A STAR ATLAS FOE STUDENTS AND OBSERVERS SHOWING 6000 STARS AND 1500 DOUBLE STARS, NEBULA &c. IN TWELVE MAPS ON THE EQUIDISTANT PROJECTION: WITH INDEX IAPS ON THE STEUEO&EAPHIC PROJECTION, BY RICHARD A. PROCTOR, AU1HO3 OF 4 THB GNOMOMC STAB ATLAS,' ' SATUEN AND ITS SYSTEM,' 'THE BUN,' 'THE MOON,' OTHEB WORLDS THAK OUIS,' E1C. SEVENTH EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED BY T. E. ESHN. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. LONDON, NEW YORK, AND BOMBAY. 1896. 771 ITU Alron. Oept. PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION. TN the present edition (1) the double stars down to magnitude seven, (2) all the variable and red stars in 'Celestial Objects for the Common Telescope,' (3) various objects of interest that have been subsequently discovered, have been inserted. The lines indicated in the Nineteenth Edition of the smaller Atlas have been followed. The Boundaries of Constellations used by Webb and Proctor are different, and, consequently, stars entered in Webb under one constellation will be found frequently within the boundaries of another in Proctor. The confusion is particularly troublesome in Map No. 1. In other maps alterations have been made either to bring two maps into harmony, or to include in their proper constellation variable stars. In some cases stars marked red have ' Va ' placed under ' Eu,' which means that there is reason to believe them variable, and they need watch- ing. A variable star announced, and to which no letter is assigned, is marked 'Va.' Struve's numbers have been generally substituted for those of Piazzi in the New Edition, a line under Struve's number indicates that it was marked with Piazzi's hour and number in the previous editions. T. E. ESPIN. Tow LAW, R.S.O., Co. Durham : June 19, 1896. 3 INTRODUCTION TO THE FOURTH EDITION, THEEE editions of this Atlas having been sold in about the time during which I had thought it likely that the first would be disposed of, it appears more persons find the atlas useful than I had expected. I have therefore thought it desirable to publish a cheaper edition of the work. I must point out that tli-jre has not been, in this case, the reason for cheapening which commonly holds with atlases. Twenty or thirty years after the date for which an atlas is constructed, the effects of precession throw the stars appreciably out of place, and though such precession arrows as I have drawn in these maps enable the observer to make ready correction, it is more convenient to use an atlas constructed nearer to date. But as yet the date (1880) for which this atlas is con- structed has not even been reached. The atlas is more nearly correct in this respect than when it was first published, and will continue to be so until the year 1890. It will not be as far from exactness (on account of precession) as the S.D.U.K. maps and Harding's Atlas now are until the year 1927. The gnomonic maps formerly used as index-plates have been replaced by a single sheet, showing the arrangement of the northern and southern maps at one view. As an index-plate this is more convenient than the former. The gnomomc. maps, which show the constellation figures (coloured), and tlxe lines of longitude and latitude to every five degrees, form, in fact, an atlas by themselves. They can now be procured of the Publishers of the present atlas, either separately (2s. Qd. each), or with a letterpress explanation, and duplicates on a black ground (7s. 6d.). For certain purposes, and especially for the interpretation of old accounts of the constellations (when, owing to precession, these were very differently situated than at present), the gnomonic atlas is useful; but since many who use this atlas will have little occasion for the gnomonic maps, it seemed to me their omission would be a suitable way of reducing the cost of the present edition. The letterpress has also been con- siderably reduced : in other respects the contents of the atlas have been improved. Many corrections and additions have been made in this edition ; inter alia, sixty or seventy stars not marked as double or triple in the earlier editions, and for the most part not known to be so, have been marked as such, a correction for which I have to thank Mr. S. W. Burnham of Chicago. The new names, devised to reduce as far as possible the writing on the maps, have been replaced by the old names, the only remaining changes being the following: For Ursa