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MANUAL OF 
 
 BRITISH BOTANY 
 
 CONTAINING THE FLO WEEING PLANTS 
 
 AND FEENS AEEANGED ACCOEDING TO 
 
 THE NATUEAL OEDEES 
 
 BY THE LATE 
 
 CHARLES CARDALE BABINGTON 
 
 M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S. 
 Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge 
 
 NINTH EDITION 
 
 ENLARGED FROM THE AUTHOR'S MANUSCRIPTS 
 AND OTHER SOURCES 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HENRY AND JAMES GROVES 
 
 LONDON 
 GUENEY & JACKSON, PATEENOSTEE EOW 
 
 (SUCCESSORS TO MR VAN VOORST) 
 
BIOLOGY 
 
 " Quod ad me attinet, ingenue fatear, me in rebus dubiis de speciflca differentia 
 nuniquam consulere Auctores, qui in herbariis plantis multis, sed eos modo, qui 
 in natura plantis multum student. At iis, qui ad pneceptas opiniones ei-perien- 
 tiam suam concinnant et in singulo extern* faeiei lusu, neglectis notis t-ssentiali 
 lu, formas transitorias vident, paruin fido." FRits. 
 
 PiilNTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEl.T STREET. 
 
i 
 
 PREFACE BIOLOGY 
 
 ! 
 
 [to the Eighth Edition]. 
 
 Ix this work it has been the Author's wish to adopt in all 
 cases those names which have the claim of priority, unless 
 good cause should be shown for a contrary proceeding ; and 
 with this object he has carefully examined nearly all the 
 best European Floras, comparing our plants with the de- 
 scriptions contained in them, and in most cases with 
 foreign specimens of undoubted authenticity. In the adop- 
 tion of genera and species an endeavour has been made, 
 by the examination of the plants themselves, to determine 
 which are to be regarded as truly distinct, thus, it is 
 hoped, taking Nature as a guide. Still, let it not be sup- 
 posed that any claim is made to peculiar accuracy, or that 
 the Author considers himself qualified to dictate to any 
 student of botany ; for he is well aware that there are 
 many points upon which persons who have carefully studied 
 the subject form different conclusions from those to which 
 he has been led. 
 
 The progress of our knowledge has caused changes in 
 the nomenclature in successive editions of this book and 
 in the Author's views of the value of forms as species 
 or varieties. The inconvenience of these alterations to 
 all, especially to statistical botanists, is fully admitted ; but 
 the Author does not know of any mode by which it cart 
 be avoided if each edition is to be brought up as completely 
 as is in his power to the contemporary knowledge of our 
 plants. No alterations have been admitted until careful 
 
 a2 
 5*8 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 study has convinced the Author that they are required. 
 He may have fallen into error, but has earnestly endea- 
 voured to discover the truth. 
 
 Attempts have been made greatly to reduce the number 
 of recognized species found in Britain ; but the results ob- 
 tained seem to be so totally opposed to the teaching of the 
 plants themselves, and the evidence adduced in their 
 favour is so seldom more than a statement of opinion, that 
 they cannot safely be adopted ; nor does the plan of the 
 present work admit of a discussion, of the many questions 
 raised by them. Also it has been laid down as a rule by 
 some botanists, that no plant can be a species whose dis- 
 tinctive characters are not as manifest in an herbarium 
 as when it is alive. We are told that our business as 
 descriptive botanists is not " to determine what is a 
 species/' but simply to describe plants so that they may 
 be easily recognized from the dry specimen. The Author 
 cannot agree to this rule. Although he, in common 
 with other naturalists, is unable to define what is a species, 
 he believes that species exist, and that they may often be 
 easily distinguished amongst living plants, although some- 
 times separated with difficulty when dried specimens alone 
 are examined. He thinks that it is our duty as botanists 
 to study the living plants whenever it is possible to do so, 
 and to describe from them ; to write for the use and in- 
 struction of field- rather than cabinet-naturalists ; for the 
 advancement of a knowledge of the plants rather than for 
 the convenience of possessors of herbaria : also that the 
 differences which we are able to describe as distinguishing 
 plants b^ing taken from their more minute organs, does not 
 invalidate their claim to distinction. It seems to be our 
 business to decide upon the probable distinctness of plants 
 before we attempt to define them to make the species 
 afford the character, not the character define the species. 
 
PKEFACE. V 
 
 This volume being intended as a field-book or travelling 
 companion for botanists, it is advisable to restrict the space 
 allotted to each species as much as possible ; and accordingly 
 the characters and observations are only such as appear to 
 be necessary for an accurate discrimination of the plants. 
 Facts relating to their geographical distribution are there- 
 fore usually omitted. Synonyms have been almost wholly 
 omitted ; but the plates of the original English Botany or 
 some other British plates are quoted. Syme's English 
 Botany may well be used by those who desire full de- 
 scriptions of the plants ; and the plates in that work have 
 often had valuable additions made to those of the old Eng- 
 lish Botany, from which most of them are taken. Localities 
 are only given for new or rare plants ; Mr. Watson's works 
 and the numerous local floras render it unnecessary incon- 
 veniently to swell the present volume by their introduction. 
 But in order to convey some idea of the distribution of 
 plants throughout the United Kingdom, the letters E., S., 
 or I. have been appended to the descriptions of such species 
 as have, it is believed, been found in England, Scotland, 
 or Ireland. The descriptions of a considerable number of 
 plants which only occur in the Channel Islands, and are, 
 therefore, not properly parts of the British Flora ; or which, 
 although included in our lists, there is reason to suppose 
 have never been really detected in Britain ; or, although 
 naturalized, have very slender claims to be considered 
 aboriginal natives; or which are now supposed to be lost 
 by the alterations made in the places where they were 
 found by our predecessors ; are included within [] ; and 
 notices of a few plants concerning which more accurate 
 information is requisite, are distinguished in a similar 
 manner. It is hoped that by this arrangement the truly in- 
 digenous species will be clearly distinguished from those 
 which have little or no claim to be considered aboriginal 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 or even thoroughly naturalized. The attempt to do this 
 is necessary for two seemingly contradictory reasons, 
 namely : the great tendency of many collectors to consider 
 native any plant found growing upon a spot where it is 
 not cultivated ; and the peculiar scepticism of some of our 
 "botanists concerning the claims of many local or thinly 
 scattered species to be admitted as indigenous, even when 
 their distribution upon the European continent is not un- 
 favourable to the belief that they may inhabit Britain. It 
 has been recommended that the descriptions of these ex- 
 cluded species should be placed in an Appendix or even 
 omitted ; but as some of them are not unlikely to be observed 
 by collectors, it is more convenient that they should be 
 arranged with their allies. Those who desire to obtain a 
 complete knowledge of the distribution of our plants should 
 consult Watson's Cybele Britannica, and Moore & More's 
 Oybele Hibernica. 
 
 Full characters of the Natural Orders are to be found in 
 most of the best ' Introductions to Botany ' ; and it has 
 therefore not been considered advisable to give them in 
 detail in the present volume. In his definitions, the Author 
 has endeavoured to point out the characteristic marks, more 
 especially as far as British plants are concerned. 
 
 In using this book the student will find it convenient to 
 pay attention to the italicized parts of the generic and spe- 
 cific characters, and, if they are found to agree with the plant 
 under examination, then to compare it with the other parts 
 of those characters, and also with those of allied genera and 
 species. 
 
 It is most desirable that the students of our native flora 
 should not confine their attention to books published in this 
 country. Owing to such an unavoidable restriction we fell 
 far behind our continental brethren during the earlier part 
 of the present century. A few modern works may be 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 named which will assist them in their studies. Koch's 
 Synopsis filorce Germanicce, ed. 2, and Grenier and Godron's 
 Flore de France are strongly recommended, also, although 
 in a rather less degree, Lloyd's Flore de ? Quest de la France, 
 Brebisson's Flore de la Normandie, and Cosson and Ger- 
 main's Plore des environs de Paris, ed. 2. Boreau's Flore 
 du Centre de la France, ed. 3, and the scattered papers of 
 M. Alexis Jordan of Lyons are valuable for the study of 
 varieties ; for many of their species can claim no higher 
 rank. But, above all, the works of Fries deserve careful 
 study especially his Novitice Florce Suecicw, with its three 
 Mantissas, and Summa Vegetabilium Scandinavia?. It is 
 necessary to warn students against the very common error 
 of supposing that they have found one of the plants de- 
 scribed in a foreign Flora when in reality they have only 
 gathered a variety of some well-known British plant. The 
 risk of falling into such errors renders it necessary to con- 
 sult such works as those of Messrs. Borean and Jordan with 
 great caution, lest we should be misled by descriptions, most 
 accurate, indeed, hut often rather those of individuals than 
 species. Amongst plants so closely allied as are many 
 of those called species in some continental works, it is 
 scarcely possible to arrive at a certain conclusion without 
 the inspection of authentic specimens. 
 
