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 \^- DIODORUS 
 
 AND 
 
 THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWIN L./GREEN, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, RICHMOND, KY. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 
 JOHN MURPHY & CO. 
 1899. 
 
DIODORUS 
 
 AND 
 
 THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF 
 
 THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
 
 DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 
 
 BY 
 
 EDWIN L. GREEN, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN CENTRAL UNIVERSITY, RICHMOND, KY. 
 
 BALTIMORE: 
 
 JOHN MURPHY & CO 
 1899. 
 
<^1 <jl 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction, 5 
 
 General Study op Language op Diodorus: 8-42 
 
 Word -formation, ---------- 8 
 
 Syntax, 12 
 
 General Observations, - 27 
 
 Prepositions, ..--. 28 
 
 Particles, -.-- -- 37 
 
 Rhythm and Figures, 40 
 
 Peloponnesian War : 42-51 
 
 General Examination, --------- 42 
 
 Sources, 47 
 
 Conclusion, -- 51 
 
 254827 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 Microsoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/diodoruspeloponnOOgreerich 
 
DIODORUS AND THE PELOPONNESIAN ¥AR. 
 
 ) Diodorus, known as the Sicilian, was born in Agyrium, a city 
 i of Sicily (i 4, 4), in the early part of the first century preceding 
 our era. Under Augustus he completed an universal history in 
 forty books, to which he gave the name BifiXiodrjKr} 'IcrropiKrj. 
 This * Historical Library' — for such it is — comprises the history 
 of the world from mythical times to the year 60/59 B. C, and 
 according to our author, it required the work of thirty years, the 
 ransacking of Rome's great libraries, and journeys to Egypt and 
 over much of Europe and Asia. His conception of history is 
 excellent, and the breadth of his work is greater than that of 
 any of his predecessors, inasmuch as it embraces also the history 
 of Kome, L. O. Brocker, Mod. Quellenforsch. u. ant. Geschicht- 
 schreibevj Innshrucky 1882, p. 63. But the result does not justify 
 the expectation. According to the great majority of investigators, 
 Diodorus is nothing more than an excerptor, a sorry one at that : 
 G. F. Unger, Diodors Quellen i. d. DiadoGhengescMchte, 1878, 
 p. 370 ; F. L. Schoenle, Diodorstudien, Berlin^ 1891, p. 1 ; C. 
 Wachsmuth, Alte Geschichtey 95. H. Nissen is of the opinion 
 that Diodorus shortened his sources, while he transferred their 
 language into that of his own day, Krit. TJntersuch. it, d. Quellen 
 d. 4. u. 5. Dekade d. Livius, 110-113. Investigators state that 
 Diodorus uses only one source for the events of any period, 
 though they are agreed that this is always a good one, and that 
 he endeavors to secure a contemporary writer of the time, Unger, 
 1. c. ; J. Pohler, Diod. ah Quel. z. Gesch, v. Hellas i. d. Zeit, v. 
 Thebens Anfochwung, Cassel, 1885, p. 11 ; Wachsmuth, 1. c. 
 \ Diodorus has been for many years a favorite with makers of 
 L dissertations, and his sources have in consequence been very 
 thoroughly sifted. The pamphlet of C. A. Volquardsen, Unter- 
 such. u. d. Quel. d. gr. u. sicil. Gesch. b. Diod., B. xi bis xvi, 
 Kiely 1868, has had great influence in determining the method of 
 
 6 
 
^ . „ , „.• .^ .Diodorus ^nd the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 investigation of others and their results. There is little dissent 
 from the almost universal contempt for Diodorus. Voices of 
 protest have been raised by Brocker, 1. c. ; R. Neubert, Spuren 
 selbstdndiger Thdtigkeit b. Diodor, Bautzen, 1890; A. Holm, Gesch. 
 SicilienSj ii 360 (though he has since changed his views, Hist of 
 Greece, Eng. trans., ii 101); E. A. Freeman, Hist, of Sicily, ii 
 162 N. 1 ; iii 1 N. 1. C. G. Heyne, at the close of last century, 
 believed that the writers named from time to time were authorities 
 for the preceding period, De Fontibus et Aucforibus Historiarum 
 Diodoii (in Dindorf edit). He is followed in the main by G. 
 Grote. 
 
 [As far as concerns the Peloponncaian War, the opinion of 
 Volquardsen has prevailed, that Diodorus drew his narrative from 
 Ephorus and Timaeus : Wachsmuth, 1. c, 101 ; G. I^usolt, Gr. 
 Gesch., ii 105-6 ; L. Holzapfel, Untersuch. ii. d. DarstelL d. gr. 
 Gesch., Leipzig, 1879, pp. 18, 41 ; W. Collmann, De Diodof'i Sic. 
 Fontibus, Mar bur gi, 1869. Holm, Hist, of Gr., Eng. tr., ii 608, 
 follows Breitenbach and assigns the latter part of the narrative, 
 xiii 45-107, to Theopompus. Freeman can see no reason why 
 Philistus and Thucydides were not used as well as Ephorus and 
 Timaeus. To this last historian belong the speeches of xiii 20-32, 
 if we assent to the generally accepted view of E. Bachof, Timaios 
 als Quelle Diod. f. d. Bed. i. B. 13 u. 14, Jahrb. 129, 445-478. 
 Some investigators, as M. Biidinger, D. Univ. Hist. i. Alterth., 
 p. 159, find here and there excerpts from Thucydides. 
 
 The many investigations of the sources of Diodorus have been 
 based on his subject-matter. Only in a fitful way has use been 
 made of his language. The most extensive employment of it for 
 determining his sources is that of W. Stern, who endeavors to 
 show that the first twenty books of Diodorus were derived from 
 Theopompus, Theopompos : Fine Hauptquelle d. Diod. B. i-xx, in 
 Comm. i. hon. G. Studemund, 1889, 145-162; Diodor u. Theo- 
 pomp, Durlach, 1891. The object of this paper was primarily to 
 examine Diodorus' language, for the purpose of finding whether it 
 could be a means of determining his sources; and the narrative of 
 the Peloponnesian War was selected for the investigation. As a 
 
 r direct linguistic comparison with Thucydides and the fragments of 
 Philistus, Ephorus and Timaeus (C. Miiller, Frg. Hist. Gr. I 
 185-333) yielded few certain results, it was deemed best to substi- 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 7 
 
 tute for it a general study of the language, though the symmetry 
 of the paper would be marred. Inasmuch as the bulk of Diodorus 
 is such that |t was impracticable to examine its entirety, the study 
 was confined to the second book, the first thirty-four chapters of 
 whichcome from Ktesias, Wachsmuth, 1. c. ; Krumbholz, Rhein. 
 Mus., xl 321-341 ; to the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth books, 
 whose Greek and Sicilian history is by the majority of investiga- 
 tors assigned to Ephorus and Timaeus, Volquardsen, 1. c, p. 118 ; 
 Wachsmuth, 1. c. ; and to the eighteenth book, which is supposed 
 to have its origin in Hieronymus of Kardia, Droysen, Hermes, xi 
 464; Wachsmuth, 1. c. There seems in this selection to be a 
 sufficient variety in the sources as far as concerns any reflection of 
 their language in Diodorus. Books i, iii, iv and v were also read 
 ^in connection with the five mentioned. Enough has been examined 
 1 to give a very accurate idea of the language and style of our author. 
 \ After this, indirect evidence for more sources than one has been 
 I obtained by showing that the narrative breaks into four sections. 
 VEach section was then examined for its sources. 
 '^ Besides the dissertations and papers already referred to, there is 
 scarcely a pamphlet or article relating to Diodorus that has not 
 been surveyed ; but as they rarely furnished material for the 
 purpose of this paper they have been left unnamed. The majority 
 of them can be found in Wachsmuth and Schoenle. Most useful 
 in the study of the language have been the American Journal of 
 Philology {A. J. P.), vols, i-xviii ; Prof. Gildersleeve's Justin 
 Martyr; W. Schmidts Atticismus, especially the fourth vol.; F. 
 Krebs, Prdposit. b. Polyh.; Prdpositionsadverbien ; Zur Rection d. 
 Casus i. d. sp. gr. Hist,; Kaelker, Quaest. d. eloc. Pol., Leip. Stud. 
 iv 290; J. Stich, D., Polyh. die. genere, Act. Sent, Erlang., ii 186. 
 The independent observations on Polybius are based on his fourth 
 book; those on Dionysius Halicarnussus, on the fifth and sixth 
 books of his Antiquitates Romanae. 
 
 The Teubner text both of F. Vogel and of L. Dindorf has 
 been the i^xt for the investigation, but chiefly the former. 
 
 In order to keep this dissertation within moderate compass, I 
 I have given at all times only the principal results, omitting unim- 
 1 portant details, and I have dwelt especially on the general study 
 j of Diodorus' language. For the same reason 1 have also not cited 
 I many examples under each phenomenon treated. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnedan War. 
 
 General Study of Diodorus' Language. 
 
 Diodorus writes in the Kolvt) SmXe/cro?, understanding by this 
 a dialect that in all essentials but that of pureness of vocabulary is 
 Attic, though in detail it diverges also from Attic syntax, of. 
 Hewlett, Art. Irifin. in Polyhius, Amer. Jour. Phil, xi 268. 
 Diodorus belongs to the better class of writers of the kolvtj. The 
 writer whom he nearest approaches — and he approaches him very 
 near — is Polybius, which will appear in the course of this paper. 
 
 A treatise De Sermone Diodori was prefixed by Dindorf to his^ 
 edition, and this is to be found, with additions and corrections, in | 
 the edition of Vogel. What will be given below is meant as an 
 addition to the above treatise. The De Sermone Diodori is cited 
 from Vogel's IniroduGtion. 
 
 Inflection. 
 
 The Doric genitive of proper names has not disappeared, as 
 evidenced by Boura, iv 23, 2; Tpioira, v 61, 3; 'AyLttX/ca, xi 21, 
 4 ; ^Ava^iXa, ib. 66, 1 (Ava^lXov, ib. 76, 5) ; K-aWiKpariha, xiii 
 99,4. 
 
 Higher kolvyj does not entirely give up the Attic declension, 
 though it is far gone already in Polybius, W. Schniid, Atficism^is, 
 iv 582. A few forms are found in our author: veco, xiii 82, 3; 
 veaty ib. 41, 3; vecov, ib. 90, 2; vem (ace. plur.), xi i^5, 1, though 
 forms of vao^ are more usual; y^pvcroKepwVt iv 13, 1 ; tXewz/, ib. 
 24, 4; T6m76ft), v 61, 1. 
 
 The gen. plur. of cr-stems appears to be contracted : opwVy v 25, 
 3 ; iOvMV, ib. 24, 1 ; ^eXcov, xii 42, 5. yrjpafi has <yrjp(o<; in the 
 gen. sing. Forms of Kpea^ are Kpewv, v 28, 4; Kpeaai, ib. 34, 2 ; 
 Kpea, ii 59, 1 : of Kepa<;, /cepaTo<;, xviii 30, 3 and Kepws, iv 22, 6 ; 
 Kepara, ib. 22, 6. HepLKXrjf; is declined UepcKXeov;, xii 38, 3; — 
 €1, ib. 38, 2 ; — ea, ib. 27, 1. The declension of 'Hpa/cX?}? is simi- 
 lar : — 601/9, ii 46, 5; — el, iv 21, 3; — ea, ii 46, 3 ( — iju was not 
 found, though on Attic inscriptions of this period, Meisterhans, 
 Gr. d. att. Inschr., 2nd ed., p. 107). 
 
 The gen. plur. of stems in ev preceded by l do not undergo^ 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 9 
 
 contraction, Meisterhans, p. Ill: HXaraiiayv, xii 41, 2; MrjXLemv, 
 xi4, 7, cf. 13, 5; 14, 5. 
 
 Contract forms in r) for the neuter plural of u-steras are not 
 found on inscriptions, Meisterhans, p. 118 ; but Diodorus has 
 ^fjLio-rj, xviii 19, 4; 46, 2. The feminine is in eca, as yXvKeLa, 
 ii 58, 7. 
 
 Local Endings. These endings belong to legal phraseology, 
 the literary form being the prepositional phrase; and they dis- 
 appeared in the kocvtj, Schmid, 1. c, iv 585. The locative 
 ^A6rjvr}(Tc never entirely vanishes from inscriptions; and the Local 
 Endings are revived by the Atticists, Schmid, 1. c, and in general, 
 Main, Locative Expressions in the Attic Orators y Baltimore, 1892. 
 *Adr}V7}(rt is the only locative expression found in our author, and 
 usually when the name of the archon at Athens is given, xii 38, 
 J ; xiii 27, 4; 38, 1; 43, 1; xviii 13, 6. Thucydides employs 
 ^Adi]vr]a-i only twice, both times in official language, v 25, 1 ; 47. 
 
 Ha? and otTra? divide the honors fiiirly between them ; cf. on 
 these words Diels, Got. gel. Anz., 1894, 298 ; Schaefer, Dem. u. s. 
 Zeit.y iii 296. Not infrequently a-'x^eBop is connected with them, 
 a-x^Bov airavra^, iv 10, 5; 29, 4 ; xiii 47, 3; xviii 29, 4. 
 
 Tdxt'Ov is the comparative of rax^'^y ii 5, 6 ; xiii 106, 1, cf. 
 Rutherford, New Fhrynichus, 150 — a N. T. form, Schmid, 1. c, 
 iv 25. 
 
 6avfjLa(Tr6<; compares as follows : 6avfjLa<7T6<;, davjULaarLcarepot;, 
 Oavfjiaa-ta)TaTo<;, Rademacher, Rhein. Mus., xlix 106 N. 1. 
 
 According to H. Schmidt, De duali graecorum et emoriente et 
 reviviscente, Breslau, 1893 (Rev. in A. J. P., xiv 521), there is a 
 gradual decline of the dual from Aristotle to Diodorus, after 
 whom it begins to rise again. Except aficfyco, frg. 23, 201, vlotVy 
 frg. 31, 19, 2, the dual in Diodorus is confined to Svo, Bvotv (35 
 times) predominating over Bveiv (12 times). The dative Bvcrl is 
 found 38 times, Schmidt, 1. c, p. 25. Polybius has six nominal 
 forms in the dual, Hasse, N. Jahrb. 147, 164. 
 
 Pronouns. The indirect reflexives are rare, the singular ov at 
 € not appearing at all, which is also true of Polybius. The forms 
 
10 Diodmus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 found are a^cov, xiii 45, 10; a(f>io-c, ib. 46, 3; o-(f>a^, xii 41, 6; 
 xi 58, 5, where it is used with avTov^; as a direct reflexive; and 
 the pronominal adjective (r<f>eT€po<;. Poly bins employs these more 
 frequently, iv 5, 4, 6 ; 7, 2 ; 9, 8 ; 10, 3, 7 ; 12, 6, etc. ; and this 
 is true of Dion. Hal., Ant, Bom., v 11, 16 (bis); vi 27, 27, 36, 
 62, 64. 
 
 iavTov stands to avrov in about the ratio 3 : 2. On these forms 
 and the reflexive pronoun in the older language, cf. Dyroff, Gesch. 
 d. pr. reflex., Wiirzburg, 1892 u. 1893; Rev. in A. J. P., xviii 
 214-224. 
 
 A-paragogicum seems not to be used with demonstratives. 
 €/c€lpo<; appears without its initial e in k€lvov, xiii 68, 6. 
 
 Verbs. In our author the optative is nearly dead, though not 
 so far gone as in N. T. Greek. Polybius also has lost much in 
 the optative. The 1st aor. opt. 3rd sing, ends in ai, xi 46, 2; xiv 
 66, 1, in €C6v, xi 58, 5; xiii 28, 3: for the 3rd plur. cf Vogel, 
 Introd.j xli, and Kaelker, De Dlodori Hiatu, Leip. Stud, iv 309. 
 TuOrjfii, has the 2nd aor. opt. of thematic verbs, avvOoivro, ii 33, 
 5 ; o-vyKardOocTO, ib. 14, 4. 
 
 aXia-KOfiai, takes the augmont and reduplication 77, rjXojKcof;, 
 xviii 18, 2; xi 25, 2 (v. b. eaX — ); rjXcocrav, xi 65, 4. 
 
 The 2nd aor. mid. ind. is found with endings of the 1st : 
 ecXavTo, xiii 69, 3 ; 74, 1 ; 98, 4 ; direi'iTavTO, xviii 39, 2. The 
 form e'yevrj67]v, xiii 38, 3; 51, 8; 63, 1, is treated by Hultzsch, 
 D. erzdhl. Zeifform. h. Polyb., ii 350. e\S) occurs as the future of 
 aipio, ii 26, 9. An aor. pass, of opo) is ewpd6r}v, xviii 16, 1. 
 direKpWriv, xviii 17, 7 is familiar to readers of N. T. Greek ; but 
 also dTreKpLvdfiTjv, xiii 88, 7. From bk. xviii we find that the 
 compound forms of the plu|)erfect are to the simple as 7 : 6. The 
 great majority of the compound forms are active, whereas the 
 simple forms are for the most part passive, larrj/ic has both long 
 and short forms in the perf. act. part. : ec^eo-rwrct?, v 18, 4; xiii 
 94, 5 ; €V€(TT7jK6Ta(;, xiii 88, 4 ; 99, 6 ; xviii 7, 5. eBcoKav is the 
 3rd plur. of aor. ind. of BtBwfjLL, xii 42, 6 ; 44, 3 ; xiii 68, 1. 
 
 Passing of /xt-verbs over into w-verbs seems to be confined to 
 XaTrjjjLt and Beifcvvfic : d(j>L(TTdveLv, xi 28, 3 ; avviaravev, xi 55, 8 ; 
 cf. xiii 48, 4 ; xviii 70, 1 ; aTreBeiKwey xii 40, 4, though Kaelker, 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 11 
 
 1. c, states that verbs in fit have in the infinitive €tv before vowels 
 and vat before consonants. 
 
 Adverbial forms in dev are fairly numerous : dircoOev, xiii 59, 
 6 ; avToOev, xii 15, 5 ; iKetOev, xviii 54, 3 ; e/jLTrpoadev, ib. 27, 1 ; 
 ivrevOev, xiii 63, 4; e^coOev, ii 16, 10; eacoOev, ibid.; oOev, ii 31, 
 10; xiii 37, 5; 49, 3 (which is liked also by Polybius, iv 72, 4; 
 SQ, 5) ; oLKoOev, xiii 72, 3 ; oina-dev, xviii 27, 1 ; iravraxoO^v, xiii 
 49, 2 ; irdvToOev, xviii 28, 5 ; irodev, xiii 29, 3. Forms in rj are 
 rare, as ravry, xii 47, 1. ^ is a favorite of Thucydides, ii 18, 1 ; 
 67, 2; 70, 4,^4; 74, 6; 79,6; 100, 6; iii 13, 2; 25, 1, cf. Polyb., 
 iv 43, 2, 4. Rare also are forms in oc, owoc,' xviii 32, 2, and in 
 ou, auToO, xi 14, 2; 29, 4; xiii 77, 2; 104, 2; ou, xiii 40, 6; 
 ^TTov, xiv 69, 1. Indefinite pronominal abverbs are scarcely to 
 be found, fxakLo-'Td Trcofi, xiii 24, 2, though freely employed in 
 Polybius. 
 
 The neut. sing, of the substantivized adjective not infrequently 
 serves as an adverb: to iraXaioVy iv 12, 3; to vcrTaTov, ib. 27, 3 ; 
 TO Trapdirav, v 17, 4 ; to vcTTepov, v 6, 3 ; to irpoiTov, ibid. ; to 
 ak7)6e<i, V 49, 4 ; to TeXevTalov, xi 52, 4 ; TovvavTiov, xii 26, 2 ; 
 TO crvvoXov, xii 16, 1 ; TavTOfiaTov, xii 38, 4; to ecr'x^aTov, xviii 
 67, 3. 
 
 We may append here that Diodorus is not consistent in writing 
 pa; or pp, the latter of which is Attic, Herodian (Lentz), i 15, 18, 
 the former Ionic and Thucydidean, Kiihner-Blass, Gh\ Gr., V 
 147: Tapcroq, xiii 99, 3; TrvpaevQ), xii 49, 4; Tvp(TL<;, xi 38, 4; 
 but Oappo), xiii 15, 5; Tvpprjvlay v 13, 4; ^eppovrjao^, xiii 66, 3 
 (Vogel, Introd.j Ixxii N.) ; apprjv, ii 45, 3. 
 
12 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 Syntax. 
 
 Apposition. An apposition to an accusative may be in the 
 nominative: v 7, 1, avrat B* elcrl top dpiO/nov kirrd, 7rpocr'rjyopia<i 
 8>* e'XpvcTi Tavra^;, XTpoyyvXr} kol ^vcovvfio^ ; cf. v 12, 4, where 
 the nominatives are, as it were, in quotation marks. 
 
 In certain sections, as in the latter half of bk. xii, our author 
 adds TToXfc? to the name of the city : xii 44, 1, iroXiv ''AXoTrrjv ; 
 72, 7, Mevhr} iroKif;; 77, 5: xviii 12, 4, ttoXlv Aafjuiav. Herodotus 
 makes much of this apposition of vroXt?, i 168 ; 189 ; 193 : ii 169 : 
 vii 124, which was due to the low state of the knowledge of 
 geography in Greece, Kallenberg, Philologus, xlix 540. 
 
 Substantivized Neuter Adjectives. This is a recognized 
 mark of Thucydides, C. F. Smith, Poet Construe, in Thuc., Trans. 
 Amer. Phil. Assn., 1895, 95 ff. No influence of Thucydides on 
 Diodorus in this respect is apparent. Both adjectives and parti- 
 ciples are substantivized, and there is nothing peculiar in Dio- 
 dorus' usage except that they are seldom in any case but the 
 nominative and, more generally, the accusative : xviii 1 , 3, 5 ; 8, 
 4; 17, 7; 19, 1; 22, 3, 5; 25, 4; 28, 5; 47, 1; 52, 4; 59, 4; 60, 1. 
 
 7rapa6aXdTTio<;, xii 44, 1 ; Oavfjudo-wf;, xi 89, 4 ; v6iJiifio<;, iv 9, 
 3 ; iXevOepo^, iv 31, 8, are used as adjectives of two endings. 
 
 Number. Examples of the singular employed as a collective 
 are irXivOo^, ii 8, 7 ; /cdXa/no^;, xiii 113, 1 ; cr')(olvo(;, ii 49, 2. 
 
 Diodorus speaks in the author's plural : i 4, 4 ; 5, 2 ; xii 84, 4 ; 
 xiii 1, 1. 
 
 Cases. The neuter plural subject takes regularly a singular 
 verb : ii 5, 1 ; xiii 42, 6, though the verb is often plural in late 
 Greek, Gildersleeve, Justin Martyr, A. 3. 3. 
 
 Classic usage of w in address was reversed in late Greek, and 
 so the few speeches in the Bt^Xto6rJK7) show that Diodorus is at 
 least inclined to omit it: without w, xiii 20, 1 ; 21, 4; 28, 2, 3; 
 29, 1; 52, 3; 102, 2; with ^, xiii 20, 5; 21, 8; 23, 1; 32, 6. 
 It is omitted in N. T., Acts xvii 22 ; xxvi 2, 24, 25. Dion. Hal. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 13 
 
 appears regularly to use w. Rockel, De allocutione apud Thucy- 
 didem, etc., for classic usage. 
 
 Accusative. In bis treatise, Zur Redion d. Casus L d. spat, 
 hist, Grdc.j 2 parts, Munich, 1887, Krebs has shown how late 
 Greek historians employ the accusative after certain verbs instead 
 of the regular regimen, though in a few instances the change was 
 from the accusative. Poly bins and Diodorus sin very much alike 
 in this respect, whereas Dion. Hal. has not often gone astray. 
 Krebs gives the following verbs which may govern the accusative 
 in Diodorus: iroXeixelv, ii 37, 3; KarairoXefielv, ii 18, 1; (TvyKara- 
 TToXefieiv, xvi 22, 4 ; iveSpevecv, which, however, takes an accusa- 
 tive in Attic, cf. L. and S. s. v. ; ein^ovXeveiv, xxxvi 2, 3 
 ak^elv, xiv 112, 4; anravrav, xxxi 1, 2; airekTri^o), 19, 36, 5 
 fcparelv, xiii 52, 2 ; hia(f>epeiv, ii 5, 1 ; ivrpeTreoSac, xi 92, 3 
 fcXrjpovofjLelv, iv 4, 4. Krebs also cites the following verbs as 
 taking an accusative, though in the older language they were 
 intransitive : SiaywvoOeTe'Lv, xxxi 1, 1 ; 6VTV')(6lv, viii 25, 4 ; 
 Karevrvxelv, xx 46 ; Trapaairovhelv, xiv 68, 3 ; irpovo/jbevecv, xix 
 25, 2 ; TrXeoveicTelv, xii 46, 3 ; ')(0p7)'yeiVi xi 44, 4 ; vireprj^avelv, 
 xxiii 15, 4 ; cf. Kaelker, 1. c, 294. Hiatus is said to be respon- 
 sible for some of the changes in the cases used after verbs and 
 adjectives, Krebs, Prdpositions-adverbienj 2, 58 ff., though his 
 examples do not all require this explanation. 
 
 Cognate Accusative. This (txv/^^ irvfjuoXoyLKov is compara- 
 tively rare in Diodorus : iviKa crrdhiov, xii 82, 1 ; vavfiaxiav 
 VLKaVy xiii 102, 4. Lobeck, Paralip., 501-38; Schulze, Comm. in 
 hon. Rib., 1888, 153-171. Socrates was fond of this crxnP'^ — in 
 reality, a t/ootto?, — Newhall, Dram, arid Mimet. Features of the 
 Gorg. of Plato, Baltimore, 1891, p. 17. 
 
 Adverbial Accusative. For ttjv raxLo-Trjv we may cite xi 
 19, 2; 28, 2; 36, 3. rpoirov is used as in Herodotus (vi 37), 
 avSpairoScav rpoirov, xiii 15, 2. tovtov tov rpoirov has the 
 advantage over tovto) to3 rpoirq), but only in a small degree. 
 On the disappearance of rpoTro) before rpoTrov consult A. J. P., 
 xi 521. 
 
14 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War'. 
 
 Accusative of Specification. In his fondness for this accu- 
 sative Diodorus often uses it pleonastically : vios rrjv rfkiKiaVi xii 
 43, 2 ; Tov rpoirov a^ad6<;, xi 8, 5 ; Toaavrat to 7r\rj6o<;, xi 3, 9 ; 
 4, 7 ; cf. xii 55, 8 ; xi 11, 2 ; 50, 6 ; 56, 3. 7rX7}^09 is not infre- 
 quently joined to roaovro^, and tov apidfiov to numerals or words 
 expressive of quantity. 
 
 In KaTCL Trjv oXv/jLTTLaBa ttjv TrevTaKocTTTjv, rjv iviKa (TTaBiov^ 
 V 9, 2, the ace. rjv is rather to be explained by an omission of 
 KaTa, due to the preceding tcaTa, than as an ace. of the point of 
 time, which is said to be an Atticism, Schol. on Aeschin., iii 77. 
 ^OXvfjLTndSa, Kaff' rjv iviKa, xii 5, 1 ; 29, 1 ; 33, 1, etc., shows 
 that KaTCL was to be expected in v 9, 2. 
 
 Genitive. 
 
 Partitive. This genitive is found after verbs : KKeirTovra 
 Tcbv j3o(bv, iv 24, 6; xii 15, 3. In the manner of the Atticists 
 (Schmid, iv 609) Diodorus frequently employs the partitive geni- 
 tive with adjectives and participles : to, 'TrXr]cn6')(wpa t&v i6v(ov, 
 xviii 3, 2 ; tol o-vvopi^ovTa twv iOvcov, ibid. ; toi;9 einKaipov^ t&v 
 ToircDv, ib. 4, 4 ; 14, 7 ; cf 8, 4 ; 70, 2 ; ii 6, 8 ; xi 20, 1. ttoWoI 
 usually takes a genitive, ttoWoI tmv irevrjTaiv, xi 86, 4; xviii 17, 
 1 ; 21,2; 33, 2 ; 67, 3. The singular of ttoXv? is also thus used, 
 T?}9 %ft>/3a9 iroWrjv, xii 42, 6, 7 ; 81, 4 : v 23, 2, which is often 
 the construction of ttoXv^ in Thucydides according to the schol. 
 on i 6, 1. Thucydides generally places the partitive genitive 
 before its governing word (Morris, Inti'od. to Bk. I, p. 50); but 
 nothing like this was observed in our author. 
 
 The neuter plur. of the article with a genitive instead of the 
 simple noun is occasionally met with, but no example of the 
 singular article was found : tcl Tr]<i Tvpavviho<i, xiii 85, 2 ; 96, 6. 
 
 Dative. 
 
 LocAT^ Dative is used after verbs compounded with iv : as 
 iyyrjpaaaL Tjj ^aaCkeia, xi 23, 3 ; xiii 89, 2. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnes-ian War. 15 
 
 Temporal Dative. Diodorus appears to have lost ground in 
 the dative denoting a point of time : ry varepaCa, xii 56, 4 ; xiii 
 
 3, 1 ; 2, 4 ; rio-iv KaipoU, i 3, 8 : xi 20, 1 : i 6, 2. Kara c. 
 
 ace. has usurped some of the domain of the dative. Extent of 
 Time may be expressed by the dative, iv 3, 1, rpLerei yjpovti*. 
 
 Measure OR Difference, ov iroWa) varepov and va-repov 
 ov TToWS are favorites of Thucydides, i 111, 2; 114, 1 : ii 27, 1 ; 
 30, 3 ; 80, 1, whereas Diodorus prefers varepov 7roWol<; erea-Cy ii 
 39, 4 ; 43, 7 : v 9, 1. iroXv is in our author more common than 
 'rroWw, which is also the preference of Attic prose with the excep- 
 tion of Thucydides, Joost, Spi^achgeb. Xenophons i. d. Anab., p, 
 144 ; B. Keil, Analeda Isoc, 140 f. 
 
 Manner. /xa%27» xii 43, 4 ; 66, 6 : rpoTro), xii 42, 8 : (jivaeLy 
 V 19, 4 : So^rj, iii 4, 1 : ^povrjaei, i 17, 3 : avSpeua, i 18, 1. In 
 xii 12, 1 Diodorus has the curious a'TroTV'yj(av€tv rS ydfio). 
 
 CoMiTATiVE Dative. This dative with auT09 does not occur 
 in the complete books, though it is found in the fragments, 
 Momrasen, Beitr. z, d. Lehre v. d. gr. Prdp., p. 391, A. 19. The 
 preposition crvv is used with avro^ : xii 3, 3, a-ijv avroi^ roZ^ 
 avhpdaiv ; xi 60, 6. Both avro^ and avv are omitted in 37, 26, 1. 
 
 Comparison. 
 
 irXelcov not infrequently lacks the force of a comparative : 
 irXeico ^povov, i 4, 3 ; v 6, 3 ; xiii 1 6, 4. to TrXeov, iv 9, 3, has 
 the force of "rather," a meaning which it often has in Thucydides, 
 Classen on i 49, 2. 
 
 Both ore and ft)9 are employed with the superlative : xiii 37, 4 ; 
 98, 4. ore for to? in this combination is said to be Attic, Schmid, 
 iv 610, 30. 
 
 Article. 
 
 Examples of o Be, "and he,'^ are not numerous : xii 44, 1 ; 59, 
 4 : xiii 3, 5 ; ii 6, 5. Occasionally to irpo tov is found : v 81, 2; 
 xi 63, 4. Forms of the relative are used with jj^ev - - . Be (ou9 
 
16 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 jiev - - - 01)9 ^6, xi 44, 3 : xiii 50, 5), but one of the members 
 may be a form of the article, ra^^ /niv . - - ayv Be, xi 18, 6. 
 
 On the omission of the article with Oeoi (xiii 90, 2) see Schonle, 
 Diodorstudien, pp. 89-91 (examples in bk. xvii). Very frequently 
 it is omitted with abstracts, especially when they are with preposi- 
 tions, 7r/>09 Tpvcfyrjv, ii 13, 3; iv darpoXoyla, ii 29, 2; eV avBpela, 
 ii 33, 1, etc. ; and also in adverbial expressions : et? eBa(j)0(;, xiii 
 62, 4 (Krebs, Prdp. b. Pol., p. 20, refers Polybius' usage of this 
 to Thuc.) ; 87, 4 ; ii 28, 7 ; 29, 6 ; 30, 1. 
 
 The first position is the usual position of the attributive adjec- 
 tive. The second, or oratorical, position is made use of, but not 
 often enough to produce the 07/C09 spoken of by Aristotle, 
 BhetoriCf 1407 b. 36. Rarer still is the ^slip-shod' third position. 
 The following is the frequent position of an attributive participle 
 and prepositional phrase, ol irepl ^rja-rov ovre^ ^AdijvaioL, xiii 45, 
 2 ; 47, 2 ; 48, 1 ; 49, 2 ; 51, 1 ; 67, 7. Genitives not infrequently 
 follow their regimen : xii 43, 1 ; 46, 3 ; 53, 4 ; 54, 1 ; 55, 3, 9, 
 10, etc. Occasionally the adjective assumes a predicate position ; 
 ^yvfivoU TOL^ (Tcofjuaai, ii 1 5, 2 ; iv (oyLtat? ere raU ttXivOol^;, ib. 8, 
 4; iv aret'xLa-TOLf; rat^ iroXea-i, xiii 114, 1. 
 
 With Proper Names. Schmidt, De articulo in nominihus 
 propriis apud atticos scriptores pedestreSj Kiel, 1890; A. J. P., xi 
 483-87 ; Herbst, Philologus, xl 372-382 (A. J. P., ii 541 f.) ; 
 Kallenberg, Philologus, xlix 514-547. Anaphora is very irregu- 
 larly observed. 'Aa-la, 'EvpcoTrr), Al^vt) follow classic usage. 
 Countries vary, though 97 'EXXa? and 97 'Attlkt) are the rule. 
 Cities vary. Islands omit the article more times than they take 
 it. Rivers show the familiar Trora/io? with and without the 
 article; and irorapio^ may be omitted, even when the article is 
 lacking: Taz/atSo9 koI ^eiXov, ii 2, 1, which often occurs in 
 Philostratus, Schmid, iv 64. Mountains have the article, with 
 and without 0/309. National names follow no rule, though the 
 two parties engaged in war regularly keep the article, as ol 
 Hepaat and ol "YXkrjvcfi, at the beginning of bk. xi ; ol 'AOrjvaloi 
 and ol AaKeBaipovioi in the latter half of bk. xii ; ol 'A6. and ol 
 ^vpaKoa-ioi, xiii 1—19. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 17 
 
 Pronouns. 
 
 AvTOf;, in the nom., is not used as a weak ovto<;, as in the N. T.^ 
 though the oblique cases may take the place of the demonstrative : 
 
 7rpo9 fjv rjfjuepav tt/oo? avrrjv, xi 21, 4 ; xii 17, 1. Diodorus 
 
 often uses avro^^ with fiev or he when the subject of both clauses 
 
 refers to the same person : (f>vKaKr]v KareXtire • avTo<i Se ttjv 
 
 irapaOaXaTTiov Trop6r}aa<^ eiravrfKOev, xii 6e5, 7 ; 67, 1 ; xviii 40, 
 
 5, 6 : avTol /xev Se, xiii 49, 3. avrot; also takes the place of 
 
 the direct reflexive : KariXe^ev i^ diravrcov rSyv vir avrov iOvwv, 
 ii 6, 3; 13, 4; 19, 4, 9 ; 29, 5. The genitive of avTo^ may 
 stand between the article and its noun, Tr)v avroop rc/jucopLav, xiii 
 91, 3, a position often found in Herodotus, Stein on vi 30, 7 ; 
 [Dem.] 59, 58. 
 
 eavTov does not always retain its normal position : eavrov rrjv 
 eh TO acofMa eaofievrjv vffptv, xiii 90, 2 ; 89, 1. These positions 
 are due to hiatus. 
 
 The indirect reflexives are not numerous, in the singular want- 
 ing, and rarely do they take the place of the direct reflexive, as in 
 xiii 45, 10; 46, 3. Thucydides often employs the indirect for the 
 direct, DyroiF, 1. c. Likewise Polybius so uses the indirect : iv 9, 
 8; 17,6; 24,4; 47,3; 61,5. 
 
 Very often the direct reflexive is represented by the adjective 
 t8io<;: eTriBel^aadac rrjv IBlav aperrjVy ii 6, 5 ; rrjv ihiav Ovyarepa, 
 ii 6, 9 ; rrjv lUav GrKyvrjv, ii 14, 2 : ol IBlol is equivalent to 'his 
 own men,' opSiv rov^ ISlov<; KaTaTrovovfiivov;, xiii 60, 6 ; cf. xi 3, 
 4 ; 10, 2 ; 38, 5 : xii 50, 1 ; 62, 5 : xiii 109, 5 ; 110, 7 : xviii 7, 
 7 ; 14, 3 ; 15, 3 ; 17, 8. lBio<; is also used predicatively, ex^tv iv 
 iKdarrj iroXei 7roXXov<; ISiov^i, xviii 8, 2. Compound verbs are 
 formed on the stem ISlo, IScoTrpayelv, xviii 62, 7 ; ISod^ecVy iv 26^ 
 3 ; i^iBid^ecrOai, xviii 58, 1. Before Diodorus, Polybius employs 
 tBio<i in a similar way, tov<; IBlov^ ^lovq, ii 15, 3 ; tou9 IBiov^y iii 
 84, 11 ; cf ii 21,5; 22, 3 ; iii 81, 4. Dionysius Hal. is sparing 
 of this tStoo, T^9 lBia<i evvola^, vi 28 ; 88. We have it in the 
 N. T., Tov lBlov dypov, Matt, xxii 5; Luke x 34. It is found also 
 in Modern Greek, Hatzidakis, Einleit. i. d. neugr. Gram.j 293. 
 
 oSe, much used in tragedy, in Herodotus (where it often refers 
 
18 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 to what precedes, Grundmann, Quid in Arriani Eloc, etc., pp. 31, 
 54, 87), and in Thucydides, does not often appear in Diodorus, 
 nor does it always refer to the following, as may be seen at the 
 close of several books : avrov 7reptypd(j)o/jL6v rijvBe ttjv BijSXoVy xi 
 92, 5 ; xiv 117, 8 ; xvi 95, 5. iKelvo^ is rare except in phrases 
 referring to time, Kar €K€lvov<; rot/? %/ooz^of9, xiii 44, 3. As 
 examples of epanaleptic ovro^; we may cite ii 60, 2, 4 ; 64, 1 ; 75, 
 2 ; 77, 3 ; 84, 3. 
 
 Forms of 00-T69 are not numerous, and Kaelker, 1. c, 311, 
 states that they are employed to avoid hiatus, orov (only form of 
 genitive on att. inscrip., Meisterhans, 123) is found in ii 31, 9; 
 xiii 64, 7. 
 
 TrjXLKovTOf; is much liked by Diodorus, ii 3, 3 ; 4, 1 ; 12, 1 : 
 xviii 21, 1 ; 24, 2; and it is used with /uLey€6o<;, ii 35, 2 : xi 25, 3. 
 
 There is little variation in the model of the relative sentence. 
 To take the first thirty-four chapters of bk. ii, out of eighty rela- 
 tive sentences one has an optative (6, 6), one a subjunctive (14, 3); 
 the remainder are in the indicative, mostly an imperfect or an 
 aorist. Purpose may be expressed by a relative with a future 
 indicative, xiii 2, 6 ; 6, 3 ; ii 8, 2 (e/i-eXXe, of the past). The 
 oausal relative may have ye, iv 10, 2. Not infrequently a relative 
 begins a sentence, often a genitive absolute, xiii 41, 2 ; 79, 5 ; 93, 
 5 ; 107, 4 : xviii 31, 2 ; 44, 5 ; 60, 1. The relative may be used 
 with a temporal or other conjunction : 09 eVet, xiii 41, 2 ; 104, 2 : 
 rjv oTavy ii 12, 3. Infinitive in the relative sentence is rare, xi 20, 
 5, iv oh - - - irelcraL. Diodorus has but few attracted relatives. 
 Of the number mentioned above in bk. ii, there are only two 
 examples of attraction, both being from the accusative to the geni- 
 tive : ii 4, 1 ; 22, 1. In Thucydides attraction of the relative is 
 far more common than non-attraction, Reisert, Z. Attrakt. d, 
 Relativsdtze i. d. gr. Prosa I. Wiirzburg, 1889, p. 52. 
 
 Verb. 
 
 Tense. A special treatise has been written by Dr. T. Hultzsch 
 on the imperfect and aorist in Diodorus, De ElocuUone Diodori 
 Siculi: De Usu Aorisii et Impe?'fecti. Pars I. Halis Saxonum, 
 1893. His general conclusion will suffice here, which is that 
 Diodorus' usage of these tenses is that of the classic language. 
 
(UNIVERSITY j 
 
 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 19 
 
 Historical presents are rare : ire^rrovcn, xii 67, 3 ; xiii 6, 2 ; 
 ifju^dWovo-L, ii 11, 2. Polybius also has few historical presents, 
 A. J. P., xvi 182, The Imperfect and the Aor-ist in Greek. It 
 flourishes in the Atticists, Schmid, iv 617. 
 
 livat has not entirely lost its future signification : Sce^ifiev raq 
 olKeLa<i TJj tyfj 7rpd^6i,<;, xviii 53, 7; 75, 3: iirdvtjjbev, xi 12, 1. 
 e\6v(T0fiat is the future of ep^ofiac, xiii 31, 5 ; xviii 10, 4. No 
 forms of the simple levac were found, cf. Hultzsch, 1. c, 22, for 
 lack of the imperfect. 
 
 In agreement with classic usage (A. J. P., xvi 155) Trecpcofjuat, is 
 followed by a present infinitive, ii 1, 4 ; 29, 1 : xviii 52, 4, rarely 
 by an aorist, ii 2, 2. 
 
 ''Apxo/jLat also remains true to its present infinitive (A. J. P., 
 1. c, 153 N. 2), ii 31, 9 ; xviii 66, 5. 
 
 MeXXft) generally takes the present infinitiv^e : ii 6, 6 ; 17, 3 ; 
 30, 4 : xviii 3, 5 ; 5, 1 ; 28, 5 ; 65, 1, more rarely the future, ii 
 8, 3 : xviii 1, 2. In classic prose there is a tendency in fjuiWo) to 
 give up the future for the present infinitive, Fuhr, Rhein. Mus., 
 xxxiii 575. 
 
 Moods. As has been before stated, the optativ'e is nearly dead 
 in Diodorus. It is found most frequently as a potential optative : 
 xi 11, 1, 2, 3 ; 46, 2 : ii 14, 4 ; 17, 5 : xviii 59, 5. It is rare in 
 final sentences (xiii 70, 3), in which the subjunctive is the rule. 
 It is likewise rare after relatives, ii 6, 6, and on or 0)9, xiii 19, 4 ; 
 41, 4. Examples of the optative in indirect questions are ii 25, 4; 
 xiii 16, 4 ; 95, 3. More often it is found in conditional and tem- 
 poral sentences, ii 4, 4 ; 5, 5 ; 29, 6 : xiii 9, 3 ; 16, 3, 7 ; 40, 1. 
 There are no mistakes such as are made by the Atticists, e. g., 
 Lucian, A. J. P., iv 428. 
 
 The potential indicative is met with in questions, xi 11, 2 ; 
 xiii 21, 3. 
 
 av may be doubled, xiii 20, 5, an Atticism, schol. on Eur. 
 Troad. 1244. 
 
 Imperative. As in Attic, the negative of the imperative is fi'^ 
 c. aor. subj., xiii 22, 6, or firj c. pres. imper., xi 6, 2 ; xiii 25, 1. 
 Late Greek employs the aorist as the usual affirmative imperative, 
 
20 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 Gildersleeve, Justin Martyr, A. 16, 6, A. J. P., xviii 460; and 
 examples of the aorist in Diodorus are xiii 24, 6 ; 27, 1 (bis) ; 28, 
 3 ; one present, 30, 7, in these two speeches. The imperative is 
 employed for the 3rd person, affirmative and negative : i 5, 2 ; iv 
 6, 5 ; xiii 29, 6 ; 31, 5. elprjaOco represents the perfect impera- 
 tive, ii 5, 7; iv 12, 8 ; xi 89, 8. Miller, The Limitations of the 
 Imperative in the Attic Orators, A. J. P., xiii 399-436. 
 
 ov /at;. In Hellenistic Greek it is usual to express a negative 
 future by ov ^nfj with the aorist, rarely present, subjunctive. 
 There is no special force in the ov ^rj, though the construction had 
 its origin in emotion, arose in the a^opa, A. J. P., iii 202 ; xviii 
 460. Prof. Ballantine, A. J. P., xviii 453 ff., has shown that the 
 ov firj of the N. T. has no special force. Only one example was 
 found in the five books of our author, and here ov jjbr) and the 
 subjunctive is nothing more than a negative future : hovrof^ 
 airoKpiaLV ox? aWco<; ov /jlt) avWvarjTai, xviii 18, 3. 
 
 Final Sentences, ha and otto)? are the final particles, the 
 latter having the upper hand, though sections of Diodorus vary : 
 the eleventh book excels in tWs, while the thirteenth has o7ro)9 
 almost exclusively. &>? final and paratactic firj were not found. 
 Thucydides freely employs ottw?, which is not regular Attic usage, 
 A. J. P., vii 55, 67. Polybius has ha and otto)?, more often the 
 former, and, according to Kaelker, Quaest. d. eloc. Polyb., Leipz. 
 Stud, iv 290, ft)9 eleven times. However, &>? is eliminated by J. 
 Stich, D. Polyb. dicendi genere, Act. 8em. Erl. ii 186. co? and 
 OTTO)? are the final particles of the Renaissance, Schmid, iv 88. In 
 the 5th and 6th books of his Antiq. Rom., Dion. Hal. uses iva, 
 rarely m or otto)?. The mood of the final sentence is in Diodorus 
 almost exclusively subjunctive ; but we cannot speak of repre- 
 sentatio where the optative is nearly dead. Tiiere is no attempt 
 at "elegance," as in Lucian, whose optative is freely employed 
 with G)9 after principal tenses, A. J. P., iv 428. Polybius has 
 scarcely anything but a subjunctive, Stich, 1. c. The tense of the 
 Siciliote's final sentence is predominantly the aorist. 
 
 oTTft)? was found once in incomplete final sentence, xi 50, 4. 
 Once it is equivalent to w?, ^as,' xii 31, 1. 
 
Diodorus and the Feloponnesian War, 21 
 
 The final sentence c. ottg)? may be used in the place of an infini- 
 tive, irpoo-Tayfia, oirayf; ^V^V' v 50, 2 ; xvii 18, 4. Polybius 
 
 so employs Xva, Stich, 1. c, 203. This is common in N. T. Greek : 
 iva, Matt, ix 25 ; xii 16 ; xiv 36 ; otto)? c Beofiao, ix 38 (Diod. 
 xi 45, 5). 
 
 Yerbs Expressing Fear. evXa^ela-Oai is the common verb. 
 The mood is the subjunctive (indie, in iv 31, 3), and the tense 
 generally the aorist : xiii 59, 8 ; 87, 2, 3 ; xi 27, 3 ; 32, 5 ; 42, 4. 
 We find ^rjTTore as often as ^rj : <j)o^r}devT€<; firjirore Sefiia-TO- 
 xXrjf; - - - jBovXevarjrat, xi 27, 3. 
 
 Consecutive Sentences. The consecutive sentence with wo-re, 
 an essentially post-Homeric construction, began with the infinitive, 
 extending afterwards to the finite verb. This late Greek discarded 
 for a return to the first state of the consecutive sentence. So Dio- 
 dorus has mostly an infinitive, generally a present. We find an 
 imperfect indicative in xi 30, 6 ; 61, 3 : xiii 68, 4 ; a present, xiii 
 100, 2 ; an aorist, xi 8, 2 ; xii 2, 1 ; xiii 57, 5 ; and an imperative 
 after a detached ware, xi 6, 2. 
 
 No consecutive w? was discovered, though Remacly, Lucian, 
 
 Hermot., i 16, speaks of it as ^* sehr selten bei Diodorus 
 
 gebraucht." 
 
 Interesting from the point of view of style is the use or 
 omission of a correlative with toare, A. J. P., xiv 241-2 ; W. A. 
 Eckels, Trans. Amer, Phil, Assn.^ 1896, p. xxxvii. Diodorus' most 
 usual correlative with cocrre is to(tovto<; : ii 12, 1 (roo-ovro) ; xii 2, 
 1 : ii 23, 3 (eVl roaovro) ; xi 8, 2 : besides this, oi/ro)?, ii 31, 3 ; xi 
 47, 2 and t7]\i,kovto<;. Once an indicative is found after a cor- 
 related UXTT6, xi 55, 6. The proportion of correlated to non- 
 correlated wo-re's is about 1:1. 
 
 Other correlations are not unusual : eVet - - - rore, xi 84, 5 ; 
 
 Tocro{)T09 - - - o(TO^, xi 21, 2 ; oirore rrjvcKavra, xiii 45, 9 ; 
 
 €7r6fc TrjviKavra, xiii 47, 3 ; 66, 6 ; 6(Td/cc<; ToaavTdKt<i, 
 
 xiv 69, 2. 
 
 Conditional Sentences. These sentences are not numerous. 
 The prevailing type is that with idv (ai/), and tiie tense of the 
 2 
 
22 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 protasis is prevailingly the aorist. No change takes place in the 
 transfer to O. O., but the death of the optative removes the possi- 
 bility of representatio. The rare pluperfect in the protasis of a 
 logical condition is found in xviii 56, 4, el rt, Kara tovtcou 
 iyfrTj^LaTO, aKvpov ecrrcd. 
 
 Temporal Sentences. The un-Attic iirei (Zycha, Gebrauck 
 V. eVet i7r€L7r€p ; iirei^rj iirei^rjTrep, Wien. Stud, vii 82-115) is 
 employed more than iireiBrj, usually with an aorist indicative : ii 
 6, 3 ; 17, 1 : xiii 49, 6 ; 6Q, 6 : xviii 46, 6 : xi 3, 3 (eVaz/) : xiii 
 109, 5 (iirei^dv). Very frequent is co? with its limitation to the 
 past tenses of the indicative : ii 19, 1 ; 24, 6 : xi 2, 3, 3 ; 3, 6, 6,. 
 7 ; 4, 6 : xii 41, 5; 45, 5. There seems to be no intrusion of 
 causal ft)9, which, beginning with Xenophon, is said to have died 
 out in the Koivrj, Schmid, iv 566. 
 
 lipiv. Examples of irpiv {irplv rj) are few and are all with an 
 infinitive after an affirmative clause : ii 21, 6 ; xi 9, 3; xiii 10, 1 ; 
 79, 8. Whether irplv or irplv rj is to be used is decided by hiatus^ 
 Kaelker, 1. c, 310. This same principle holds in the 5th and 6th 
 books of Dion. Hal. : Trpiv (before vowels), v 14, 16 : vi 29, 31^ 
 34 ; irplv rj (before consonants), v 14 : vi 30. A. J. P., ii 465- 
 483 ; iv 89-92 (Rev. of Sturm), irpo rod c. infin. is very rare,, 
 cf. Trpo. 
 
 M.ixpi', ^XP'" I^^XP'' ^^one is used with av and the subjunctive : 
 xiii 61,4; xviii 58, 4 ; 65, 4, all aorists, whereas yLte%/9t ov takes 
 the indicative : ii 9, 2 ; 33, 6. We find a%/ofc9 av, xiii 94, 5 ; 
 d')(^pt<> av orov, xii 17, 2. But on these see Dindorf, Introd. s. vv. 
 
 ''Ea)9. Not as many eft)9^s as ytte^pt's were found. €(o<; av takes 
 an aorist subjunctive : xi 39, 5 : xiii 61, 4 : xviii 74, 3. No e®? 
 oif was found in VogePs text. 
 
 Local conjunctions are rare : ov (after T07ro9), xiii 109, 4 : iv 
 21, 1 : xiii 40, 6 ; ottov, ii 4, 4 (c. T07ro9) : iv 28, 2 : xiii 106, 5 
 (= ottol). Forms in oc are said to have died out in the kocvtj, 
 Schmid, i 91 : ottoc, xviii 32, 2. The use of ov and ottov with 
 Toiro^ is to be compared with irov and oirov as relatives m 
 Modern Greek. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 23 
 
 ore, Scon, ax;, after verba dicendi. The mood is almost without 
 exception the indicative, and the tense remains that of O. R, 
 Examples of the optative are Siot, xii 19, 4 ; fieWot, xiii 61, 2 ; 
 TrapaKOfiL^ocev, xiii 88, 3. &>? c. gen. absol. may take the place 
 of a finite construction : Xoyov w? StaTre/jbTrofievwv avrcov ttjoo? 
 Toiff; iroXejjLiov^, xiii 92, 2 : xi 64, 2. 
 
 Rare is on introducing a quotation, xii 38, 3 ; likewise eo?, xi 
 6, 2. On this construction in Greek cf. A. J. P., v 221-227. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Diodorus is polymetochic, overdoes the participle, as do late 
 Greek writers, A. J. P., ix 154; but there is no effective grouping 
 after the manner of Thucydides. Diodorus uses the participle in 
 a wooden fashion. The participle takes the place of dependent 
 sentences, which we have seen to been altogether few in number, 
 comparatively speaking. 
 
 Genitive Absolute. Of this cur author is pleased to make 
 much, employing about three to the Teubner page. Causal and 
 temporal relations are those usually expressed in the gen. absol. 
 Condition, which belongs to carefully elaborated works, is rare : 
 in a treaty, xii 4, 5, and c. firj, ii 6, 10. The subject of the gen. 
 absol. may be omitted : xiii 80, 2 ; 91, 4 ; 94, 4. A gen. absol. 
 may be in apposition to the subject, xiii 99, 2, or another genitive, 
 V 24, 2. Cf. Gen. Absol. in Att. Oral., A. J. P., vi 324. 
 
 Accusative Absolute. A post-Homeric construction. It dies 
 in late Greek, cf. Gregory of Corinth, p. 79 (Schaefer), 'Attlkov 
 KoX TO evdelav avrl yevLK7]<^ irapaXafju^dvea-Oai, where the ace. 
 absol. is regarded as nom. absol. One ace. absol. was found, 
 Trapov, xiii 52, 7, but the impersonal absolute is the gen. in 
 6fio\oyovfjL6vov ovTO<;, i 24, 2 ; ^rjTov/jbevov, v 2, 5. Cf. A. J. P., 
 1. c, 336. 
 
 Purpose. Expression of purpose by means of the future parti- 
 ciple is very extended in Diodorus, more than in any other writer, 
 according to Rademacher, Gram. z. Diodor., Rhein. Mus. xlix 
 
24 Diodorus and the Feloponnesian War. 
 
 163-7. The most striking peculiarity lies in the article, which, 
 for instance, is not used with the participle attribute of a proper 
 name that is the object of a verb: xiii 11, 6, Xi/cavov - - - 
 aireareiXav - - - aTrayyeXovvra. 
 
 are is rare, but &)<; is very common, co? civ, used in connection 
 with a participle, accords with the mechanical syntax of late 
 Greek. It is found a goodly number of times, mostly with a gen. 
 absol. : xiii 47, 5 ; 50, 6 ; 51, 8 ; 67, 3 ; 79, 3 ; 90, 7 ; 98, 5 : 
 xviii 6,4; 22, 8 ; 26, 2. 
 
 KaiTOL and Kaiirep are kept distinct, though not in Polybius, 
 Stich, 1. c, 205. 
 
 (j)6dv(o, \av6dv(o, Tvyx^oLvct). The first two hold strictly to 
 identity of tense, though a perfect participle may be coupled with 
 an aorist : xi 40, 3 ; xii 55, 4 ; xiii 31, 3 ; 74, 2 ; 95, 2. Identity 
 of tense is not found with Tvyyavfjn : xviii 4, 1 ; 52, 1 ; 68, 3. 
 Homer and Attic writers treat these verbs in a similar way, 
 Boiling, Fart, in Hesiod, Cath. Univ. Bull., iii 456 ; A. J. P., xii 
 76-79 ; Harvard Studies, 1891. 
 
 Effacement of Temporal Distinction. As in Polybius 
 (Stich, 1. c, 186), so in Diodorus temporal distinction between the 
 aorist and the present participle suffers effacement : TrvOofjuevof; and 
 7rvv0av6fjb€vo<; are scarcely distinguishable, xiii 45, 2 ; 49, 2 ; 51, 
 7 ; 71, 1 ; a present is found where an aorist would be expected ; 
 TO S' avTO Kol T^9 Xe/jLOpdfjLiSof; eTnreXova'nq, 0)9 rjyyiaav dWrj- 
 \oL<; ra crrparoTreBa, '^rajSpo^drT]^ . _ _ irpoairecFTeCkey ii 19, 1; 
 xiii 61, 1 ; cf Hultzsch, 1. c, p. 25. 
 
 A number of adverbs are formed from participles, of which 
 
 the following have been collected ; Bi7)\\ay/ubevco<;, ii 31, 1 
 i^rfSXayjjbevwq, ib. 42, 1 ; ivBexofievco<;, ib. 25, 5 ; reOappyKorcof; 
 
 xi 30, 2 ; 7r€(l)povrLa/jL6V(o<;, xii 40, 1 ; o/jUoXoyovfievco^, xiii 76, 2 
 
 TeroXfiyKOTayf;, ib. 79, 1 ; eppcofMevcof;, xii 46, 3 ; dirovevorjijbevcd'; 
 
 xiii 68, 4 ; XeKTjOora)^, xii 16, 2 ; 7r6<f)v\ay/jb€va)^, xi 56, 8 
 dpKovvTco<;, xii 19, 3. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Examples of the final-consecutive infinitive are : jrapeScoKav 
 TTjv Tlvkov (j)povp€tv, xii 63, 5 ; eBcoKav oIk€lv, xii 73, 1 ; 75, 4 : 
 xiii 36, 2. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 26 
 
 ARTICULA.R Infinitive. The percentage of articular infini- 
 tives in Diodorus is small, about one to every four Teubner pages, 
 to judge from bks. ii and xviii, which contain less than fifty in 
 one hundred and eighty pages. Polybius' average is 1.15 to the 
 page, over four times that of Diodorus : Hewlett, Artie. Infin. in 
 Polyh., A. J. P., xi 269. 
 
 No Tov of purpose was found. Of the cases of the simple 
 infinitive, the genitive predominates, followed closely by the accu- 
 sative, while the nominative and dative are rarely met with. The 
 non-prepositional form occurs one-third as often as the preposi- 
 tional, nearly the ratio of Polybius. 
 
 Prepositions and quasi-prepositions are as follows : c. gen., irepi, 
 virepy ')(^dptv, irpo, ck, ^6)/3t9, dvev, Tfkrjv ; c. dat., eVt, Trpo^ij eV, 
 dfia (five times, Krebs, Prdpositions-Adverhien^ i 58) ; c. ace, hid, 
 7rp6<;, eh, iiri. Neither ^erd nor eveKa was in the books under 
 consideration, tt^o? to takes the place of a final clause : ii 16, 7 ; 
 xi 44, 4; xiii 112, 1; but was not found with fyivofiai or et//,t, 
 though the latter is used with tt/oo? t&), xiii 48, 5. eirl rS 
 expresses cause of emotion, xiii 65, 2 ; 101, 1. The favorite 
 preposition is Bed, c. ace, a little less than one-half the entire 
 number of articular infinitives. Thucydides is fond of Bid to, 
 A. J. P., iii 197, and it is very common in late Greek. 
 
 The tenses of the infinitive are prevailingly the aorist and the 
 present, the latter leading. The perfect is found far less, though 
 more than in Attic ; especially used with Std to in our author. 
 
 The art. inf. expresses the abstract idea of the infinitive as a 
 substantive, or a substantivized oratio obliqua: xviii 67, 4; 73, 1 : 
 xiii 60, 3 : xi 45, 2. to ^^v (ii 16, 3 ; 29, 2 : xi 29, 3 : xiii 79, 6) 
 is an equivalent of /5to9, but Diodorus has not reached the stage of 
 using an adjective modifier with to ^tjv, a later usage, Gilder- 
 sleeve, Trans. Amer. Phil. Assn., 1878, p. 7. 
 
 F. Krapp, I), sub. Infinitiv : Herodot his Zosimus ; Trans. Am. 
 Phil. Assn., 1. c. ; A. J. P., iii 192-202; viii 329-337. 
 
 Verbal in T609. 
 
 This verbal is comparatively rare in Diodorus, and appears to 
 be confined to the impersonal neuter singular. iaTi and the dative 
 agent are usually omitted : i 4, 1 ; 94, 1 : v 1, 1 ; 23, 5 ; 83, 4 : 
 
26 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 
 
 xviii 55, 2 ; 64, 3. Aristeides has only three personal Teo9's, 
 Harry, I. c, 44, though in Philostratus the personal is the regular 
 construction, Schmid, iv 84. 
 
 The verbal in Teo<; is post-Homeric, appearing first in Hesiod, 
 Theog. 310; Sc. 144, 161, (^areto^. Not common in lyric poetry, 
 Gildersleeve, Pindar: The Olymp. and Pyth. Odes, O. 2, 6. 
 There are 32 examples in Thucydides, Funk, Rh. Mus., xxxii 
 615 ff., mostly impersonal, 14 of them rea's. A single count for 
 Aristophanes shows more personals than in Thuc, and a decrease 
 in Tea. One-fourth the whole number (53) belongs to the Lysis- 
 trata. Xenophon is fond of it, Kuhner-Blass, V 290. The first 
 vol. of the Teubner text of Plato shows that he makes much of it, 
 very generally in the reoiz-form, without eVrt or the dative. The 
 orators do not show it great favor, though they employ a variety 
 of verbs. Demosthenes and Isocrates use it most freely, Schulze, 
 Quaest. gram, ad Orat. Spect, Bautzen, 1889. Kiihner-Gerth, II' 
 447-8 ; G. Meyer, Gr. Gram., 516-17 (2nd ed.). 
 
 This verbal is a familiar and popular construction. 
 
 Negatives. 
 
 No fjLT) ov was found. Heaping of negatives is avoided : ov firjv 
 ovBe, xiii 46, 1. 
 
 X6\otKL(TfjLO<; ^ AXa^av^LaKo^i. Steph. Byz. s. v. ^AXd^avBa ' 
 ^ AXa^avhtaKov o-v^ypaixjJLa, to? ^tXof ei/o? Tr]v ^OBvaaetav i^Tjyov- 
 jjLevo^, orav rj jjlt] airaydpevGi^ avri Tr)<i ov KetTai. Schmid, ii 60 
 N. 78, supposes its prevalence to have been due to the Alabandian 
 rhetoricians Hierokles and Menekles; but Schmid does not trace 
 it back earlier than Arrian. Prof. Gildersleeve, in a review of 
 the third vol. of Schmid, A. J. P., xiv 521, cites examples from 
 Diodorus, bks. xii and xiii ; cf. also his ^' Encroachment of fjut] on 
 oW A. J. P., i 45-57. 
 
 The majority of the firj's for ovs in our author are with the 
 participle, which is notable in late Greek, A. J. P., i 55, and the 
 rule in Modern : ii 10, 6 ; 16, 4 : xi 64, 4 ; 65, 4 ; 81,2: xii 42, 
 2 ; 56, 1 : xiii 43, 7 ; 59, 2 ; 61, 6 ; 99, 4 ; 100, 8 ; 106, 5 : xviii 
 9, 4 ; 10, 4 ; 13, 1 ; 17, 7 ; 23, 2 ; 35, 5 ; 50, 2 ; 74, 1. After 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 27 
 
 verba dicendiy especially <l>7]fjLi: ii 15, 2 ; 16, 3 ; 30, 1 ; 32, 2 ; 33, 
 6 : xi 37, 2 ; 60, 6 : xii 49, 2 : xiii 94, 3 : xviii 62, 7 ; 64, 6. 
 With participle after verba sentiendi : xi 17, 1 ; 65, 3 : xiii 78, 3 : 
 xviii 42, 3 ; 59, 4 ; 60, 1 ; 64, 3. In relative sentence, xiii 17, 4. 
 Dion. Hal. is not guilty of this solecism in his Antiquities j 
 though in the de vet. script, cens., 422 1. 3, he has eirethr) fxr) and 
 iirel firj. The fragments of Nicolaus of Damascus (Miiller, Frg, 
 Hist. Gr., iii 343-464) yield a deal of file's for ov's : frg. 49, after 
 Xeyoyv ; frg. 94, after ore; so frg. 95; frg. 101, after relative; vit. 
 Aug. XXV, c. part. We have them in Strabo : c. </)?7yLtt, ii 20 (bis) ; 
 iv 3 ; V 6 : c. part, iii 5 (bis). In the N. T. the negative of the 
 participle is usually fjurj : Matt., 18, 25; 22, 25, 29 : Luke, 2, 45; 
 V 19: Acts, 9, 7 : ii Thess., 3, 11. Earlier than Diodorus, the 
 remains of Philodemus show this fir/ : c. (f)r)fii, p. 91, col. liii, 
 1. 15 ; p. 153, col. ix, 1. 18 ; p. 188, col. vi a, 1. 8, Teubner text of 
 Sudhaus, 1892. Before Philodemus nothing was found that can- 
 not be explained, as firj c. oIBa in Meleager, liii (Jacobs), which is 
 required by the element of will. 
 
 The negative is frequently expressed by the a-privative. A 
 goodly percentage are verbals in to<; ; as, clvlktjto^, aviaro^, 
 avvTrip^XrjTo^;, airpocrhoKrjTOf;, a')(^6Lpa)To<;, etc. Diodorus occasion- 
 ally uses two a-privatives together, but not often enough to 
 produce the av^r)at<;, for which Aristotle, Bhet., 1408 a 5, says 
 the poets make use of it. Soph. Antig., 876, aKXavaro^;, dcfuXof^, 
 avv/jLevato<; ; cf. Diod., dTratBo^; avap')(^La, xviii 2, 1 ; aa-vvTci- 
 KTOLf; - - - a7rapao-K6voc(;, ii 26, 6. It is interesting to note how 
 fond Antiphon is of the a-privative, and such words are thickest 
 in the epilogue, where they are most to be expected. 
 
 We may insert here a few observations relating especially to 
 vocabulary. 
 
 povXofiai, 6eX(o, iOeXco, are not much changed from Attic 
 usage, A. J. P., xvi 525. ^ovXo/jbac is the usual word; eOeXco 
 regularly takes a negative : ii 13, 4 : xviii 86, 6 ; 106, 1 ; without 
 a negative, xiii 69, 3 ; OeXw is rare : dv - - - diXcoac, xiii 91, 4 ; 
 /JLT) OeXovre^, ib. 100, 8. 
 
 Of ra oXa Diodorus is fond : ra rcov oXcov i^yefioviav, xviii 3, 
 1 ; roif; oXot^ eirporeprjae, 7, 5 ; cf. 15, 3, 5 ; 17, 6, etc. 
 
28 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 
 
 Periphrases with iroLeladat are numerous : c. iropeiav, xiii 54, 
 6 ; 61, 6 : irpocrPo\d<^, xiii 62, 1 ; 86, 1 ; eirLfjbeketav, ib. 55, 6 ; 
 iTTLaTpo<f)rjv, ib. Ill, 3 ; cf. Hultzsch, 1. c, p. 93, for others. 
 
 A favorite circumlocution is crv/x^aivec with an infinitive, in 
 place of the simple verb, which is very often in Polybius, Stich, 
 1. c, 210 : (Tvve^rj rrjv yijv evvBpov fyeveadat, xii 58, 3 ; cf. ib. 58, 
 4 : xiii 2, 3 ; 9, 2 ; 40, 2, etc. The aorist infin. is almost always 
 found with arvve^Tj, and the present with avvej3aive. Thucydides 
 and Demosthenes are fond of avfifiaivco, both personally and 
 impersonally, as the Indices show ; not so the other orators. 
 
 (TTrevBco, d^iQ), Kpivco, to\[xo), are used to form circumlocutions. 
 
 Words compounded with irepi are not unusual : xiii 45, 10 
 {TrepiSeTJ^, TrepLxO'prjs:) ; 49, 2 ; 50, 2, 4 ; 67, 2 ; 73, 5— especially 
 in this book. 
 
 A suffix represented by numerous exaaiples is wS?;?, which 
 Schmid, iv 698, says was in a fair way to become the leading 
 suffix of late Greek. Diodorus' adjectives in wS?;? are formed 
 from nouns, which is within Attic limits, Lobeck, Pathol., i 458, 
 Examples are 7rvpa)8r)<;, lXv(oB7]<;, i 7, 1 ; irrfKwBr]^, ib. 7, 2 ; 
 766)8779, ib. 7, 5; depcoSijf;, ib. 11, 6 ; OeLcoBrjf;, ii 12, 2 ; eXcoBrjf;, 
 ib. 1 7, 5 ; yvvacKcoBrjf;, ib. 23, 2 ; c^XoycoS?;?, ib. 50, 1 ; tcavfia- 
 T(oBr)<;, iv 22, 3 ; /jbavtcoBrjf;, ib. 3, 4 ; OrjpccoBr]^, xiii 22, 5 ; ipy(oB7j<;y 
 xiv 17, 11 ; rapaxcoBrjf;, xviii 4, 7 ; rek^aroiBr]^, ib. 15, 5 ; 
 7rappr)(TL(oBr}(;, ib. 48, 3. Adjectives of this formation are favorites 
 with medical writers, as an examination of words in coBrjf; in the 
 Lexicon will show. Their frequency may be conjectured when 
 it is known that in the irpoyvcoariKai of Hippocrates there are 
 fifteen such adjectives, several repeated a number of times. 
 
 Our author takes great pleasure in using in pairs words 
 synonymous or nearly so. There are over sixty pairs in the first 
 thirty-two chapters of book ii : lo-ropiav kol fivrjfjLrjv, 1, 4 ; 
 BvvdfjL6t<; Kol 7rapa(T/c6vd<;, 3, 2 ; irapaBo^w^ koX BatfiovLO)^, 4, 4 ; 
 BvacLa/SoXcov koX arevwv, 6, 1 ; Xvrry kol jjuavia, 6, 10, etc. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 In addition to my own collections I have used to great advan- 
 tage F. Krebs, Die Prdp. b. Polybius ; and Prdp.-Adv. i. d. spat, 
 hist. Grdc. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 29 
 
 Anastrophe is wanting, as it also is in Polybius; with Dion, 
 Hal. it comes again into use, Krebs, Prdp.-Adv,, i 19, A. 1. 
 
 In combination with adverbs we may cite the following : 
 airevavrL, xiii 54, 2 ; iirdv(o, ii 9, 3 ; KaOort, xi 2, 2 ; KaOoa^, xxi 
 16, 5 ; iTpoaeTL, i 98, 8 ; avveyyv^, xii 11, 1 ; virepdvo), ii 54, 4 ; 
 VTroKCLTO), i 32, 3 ; ivdXka^, xi 22, 2. 
 
 Doubled prepositions are a%/ot irpo^ iii 41, 1 ; eo)? eU, i 27, 5 ; 
 eft)9 eVt, xii 2, 3 ; eo)? Trpo^;, ii 43, 2. 
 
 The following particles are placed between the preposition and 
 its case : Btj, iv 17, 2 ; Se, xviii 2, 1 ; xiii 43, 1, etc. ; tolvvv, xviii 
 5, 2 ; /^eV, xiii 82, 4 ; yaez^ o^^i/, ib. 84, 6 ; ii 12, 3 ; yap, ib. 92, 2 ; 
 ii 11, 1 ; T€, ib. 92, 6 ; /zez/ yap, ii 29, 4. 
 
 From bks. xi and xii we find that verbs compounded with two 
 prepositions occur on an average of one to every three pages 
 (Teubner). Compounds with three prepositions are very rare. 
 Only three are given by A. Grosspietsch, De rerpairXoyv vocab, 
 genere quodam, Bres. Phil. Abhand., 1895, p. 67. There are nine 
 in Thucydides, Holmes, 1>. mit Prdp. zusam. Verb. b. Thuk., 
 Berlin, 1895, p. 27. Of the single prepositions used in compounds 
 Kara is the most usual, then hid and diro, the first two of which 
 especially illustrate the tendency of Late Greek to adopt the 
 stronger expression. The remaining prepositions are grouped 
 according to their frequency as follows : eiri, dvd, eK, irpo, 7rp6<;, 
 irapd, iv, fierd, irepi, vtto, virep, eh, dfxc^i ; avv and avri being 
 omitted because of the temporary nature of their compounds. 
 
 'Am. Local, dva rov irorafiov, xiv 81, 4. The general use of 
 dvd in the kolvt] is in dva fxecrov : Diodorus, ii 4, 4 ; 7, 5 ; xi 30, 
 5 ; xiii 79, 6. Also dvd /jL6po<;, xiii 61, 6. 
 
 "Avev. Dying in Polybius, and in Diodorus rare : ii 5, 2 ; iv 
 13, 1 ; xii 58, 2 ; 77, 4. x^P^^ begins in our author to take its 
 place, Krebs, Prdp -Adv., 2, 29. 
 
 ^AvtL Rare and denotes substitution: ii 6, 9; 8, 7; 12, 1: 
 xiii 52, 3. dvd' mv is barely found, iv 27, 4. 
 
 'Atto. ^ At a distance from,' xiii 6, 2, avXL^o/jLevov<i aTro tmv 
 oirXwv iv rfj iroXei (Thuc, vi 64, 3, avXi^ea-Oac diro tojv oirXfov 
 iv rfi TToXet), a sense not belonging to the kolvtj, Schmid, iv 626. 
 It may be used with persons, xii 80, 2; xiii 12, 2. In rrjv diro 
 
so Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 rod Tei')(ovf; v7r€po)(r)v, xii 61, 5, cf. ii 3, 4, the prepositional 
 phrase takes the place of the genitive, as in the N. T., Schmid, iv 
 624. In expressions of distance, cltto ttoXXcov o-raStayv, ii 7, 2 ; 
 xviii 40, 2, in which there is Latin influence. Temporal : ii 4, 6 ; 
 xiii4], 1; 64,7. 
 
 "Axpi. Four times in Polyb., more often in Diod., Krebs, 
 Frdp.-Adv.y ii p. 3 : cf. xviii 74, 3. 
 
 Aid. Bod 0. gen. with ex^o, elfiL, r^iryvo^ai, very rare, as in 
 Polyb. : Bi opjT]^ el^oz^, xii 45, 4 ; 78, 5 ; cf. Classen on Thuc. ii 
 37, 2, who is fond of this. Local Sid is not unusual, whereas the 
 temporal is rare, Sia 'jravro^, ii 16, 3. Instrument or means is 
 often expressed by Bid c. gen.. Bid Trj<i tmv darpcov iixireipia^;, ii 
 25, 8: xiii QQ, 4; 73, 6; 105, 4. Very common is Bid c. ace. 
 equivalent to virep or eveKa, an essentially post-classic construc- 
 tion, Schmid, iv 446, and it is sometimes difficult to distinguish 
 Sid c. ace. from Bid c. gen. : xi 5, 5, fjurj Bid KUKiav, dWd St 
 dperyv KracrOai %f»/?az^ ; xviii 13, 4 ; A. J. P., x 518. 
 
 Et9. Most common preposition. Used with the plural of per- 
 sons, except in the fragments, Krebs, Prdp.-Adv., ii 62. It may 
 express ^ ground ' or * cause ' : KaTr)yop7](Ta^ - - - et? wfjLorrjray 
 xviii 20, 2 : xiii 101, 3. Manner is thus expressed : ek rov 
 MaKeSoviKov rpoirov, xix 4, 5. It often denotes purpose : xi 5, 1 ; 
 17, 4; xiii 45, 7, 9 ; 52, 1 ; 64, 6; 70, 3. There are not many 
 adverbial phrases with eU : eh eSa(f)o^, xiii 62, 4 (Krebs, Frdp. b. 
 Pol.j 20); 6t9 fieaov, ib. 18, 2; et? rovvavTiov, xi 71, 5; et? 
 rovfiirpoaOev, xiii 19, 1. 
 
 'E/c. The dynamic ol ck to express the inhabitants of a place is 
 common : xiii 48, 6 ; 65, 1 ; 69, 4 ; 70, 2 ; 72, 1 ; 73, 4 ; 100, 5 ; 
 104, 3. It may answer to a partitive genitive : xiii 14, 4 ; 40, 5. 
 Gives point of view: ck tmv dTroTeXecrfjudrcov Kpiveiv, xi 11, 2; 
 45, 9 ; 55, 6. Causal, €k tmv rpavfjidrcov direOvr^aKov, xiii 64, 7. 
 With passive verbs: xxxi 8, 12, Bo06vt€<; i/c tmv iroXeayv. Rare, 
 as in N. T., in adverbial expressions with adjectives : e'f eroifxov, 
 xiii 2, 2; e/c tmv ivavTifov, ib. 101, 3 ; eK rov Trpo^avecrrdTov, xii 
 39, 4, cf Classen on Thuc. iii 40, 4 ; Schmid, iv 447, who speaks 
 of this as an Atticism. 
 
 'Ez^. The locative disappeared, and so we find ev Mapadcovi, xi 
 2, 2; 6, 4 : iv ^YaOfiw, ib. 3, 3. Forms a predicate with elixi: ev 
 
Diodorus and the Petoponnesian War, 31 
 
 r\\iKia, ii 6, 2 ; ev v7ro-\lr[a, xii 76, 3; iv Tapa')(al<;, ib. 81, 2; iv 
 rovTOL^i, xii 54, 7 ; 63, 5 ; iv Sopv^co, xiii 98, 1 (yivo/jLeva) ; after 
 other verbs, iv irapaOrjKr) aTroBiSovac, xv 76, 1 ; iv Ke^aXaioL<; 
 elireiVy cf. Krebs on Polyh,, p. 74 N. 1 ; Poppo-Stahl, Thuc. i 51, 
 6. 'In respect of : ho^av iv aaTpoXo^ia, ii 29, 2 ; 31, 2 ; xi 18, 
 1; 39, 2; xii 11, 3. Manner: iv ovhefiia rd^ec, xiii 71, 3; ii 
 19, 1. With genitive: iv aSov, xi 9, 4. Time within which: ii 
 8, 1; 17, 7; 30, 7; 31, b :' iv oa-o), xiii 113, 1; xv 71, 4. 
 
 ''FjV€Ka. €V€Ka is preferred to eveKev (15 times), Krebs, Prdp.- 
 Adv., 8. Stands first to avoid hiatus, xiii 57, 5; xii 83, 4, though 
 not in ii 29, 5 : between the adjective and the noun, ISia^ eveKa 
 Xdpno^, XV 72, 2, cf. Thuc. i 57, 4. This interposition (also 
 between two genitives) became prominent under the Empire. 
 Interchange of eveKa and %a/9tz/, iv 9, 3. Schmid, iv 450, for a 
 history of the forms eveKa, eveKe(v), eiveKa, elveKev ; also Sobo- 
 lewski. Be Prep. Usu AristopL, Mosquae, 1890, s. v. 
 
 'ETTt. c. gen. Local : L. L. Forman, The Dif. bet. the Gen. and 
 Dat. with iiri Used to Denote Superposition, Baltimore, 1893; A. 
 J. P., xviii 119. The genitive in almost every instance, rarely 
 the dative ; and occasionally the gen. c. iiri merely denotes place 
 where : iiri t^9 'Atrta?, xi 37, 2 : ii 5, 5 ; Schmid, iv 628. 
 Whither : ii 13, 1, 5 : xi 3, 6 ; 30, 1 ; 31, 1 ; 32, 1 ; 36, 7 : xiii 
 47, 6; which is said to be an Atticism, Schmid, iv 451. Tem- 
 poral : eV dp')(ovTo^ and iirl tovtcov furnish most of the examples. 
 "In case of": xi 26, 2; 43, 1 (bis), c. dat. Local rare: iiri 
 Ar/Xtft), xiii 72, 8; xi 12, 4 (''over against"). For examples of 
 interchange of gen. and dat., cf. Krebs, Prdp. b. Pol, 84 A. 1. 
 Ground or cause, often expressed in this way : ii 1, 2 ; 4, 3 : xiii 
 61, 5 ; 87, 4. IN^umerals {usually tt^o? c. dat.) : Sevrepav iirl Tal<i 
 ivevrJKovra, xiii 82, 7. Condition : eVl rolaBe, xiii 114, 1. c. ace. 
 In measurements : ec^' Uavov tottov, ii 26, 6 : ib. 8, 3. eVl rdSey 
 a favorite of Polyb., is rare : ii 9, 2. Measurement of time : €</>' 
 r)fiepa<} ivvea, xiii 56, 5 ; 109, 4 ; xi 20, 3, and often. Purpose or 
 
 aim : xi 2, 4 ; 14, 3 (eVl rrjv (rvXrjcrcv 7re/jL(j)6evTe<;). Hostile 
 
 motion : xii 82, 5; 60, 1 ; 72, 3: xiii 45, 2; 65, 1 ; 72, 3. Quarter 
 or direction towards : iirl to 'xelpovy xiii 95, 1 ; 12, 1 ; ii 27, 3 ; 
 xii 50, 1. 
 ''EftJ9. About half as many examples as in Polybius. Only 
 
32 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 temporal eo)? was found, which agrees with Krebs' citations, eoj? 
 Tivo^i, common in Polyb., is rare : ii 56, 2, 5. 
 
 Kara. The most general preposition in Polyb., sixth in order 
 of frequency in Diodorus. c. gen. Local. * Down ' : Kara rov 
 pevfjuaro^;, ii 11, 5. ^ Below ' : Kara yrj<;, i 25, 6 ; v 7, 4, Krebs, 
 P. 6. Pol.j 129 A. 1. ^'Against": (j>povpLOV iiroirjcrav k. T7J<; 
 ^ArTCK7j<;, xiii 9, 2 ; xii 61, 1 ; c. TroXe/xo?, xiii 4, 5 ; 70, 3 ; 
 a-vfjbixaxici, xii 75, 3, 4 ; ddvaro^;, xi 45, 4 ; Tpoiraiov, xiii 102, 4 ; 
 ^ovXevaacrOaL, xiii 92, 5 ; (j)6po<; (/cara roov ap')(^o/jL6va)v), ii 21, 3. 
 c. ace. Very common, especially with the names of countries ; 
 and extension is not necessarily implied : ii 15, 4 ; 16, 3 : xiii 43, 
 1; 108, 2. Position opposite: xiii 13, 2 ; 78, 2: xii 70, 2: ii 
 19, 4. Temporal, numerous examples, mostly with XP^^^^ ^^ 
 Kaipov : Ka6' ov Brj ^povov, xviii 1, 1 : ii 5, 3 ; 14, 3 : xiii 43, 1 ; 
 44, 3 ; 54, 1. Distributive : Kara TroXet?, ii 6, 4 ; 8, 2 ; 10, 3 ; 
 16, 4 (ra Kara pbepo^, frequent) ; 28, 7 : xiii 53, 4; KaO' eavrd^* 
 ii 32, 2 ; xviii 5, 4 ; Kara fjiova^, iv 51, 6. Causal : Kara to 
 fieyedo(; rcov pao-Ooiv, xiii 52, 5 ; 98, 3. Norm (" according to ") : 
 voiMov^, xiii 43, 6 ; 57, 3 ; 86, 3 ; 91, 3, 4 : ii 4, 6 ; Kpdro^, 6, 4 : 
 xii 80, 6 : i 3, 6, etc. May take the place of an ace. of specifica- 
 tion : TrfKiKavTTjv - - - k. to fxeyedo^, ii 3, 3 ; 17, 5 : xiii 68, 5. 
 This last is not as common as in Polyb., who begins it, Krebs, 
 144. Circumlocutions : to, Kara, often, as in Polyb., especially 
 with names of countries : ra /juev ovv Kara rrjv 'KXXdSa, xiii 42, 
 6 ; 47, 2 ; 63, 6 : xii 76, 1 ; 79, 4 ; 66, 4 : ii 21, 6 ; 31, 9. Kard 
 c. ace. may take the place of a genitive : to Kara rov Kiova 
 irXdro^, ii 8, 2 ; 18, 2 : v 5, 1 : xiii 84, 1, cf. Krebs, 1. c, for 
 Polyb. ol Kard, with proper name, in Polyb., but apparently not 
 in Diod. 
 
 Mera. As between puerd and avv, Mommsen gives 74 crw's in 
 the full books and 1276 fierd^s. Adverbial : xiii 104, 5. c. gen. 
 For 7rpo9 .* {^TToXepov Troirjo-ac] pi. rcov Kap^V^ovicov, xxii 18, 1, 
 Mommsen, 1. c, 391 A. 19. c. abstracts, equivalent to an adverb : 
 pu. pberapbeXeia^, ii 4, 6 ; airovhy)';, 8, 2; alKiaf;, xiii 19, 4; 7rpo(f)d- 
 aecof;, ib. 73, 3 ; rapaxn^, xii 49, 4. "In addition to" : xiii 114, 
 1 ; TO a-TpaToirehov pu. tmv TroXepuicdv, xii 14, 1. The circumlocu- 
 tion of ol puerd is rare : ii 10, 4 : xiii 93, 3. c. ace. Very common 
 is puera Be ravra, xiii 44, 3 ; 54, 4 ; 55, 8, etc., which is the usual 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 33 
 
 correlative to irpoiTov fiiv {to fiev irpSyrov) : ii 6, 9 ; 20, 4 ; 25, 1 : 
 xi7l,4; 77,2; 79,5. 
 
 Me^pt. Far in excess of em?, and both local and temporal. 
 fiexpi' Tivo^ is a favorite phrase in some parts, as bk. xiii : 45, 3 ; 
 51, 7 ; 64, 7 ; 66, 6 ; 84, 4 ; 111, 5. See Krebs, Prdp.-Adv., for 
 jxexpi^ in full. 
 
 Hapd. c. gen. Occasionally expresses agent, c. aTrearaXr], ii 5, 
 1 : xiii 64, 1 ; Rau in Cartius^ Stud, iii 1 ff. for classic usage, 
 which he limits to Xe'yeo-dat, BiBoadai, ofioXoyeta-Oai. Polyb., 
 Diod. and N. T. have no irapd c. gen. with non-personal regimen ; 
 often in Philostratus, Schmid, iv 461. c. dat. With non-personal 
 regimen : Trap' avTol<^ [sc. Trt^ot?], xiii 83, 3. Apud : irapa rot? 
 XaXBaiOKi, ii 29, 4 ; 29, 5 ; 14, 3 ; 15, 4 ; with passive verbs this 
 goes beyond Attic usage (Krebs, P. 6. Pol., 53) : Oav/jbd^eaOai,, xi 
 1, 3 ; iiratveiadai, xi 31, 3 ; Oecopetcrdat, xi 46, 4 ; /caraycvo)- 
 <TK6a-6ac, xi 54, 2 ; Trpdrreadat, xiii 5, 1 ; fivOoXoyelaOat,, ii 1, 1 ; 
 alpelaOaL, ib. 32, 2 ; eKhihoadat, xi 33, 2 ; KaXelaOai, xii 70, 1 ; 
 diroXveaOat,, xii 74, 5 ; ayeaOaL, ib. 82, 1 ; Tvy^dveuv dTroSoyrjf;. 
 'On the side of (military forces): xii 74, 1 ; 70, 1 ; 62, 1 ; xi 
 7, 4. c. ace. Majority of examples are local : Trapd rov aljiaXov, 
 xiii 13, 7; 14, 4; 16, 6; 17, 3: Trap* oXov rov Trj<; vavpba')(^ba<i 
 TOTTov, xiii 46, 2 ; 3, 2. Interesting is xviii 6, 1, TrpcoTij fiev irapa 
 (= facing) TOP 'KavKaaov icmv 'IvBlktJ, cf. ib. 3, 3. Temporal. 
 Not often as in Polyb. : Trap" oXov rov /Slov, xiii 103, 2 ; xi 46, 1. 
 Causal : c. alriav, xiii 87, 2. Contrary to : wapd (ftvo-iv, xiii 111, 
 6; xii 48, 1; xi 8, 1 ; 17, 4. 
 
 UepL c. gen. May be equivalent to virep : irepl rrj^ KOLvrjq 
 iX6v6€pLa<; diro6avovfievov<;, xi 4, 4. c. dat. Poly bins has one, 
 Krebs, 101 ; Diodorus appears to have none. The dative comes 
 back with the Atticists, Schmid, iv 624. c. ace. Local, many 
 examples. Often the force of irepi c. ace. is no more than that of 
 iv c. dat. : iv rS irepl 'Kopcovetav vew, xiii 41, 3 (to avoid repeating 
 iv) ; 9, 6 ; 34, 1 ; 36, 5. Temporal. Numerous examples in some 
 sections : xiii 43, 1 ; 54, 1 ; 80, 1 ; 103, 4 ; 111, 1 ; 113, 1, and 
 not often in bk. ii. With numbers : ii 18, 4 ; xiii 48, 2. After 
 verbs denoting activity : •irepX ra? irapao-Keva^ do-xoXr^OevTe^, xi 
 1, 5 ; 3, 9 ; 14, 5 : xii 51, 1 ; 55, 3 (c. ryiveo-dat). airovhrj takes 
 both a gen., xi 3, 5, and an ace, ii 17, 3. Circumlocutions : ol 
 
34 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 irepi c. ace. nom. prop., an Atticism, Schmid, iv 463, and by the 
 time of Polyb. meaning no more than the person expressed by the 
 ace, Krebs, 103 : ii 2, 1 ; 21, 4 ; 25, 4 : xiii 5, 3 ; 12, 6 ; 40, 6 : 
 xviii 22, 5. irepi c. ace. equivalent to the simple gen. : r?}? irepl 
 rrju vocrov SeivoTTjrO'i, xii 58, 2 ; xiii 92, 5 : tov<; it. tov irvevfiova 
 TOTTov^i, ii 12, 2. Ta irepi c. ace. is common, especially with the 
 names of countries : ii 5, 3 ; 6, 7 ; 18, 8 ; 28, 3 ; 29, 3 : xii 42, 2 : 
 xiii 39, 2 ; and used where the gen. would be expected : irvOoixevoi 
 ra irepl tov Ev/juevrj, xviii 37, 2 ; xiii 56, 2 ; 112, 4, which is also 
 the case in Polybius. 
 
 Upo. Does not differ from Polyb., except that no irpo ^= irepi 
 was found. The post-classic tt/jo = ^^ ago '^ (Gildersleeve, Justin 
 Martyr, A. 46, 2) is represented by irpo rj/juepcov etKoao, ii 48, 8. 
 Examples of Trpo rod e. infin. are xiii 30, 3 ; xviii 73, 1, cf. 
 Krebs, P. b. Pol, 38 A. 4. 
 
 Upo?. Stands next after eU in point of number. No adverbial 
 7rpo9 was found, though Polyb. has 7r/>09 Se. c. gen. Only in the 
 formula 7rpo9 Oewv, xiii 28, 3 : Polyb. scarcely more. c. dat. '^ In 
 addition to" : ii 2, 3 ; xi 43, 2 : tt/jo? he tovtok;, ii 1, 2 ; 16, 4 ; 
 27, 2 : xi 1, 5 ; 2, 1 ; 3, 7 ; 14, 3 ; 41, 4. Often in the forma- 
 tion of numbers : ef tt/oo? racf} oySoTjKovra, ii 20, 2 ; 32, 6 ; 34, 1 : 
 xiii 13, 2; 36, 4; 56, 6. This begins with Pindar, increases in 
 tragedy, strong in late Greek, but not found in the Atticists, 
 Schmid, iv 630. Local. Frequent in Thuc, Classen on i 62, 3 : 
 7r/oo9 'IfJLepa, xiii 43, 5 ; 54, 4 ; 59, 5 ; 83, 1 ; xviii 6, 3 ; 34, 6. 
 c. ace. Local. There appeared no Trpo? c. ace. equivalent to Trpo? 
 
 c. dat. Purpose : ev^pv^'^^^ irpo^ ra? re oBoiTropla^;, ii 6, 6 ; 
 
 7, 2 ; 16, 7 : xiii 54, 2 ; 63, 6 ; e. art. infin. ii 10, 5 ; 16, 7 : xi 
 44, 4 : xiii 49, 5 (no example with elvat as in Polyb.). "In refer- 
 ence to": TTpbf; Trjv virodeaLV ravrrjv iroWa StaXe^^et?, xiii 92, 6 : 
 often the circumlocution tcl irpo'^ : Trdvra ra irpo^ rrjv crrpareLai/ 
 ^TOijjLao-To, xi 2, 3 ; 16, 1 ; 35, 1 ; 66, 3 : xii 41, 2 ; 50, 4 : xiii 
 58, 3. Temporal. Not in Polyb. In Diod. we find Trpo? rrju 
 ecrirepavy xiii 111, 1 ; e. e(j>ohov, 109, 5 ; e. icaipov, 50, 3 ; 77, 5. 
 
 %\)v. The percentage of avv^ is about one-half that of Polybius. 
 The majority is with persons, A. J. P., viii 221 N. 1. Takes the 
 place of the dat. of avro^ : vrje<i avv Tol<i dvBpdac, xi 60, 6 ; xii 3, 
 3; 55, 5; xiii 19, 3; but avTdvBpov<; [z^aO?], xii 48, 1 ; xiii 16, 3; 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 35 
 
 xviii 72, 8. For comitative dative, of military force, xiii 64, 1 ; 
 80, 5 ; of ships, xii 60, 6 ; xiii 63, 1 ; 76, 3 ; 99, 3. " In addi- 
 tion to " : virrjp')(e avv dWaif; TrXeloa-i ^a(TiX€iai<i rj re rov Ucopov 
 Kol Ta^tXov Svvao-retay xviii 6, 2 ; xi 4, 5 ; xiv 109, 5. Krebs, 
 Frdp. b. Pol., p. 37, 2, speaks of a temporal use of avv, which 
 is very rare. Mommsen, 1. c, 391 A. 19, says that Diodorus 
 remains truer to Attic usage than Polybius. 
 
 'Tirep. c. gen. Local : rov virep t^9 7roXe«9 \6(f)ov, xiii 85, 4 ; 
 40, 4. c. art. infin. : xiii 79, 2 : xviii 67, 1. c. rcficopLaj xiii 43, 1; 
 59, 6; 91, 4. Equivalent of irept : c. Siayayvi^eadaif xiii 51, 1 
 (TrepL, 13, 5) ; xi 5, 5 ; 9, 1 : Tre/jUTrecv virep elprjvrj^;, xiii 52, 2 : 
 irepi and virep in the same sentence, ii 31, 6 — common in late 
 Greek, Schmid, iv 630. c. ace. Local : virep yrjv (rest), ii 30, 6. 
 Very often with numbers : virep ra? Se/ca fjuvpidha^, ii 18, 5 : xi 
 62, 1 ; 74, 1 : xii 58, 2: xviii 12, 1. Superiority: virep tov<; 
 aX\ou9, V 72, 1. 
 
 'Tiro. c. gen. Things may be used as agents by easy personifi- 
 cation : /jLTj'^avcjv, xiii 62, 1 ; Kepavvov, ib. 86, 2 ; aa6evia<;, ib, 
 89, 2 ; Tvxn^j ib. 90, 5 ; TroXeo)?, xi 59, 3 ; 8ecv6r7jTo<;, ib. 63, 6 ; 
 irvevfidrayv, xiii 100, 3 ; /8ta9, ib. 40, 3. c. dat. Local : ii 10, 3; 
 not used in N. T., but revived by the Atticists, Schmid, iv 624. 
 c. ace. Local : viro tol'9 ir68a<; viroirtirrovroyv, ii 19, 6 ; 31, 5 : 
 Tov viro rag dpfcrov^ 'flfceavov, xviii 5, 3. Tenaporal : xi 47, 2 ; 
 xviii 16, 4. Subordination : c. Tdrreo-Oac, ii 26, 8 ; 30, 6 ; 34, 2 ; 
 xii 41, 3 : c. substantives, ii 5, 3 : xiii 64, 4 ; 104, 4. Xafi/Sdvetv 
 viro TTjv opaaiVy xiii 111, 4. 
 
 'II9. As a preposition : 0)9 rov ^aa-cXea, xviii 8, 4 ; ax; <f>i\oVy 
 xvi 82, 3. With prepositions : 0)9 viro, xi 10, 2 ; ft)9 eiri, xiii 61, 
 5 ; Q)9 7rpo9, xii 61, 4. As a preposition it is common in Polybius 
 and in Dion. Hal., after whom it wanes, being used only by some 
 of the Atticists, Schmid, iv 631. 
 
 Besides the prepositions proper there are a number of quasi- 
 prepositions. Much of what is given below concerning them is 
 taken from Krebs, Prdp.-Adv. 
 
 KkoXovOco^. c. dat. xviii 1,1; 4, 4 ; 5, 2. 
 
 "Kfxa. In expressions of time : a. Vf^epa, xiii 47, 1 ; 56, 3 ; 60, 
 1 ; 62, 1 ; 72, 6 ; a. to5 (J)cotl, xiii 91, 1. With a participle added : 
 
36 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 d. TovTOL<; irpaTTOfievoL^y xii 30, 2 ; 32, 3 ; 34, 5 ; 47, 4 ; 57, 1 
 With persons : a. roU reKvoi^^ xiii 58, 2 ; 92, 2 ; 111, 6. dfia rm 
 wpo<; Tot>9 i^TV')(r)K6Ta<; eXew, xiii 20, 5. Mommsen, l. c. 
 ^Ava/jLL^. c. dat. xiii 89, 3. 
 
 "AircoOev. c. gen. ii 4, 2 ; iv 24, 1. Comes into the koivij 
 with Diodorus ; in high favor in Josephus, but disappears in 
 Dio Cas. 
 
 At%a. The example (xi 62, 3) cited by Krebs is in a quoted 
 inscription. Often in Dion. Hal. 
 
 '£771^9. c. gen., xiii 45, 7 ; xiv 95, 4 : eyytaray xii 18, 3 ; 
 <7vv€y<yv^j xvii 55, 6. 
 
 'E1/T09 and €Vto9. c. gen. ; rest, xiii 3, 8 ; 13, 1 : motion, xiii 
 69, 8 ; xii 81, 2. €/cto9 after its case to avoid hiatus, iv 11, 1. 
 
 'Ef^9. c. gen., iii 42, 2; c. dat., iii 44, 3. Polybius and 
 Josephus also use it with a case. 
 
 'ETrdvco. c. gen., i 51, 6 ; 67, 1 ; ii 9, 3. 
 Kdroirov. c. gen., xi 8, 4. 
 
 MaKpdv. c. gen., xviii 33, 2 ; 46, 6 (motion); xiv 47, 4 (rest). 
 Mera^v. Often in Polyb., but loses ground in Diod. : xiii 39, 5. 
 ava /jbeaov contends for its place. 
 Hepav. c. gen., ii 12, 3. 
 
 UXtjv. c. gen. ; not as common as in lower KOLvrj : xiii 42, 4 ; 
 83, 2 ; 85, 2. 
 
 TLXrja-iov. c. gen. Scarce in Polyb., but third in rank of the 
 adverbial prepositions in Diod. (Krebs). After its case, xx 80, 1 ; 
 83, 3. 
 
 Tloppco. c. gen. Only in an excerpt, xxxiv 2, 29. The com- 
 parative TToppcorepov to avoid hiatus, xvii 60, 3 ; xviii 71, 5. 
 'TTrepdvco. c. gen. ii 54, 4 ; v 38, 4. 
 
 'X.dpiv. c. gen. Uncommonly prominent in Polyb., but loses 
 ground in later writers, though Diod. and Dion. Hal. have a fair 
 number : iii 39, 9 ; iv 17, 2 ; xiv 46, 3 ; ii 10, 1. 
 
 Xft)/3t9. c. gen. It is one of the words that take the place of 
 dvevy which shows symptoms of dying already in Polybius. XcopU 
 begins to assume this r6le in Diodorus. " Without," xii 40, 4 ; 
 xiv 105, 4. " Besides," xviii 58, 1 ; %ft)/ot9 Be tovtcov, i 1, 5 ; 31, 
 3 : ii 73, 3 ; xvii 10, 4. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 37 
 
 Particles. 
 
 To be noticed is the scarcity of particles, which is a character- 
 istic of the KOLvrj. There are also few combinations of particles. 
 
 'AWd. Not largely employed, as also in N. T., A. J. P., xvi 
 526. Chiefly used after a negative. Introduces an apodosis, xii 
 69, 4. After a positive member, xiii 66, 2 ; 87, 2 — a solecism 
 according to Boissonade Anec. iii 237, quoted by Schmid, iv 647. 
 Combinations beginning with aXXd are few : dXXa ydp^ xii 64, 3 ; 
 xviii 69, 2 : dXX' ovv, xi 69, 4. 
 
 ''Kfia. Not a large number of adverbial a/>ta's : alone, Tal<: afia 
 7r\6ov(raL<;, xiii 99, 3; in combinations, cifia Kai, xi 74, 3; xii 81, 
 
 5 : ajjLa 5e Kaij xi 50, 4 ; 65, 10 : dfia /cat, xi 66, 7 ; 73, 3 : 
 
 afia T€ Katj xii 83, 6 : dfia re /cat, ii 8, 3 : a/na 
 
 fiiv ayLta Se, ii 6, 10 ; xiii 43, 4 {fiiv omitted in 89, 1). An 
 
 extraordinary number of ayxa's is to be found in Thucydides (cf. 
 Mommsen, 1. c, p. 386 f. for the prepositional d/jLo). He has over 
 three hundred dfia^s, adverbially used, alone and in many combi- 
 nations with r6j KaC, fiivf Se. In iv 30, 4 it is entirely local, koI 
 cifia ry€v6/jL€voL TTe/jLTTovo-i, aud its force with him is often not more 
 than that of a mere connective, i 9, 3 (Classen's note). 
 
 "A/Qa. None was found, though it is to be found in N. T., 
 Matt, xix 26. 
 
 ''Apa. Once in Thuc, i 76, 1. In Diod. in the speech of 
 Nicolaus, xiii 24, 6. 
 
 Tdp. Often introduces an explanation in O. O. with no verb of 
 saying expressed : xi 4, 4 ; 9, 1 ; 16, 3, 4 ; 28, 2 : xviii 17, 7. 
 No combination was found in which ydp stood first. 
 
 Fe. Not many 7e's alone, ii 18, 7; xiii 90, 6, Trpo ye avrov, 
 which shows that Diod. does not employ yi to avoid hiatus, as 
 does Polyb. 
 
 Tovv. Rare and second word in sentence, ii 29, 6 ; xi 82, 3 ; 
 xiii 84, 1. Often in the Atticists. 
 
 Ae. After a negative member, xi 78, 4. Without preceding 
 fievj xi 3, 7 ; 5, 3 ; 8, 5 ; 16, 3. Se Kai is a favorite combination : 
 xiii 43, 5; 44, 6; 57, 3; 69, 8; 61, 2. S' oSi/, a favorite of 
 3 
 
38 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 Theophrastas, not in large number, xi 16, 1 ; xiii 43, 6 ; 93, 1 ; 
 95, 1 ; 96, 3 ; 108, 5. 
 
 At;. In moderate number, and the majority of the St^'s with 
 relatives, ii 5, 3 ; xi 45, 2 ; xiii 45, 6 ; 64, 6 ; 77, 4 ; 104, 5 ; 
 ^vda St^, ii 28, 1 ; xii 43, 2 ; ore Stj, ii 26, 3 ; xiii 90, 1 ; c. o{;to^, 
 ii 33, 6 ; xi 55, 7 ; xiii 74, 4 ; rore Btj, xiii 99, 5 ; Bi] Trore, xiii 
 83, 2; Brj irovOev, xiv QQ, 1. 
 
 Afco. Between huo Kai and BioTrep there is no difference beyond 
 the avoidance of hiatus by means of the latter. Both are often 
 used. 
 
 Etra. Rare. c. Trpcbrov, ii 12, 3; without Trpcorov, ii 28, 4. 
 
 "ETretra. Be is always omitted, c. to fiev irpcorov (irpcorov /xiv 
 or TTpcoTov) : ii 19, 7 ; 26, 3 ; 32, 3 : without Trpcorov j ii 1, 2 ; 10, 
 4 ; 26, 7 ; 28, 7 ; 29, 4 ; 33, 3 ; c. irporepov, ii 32, 2. fiera Be 
 ravra is the usual correlative to irpcorov, cf. jxerd. 
 
 "Ert. en Be is a great favorite in a series, in which it almost 
 invariably introduced the third member, as xi 88, 2, rrpocr^oXa^ 
 Be iroiovfjuevo^i roL<; rei')(e(Ti, koX firj Bwdfievo^; eXelv rrjv ttoXlv, en 
 Be Kol Tcbv AaKeBaLfjLOVLCov dirocrreiXdvrcov ; ii 2, 3 ; 5, 3 ; 7, 2 ; 
 8, 7 : xi 7, 2 : xiii 58, 2 ; 60, 4 ; 61, 5. In his lists, as of 
 countries, Diodorus attempts grouping : ii 2, 3 (in a circle to the 
 point of departure) ; xi 3, 7 ; xviii 39, 6. To omit all connectives 
 is very rare, xii 1, 5 ; 42, 4 : xiii 89, 1. Isocrates employs en Be 
 in a manner similar to that of Diodorus : ii 2, 3, 44 ; iii 24, 33, 
 40 ; V 132. 
 
 "H. " Than," without a comparative, BiKaico'^ B' dv rt? rovrov^ 
 Kol T?}9 KOivrjf; Tcov ^^W'qvcov eXev6epLa<; alrtovf; r/jrjaaLro rj tov<^ 
 varepov, K.r.X., xi 11, 5. 
 
 Kal yap. In large number : ii 2, 2 ; 3, 3 ; 8, 4 ; 29, 4 ; 30, 4 : 
 xii 54, 2 ; xiii 81, 4 ; 90, 4; 92, 6 ; 95, 6 ; 110, 1. fcal ravra 
 is rare, xiii 8, 6. 
 
 Mev. Solitarium : ii 8, 7 ; xi 10, 4; 46, 4; 50, 3; xiii 44, 5; 
 55, 7. Faulty correlation of fxev and Be is to be met with : xii 
 
 59, 2 {AaKeBatfjLovLcov fiev ovroi B" ^crav); ib. § 2; xi 12, 3. 
 
 Involved correlation of two or more sets of fiev — Be^s is rare : 
 fiev - - fiev - ' Be - - Biy xiii 106, 5; /xez^ - . Be - - jxev - - Se, xii 
 4, 2 ; 7, 2 ; 17, 5 ; fiev - - fiev - - Be - - Be - - fiev - - 8e, xiii 45, 
 7 ; but generally Diodorus does not go beyond one set. fiev ovv is 
 
Biodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 3? 
 
 a very common combination : xi 58, ; 65, 5 ; 83, 4 : xiii 42, 6 ; 
 44, 6 ; 54, 5. fiev yap likewise is common : ii 2, 2; 3, 3; 4, 4; 
 8, 4, etc. ; xiii 54, 7 ; 55, 4 ; 88, 2. 
 
 MivToo (Schmid, iii 341) is not often employed: usually with 
 ye {fievTOL ye) and correlated with fiev : ii 05, 2 ; 30, 8 ; xi 4, 3 ; 
 xiii 90, 7. 
 
 Mijv. In negative combinations : ov firjv ovBe aXXdy xiii 
 
 46, ; ov fjbr)v aWd, ii 22, 5 ; xi 13, ; 54, ; ov /jltjv ye, xii 79, 
 
 6 ; xiii 56, 4 ; ov iMrjv aXKdj xi 16, 1 ; ov firjv ye - . ^ 
 
 aXkd, xiii 55, 3 ; 86, 3. 
 
 "Ofiov. ofjiov Si, xiii 43, 6 ; 55, 6. Mommsen, 1. c, gives one 
 example of o/jlov c. dat. in the extant work of Diod. 
 
 Ovv. Appears to require no special mention for any peculiar 
 usage : cf Kalinka, Diss. Phil. Vind. Vol. ii, De TJsu Coni, 
 quaed. apud Script. Att. antiq. 
 
 Hep. One instance of Trep alone, 6i9 eavrov irep cnraVj xi 69, 3. 
 Its chief function is to avoid hiatus, and so its force is scarcely or 
 not at all felt, cf. Kaelker, 1. c, 311. 
 
 Ukrjv (Schmid, iii 147, 343). In the Kotvrjj irXrjv is often a 
 conjunction, and does not differ from dWd. This is rare in Dio- 
 dorus : iv 13, 1 ; xiii 56, 4. ■ 
 
 Te. The greatest quantity of single re's is in bk. xii. Not 
 employed to connect words. It adds a postscript after the Thucy- 
 
 didean fashion, xi 57, 6 ; xii 70, 5. re re occurs in xi 10, 2 ; 
 
 re T€ Kai in xii 54, 3. re KaC is comparatively rare, 
 
 though T€ Kai is not, cf. K. Fuhr, Rhein. Mus. xxxiii 584 ff. 
 
 T€ is correlated with eireira Se, xiii 69, 2 ; with en Be, xiii 114, 2. 
 On re see Schmid, iv 562-4. 
 
 Totyapovv : ii 29, 6. 
 
 ToLvvv. An Attic particle, Kalinka, 1. c, p. 193, which was 
 almost lost in the /coivt]. Not many tolvvv^s were observed : ii 1, 
 4; 4,2; 29,2. 
 
 wairep. To avoid hiatus Kaddirep often takes the place of 
 axTTrep: ii 12, 2; 15, 1; 21, 8; xi 43, 1; xiii 41, 3; 50, 3. 
 KaOdirep is legal Meisterhans, 1. c, p. 2150, comes into literature 
 with Isocrates, and is common in late Greek. We find also in 
 comparison olov el, xiii 58, 2 ; ooa-avei, xviii 43, 1 ; oaaei, xii 25, 
 2 ; wairepeiy xi 30, 5 ; KadaTTepeL, xiii 27, 6. 
 
40 Diodorus and the Pelopownesian War, 
 
 Sentence-Structure. 
 
 From the middle of the fourth century B. C. Greek prose was 
 as a whole under subjection to the periodic structure established 
 by Isocrates, whose power was broken by Aelian and Philostratus, 
 Schraid, iii 291. In our author the sentence is simple in structure 
 and of short compass. There is a great uniformity of structure, 
 which gives a woodenness to Diodorus' style. A favorite forma- 
 tion is that of the following sentence, xii 41, 7, ol Be Sij^atoi, 
 Trapa tojv 6K Tr}<; //'a%^9 Biao-codivrcov irvdofievoL ra o-v/jL/SePrjKora, 
 '7rapa)(^p7]/jLa iravBr^fxel Kara airovSrjv cop/jurjaav ; cf. 42, 1, 3, 6; 
 46, 2 ; 47, 1, 3 ; 48, 1 ; 49, 1, 5, etc. The skeleton of another 
 
 favorite is ovto<; iropOrjaa^ , koX \v/jbr]vdfjL6vo(; 
 
 cTravrjXOeVy xii 44, 3. Participles play an important part in 
 Diodorus' sentences ; subordinate clauses are comparatively rare. 
 Under fjuiv we have already seen how fjuev and Be are not used in a 
 complicated way, nor often extend the sentence to several cola ; 
 and there is here as elsewhere a variation in different sections. 
 
 An essential of the Isocratic structure of sentences is the avoid- 
 ance of hiatus. Kaelker, in the article several times referred to, 
 has shown how studious Diodorus is in this matter. For example, 
 he places a word in an unnatural position to avoid an hiatus, koI 
 Tov 'Vrjryiov Kadopfj.ia6evT€<; iyyv<;, xiii 3, 5. 
 
 A position like this last could not be due to rhythm, inasmuch 
 as Diodorus is not strict as to rhythmical structure. He allows a 
 heaping of long and short syllables, as the above shows. In this 
 regard Ephorus, one of Diodorus' chief sources, did not follow 
 his own instructions to avoid such heaping, cf. frg. 76 and 107 
 (Miiller). Diodorus makes use of the paean and the dactyl, 
 especially the latter, and occasionally parts of hexameters are 
 found — a full one in xiii 107, 2, evOv yap ol fiev tmv AaKcBai- 
 /jLOVifov fiacn\€l<;'*A-yi<; (the following words form the beginning 
 of an hexameter) ; cf. xiii 2, 3. The endings of the cola are 
 generally good, but occasionally iambic and hexameter endings are 
 found : xii 63, 2 ; xiii 2, 4 ; 12, 5 ; 73, 3, besides other bad ones, 
 as - - -- - --, xiii 39, 4. 
 
 As to figures — the crxvf^ciTa \e^6co<; — we have those of our 
 author collected in the two unfortunate — as far as their object is 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 41 
 
 coDcerned — papers of W. Stern, one in tlie Comment, in hon. G, 
 Studemund, Strassburg, 1889, pp. 147-162, the other, '' Diodor 
 und Theopomp/' Durlach, 1891. The principal figures are given 
 below, and details are to be sought in Stern's papers. 
 
 Diodorus is given to heaping A and 0-sounds : xiv 1, 3 ; ii 4, 
 4 ; 52, 9, Oepixaaia irij^aa-a, ^rjporrjTL Se 7ri\i]aa(ra, ^eyyet Be 
 Xafiirpvvao-a. T-sounds are also employed in a similar way for 
 effect of the sound : i 78, 1 ; v 34, 3, Odvarov to Trpoa-rcfiov 
 T€0€LKaarL ; xii 12, 1 ; xiii 33, 2. 
 
 In balanced sentences Diodorus takes delight, but good examples 
 of Isocolon and Parison are rare. An example of Isocolon is xii 
 11, 1, 7rp(OTa<i fiev raq TroXtTiSafi, va-T€pa<; Be ra? fierayeveaTepa^ ; 
 xi 11, 3 ; xiii 62, 4 : of Parison, xii 78, 5, koi fjuoyi^; fiera ttoWtji; 
 Be^aewf; to ^rjv a'vve')(^coprja-av, ttjv S' ovaiav avTCJV B7]/jbev(7aVTe<i 
 KUTeaKw^av ra? olKim ; xiii 2, 6 ; 45, 8 ; 99, 3. 
 
 Examples of Paronomasia, of which Theopompus was very 
 fond, are, xii 12, 2, e7rtTv^6vTo<; - ~ . airoTV')(pvTO^ ; 83, 6, 
 
 KpaTTJaai, KpaTio-Trjv : xiii 45, 10, TreptSeet? 'irepL')(apel(;, 
 
 ib. 95, 1, 3 ; xiv 46, 3 ; xvii 101, 6. 
 
 Numerous are the examples of Homoeoteleuton : 09, ii 19, 4 ; 
 26, 9 : 01/, xiii 4, 1 ; 13, 3 : ou, xii 62, 4 : ot, xi 4, 3 ; 79, 2 : 0U9, 
 xii 54, 2 ; 63, 5 : wv, xii 55, 10 ; 68, 6 : av, xviii 16, 3 : tjv, xiii 
 37, 5 ; 50, 10 : elv, xiii 70, 4 ; xiv 9, 4 : ovvtcov ol<;^ xii QQ, 2, 
 Chiastically arranged : 7roW^9 aTa')(ia<i avapxw ovar]<;, xiv 27, 
 1 ; xiii 94, 2. 
 
 The speech of Endius bristles with antitheses, xiii 52, 3-8. A 
 good one-membered antithesis is xiii 48, 7, Tov<i fjuev BovXov*: 
 iXevdepov^, tov^ Be ^evov^ 7roXLTa<;. Good antitheses are rare, 
 but see Stern, " Diodor und Theopompj^ pp. 13-17. 
 
 Diodorus makes much of Question in his speeches and his 
 encomia : xi 46, 2 ; 59, 2 : xiii 21, 4 ; 22, 1 ; 28, 2 ; 29, 4 : xiv 
 65,4. 
 
 From the preceding study we find that Diodorus follows close 
 on Polybius in syntax, and a constant observation of the vocabu- 
 lary during the working out of this paper showed that in this 
 respect also the two authors are very closely allied. Outside of 
 the parts of bks. xii and xiii that tell the story of the Pelopon- 
 
42 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 nesian War as far as Thucydides holds out, no influence of the 
 great Athenian is apparent. Dionysius of Halicarnassus is much 
 nearer the Attic standard, while New Testament Greek is greatly 
 inferior to that of our author. 
 
 Peloponnesian War. 
 
 As stated in the Introduction, a direct comparison of Diodorus* 
 account of the Peloponnesian War with its probable sources does 
 not yield data sufficient to allow the drawing of conclusions. We 
 shall now proceed to examine the account of that war as given by 
 our author and show how it readily breaks into sections, evidence 
 for more sources than one. Regard will be had for space, and so 
 only the principal variations between the parts will be given. 
 The portions of Diodorus to be under consideration are bk. xii 41 
 to end; bk. xiii 1-19; 33-107 (the Sicilian and other hidory 
 omitted). The speeches which occupy cc. 20-32 inclusive of bk. 
 xiii are properly omitted on the ground of their not being neces- 
 sary to the investigation. 
 
 A few changes in vocabulary are interesting. After xiii 48 
 hia'yaivi^ecrOat is often used, very rarely before in the Pelopon- 
 nesian War ; xii 70, 2 ; xiii 40, 2. Bt,a(j)6e[p(o, more often in 
 Thucydides than in any other author (cf. Von Essen's Index), 
 appears frequently before xiii 42, 4, at which point Thucydides 
 ceases ; and not afterwards. To be noticed also is that the Btacj)- 
 dcipeo^s of bk. xiii are, with the exception of c. 13, 4, 5, lumped 
 in the description of the last sea-fight before Syracuse, where there 
 is great probability that Diodorus looked into his Thucydides. 
 In bk. xiii iinx^ipetv holds sway completely, whereas previously 
 eTTLpaXXea-OaL had had a decided majority. Oecopco in the present 
 participle is often used in bk. xiii ; not found in bk. xii. In 
 this last mentioned book roXfidco frequently occurs, but rarely 
 afterwards. roXfidw is a favorite of Theopompus, Blass, Att. 
 Beredsamkeity ii 419, 2nd ed.; but it is not at all likely that 
 Diodorus drew this word from that author. Blass also gives as a 
 characteristic of Theopompus a large use of el/nl. This verb after 
 xiii 42, 4 becomes twice as common as before. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 43 
 
 These few words, which are of such a nature as not to be 
 affected by a change in the character of the subject-matter, point, 
 indefinitely, it is true, towards three sections : xii 41 to end ; xiii 
 1-42, 4 ; ib. 42, 4-107. A further test based on an examination 
 of the syntax will give more accurate results. 
 
 The apposition of TroXcg to the name of the town, while it is 
 common in bk. xii, does not appear after this. 
 
 As C. Schmidt, in his paper de articulo in nominibus propriis 
 apud atticos scriptoj-es pedestres, p. 29, observes that rapidity of 
 movement prompts to the disuse of the article with proper names, 
 so the stronger summarizing character of bk. xii, as compared 
 with the first part of bk. xiii, causes a decrease by half in the 
 number of articles ; and for xiii 45 ff. the ratio is still less. These 
 ratios are closely followed by the article with the names of the 
 opposing forces in the first two sections just mentioned. Varia- 
 tions in towns, islands and persons show themselves in accordance 
 with the three sections. 
 
 The demonstrative ovroq is found some twenty-five times in bk. 
 xii as 0UT09 Se, at the beginning of a sentence. This scarcely 
 appears in the first part of xiii, mostly in cc. 36-42, 4. The 
 remainder of xiii furnishes only a half dozen. Book xii has a 
 number of epanaleptic ol>to9's, which are almost wanting after- 
 wards. 
 
 We have the adverbial accusatives tovtov tov rpoirovy rovSe rov 
 TpoTTov, TOV elprj/jbivov rpoirov in bk. xii (41, 1 ; 70, 1 ; 72, 6 ; 74, 
 ^j 79, 7) ; only once in bk. xiii, c. 45, 8, tovtov tov Tpoirov, with 
 avBpairoBwv Tpoirov of 1 5, 2. 
 
 On the whole, the aorist preponderates over the imperfect. This 
 preponderance is, however, much greater in xii than in xiii, as 
 may be seen in d'yco^ aird'ya}, dOpOL^cOj BidXiyofiaCy KaTeyj^, irapa- 
 <TK6vd^co and TrXeo), which last usually has the aorist, but the 
 imperfect is found in xii 49, 4 : xiii 15, 3 ; 45, 3 ; 60, 3 ; 68, 2 ; 
 72, 2. The relatively greater compass of the narrative after xiii 
 42, 4 may be seen in the description of battles. The battle of 
 Mantinea (xii 79, 4-7) covers one page, whereas the battle in xiii 
 45-46 occupies three pages, cf. cc. 50-51 ; 97 ff. 
 
44 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 There are in bk. xii only two final sentences (50, 3 ; 61, 3), 
 while after 42, 4 bk. xiii furnishes eight. The first nineteen 
 chapters of this book have one final sentence ; cc. 33-42, 4, five. 
 
 In bk. xiii verbs of fear are followed always by firJ7roT€y in xii 
 mostly by fiij, 
 
 wcrre is followed by the infinitive, mostly the aorist, in bk. xii, 
 the present in xiii 1-19 ; but the remainder of this latter book has 
 a majority of presents among the infinitives, and also two indica- 
 tives. The correlative of coo-re in the twelfth book is T7)\iKovTo<f 
 in c. 59, 2 and oi/rw? in 58, 2, the correlative being elsewhere 
 ToaovTo^. In xiii 45-107 ovtco<; is the correlative, roaovrof; and 
 TTJXcKovTo^ once each. 
 
 iTrecSrj and oTrore are lacking in bk. xii. The former appears 
 in xiii at 10, 4 and 45, 1 ; 50, 3 ; 76, 1 ; the latter at xiii 40, 1 ; 
 45, 9 ; 45, 1 ; 46, 1. The temporal sentences of xiii 45-107 are 
 far in excess of those in the portions preceding. 
 
 Local sentences are found at xiii 41, 6 ; 50, 4 ; 51, 7 ; 106, 5 ; 
 but in no other part of the narrative. 
 
 Relatively speaking, there are three times as many relative sen- 
 tences in bk. xiii as in bk. xii. 
 
 The conditional sentences of bk. xii — four in number — all have 
 idv. There is a variety in the conditions of bk. xiii, three with 
 idvy two with av, two with el and optative, and one unreal condi- 
 tion. 
 
 As to the articular infinitive, there are sixteen in bk. xii, twelve 
 and twenty-one in the two parts of bk. xiii. Again, of those of 
 bk. xii eleven are Bia ro^s, double those of bk. xiii, and the tense 
 of this last is mainly the present, whereas the majority of Bta ro's 
 in xii have perfects (cf. Foresmann, de infin. temporum usu Thuc, 
 Oart Stud.j vi 82, a large number of perfects in Thuc, especially 
 bks. ii-iv). The five remaining art. infins. of xii are accusatives, 
 except Trepl tov ; those of the parts of xiii are genitives, nomina- 
 tives, accusatives, and seven prepositions. 
 
 Inasmuch as it is hard to detect the source of a preposition or a 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnedan War, 45 
 
 particle, much stress is laid upon these in the search for sources. 
 Then, too, the adoption of them from the source is often uncon- 
 scious, so the testimony borne by them is weighty. 
 
 'Atto. Used with persons in xii and the first section of xiii, 
 but not with persons in the second part of xiii. 
 
 'Ett/. c. ace. in expressions of time, once in xii and often after- 
 wards. The same is true of eVt c. local dative, iirl 8e tovtcov at 
 the beginning of each year after the names of archons and consuls 
 is found up to xiii 34, 1 ; not after this point. 
 
 Kara, ra Kara c. ace. of a country is common in xii and the 
 first part of xiii, and only twice in the last section. 
 
 Merd. fiera Se ravra occurs one-fourth as often in xiii 45-107 
 as previously. 
 
 Mexpi" The phrase fiixpi' Tt,v6<i, temporal, occurs a number of 
 times in the last part of xiii, not before, though its absence is not 
 due to a lack of fiexpt^'s. 
 
 JJapd. Not used locally in xii, but it is often afterwards found 
 in this use. 
 
 JJepL The phrase ol irepi c. ace. of a person is distributed in 
 the same way as the irapd just mentioned. 
 
 Yipo. Used locally only in xiii. 
 
 npo9. The phrase 7r/>09 Se tovtol^ appears in xii and xiii 1-42, 
 4 ; 7rpo9 c. dat. local, is found once in xii, and a deal of times in 
 bk. xiii. 
 
 The following particles show variations in the three sections. 
 
 "Kfjua. Only dfjba he kul in the first part of bk. xiii, at 16, 5. 
 Both the latter part of this book and bk. xii have several com- 
 binations. As a preposition, bk. xii shows only d/jua Be tovtol^ 
 TTparTo/iievoif;, whereas this phrase is not found afterwards, though 
 dfia is used with other words. 
 
 Afco Kab. There are eighteen Sco Kai's in bk. xii, four in the 
 first section of bk. xiii, and twice after c. 42, 4. 
 
 "HS?;. Once in bk. xii, four times in xiii 1-42, 4, after which it 
 does not again appear. 
 
 Kal and re. re Kai, offers relatively three times as many 
 
 examples in the first part of xiii as in the second part, and twice 
 as many as in bk. xii. There are six re-solitaria in the book just 
 mentioned, one in xiii. 
 
46 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War» 
 
 Mev. The latter part of xiii makes greater use of fiev Be 
 
 than the preceding sections in nearly the ratio 3 : 2. The to fiev 
 
 TTpcoTov fiera Be ravra of xii is replaced in xiii 45-107 by to 
 
 fiev TrpcoTov - - - Be. 
 
 In regard to sentence formation, we find that the sentences of 
 xii are on the whole shorter and have less variety than those of 
 the following book, especially in the latter part. Here are more 
 antitheses, parisa, isocola, paronomasia, and homoeotoleuta than in 
 the twelfth book. 
 
 The latter part of the Peloponnesian War fills relatively about 
 twice as much space as the narrative of the portion preceding the 
 Sicilian invasion. This may be readily seen in description of 
 battles, which are much longer in xiii 45-107, as already observed. 
 Again, six and a half years of the war are narrated in this section, 
 or about one-half the number of years in the first, though the 
 space in each is very near the same. 
 
 From xii 41 to xii 83, 6 there is not a trace of a speech. In 
 xii 83, 6 is the abstract of a speech of Nicias ; his letter in brief in 
 xiii 8, 6; and his exhortations to his soldiers, ib. 15, 2. After this 
 Diodorus gives reproaches uttered by Athenians and Syracusans, 
 ib. 17, 1, which, as well as the preceding, are in oratio obliqua. 
 Omitting the speeches of Nicolaus and Gylippus, the latter part of 
 xiii contains the speech of Endius (52, 3-8), of Callicratidas (98, 
 1) and of Diomedes (102, 2), all in oratio recta. 
 
 With this we may end the discussion of the variations between 
 the different sections of the Peloponnesian War. That there are 
 three sections has been clearly shown. The first extends from xii 
 41 to xii 82, 3 rather than to the end of the book, inasmuch as 
 the Sicilian War begins at this point and in 82, 6 is the abstract 
 of Nicias' speech, and the insertion of this makes the end of the 
 book similar in character to the first part of the following book. 
 The second section would then be xii 82, 3-xiii 42, 4. But, again, 
 a section should be made of cc. 36-42, 4 ; cf. final sentences and 
 demonstrative pronouns. This would be a third section. And the 
 fourth would be xiii 45-107. 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War, 47 
 
 Sources. Much detail that might have been given has been 
 omitted ; but it has been clearly shown that Diodorus' narrative 
 of the Peloponnesian War breaks into four sections. Hence, it is 
 scarcely credible that the narrative was drawn from one source^ 
 unless that source was itself a variegated patchwork, and this does 
 not appear to have been the condition of Ephorus, the generally 
 accepted source. The testimony concerning him does not point to 
 this. That he wrote * topically ' is against it. To show then that 
 there are four sections in the narrative is to show that Diodorus 
 made use of some other historian as well as of Ephorus. 
 
 As Collmanu, de Diodori Siculi fontihuSj Marburgi, 1869, p. 16, 
 has observed, the first section of the narrative, xii 41-82, 3, is 
 much closer to Thucydides than is the portion of the war from xii 
 82, 3 to xiii 42, 4, though CoUmann says that it is due to the 
 closer following of Thucydides by Diodorus' source. Here lies 
 the difficulty, to distinguish between the true Thucydides and 
 Thucydides as seen through Ephorus. The difficulty is, moreover, 
 enhanced by the loss of this latter writer's work, in consequence 
 of which loss he is much prized by those who seek after sources. 
 
 To see whether the material obtained in studying the different 
 sections would be of use in determining the question of the source 
 of the first section, we shall examine its peculiarities as above 
 determined. We consider them first with reference to Thucydides. 
 
 Siacjideipcoy often used in the first section, is a word of which 
 Thucydides is fond, as is seen in the 152 occurrences given by 
 Von Essen. Thucydides also likes the local Kara, for his Karats 
 of the second book are one-fifth local. In 8ca to c. infin. Thucy- 
 dides ^riots' (A. J. P., 1. c), and this is frequently found in the 
 section of Diodorus under consideration. The perfect tenses after 
 8ia TO are in both unusually abundant, re-solitarium is an ear- 
 mark of Thucydides, and we have seen that there are six such re's 
 in the first section and one afterwards. To these few signs of 
 Thucydides we may add the phrases et? ra? ^A07]va<; and e'/c r&v 
 ^Adrjvcov, which have the article in our section and almost exclu- 
 sively in Thucydides, whereas the following sections omit it. 
 KaXovfjievo<; with cities and peoples is almost confined to the first 
 section ; as, rr)v Kokovfiiprjv ^Plkttjv, 43, 1 ; ro Viov KoXovfjuevov, 
 48, 1. It is often employed by Thucydides, ii 25, 3, tov 'IxOvv 
 
48 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 KoXovjievov, an order common to both authors; ib. 17, 1 ; 23, 3; 
 65, 1. 
 
 On comparing these likenesses between Thucydides and Dio- 
 dorus with what can be learned from the fragments of Ephorus, 
 they remain unchanged, except that Ephorus occasionally employs 
 re-solitarium, cf. Diod., xii 40, 4. Ephorus and Theopompus are 
 both classed under the <y\a(l>vpa kol dvdrjpa apfiovla by Dionysius 
 Hal., de comp. verb, xxiii, but, unlike the latter, Ephorus has no 
 strongly distinctive marks. A study of his fragments has been 
 made by Blass, Alt. Beredsamkeit^ ii 427-441. The use of synony- 
 mous words in pairs is one of the marks of Ephorus, which is, 
 however, common in late Greek. Though Diodorus is fond of 
 pairing, yet it cannot be held that he has in this a sign of 
 Ephorus' influence. Nor was there found any certain linguistic 
 trace of Ephorus. 
 
 There is one variation in the first section that is of much 
 importance, inasmuch as from it we can prove the direct use of 
 Thucydides. This is the omission of speeches. In c. 47, 1 we 
 find that the Lacedaemonians had sent out a force under Archi- 
 damus, who had encamped before Plataea, and, says Diodorus, 
 fieWovTCdv 8' avTcov Brjovv rrjv '^^copav, kol TrapaKokovvrcov tou9 
 HXaraLecf; aTTOo-Trjvai tmv 'KOr^vaicov, Q)(; ov irpoa-el'Xpv avrol^y 
 iiropdrjae rrjv ')((opav Kal Ta<; Kar avrrjv KTrjaei<; i\v/jL7]vaT0. 
 Beginning with a gen. absol. as he is wont to do, Diodorus was 
 made forgetful afterwards that he began with fjueXkovrcov through 
 the phrase ax; ov Trpocret^oz/. If we turn to Thucydides, ii 71, 1, 
 rj^elro he ^ Ap')(ihafjLO^ 6 Zev^tSdfjLOV, AaKeBatfjuovLCov ^aaiXevf; " 
 Kal Kadiaa<; rov aTparov e/jbeWe BrjcaaeLV rrjv jrjv • ol Be YiXarairj^f 
 €v6v^ irpeal^ei^ irep.'y^avTe^ irpo^ avTov eXeyov rdBe, we get our 
 sentence to &)?. The end of the sentence, from eiropdrjae, came 
 from the words of Thucydides in c. 75, 1, at the close of the 
 negotiations between Archidamus and the Plataeans. Diodorus 
 avoided the speeches and so fell into a confusion, as this sentence 
 shows. It does not appear to me credible that the above sentence 
 could have been written, if Diodorus was using Ephorus. All 
 other speeches of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th books of Thucydides are 
 similarly evaded. Thucydides was hard reading to the Greek of 
 Diodorus' time, as the criticisms of Dion. Hal. show ; but it does 
 
Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 49 
 
 Dot appear that the speeches were avoided merely on this 
 account. 
 
 The two speeches of Nicolaus and Gylippus are also indications 
 that Diodorus knew something of Thucydides. Beyond abstracts 
 of a few speeches there is nothing of this kind of composition till 
 the very point at which speeches cease in Thucydides. Then, and 
 not till then, Diodorus inserts two lengthy ones, as in rivalry of 
 his great predecessor, though Bachof, Timaios als Quelle Diodors 
 /. d. Reden i. B. 13 u. 14, Jahrh. 129, 445-478, has tried to prove 
 that they are taken from Timaeus. But to write in rivalry of the 
 great men of the past is a well-known practice of the later Greeks. 
 These late Greeks, moreover, reworked that which they emulated. 
 By a beautiful rhetorical surprise, Nicolaus defends the Athenians, 
 and he does it with arguments borrowed almost entirely from the 
 speech of Diodotus in defence of the Mytileneans, Thuc. iii 42-48. 
 The situation is the same in both. Diodotus and Nicolaus both 
 say that they will discuss the question from the point of to <TVfi(f>e- 
 pov, Thuc. iii 42, 43; Diod. xiii 20, 6. Diodotus insists that those 
 who strive after the hegemony should be lenient towards those in 
 their power, Thuc. iii 47, and this is enlarged upon by Nicolaus, 
 xiii 21. The one argues that injury to the Mytileneans is injury 
 to Athens, Thuc. iii 46, the other repeats the argument in reference 
 to the captured Athenians. Each insists that it is wrong to pass 
 judgment on the persons on trial in a body, Thuc. iii 48 ; Diod. 
 xiii 27. Every argument of Diodotus except that of c. 45 is 
 reproduced by Nicolaus. But strong as this imitation is for a 
 direct use of Thucydides, equally strong is the reproduction of the 
 man Diodotus in the man Nicolaus. Neither are known in any 
 other connection, and both are types of the citizen who counsels 
 prudence. 
 
 From these considerations and from the linguistic proofs it is 
 evident that Diodorus made use of Thucydides, and that the 2nd, 
 3rd, 4th, 5th books of this author formed the basis, with Ephorus, 
 of the first section of our author's narrative of the Peloponnesian 
 War. 
 
 The sources of the remaining sections of the war cannot be 
 traced as in the case of the first. Philistus, Ephorus and Timaeus 
 
50 Diodorus and the Peloponnesian War. 
 
 exist only in fragments, so that the direct linguistic evidence for 
 which we are now seeking cannot be obtained. Though there 
 are traces of Thucydides, there is no linguistic proof that he was 
 directly used. What has been said concerning the speeches of 
 Nicolaus and Gylippus implies the use of him before these. 
 
 The third section came in all probability from Ephorus, as it 
 contains a quotation from him and agrees linguistically more 
 closely with the following section than with either of the pre- 
 ceding. M. Biidinger believes that in this section we have excerpts 
 from Thucydides, D. Universalhistoyde i, Alterthume, Wien, 1895, 
 p. 159 ; but the agreeing of the two in the matter of a few words 
 is not proof that Thucydides was used. Linguistically considered 
 no part of this section can be assigned to Thucydides. 
 
 Xenophon, Ephorus and Theopompus may, one, or all, have 
 furnished Diodorus with the material for the last section of the 
 war, xiii 45-107. Xenophon, it is agreed, did not contribute any- 
 thing, Volquardsen, 1. c, pp. 43-47 ; Wachsmuth, 1. c, 101. In 
 regard to the other two, the opinion of the majority of investi- 
 gators is in favor of Ej)horus as the source. Because of the greater 
 rhetorical character of this section, Holm {History of Greece^ Eng, 
 trans, J ii 508), following Breitenbach, assigns it to Theopompus. 
 Prof Freeman thinks that previously Diodorus had been over- 
 awed by Thucydides and that, now released from this influence, 
 he rises to a higher level. History of Sicily^ iii 437 N. 1. But he 
 grants more to Diodorus himself and does not speak of any source. 
 
 Theopompus was a forceful writer, and certain traits of style 
 can be made out from his fragments, Blass, Att. Bered., ii 419 ff. 
 (2nd ed.). Examining xiii 45-107 for the characteristics indicated 
 by Blass, we find that verbs of cirxumlocutiorif elvai, rv^x^veiv, 
 ^aivea-Oaii opaaOav, a^oovv, roX/jbdv, are not used more than usual ; 
 that there are no powerful and studied words and turns of expression 
 that need be assigned to Theopompus ; that exclamatory questions. 
 are wanting ; that climax is scarcely noticeable ; and that synony- 
 mous words in three^s are not to be found. 
 
 On the other hand, the linguistic evidence favors Ephorus, 
 inasmuch as it shows that this section is very similar to the begin- 
 ning of the eleventh book, which without doubt is derived from 
 Ephorus. Likenesses are found in vocabulary and in syntax ; as, 
 
Diodorus and the Feloponnesian War. 51 
 
 freer use of artic. in fin. and of subordinate sentence, iwl in expres- 
 sions of time, ol irepi nva, and fiexpi' tlvo^ ; but the portion of 
 book xiii surpasses that of book xi in rhetorical fullness. 
 This section, then, we would give to Ephorus. 
 
 r 
 
 We have now reached the end of this paper. In it we have set 
 forth the language and style of Diodorus, and we have examined 
 linguistically the narrative of the Feloponnesian War, in which 
 we have shown that the language of our author may be employed 
 in the investigation of his sources. We have found that there are 
 four parts to the narrative, and hence no single source. The first 
 part comes from Thucydides and another source, Ephorus ; no 
 satisfactory linguistic evidence was found for the source of the 
 second ; Ephorus was pronounced the source of the third and 
 fourth. 
 
FOURTEEN DAY USE 
 
 RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED 
 
 ^ipr^-y^&r 
 
 This book is due on the last date stamped below 
 on the date to which renewed. 
 Renewed books are subjea to immediate recall 
 
 290cV55Lr 
 
 'SWTsimyr/ 
 
 LD 21-100w-2,'55 
 (Bl39s22)476 
 
 General Library 
 
 University of California 
 
 Berkeley