Major I write Ursa; for Canis Major, Canis; for Corona Borealis, Corona ; for Triangulum Boreale, Triangula ; for Piscis Australis, Piscis ; for Vulpecula, Vulpes ; for Equuleus, Equus ; and for Delphinus, Delphin. All corrections have been made by myself in the original drawings, which have been photo-lithographed afresh. ' The arrangement of the maps, and the methods iised in projecting them, need not be specially described here. Let it simply be noted that the sphere being supposed to be divided into twelve equal spherical pentagons, two of them polar, the twelve maps here given are equidistant projections of the twelve overlapping spherical spaces enclosed by circles circumscribing these pentagons, the maximum distortion at the border amounts only to an extension in length of one-fourteenth part in a direction perpendicular to the radius. This is scarcely appreciable. The stars are taken from the B.A. Catalogue, and include all down to the sixth magnitude inclusive. The magnitudes of that Catalogue are followed, except in the case of stars whose light 298633 4 INTEODUCTION. was measured by Sir J. Herschel ; these have been shown according to his measurement. Bayer's Greek letters have been given by preference ; next Flamsteed's letters ; and italic and roman letters pro re natd. Besides the stars of the B.A.C., forming the groundwork of the atlas, it shows : 1. All the nebulae down to the order ' Very bright ' (inclusive) in Sir J. Herschel's Catalogue, and all Messier's. 2. All binaries in Mr. Brother's Catalogue. 3. All the objects in the Bedford Catalogue. 4. All Schjellerup's red stars (293 in all). 5. All variables in a list of 136, kindly drawn up for me by Mr. Baxendell, of Manchester. 6. All stars described as double or triple in Sir J. Herschel's Cape Observations are so marked here, as also those in Mr. Burnham's list above mentioned. All ' objects ' have been named where possible ; the stars preferably (failing Greek letter or Flamsteed's number) with Piazzi's horal numbers ; nebulas preferably with Messier's numbers. The constellations are those recommended in the Introduction to the B.A. Catalogue. The boundaries are made as simple as possible : they inu*t be understood as meaning no more than this; that in the case of every star bearing a Greek letter or Flamsteed's number, the letter or number relates to that constellation within whose boundary the star is set. The authors of the B.A. Catalogue are responsible for so changing the boundaries that in some cases Greek letters and Flamsteed's numbers have had to be given up. I agree with them entirely, however. It seems to me that it would be absurd for astronomers to allow themselves to be hampered by constellation boundaries, or to be required to treat these as the geographer treats the boundaries of oceans and continents. Therefore, in laying down the boundaries I have paid no attention to any considerations except those italicised above. In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, the stars dealt with by astronomers are no longer referred to constellations ; and if the constellation boundaries and names were as entirely removed from celestial atlases as the constellation figures have been, very little inconvenience would follow. Means would have to be provided for identifying the few thousand stars now referred to constellations, in the same way that means have been found for identifying tens of thousands not so referred. After that had once been done, astronomy as an exact science would, in my opinion, gain greatly by the removal of the constellations ; though I must admit that so far as popular astronomy is concerned, I should be sorry to see the foolish old figures removed. BICHAED A. PEOCTOE. STAR MAGNITUDES. fr O . FIRST. O O THIRD. O =.- FIFT// . SIXTH. SKl'K.VTH R A DBrtr.TnB ff- AH mni wrrv VorVa VfjrtaMs *' 21 ftazzi OorOu J)i/uMr 1 T 2>ff>f>- A Qa ~ yit,it//ii/>ts y Qi yiiinr/ifj/r h Sir-/ f/r B Hinar? B' Susper&tf flwfn M //sr '*,' C 4*:-. ^ ; Hi W*i D.U & n **& 6>T v // '-->/-! / --^/ ft< '. ^x c k V/ ^ ,,^ s / / / T v 4 / /<* *j^' .-/ . '*i r ^ T^ ^ A r /// v 5JB V - f 00 R rf ~^ \ 44 'r rr / .*i '/ r ^' -./ SsAt v( .' 8 V hv^:lw N .I44 8 a X / 47 45 i/970 ^ >< a?s *f ?o./^ /? / ./ 37 ' \ X / 298 D /Jrt) rLi// -33" ite^. ill \ ^SSv*" %/; .