 The Author takes this opportunity of returning most 
 sincere thanks to his botanical friends and correspondents 
 (far too numerous to record by name) for the great assist- 
 ance they have again rendered to him by the communica- 
 tion of valuable suggestions, observations, and specimens. 
 
 The book has been again carefully revised throughout, 
 so as, if possible, to keep pace with the rapidly advancing 
 knowledge of British plants. 
 
 As many as possible of the real English names are given. 
 All the genera and species could not be thus named, owing 
 
VI 11 PREFACE. 
 
 to the absence of any recognized English terms which have 
 been applied to them. It does not seem desirable to invent 
 or adopt new English names, known only to botanists, for 
 the few genera which have them not, the Latin name being 
 sufficient in those cases, and better in the original than in 
 <m Anglicized form. . . . 
 
 It is hoped that those who use this book will favour the 
 author with information of any (even the slightest) addi- 
 tion, correction or alteration that may appear to be neces- 
 sary, in order that it may be employed in the preparation 
 -of a future edition, as it is only through such assistance 
 that the flora of an extensive country can attain to even a 
 moderate degree of perfection. 
 
 Cambridge, July 15, 1881. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION. 
 
 The primary object of this edition is to publish the notes 
 in the late Author's interleaved copy of the former edition, 
 but some years having elapsed since the last of these 
 entries, it has been necessary to make further additions, 
 so as to include some of the results of more recent work. 
 
 At the urgent request of Mrs. Babington we agreed 
 to act as Editors, feeling that it would be a great mis- 
 fortune if so useful a work for more than half a century 
 practially the only critical handbook to our Flora were 
 not republished. Owing to the claims of business and in- 
 terruptions from other causes there has been a considerable 
 delay in the completion of our task. 
 
 Of the late Professor Babington's notes, some were 
 alterations and additions ready for insertion in the book, 
 while others were merely references and memoranda for 
 further investigation. The latter class we have tried to 
 deal with as nearly as possible in the spirit of the rest of 
 the work. It was Mrs. Babington's particular wish that 
 the text as amended by the Author should not be interfered 
 with. Owing to this limitation, we have been unable to 
 make alterations in the treatment of some of the critical 
 genera which might perhaps have been desirable. 
 
 Those species and varieties and additional characters 
 and remarks which we have inserted are printed in 
 smaller type, and, where interjected in the text, are included 
 in square brackets. Many varieties recently described 
 or indicated as British we have thought too trivial to 
 
 a 5 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 particularise. We have inserted a few well-authenticated 
 additional localities, but have not attempted any general 
 revision of this part of the work. 
 
 In the case of Hieracium, the number of species recognized 
 in this country has so greatly increased during the last 
 twenty years, that it has been thought desirable to substi- 
 tute an entirely fresh account of the genus, and this has 
 been drawn up by Miss Rachel P. Thompson, under the 
 guidance of Mr. F. J. Hanbury, and forms a very valuable 
 addition to the book. 
 
 In the somewhat similar case of Rulus, Professor 
 Babington having for so many years been the recognized 
 authority on the genus in this country, it \\ as felt that it 
 would not be fitting for his account to be removed from 
 the book, although it was clear that he had intended to 
 rewrite it. It was therefore arranged by the kind per- 
 mission of the Rev. W. Moyle Rogers to reprint, as an 
 appendix, a conspectus of the groups and species, from 
 that gentleman's admirable ' Handbook of British Ruli? 
 
 During the past twenty years great changes have taken 
 place in the matter of nomenclature. The publication of 
 the * Index Kewensis ' and other lesser works bearing on 
 the subject, besides greatly facilitating the study of 
 botanical literature, has demonstrated how imperfectly 
 the laws of priority as regards names have been observed 
 in the past. It is only by a strict observance of these 
 laws that any approach to finality is likely to be reached, 
 and we have therefore adopted the earliest names as far 
 as we have been able to ascertain them, taking 1753 as 
 the starting-point for both genera and species. In doing 
 this we have had to make a large number of alterations 
 in names and authorities. 
 
 It has only been possible for us to carry out this work 
 by the kindness of the many friends and correspondents, 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 too numerous to mention individually, who have been ever 
 ready to help us with information and by the loan of 
 specimens and books, and this assistance we gratefully 
 acknowledge. We are especially indebted to Mr. F. J. 
 Hanbury for placing his own and the Boswell herbarium 
 entirely at our service, to Mr. Arthur Bennett for his fre- 
 quent help with specimens and notes, to Mr. J". Britten and 
 Mr. "VV. P. Hiern for valuable advice and assistance especi- 
 ally in matters of nomenclature, to Mr. E. G. Baker and 
 Dr. Eendle for kind help in referring to books and specimens 
 at the Natural History Museum, to Messrs. A. Fryer and 
 F. Townsend for assistance with Potamogeton and Euphrasia 
 respectively, and to Messrs. Colgan and Scully for kindly 
 furnishing us with a list of additions to the Irish Flora. 
 
 H. & J. CT. 
 
 London, May 1904. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 P. 26, line 31, for " RADIC'ULA" read " RADI'CULA." 
 P 64', line 29, after " 538 " add " Cerastium, L. 
 P. 67, line 18, after " viii " read " Spergularia, Pers. 
 P'. 2*24, line 7, after " Carduus " add " marianu*. 
 P! 413,' line 23, for " Buchan" read "Buehen." 
 
A GLOSSAEY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE TERMS USED IN THE MANUAL. 
 
 Accumlent ; used to express the application of the edges of the 
 
 cotyledons to the radicle in the seeds of Crucifers. 
 Achene ; a hard dry one-seeded superior pericarp. 
 Acicular ; needle-shaped ; very slender from a slightly broader 
 
 base. 
 
 Acotyledonous ; without distinct cotyledons. 
 Acuminate ; drawn out into a long point, but with the sides 
 
 slightly hollowed. 
 Acute ; sharp ; forming an angle less than a right angle at tha 
 
 tip. 
 Adhering ; uniting together of two different parts, as a calyx to 
 
 an ovary. 
 
 Adnate ; attached throughout their whole length. Adnate an- 
 thers have their lobes so attached to the filament. Stipules 
 
 are often adnate to the petiole by one of their edges. 
 Adpressed ; pressed close to any thing. 
 Adpressed-serrate ; serrate with the teeth lying closely on each 
 
 other or to the edge of the leaf. 
 JEstwal ; produced in summer. 
 
 ^Estivation ; the arrangement of the floral organs in the bud. 
 Albumen ; nutritious matter contained in the seed to feed the 
 
 young plant ; more correctly called perisperm. 
 Alternate ; placed successively on the oppo.-ite sides of an axis, 
 
 as in the case of leaves ; or opposite to the spaces between 
 
 the parts of the next whorl in flowers. 
 Amplexicaul \ clasping the stem with their base. 
 Anastomosing-, veins combining with each other at their ends. 
 Annual plants rise from the seed, flower, and die in the same 
 
 year. 
 
 Annular j forming a ring. 
 
 Anterior ; the part of a flower next the bract or in front. 
 Anther ; the part of the stamen which contains the pollen. 
 Apex ; the end furthest from the point of attachment. 
 Apical; at or relating to the apex. 
 Apiculate ; having a very small hard point at the end, usually 
 
 formed by the tip of the midvein. 
 
XIV GLOSSARY. 
 
 Apocarpous ; fruit formed of carpels which are quite separate. 
 
 Approximate ; close together. 
 
 Arching ; curved into the form of an arch. 
 
 Arcuate ; curved so as to form a considerable part of a circle. 
 
 Aril j an aftergrowth from the placenta or seedstalk surrounding 
 the seed. 
 
 Arillode ; an aftergrowth from the lips of the foramen (or ter- 
 minal opening of seed). 
 
 Ascending ; curving upwards into a vertical position. 
 
 Asperous ; rough with short raised points. 
 
 Attenuate ; narrowing gradually to a point. 
 
 Auricled; having auricles, or appendages at the base of tire 
 leaves. 
 
 Awn ; a long-pointed bristle-like appendage, as the beard of 
 Barley. 
 
 Awned ; having awns. 
 
 Axil ; the upper angle formed by the union of the stem and 
 leaf. 
 
 Axillary ; placed in an axil. 
 
 Axis ; the line passing through the centre of any thing ; the 
 common stalk of the flowers in a spikelet of Grasses. 
 
 Baccate ; pulpy like a berry. 
 
 Base ; the end nearest the point of attachment. 
 
 Beak ; a long pointed projection. 
 
 Bearded ; having long hair like a beard. 
 
 Berry ; a pulpy fruit containing several seeds ; a true bacca 
 
 when inferior, a uva when superior. 
 Biennial plants spring from the seed in one year, flower in the 
 
 following year, and then die. 
 Bifariously ; arranged in two rows, one on each side of any 
 
 thing. 
 
