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\^- DIODORUS
AND
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
EDWIN L./GREEN,
PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, RICHMOND, KY.
BALTIMORE:
JOHN MURPHY & CO.
1899.
DIODORUS
AND
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
A DISSERTATION
PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
BY
EDWIN L. GREEN,
PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, RICHMOND, KY.
BALTIMORE:
JOHN MURPHY & CO
1899.
<^1 <jl
CONTENTS
Page.
Introduction, 5
General Study op Language op Diodorus: 8-42
Word -formation, ---------- 8
Syntax, 12
General Observations, - 27
Prepositions, ..--. 28
Particles, -.-- -- 37
Rhythm and Figures, 40
Peloponnesian War : 42-51
General Examination, --------- 42
Sources, 47
Conclusion, -- 51
254827
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DIODORUS AND THE PELOPONNESIAN ¥AR.
) Diodorus, known as the Sicilian, was born in Agyrium, a city
i of Sicily (i 4, 4), in the early part of the first century preceding
our era. Under Augustus he completed an universal history in
forty books, to which he gave the name BifiXiodrjKr} 'IcrropiKrj.
This * Historical Library' — for such it is — comprises the history
of the world from mythical times to the year 60/59 B. C, and
according to our author, it required the work of thirty years, the
ransacking of Rome's great libraries, and journeys to Egypt and
over much of Europe and Asia. His conception of history is
excellent, and the breadth of his work is greater than that of
any of his predecessors, inasmuch as it embraces also the history
of Kome, L. O. Brocker, Mod. Quellenforsch. u. ant. Geschicht-
schreibevj Innshrucky 1882, p. 63. But the result does not justify
the expectation. According to the great majority of investigators,
Diodorus is nothing more than an excerptor, a sorry one at that :
G. F. Unger, Diodors Quellen i. d. DiadoGhengescMchte, 1878,
p. 370 ; F. L. Schoenle, Diodorstudien, Berlin^ 1891, p. 1 ; C.
Wachsmuth, Alte Geschichtey 95. H. Nissen is of the opinion
that Diodorus shortened his sources, while he transferred their
language into that of his own day, Krit. TJntersuch. it, d. Quellen
d. 4. u. 5. Dekade d. Livius, 110-113. Investigators state that
Diodorus uses only one source for the events of any period,
though they are agreed that this is always a good one, and that
he endeavors to secure a contemporary writer of the time, Unger,
1. c. ; J. Pohler, Diod. ah Quel. z. Gesch, v. Hellas i. d. Zeit, v.
Thebens Anfochwung, Cassel, 1885, p. 11 ; Wachsmuth, 1. c.
\ Diodorus has been for many years a favorite with makers of
L dissertations, and his sources have in consequence been very
thoroughly sifted. The pamphlet of C. A. Volquardsen, Unter-
such. u. d. Quel. d. gr. u. sicil. Gesch. b. Diod., B. xi bis xvi,
Kiely 1868, has had great influence in determining the method of
6
^ . „ , „.• .^ .Diodorus ^nd the Peloponnesian War.
investigation of others and their results. There is little dissent
from the almost universal contempt for Diodorus. Voices of
protest have been raised by Brocker, 1. c. ; R. Neubert, Spuren
selbstdndiger Thdtigkeit b. Diodor, Bautzen, 1890; A. Holm, Gesch.
SicilienSj ii 360 (though he has since changed his views, Hist of
Greece, Eng. trans., ii 101); E. A. Freeman, Hist, of Sicily, ii
162 N. 1 ; iii 1 N. 1. C. G. Heyne, at the close of last century,
believed that the writers named from time to time were authorities
for the preceding period, De Fontibus et Aucforibus Historiarum
Diodoii (in Dindorf edit). He is followed in the main by G.
Grote.
[As far as concerns the Peloponncaian War, the opinion of
Volquardsen has prevailed, that Diodorus drew his narrative from
Ephorus and Timaeus : Wachsmuth, 1. c, 101 ; G. I^usolt, Gr.
Gesch., ii 105-6 ; L. Holzapfel, Untersuch. ii. d. DarstelL d. gr.
Gesch., Leipzig, 1879, pp. 18, 41 ; W. Collmann, De Diodof'i Sic.
Fontibus, Mar bur gi, 1869. Holm, Hist, of Gr., Eng. tr., ii 608,
follows Breitenbach and assigns the latter part of the narrative,
xiii 45-107, to Theopompus. Freeman can see no reason why
Philistus and Thucydides were not used as well as Ephorus and
Timaeus. To this last historian belong the speeches of xiii 20-32,
if we assent to the generally accepted view of E. Bachof, Timaios
als Quelle Diod. f. d. Bed. i. B. 13 u. 14, Jahrb. 129, 445-478.
Some investigators, as M. Biidinger, D. Univ. Hist. i. Alterth.,
p. 159, find here and there excerpts from Thucydides.
The many investigations of the sources of Diodorus have been
based on his subject-matter. Only in a fitful way has use been
made of his language. The most extensive employment of it for
determining his sources is that of W. Stern, who endeavors to
show that the first twenty books of Diodorus were derived from
Theopompus, Theopompos : Fine Hauptquelle d. Diod. B. i-xx, in
Comm. i. hon. G. Studemund, 1889, 145-162; Diodor u. Theo-
pomp, Durlach, 1891. The object of this paper was primarily to
examine Diodorus' language, for the purpose of finding whether it
could be a means of determining his sources; and the narrative of
the Peloponnesian War was selected for the investigation. As a
r direct linguistic comparison with Thucydides and the fragments of
Philistus, Ephorus and Timaeus (C. Miiller, Frg. Hist. Gr. I
185-333) yielded few certain results, it was deemed best to substi-
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 7
tute for it a general study of the language, though the symmetry
of the paper would be marred. Inasmuch as the bulk of Diodorus
is such that |t was impracticable to examine its entirety, the study
was confined to the second book, the first thirty-four chapters of
whichcome from Ktesias, Wachsmuth, 1. c. ; Krumbholz, Rhein.
Mus., xl 321-341 ; to the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth books,
whose Greek and Sicilian history is by the majority of investiga-
tors assigned to Ephorus and Timaeus, Volquardsen, 1. c, p. 118 ;
Wachsmuth, 1. c. ; and to the eighteenth book, which is supposed
to have its origin in Hieronymus of Kardia, Droysen, Hermes, xi
464; Wachsmuth, 1. c. There seems in this selection to be a
sufficient variety in the sources as far as concerns any reflection of
their language in Diodorus. Books i, iii, iv and v were also read
^in connection with the five mentioned. Enough has been examined
1 to give a very accurate idea of the language and style of our author.
\ After this, indirect evidence for more sources than one has been
I obtained by showing that the narrative breaks into four sections.
VEach section was then examined for its sources.
'^ Besides the dissertations and papers already referred to, there is
scarcely a pamphlet or article relating to Diodorus that has not
been surveyed ; but as they rarely furnished material for the
purpose of this paper they have been left unnamed. The majority
of them can be found in Wachsmuth and Schoenle. Most useful
in the study of the language have been the American Journal of
Philology {A. J. P.), vols, i-xviii ; Prof. Gildersleeve's Justin
Martyr; W. Schmidts Atticismus, especially the fourth vol.; F.
Krebs, Prdposit. b. Polyh.; Prdpositionsadverbien ; Zur Rection d.
Casus i. d. sp. gr. Hist,; Kaelker, Quaest. d. eloc. Pol., Leip. Stud.
iv 290; J. Stich, D., Polyh. die. genere, Act. Sent, Erlang., ii 186.
The independent observations on Polybius are based on his fourth
book; those on Dionysius Halicarnussus, on the fifth and sixth
books of his Antiquitates Romanae.
The Teubner text both of F. Vogel and of L. Dindorf has
been the i^xt for the investigation, but chiefly the former.
In order to keep this dissertation within moderate compass, I
I have given at all times only the principal results, omitting unim-
1 portant details, and I have dwelt especially on the general study
j of Diodorus' language. For the same reason 1 have also not cited
I many examples under each phenomenon treated.
Diodorus and the Peloponnedan War.
General Study of Diodorus' Language.
Diodorus writes in the Kolvt) SmXe/cro?, understanding by this
a dialect that in all essentials but that of pureness of vocabulary is
Attic, though in detail it diverges also from Attic syntax, of.
Hewlett, Art. Irifin. in Polyhius, Amer. Jour. Phil, xi 268.
Diodorus belongs to the better class of writers of the kolvtj. The
writer whom he nearest approaches — and he approaches him very
near — is Polybius, which will appear in the course of this paper.
A treatise De Sermone Diodori was prefixed by Dindorf to his^
edition, and this is to be found, with additions and corrections, in |
the edition of Vogel. What will be given below is meant as an
addition to the above treatise. The De Sermone Diodori is cited
from Vogel's IniroduGtion.
Inflection.
The Doric genitive of proper names has not disappeared, as
evidenced by Boura, iv 23, 2; Tpioira, v 61, 3; 'AyLttX/ca, xi 21,
4 ; ^Ava^iXa, ib. 66, 1 (Ava^lXov, ib. 76, 5) ; K-aWiKpariha, xiii
99,4.
Higher kolvyj does not entirely give up the Attic declension,
though it is far gone already in Polybius, W. Schniid, Atficism^is,
iv 582. A few forms are found in our author: veco, xiii 82, 3;
veaty ib. 41, 3; vecov, ib. 90, 2; vem (ace. plur.), xi i^5, 1, though
forms of vao^ are more usual; y^pvcroKepwVt iv 13, 1 ; tXewz/, ib.
24, 4; T6m76ft), v 61, 1.
The gen. plur. of cr-stems appears to be contracted : opwVy v 25,
3 ; iOvMV, ib. 24, 1 ; ^eXcov, xii 42, 5. yrjpafi has <yrjp(o<; in the
gen. sing. Forms of Kpea^ are Kpewv, v 28, 4; Kpeaai, ib. 34, 2 ;
Kpea, ii 59, 1 : of Kepa<;, /cepaTo<;, xviii 30, 3 and Kepws, iv 22, 6 ;
Kepara, ib. 22, 6. HepLKXrjf; is declined UepcKXeov;, xii 38, 3; —
€1, ib. 38, 2 ; — ea, ib. 27, 1. The declension of 'Hpa/cX?}? is simi-
lar : — 601/9, ii 46, 5; — el, iv 21, 3; — ea, ii 46, 3 ( — iju was not
found, though on Attic inscriptions of this period, Meisterhans,
Gr. d. att. Inschr., 2nd ed., p. 107).
The gen. plur. of stems in ev preceded by l do not undergo^
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 9
contraction, Meisterhans, p. Ill: HXaraiiayv, xii 41, 2; MrjXLemv,
xi4, 7, cf. 13, 5; 14, 5.
Contract forms in r) for the neuter plural of u-steras are not
found on inscriptions, Meisterhans, p. 118 ; but Diodorus has
^fjLio-rj, xviii 19, 4; 46, 2. The feminine is in eca, as yXvKeLa,
ii 58, 7.
Local Endings. These endings belong to legal phraseology,
the literary form being the prepositional phrase; and they dis-
appeared in the kocvtj, Schmid, 1. c, iv 585. The locative
^A6rjvr}(Tc never entirely vanishes from inscriptions; and the Local
Endings are revived by the Atticists, Schmid, 1. c, and in general,
Main, Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators y Baltimore, 1892.
*Adr}V7}(rt is the only locative expression found in our author, and
usually when the name of the archon at Athens is given, xii 38,
J ; xiii 27, 4; 38, 1; 43, 1; xviii 13, 6. Thucydides employs
^Adi]vr]a-i only twice, both times in official language, v 25, 1 ; 47.
Ha? and otTra? divide the honors fiiirly between them ; cf. on
these words Diels, Got. gel. Anz., 1894, 298 ; Schaefer, Dem. u. s.
Zeit.y iii 296. Not infrequently a-'x^eBop is connected with them,
a-x^Bov airavra^, iv 10, 5; 29, 4 ; xiii 47, 3; xviii 29, 4.
Tdxt'Ov is the comparative of rax^'^y ii 5, 6 ; xiii 106, 1, cf.
Rutherford, New Fhrynichus, 150 — a N. T. form, Schmid, 1. c,
iv 25.
6avfjLa(Tr6<; compares as follows : 6avfjLa<7T6<;, davjULaarLcarepot;,
Oavfjiaa-ta)TaTo<;, Rademacher, Rhein. Mus., xlix 106 N. 1.
According to H. Schmidt, De duali graecorum et emoriente et
reviviscente, Breslau, 1893 (Rev. in A. J. P., xiv 521), there is a
gradual decline of the dual from Aristotle to Diodorus, after
whom it begins to rise again. Except aficfyco, frg. 23, 201, vlotVy
frg. 31, 19, 2, the dual in Diodorus is confined to Svo, Bvotv (35
times) predominating over Bveiv (12 times). The dative Bvcrl is
found 38 times, Schmidt, 1. c, p. 25. Polybius has six nominal
forms in the dual, Hasse, N. Jahrb. 147, 164.
Pronouns. The indirect reflexives are rare, the singular ov at
€ not appearing at all, which is also true of Polybius. The forms
10 Diodmus and the Peloponnesian War.
found are a^cov, xiii 45, 10; a(f>io-c, ib. 46, 3; o-(f>a^, xii 41, 6;
xi 58, 5, where it is used with avTov^; as a direct reflexive; and
the pronominal adjective (r<f>eT€po<;. Poly bins employs these more
frequently, iv 5, 4, 6 ; 7, 2 ; 9, 8 ; 10, 3, 7 ; 12, 6, etc. ; and this
is true of Dion. Hal., Ant, Bom., v 11, 16 (bis); vi 27, 27, 36,
62, 64.
iavTov stands to avrov in about the ratio 3 : 2. On these forms
and the reflexive pronoun in the older language, cf. Dyroff, Gesch.
d. pr. reflex., Wiirzburg, 1892 u. 1893; Rev. in A. J. P., xviii
214-224.
A-paragogicum seems not to be used with demonstratives.
€/c€lpo<; appears without its initial e in k€lvov, xiii 68, 6.
Verbs. In our author the optative is nearly dead, though not
so far gone as in N. T. Greek. Polybius also has lost much in
the optative. The 1st aor. opt. 3rd sing, ends in ai, xi 46, 2; xiv
66, 1, in €C6v, xi 58, 5; xiii 28, 3: for the 3rd plur. cf Vogel,
Introd.j xli, and Kaelker, De Dlodori Hiatu, Leip. Stud, iv 309.
TuOrjfii, has the 2nd aor. opt. of thematic verbs, avvOoivro, ii 33,
5 ; o-vyKardOocTO, ib. 14, 4.
aXia-KOfiai, takes the augmont and reduplication 77, rjXojKcof;,
xviii 18, 2; xi 25, 2 (v. b. eaX — ); rjXcocrav, xi 65, 4.
The 2nd aor. mid. ind. is found with endings of the 1st :
ecXavTo, xiii 69, 3 ; 74, 1 ; 98, 4 ; direi'iTavTO, xviii 39, 2. The
form e'yevrj67]v, xiii 38, 3; 51, 8; 63, 1, is treated by Hultzsch,
D. erzdhl. Zeifform. h. Polyb., ii 350. e\S) occurs as the future of
aipio, ii 26, 9. An aor. pass, of opo) is ewpd6r}v, xviii 16, 1.
direKpWriv, xviii 17, 7 is familiar to readers of N. T. Greek ; but
also dTreKpLvdfiTjv, xiii 88, 7. From bk. xviii we find that the
compound forms of the plu|)erfect are to the simple as 7 : 6. The
great majority of the compound forms are active, whereas the
simple forms are for the most part passive, larrj/ic has both long
and short forms in the perf. act. part. : ec^eo-rwrct?, v 18, 4; xiii
94, 5 ; €V€(TT7jK6Ta(;, xiii 88, 4 ; 99, 6 ; xviii 7, 5. eBcoKav is the
3rd plur. of aor. ind. of BtBwfjLL, xii 42, 6 ; 44, 3 ; xiii 68, 1.
Passing of /xt-verbs over into w-verbs seems to be confined to
XaTrjjjLt and Beifcvvfic : d(j>L(TTdveLv, xi 28, 3 ; avviaravev, xi 55, 8 ;
cf. xiii 48, 4 ; xviii 70, 1 ; aTreBeiKwey xii 40, 4, though Kaelker,
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 11
1. c, states that verbs in fit have in the infinitive €tv before vowels
and vat before consonants.
Adverbial forms in dev are fairly numerous : dircoOev, xiii 59,
6 ; avToOev, xii 15, 5 ; iKetOev, xviii 54, 3 ; e/jLTrpoadev, ib. 27, 1 ;
ivrevOev, xiii 63, 4; e^coOev, ii 16, 10; eacoOev, ibid.; oOev, ii 31,
10; xiii 37, 5; 49, 3 (which is liked also by Polybius, iv 72, 4;
SQ, 5) ; oLKoOev, xiii 72, 3 ; oina-dev, xviii 27, 1 ; iravraxoO^v, xiii
49, 2 ; irdvToOev, xviii 28, 5 ; irodev, xiii 29, 3. Forms in rj are
rare, as ravry, xii 47, 1. ^ is a favorite of Thucydides, ii 18, 1 ;
67, 2; 70, 4,^4; 74, 6; 79,6; 100, 6; iii 13, 2; 25, 1, cf. Polyb.,
iv 43, 2, 4. Rare also are forms in oc, owoc,' xviii 32, 2, and in
ou, auToO, xi 14, 2; 29, 4; xiii 77, 2; 104, 2; ou, xiii 40, 6;
^TTov, xiv 69, 1. Indefinite pronominal abverbs are scarcely to
be found, fxakLo-'Td Trcofi, xiii 24, 2, though freely employed in
Polybius.
The neut. sing, of the substantivized adjective not infrequently
serves as an adverb: to iraXaioVy iv 12, 3; to vcrTaTov, ib. 27, 3 ;
TO Trapdirav, v 17, 4 ; to vcTTepov, v 6, 3 ; to irpoiTov, ibid. ; to
ak7)6e<i, V 49, 4 ; to TeXevTalov, xi 52, 4 ; TovvavTiov, xii 26, 2 ;
TO crvvoXov, xii 16, 1 ; TavTOfiaTov, xii 38, 4; to ecr'x^aTov, xviii
67, 3.
We may append here that Diodorus is not consistent in writing
pa; or pp, the latter of which is Attic, Herodian (Lentz), i 15, 18,
the former Ionic and Thucydidean, Kiihner-Blass, Gh\ Gr., V
147: Tapcroq, xiii 99, 3; TrvpaevQ), xii 49, 4; Tvp(TL<;, xi 38, 4;
but Oappo), xiii 15, 5; Tvpprjvlay v 13, 4; ^eppovrjao^, xiii 66, 3
(Vogel, Introd.j Ixxii N.) ; apprjv, ii 45, 3.
12 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
Syntax.
Apposition. An apposition to an accusative may be in the
nominative: v 7, 1, avrat B* elcrl top dpiO/nov kirrd, 7rpocr'rjyopia<i
8>* e'XpvcTi Tavra^;, XTpoyyvXr} kol ^vcovvfio^ ; cf. v 12, 4, where
the nominatives are, as it were, in quotation marks.
In certain sections, as in the latter half of bk. xii, our author
adds TToXfc? to the name of the city : xii 44, 1, iroXiv ''AXoTrrjv ;
72, 7, Mevhr} iroKif;; 77, 5: xviii 12, 4, ttoXlv Aafjuiav. Herodotus
makes much of this apposition of vroXt?, i 168 ; 189 ; 193 : ii 169 :
vii 124, which was due to the low state of the knowledge of
geography in Greece, Kallenberg, Philologus, xlix 540.
Substantivized Neuter Adjectives. This is a recognized
mark of Thucydides, C. F. Smith, Poet Construe, in Thuc., Trans.
Amer. Phil. Assn., 1895, 95 ff. No influence of Thucydides on
Diodorus in this respect is apparent. Both adjectives and parti-
ciples are substantivized, and there is nothing peculiar in Dio-
dorus' usage except that they are seldom in any case but the
nominative and, more generally, the accusative : xviii 1 , 3, 5 ; 8,
4; 17, 7; 19, 1; 22, 3, 5; 25, 4; 28, 5; 47, 1; 52, 4; 59, 4; 60, 1.
7rapa6aXdTTio<;, xii 44, 1 ; Oavfjudo-wf;, xi 89, 4 ; v6iJiifio<;, iv 9,
3 ; iXevOepo^, iv 31, 8, are used as adjectives of two endings.
Number. Examples of the singular employed as a collective
are irXivOo^, ii 8, 7 ; /cdXa/no^;, xiii 113, 1 ; cr')(olvo(;, ii 49, 2.
Diodorus speaks in the author's plural : i 4, 4 ; 5, 2 ; xii 84, 4 ;
xiii 1, 1.
Cases. The neuter plural subject takes regularly a singular
verb : ii 5, 1 ; xiii 42, 6, though the verb is often plural in late
Greek, Gildersleeve, Justin Martyr, A. 3. 3.
Classic usage of w in address was reversed in late Greek, and
so the few speeches in the Bt^Xto6rJK7) show that Diodorus is at
least inclined to omit it: without w, xiii 20, 1 ; 21, 4; 28, 2, 3;
29, 1; 52, 3; 102, 2; with ^, xiii 20, 5; 21, 8; 23, 1; 32, 6.
It is omitted in N. T., Acts xvii 22 ; xxvi 2, 24, 25. Dion. Hal.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 13
appears regularly to use w. Rockel, De allocutione apud Thucy-
didem, etc., for classic usage.
Accusative. In bis treatise, Zur Redion d. Casus L d. spat,
hist, Grdc.j 2 parts, Munich, 1887, Krebs has shown how late
Greek historians employ the accusative after certain verbs instead
of the regular regimen, though in a few instances the change was
from the accusative. Poly bins and Diodorus sin very much alike
in this respect, whereas Dion. Hal. has not often gone astray.
Krebs gives the following verbs which may govern the accusative
in Diodorus: iroXeixelv, ii 37, 3; KarairoXefielv, ii 18, 1; (TvyKara-
TToXefieiv, xvi 22, 4 ; iveSpevecv, which, however, takes an accusa-
tive in Attic, cf. L. and S. s. v. ; ein^ovXeveiv, xxxvi 2, 3
ak^elv, xiv 112, 4; anravrav, xxxi 1, 2; airekTri^o), 19, 36, 5
fcparelv, xiii 52, 2 ; hia(f>epeiv, ii 5, 1 ; ivrpeTreoSac, xi 92, 3
fcXrjpovofjLelv, iv 4, 4. Krebs also cites the following verbs as
taking an accusative, though in the older language they were
intransitive : SiaywvoOeTe'Lv, xxxi 1, 1 ; 6VTV')(6lv, viii 25, 4 ;
Karevrvxelv, xx 46 ; Trapaairovhelv, xiv 68, 3 ; irpovo/jbevecv, xix
25, 2 ; TrXeoveicTelv, xii 46, 3 ; ')(0p7)'yeiVi xi 44, 4 ; vireprj^avelv,
xxiii 15, 4 ; cf. Kaelker, 1. c, 294. Hiatus is said to be respon-
sible for some of the changes in the cases used after verbs and
adjectives, Krebs, Prdpositions-adverbienj 2, 58 ff., though his
examples do not all require this explanation.
Cognate Accusative. This (txv/^^ irvfjuoXoyLKov is compara-
tively rare in Diodorus : iviKa crrdhiov, xii 82, 1 ; vavfiaxiav
VLKaVy xiii 102, 4. Lobeck, Paralip., 501-38; Schulze, Comm. in
hon. Rib., 1888, 153-171. Socrates was fond of this crxnP'^ — in
reality, a t/ootto?, — Newhall, Dram, arid Mimet. Features of the
Gorg. of Plato, Baltimore, 1891, p. 17.
Adverbial Accusative. For ttjv raxLo-Trjv we may cite xi
19, 2; 28, 2; 36, 3. rpoirov is used as in Herodotus (vi 37),
avSpairoScav rpoirov, xiii 15, 2. tovtov tov rpoirov has the
advantage over tovto) to3 rpoirq), but only in a small degree.
On the disappearance of rpoTro) before rpoTrov consult A. J. P.,
xi 521.
14 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War'.
Accusative of Specification. In his fondness for this accu-
sative Diodorus often uses it pleonastically : vios rrjv rfkiKiaVi xii
43, 2 ; Tov rpoirov a^ad6<;, xi 8, 5 ; Toaavrat to 7r\rj6o<;, xi 3, 9 ;
4, 7 ; cf. xii 55, 8 ; xi 11, 2 ; 50, 6 ; 56, 3. 7rX7}^09 is not infre-
quently joined to roaovro^, and tov apidfiov to numerals or words
expressive of quantity.
In KaTCL Trjv oXv/jLTTLaBa ttjv TrevTaKocTTTjv, rjv iviKa (TTaBiov^
V 9, 2, the ace. rjv is rather to be explained by an omission of
KaTa, due to the preceding tcaTa, than as an ace. of the point of
time, which is said to be an Atticism, Schol. on Aeschin., iii 77.
^OXvfjLTndSa, Kaff' rjv iviKa, xii 5, 1 ; 29, 1 ; 33, 1, etc., shows
that KaTCL was to be expected in v 9, 2.
Genitive.
Partitive. This genitive is found after verbs : KKeirTovra
Tcbv j3o(bv, iv 24, 6; xii 15, 3. In the manner of the Atticists
(Schmid, iv 609) Diodorus frequently employs the partitive geni-
tive with adjectives and participles : to, 'TrXr]cn6')(wpa t&v i6v(ov,
xviii 3, 2 ; tol o-vvopi^ovTa twv iOvcov, ibid. ; toi;9 einKaipov^ t&v
ToircDv, ib. 4, 4 ; 14, 7 ; cf 8, 4 ; 70, 2 ; ii 6, 8 ; xi 20, 1. ttoWoI
usually takes a genitive, ttoWoI tmv irevrjTaiv, xi 86, 4; xviii 17,
1 ; 21,2; 33, 2 ; 67, 3. The singular of ttoXv? is also thus used,
T?}9 %ft>/3a9 iroWrjv, xii 42, 6, 7 ; 81, 4 : v 23, 2, which is often
the construction of ttoXv^ in Thucydides according to the schol.
on i 6, 1. Thucydides generally places the partitive genitive
before its governing word (Morris, Inti'od. to Bk. I, p. 50); but
nothing like this was observed in our author.
The neuter plur. of the article with a genitive instead of the
simple noun is occasionally met with, but no example of the
singular article was found : tcl Tr]<i Tvpavviho<i, xiii 85, 2 ; 96, 6.
Dative.
LocAT^ Dative is used after verbs compounded with iv : as
iyyrjpaaaL Tjj ^aaCkeia, xi 23, 3 ; xiii 89, 2.
Diodorus and the Peloponnes-ian War. 15
Temporal Dative. Diodorus appears to have lost ground in
the dative denoting a point of time : ry varepaCa, xii 56, 4 ; xiii
3, 1 ; 2, 4 ; rio-iv KaipoU, i 3, 8 : xi 20, 1 : i 6, 2. Kara c.
ace. has usurped some of the domain of the dative. Extent of
Time may be expressed by the dative, iv 3, 1, rpLerei yjpovti*.
Measure OR Difference, ov iroWa) varepov and va-repov
ov TToWS are favorites of Thucydides, i 111, 2; 114, 1 : ii 27, 1 ;
30, 3 ; 80, 1, whereas Diodorus prefers varepov 7roWol<; erea-Cy ii
39, 4 ; 43, 7 : v 9, 1. iroXv is in our author more common than
'rroWw, which is also the preference of Attic prose with the excep-
tion of Thucydides, Joost, Spi^achgeb. Xenophons i. d. Anab., p,
144 ; B. Keil, Analeda Isoc, 140 f.
Manner. /xa%27» xii 43, 4 ; 66, 6 : rpoTro), xii 42, 8 : (jivaeLy
V 19, 4 : So^rj, iii 4, 1 : ^povrjaei, i 17, 3 : avSpeua, i 18, 1. In
xii 12, 1 Diodorus has the curious a'TroTV'yj(av€tv rS ydfio).
CoMiTATiVE Dative. This dative with auT09 does not occur
in the complete books, though it is found in the fragments,
Momrasen, Beitr. z, d. Lehre v. d. gr. Prdp., p. 391, A. 19. The
preposition crvv is used with avro^ : xii 3, 3, a-ijv avroi^ roZ^
avhpdaiv ; xi 60, 6. Both avro^ and avv are omitted in 37, 26, 1.
Comparison.
irXelcov not infrequently lacks the force of a comparative :
irXeico ^povov, i 4, 3 ; v 6, 3 ; xiii 1 6, 4. to TrXeov, iv 9, 3, has
the force of "rather," a meaning which it often has in Thucydides,
Classen on i 49, 2.
Both ore and ft)9 are employed with the superlative : xiii 37, 4 ;
98, 4. ore for to? in this combination is said to be Attic, Schmid,
iv 610, 30.
Article.
Examples of o Be, "and he,'^ are not numerous : xii 44, 1 ; 59,
4 : xiii 3, 5 ; ii 6, 5. Occasionally to irpo tov is found : v 81, 2;
xi 63, 4. Forms of the relative are used with jj^ev - - . Be (ou9
16 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
jiev - - - 01)9 ^6, xi 44, 3 : xiii 50, 5), but one of the members
may be a form of the article, ra^^ /niv . - - ayv Be, xi 18, 6.
On the omission of the article with Oeoi (xiii 90, 2) see Schonle,
Diodorstudien, pp. 89-91 (examples in bk. xvii). Very frequently
it is omitted with abstracts, especially when they are with preposi-
tions, 7r/>09 Tpvcfyrjv, ii 13, 3; iv darpoXoyla, ii 29, 2; eV avBpela,
ii 33, 1, etc. ; and also in adverbial expressions : et? eBa(j)0(;, xiii
62, 4 (Krebs, Prdp. b. Pol., p. 20, refers Polybius' usage of this
to Thuc.) ; 87, 4 ; ii 28, 7 ; 29, 6 ; 30, 1.
The first position is the usual position of the attributive adjec-
tive. The second, or oratorical, position is made use of, but not
often enough to produce the 07/C09 spoken of by Aristotle,
BhetoriCf 1407 b. 36. Rarer still is the ^slip-shod' third position.
The following is the frequent position of an attributive participle
and prepositional phrase, ol irepl ^rja-rov ovre^ ^AdijvaioL, xiii 45,
2 ; 47, 2 ; 48, 1 ; 49, 2 ; 51, 1 ; 67, 7. Genitives not infrequently
follow their regimen : xii 43, 1 ; 46, 3 ; 53, 4 ; 54, 1 ; 55, 3, 9,
10, etc. Occasionally the adjective assumes a predicate position ;
^yvfivoU TOL^ (Tcofjuaai, ii 1 5, 2 ; iv (oyLtat? ere raU ttXivOol^;, ib. 8,
4; iv aret'xLa-TOLf; rat^ iroXea-i, xiii 114, 1.
With Proper Names. Schmidt, De articulo in nominihus
propriis apud atticos scriptores pedestreSj Kiel, 1890; A. J. P., xi
483-87 ; Herbst, Philologus, xl 372-382 (A. J. P., ii 541 f.) ;
Kallenberg, Philologus, xlix 514-547. Anaphora is very irregu-
larly observed. 'Aa-la, 'EvpcoTrr), Al^vt) follow classic usage.
Countries vary, though 97 'EXXa? and 97 'Attlkt) are the rule.
Cities vary. Islands omit the article more times than they take
it. Rivers show the familiar Trora/io? with and without the
article; and irorapio^ may be omitted, even when the article is
lacking: Taz/atSo9 koI ^eiXov, ii 2, 1, which often occurs in
Philostratus, Schmid, iv 64. Mountains have the article, with
and without 0/309. National names follow no rule, though the
two parties engaged in war regularly keep the article, as ol
Hepaat and ol "YXkrjvcfi, at the beginning of bk. xi ; ol 'AOrjvaloi
and ol AaKeBaipovioi in the latter half of bk. xii ; ol 'A6. and ol
^vpaKoa-ioi, xiii 1—19.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 17
Pronouns.
AvTOf;, in the nom., is not used as a weak ovto<;, as in the N. T.^
though the oblique cases may take the place of the demonstrative :
7rpo9 fjv rjfjuepav tt/oo? avrrjv, xi 21, 4 ; xii 17, 1. Diodorus
often uses avro^^ with fiev or he when the subject of both clauses
refers to the same person : (f>vKaKr]v KareXtire • avTo<i Se ttjv
irapaOaXaTTiov Trop6r}aa<^ eiravrfKOev, xii 6e5, 7 ; 67, 1 ; xviii 40,
5, 6 : avTol /xev Se, xiii 49, 3. avrot; also takes the place of
the direct reflexive : KariXe^ev i^ diravrcov rSyv vir avrov iOvwv,
ii 6, 3; 13, 4; 19, 4, 9 ; 29, 5. The genitive of avTo^ may
stand between the article and its noun, Tr)v avroop rc/jucopLav, xiii
91, 3, a position often found in Herodotus, Stein on vi 30, 7 ;
[Dem.] 59, 58.
eavTov does not always retain its normal position : eavrov rrjv
eh TO acofMa eaofievrjv vffptv, xiii 90, 2 ; 89, 1. These positions
are due to hiatus.
The indirect reflexives are not numerous, in the singular want-
ing, and rarely do they take the place of the direct reflexive, as in
xiii 45, 10; 46, 3. Thucydides often employs the indirect for the
direct, DyroiF, 1. c. Likewise Polybius so uses the indirect : iv 9,
8; 17,6; 24,4; 47,3; 61,5.
Very often the direct reflexive is represented by the adjective
t8io<;: eTriBel^aadac rrjv IBlav aperrjVy ii 6, 5 ; rrjv ihiav Ovyarepa,
ii 6, 9 ; rrjv lUav GrKyvrjv, ii 14, 2 : ol IBlol is equivalent to 'his
own men,' opSiv rov^ ISlov<; KaTaTrovovfiivov;, xiii 60, 6 ; cf. xi 3,
4 ; 10, 2 ; 38, 5 : xii 50, 1 ; 62, 5 : xiii 109, 5 ; 110, 7 : xviii 7,
7 ; 14, 3 ; 15, 3 ; 17, 8. lBio<; is also used predicatively, ex^tv iv
iKdarrj iroXei 7roXXov<; ISiov^i, xviii 8, 2. Compound verbs are
formed on the stem ISlo, IScoTrpayelv, xviii 62, 7 ; ISod^ecVy iv 26^
3 ; i^iBid^ecrOai, xviii 58, 1. Before Diodorus, Polybius employs
tBio<i in a similar way, tov<; IBlov^ ^lovq, ii 15, 3 ; tou9 IBiov^y iii
84, 11 ; cf ii 21,5; 22, 3 ; iii 81, 4. Dionysius Hal. is sparing
of this tStoo, T^9 lBia<i evvola^, vi 28 ; 88. We have it in the
N. T., Tov lBlov dypov, Matt, xxii 5; Luke x 34. It is found also
in Modern Greek, Hatzidakis, Einleit. i. d. neugr. Gram.j 293.
oSe, much used in tragedy, in Herodotus (where it often refers
18 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
to what precedes, Grundmann, Quid in Arriani Eloc, etc., pp. 31,
54, 87), and in Thucydides, does not often appear in Diodorus,
nor does it always refer to the following, as may be seen at the
close of several books : avrov 7reptypd(j)o/jL6v rijvBe ttjv BijSXoVy xi
92, 5 ; xiv 117, 8 ; xvi 95, 5. iKelvo^ is rare except in phrases
referring to time, Kar €K€lvov<; rot/? %/ooz^of9, xiii 44, 3. As
examples of epanaleptic ovro^; we may cite ii 60, 2, 4 ; 64, 1 ; 75,
2 ; 77, 3 ; 84, 3.
Forms of 00-T69 are not numerous, and Kaelker, 1. c, 311,
states that they are employed to avoid hiatus, orov (only form of
genitive on att. inscrip., Meisterhans, 123) is found in ii 31, 9;
xiii 64, 7.
TrjXLKovTOf; is much liked by Diodorus, ii 3, 3 ; 4, 1 ; 12, 1 :
xviii 21, 1 ; 24, 2; and it is used with /uLey€6o<;, ii 35, 2 : xi 25, 3.
There is little variation in the model of the relative sentence.
To take the first thirty-four chapters of bk. ii, out of eighty rela-
tive sentences one has an optative (6, 6), one a subjunctive (14, 3);
the remainder are in the indicative, mostly an imperfect or an
aorist. Purpose may be expressed by a relative with a future
indicative, xiii 2, 6 ; 6, 3 ; ii 8, 2 (e/i-eXXe, of the past). The
oausal relative may have ye, iv 10, 2. Not infrequently a relative
begins a sentence, often a genitive absolute, xiii 41, 2 ; 79, 5 ; 93,
5 ; 107, 4 : xviii 31, 2 ; 44, 5 ; 60, 1. The relative may be used
with a temporal or other conjunction : 09 eVet, xiii 41, 2 ; 104, 2 :
rjv oTavy ii 12, 3. Infinitive in the relative sentence is rare, xi 20,
5, iv oh - - - irelcraL. Diodorus has but few attracted relatives.
Of the number mentioned above in bk. ii, there are only two
examples of attraction, both being from the accusative to the geni-
tive : ii 4, 1 ; 22, 1. In Thucydides attraction of the relative is
far more common than non-attraction, Reisert, Z. Attrakt. d,
Relativsdtze i. d. gr. Prosa I. Wiirzburg, 1889, p. 52.
Verb.
Tense. A special treatise has been written by Dr. T. Hultzsch
on the imperfect and aorist in Diodorus, De ElocuUone Diodori
Siculi: De Usu Aorisii et Impe?'fecti. Pars I. Halis Saxonum,
1893. His general conclusion will suffice here, which is that
Diodorus' usage of these tenses is that of the classic language.
(UNIVERSITY j
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 19
Historical presents are rare : ire^rrovcn, xii 67, 3 ; xiii 6, 2 ;
ifju^dWovo-L, ii 11, 2. Polybius also has few historical presents,
A. J. P., xvi 182, The Imperfect and the Aor-ist in Greek. It
flourishes in the Atticists, Schmid, iv 617.
livat has not entirely lost its future signification : Sce^ifiev raq
olKeLa<i TJj tyfj 7rpd^6i,<;, xviii 53, 7; 75, 3: iirdvtjjbev, xi 12, 1.
e\6v(T0fiat is the future of ep^ofiac, xiii 31, 5 ; xviii 10, 4. No
forms of the simple levac were found, cf. Hultzsch, 1. c, 22, for
lack of the imperfect.
In agreement with classic usage (A. J. P., xvi 155) Trecpcofjuat, is
followed by a present infinitive, ii 1, 4 ; 29, 1 : xviii 52, 4, rarely
by an aorist, ii 2, 2.
''Apxo/jLat also remains true to its present infinitive (A. J. P.,
1. c, 153 N. 2), ii 31, 9 ; xviii 66, 5.
MeXXft) generally takes the present infinitiv^e : ii 6, 6 ; 17, 3 ;
30, 4 : xviii 3, 5 ; 5, 1 ; 28, 5 ; 65, 1, more rarely the future, ii
8, 3 : xviii 1, 2. In classic prose there is a tendency in fjuiWo) to
give up the future for the present infinitive, Fuhr, Rhein. Mus.,
xxxiii 575.
Moods. As has been before stated, the optativ'e is nearly dead
in Diodorus. It is found most frequently as a potential optative :
xi 11, 1, 2, 3 ; 46, 2 : ii 14, 4 ; 17, 5 : xviii 59, 5. It is rare in
final sentences (xiii 70, 3), in which the subjunctive is the rule.
It is likewise rare after relatives, ii 6, 6, and on or 0)9, xiii 19, 4 ;
41, 4. Examples of the optative in indirect questions are ii 25, 4;
xiii 16, 4 ; 95, 3. More often it is found in conditional and tem-
poral sentences, ii 4, 4 ; 5, 5 ; 29, 6 : xiii 9, 3 ; 16, 3, 7 ; 40, 1.
There are no mistakes such as are made by the Atticists, e. g.,
Lucian, A. J. P., iv 428.
The potential indicative is met with in questions, xi 11, 2 ;
xiii 21, 3.
av may be doubled, xiii 20, 5, an Atticism, schol. on Eur.
Troad. 1244.
Imperative. As in Attic, the negative of the imperative is fi'^
c. aor. subj., xiii 22, 6, or firj c. pres. imper., xi 6, 2 ; xiii 25, 1.
Late Greek employs the aorist as the usual affirmative imperative,
20 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
Gildersleeve, Justin Martyr, A. 16, 6, A. J. P., xviii 460; and
examples of the aorist in Diodorus are xiii 24, 6 ; 27, 1 (bis) ; 28,
3 ; one present, 30, 7, in these two speeches. The imperative is
employed for the 3rd person, affirmative and negative : i 5, 2 ; iv
6, 5 ; xiii 29, 6 ; 31, 5. elprjaOco represents the perfect impera-
tive, ii 5, 7; iv 12, 8 ; xi 89, 8. Miller, The Limitations of the
Imperative in the Attic Orators, A. J. P., xiii 399-436.
ov /at;. In Hellenistic Greek it is usual to express a negative
future by ov ^nfj with the aorist, rarely present, subjunctive.
There is no special force in the ov ^rj, though the construction had
its origin in emotion, arose in the a^opa, A. J. P., iii 202 ; xviii
460. Prof. Ballantine, A. J. P., xviii 453 ff., has shown that the
ov firj of the N. T. has no special force. Only one example was
found in the five books of our author, and here ov jjbr) and the
subjunctive is nothing more than a negative future : hovrof^
airoKpiaLV ox? aWco<; ov /jlt) avWvarjTai, xviii 18, 3.
Final Sentences, ha and otto)? are the final particles, the
latter having the upper hand, though sections of Diodorus vary :
the eleventh book excels in tWs, while the thirteenth has o7ro)9
almost exclusively. &>? final and paratactic firj were not found.
Thucydides freely employs ottw?, which is not regular Attic usage,
A. J. P., vii 55, 67. Polybius has ha and otto)?, more often the
former, and, according to Kaelker, Quaest. d. eloc. Polyb., Leipz.
Stud, iv 290, ft)9 eleven times. However, &>? is eliminated by J.
Stich, D. Polyb. dicendi genere, Act. 8em. Erl. ii 186. co? and
OTTO)? are the final particles of the Renaissance, Schmid, iv 88. In
the 5th and 6th books of his Antiq. Rom., Dion. Hal. uses iva,
rarely m or otto)?. The mood of the final sentence is in Diodorus
almost exclusively subjunctive ; but we cannot speak of repre-
sentatio where the optative is nearly dead. Tiiere is no attempt
at "elegance," as in Lucian, whose optative is freely employed
with G)9 after principal tenses, A. J. P., iv 428. Polybius has
scarcely anything but a subjunctive, Stich, 1. c. The tense of the
Siciliote's final sentence is predominantly the aorist.
oTTft)? was found once in incomplete final sentence, xi 50, 4.
Once it is equivalent to w?, ^as,' xii 31, 1.
Diodorus and the Feloponnesian War, 21
The final sentence c. ottg)? may be used in the place of an infini-
tive, irpoo-Tayfia, oirayf; ^V^V' v 50, 2 ; xvii 18, 4. Polybius
so employs Xva, Stich, 1. c, 203. This is common in N. T. Greek :
iva, Matt, ix 25 ; xii 16 ; xiv 36 ; otto)? c Beofiao, ix 38 (Diod.
xi 45, 5).
Yerbs Expressing Fear. evXa^ela-Oai is the common verb.
The mood is the subjunctive (indie, in iv 31, 3), and the tense
generally the aorist : xiii 59, 8 ; 87, 2, 3 ; xi 27, 3 ; 32, 5 ; 42, 4.
We find ^rjTTore as often as ^rj : <j)o^r}devT€<; firjirore Sefiia-TO-
xXrjf; - - - jBovXevarjrat, xi 27, 3.
Consecutive Sentences. The consecutive sentence with wo-re,
an essentially post-Homeric construction, began with the infinitive,
extending afterwards to the finite verb. This late Greek discarded
for a return to the first state of the consecutive sentence. So Dio-
dorus has mostly an infinitive, generally a present. We find an
imperfect indicative in xi 30, 6 ; 61, 3 : xiii 68, 4 ; a present, xiii
100, 2 ; an aorist, xi 8, 2 ; xii 2, 1 ; xiii 57, 5 ; and an imperative
after a detached ware, xi 6, 2.
No consecutive w? was discovered, though Remacly, Lucian,
Hermot., i 16, speaks of it as ^* sehr selten bei Diodorus
gebraucht."
Interesting from the point of view of style is the use or
omission of a correlative with toare, A. J. P., xiv 241-2 ; W. A.
Eckels, Trans. Amer, Phil, Assn.^ 1896, p. xxxvii. Diodorus' most
usual correlative with cocrre is to(tovto<; : ii 12, 1 (roo-ovro) ; xii 2,
1 : ii 23, 3 (eVl roaovro) ; xi 8, 2 : besides this, oi/ro)?, ii 31, 3 ; xi
47, 2 and t7]\i,kovto<;. Once an indicative is found after a cor-
related UXTT6, xi 55, 6. The proportion of correlated to non-
correlated wo-re's is about 1:1.
Other correlations are not unusual : eVet - - - rore, xi 84, 5 ;
Tocro{)T09 - - - o(TO^, xi 21, 2 ; oirore rrjvcKavra, xiii 45, 9 ;
€7r6fc TrjviKavra, xiii 47, 3 ; 66, 6 ; 6(Td/cc<; ToaavTdKt<i,
xiv 69, 2.
Conditional Sentences. These sentences are not numerous.
The prevailing type is that with idv (ai/), and tiie tense of the
2
22 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
protasis is prevailingly the aorist. No change takes place in the
transfer to O. O., but the death of the optative removes the possi-
bility of representatio. The rare pluperfect in the protasis of a
logical condition is found in xviii 56, 4, el rt, Kara tovtcou
iyfrTj^LaTO, aKvpov ecrrcd.
Temporal Sentences. The un-Attic iirei (Zycha, Gebrauck
V. eVet i7r€L7r€p ; iirei^rj iirei^rjTrep, Wien. Stud, vii 82-115) is
employed more than iireiBrj, usually with an aorist indicative : ii
6, 3 ; 17, 1 : xiii 49, 6 ; 6Q, 6 : xviii 46, 6 : xi 3, 3 (eVaz/) : xiii
109, 5 (iirei^dv). Very frequent is co? with its limitation to the
past tenses of the indicative : ii 19, 1 ; 24, 6 : xi 2, 3, 3 ; 3, 6, 6,.
7 ; 4, 6 : xii 41, 5; 45, 5. There seems to be no intrusion of
causal ft)9, which, beginning with Xenophon, is said to have died
out in the Koivrj, Schmid, iv 566.
lipiv. Examples of irpiv {irplv rj) are few and are all with an
infinitive after an affirmative clause : ii 21, 6 ; xi 9, 3; xiii 10, 1 ;
79, 8. Whether irplv or irplv rj is to be used is decided by hiatus^
Kaelker, 1. c, 310. This same principle holds in the 5th and 6th
books of Dion. Hal. : Trpiv (before vowels), v 14, 16 : vi 29, 31^
34 ; irplv rj (before consonants), v 14 : vi 30. A. J. P., ii 465-
483 ; iv 89-92 (Rev. of Sturm), irpo rod c. infin. is very rare,,
cf. Trpo.
M.ixpi', ^XP'" I^^XP'' ^^one is used with av and the subjunctive :
xiii 61,4; xviii 58, 4 ; 65, 4, all aorists, whereas yLte%/9t ov takes
the indicative : ii 9, 2 ; 33, 6. We find a%/ofc9 av, xiii 94, 5 ;
d')(^pt<> av orov, xii 17, 2. But on these see Dindorf, Introd. s. vv.
''Ea)9. Not as many eft)9^s as ytte^pt's were found. €(o<; av takes
an aorist subjunctive : xi 39, 5 : xiii 61, 4 : xviii 74, 3. No e®?
oif was found in VogePs text.
Local conjunctions are rare : ov (after T07ro9), xiii 109, 4 : iv
21, 1 : xiii 40, 6 ; ottov, ii 4, 4 (c. T07ro9) : iv 28, 2 : xiii 106, 5
(= ottol). Forms in oc are said to have died out in the kocvtj,
Schmid, i 91 : ottoc, xviii 32, 2. The use of ov and ottov with
Toiro^ is to be compared with irov and oirov as relatives m
Modern Greek.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 23
ore, Scon, ax;, after verba dicendi. The mood is almost without
exception the indicative, and the tense remains that of O. R,
Examples of the optative are Siot, xii 19, 4 ; fieWot, xiii 61, 2 ;
TrapaKOfiL^ocev, xiii 88, 3. &>? c. gen. absol. may take the place
of a finite construction : Xoyov w? StaTre/jbTrofievwv avrcov ttjoo?
Toiff; iroXejjLiov^, xiii 92, 2 : xi 64, 2.
Rare is on introducing a quotation, xii 38, 3 ; likewise eo?, xi
6, 2. On this construction in Greek cf. A. J. P., v 221-227.
Participle.
Diodorus is polymetochic, overdoes the participle, as do late
Greek writers, A. J. P., ix 154; but there is no effective grouping
after the manner of Thucydides. Diodorus uses the participle in
a wooden fashion. The participle takes the place of dependent
sentences, which we have seen to been altogether few in number,
comparatively speaking.
Genitive Absolute. Of this cur author is pleased to make
much, employing about three to the Teubner page. Causal and
temporal relations are those usually expressed in the gen. absol.
Condition, which belongs to carefully elaborated works, is rare :
in a treaty, xii 4, 5, and c. firj, ii 6, 10. The subject of the gen.
absol. may be omitted : xiii 80, 2 ; 91, 4 ; 94, 4. A gen. absol.
may be in apposition to the subject, xiii 99, 2, or another genitive,
V 24, 2. Cf. Gen. Absol. in Att. Oral., A. J. P., vi 324.
Accusative Absolute. A post-Homeric construction. It dies
in late Greek, cf. Gregory of Corinth, p. 79 (Schaefer), 'Attlkov
KoX TO evdelav avrl yevLK7]<^ irapaXafju^dvea-Oai, where the ace.
absol. is regarded as nom. absol. One ace. absol. was found,
Trapov, xiii 52, 7, but the impersonal absolute is the gen. in
6fio\oyovfjL6vov ovTO<;, i 24, 2 ; ^rjTov/jbevov, v 2, 5. Cf. A. J. P.,
1. c, 336.
Purpose. Expression of purpose by means of the future parti-
ciple is very extended in Diodorus, more than in any other writer,
according to Rademacher, Gram. z. Diodor., Rhein. Mus. xlix
24 Diodorus and the Feloponnesian War.
163-7. The most striking peculiarity lies in the article, which,
for instance, is not used with the participle attribute of a proper
name that is the object of a verb: xiii 11, 6, Xi/cavov - - -
aireareiXav - - - aTrayyeXovvra.
are is rare, but &)<; is very common, co? civ, used in connection
with a participle, accords with the mechanical syntax of late
Greek. It is found a goodly number of times, mostly with a gen.
absol. : xiii 47, 5 ; 50, 6 ; 51, 8 ; 67, 3 ; 79, 3 ; 90, 7 ; 98, 5 :
xviii 6,4; 22, 8 ; 26, 2.
KaiTOL and Kaiirep are kept distinct, though not in Polybius,
Stich, 1. c, 205.
(j)6dv(o, \av6dv(o, Tvyx^oLvct). The first two hold strictly to
identity of tense, though a perfect participle may be coupled with
an aorist : xi 40, 3 ; xii 55, 4 ; xiii 31, 3 ; 74, 2 ; 95, 2. Identity
of tense is not found with Tvyyavfjn : xviii 4, 1 ; 52, 1 ; 68, 3.
Homer and Attic writers treat these verbs in a similar way,
Boiling, Fart, in Hesiod, Cath. Univ. Bull., iii 456 ; A. J. P., xii
76-79 ; Harvard Studies, 1891.
Effacement of Temporal Distinction. As in Polybius
(Stich, 1. c, 186), so in Diodorus temporal distinction between the
aorist and the present participle suffers effacement : TrvOofjuevof; and
7rvv0av6fjb€vo<; are scarcely distinguishable, xiii 45, 2 ; 49, 2 ; 51,
7 ; 71, 1 ; a present is found where an aorist would be expected ;
TO S' avTO Kol T^9 Xe/jLOpdfjLiSof; eTnreXova'nq, 0)9 rjyyiaav dWrj-
\oL<; ra crrparoTreBa, '^rajSpo^drT]^ . _ _ irpoairecFTeCkey ii 19, 1;
xiii 61, 1 ; cf Hultzsch, 1. c, p. 25.
A number of adverbs are formed from participles, of which
the following have been collected ; Bi7)\\ay/ubevco<;, ii 31, 1
i^rfSXayjjbevwq, ib. 42, 1 ; ivBexofievco<;, ib. 25, 5 ; reOappyKorcof;
xi 30, 2 ; 7r€(l)povrLa/jL6V(o<;, xii 40, 1 ; o/jUoXoyovfievco^, xiii 76, 2
TeroXfiyKOTayf;, ib. 79, 1 ; eppcofMevcof;, xii 46, 3 ; dirovevorjijbevcd';
xiii 68, 4 ; XeKTjOora)^, xii 16, 2 ; 7r6<f)v\ay/jb€va)^, xi 56, 8
dpKovvTco<;, xii 19, 3.
Infinitive.
Examples of the final-consecutive infinitive are : jrapeScoKav
TTjv Tlvkov (j)povp€tv, xii 63, 5 ; eBcoKav oIk€lv, xii 73, 1 ; 75, 4 :
xiii 36, 2.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 26
ARTICULA.R Infinitive. The percentage of articular infini-
tives in Diodorus is small, about one to every four Teubner pages,
to judge from bks. ii and xviii, which contain less than fifty in
one hundred and eighty pages. Polybius' average is 1.15 to the
page, over four times that of Diodorus : Hewlett, Artie. Infin. in
Polyh., A. J. P., xi 269.
No Tov of purpose was found. Of the cases of the simple
infinitive, the genitive predominates, followed closely by the accu-
sative, while the nominative and dative are rarely met with. The
non-prepositional form occurs one-third as often as the preposi-
tional, nearly the ratio of Polybius.
Prepositions and quasi-prepositions are as follows : c. gen., irepi,
virepy ')(^dptv, irpo, ck, ^6)/3t9, dvev, Tfkrjv ; c. dat., eVt, Trpo^ij eV,
dfia (five times, Krebs, Prdpositions-Adverhien^ i 58) ; c. ace, hid,
7rp6<;, eh, iiri. Neither ^erd nor eveKa was in the books under
consideration, tt^o? to takes the place of a final clause : ii 16, 7 ;
xi 44, 4; xiii 112, 1; but was not found with fyivofiai or et//,t,
though the latter is used with tt/oo? t&), xiii 48, 5. eirl rS
expresses cause of emotion, xiii 65, 2 ; 101, 1. The favorite
preposition is Bed, c. ace, a little less than one-half the entire
number of articular infinitives. Thucydides is fond of Bid to,
A. J. P., iii 197, and it is very common in late Greek.
The tenses of the infinitive are prevailingly the aorist and the
present, the latter leading. The perfect is found far less, though
more than in Attic ; especially used with Std to in our author.
The art. inf. expresses the abstract idea of the infinitive as a
substantive, or a substantivized oratio obliqua: xviii 67, 4; 73, 1 :
xiii 60, 3 : xi 45, 2. to ^^v (ii 16, 3 ; 29, 2 : xi 29, 3 : xiii 79, 6)
is an equivalent of /5to9, but Diodorus has not reached the stage of
using an adjective modifier with to ^tjv, a later usage, Gilder-
sleeve, Trans. Amer. Phil. Assn., 1878, p. 7.
F. Krapp, I), sub. Infinitiv : Herodot his Zosimus ; Trans. Am.
Phil. Assn., 1. c. ; A. J. P., iii 192-202; viii 329-337.
Verbal in T609.
This verbal is comparatively rare in Diodorus, and appears to
be confined to the impersonal neuter singular. iaTi and the dative
agent are usually omitted : i 4, 1 ; 94, 1 : v 1, 1 ; 23, 5 ; 83, 4 :
26 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War,
xviii 55, 2 ; 64, 3. Aristeides has only three personal Teo9's,
Harry, I. c, 44, though in Philostratus the personal is the regular
construction, Schmid, iv 84.
The verbal in Teo<; is post-Homeric, appearing first in Hesiod,
Theog. 310; Sc. 144, 161, (^areto^. Not common in lyric poetry,
Gildersleeve, Pindar: The Olymp. and Pyth. Odes, O. 2, 6.
There are 32 examples in Thucydides, Funk, Rh. Mus., xxxii
615 ff., mostly impersonal, 14 of them rea's. A single count for
Aristophanes shows more personals than in Thuc, and a decrease
in Tea. One-fourth the whole number (53) belongs to the Lysis-
trata. Xenophon is fond of it, Kuhner-Blass, V 290. The first
vol. of the Teubner text of Plato shows that he makes much of it,
very generally in the reoiz-form, without eVrt or the dative. The
orators do not show it great favor, though they employ a variety
of verbs. Demosthenes and Isocrates use it most freely, Schulze,
Quaest. gram, ad Orat. Spect, Bautzen, 1889. Kiihner-Gerth, II'
447-8 ; G. Meyer, Gr. Gram., 516-17 (2nd ed.).
This verbal is a familiar and popular construction.
Negatives.
No fjLT) ov was found. Heaping of negatives is avoided : ov firjv
ovBe, xiii 46, 1.
X6\otKL(TfjLO<; ^ AXa^av^LaKo^i. Steph. Byz. s. v. ^AXd^avBa '
^ AXa^avhtaKov o-v^ypaixjJLa, to? ^tXof ei/o? Tr]v ^OBvaaetav i^Tjyov-
jjLevo^, orav rj jjlt] airaydpevGi^ avri Tr)<i ov KetTai. Schmid, ii 60
N. 78, supposes its prevalence to have been due to the Alabandian
rhetoricians Hierokles and Menekles; but Schmid does not trace
it back earlier than Arrian. Prof. Gildersleeve, in a review of
the third vol. of Schmid, A. J. P., xiv 521, cites examples from
Diodorus, bks. xii and xiii ; cf. also his ^' Encroachment of fjut] on
oW A. J. P., i 45-57.
The majority of the firj's for ovs in our author are with the
participle, which is notable in late Greek, A. J. P., i 55, and the
rule in Modern : ii 10, 6 ; 16, 4 : xi 64, 4 ; 65, 4 ; 81,2: xii 42,
2 ; 56, 1 : xiii 43, 7 ; 59, 2 ; 61, 6 ; 99, 4 ; 100, 8 ; 106, 5 : xviii
9, 4 ; 10, 4 ; 13, 1 ; 17, 7 ; 23, 2 ; 35, 5 ; 50, 2 ; 74, 1. After
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 27
verba dicendiy especially <l>7]fjLi: ii 15, 2 ; 16, 3 ; 30, 1 ; 32, 2 ; 33,
6 : xi 37, 2 ; 60, 6 : xii 49, 2 : xiii 94, 3 : xviii 62, 7 ; 64, 6.
With participle after verba sentiendi : xi 17, 1 ; 65, 3 : xiii 78, 3 :
xviii 42, 3 ; 59, 4 ; 60, 1 ; 64, 3. In relative sentence, xiii 17, 4.
Dion. Hal. is not guilty of this solecism in his Antiquities j
though in the de vet. script, cens., 422 1. 3, he has eirethr) fxr) and
iirel firj. The fragments of Nicolaus of Damascus (Miiller, Frg,
Hist. Gr., iii 343-464) yield a deal of file's for ov's : frg. 49, after
Xeyoyv ; frg. 94, after ore; so frg. 95; frg. 101, after relative; vit.
Aug. XXV, c. part. We have them in Strabo : c. </)?7yLtt, ii 20 (bis) ;
iv 3 ; V 6 : c. part, iii 5 (bis). In the N. T. the negative of the
participle is usually fjurj : Matt., 18, 25; 22, 25, 29 : Luke, 2, 45;
V 19: Acts, 9, 7 : ii Thess., 3, 11. Earlier than Diodorus, the
remains of Philodemus show this fir/ : c. (f)r)fii, p. 91, col. liii,
1. 15 ; p. 153, col. ix, 1. 18 ; p. 188, col. vi a, 1. 8, Teubner text of
Sudhaus, 1892. Before Philodemus nothing was found that can-
not be explained, as firj c. oIBa in Meleager, liii (Jacobs), which is
required by the element of will.
The negative is frequently expressed by the a-privative. A
goodly percentage are verbals in to<; ; as, clvlktjto^, aviaro^,
avvTrip^XrjTo^;, airpocrhoKrjTOf;, a')(^6Lpa)To<;, etc. Diodorus occasion-
ally uses two a-privatives together, but not often enough to
produce the av^r)at<;, for which Aristotle, Bhet., 1408 a 5, says
the poets make use of it. Soph. Antig., 876, aKXavaro^;, dcfuXof^,
avv/jLevato<; ; cf. Diod., dTratBo^; avap')(^La, xviii 2, 1 ; aa-vvTci-
KTOLf; - - - a7rapao-K6voc(;, ii 26, 6. It is interesting to note how
fond Antiphon is of the a-privative, and such words are thickest
in the epilogue, where they are most to be expected.
We may insert here a few observations relating especially to
vocabulary.
povXofiai, 6eX(o, iOeXco, are not much changed from Attic
usage, A. J. P., xvi 525. ^ovXo/jbac is the usual word; eOeXco
regularly takes a negative : ii 13, 4 : xviii 86, 6 ; 106, 1 ; without
a negative, xiii 69, 3 ; OeXw is rare : dv - - - diXcoac, xiii 91, 4 ;
/JLT) OeXovre^, ib. 100, 8.
Of ra oXa Diodorus is fond : ra rcov oXcov i^yefioviav, xviii 3,
1 ; roif; oXot^ eirporeprjae, 7, 5 ; cf. 15, 3, 5 ; 17, 6, etc.
28 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War,
Periphrases with iroLeladat are numerous : c. iropeiav, xiii 54,
6 ; 61, 6 : irpocrPo\d<^, xiii 62, 1 ; 86, 1 ; eirLfjbeketav, ib. 55, 6 ;
iTTLaTpo<f)rjv, ib. Ill, 3 ; cf. Hultzsch, 1. c, p. 93, for others.
A favorite circumlocution is crv/x^aivec with an infinitive, in
place of the simple verb, which is very often in Polybius, Stich,
1. c, 210 : (Tvve^rj rrjv yijv evvBpov fyeveadat, xii 58, 3 ; cf. ib. 58,
4 : xiii 2, 3 ; 9, 2 ; 40, 2, etc. The aorist infin. is almost always
found with arvve^Tj, and the present with avvej3aive. Thucydides
and Demosthenes are fond of avfifiaivco, both personally and
impersonally, as the Indices show ; not so the other orators.
(TTrevBco, d^iQ), Kpivco, to\[xo), are used to form circumlocutions.
Words compounded with irepi are not unusual : xiii 45, 10
{TrepiSeTJ^, TrepLxO'prjs:) ; 49, 2 ; 50, 2, 4 ; 67, 2 ; 73, 5— especially
in this book.
A suffix represented by numerous exaaiples is wS?;?, which
Schmid, iv 698, says was in a fair way to become the leading
suffix of late Greek. Diodorus' adjectives in wS?;? are formed
from nouns, which is within Attic limits, Lobeck, Pathol., i 458,
Examples are 7rvpa)8r)<;, lXv(oB7]<;, i 7, 1 ; irrfKwBr]^, ib. 7, 2 ;
766)8779, ib. 7, 5; depcoSijf;, ib. 11, 6 ; OeLcoBrjf;, ii 12, 2 ; eXcoBrjf;,
ib. 1 7, 5 ; yvvacKcoBrjf;, ib. 23, 2 ; c^XoycoS?;?, ib. 50, 1 ; tcavfia-
T(oBr)<;, iv 22, 3 ; /jbavtcoBrjf;, ib. 3, 4 ; OrjpccoBr]^, xiii 22, 5 ; ipy(oB7j<;y
xiv 17, 11 ; rapaxcoBrjf;, xviii 4, 7 ; rek^aroiBr]^, ib. 15, 5 ;
7rappr)(TL(oBr}(;, ib. 48, 3. Adjectives of this formation are favorites
with medical writers, as an examination of words in coBrjf; in the
Lexicon will show. Their frequency may be conjectured when
it is known that in the irpoyvcoariKai of Hippocrates there are
fifteen such adjectives, several repeated a number of times.
Our author takes great pleasure in using in pairs words
synonymous or nearly so. There are over sixty pairs in the first
thirty-two chapters of book ii : lo-ropiav kol fivrjfjLrjv, 1, 4 ;
BvvdfjL6t<; Kol 7rapa(T/c6vd<;, 3, 2 ; irapaBo^w^ koX BatfiovLO)^, 4, 4 ;
BvacLa/SoXcov koX arevwv, 6, 1 ; Xvrry kol jjuavia, 6, 10, etc.
Prepositions.
In addition to my own collections I have used to great advan-
tage F. Krebs, Die Prdp. b. Polybius ; and Prdp.-Adv. i. d. spat,
hist. Grdc.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 29
Anastrophe is wanting, as it also is in Polybius; with Dion,
Hal. it comes again into use, Krebs, Prdp.-Adv,, i 19, A. 1.
In combination with adverbs we may cite the following :
airevavrL, xiii 54, 2 ; iirdv(o, ii 9, 3 ; KaOort, xi 2, 2 ; KaOoa^, xxi
16, 5 ; iTpoaeTL, i 98, 8 ; avveyyv^, xii 11, 1 ; virepdvo), ii 54, 4 ;
VTroKCLTO), i 32, 3 ; ivdXka^, xi 22, 2.
Doubled prepositions are a%/ot irpo^ iii 41, 1 ; eo)? eU, i 27, 5 ;
eft)9 eVt, xii 2, 3 ; eo)? Trpo^;, ii 43, 2.
The following particles are placed between the preposition and
its case : Btj, iv 17, 2 ; Se, xviii 2, 1 ; xiii 43, 1, etc. ; tolvvv, xviii
5, 2 ; /^eV, xiii 82, 4 ; yaez^ o^^i/, ib. 84, 6 ; ii 12, 3 ; yap, ib. 92, 2 ;
ii 11, 1 ; T€, ib. 92, 6 ; /zez/ yap, ii 29, 4.
From bks. xi and xii we find that verbs compounded with two
prepositions occur on an average of one to every three pages
(Teubner). Compounds with three prepositions are very rare.
Only three are given by A. Grosspietsch, De rerpairXoyv vocab,
genere quodam, Bres. Phil. Abhand., 1895, p. 67. There are nine
in Thucydides, Holmes, 1>. mit Prdp. zusam. Verb. b. Thuk.,
Berlin, 1895, p. 27. Of the single prepositions used in compounds
Kara is the most usual, then hid and diro, the first two of which
especially illustrate the tendency of Late Greek to adopt the
stronger expression. The remaining prepositions are grouped
according to their frequency as follows : eiri, dvd, eK, irpo, 7rp6<;,
irapd, iv, fierd, irepi, vtto, virep, eh, dfxc^i ; avv and avri being
omitted because of the temporary nature of their compounds.
'Am. Local, dva rov irorafiov, xiv 81, 4. The general use of
dvd in the kolvt] is in dva fxecrov : Diodorus, ii 4, 4 ; 7, 5 ; xi 30,
5 ; xiii 79, 6. Also dvd /jL6po<;, xiii 61, 6.
"Avev. Dying in Polybius, and in Diodorus rare : ii 5, 2 ; iv
13, 1 ; xii 58, 2 ; 77, 4. x^P^^ begins in our author to take its
place, Krebs, Prdp -Adv., 2, 29.
^AvtL Rare and denotes substitution: ii 6, 9; 8, 7; 12, 1:
xiii 52, 3. dvd' mv is barely found, iv 27, 4.
'Atto. ^ At a distance from,' xiii 6, 2, avXL^o/jLevov<i aTro tmv
oirXwv iv rfj iroXei (Thuc, vi 64, 3, avXi^ea-Oac diro tojv oirXfov
iv rfi TToXet), a sense not belonging to the kolvtj, Schmid, iv 626.
It may be used with persons, xii 80, 2; xiii 12, 2. In rrjv diro
so Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
rod Tei')(ovf; v7r€po)(r)v, xii 61, 5, cf. ii 3, 4, the prepositional
phrase takes the place of the genitive, as in the N. T., Schmid, iv
624. In expressions of distance, cltto ttoXXcov o-raStayv, ii 7, 2 ;
xviii 40, 2, in which there is Latin influence. Temporal : ii 4, 6 ;
xiii4], 1; 64,7.
"Axpi. Four times in Polyb., more often in Diod., Krebs,
Frdp.-Adv.y ii p. 3 : cf. xviii 74, 3.
Aid. Bod 0. gen. with ex^o, elfiL, r^iryvo^ai, very rare, as in
Polyb. : Bi opjT]^ el^oz^, xii 45, 4 ; 78, 5 ; cf. Classen on Thuc. ii
37, 2, who is fond of this. Local Sid is not unusual, whereas the
temporal is rare, Sia 'jravro^, ii 16, 3. Instrument or means is
often expressed by Bid c. gen.. Bid Trj<i tmv darpcov iixireipia^;, ii
25, 8: xiii QQ, 4; 73, 6; 105, 4. Very common is Bid c. ace.
equivalent to virep or eveKa, an essentially post-classic construc-
tion, Schmid, iv 446, and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish
Sid c. ace. from Bid c. gen. : xi 5, 5, fjurj Bid KUKiav, dWd St
dperyv KracrOai %f»/?az^ ; xviii 13, 4 ; A. J. P., x 518.
Et9. Most common preposition. Used with the plural of per-
sons, except in the fragments, Krebs, Prdp.-Adv., ii 62. It may
express ^ ground ' or * cause ' : KaTr)yop7](Ta^ - - - et? wfjLorrjray
xviii 20, 2 : xiii 101, 3. Manner is thus expressed : ek rov
MaKeSoviKov rpoirov, xix 4, 5. It often denotes purpose : xi 5, 1 ;
17, 4; xiii 45, 7, 9 ; 52, 1 ; 64, 6; 70, 3. There are not many
adverbial phrases with eU : eh eSa(f)o^, xiii 62, 4 (Krebs, Frdp. b.
Pol.j 20); 6t9 fieaov, ib. 18, 2; et? rovvavTiov, xi 71, 5; et?
rovfiirpoaOev, xiii 19, 1.
'E/c. The dynamic ol ck to express the inhabitants of a place is
common : xiii 48, 6 ; 65, 1 ; 69, 4 ; 70, 2 ; 72, 1 ; 73, 4 ; 100, 5 ;
104, 3. It may answer to a partitive genitive : xiii 14, 4 ; 40, 5.
Gives point of view: ck tmv dTroTeXecrfjudrcov Kpiveiv, xi 11, 2;
45, 9 ; 55, 6. Causal, €k tmv rpavfjidrcov direOvr^aKov, xiii 64, 7.
With passive verbs: xxxi 8, 12, Bo06vt€<; i/c tmv iroXeayv. Rare,
as in N. T., in adverbial expressions with adjectives : e'f eroifxov,
xiii 2, 2; e/c tmv ivavTifov, ib. 101, 3 ; eK rov Trpo^avecrrdTov, xii
39, 4, cf Classen on Thuc. iii 40, 4 ; Schmid, iv 447, who speaks
of this as an Atticism.
'Ez^. The locative disappeared, and so we find ev Mapadcovi, xi
2, 2; 6, 4 : iv ^YaOfiw, ib. 3, 3. Forms a predicate with elixi: ev
Diodorus and the Petoponnesian War, 31
r\\iKia, ii 6, 2 ; ev v7ro-\lr[a, xii 76, 3; iv Tapa')(al<;, ib. 81, 2; iv
rovTOL^i, xii 54, 7 ; 63, 5 ; iv Sopv^co, xiii 98, 1 (yivo/jLeva) ; after
other verbs, iv irapaOrjKr) aTroBiSovac, xv 76, 1 ; iv Ke^aXaioL<;
elireiVy cf. Krebs on Polyh,, p. 74 N. 1 ; Poppo-Stahl, Thuc. i 51,
6. 'In respect of : ho^av iv aaTpoXo^ia, ii 29, 2 ; 31, 2 ; xi 18,
1; 39, 2; xii 11, 3. Manner: iv ovhefiia rd^ec, xiii 71, 3; ii
19, 1. With genitive: iv aSov, xi 9, 4. Time within which: ii
8, 1; 17, 7; 30, 7; 31, b :' iv oa-o), xiii 113, 1; xv 71, 4.
''FjV€Ka. €V€Ka is preferred to eveKev (15 times), Krebs, Prdp.-
Adv., 8. Stands first to avoid hiatus, xiii 57, 5; xii 83, 4, though
not in ii 29, 5 : between the adjective and the noun, ISia^ eveKa
Xdpno^, XV 72, 2, cf. Thuc. i 57, 4. This interposition (also
between two genitives) became prominent under the Empire.
Interchange of eveKa and %a/9tz/, iv 9, 3. Schmid, iv 450, for a
history of the forms eveKa, eveKe(v), eiveKa, elveKev ; also Sobo-
lewski. Be Prep. Usu AristopL, Mosquae, 1890, s. v.
'ETTt. c. gen. Local : L. L. Forman, The Dif. bet. the Gen. and
Dat. with iiri Used to Denote Superposition, Baltimore, 1893; A.
J. P., xviii 119. The genitive in almost every instance, rarely
the dative ; and occasionally the gen. c. iiri merely denotes place
where : iiri t^9 'Atrta?, xi 37, 2 : ii 5, 5 ; Schmid, iv 628.
Whither : ii 13, 1, 5 : xi 3, 6 ; 30, 1 ; 31, 1 ; 32, 1 ; 36, 7 : xiii
47, 6; which is said to be an Atticism, Schmid, iv 451. Tem-
poral : eV dp')(ovTo^ and iirl tovtcov furnish most of the examples.
"In case of": xi 26, 2; 43, 1 (bis), c. dat. Local rare: iiri
Ar/Xtft), xiii 72, 8; xi 12, 4 (''over against"). For examples of
interchange of gen. and dat., cf. Krebs, Prdp. b. Pol, 84 A. 1.
Ground or cause, often expressed in this way : ii 1, 2 ; 4, 3 : xiii
61, 5 ; 87, 4. IN^umerals {usually tt^o? c. dat.) : Sevrepav iirl Tal<i
ivevrJKovra, xiii 82, 7. Condition : eVl rolaBe, xiii 114, 1. c. ace.
In measurements : ec^' Uavov tottov, ii 26, 6 : ib. 8, 3. eVl rdSey
a favorite of Polyb., is rare : ii 9, 2. Measurement of time : €</>'
r)fiepa<} ivvea, xiii 56, 5 ; 109, 4 ; xi 20, 3, and often. Purpose or
aim : xi 2, 4 ; 14, 3 (eVl rrjv (rvXrjcrcv 7re/jL(j)6evTe<;). Hostile
motion : xii 82, 5; 60, 1 ; 72, 3: xiii 45, 2; 65, 1 ; 72, 3. Quarter
or direction towards : iirl to 'xelpovy xiii 95, 1 ; 12, 1 ; ii 27, 3 ;
xii 50, 1.
''EftJ9. About half as many examples as in Polybius. Only
32 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
temporal eo)? was found, which agrees with Krebs' citations, eoj?
Tivo^i, common in Polyb., is rare : ii 56, 2, 5.
Kara. The most general preposition in Polyb., sixth in order
of frequency in Diodorus. c. gen. Local. * Down ' : Kara rov
pevfjuaro^;, ii 11, 5. ^ Below ' : Kara yrj<;, i 25, 6 ; v 7, 4, Krebs,
P. 6. Pol.j 129 A. 1. ^'Against": (j>povpLOV iiroirjcrav k. T7J<;
^ArTCK7j<;, xiii 9, 2 ; xii 61, 1 ; c. TroXe/xo?, xiii 4, 5 ; 70, 3 ;
a-vfjbixaxici, xii 75, 3, 4 ; ddvaro^;, xi 45, 4 ; Tpoiraiov, xiii 102, 4 ;
^ovXevaacrOaL, xiii 92, 5 ; (j)6po<; (/cara roov ap')(^o/jL6va)v), ii 21, 3.
c. ace. Very common, especially with the names of countries ;
and extension is not necessarily implied : ii 15, 4 ; 16, 3 : xiii 43,
1; 108, 2. Position opposite: xiii 13, 2 ; 78, 2: xii 70, 2: ii
19, 4. Temporal, numerous examples, mostly with XP^^^^ ^^
Kaipov : Ka6' ov Brj ^povov, xviii 1, 1 : ii 5, 3 ; 14, 3 : xiii 43, 1 ;
44, 3 ; 54, 1. Distributive : Kara TroXet?, ii 6, 4 ; 8, 2 ; 10, 3 ;
16, 4 (ra Kara pbepo^, frequent) ; 28, 7 : xiii 53, 4; KaO' eavrd^*
ii 32, 2 ; xviii 5, 4 ; Kara fjiova^, iv 51, 6. Causal : Kara to
fieyedo(; rcov pao-Ooiv, xiii 52, 5 ; 98, 3. Norm (" according to ") :
voiMov^, xiii 43, 6 ; 57, 3 ; 86, 3 ; 91, 3, 4 : ii 4, 6 ; Kpdro^, 6, 4 :
xii 80, 6 : i 3, 6, etc. May take the place of an ace. of specifica-
tion : TrfKiKavTTjv - - - k. to fxeyedo^, ii 3, 3 ; 17, 5 : xiii 68, 5.
This last is not as common as in Polyb., who begins it, Krebs,
144. Circumlocutions : to, Kara, often, as in Polyb., especially
with names of countries : ra /juev ovv Kara rrjv 'KXXdSa, xiii 42,
6 ; 47, 2 ; 63, 6 : xii 76, 1 ; 79, 4 ; 66, 4 : ii 21, 6 ; 31, 9. Kard
c. ace. may take the place of a genitive : to Kara rov Kiova
irXdro^, ii 8, 2 ; 18, 2 : v 5, 1 : xiii 84, 1, cf. Krebs, 1. c, for
Polyb. ol Kard, with proper name, in Polyb., but apparently not
in Diod.
Mera. As between puerd and avv, Mommsen gives 74 crw's in
the full books and 1276 fierd^s. Adverbial : xiii 104, 5. c. gen.
For 7rpo9 .* {^TToXepov Troirjo-ac] pi. rcov Kap^V^ovicov, xxii 18, 1,
Mommsen, 1. c, 391 A. 19. c. abstracts, equivalent to an adverb :
pu. pberapbeXeia^, ii 4, 6 ; airovhy)';, 8, 2; alKiaf;, xiii 19, 4; 7rpo(f)d-
aecof;, ib. 73, 3 ; rapaxn^, xii 49, 4. "In addition to" : xiii 114,
1 ; TO a-TpaToirehov pu. tmv TroXepuicdv, xii 14, 1. The circumlocu-
tion of ol puerd is rare : ii 10, 4 : xiii 93, 3. c. ace. Very common
is puera Be ravra, xiii 44, 3 ; 54, 4 ; 55, 8, etc., which is the usual
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 33
correlative to irpoiTov fiiv {to fiev irpSyrov) : ii 6, 9 ; 20, 4 ; 25, 1 :
xi7l,4; 77,2; 79,5.
Me^pt. Far in excess of em?, and both local and temporal.
fiexpi' Tivo^ is a favorite phrase in some parts, as bk. xiii : 45, 3 ;
51, 7 ; 64, 7 ; 66, 6 ; 84, 4 ; 111, 5. See Krebs, Prdp.-Adv., for
jxexpi^ in full.
Hapd. c. gen. Occasionally expresses agent, c. aTrearaXr], ii 5,
1 : xiii 64, 1 ; Rau in Cartius^ Stud, iii 1 ff. for classic usage,
which he limits to Xe'yeo-dat, BiBoadai, ofioXoyeta-Oai. Polyb.,
Diod. and N. T. have no irapd c. gen. with non-personal regimen ;
often in Philostratus, Schmid, iv 461. c. dat. With non-personal
regimen : Trap' avTol<^ [sc. Trt^ot?], xiii 83, 3. Apud : irapa rot?
XaXBaiOKi, ii 29, 4 ; 29, 5 ; 14, 3 ; 15, 4 ; with passive verbs this
goes beyond Attic usage (Krebs, P. 6. Pol., 53) : Oav/jbd^eaOai,, xi
1, 3 ; iiratveiadai, xi 31, 3 ; Oecopetcrdat, xi 46, 4 ; /caraycvo)-
<TK6a-6ac, xi 54, 2 ; Trpdrreadat, xiii 5, 1 ; fivOoXoyelaOat,, ii 1, 1 ;
alpelaOaL, ib. 32, 2 ; eKhihoadat, xi 33, 2 ; KaXelaOai, xii 70, 1 ;
diroXveaOat,, xii 74, 5 ; ayeaOaL, ib. 82, 1 ; Tvy^dveuv dTroSoyrjf;.
'On the side of (military forces): xii 74, 1 ; 70, 1 ; 62, 1 ; xi
7, 4. c. ace. Majority of examples are local : Trapd rov aljiaXov,
xiii 13, 7; 14, 4; 16, 6; 17, 3: Trap* oXov rov Trj<; vavpba')(^ba<i
TOTTov, xiii 46, 2 ; 3, 2. Interesting is xviii 6, 1, TrpcoTij fiev irapa
(= facing) TOP 'KavKaaov icmv 'IvBlktJ, cf. ib. 3, 3. Temporal.
Not often as in Polyb. : Trap" oXov rov /Slov, xiii 103, 2 ; xi 46, 1.
Causal : c. alriav, xiii 87, 2. Contrary to : wapd (ftvo-iv, xiii 111,
6; xii 48, 1; xi 8, 1 ; 17, 4.
UepL c. gen. May be equivalent to virep : irepl rrj^ KOLvrjq
iX6v6€pLa<; diro6avovfievov<;, xi 4, 4. c. dat. Poly bins has one,
Krebs, 101 ; Diodorus appears to have none. The dative comes
back with the Atticists, Schmid, iv 624. c. ace. Local, many
examples. Often the force of irepi c. ace. is no more than that of
iv c. dat. : iv rS irepl 'Kopcovetav vew, xiii 41, 3 (to avoid repeating
iv) ; 9, 6 ; 34, 1 ; 36, 5. Temporal. Numerous examples in some
sections : xiii 43, 1 ; 54, 1 ; 80, 1 ; 103, 4 ; 111, 1 ; 113, 1, and
not often in bk. ii. With numbers : ii 18, 4 ; xiii 48, 2. After
verbs denoting activity : •irepX ra? irapao-Keva^ do-xoXr^OevTe^, xi
1, 5 ; 3, 9 ; 14, 5 : xii 51, 1 ; 55, 3 (c. ryiveo-dat). airovhrj takes
both a gen., xi 3, 5, and an ace, ii 17, 3. Circumlocutions : ol
34 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
irepi c. ace. nom. prop., an Atticism, Schmid, iv 463, and by the
time of Polyb. meaning no more than the person expressed by the
ace, Krebs, 103 : ii 2, 1 ; 21, 4 ; 25, 4 : xiii 5, 3 ; 12, 6 ; 40, 6 :
xviii 22, 5. irepi c. ace. equivalent to the simple gen. : r?}? irepl
rrju vocrov SeivoTTjrO'i, xii 58, 2 ; xiii 92, 5 : tov<; it. tov irvevfiova
TOTTov^i, ii 12, 2. Ta irepi c. ace. is common, especially with the
names of countries : ii 5, 3 ; 6, 7 ; 18, 8 ; 28, 3 ; 29, 3 : xii 42, 2 :
xiii 39, 2 ; and used where the gen. would be expected : irvOoixevoi
ra irepl tov Ev/juevrj, xviii 37, 2 ; xiii 56, 2 ; 112, 4, which is also
the case in Polybius.
Upo. Does not differ from Polyb., except that no irpo ^= irepi
was found. The post-classic tt/jo = ^^ ago '^ (Gildersleeve, Justin
Martyr, A. 46, 2) is represented by irpo rj/juepcov etKoao, ii 48, 8.
Examples of Trpo rod e. infin. are xiii 30, 3 ; xviii 73, 1, cf.
Krebs, P. b. Pol, 38 A. 4.
Upo?. Stands next after eU in point of number. No adverbial
7rpo9 was found, though Polyb. has 7r/>09 Se. c. gen. Only in the
formula 7rpo9 Oewv, xiii 28, 3 : Polyb. scarcely more. c. dat. '^ In
addition to" : ii 2, 3 ; xi 43, 2 : tt/jo? he tovtok;, ii 1, 2 ; 16, 4 ;
27, 2 : xi 1, 5 ; 2, 1 ; 3, 7 ; 14, 3 ; 41, 4. Often in the forma-
tion of numbers : ef tt/oo? racf} oySoTjKovra, ii 20, 2 ; 32, 6 ; 34, 1 :
xiii 13, 2; 36, 4; 56, 6. This begins with Pindar, increases in
tragedy, strong in late Greek, but not found in the Atticists,
Schmid, iv 630. Local. Frequent in Thuc, Classen on i 62, 3 :
7r/oo9 'IfJLepa, xiii 43, 5 ; 54, 4 ; 59, 5 ; 83, 1 ; xviii 6, 3 ; 34, 6.
c. ace. Local. There appeared no Trpo? c. ace. equivalent to Trpo?
c. dat. Purpose : ev^pv^'^^^ irpo^ ra? re oBoiTropla^;, ii 6, 6 ;
7, 2 ; 16, 7 : xiii 54, 2 ; 63, 6 ; e. art. infin. ii 10, 5 ; 16, 7 : xi
44, 4 : xiii 49, 5 (no example with elvat as in Polyb.). "In refer-
ence to": TTpbf; Trjv virodeaLV ravrrjv iroWa StaXe^^et?, xiii 92, 6 :
often the circumlocution tcl irpo'^ : Trdvra ra irpo^ rrjv crrpareLai/
^TOijjLao-To, xi 2, 3 ; 16, 1 ; 35, 1 ; 66, 3 : xii 41, 2 ; 50, 4 : xiii
58, 3. Temporal. Not in Polyb. In Diod. we find Trpo? rrju
ecrirepavy xiii 111, 1 ; e. e(j>ohov, 109, 5 ; e. icaipov, 50, 3 ; 77, 5.
%\)v. The percentage of avv^ is about one-half that of Polybius.
The majority is with persons, A. J. P., viii 221 N. 1. Takes the
place of the dat. of avro^ : vrje<i avv Tol<i dvBpdac, xi 60, 6 ; xii 3,
3; 55, 5; xiii 19, 3; but avTdvBpov<; [z^aO?], xii 48, 1 ; xiii 16, 3;
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 35
xviii 72, 8. For comitative dative, of military force, xiii 64, 1 ;
80, 5 ; of ships, xii 60, 6 ; xiii 63, 1 ; 76, 3 ; 99, 3. " In addi-
tion to " : virrjp')(e avv dWaif; TrXeloa-i ^a(TiX€iai<i rj re rov Ucopov
Kol Ta^tXov Svvao-retay xviii 6, 2 ; xi 4, 5 ; xiv 109, 5. Krebs,
Frdp. b. Pol., p. 37, 2, speaks of a temporal use of avv, which
is very rare. Mommsen, 1. c, 391 A. 19, says that Diodorus
remains truer to Attic usage than Polybius.
'Tirep. c. gen. Local : rov virep t^9 7roXe«9 \6(f)ov, xiii 85, 4 ;
40, 4. c. art. infin. : xiii 79, 2 : xviii 67, 1. c. rcficopLaj xiii 43, 1;
59, 6; 91, 4. Equivalent of irept : c. Siayayvi^eadaif xiii 51, 1
(TrepL, 13, 5) ; xi 5, 5 ; 9, 1 : Tre/jUTrecv virep elprjvrj^;, xiii 52, 2 :
irepi and virep in the same sentence, ii 31, 6 — common in late
Greek, Schmid, iv 630. c. ace. Local : virep yrjv (rest), ii 30, 6.
Very often with numbers : virep ra? Se/ca fjuvpidha^, ii 18, 5 : xi
62, 1 ; 74, 1 : xii 58, 2: xviii 12, 1. Superiority: virep tov<;
aX\ou9, V 72, 1.
'Tiro. c. gen. Things may be used as agents by easy personifi-
cation : /jLTj'^avcjv, xiii 62, 1 ; Kepavvov, ib. 86, 2 ; aa6evia<;, ib,
89, 2 ; Tvxn^j ib. 90, 5 ; TroXeo)?, xi 59, 3 ; 8ecv6r7jTo<;, ib. 63, 6 ;
irvevfidrayv, xiii 100, 3 ; /8ta9, ib. 40, 3. c. dat. Local : ii 10, 3;
not used in N. T., but revived by the Atticists, Schmid, iv 624.
c. ace. Local : viro tol'9 ir68a<; viroirtirrovroyv, ii 19, 6 ; 31, 5 :
Tov viro rag dpfcrov^ 'flfceavov, xviii 5, 3. Tenaporal : xi 47, 2 ;
xviii 16, 4. Subordination : c. Tdrreo-Oac, ii 26, 8 ; 30, 6 ; 34, 2 ;
xii 41, 3 : c. substantives, ii 5, 3 : xiii 64, 4 ; 104, 4. Xafi/Sdvetv
viro TTjv opaaiVy xiii 111, 4.
'II9. As a preposition : 0)9 rov ^aa-cXea, xviii 8, 4 ; ax; <f>i\oVy
xvi 82, 3. With prepositions : 0)9 viro, xi 10, 2 ; ft)9 eiri, xiii 61,
5 ; Q)9 7rpo9, xii 61, 4. As a preposition it is common in Polybius
and in Dion. Hal., after whom it wanes, being used only by some
of the Atticists, Schmid, iv 631.
Besides the prepositions proper there are a number of quasi-
prepositions. Much of what is given below concerning them is
taken from Krebs, Prdp.-Adv.
KkoXovOco^. c. dat. xviii 1,1; 4, 4 ; 5, 2.
"Kfxa. In expressions of time : a. Vf^epa, xiii 47, 1 ; 56, 3 ; 60,
1 ; 62, 1 ; 72, 6 ; a. to5 (J)cotl, xiii 91, 1. With a participle added :
36 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
d. TovTOL<; irpaTTOfievoL^y xii 30, 2 ; 32, 3 ; 34, 5 ; 47, 4 ; 57, 1
With persons : a. roU reKvoi^^ xiii 58, 2 ; 92, 2 ; 111, 6. dfia rm
wpo<; Tot>9 i^TV')(r)K6Ta<; eXew, xiii 20, 5. Mommsen, l. c.
^Ava/jLL^. c. dat. xiii 89, 3.
"AircoOev. c. gen. ii 4, 2 ; iv 24, 1. Comes into the koivij
with Diodorus ; in high favor in Josephus, but disappears in
Dio Cas.
At%a. The example (xi 62, 3) cited by Krebs is in a quoted
inscription. Often in Dion. Hal.
'£771^9. c. gen., xiii 45, 7 ; xiv 95, 4 : eyytaray xii 18, 3 ;
<7vv€y<yv^j xvii 55, 6.
'E1/T09 and €Vto9. c. gen. ; rest, xiii 3, 8 ; 13, 1 : motion, xiii
69, 8 ; xii 81, 2. €/cto9 after its case to avoid hiatus, iv 11, 1.
'Ef^9. c. gen., iii 42, 2; c. dat., iii 44, 3. Polybius and
Josephus also use it with a case.
'ETrdvco. c. gen., i 51, 6 ; 67, 1 ; ii 9, 3.
Kdroirov. c. gen., xi 8, 4.
MaKpdv. c. gen., xviii 33, 2 ; 46, 6 (motion); xiv 47, 4 (rest).
Mera^v. Often in Polyb., but loses ground in Diod. : xiii 39, 5.
ava /jbeaov contends for its place.
Hepav. c. gen., ii 12, 3.
UXtjv. c. gen. ; not as common as in lower KOLvrj : xiii 42, 4 ;
83, 2 ; 85, 2.
TLXrja-iov. c. gen. Scarce in Polyb., but third in rank of the
adverbial prepositions in Diod. (Krebs). After its case, xx 80, 1 ;
83, 3.
Tloppco. c. gen. Only in an excerpt, xxxiv 2, 29. The com-
parative TToppcorepov to avoid hiatus, xvii 60, 3 ; xviii 71, 5.
'TTrepdvco. c. gen. ii 54, 4 ; v 38, 4.
'X.dpiv. c. gen. Uncommonly prominent in Polyb., but loses
ground in later writers, though Diod. and Dion. Hal. have a fair
number : iii 39, 9 ; iv 17, 2 ; xiv 46, 3 ; ii 10, 1.
Xft)/3t9. c. gen. It is one of the words that take the place of
dvevy which shows symptoms of dying already in Polybius. XcopU
begins to assume this r6le in Diodorus. " Without," xii 40, 4 ;
xiv 105, 4. " Besides," xviii 58, 1 ; %ft)/ot9 Be tovtcov, i 1, 5 ; 31,
3 : ii 73, 3 ; xvii 10, 4.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 37
Particles.
To be noticed is the scarcity of particles, which is a character-
istic of the KOLvrj. There are also few combinations of particles.
'AWd. Not largely employed, as also in N. T., A. J. P., xvi
526. Chiefly used after a negative. Introduces an apodosis, xii
69, 4. After a positive member, xiii 66, 2 ; 87, 2 — a solecism
according to Boissonade Anec. iii 237, quoted by Schmid, iv 647.
Combinations beginning with aXXd are few : dXXa ydp^ xii 64, 3 ;
xviii 69, 2 : dXX' ovv, xi 69, 4.
''Kfia. Not a large number of adverbial a/>ta's : alone, Tal<: afia
7r\6ov(raL<;, xiii 99, 3; in combinations, cifia Kai, xi 74, 3; xii 81,
5 : ajjLa 5e Kaij xi 50, 4 ; 65, 10 : dfia /cat, xi 66, 7 ; 73, 3 :
afia T€ Katj xii 83, 6 : dfia re /cat, ii 8, 3 : a/na
fiiv ayLta Se, ii 6, 10 ; xiii 43, 4 {fiiv omitted in 89, 1). An
extraordinary number of ayxa's is to be found in Thucydides (cf.
Mommsen, 1. c, p. 386 f. for the prepositional d/jLo). He has over
three hundred dfia^s, adverbially used, alone and in many combi-
nations with r6j KaC, fiivf Se. In iv 30, 4 it is entirely local, koI
cifia ry€v6/jL€voL TTe/jLTTovo-i, aud its force with him is often not more
than that of a mere connective, i 9, 3 (Classen's note).
"A/Qa. None was found, though it is to be found in N. T.,
Matt, xix 26.
''Apa. Once in Thuc, i 76, 1. In Diod. in the speech of
Nicolaus, xiii 24, 6.
Tdp. Often introduces an explanation in O. O. with no verb of
saying expressed : xi 4, 4 ; 9, 1 ; 16, 3, 4 ; 28, 2 : xviii 17, 7.
No combination was found in which ydp stood first.
Fe. Not many 7e's alone, ii 18, 7; xiii 90, 6, Trpo ye avrov,
which shows that Diod. does not employ yi to avoid hiatus, as
does Polyb.
Tovv. Rare and second word in sentence, ii 29, 6 ; xi 82, 3 ;
xiii 84, 1. Often in the Atticists.
Ae. After a negative member, xi 78, 4. Without preceding
fievj xi 3, 7 ; 5, 3 ; 8, 5 ; 16, 3. Se Kai is a favorite combination :
xiii 43, 5; 44, 6; 57, 3; 69, 8; 61, 2. S' oSi/, a favorite of
3
38 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
Theophrastas, not in large number, xi 16, 1 ; xiii 43, 6 ; 93, 1 ;
95, 1 ; 96, 3 ; 108, 5.
At;. In moderate number, and the majority of the St^'s with
relatives, ii 5, 3 ; xi 45, 2 ; xiii 45, 6 ; 64, 6 ; 77, 4 ; 104, 5 ;
^vda St^, ii 28, 1 ; xii 43, 2 ; ore Stj, ii 26, 3 ; xiii 90, 1 ; c. o{;to^,
ii 33, 6 ; xi 55, 7 ; xiii 74, 4 ; rore Btj, xiii 99, 5 ; Bi] Trore, xiii
83, 2; Brj irovOev, xiv QQ, 1.
Afco. Between huo Kai and BioTrep there is no difference beyond
the avoidance of hiatus by means of the latter. Both are often
used.
Etra. Rare. c. Trpcbrov, ii 12, 3; without Trpcorov, ii 28, 4.
"ETretra. Be is always omitted, c. to fiev irpcorov (irpcorov /xiv
or TTpcoTov) : ii 19, 7 ; 26, 3 ; 32, 3 : without Trpcorov j ii 1, 2 ; 10,
4 ; 26, 7 ; 28, 7 ; 29, 4 ; 33, 3 ; c. irporepov, ii 32, 2. fiera Be
ravra is the usual correlative to irpcorov, cf. jxerd.
"Ert. en Be is a great favorite in a series, in which it almost
invariably introduced the third member, as xi 88, 2, rrpocr^oXa^
Be iroiovfjuevo^i roL<; rei')(e(Ti, koX firj Bwdfievo^; eXelv rrjv ttoXlv, en
Be Kol Tcbv AaKeBaLfjLOVLCov dirocrreiXdvrcov ; ii 2, 3 ; 5, 3 ; 7, 2 ;
8, 7 : xi 7, 2 : xiii 58, 2 ; 60, 4 ; 61, 5. In his lists, as of
countries, Diodorus attempts grouping : ii 2, 3 (in a circle to the
point of departure) ; xi 3, 7 ; xviii 39, 6. To omit all connectives
is very rare, xii 1, 5 ; 42, 4 : xiii 89, 1. Isocrates employs en Be
in a manner similar to that of Diodorus : ii 2, 3, 44 ; iii 24, 33,
40 ; V 132.
"H. " Than," without a comparative, BiKaico'^ B' dv rt? rovrov^
Kol T?}9 KOivrjf; Tcov ^^W'qvcov eXev6epLa<; alrtovf; r/jrjaaLro rj tov<^
varepov, K.r.X., xi 11, 5.
Kal yap. In large number : ii 2, 2 ; 3, 3 ; 8, 4 ; 29, 4 ; 30, 4 :
xii 54, 2 ; xiii 81, 4 ; 90, 4; 92, 6 ; 95, 6 ; 110, 1. fcal ravra
is rare, xiii 8, 6.
Mev. Solitarium : ii 8, 7 ; xi 10, 4; 46, 4; 50, 3; xiii 44, 5;
55, 7. Faulty correlation of fxev and Be is to be met with : xii
59, 2 {AaKeBatfjLovLcov fiev ovroi B" ^crav); ib. § 2; xi 12, 3.
Involved correlation of two or more sets of fiev — Be^s is rare :
fiev - - fiev - ' Be - - Biy xiii 106, 5; /xez^ - . Be - - jxev - - Se, xii
4, 2 ; 7, 2 ; 17, 5 ; fiev - - fiev - - Be - - Be - - fiev - - 8e, xiii 45,
7 ; but generally Diodorus does not go beyond one set. fiev ovv is
Biodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 3?
a very common combination : xi 58, ; 65, 5 ; 83, 4 : xiii 42, 6 ;
44, 6 ; 54, 5. fiev yap likewise is common : ii 2, 2; 3, 3; 4, 4;
8, 4, etc. ; xiii 54, 7 ; 55, 4 ; 88, 2.
MivToo (Schmid, iii 341) is not often employed: usually with
ye {fievTOL ye) and correlated with fiev : ii 05, 2 ; 30, 8 ; xi 4, 3 ;
xiii 90, 7.
Mijv. In negative combinations : ov firjv ovBe aXXdy xiii
46, ; ov fjbr)v aWd, ii 22, 5 ; xi 13, ; 54, ; ov /jltjv ye, xii 79,
6 ; xiii 56, 4 ; ov iMrjv aXKdj xi 16, 1 ; ov firjv ye - . ^
aXkd, xiii 55, 3 ; 86, 3.
"Ofiov. ofjiov Si, xiii 43, 6 ; 55, 6. Mommsen, 1. c, gives one
example of o/jlov c. dat. in the extant work of Diod.
Ovv. Appears to require no special mention for any peculiar
usage : cf Kalinka, Diss. Phil. Vind. Vol. ii, De TJsu Coni,
quaed. apud Script. Att. antiq.
Hep. One instance of Trep alone, 6i9 eavrov irep cnraVj xi 69, 3.
Its chief function is to avoid hiatus, and so its force is scarcely or
not at all felt, cf. Kaelker, 1. c, 311.
Ukrjv (Schmid, iii 147, 343). In the Kotvrjj irXrjv is often a
conjunction, and does not differ from dWd. This is rare in Dio-
dorus : iv 13, 1 ; xiii 56, 4. ■
Te. The greatest quantity of single re's is in bk. xii. Not
employed to connect words. It adds a postscript after the Thucy-
didean fashion, xi 57, 6 ; xii 70, 5. re re occurs in xi 10, 2 ;
re T€ Kai in xii 54, 3. re KaC is comparatively rare,
though T€ Kai is not, cf. K. Fuhr, Rhein. Mus. xxxiii 584 ff.
T€ is correlated with eireira Se, xiii 69, 2 ; with en Be, xiii 114, 2.
On re see Schmid, iv 562-4.
Totyapovv : ii 29, 6.
ToLvvv. An Attic particle, Kalinka, 1. c, p. 193, which was
almost lost in the /coivt]. Not many tolvvv^s were observed : ii 1,
4; 4,2; 29,2.
wairep. To avoid hiatus Kaddirep often takes the place of
axTTrep: ii 12, 2; 15, 1; 21, 8; xi 43, 1; xiii 41, 3; 50, 3.
KaOdirep is legal Meisterhans, 1. c, p. 2150, comes into literature
with Isocrates, and is common in late Greek. We find also in
comparison olov el, xiii 58, 2 ; ooa-avei, xviii 43, 1 ; oaaei, xii 25,
2 ; wairepeiy xi 30, 5 ; KadaTTepeL, xiii 27, 6.
40 Diodorus and the Pelopownesian War,
Sentence-Structure.
From the middle of the fourth century B. C. Greek prose was
as a whole under subjection to the periodic structure established
by Isocrates, whose power was broken by Aelian and Philostratus,
Schraid, iii 291. In our author the sentence is simple in structure
and of short compass. There is a great uniformity of structure,
which gives a woodenness to Diodorus' style. A favorite forma-
tion is that of the following sentence, xii 41, 7, ol Be Sij^atoi,
Trapa tojv 6K Tr}<; //'a%^9 Biao-codivrcov irvdofievoL ra o-v/jL/SePrjKora,
'7rapa)(^p7]/jLa iravBr^fxel Kara airovSrjv cop/jurjaav ; cf. 42, 1, 3, 6;
46, 2 ; 47, 1, 3 ; 48, 1 ; 49, 1, 5, etc. The skeleton of another
favorite is ovto<; iropOrjaa^ , koX \v/jbr]vdfjL6vo(;
cTravrjXOeVy xii 44, 3. Participles play an important part in
Diodorus' sentences ; subordinate clauses are comparatively rare.
Under fjuiv we have already seen how fjuev and Be are not used in a
complicated way, nor often extend the sentence to several cola ;
and there is here as elsewhere a variation in different sections.
An essential of the Isocratic structure of sentences is the avoid-
ance of hiatus. Kaelker, in the article several times referred to,
has shown how studious Diodorus is in this matter. For example,
he places a word in an unnatural position to avoid an hiatus, koI
Tov 'Vrjryiov Kadopfj.ia6evT€<; iyyv<;, xiii 3, 5.
A position like this last could not be due to rhythm, inasmuch
as Diodorus is not strict as to rhythmical structure. He allows a
heaping of long and short syllables, as the above shows. In this
regard Ephorus, one of Diodorus' chief sources, did not follow
his own instructions to avoid such heaping, cf. frg. 76 and 107
(Miiller). Diodorus makes use of the paean and the dactyl,
especially the latter, and occasionally parts of hexameters are
found — a full one in xiii 107, 2, evOv yap ol fiev tmv AaKcBai-
/jLOVifov fiacn\€l<;'*A-yi<; (the following words form the beginning
of an hexameter) ; cf. xiii 2, 3. The endings of the cola are
generally good, but occasionally iambic and hexameter endings are
found : xii 63, 2 ; xiii 2, 4 ; 12, 5 ; 73, 3, besides other bad ones,
as - - -- - --, xiii 39, 4.
As to figures — the crxvf^ciTa \e^6co<; — we have those of our
author collected in the two unfortunate — as far as their object is
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 41
coDcerned — papers of W. Stern, one in tlie Comment, in hon. G,
Studemund, Strassburg, 1889, pp. 147-162, the other, '' Diodor
und Theopomp/' Durlach, 1891. The principal figures are given
below, and details are to be sought in Stern's papers.
Diodorus is given to heaping A and 0-sounds : xiv 1, 3 ; ii 4,
4 ; 52, 9, Oepixaaia irij^aa-a, ^rjporrjTL Se 7ri\i]aa(ra, ^eyyet Be
Xafiirpvvao-a. T-sounds are also employed in a similar way for
effect of the sound : i 78, 1 ; v 34, 3, Odvarov to Trpoa-rcfiov
T€0€LKaarL ; xii 12, 1 ; xiii 33, 2.
In balanced sentences Diodorus takes delight, but good examples
of Isocolon and Parison are rare. An example of Isocolon is xii
11, 1, 7rp(OTa<i fiev raq TroXtTiSafi, va-T€pa<; Be ra? fierayeveaTepa^ ;
xi 11, 3 ; xiii 62, 4 : of Parison, xii 78, 5, koi fjuoyi^; fiera ttoWtji;
Be^aewf; to ^rjv a'vve')(^coprja-av, ttjv S' ovaiav avTCJV B7]/jbev(7aVTe<i
KUTeaKw^av ra? olKim ; xiii 2, 6 ; 45, 8 ; 99, 3.
Examples of Paronomasia, of which Theopompus was very
fond, are, xii 12, 2, e7rtTv^6vTo<; - ~ . airoTV')(pvTO^ ; 83, 6,
KpaTTJaai, KpaTio-Trjv : xiii 45, 10, TreptSeet? 'irepL')(apel(;,
ib. 95, 1, 3 ; xiv 46, 3 ; xvii 101, 6.
Numerous are the examples of Homoeoteleuton : 09, ii 19, 4 ;
26, 9 : 01/, xiii 4, 1 ; 13, 3 : ou, xii 62, 4 : ot, xi 4, 3 ; 79, 2 : 0U9,
xii 54, 2 ; 63, 5 : wv, xii 55, 10 ; 68, 6 : av, xviii 16, 3 : tjv, xiii
37, 5 ; 50, 10 : elv, xiii 70, 4 ; xiv 9, 4 : ovvtcov ol<;^ xii QQ, 2,
Chiastically arranged : 7roW^9 aTa')(ia<i avapxw ovar]<;, xiv 27,
1 ; xiii 94, 2.
The speech of Endius bristles with antitheses, xiii 52, 3-8. A
good one-membered antithesis is xiii 48, 7, Tov<i fjuev BovXov*:
iXevdepov^, tov^ Be ^evov^ 7roXLTa<;. Good antitheses are rare,
but see Stern, " Diodor und Theopompj^ pp. 13-17.
Diodorus makes much of Question in his speeches and his
encomia : xi 46, 2 ; 59, 2 : xiii 21, 4 ; 22, 1 ; 28, 2 ; 29, 4 : xiv
65,4.
From the preceding study we find that Diodorus follows close
on Polybius in syntax, and a constant observation of the vocabu-
lary during the working out of this paper showed that in this
respect also the two authors are very closely allied. Outside of
the parts of bks. xii and xiii that tell the story of the Pelopon-
42 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
nesian War as far as Thucydides holds out, no influence of the
great Athenian is apparent. Dionysius of Halicarnassus is much
nearer the Attic standard, while New Testament Greek is greatly
inferior to that of our author.
Peloponnesian War.
As stated in the Introduction, a direct comparison of Diodorus*
account of the Peloponnesian War with its probable sources does
not yield data sufficient to allow the drawing of conclusions. We
shall now proceed to examine the account of that war as given by
our author and show how it readily breaks into sections, evidence
for more sources than one. Regard will be had for space, and so
only the principal variations between the parts will be given.
The portions of Diodorus to be under consideration are bk. xii 41
to end; bk. xiii 1-19; 33-107 (the Sicilian and other hidory
omitted). The speeches which occupy cc. 20-32 inclusive of bk.
xiii are properly omitted on the ground of their not being neces-
sary to the investigation.
A few changes in vocabulary are interesting. After xiii 48
hia'yaivi^ecrOat is often used, very rarely before in the Pelopon-
nesian War ; xii 70, 2 ; xiii 40, 2. Bt,a(j)6e[p(o, more often in
Thucydides than in any other author (cf. Von Essen's Index),
appears frequently before xiii 42, 4, at which point Thucydides
ceases ; and not afterwards. To be noticed also is that the Btacj)-
dcipeo^s of bk. xiii are, with the exception of c. 13, 4, 5, lumped
in the description of the last sea-fight before Syracuse, where there
is great probability that Diodorus looked into his Thucydides.
In bk. xiii iinx^ipetv holds sway completely, whereas previously
eTTLpaXXea-OaL had had a decided majority. Oecopco in the present
participle is often used in bk. xiii ; not found in bk. xii. In
this last mentioned book roXfidco frequently occurs, but rarely
afterwards. roXfidw is a favorite of Theopompus, Blass, Att.
Beredsamkeity ii 419, 2nd ed.; but it is not at all likely that
Diodorus drew this word from that author. Blass also gives as a
characteristic of Theopompus a large use of el/nl. This verb after
xiii 42, 4 becomes twice as common as before.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 43
These few words, which are of such a nature as not to be
affected by a change in the character of the subject-matter, point,
indefinitely, it is true, towards three sections : xii 41 to end ; xiii
1-42, 4 ; ib. 42, 4-107. A further test based on an examination
of the syntax will give more accurate results.
The apposition of TroXcg to the name of the town, while it is
common in bk. xii, does not appear after this.
As C. Schmidt, in his paper de articulo in nominibus propriis
apud atticos scriptoj-es pedestres, p. 29, observes that rapidity of
movement prompts to the disuse of the article with proper names,
so the stronger summarizing character of bk. xii, as compared
with the first part of bk. xiii, causes a decrease by half in the
number of articles ; and for xiii 45 ff. the ratio is still less. These
ratios are closely followed by the article with the names of the
opposing forces in the first two sections just mentioned. Varia-
tions in towns, islands and persons show themselves in accordance
with the three sections.
The demonstrative ovroq is found some twenty-five times in bk.
xii as 0UT09 Se, at the beginning of a sentence. This scarcely
appears in the first part of xiii, mostly in cc. 36-42, 4. The
remainder of xiii furnishes only a half dozen. Book xii has a
number of epanaleptic ol>to9's, which are almost wanting after-
wards.
We have the adverbial accusatives tovtov tov rpoirovy rovSe rov
TpoTTov, TOV elprj/jbivov rpoirov in bk. xii (41, 1 ; 70, 1 ; 72, 6 ; 74,
^j 79, 7) ; only once in bk. xiii, c. 45, 8, tovtov tov Tpoirov, with
avBpairoBwv Tpoirov of 1 5, 2.
On the whole, the aorist preponderates over the imperfect. This
preponderance is, however, much greater in xii than in xiii, as
may be seen in d'yco^ aird'ya}, dOpOL^cOj BidXiyofiaCy KaTeyj^, irapa-
<TK6vd^co and TrXeo), which last usually has the aorist, but the
imperfect is found in xii 49, 4 : xiii 15, 3 ; 45, 3 ; 60, 3 ; 68, 2 ;
72, 2. The relatively greater compass of the narrative after xiii
42, 4 may be seen in the description of battles. The battle of
Mantinea (xii 79, 4-7) covers one page, whereas the battle in xiii
45-46 occupies three pages, cf. cc. 50-51 ; 97 ff.
44 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
There are in bk. xii only two final sentences (50, 3 ; 61, 3),
while after 42, 4 bk. xiii furnishes eight. The first nineteen
chapters of this book have one final sentence ; cc. 33-42, 4, five.
In bk. xiii verbs of fear are followed always by firJ7roT€y in xii
mostly by fiij,
wcrre is followed by the infinitive, mostly the aorist, in bk. xii,
the present in xiii 1-19 ; but the remainder of this latter book has
a majority of presents among the infinitives, and also two indica-
tives. The correlative of coo-re in the twelfth book is T7)\iKovTo<f
in c. 59, 2 and oi/rw? in 58, 2, the correlative being elsewhere
ToaovTo^. In xiii 45-107 ovtco<; is the correlative, roaovrof; and
TTJXcKovTo^ once each.
iTrecSrj and oTrore are lacking in bk. xii. The former appears
in xiii at 10, 4 and 45, 1 ; 50, 3 ; 76, 1 ; the latter at xiii 40, 1 ;
45, 9 ; 45, 1 ; 46, 1. The temporal sentences of xiii 45-107 are
far in excess of those in the portions preceding.
Local sentences are found at xiii 41, 6 ; 50, 4 ; 51, 7 ; 106, 5 ;
but in no other part of the narrative.
Relatively speaking, there are three times as many relative sen-
tences in bk. xiii as in bk. xii.
The conditional sentences of bk. xii — four in number — all have
idv. There is a variety in the conditions of bk. xiii, three with
idvy two with av, two with el and optative, and one unreal condi-
tion.
As to the articular infinitive, there are sixteen in bk. xii, twelve
and twenty-one in the two parts of bk. xiii. Again, of those of
bk. xii eleven are Bia ro^s, double those of bk. xiii, and the tense
of this last is mainly the present, whereas the majority of Bta ro's
in xii have perfects (cf. Foresmann, de infin. temporum usu Thuc,
Oart Stud.j vi 82, a large number of perfects in Thuc, especially
bks. ii-iv). The five remaining art. infins. of xii are accusatives,
except Trepl tov ; those of the parts of xiii are genitives, nomina-
tives, accusatives, and seven prepositions.
Inasmuch as it is hard to detect the source of a preposition or a
Diodorus and the Peloponnedan War, 45
particle, much stress is laid upon these in the search for sources.
Then, too, the adoption of them from the source is often uncon-
scious, so the testimony borne by them is weighty.
'Atto. Used with persons in xii and the first section of xiii,
but not with persons in the second part of xiii.
'Ett/. c. ace. in expressions of time, once in xii and often after-
wards. The same is true of eVt c. local dative, iirl 8e tovtcov at
the beginning of each year after the names of archons and consuls
is found up to xiii 34, 1 ; not after this point.
Kara, ra Kara c. ace. of a country is common in xii and the
first part of xiii, and only twice in the last section.
Merd. fiera Se ravra occurs one-fourth as often in xiii 45-107
as previously.
Mexpi" The phrase fiixpi' Tt,v6<i, temporal, occurs a number of
times in the last part of xiii, not before, though its absence is not
due to a lack of fiexpt^'s.
JJapd. Not used locally in xii, but it is often afterwards found
in this use.
JJepL The phrase ol irepi c. ace. of a person is distributed in
the same way as the irapd just mentioned.
Yipo. Used locally only in xiii.
npo9. The phrase 7r/>09 Se tovtol^ appears in xii and xiii 1-42,
4 ; 7rpo9 c. dat. local, is found once in xii, and a deal of times in
bk. xiii.
The following particles show variations in the three sections.
"Kfjua. Only dfjba he kul in the first part of bk. xiii, at 16, 5.
Both the latter part of this book and bk. xii have several com-
binations. As a preposition, bk. xii shows only d/jua Be tovtol^
TTparTo/iievoif;, whereas this phrase is not found afterwards, though
dfia is used with other words.
Afco Kab. There are eighteen Sco Kai's in bk. xii, four in the
first section of bk. xiii, and twice after c. 42, 4.
"HS?;. Once in bk. xii, four times in xiii 1-42, 4, after which it
does not again appear.
Kal and re. re Kai, offers relatively three times as many
examples in the first part of xiii as in the second part, and twice
as many as in bk. xii. There are six re-solitaria in the book just
mentioned, one in xiii.
46 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War»
Mev. The latter part of xiii makes greater use of fiev Be
than the preceding sections in nearly the ratio 3 : 2. The to fiev
TTpcoTov fiera Be ravra of xii is replaced in xiii 45-107 by to
fiev TrpcoTov - - - Be.
In regard to sentence formation, we find that the sentences of
xii are on the whole shorter and have less variety than those of
the following book, especially in the latter part. Here are more
antitheses, parisa, isocola, paronomasia, and homoeotoleuta than in
the twelfth book.
The latter part of the Peloponnesian War fills relatively about
twice as much space as the narrative of the portion preceding the
Sicilian invasion. This may be readily seen in description of
battles, which are much longer in xiii 45-107, as already observed.
Again, six and a half years of the war are narrated in this section,
or about one-half the number of years in the first, though the
space in each is very near the same.
From xii 41 to xii 83, 6 there is not a trace of a speech. In
xii 83, 6 is the abstract of a speech of Nicias ; his letter in brief in
xiii 8, 6; and his exhortations to his soldiers, ib. 15, 2. After this
Diodorus gives reproaches uttered by Athenians and Syracusans,
ib. 17, 1, which, as well as the preceding, are in oratio obliqua.
Omitting the speeches of Nicolaus and Gylippus, the latter part of
xiii contains the speech of Endius (52, 3-8), of Callicratidas (98,
1) and of Diomedes (102, 2), all in oratio recta.
With this we may end the discussion of the variations between
the different sections of the Peloponnesian War. That there are
three sections has been clearly shown. The first extends from xii
41 to xii 82, 3 rather than to the end of the book, inasmuch as
the Sicilian War begins at this point and in 82, 6 is the abstract
of Nicias' speech, and the insertion of this makes the end of the
book similar in character to the first part of the following book.
The second section would then be xii 82, 3-xiii 42, 4. But, again,
a section should be made of cc. 36-42, 4 ; cf. final sentences and
demonstrative pronouns. This would be a third section. And the
fourth would be xiii 45-107.
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 47
Sources. Much detail that might have been given has been
omitted ; but it has been clearly shown that Diodorus' narrative
of the Peloponnesian War breaks into four sections. Hence, it is
scarcely credible that the narrative was drawn from one source^
unless that source was itself a variegated patchwork, and this does
not appear to have been the condition of Ephorus, the generally
accepted source. The testimony concerning him does not point to
this. That he wrote * topically ' is against it. To show then that
there are four sections in the narrative is to show that Diodorus
made use of some other historian as well as of Ephorus.
As Collmanu, de Diodori Siculi fontihuSj Marburgi, 1869, p. 16,
has observed, the first section of the narrative, xii 41-82, 3, is
much closer to Thucydides than is the portion of the war from xii
82, 3 to xiii 42, 4, though CoUmann says that it is due to the
closer following of Thucydides by Diodorus' source. Here lies
the difficulty, to distinguish between the true Thucydides and
Thucydides as seen through Ephorus. The difficulty is, moreover,
enhanced by the loss of this latter writer's work, in consequence
of which loss he is much prized by those who seek after sources.
To see whether the material obtained in studying the different
sections would be of use in determining the question of the source
of the first section, we shall examine its peculiarities as above
determined. We consider them first with reference to Thucydides.
Siacjideipcoy often used in the first section, is a word of which
Thucydides is fond, as is seen in the 152 occurrences given by
Von Essen. Thucydides also likes the local Kara, for his Karats
of the second book are one-fifth local. In 8ca to c. infin. Thucy-
dides ^riots' (A. J. P., 1. c), and this is frequently found in the
section of Diodorus under consideration. The perfect tenses after
8ia TO are in both unusually abundant, re-solitarium is an ear-
mark of Thucydides, and we have seen that there are six such re's
in the first section and one afterwards. To these few signs of
Thucydides we may add the phrases et? ra? ^A07]va<; and e'/c r&v
^Adrjvcov, which have the article in our section and almost exclu-
sively in Thucydides, whereas the following sections omit it.
KaXovfjievo<; with cities and peoples is almost confined to the first
section ; as, rr)v Kokovfiiprjv ^Plkttjv, 43, 1 ; ro Viov KoXovfjuevov,
48, 1. It is often employed by Thucydides, ii 25, 3, tov 'IxOvv
48 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
KoXovjievov, an order common to both authors; ib. 17, 1 ; 23, 3;
65, 1.
On comparing these likenesses between Thucydides and Dio-
dorus with what can be learned from the fragments of Ephorus,
they remain unchanged, except that Ephorus occasionally employs
re-solitarium, cf. Diod., xii 40, 4. Ephorus and Theopompus are
both classed under the <y\a(l>vpa kol dvdrjpa apfiovla by Dionysius
Hal., de comp. verb, xxiii, but, unlike the latter, Ephorus has no
strongly distinctive marks. A study of his fragments has been
made by Blass, Alt. Beredsamkeit^ ii 427-441. The use of synony-
mous words in pairs is one of the marks of Ephorus, which is,
however, common in late Greek. Though Diodorus is fond of
pairing, yet it cannot be held that he has in this a sign of
Ephorus' influence. Nor was there found any certain linguistic
trace of Ephorus.
There is one variation in the first section that is of much
importance, inasmuch as from it we can prove the direct use of
Thucydides. This is the omission of speeches. In c. 47, 1 we
find that the Lacedaemonians had sent out a force under Archi-
damus, who had encamped before Plataea, and, says Diodorus,
fieWovTCdv 8' avTcov Brjovv rrjv '^^copav, kol TrapaKokovvrcov tou9
HXaraLecf; aTTOo-Trjvai tmv 'KOr^vaicov, Q)(; ov irpoa-el'Xpv avrol^y
iiropdrjae rrjv ')((opav Kal Ta<; Kar avrrjv KTrjaei<; i\v/jL7]vaT0.
Beginning with a gen. absol. as he is wont to do, Diodorus was
made forgetful afterwards that he began with fjueXkovrcov through
the phrase ax; ov Trpocret^oz/. If we turn to Thucydides, ii 71, 1,
rj^elro he ^ Ap')(ihafjLO^ 6 Zev^tSdfjLOV, AaKeBatfjuovLCov ^aaiXevf; "
Kal Kadiaa<; rov aTparov e/jbeWe BrjcaaeLV rrjv jrjv • ol Be YiXarairj^f
€v6v^ irpeal^ei^ irep.'y^avTe^ irpo^ avTov eXeyov rdBe, we get our
sentence to &)?. The end of the sentence, from eiropdrjae, came
from the words of Thucydides in c. 75, 1, at the close of the
negotiations between Archidamus and the Plataeans. Diodorus
avoided the speeches and so fell into a confusion, as this sentence
shows. It does not appear to me credible that the above sentence
could have been written, if Diodorus was using Ephorus. All
other speeches of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th books of Thucydides are
similarly evaded. Thucydides was hard reading to the Greek of
Diodorus' time, as the criticisms of Dion. Hal. show ; but it does
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 49
Dot appear that the speeches were avoided merely on this
account.
The two speeches of Nicolaus and Gylippus are also indications
that Diodorus knew something of Thucydides. Beyond abstracts
of a few speeches there is nothing of this kind of composition till
the very point at which speeches cease in Thucydides. Then, and
not till then, Diodorus inserts two lengthy ones, as in rivalry of
his great predecessor, though Bachof, Timaios als Quelle Diodors
/. d. Reden i. B. 13 u. 14, Jahrh. 129, 445-478, has tried to prove
that they are taken from Timaeus. But to write in rivalry of the
great men of the past is a well-known practice of the later Greeks.
These late Greeks, moreover, reworked that which they emulated.
By a beautiful rhetorical surprise, Nicolaus defends the Athenians,
and he does it with arguments borrowed almost entirely from the
speech of Diodotus in defence of the Mytileneans, Thuc. iii 42-48.
The situation is the same in both. Diodotus and Nicolaus both
say that they will discuss the question from the point of to <TVfi(f>e-
pov, Thuc. iii 42, 43; Diod. xiii 20, 6. Diodotus insists that those
who strive after the hegemony should be lenient towards those in
their power, Thuc. iii 47, and this is enlarged upon by Nicolaus,
xiii 21. The one argues that injury to the Mytileneans is injury
to Athens, Thuc. iii 46, the other repeats the argument in reference
to the captured Athenians. Each insists that it is wrong to pass
judgment on the persons on trial in a body, Thuc. iii 48 ; Diod.
xiii 27. Every argument of Diodotus except that of c. 45 is
reproduced by Nicolaus. But strong as this imitation is for a
direct use of Thucydides, equally strong is the reproduction of the
man Diodotus in the man Nicolaus. Neither are known in any
other connection, and both are types of the citizen who counsels
prudence.
From these considerations and from the linguistic proofs it is
evident that Diodorus made use of Thucydides, and that the 2nd,
3rd, 4th, 5th books of this author formed the basis, with Ephorus,
of the first section of our author's narrative of the Peloponnesian
War.
The sources of the remaining sections of the war cannot be
traced as in the case of the first. Philistus, Ephorus and Timaeus
50 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War.
exist only in fragments, so that the direct linguistic evidence for
which we are now seeking cannot be obtained. Though there
are traces of Thucydides, there is no linguistic proof that he was
directly used. What has been said concerning the speeches of
Nicolaus and Gylippus implies the use of him before these.
The third section came in all probability from Ephorus, as it
contains a quotation from him and agrees linguistically more
closely with the following section than with either of the pre-
ceding. M. Biidinger believes that in this section we have excerpts
from Thucydides, D. Universalhistoyde i, Alterthume, Wien, 1895,
p. 159 ; but the agreeing of the two in the matter of a few words
is not proof that Thucydides was used. Linguistically considered
no part of this section can be assigned to Thucydides.
Xenophon, Ephorus and Theopompus may, one, or all, have
furnished Diodorus with the material for the last section of the
war, xiii 45-107. Xenophon, it is agreed, did not contribute any-
thing, Volquardsen, 1. c, pp. 43-47 ; Wachsmuth, 1. c, 101. In
regard to the other two, the opinion of the majority of investi-
gators is in favor of Ej)horus as the source. Because of the greater
rhetorical character of this section, Holm {History of Greece^ Eng,
trans, J ii 508), following Breitenbach, assigns it to Theopompus.
Prof Freeman thinks that previously Diodorus had been over-
awed by Thucydides and that, now released from this influence,
he rises to a higher level. History of Sicily^ iii 437 N. 1. But he
grants more to Diodorus himself and does not speak of any source.
Theopompus was a forceful writer, and certain traits of style
can be made out from his fragments, Blass, Att. Bered., ii 419 ff.
(2nd ed.). Examining xiii 45-107 for the characteristics indicated
by Blass, we find that verbs of cirxumlocutiorif elvai, rv^x^veiv,
^aivea-Oaii opaaOav, a^oovv, roX/jbdv, are not used more than usual ;
that there are no powerful and studied words and turns of expression
that need be assigned to Theopompus ; that exclamatory questions.
are wanting ; that climax is scarcely noticeable ; and that synony-
mous words in three^s are not to be found.
On the other hand, the linguistic evidence favors Ephorus,
inasmuch as it shows that this section is very similar to the begin-
ning of the eleventh book, which without doubt is derived from
Ephorus. Likenesses are found in vocabulary and in syntax ; as,
Diodorus and the Feloponnesian War. 51
freer use of artic. in fin. and of subordinate sentence, iwl in expres-
sions of time, ol irepi nva, and fiexpi' tlvo^ ; but the portion of
book xiii surpasses that of book xi in rhetorical fullness.
This section, then, we would give to Ephorus.
r
We have now reached the end of this paper. In it we have set
forth the language and style of Diodorus, and we have examined
linguistically the narrative of the Feloponnesian War, in which
we have shown that the language of our author may be employed
in the investigation of his sources. We have found that there are
four parts to the narrative, and hence no single source. The first
part comes from Thucydides and another source, Ephorus ; no
satisfactory linguistic evidence was found for the source of the
second ; Ephorus was pronounced the source of the third and
fourth.
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