\ / ^'D ^47 C 55" / 9*J >&> '05.103 74 M O*00 ff rp ^ x / -f^-sr ATK^ '72 40 43 ^ ?' / / "? s 41 L'y ^V h-- *20 Aar x oy " 'N / '\ / \ ,, / .'25 86 .R, ^^^ * rt6 e 'zag ' \ / / x / / A/ J^O ao ^ Dor-, r T n R TTie eJfrt'H>f, i/u/K-ri/r srxsit'niif mt'tii' for WC ftnrx. ABB R K VIATJON S. Ror Ru Kerf Tr Ternary VorVa I'dJ-iaJrlf *' 21 ftazzi DorDu J)f>u*>lf 3> - Srteve T - J)yt>ff A 2)unle>f> Qi quintuplr h B B'. Su.sperfes/ jtuiarv M /? ^>Vriry Multifile M /fria nrfai/a./ Jfrx.ii,-r 1(1. V. 10. HANHART M A IP 1 e&&bJl4& 3 S T .A R M A G N I T U D K S '.: NEBULA. ''asul under; ass, urrvws jtrecrssiatHtl nuili fhr ltt<> fetus, ABBREVIATIONS. Ror Ru Reel Tr Ternary VorVa ItviaMe ?! - 21 Tfczrzz DorDu - JDmi< I Stnire T 7>^ A - flunlop Qa qiuuimple $ SirWffrrscfif/ Q l Qiantuptr h Sir.f.ffrrseft't B B' - X M ^ .SV5ay/ M ftnantfaJa.; Jff.i.iiff .; I[I.V. 10. HANHART STAR MAGNITUDES. _ FIRST. SECOND. THIRD. >: NEBULA. . wrcivs tsu/it/i ft>r !(>/> tears ABB RE VI AT IONS. RorRu Red, VorVa DorDu --- J)auMe T Tr - Ternary 2 J - 21 fterzzi I Triple, A Qa - Quadruple \$ Qi - Qtfintuf' ff h B B ? S M M ffo a nritla,j Jtfssief H V 10. HANH ART STAR MAGNITUDES. o e :: NEBULA. FI&ST. FOURTH. fffTff. S-fXTff. MA t* arrvws nrece-ssion for IOC Mar* ABBREVIATIONS. DorDu T ' 150 ^ ' 3 A Ak%l ^7 M f to a. Star; M ft*n*M-J . 10. 40 H ANHART :: NEBULA ITie arri'ws irutii.-atr the swnaJ. motion feats. A B B K E VI _AT IONS 21 RorRu 7?^ Tr VorV.-i DorDu - T - 7>^/ A Qa, quwtruple H Si Qi yuintiifjtf h Sir./.fferscttel- B Jtwrtri' B'. Su.i/fnfft/ /I atari' M //> .S'*r^/ Afulfifi/f M 'tnanetufa./ Me**"'/' i]i.V. 10. >: NEBULA 40 20 ITut arrows uu&cate liie n tears. AB BRJE VIAT1ON S. Ror Ru Red Tr - Irinary YorVa PizTraMe- *J 21 ftazzi OorDu DtiuMt T - Triple- Qa, Qi B y Sir-tt'ffrtscflff, Qurnfuplf h Str./.ffrr\,-/ir/ Jit nary B ; M '* , > M Multifile. HANHART Vlulrhtjl MAF 77i.e arrenrs indicate t/ie precesswnal mcluin, fkr IOf> fears ABBREVIATION S Ror Ru -- Red, Tr 7>tnaj;v YorVa - VariaMf I 1 = 21 fiazzi DorDu JJouMc 2 S&we T Triple- A flunlep Qa, - quadrupfe. \} Qi iOTitulc h fiir-fffrmebet M /Kr>a neAula./ ^ Mfxsiff -.V. 10. H A N H < -'A S TAR MAGNITUD E S . Q to Q _ FIRST. O to O SECOWD Oto O O = F/FTff. SIXTH ivrctfs {su&caJz tfie J. mst Kars. Vuspecersl. Jiinary a, Sear/ ^~ Jfulfifle fifiwfa./ Jfrsxier H.V. 10. STAR MAGNITUDES ^S to {R O O o o o _ FIRST. _ SECOND _ THIRD. FOURTH _ FIFTH = S-IXTH ITtf arrows uu&cate. tfie processional nwtion forlOOKars. ABBREVIATIONS. , Qi Qiana^ptf, h - Sir-ffferscM B Einsery B'. SuspeMrjf JiirtMry M /* * .i'Aw"/ MulOpte M ftoanetula,/ Jlrssur toa.nxtub- .V. 10 HANHART Photo Iff STAR MAGNITUDES. _ FIRST. _ SECOND. _ THIRD. _= FOURTH. _= FIFTH. . SIXTH. '"Q o O O o e :: IfEBULA. M JTie arrows uuA^aff Ifie su>nal mvticn. for 100 Kars. \5 Tr - Tt-mary Z J - 21 J)ouMf 1 - Struve 7>y>&- A Dunlop Quadruple ^ SirWfftrsrfift Qumfupte h fi I[I.V. 10. HAN HART Pht'tri MM. STAR MAGNITUDES. A _ FIRST. to _ SECOND. O O -= TJfZJRS. O FOURTH. O . FIFTH. :: KEBULA. SEVESfTH. 40 XX * - tjrri'ir* tJtt/ifaJ* t/tr .tif naJ rm'tivtt /r>r Wfl ABBKK VIATION S. Ror Ru - A?rf Tr - Trmaty VorVa VarraMe- 5 DorDu - 2>y>lf A Qa, - Quatfruplf H SirH'SrrstftrS Qi Quintuplr h B Binary B ; y \K ftoa. StarJ M ftnanehilaj M'fSi'r W V. 10. HANHART Phftf llfb NORTHERN INDEX MAP 1880 On the Ste Projection, Shewing ail the space, covered Jy the, six Northern, maps , and, those parts of the Southern, maps which li*> North of 12 "South Dec* London,, Lonamans Jc C On. t}us globe. tJie aretes I, ?. -t.fi. 8. and, 1O are eyuui to car.h. otiuer. and, a.lfO to those circles ft) which the, overlaps, 3.5,7.9 and 11 belong Th& dates round the map are- those on* t^hioh the corresponding meridians come to the South fin, Northern, latitudes) at midnight, H A fractor. M r E WeUcr.Litho SOUTHERN INDEX MAP 1880 B. the, space' covered by the. six SoutJiarn, maps, And, those parts of the Northern, maps which- lie< London,, Longmans & C? On foe, globe the circles 12.3,6, 7, 9 and U are equal to eo^ch other, and. also to those circles to which the over Laps 2.4,6,8. andw belong The dates round th> map are those on. WnW thf- corresponding mftidinns cam& to the South (inNorthrrn R A Proctor . K Wetter. Litho UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. JCVCIU1II III lllaK JLIUI11 >V11U II LnjllUWCU* This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. M\IJ>^ TF JONDMY LIB KJARY ^ \j U 1 1 j -^ "^ i t 1 I/^Q /X / Pr\ / ^ Rec'd UCB / JUL 171996 LD 21-100m-ll,'49(B714 5816)476 003757145=1 298633 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY