consul (dat.). 16. 
 He ought to have told the consul what he knew about the 
 perils of the republic. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 1, 2) 
 
 At last, fellow-citizens, we know that Catiline has gone. 
 Those weapons, with which he threatened us (dat.), we 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 357 
 
 shall no longer need (it will be necessary [for] us) to fear. 
 Let us rejoice because there is no foe within the city- walls. 
 Who will blame me, if I do not think that Catiline ought 
 to be put to death now? If I had put him to death, how 
 many would have accused me severely? Even many 
 senators did not believe all (neut. ace. pi.) that I said. 
 
 LESSON VIII 
 
 Agreement 
 
 1. Agreement of nouns : 92; Bur. 381-389; A. 281; B. 
 169; G. 321; H.393; HB. 319. 
 
 2. Agreement of adjectives : 156, a, h; Bur. 629; A. 285; 
 B. 234; G. 211; H. 394; HB. 320. 
 
 3. Agreement of relative pronouns : 167, a, h; Bur. 703; 
 A. 305; B. 250; G. 614; H. 396; HB. 281. 
 
 4. Agreement of verbs: 171, a-e; Bur. 735; A. 316; B. 
 254; G. 211; H. 388; HB. 328. 
 
 Note. — In a compound infinitive, depending on a personal verb 
 like dicuntur, the participle is in the nominative form : — 
 
 1. dicuntur secuti esse, they are said to have followed. 
 
 2. Miles dicitur seciitus esse, the soldier is said to have fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 3. dicitur (impersonal) militem secutum esse, it is said that 
 the soldier followed. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Cicero [when] consul delivered the orations against 
 Catiline, the senator. 2. These men said they had come 
 [as] ambassadors. 3. All good soldiers desire to be and to 
 seem brave. 4. Cicero said that his son and daughter were 
 safe. 5. Many men and women, who saw the brave sol- 
 dier, saluted him. 6. Gabinius was the first to be called 
 (was called first) to the consul. 7. You and Metellus 
 came unwillingly (unwilling). 8. Did they not assemble 
 (come together) in-great-numbers? 9. Labor and pleas- 
 
358 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 ure are unlike (dissimilar things). 10. Were the swords 
 and daggers, which were in the camp, handed over to the 
 consul? 11. Neither the lieutenant nor the praetor could 
 overtake the men who went out of the city. 12. At last 
 we have warded-off the sword and flame that threatened 
 the city (dat.). 13. There came together a great number 
 Ci citizens, who had heard that Cicero would deliver an 
 oration. 14. Let all patriots thank the gods (dat.), as 
 (that which) I have often said, 15. The temple of Jupiter 
 was on the top of the hill. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 3, 4) 
 
 Do you ask from what countries the enemy have gath- 
 ered their forces? They have come from Italy and Gaul. 
 In the army of Catiline are desperate men of all classes, 
 who would rather (prefer to) fight for (pro) their leader 
 than for their country. If they do not know that this leader 
 has gone out, I will tell (to) them that he has gone by the 
 Aurelian Way. O that these young men had never lived 
 on intimate terms with him ! 
 
 LESSON IX 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 1. Personal: 162, a, h; Bur. 661; A. 295; B. 242; G, 
 304; H. 500; HB. 254. 
 
 2. Reflexive: 163, a-c; Bur. 666; A. 299; B. 244 
 G. 309 ; H. 502 ; HB. 260. 
 
 3. Possessive: 164, a, b; Bur. 618; A. 302; B. 243 
 G. 312 ; H. 501 ; HB. 254. 
 
 4. Relative: 167, a-c; Bur. 693; A. 304; B. 250 
 G. 610; H. 510; HB. 281. 
 
 5. Intensive: 166, a, b; Bur. 671; A. 298; B. 249 
 G. 311; H. 509; HB. 267. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 359 
 
 Note. — Distinguish between the reflexive and the intensive 
 pronoun. Se is not intensive or emphatic, but gets its meaning 
 from the fact that it refers to the subject ; ipse is generally used 
 for emphasis, though it may be reflexive : Romani se def endunt, 
 the Romans defend themselves; Romani ipsi oppidum def endunt, 
 the Romans themselves defend the town. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Manlius has pitched his camp against us in the pass of 
 Etruria. 2. ManHus said he would pitch his camp in 
 Etmria. 3. ManUus is said to have attempted to seize 
 the pass. 4. Who will not fight for (pro) his country, 
 which is the parent of us all? 5. Who of us will say that 
 this is not the fairest of all lands ? 6. If the praetors over- 
 take the Allobroges, will they arrest them and seize their 
 letters? 7. I (emphatic) gave myself into custody; why 
 did you not receive me? 8. Fellow-citizens, you must 
 (Lesson IV, Note 3) defend yourselves and your property 
 against (ab) the attacks which these men are making. 
 9. Our ancestors themselves have left (to) us many 
 examples of their virtues. 10. Lentulus and Cethegus, 
 the friends of Catiline, acknowledged their seals and hand- 
 writing (hands). 11. Do you know their seals and hand- 
 writing, Marcus Tullius? 12. These men say they will 
 escort you to the very gates of the city. 13. Catiline 
 easily endured hunger and cold, which weaken most men. 
 14. He asked Catiline whether he easily endured hunger 
 and cold. 15. The letter had been written by his own hand 
 to (ad) his son and daughter, who were in Gaul. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 5, 6) 
 
 If I had known that Catiline was the companion of 
 gladiators and desperate men, I should have compelled 
 him to leave the city, which he wishes to destroy. You 
 all know what slaughter and burning they have planned. 
 
360 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Do you think we need (it is necessary [for] us) to dread 
 foreign nations and kings? Greater dangers are within. 
 Let the Senate be called together, and let the whole mat- 
 ter be laid before the conscript fathers. Then I will ask 
 Catiline whether Manlius, his centurion, has pitched a 
 camp and is now waiting-for him. 
 
 LESSON X 
 
 Pronouns (Continued) 
 
 1. Demonstrative: 165, a-e; Bur. 711 ; A. 296 ; B. 246; 
 G. 305; H. 505; HB. 271. 
 
 2. Interrogative: 168; Bur. 679; A. 333; B. 90; 
 G. 106; H. 511; HB. 275. 
 
 3. Indefinite: 169, a, h; Bur. 682; A. 309; B.252; G. 313; 
 H. 512; HB. 276. 
 
 4. Alius, alter: 170, a, h; Bur. 729; A. 315; B. 253; 
 G. 319; H. 516; HB. 279. 
 
 Note 1. — Hie, iste, and ille are demonstratives of the first, 
 second, and third persons, respectively. 
 
 Note 2. — UUus, any, is the adjective in negative expressions, 
 corresponding to the pronoun quisquam : sine ullo periculo, 
 without any danger. 
 
 Note 3. — The same as is regularly expressed by idem qui (eadem 
 quae, idem quod) : ego idem sentio quod tu, I think the same as 
 you. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. One of the consuls was Catiline's enemy, the other was 
 said to be his friend. 2. Some of the conspirators went 
 out by the Aurelian Way, others remained in the city. 
 
 3. Some witnesses said one thing, some another (170, b). 
 
 4. Every one of us knows where your friends met last 
 night. 5. If any one should ask why the Allobroges were 
 in the city, Lentulus could (would be able to) tell him. 
 6. If any one had asked why they were in the city, Lentulus 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 361 
 
 could have told (Lesson VI, Note) him. 7. Who does not 
 know that certain of (ex) the chief men have fled? 8. These 
 soldiers fought most valiantly ; those guarded the camp 
 which had been pitched in the middle of the hill. 9. 
 Don't think, Catiline, that those companions of yours 
 will accomplish their undertakings without punishment. 
 10. That letter was written by the same hand as (by which) 
 this. 11. How can we escape the weapons of that [scoun- 
 drel]? 12. Some men may say that the Gauls will not 
 form a conspiracy against the republic. 13. The consul 
 ought to summon to himself all (169, h) the best and 
 noblest. 14. If the consuls do their duty by (to) the state, 
 we shall not need to fear the attacks of any one. 15. Those 
 who heard the oration learned that the republic was in 
 great peril. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 7, 8) 
 
 If Catiline should change his mind and go out of the city, 
 some would say that Cicero had driven him into exile. 
 And yet if he had put him to death, the same men would 
 have said that he was a tyrant. But Cicero was willing 
 to undergo unpopularity, provided the state was not in 
 peril. He knew there were six classes of men in Catiline's 
 army. The first of these were deeply in (in great) debt, but 
 expected that by the aid of Catiline their property would 
 be saved. 
 
 LESSON XI 
 
 The Genitive with Nouns 
 
 1. Possessive Genitive: 97; Bur. 401 ; A. 343 ; B. 198; 
 G. 362; H. 440; HB. 339. 
 
 2. Subjective Genitive : 98; Bur. 402; A. 343; B. 199; 
 G. 363; H. 440; HB. 344. 
 
 3. Objective Genitive : 99; Bur. 425; A. 348; B. 200- 
 G. 363 ; H. 440 ; HB. 354. 
 
362 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 4. Descriptive Genitive : 100 ; Bur. 421 ; A. 345 ; B, 
 203; G. 365; H. 440; HB. 355. 
 
 5. Appositional Genitive: 102; Bur. 411; A. 343; B. 
 202 ; G. 361 ; H. 440 ; HB. 341. 
 
 6. Genitive of the whole: 103; Bur. 412; A. 346; B. 
 201 ; G. 367 ; H. 441 ; HB. 346. 
 
 Note 1. — The subjective and objective genitives are dis- 
 tinguished by converting the phrase into a sentence : the love 
 of a father (amor patris) may mean the father loves (pater amat), 
 and hence the genitive is subjective ; or it may mean one loves 
 his father (amat patrem), in which case the genitive is objective. 
 
 Note 2. — Numerals and quidem are generally followed by ex 
 or de and the ablative rather than by the genitive of the whole : 
 unus ex militibus, one of the soldiers. 
 
 Note 3. — The adjective omnis is not followed by the genitive 
 of the whole : all of us, nos omnes (not nostrum). 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Were Tiberius and Gains Gracchus the sons of Cor- 
 nelia? 2. Whose letter is this? 3. Cicero said that Cati- 
 line was a man of great boldness. 4. This soldier's 
 knowledge of war is extraordinary. 5. The name of king 
 was always hateful to the Roman people. 6. How much 
 authority was given to the consul? 7. Do you know how 
 much authority was given to the consul? 8. If all the 
 soldiers should fight bravely, we should conquer. 9. Cer- 
 tain of (Note 2) the knights were unfriendly to Cicero. 
 10. Love of country did not stand-in-the-way-of Catiline's 
 purposes (dat.). 11. Cicero said that the customs of the 
 ancestors and the safety of the republic demanded the 
 severest punishment. 12. Is not this the fairest of all 
 lands? 13. Let the conspirators be disturbed (moved) 
 by the fear of the people. 14. We all know what (of) 
 plan you formed (took). 15. We heard that the Senate 
 decreed a thanksgiving of twenty days. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 363 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 9-10) 
 
 Cicero said that the second class of the conspirators' 
 army were burdened with debt but did not despair of 
 honors (ace.)- But they could not become consuls or 
 kings in the ashes of the city. In (in) the third class 
 were Sulla's soldiers, who were impelled by the hope of 
 plunder. They would not have fallen into such debt, if 
 Sulla had been alive. With this army of criminals of all 
 classes, what did the leader expect he could do? 
 
 LESSON XII 
 
 The Genitive with Adjectives and Verbs 
 
 1. Genitive with adjectives: 104; Bur. 425; A. 349 
 B. 204; G. 374; H. 450; HB. 354. 
 
 2. Genitive with verbs of accusing: 105; Bur. 431 
 A. 352; B. 208; G. 378; H. 456; HB. 342. 
 
 3. Genitive with verbs of feeling and interest : 106, 107 
 Bur. 434; A. 354; B. 209; G. 377; H. 457; HB. 352. 
 
 4. Genitive w^ith verbs of memory : 108 ; Bur. 438 
 
 A. 350; B. 206; G. 376; H. 454; HB. 350. 
 
 5. Genitive of indefinite value (with est): 110; Bur. 
 424; A. 417; B. 203; G. 380; H. 448; HB. 356. 
 
 6. Predicate Genitive: 111; Bur. 408, 421; A. 343; 
 
 B. 203; G. 366; H. 447; HB. 340. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. The Romans were always desirous of victory and 
 mindful of their allies. 2. Are your friends mindful of 
 you (pL, 162, 6)? 3. It will be worth-while (tanti) for us 
 (dat.) to do this, provided our friends are willing. 4. It 
 is [the duty] of the consul to defend the city and the 
 temples of the gods. 5. He says that the sixth class con- 
 sists (is) of the friends of Catiline. 6. The consul will not 
 
364 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 repent of his acts. 7. He says that he does not repent 
 (it does not repent him) of his acts. 8. Do not forget me, 
 and that I am your consul. 9. It concerned the consul 
 greatly (110) that his colleague should be (inf. clause) a 
 friend. 10. It concerns you (107) also that your colleague 
 be a friend. 11. The orator accused Catiline of many 
 things which the senators had not heard before. 12. Re- 
 member your former victories, soldiers, if you fear the 
 enemy. 13. The lieutenant was a man most-experienced 
 in (of) war. 14. It will concern us (107) little whether the 
 enemy are in our camp or not. 15. He thinks that four 
 thousand men are in camp. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. II. 11-13) 
 
 If these are Catiline's forces, citizens, do you dread 
 war? Can that wounded gladiator conquer in a contest 
 of this kind? I have been informed that all the colonists 
 will easily defend their towns. Metellus, who is experi- 
 enced in warfare, will check all attempts outside of the 
 city. If any friends of Catiline remain in the city, they 
 will see that I am a watchful consul. If the gods will be 
 our leaders, I promise that every loyal man will be safe. 
 
 LESSON XIII 
 
 The Dative Case 
 
 1. Indirect object with transitive verbs: 112, a; Bur. 
 450; A. 362; B. 187; G. 345; H. 424; HB. 365. 
 
 2. Indirect object with intransitive verbs : 112,6; Bur. 
 456; A. 367; B. 187.; G. 346; H. 426; HB. 362. 
 
 3. Indirect object with compound verbs : 112, c, d; 
 
 Bur. 464; A. 370; B. 187; G. 347; H. 429; HB. 376. 
 
 Note 1. — Some intransitive verbs are used in the passive voice 
 impersonally : persuadetur mihi, / am 'persuaded (it is persuaded 
 to me) ; persuadetur tibi, you are persuaded. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 365 
 
 Note 2. — Mitto and scribo take either the dative of indirect 
 object, or the accusative with ad. The accusative is used if the 
 idea of motion predominates : tibi, or ad te, scribam, / shall 
 
 write to you. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Who will envy his friend's glory ? 2. It is [the duty] 
 of every man to resist the leaders of that conspiracy. 
 3. To you, Cicero, our country has intrusted the lives (life) 
 and property (goods) of her citizens. 4. He ought to 
 obey the decree of the Senate and go into exile. 5. He is 
 persuaded. I have been persuaded. 6. Can you not per- 
 suade him? 7. Can he not be persuaded? 8. Let not 
 these desperate men threaten us with sword and flame. 
 9. Cicero said that foreign nations preferred to serve the 
 Roman people [rather] than rule over others. 10. The 
 A'llobroges said that Lentulus had written a letter to 
 Catiline (Note 2). 11. Did the Senate give most liberal 
 rewards to the ambassadors of the Allobroges? 12. Cicero 
 promised (to) the citizens that every loyal man would be 
 safe. 13. We ought, conscript fathers, to consult for [the 
 interest of] these men and women who are in peril. 14. If 
 we lay hands on Catiline and his friends, we shall do bur 
 duty by (enough for) the republic. 15. When was Man- 
 lius placed-in-command-of the army ? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 1-3) 
 
 By Cicero's plans and labors the state was saved. 
 Fire had almost been placed under the temples, but it 
 had been extinguished. Then in the Forum, the consul 
 told (to) the people how great their peril had been. He 
 had heard that certain Gauls would cross the Mulvian 
 Bridge and that they had letters for (ad) Catiline. He 
 arrested them and some of the conspirators, and then laid 
 the whole matter before the Senate, which he had quickly 
 assembled. 
 
366 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 LESSON XIV 
 
 The Dative {Continued) 
 
 1. Dative of purpose: 114; Bur. 483; A. 382; B. 191 
 G. 356; H. 433; HB. 365. 
 
 2. Dative of reference : 115; Bur. 470; A. 376; B. 188 
 G. 356; H. 433; HB. 366. 
 
 3. Dative with adjectives: 119; Bur. 487; A. 384 
 B. 192; G. 359; H. 434; HB. 362. 
 
 4. Dative of the possessor: 117; Bur. 479; A. 373 
 B. 190; G. 349; H. 430; HB. 374. 
 
 5. Dative of the agent : 116; Bur. 480; A. 374; B. 189 
 G. 354; H. 431; HB. 373. 
 
 6. The passive periphrastic conjugation : 225 ; Bur. 
 1000; A. 500; B. 337; G. 251; H. 621; HB. 600. 
 
 Note 1. — In expressions of possession the genitive emphasizes 
 the possessor ; the dative, the fact of possession : bonus servus 
 est consulis, the good slave is the consul's; bonus servus est 
 consul!, the consul has a good slave. 
 
 Note 2. — To avoid confusion with another dative connected 
 with the passive periphrastic, the agent may be expressed by the 
 ablative with a, ab : hostibus a nobis parcendum est, we must spare 
 our enemies. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Can this day be pleasant to wicked men? 2. Your 
 safety will be (for) the greatest concern (care) to all your 
 friends. 3. The men who saved the state are (for) an 
 honor to themselves. 4. We must defend our wives and 
 children. 5. They say that they must defend their wives 
 and children. 6. You have many brave generals and 
 thousands of soldiers. 7. Cicero said that he would pro- 
 vide for the safety of the Roman people. 8. Our country 
 ought (Lesson IV, Note 3) to be very dear to us. 9. Is 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 367 
 
 this boy like his father or his grandfather ? ) 0. We must 
 praise the consul and give thanks to the immortal gods. 
 11. I learned that the ambassadors had a letter, and that 
 it was Catiline's (see Note 1). 12. Give a signal to those 
 guards who are nearest to the gates. 13. Catiline asked 
 whether those gladiators would be faithful to him. 14. I 
 ought to be pardoned (it is fitting to be pardoned to me, 
 112, Note 2). 15. If your voice has been [a means of] (for) 
 safety to any one, you ought to be pardoned. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 4-6) 
 
 Volturcius and the Gauls said that some of the con- 
 spirators were ready to burn the city and that Cethegus 
 wished to do this before the Saturnalia. We know that 
 the house of Cethegus was full of good weapons. In the 
 Senate the tablets of the conspirators were read. I 
 asked them whether they recognized the seals of the 
 tablets. All confessed. Then the Senate thanked me 
 and the praetors who had commanded the troops of the 
 state. 
 
 LESSON XV 
 
 The Accusative 
 
 1. Directobject: 120; Bur. 493 ; A. 387; B. 172; G. 330 
 H. 404; HB. 390. 
 
 2. Secondary object: 121; Bur. 507; A. 396; B. 178 
 G. 339; H. 411; HB. 393. 
 
 3. Predicate accusative : 122; Bur. 506; A. 393; B. 177 
 G. 340; H. 410; HB. 392. 
 
 4. Subject of infinitive: 123; Bur. 526; A. 397; B. 184 
 G. 343; H. 415; HB. 398. 
 
 5. Prepositions with the accusative : 231 ; Bur. 1019 
 A. 220; B. 141; G. 416; H. 420; HB. 455. 
 
368 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Note. — Moneo, advise, warn, may be followed by two accusa- 
 tives, one of the person, and the other a neuter pronoun or ad- 
 jective, expressing the thing : eos hoc moneo, / give them this 
 warning (warn them this). 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Have you read the letter that Cicero wrote to (ad) 
 
 his son? 2. Many citizens asked Caesar his opinion 
 
 about the conspiracy. 3. Caesar, having been asked his 
 
 opinion, spoke as follows (said words of this kind). 4. The 
 
 Roman people did not elect Catiline consul. 5. He says 
 
 that the Roman people could have elected (Lesson IV, 
 
 Note 4) Catiline consul. 6. Let us inform the consul 
 
 that (inf. clause) the gates are open. 7. It is said that 
 
 the leaders sought (peto) aid even of (121, a) the slaves. 
 
 8. Jupiter was rightly called the stay of the city. 9. Didn't 
 
 the Haedui call their magistrate " vergobretus " ? 10. The 
 
 consul has given the enemy this warning (Note) . 11. Every 
 
 senator called Catiline a dangerous citizen. 12. Caesar 
 
 wrote that he had led his army into the farthest part 
 
 of the province. 13. Tell me who was-in-command- 
 
 of the tenth legion. 14. Let the boys remember their 
 
 friend and his words (108). 15. The leaders think that 
 
 they will not lack infantry (infantry will not be lacking 
 
 to them). 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 7-9) 
 
 Now, fellow-citizens, you need (oportet) not fear the 
 forces of Catiline. The leader himself was very shrewd 
 and watchful, a man of great endurance. If we had not 
 driven him from the city, we should have had to watch 
 (plup. ind. ; 198, Note 2) day and night (ace. pL). It 
 was not [in the power] of the consuls, but of the gods to 
 withstand his attempts. They have surely aided (brought 
 aid to) us, all these days, and especially Jupiter, whose 
 new statue has been set up in the temple. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 360 
 
 LESSON XVI 
 
 The Accusative (Continued) 
 
 1. Place to which: 126, a; Bur. 513; A. 426; B. 182; 
 G. 337; H. 418; HB. 365. 
 
 2. Duration and extent : 127; Bur. 518; A. 423; B. 181; 
 G. 335; H. 417; HB. 387. 
 
 3. Cognate accusative : 128; Bur. 502; A. 390; B. 176; 
 G. 333; H. 409; HB. 396. 
 
 4. Adverbial accusative : 129 ; Bur. 524 ; A. 397; B. 185; 
 G. 333; H. 416; HB. 387. 
 
 5. The accusative in exclamations : 130 ; Bur. 501 ; 
 A. 397; B. 183; G. 343; H. 421; HB. 399. 
 
 Note. — Years of age may be expressed by annos natus with a 
 numeral : triginta annos natus, thirty years old, at the age of thirty. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. A certain Gaul came to Rome to the Senate. 2. An 
 attack was made on (in) the Allobroges (ace), who had 
 come to Italy. 3. Cicero and Antonius were consuls one 
 year. 4. Rome, the most famous of all cities, was fifteen 
 miles away from (a) the sea. 5. Why do these citizens 
 stand-about the Senate in-great-numbers? 6. We know 
 that this army has marched many miles to-day. 7. Cicero 
 delivered these orations [when he was] forty-three years 
 old (Note). 8. Did you see the Roman knights who 
 went to Cicero's house? 9. Let us ask (quaero, Lesson 
 VII, Note 3) the lieutenant whether he went home or to 
 Geneva. 10. Cicero allowed (patior) the friends of Cati- 
 line to return to their homes. 11. Cicero made this 
 reply (replied these things) to the ambassadors. 12. What 
 reply would he make (what things would he reply) to the 
 ambassadors if they should consult him? 13. If he had 
 consulted us, we should have made the same reply as (should 
 
370 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 have replied the same which) he. 14. Do you remember 
 that the Helvetians were very powerful (were able most) ? 
 15. fortunate city, if all its citizens are patriotic! 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. III. 10-12) 
 
 If a thanksgiving has been appointed (decreed), let us 
 celebrate these days of safety. You have been saved 
 without bloodshed (blood), which has not happened since 
 (post) the memory of man (men). Let no reward be given 
 to me, provided you remember that in my consulship the 
 state was saved. But it will be your [duty] to defend me 
 against (ab) the attacks of these most daring men, and to 
 worship Jupiter, the divine guardian of this city and of 
 us all. 
 
 LESSON XVII 
 
 The Ablative 
 
 1. Prepositions with the ablative: 231; Bur. 1020; 
 
 A. 220; B. 142; G. 417; H. 490; HB. 456. 
 
 2. Ablative of Separation: 133; Bur. 528; A. 400; 
 
 B. 214; G. 390; H. 461; HB. 408. 
 
 3. Ablative of Source: 134; Bur. 532; A. 403; B. 215; 
 G. 395; H. 467; HB. 413. 
 
 4. Ablative of Agent: 135; Bur. 535; A. 405; B. 216; 
 G. 401; H. 468; HB. 406. 
 
 5. Ablative of Comparison: 137; Bur. 541; A. 406; 
 B. 217; G. 296; H. 471; HB. 416. 
 
 6. Ablative of degree of difference : 145 ; Bur. 582 ; 
 A. 414; B. 223; G. 403; H. 479; HB. 424. 
 
 Note 1. — To resign an office is expressed by se abdicare a: 
 se a praetura abdicavit, he resigned the praetorship. 
 
 Note 2. — When an agent is looked upon rather as a means 
 through which something is done, per with the accusative is used 
 instead of ab with the ablative. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 371 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. We must wrest that dagger from (de) his hands. 
 2. Could any other [man] have freed (Lesson IV, Note 4) 
 Rome from her perils? 3. Which conspirator was com- 
 pelled to resign his office? 4. If Cicero had resigned the 
 consulship, Catiline would not have gone out of the city. 
 5. For many years our country has been without (careo, 
 149) provinces and harbors. 6. Let the enemy fear the 
 assembly of patriotic men more than the swords of the 
 soldiers. 7. Cicero asked the Senate who was milder than 
 himself (166, 5). 8. Do you think that Cicero was a 
 much greater consul than Caesar? 9. He asked whether 
 Catiline had more (amplius) than two thousand soldiers. 
 10. All the colonists have been informed by the consul 
 wdth-regard-to (de) the attempts of the enemy. 11. Caesar 
 was said to have descended (orior) from (ab) Trojan blood. 
 12. Cicero was born of an equestrian family (134). 13. It 
 was learned through (Note 2) scouts that the enemy had 
 marched in (into) another direction. 14. In-comparison- 
 with the forces of the enemy, we ought not to despise our 
 legions. 15. In-return-for all his labors, Cicero demanded 
 nothing except (nisi) the memory of his consulship. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 1-3) 
 
 The eyes of all Romans were turned toward the consul 
 who had rescued them and their children from all perils, 
 forgetful of his own safety. They thought not only 
 about themselves, but about the family of the consul. 
 They knew that he was deeply moved by the grief of his 
 wife and daughter. They saw the accused who had con- 
 fessed, and Lentulus who had resigned his praetorship. 
 So they hoped that the Senate would punish the criminals 
 without delay. 
 
372 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 LESSON XVIII 
 
 The Ablative (Continued) 
 
 1. Ablative of means: 141; Bur. 570; A. 409; B. 218 
 G. 401; H. 476; HB. 423. 
 
 2. Ablative of cause: 142; Bur. 546; A. 404; B. 219 
 G. 408; H. 475; HB. 444. 
 
 3. Ablative of manner : 139; Bur. 554; A. 412; B. 220 
 G. 399; H. 473; HB. 445. 
 
 4. Ablative of accompaniment: 138; Bur. 550; A. 413 
 B. 222; G. 392; H. 473; HB. 418. 
 
 5. Ablative of description: 143; Bur. 557; A. 415 
 B. 224; G. 400; H. 473; HB. 443. 
 
 6. Ablative of specification: 144; Bur. 586; A. 418 
 B. 226; G. 397; H. 480; HB. 441. 
 
 7. Ablative with deponent verbs : 147; Bur. 572; A. 410 
 B. 218; G. 407; H. 477; HB. 429. 
 
 8. Ablative with certain adjectives: 150; Bur. 587 
 
 A. 418; B. 226; G. 397; H. 481; HB. 442. 
 
 Note. — Cause is sometimes expressed by the accusative with 
 ob or propter : ob eam rem, for this reason, propter timorem, on 
 account of fear. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. The soldiers will not be content with such (of thitj 
 kind) booty. 2. How is the city defended? Is it not 
 (defended) by garrison and watches? 3. You will never 
 repent (it will never repent you) of having fought (to 
 have fought) with so great bravery. 4. They will not be 
 satisfied with the punishment of you (not gen. ; see 164, h) 
 who have remained in the city. 5. You have heard that 
 Gatiline was a man of great endurance of hunger and 
 thirst. 6. This general is worthy of the highest praise 
 because he has conquered without bloodshed (blood). 
 7. Cicero wrote that nothing could be better than friend- 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 373 
 
 ship. 8. Caesar went to a town of the Allobroges, Geneva 
 by name. 9. Sulla's soldiers hoped (themselves) to be 
 able to secure greater booty on this account (because of 
 this). 10. Cicero says that he did this relying on the aid 
 of the gods. 11. The men whom Catiline left in the city 
 are much more powerful than those whom he took with 
 him. 12. If you wish to enjoy (utor) peace to-day^ sur- 
 render yourselves and all your [property] to the Roman 
 people. 13. Catiline, a man of the greatest boldness, 
 came into the temple with the other senators. 14. Why 
 did Catiline use that silver eagle, of (de) which we have 
 heard so much (many things) ? 15. Don't flee from the 
 city because of fear; these soldiers will bravely defend 
 you from (ab) the enemy. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 4-6) 
 
 Silanus, the consul-elect, who was asked his opinion (121) 
 in the Senate, thought the conspirators w^ere deserving of 
 death. Caesar said that imprisonment for life (chains ever- 
 lasting) was a more (magis) suitable punishment for them. 
 Cicero saw what was for his interest (what concerned 
 him, 107) ; for he knew that Caesar was a friend of the 
 people. But he preferred to follow the opinion of Silanus, 
 and did not fear the charge of cruelty in (the case of) 
 these most bitter enemies. 
 
 LESSON XIX 
 
 The Ablative (Concluded) 
 
 1. Ablative absolute: 151; Bur. 558. A. 419; B. 227; 
 G. 409; H. 489;. HB. 421. 
 
 2. Ablative of time: 152; Bur. 599. A. 423; B. 230: 
 G. 393; H. 486; HB. 439. 
 
374 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 3. Ablative of place where and whence : 153 ; 133, a, h; 
 Bur. 588, 530; A. 426; B. 228, 229; G. 385, 390; H. 483, 
 491; HB. 433, 409. 
 
 4. Locative Case: 154; Bur. 606; A. 427; B. 232; 
 G. 411; H. 483; HB. 449. 
 
 5. Dates: 248; Bur. 603; A. 631; B. 371; G. App.; 
 H. 754; HB. 660. 
 
 Note. — A possessive pronoun or adjective limiting domi has 
 the form of the genitive : suae domi, at his house. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 (Use the ablative absolute when possible) 
 
 1. Cicero said that in Catiline's camp there was not 
 any (169) good man. 2. If these men alone are punished, 
 the danger will not be removed. 3. At my command (me 
 commanding) the gates will be open. 4. Tell us where 
 you were last summer and what you saw. 5. These ora- 
 tions which we are reading were delivered in the consul- 
 ship of Cicero and Antonius. 6. My friends were at 
 Brundisium two years ; they will go to Geneva within ten 
 days. 7. I-wish-that (utinam) you had been at my house 
 last night. 8. Having delivered this speech, the senator 
 returned to his house. 9. I know that this letter was 
 written on the first (248) of October. 10. It ought to 
 have been written (Lesson IV, Note 4) on the thirteenth 
 of September. 11. I shall write you (Lesson XIII, Note 2) 
 another letter on the fifth of November. 12. Do you 
 know whether the ambassador has come from Rome or 
 not? 13. Do you prefer to live in the city or in the coun- 
 try? 14. Because these scoundrels have been driven out, 
 do not think we have been freed from all peril. 15. The 
 third oration against Catiline was delivered on the third 
 of December ; the fourth, on the fifth of December. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 375 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 7-8) 
 
 Do you think, senators, that I do not have enough 
 protection? The whole city is full of loyal citizens of all 
 classes. Why should I fear (deliberative subjv.) the 
 attacks of others? Even the freedmen and slaves con- 
 tribute as" much as they can to (ad) the common safety. 
 The shopkeepers (those who are in shops) also know that 
 their profits are maintained by peace. And so if this 
 harmony is pleasing to all men, we shall preserve our 
 common country and the temples of the gods. 
 
 LESSON XX 
 
 Review of the Indicative 
 
 1. Uses of the indicative: 184, 185; Bur. 743; A. 437; 
 B. 271; G. 254; H. 523; HB. 545. 
 
 2. Tenses of the indicative : 173-179; Bur. 745; A. 465; 
 B. 259; G. 227; H. 532; HB. 468. 
 
 3. Tenses with iam, iam diu, iam dudum, iam pridem : 
 173 c; 174c; Bur. 749; A. 466; B.259,4; G.230; H. 533; 
 HB. 485. 
 
 4. Order of words: 233; Bur. 1055; A. 600; B. 351; 
 G. 684; H. 685; HB. 630. 
 
 Note 1. — With expressions of duration, like iam diu, iam 
 dudum, the present tense is translated by have and the imperfect 
 by had: te iam dudum hortor (hortabar), for a long time I have 
 (had) been urging you. 
 
 Note 2. — Remember that iam with a negative means longer. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. The Senate used-to-consult (174, h) for the safety of 
 the allies. 2. The Gauls kept-making sallies from the 
 town and attacks on (in) the Romans (ace). 3. My 
 brother has been living now a long time in that city. 
 
376 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 4. Catiline has long been plotting the destruction of the 
 city and the slaughter of the citizens. 5. The general had 
 not known for a long time in what direction the enemy 
 were marching. 6. The AUobroges had now for a long 
 time been complaining of (de) the unjust rule of the Roman 
 people. 7. If Catiline goes to Marseilles, certain of 
 (Lesson XI, Note 2) his friends will follow him. 8. Did 
 you remember that I said he would go to Geneva ? 9. Why 
 did all good citizens hate you, Lentulus? 10. They will 
 hate all these desperate men, the enemies of their country. 
 11. Do you think that Cicero will refer this question 
 (thing) to the Senate to-day? 12. If Catiline goes into 
 exile, we shall no longer need (oportet) to fear. 13. Such 
 men will never repent (106) of their purposes, as I have 
 often said. 14. They may (Lesson IV, Note 2) go to 
 Marseilles, provided they do not levy an army on the 
 Gauls (112, b). 15. It concerns us (107) greatly that 
 the temples of the gods be defended (inf.) by guards 
 as strong as possible. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Cat. IV. 9-11) 
 
 You see, conscript fathers, that all ranks of citizens are- 
 of-one-opinion (think one and the same). They know 
 that our country is beset by the weapons of impious con- 
 spirators. Therefore it is for-us (ours) to decide to-day 
 whether (Lesson VII, Note 1) these temples and shrines 
 shall remain or be destroyed. 
 
 Many illustrious generals have opened new provinces 
 for us, but no one must be praised more than that consul 
 who has saved the state. In-return-for this service (thing) 
 I know that the Roman people will remember (memoria 
 teneo) my consulship, and will provide for the safety (dat.) 
 of my son. 
 
 I 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 377 
 
 LESSON XXI 
 
 Relative Clauses 
 
 1. Relative clauses with the indicative : 191, a, h; Bur. 
 797; A. 535; B. 311; G. 610; H. 589; HB. 499. 
 
 2. Relative clauses with the subjunctive : 192, a-c; 
 Bur. 798; A. 535; B. 283; G. 631; H. 591; HB. 521. 
 
 Note 1. — In the sentence, " the soldier, who reported the vic- 
 tory, is named Galba," the clause merely designates (points out) 
 the particular soldier and is called determinative, having its verb 
 in the indicative : miles, qui victoriam nuntiat, appellatur Galba. 
 If we say "Galba is a soldier who fights bravely," the clause 
 describes the soldier and requires a subjunctive verb : Galba est 
 miles qui fortiter piignet. 
 
 Note 2. — Descriptive clauses often follow such expressions as 
 sunt qui, there are those (some) who; nemo est qui, there is no one 
 who; solus (unus) est qui, he is the only one who; quis est qui, 
 who is there who? 
 
 NoteS. — Descriptive clauses also follow dignus, indignus, 
 idoneus : non erit idoneus qui mittatur, he will not be a suitable 
 man to send {to be sent) ; hie liber dignus est qui legatur, this book 
 is worth reading (worthy to be read; worthy that it should be read). 
 
 Note 4. — Relative clauses expressing purpose, result, cause, 
 and concession are treated in later lessons. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. This is the oration which Cicero delivered in the 
 temple of Jupiter. 2. Catiline was not worthy to be elected 
 consul. 3. The Gauls are the only nation that can make 
 war on us (dat.). 4. There are gladiators who are better 
 disposed (of better spirit) than certain of the senators. 
 5. These brave soldiers are worthy to be praised by the 
 lieutenant. 6. There is no one who does not know how 
 many dangers' we have escaped. 7. There were some 
 who did not hear the things he said. 8. There were two 
 consuls in Rome, one of whom was said to be a friend of 
 
378 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Caesar. 9. Who is there in all this empire who does not 
 think that Pompey ought to be chosen commander-in- 
 chief? 10. There are no other legions which we can send 
 to (ad) this war if these are defeated (abl. abs.). 11. Let 
 us choose a commander, fellow-citizens, who is able to 
 protect our allies from these powerful kings. 12. Don't 
 you think that he is a suitable [man] to be chosen as 
 commander-in-chief? 13. Those whom Catiline has left 
 at Rome must be informed [that] the consuls are watchful. 
 14. He is the only man whom we must fear. 15. Fortune 
 favors the brave : if our commanders rely on them- 
 selves, their soldiers will rely on them. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 1-3) 
 
 During the praetorship of Cicero, two powerful kings 
 of Asia were making war on the allies of the Roman 
 people. It was necessary to put a general in-command-of 
 the army. The praetor who had not delivered an ora- 
 tion to the people before, spoke concerning the virtues of 
 Gnaeus Pompey. He said that the tributaries of the 
 republic were in danger and that the commander was 
 about to return to Rome. Pompey, a man of remark- 
 able wisdom, had carried on many wars on land and sea. 
 No one else could (impf .) wipe out the disgrace incurred in 
 the former war. 
 
 LESSON XXII 
 
 Purpose Clauses. Noun Clauses 
 
 1. Purpose clauses with ut, ne, or a relative : 193 ; Bur. 
 812; A. 531; B. 282; G. 545; H. 568; HB. 502. 
 
 2. Noun clauses after verbs of fearing : 205, h; Bur. 
 838; A. 564; B. 296, 2; G. 550; H. 567; HB. 502, 4. 
 
 3. Sequence of tenses: 183; Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266; 
 G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 379 
 
 Note 1. — A relative pronoun, relative adjective, or relative 
 adverb introduces a purpose clause when there is a close con- 
 nection with the antecedent. 
 
 Note 2. — In the earlier form of expression, ne accidat, timed, 
 as two sentences, meant let it not happen, I am afraid, i.e. / am 
 afraid that it may happen. This came to be the meaning of the 
 complex sentence timeo ne accidat, in which ne means that. Sim- 
 ilarly accidat, timeo meant let it happen, I am afraid, i.e. I am 
 afraid that it may not happen. Accidat becoming subordinate 
 to timeo, ut came to be the connective as the opposite of ne. 
 
 Note 3. — Only the present and imperfect subjunctive are used 
 in purpose clauses, except in the case of defective verbs like 
 memini, or verbs like cognosco, whose meaning differs in the 
 present and perfect systems. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Let the consuls be vigilant that the enemy may not 
 be able to move (himself) against the republic. 2. Send 
 soldiers to the camp to bring the rest of the weapons. 
 3. I am not afraid that men will say that I did this too 
 cruelly. 4. Are you not afraid that you will not have 
 enough (of) protection? 5. It is greatly to be feared that 
 we may be too mild toward (in) these most bitter enemies. 
 6. Caesar will go to Geneva to find out what tribes are 
 conspiring against the Roman people. 7. Refer the 
 matter to the senate, so that no danger (not any of danger) 
 may threaten the city. 8. Caesar used-to-send-ahead his 
 cavalry to terrify the enemy. 9. If Catiline's forces are 
 like these, we need not fear that our army will not be 
 able to -vH.hstand them. 10. The lieutenant's friends ^dll 
 come by the Aurelian Way, that they may more easily 
 (193, a) arrive at (ad) the camp. 11. If they had gone 
 by another way, they would have found a place suitable 
 for a camp. 12. What was there which could please a 
 man like Catiline (104, a)? 13. May that weapon be 
 wrested from (de) his hands. 14. There is no one who 
 
380 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 does not know that they have attempted to kill the con- 
 sul. 15. I inquired of the boy (Lesson VII, Note 3) 
 whether he lived at Brundisium or at his home. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 4-6) 
 
 Mithridates is now making-ready his fleets and armies 
 to bring war upon us by land and sea. Even in Spain 
 we are compelled to fight with his allies. Our ancestors 
 punished those who had arrogantly addressed our am- 
 bassadors. Ought we to disregard the loss of revenues 
 and the massacre of Roman citizens? Unless you defend 
 your tributaries in Asia from even the fear of calamity, 
 you will lose the income of a whole year. 
 
 LESSON XXIII 
 
 Result Clauses. Noun Clauses 
 
 1. Result clauses with ut, ut non, or a relative: 194, 
 194, a; Bur. 818; A. 537; B. 284; G. 552; H. 570; HB. 
 521, 2. 
 
 2. Noun clauses with verbs meaning to accomplish: 
 205, c; Bur. 842; A. 568; B. 297; G. 553; H. 566; HB. 
 521, 3. 
 
 3. Noun clauses with verbs meaning it happens : 205, d; 
 Bur. 843; A. 569, 2; B. 297, 2; G. 553, 3; H. 571; HB 
 521, 3. 
 
 4. Sequence of tenses: 183, Bur. 781; A. 482; B. 266; 
 G. 509; H. 543; HB. 476. 
 
 Note 1. — A relative clause of result is also a clause of descrip- 
 tion (192, a), as in si quis est talis qui me accuset, if any one is of 
 such a mind as to blame me. 
 
 Note 2. — With tantum abest two ut-clauses are used, one the 
 subject of abest, the other a clause of result : tantum abest ut 
 laudetur, ut etiam accusetur, so far is it from the truth that he ia 
 praised, that he is even blamed. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 381> 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. The city was so fortified that the people did not 
 fear. 2. Cicero speaks in-such-a-maiiner that he seems to 
 be moved by pity. 3. You are such [a man], Lentulus, 
 that the memory of your grandfather has not recalled 
 you from crime. 4. Who can be so hard-hearted as-not- 
 to-be (who is not) moved by the grief of his friends? 
 
 5. Such a storm suddenly arose that it (rel.) drove (defero) 
 our ships, some in one direction, and some in another (170). 
 
 6. The orator will let (make) the people know what the 
 Senate has decreed. 7 It happened that the envoys of 
 the Allobroges were at Rome that day. 8. It remains 
 for-us-to (that we) consider what we must do. 9. We 
 shall not make them hear. 10. We fear that we shall 
 not make them hear. 11. I am so far from denying that 
 this is true, that I now confess [it]. 12. Do not despair; 
 we shall defeat them easily, if only (199) you are 
 brave. 13. We have written letters to the Roman 
 knights to inform them about their property. 14. The 
 result was that the Roman knights were informed about 
 their property. 15. The general was informed that his 
 cavalry could not overtake the enemy. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 7-9) 
 
 I shall speak of your tax-collectors whose fortunes are- 
 at-stake. These men are the support of the state, and 
 their welfare ought to receive your careful attention (be 
 for a care to you). LucuUus has conquered and sunk the 
 king's fleet, and on this account (qua de causa) he must 
 be praised. But the king has fled as a suppliant to other 
 \ kings. If Lucullus had captured him, the war would no 
 longer be dangerous (periculosus). 
 
382 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 LESSON xxrv 
 
 Noun Clauses (Continued) 
 
 1. Clauses with ut or ne after verbs of commanding, 
 persuading, requesting, etc. : 205 a; Bur. 826; A. 563; 
 B. 295; G. 546; H. 565; HB. 502, 3. 
 
 2. Clauses with ne, quin, or quominus, after verbs of 
 hindering, preventing, refusing: 205 e; Bur. 829; A. 558; 
 B. 284; G. 549; H. 594; HB. 302. 
 
 3. Clauses with quin after verbs or phrases of doubting : 
 205 e; Bur. 833; A. 558; B. 298; G. 555,2; H. 595; HB. 
 519, 4, 6. 
 
 Note 1. — Ne is used after a positive verb of hindering or refus- 
 ing ; quin ( = qui + ne, hy which not), after a negative ; quominus 
 (by which less), after either a positive or a negative: eum im- 
 pedient ne (or quominus) hoc faciat, they will hinder him from 
 doing this; eum non impedient quin (or quominus) hoc faciat, 
 they will not hinder him from doing this. 
 
 Note 2, — Prohibeo, prevent, is of tener followed by the infinitive 
 than by the subjunctive (212). 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Cicero often advised Catiline to go into exile. 2. Let 
 us urge all good citizens to hear the consul's speech. 
 3. The Senate will decree that our allies shall not suffer 
 (capio) any (of) injury. 4. It is much better to persuade 
 than to command men to do this. 5. Do you think you 
 can persuade your friends (112, 6) to go with you ? 6. Who 
 can doubt that the immortal gods will defend this city? ^ 
 7. There is no doubt that even the Gauls knew the plans 
 of the conspirators. 8. The consul said that he was not 
 yet induced to do this. 9. Let no one prevent the am- 
 bassadors from speaking with the general. 10. These 
 soldiers will not refuse to fight bravely, if you encourage 
 them. 11. The general urged his soldiers to hinder the 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 383 
 
 enemy from crossing the river. 12. There are many who 
 did not doubt that Pompey would quickly bring this war 
 to an end. 13. The ambassador could not be persuaded 
 (112, Note 2) to remain in Rome many days. 14. We 
 ought to have prevented (Lesson IV, Note 4) the con- 
 spirators from meeting at (coming-together-to) the house 
 (126) of Laeca. 15. If they had asked that they might 
 (Lesson IV, Note 2) do this, they would have obtained- 
 their-request. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 10-12) 
 
 It seems to me to be necessary to put in command of 
 this war a man in whom the four qualities (things) of a 
 great commander exist. That Pompey is [a man] of great 
 knowledge of military matters, many tribes and nations 
 declare. There is no kind of warfare in which he has not 
 been trained. The sea was so full of pirates that no 
 Roman fleet could sail in safety. But has not Pompey 
 driven them all from the sea within three months? 
 
 LESSON XXV 
 
 Noun Clauses (Concluded) 
 
 1. Clauses with quod and the indicative : 204 ; Bur. 
 822; A. 572; B. 299; G. 524; H. 588; HB. 552. 
 
 2. Review of constructions mth licet, oportet, necesse 
 est: 205, d; 209, b; 212; Bur. 828, 948; A. 565; B. 
 295, 6; G. 535; H. 564, 618; HB. 513, 585. 
 
 3. Constructions with volo, patior, cogo : 205, a, and 
 212; Bur. 837; A. 563 h; B. 331, 296; G. 553, 2; H. 
 565, 2; HB. 502, 3, 586. 
 
 Note 1. — After accedit, it is added, or accidit, it happens^ 
 either an indicative quod-clause or a subjunctive ut-clause may 
 be used, though accidit usually takes an ut-clause (Lesson XXIII) 
 
384 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 accedebat hue quod Dumnorix dixerat, furthermore (it was added 
 to this that) Dumnorix had said. 
 
 Note 2. — With licet, oportet, necesse est a subjunctive clause 
 may be used (usually without ut) though the infinitive is more 
 common, as explained in Lesson IV, Notes 2, 3 : licet hoc facias, 
 you may do this; oportet h5c facias, you ought to do this; necesse 
 est hoc facias, you must do this. 
 
 Note 3. — After volo, patior, cogo, the infinitive is generally 
 used instead of the subjunctive : verum audire non vult, he dees 
 not wish to hear the truth; mihi credas volo, I wish you to believe 
 me. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. What [shall I say of the fact] that all our alhes are 
 demanding Pompey as commander for this war ? 2 . Further- 
 more (it is added that) there is no one else who is able to 
 prevent the enemy from conspiring against us. 3. You 
 may do this if it seems [best] to you. 4. We must ward-off 
 the danger not only in Asia, but also in Spain. 5. Our 
 ambassadors ought not to have been unjustly treated at 
 Corinth. 6. The Gauls will compel the traders to tell 
 what they have learned about the country. 7. We are 
 allowing the enemy to treat our commanders unjustly. 
 8. There is no doubt that he might (Lesson IV, Note 4) 
 have done this. 9. Who doubts that he could have done 
 this? 10. He knows that he ought to have informed the 
 consul about the plans of these men. 11. Cicero wished 
 his friends to know that he would employ (use) their 
 assistance in the protection of the republic. 12. The 
 traders, who were crossing the sea, were afraid that their 
 fortunes would not be safe. 13. There was the additional 
 circumstance (it was added) that our armies crossed the 
 sea in the dead-of winter to escape the pirates. 14. O 
 that we had troops worthy of such a leader! 15. Do not 
 prevent him from telling us what must be done. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 385 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 13-15) 
 
 If we compare Pompey with other generals, we shall see 
 how many and how great are his virtues. Not only does 
 he restrain himself, but he prevents his legions from 
 harming conquered nations. And so he has caused (made) 
 these nations to believe that he is like the old Romans, 
 a man of great self-restraint. And indeed it greatly con- 
 cerns the state what our allies think of a general to whom 
 we have intrusted (Lesson XXI, Note 1) their welfare. 
 
 LESSON XXVI 
 
 Temporal Clauses 
 
 1. With postquam, ubi, etc. : 195, a; Bur. 870; A. 543; 
 B. 287; G. 561; H. 602; HB. 550. 
 
 2. With cum: 195, b; Bur. 856; A. 545; B. 288; G. 
 578; H. 600; HB. 524. 
 
 3. With dum, etc. : 195, d, e, f; Bur. 876 ; A. 553 ; 
 B. 293; G. 571; H. 603; HB. 507. 
 
 4. With antequam and priusquam : 195, g; Bur. 863; 
 A. 551; B. 291; G. 574; H. 605; HB. 507. 
 
 Note 1. — In direct discourse, as a rule, the indicative is used in 
 all temporal clauses with these chief exceptions : (a) cum iisually 
 takes the subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect) to describe the 
 circumstances of the main action ; (6) dum, antequam, and prius- 
 quam, before, take the subjunctive to express an act as anticipated 
 or expected, from a past point of view ; from a present point of 
 view, the present subjunctive or the present or future perfect 
 indicative. 
 
 Note 2. When a subordinate clause merely defines or dates 
 the time of the main action, cum or ubi is used with the indica- 
 tive ; cum, with any past tense ; ubi, generally with the perfect 
 or historical present. 
 
386 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. After the consul had reported the question to the 
 senate, Caesar and Silanus expressed their opinions. 
 2. When I saw the letter/ I recognized the hand of my 
 friend. 3. At the time when I was reading my friend's 
 letter, I had already been informed of his safety. 4. TVTaile 
 these things were going on at Rome, we were many miles 
 away from the city. 5. Before you consider what must 
 be done, listen to the witnesses who have been called to- 
 gether. 6. As soon as the Roman ^ knights learned what 
 was going on in Asia, they reported the situation to Cicero. 
 7. Our armies will be victorious as long as we have com- 
 manders of such ability. 8. It was the plan of the general 
 to fortify the camp before the enemy should know where 
 his army was. 9. When this oration was delivered, the 
 Forum was full of patriotic citizens who had come to 
 hear the new praetor. 10. When this oration had been 
 delivered,^ all felt that Pompey was worthy to be chosen 
 (Lesson XXI, Note 3) commander. 11. Lucullus was not 
 recalled until ^ he had been defeated by Mithridates with 
 the loss of many men (many having been killed). 12. Do 
 not give up (cease from) the battle, soldiers, until you 
 put the king's forces to flight. 13. Catiline was driven 
 from the city before he should be killed. 14. Catiline 
 was driven from the city before his army was defeated. 
 15. Unless you send a large army to Asia to defend your 
 allies, you will be unable to hold them in allegiance. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 16-18) 
 
 Finally Pompey seems to excel all our great soldiers in 
 good-fortune, which is a gift of the godS themselves. 
 
 1 Write in two ways : (1) with a clause ; (2) with an ablative absolute. 
 ' Order : knights Roman. ^ priusquam. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 387 
 
 And so I ask you, citizens, whether I have shown that he 
 is the only man who should be sent to Asia as commander. 
 Hortensius thinks that everything ought not to be put in 
 the hands of one man. But if you had followed his 
 opinion heretofore, the pirates would still hold the sea. 
 
 LESSON XXVII 
 
 Causal and Concessive Clauses 
 
 1. Causal clauses with quod, quia, quoniam : 196, a; 
 Bur. 886; A. 540; B. 285; G. 539; H. 588; HB. 555. 
 
 2. Causal clauses with cum or qui : 196, b; Bur. 892 ; 
 A. 540; B. 286; G. 586; H. 594; HB. 523. 
 
 3. Concessive clauses with quamquam, etsi : 197, a, h; 
 Bur. 894; A. 527 ; B. 309; G. 603; H. 585; HB. 556. 
 
 4. Concessive clauses with cum or qui : 197, c; Bur. 
 807; A. 549; B. 309; G. 580, 634; H. 597, 593; HB. 
 525, 523. 
 
 Note 1. — Quod and quia, because, give a reason based on fact, 
 taking the indicative, if the reason is known, the subjunctive if it 
 is quoted. Quoniam, since, introduces a self-evident or admitted 
 fact, and hence takes the indicative : quoniam iam nox est, since 
 it is already night. Cum, since, is used to express the circum- 
 stances that cause an action : Haedui cum se defendere non 
 possent, since (and when) the Haedui could not defend themselves. 
 
 Note 2. — In concessive clauses, quamquam means this is sOy 
 hut; licet, let this he so, yet: etsi, even if this is so, yet. Cum 
 states the circumstances in spite of which the action occurs : 
 nam cum id posset infitiari, for although (in spite of the fact that) 
 he could have denied it. 
 
 NoteS. — Quamquam often introduces an independent sen- 
 tence, meaning and yet. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Let us rejoice because we have escaped this peril. 
 2. Since this is so, senators, do you hesitate to do-your- 
 duty-by the state? 3. Return, O citizens, to your homes, 
 
388 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 since there is no longer anything to fear (which must be 
 feared). 4. Since they are not permitted (licet) to do 
 this, they ask that you do not refuse to send them aid. 
 
 5. Although there are men who say that Catiline ought 
 not to have been cast into exile, yet I do not fear them. 
 
 6. Although Cicero had heard many orations from the 
 Rostra, yet he had never spoken from that place. 7. How- 
 ever-much this war is to be feared, our forces will conquer 
 under the leadership of Pompey (abl. abs.). 8. Even if 
 the river is very wide and deep, we must try to cross it. 
 9. And yet it is not so wide that we cannot cross it. 10. A 
 nation is fortunate indeed to have (which has) commanders 
 of such ability and virtue. 11. These praetors, who 
 (because they) were most patriotic, undertook (took upon 
 themselves) the task. 12. The lieutenant, who (although 
 he) had kept the soldiers in camp many days, on the 
 seventh day sent cohorts to get grain. 13. The town 
 €Ould not have been captured, though there were few 
 defenders.^ 14. We ought to thank the consul, because 
 he has freed us from fear. 15. Who is there who does not 
 think that we ought to thank the consul? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 19-21) 
 
 Pompey wishes to take Gabinius with him as lieutenant, 
 but objection is made because Gabinius was tribune last 
 year. Nothing will prevent me from laying this matter 
 before the Senate. 
 
 But Catulus says that we must do nothing contrary to 
 the customs of our ancestors. He is a man of great in- 
 fluence. And yet he seems to have forgotten the new 
 and important (great) precedents that have already been 
 established in [the case of] this man. 
 
 1 Express in two ways (151) . 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 389 
 
 LESSON XXVIII 
 
 Participles 
 
 1. Present and perfect participles: 221; Bur. 986 
 
 A. 490; B. 336; G. 282; H. 640; HB. 600. 
 
 2. Participles used for clauses : 223 ; Bur. 991 ; A. 496 
 
 B. 337; G. 664; H. 637; HB. 604. 
 
 3. The active periphrastic conjugation: 224; Bur. 327 
 A. 498; B. 337; G. 247; H. 531; HB. 600. 
 
 4. The periphrastic future infinitive : 209, a; Bur. 946 
 A. 569, a; B. 270, 3; G. 248; H. 571; HB. 472, c. 
 
 Note 1. — With polliceor and spero, the future infinitive or 
 posse, ^dth subject-accusative, is commonly used : se obsides 
 daturos polliciti sunt, they -promised to give hostages. 
 
 Note 2. — Notice the difference between audio eum loqui 
 and audio eum loquentem. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. And so he [though] conquered, was able to accom- 
 plish much. 2. We have read that the magistrates put 
 to death men [who were] eager for a revolution. 3. Do 
 you not see all orders of citizens holding the same opinion 
 (thinking the same) ? 4. Cicero learned all the plans of 
 the conspirators almost before their meeting was broken 
 up (the meeting having been scarcely yet dismissed). 
 5. Following the Allobroges by the same road, the praetors 
 arrested them near the Mulvian bridge. 6. I am about 
 to speak of the great virtues of a man who has often con- 
 quered our enemies. 7. I do not doubt that he is about 
 to go to Marseilles. 8. Having made all things ready, 
 the consul was able to carry out the measures (those 
 things) which the Senate decided [upon]. 9. Never since 
 the founding of the city (after the city founded) has such 
 gratitude been due (to) the immortal gods. 10. He 
 
390 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 promised to remain at his brother's house to-day. 11. Two 
 Roman knights are said to have promised to go to Cicero's 
 house. 12. This young man hopes to hve (that he will 
 live) a-long-time. 13. The Gauls saw that it would 
 happen (be, fore) that no one would be able (impf. subj.) 
 to resist Caesar's army. 14. Cicero tried to persuade the 
 Senate to pardon Brutus and his friends. 15. No one 
 can be found so desperate as-not-to-believe (Lesson XXIII, 
 Note 1) that Catiline is an enemy of the state. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Pomp. 22-24) 
 
 Even if these eminent men object, yet they see that 
 the Roman people have never acted unwisely in [the 
 case of] Pompey. They ought, therefore, to approve your 
 judgment at this time. No other commander could live 
 in Asia with such self-control. His very coming into their 
 cities brings joy to our allies. I urge you, citizens, for 
 (de) these reasons, to approve this bill of Manilius and to 
 appoint a man who will bring honor to our common 
 country. 
 
 LESSON XXIX 
 
 Gerund. Gerundive. Supine 
 
 1. Uses of the Gerund: 227; Bur. 1003; A. 501; B. 
 338; G. 425; H. 624; HB. 611. 
 
 2. Uses of the Gerundive : 226 ; Bur. 1003 ; A. 503 ; 
 B. 339; G. 425; H. 621; HB. 609. 
 
 3. Uses of the Supine: 229; Bur. 1015; A. 509; B. 
 340; G. 434; H. 632; HB. 618. 
 
 4. Expressions of purpose : 193, h; Bur. 1007 ; A. 533 ; 
 B. 282; G. 544, Rem. 2; H. 622, 626; HB. 612. 
 
 Note 1.' — With the genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, the 
 gerundive ends in -i, without regard to gender or number. 
 
 Note 2. — The expression of purpose may be illustrated as fol« 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 391 
 
 lows: envoys came to seek peace, legati venerunt, (1) ut pacem 
 peterent; (2) qui pacem peterent ; (3) ad pacem petendam; 
 (4) pacis petendae causa ; (5) pacem petitum. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. Let us take time for reflection (reflecting) before we 
 decide upon this matter (thing). 2. The envoys came from 
 the Allobroges to complain ^ of (de) their injuries. 3. Mith- 
 ridates had (came into) great hope of seizing the neighbor- 
 ing kingdom. 4. Even the freedmen have been aroused 
 to defend ^ the republic. 5. I urged you to do this for 
 the purpose ^ of freeing yourselves. 6. My friend was not 
 less prompt in (in) doing things, than in planning [them]. 
 7. Cicero said that Catiline was living to strengthen ^ his 
 audacity. 8. Caesar selected certain men to-be-sent 
 (gerundive) to Gaul as centurions. 9. Citizens, we must 
 not only feel grateful, but express our gratitude to the 
 immortal gods, because we have conquered the enemy. 
 10. It is not easy to say whether this is the best thing to 
 do. 11. It is not easy to say whether he is a suitable 
 man to carry (Lesson XXI, Note 3) on the war with the 
 Germans. 12. Many citizens went to the Forum to hear ^ 
 the orator. 13. There were some who rejoiced that an 
 opportunity of fighting was afforded (given) them. 14. Who 
 would aid (pres. subj.) the conspiracy (ace.) by keeping 
 silent? 15. Who will prevent us from attempting to aid 
 
 the consul? 
 
 Exercise 2 (Archias, 1-2) 
 
 Cicero thought that he ought to use his ability in 
 behalf of the poet Archias because he had derived much 
 from him, even [as] a boy. He feared that it might 
 seem strange to the judges that he should speak of the 
 study of literature before them, but he urged them to 
 
 1 Express in different ways. 
 
392 . LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 remember that all arts are bound together by a-kind-of 
 (a certain) relationship. 
 
 LESSON XXX 
 
 Indirect Discourse 
 
 1. Moods in indirect discourse: 215; Bur. 965; A. 
 580; B. 314; G. 650; H. 642; HB. 644. 
 
 2. Tenses in indirect discourse : 216 ; Bur. 966 ; A. 
 584; B. 317; G. 653 ; H. 644; HB. 593. 
 
 3. Conditional sentences in indirect discourse: 218; 
 Bur. 979; A. 589; B. 319; G. 656; H. 646; HB. 536. 
 
 Examples of Conditional Sentences 
 
 1. Direct: si vincit, bene est, if he is conquering, it is 
 well. 
 
 2. Indirect : (a) dico si vincat, bene esse, I say that if 
 he is conquering, it is well, (b) dixi si vinceret, bene esse, 
 / said that if he was conquering, it was well. 
 
 ' 3. Direct : si vincet, bene erit, if he conquers (i.e. shall 
 conquer) it will he well. 
 
 4. Indirect : (a) dic5 si vincat, bene futurum esse, I 
 say that if he conquers, it will be well. (6) dixi si vinceret, 
 bene futurum esse, I said that if he should conquer, it 
 would be well. 
 
 5. Direct: si vicerit, bene erit, if he shall have con- 
 quered, it will be well. 
 
 6. Indirect: (a) dico si vicerit (perf. subjv.) bene fu- 
 turum esse, / say that if he shall have conquered, it will be 
 well, (b) dixi si vicisset, bene futurum esse, / said that 
 if he should have conquered, it would be well. 
 
 7. Direct : si vincat, bene sit, if he should conquer, it 
 would be well. 
 
 8. Indirect: (a) dico si vincat, bene futurum esse, / 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 393 
 
 say that if he should conquer , it would he well, (b) dixi si 
 vinceret, bene futurum esse, / said that if he should con- 
 quer, it would he well. 
 
 9. Direct : si vinceret, bene esset, if he were conquer- 
 ing, it would he well. 
 
 10. Indirect : (a) dico (dixi) si vinceret, bene futurum 
 fuisse (rarely esse), I say (said) that, if he were conquering, 
 it would be well. 
 
 11. Direct : si vicisset, bene fuisset, if he had conquered, 
 it would have been well. 
 
 12. Indirect : dico (dixi) si vicisset, bene futurum 
 fuisse, I say (said) that if he had conquered, it would have 
 been well. 
 
 13. Direct : si contendissent, victi essent, if they had 
 fought they loould have been conquered. 
 
 14. Indirect : dico (dixi) si contendissent, futiirum 
 fuisse ut vincerentur, / say {said) that if they had fought, 
 they would have been conquered. 
 
 Exercise 1 
 
 1. The consul said that the citizens would defend their 
 homes. 2. The consul had told (to) the citizens to defend 
 their homes (dir., defend your homes). 3. He writes to 
 his lieutenant to come with his legion (dir., come with 
 your legion) to the territory of the Allobroges. 4. He 
 knew that the grain, which the Haedui promised, had 
 not been given. 5. Let us honor the poet Archias. What 
 did he say? He said that we should honor the poet 
 Archias. 6. Shall (201) we read these books of the old 
 writers? 7. He asks whether we shall read these books 
 of the old writers. 8. The Senate thanked Cicero because 
 he had freed the citizens from fear (the Senate's reason). 
 9. The knights reported to Cicero that their property 
 (things) in Asia would be in great peril, unless aid should 
 
394 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 
 
 be sent by the Romans. 10. Do you know in what (how 
 great) peril their property will be (Lesson VII, Note 2), 
 if we do (shall) not send aid to them? 11. He said he 
 would have assaulted the town, if he had thought there 
 were so few soldiers within. 12. Do you think their 
 property would have been lost if we had sent aid? 
 13. Cicero said that the plans of the conspirators could 
 (218, d) never have been brought to Hght, if he had not 
 been guided by the gods. 14. If you had (were having) 
 a residence at Rome, would you desire to be enrolled as 
 a Roman citizen? 15. It ought to concern us (107) 
 greatly, what the poets and philosophers have written. 
 
 Exercise 2 (Archias, 3-5) 
 
 Archias [when] a boy lived in Antioch, where (in which 
 city) his fame was so great that he wr.s thought worthy 
 of hospitality by many men in Greece and Italy. When 
 he came to Rome, he was received by the Luculli. After- 
 wards by the law of Silvanus and Carbo he obtained the 
 right of a Roman citizen. Since he was enrolled by 
 Metellus, who was a most careful and conscientious man, 
 no one ought to doubt that he was a citizen. 
 
 Exercise 3 (Archias, 6-8) 
 
 Do you ask why Cicero was so delighted with Archias? 
 He said that by his studies of the poet his mind was 
 refreshed when it was wearied with daily strife, and his 
 power of speaking was increased (act. inf.). He believed 
 that the greatest men have added training to natural 
 ability. A poet is a gift of the gods to us, and is worthy 
 of special honor. 
 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 395 
 
 Exercise 4 (Archias, 9-12) 
 
 Certainly we must receive as a citizen a man who by 
 his verses has celebrated not only our generals, but the 
 whole Roman people. Soldiers know that if there are no 
 heralds of their valor, body and fame will be buried (fore 
 ut) in the same tomb. Indeed, all of us (we all) are eager 
 for glory, even the philosophers who pretend to despise it. 
 For the hope of immortal fame makes us undergo all 
 perils and labors of life. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN AND LATIN-ENGLISH 
 VOCABULARIES 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN 
 
 j^OTE. — After verbs, 1 indicates that the parts are formed like 
 those of laudo ; 2, like those of moneo ; 4, like those of audio. 
 
 ability, ingenium, -i, N. 
 
 able, am able, possum, posse, 
 
 potul. 
 about, around, circum w. ace. ; 
 
 about, concerning, de, w. abl. 
 abuse, abutor, -l, -usus sum. 
 accomplish, conficio, -ere, -feci, 
 
 -fectus. 
 accuse, accuso, 1. 
 accused, the, reus, -i, M. 
 acknowledge, confiteor, -eri, -fes- 
 
 sus sum; cognosco. 
 act, factum, -i, N. ; to act, 
 
 facio. 
 add, adiungo, -ere, -iunxi, 
 
 -iunctum. 
 added, it is, accedit, -ere, -cessit. 
 address, appello, 1. 
 advise, moneo, 2. 
 afraid, be afraid, timed, -ere, -ui. 
 after, post, prep. ; postquam, 
 
 conj. 
 afterwards, posted. 
 against, contra, in, w. ace. 
 ago, ante, adv. 
 aid, auxilium, -I, N. ; to aid, 
 
 iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum; adiuvd. 
 alive, vivus, -a, -um. 
 
 all, omnis, -e, every, the whole, 
 all ; totus, -a, -um, all, en- 
 tire ; universus, -a, -um, aU 
 (taken together). 
 
 allegiance, offi,cium, -i, N. 
 
 allow, potior, -i, passus sum; 
 licet, -ere, licuit. 
 
 ally, socius, -i, M. 
 
 alone, solus, -a, -um; unus, -a, 
 -um. 
 
 already, iam. 
 
 also, et, etiam. 
 
 although, quamquam, quamms, 
 cum. 
 
 always, semper. 
 
 am, sum, esse, ful, futurus. 
 
 ambassador, legdtus, -I, M. 
 
 ancestors, m^diores, -um. 
 
 ancient, antlquus, -a, -um. 
 
 and, et, -que, ac or atque; and 
 so, itaque; and yet, tamen. 
 
 another, alius, -a, -ud. 
 
 any, anybody, any one, any- 
 thing, aliquis; in a negative 
 sentence, quisquam, ullus; 
 after si, nisi, ne and num, 
 -quis; interrogative, ecquis. 
 
 appoint, deligo, -ere, -legl, -lec- 
 tum. 
 
 399 
 
400 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 approve, comproho, 1. 
 
 arise, coorior, -iri, -ortus sum. 
 
 army, exercitus, -us, M. 
 
 around, circum, w. ace. 
 
 arouse, excito, 1. 
 
 arrest, comprehendo, -ere, -hendi, 
 
 -hensum. 
 arrive, pervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- 
 
 tum. 
 arrogantly, superbe. 
 art, ars, artis, F. 
 as, ut, parenthetical, 
 as long as, quamdiu. 
 as much as, quantum. 
 as soon as, simul ac (atque) ; 
 
 cum prlmum. 
 ashes, cinis, -eris, M. 
 ask, rogo, 1 ; quaero, -ere, -slvi, 
 
 -sltum. 
 assault, oppugno, 1. 
 assemble, intr., convenio; tr., 
 
 cogo. 
 assembly, conventus, -us, M. 
 assistance, opera, -ae, F. 
 at last, tandem. 
 at the house of, apud, w. ace. 
 at the time when, tum cum. 
 attack, hnpetus, -us, M. ; to at- 
 tack, peto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum. 
 attempt, condtus, -us, M. ; to 
 
 attempt, conor, 1. 
 audacity, auddcia, -ae, F. 
 Aurelian, Aurelius, -a, -um. 
 authority, auctoritds, -tdtis, F. 
 avoid, vito, 1. 
 away, be, absum, -esse, dfui. 
 
 B 
 
 band, company, manus, -us, F. 
 be, sum; be not, neg. command, 
 see Lesson II. 
 
 be without, be deprived of, 
 
 cared, 2. 
 because, quod, quia, quoniam. 
 become, be made, Jld, fieri^ 
 
 factus sum. 
 before, ante, apud, w. ace. ; 
 
 adv. previously, ante, anted; 
 
 conj. antequam, priusquam. 
 behalf, in behalf of, pro. 
 believe, credo, -ere, credidi, 
 
 creditum. 
 beset, obsided, -ere, -sedi, -ses- 
 
 sum. 
 better, melior, -ius. 
 bill, law, lex, legis, F. 
 bind together, contined. 
 bitter, acerbus, -a, -um. 
 blame, accusd, 1. 
 blood, sanguis, sanguinis, M. 
 body, corpus, -oris, N. 
 boldness, auddcia, -ae, F. 
 book, liber, libri, M. 
 booty, praeda, -ae, F. 
 born, be born, ndscor, -i, ndtus 
 
 sum. 
 boy, puer, -i, M. 
 brave, fortis, -e; auddx, -dcis. 
 bravely, fortiter, auddcter. 
 bravery, virtUs, -utis, F. 
 bridge, pons, pontis, M. 
 bring, bring out, efferd, -ferre^ 
 
 extull, eldtum; bring to, ad- 
 
 ferd; bring to an end, cdn- 
 
 ficid, -ere, -feci, -fectum; bring 
 
 to light, inlUstrd, 1 ; bring 
 
 upon, inferd. 
 brother, frdter, frdtris, M. 
 Brundisium, Brundisium, -i, N. 
 build, aedificd, 1. 
 burden, premd, -ere, pressl^ 
 pressum. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 401 
 
 burn, incendo, -ere, -cendi, -cen- 
 
 sum. 
 burning, a, incendium, -i, N. 
 but, sed, auteni; but if, sin. 
 by, a, ab. 
 
 call, appello, 1, address, call by 
 
 name; nomind, 1, name; 
 
 voco, 1, smnmon ; convoco, 1, 
 
 call together, 
 camp, castra, -drum, N. pi. 
 can, possum, posse, potui. 
 capture, expugno, 1, compre- 
 
 hendo, -ere, -hendi, -hensum. 
 care, ciira, -ae, F. 
 care for, provided, -ere, -vldl, 
 
 -visum, w. dat. 
 careful, diligens. 
 carry on (war), gero, -ere, gessi, 
 
 gestum. 
 carry out, transigo, -ere, -egi, 
 
 -actum; perficio. 
 cast (out), eicio, -ere, -ieci, 
 
 -iectum. 
 cavalry, equitdtus, -us, M. ; 
 
 equites, -um, M. 
 cease, desino, -ere, -sii(-sivi), 
 
 -situm; desisto, -ere, -stiti, 
 
 -stitum. 
 centurion, centurio, -onis, M. 
 certain, a certain, quidam. 
 certainly, certe. 
 chain, vinculum, -i, N. 
 change, muto, 1. 
 check, comprimo, -ere, -pressi, 
 
 -pressum. 
 chief men, prlncipes, -um. 
 children, liheri, -drum, M. 
 choose, deligo, -ere, -legi, -Iec- 
 tum. 
 
 citizen, civis, -is, M. 
 
 citizenship, civitds, -tdtis, F. 
 
 city, urbs, urbis, F. 
 
 class, genus, -eris, N. 
 
 clear, cldrus, -a, -um. 
 
 cohort, cohors, -rtis, F. 
 
 cold, frigus, -oris, N. 
 
 colleague, collega, -ae, M. 
 
 collect, colligo, -ligere, -legl, 
 -tectum; cogo. 
 
 colonist, colonus, -i, M. 
 
 come, venio, -ire, venl, ventum; 
 come together, convenio. 
 
 command, impero, 1 ; iubedy 
 -ere, iussi, iussum; be in com- 
 mand of, praesum, -esse, -Jul, 
 
 commander-in-chief, imperdtor, 
 -oris, M. 
 
 common, communis, -e. 
 
 companion, ally, socius, -i, M. ; 
 comes, -itis, M. 
 
 compare, comparo, 1. 
 
 comparison, in . . . with, pro. 
 
 compel, cogo, -ere, coegi, codctum. 
 
 complain, complain of, queror, -i, 
 questus sum. 
 
 concern, it concerns, interest^ 
 -esse, -fui. 
 
 concerning, de. 
 
 condemn, condemno, 1. 
 
 confess, confiteor, -eri, -fessus 
 sum. 
 
 confine, contineo, -ere, -ui, -ten- 
 turn. 
 
 conquer, vinco, -ere, vicl, vie- 
 tum; supero, 1. 
 
 conscientious, sdnctus, -a, -um. 
 
 conscript, conscriptus, -a, -um. 
 
 consecrate, initio, 1. 
 
 consider, delibero, 1 ; considero^ 
 1. 
 
402 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 conspiracy, coniurdtio, -onis, F. 
 
 conspirator, coniurdtus, -i, M. 
 
 conspire, coniuro, 1. 
 
 consul, consul, -ulis, M. ; elect, 
 designdtus, -i. 
 
 consulship, consuldtus, -us, M. 
 
 consult, consulo, -ere, -ui, -sul- 
 tum, w, ace. ; w. dat., con- 
 sult for. 
 
 contain, see hold. 
 
 content, contentus, -a, -um. 
 
 contest, certdmen, -inis, N. 
 
 contrary to, contrd, w. ace. 
 
 contribute, confero. 
 
 Corinth, Corinthus, -i, F. 
 
 Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae, F. 
 
 could, see can. 
 
 country, terra, -ae, F., land, 
 earth; patria, -ae, F., na- 
 tive country ; rus, ruris, N., 
 country as opposed to city. 
 
 crime, scelus, -eris, N. 
 
 CTimmal, facinorosus, -T, M. 
 
 cross trdnsed, -Ire, -ivl {-it), 
 -itum. 
 
 cruel, crudelis, -e. 
 
 cruelly, crudeliter. 
 
 custody, custodia, -ae, F. 
 
 custom, mos, moris, M. 
 
 dagger, sica, -ae, F. 
 daily, cotididnus, -a, -um. 
 danger, periculum, -I, N. 
 dangerous, importiinus, -a, -um. 
 dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum,. 
 daring, auddx, -dais. 
 daughter, /iZm, -ae, F. 
 day, dies, -ei, M. and F. ; 
 
 to-day, hodie; yesterday, hes- 
 
 terno die. 
 
 dead of, the, summus, -a, -um. 
 
 dear, cdrus, -a, -um. 
 
 death, mors, mortis, F. ; put to 
 
 death, need, 1. 
 debt, aes alienum, N. 
 December, December, -hris, -hre. 
 decide, decide upon, statud, -ere, 
 
 -ui, -utum. 
 declare, decldro, 1 ; confirmo, 1. 
 decree, decerno, -ere, -crevi, 
 
 -cretum; decree of the Senate, 
 
 sendtus consultum, -i, N. 
 deep, altus, -a, -um. 
 deeply, vehementer. 
 defeat, supero, 1 ; vincd, -ere, 
 
 vici, victum. 
 defend, defendo, -ere, -fendl^ 
 
 -fensum. 
 defendor, defensor, -oris, M. 
 delay, mora, -ae, F. 
 delight, delectd, 1. 
 deliver (an address), hahed, 2. 
 demand, posed, -ere, poposci, 
 
 postuld, 1 ; deposed. 
 deny, say not, negd, 1. 
 depart, proficiscor, -i, -fectus 
 
 sum. 
 derive, accipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- 
 
 tum. 
 descend, be descended, orior^ 
 
 Iri, -ortus sum. 
 deserving, be . . . of, mereor, 2. 
 design, consilium, -i, N. 
 desire, vild, velle, volul; cupio^ 
 
 cupere, cuplin, cupitum. 
 desirous, cupidus, -a, -um. 
 despair, desperd, 1. 
 desperate, perditus, -a, -um. 
 despise, contemnd, -ere, -tempsl, 
 
 -temptum. 
 destroy, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 403 
 
 destruction, pestis, -is, F. ; exi- 
 
 tium, -X, N. 
 devastate, vdsto, 1. 
 direction, pars, partis, F. 
 disgrace, macula, -ae, F. 
 dismiss, dimitto. 
 disregard, neglect, neglego, -ere, 
 
 -lexi, -lectum. 
 divine, divinus, -a, -um. 
 do, facio, -ere, feci, factum. 
 do not, negative command, see 
 
 Lesson II. 
 doubt, be in doubt, duhito, 1 ; 
 
 there is no doubt that, non est 
 
 duhium quln. 
 dread, pertimesco, -ere, -ui. 
 drive, defero; drive away, de- 
 
 pello, -ere, -pull, -pulsum; 
 
 drive out, expello; eicio, -ere, 
 
 eieci, eiectum. 
 due, debitus, -a, -uin. 
 duty, do one's duty, satis facer e. 
 
 E 
 
 eager, be, studeo, 2 ; eager for, 
 
 adj., cupidus, -a, -um. 
 eagle, aquila, -ae, F. 
 easily, facile. 
 easy, facilis, -e. 
 elect, creo, 1. 
 else, alius, -a, -ud. 
 embarrass, impedio, 4. 
 eminent, cldrissimus, -a, -um. 
 empire, imperium, -i, N. 
 encourage, cohortor, 1. 
 end, bring to an, conficid. 
 endurance, patientia, -ae, F. 
 endure, patior, pati, passus sum. 
 enemy, hostis, -is, M., of one's 
 
 country; inim,icus, -I, M., a 
 
 personal enemy. 
 
 enough, satis. 
 
 enroll, ascrlbo, -ere, -scflpsif 
 
 -scrlptum. 
 envoy, legdtus, -i, M. 
 envy, invideo. 
 
 equestrian, equester, -iris, -tre. 
 escape, vito, 1 ; effugio, -ere, 
 
 -fugl, -fugitum. 
 escort, prosequor, -i, -secUtus 
 
 sum. 
 especially, praesertim. 
 establish, constitud, -ere, -wT, 
 
 -utum. 
 even, etiam. 
 evening, vesper, -eri, M. 
 everlasting, sempiternus, -a, -um, 
 every, each, quisque; every one, 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quodque 
 
 (quidque). 
 everything = all things, 
 example, exemplum, -i, N. 
 excel, antecello, -ere, w. dat. 
 except, praeter, w. ace. ; nisi, 
 
 after negatives. 
 exile, exsilium, -i, N. 
 exist, sum, -esse, -fui. 
 expect, spero, 1. 
 experienced, peritus, -a, -um. 
 express, died; express grati- 
 tude, grdtids ago. 
 extinguish, restinguo, -ere, 
 
 -stlnxi, -stinctum. 
 extraordinary, singuldris, -e. 
 eye, oculus, -l, M. 
 
 fair, pulcher, -chra, -chrum. 
 faithful, fidelis, -e; certus, -a, 
 
 -um,. 
 fall into, incido, -ere, -cidz. 
 fame, fdma, -ae, F. 
 
404 
 
 etn'glish-latin vocabulary 
 
 family (i.e. stock), genus, -eris, 
 
 N., gens, gentis, F. 
 famous, cldrus, -a, -um. 
 far, longe; be so far from, tan- 
 
 tum abest ut. 
 farthest, extremus, -a, -um, 
 father, pater, patris, M. 
 fear, timor, -oris, M. ; metus, 
 
 -Us, M. ; to fear, vereor, 2 ; 
 
 timed, 2 ; metuo, -ere, -ul, 
 
 metutum. 
 feel, sentio, -ire, -sensi, sensum. 
 feel grateful, grdtiam habeo. 
 fellow-citizen, clvis, -is, M. ; 
 
 pi., elves, Quirites. 
 few, paucl, -ae, -a. 
 fifteen, qulndecim. 
 fight, pugno, 1 ; contendo, -ere, 
 
 -tendl, -tentum. 
 find, invenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- 
 
 tum, discover ; reperio, -Ire, 
 
 repperi, repertum, meet with ; 
 
 cognosco, -ere, -novi, -nitum, 
 
 find out. 
 fire, Ignis, -is, M. ; incendium, 
 
 -I, N. 
 first, primus, -a, -um,. 
 fitting, it is, oportet, 2. 
 five, quinque. 
 flame, flamma, -ae, F. 
 flee, fugio, -ere, fUgi, fugitum; 
 
 profugio. 
 fleet, classis, -is, F. 
 foe, see enemy, 
 follow, sequor, -i, secutus sum. 
 for, pro, ad, w. ace, ; nam, 
 
 conj. ; for a long time, now 
 
 for a long time, iam diU, iam 
 
 dudum. 
 force, ms, ms, F. ; forces, 
 
 troops, copiae, -drum, F. 
 
 foreign, exterus, -a, -um. 
 forget, obllviscor, -i, oblitus sum. 
 forgetful of, oblitus, -a, -um. 
 form, make, facio, -ere, feci^ 
 
 factum. 
 former, pristinus, -a, -um; SU' 
 
 perior, -ius. 
 fortify, 7nunio, 4. 
 fortunate, fortundtus, -a, -um. 
 fortune, good fortune, fortUna, 
 
 -ae, F. ; fortunes, fortUnae, 
 
 res. 
 forty, quadrdgintd. 
 found, build (a city), condo, -ere, 
 
 -didi, -ditum. 
 four, quattuor. 
 fourth, qudrtus, -a, -um. 
 free, set free, llbero, 1. 
 freedman, libertinus, -i, M. 
 friend, amicus, -i, M. ; of the 
 
 people, populdris. 
 friendship, amicitia, -ae, F. 
 from, out of, e, ex; from, away 
 
 from, a, ab; de, down from, 
 full, plenus, -a, -um. 
 
 G 
 
 garrison, praesidium, -i, N. 
 
 gate, porta, -ae, F. 
 
 gather, collect, colligo, -ere, 
 -legi, -ledum. 
 
 general, imperdtor, -oris, M. 
 
 Geneva, Gendva, -ae, F. 
 
 get grain, frUmentor, 1. 
 
 gift, donum, -i, N. 
 
 give, do, dare, dedi, datum. 
 
 gladiator, gladidtor, -oris, M. 
 
 glory, gloria, -ae, F. 
 
 go, eo, ire, il, itum; per go, -ere, 
 perrexi, perrectum; go out, 
 exed; is going on, geritur. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 405 
 
 god, deus, del, M. 
 good, bonus, -a, -um. 
 good citizens, honl, -drum. 
 grain, frumentum, -i, N. 
 grandfather, avus, -i, M. 
 grateful, be, grdtiam habeo. 
 gratitude, gratia, -ae, F. 
 great, mdgnus, -a, -um; how 
 
 great, summus, -a, -um, quan- 
 
 tus, -a, -um. 
 greatly, mdgnopere, mdgnl. 
 grief, maeror, -oris, M. 
 guard, custos, -odis (a sentinel) ; 
 
 praesidium, -i (a garrison) ; 
 
 to guard, custodio, 4. 
 guardian, custos, -odis, M. 
 guide, dUco, -ere, duxl, ductum. 
 
 hand, handwriting, manus, -us, 
 
 F. 
 hand over, trddo, -ere, -didi, 
 
 -ditum. 
 happens, it happens, the result 
 
 is, accidit, -ere, accidit; fit, 
 
 fieri, factum est. 
 harbor, partus, -us, M. 
 hard-hearted, ferreu^, -a, -um. 
 harm, noceo, 2. 
 harmony, concordia, -ae, F. 
 hate, odi, odisse, with present 
 
 meaning, 
 hateful, odiosus, -a, -um. 
 hatred, odium, -i, N. ; invidia, 
 
 -ae, F. 
 have, habeo, 2. 
 he, is, ille, hic. 
 hear, audio, 4. 
 
 hem in, teneo, -ere, -ul, -tentum. 
 herald, praecd, -dnis, M. 
 heretofore, adhuc. 
 
 hesitate, dubito, 1. 
 
 highest, summus, -a, -um. 
 
 hill, collis, -is, M. 
 
 him, eum, se. 
 
 himself, ipse, sui. 
 
 hinder, impedio, 4. 
 
 his, her, its, suus, -a, -um; eius, 
 
 hitherto, adhuc. 
 
 hold, teneo, -ere, -ul, -tentum; 
 
 contineo. 
 home, domus; homeward, do- 
 
 mum; at home, domi. 
 honor, honor, -oris, M. ; to 
 
 honor, cold, -ere, -ul, cultum. 
 hope, spes, spel, F. ; to hope, 
 
 sperd, 1. 
 hospitality, hospitium, -l, N. 
 hour, hdra, -ae, F. 
 house, domus, -us, F. ; at the 
 
 house of, apud, or ad, w. ace. 
 how, quam; in what manner, 
 
 qud modo. 
 how great, quantus, -a, -um. 
 how long, quam diU. 
 how many, quot, indecl. adj. ; 
 
 quam multl, -ae, -a. 
 how much, quantum. 
 however much, quamms. 
 hunger, fames, -is, F. 
 
 1, ego. 
 
 if, SI, conj. ; if only, modo, dum, 
 
 dum modo, conjs. 
 illustrious, cldrus, -a, -um. 
 immortal, immortdlis, -e. 
 impel, impelld, -ere, -pull, 'puU 
 
 sum. 
 impious, impius, -a, -um. 
 in, in, w. abl. 
 inactivity, inertia, -ae, F. 
 
406 
 
 KNGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 income, fructus, -its, M. 
 increase, cresco, -ere, crem, cre- 
 
 tum. 
 incur, concipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- 
 
 tum. 
 indeed, at least, quidem; surely, 
 
 profecto. 
 induce, adduco. 
 infantry, pedites, -um, M., pi. ; 
 
 peditdtus, -us, M. 
 influence, auctoritds, -dtis, F, 
 inform any one, aliquem cer- 
 
 tidrem facio; be informed, 
 
 certior fid. 
 injury, iniuria, -ae, F. ; detri- 
 
 mentum, -i, N. 
 inquire, quaero, -ere, quaeslvi, 
 
 quaesUum. 
 insurrection, seditio, -onis, F. 
 interest, interest, -esse, -fuit. 
 intimate, on . . . terms, fa- 
 
 milidriter. 
 into, in, w. ace. 
 
 intrust, permitto; commendo, 1. 
 involved, be, versor, 1. 
 it, is, ea, id; sul. 
 
 joy, gaudium, -i, N. 
 judge, index, iudicis, M. 
 judgment, iudicium, -I, M. 
 Jupiter, luppiter, lovis, M. 
 
 K 
 
 keep, restrain, contineo, -ere, -ui, 
 
 -tentum; keep off, arced, 2 ; 
 
 keep silent, taceo, 2. 
 kill, interjicio, -ficere, -fen, -fec- 
 
 tum; occldo, -ere, -cidi, -cisum. 
 kind, genus, -eris, N. ; of this 
 
 kind, huius modi. 
 
 kindle, confio, 1. 
 
 king, rex, regis, M. 
 
 knight, eques, -itis, M. 
 
 know, scid, 4 ; nosed, -ere, ndtH^ 
 ndtum; intellegd, -ere, -lexl^ 
 -lectum; not know, nescidf 
 -Ire, -im. 
 
 knowledge, scientia, -ae, F. 
 
 labor, labor, -dris, M. 
 
 lack, desum, -esse, -ful. 
 
 land, terra, -ae, F. 
 
 large, mdgnus, -a, -um. 
 
 last, proximus, -a, -um. 
 
 late, serd, adv. 
 
 law, lex, legis, F. 
 
 lax, dissolutus, -a, -um. 
 
 lay before, report, deferd, -ferre, 
 
 -tuli, -latum; lay on, Inferd. 
 lead, dUcd, -ere, dUxi, ductum; 
 
 lead out, educd. 
 leader, dux, ducis, M. ; prtn- 
 
 ceps, -ipis, M. 
 leading men, principes, -um, M. 
 learn, cogndscd, -ere, cogndvi, 
 
 cognitum. 
 leave behind, leave, relinqud, 
 
 -ere, -llqui, -lictum; exed, -Ire, 
 
 -it, -itum. 
 legion, legid, -dnis, F. 
 let, see Lesson II ; allow, patior, 
 
 patl, passus sum. 
 letter, litterae, -drum, F. ; epis' 
 
 tula, -ae, F. 
 levy (upon), imperd, 1. 
 liberal, amplus, -a, -um; libera^ 
 
 lis, -e. 
 lieutenant, legdtus, -i, M. 
 life, vita, -ae, F. 
 light, daylight, liix, lUcis, F. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 407 
 
 Kke, similis, -e. like, wish, volo, 
 velle, volui. 
 
 listen, audio, 4. 
 
 literature, litterae, -drum, F. 
 
 little, parous, -a, -um. 
 
 live, hahito, 1; vivo, 3. 
 
 lone;, a long time, longer, 
 longest, diu, diutius, diutis- 
 sime; no longer, non iam. 
 
 long since, iam pridem. 
 
 lose, dmitto, -ere, -misi, -missum. 
 
 loss, deminutio, -onis, F. 
 
 loyal, bonus, -a, -um. 
 
 M 
 
 madness, furor, -oris, M. 
 magistrate, magistrdtus, -Us, M. 
 maintain, aid, -ere, -ul, altum. 
 make, facio, -ere, feci, factum; 
 
 make upon, infero; make 
 
 ready, jparo, 1. , 
 man, vir, virl, M., distinguished 
 
 from women ; homo, -inis, M. 
 
 and F., human being, 
 many, multi, -ae, -a. 
 march, iter, itineris, N. ; to 
 
 march, iter facio. 
 Marseilles, Massilia, -ae, F. 
 massacre, caedes, -is, F. 
 matter = thing, 
 may, see Lesson III. 
 me, see I. 
 
 meet together, convenio. 
 meeting, coetus, -us, M. 
 memory, memoria, -ae, F. 
 middle, middle of, medius, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 might, expressing permission, 
 
 licet. 
 mild, clemens, -entis; lenis; -e. 
 mile, mille passuum. 
 
 military affairs, res mllitdris. 
 
 mind, mens, mentis, F., under- 
 standing ; animus, -i, M., 
 will. 
 
 mindful, memor, -oris. 
 
 month, mensis, -is, M. 
 
 most, adj., plurimus; adv. plu- 
 rimum; superlative ending of 
 adj. or adv. 
 
 move, moved, -ere, movi, motum; 
 permoveo. 
 
 much, multus, -a, -um; adv., 
 multum, multo. 
 
 Mulvian, Mulvius, -a, -um. 
 
 must, see Lesson IV. 
 
 my, meus, -a, -um. 
 
 myself, ego. 
 
 N 
 
 name, nomen, nominis, N. 
 nation, ndtio, -onis, F. 
 natural ability, ndtura, -ae, F. 
 near, prope, fere; ad, w. ace. 
 nearest, proximus, -a, -um. 
 need, be necessary, necesse est; 
 
 oportet, 2. 
 neglect, neglego, -ere, -lexi, -lee- 
 
 turn. 
 neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um. 
 neither . . . nor, neque . . . 
 
 neque, nee . . . nee. 
 never, numquam. 
 nevertheless, yet, still, tamen. 
 new, novus, -a, -um. 
 night, nox, noctis, F. ; night 
 
 before, nox superior. 
 no, nullus, -a, -um. 
 noble, nohilis, -e. 
 nobody, no one, nemo; gen. and 
 
 abl. supplied from nullus. 
 no longer, non iam. 
 
408 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 not, non, ne; not even, ne . . . 
 
 quidem, 
 not only . . . but also, non 
 
 solum . . . sed etiam. 
 not yet, nondum. 
 nothing, nihil. 
 November, November^ -bris, 
 
 -hre. 
 now, nunc, iam. 
 number, numerus, -i, M. ; in 
 
 great numbers, frequens, -en- 
 
 tis. 
 
 O 
 
 O that, utinam. 
 
 obey, pdreo, 2. 
 
 object, recldmo, 1. 
 
 objection, make . . . to, ob- 
 
 trecto, 1. 
 obtain, obtain a request, im- 
 
 petro, 1. 
 October, October, -bris, -bre. 
 of, concerning, de. 
 offer, praefero; obfero. 
 office, imperium, -i, N. ; magis- 
 
 tratus, -us, M. 
 often, saepe. 
 
 old, senex, senis; vetus, -eris. 
 on, in, w. ace. after verbs of 
 
 mc tion ; w. abl. after verbs 
 
 of rest. 
 on all sides, undique. 
 once, quondam. 
 one, unus, -a, -um. 
 one . . . another, alius . . . 
 
 alius. 
 one . . . the other, alter . . . 
 
 alter. 
 only, solus, -a, -um; Unus, -a, 
 
 -um. 
 open, patefacio; be open, pated, 
 
 -ere. -ui. 
 
 opinion, sententia, -ae, F. 
 opportunity, facultds, -talis, F. 
 or, aut; in double questions, 
 
 an non; in indirect double 
 
 questions, necne. 
 oration, ordtio, -onis, F. 
 orator, orator, -oris, M. 
 order, in order that, ut, conj. 
 order, command, iubeo, -ere, 
 
 iussl, iussum; impero, 1. 
 order, rank, ordo, -inis, M. 
 other, alius, -a, -ud; some . . . 
 
 others, alii . • alii; the other, 
 
 alter, ceterus. 
 ought, debed, 2 ; oportet, 2 ; see 
 
 Lesson IV. 
 our, noster, nostra, nostrum. 
 out of, e, ex. 
 
 outside of, extra, w. ace. 
 overhang, impended, -ere. 
 overtake, consequor, -i, -secUtus 
 own, his, suus, ipsius. 
 
 pardon, ignosco, -ere, -ignovif 
 
 ignotum. 
 parent, parens, -entis, M. or F. 
 part, pars, partis, F. 
 pass, fauces, -ium, F. 
 patience, patientia, -ae, F. 
 patriot, bonus, -i, M. 
 patriotic, bonus, -a, -um; amdns 
 
 rei pUblicae. 
 peace, pdx, pads, F. 
 people, populus, -i, M. 
 peril, perlculum, -i, N. 
 permit, allow, potior, paH, 
 
 passus sum; licet, 2. 
 persuade, persuaded, -ere, -swast, 
 
 -sudsum. 
 philosopher, philosophus, -I, M 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 409 
 
 pirate, praedo, -onis, M. 
 
 pitch, pond, -ere, posui, posi- 
 
 tum. 
 pity, misericordia, -ae, F. 
 place, locus, -i, M. ; pi. loci and 
 
 loca. 
 place in command of, praeficio, 
 
 w. dat. 
 plan, consilium, -i, N. ; to plan, 
 
 cogito, 1 ; excogito, 1. 
 pleasant, iucundus, -a, -um. 
 please, delecto, 1, w. ace. ; 
 
 placed, 2, w. dat. 
 pleasing, grdtus, -a, -um. 
 pleasure, voluptds, -talis, P. 
 plot, mdchinor, 1 ; molior, 4. 
 plunder, praeda, -ae, F. 
 poet, poeta, -ae, M. 
 possible, as ... as possible, 
 
 quam + sup. of adj. 
 power, facultds, -talis, F. 
 powerful, potens, -entis; be very 
 
 powerful, plurimum posse or 
 
 valere. 
 praetor, praetor, -oris, M. 
 praise, laus, laudis, F. ; to 
 
 praise, laudo, 1. 
 precedent, exemplum, -i, N. 
 prefer, 7ndld, mdlle, malm. 
 preserve, conservo, 1. 
 pretend, simulo, 1. 
 prevent, deterred, 2 ; prohihed, 2. 
 private, privdtus, -a, -um. 
 profit, fructus, -Us, M. 
 promise, polliceor, 2. 
 prompt, promptus, -a, -um. 
 property, res, rerum, F. ; bona, 
 
 -drum, N. 
 protect, defendo, -ere, -fendi, 
 
 -fensum. 
 protection, praesidium, -I, N. 
 
 provide, provided; cdnsuld, -ere, 
 
 -ul, -sultum. 
 provided that, modo, dum, dum 
 
 modo. 
 province, prdvincia, -ae, F. 
 punish, punid, 4 : ulciscor, -i, 
 
 ultus sum. 
 punishment, poena, -ae, F. ; 
 
 supplicium, -I, N. 
 purpose, mens, mentis, F. ; cdn- 
 
 silium, -I, N. ; for the pur- 
 pose of, causa. 
 put in command of, praeficid, 
 
 -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
 put to death, need, 1 ; interficid, 
 
 -ere, -feci, -fectum. 
 put to flight, in fug am dd, darCy 
 
 dedi, datu7n; fugd, 1. 
 
 question, res, ret, F. 
 quickly, celeriter. 
 
 R 
 
 raise, efferd, -ferre, extuli, eld' 
 
 tum. 
 rank, drdd, -inis, M. 
 reach, pervenid. 
 read, legd, -ere, legi, ledum. 
 ready, pardtus, -a, -um; make 
 
 ready, compard, 1. 
 reason, cause, causa, -ae, F. 
 recall, revocd, 1. 
 receive, recipid, -ere, -cepi, 
 
 -ceptum. 
 recognize, cogndscd, -ere, -ndvi, 
 
 -nitum. 
 refer, referd. 
 reflect, cdgitd, 1. 
 refresh, reficid. 
 refuse, recUsd, 1. 
 
410 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 regard, with — to, de. 
 
 reject, repudio, 1. 
 
 rejoice, laetor, 1. 
 
 rely, (upon), confido, -ere, fisus. 
 
 relying, fretus, -a, -um. 
 
 remain, stay, maneo, -ere, mdnst, 
 mdnsum; remaned; it re- 
 mains, relinquitur. 
 
 remaining, reliquus, -a, -um. 
 
 remarkable, eximius, -a, -um. 
 
 remember, memini, meTninisse; 
 reminiscor, -l. 
 
 remove, depello, -ere, -pull, -pul- 
 sum. 
 
 repent, paenitet, -ere, -uit. 
 
 report, defero. 
 
 reply, responded, -ere, -spondl, 
 -sponsum. 
 
 republic, res publica, F. 
 
 rescue, eripio, -ere, -ui, -reptum. 
 
 residence, domicilium, -l, N. 
 
 resign, ahdico (1) ah. 
 
 resist, resisto, -ere, -stitl, -stitum. 
 
 rest of, the, see remaining. 
 
 restrain, contineo, -ere, -ul, 
 -tentum. 
 
 result, the was, factum est. 
 
 return, reverto, -ere, -vertl, -ver- 
 sum; deponent in pres. sys- 
 tem ; reded, -ire, -il, -itum; 
 in return for, pro. 
 
 revel, hacchor, 1. 
 
 revenue, vectlgal, -dlis, N. 
 
 revolution, res novae. 
 
 reward, praemium, -I, N. 
 
 right, ius, iuris, N 
 
 rightly, vere. 
 
 rival, competitor, -oris, M. 
 
 river, fiumen, fluminis, N. 
 
 road, via, -ae, F. ; iter, itineris, 
 N. 
 
 Roman, Romanus, -a, -um; 
 Romans, Romdni, -drum, M. 
 
 'R.ora.e, Roma, -ae, F. 
 
 Rostra, rdstra, -drum, N. 
 
 ruin, pestis, -is, F. 
 
 rule, imperium, -l, N. ; to rule, 
 regd, -ere, rexl, rectum; rule 
 over, imperd, 1, w. dat. 
 
 sacred rites, sacra, -drum, N. 
 
 safe, tutus, -a, -um, well- 
 guarded, secure ; salvus, -a, 
 -um, incolumis, -e, unharmed. 
 
 safety, salus, -utis, F. ; in safety, 
 tuto. 
 
 sail, ndvigd, 1. 
 
 sally, excursus, -us, M. 
 
 salute, salutd, 1. 
 
 same, the same, idem, eade^n, 
 idem. 
 
 satisfied, con^enf MS, -a, -um. 
 
 save, servo, 1 ; cdnservd, 1. 
 
 say, dlco, -ere, dixi, dictum. 
 
 scarcely yet, vixdum. 
 
 scoundrel, implied in iste; 
 scelerdtus, -i, M. 
 
 scout, expldrdtor, -dris, M. 
 
 sea, mare, maris, N. 
 
 seal, signum, -i, N. 
 
 secure, potior, 4. 
 
 see, vided, -ere, vidi, visum. 
 
 seek, petd, -ere, -ivl, -itum. 
 
 seem, videor, -erl, msus sum. 
 
 seize, occupd, 1 ; capid, -ere, 
 cepi, captum; comprehendd, 
 -ere, -hendi, -hensum. 
 
 select, see choose. 
 
 self, ipse, -a, -um; of himself, 
 sui. 
 
 self-control, temperantia, -ae, F. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 411 
 
 self-restraint, continentia, -ae, 
 
 F. 
 Senate, sendtus, -us, M. 
 senator, senator, -oris, M. 
 send, mitto, -ere, mlsi, missum; 
 
 send ahead, praemitto. 
 separate, secerno, -ere, -crem, 
 
 -cretum. 
 September, September, -hris, -hre. 
 serve, servio, 4. 
 set fire to, incendo, -ere, -cendi, 
 
 -censum. 
 set up, conloco, 1. 
 seventh, septimus, -a, -um. 
 severely, vehementer. 
 severest, summus, -a, -um. 
 shop, taberna, -ae, F. 
 short, brevis, -e. 
 show, refero; ostendo, -ere, -i, 
 
 -tentum. 
 shrewd, callidus, -a, -um. 
 shrine, fdnum, -i, N. 
 signal, slgnum, -i, N. 
 silent, tacitus, -a, -um ; keep 
 
 silent, taceo, 2. 
 silver, adj., argenteus, -a, -um. 
 since, cum, quoniam. 
 sink, deprimo, -ere, -pressl, 
 
 -pressum. 
 situation, res, rei, F. ; causa, -ae, 
 
 F. 
 six, sex. 
 
 sixth, sextus, -a, -um. 
 slaughter, caedes, -is, F. 
 slave, servus, -i, M. 
 so, tarn, ita, sic; so great, tantus, 
 
 -a, -um; so that, ut. 
 soldier, miles, militis, M. 
 some one, something, some, 
 
 aliquis, quldam, nescio quis. 
 some . . . others^ alii . . . ali\ 
 
 son, filius, -I, M. 
 
 soon, as as possible, quam 
 
 primum. 
 Spain, Hispania, -ae, F. 
 speak, loquor, -i, locUtus sum; 
 
 died, -ere, dixi, dictum. 
 special, eximius, -a, -um,. 
 speech, ordtio, -onis, F. 
 spirit, animus, -i, M. 
 stake, be at, ago, -ere, egi^ 
 
 dctum. 
 stand, sto, -dre, steti, stdtum; 
 
 stand about, circumsto; stand 
 
 in . the way of, ohsto, -dre, 
 
 -stiti. 
 state, res publica, F. ; civitdSy 
 
 -tdtis, F. 
 statue, slgnum, -I, N. 
 stay, stator, -oris; to stay, 
 
 remaned, -ere, -mdnsi, -mdn* 
 
 sum. 
 still, eiiam, nunc, tamen. 
 storm, tempestds, -talis, F. 
 straight, adv., rectd. 
 strange, mirus, -a, -um. 
 strengthen, /irwo, 1. 
 strife, convicium, -i, N. 
 strong, flrmus, -a, -um. 
 strongly-fortified, mUnitissimus, 
 study, studium, -i, N. 
 such, of such a kind, tdlis, -e; 
 
 is, ea, id; so great, tantus, -a, 
 
 -um; in such a manner, sic. 
 suddenly, subito, repenie. 
 suffer, potior, pati, passus sum; 
 
 suffer injury, detrimentum 
 
 capid. 
 suitable, iddneus, -a, -um. 
 summer, aestds, -tdtis, F. 
 summon, vocd, 1. 
 suppliant, supplex, -ids, M. 
 
412 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 support, firmamentum, -i, N. 
 surely, profecto, adv. 
 surrender, dedo, -ere, dedidl, 
 
 deditum. 
 surround, circumcludo, -ere, 
 
 -clusi, -clusum. 
 
 suspicion, suspicio, -onis, F. 
 
 sword, gladius, -i, M. ; ferrum, 
 
 -1, N. 
 
 T 
 
 tablet, tahella, -ae, F. 
 
 take, capio, -ere, cepi, captum; 
 
 take upon, undertake, sus- 
 
 cipio; take (time), sumo, -ere, 
 
 sumpsl, sumptum; take with, 
 
 educo. 
 
 task, negotium, -i, N. 
 
 tax-collector, publicdnus, -i, N. 
 
 tell, died, -ere, dixi, dictum; 
 ndrro, 1. 
 
 temple, templum, -i, N. 
 
 tenth, decimus, -a, -um. 
 
 terrify, perterreo, 2. 
 
 territory, fines, -ium, M. 
 
 than, quam. 
 
 thank (give thanks), grdtids ago. 
 
 thankful, feel thankful, grdtiam 
 habeo. 
 
 thanksgiving, supplicdtio, -onis, 
 F. 
 
 that, ille, is, iste; that of yours, 
 iste; that, in order that, ut, 
 quo; that not, ne, ut non; 
 the fact that, quod; (doubt) 
 that, quin. 
 
 their, suus, -a, -um; eorum. 
 
 themselves, se. 
 
 there, in that place, ihi; to 
 that place, eo; as an exple- 
 tive, omitted. 
 
 therefore, itaque, igitur. 
 
 they, generally omitted ; pi. of 
 
 is, ille, hic. 
 thing, res, rei, F. ; neut. pi. of 
 
 adj. 
 think, reckon, puto, 1 ; believe, 
 
 arbitror, 1 ; value, existimo, 1 ; 
 
 think of, cogito, 1, w. ace. ; 
 
 think with (some one), sentio, 
 
 -ire, sensi, sensum. 
 third, tertius, -a, -um. 
 thirst, sitis, -is, F. 
 this, hic, is. 
 
 though, although, cum. 
 thousand, inllle, indecl. adj. in 
 
 sing. ; pi., milia, -ium, noun, 
 
 N. 
 threaten, minitor, 1 ; impended^ 
 
 -ere. 
 three, tres, tria. 
 throng, frequentia, -ae, F. 
 through, throughout, per, w. 
 
 ace. 
 till, until, dum, quoad. 
 time, tempus, -oris, N. ; now 
 
 for a long time, iam diH, iam 
 
 dUdum; by this time, iam. 
 to, ad, w. ace. 
 to-day, hodie, adv. 
 together, prefix com-; adv., 
 
 una. 
 too, comparative ending, 
 top, the top of, summus, -a, -um, 
 torch, fax, fads, F. 
 towards, ad, in, w. ace. 
 town, oppidum, -i, N. 
 trader, mercdtor, -oris, M. 
 training, disciplina, -ae, F. 
 treat, trdcio, 1. 
 tribe, civitds, -talis, F. 
 tribune, tribunus, -i, M. 
 tributary, vectigdlis, -is, M. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 413 
 
 Trojan, Troidnus, -a, -um. 
 troops, copiae, -drum, F. 
 true, verus, -a, -um. 
 trusting to, fretus, -a, -um, w. 
 
 abl. 
 try, Conor, 1. 
 turn, converto, -ere, -verti, -ver- 
 
 sum. 
 twenty, vlgintl. 
 two, duo, duae, duo. 
 
 U 
 
 undergo, suheo, -ire, -ivi, -Hum. 
 undertaking, condtus, -us, M. 
 unfriendly, inimicus, -a, -um. 
 unjust, inlquus, -a, -um. 
 unjustly, iniuriose. 
 unless, nisi, conj. 
 unlike, dissimilis, -e. 
 unpopularity, invidia, -ae, F. 
 until, till, dum, quoad. 
 unwilling, invltus, -a, -um; be 
 
 unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui. 
 unwisely, imprUdenter. 
 urge, cohortor, 1. 
 use, ilsus, -Us, M. ; to use, Utor, 
 
 uti, usus sum. 
 useful, utilis, -e. 
 
 valiantly, fortiter. 
 
 valor, virtus, -atis, F. 
 
 vergobretus, vergobretus, -i, M. 
 
 verse, versus, -Us, M. 
 
 very, ipse, when a noun is to be 
 emphasized ; otherwise, su- 
 perlative ending of adj. or 
 adv. 
 
 victorious, victor, -oris. 
 
 victory, victoria, -ae, F. 
 
 vigilant, vigilans, -antis. 
 
 violence, vis, vis, F. 
 virtue, virtUs, -utis, F. 
 voice, vox, vocis, F. 
 
 W 
 
 wait for, expecto, 1. 
 
 wall, mUrus, -i, M., the general 
 
 term ; moenia, -ium, N., city 
 
 walls; paries, -etis, M., the 
 
 wall of a house. 
 war, helium, -I, N. 
 ward off, propulso, 1 ; depelloj 
 
 -ere, -pull, -pulsum. 
 warfare, res mllitdris. 
 watch, specular, 1 ; vigilo, 1 ; 
 
 watchful, vigildns, -antis. 
 way, via, -ae, F. 
 weaken, conficio. 
 weapon, telum, -i, N. 
 weary, defessus, -a, -um. 
 welfare, salUs, -Utis, F. 
 what, pron., quis, quid; adj., 
 
 qui, quae, quod. 
 when, cum, ubi; interrog., 
 
 quando. 
 where, in what place, ubi; 
 
 to what place, quo. 
 whether, utrum, num; -ne. 
 which, see who. 
 while, dum; a little while ago, 
 
 paulo ante. 
 who, which, what, qui, quae, 
 
 quod, rel. pron. ; quis, quid, 
 
 and qui, quae, quod, interrog. 
 
 pron. and adj. 
 whole, see all. 
 why, cur, quid. 
 wicked, nefdrius, -a, -um; im^ 
 
 probus, -a, -um,. 
 wide, Idtus, -a, -um. 
 wife, uxor, -oris, F. 
 
414 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 
 
 will, voluntas, -talis, F. 
 
 willing, be willing, void, velle, 
 volul. 
 
 winter, hiems, hiemis, F. ; pass 
 the winter, hiemo, 1 ; winter- 
 quarters, hiberna, -drum, N. 
 
 wipe out, deled, -ere, -evl, -etum. 
 
 wisdom, sapientia, -ae, F. ; con- 
 silium, -I, N. 
 
 wish, desire, be willing, void, 
 velle, volul. 
 
 with, in company with, cum. 
 
 within, of time, expressed by 
 abl. ; of place, intus, adv. ; 
 intra, prep. w. ace. 
 
 without, sine, w. abl. ; be with- 
 out, cared, 2. 
 
 withstand, ohsistd, -ere, -stitl, 
 -stitum; resistd. 
 
 witness, testis, -is, M. 
 
 woman, mulier, -eris, F. 
 
 word, verhum, -i, N. 
 
 worship, veneror, 1. 
 
 worthy, dignus, -a, -um; It is 
 worth while, tant% est. 
 
 wrest, extorqued, -torguere, -torsu 
 -tortum. 
 
 write, scribd, -ere, scrlpsi, scrip- 
 turn. 
 
 writer, scriptor, -dris, M. 
 
 would that, utinayn, adv. 
 
 wounded, saucius, -a, -um. 
 
 year, annus, -i, M. 
 
 yesterday, hesternd die. 
 
 yet, tamen; not yet, ndndum. 
 
 you, tu, vds. 
 
 your, tuus, -a, -um; vester, ves- 
 
 tra, vestrum. 
 yourself, tui. 
 youth, a young man, iuvenis, 
 
 -is, M. ; adulescens, -entis, M, 
 
 zeal, studium, -i, N. 
 
VOCABULARY 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH 
 
 The figures 1, 2, and 4 after verbs indicate that the principal 
 parts are like those of laudo, moneo, and audio, respectively. 
 
 A., see Aulus. 
 
 a (before cons.), ab (before vow- 
 els or cons.), abs (before te) ; 
 prep. w. abl. (away from), 
 jrom, by; as prefix, away, off, 
 un-. 
 
 abdico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], 
 tr., disown; se abdicare, re- 
 sign, abdicate, w. abl. of the 
 ofii^ce. 
 
 abdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [do], 
 tr., 'put away, hide, conceal, 
 bury. 
 
 abeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
 go away. 
 
 abhorreo, -ere, -ui, — [horreo], 
 tr. and intr., shrink from, be 
 remote from, be foreign to, be 
 averse; differ. 
 
 abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 [iacio], tr., throw away, give 
 up, abandon. 
 
 abiectus, -a, -um [abicio], cast 
 down, downcast, prostrate, 
 overwhelmed. 
 
 abs, see a. 
 
 absconditus, -a, -um [abscondo], 
 hidden, concealed, secret. 
 
 41 
 
 absens, absentis, adj. [absum], 
 absent, distant. 
 
 absolutio, -onis, F. [absolvo], 
 acquittal. 
 
 abstraho, rtrahere, -traxl, -trac- 
 tum [abs + traho], tr., draw 
 away from. 
 
 absum, abesse, afui [sum], 
 be away, be distant, be ab- 
 sent. 
 
 abundantia, -ae, F. [abundo], 
 abundance. 
 
 abutor, -uti, -usus sum [utor], 
 dep., use up, exhaust; abuse, 
 outrage, try. 
 
 ac, see atque. 
 
 accedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
 [ad + cedo], intr., go to, come 
 to, approach, be applied, Ar. 
 6. 
 
 accelero, -are, -avi, -atum [ad -j- 
 celero], intr., make haste, 
 hasten. 
 
 accido, -cidere, -cidi, — [ad + 
 cado], intr., fall, happen. 
 
 accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 [ad + capio], tr., take to, re- 
 ceive; hear; incur, sustain. 
 P. 6; learn, P. 9. 
 
 5 
 
416 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Accius, -i, M., Accius (ak'sh(y)- 
 us), a Roman poet, born 170 
 
 B.C. 
 
 accommodatus, -a, -um [accom- 
 
 modo], suitable, fit, adapted, 
 
 appropriate. 
 accommodo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [commodo], tr., adapt, suit, 
 
 accommodate. 
 accubo, -are, — , — [ad -\- cubo], 
 
 intr., lie at, recline. 
 accurate, adv. [accuratus], with 
 
 care, accurately. 
 accuso, -are, -avi, atum [ad -|- 
 
 causa], tr., blame, find fault 
 
 with. 
 acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, 
 
 eager, active, severe, vigorous. 
 acerbe, adv. [acerbus], bitterly, 
 
 harshly. 
 acerbitas, -tatis, F. [acerbus], 
 
 bitterness, severity. 
 acerbus, -a, -um [acer], bitter, 
 
 harsh, violent, severe. 
 acervus, -i, M., heap, pile. 
 Achaia, -ae, F., Achaia (a-ka'ya) , 
 
 southern Greece. 
 Achilles, -is, M., Achilles, Greek 
 
 warrior and hero of Homer's 
 
 Iliad. 
 acies, -ei, F., edge, line, battle- 
 line, array, army (in battle 
 
 array). 
 acriter, adv. [acer], sharply, 
 
 keenly, energetically, zealously. 
 acroama, -atis, N, (Greek), 
 
 sound, entertainment; per- 
 former, Ar. 9. 
 actus, -us, M. [ago], act (of a 
 
 play). 
 ad, prep. w. aec, to, towards. 
 
 near, at, at the house of, among, 
 till, for, for the purpose of, 
 in point of, as regards; as pre- 
 fix, to, at. 
 
 adaequo, -are, -avi -atum 
 [aequo], tr., make equal to. 
 
 addo, -dere, -didi, -ditum [ad -j- 
 do], tr., put to, add. 
 
 addiico, -diicere, -duxi, -ductum 
 [ad + diico], tr., lead to, bring 
 to; induce, influence. 
 
 1. adeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [1. eo], tr., 
 go to, visit; enter upon, Ar. 5. 
 
 2. adeo, adv. [2. eo], (to this 
 limit), so far, even, Cat., I, 2; 
 actually. 
 
 adeps, adipis, M. and F., fat, 
 corpulence. Cat., Ill, 7. 
 
 adfero, adferre, attuli, adlatum 
 [fero], tr., bring to, bring, apply; 
 produce, cause, occasion, add. 
 
 adficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr., do to, treat, affect, 
 impair; visit, honor (with) ; 
 in pass., suffer, receive; sup- 
 plicio adficere, punish. 
 
 adfingo, -fingere, -finxi, -fictum 
 [fingo], tr., ad(i, bestow, give. 
 
 adfinis, -e [finis], adjoining, 
 connected with, implicated in. 
 
 adflicto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of adfligo], tr., shatter, trouble, 
 distress. Cat., I, 13-. 
 
 adfligo, -fligere, -flixi, -flictum 
 [fligo], tr., strike at, smite, 
 afflict, distress, ruin. 
 
 adfio, -are, -avi, -atum [flo], tr., 
 blow, waft (towards). 
 
 adfluens, -entis [adfluo], abound- 
 ing, rich (in), full. 
 
 adgrego,-are, -avi,-atum [gregoj.. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 417 
 
 tr., bring together (in a 
 
 flock). 
 adhibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo], 
 
 tr., (hold toward), apply, use, 
 
 employ; lend, furnish, supply. 
 adhortor, avi, -atus sum [hortor] 
 
 dep., encourage, urge on. 
 adhuc, adv. [hue], hitherto, as 
 
 yet, up to this time. 
 adimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 
 
 [emo], tr., take away, deny. 
 adipiscor, -i, adeptus sum, dep, 
 
 [apiscor], (come up with), 
 
 attain, obtain, secure. 
 aditus, -us, M. [1. adeo], 
 
 access, approach, avenue, path. 
 adiumentum, -i, N. [adiuvo], 
 
 help, aid. 
 adiungo, -iungere, -iunxi, -iunc- 
 
 tum [iungo], tr., join to, add; 
 
 impose, confer upon. 
 adiuvo, -iuvare, -iuvl, -iutum 
 
 [iuvo], tr., help, assist. 
 adlicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum 
 
 [lacio], tr., allure; attract, 
 
 influence. 
 administer, -tri, M. [minister, 
 
 servant], assistant. 
 administra, -ae, F., handmaiden, 
 
 assistant. 
 administro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [ministro], tr., care for, man- 
 age, govern, conduct, arrange, 
 
 execute. 
 admiratio, -onis, F. [admirer], 
 
 admiration. 
 admirer, -ari, -atus sum [miror], 
 
 dep., wonder at, marvel at, ad- 
 mire. 
 admoneo, -ere, -ui, -itum [mo- 
 
 neo], tr., remind, warn; advise. 
 
 admonitus, -us, M. [admoneo], 
 
 advice, suggestion. 
 admurmuratio, -onis, F., a 
 
 murmuring. 
 adnuo, -nuere, -nui, — [nuo], 
 
 intr., nod to, nod assent. 
 adorno, -are, -avi, -atum [orno], 
 
 tr., adorn, equip, provide. 
 adprobo, -are, avi, -atimi [ad + 
 
 probo], tr., give assent to, ap" 
 
 prove of. 
 adpropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [propinquo], intr., draw mo.r 
 
 (to), approach. 
 adquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
 
 situm [quaero], tr., add (to), 
 
 acquire, gain. 
 adscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., enroll 
 
 (as a citizen), 
 adsentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- 
 sum [sentio], intr., assent to, 
 
 agree with. 
 adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
 
 [sequor], dep., follow up, over- 
 take, reach; accomplish, effect f 
 
 obtain, attain. 
 adservo, -are, -avi, -atum [servo], 
 
 tr., watch over, keep, guard. 
 adsido, -sidere, -sedi, — [sido], 
 
 intr., take a seat, sit down. 
 adsidue, adv. [adsiduus], con- 
 stantly. 
 adsto, -stare, -stiti, — [sto], 
 
 intr., stand near, stand by. 
 adsuefactus, -a, -um [adsue- 
 
 facio], trained, accustomed. 
 adsum, -esse, -fui [sum], be 
 
 near, be present; aid, assist. 
 adulescens, -entis, M. [ado- 
 
 lesco], young man, youth. 
 
418 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 adulescentia, -ae, F. [adules- 
 cens], youth. 
 
 adulescentulus, -i, M. [adules- 
 cens], very young man. 
 
 adulter, -teri, M., adulterer. 
 
 adultus, -a, -um [adolesco], 
 mature, full-grown. 
 
 adventicius, -a, -um [advenio], 
 foreign. 
 
 adventus, -us, M. [advenio], 
 arrival, approach, corning. 
 
 adversus, -a, -um [adverto], 
 (turned towards), facing, un- 
 favorable; adversae res, ad- 
 versity. 
 
 advezperascit, -ere, — , impers., 
 evening approaches, it grows 
 dark. 
 
 aedificium, -i, N. [aedifico], 
 building, house, edifice. 
 
 aedifico, -are, -avi, -atum [aedes, 
 facio], tr., build. 
 
 aedes -is, F., (a dwelling of the 
 gods), temple; pi., (a dwell- 
 ing for men), house. 
 
 Aegaeus, -a, -um, Aege'an. 
 
 aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick, 
 suffering. 
 
 aegre, adv. [aeger], with diffi- 
 culty, reluctantly, bitterly. 
 
 Aemilius, -i, M., Aemilius, a 
 gentile name ; M. Aemilius 
 Scaurus, consul 115 and 107 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Aeneas, -ae, M., Aene'as. 
 aeque, adv. [aequus], equally; 
 
 aeque ac, just as. 
 aequitas, -tatis, F. [aequus], 
 
 justice, equity. 
 aequus, -a, -um, even, equal; 
 
 fair, just, right; favorable, 
 
 calm; aequo animo, with a 
 calm mind, with resignation, 
 
 aerarium, -i, N. [aerarius], 
 treasury. 
 
 aerarius, -a, -um [aes], of the 
 treasury. 
 
 aes, aeris, N., copper, bronze, 
 money; aes alienum, (an- 
 other's money), debt; pi., 
 bronze tablets. 
 
 aestas, -tatis, F., summer. 
 
 aestimo, -are, avi, atum [aes], 
 tr., judge, estimate. 
 
 aestus, -us, M., heat. 
 
 aetas, -tatis, F., age, old age; 
 life. 
 
 aeternus, -a, -um, everlasting^ 
 eternal, endless. 
 
 Aetoli, -orum, M., the Aetolians^ 
 inhabitants of Aetolia. 
 
 Africa, -ae, F., Africa, especially 
 the Roman province in the 
 northern part of the con- 
 tinent. 
 
 Africanus, -a, -um [Africa], 
 African; Africanus, a sur- 
 name of two of the Scipios. 
 
 ager, agri, M., field, landy 
 country. 
 
 agito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
 ago], tr., disturb, agitate, 
 rouse. 
 
 agnosco, -noscere, -novi, -nitum 
 [ad + (g)nosco], tr. recog- 
 nize, understand. 
 
 ago, -ere, -egi, actum, tr., (put 
 in motion), drive, do, act, 
 act on; aim at; speak, plead; 
 spend (aetatem) ; pass., be at 
 stake, P. 2, 6 ; age vero, 
 come now, well then. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 419 
 
 agrarius, -a, -um [ager], 'per- 
 taining to land; agrarii, M. 
 pi,, the agrarian party (sup- 
 porting agrarian laws). 
 
 agrestis, -e [ager], of the coun- 
 try, country (adj.) ; rude, 
 boorish, ignorant; as noun, 
 countrymen. 
 
 agricola, -ae, M., farmer. 
 
 Ahala, -ae, M., Ahala, a family 
 name ; Gaius Servilius Ahala 
 a Roman officer, 439 b.c. 
 
 aio, ais, ait ; pi., aiunt, def. vb., 
 say, assert. 
 
 alea, -ae, F., a game with dice, 
 gambling. 
 
 aleator, -oris, M. [alea], gambler. 
 
 Alexander, -dri, M., Alexander, 
 the Great, king of Mace- 
 donia, born 356 b.c. 
 
 alienigena, -ae, M. [alienus, 
 gigno], one of foreign birth; 
 as adj., foreign. 
 
 alienus, -a, -um [alius], belong- 
 ing to another, of others, 
 foreign; as noun, stranger, 
 foreigner, alien. 
 
 aliquando, adv. [ali-+ quando], 
 at some time, at any time, at 
 length, finally, at last. 
 
 i?liquanto, adv. [aliquantus], (by 
 some little), a little. 
 
 aliquis, -quid, indef. pron. (App- 
 27, 28), some one, something; 
 any-one, anything; as adj., 
 aliqui, -qua, -quod, some, any. 
 
 aliquo, adv. [aliquis], to some 
 place, somewhere. 
 
 aliquot [alius, quot], indecl. adj., 
 some, several, a number of. 
 
 aliter, adv. [alius], otherwise. 
 
 alius, -a, -ud, adj. or pron. 
 
 (App. 13), another, other (of 
 
 more than two) ; pi. some, 
 
 others; alius . . . alius, one 
 
 . . . another; alii . . . alii, 
 
 some . . . others 
 AUobroges, -um, M. pi., the 
 
 Allo'broges, a tribe south- 
 west of Lake Geneva, 
 alo, -ere, alul, altum, tr., feed, 
 
 nourish; sustain, cherish^ 
 
 strengthen, Ar. 7. 
 Alpes, -ium, F., the Alps. 
 altaria, -ium, N. pi. [altus], an 
 
 altar. 
 alter, -era, -erum, adj. or pron. 
 
 (App. 13), the other (of two), 
 
 second (in a series), another; 
 
 alter . . . alter, the one . . , 
 
 the other. 
 alternus, -a, -um [alter], alter' 
 
 nate. 
 altus, -a, -um [alto], high, deep. 
 alveolus, -i, M. [alveus, a 
 
 hollow], dice board, gambling. 
 amans, -antis, adj. [part, of 
 
 amo], loving, affectionate, fond 
 
 (of), loyal (to) ; w. rei pub- 
 
 licae, patriotic. 
 ambi-, prefix, round, roundabout. 
 ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 
 ivalk. 
 amens, -entis [a + mens], sense" 
 
 less, foolish. 
 amentia, -ae, F. [amens], folly, 
 
 madness, insanity. 
 amicio, -icire, — , -ictum [ambi- 
 
 + iacio], tr., throw around, 
 
 clothe. 
 amicitia, -ae,F. [amicus], friend' 
 
 ship. 
 
420 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 1. amicus, -i, M., friend. 
 
 2. amicus, -a, -um, friendly, 
 dear. 
 
 Amisus, -i, F. Ami'sus, a city 
 of Pontus. 
 
 amitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
 [mitto], tr., (send away), lose. 
 
 amo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., love. 
 
 amoenitas, -tatis, F. [amoenus], 
 charm, beauty. 
 
 amor, -oris, M. [amo], love. 
 
 amplector, -plecti, -plexus sum 
 [ambi + plecto], dep., twine 
 about, embrace, include. Cat., 
 IV, 4. 
 
 amplified, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [amplus, facio], tr., enlarge, 
 extend, increase. 
 
 amplitude, -inis, F. [amplus], 
 breadth, greatness, eminence, 
 honor. 
 
 amplius, adv. [comp. of ample], 
 more, further. 
 
 amplus, -a, -um, great, ample; 
 generous; illustrious, dis- 
 tinguished, honorable. 
 
 an, conj., usually introducing 
 the second member of a 
 double question, or; intro- 
 ducing single direct questions 
 it may be equivalent to -ne 
 or nonne with added empha- 
 sis or surprise; see 103, b; 
 Bur. 368; HB. 236; intro- 
 ducing an indirect question, 
 whether. 
 
 Anceps, -cipitis, adj., [ambi-, 
 caput], double, twofold, in two 
 places. 
 
 ango, -ere, anxi, — , tr., distress, 
 trouble, torment. 
 
 angulus, -i, M., corner, angle. 
 
 anhelo, -are, -avi, -atum [an- 
 helus, panting], tr. and intr., 
 breathe forth; pant. 
 
 anima, -ae, F., air, breath, 
 spirit; life, soul. 
 
 animadversio, -onis, F. [anim- 
 advert©], attention, investiga- 
 tion; punishment. 
 
 animadvert©, -vertere, -verti, 
 -versum [animum + ad + 
 verto], tr., (turn the mind 
 to), perceive, notice, attend to; 
 punish. 
 
 animus, -i, IVI. mind, soul, feel- 
 ing, feelings, spirit, disposition, 
 heart. Cat., 1, 11. 
 
 anne, = an. 
 
 Annius, -i, M., Annius, a 
 nomen or gentile name ; see 
 Chilo. 
 
 annona, -ae, F. [annus], yearly 
 harvest, provisions, P. 15. 
 
 annus, -i, M., year. 
 
 annuus, -a, -um [annus], annual. 
 
 ante, prep. w. ace, before; adv., 
 before, beforehand; ago; 
 paulo ante, a little while ago; 
 just now; as prefix, before, in 
 advance. 
 
 antea, adv. [ante], before, 
 hitherto, formerly. 
 
 antecello, -ere, — , — [cello], 
 intr., surpass, be superior to. 
 
 antelucanus, -a, -um [ante, lux], 
 lasting till daylight, all-night. 
 
 antepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum [pono], tr., place before, 
 prefer. 
 
 antequam, conj. [ante + quam], 
 before. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 421 
 
 Antiochia, -ae, F., Antioch, a 
 city of Syria. 
 
 Antiochus, -i, M., Anti'ochus, 
 the Great, king of Syria, 223- 
 187 B.C. 
 
 antiquitas, -tatis, F. [anti- 
 quus], antiquity. 
 
 antiquus, -a, -um [ante], 
 Jormer, ancient, old: M. pi., 
 the men of old. 
 
 aperio, -perire, -perui, -pertum 
 [ab + pario], tr., open. 
 
 aperte, adv. [apertus], openly, 
 without reserve, plainly. 
 
 apertus, -a, -um, open, undis- 
 guised. 
 
 apparatus, -a, -um [apparo], 
 prepared; elaborate, sump- 
 tuous. 
 
 appareo, -ere, -ui, intr., appear. 
 
 apparo, -are, -avi, -atum [paro], 
 tr., make ready, prepare, pre- 
 pare for. 
 
 appello, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 call (by name), name, address. 
 
 Appenninus, -i, M., the Apen- 
 nines. 
 
 appetens, -entis [appeto], covet- 
 ous of. 
 
 Appius, -i, M., Appius, a prae- 
 nomen or first name ; see 
 Claudius. 
 
 Appius, -a, -um, Appian; Via 
 Appia, the Appian Road, ex- 
 tending from Rome to Brun- 
 disium. 
 
 approbo, see adprobo. 
 
 aptus, -a, -um, suited, fit. 
 
 apud, prep. w. ace., among, 
 with, at the house of, before, 
 off. 
 
 Apulia, -ae, F., Apulia, a dis- 
 trict in southern Italy. 
 
 aqua, -ae, F., water. 
 
 aquila, -ae, F., eagle; especially 
 the eagle of a Roman stand- 
 ard. 
 
 ara, -ae, F., altar. 
 
 arbitror, -ari, -atus sum [arbiter, 
 judge], dep., think, judge, con- 
 sider. 
 
 arbor, -oris, F., tree, 
 
 arceo, -ere, -ui, — , tr., keep 
 away, ward off. 
 
 arcesso, -cessere, -cessivi, ces- 
 situm [ad + caus. of cieo], tr., 
 cause to come, summon, send 
 for, invite. 
 
 Archias, -ae, M. (App. 11), 
 Archias; A. Licinius Archias, 
 see p. 269 
 
 ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, intr., 
 be on fire, be in flames^ 
 burn. 
 
 ardor, -oris, M. [ardeo], (a 
 burning), flame, fire, heat, 
 brightness; passion. 
 
 argenteus, -a, -um [argentum], 
 silver, of silver. 
 
 argentum, -i, N., silver. 
 
 argumentum, -i, N. [argud]^ 
 proof, argument. 
 
 Ariobarzanes, -is, M., Ariobar- 
 za'nes, a king of Cappadocia. 
 
 arma, -orum, N. pL, arms, 
 equipment. 
 
 Armenii, -orum, M., the Ar- 
 menians. 
 
 Armenius, -a, -um, of Armenia, 
 Armenian. 
 
 armo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 arm, equip. 
 
422 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 ars, artis, F., skill, art, accom- 
 plishment, quality, practice. 
 
 artifex, -ficis, M. [ars, facio], 
 artist, scaenicus artifex, actor. 
 
 arx, arcis, F., citadel, fortress, 
 stronghold. 
 
 ascendo, -scendere, -scendi, 
 -scensum [ad + scando], tr, 
 and intr., climb, rise, ascend. 
 
 asclsco, -sciscere, -scivi, -sci- 
 tum [ad + scisco], tr., admit 
 (to), enlist (in). 
 
 ascribo, -ere, ascripsi, ascrip- 
 tum [scribo], tr., enroll, as- 
 sign, appoint. 
 
 Asia, -ae, F., Asia, Asia Minor. 
 
 Asiaticus,-a, -um [Asia], Asiatic. 
 
 aspectus, -us, M. [aspicio], 
 sight, view; appearance. 
 
 aspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 tum [ad + spicio], tr., look 
 at, look upon. 
 
 assiduitas, (adsid-) -tatis, F. 
 [assiduus], perseverance, per- 
 sistent effort. 
 
 at, conj., but, expressing con- 
 . trast or objection ; yet, yet 
 at least. 
 
 Athenae, -arum, F., Athens. 
 
 Atheniensis, -e, of Athens; pi. 
 as noun, the Athenians. 
 
 atque (before vowels or cons.), 
 ac (before cons.), and, and 
 also, and especially; after 
 words of comparison, as. 
 
 atqui, conj., and yet, why! 
 
 atrocitas, -tatis, F. [atrox], 
 cruelty, fierceness, harshness. 
 
 atrox, -ocis [ater, black], fierce, 
 cruel, horrible, inhuman, mon- 
 strous. 
 
 attendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten« 
 turn [ad + tendo], tr., (stretch 
 toward), w. or without ani- 
 mum, observe, notice, mark, 
 listen. 
 
 attenuo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [tenuo, make thin], tr., make 
 thin, reduce. 
 
 Atticus, -i, M., Atticus; T. 
 Pomponius Atticus, a corre- 
 spondent of Cicero; Intro. 11. 
 
 attingo, -ere, attigi, attactum 
 [ad + tango], tr., touch, reach, 
 attain to; approach; attempt, 
 touch upon, Ar. 9 ; set foot on, 
 P. 9. 
 
 attribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [ad 
 + tribuo], tr., assign, allot, 
 distribute. 
 
 attuli, from adfero. 
 
 auctionarius, -a, -um [auctio], 
 of an auction, of the auction- 
 eer. 
 
 auctor, -oris, M. [augeo], origi- 
 nator, author, promoter, ap- 
 prover. 
 
 auctoritas, -tatis, F. [auctor], 
 influence, authority, power, 
 prestige; opinion. 
 
 audacia, -ae, F. [audax], daring, 
 boldness, courage; audacity, 
 presumption, effrontery. 
 
 audax, -acis [audeo] bold, daring, 
 audacious. 
 
 audeo, -ere, ausus sum, semi- 
 dep., dare. 
 
 audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., hear, 
 hear of, listen to. 
 
 aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum 
 [ab + fero], tr., bear away^ 
 carry off. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 423 
 
 aufugio, -fugere, -fugl, — [ab + 
 
 fugio], intr., run away, es- 
 cape. 
 augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, tr., 
 
 increase, enrich. 
 Aulus, -i, M., Aulus, a prae- 
 
 nomen or personal name. 
 Aurelius, -a, -um, Aurelian; 
 
 see Forum Aurelium. 
 auris, -is, F., ear; attention. 
 aurum, -i, N., gold. 
 auspicium, -i, N. [auspex], 
 
 (divination by the flight of 
 
 birds), augury; pi. auspices. 
 aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, 
 
 either . . . or. 
 autem, conj., on the other hand, 
 
 hut; furthermore, moreover, 
 
 besides, while. 
 auxilium, -i, N. [augeo], aid, 
 
 help, assistance; pi., auxiliary 
 
 forces. 
 avaritia, -ae, F. [avarus], greed, 
 
 avarice. 
 aversus, -a, -um [averto], turned 
 
 away, averse, obstinate, hostile. 
 avide, adv. [avidus], eagerly. 
 avidus, -a, -um [aveo, crave], 
 
 craving, eager for. 
 avitus, -a, -um [avus], of one's 
 
 grandfather. 
 avoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 
 
 tr., call away. 
 avus, -i, M., grandfather. 
 
 B 
 
 bacchor, -ari, -atus sum, dep. 
 [Bacchus, god of wine], (cele- 
 brate the festival of Bacchus), 
 revel, rage. 
 
 barbaria, -ae, F. [barbarus]. 
 
 barbarism; foreign country, 
 uncivilized people. 
 
 barbarus, -a, -um, foreign, 
 strange; as noun, foreigner. 
 
 barbatus, -a, -um [barba], 
 bearded. 
 
 beatus, -a, -um [beo, make 
 happy], happy, blessed, pros- 
 perous. Cat., II, 9. 
 
 bellicosus, -a, -um [bellum], 
 warlike. 
 
 bello, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 ivage war, carry on war, fight. 
 
 bellum, -i, N., war. 
 
 bene, adv. (App. 20), well, suc- 
 cessfully. 
 
 beneficium, -i, N. [bene + fa- 
 cio], (a well-doing), kindness, 
 favor. 
 
 benevolentia, -ae, F. [benevo- 
 lus], good will, benevolence, loy- 
 alty. 
 
 benignitas, -tatis, F. [benignus], 
 favor, courtesy, kindness. 
 
 bestia, -ae, F., beast, animal. 
 
 bibo, -ere, -bibi, — , tr., drink. 
 
 bini, -ae, -a, two each, two. 
 
 bipertito, adv. [bis + partitus], 
 in two divisions. 
 
 bis, num. adv., twice. 
 
 Bithynia, -ae, F., Bithynia, a 
 district of Asia Minor, south 
 of the Black Sea. 
 
 bonus, -a, -um, good, worthy, ex- 
 cellent; as noun, bonum, ad- 
 vantage; pi. boni, good men, 
 loyal citizens, patriots; bona, 
 -orum, goods, property, posses- 
 sions. 
 
 Bosporani, -orum, M., dwellers 
 on the Bosporus. 
 
424 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 brevis, -e, short, brief. 
 
 breviter, adv. [brevis], briefly. 
 
 Brundisium, -i, N., Brundisium, 
 a town in southern Italy ; 
 modern Brindisi. 
 
 Brutus, -i, M., Brutus, a family 
 name ; D, Junius Brutus, con- 
 sul, 138 B.C. 
 
 C. for G., abbreviation of Gaius. 
 
 caedes, caedis, F. [caedo], kill- 
 ing, slaughter, murder, massa- 
 cre. 
 
 Caelius, -i, M., Caelius, a gen- 
 tile name ; Q. Caelius, a 
 tribune. 
 
 caelum, -i, N., sky, heaven, the 
 heavens. 
 
 Caesar, -is, M., Caesar, a cog- 
 nomen or family name ; 1. C. 
 Julius Caesar, the conqueror 
 of Gaul, praetor 62 b.c, consul 
 59 B.C. ; 2. L. Julius Caesar, 
 consul 64 B.C. 
 
 Caieta, -ae, F., Caieta (ka-ye'ta), 
 a coast town of Latium, with 
 a harbor ; now Gaeta (ga-a'ta). 
 
 calamitas, -tatis, F., disaster, 
 ruin, downfall, calamity, loss, 
 injury, misfortune, distress. 
 
 callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, crafty. 
 
 campus, -1, M., a plain, field; 
 especially the Campus Mar- 
 tius, a plain in Rome, dedi- 
 cated to Mars, used for as- 
 semblies of the people. 
 
 cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, tr. 
 and intr., sing, predict. 
 
 canto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of cano], intr., sing. 
 
 cantus, -us, M. [cano], song^ 
 
 music. 
 
 capillus, -i, M. [caput], hair (of 
 the head). 
 
 capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr., 
 take, receive, hold, contain^ 
 capture, take prisoner; w. 
 consiliniD., form, adopt; w. de- 
 trimentum, suffer. 
 
 capitalis, -e [caput], deadly, mor- 
 tal. 
 
 Capitolium, -i, N. [caput], the 
 Capitoline Hill; the Capitol, 
 a temple of Jupiter situated 
 on the Capitoline. 
 
 Cappadocia, -ae, F., Cappa- 
 docia, a country of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 caput, capitis, N., head, lifcy 
 civil rights. 
 
 Carbo, -onis, M., Carbo, a fam- 
 ily name ; C. Papirius Carbo, 
 tribune of the people 89 
 
 B.C. 
 
 career, carceris, M., prison. 
 
 careo, -ere, -ui, — , fut. part, 
 cariturus, intr., be without^ 
 want, be free from, be deprived 
 of, withdraw from. Cat., I, 7. 
 
 caritas, -tatis, F. [carus], dear- 
 ness, high price. 
 
 carmen, -inis, N., song, poem^ 
 verse. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, -e, of Carthage; 
 pi. as noun, the Carthaginians. 
 
 Carthago, -inis, F., Carthage, a 
 city in northern Africa. 
 
 carus, -a, -um, dear, precious, 
 valued. 
 
 Cassius, -i, M., Cassius, a gen- 
 tile name ; 1. Lucius Cassius, 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 425 
 
 a confederate of Catiline ; 
 
 2. C. Cassius, consul 73 b.c. ; 
 
 3. C. Cassius Longinus, prae- 
 tor 44 B.C. 
 
 caste, adv. [castus], purely, hon- 
 estly. 
 
 castra, -orum, N. pi., a camp. 
 
 castrensis, -e, of the camp. 
 
 casus, -us, M. [cado], (a falling), 
 accident, chance, fate, calamity ; 
 emergency, P. 20. 
 
 Catilina,-ae,M., Ca'tiline (kat'i- 
 lln), a family name; L. Ser- 
 gius Catilina, the conspirator ; 
 see p. 181. 
 
 Cato, -onis, M., Cato, a family 
 name; 1. Porcius Cato, a 
 friend of Archias ; 2. Marcus 
 Cato, the censor (234-149 
 
 B.C.). 
 
 Catulus, -i, M., Ca'tulus, a fam- 
 ily name; 1. Q. Lutatius 
 Catulus, consul 102 b.c ; 2. 
 Q. Lutatius Catulus, son of 
 1, consul 78 B.C. 
 
 causa, -ae, F., cause, reason, 
 case, interest, question; causa 
 (following a gen.), on account 
 (of), for the sake (of), for the 
 purpose (of). 
 
 •ce, enclitic emphasizing cer- 
 tain pronouns. 
 
 Cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum, intr., 
 go from, withdraw; pass by 
 (of time) ; ijield, submit. 
 
 celeber, -bris, -bre, populous, 
 frequented, busy. 
 
 celebritas, -tatis, F. [celeber], 
 renown, celebrity. 
 
 celebro, -are, -avi, -atum [cele- 
 ber], tr., frequent, throng; 
 
 celebrate, solemnize, keep, 
 honor, extol. 
 
 celeritas, -tatis, F. [celer], quick- 
 ness, swiftness, celerity, rapid- 
 ity, promptness. 
 
 celeriter, adv. [celer], quickly. 
 
 cena, -ae, F., dinner, banquet. 
 
 ceno, -are, -avi, -atum [cena], 
 intr., dine, eat dinner. 
 
 censed, -ere, -ui, censum, tr., 
 tax, estimate, assess, enroll 
 (as a citizen), resolve, decree, 
 vote; think. 
 
 censor, -oris, M., censor; see 
 Introd. 38. 
 
 census, -us, M. [censeo], cen- 
 sus, a censor's list, census roll. 
 
 centuria, -ae, F. [centum], cen- 
 tury, a division of the people, 
 originally numbering one hun- 
 dred. 
 
 centuriatus, -us, M. [centurio], 
 the office of a centurion, cen- 
 turionship. 
 
 centurio, -onis, M. [centuria], 
 centurion. 
 
 Ceparius, -i, M., Ceparius, a 
 gentile name ; Marcus Cepa- 
 rius, a confederate of Catiline. 
 
 cerno, -ere, crevi, cretum, tr., 
 separate, distinguish; see, 
 perceive; decide, decree. 
 
 certamen, -inis, N. [certo], con- 
 test, rivalry. 
 
 certe, adv. [certus], certainly, 
 surely, at least. 
 
 1. certo, adv. [certus], with cer- 
 tainty, certainly. 
 
 2. certo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 contend, struggle, fight, vie. 
 
 certus, -a, -um [cerno], decided 
 
426 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 certain, sure; 'particular, defin- 
 ite; faithful; certiorem facio, 
 inform; certior fio, he in- 
 formed. 
 
 cervix, -ids, F., neck. 
 
 ceterus, -a, -um, the rest, the 
 other, other; pi. as noun, 
 others, the others, the rest. 
 
 Cethegus, -i, M., Cethegus, a 
 family name ; C. Cornelius 
 Cethegus, a confederate of 
 Catiline. 
 
 Chii, -orum, M., the Chians, 
 people of the island Chios in 
 the Aegean. 
 
 Chilo, -onis, M., Chilo, a family 
 name ; Q. Annius Chilo, a con- 
 federate of Catiline. 
 
 cibus, -i, M., food. 
 
 Cicero, -onis, M., a cognomen 
 or family name; 1. Marcus 
 TuUius Cicero, the orator; 
 see Introd. ; 2. Q. Tullius 
 Cicero, praetor 62 b.c. ; 3. M. 
 Tullius Cicero, son of the 
 orator, born 65 b.c. 
 
 Cilicia, -ae, F., Cilicia, a Ro- 
 man province in southern 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Cimber, -bri, M., Cimher, a cog- 
 nomen ; see Gabinius. 
 
 Cimbri, -orum, M., the Cimbri, a 
 people of northern Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Cimbricus, -a, -um [Cimbri], of 
 the Cimbri, Cimbrian. 
 
 cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum, tr., 
 surround. 
 
 cinis, cineris, M., ashes. 
 
 Cinna, -ae, M., Cinna, a family 
 name ; L. Cornelius Cinna, 
 
 consul 86-84 b.c, leader o! 
 the popular party. 
 
 circum, prep. w. ace, aroundy 
 about; as prefix, around. 
 
 circumcludo, -cludere, -clusi, 
 -clusum [claudo], tr., hetn in. 
 
 circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum 
 [do], tr., place around, sur- 
 round with. 
 
 circumscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., bound. 
 
 circumscriptor, -oris, M. [cir- 
 cumscribo], cheat. 
 
 circumsedeo, -sedere, -sedi, 
 -sessum [sedeo], tr., sit 
 around, surround. 
 
 circumspicio, -spicere, -spexi, 
 -spectum [specio], tr. and 
 intr., look about, look out for; 
 observe, consider. 
 
 circumsto, -stare, -steti, [sto], 
 tr., stand around, surround. 
 
 cito, adv., quickly, promptly. 
 
 civilis, -e [civis], of citizens, civil. 
 
 civis, civis, M., citizen, fellow- 
 citizen. 
 
 civitas, -tatis, F. [civis], citizen^ 
 ship, state, tribe, nation. 
 
 clam, adv., secretly. 
 
 clamo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 and intr., cry out, shout. 
 
 clamor, -oris, M. [clamo], out- 
 cry, shout. 
 
 clarus, -a, -um, clear, bright; 
 brilliant, renowned, famous, 
 illustrious, honorable, eminent^ 
 conspicuous. 
 
 classis, -is, F., division; fleet. 
 
 Claudius, -i, M., Claudius, a 
 gentile name ; Appius Clau- 
 dius Pulcher, praetor 89 b.c. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 427 
 
 claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, 
 tr., close. 
 
 Clemens, -entis, adj., mild, for- 
 bearing, merciful, lenient. 
 
 clientela, -ae, F. [cliens], client- 
 ship, clients. 
 
 Cn., abbreviation for Gnaeus. 
 
 Cnidus, -i, F., Cnidus (ni'dus), 
 a city of Caria in Asia Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 coepi, def. vb. (App. 50), began; 
 w. a pass, complementary 
 inf. coeptus sum, etc., is 
 used. 
 
 coeptus, -us, M. [coepi], begin- 
 ning, undertaking. 
 
 coerceo, -ere, -ul, -itum [con + 
 arceo, confine], tr., restrain, 
 check, correct, repress. 
 
 coetus, -us, M. [co + eo], meeting, 
 gathering, assembly, company. 
 
 cogitate, adv. [cogito], thought- 
 fully, with thought. 
 
 cogitatio, -onis, F. [cogito], 
 thought, purpose, plan, design. 
 
 cogito, -are, -avi, -atum [con + 
 agito], tr., consider (thor- 
 oughly), ponder, think, think 
 of, plan, plot, 
 
 cognatio, -onis, F., relationship, 
 kinship. 
 
 cognitio, -onis, F. [cognosce], 
 a becoming acquainted with, 
 acquaintance. 
 
 cognitor, -oris, M. [cognosce], 
 advocate, supporter. 
 
 cognomen, -inis, N. [nomen], 
 surname, family name. 
 
 cognosce, -gnoscere, -gnovi, 
 -gnitum [con + gnosco], tr., 
 learn, ascertain; recognize; 
 
 note, notice, observe; perf., 
 have learned, hence know; 
 plup., knew. 
 
 cogo, -ere, coegl, coactum [con 
 + ago], tr., drive together ^ 
 collect, assemble; compel, force. 
 
 cohaereo, -haerere, -haesi, 
 haesum [haereo], intr., cling 
 together, be connected (with). 
 
 cohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [habeo], 
 tr., hold together, keep. 
 
 cohors, cohortis, F., cohort 
 (tenth of a legion). 
 
 cohortor, -avi, -atus sum [hor- 
 tor], dep., encourage, urge. 
 
 collectio, -onis, F. [colligo], a 
 collecting, gathering. 
 
 collega, -ae, M., partner in 
 office, colleague. 
 
 collegium, -i, N. [colligo], asso- 
 ciation, board, college. 
 
 colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum 
 [con + lego], tr., gather, col- 
 lect; se colligere, assemble. 
 
 colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, tr., cul- 
 tivate, cherish, pay respect to; 
 dwell in. 
 
 colonia, -ae, F. [colo], colony. 
 
 colonus, -i, M. [colo], colonist. 
 
 Colophon, -onis, M., Colophon, 
 a city of Asia Minor, north 
 of Ephesus. 
 
 Colophonii, -drum, M., the in- 
 habitants of Colophon. 
 
 color, -oris, M., color. 
 
 comes, comitis, M. or F., com- 
 panion, associate, comrade. 
 
 comissatio, -onis, F. [comissor, 
 revel], revelry. 
 
 comitatus, -us, M. [comito], es- 
 cort, retinue, company. 
 
428 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 comitia, -drum, N. [con + eo], 
 assembly, comitia; election. 
 
 comitium, -i, N. [con, eo], the 
 Comitium, a place of assem- 
 bly adjoining the Forum. 
 
 comitor, -ari, -atus sum [comes] 
 dep., accompany, attend. 
 
 commeatus, -us, M. [commeo], 
 intercourse; supplies, pro- 
 visions. 
 
 commemoratio, -onis, F., re- 
 membrance, Jiiention. 
 
 commemoro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [memoro], tr., call to mind; 
 relate, mention, speak of. 
 
 commendatio, -onis, F. [com- 
 mend©], a commending, recom- 
 mendation. 
 
 commendo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [mando], tr., commit for protec- 
 tion, intrust, commend, recom- 
 mend. 
 
 commeo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 go and come, visit, resort. 
 
 committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., send together; 
 intrust, commit, permit, allow; 
 begin. 
 
 commode, adv. [commodus], 
 conveniently. 
 
 commodum, -i, N. [commodus], 
 advantage, interest. 
 
 commoratio. -onis, F. [com- 
 moror], a tarrying, lingering. 
 
 commoror, -ari, -atus sum [mo- 
 ror], dep., remain. 
 
 ^ommoveo, -movere, -movi, 
 -motum [moveo], tr., put in 
 violent motion, move, stir, dis- 
 turb, affect, influence, concern, 
 grieve; commovere, te, se, 
 
 make a noise, lift a finger^ 
 stir. 
 
 communis, -e [munus], commony 
 in common, general, public. 
 
 communiter, adv. [communis], 
 in common, in general, Ar. 12. 
 
 commute, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [muto], tr., change entirely, 
 change. 
 
 comparatio, -onis, F. [compare], 
 preparation. 
 
 compare, -are, -avi, -atum 1. 
 [paro], tr., prepare, make ready y 
 provide; make up, composCy 
 procure, acquire. 2. [compar, 
 like], compare. 
 
 compello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- 
 sum [pello], tr., drive together, 
 drive, force. 
 
 comperio, -perire, -peri, -pertum 
 [pario], tr., learn, discover, as- 
 certain, detect. 
 
 competitor, -oris, M. [competo], 
 rival opposing candidate, com- 
 petitor. 
 
 complector, -plecti, -plexus sum 
 [com + plector], dep., em- 
 brace, receive; comprehend. 
 
 compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum 
 [pleo], tr., fill completely. 
 
 complexus, -iis, M. [complector] 
 an embracing, embrace. 
 
 complures, -a(-ia) [com + plures 
 several, many, many of. 
 
 comprehend©, -hendere, -hendi, 
 -hensum [prehendo], tr., seize, 
 capture, arrest, grasp, detect. 
 
 comprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
 -pressum [premo], tr., press 
 together; repress, check, curb; 
 suppress. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 429 
 
 comprobo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [probo], tr., approve, endorse, 
 attest. 
 
 con-, com-, co-, prefix, with, to- 
 gether, completely, thoroughly, 
 strongly. 
 
 conatus, -us, M. [conor], at- 
 tempt, effort, undertaking. 
 
 concede, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 sum [cedo], tr., and intr., go 
 away, withdraw; grant, con- 
 cede, give up, yield. 
 
 concelebro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [celebro], tr., attend in throngs, 
 celebrate. 
 
 concerto, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [certo], intr., dispute, v)rangle, 
 contend. 
 
 concido, -cidere, -cidi, — 
 [cado], intr., fall (together), 
 Jail to pieces, collapse; fail, 
 P. 7. 
 
 concilio, -are, -avi, -atum [con- 
 cilium], tr., bring together, win 
 over, win, gain. 
 
 concipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 [capio], tr., take up, take, re- 
 ceive, incur, conceive. 
 
 concito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], 
 tr., rouse, stir up, urge on, 
 excite, agitate. 
 
 Concordia, -ae, F. [concors], 
 union, harmony, concord; the 
 goddess Concord, in whose 
 temple the Senate often met. 
 
 concupisco, -cupiscere, -cupivi, 
 -cupitum [inceptive of cupio], 
 desire, long for, covet. 
 
 concurs©, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [cur so], intr., run to and fro, 
 run about. 
 
 concursus, -us, M. [concurro], 
 running together, throng, rally, 
 assembly. 
 
 condemn©, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [domno], tr., condemn, blame, 
 convict, find guilty. 
 
 condicio, -onis, F. [condicd], 
 agreement, condition, task, lot; 
 circumstances. Cat., IV, 10. 
 
 condo, -ere, condidi, conditum 
 [con + do], tr., (put together), 
 found, build; store, treasure. 
 Cat., Ill, 11; post urbem 
 conditam, since the founding 
 of the city. 
 
 confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
 [fero], tr., bring together, bring 
 (upon), take, transfer; com- 
 pare; appoint, fix, set; post- 
 pone, put off; bestow, apply, 
 devote, Ar. 9 ; conferre se, te, 
 etc., betake oneself, turn, go. 
 
 confertus, -a, -um [confercio], 
 (crowded), filled, full, gorged. 
 Cat., II, 5. 
 
 confessio, -onis, F. [confiteor], 
 confession. 
 
 confestim, adv., immediately, 
 loithout delay, at once. 
 
 conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr., do (thoroughly), 
 accomplish, execute, end, fin~ 
 ish; raise (an army) ; exhaust, 
 overcome, subdue, weaken, wear 
 out, P. 9. 
 
 confido, -ere, -fisus sum [fido, 
 trust], semi-dep., trust (fully), 
 have confidence, be confident, 
 believe. 
 
 confirm©, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [firmo], tr., make firm, estah- 
 
430 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 lish, secure, confirm, strength- 
 en; prove, assert, promise, 
 assure, reassure, P. 9. 
 
 confiteor, -fiteri, -fessus sum 
 [fateor], dep., confess, admit; 
 de se confiteri, admit one's 
 guilt. 
 
 conflagro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [flagro], intr., burn up, be con- 
 sumed. 
 
 confligo, fligere, -flixi, -flic- 
 tum [fligo], intr., strih: to- 
 gether, be in conflict, co ',end, 
 engage. 
 
 conflo, -are, -avi, -at' a [flo, 
 blow], tr., blow up, kindle, 
 cause; bring together, make up, 
 compose. 
 
 conformatio, -onis, F. [con- 
 formo], shaping, training. 
 
 conformo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [formo], tr,, form, mold, 
 train. 
 
 confringo, -fringere, -fregi, -frac- 
 tum [frango], tr., break to 
 pieces, shatter. 
 
 congero, -gerere, -gessi, -gestum 
 [gero], tr., bring together, col- 
 lect. 
 
 congrego, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [grex], tr., collect; pass. w. 
 reflex. meaning, assemble 
 (themselves) , Cat., 1, 13. 
 
 conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 [iacio], tr., hurl, aim; drive. 
 
 coniectura, -ae, F. [conicio], 
 conjecture, inference; reflec- 
 tion, P. 9. 
 
 coniunctio, -onis, F. [coniungo], 
 union, connection. 
 
 coniungo, -iungere, -iunxi, iunc- 
 
 tum [iungo], tr,, join together^ 
 connect, unite. 
 
 coniunx, -iugis, M. or F. [con- 
 iungo], (married person), hus- 
 band, wife; spouse. 
 
 coniuratio, -onis, F. [coniuro], 
 conspiracy. 
 
 coniurator, -oris, M. [coniuro], 
 conspirator. 
 
 coniuratus, -a, -um [coniiiro], 
 (bound together by an oath), 
 allied; pi. as noun, conspira- 
 tors. 
 
 coniuro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 take oath together, plot, con- 
 spire. 
 
 coniveo, -nivere, -nivi, [con + 
 niveo], intr., shut the eyes; 
 wink at, overlook, connive. 
 
 conloco, -are, -avi, -atum [loco], 
 tr., place, put, pitch (a camp), 
 set up (a statue), establish, iri- 
 vest (money). 
 
 Conor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., at- 
 tempt, try. 
 
 conquiesco, -ere, conquievi, con- 
 quietum [quiesco], intr,, fl7id 
 rest, cease. 
 
 consceleratus, -a, -um [con- 
 scelero], wicked, depraved. 
 
 conscientia -ae F. [consciens], 
 consciousness, knowledge; con- 
 science. 
 
 conscriptus, -i, M. [conscribo], 
 one enrolled; patres (et) con- 
 script!, conscript fathers, i.e., 
 senators ; see note on Cat., L, 
 1. 47. 
 
 consecro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [sacro], tr., dedicate, conse' 
 crate, devote. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 • 431 
 
 consensio, -onis, F. [co^'s^ntio], 
 agreement, unanimity, har- 
 mony. 
 
 consentio, -^entire, -sensi, -sen- 
 sum [sentio], intr., (I think 
 alike), agree, unite. 
 
 eonsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
 [sequor], dep., follow up, over- 
 take, attain; obtain, secure, 
 gain, accomplish; result, en- 
 sue. 
 
 conservo, -are, avi, -atum 
 [servo], tr, save, protect, keep 
 safe, preserve, maintain. 
 
 considero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 look at closely, consider. 
 
 consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
 [sido], intr., sit down. 
 
 consilium, -i, N. [consulo], plan, 
 purpose, design, plot, delib- 
 eration, wisdom, advice, coun- 
 sel; shrewdness. Cat., Ill, 7 ; 
 a council, deliberative body. 
 
 consisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
 [sisto], intr., stand still. 
 
 consoler, -ari, -atus sum [solor], 
 dep., cheer, comfort, console. 
 
 conspectus, -us, M. [conspicio], 
 sight. 
 
 conspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 tum Ispecio], tr., see, look at, 
 gaze upon, face. 
 
 consplratio, -onis, F. [conspiro], 
 harmony. 
 
 constanter, adv. [constans], with 
 firmness, consistently, without 
 faltering. 
 
 constantia, -ae, F. [constans], 
 steadfastness, firmness, con- 
 sistency ; courage. 
 
 constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- 
 
 tutum [statuo], tr. and intr., 
 place, station, set up; draw 
 up, arrange, establish; decide, 
 decide upon, resolve, fix; des- 
 ignate, select, appoint, mark; 
 make, prepare. 
 
 consto, -stare, -stiti, -statum 
 [sto], intr., (stand together), 
 consist of, depend upon; im- 
 pers., it is agreed, it is evident, 
 it is proved. 
 
 constringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictum [stringo], tr., bind, 
 bind fast, fetter, hold in check. 
 
 consuetude, -inis, F. [consue- 
 sco], custom, usage; intimacy. 
 
 consul, -is, M., consul; see 
 Introd. 33. 
 
 consularis, -e [consul], of a con- 
 sul, consular; as noun, ex- 
 consul, a man of consular rank. 
 
 consulatus, -us, M. [consul], 
 consulship. 
 
 consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sultum, 
 tr. and intr., deliberate, con- 
 sider; w. ace, consult, ask 
 advice of, refer to; w. dat. 
 take counsel (for), consult for 
 the welfare (of), take thought 
 (for). 
 
 1. consult©, adv. [consultum], 
 deliberately, purposely. 
 
 2. consult©, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [consulo], intr., take counsel, 
 deliberate. 
 
 consultum, -i, N. [consulo], (de- 
 liberation), decree, decision; 
 resolution ; see Introd. 30. 
 
 consumo, -sumere, -sfimpsi, 
 -sumptum [slimo], tr., co?i' 
 sume, waste, use up, spend. 
 
432 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 contamino, -are, -avi, -atum, 
 tr., stain, defile, dishonor, con- 
 taminate. 
 
 contego, -tegere, -texi, -tectum, 
 [tego], tr., cover, conceal. 
 
 contemno, -temnere, -tempsi, 
 -temptum [temno], tr., think 
 lightly of, ignore, despise, 
 scorn. 
 
 contendo, -tendere, -tendi, ten- 
 turn [tendo], tr. and intr.,. 
 (stretch), strive, fight, con- 
 tend, contrast, maintain, Ar. 7. 
 
 contentio, -onis, F. [contendo], 
 a straining, strain, struggle, 
 contest, rivalry. Cat., IV, 6 ; 
 comparison. 
 
 contentus, -a, -um [contineo], 
 content, satisfied, contented. 
 
 conticesco, -ere, conticui, — , 
 [taceo], intr., become silent, 
 he silent. 
 
 continens, -entis, adj. [contineo], 
 self-restrained, moderate. 
 
 continentia, -ae, F. [continens], 
 restraint, self-control, mod- 
 eration. 
 
 contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
 [teneo], tr., hold together, con- 
 nect; hold back, restrain, 
 check, keep off; confine, in- 
 close, bound, contain, hold. 
 
 contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tactum 
 [tango], tr. and intr., touch, 
 border on; happen. 
 
 continuus, -a, -um [contineo], 
 continuous. 
 
 contio, -onis, F. [conventio], as- 
 sembly, mass-meeting ; speech, 
 address, delivered before an 
 assembly. 
 
 contionator, -oris, M. [con- 
 
 tionor], agitator, demagogue. 
 contra, prep. w. ace, opposite, 
 
 facing; against, in hostility 
 
 to, Cat., I, 2. 
 contraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
 
 tum [traho], tr., contract, in- 
 cur, bring upon. 
 contrarius, -a, -um [contra], 
 
 opposite, contrary, opposed, 
 
 confiicting. 
 controversia, -ae, F. [contro- 
 
 versus], controversy, dispute, 
 
 question. 
 contumelia, -ae, F., insult, re- 
 proach, abuse. 
 convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- 
 
 tum [venio], tr. and intr., 
 
 come together, assemble, unite; 
 
 impers., it is fitting, it is 
 
 proper. 
 conventus, -us, M. [convenio], 
 
 (a coming together), meeting, 
 
 assembly. 
 convert©, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
 
 sum [verto], tr. and intr., 
 
 turn, change, divert. 
 convicium, -i, N., wrangling, 
 
 strife, disputation. 
 convince, -vincere, -vici, -vic- 
 
 tum [vinco], tr., overcome; 
 
 convict, refute; show clearly, 
 
 prove. 
 convivium, -I, N. [convivo], 
 
 feast, banquet. 
 convoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 
 
 tr., call together, summon. 
 copia, -ae, F., supply, plenty, 
 
 abundance; fluency (of 
 
 speech) ; pi., resources, wealth, 
 
 supplies; forces, troops. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 433 
 
 copiosus, -a, -um [copia], well- 
 supplied, rich, wealthy; co- 
 piose, adv., fully. 
 
 coram, adv. [co + 6s], face to 
 face. 
 
 Corduba, -ae, F., Corduba, a 
 city in Spain, now Cordova, 
 
 Corinthus, -i, F., Corinth, a 
 famous city of Greece. 
 
 Cornelius, -i, M., Cornelius, a 
 nomen or gentile name; see 
 Scipio, Lentulus, Cinna, Sulla. 
 
 corpus, -oris, N., body. 
 
 corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum 
 [con + rego], tr., make straight, 
 set right; improve, correct, re- 
 form. 
 
 corroboro, -are, -avi, -atum [con, 
 robur], tr., strengthen; en- 
 courage. 
 
 corrumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
 tum [con + rumpo], tr., de- 
 stroy, corrupt, falsify, tamper 
 with. 
 
 corruo, -ruere, -rui, — , intr. 
 [con + ruo], fall together, fall. 
 
 corruptela, -ae, F. [corruptus], 
 a corrupting, temptation; pi., 
 corrupting arts. 
 
 corruptor, -oris, M. [corrumpo], 
 corrupter, seducer. 
 
 corruptus, -a, -um [corrumpo], 
 depraved, corrupt, profligate. 
 
 cotidianus, -a, -um [cotidie], 
 
 daily. 
 cotidie, adv. [quot + dies], 
 
 every day, daily. 
 Cotta, -ae, M., Cotta, a family 
 name ; L. Aurelius Cotta, 
 consul 65 B.C. 
 eras, adv., to-morrow. 
 
 Crassus, -I, JVI., Crassus, a fam- 
 ily name ; 1. L. Licinius Cras- 
 sus, consul 95 B.C. , 2. P. 
 Licinius Crassus, censor 89 
 
 B.C. 
 
 credo, -ere, credidi, creditum, 
 tr. and intr., believe, suppose 
 (often w. irony) ; trust, have 
 confidence in; intrust. 
 
 cresco, -ere, crevi, cretum, intr., 
 grow-, increase, improve, rise. 
 
 Cretensis, -e [Creta], Cretan; 
 pi. as noun, Cretans. 
 
 criminor, -ari, -atus sum 
 [crimen], dep. charge, aC" 
 cuse. 
 
 cruciatus, -us, M. [crucio], tor» 
 ture, torment, punishment. 
 
 crudelis, -e [crudus, bloody], 
 unfeeling, unmerciful, cruel. 
 
 crudelitas, -tatis, F. [crudelis], 
 cruelty. 
 
 crudeliter, adv. [crudelis], cru- 
 elly, severely. 
 
 cruentus, -a, -um [cruor], blood' 
 stained, bloody. 
 
 cubile, -is, N., bed, couch. 
 
 culpa, -ae, F., fault. 
 
 cultura, -ae, F. [cold], cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 1. cum, prep. w. abl., with, 
 against; written as an en- 
 clitic after a personal, re- 
 flexive, or rel. pron. 
 
 2. cum, conj., when, while, since, 
 although ; whenever ; cum . . . 
 tum (etiam), not only . . 
 but also. 
 
 cumulo, -are, -avi, -atum [cumu- 
 lus, heap], tr., heap up, add to, 
 crown. 
 
434 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 cunctus, -a, -um [coniunctus], 
 
 all together, all, the whole. 
 
 cupiditas, -tatis, F. [cupidus], 
 desire, passion, ambition. 
 
 cupidus, -a, -um [cupio], eager 
 (for), desirous (of) ; avari- 
 cious. 
 
 cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum, 
 tr. and intr., desire, long (for), 
 wish (for). 
 
 cur, adv., why. 
 
 cura, -ae, F., care, anxiety, con- 
 cern, trouble, duty. 
 
 curia, -ae, F., senate house, i.e. 
 the Curia Hostilia in the 
 Forum. 
 
 Curio, -onis, M., Curio, a family 
 name ; C. Curio, consul 76 
 
 B.C. 
 
 euro, -are, -avi, -atum [cura], 
 tr., care for, take care; main- 
 tain; w. gerundive, cause, 
 have (something done). 
 
 curriculum, -i, N. [currus], 
 course. 
 
 currus, -us, M. [curro], chariot. 
 
 curso, -are, — , — [freq. of 
 curio], run about. 
 
 cursus, -us, M. [curro], a run- 
 ning, course, career; journey, 
 P. 12 ; progress, P. 14. 
 
 curulis, e [currus], curule; sella 
 curulis, the curule chair. 
 
 custodia, -ae, F. [custos], a 
 guarding; guard, watch, sen- 
 tinel; custody, protection; 
 watch station, P. 6. 
 
 custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [custos] 
 tr., guard. 
 
 custos, custodis, M., guard, 
 guardian^ 
 
 Cyziceni, -drum, M., the people 
 
 of Cyzicus (siz'i-kus), the 
 
 Cyzicene-i. 
 
 D 
 
 D., see Decimus. 
 
 damnatio, -onis, F. [damno], 
 
 condemnition. 
 
 damno, are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 [damnum, loss], (inflict loss 
 upon), condemn, convict. 
 
 de, prep. w. abl., down from, 
 from, concerning, about, of, 
 for, over; as prefix, down, 
 off, away, completely, not. 
 
 debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [de + 
 habeo], tr., withhold, hence 
 owe; ought {w.ini.) ; pass., 6e 
 due. 
 
 debilis, -e, feeble, helpless, power' 
 less. 
 
 debilito, -are, -avi, -atum [de- 
 bilis], tr., disable, weaken, 
 wear out. Cat., II, 5 : over- 
 come, overwhelm. 
 
 debitus, -a, -um [debeo], de- 
 served; due. 
 
 decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 sum [cedo], intr., go away, 
 depart, withdraw. 
 
 decem, indecl. adj., ten. 
 
 decerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 
 tum [cerno], tr., decide, deter- 
 mine; decree, vote, vote for. 
 
 decet, -ere, -uit, impers., it 
 becomes, is proper. 
 
 decimus, -a, -um [decem], 
 tenth. 
 
 Decimus, -i, M., Decimus, a 
 praenomen. 
 
 declare, -are, -avi, -atum [claro], 
 m,ake clear, make evident, prove. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 435 
 
 declinatio, -onis, F. [declino], a 
 
 turning aside. 
 
 decoctor, -oris, M. [decoquo, 
 hoil away], spendthrift, bank- 
 rupt. 
 
 decoro, -are, -avi, -atum [decus], 
 tr., adorn, honor, distin- 
 guish. 
 
 decretum, -i, N. [decerno], de- 
 cree, decision. 
 
 decuma, -ae, F. [decima, sc. 
 pars], a tenth part, tithe, land 
 tax. 
 
 dedecus, -oris, N. [de + decus, 
 honor], disgrace. 
 
 dedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], 
 tr., dedicate. 
 
 deditio, -onis. F. [dedo], sur- 
 render. 
 
 dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum 
 [do], tr., give up, surrender; 
 devote. 
 
 dediico, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum [duco], tr., lead away, 
 draw away, bring, dissuade; 
 drive. 
 
 defatigo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [fatigo], tr., weary, wear out. 
 
 defend©, -fendere, -fendi, -fen- 
 sum [fendo, strike], tr., de- 
 fend, protect. 
 
 def ero, -f erre, -tuli, -latum [f ero], 
 tr., carry down; lay before, re- 
 fer; report, relate; confer, upon, 
 bestow, intrust, proffer, P. 24. 
 
 defessus, -a, -um [defetiscor], 
 wearied, exhausted. 
 
 deficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr. and intr., with- 
 draw, revolt; fail, be wanting, 
 desert. 
 
 defigo, -figere, -fixi, -fixum 
 
 [figo], tr., fix, fasten, plunge. 
 definio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [finio], 
 
 tr., limit, bound. 
 defiagro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [fiagro], tr., burn up, destroy 
 
 by fire. 
 deicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 
 [iacio], tr., throw down, thrust 
 
 aside. 
 deinde, adv., denoting order, 
 
 then, afterward, secondly^ 
 
 furthermore. 
 delabor, -labi, -lapsus sum 
 
 [labor], dep., slip down, de- 
 
 scend. 
 delectatio, -onis, F. [delecto], 
 
 enjoyment, pleasure, delight. 
 delecto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 
 of delicio, entice], tr., delight^ 
 
 charm, please, give pleasure to. 
 
 1. delectus, -a, -um [deligo], 
 chosen, picked, select. 
 
 2. delectus, -us, M., see dilectus. 
 delego, -are, -avi, -atum [lego], 
 
 tr., send away; intrust. 
 
 deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, tr., 
 blot out, destroy, eradicate. 
 
 deliberatio, -onis, F. [delibero], 
 deliberation; question, P. 10. 
 
 delibero, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [libero], tr. and intr., think 
 about, consider, deliberate. 
 
 delicatus, -a, -um [deliciae], 
 alluring, delightfid; effemi- 
 nate. Cat., II., 10. 
 
 deligo, -ligere, -legi, -Iectum 
 [lego, gather], tr., choose, select. 
 
 Delos, -i, F. (App. 11), De'los, 
 an island in the Aegean Sea. 
 
 delubrum, -i, N. [luo], (place 
 
436 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH t^OCABULARY 
 
 of purification), shrine, sanc- 
 tuary, temple. 
 demens, -entis, adj. [mens], (out 
 
 of one's senses), mad, raving, 
 
 maddened. 
 dementer, adv. [demens], madly, 
 
 foolishly. 
 dementia, -ae, F. [demens], 
 
 folly, madness. 
 demigro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [migro], intr., move away; go 
 
 away, depart. 
 deminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum 
 
 [minuo], tr., lessen, diminish, 
 
 take away, detract. 
 deminutio, -onis, F. [deminuo], 
 
 diminution, loss. 
 demonstro, -are, -avI, -atum 
 
 [monstro], tr., point out, show. 
 demum, adv., at length, at last. 
 denique, adv., at last, lastly, 
 
 finally; in short. 
 denoto, -are, -avi, -atum [noto], 
 
 tr., mark out, mark, desig- 
 nate. 
 denuntio, -are, -avi. -atum 
 
 [nuntio], tr., announce. 
 depello, -pellere, -puli, -pulsum 
 
 [pello], tr., drive out, drive; 
 
 ward off, avert, remove; over- 
 throw. 
 dependo, -ere, dependi, — 
 
 [pendo, weigh], pay. 
 deploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], 
 
 tr. and intr., weep bitterly, 
 
 lament; mourn, bewail. 
 depono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 
 tum [pond], tr., lay aside, give 
 
 up, abandon. 
 deporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], 
 
 tr., bring back, bring home. 
 
 deposco, -poscere, -poposci, — 
 
 [posco], tr., demand, beg. 
 depravo, -are, -avi, -atum [pra- 
 
 vus, crooked], tr., pervert, 
 
 corrupt, deprave, tamper with. 
 deprecator, -oris, M. [deprecor], 
 
 intercessor. 
 deprecor, -ari, -atus sum [pre- 
 
 cor], dep., avert by prayer^ 
 
 deprecate, avert. 
 deprehendo, -hendere, -hendi, 
 
 hensum [prehendo], tr., seize 
 
 upon; grasp, detect, discover. 
 deprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
 
 -pressum [premo], tr., pres? 
 
 down, sink. 
 depromo, -promere, -prompsi, 
 
 -promptum [promo], tr., draw, 
 
 take from. 
 derelictus, -a, -um [part, of 
 
 derelinquo], deserted, for- 
 saken, abandoned. 
 describe, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., write 
 
 down, lay down, arrange, assign. 
 desero, -serere, -semi, -ser- 
 
 tum [sero], tr., leave, desert, 
 
 give up; fail, forfeit. Cat., II., 3 
 desiderium, -i, N. [desidero], 
 
 a longing (for), want, desire; 
 
 love. 
 desidero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 long for, demand, call for, 
 
 desire. 
 designatus, -a, -um [designo], 
 . elect, elected, chosen; consul 
 
 designatus, consul elect. 
 designo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [signo], tr., (mark out), point 
 
 out, mark, designate. 
 desino, -sinere, -sii, -situm 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 437 
 
 [sino], tr. and intr., cease, 
 desist. 
 
 desisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
 [sisto], intr., (stand away 
 from), desist, cease. 
 
 desperatio, -onis, F. [despero], 
 despair. 
 
 desperatus, -a, -um [despero], 
 despaired of, desperate. 
 
 despero, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [spero], tr. and intr., be hope- 
 less, despair, despair of. 
 
 despicio, -spicere, -spexl, -spec- 
 turn [specie], tr., look down 
 upon, despise. 
 
 despoliatus, -a, -um, impov- 
 erished. 
 
 destringo, -stringere, -strinxi, 
 -strictum [stringd], tr., un- 
 sheathe, draw. 
 
 desum, deesse, defui [sum], 
 intr., he lacking, be wanting, 
 be at fault, fail. 
 
 detestor, -ari, -atus sum [testor], 
 dep., (curse), avert by protest, 
 remove. 
 
 detraho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- 
 tum [traho], tr., take away, 
 withdraw, deny, withhold. 
 
 detrimentum, -i, N. [detero, 
 rub away], loss, injury, harm, 
 damage; defeat, overthrow. 
 
 deus, -i, M. (App. 10), god. 
 
 devincio, -vincire, -vinxi, -vinc- 
 tum [vincio], tr., bind fast, 
 closely attach. 
 
 devinco, -vincere, -vici, -vic- 
 tum [vinco], tr., conquer. 
 
 devoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 
 tr., call away, turn aside. 
 
 devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -votum 
 
 [voveo], tr., vow, devote, offer ^ 
 
 dedicate. 
 dextera, or dextra, -ae, F. 
 
 [dexter, right; sc. manus] 
 
 right hand. 
 di, pi. of deus. 
 dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, tr.^ 
 
 say, express, speak, declarCj 
 
 call. 
 dictator, -oris, M. [dicto], dic- 
 tator; see Introd. 39. 
 dictatura, -ae, F. [dictator], 
 
 dictatorship. 
 dictito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 
 of dicto], tr., say repeatedly ^ 
 
 keep saying. 
 dido, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
 
 dico], tr., repeat; dictate. 
 dies, diei, sing. M. or F., pi. 
 
 M., day, time, season. See 
 
 singuli. 
 diflfero, differre, distuli, dila- 
 
 tum [fero], tr. and intr., bear 
 
 apart, differ. 
 difficilis, -e [dis + facilis], not 
 
 easy, difficult. 
 difficultas, -tatis, F. [difficilis], 
 
 difficulty, trouble. 
 diffido, -fidere, -fisus sum [fido], 
 
 semidep., distrust, despair 
 
 of. 
 dignitas, -tatis, F. [dignus], 
 
 dignity, merit, worth, authority. 
 
 Cat., Ill, 12. 
 dignus, -a, -um, worthy (of), 
 
 deserving, befitting; w. abl. 
 diiudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iu- 
 
 dico], tr., distinguish; decide^ 
 
 settle. 
 dilatio, -onis, F. [dififero], post- 
 ponement, adjournment. 
 
438 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 dilectus, -us, M. fdiligo], a 
 choosing, choice, levy, enroll- 
 ment. 
 
 diligens, -entis, adj. [diligo], 
 industrious, attentive, diligent, 
 faithful, careful, scrupulous, 
 P. 19. 
 
 diligenter, adv. [diligens], care- 
 fully, diligently, attentively, 
 Ar. 8 ; faithfully. 
 
 diligentia, -ae, F. [diligens], 
 carefulness, industry, atten- 
 tion, diligence, care. 
 
 diligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum 
 [lego], tr. (choose out), esteem, 
 love. 
 
 diliicesco, -ere, diluxi, — 
 [lucesco], intr., grow light. 
 
 dimetior, -metiri, -mensus sum 
 [metior], dep., measure, meas- 
 ure out. 
 
 dimicatio, -onis, F. [dimico], 
 contest, struggle. 
 
 dimico, -are, -avi, -atum [mico, 
 brandish], intr., fight, contend, 
 struggle. 
 
 dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., send away, 
 discharge; dismiss, adjourn, 
 break up; discontinue, Ar. 
 11. 
 
 direptio, -onis, F. [diripio], a 
 plundering, pillaging. 
 
 direptor, -oris, M. [diripio], 
 plunderer. 
 
 diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
 [rapio], tr., tear asunder; 
 plunder, pillage. 
 
 dis-, di-, prefix, apart, away, not. 
 
 dis, see deus. 
 
 disced©, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 
 sum [cedo], intr., go away, 
 depart, withdraw. 
 
 discemo, -ere, -crevi, -cretum 
 [cemo], tr., separate, distin- 
 guish. 
 
 discessus, -lis, M. [discedo], 
 departure, withdrawal. 
 
 disciplina, -ae, F. [disco], train- 
 ing, teaching, discipline, in- 
 struction. 
 
 disco, -ere, didici, — , tr., learn. 
 
 discordia, -ae, F. [discors], 
 discord; sedition (w. civilis). 
 
 discribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., mark 
 out, divide, assign, distribute. 
 
 discrimen, -inis, N. [discerno], 
 (that which parts), decision, 
 crisis, peril, danger. 
 
 disiunctus, -a, -um [disiungo], 
 separated. 
 
 dispar, -paris [par], adj., dif- 
 ferent. 
 
 dispersus, -a, -um [dispergo], 
 scattered, dispersed. 
 
 dispertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [partio], 
 tr., distribute. 
 
 dispute, -are, -avi, -atum [puto], 
 tr., discuss, argue. 
 
 dissemino, -are, -avi, -atum [se- 
 min5, sow], tr., scatter widely, 
 spread abroad, disseminate. 
 
 dissensio, -onis, F. [dissentio] 
 (difference of opinion), dis- 
 sension, strife, quarrel. 
 
 dissentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen- 
 sum [sentio], intr., disagree, 
 dissent, differ. 
 
 dissero, -serere, -serui, -ser- 
 tum, tr. and intr., ar^ue, diS' 
 cuss, explain, talk. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 439 
 
 dissimilis, -e [similis], unlike, 
 different. 
 
 dissimulo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [simulo], tr. and intr., (make 
 unlike), dissemble, pretend not 
 to; conceal. 
 
 dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum [supo, 
 throw], tr., spread abroad, 
 scatter, disperse. 
 
 dissolutus, -a, -um [part, of 
 dissolve], lax, remiss, neg- 
 lectful of duty. 
 
 dissolve, -solvere, -solvi, -solu- 
 tum [solvo], tr., separate, free 
 (from debt), dissolve. 
 
 distribuo, -tribuere, -tribui, -tri- 
 butum [tribuo], tr., assign, 
 distribute. 
 
 distringo, -stringere, -strinxl, 
 -strictum [stringo], tr., 
 (stretch apart), distract, oc- 
 cupy. 
 
 diu, adv. (App. 20), long (in 
 time), for a long time; quam 
 diu etiam? how much longer? 
 Cat., 1, 1 ; iam diu, long 
 since. 
 
 diutius, comp. of diu. 
 
 diuturnitas, -tatis, F. [diutur- 
 nus], length of time, long 
 duration. 
 
 diuturnus, -a, -um [diu], long- 
 continued, long, lasting. 
 
 divello, -vellere, -velli, -vul- 
 sum [vello], tr., tear apart, 
 tear away, separate. 
 
 diversus, -a, -um [diverts], 
 separated, different, diverse, 
 remote, P. 4. 
 
 divido, -videre, -visi, -vi- 
 sum, tr., divide^ separate; 
 
 extend, P. 11 ; distribute ^ 
 P. 13. 
 
 divinitus, adv. [divinus], di- 
 vinely, by the gods, provi- 
 dentially. 
 
 divinus. -a, -um [divus], divine^ 
 godlike, marvelous, providen- 
 tial. 
 
 divitiae, -arum, F- [dives], 
 riches, wealth. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datum (App. 
 49), tr., give; put, place; allot. 
 
 doceo, -ere, -ui, doctum, tr., 
 teach. 
 
 doctrina, -ae, F. [doceo], teach- 
 ing, learning, knowledge, in- 
 struction. 
 
 doctus, -a, -um [doceo], taught, 
 learned. 
 
 documentum, -i, N. [doceo], 
 proof, evidence. 
 
 doleo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and 
 intr., grieve, deplore. 
 
 dolor, -oris, M. [doled], pain, 
 grief, distress, sorrow, horror, 
 torture. 
 
 domesticus, -a, -um [domus], 
 of the house, of the family, 
 domestic, internal; w. bellum, 
 civil. 
 
 domicilium, -i, N. [domus], 
 habitation, dwelling, home, 
 seat, abode, residence. 
 
 dominatio, -onis, F. [dominus], 
 mastery, supreme power, 
 tyranny. 
 
 dominor, -ari, -atus sum [domi- 
 nus], dep., rule. 
 
 domo, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., 
 overcome, subdue. 
 
 domus, -us, F. (decl., App. 8), 
 
440 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 house, home; domi, loc, at 
 home. 
 
 dono, -are, -avi, -atum [donum], 
 tr., present' (as a gift). 
 
 donum, -i, N. [do], gift. 
 
 dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, intr., 
 sleep. 
 
 Drusus, -1, M., Drusus, a 
 family name ; M. Livius 
 Drusus, tribune 91 b.c. 
 
 dubitatio, -onis, F. [dubito], 
 doubt, hesitation. 
 
 dubito, -are, -avi, -atum [du- 
 bius], intr., doubt (usually- 
 followed by quin) ; delay, 
 hesitate (usually w. comple- 
 mentary inf.). 
 
 dubius, -a, -um, doubtful; neut. 
 as noun, sine dubio, beyond 
 doubt. 
 
 duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, tr., 
 lead, draw, attract, take; think, 
 consider. 
 
 ductus, -us, M. [duco], leader- 
 ship, command. 
 
 dudum, adv. [diu + dum], a 
 while ago; iam dudum, this 
 long time, now for a long time. 
 
 duint, an old pres. subjv. of do, 
 = dent. 
 
 dulcedo, -inis, F. [dulcis], sweet- 
 ness, charm. 
 
 dulcis, -e, sweet, delightful. 
 
 dum, conj., while, as long as, 
 until; dum modo, if only, 
 provided that. 
 
 duo, duae, duo, adj. (App. 17), 
 two. 
 
 duodecim [duo + decem], twelve. 
 
 durus, -a, -um, hard, harsh, 
 rude, insensible. 
 
 dux, ducis, M. [duco], leader^ 
 
 general. 
 
 E 
 
 e (before cons.), ex (before 
 vowels or cons.), prep. w. 
 abl., out of, from, of; accord- 
 ing to, on, after; as prefix, 
 out, forth, completely, up, 
 
 off. 
 ebriosus, -a, -um [ebrius], given 
 
 to drink, drunk. 
 ecquid, adv. interrog. [ecquis], 
 
 at all? indir., whether, if at 
 
 all. 
 ecquis, -quid, interrog. pron., 
 
 any one, anything; whether 
 
 any one, whether anything; 
 
 as adj., any. 
 edictum, -i, N. [edico], edict, 
 
 proclamation. 
 edo, edere, edidi, editum [do], 
 
 tr., give out, publish, record. 
 edoceo, -docere, -docui, -doc- 
 
 tum [doceo], tr., teach 
 
 (thoroughly) ; show. 
 educo, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 
 
 [duco], tr., lead out, take out; 
 
 (of swords) draw. 
 efifero, efiferre, extuli, elatum 
 
 [ex + fero], tr., bear out, 
 
 carry out, bring; bring forth; 
 
 raise up, exalt. Cat., I, 11; 
 
 praise, extol, Ar. 7, 9. 
 efRcio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 
 [ex + facio], tr., accomplish, 
 
 produce, cause, do. 
 effigies, -ei, F. [effingo], copy, 
 
 image, portrait, effigy. 
 effrenatus, -a, -um [ex + frena- 
 
 tus], unbridled, ungoverned. 
 
 unrestrained. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 441 
 
 eflfugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugitum 
 [fugio], tr., escape. 
 
 egens, -entis, adj., needy, desti- 
 tute, poor. 
 
 egeo, -ere, ui, — , intr., need, 
 lack, not to have. 
 
 egestas, -tatis, F. [egens], 
 poverty, destitution, want. 
 
 ego,meI, pers. pron. (App. 21), 
 /; egomet, emphatic nom. 
 form, / myself. 
 
 egredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
 [gradior], dep., go out, depart. 
 
 egregius, -a, -um [grex], excel- 
 lent, extraordinary, superior, 
 distinguished, eminent. 
 
 eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum 
 [iacio], tr., throw out, cast out, 
 drive out, banish. Cat., 1, 12 ; 
 reject, Ar. 10. 
 
 elabor, -labi, -lapsus sum 
 [labor], dep., slip away. 
 
 §laboro, -are, -avi. -atum 
 [laboro], tr., work out, elabo- 
 rate. 
 
 eludo, -ludere, -lusi, -lusum 
 [ludo, play], tr., elude, avoid, 
 baffle; mock, make sport of. 
 
 emerge, -mergere, -mersi, -mer- 
 sum [mergo], tr. and intr., 
 raise up; rise, emerge, come 
 forth, escape, free oneself. 
 
 emitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., send out, 
 drive out; let go. 
 
 emorior, -mori, -mortuus sum 
 [morior], dep., (die off), die. 
 
 enim, conj., postpositive (App. 
 233, h), for; indeed, now (in 
 transitions). 
 
 Ennius, -i, M. Ennius, the 
 
 father of Roman poetry, 
 born 239 b.c. 
 
 1. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum (App. 
 46), go. 
 
 2. eo, adv. [is], to that place. 
 eodem, adv. [idem], to the 
 
 same place, in the same place. 
 
 epigramma, -atis, N. (Greek), 
 an epigram. 
 
 epistula, -ae, F., letter. 
 
 eques, equitis, M. [equus], 
 horseman; knight, one of the 
 equestrian order. 
 
 equidem, adv., indeed, verily. 
 
 equitatus, -lis, M. [eques], 
 cavalry. 
 
 erga, prep. w. ace, towards, for, 
 
 ergo, adv., therefore, conse- 
 quently, then; now (in argu- 
 ment). 
 
 erigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, 
 [rego], tr., raise up; animate, 
 encourage. 
 
 eripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum 
 [rapio], tr., snatch away, take 
 away, wrest; rescue, free, 
 deliver. 
 
 erro, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 err, be mistaken. 
 
 eructo, -are, — , — [ructo], tr., 
 belch forth. 
 
 erudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [rudio], 
 tr., educate, train. 
 
 eruditus, -a, -um [erudio], edu- 
 cated, cultivated, learned, ac-' 
 complished. 
 
 erumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -rup- 
 tum [rumpo], tr. and intr., 
 break out, burst forth, be diS" 
 closed; rush out. Cat., II, 1. 
 
 escendo, -ere, escendi, escen- 
 
442 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 sum [scando, climb], tr. and 
 
 intr., climb up, m,ount, ascend. 
 et, conj., and; et . . . et, both 
 
 . . . and. 
 ctenim, conj. [et + enim], for 
 
 indeed, for; and indeed; 
 
 stronger than enim. 
 etiam [et + iam], adv. and conj., 
 
 also, and also, even, further- 
 more, now too, still; etiam 
 
 atque etiam, again and again; 
 
 see diu. 
 etiamsi, conj. [etiam + si], even 
 
 if, although. 
 Etruria, -ae, F., Etruria, a 
 
 division of Italy, north of 
 
 Latium. 
 etai, conj. [et + si], although, 
 
 and yet. 
 evado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 
 
 [vado], intr., escape. 
 everto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
 
 sum [verto], tr., overturn, 
 
 overthrow, subvert, destroy. 
 evocator, -oris, M. [evoco], 
 
 summoner, instigator. 
 evomo, -vomere, -vomui, -vomi- 
 
 tum [vomo], tr., vomit forth, 
 
 cast out, expel. 
 ex, see e. 
 exaggero, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [agger], tr., heap up. 
 exanimatus, -a, -um [exanimo], 
 
 (out of breath), fainting, ex- 
 hausted. 
 cxaudio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [audio], 
 
 tr., overhear, hear (from a 
 
 distance). 
 cxcedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
 
 [cedo], intr., go out, depart, 
 
 withdraw. 
 
 excellens, -entis, adj. [excello], 
 eminent, distinguished, su- 
 perior, excellent. 
 
 excello, -cellere, -celsi, -eel- 
 sum [cello], intr., be eminent, 
 be superior, surpass. 
 
 excelsus, -a, -um [excello], ele- 
 vated, high; neut. as noun, 
 a high position. 
 
 excido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], 
 intr., fall, drop. 
 
 excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 [capio], tr., take out, except; 
 take up, undertake, catchy 
 intercept. 
 
 excito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of excio], tr., c,all out, raise. 
 Cat., II, 9; excite, rouse, 
 stimulate, Ar. 8. 
 
 exclude, -cludere, -cliisi, -clu- 
 sum [claudo], tr., shut out, 
 exclude, refuse to admit. 
 
 excolo, -ere, -ui, excultum [colo], 
 tr., cultivate, refine, im- 
 prove. 
 
 excrucio, -are, -avi, -atum [cru- 
 cio], tr., torment, torture. 
 
 excursio, -onis, F. [excurro], (a 
 running out), expedition, ex- 
 cursion, sally, raid, inroad. 
 
 exemplum, -i, N. [eximo], 
 sample, example, precedent, 
 Ar. 6 ; instance. 
 
 exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
 go out, go forth, withdraw. 
 
 exerceo, -ere, -ui, -itum [arced], 
 tr., train, exercise, employ, 
 keep busy; trouble, distress; 
 conduct, preside over, Ar. 2; 
 collect, farm (vectigalia). 
 
 exercitatio, -onis, F. [exerceo], 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 443 
 
 ■practice, exercise, training, 
 skill. 
 
 exercitatus, -a, -um [exercito], 
 practiced, trained. 
 
 exercitus, -us, M, [exerceo], (a 
 trained body of men), army. 
 
 exhaurio, -haurire, -hausi, 
 -haustum [haurio], tr., draw 
 out, drain, take away, remove, 
 exhaust. 
 
 exigo, -igere, -egl, -actum [ago], 
 tr., drive out; collect, P. 6 ; 
 of time, spend, pass, end. 
 
 exiguus, -a, -um [exigo], (driven 
 out), limited, narrow, little, 
 slight. 
 
 eximie, adv. [eximius], exceed- 
 ingly, greatly. 
 
 eximius, -a, -um [eximo], (taken 
 out), exceptional, conspicuous, 
 extraordinary, excellent. 
 
 existimo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [aestimo, value], tr., estimate, 
 judge, consider, deem, sup- 
 pose, think. 
 
 exitiosus, -a, -um [exitium], 
 destructive, dangerous. 
 
 exitium, -i, N. [exeo], destruc- 
 tion, ruin. 
 
 exitus, -us, M. [exeo], (a going 
 out), outcome, result, end, 
 termination. 
 
 exorno, -are, -avi, -atum [orno], 
 tr., adorn. 
 
 exorsus, -us, M. [exordior], 
 beginning. 
 
 expello, -pellere, -pull, -pulsum 
 [pello], tr., drive out, expel. 
 
 expers, -pertis, adj. [pars], with- 
 out part in, without. 
 
 expeto, -petere, -petivi, -peti- 
 
 tum [peto], tr., seek after, 
 seek, claim, request. 
 
 expilo, -are, -avi, -atum [pilo, 
 roh], tr., pillage. 
 
 explano, -are, avi, atum [planus], 
 tr., make plain, clear. 
 
 explico, -are, -avi, -atum [plied, 
 fold], tr., extricate. 
 
 explore, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], 
 tr., explore. 
 
 expono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum [pono], tr., set forth; 
 declare, tell, relate; explain. 
 
 exporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], 
 tr., carry out, carry away^ 
 export. 
 
 exprimo, -primere, -press!, -pres- 
 sum [premo], press out, set 
 forth, relate; draw, portray^ 
 Ar. 6. 
 
 expromo, -promere, -prompsi, 
 -promptum [promo], tr., ex- 
 hibit, display. 
 
 expiignatio, -onis, F. [expugno], 
 a taking by storm, capture. 
 
 exquiro, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
 situm [quaero], tr., search 
 out, arrive at (w. Veritas). 
 
 exsilium, -i, N. [exsul], banish- 
 ment, exile. 
 
 exsisto, -sistere, -stiti, — [sisto], 
 intr., (stand forth), arisen 
 appear; be done, be com- 
 mitted; exist, be. 
 
 exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum 
 [solvo] tr., set free, deliver. 
 
 exspectatio, -onis, F. [exspecto], 
 a waiting, anticipation, ex- 
 pectation. 
 
 exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [specto], tr. and intr., wait 
 
444 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 /or, await, expect, look for; 
 wait. 
 
 exstinguo, -ere, exstinxi, ex- 
 stinctum [stinguo, quench], 
 tr., destroy, extinguish. 
 
 exstiti, from exsisto. 
 
 exsul, -is, M. or F., exile. 
 
 exsulto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of exsilio, spring forth], intr., 
 exult, revel, indulge. 
 
 exsupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 exceed, transcend. 
 
 extermino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter- 
 minus], tr., drive out, banish. 
 
 fcxternus, -a, -um [extra], ex- 
 ternal, foreign. 
 
 exterus, -a, -um [ex], on the 
 outside, foreign. 
 
 extoUo, -tollere, — , — , tr., 
 lift up, exalt, praise. 
 
 extorqueo, -torquere, -torsi, -tor- 
 tum [torqueo, twist], wrest 
 away, obtain by force, extort. 
 
 extra, prep. w. ace, outside of, 
 beyond, apart from, without. 
 
 extremus, -a, -um [sup. of 
 exterus], outermost, extreme, 
 last, the end (close) of; ad 
 extremum, at last. 
 
 exiiro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum 
 [uro], tr., burn up, burn. 
 
 exuviae, -arum, F. [exuo], (that 
 
 which is stripped off), spoils, 
 
 booty. 
 
 F 
 
 facile, adv. [facilis], easily. 
 
 facilis, -e [facio], (App. 18), 
 easy. 
 
 /acilitas, -tatis, F. [facilis], affa- 
 bility, accessibility. 
 
 facinorosus, -a, -um [facinus]. 
 
 criminal; as noun, a crimi- 
 nal. 
 facinus, -oris, N. [facio], deed; 
 
 misdeed, reckless act, crime, 
 
 villainy. 
 facio, facere, feci, factum, tr., 
 
 do, make; cause, bring about; 
 
 offer; pass., fio, fieri, f actus 
 
 sum, irr. (App. 45), be made, 
 
 be done, become, happen. 
 factiosus, -a, -um [factio], partis 
 
 san, factious. 
 factum, -i, N, [facio], action, act, 
 
 deed, fact. 
 facultas, tatis, F. [facilis], ability; 
 
 opportunity, means, power, 
 
 advantage; facility. 
 Faesulae, -arum, F., Faesulae 
 
 (fes'u-le), a city of Etruria, 
 
 now Fiesole. 
 Faesulanus, -a, -um [Faesulae], 
 
 of Faesidae, Faesulan. 
 falcarius, -i, M. [falx, scythe], 
 
 scythe-maker. 
 Falcidius, -i, Is/L., Folcidius, a 
 
 gentile name ; C. Falcidius, a 
 
 tribune, 
 fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, tr., 
 
 deceive, disappoint-' pass., be 
 
 deceived, be mistaken. 
 falso, adv. [falsus], falsely. 
 falsus, -a, -um [fallo], deceptive, 
 
 false, unfounded, undeserved. 
 fama, -ae, F. [for, speak], report, 
 
 fame, reputation, renown. 
 fames, famis, F., hunger, famine. 
 familia, -ae, F. [famulus, slave], 
 
 slaves of a household, servants, 
 
 retinue: household, family; 
 
 familias, old gen. sing, 
 familiaris, -e [familia], of the 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 445 
 
 household; familiar, intimate, 
 friendly; as noun, friend, 
 comrade; sup., intimate friend. 
 
 familiariter, adv. [familiaris], 
 intimately. 
 
 fanum, -i, N. [for, speak], shrine, 
 teriiple. 
 
 fascis, -is, M., bundle; pi,, the 
 fasces, a bundle of rods con- 
 taining an ax as a symbol of 
 authority. 
 
 fatalis, -e [fatum], of fate, or- 
 dained or decreed by fate, des- 
 tined, connected by destiny. 
 
 fateor, -eri, -fassus sum [for, 
 speak], dep., admit, own, con- 
 fess, acknowledge. 
 
 fatum, -i, M. [for, speak], (utter- 
 ance), fate, destiny; oracle, 
 prophecy. 
 
 fauces, -ium, F. pi., throat, jaws; 
 pass, defile, entrance. 
 
 faveo, -ere, -favl, fautum, intr., 
 favor. 
 
 fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand; 
 meteor, shooting star. 
 
 febris, -is (abl. -i), F., fever. 
 
 fefelli, see fallo. 
 
 felicitas, -tatis, F. [felix], good 
 fortune, felicity. 
 
 femina, -ae, F., woman. 
 
 fere, adv., almost, about, 
 nearly. 
 
 fero. ferre, tuli, latum, tr., bear, 
 carry; endure, suffer, tolerate; 
 say, report, talk about. Cat., I, 
 10; w. responsum, receive; 
 w. lex, propose. 
 
 ferox, -ocis, adj., wild, violent. 
 
 ferocitas, -tatis, F. [ferox], fierce- 
 ness^ cruelty. 
 
 ferramentum, -i, N. [ferrum], 
 (implement of iron), tool, 
 weapon. 
 
 ferreus, -a, -um [ferrum], made 
 of iron; unfeeling, hard' 
 hearted. 
 
 ferrum, -i, N., iron; (iron im- 
 plement), sword, weapon. 
 
 fertilis, -e [fero], fertile, produc- 
 tive. 
 
 festino, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 make haste. 
 
 festus, -a, -um, festal, festive. 
 
 fictus, -a, -lun [fingo] false, imag- 
 inary, fictitious. 
 
 fidelis, -e [fides], faithful, loyaL 
 
 fides, ei, F. [fido], trust, pledge, 
 faith, good faith, confidence^ 
 protection; honesty; cre- 
 dence; credit, Cat., II, 8. 
 
 Fidius, -i, M. [fides], the god of 
 faith, a surname of Jupiter. 
 
 figo, -ere, fixi, fixum, tr., fix, 
 fasten, establish. 
 
 filia, -ae, F., daughter. 
 
 filius, fill, M., son. 
 
 fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum, tr., 
 form; imagine, devise. 
 
 finis, -is, M.,end, limit; pi., bor- 
 ders, territory; quem ad finem 
 to what limit f to what lengths f 
 
 finitimus, -a, -um [finis], border- 
 ing on, adjoining, neighboring; 
 as noun, neighbor. 
 
 fio, fieri, factus sum, irr., see 
 facio. 
 
 firmamentum, -i, N. [firmo], 
 strengthening, support, main- 
 stay. 
 
 firmo, -are, -avi, -atum [firmus], 
 strengthen, secure. 
 
446 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 firmus, -a, -um, strong, firm, 
 powerful; trusty, trustworthy. 
 
 Flaccus, -i, M., Flaccus, a fam- 
 ily name; 1. M. Fulvius 
 Flaccus, consul 125 b.c. ; 
 2. L. Valerius Flaccus, con- 
 sul 100 B.C. ; 3. L. Valerius 
 Flaccus, praetor, 63 b.c. 
 
 flagitiose, adv. [flagitiosus], 
 basely, infamously, shame- 
 fully. 
 
 flagiti5sus, -a, -um [flagitium], 
 shameful, disgraceful, infa- 
 mous. 
 
 flagitium, -i, N. [flagito], shame- 
 ful act, outrage, disgraceful 
 thing. 
 
 flagito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 demand (urgently), clamor 
 for. 
 
 flamma, -ae, F. [flagro], flame, 
 fire. 
 
 flecto, -ere, flexi, flexum, tr., 
 turn, move, appease. 
 
 fletus, -us, M. [fleo], weeping. 
 
 florens, -entis, adj. [floreo], 
 blooming, fiourishing. 
 
 floreo, -ere, -ui, — [flos], intr., 
 fiourish; be eminent. 
 
 flos, floris, M., flower. 
 
 flumen, -inis, N. [fluo], river, 
 stream. 
 
 fluo, -ere, fluxl, fluxum, intr., 
 flow. 
 
 focus, -1, M., fire-place, hearth; 
 home. 
 
 foederatus, -a, -um [2. foedus], 
 allied, confederate. 
 
 1. foedus, -a, -um., foul; shame- 
 ful, disgraceful, impious, Cat., 
 IV. 1. 
 
 2. foedus, -eris, N., league, 
 treaty, compact, association. 
 
 fons, fontis, M., fountain^ 
 source. 
 
 foras, adv. [ace. of fora], out of 
 doors, forth. 
 
 fore, = futurus esse. 
 
 forensis, -e [forum], of (in) the 
 Forum, public, forensic. 
 
 foris, adv. [abl. of fora, door], 
 out of doors, outside, abroad. 
 
 formido, -inis, F., dread, fear, 
 terror. 
 
 formidolosus, -a, -um [formido], 
 formidable. 
 
 fortasse, adv., perhaps, pos- 
 sibly. 
 
 forte, adv. [abl. or fors], by 
 chance, perchance. 
 
 fortis, -e, strong, brave, coura- 
 geous, gallant, fearless, stal- 
 wart, Ar. 7 ; pi. as noun, 
 brave men. 
 
 fortiter, adv. [fortis], bravely. 
 
 fortitudo, -inis. F. [fortis], brav- 
 ery, courage, fortitude. 
 
 fortuna, -ae, F. [fors], fortune, 
 chance, good fortune, mis- 
 fortune; lot, fate, destiny; pi., 
 fortunes, property, possessions. 
 
 fortunatus, -a, -um [fortune], 
 happy, fortunate. 
 
 forum, -i, N., open space, court, 
 market place, forum; espe- 
 cially the Forum (the open 
 space between the Capitoline 
 and Palatine hills). 
 
 Forum Aurelium, -i, N., Forum 
 Aurelium, a small town in 
 Etruria on the Via Aurelia. 
 
 frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, tr.. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 447 
 
 break, subdue, crush, weaken, 
 bend, wear out, Ar. 11. 
 
 f rater, fratris, M., brother. 
 
 fraudatio, -onis, F. [fraudo, 
 cheat], fraud. 
 
 frequens, -entis, adj., repeated, 
 frequent, crowded, full; pL, 
 in crowds, in great numbers. 
 
 frequentia, -ae, F. [frequens], 
 assembly, crowd, throng, mul- 
 titude. 
 
 frequento, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [frequens], tr., visit frequently, 
 bring in crowds. 
 
 fretus, -a, -um, relying, depend- 
 ing, trusting. 
 
 frigus, -oris, N., cold. 
 
 frons, frontis, F., forehead, 
 brow. 
 
 fructus, -us, M. [fruor], enjoy- 
 ment, fruit, benefit, advantage, 
 gain, reward, profit. Cat., II, 
 8. income, products. 
 
 frumentarius, -a, -um [frumen- 
 tum], of grain; res frumen- 
 taria, grain supply, grain. 
 
 fruor, frui, fructus sum, dep., 
 enjoy. 
 
 fuga, -ae, F., flight. 
 
 fugio, fugere, fugl, fugitum, tr. 
 and intr., flee, escape, elude. 
 
 fugitivus, -a, -um [fugio], fleeing, 
 fugitive; as noun, runaway 
 slave. 
 
 fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, — , intr., 
 glitter, gleam. 
 
 fulmen, -inis, N. [fulgeo], thun- 
 derbolt, lightning. 
 
 Fulvius, -i, M., Fulvius, a gen- 
 tile name; 1. M. Fulvius 
 Flaccus, consul 125 b.c, parti- 
 
 san of C. Gracchus ; 2. M. 
 Fulvius Nobilior, consul 189 
 B.C., a patron of Ennius, the 
 poet, 
 fundamentum, -i, N. [fundo], 
 foundation. 
 
 1. fundo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 found, establish. 
 
 2. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, 
 pour, scatter, rout. 
 
 funestus,-a, -um [funns], deadly ^ 
 
 fatal, destructive. 
 fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep. 
 
 perform, fulfill. 
 furiosus, -a, -um [furia], (full of 
 
 madness), raging, frenzied, 
 
 furious. 
 Furius, -i, M., Furius, a nomen 
 
 or gentile name ; 1. P. Furius, 
 
 a confederate of Catiline ; 2 
 
 L. Furius Philus, consul 136 
 
 B.C. 
 
 furo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., rage, 
 rave, be mad. 
 
 furor, furoris, M., madness, rage, 
 frenzy. 
 
 fiirtim, adv. [furtum], by stealth, 
 stealthily. 
 
 furtum, -i, N. [fur], theft, rob- 
 bery. 
 
 Gabinius, -i, M., Gabinius (ga- 
 bin'i-us), a gentile name ; 1. 
 P. Gabinius, praetor 89 B.C. ; 
 2. P. Gabinius Cimber, a con- 
 federate of Catiline ; 3. A. 
 Gabinius, tribune 67 b.c. 
 
 Gabinius, -a, -um, of Gabinius^ 
 Gabinian. 
 
 Gains, Gai, Gaio, etc., ]M., 
 
448 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Gains (ga'yus), a praenomen 
 
 or personal name ; abbr. C. 
 Gallia, -ae, F., Gaul. 
 Gallicanus, -a, -um, Gallic. 
 Gallicus, -a, -um [Gallia], Gallic, 
 
 of Gaul. 
 Gallus, -a, -um, of Gaul, Gallic: 
 
 masc. as noun, a Gaul; pL, 
 
 the Gauls. 
 ganeo, -onis, M. [ganea], glutton, 
 
 debauchee. 
 gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum, 
 
 semidep., rejoice, be glad. 
 gaudium, -i, N. [gaudeo], joy, 
 
 gladness. 
 gaza, -ae, F., treasure, wealth. 
 gelidus, -a, -um [gelu, ice], 
 
 very cold. 
 gener, -eri, M., son-in-law. 
 gens, gentis, F., tribe, race, 
 
 nation. 
 genus, generis, N,, birth, race; 
 
 nation; kind, class, character, 
 
 style, nature. 
 gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, tr., 
 
 do, manage, carry on, wage; 
 
 se gerere, conduct oneself, 
 
 act; res gestae, deeds, ex- 
 ploits. 
 Glabrio, -onis, M., Glabrio, a 
 
 family name; M'. Acilius 
 
 Glabrio, a Roman commander 
 
 in the Third Mithridatic War. 
 gladiator, -oris, M. [gladius], 
 
 gladiator, ruffian. 
 gladiatorius, -a, -um [gladiator], 
 
 of gladiators. 
 gladius, -i, M., sword. 
 Glaucia, -ae, M., Glau'cia, a 
 
 family name ; C. Servilius 
 
 Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. 
 
 gloria, -ae, F., glory, fame, 
 honor, renown. 
 
 Gnaeus, -i, yL.,Gnaeus (ne'us), a 
 praenomen or personal name. 
 
 gnavus, -a, -um [cf. (g)n6sc6], 
 busy, diligent, active. 
 
 Gracchus, -i, M., Gracchus; 
 pi., the Gracchi; a family 
 name; 1. Tiberius Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus, tribune, 
 133 B.C. ; 2. Gains Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus, brother of 
 Tiberius, tribune 123 and 122 
 
 B.C. 
 
 gradus, -us, IVE., step, grade, 
 degree, rank. 
 
 Graecia, -ae, F., Greece. 
 
 Graecus, -a, -um, Greek, Gre- 
 dan. 
 
 gratia, -ae, F. [gratus], favor, 
 good will, influence; thanks, 
 gratitude; gratias agere, 
 thank, give (express) thanks; 
 gratiam referre, show grati- 
 tude, reward. 
 
 Grattius, -i, Grattius, the prose- 
 cutor of Archias ; see note, 
 Ar., 1, 112. 
 
 gratuito, adv., without pay, for 
 nothing, for no particular 
 reason. 
 
 gratulatio, -onis, F. [gratulor], 
 manifestation of joy, public 
 thanksgiving. Cat., IV, 5. 
 
 gratus, -a, -um, acceptable, wel- 
 come; thankful, grateful; 
 pleasing. 
 
 gravis, -e, heavy, weighty, bur- 
 densome; severe, authorita- 
 tive; august^ dignified; im- 
 portant, grave, serious. P., 2, 9. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 449 
 
 gravitas, -tatis, F. [gravis], 
 
 weight; authority, dignity. 
 graviter, adv. [gravis], heavily, 
 
 seriously, severely, deeply, 
 
 gravely. 
 gravo, -are, -avi, -atum [gravis], 
 
 tr,, weigh down, load; pass., 
 
 object, he unwilling. 
 grex, gregis, M., flock, herd; 
 
 hand, throng. 
 gubernatio, -onis, F. [guberno], 
 
 (a pHoting) , direction, manage- 
 ment. 
 guberno, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 
 steer, pilot, manage. 
 gusto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 taste, appreciate. 
 
 H 
 
 habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
 have, hold; feel, entertain, 
 consider; w. oratio, deliver, 
 make; w. honor, pay. 
 
 liabita, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of habito], intr,, dwell, re- 
 side, live. 
 
 habitus, -us, M. [habeo], con- 
 dition, quality, Ar., 7. 
 
 haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, 
 intr., stick, cling, adhere, he 
 fixed, remain. 
 
 haesito, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of haereo], intr., (stick fast), 
 hesitate. 
 
 Hannibal, -is, M., Hannihal, 
 the Carthaginian general. 
 
 haruspex, -ids, M., soothsayer; 
 see Classical Dictionary. 
 
 haud, adv., not, not at all. 
 
 haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, 
 tr., draw, derive. 
 
 hebesco, -ere, — , — , incep- 
 tive vb. [hebeo, he dull], 
 grow dull, 83, h. 
 
 Heraclia (-ea), -ae, F., Heraclea 
 (her-a-kle a) , a Greek city of 
 southern Italy. 
 
 Heracliensis, -e [Heraclia], 
 Heracle'an; as noun, Hera- 
 cle'an, inhabitant of Heraclea. 
 
 hercule, adv., or interj. [voc. 
 of Hercules], by Hercules^ 
 verily. 
 
 hereditas, -tatis, F. [heres], in- 
 heritance. 
 
 hesternus, -a, -um, of yesterday; 
 hesterno die, yesterday. 
 
 hiberno, -are, -avi, -atum [M- 
 bernus], winter, pass the win- 
 ter. 
 
 hibernus, -a, -um, pertaining to 
 winter; hiberna (sc. castra), 
 winter quarters. 
 
 1. hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., 
 this, this man, this thing, he, 
 she, it; pi., these, these men, 
 these things. 
 
 2. hie, adv., here; at this point 
 (of time), hereupon; on this 
 point (subject). 
 
 hiems, hiemis, F., winter. 
 hine, adv., /row this place, hence; 
 
 from this fact; on this side. 
 hisce = his, w. emphasis. 
 Hispania, -ae, F., Spain. 
 Hispaniensis, -e, [Hispania], 
 
 Spanish, of Spain. 
 Hispanus, -a, -um, Spanish; 
 
 masc. as noun, a Spaniard. 
 hodie, adv. [hie, dies], to-day, 
 
 this day. 
 hodiernus, -a, -um [hodie], of 
 
450 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 this day; hodiernus dies, 
 to-day, this day. 
 
 Homerus, -i, M., Homer. 
 
 homo, hominis, M. or F., 
 (human being), man. 
 
 honestas, -tatis, F. [honor], 
 honor. 
 
 honeste, adv. [honestus], with 
 honor, honorably. 
 
 honesto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [honestus], honor, distinguish, 
 grace. 
 
 honestus, -a, -um [honSs], 
 honored, respected, honorable, 
 distinguished, respectable, Cat., 
 II, 8. 
 
 honor (or honos), honoris, M., 
 honor, respect; an honor. 
 
 honoratus, -a, -um [honoro], 
 honored, respected. 
 
 hora, -ae, F., hour. 
 
 horribilis, -e [horreo + bilis], 
 terrible, dreadful, horrible. 
 
 hortatus, -us, M. [hortor], en- 
 couragement. 
 
 Hortensius, -i, M., Hortensius, 
 a gentile name ; Q. Horten- 
 sius, the orator, consul 69 
 
 B.C. 
 
 hortor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 urge, encourage, exhort. 
 
 hosce, emphatic form of hos. 
 
 hospes, -itis, M., guest-friend, 
 guest, friend. 
 
 hospitium, -i, N. [hospes], (the 
 relation of host and guest), 
 hospitality, tie of friendship. 
 Cat., IV, 11. 
 
 hostilis, -e [hostis], of an 
 enemy, hostile. 
 
 hostis, hostis, M., (stranger), 
 
 an enemy (of the state) ; pl^ 
 the enemy. 
 
 hue, adv., hither, to this place; 
 to this point. 
 
 huiusce, more emphatic than 
 huius, this very, this. 
 
 humanitas, -tatis, F. [humanus], 
 human nature, humanity; 
 kindness; refinement, culture, 
 civilization. 
 
 humanus, -a, -um [homo], hu- 
 man, cultured, refined; reason- 
 able, Ar. 7. 
 
 humilis, -e [humus], low, ob- 
 scure, humble, inferior. 
 
 humus, -i, F., earth, ground, 
 soil; humi, loc, on the 
 ground. 
 
 iaceo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie^ 
 lie prostrate, be powerless. 
 
 iacio, iacere, iecl, iactum, tr., 
 throw; w. voces, utter. 
 
 iacto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
 iacio], tr., throw, toss, toss 
 about; w. se, vaunt, display; 
 make a display. 
 
 iactura, -ae, F. [iacio], (a throw- 
 ing away), loss. 
 
 iactus, -us, M. [iacio], a throw- 
 ing, hurling, falling. Cat., Ill, 
 8. 
 
 iam, adv., w. pres. tense, by this 
 time, now; w. past tense, al- 
 ready, at length, now, hitherto; 
 w. fut. tense, presently, at 
 once, now; w. negatives and 
 interrogatives implying a neg- 
 ative, longer; see diu, pridem, 
 tum, vero. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 451 
 
 lanuarius, -a, -itm [ianua], of 
 January. 
 
 ibi, adv., there, in that place; 
 then, thereupon. 
 
 idcirco, adv. [id + abl. of cir- 
 cus], on that account, for that 
 reason. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron., 
 [is], (App. 23), the same, the 
 same man; also. 
 
 ideo, adv., on that account, there- 
 fore. 
 
 idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, fit, 
 deserving. 
 
 Idus, -uum, F., the Ides, the 
 fifteenth day of March, May, 
 July, and October, the thir- 
 teenth of other months. 
 
 igitur, conj., then, therefore, ac- 
 cordingly. 
 
 ignavia, -ae, F. [ignavus], inac- 
 tivity, laziness, cowardice. 
 
 ignis, -is, M.., fire. 
 
 ignominia, -ae, F. [in + nomen], 
 disgrace, dishonor, ignominy. 
 
 ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 not to know, be ignorant of, 
 be unaware. 
 
 ignosco, -ere, ignovi, ignotum, 
 intr., (not to linow), par- 
 don. 
 
 ignotus, -a, -um [ignosco], un- 
 known; as noun, stranger. 
 
 Ilias, -adis, F., the Iliad, the 
 epic poem by Homer. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that 
 (yonder), that man, he, she, it; 
 the famous, the great; pi., those, 
 they, those men, those things. 
 
 illinc, adv. [ille], from that place, 
 thence; on that side. 
 
 Illyricus, -a, -um, of Illyricum, 
 Illyrian. 
 
 im-, see in-, as prefix. 
 
 imago, -inis, F. [cf. imitor], (an 
 imitation), likeness, image^ 
 portrait, model. 
 
 imberbis, -e [barba], without a 
 beard, beardless. 
 
 imitor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 copy, imitate. 
 
 immanis, -e, monstrous, enor- 
 mous, frightful, savage, Ar. 8. 
 
 immanitas, -tatis, F. [immanis], 
 monstrous size, vastness, enor- 
 mity. 
 
 immatiirus, -a, -um [maturus], 
 unripe, premature, untimely. 
 
 immineo, -ere, — , — [mined], 
 intr., impend, threaten. 
 
 imminuo, -uere, -ui, -utum 
 [minuo], tr., lessen, diminish, 
 encroach upon. 
 
 immitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., send intOy 
 let in. 
 
 immo, adv., on the contrary; 
 immo vero, nay more, aye, 
 indeed, or rather, Why! Cat.^ 
 
 1,1. 
 
 immortalis, -e [mortalis], im- 
 mortal. 
 
 immutatus, -a, -um [immuto], 
 changed, altered, transformed. 
 
 impedio, -ire, -ivi, -Itum [in, 
 pes], tr., entangle, hinder, en- 
 cumber, prevent; suspend, P. 
 7. 
 
 impello, -pellere, -pulT, -pulsum 
 [pello], tr., strike against; in- 
 cite, instigate, rouse. 
 
 impended, -ere, — , — [pendeo, 
 
452 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 hang], intr. , overhang ; threaten ; 
 he near, he at hand, impend. 
 
 imperator, -oris, M. [impero], 
 commander-in-chief, general. 
 
 imperatorius, -a, -um [impera- 
 tor], oj a commander, worthy 
 of a commander. 
 
 imperitus, -a, -um [peritus], in- 
 experienced, ignorant. 
 
 imperium, -i, N. [impero], com- 
 mand, control, power, supreme 
 power, authority, dominions- 
 government, office, empire. 
 
 impero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr., command, demand, levy 
 (upon). 
 
 impertio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [par- 
 tio], tr., share with; give, he- 
 stoiD (upon), impart. 
 
 impetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 ohtain one's request, gain one^s 
 end; secure, ohtain. 
 
 impetus, -us, M., attack; vio- 
 lence, fury. 
 
 impius, -a, -um [plus], irreverent, 
 ungodly, treasonable, wicked, 
 impious. 
 
 implico, -are, -avi, -atum [plico], 
 tr., fold into; involve. 
 
 imploro, -are, -avi, -atum [ploro], 
 tr., heg earnestly, implore. 
 
 importunus, -a, -um, unfit, 
 rude, cruel, unnatural, un- 
 feeling, relentless. 
 
 improbitas, -tatis, F. [impro- 
 bus], wickedness, iniquity, de- 
 pravity, recklessness. 
 
 improbo, -are, -avi, -atum [im- 
 probus,] tr., reject, disapprove. 
 
 improbus, -a, -um [probus], 
 wicked, depraved^ shameless, 
 
 worthless; pi. as noun, profli- 
 gates, scoundrels, the ill-dis- 
 posed. 
 
 impiibes, -eris, adj. [piibes], 
 youthful, heardlcss. 
 
 impudens, -entis, adj. [pudens], 
 shameless, impudent, pre^ 
 sumptuous, P. 16. 
 
 impudenter, adv. [impudens], 
 shamelessly, impudently. 
 
 impudentia, -ae, F. [impudens], 
 shamelessness, impudence. 
 
 impudicus, -a, -um [pudicus], 
 shameless, without modesty. 
 
 impiinitus, -a, -um [punitus], 
 unpunished, unrestrained. 
 
 impiirus, -a, -um [purus], un- 
 clean, impure. 
 
 in, prep. w. ace., (of motion) 
 into, to, on, upon, toward, 
 against, for, concerning ; w. 
 abl., (of rest) in, on, at, in 
 the case of, in regard to; as 
 prefix, in, into, over, on, at, 
 against; neg. prefix, not. 
 
 inanis, -e, empty, deserted; use- 
 less, idle, vain. 
 
 inauditus, -a, -um [audio], un- 
 heard of, unknown. 
 
 inauratus, -a, -um [inauro], 
 gilded. 
 
 incedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
 [cedo], intr., advance; per- 
 vade. 
 
 incendium, -i, N. [incendo], a 
 burning, fire, flame, confla- 
 gration. 
 
 incendo, -cendere, -cendi, -cen- 
 sum, tr., set fire to, burn. 
 
 incensid, -onis, F. [incendo], 
 burning. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 453 
 
 inceptum, -i, N. [incipio], be- 
 ginning, undertaking. 
 
 incertus, -a, -um [certus], un- 
 certain; unsettled. 
 
 incido, -cidere, -cidi, — [cado], 
 intr., fall in, fall into, incur. 
 
 incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum 
 [caedo], tr., cut into, cut. 
 
 incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 [capio], tr. and intr., under- 
 take; begin. 
 
 incitamentum, -i, N. [incite], 
 incentive, inducement. 
 
 incite, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], 
 rouse, urge on. 
 
 inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 and intr., turn, incline, lean. 
 
 include, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
 sum [claudo], tr., shut up, con- 
 fine, inclose. 
 
 incoho, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 begin, begin to treat, Ar. 11. 
 
 mcolumis, -e, safe, unharmed. 
 
 incommodum, -i, N. [incom- 
 modus], inconvenience, dis- 
 advantage; loss, disaster. 
 
 incredibilis, -e [credibilis], in- 
 credible, marvelous, extraor- 
 dinary. 
 
 increpo, -are, -ui, -itum [crepo, 
 P rattle], intr., make a noise, 
 sound. 
 
 incumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, 
 cubitum, intr., bend to, devote 
 oneself, apply oneself. 
 
 inde, adv., thence (of time or 
 space), from that place, from 
 that point, P. 2. 
 
 Iindemnatus, -a, -um [damna- 
 tus], uncondemned, without 
 a trial. 
 
 index, -dicis, M. or F. [indico], 
 (one who points out), in- 
 former, witness, accuser. 
 
 indicium, -i, N. [indico], in- 
 formation, proof, evidence^ 
 testimony, indication. 
 
 indico, -are, -avi, -atum [index], 
 tr., point out, indicate, de- 
 clare, reveal, tell, prove; be- 
 tray, accuse. 
 
 indico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 
 [dic5], tr., proclaim, declare 
 (upon). 
 
 indigne, adv. [indignus], un- 
 worthily, undeservedly. 
 
 indignus, -a, -um [dignus], un- 
 worthy. 
 
 induce, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum 
 [duco], tr., lead into, lead on^ 
 bring to, induce. 
 
 industria, -ae, F. [industrius], 
 diligence, industry. 
 
 industrius, -a, -um, industrious, 
 enterprising . 
 
 indutiae, -arum, F., truce. 
 
 ineo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., 
 enter, enter upon, form, engage 
 in, begin; pres. part, as adj., 
 early, the beginning of. 
 
 iners, -ertis, adj., unskillful^ 
 inactive, indolent. Cat., II, 5. 
 
 inertia, -ae, F. [iners], inactivity, 
 idleness, indolence. 
 
 infamia, -ae [infamis], ill report, 
 disgrace, infamy. 
 
 infamis, -e [fama], notorious, in^ 
 famous. 
 
 inf ero, -f erre, -tuli, -latum [fere], 
 tr., bring upon, lay upon, ap- 
 ply: wage, make upon. 
 
 inferus, -a, -um, below, lower: 
 
454 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 m. pi. as noun, the dead; 
 apud inferos, in the lower 
 world. 
 
 infestus, -a, -um, unsafe, hostile, 
 dangerous, troublesome; in- 
 dignant (at). 
 
 infidus, -a, -um, faithless. 
 
 infimus, -a, -um [sup. of in- 
 ferus], lowest, meanest, basest. 
 
 infinitus, -a, -um [finitus], end- 
 less, countless. 
 
 infirmo, -are, -avi, -atum [in- 
 firmus], tr., weaken, refute, 
 disprove. 
 
 infirmus, -a, -um [firmus], weak, 
 powerless, delicate, infirm. 
 
 infitiator, -oris, M. [infitior], 
 denier ; debtor. 
 
 infitior, -ari, -atus sum [infitiae], 
 dep., deny. 
 
 inflammo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [flammo], tr., kindle, set fire 
 to, burn; inflame, arouse. 
 
 inflo, -are, -avi, -atum [flo, 
 blow], tr., (blow into), inspire. 
 
 informo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [formo], tr., mold, train. 
 
 ingenium, -i, N. [cf. gigno], 
 native talent, ability, genius. 
 
 ingens, -gentis, adj., vast, great. 
 
 ingenuus, -a, -um, native, free- 
 born. 
 
 ingratus, -a, -um, ungrateful. 
 
 ingravesco, -ere, — , — [in- 
 ceptive of ingravo, weigh 
 down], intr., increase, grow 
 worse. 
 
 ingredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
 [gradior], dep., go into, enter, 
 enter upon, come upon. 
 
 inhio, -are, -avi, -atum [hio], 
 
 intr., open the mouth (for), 
 gape. 
 inhumanus, -a, -um [humanus], 
 
 inhuman. 
 inicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 
 [iacio], tr., throw in, cast on; 
 cause; inspire. 
 
 inimicitia, -ae, F. [inimicus], 
 unfriendliness, enmity. 
 
 inimicus, -a, -um [amicus], un- 
 friendly, hostile; as noun 
 (personal), enemy, foe. 
 
 iniquitas, -tatis, F. [iniquus], 
 unfairness, injustice. 
 
 iniquus, -a, -um [aequus], un- 
 even, unfair, unjust. 
 
 initio, -are, -avi, -atum [initium], 
 tr., initiate, consecrate. 
 
 initium, -i, N. [ineo], a begin- 
 ning. 
 
 iniiiria, -ae, F. [ius], wrong, in- 
 justice, injury; iniiiria, un- 
 justly. 
 
 iniuriose, adv. [iniiiridsus], un- 
 justly, unfairly. 
 
 iniussu, abl. sing. M., without 
 the command. 
 
 inlecebra, -ae, F. [inlicid], en- 
 ticement, allurement, charm. 
 
 inliistris, -e [lux], bright, brilliant^ 
 illustrious; famous, glori- 
 ous. 
 
 inliistro, -are, -avi, -atum [lus- 
 tro], tr., light up, illuminate^ 
 make illustrious, bring to lights 
 make clear, explain. 
 
 innocens, -entis, adj. [nocens], 
 harmless, blameless, innocent^ 
 honest, P. 10. 
 
 innocentia, -ae, F. [innocens], 
 innocence, integrity, P. 13. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 455 
 
 innumerabilis, -e [numerus], 
 countless, innumerable. 
 
 inopia, -ae, F. [inops], want, 
 lack, scarcity. 
 
 inquam (inquis, inquit), def. 
 vb. (App. 51), / say. 
 
 inrepo, -repere, -repsi, — 
 [repo, creep], intr., creep in, 
 he stealthily inserted. 
 
 inretio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [rete, 
 net], tr., catch in a net, en- 
 snare, entrap. 
 
 inscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., write 
 upon, inscribe, entitle. 
 
 insepultus, -a, -um [sepelid], 
 unburied. 
 
 insideo, -sidere, -sedi, — 
 [sedeo], tr, and intr., sit upon, 
 he seated, dwell, exist. 
 
 insidiae, -arum, F. [insideo], 
 snare, ambush, plot, treachery. 
 
 insidiator, -oris, M. [insidior], 
 (one who lies in wait), high- 
 wayman 
 
 insidior, -ari, -atus sum [in- 
 sidiae], dep., lie in wait (for), 
 plot against. 
 
 insidiosus, -a, -um [insidiae], 
 treacherous. 
 
 insido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
 [sido, sit], tr. and intr., sit in, 
 settle on, he fixed, sink in, P. 
 3. 
 
 insigne, -is, N. [insignis], mark, 
 badge, sign, token. 
 
 insignis, e [signimi], marked, dis- 
 tinguished, notable. 
 
 insimulo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [simulo], tr., charge, accuse, 
 allege. 
 
 insipiens, -entis, adj. [sapiens], 
 
 unwise, foolish. 
 insolens, -entis, adj. [soleo], 
 
 (unusual), insolent. 
 
 insolenter, adv. [insolens], un^ 
 usually, insolently. 
 
 insolitus, -a, -um [insoleo], un* 
 usual, strange. 
 
 inspect©, -are, -avi, -atum [in- 
 spicio], tr. and intr., look at^ 
 look on, observe. 
 
 insperatus, -a, -um [spero], un- 
 expected. 
 
 instituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitfl- 
 tum [statuo], tr. and intr., 
 put in place, establish, train^ 
 Ar. 8 ; begin; determine, de- 
 cide, intend. 
 
 institutum, -i, N. [instituo], cus- 
 tom, institution. 
 
 insto, -stare, -stiti, -statum 
 [sto], intr., be at hand, draw 
 nigh. 
 
 instrumentum, -i, N. [instruo], 
 instrument, tool, means, stock 
 in trade. Cat., IV, 8. 
 
 instruo, -struere, -struxi, -struc- 
 tum [struo], tr,, build; array, 
 marshal, draw up; equip, P. 8. 
 
 insula, -ae, F., island. 
 
 insum, inesse, infui [sum], be 
 in, exist in, be present. 
 
 integer, -gra, -grum [ef. tango], 
 untouched, whole, unbroken, 
 sound, entire, unhurt; fresh; 
 irreproachable, of integrity. 
 
 integre, adv. [integer], wholly^ 
 without reproach. 
 
 integritas, -tatis, F. [integer], 
 (soundness), integrity. 
 
 intellego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 
 
456 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 [inter + lego, gather], tr., learn, 
 perceive, know, understand, 
 be sure, recognize, see clearly. 
 
 intendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
 turn [tendo], tr. and intr., 
 stretch out; aim, purpose, in- 
 tend. 
 
 inter, prep. w. ace, between, 
 among; as prefix, between. 
 
 intercede, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 sum [cedo], intr., go between, 
 intervene, elapse. 
 
 intercessio, -onis, F. [intercede], 
 intervention, veto, protest. 
 
 interea, adv. [inter + ea], in 
 the meantime, meanwhile. 
 
 intereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
 perish, be lost. 
 
 interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr., kill, put to death, 
 murder. 
 
 interim, adv., meanwhile, in 
 the meantime. 
 
 interimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 
 [emo], tr,, (take from the 
 midst), kill, murder. 
 
 interior, -ius, eomp. adj. [intra], 
 interior, inland, P. 22. 
 
 interitus, -lis, M. [intereo], ruin, 
 destruction, death, overthrow. 
 
 internecio, -onis, F. [nex], mas- 
 sacre. 
 
 interrogo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [rogo], tr., ask, inquire of, 
 question. 
 
 intersum, -esse, -fui [sum], 
 be between; be different, differ; 
 be present; impers., it con- 
 cerns, it interests. 
 
 intervallum, -i, N., interval (of 
 space or time). 
 
 interventus,-us,M. [intervenio], 
 (a coming between), inter- 
 vention. 
 
 intestinus, -a, -um [intus], in- 
 ternal; civil. 
 
 intimus, -a, -um [sup. of in- 
 terior], inmost; as noun. 
 most intimate friend, bosom 
 friend. 
 
 intra, prep. w. aec, within. 
 
 introduce, -diicere, -duxi, -duc- 
 tum [intro + duco], tr., lead 
 in, bring in, introduce. 
 
 intueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum 
 [tueor], dep., look upon, gaze 
 at. 
 
 intus, adv. [in], within, on the 
 inside. 
 
 inultus, -a, -um [ulciscor], un- 
 punished. 
 
 inuro, -urere, -ussi, -ustum 
 [uro], tr., burn in, brand upon, 
 impress (upon). Cat., II, 9. 
 
 inusitatus, -a, -um [usitor], un- 
 usual. 
 
 inutilis, -e [utilis], useless, un- 
 profitable. 
 
 invado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 
 [vado], tr., enter; possess. 
 
 invenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum 
 [venio], tr., (come upon), find, 
 discover, detect, invent. 
 
 investig5, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [vestigium], tr., track, hunt 
 out, investigate. 
 
 inveterasco, -ere, inveteravi, 
 — [inceptive of invetero], 
 intr., grow old, become estab- 
 lished, become fixed. 
 
 invictus, -a, -um [victus], un- 
 conquered, invincible. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 457 
 
 invidia, -ae, F. [invidus], envy, 
 hatred, unpopularity, odium. 
 
 invidiosus, -a, -um [invidia], 
 causing unpopularity, hate- 
 ful. 
 
 invidus, -a, -um, envious; as 
 noun, envious person. 
 
 invisus, -a, -um [invideo], dis- 
 pleasing, detested. 
 
 invitatus, -us, M. [invito], in- 
 vitation. 
 
 invito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr,, in- 
 vite, summon. 
 
 invitus, -a, -um, against the will, 
 unwillingly. 
 
 lovis, see luppiter. 
 
 ipse, -a, -um, intensive pron. 
 (App. 24), self; (I) myself, 
 (you) yourself, (he) himself, 
 etc. ; very. 
 
 ira, -ae, F., anger. 
 
 iracundia, -ae, F. [ira], excessive 
 anger, wrath. 
 
 irascor, -i, iratus sum [ira], dep., 
 he angry. 
 
 irruptio, -onis, F. [irrumpo], 
 (a breaking in), invasion, 
 incursion, attack. 
 
 is, ea, id, dem. pron. (App. 23), 
 that, this, he, she, it; such; 
 pi., these, those, they. 
 
 isdem = eisdem. 
 
 isse = ivisse [1. eo]. 
 
 iste, ista, istud, dem. pron. 
 (App. 23), that (of yours), 
 yonder; that man (in irony or 
 scorn), that scoundrel; such, 
 he. 
 
 ita, adv., so, thus, in such a man- 
 ner; ita ut, just as. 
 
 Italia, -ae, F., Italy. 
 
 italicus -a, -um, Italian. 
 
 itaque, conj. [ita + que], and 
 so, therefore, accordingly. 
 
 item, adv., likewise, also, be- 
 sides. 
 
 iter, itineris, N. [1. eo], way^ 
 course, road; journey, march. 
 
 iterum, adv., again, a second 
 time; iterum et saepius, 
 again and again. 
 
 iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum, tr., 
 order, direct. 
 
 iiicundus, -a, -um [iuvo], pleas- 
 ing, pleasant, agreeable. 
 
 iudex, iudicis, M. [ius + dico], 
 judge, juror. 
 
 iiidicialis, -e [iiidex], of a court, 
 judicial. 
 
 iudicium, -i, N. [iiidex], judg- 
 ment, decision, verdict, opin- 
 ion; trial, court of justice. 
 
 iudico, -are, -avi, -atum [iiidex], 
 tr., judge, decide, determine, 
 think, consider. 
 
 iugulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 kill. 
 
 iugulum, -i, N. [iugum], (coUar 
 bone), throat. 
 
 lugurtha, -ae, M., Jugurtha, 
 a king of Numidia. 
 
 lulius, -i, M., Julius, a gentile 
 name ; see Caesar. 
 
 iungo, -ere, iiinxi, iiinctum, tr., 
 join. 
 
 luppiter, lovis (App. 11), M., 
 Jupiter, the chief god of the 
 Romans. 
 
 ius, iiiris, N., right, justice; the 
 principle of right apon which 
 law (lex) is based: iure. 
 rightly. 
 
458 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 iusiurandum, iurisiurandi, N., 
 
 oath. 
 hissu, abl. of obsolete iussus 
 
 [iubeo], by order. 
 iuste [iustus], adv., rightly, justly. 
 iustus, -a, -um [ius], just, right, 
 
 proper, fair, regular. Cat., II, 
 
 1. 
 iuvenis, -is, adj., young; as 
 
 noun, youth, young person. 
 iuventus, -tutis, F, [iuvenis], 
 
 youth, young person. 
 iuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, tr., help, 
 
 aid, assist. 
 
 K 
 
 Kalendae, -arum, F. pi. (abbr. 
 
 Kal.), the Calends, the first 
 
 day of a month. 
 Karthago, -inis, F., Carthage. 
 
 L., see Lucius. 
 
 labefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum [labo + facio], tr., shake, 
 disturb, overthrow. 
 
 labefacto, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [labefacio], tr., freq., cause 
 to totter, weaken, destroy. 
 
 labes, -is, F., spot, stain. 
 
 labor, -oris, M., exertion, labor, 
 work, hardship, activity; in- 
 dustry. 
 
 laboriosus, -a, -um [labor], 
 laborious. 
 
 laboro, -are, -avi, -atum [labor], 
 intr., labor, toil, strive, be 
 careful; suffer. 
 
 lacesso, -ere, -ivi, -itum [lacio, 
 entire], tr., challenge, provoke, 
 rouse. 
 
 lacrima, -ae, F., tear. 
 
 lactans, -antis, pres. part. 
 
 [lacto], (taking milk), suck' 
 
 ling. 
 Laeca, -ae, M., Laeca, a family 
 
 name ; M. Porcius Laeca, a 
 
 Roman senator, at whose 
 
 house the conspirators met. 
 laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum, tr., 
 
 wound, injure. 
 Laelius, -i, M., Laelius, a gentile 
 
 name ; C. Laelius, consul 140 
 
 B.C. 
 
 laetitia, -ae, F. [laetus], glad- 
 ness, joy, delight, happiness. 
 
 laetor, -ari, -atus sum [laetus], 
 dep., rejoice, be glad; rejoice 
 over. 
 
 lamentatio, -onis, F. [lamentor], 
 wailing, lamentation. 
 
 lamentor, —ari, -atus sum [la- 
 mentum], dep., bewail, lament. 
 
 languidus, -a, -um, stupid, lan- 
 guid. 
 
 largior, -iri, -itus sum [largus], 
 dep., give bountifully, bestow^ 
 confer. 
 
 largitio, -onis, F. [largior], lavish 
 giving, bribery, corruption. 
 
 largitor, -oris, M. [largior], (one 
 who gives lavishly), a liberal 
 man. 
 
 late, adv. [latus], widely. 
 
 latebra, -ae, F. [lateo], hiding 
 place, recess. 
 
 lateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., lie 
 concealed, lie hid, escape notice. 
 
 Latiniensis, -e [Latium], of 
 Latium; as noun, a surname. 
 
 Latinus, -a, -um [Latium], Latin. 
 
 Latium, -i, N., Latium (la'- 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 459 
 
 sh(y)um), a district in central 
 Italy. 
 
 lator, -oris, M. [fero], bearer, 
 proposer. 
 
 latro, -onis, M., robber, brigand. 
 
 latrocinium, -i, N. [Iatr5], brig- 
 andage, robbery; concretely, 
 band of brigands. 
 
 latrocinor, -ari, -atus sum [latro], 
 dep., be a brigand, live as a 
 bandit. 
 
 latus, lateris, N., side, body. 
 
 latus, -a, -um, broad, wide. 
 
 laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 praise. 
 
 laus, laudis, F., praise, merit, 
 fame, renown, glory. 
 
 lectulus, -i, M. [lectus], small 
 couch, bed. 
 
 lectus, -i, M., couch, bed. 
 
 lectus, -a, -um [lego], chosen, 
 choice. Cat., II, 9 ; excellent, 
 eminent. 
 
 legatio, -onis, F. [lego], em- 
 bassy. 
 
 legatus, -i, M. [lego], ambassa- 
 dor, envoy; lieutenant. 
 
 legio, -onis, F. [lego, collect], 
 legion. 
 
 legitimus, -a, -um [lex], estab- 
 lished by law, legal. 
 
 lego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 appoint (or commission) as 
 lieutenant. 
 
 lego, -ere, legi, lectum, tr., 
 gather, collect; choose, select; 
 read, read of, P. 10. 
 
 lenio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [lenis], 
 tr. , soften, soothe, alleviate. 
 
 lenis, -e, soft, smooth; mild, 
 moderate, merciful, lenient. 
 
 lenitas, -tatis, F. [lenis], mild- 
 ness, gentleness, lenity. 
 
 lend, -onis, M., seducer, agents 
 tool. 
 
 Lentulus, -i, M., Lentulus, a 
 family name; 1. L. Corne- 
 lius Lentulus, praetor 89 b.c. ; 
 2. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, 
 tribune of the people ; 3. Cn. 
 Cornelius Lentulus Clodia- 
 nus, consul 72 b.c. ; 4. P. 
 Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a 
 confederate of Catiline, consul 
 71 B.C. ; see Cethegus, Cinna, 
 Sulla. 
 
 lentus, -a, -um [lenis], slow; 
 shirking. 
 
 lepidus, -a, -um, charming. 
 
 Lepidus, -i, M., Lepidus, a 
 family name ; 1. M. Aemilius 
 Lepidus, consul 78 b.c. ; 2. M'. 
 Aemilius Lepidus, consul 66 
 
 B.C. 
 
 levis, -e, light; trifling, fickle^ 
 trivial. 
 
 levitas, -tatis, F. [levis], light- 
 ness, shallowness, fickleness, 
 trifling conduct, Ar. 5. 
 
 leviter, adv. [levis], lightly; 
 slightly. 
 
 levo, -are, -avi, -atum [levis], 
 tr., lighten; relieve, modify ^ 
 alleviate. 
 
 lex, legis, F., law. 
 
 libellus, -i, M. [liber], little 
 book, book, manuscript. 
 
 libenter, adv. [libens], gladly, 
 with delight, cheerfully, will- 
 ingly. 
 
 liber, libri,M., (inner bark), 6oo/c. 
 
 liber, libera, liberum, free; M. 
 
460 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 pi. as noun, (free persons), 
 children. 
 
 liberalis, -e [liber], liberal. 
 
 libere, adv. [liber], freely. 
 
 libero, -are, -avi, -atum [liber], 
 tr., free, release, deliver. 
 
 libertas, -tatis, F. [liber], liberty, 
 freedom. 
 
 libertinus, -a, -um [libertus], 
 of a freedman; libertinus 
 homo, freedman. 
 
 libet, -ere, libuit or libitum est, 
 impers., it pleases, it is pleas- 
 ing. 
 
 libido, -inis, F. [libet], pleasure, 
 desire, lust, passion. 
 
 licentia, -ae, F. [licens], free- 
 dom, license; want of control. 
 
 licet, licere, licuit, impers. (App. 
 52), it is permitted, it is 
 allowed. 
 
 Licinius, -i, M., Licinius, a 
 gentile name ; see Archias. 
 
 lingua, -ae, F., tongue, language. 
 
 linum, -i, N., (flax), thread, 
 string. 
 
 liquefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum; pass., -fio, -fieri, -fac- 
 tus sum [liqueo + facio], 
 (make liquid), melt. 
 
 littera, -ae, F., letter (of the 
 alphabet) ; pi., letter {epistle) 
 or letters; literature. 
 
 litteratus, -a, -um [littera], 
 (lettered), learned, cultured. 
 
 litiira, -ae, F. [lino, smear], 
 (smearing of the wax tablet), 
 erasure. 
 
 loco, -are, -avi, -atum [locus], 
 tr., place, put, set; let a con- 
 tract, order. 
 
 Locrenses, -ium, M., Locrians^ 
 
 inhabitants of Loeri, in 
 
 southern Italy. 
 locuples, -pletis, adj. [locus, 
 
 pleo], rich in lands, wealthy, 
 
 rich. 
 locupleto, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [locuples], tr., make rich, en- 
 rich. 
 locus, -i, M. ; pi. loca, -orum, 
 
 N., place, locality, region, 
 
 position, site, room, station, 
 
 rank, point, instance. 
 longe, adv. [Longus], far, by 
 
 far; long, for a long period. 
 longinquitas, -tatis, F. [longin- 
 
 quus], distance, remoteness. 
 longinquus, -a, -um [longe], 
 
 distant, far off. 
 longiusculus, -a, -um [longior], 
 
 rather long, a little longer. 
 longus, -a, -um, long; far, dis" 
 
 tant, remote; tedious. 
 loquax, -acis, adj. [loquor], 
 
 talkative, garrulous. 
 loquor, loqui, lociitus sum, dep., 
 
 speak, say. 
 Lucius, -i, M., Lucius, a prae- 
 
 nomen or personal name, 
 luctus, -lis, M. [lugeo], mourn- 
 ing, grief. 
 Lucullus, -i, M., Lucullus, a 
 
 family name; 1. L. Licinius 
 
 Lucullus, Roman commander 
 
 in the Third Mithridatic War ; 
 
 2. M. Licinius Lucullus, 
 
 brother of 1. 
 liidus, -i, M., play, game; 
 
 school. 
 lugeo, -ere, liixi, luctum, tr. 
 
 and intr.. mourn over, lament. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 461 
 
 lilmen, -inis, N. [luceo, shine], 
 
 light. 
 lupinus, -a, -um [lupus], of a 
 
 wolf. 
 lux, lucis, F., light, daylight; 
 
 help, relief, hope of safety, 
 
 P. 12. 
 
 luxuria, -ae, F. fluxus], luxury, 
 
 excess. 
 
 M 
 
 M., see Marcus. 
 
 M'., see Manius. 
 
 machinator, -tons, M. [machi- 
 nor], contriver, inventor. 
 
 machinor, -ari, -atus sum [ma- 
 china], dep., devise, invent; 
 contrive, plot. 
 
 macto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 glorify, sacrifice; put to death, 
 afflict (witli punisliment), Cat. 
 I, 11. 
 
 macula, -ae, F., stain, disgrace. 
 
 Maelius, -i, M., Maelius, a gen- 
 tile name ; Spurius Maelius, 
 a rich plebeian, slain 439 
 
 B.C. 
 
 maereo, -ere, — , — , tr. and 
 
 intr., grieve, lament, mourn. 
 
 maeror, -oris [maereo], M., 
 sorrow, grief. 
 
 magis, comp. adv. (App. 20), 
 more, rather. 
 
 magistratus, -us, M. [magister], 
 civil office, m,agistracy ; magis- 
 trate. 
 
 magnifice, adv., grandly, glori- 
 ously. 
 
 magnificus, -a, -um [magnus, 
 facio], great, magnificent, fond 
 of display, powerful. 
 
 magnitudo, -inis, F. [magnus], 
 
 greatness, enormity, magni- 
 tude, extent. 
 magnopere, adv. [magno opere}, 
 
 greatly. 
 Magnus, -i, M., Magnus, the 
 
 Great, a surname, especially 
 
 of Pompey. 
 magnus, -a, -um, great, large. 
 maior, maius, adj. [comp. of 
 
 magnus], larger, greater; pi. 
 
 as noun, ancestors, elders. 
 male, adv. [malus], badly, 
 
 wrongly, scarcely. 
 maleficium, -i, N. [male, facio], 
 
 evil deed, crime. 
 malleolus, -i, M. [dim. of 
 
 malleus, hammer], firebrand. 
 malo, malle, malui (App. 48), 
 
 [magis + volo],irr. wish rather^ 
 
 prefer. 
 malus, -a, -um, bad, evil; neut. 
 
 as noun, evil, misfortune, 
 
 calamity. 
 mandatum, -i, N. [mando], 
 
 commission, order, instruc- 
 tion, message. 
 mando, -are, -avi, -atum [manus 
 
 + do], tr., (put in hand), 
 
 commit, intrust, consign, order, 
 
 confer, P. 1. 
 mane, adv., in the morning, 
 
 early in the morning. 
 maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 
 
 intr., remain, persevere. 
 manicatus, -a, -um [manicae, 
 
 long sleeves], long-sleeved. 
 manifesto, adv. [manifestus], 
 
 openly, manifestly, clearly. 
 manifestus, -a, -um, clear, open, 
 
 manifest; apparent, evident, 
 
 exposed. 
 
462 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Manilius, -i, M., Manilius, a 
 gentile name; C. Manilius, 
 tribune 66 b.c. 
 
 Manius, -i, M., Manius, a 
 gentile name. 
 
 Manlianus, -a, -um, of Manlius. 
 
 Manlius, -i, M., Manlius, a 
 nomen or gentile name ; 
 Gaius Manlius, the officer 
 in charge of Catiline's forces. 
 
 mano, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 trickle; extend, spread. 
 
 mansuetudo, -inis, F. [man- 
 suetus], gentleness, mildness. 
 
 manubiae, -arum, F. [manus], 
 spoils. 
 
 manus, -us, F., hand; hand- 
 writing; hand, company. 
 
 Marcellus, -i, M. [dim. of Mar- 
 cus], Marcellus, a family- 
 name; 1. M. Claudius Mar- 
 cellus, the conqueror of Syra- 
 cuse; 2. M. Claudius Mar- 
 cellus, consul 51 B.C. 
 
 Marcus, -i, M., Marcus, a 
 praenomen. 
 
 mare, maris, N., sea; terra 
 marique, on land and sea. 
 
 maritimus, -a, -um [mare], of 
 the sea, on the sea, maritime; 
 ora maritima, seacoast. 
 
 maritus, -i, M., married man, 
 husband. 
 
 Marius, -i, M., Ma,rius, a gentile 
 name ; Gaius Marius, the 
 celebrated general and con- 
 sul, died 86 b.c. 
 
 marmor, -oris, N., marble. 
 
 Mars, Martis, M., Mars, god of 
 war ; liguratively, war. 
 
 Massilia, -ae, F., Massilia, a 
 
 Greek city in Gaul, now 
 Marseilles. 
 
 Massilienses, -ium, M. pi. 
 [Massilia], the people of Mas- 
 silia. 
 
 mater, matris. P., mother; 
 mater familias (old gen. sing, 
 of familia], matron, mistress 
 of a household. 
 
 mature, adv. [maturus], early, 
 soon. 
 
 maturitas, -tatis, F. [maturus], 
 ripeness, maturity. 
 
 mature, -are, -avi, -atum [ma- 
 turus], tr. and intr., make 
 ripe, bring to maturity; hasten. 
 
 maturus, -a, -um, ripe, mature; 
 early, speedy. 
 
 maxime, adv [sup. of magis], 
 7nost, very greatly, especially, 
 entirely, ever so much, Cat., I, 
 12. 
 
 maximus, -a, -um, sup. of 
 magnus (App. 19), greatest, 
 largest; very great; see ponti- 
 fex. 
 
 Maximus, -i, M.., Maximus, a 
 family name ; Q. Fabius 
 Maximus, dictator 217 b.c. 
 
 Medea, -ae, F., Medea, daugh- 
 ter of Aeetes, king of Colchis. 
 
 medeor, -eri, — , dep., heal, 
 cure, remedy. 
 
 medicina, -ae, F. [medicus], 
 remedy, medicine. 
 
 mediocris, -ere [medius], moder- 
 ate, ordinary, of moderate 
 attainments, Ar. 5. 
 
 mediocriter, adv. [mediocris], 
 7noderately, slightly. 
 
 meditor, -ari, -atus sum, dep.. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 463 
 
 think over, consider, meditate, 
 plan, prepare; design, Cat.,1, 
 10. 
 
 medius, -a, -um, the middle of. 
 
 mehercule, adv. [= me Her- 
 cules iuvet, may Hercules 
 help me], hy Hercules, as- 
 suredly, verily. 
 
 mel, mellis, N., honey. 
 
 melior, comp. of bonus. 
 
 membrum, -i, N., limh. 
 
 mementote, imperative pi. of 
 memini, remember (ye). 
 
 memini, -isse, def. vb. (App. 
 50), remember; perf. system 
 used w. meanings of the pres. 
 system, 
 
 Memmlus, -i, M., Memmius, a 
 gentile name. 
 
 memor, -oris, adj., mindful (of), 
 remembering, w. gen. 
 
 memorabilis, -e [memor], deserv- 
 ing of record, memorable. 
 
 memoria, -ae, F. [memor], 
 memory, recollection; post 
 memoriam, within the memory. 
 
 memoro, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [memor], tr., recall, recount, 
 relate. 
 
 mendicitas, -tatis, F. [mendl- 
 cus], beggary, extreme pov- 
 erty. 
 
 mens, mentis, F., mind, intel- 
 lect; spirit, feeling; dispo- 
 sition; thought, purpose, plan, 
 intention, design. 
 
 mensis, -is, M., month. 
 
 mercator, -oris, M. [mercor], 
 trader, merchant. 
 
 merces, -edis, F. [merx], pay, 
 reward. 
 
 mereor, -eri, -itus sum, dep., 
 deserve, merit. 
 
 merito, adv. [meritum], de- 
 servedly, justly. 
 
 meritum, -i, N. [mereor], merits 
 service, kindness, favor, bene^ 
 fit. 
 
 merx, mercis, F., merchandise. 
 
 Metellus, -i, M., Metellus, a 
 family name; 1. Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus Numidicus, consul 
 109 B.C. ; 2. Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus Pius, praetor 89, 
 consul 80 B.C. ; 3. Q. Cae- 
 cilius Metellus Creticus, tri- 
 bune 75 B.C. ; 4. Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus Celer, praetor in 
 63 B.C. ; 5. M. Metellus, 
 an associate of Catiline. 
 
 metuo, metuere, metui, — 
 [metus], tr., fear, dread. 
 
 metus, -us, M., fear. 
 
 meus, -a, -um, poss. pron., 
 my. 
 
 miles, -itis, M., soldier. 
 
 militaris, -e [miles], of a soldier, 
 military; res militaris, the 
 art of war, warfare. 
 
 militia, -ae, F. [miles], military 
 service, military skill; militiae, 
 loc. in the field, in war. 
 
 mille, indecl. adj., thousand; 
 milia, milium, N. pi. as noun. 
 
 minae, -arum, F., threats. 
 
 minime, adv. [sup. of parum], 
 least, very little, by no means. 
 
 minimus, -a, -um [sup. of par- 
 vus], least, 
 
 minitor, -ari, -atus sum [freq. 
 of minor], dep., threaten, mer^ 
 ace. 
 
464 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 1. minor, -ari, -atus sum 
 [minae], dep., threaten. 
 
 2. minor, minus, adj. [comp. of 
 parvus], less. 
 
 Minucius, -i, M., Minucius, a 
 gentile name. 
 
 minuo, -ere, minui, minutum, 
 tr., make less, lessen, dimin- 
 ish. 
 
 minus, adv. [comp. of parum] 
 (App. 20), less, not. 
 
 miror, -ari, -atus sum [mi- 
 rus], dep., wonder at, mar- 
 vel at, admire, wonder; see 
 modus. 
 
 mirus, -a, -um, wonderful, mar- 
 velous. 
 
 misceo, -ere, -ui, mixtum, tr., 
 mix; devise. Cat., IV, 3. 
 
 Misenum, -i, N., Misenuyn 
 (mi-se'num), a town and 
 promontory near Naples. 
 
 miser, -era, -erum, wretched, 
 unhappy, miserable, unfortu- 
 nate; grievous. 
 
 miserandus, -a, -um [miseror], 
 pitiable, to be pitied. 
 
 miseria, -ae, F. [miser], wretched- 
 ness, misery, trouble. 
 
 misericordia, -ae, F. [mise- 
 ricors], pity, compassion, 
 mercy. 
 
 misericors, -cordis, adj. 
 [misereo, pity, cor, heart], 
 (tender-hearted), merciful. 
 
 miseror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 deplore. 
 
 Mithridates, -is, or -i, M., 
 Mithridates, king of Pontus, 
 who fought w. the Romans 
 88-63 B.C. 
 
 Mithridaticus, -a, -um, of Mith- 
 ridates, Mithridatic. 
 
 mitis, -e, mild, gentle, merciful. 
 
 mitto, -ere, misi, missum, tr., 
 send. 
 
 mixtus, -a, -um [misceo], mixed j 
 promiscuous ; mixtum ex, in- 
 volving. 
 
 moderatio, -onis, F. [modera- 
 tus], moderation. 
 
 moderatus, -a, -um [moderor], 
 moderate, restrained, self-con- 
 trolled, wise, Ar. 7. 
 
 moderor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 guide, restrain, moderate. 
 
 modestus, -a, -um [modus], 
 (within due measure), dis- 
 creet, honorable, scrupulous. 
 
 modo, adv. [modus], only, just; 
 lately, a little while ago. 
 
 modus, -i, M., measure, limit, 
 extent, amount; way, m,an- 
 ner, kind, sort; m,oderation; 
 eius modi, of such a nature, 
 such; mirandum in modum, 
 wonderfully. 
 
 moenia, -ium, N. pi., defensive 
 walls, city walls, city (inclosed 
 by walls). 
 
 m5les, -is, F., mass, weight, load, 
 burden, Cat., I, 8. 
 
 moleste, adv. [molestus], with 
 trouble, with vexation; moleste 
 fero, be vexed, be annoyed, be 
 troubled. 
 
 molestus, -a, -um [moles], 
 troublesome, disagreeable, an- 
 noying. 
 
 molior, -iri, -itus sum [moles], 
 dep., endeavor, attempt; con- 
 trive, plan, plot. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 465 
 
 mollis, -e, mild, gentle; timid. 
 
 moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
 warn, advise. 
 
 monstrum, -i, N. [moneo], di- 
 vine omen; monster. Cat., II, 1. 
 
 monumentum, -i, N. [moneo], 
 (reminder), memorial, monu- 
 ment; record. 
 
 mora, -ae, F., delay, hesita- 
 tion. 
 
 morbus, -I, M., disease, sickness. 
 
 morior, mori, mortuus sum, 
 flit, part., moriturus [mors], 
 dep., die. 
 
 mors, mortis, F., death. 
 
 mortalis, -e [mors], mortal. 
 
 mortuus, -a, -um [morior], dead. 
 
 mos, moris, M., custom, man- 
 ner; pi., customs, character, 
 the ways of men, Cat., I, 1 ; 
 principles. 
 
 motus, -us, M. [moveo], move- 
 ment, motion, action; coin- 
 motion, disturbance, shock. 
 
 moveo, -ere, movl, motum, tr., 
 move, disturb, affect, influence. 
 
 mucro, -onis, point or edge of a 
 sword; sword. 
 
 mulier, -is, F., woman. 
 
 muliercula, -ae, F. [dim. of 
 mulier], mistress. 
 
 multitude, -inis, F. [multus], 
 great number, multitude. 
 
 1. multo, adv. [multus], by 
 much, much, far. 
 
 2. mult5, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [multa, a fine], tr., fine, punish. 
 
 multiun, adv. [multus], much. 
 multus, -a, -um, much; pi., 
 
 many. 
 Mulvius, -a, -um, Mulvian. 
 
 municeps, -cipis, M. or F. 
 [munia, official duties, capio], 
 citizen of a free town. 
 
 municipium, -i, N. [municeps], 
 free town, free district, one 
 whose people were Roman 
 citizens, but governed by 
 their own laws and magis- 
 trates. 
 
 munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., 
 fortify, protect. 
 
 munitus, -a, -um [munio], for- 
 tified, defended; safe, secure. 
 
 munus, -eris, N., task, duty; 
 present, favor, Ar. 8. 
 
 Murena, -ae, M., Murena, a 
 family name ; L. Licinius 
 Murena, commander in the 
 Second Mithi-idatic War (83- 
 
 81 B.C.). 
 
 mums, -i, M., wall. 
 
 Musa, -ae, F., Muse, one of the 
 
 nine goddesses of music, 
 
 poetry, and other arts. 
 muto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 change. 
 mutus, -a, -um, mute, speechless^ 
 
 silent, voiceless. 
 Mytilenaeus, a, -um, of Mytilene 
 
 (mit-i-le'ne), a city on the 
 
 island of Lesbos. 
 
 N 
 
 nam, conj., for; now (introduc- 
 ing an explanation). 
 
 nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, 
 dep., obtain, find. 
 
 narrd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr., tell, narrate, recount. 
 
 nascor, -i, natus sum, dep., be 
 born; rise, grow; natus, born. 
 
466 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Nasica, -ae, M., Nasica, a fam- 
 ily name ; see Scipio. 
 
 natio, -onis, F., (birth), race, 
 tribe, nation. 
 
 natura, -ae, F. [nascor], hirth; 
 nature. 
 
 naufragus, -a, -um [navis, 
 frango], shipwrecked; ruined; 
 pi. as noun, men of wrecked 
 fortunes, bankrupts. 
 
 nauticus, -a, -um [nauta], of 
 sailors, nautical, naval. 
 
 navalis, -e [navis], pertaining to 
 ships, naval. 
 
 navicularius, -i, M. [navicula], 
 shipowner, shipmaster. 
 
 navigatio, -onis, F. [navigo], sail- 
 ing, navigation. 
 
 navigo, -are, -avi, -atum [navis], 
 intr., sail, put to sea. 
 
 navis, -is, F., ship. 
 
 -ne, enclitic particle, introduc- 
 ing questions ; w. direct 
 questions, not to be trans- 
 lated ; w. indirect questions, 
 whether. 
 
 1. ne, adv., not; ne . . . qui- 
 dem, not even. 
 
 2. ne, conj., that . . . not, lest; 
 after word of fearing, that. 
 
 3. ne, inter j., truly, verily. 
 
 Neapolitan!, -orum, M., the in- 
 habitants of Neapolis, or 
 Naples. 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 necessario, adv. [necessarius], 
 of necessity. 
 
 necessarius, -a, -um [necesse], 
 necessary, inevitable, unavoid- 
 able; as noun, connection, 
 kinsman, relative. 
 
 necesse, indecl. adj., necessary, 
 
 necessitas, -tatis, F. [necesse], 
 necessity. 
 
 necessitudo, -inis, F. [necesse], 
 close relationship, connection. 
 
 necne, conj., or not, used at tlie 
 end of a double question. 
 
 need, -are, -avi, -atum [nex], 
 tr., put to death, kill. 
 
 nefandus, -a, -um [ne + for, 
 speak], unspeakable, abom- 
 inable. 
 
 nefarie, adv. [nefarius], im- 
 piously. 
 
 nefarius, -a, -um [nefas], im- 
 pious, abominable, nefarious, 
 wicked, infamous. Cat., I, 10. 
 
 neglegenter, adv., carelessly. 
 
 neglego, -legere, -lexi, -lectum 
 [nee + lego], tr., disregard, 
 neglect, ignore, treat lightly. 
 
 nego, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. and 
 intr., say no, deny; refuse; 
 say . . . not. , 
 
 negotior, -ari, -atus sum [nego- 
 tium], dep., do business, trade. 
 
 negdtium, -i, N. [nee + otium], 
 business, affairs; task, trouble; 
 matter. 
 
 nemo, dat. nemini, ace. nemi- 
 nem, gen. and abl. from 
 nuUus, M. [ne + homo], no 
 one, nobody. 
 
 nepos, -Otis, M., grandson; 
 spendthrift. Cat., II, 4. 
 
 nequam, indecl. adj., worthless, 
 vile. 
 
 neque (before vowels or cons.), 
 nee (before cons.), conj., and 
 not, nor; neque (nee) . . . 
 neque (nee), neither . . . nor. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 467 
 
 nequior, comp. of nequam. 
 nequitia, -ae, F. [nequam], 
 
 worthlessness ; neglect, negli- 
 gence, remissness, indecision. 
 
 nervus, -i, M., nerve, sinew; 
 force, strength. 
 
 nescio, -ire, -ivi (ii), — [ne + 
 scio], tr., not know, he ignorant. 
 
 nescio quis, nescio quid, (I 
 know not who), some one, (I 
 know not what), something. 
 
 neve, or neu, conj. [ne + -ve], 
 and that not, and not. 
 
 nex, necis, F., violent death, 
 murder. 
 
 nihil, indecl. noun, or nihilum, 
 -i, N., nothing; ace. as adv., 
 not at all; nihil-dum, nothing 
 as yet. 
 
 nimis, adv., too, too much. 
 
 nimium, adv., too. 
 
 nimius, -a, -um [nimis], exces- 
 sive, too much, too great; as a 
 noun, too much, Cat., Ill, 9. 
 
 nisi, conj., if not, unless, except, 
 hut. 
 
 niteo, -ere, -ui, — , shine, glisten. 
 
 nitidus, -a, -um [niteo], shining; 
 sleek. 
 
 nix, nivis, F., snow. 
 
 nobilis, -e [nosco], well-known, 
 famous, nohle, of high rank. 
 
 nobilitas, -tatis, F. [nobilis], 
 fame, renown; high hirth, 
 nobility. 
 
 nocens, -entis, adj. [noceo], 
 guilty; as noun, guilty man, 
 criminal. 
 
 noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., 
 harm, injure. 
 
 nocturnus, -a, -um [nox], hy 
 
 night, at night, nightly, noc- 
 turnal. 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, — [non + 
 
 volo] (App. 48), irr., he un- 
 willing, not wish. 
 nomen, -inis, N., name. 
 nominatim, adv. [nomino], hy 
 
 name, expressly. 
 nomino, -are, -avi, -atum [no- 
 men], tr,, name, call (by 
 
 name). 
 n5n, adv., not. 
 Nonae, arum, F., the Nones. 
 nondum, adv. [non + dum], 
 
 not yet. 
 nonne, interrog. adv., expecting 
 
 affirmative answer, not. 
 nonnuUus, -a, -um [non-h 
 
 nullus], (not none), some; 
 
 pi. as noun, some. 
 nonnumquam, «dv. [non + 
 
 numquam], sometimes. 
 nos, gen. nostrum or nostrl, 
 
 pers. pron., we; see ego. 
 nosco, -ere, novi, notum, tr., 
 
 learn; perf., know. 
 noster, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 
 
 our, of us; sometimes = 
 
 mens, rny. 
 nota, -ae, F., mark, sign, brand. 
 noto, -are, -avi, -atum [nota], 
 
 tr., mark, hrand, single out. 
 notus, -a, -um [nosco], knowriy 
 
 well-known. 
 novem, adj., indecl., nine. 
 November, -bris, -bre [novem], 
 
 of November. 
 novus, -a, -um, new, unusual; 
 
 novae res, pi., change of gov- 
 
 ernment, revolution. 
 nox, noctis, F., night. 
 
468 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 nudius tertius [nunc dies tertius 
 est], day before yesterday. 
 
 nudus, -a, -um, naked, hare, 
 vacant. 
 
 nuUus, -a, -um [neg. of ullus], 
 (App. 13), not any, no, none, 
 no one. 
 
 num, interrog. particle ; in a 
 dir. question implies a neg. 
 answer, but has no equiva- 
 lent English word ; in an 
 indlr. question, whether. 
 
 Numantia, -ae, F., Numantia, a 
 city of Spain. 
 
 numen, -inis, N. [nuo, nod], 
 command, will, divine will, 
 authority. 
 
 numerus, -i, M., number. 
 
 numquam, adv. [ne + um- 
 quam], never. 
 
 nunc, adv., now. 
 
 nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 report, announce. 
 
 nuntius, -i, M., messenger; mes- 
 sage, order. 
 
 nuper, adv., recently. 
 
 nuptiae, -arum, F. [nubo, marry], 
 marriage, wedding. 
 
 nusquam, adv., nowhere. 
 
 nutus, -us, M. [nuo, nod], nod, 
 command, order, will. 
 
 O 
 
 O, inter j., 0! oh! alas! 
 
 ob, prep. w. ace, on account of, 
 
 for; as prefix, towards, against, 
 
 in front of. 
 obeo, -ire, -IT, -itum [eo], tr., 
 
 and intr., go to meet, attend to; 
 
 reach. Cat., Ill, 10 ; accomplish, 
 
 commit, transact, P 12. 17. 
 
 obicio, -icere, -ieci, -lectum 
 
 [iacio], tr., throw before, ex- 
 pose. 
 
 oblecto, -are, -avi, -atum [lacto, 
 allure], tr., delight, entertain. 
 
 oblige, -are, -avi, -atum [ligo, 
 bind], tr., bind up; pledge^ 
 mortgage, place under obliga- 
 tion. 
 
 oblino, -linere, -levi, -litum 
 [lin5], smear over, cover. 
 
 oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblinS. 
 
 oblitus, -a, -um, part, of oblivis- 
 cor, forgetting, forgetful. 
 
 oblivio, -onis, F. [obliviscor], a 
 forgetting, oblivion. 
 
 obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum, dep., 
 forget. 
 
 oboedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [ob -f- 
 audio], intr., listen to, give 
 heed to, obey. 
 
 obrepo, -repere, -repsi, -rep- 
 tum [repo], creep up, steal on, 
 come on. 
 
 obruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutum [ruo], 
 tr., overwhelm, bury. 
 
 obscure, adv. [obscurus], darkly, 
 obscurely, stealthily. 
 
 obscuro, -are, -avi, -atum [ob- 
 scurus], tr., hide, conceal, ob' 
 scure, veil, keep secret, Ar. 
 11. 
 
 obscurus, -a, -um, dark, ob- 
 scure, concealed, unknown, 
 secret; neut. as noun, ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum [sacro, 
 tr., entreat, implore. 
 
 obsecundo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [secundo], intr., yield to, favor, 
 comply with. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 469 
 
 obses, -sidis, M. or F., hostage; 
 'pledge. 
 
 obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum 
 [sedeo],tr., (sit down against), 
 besiege, hem in, surround, 
 Cat., I, 2 ; waich for, Cat., I, 
 10. 
 
 obsidio, -onis, F. [obsideo], 
 siege, invasion. Cat., IV, 10. 
 
 obsisto, -sistere, -stiti, -stitum 
 [sisto], intr., stand in the way, 
 oppose, resist, withstand. 
 
 obsolesco, -ere, obsolevi, ob- 
 soletum [olesco], intr., be out 
 of date, become obsolete, lose 
 force, P. 17. 
 
 obsto, -stare, -stiti, — [sto], 
 intr., stand before, thwart, 
 hinder, check. 
 
 obstupefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum, pass, fio, -fieri, -factus 
 sum, tr., astound, daze, over- 
 power. 
 
 obstupesco, -ere, obstupui, — 
 [stupesco], intr., be stunned, 
 be amazed, be astounded. 
 
 obsum, -esse, -fui, — [sum], 
 intr., be against, injure, harm. 
 
 obtempero, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [tempero], submit, obey; com- 
 ply with, P. 16 ; consult, P. 
 19. 
 
 obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -tentum 
 [teneo], tr., hold, possess; 
 maintain, retain, prove. Cat., 
 IV, 6. 
 
 obtingo, -tingere, -tigi, — 
 [tango], intr., fall to the lot of, 
 befall, happen. 
 
 obtrecto, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [tracto], tr. and intr., make 
 
 objection to, be opposed to, 
 decry. 
 
 occasio, -onis, F. [occido], oppor^ 
 tunity. 
 
 occasus, -us, M. [occido], a fall- 
 ing, downfall; setting. 
 
 occidens, -entis, M. [occido] 
 (sc. sol), the sunset, the west. 
 
 occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum 
 [ob + caedo], tr., kill, slay, 
 
 occludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- 
 sum [ob + claud5], tr., shut 
 up, close. 
 
 occulte, adv. [occultus], secretly. 
 
 occulto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 conceal, hide. 
 
 occultus, -a, -um [occulo, cover], 
 secret. 
 
 occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 seize, take possession of, oc- 
 cupy; invest, P. 2. 
 
 occurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- 
 sum [ob + curro], intr., run 
 to meet, meet; encounter, op- 
 pose. 
 
 Oceanus, -i, M., the ocean. 
 
 Octavius, -i, M., Octavius, a 
 gentile name; 1. Cn. Octa- 
 vius, consul 87 B.C. ; 2. L. 
 Octavius, consul 75 B.C. 
 
 octingentesimus, -a, -um, eight 
 hundredth. 
 
 oculus, -i, M., eye. 
 
 odi, odisse, def. vb. (App. 50), 
 hate; perf. system w. mean- 
 ings of pres. system. 
 
 odiosus, -a, -um [odium], hate- 
 ful, odious. 
 
 odium, -i, N. [odi], hatred. 
 
 odor, -oris, M., smell, odor, per- 
 fume. 
 
470 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 offensio, -onis, F. [ofifendo], (a 
 striking against), disaster, 
 reverse, loss. 
 
 ofiEensus, -a, -um [ofifendo], 
 odious, detested, offensive, an 
 object of offense. 
 
 ofifero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum 
 [ob + fero], tr., present, offer; 
 expose, give. 
 
 officium, -i, N. [opus, facio], ser- 
 vice, kindness, duty. 
 
 olim, adv., formerly, long ago, 
 Ar. 9. 
 
 omen, -inis, N., omen. 
 
 omitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum 
 [ob + mitto], tr., let go; pass 
 over, disregard, say nothing 
 of, omit, abandon, P. 7 ; set 
 aside, P. 17. 
 
 omnino, adv. [omnis], altogether, 
 entirely; w. neg., at all. 
 
 omnis, -e, all, every, the whole, 
 the whole of. 
 
 onus, -eris, N., load, burden; 
 cargo. 
 
 opera, -ae, F. [opus], service, 
 work, assistance, effort; occu- 
 pation; see pretium ; operam 
 dare, take pains, use influence. 
 
 Opimius, -i, M., Opimus, a 
 gentile name ; L. Opimius, 
 consul 121 B.C. 
 
 opimus, -a, -um, fat; rich. 
 
 opinio, -onis, F. [opinor], opin- 
 ion, notion, idea, impression; 
 expectation. 
 
 opinor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 think, suppose, imagine. 
 
 opitulor, -ari, -atus sum [ops, 
 fero], dep., bear aid, help. 
 
 oportet, oportere, oportuit, im- 
 
 pers. (App. 52), it is neces- 
 sary, it ought. 
 
 oppeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 
 [ob + peto], tr., meet, en- 
 counter. 
 
 oppidum, -i, N., town. 
 
 oppono, -ponere, -posui, -pos- 
 itum [ob + pono], tr., set 
 before, oppose, place in com- 
 parison. 
 
 opportiinitas, -tatis, F. [oppor- 
 tunus], opportunity,, fortunate 
 circumstance, P. 17. 
 
 opportunus, -a, -um [ob, portus], 
 suitable, advantageous. 
 
 opprimo, -primere, -pressi, 
 -pressum [ob + premo], tr., 
 (press against), crush, over- 
 whelm, oppress, burden, weigh 
 down, check. Cat., I, 13 ; de- 
 stroy, P. 12. 
 
 oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum [ob 
 + pugno], tr., fight against, 
 attack, assault. 
 
 ops, opis, F. (nom. and dat. 
 sing, not used), help; pi., 
 resources, power, influence. 
 
 optimas, -atis, adj. [optimus], 
 of the best, pi. optimates, 
 -ium, M., the optimates (op- 
 ti-ma'tez), the nobles, the aris- 
 tocracy. 
 
 optime, adv., sup. of bene. 
 
 optimus, see bonus. 
 
 opto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 choose, wish, desire, hope for. 
 
 opulentia, -ae [opulens], riches, 
 opulence, prosperity. 
 
 opus, -eris, N., work; nom. and 
 ace. in phrases w. sum, need; 
 opus est, there is need, it is 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 471 
 
 necessary; magno opere, 
 greatly, thoroughly. 
 
 ora, -ae, F., coast, shore; dis- 
 trict. 
 
 oratio, -onis, F. [oro], speech, 
 address, oration, words, lan- 
 guage; argument. 
 
 orbis, orbis, M., circle; orbis 
 terrae (or terrarum), (circle 
 of land, i.e. around the Medi- 
 terranean), the earth, the 
 whole world. 
 
 ordo, -inis, M., line, row; rank, 
 class, order, body (referring es- 
 pecially to the Senate or the 
 equites). 
 
 orior, -iri, ortus sum, dep., 
 rise, spring; oriens, -entis, 
 as noun, the rising (sun), the 
 east. 
 
 ornamentum, -i, N. [orno], 
 equipment; -decoration, orna- 
 ment, distinction; grace, glory, 
 P. 17. 
 
 ornate, adv. [ornatus], grace- 
 fully, elegantly. 
 
 ornatus, -a, -um [orno], fur- 
 nished, equipped, adorned, 
 honored, possessed of, pro- 
 vided with; honorable, P. 1 ; 
 substantial, P. 6. 
 
 orno, -are, -avi, -atum, tr.. Jit 
 out, furnish, equip; honor, 
 adorn, embellish, add lustre to. 
 
 oro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., speak, 
 beseech, implore, beg. 
 
 ortus, -us, M. [orior], a rising; 
 solis ortus, the east. 
 
 OS, oris, N., mouth, face, coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- 
 
 tum [ob + tendo], tr., stretch 
 
 out, show, make evident, Ar. 7. 
 
 display. 
 ostento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 
 of ostendo], tr., show, dis" 
 
 play. 
 Ostiensis, -e, of Ostia, the port 
 
 of Rome, at the mouth of the 
 
 Tiber, 
 ostium, -i, N. [6s], mouth, er\r- 
 
 trance. 
 otiosus, -a, -um [otium], at 
 
 leisure, at peace, peaceful^ 
 
 peaceable, unconcerned, tran^ 
 
 quit, quiet. 
 otium, -i, N., leisure, ease, idle^ 
 
 ness; quiet, peace. 
 
 P., see Publius. 
 
 pacatus, -a, -um [paco], sm6- 
 
 dued, peaceful. 
 paciscor, -i, pactus sum, dep., 
 
 agree, agree upon, stipulate, 
 paco, -are, -avi, -atum [pax], 
 
 tr., make peaceful, subdue. 
 
 pacify. 
 pactum, -i, N. [paciscor], (agree- 
 ment), manner, way. 
 paene, adv., almost. 
 paenitet, -ere, -uit, impers., it 
 
 repents. 
 palam, adv., openly, plainly. 
 Palatium, -i, N., the Palatine 
 
 Hill. 
 Pamphylia, -ae, F., Pamphylia, 
 
 a country in southern Asia 
 
 Minor. 
 Papius, -a, -um, of Papius, 
 
 Papian. 
 par, paris (abl. pari, gen. pi. 
 
472 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 parium), adj., equal, like; 
 
 adequate; a match (for). 
 paratus, -a, -um [paro], ready, 
 
 prepared, equipped. 
 parco, -ere, peperci (parsi) 
 
 parsum, intr., spare, he con- 
 siderate of. 
 parens, -entis, M. or F. [pario], 
 
 parent; father, mother. 
 pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., 
 
 obey, submit (to), follow, bow 
 
 (to), P. 22. 
 paries, parietis, M., wall (of a 
 
 house), house wall. 
 pario, parere, peperi, partum 
 
 (fut. part, pariturus), tr., 
 
 bring forth, produce, create, 
 
 form; procure, win, gain; 
 
 incur. Cat., I, 12. 
 paro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 make ready, prepare, provide, 
 
 procure. 
 parricida, -ae, M. [pater, caedo], 
 
 (one who slays his father), 
 
 parricide, murderer, assassin. 
 parricidium, -i, N. [parricida], 
 
 parricide, murder. 
 pars, partis, F., part, side, 
 
 direction; party, faction; 
 
 measure, P. 9. 
 particeps, participis, adj. [pars, 
 
 capio], sharing, as noun, 
 
 sharer, partaker, participant, 
 
 accomplice. 
 partim, adv., partly; partim 
 
 . . . partim, partly . . . 
 
 partly; some . . . others; 
 
 either . . . or. 
 partus, -a, -um, see pario. 
 parum, adv. (App. 20), but 
 
 little^ too little. 
 
 parvulus, -a, -um [dim. of par- 
 vus], very small, little. 
 parvus, -a, -um, small, slight^ 
 
 little, narrow. 
 pastio, -onis, F. [pasco], pas-^ 
 
 turing, grazing, pasturage. 
 pastor, -oris, M. [pasco], 
 
 shepherd, herdsman. 
 patefacio, -facere, -feci, -factum 
 
 [pateo + facio], tr., lay open^ 
 
 open, reveal, disclose, relate, 
 
 make known. 
 pateo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., he 
 
 open, be exposed, be manifest. 
 pater, patris, M., father; pater 
 
 familias, head of a household. 
 patientia, -ae, F. [patiens], 
 
 patience, forbearance, endur- 
 
 ance, ability to bear, Cat., I, 
 
 10. 
 patior, pati, passus sum, dep., 
 
 suffer, endure; allow, permit. 
 patria, -ae, F., fatherland, native 
 
 land, country. 
 patricius, -a, -um [pater], pa- 
 trician; pi. as noun, the 
 
 patricians. 
 patrimonium, -i, N. [pater], 
 
 inheritance (from a father), 
 
 patrimony. 
 patrius, -a, -um [pater], of 
 
 one's father, ancestral. 
 pauci, -ae, -a, few; pauca, 
 
 -drum, a few things, a few 
 
 words, briefly. 
 paulatim, adv., little by little j 
 
 gradually. 
 paulisper, adv. [paulum], for a 
 
 short time. 
 paulo, adv. [paulus, little], by a 
 
 little, a little; see ante. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 473 
 
 paulum, adv. [paulus], a little, 
 somewhat. 
 
 Paulus, -i, M., Paulus, a family 
 name ; L. Aemilius Paulus, 
 consul 168 B.C. 
 
 pax, pads, F., peace, harmony, 
 concord. 
 
 pecto, -ere, pexi, pexum, tr., 
 comb. 
 
 pecuaria, -ae, F. [pecu], cattle- 
 raising. 
 
 pecunia, -ae, F. [pecu, cattle], 
 property/, wealth, riches, for- 
 tune, capital, money. 
 
 pecus, -udis, F., a head of 
 cattle, beast; pL, cattle. 
 
 pedester, -tris, -tre [pes], on 
 foot, of foot soldiers. 
 
 pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, tr., 
 beat, drive, rout; defeat; expel, 
 banish. 
 
 Penates, -ium, M., the Penates 
 (pe-na'tez), gods of the house- 
 hold. 
 
 penetro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 and intr., enter, penetrate. 
 
 penitus, adv., inwardly, deeply, 
 wholly. 
 
 pensito, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [pendo], tr., weigh out; pay. 
 
 per, prep. w. aec, through, by; 
 for; owing to, P. 1 ; during; 
 as prefix, through, thoroughly, 
 very. 
 
 peradulescens, -entis, adj., very 
 young. 
 
 perbrevis, -e [brevis], very short. 
 
 percello, -ere, -culi, -culsimi, 
 strike, down, cast down, dis- 
 hearten. 
 
 percipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 
 [capio], tr., (take fully), rg- 
 ceive, reap; perceive, hear^ 
 learn, appreciate, Ar. 7. 
 
 percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus- 
 sum [quatio], tr., strike. 
 
 perditus, -a, -um [perdo], lost^ 
 ruined, desperate; corrupt, 
 criminal, depraved, wortnless, 
 profligate; as noun, scoundrel. 
 
 perdo, -ere, perdidi, perditum 
 [do], tr., ruin. 
 
 perduco, -ducere, -diixi, -duc- 
 tum [duco], tr., lead through, 
 bring. 
 
 peregrinor, -ari, -atus sum 
 [peregrinus], dep., go abroad, 
 travel. 
 
 peregrinus, -a, -um [per, ager], 
 foreign, strange, provincial. 
 
 pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
 perish, die. 
 
 perfectus, -a, -um [perficio], 
 finished; perfect, ideal. 
 
 perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
 [fero], tr., (bear through), 
 carry, bring; report; suffer, 
 endure, tolerate. 
 
 perficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr., do thoroughly, ac- 
 complish, complete, bring about, 
 cause. 
 
 perfringo, -fringere, -fregi, 
 -fractum [frango], tr., break 
 through, break down; violate. 
 
 perfruor, -frui, -friictus sum 
 [fruor], dep., enjoy fidly. 
 
 perfugium, -i, N. [perfugio], 
 place of refuge, refuge, shelter. 
 
 pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum 
 [per + rego], intr., proceed, 
 go on; continue. 
 
474 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 perhorresco, -ere, perhorrui, — 
 
 [horresco], tr., shudder at, 
 tremble at the thought of, 
 Cat., IV, 6. 
 
 periclitor, -ari, -atus sum [peri- 
 culum], dep., try, test; imperil, 
 endanger, risk. 
 
 periculosus, -a, -um ^pericu- 
 lum], dangerous, perilous. 
 
 periculum, -i, N., trial; danger, 
 peril, risk; lawsuit. 
 
 periniquus, -a, -um [per + in 
 + aequus], very (or most) 
 unjust. 
 
 peritus, -a, -um, skillful, skilled, 
 experienced (in). 
 
 permagnus, -a, -um, very great, 
 very large. 
 
 permaneo, -manere, -mansi, 
 -mansum [maneo], intr., re- 
 main. 
 
 permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., let go, give 
 up, surrender, intrust; permit. 
 
 permodestus, -a, -um [modes- 
 tus], very modest. 
 
 permove5, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 tum [moveo], tr., mo^^e deeply; 
 influence, impel, actvate. 
 
 permulti, -ae, -a, very many, in 
 great numbers. 
 
 permultum, adv. [permultus], 
 very much. 
 
 pernicies, -ei, F., destruction^ 
 ruin, disaster, calamity. 
 
 perniciosus, -a, -um [pernicies], 
 destructive, ruinoui' danger- 
 ous, traitorous. 
 
 pernocto, -are, -avi, -atum [nox], 
 intr., spend the night. 
 
 perpetuus, -a, -um [peto], con- 
 
 tinuous, perpetual, permanent^ 
 lasting; in perpetuum, /orever. 
 
 persaepe, adv. [saepe], very 
 often, many times. 
 
 perscribo, -scribere, -scrips!, 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., write 
 •^ut, write in full. 
 
 persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
 [sequor], dep., follow up, pur- 
 sue, prosecute, revenge, avenge^ 
 P. 5. 
 
 Perses, -ae, M. (App. 11), 
 Perses, king of Macedonia. 
 
 perseverantia, -ae, F. [perse^ 
 vero], perseverance. 
 
 persona, -ae, F. [per, sono], 
 (mask), character, person. 
 
 perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 tum [specie J, tr., see through^ 
 perceive, observe, see clearly. 
 
 persuadeo, -suadere, -suad, 
 suasum., intr., persuade, con- 
 vince. 
 
 perterreo, -ere, -ui, -itum 
 [terreo], tr., frighten thor- 
 oughly, terrify. 
 
 pertimesco, -timescere, -timui, 
 — [timesco], tr. and intr., be 
 thoroughly frightened, become 
 alar7ned; dread, fear. 
 
 pertineo, -ere, -ui, — [teneo], 
 intr., extend, reach, tend; con- 
 cern, pertain, belong, relate. 
 
 perturbo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr. 
 [turbo], throw into confusion^ 
 disturb, aqitafe. alarm. 
 
 pervado, -vadere, -vasi, -vasum 
 [vado], tr., go through, spread 
 through, penetrate, reach, per- 
 vade, fill. 
 
 pervenio, -venire, -veni, -ver»- 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 475 
 
 turn [venio], intr., arrive, come, 
 
 reach, attain. 
 pes, pedis, M.., foot. 
 pestis, pestis, F., plague; ruin, 
 
 destruction; pest, curse, bane. 
 petitio, -onis, F. [peto], thrust, 
 
 blow, attack. 
 peto, -ere, petivi, petitum, tr., 
 
 seek, ask, beg; aim at, attack. 
 petulantia, -ae, F. [petulans], 
 
 impudence, wantonness. 
 Philippus, -i, M., Philippus, 
 
 Philip; especially Philip V., 
 
 king of Macedonia ; L. Philip- 
 pus, consul 91 B.C. 
 philosophus, -i, M., philoso- 
 pher. 
 Picenus, -a, -um, of Pice'num, 
 
 a district northeast of Rome, 
 pietas, -tatis, F. [plus], devotion, 
 
 piety, righteousness; filial 
 
 affection. 
 pila, -ae, F. ball, ball-playing, 
 
 game of ball. 
 pinguis, -e, fat, dull, stupid. 
 Pius, -i, M., Pius, a surname, 
 placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., 
 
 please; impers., it pleases, it 
 
 is agreed, it seems right, it is 
 
 thought best. 
 placo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 appease, satisfy, reconcile, 
 
 pacify. 
 plane, adv. [planus, level], 
 
 plainly, clearly. 
 plebs, plebis or plebi (or plebes, 
 
 -ei), F., the common people, 
 
 the people. 
 plenus, -a, -um, full. 
 plerique, -aeque, -aque, pi. 
 
 adj., very many, most. 
 
 Plotius, -1, M. Plotius, a gentile 
 name ; L. Plotius Gallus, a 
 rhetorician. 
 
 plurimus, -a, um, sup. of mul- 
 tus, most; plurimum, adv. 
 (multum), most, plurimum 
 posse, be most (or very) 
 powerful. 
 
 plus, comp. adj. and adv. 
 [multus], (App. 17), more; 
 pi., more, many. 
 
 poena, -ae, F., punishment^ 
 penalty. 
 
 Poenus, -i, M., a Phoenician, a 
 Carthaginian. 
 
 poeta, -ae, M., poet. 
 
 poUo, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., 
 polish, finish. 
 
 polliceor, -eri, pollicitus sum 
 [pro + liceor], dep., promise, 
 pledge. 
 
 Pompeius (Pompei, Pompeio, 
 Pompeium), Pompey, a 
 nomen or gentile name ; Cn. 
 Pompeius Magnus, the fa- 
 mous general. 
 
 Pomptinus, -I, M., Pompti'nus, 
 a family name ; C. Pompti- 
 nus, praetor 63 b.c. 
 
 pono, ponere, posui, positum, 
 tr., place, put, set; w. castra, 
 pitch. 
 
 pons, pontis, ISI., bridge. 
 
 pontifex, -ficis, M. [p5ns, facio], 
 priest, pontiff; pontifex maxi- 
 mus, high priest. 
 
 Pontus, -i, M., Pontus, a 
 country of Asia Minor, south 
 of the Pontus Euxinus (Black 
 Sea) , from which the name is 
 derived. 
 
476 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 popina, -ae, F., cookshop, eat- 
 ing house, tavern. 
 
 popularis, -e [populus], popular, 
 of the people, devoted to the 
 people, acceptable to the peo- 
 ple. 
 
 populus, -i, M., people, nation ; 
 the citizens (opp. milites). 
 
 porta, -ae, F., gate. 
 
 portus, -us, M., harbor, port. 
 
 posco, -ere, poposci, , tr., 
 
 demand. 
 
 positus, -a, -um [pono], placed, 
 situated, lying. 
 
 possessio, -onis, F. [possideo], 
 possessio7i, property. 
 
 possum, posse, potui [potis, 
 able + sum], (App. 44), irr., 
 be able, can; usually w. a 
 complementary inf. 
 
 post, prep. w. ace, after, be- 
 hind; within; as adv., after- 
 wards. 
 
 postea, adv. [post + ea], after- 
 wards. 
 
 posteaquam, conj., after. 
 
 posteritas, -tatis [posterus], the 
 future; posterity. 
 
 posterus, -a, -um [post] (App. 
 19), following; pi. as noun, 
 posterity, descendants; in 
 posterum (tempus), for the 
 future. 
 
 posthac, adv. [hac], after this, 
 hereafter. 
 
 postquam, conj. [post + quam], 
 after. 
 
 postremo, adv. [postremus], 
 finally, lastly. 
 
 postremus, -a, -um [posterus], 
 last. 
 
 postulatum, -i, N. [postulo], a 
 demand. 
 
 postulo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 ask, demand, claim (with 
 reasons of right) ; request. 
 
 potens, potentis, adj., power- 
 ful. 
 
 potestas, -tatis, F. [potis], 
 power, opportunity, permis- 
 sion. 
 
 potior, -iri, -itus sum, dep., get 
 possession of, secure, become 
 master of. 
 
 potissimum [sup. of potius], 
 especially, above all, in prefer- 
 ence to all others, P. 10. 
 
 potius, adv. comp., rather^ 
 more. 
 
 prae, prep. w. abl., before, in 
 front of; in comparison withy 
 Cat, II, 3; as prefix, before^ 
 over. 
 
 praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [prae 
 + habeo], tr., hold forth, offer y 
 render, show. Cat, IV, 6; 
 afford, furnish, Ar. 7. 
 
 praeceps, -cipitis, adj. [prae + 
 caput], (headforemost), rash, 
 inconsiderate. 
 
 praeceptum, -i, N. [praecipio], 
 precept, ride. 
 
 praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- 
 tum [capio], take beforehand^ 
 advise, warn, direct. 
 
 praecipue, adv. [praecipuus], 
 especially. 
 
 praecipuus, -a, -um [capio], 
 (taken first), special, par- 
 ticular. 
 
 praeclarus, -a, -um [clarus], 
 very bright, illustrious, re- 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 477 
 
 markdhle, extraordinary; fine, 
 Cat.,1, 11; noble, honorable. 
 
 praeco, -onis, M. [prae, voco], 
 herald, eulogizer. 
 
 praeconium, -i, N. [praeco], 
 proclaiming, 'publishing. 
 
 pjfaecurro, -currere, -cucurri, — 
 [curro], intr., run before, excel. 
 
 praeda, -ae, F., -plunder, booty. 
 
 praedator, -oris, M. [praedor], 
 robber. 
 
 praedicatio, -onis, F. [praedico], 
 proclamation, praise. 
 
 praedico, -are, -avi, -atum [dico], 
 tr. and intr., declare, assert; 
 proclaim, say, call, inention. 
 
 praedico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum 
 [dico], iv., foretell, predict, say 
 first, Cat, IV, 3. 
 
 praeditus, -a, -um [prae +datus], 
 gifted, endowed, possessing, en- 
 joying. 
 
 praedium, -i, N., a farm, estate. 
 
 praedo, -onis, M., robber, pi- 
 rate. 
 
 praefectura, -ae, F. [praefectus], 
 prefecture, either the office of 
 governor in a province, or a 
 city governed by a prefect. 
 
 praefero, -ferre, -tuli, latum 
 [fero], tr., bear before, carry 
 before; offer, present; prefer. 
 
 praeficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr., set over, put in 
 charge (of). 
 
 praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., send ahead, 
 send in advance. 
 
 praemium, -i, N. [prae 4- emo], 
 reward, gift. 
 
 Praeneste, -is, N., Praeneste 
 
 (pre-nes'te), a town in Latium 
 now Palestrina. 
 
 praepono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum [pono], tr., set over, put 
 in charge {command) of. 
 
 praescribo, -scribere, -scripsi, 
 -scriptum [scribo], tr., direct^ 
 enjoin upon, prescribe. 
 
 praesens, -entis, adj. [praesum], 
 at hand, present in one^s 
 midst, in person, evident^ 
 opportune. 
 
 praesentia, -ae, F. [praesens], 
 presence; the present time; 
 in praesentia, at the present 
 time. 
 
 praesentio, -sentire, -sensi, sen- 
 sum [sentio], tr., see in ad- 
 vance, anticipate, look forward, 
 
 praesertim, adv., especially. 
 
 praesideo, -sidere, -sedi, — 
 [sedeo], intr., guard, protect^ 
 watch over, preside over. 
 
 praesidium, -i, N. [praesideo], 
 defense, protection; guards 
 garrison ; force. 
 
 1. praesto, adv., at hand, ready. 
 
 2. praesto, -stare, -stiti, -sti- 
 tum [sto], stand before, excel; 
 guarantee, do, accomplish , 
 keep. 
 
 praestolor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 await, wait for, expect. 
 
 praesum, -esse, -fui, intr., be 
 at the head of, be in command 
 
 of. 
 praeter, prep. w. ace, except^ 
 
 besides, contrary to, beyond; 
 
 as prefix, by. 
 praeterea, adv. [ea], besides, 
 
 moreover. 
 
478 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 praetereo, -Ire, -ii, -itum [eo], 
 tr., go by, pass over, omit. 
 
 praeteritus, -a, -um [praetereo], 
 gone hy, past; neut. pi., the 
 past. 
 
 praetermitto, -mittere, -misi, 
 -missum [mitto], tr., let go hy, 
 omit, pass over, overlook. 
 
 praeterquam, adv., except, be- 
 yond. 
 
 praetextatus, -a, -um [praetexo], 
 wearing the toga praetexta, in 
 childhood. 
 
 praetextus, -a, -um [praetexo], 
 bordered; praetexta (sc. toga), 
 the purple-bordered toga 
 worn by Roman boys and 
 magistrates ; in praetexta, in 
 boyhood. 
 
 praetor, -oris, M. [prae + eo], 
 (one who goes ahead, com- 
 mander), praetor, a Roman 
 judge; see Introd. 34. 
 
 praetorius, -a, -um [praetor], 
 of a praetor, of a general; 
 cohors praetoria, body guard. 
 
 praetura, -ae, F. [praetor], 
 praetorship. 
 
 precor, -ari, -atus sum [prex, 
 prayer], dep., intreat, pray 
 to, invoke. 
 
 prem5, -ere, pressi, pressum, 
 tr., press, burden, oppress, 
 distress, overwhelm. 
 
 pretium, -i, N., worth, value, 
 price; bribery; operae pre- 
 tium, worth while. 
 
 pridem, adv., long ago; iam 
 pridem, long ago, for a long 
 time. 
 
 pridie, adv., ihe day before. 
 
 primo, adv. [primus], ai firsts 
 
 first. 
 primum, adv. [primus], firsts 
 
 in the first place; for the first 
 
 time; quam primum, as soon 
 
 as possible. 
 primus, -a, -um, first; in primis, 
 
 especially. 
 princeps, principis, adj., first in 
 
 order, chief; as noun, chiefy 
 
 chief man, prince; leader ^ 
 
 guide. 
 principio, adv. [abl. of princi- 
 
 pium], in the first place, first 
 
 of all. 
 principium, -i, N. [princeps], 
 
 beginning. 
 prior, prius (App. 19), former, 
 
 preceding, first; prius, ace. as 
 
 adv., before, first. 
 pristinus, -a, -um, former, early, 
 priusquam, conj. [prius + 
 
 quam], before; often written 
 
 prius . . . quam. 
 privatus, -a, -um [privo], (apart 
 
 from the state), personal^ 
 
 private, individual; as a noun, 
 
 private citizen (opp. magis- 
 
 tratus). 
 privo, -are, -avi, -atum [privus], 
 
 tr., deprive. 
 
 1. pro, prep. w. abl., before, in 
 front of, instead of, as, accord- 
 ing to, in accordance with, in 
 behalf of, for, in defense of, 
 on account of. 
 
 2. pro, inter j., 0! 
 
 proavus, -i, M. [avus], great' 
 
 grandfather, ancestor. 
 probo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 prove, approve, esteem^ admire. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 479 
 
 procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 sum [cedo], intr., advance, 
 proceed. 
 
 procella, -ae, F,, violent wind, 
 storm, tempest. 
 
 processio, -onis, F. [procedo], 
 advance. 
 
 procul,.adv., afar off, at a dis- 
 tance, far. 
 
 procuratio, -onis, F. [procure], 
 (a caring for), charge, manage- 
 ment, task. 
 
 prodigium, -i, N., (prophetic 
 sign), prodigy (of wicked- 
 ness). Cat., II, 1. 
 
 prodigus, -a, -um, wasteful; 
 lavish, prodigal; as noun, 
 spendthrift. 
 
 prodo, -ere, prodidi, proditum 
 [do], tr., give forth; hand 
 down, transmit. 
 
 proelium, -i, N., battle. 
 
 profectio, -onis, F. [proficiscor], 
 departure. 
 
 profecto, adv. [pro + facto], (for 
 a fact), really, actually, cer- 
 tainly, surely, truly. 
 
 profero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
 [fero], tr., bring forth, pro- 
 duce, bring forward. 
 
 professio, -onis, F. [profiteer], 
 declnnition, registration, Ar. 4. 
 
 proficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr. and intr., make 
 progress, succeed; accomplish, 
 gain. 
 
 proficiscor, -i, profectus sum 
 [proficio], dep., set out, depart, 
 go forth, go ; begin, proceed, 
 P. 2. 
 
 profiteer, -fiteri, -fessus sum 
 
 [fateor], dep., declare publicly^ 
 profess, make declaration, 
 register; offer, promise. 
 
 profligatus, -a, -um [profiigo], 
 abandoned, unprincipled, pro- 
 fligate. 
 
 profiigo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [pro + fligo], tr,, strike down^ 
 overthrow, overwhelm. 
 
 profugio, -fugere, -fugi, — , 
 intr., flee. 
 
 profundo, -fundere, -fudi, -fii- 
 sum [fundo], tr., pour out, 
 squander, dissipate. 
 
 progredior, -gredi, -gressus sum 
 [gradior], dep., go forward, 
 advance, proceed. 
 
 prohibeo, -ere, -ui, -itum [pro -{- 
 habeo], tr., hold back, check, 
 restrain, cut off, prevent, pro- 
 tect, preserve. 
 
 proicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 [iaci5], tr., cast forth, cast out, 
 throw away. 
 
 proinde, adv., therefore. 
 
 prolato, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 extend, put off, delay. 
 
 promitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum, tr., send forth, promise. 
 
 promulgo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [mulgo], tr., bring forward, 
 propose (a law). 
 
 propago, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [pango], tr., extend, prolong; 
 add. Cat., II, 5 ; grant, Cat., 
 Ill, 11. 
 
 prope, prep. w. ace., near; 
 adv., near, nearly, almost. 
 
 propello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- 
 sum [pello], tr., drive forward, 
 drive away. 
 
480 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 propero, -are, -avi, -atum [pro- 
 
 perus], intr., hasten. 
 
 propono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- 
 tum [pono], tr., put forth, set 
 before, keep before, propose. 
 
 proprius, -a, -um, one's own, 
 special, peculiar, characteris- 
 tic; in accordance with. 
 
 propter, prep. w. ace, on 
 account of; adv., near^ near at 
 hand. 
 
 propterea, adv., [ea], for this 
 reason; propterea quod, for 
 the reason that. 
 
 propugnaculum, -i, N. [pro- 
 pugno], defense, fortification, 
 bulwark. 
 
 propulso, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of propello], tr., drive back, 
 ward off. 
 
 proscriptio, -onis, F. [proscribo], 
 (public notice of sale) ; pro- 
 scription; confiscation, seiz- 
 ure. 
 
 prosequor, -sequi, -secutus sum 
 [sequor], dep., follow, accom- 
 pany, escort, attend. 
 
 prosperus, -a, -um [pro, spes], 
 prosperous, flourishing. 
 
 prospicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 turn [specio], tr. and intr., 
 look forward; look out for, 
 provide for, foresee. 
 
 prosterno, -sternere, -stravi, 
 -stratum [sterno], tr., spread 
 out, prostrate; subdue. 
 
 prostratus, -a, -um [prosternus], 
 prostrate; subdued. 
 
 prosum, prodesse, profui, — , 
 [sum], intr., be useful^ bene- 
 fit. 
 
 proverbium, -i, N. [verbum], 
 old saying, proverb. 
 
 providentia, -ae, F. [providens], 
 foresight, prudence. 
 
 provide©, -videre, -vidi, -visum 
 [video], tr. and intr., foresee; 
 provide (for). Cat., II, 9; 
 take care, arrange; guard 
 against. 
 
 provincia, -ae, F., province. 
 
 provincialis, -e [provincia], pro- 
 vincial, in a province. 
 
 provoco, -are, -avi, -atum [voco], 
 tr., call forth; provoke, incite. 
 
 proximus,-a, -um [prope,] (App. 
 19), nearest, next, last, before. 
 
 prudens, -entis, adj., foreseeing ^ 
 wise, prudent. 
 
 prudentia, -ae, F. [prudens], 
 a foreseeing; prudence, wis- 
 dom. 
 
 pruina, -ae, F., frost. 
 
 publicanus, -i, M. [publicus], 
 publican, farmer or collector 
 of revenue. 
 
 publicatio, -onis, F. [publico], 
 confiscation (seizure of private 
 property for the state). 
 
 publice, adv. [publicus], pub- 
 licly, by the people. 
 
 Publicius, -i, M., Publicius, a 
 gentile name. 
 
 publico, -are, -avi, -atum [pub- 
 licus], tr., (make public), 
 confiscate. 
 
 publicus, -a, -um [populus], of 
 the people, of the state, public; 
 res publica, state, republic, 
 commonwealth, affairs of state^ 
 interests of the country, public 
 welfare. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 481 
 
 Publius, -i, M., Puhlius, a 
 praenomen or personal name. 
 
 pudet, -ere, -uit, impers. [pudor] 
 it shames, it causes shame in. 
 
 pudicitia, -ae, F. [pudicusj, 
 'purity, chastity. 
 
 pudor, -oris, M., shame, a sense 
 of right, honor, modesty, modest 
 worth, Ar. 12. 
 
 puer, -eri, M., hoy. 
 
 puerilis, -e [puer], of a hoy, of 
 hoyhood. 
 
 pueritia, -ae, F. [puer], hoy- 
 hood. 
 
 pugna, -ae, F., fight, battle. 
 
 pugno, -are, -avi, -atum [pugna], 
 intr., fight, contend. 
 
 pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beauti- 
 ful, fair; noble, honorable. 
 
 pulvinar, -aris, N. [pulvinus, a 
 cushion], (cushioned seat 
 spread at a feast of the gods), 
 altar, shrine; for decl. see 
 App. 7. 
 
 punctum, -1, N. [pungo], punc- 
 ture, point; punctum tem- 
 poris, moment, point of time. 
 
 Punicus, -a, -um [Poenus], 
 Punic, Carthaginian. 
 
 punio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [poena], 
 tr., punish. 
 
 puppis, -is, F., stern. 
 
 purgo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 make clean, cleanse^ purify; 
 free, acquit. 
 
 purpura, -ae, F., purple, purple 
 robe. 
 
 purpuratus, -a, -um [purpura], 
 clad in purple; as noun, 
 courtier, prime minister. 
 
 piirus, -a, -um, clean, pure. 
 
 puto, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 reckon, think, suppose. 
 
 Q., see Quintus. 
 
 qua, adv. [qui], by which way^ 
 where. 
 
 quaero, -ere, -quaesivi, -quaesi- 
 tum, tr., ask, ask for, seek, in- 
 quire; aim at. 
 
 quaesitor, -oris, M. [quaero], 
 investigator, investigating offi- 
 cer. 
 
 quaeso, -ere, — , — , tr. and 
 intr., beg, entreat, beseech; 
 generally parenthetical, as in 
 Cat., I, n. 
 
 quaestio, -onis, F. [quaero], in- 
 quiry, investigation ; trial, lav> 
 court. 
 
 quaestor, -oris, M. [quaero], 
 quaestor ; see Introd. 36. 
 
 quaestus, -us, M. [quaero], gaiUf 
 profit, business; in quaestu, 
 at interest, P. 13. 
 
 qualis, -e, adj., interrog., of 
 what sort, what; rel., such as, 
 as. 
 
 quam, adv. and conj., how, as; 
 w. comparatives, than, rather 
 than; w. superlatives, as . . , 
 as. 
 
 quamdiu, conj. adv. [quam + 
 diu], as long as. 
 
 quam ob rem, interrog. phrase, 
 for what reason f why ? rel., 
 wherefore, why, for this reason. 
 
 quamquam, conj., although; in 
 transitions, and yet. 
 
 quamvis, adv., however. 
 
 quando, adv., at any time, ever. 
 
482 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 some day; conj., when, since, 
 because. 
 
 quantum, adv., how much; as 
 far as. 
 
 quantus, -a, -um, how great, 
 how much, what; as great as, 
 as much as; correl. w. tantus, 
 as. 
 
 quantuscumque, -tacumque, 
 -tumcumque, rel. adj., however 
 (,reat, such as. 
 
 quapropter, adv. [qua + prop- 
 ter], wherefore. 
 
 quare, adv. [qua + re], where- 
 fore, why, for which; there- 
 fore, and therefore. 
 
 quartus, -a, -um, fourth. 
 
 quasi, adv., as if, as it were. 
 
 quattuor, indecl. adj., /owr. 
 
 -que, enclitic conj., and. 
 
 quem ad modum, interrog. 
 phrase [modus], in what man- 
 ner, how, as. 
 
 querela, -ae, F. [queror], com- 
 plaint. 
 
 querimonia, -ae, F. [queror], 
 complaint, accusation, re- 
 proach. 
 
 queror, queri, questus sum, dep., 
 complain. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
 which, that; as. 
 
 quia, conj., because. 
 
 quicquam, see quisquam. 
 
 quicquid, see qi'^isquis. 
 
 quicumque, quuecumque, quod- 
 cumque, indef. rel. pron. and 
 adj., whoever, whatever. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam 
 (quiddam), indef. pron. and 
 adj., a certain, a kind of, some; 
 
 as it were; pi., certain^ 
 
 some, 
 quidem, adv., indeed, to be sure; 
 
 ne . . . quidem, not even. 
 quies, quietis, F., rest, quiet. 
 quiesco, -ere, quievi, quietum 
 
 [quies], intr., rest; keep quiet, 
 
 be still. 
 quietus, -a, -um [quiesco], un- 
 disturbed, quiet, peaceful. 
 quin, conj. [qui + ne, how not], 
 
 why not f but indeed; so that 
 
 . . . not, that, but that, but; 
 
 after words of hindering, /rom, 
 
 w. verbal in -ing; quin etiam, 
 
 why even, moreover. 
 quintus, -a, -um [quinque], fifth. 
 Quintus, -i, M., Quintus, a 
 
 praenomen or personal name. 
 Quirites, -ium, M. pi., Quirites 
 
 (kwi-ri'tez), fellow citizens. 
 
 1. quis, quid, interrog. pron. 
 (App. 26), who? which? 
 what f as adj., qui, quae, quod, 
 which? what? as adv., quid, 
 why? quid is often used in 
 exclamation and transition, 
 what of this, ivhat of the fact, 
 again, but mark this. 
 
 2. quis, quid, indef. pron. (App. 
 27), any one, anything , some, 
 any; as adj., qui, quae, quod, 
 any; used chiefly after si, nisi, 
 ne. 
 
 quisnam (quinam), quaenam, 
 quidnam (quodnam), inter- 
 rog. pron. and adj., who, 
 pray? who? more emphatic 
 than quis. 
 
 quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam 
 or quodpiam, indef, pron. and 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 483 
 
 adj., any one^ any; some 
 one. 
 
 quisquam, quicquam, indef- 
 pron. (App. 27), any one (at 
 all), anything, any; used 
 chiefly in neg. sentences or 
 in questions involving a neg. 
 answer. 
 
 quisque, quidque, indef. pron. 
 (App. 27), each, each one, 
 every one. 
 
 quisquis, quidquid, or quicquid, 
 compound rel. pron., who- 
 ever, whatever; only forms in 
 common use are quisquis, 
 quicquid, quoquo. 
 
 1. quo [qui], adv., rel. and in- 
 terrog., to what place, whither, 
 where, to which; for which 
 reason, wherefore; before com- 
 paratives, hy how much, the; 
 quo usque, how far f 
 
 2. quo, conj. [= ut eo], (that 
 thereby), that, in order that; 
 because; quo minus or quo- 
 minus, (by which the less), 
 that not, from (doing any- 
 thing). 
 
 quoad, conj. [quo + ad], as 
 
 long as, until. 
 quocirca, conj., wherefore. 
 quocumque, adv., to whatever 
 
 place, wherever, whichever way. 
 
 Cat, IV, 3. 
 quod, conj., because; that, the 
 
 fact that, as to the fact that; 
 
 quod si, but if, and if, now if. 
 quominus, see 2. quo. 
 quondam, adv., once, once upon 
 
 a time, formerly. 
 quoniam, conj. [quom(=cum) 
 
 + iam], since, because, seeing 
 
 that. 
 quoque, adv., also, too, even. 
 quot, adj., indecl., how many, as 
 
 many as, as. 
 quotannis, adv. [annus], ever-y 
 
 year, yearly. 
 quotiens, adv. [quot], how often^ 
 
 as often as. 
 quotienscumque, adv. [quotiens 
 
 + cumque], just as often as, 
 
 every time that. 
 
 rapina, -ae, F. [rapio], robbery, 
 plunder. 
 
 rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, tr., 
 carry off, seize; impel, drive 
 hurry along, hurry off. 
 
 ratio, -onis, F. [reor, think], 
 reckoning, consideration, ac- 
 count; reason, plan; course, 
 system., way, method, means; 
 theoretical knowledge ; interest. 
 
 re-, red-, prefix, back, again; 
 sometimes not, un-. 
 
 Reatinus, -a, -um, of Reate, an 
 ancient town in central Italy. 
 
 recens, -entis, adj., fresh, new, 
 recent. 
 
 recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 [capio], tr., take back, receive, 
 admit, take upon (sibi), under^ 
 take; se recipere, return. 
 
 recito, -are, -avi, -atum [cito], 
 tr., read aloud, read. 
 
 reclamo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [clamo], tr., cry out against, 
 protest. 
 
 recognosco, -cognoscere, -cog- 
 novi, -cognitum [cognosco] 
 
484 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 tr., know again , recognize, 
 recall; review. 
 
 recolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum -[colo|, 
 tr., cultivate again, review. 
 
 reconciliatio, -onis, F. [recon- 
 cilio], restoration, renewal. 
 
 recondd, -condere, -condidi, 
 -conditum [condo], tr., put 
 away, hide, conceal. 
 
 recorder, -ari, -atus sum [cor, 
 heart], dep., call to mind, re- 
 call, remember, recollect. 
 
 recreo, -are, -avi, -atum [creo, 
 make], tr., renew, refresh, re- 
 store, give strength to; se 
 recreare, recover. 
 
 recta, adv., [sc. via], straight- 
 way, straight forward, right 
 on, directly. 
 
 recte, adv. [rectus], rightly, 
 properly, wisely. 
 
 recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 recover, regain. 
 
 recurro, -currere, -curri, — 
 [curro], intr., run hack, re- 
 turn. 
 
 reciisatio, -onis, F. [recuse], a 
 declining, refusal. 
 
 recuse, -are, -avi, -atum [re, 
 causa], tr. and intr., object, 
 refuse, decline. 
 
 redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], intr., 
 go back, return. 
 
 redimio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, tr., 
 crown, wreathe. 
 
 redimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum 
 [emo], tr., buy back, redeem; 
 buy up, contract for, P. 7; 
 ransom, P. 12. 
 
 reditus, -us, M. [redeo], a re- 
 turn. 
 
 reduce, -ducere, -diixi, -ductum, 
 
 tr., bring back, bring home. 
 
 redundo, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [undo, surge], intr., overflow, 
 redound, accrue; be filled. 
 
 refercio, -fercire, -f ersi, -fertum 
 [farcio], tr., stuff, fill. 
 
 refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum 
 [fero], tr., bring hack, return, 
 report, refer; ad senatum re- 
 ferre, lay before, refer to, the 
 Senate; gratiam ref erre, s/iow? 
 gratitude. 
 
 refert, -ferre, -tulit [res + fere], 
 impers., it is of advantage, it 
 concerns, it matters, P. 7. 
 
 refertus, -a, -um [refercio], 
 filled, crowded, swarming 
 (witli), abounding (in). 
 
 reficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum 
 [facio], tr., make over, refresh. 
 
 refiit5, -are, -avi, -atum, tr,, 
 refute, disprove. 
 
 regalis, -e [rex], of a king, regal, 
 royal. 
 
 regie, adv. [regius], tyranni- 
 cally. 
 
 Regini, -orum, IVT., the inhab- 
 itants of Regium, in southern 
 Italy. 
 
 regio, -onis, F. [rego], direction, 
 line; boundary, region, dis- 
 trict, country, territory, P. 18, 
 
 regius, -a, -um [rex], of a king, 
 royal. 
 
 regno -are, -avi, -atum [regnum], 
 tr., reign, rule. 
 
 regnum, -i, N. [rego], royal 
 power, kingdom. 
 
 rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, tr., 
 rule, direct, govern, manage. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 485 
 
 reicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 [iacio], tr., throw hack, reject. 
 
 relaxo, -are, -avi, -atum [laxo], 
 tr., ease, relax, release. 
 
 relevo, -are, -avi, -atum [levo], 
 tr., lift up, lighten; relieve, 
 ease. 
 
 religio, -onis, F., (reverence for 
 the gods), piety, religion; re- 
 ligious scruple, scrupulous 
 honor. 
 
 religiosus, -a, -um [religio], 
 sacred, revered, holy. 
 
 relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -Uc- 
 tum [linquo], tr., leave behind, 
 leave, abandon; desert, for- 
 sake; pass over. Cat., Ill, 8; 
 disregard. 
 
 reliquiae, -arum, F., leavings, 
 what is left over. 
 
 reliquus, -a, -um [relinquo], re- 
 maining, the rest of, the rest, 
 other; the future; reliquum 
 est, it remains. 
 
 remaned, -manere, -mansi, — 
 [maneo], intr., remain, stay 
 behind; last. 
 
 remex, remigis, M. [remus, 
 ago], a rower. 
 
 remissio, -onis, F. [remitto], 
 mitigation, mildness: relaxa- 
 tion, recreation. 
 
 remissus, -a, -um [remitto], re- 
 laxed, lax, indulgent. 
 
 remitto, -ere, -misi, -missum 
 [mitto], tr., send back. 
 
 remoror, -ari, -atus sum [moror], 
 dep., hold back, delay, keep 
 waiting. 
 
 removed, -movere, -movi, -mo- 
 tum fmoveo], tr.- move hack, 
 
 remove, take away; reject, 
 Cat.,lV,^. 
 
 renovo, -are, -avi, -atum [novo] 
 tr., renew. 
 
 renuntio, -are, -avi, -atum [nun- 
 tio], tr., report, return (of an 
 election), declare elected. 
 
 repello, repellere, reppuli, re- 
 pulsum [pello], tr., drive back, 
 repel, keep from. 
 
 repente, adv. [repens], sud- 
 denly. 
 
 repentinus, -a, -um [repens], 
 sudden. 
 
 reperio, -ire, repperi, repertum 
 [pario, secure], tr., find out, 
 find (by seeking or inquiring). 
 
 repeto, -petere, -petivi, -petitum 
 [peto], tr., demand, claim; 
 recall (to mind), look back, 
 claim in turn, Ar. 8, 
 
 reporto, -are, -avi, -atum [porto], 
 tr., bring back, carry off. 
 
 reprehend©, -ere, -hendi, hen- 
 sum [prehendo], tr., lay hold 
 of, blame, censure. 
 
 reprimo,-primere, -pressi, -pres- 
 sum [premo], tr., press back, 
 repress, check. 
 
 repudio, -are, -avi, -atum [re- 
 pudium], tr., cast off, reject, 
 refuse, scorn, repudiate. 
 
 repugno, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [pugno], intr., fight against, 
 oppose. 
 
 requies, -etis, F., rest, repose. 
 
 require, -quirere, -quisivi, -qui- 
 situm [quaero], tr., seek again, 
 seek out, demand, ask; be at 
 a loss for, miss, P. 2 ; beg for, 
 P. 23. 
 
486 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 res, rei, F., thing, fact; circum- 
 stance, situation, considera- 
 tion, argument, plan, under- 
 taking, event, incident, matter, 
 affair, question, property ; qual- 
 ity; see gero, militaris, novus, 
 publicus, secundus. 
 
 reseco, -secare, -secui, -sectum 
 [seco], tr., cut away, cut 
 off. 
 
 reservo, -are, -avi, -atum [servo], 
 tr., keep back, reserve; keep, 
 preserve. 
 
 resided, -sidere, -sedi [sedeo], 
 (sit back), remain behind, be 
 left, remain. 
 
 resigno, -are, -avi, -atum [signo], 
 tr., unseal; destroy, Ar. 5. 
 
 resists, sistere, -stiti, — 
 [sisto], intr., stand back, re- 
 main; resist, withstand; sur- 
 vive. Cat., Ill, 10. 
 
 respicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- 
 turn [specio], tr. and intr., 
 look back, look back upon. 
 
 responded, -spondere, -spondi, 
 -sponsum [spondeo, promise], 
 tr. and intr., answer, reply; 
 be a match for. Cat, II, 11. 
 
 lesponsum, -i, N. [responded], 
 reply, answer. 
 
 res publica, see publicus. 
 
 restinguo, -stinguere, -stinxl, 
 -stinctum [stinguo], tr., 
 quench, extinguish. 
 
 restituo, -stituere, -stitui, -stitu- 
 tum [statud], tr., (set up 
 again), restore, renew. 
 
 restd, -stare, -stiti, — [std], 
 intr., withstand, oppose; im- 
 pers., it remains. 
 
 retardd, -are, -avi, -atum [tard6\ 
 
 tr., delay, hinder, retard. 
 
 reticed, -ere, -ui, — [taced], 
 tr. and intr., be silent, keep 
 silence ; keep secret. 
 
 retined, -ere, -ui, -tentum 
 [tened], tr., hold back, pre- 
 serve, maintain, uphold, keep. 
 
 retorqued, -torquere, -torsi, 
 -tortum [torqued], tr., (twist 
 back), turn back. 
 
 retundd, -ere, rettudi, retusum 
 [tundd], tr., beat back, thrust 
 back. 
 
 reus, -i, M. [res], (one con- 
 cerned in a thing), the defen- 
 dant, accused, prisoner. 
 
 revertd, -vertere, -verti, -ver- 
 sum [vertd], usually dep. in 
 pres. system, return. 
 
 revincd, -vincere, -vici, -victum 
 [vincd], tr., convict. 
 
 revocd, -are, -avi, -atum [vocd], 
 tr., call back, recall; turn, 
 restore. 
 
 rex, regis, M., king. 
 
 Rhodius, -a, -um, of Rhodes; 
 pi. as noun, the Rhodians. 
 
 ridiculus, -a, -um [rided], ridicu- 
 lous, absurd. 
 
 rdbur, rdboris, N., oak; strength. 
 
 rdbustus, -a, -um [rdbur], (of 
 oak), firm, solid, strong, vig- 
 orous, robust. 
 
 rogatus, -us, M. [rogd], request. 
 
 rogd, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., ask, 
 beg, request, implore; propose f 
 enact, pass (laws). 
 
 Rdma, -ae, F., Rome. 
 
 Rdmanus, -a, -um [Rdma], 
 Roman. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 487 
 
 RSmulus, -1, M., Romulus, the 
 founder and first king of 
 Rome. 
 
 Roscius, -i, M., Roscius, a fam- 
 ily name ; Quintus Roscius 
 Gallus, a celebrated actor. 
 
 Rudinus, -a, -um [Rudiae], of 
 Rudiae, in southern Italy, 
 the birthplace of Ennius. 
 
 niina, -ae, F. [ruo], a rushing 
 down, fall, downfall, ruin. 
 
 rumor, -oris, M., rumor, report. 
 
 rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, tr., 
 break. 
 
 ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, intr., 
 rush down, fall, go to ruin. 
 
 rusticor, -ari, -atus sum [rusti- 
 cus], dep., go to the country. 
 
 rusticus, -a, -um [rus], rural, of 
 the country, rustic; without 
 culture, Ar. 10. 
 
 sacer, sacra, sacrum, sacred; 
 sacra, -orum, pi. neut. as 
 noun, sacred rites, ceremonies. 
 
 sacrarium, -i, N. [sacrum]^ 
 shrine, sanctuary. 
 
 sacrosanctus, -a, -um [sacer + 
 sanctus], sacred, inviolable. 
 
 saeculum, -i, N., race, genera- 
 tion; age; pi., ages, Cat., II, 
 5. 
 
 saepe, saepius, saepissime, adv* 
 often. 
 
 saepi5, -ire, saepsi, saeptum 
 [saepes], tr., hem in, inclose. 
 
 saevus, -a, -um, severe, cruel. 
 
 sagax, -acis, adj., sagacious, 
 keen, shrewd. 
 
 Salaminii, -orum, M., the people 
 
 of Salamis, a town of Cy- 
 prus. 
 
 salto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
 salio, leap], intr., dance. 
 
 saltus, -us, M., woodland paS' 
 ture, pasture lands. 
 
 salus, salutis, F. [salvus], sound' 
 ness, good health; safety, wel- 
 fare. 
 
 saluto, -are, -avi, -atum Isalus], 
 tr., greet, salute, call upon^ 
 pay respects to. 
 
 salvus, -a, -imi, sounds safe, saved, 
 solvent (financially) . 
 
 Samos, -i, F., Samos (sa'mos), 
 a city on the island Samos, 
 in the Aegean. 
 
 sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, tr., 
 make sacred, ordain, enact. 
 
 sanctus, -a, -um [sancio], sacred, 
 holy; venerable; conscientious 
 Ar. 5; inviolable, P. 14. 
 
 sane, adv. [sanus], (soundly), 
 by all means, if you wish; 
 certainly, indeed, wholly, ut- 
 terly. 
 
 sanguis, sanguinis, M., blood, 
 bloodshed. 
 
 sano, -are, -avi, -atum [sanus], 
 tr., make sound, cure, rem- 
 edy. 
 
 sanus, -a, -um, sound, whole* 
 healthy; of the mind, rational, 
 sane, sensible. 
 
 sapiens, -entis, adj. [sapid], 
 wise; as noun, wise man, 
 philosopher. 
 
 sapientia, -ae, F. [sapiens]* 
 wisdom. 
 
 Sardinia, -ae, F., Sardinia. 
 
 satelles, -itis, M. or F., atten- 
 
488 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 dant; assistant, tool, accom- 
 plice. 
 
 satis, indecl. adj., often used as 
 a noun, enough, sufficient; 
 satis facio, do one's duty (to) ; 
 adv., sufficiently, quite, very. 
 
 Saturnalia, -iorum, N. [Satur- 
 nus], the Saturnalia, feast of 
 Saturn, beginning Dec. 17. 
 
 Saturninus, -i, M., Saturninus, 
 a family name ; L. Apuleius 
 Saturninus, tribune 100 b.c. 
 
 saucius, -a, -um, wounded. 
 
 saxum, -i, N., rock. 
 
 scaena, -ae, F., stage (of a 
 theater). 
 
 scaenicus, -a, -um [scaena], of 
 the stage, dramatic. 
 
 scelerate, adv. [sceleratus], 
 wickedly, impiously. 
 
 sceleratus, -a, -um [scelero], 
 wicked, infamous, vicious; as 
 noun, scoundrel. 
 
 scelus, sceleris, N., crime, 
 wickedness. 
 
 sciens, -entis, adj. [scio], know- 
 ing, acquainted (with), skilled. 
 
 scientia, -ae, F. [scio], knowledge. 
 
 scilicet, adv. [scire + licet], you 
 may know, in fact, of course 
 (ironical). 
 
 scio, scire, scivi, scitum, tr., 
 know. 
 
 Scipio, -onis, M., Scipio, a fam- 
 ily name; 1. P. Cornelius 
 Scipio Nasica, consul 138 b.c. ; 
 2. P. Cornelius Scipio Africa- 
 nus Maior, "the elder Scipio," 
 conqueror of Hannibal 202 
 B.C. ; 3. P. Cornelius Scipio 
 Aemilianus Africanus Minor, 
 
 destroyer of Carthage, 146 
 
 B.C. 
 
 scortum, -i, N., harlot, mis- 
 tress. 
 
 scriba, -ae, M. [scribo], clerk, 
 secretary. 
 
 scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum, 
 tr., write, enroll, Ar. 5. 
 
 scriptor, -oris, M. [scribo], 
 writer, author. 
 
 scriptiira, -ae, F. [scribo], (writ- 
 ing), pasture tax. 
 
 se-, sed-, prefix, apart, aside. 
 
 secedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum 
 [cedo], intr., go apart, go away, 
 withdraw. 
 
 secerno, -cernere, -crevi, -cre- 
 tum [cerno], tr., separate, set 
 apart. 
 
 secundus, -a, -um [sequor], fol- 
 lowing, second, favorable; se- 
 cundae res, prosperity. 
 
 securis, -is, F. [seco, cut], ax; 
 see fasces. 
 
 sed, conj., hut. 
 
 sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, intr., 
 sit, remain. 
 
 sedes, -is, F. [sedeo], seat, dwell- 
 ing place, home, abode. 
 
 sediti5,-onis, F. [se, e5], (agoing 
 apart), dissension, insurrec- 
 tion, sedition; trans, pi. as 
 sing.. Cat., I, 2. 
 
 sedo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr..^ 
 (bring to rest), bring to an end, 
 settle, check, stop. 
 
 sedulitas, -tatis, F. [sedulus], 
 industry, attention. 
 
 segrego, -are, -avi, -atum 
 [grego], tr., separate, exclude. 
 
 seiungo, -iungere, -iiinm, iiinc- 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 489 
 
 turn [iungo], tr., disunite, 
 separate, disconnect. 
 
 selectus, -a, -um [seligo], singled 
 out, selected. 
 
 sella, -ae, F., seat, work stool, 
 chair. 
 
 semel, adv., once. 
 
 semen, seminis, N. [sero, sow], 
 seed. 
 
 seminarium, -i, N. [semen], 
 nursery, school. 
 
 semper, adv., always. 
 
 sempiternus, -a, -um [semper], 
 everlasting, perpetual, eter- 
 nal. 
 
 Sempronius, -i, M., Sempronius, 
 a gentile name ; see Grac- 
 chus ; Sempronius, -a, -um, 
 Sempronian. 
 
 senator, -oris [senex], M., 
 senator. 
 
 senatorius, -a, -um [senator], 
 senatorial. 
 
 senatus, -us, M. [senex], Senate, 
 see Introd. 28. 
 
 senectus, -tutis, F. [senex], old 
 age. 
 
 senex, senis, adj., old, aged; as 
 noun (App. 10), an old man. 
 
 sensus, -us, M. [sentio], feeling, 
 senses, Ar. 7. 
 
 sententia, -ae, F. [sentio], (way 
 of thinking) , opinion, decision, 
 sentiment, idea, purpose; pur- 
 port, tenor, vote. 
 
 sentina, -ae, F., bilge water, 
 dregs, refuse, rabble. 
 
 sentio, -ire, sensi, sensum, tr., 
 feel; perceive, see, notice; 
 think, understand^ know; 
 agree. 
 
 sepelio, -ire, sepelivi, sepultus, 
 tr., bury, ruin. 
 
 sepulcrum,-!, N. [sepelio], (place 
 of burial), tomb. 
 
 sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 
 dep., follow, comply withy 
 accede to, adopt, obey. 
 
 Sergius, -i, M., Sergius, a gen- 
 tile name ; see Catilina. 
 
 sermo, -onis, M. [sero, join]^ 
 speech, discourse, talk, re- 
 mark, conversation, rumor. 
 
 sero, adv. [serus], late; comp. 
 serius, too late. 
 
 serpo, -ere, serpsi, serptum, 
 intr., creep. 
 
 serta, -orum, N. [sero, entwine]^ 
 garlands, chaplets. 
 
 Sertorianus, -a, -um, of Ser- 
 torius, Sertorian. 
 
 servilis, -e [servus], of a slavey 
 of slaves, servile. 
 
 Servilius, -i, M., Servilius, a 
 gentile name; 1. Gains Ser- 
 vilius Ahala, master of horse 
 439 B.C. ; 2. Gains Servilius 
 Glaucia, praetor 100 b.c. ; 
 3. P. Servilius Vatia, consul 
 79 B.C. 
 
 servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [servus], 
 intr., be a slave, serve, labor 
 for, minister to, be subject to, 
 P. 14. 
 
 servitium, -i, N. [servus], ser- 
 vice, slavery; pi., slaves, Cat.f 
 IV, 2. 
 
 servitus, -tutis, F. [servus], slaV' 
 ery, servitude. 
 
 servo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 make safe, save, preserve; 
 guard, keepy protect. 
 
490 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 servus, -i, M., slave, servant. 
 
 sese, see sui. 
 
 Sestius, -i, M., Sestius, a gen- 
 tile name ; P. Sestius, quaes- 
 tor in 63 B.C. 
 
 severe, adv. [severus], severely. 
 
 severitas, -tatis, F. [severus], 
 strictness, severity, sternness, 
 rigor. 
 
 severus, -a, -um, serious, strict, 
 stern, severe, impartial, Ar. 2. 
 
 sex, indecl. adj., six. 
 
 sexaginta, num. adj., sixty. 
 
 si, con j., if. 
 
 Sibyllinus, -a, -um [Sibylla, a 
 prophetess]. Sibylline. 
 
 sic, adv., so, thus, in such a 
 manner. 
 
 sica, -ae, F. [seco, cut], dag- 
 ger. 
 
 sicarius, -i, M. [sica], assassin. 
 
 Sicilia, -ae, F., Sicily. 
 
 sicut or sicuti, conj. adv. [sic + 
 ut], just as. 
 
 Sigeum, -i, N., Sige'um, a prom- 
 ontory near Troy. 
 
 significatio, -onis, F. [significo], 
 (a pointing out), expression, 
 sign, token. 
 
 significo, -are, -avi, -atum [sig- 
 num, facio], indicate, repre- 
 sent. 
 
 signum, i, N., sign, standard, 
 signal; seal; statue. 
 
 Silanus, -i, M., Sila'nus, a fam- 
 ily name ; D. lunius Silanus, 
 consul elect in 63 b.c. 
 
 silentium, -i, N. [silens, still], 
 silence, stillness. 
 
 sileo, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and 
 intr., he silent^ seek silence; 
 
 keep silent about, pass over in 
 silence. 
 
 Silvanus, -i, M., Silva'nus, a 
 family name; M. Plautius 
 Silvanus, tribune of the peo- 
 ple 89 B.C. 
 
 silvestris, -e [silva], overgrown 
 with woods, wooded. 
 
 similis, -e, similar, like. 
 
 similiter, adv. [similis], in the 
 same way, similarly. 
 
 simpliciter, adv. [simplex], sim- 
 ply, plainly. 
 
 simul, adv., at the same time, at 
 once; together, Ar. 11; as 
 soon as (w. or without atque, 
 ac). 
 
 simulacrum, -i, N. [simulo], a 
 likeness, image, statue, repre- 
 sentation. 
 
 simulatio, -onis, F. [simulo], 
 pretense. 
 
 simulo, -are, -avi, -atum [simi- 
 lis], tr., make like, pretend. 
 
 simultas, -tatis, F. [simul], en- 
 mity, rivalry. 
 
 sin, conj. [si + ne], but if. 
 
 sine, prep. w. abl., without. 
 
 singularis, -e [singuli], one only; 
 unique, singular, matchless^ 
 unparalleled, extraordinary, 
 special. 
 
 singuli, -ae, -a, dist. adj., one at 
 a time, single, each; in dies 
 singulos, day by day. 
 
 sino, -ere, sivi, situm, tr., setj 
 place; allow, let, permit. 
 
 Sinope, -es, (dat. -ae, ace. -en, 
 abl. -e), F., Sinope (sin- o'pe), 
 a city on the northern coast 
 of Asia Minor. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 491 
 
 sinus, -us, M., fold, fold of a 
 toga; bosom; hay, inlet, P. 11. 
 
 sitis, sitis, F., thirst. 
 
 sive, or seu [si + ve], conj., or 
 */> '^fj sive . . . sive, whether 
 . . . or, either . . . or. 
 
 Smyrnaei, -orum, M., the peo- 
 ple of Smyrna, in Asia Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 sobrius, -a, -um [se + ebrius], 
 not drunk, sober. 
 
 societas, -tatis, F. [socius], fel- 
 lowship, association, alliance. 
 Cat,, 1, 13. 
 
 socius, -i, M., partner, associate, 
 companion; ally, accomplice, 
 confederate. 
 
 sodalis, -is, M., F., associate, 
 comrade, boon companion, 
 table companion, crony. 
 
 sol, solis, M., the sun. 
 
 solacium, -i, N., comfort. 
 
 soleo, -ere, solitus sum, semi- 
 dep., be accustomed, use. 
 
 solitude, -inis, F. [solus], soli- 
 tude, loneliness ; desert, Ar. 8. 
 
 soUicitatio, -onis, F. [soUicito], 
 inciting, tampering with. 
 
 sollicito, -are, -avi, -atum [solli- 
 citus], tr., disturb, incite, in- 
 stigate; tamper with, solicit, 
 corrupt. 
 
 soUicitus, -a, -um, worried, anx- 
 ious, alarmed. 
 
 solum, -i, N., soil. 
 
 solum [solus], adv., only, merely; 
 non solum, not only. 
 
 solus, -a, -um, gen. solius, dat. 
 soli, alone, only. 
 
 solutio, -onis, F. [solvo], (loos- 
 ing), payment. 
 
 solutus, -a, -um [solvo], released^ 
 lax, remiss. 
 
 solvo, -ere, solvi, solutiun, tr,, 
 loose, release. 
 
 somnus, -a, M., sleep, drowsi- 
 ness. Cat, III, 7. 
 
 sono, -are, -ui, -itum [sonua], 
 tr., sound, utter. 
 
 sonus, -i, M., noise, sound. 
 
 soror, -oris, F., sister. 
 
 sors, sortis, F., lot, allotment. 
 
 Sp., see Spurius. 
 
 spargo, -ere, sparsi, sparsum, 
 tr., scatter, sprinkle, mix. 
 
 spatium, -i, N., apace (of place 
 or time). 
 
 species, -ei, F. [specie], appear- 
 ance. 
 
 specto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of specie], tr. and intr., look 
 at, face, see, attend; consider. 
 
 speculator, -oiis, M. [:ipeculor], 
 spy. 
 
 speculor, -ari, -atus sum [spec- 
 ula, watchtower], dep., watchy 
 spy out. 
 
 spero, -are, -avi, -atum [spes], 
 tr. and intr., hope, hope for, 
 expect, trust. 
 
 spes, spei, F., hope, expectation. 
 
 spiritus, -us, M. [spiro, breathe], 
 breath, air, spirit. 
 
 splendor, -oris, M. [splendeo, 
 shine], brilliancy, splendor. 
 
 spolio, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., de- 
 prive, plunder. 
 
 spolium, -i, N., of an animal 
 skin, hide; pi., spoils, booty, 
 prey. 
 
 sponte, F. (abl. of obsolete 
 spons), of one's own accord. 
 
492 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Spurius, -i, M., Spurius, a prae- 
 
 nomen or personal name, 
 stabilio, -ire, -ivi, -itum [stabilis] , 
 
 tr., make firm, establish. 
 
 Statilius, -i, M., Statilius, a 
 gentile name ; L. Statilius, 
 one of Catiline's conspirators. 
 
 statim, adv. [sto], (on the spot), 
 straightway, immediately, at 
 once. 
 
 Stator, -oris, M. [sto], the Stayer, 
 Defender, Protector; epithet 
 of Jupiter. 
 
 statua, -ae, F. [sto], statue. 
 
 statuo, statuere, statui, stat- 
 utum, tr., set, set up, place, 
 put, establish; determine, de- 
 cide, resolve, conclude. 
 
 status, -us, M. [sto], state, con- 
 dition, foundation. Cat., I, 1. 
 
 stimulus, -i, M., spur, stimulus, 
 incentive. 
 
 stipendium, -i, N. [stips, coin + 
 pendo, pay], tax, pay; service 
 (military), campaigning, P. 
 9; campaign. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, F., stock, root; 
 source, origin. 
 
 sto, stare, steti, statum, intr., 
 stand. 
 
 strenuus, -a, -um, vigorous, 
 strenuous. 
 
 strepitus, -us, M. [strepo], noise. 
 
 studeo, -ere, -ui, — , intr., 
 strive, be eager, aim at, desire. 
 
 studiose, adv., eagerly, carefully. 
 
 studiosus, -a, -um [studium], 
 fond (of). 
 
 studium, -i, N. [studeo], eager- 
 ness, zeal., desire, attachment; 
 devotion, enthusiasm, good will. 
 
 sympathy; (party) spirit; 
 
 pursuit, study. 
 stultitia, -ae, F. [stultus], folly. 
 stultus, -a, -um, foolish, stupid. 
 stuprum, -i, N., defilement, im* 
 
 purity, debauchery; intrigue. 
 
 Cat, I, 10. 
 suadeo, -ere, -suasi, suasum, 
 
 tr. and intr., advise, recom- 
 mend; persuade. 
 suavitas, -tatis, F. [suavis], 
 
 sweetness. 
 sub, prep. w. ace. and abl., 
 
 under. 
 subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum [eo], tr., 
 
 undergo, endure. 
 subicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum 
 
 [iacio], tr., throw under, place 
 
 under, hand up to, Ar. 10. 
 subiector, -oris, JM. [subicio], 
 
 forger. 
 subigo, -igere, -egi, -actum 
 
 [ago], tr., put down, subdue;. 
 
 induce. 
 subito, adv. [subitus], suddenly. 
 sublatus, from toUo. 
 subsellium, -i, N. [sella], (low 
 
 bench), bench, seat. 
 subsidium, -i, N., support, aid, 
 
 means; pi., sinews, P. 2. 
 succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- 
 
 sum [sub + cedo], tr. and 
 
 intr., follow, succeed. 
 suffero, sufiferre, sustuli, sub- 
 
 latum [sub +fero], tr., unaer- 
 
 go, suffer. 
 sufifragium, -i, N. [sub, frango], 
 
 (fragment), ballot, vote. 
 sui, sibi, se, reflex, pron. (App. 
 
 21), himself, herself, itself, 
 
 themselves. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 493 
 
 Sulla, -ae, M., Sulla y a family 
 name; L. Cornelius Sulla, 
 the famous general and dic- 
 tator. 
 
 Sulpicius, -i, M., a gentile 
 name; 1. C. Sulpicius Galba, 
 praetor 63 b.c. ; 2. P. Sul- 
 picius Rufus, tribune 88 b.c. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, fut. part, futu- 
 rus, irr., be. 
 
 summa, -ae, F. [summus], su- 
 premacy, preeminence. 
 
 summus, -a, -um, sup. of supe- 
 rus, uppermost, highest; the 
 top of; greatest, most impor- 
 tant, most distinguished, ex- 
 cellent, eminent, supreme, ex- 
 treme 
 
 sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum 
 [sub + emo], tr., take, take 
 to oneself, assume; w. sup- 
 plicium, inflict. 
 
 sumptuose, adv. [sumptuosus], 
 expensively, extravagantly. 
 
 sumptuosus, -a, -um [sumptus], 
 sumptuous ; expensive. 
 
 sumptus, -us, M. [sumo], ex- 
 pense, cost; e'xtravagance. 
 
 superbe, adv. [superbus], 
 proudly, insolently, arrogantly. 
 
 superbia, -ae, F. [superbus], 
 pride, haughtiness. 
 
 superbus, -a, -um, proud. 
 
 superior, -ius, comp. adj. [su- 
 perus, App. 19], higher, upper; 
 former, preceding, elder; su- 
 perior nox, night before last. 
 
 supero, -are, -avi, -atum [su- 
 perus], tr., overcome, conquer, 
 defeat, surpass, exceed^ get 
 the upper hand. 
 
 supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus 
 
 [super + sum], intr., be over^ 
 
 be left, remain. 
 superus, -a, -um [super], upper ^ 
 
 higher. 
 suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum 
 
 [sub, pes], tr., supply, fur^ 
 
 nish. 
 suppeto, -ere, -ivi, -itum [sub 
 
 + peto], intr., be at hand, be 
 
 in store. 
 supplex, -icis, adj. [sub, plico], 
 
 bending under, beseeching ; as 
 
 noun, a suppliant. 
 supplicatio, -onis, F. [supplied], 
 
 (a public prayer), solemn 
 
 thanksgiving, supplication. 
 supplicium, -i, N. [supplex], 
 
 punishment, penalty. 
 supra, adv. and prep. w. ace, 
 
 above, beyond; more. 
 surg5, -ere, surrexi, surrectum 
 
 [sub + rego], intr., arise. 
 suscenseo, -ere, -ui, — [sub 
 
 + censeo], intr., be angry 
 
 (with). 
 suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum 
 
 [sub + capio], tr., undertake, 
 
 incur, bring upon, adopt; 
 
 suffer, P. 3 ; entertain, P. 4. 
 suspectus, -a, -um [part, of sus- 
 
 piciS], distrusted, suspected; 
 
 an object of suspicion. 
 suspicio, -onis, F. [sub + specie, 
 
 spy], suspicion. 
 suspicor, -ari, -atus sum [sus- 
 picio], dep., mistrust, suspect; 
 
 surmise. 
 sustento, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 
 of sustineo], tr., uphold, sup- 
 port; defer, put off. 
 
494 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- 
 turn [sub + teneoj, tr., hold 
 up, sustain, bear, endure, re- 
 lieve. 
 
 sustuli, see toUo. 
 
 suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his 
 (own), her, its, their. 
 
 Syria, -ae, F., Syria, a country 
 of Asia, on the coast of the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 T., see Titus. 
 
 tabella, -ae, F. [dim. of tabula], 
 
 (little board), waxed tablet, 
 
 letter^ document. 
 taberna, -ae, F., hut, booth, 
 
 shop; tavern. 
 tabesco, -ere, tabui, — [tabeo], 
 
 intr., pine away, languish. 
 tabula, -ae, F., tablet, record, 
 
 account, list; painting. 
 tabularium, -i, N. [tabula], 
 
 record office. 
 taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr. and 
 
 intr., be silent, keep silence; 
 
 pass over in silence, be silent 
 
 about. 
 tacite, adv., silently. 
 taciturnitas, -tatis, F. [tacitur- 
 
 nus], silence. 
 tacitus, -a, -um [taceo], silent, 
 
 mute, in silence. 
 tactus, see tango, 
 taeter, taetra, taetrum, offen- 
 sive:, foul; shameful, disgrace- 
 
 fulf abominable. 
 talaris, -e [talus, ankle], of the 
 
 ankles, reaching the ankles. 
 t&lis, -e, adj., such, of such a 
 
 nature. 
 
 tam, adv., so, so much. 
 
 tamen, conj. adv., yet, never* 
 
 theless, however. 
 tametsi, conj. [tamen + etsi], 
 
 although; and yet. 
 tamquam, conj., just as, as if, 
 
 as it were; as a sort of. Cat., 
 
 IV, 2. 
 tandem [tam], adv., at length, 
 
 finally, now; in questions 
 
 and commands, pray, I 
 
 ask. 
 tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum, tr., 
 
 touch; strike. Cat., Ill, 8. 
 tanto, adv. [tantus], so much; 
 
 tanto opere, so greatly, so 
 
 much. 
 tantum, adv. [tantus], so much, 
 
 so far; tantum mode, only, 
 
 merely. 
 tantus, -a, -um, such, so great, 
 
 so much; tanti, gen. of value, 
 
 of such value; est tanti, it is 
 
 worth while. 
 tarde, adv. [tardus], slowly, 
 
 tardily, late. 
 tarditas, -tatis, F. [tardus], 
 
 slowness, delay. 
 tardo, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 delay, retard. 
 Tarentini, -orum, M., the in- 
 habitants of Tarentum, in 
 
 southern Italy, 
 tectum, -i, N. [tego], roof, 
 
 shelter, house, home. 
 tego, -ere, texi, tectum, tr., 
 
 cover, protect. 
 telum, -i, N., missile, weapon, 
 
 javelin. 
 temere, adv., rashly, without 
 
 cause, heedlessly. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 495 
 
 temeritas, -tatis, F. [temere], 
 rashness. 
 
 temperantia, -ae, F. [tem- 
 perans], tetnperance, modera- 
 tion, self-control, P- 13. 
 
 tempestas, -tatis, F., season, 
 weather, storm. 
 
 tempestivus, -a, -um [tempes- 
 tas], timely, seasonable, suit- 
 able; early, protracted, Ar. 6. 
 
 templum, -i, N. (in augury a 
 place marked off by the 
 augur's staff), a consecrated 
 place, temple. 
 
 tempto, -are, -avi, -atum [in- 
 tens., of tendo], tr., make trial 
 of, attempt; attack, assail. 
 Cat., I, 10; tempt, disturb. 
 
 tempus, -oris, N., time, season; 
 tirhe of need; pi., the times; 
 the needs. Cat., I, 9; ex tem- 
 pore, offhand, without prepa- 
 ration, extempore. 
 
 tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum, 
 tr., stretch, stretch out. 
 
 tenebrae, -arum, F., darkness, 
 shades. 
 
 Tenedos (us), -i F., Tenedos, 
 an island in the Aegean Sea. 
 
 teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, tr., 
 hold, holdfast, hold as prisoner ; 
 preserve; memoria tenere, re- 
 member. 
 
 tenuis, -e, slender, thin; poor, 
 humble^ insignificant. 
 
 ter, adv., three times^ thrice. 
 
 Terentia, -ae, F., Terentia, wife 
 of Cicero. 
 
 termino, -are, -avi, -atum [ter- 
 minus], tr., limit, confine, ter- 
 minate. 
 
 terminus, -i, M., boundary line, 
 
 limit. 
 terra, -ae, F., land, country, 
 
 earth, ground. 
 terreo, -ere, -ui, -itum, tr., 
 
 frighten, terrify. 
 terror, -oris, M. [terreo], alarm^ 
 
 terror, scare. 
 tertius, -a, -um, third. 
 testamentum, -i, N. [tester], a 
 
 will. 
 testimonium, -i, N., [testis], 
 
 proof, testimony, evidence. 
 testis, -is, M. or F., witness. 
 testor, -ari, -atus sum [testis], 
 
 dep., call to witness, invoke. 
 TeutonI, -orum, M., the Teu- 
 
 tones, a nation of Germany. 
 Themistocles, -is (-i), M., The- 
 
 mis'tocles, the celebrated 
 
 Athenian. 
 Theophanes, -is, M., Theo'- 
 
 phanes, a Greek writer of 
 
 Mytilene, who accompanied 
 
 Pompey in the East. 
 Ti., see Tiberius. 
 Tiberis, -is, M., the Tiber. 
 
 Tiberinus-a-imi, of the Tiber. 
 Tiberius, -i, M., Tiberius, a 
 
 praenomen or personal name. 
 Tigranes, -is, M., Tigra'nes, 
 
 king of Armenia, son-in-law 
 
 of Mithridates. 
 timed, -ere, -ui, — , tr. and 
 
 intr., fear, be afraid. 
 timide, adv. [timidus], timidly; 
 
 reverently, P. 16. 
 timidus, -a, -um [timeo], 
 
 timid. 
 timor, -oris, M. [timeo], fear, 
 
 dread, alarm. 
 
496 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Titus, -i, M., Titus, a personal 
 
 name. 
 toga, -ae, F. [tego], toga (the 
 
 citizen's cloak or flowing 
 
 robe). 
 togatus, -a, -um [toga], wearing 
 
 the toga, in the garb of peace. 
 tolerabilis, -e [tolerol, endurable, 
 
 tolerable. 
 tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 
 endure, bear. 
 toUo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, 
 
 tr., lift up, exalt; take away, 
 
 carry off, remove; destroy, 
 
 P. 11. 
 Tongilius, -i, M., Tongilius, a 
 
 gentile name. 
 Torquatus, -i, M., Torqua'tus, 
 
 a family name ; L. Manlius 
 
 Torquatus, consul 65 B.C. 
 tot, indecl. adj., so many. 
 totiens, adv. [tot], so often, so 
 
 many times, as often. 
 totus, -a, -um (App. 13), the 
 
 whole, the whole of, all, entire; 
 
 adverbially, altogether, wholly. 
 tracto, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 
 of traho], tr., draw, manage, 
 
 conduct, Ca^., Ill, 12; present, 
 
 Ar. 2, treat. 
 trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum [trans 
 
 + do], tr., give up, give over, 
 
 surrender, deliver; hand down, 
 
 transmit, leave. 
 traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, tr., 
 
 draw; influence. 
 tranquillitas, -tatis, F. [tran- 
 
 quillus], stillness, tranquil 
 
 state. 
 tranquillus, -a, -um, calm, tran- 
 quil. 
 
 Transalpinus, -a, -um, beyond 
 
 the Alps, Transalpine. 
 
 transcend©, -ere, transcend!, 
 transcensum [scando], tr., 
 climb over, cross. 
 
 transfer©, -ferre, -tuli, -latum 
 [fero], tr., bear over, carry 
 over; transfer, remove. 
 
 transigo, -igere, -egi, -actum 
 [ag6],tr. (drive through), carry 
 through, accomplish, execute^ 
 perform. 
 
 transmarinus, -a, -um [mari- 
 nus], beyond the sea. 
 
 transmitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- 
 sum [mitto], tr., send across, 
 transmit; devote, intrust; intr., 
 cross over, P. 12. 
 
 tres, tria, three. 
 
 tribunal, -alls, N. [tribunus], 
 judgment seat, tribunal. 
 
 tribunus, -i, M. [tribus, tribe], 
 tribune; see Introd. 37. 
 
 tribuo, -uere, -ui, -utum [tribus, 
 tribe], tr., assign, bestow, grant, 
 give, devote; ascribe, attribute. 
 
 tridumn, -i, N. [tres + dies], 
 three days. 
 
 triumph© , -are, -avi, -atum 
 [triumphus], intr., triumph; 
 rejoice. 
 
 triumphus, -i, M., triumph, 
 triumphal procession. 
 
 Troiani, -orum, 'M.,the Trojans. 
 
 tropaeum, -i, N. (Greek), tro- 
 phy. 
 
 trucido, -are, -avi, -atum [trux, 
 fierce + caedo], tr., cut to 
 pieces, butcher, murder. 
 
 tu, tui, pers. pron. (App. 21), 
 thou, you, yourself. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 497 
 
 tuba, -ae, F., trumpet. 
 tueor, -eri, tutus (tuitus), sum, 
 dep., look at, care for, protect, 
 defend, uphold, preserve. 
 Tullia, -ae, F., Tullia, the 
 
 daughter of Cicero. 
 TuUius, -i, M., Tullius, a gentile 
 
 name; voc. Tulli. 
 TuUus, -i, M., Tullus, a family 
 name; L. Volcatius Tullus, 
 consul 66 B.C. 
 
 tum, adv., then, at that time; 
 tum cum, at the time when; 
 iam tum, at that very time, 
 even then ; tum . . . timi, at 
 one time . . . at another. 
 
 tumultus, -us, M. [tumeo, swell], 
 uprising, insurrection; up- 
 roar, confusion, excitement, 
 tumult, disturbance. 
 
 tumulus, -i, M. [tumeo, swell], 
 mound, hillock, tomb. 
 
 tunica, -ae, F., tunic, the 
 garment worn under the toga. 
 
 turbulentus, -a, -um [turba], 
 confused, miscellaneous. 
 
 turpis, -e, disgraceful, base, in- 
 famous, shamefid. 
 
 turpiter, adv. [turpis], disgrace- 
 fully, shamefidly. 
 
 turpitude, -inis, F. [turpis], dis- 
 grace, dishonor, infamy. 
 
 tiito, adv. [tutus], safely, in 
 safety, in security. 
 
 tutor, -ari, -atus sum [tueor], 
 dep., protect, defend. 
 
 tutus, -a, -um [tueor], guarded, 
 safe, secure, in safety. 
 
 tuus, -a, -um, poss. pron., your; 
 iste tuus, that of yours. 
 
 tyrannus, -i, M., tyrant. 
 
 U 
 
 uber, -eris, N., teat, breast. 
 ubertas, -tatis, F. [uber], fer- 
 tility, productiveness. 
 ubi, conjunctive adv., where, 
 
 when. 
 ubinam, adv. [ubi + nam], 
 
 where ? 
 ubique, adv., anywhere. 
 ulciscor, -i, ultus sum, dep., 
 
 take vengeance on, punish, 
 
 avenge. 
 uUus, -a, -um (App. 13), any. 
 ultimus, -a, -um, sup. adj. 
 
 [ultra, App. 19], farthest, 
 
 most distant; earliest, last. 
 ultra, adv., and prep. w. ace, 
 
 beyond. 
 ultro, adv., of one's own accord 
 
 voluntarily. 
 Umbrenus, -i, INI., Umbre'nus, 
 
 a family name ; P. Umbrenus, 
 
 one of Catiline's followers, 
 umquam, adv., ever, at any 
 
 time. 
 una, adv. [unus], along (with), 
 
 together; at the same time, at 
 
 the same place. 
 unde, adv., whence, from which; 
 
 how, P. 14; from whom. 
 undequinq agesimus, -a, -um, 
 
 forty-ninth. 
 undique, adv. [unde + que], 
 
 froiu all sides, on all sides, 
 
 everywhere. 
 unguentum, -i, N. [unguo], 
 
 ointment. 
 unice, adv. [unicus], singularly, 
 
 greatly, especially. 
 universus, -a, -um [unus + 
 
498 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 versus], all together, whole, 
 entire. 
 
 unus, -a, -um (App. 13), one, 
 alone, only. 
 
 urbanus, -a, -um [urbs], of the 
 city, in the city. 
 
 urbs, urbis, F., city, the city 
 {i.e. Rome), 
 
 usquam, adv., anywhere. 
 
 usque, adv., all the way, all the 
 time, even, constantly; see 
 1. quo. 
 
 usura, -ae, F. [utor], use, enjoy- 
 ment; interest, usury. 
 
 usurpo, -are, -avi, -atum [usus,. 
 rapio], tr., seize for use, 
 employ, use, practice. 
 
 •usus, -us, M. [utor], use, prac- 
 tice, experience. 
 
 ut or uti, conj. w. subjv., that, 
 in order that, so that; after 
 a verb of fearing, that not; 
 w. indie, as, when, ever 
 since; in comparisons, as; 
 ut primum, as soon as. 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque 
 [gen. utriusque ; dat., utri- 
 que], adj. and pron., both, 
 each, either. 
 
 utilis, -e [utor], useful, advan- 
 tageous, expedient. 
 
 utilitas, -tatis, F. [utilis], use- 
 fulness, expediency, advantage. 
 
 utinam, adv. [uti + nam], oh 
 that! I wish that! if only! 
 would that. 
 
 utor, uti, usus sum, dep., use, 
 employ, enjoy. 
 
 utrum, interrog. conj. [uter], 
 1. introducing a double dir. 
 question it has no English 
 
 equivalent ; correlative of 
 an; 2. in indir. questions, 
 whether. 
 uxor, -oris, F., wife. 
 
 vacillo, -are, -avi, -atum, intr., 
 (sway to and fro), stagger^ 
 totter. 
 
 vacuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- 
 tum [vacuus, + facio], tr., 
 make empty, clear ^ free, vacate. 
 
 vacuus, -a, -um [cf. vaco], 
 empty, vacant, unoccupied, 
 free, without. 
 
 vadimonium, -I, N. [vas, bail], 
 bail bond, bail, security. 
 
 vagina, -ae, F., scabbard, sheath. 
 
 vagor, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 wander about. 
 
 valde, adv. [validus], com- 
 pletely, thoroughly, severely. 
 
 valens, -entis [valeo], strong, 
 powerful. 
 
 valeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, intr., be 
 strong, have power, have in- 
 fluence; have weight, prevail, 
 succeed, be strong enough, be 
 able, be eminent. Cat, III, 5; 
 vale, farewell. 
 
 Valerius, -i, M., Valerius, a 
 gentile name; L. Valerius 
 Flaccus, consul w. Marius 
 
 100 B.C. 
 
 valetudo, -inis, F. [valeo], 
 
 health. 
 validus, -a, -um [valeo], strong, 
 
 vigorous. 
 vallo, -are, -avi, -atum [vallum], 
 
 tr., intrench, fortify, defend. 
 varietas, -tatis, F. [varius], 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 499 
 
 variety, difference, dissent, di- 
 versity, Ar. 9. 
 
 varius, -a, -um, varied, various, 
 versatile. 
 
 vas, vasis, N., vessel; plate. 
 
 vastitas, -tatis, F. [vastus], 
 waste, desolation, devastation. 
 
 vastatio, -onis, F. [vasto], de- 
 vastation, destruction. 
 
 vasto, -are, -avi, -atum [vastus], 
 tr., (make empty), lay waste, 
 ravage, destroy, devastate. 
 
 vates, -is, M. and F., soothsayer, 
 prophet, seer. 
 
 -ve, conj., enclitic, or. 
 
 vectigal, -alis, N. [veho], tax 
 (on goods carried) , revenue. 
 
 vectigalis, -e [vestigal], tribu- 
 tary; as noun, a tributary, 
 tax payer. 
 
 vehemens, -entis, adj., violent, 
 forcible, emphatic, severe, 
 earnest, strong, Cat., IV, 6. 
 
 vehementer, adv. [vehemens], 
 violently, earnestly, strongly, 
 greatly, exceedingly, vigorously. 
 
 vel, conj. [volo], or; vel . . . 
 ve\, either . . . or; adv., even. 
 
 velum, -i, N., sail. 
 
 vena, -ae, F., vein. 
 
 vendo, -dere, -didi, -ditum 
 [venum, sale, + do], tr., sell. 
 
 veneficus, -a, -um [venenum, 
 facio], poisonous; as noun, 
 poisoner. 
 
 venenum, -i, N., poison. 
 
 veneo, -ire, -ii, -itum [venum, 
 sale + eo], intr., (go to sale), 
 be sold. 
 yeneror, -ari, -atus sum, dep., 
 worship, adore, venerate. 
 
 venia, -ae, F., indulgence, for- 
 bearance, pardon. 
 
 venio, -ire, veni, ventum, intr., 
 come. 
 
 ventus, -i, JVI., urind. 
 
 venustas, -tatis, F., [venus], 
 beauty, charm. 
 
 ver, veris, N., the spring. . 
 
 verber, verberis,N., lash, whip; 
 scourging. 
 
 verbero, -are, -avi, -atum [ver- 
 ber], tr., scourge. 
 
 verbum, -i, N., word,. 
 
 vere, adv. [verus], truly, rightly, 
 really. 
 
 vereor en, -itus sum, dep., 
 fear, ar^- id. 
 
 Veritas, -tatis, F. [verus], truth. 
 
 vero [verus], conjunctive adv., 
 (in truth), in fact, indeed, 
 really; but, however, on the 
 other hand; iam ver5, further- 
 more, but now; see immo. 
 
 verso, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. 
 of vertol, tr., turn often, carry 
 on (bellum) ; pass, as dep., 
 move about, be employed, be 
 engaged, be rife; be, exist, 
 dwell, live, associate; be in- 
 volved; be experienced, 
 skilled, practiced ; enjoy, Ar. 
 5. 
 
 versus, -iis, M. [verto], line, 
 verse. 
 
 verum, conj. [versus], but, but 
 in truth; verum etiam, but 
 also, but even. 
 
 verus, -a, -um, true, real, 
 genuine, well-founded ; proper, 
 fitting, reasonable. 
 
 vespera, -ae, F., evening. 
 
500 
 
 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 Vesta, -ae, F., Vesta, goddess 
 of the hearth and household. 
 
 Vestalis, -e [Vesta], of Vesta, 
 Vestal. 
 
 vester, -tra, -trum, poss. pron., 
 your. 
 
 vestigium, -i, N. [vestigo], foot- 
 step, track, trace, vestige; pi., 
 Cat, IV, 6, ruins. 
 
 vestimentum, -i, N., clothing, 
 apparel. 
 
 vestrum, (1) neuter of vester, 
 (2) gen. pi. of tu. 
 
 veto, -are, -ui, -itum, tr., for- 
 bid. 
 
 vetus, veteris, adj. (App. 16), 
 old, long-standing, old-time, 
 ancient. 
 
 vetustas, -tatis, F. [vetus], old 
 age, antiquity, Ar. 6; dura- 
 tion, Ar. 12. 
 
 vexatio, -onis, F. [vexo], harass- 
 ing, troubling, distress, out- 
 rage. 
 
 vexo, -are, -avi, -atum [freq. of 
 veho], tr., toss violently; 
 attack. Cat., 1, 11; influence, 
 disturb, annoy, injure, harass, 
 distress. Cat., I, 10. 
 
 via. -ae, F., road, way, course. 
 
 vibro, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 brandish. 
 
 vicesimus, -a, -um, ordinal adj., 
 twentieth. 
 
 vicinus, -a, -um [vicus], neigh- 
 boring; as noun, neighbor. 
 
 victor, -oris, M. [vinco], victor, 
 conqueror; as adj., victorious, 
 P. 9. 
 
 victoria, -ae, F. [victor], victory. 
 
 vicus, -i, M., village. 
 
 videlicet, adv. [videre, licet], 
 
 (one may see), clearly, evi- 
 dently, in truth; (w. irony), of 
 course, forsooth. Cat., I, 8. 
 
 video, -ere, vidi, visum, tr., 
 see; pass., be seen, seem, seem 
 good, seem best. 
 
 vigilans, -antis, adj. [vigilo], 
 watchful, vigilant, of active 
 mind. 
 
 vigilia, -ae, F. [vigil, awake], a 
 watching, watch (a fourth part 
 of the night) ; wakeful night, 
 Ar. 11 ; want of sleep; pi., 
 the watch, watchmen, sentinels. 
 
 vigilo, -are, -avi, -atum [vigil, 
 watchful], tr, and intr., watch, 
 keep awake ; watch for. 
 
 vilis, -e, of little value, cheap. 
 
 vilitas, -tatis, F. [vilis], cheap- 
 ness. 
 
 villa, -ae, F. country-seat, villas 
 farm. 
 
 vinco, -ere, vici, victum, tr., 
 conquer. 
 
 vinculum, -i, N. [vincio], bond, 
 chain, tie; pi., imprisonment; 
 in vincula ducere, cast into 
 prison. 
 
 vindex, -icis, M. and F., aven- 
 ger, punisher. 
 
 vindico, -are, -avi, -atum [vin- 
 dex], tr., lay claim to, demand, 
 claim; punish; defend. 
 
 vinum, -i, N., wine. 
 
 violo, -are, -avi, -atum [vis], 
 tr., treat with violence, injure, 
 attack, dishonor. 
 
 vir, viri, M., man (opp. mulier). 
 
 virgo, -inis, F., maid, maiden^ 
 virgin. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 
 
 501 
 
 virtus, -tutis, F. [vir], (manli- 
 ness), bravery, courage, valor; 
 virtue, character, spirit, ex- 
 cellence, merit, ability. 
 
 vis, vis, F. (App. 10), force, 
 strength, power, violence; 
 amount; pi., vires, strength, 
 vigor, force. 
 
 viscera, -um, N., pi., vitals, 
 vital organs. 
 
 viso, -ere, visi, visum [freq. of 
 video], tr., look at, witness; 
 go to see, visit. 
 
 vita, -ae, F., life. 
 
 vitium, -i, N., fault, vice, of- 
 fense. 
 
 vito, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., 
 avoid, escape, evade. 
 
 vituperatio, -onis, F. [vitupero], 
 charge, reproach. 
 
 vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, intr., 
 live. 
 
 vivus, -a, -um [vivo], alive, 
 living. 
 
 vix, adv., with difficulty, scarcely, 
 hardly. 
 
 vixdum, adv., scarcely yet, 
 scarcely. 
 
 voco, -are, -avi, -atum, tr., calif 
 
 ■ summon, bring. 
 volito, -are, -avi, -atum [void, 
 
 fly], hover about, flit about. 
 volo, velle, volui (App. 48), 
 
 tr. and intr., be willing, wishy 
 
 desire, intend, mean, determine. 
 Volturcius, -i, M., Volturcius^ 
 
 one of Catiline's confederates, 
 voluntas, -tatis, F. [volo], will- 
 
 i:.gness, consent, will, good 
 
 will, wish, desire, purpose, 
 
 inclination. 
 voluptas, -tatis, F. [volo], pleaS' 
 
 ure, delight. 
 vosmet, emphatic form of vos. 
 votum, -i, N. [voveo], vow. 
 vox, vocis, F., voice, speech, 
 
 utterance, word, saying. 
 vulgo, adv. [vulgus], commonly, 
 
 generally. 
 vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum [vul- 
 
 nus], tr., wound, injure. 
 vulnus, vulneris, N., wound; 
 
 distress. 
 vultus, -lis, M., the expression 
 
 of the countenance, looks; the 
 
 face. 
 
INDEX 
 
 To the Grammatical Appendix aud the Latin Prose Composition 
 (2%e numbers refer to pages.") 
 
 ft, ab, denoting separation, 320 ; 
 
 place from which, 320 ; 
 
 source, 320 ; agency, 320. 
 Ablative case, uses of, 320-322. 
 absolute, 322. 
 of accompaniment, 321. 
 of accordance, 322. 
 of agent, 320. 
 of attendant circumstance, 
 
 321. 
 of cause, 321. 
 of comparison, 320. 
 of degree of difference, 321. 
 of description, 321. 
 of manner, 321. 
 of material, 320. 
 of means, 321. 
 of place from which, 320; in 
 
 which, 322. 
 of plenty or want, 322. 
 of route, 321. 
 of separation, 320. 
 of source, 320. 
 of specification, 321. 
 of time when or within which, 
 
 322. 
 with dignus, etc., 322. 
 with opus, usus, 322. 
 with prepositions, 342. 
 with utor, etc., 321. 
 Accusative case, uses of, 318- 
 
 320. 
 adverbial, 319. 
 
 Accusative case, as direct object, 
 318. 
 
 as predicate accusative, 319. 
 
 as secondary object, 318. 
 
 as subject of infinitive, 319. 
 
 cognate, 319. 
 
 of duration of time, 319. 
 
 of exclamation, 320. 
 
 of extent of space, 319. 
 
 of place to which, 319. 
 
 with ask, demand, teach, 318. 
 
 with prepositions, 319. 
 
 with propior, proximus, 319. 
 Adjectives, agreement of, 323. 
 
 attributive, 323. 
 
 compared, 290. 
 
 of 1st and 2d declension, 288. 
 
 of 3d declension, 289. 
 
 predicate, 323. 
 
 uses of, 323. 
 Adverbs, comparison, 291 ; for- 
 mation, 312 ; uses, 342. 
 Agreement, of nouns, 314 ; of 
 adjectives, 323 ; of pronouns, 
 323; of verbs, 327. 
 alius, alter, 288, 326. 
 amplius, in comparisons, 321. 
 Anaphora, 344. 
 Answers, 314. 
 Antecedent, of relative pronoun, 
 
 325. 
 antequam, wdth temporal clauses, 
 
 333. 
 Antithesis, 344. 
 Apposition, 314. 
 
 503 
 
504 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Asyndeton, 344. 
 
 Attraction, subjunctive by, 335. 
 
 B 
 
 Base, of noun, 284. 
 
 C 
 
 Calendar, Roman, 345. 
 
 causa, with genitive, 343. 
 
 Causal clauses, 331, 333, 387. 
 
 Characteristic, clauses of, 331. 
 
 Chiasmus, 344. 
 
 Climax, 344. 
 
 Cognate accusative, 319. 
 
 Command, 330, 336, 338, 348. 
 
 Comparison, clauses of, 330. 
 
 Comparison of adjectives, 290. 
 of adverbs, 291. 
 
 Concessive clauses, 331, 333, 387. 
 
 Conditional sentences, 331, 334, 
 352, 354 ; in indirect dis- 
 course, 339. 
 
 Conjugations, 294-308. 
 
 Conjunctions classified, 342. 
 
 cum (conj.), causal, 333; conces- 
 sive, 334 ; temporal, 332. 
 
 cum (prep.), denoting accom- 
 paniment, 321 ; manner, 321 ; 
 sometimes omitted, 321. 
 
 cum primum, with indicative, 332. 
 
 D 
 
 Dative case, uses of, 317, 318. 
 of agent, 318. 
 of indirect object, 317. 
 of possessor, 318. 
 of purpose or tendency, 317. 
 of reference, 318. 
 of separation, 317. 
 with adjectives, 318. 
 with compound verbs, 317. 
 with verbs of special meaning, 
 317. 
 
 de, denoting place from which, 
 
 separation, 320. 
 debeo, oportet, etc., with pres. 
 
 inf., 337, 351. 
 Declension, 284-290. 
 Defective verbs, 307. 
 Deliberative question, 335. 
 Demonstrative pronouns, 292, 
 
 324. 
 Deponent verbs, 301. 
 Determinative clauses, 377. 
 Direct object, 318. 
 Direct reflexive, 324. 
 domi, 322 ; domo, 320 ; domum, 
 
 319. 
 dum, uses of, 328, 333, 335. 
 
 E 
 
 e, ex, denoting place from which, 
 
 separation, 320. 
 Emphasis, 343. 
 enim, position, 343. 
 eo, conjugated, 305. 
 Epistolary tenses, 329. 
 Ethical dative, 318. 
 etsi, with concessive clauses, 
 
 334. 
 Exhortations, 330. 
 
 F 
 
 Fearing, verbs of, with ut, ne, 336, 
 379. 
 
 fero, conjugated, 305. 
 
 Fifth declension, 287. 
 
 Figures of speech, 344. 
 
 fio, conjugated, 304. 
 
 First conjugation, 294 ; declen- 
 sion, 284. 
 
 Formation of words, 308 -313. 
 
 Fourth conjugation, 299 ; declen- 
 sion, 286. 
 
 Future perfect, 328. 
 
 Future tense, 328. 
 
INDEX 
 
 506 
 
 G 
 
 Genitive case, uses of, 315. 
 
 objective, 315, 362. 
 
 of description, 315. 
 
 of indefinite value, 317. 
 
 of material, 315. 
 
 of the whole, 316. 
 
 possessive, 315. 
 
 subjective, 315, 362. 
 
 with adjectives, 316. 
 
 with verbs of accusing, feeling, 
 interest, memory, 316. 
 
 with potior, 316. 
 Gerund, gerundive, uses of, 340, 
 
 341. 
 Greek nouns, 287. 
 
 H 
 
 Hendiadys, 344. 
 Historical infinitive, 337. 
 Historical tenses, 329. 
 
 iam diu, iam dudum, 375. 
 
 Imperative, uses of, 336. 
 Imperfect tense, 328. 
 impero, with subjunctive, 336. 
 Impersonal verbs, 308, 327. 
 Indefinite pronouns, 293, 326. 
 Indicative, uses of, 330. 
 Indicative noun clauses, 335. 
 Indirect discourse, 338. 
 Indirect questions, 335. 
 Indirect reflexive, 324. 
 Infinitive, uses of, 337. 
 Infinitive noun clauses, 336. 
 Informal indirect discourse, 339. 
 Intensive pronoun, 293, 325. 
 Interrogative pronouns, 293, 326. 
 Irony, 344. 
 
 Irregular verbs, 302-307. 
 iubeo, with infinitive, 337. 
 
 licet, conjugated, 308 ; how used, 
 
 351. 
 Litotes, 344. 
 Locative case, 322. 
 longius, in comparisons, 321. 
 
 M 
 
 malo, conjugated, 306. 
 memini, conjugated, 307, 
 Metaphor, 344. 
 Metonymy, 344. 
 
 Moods, syntax of, 330-339; in 
 indirect discourse, 338. 
 
 N 
 
 Names of persons, 345. 
 ne, with purpose clauses, 332; 
 with noun clauses, 336, 382. 
 Negative adverbs, 342, 349. 
 Negative command, 337. 
 nescio quis, 326. 
 nolo, conjugated, 306. 
 Nominative case, uses of, 315. 
 Noun clauses, 330, 335. 
 Nouns, declension of, 284-287. 
 
 
 
 Obligation, subjunctive of, 332. 
 odi, conjugated, 307. 
 oportet, use of, 351. 
 opus, with, ablative, 322. 
 Order of words, 343. 
 
 Participles, defined, 340 ; uses oi^ 
 
 340. 
 Perfect tense, 328. 
 Periodic style, 343. 
 
606 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Periphrastic conjugations, 301. 
 Personal pronouns, 291, 323. 
 Place, expressions of, 319, 320, 
 
 322. 
 Pluperfect tense, 328. 
 plus, in comparisons, 321. 
 Polysyndeton, 344. 
 Possession, 366. 
 Possessive pronouns, 292, 324. 
 possum, conjugated, 304; how 
 
 used, 351. 
 postquam, with temporal clauses, 
 
 332. 
 Potential use of the subjunctive, 
 
 330. 
 potior, with genitive, 316; with 
 
 ablative, 322. 
 Predicate, accusative, 319 ; gen- 
 itive, 317 ; noun, 315. 
 Prefixes, 313. 
 Prepositions, with accusative, 
 
 342 ; with ablative, 342. 
 Present tense, 327. 
 Preterition, 344. 
 Primary tenses, 329. 
 priusquam, with temporal clauses, 
 
 333. 
 Prohibitions, 337. 
 Pronouns, declined, 291-294 ; 
 uses of, 323-326 ; in indirect 
 discourse, 339. 
 propior, proximus, etc., with accu- 
 sative, 319. 
 proprius with genitive, 318. 
 Proviso, clauses of, 335. 
 Purpose clauses, 331, 332; ex- 
 pressions of purpose, 332. 
 
 Q 
 
 quam, with comparatives, 321. 
 quamquam, with concessive 
 
 clauses, 334. 
 Questions, direct, 313, 346; de- 
 
 liberative, 335 ; double, 314 ; 
 
 indirect, 335, 355. 
 qui, with indicative, 331 ; with 
 
 subjunctive, 331, 332. 
 quin, quominus, with noun 
 
 clauses, 336, 382. 
 quo, with purpose clauses, 332. 
 quod, with causal clauses, 333; 
 
 with noun clauses, 335. 
 
 Reflexive pronouns, 291, 324. 
 Relative clauses, 331, 377. 
 Relative pronoun, 293, 325. 
 Result clauses, 332. 
 Rhetorical questions, 314. 
 Root, 308. 
 
 S 
 
 Second conjugation, 297 ; declen- 
 sion, 284. 
 Secondary object, 318; tenses, 
 
 329. 
 Semi-deponent verbs, 302. 
 Sequence of tenses, 329. 
 Stem, 284, 308. 
 Subject, of finite verb, 315; of 
 
 infinitive, 319; of historical 
 
 infinitive, 315. 
 Subjunctive, uses of, 330, 331, 
 
 349; by attraction, 335; 
 
 in noun clauses, 335. 
 Substantive clauses, see Noun 
 
 clauses. 
 Suffixes, 309-311. 
 sum, conjugated, 302. 
 Supine, uses of, 341. 
 Syntax, 313-343. 
 
 T 
 
 Temporal clauses, 332, 385. 
 Tenses, of indicative, 327; of 
 infinitive, 337; of subjunc* 
 
INDEX 
 
 607 
 
 tive, 329; in indirect dis- 
 course, 338. 
 
 Third conjugation, 298, 299 ; de- 
 clension, 285. 
 
 Time, when, within which, 322 ; 
 during which, 319. 
 
 U 
 
 ubi, with temporal clauses, 332. 
 
 ut, with noun clauses, 336 ; with 
 purpose clauses, 332 ; with 
 result clauses, 332 ; with 
 temporal clauses, 332. 
 
 utor, with ablative, 321. 
 
 Verbs, conjugated, 294-308; uses 
 of, 327-341 ; agreement, 327 ; 
 derivation, 311. 
 
 Vocative case, 315. 
 
 volo, conjugated, 306. 
 
 W 
 
 Wish, subjunctive of, 330. 
 Word, order, 343. 
 
 Zeugma, 344. 
 
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