 Bifid ; divided halfway down into two parts. 
 Bipartite ; divided nearly to its base into two parts. 
 Bipinnate ; when the divisions of a pinnate leaf are themselves 
 
 pinnate. 
 
 Bipinnatifid ; when the divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are them- 
 selves pinnatifid. 
 Biternate ; when the divisions of a ternate leaf are themselves 
 
 ternate. 
 
 Boatshaped ; resembling a small boat. 
 Bracteoles ; minute bracts. 
 Bracts ; small leaves somewhat different from the others, seated 
 
 on the inflorescence. 
 
 Bulb ; a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usually placed underground. 
 Bulbiferous ; bearing bulbs on its stem. 
 Bulblike j resembling a bulb in appearance, but solid. 
 
GLOSSAKY. XV 
 
 Bulbous ; having radical bulbs. 
 
 Bulbous hairs have a round swelling at their base. 
 
 Ccespitose ; growing in tufts from the root. 
 
 Calyx; the outer whorl of leaflike organs forming the flower, 
 
 usually green, called sepals. 
 Capillary ; like very slender threads. 
 Capitate : growing in heads or close clusters ; having a knob 
 
 like the head of a pin. 
 Capsular ; like a capsule. 
 
 Capsule ; a dry usually many-seeded seed-vessel. 
 Carpel ; the divisions of the ovary or capsule : sometimes one 
 carpel forms an ovary, being rolled up so that its edges 
 meet. 
 Carpophore ; the stalk of the ovary or capsule within the outer 
 
 whorls of the flower. 
 Catkin ; a deciduous unisexual spike of crowded flowers in 
 
 which the perianths are replaced by bracts. 
 Cauline ; growing from the stem, not radical. 
 Cellular tissue ; a collection of minute vesicles filled with fluid. 
 Chaffy ; covered with minute membranous scales. 
 Channelled ; hollowed somewhat like a gutter. 
 Cilia ; hairs placed like eyelashes on the edge of any thing. 
 Ciliate ; with cilia. 
 
 Circinate ; rolled up from the top towards the base like a crosier. 
 Clavate; clubshaped. 
 Claw ; the narrow base of a petal. 
 Clawed ; having a claw. 
 Cleft ; deeply cut, but not to the midrib. 
 Clubshaped a long solid body which is slender at the base and 
 
 gradually thickens upwards. 
 Cluster ; a kind of dense cyme ; also the patches of capsules in 
 
 Ferns. 
 
 Cessions ; with a fine pale-blue bloom. 
 Cohering ; the attachment to each other of similar parts ; as the 
 
 petals forming a gamopetalous corolla. 
 
 Collapsing; shrinking together. The submersed and much- 
 divided leaves of aquatic plants often collapse into a form 
 
 like a painter's pencil, when removed from the water. 
 Columf-lla ; a cylindrical central placenta. 
 Commissure ; the inner faces of the carpels (mericarps) of Um- 
 
 belli ferae, by which they join. 
 Compound ; formed of many similar parts which ultimately and 
 
 naturally separate from each other. A. compound umbel 
 
 has small umbels on its branches. 
 Compressed; when flattened laterally. 
 Conduplicate ; folded upon each other lengthwise. 
 
XVI GLOSSARY. 
 
 Cone ; fruit of a fir-tree. 
 
 Conical-, a solid figure narrowing- to a point from a circular 
 
 base. 
 
 Connate ; when two similar parts, as leaves, are slightly con- 
 nected round the stem. 
 Connective ; the continuation of the filament between the cells 
 
 of an anther. 
 Connivent ; converging. 
 Constricted ; narrowed at some point as if by the pressure of a 
 
 string. 
 
 Contiguous petals touch or overlap by their edges. 
 Converging ; their points gradually approaching. 
 Convolute ; rolled together lengthwise. 
 Cordate ; ovate, acute, with two rounded lobes at the base ; 
 
 like the figure of the heart on cards : a cordate-based leaf 
 
 is of any shape, but has the two lobes at its base. 
 Coriaceous ; leathery ; firm, dry, tough. 
 Conn : a fleshy bulblike, but solid, not scaly underground 
 
 stem. 
 
 Corneous ; like horn, 
 Corolla ; the whorl of floral leaves between the calyx and 
 
 stamens, usually coloured, called petals. 
 Corymb ; a raceme with the peduncles becoming gradually 
 
 shorter as they approach the top, so that all the flowers 
 
 are about on a level. 
 Corymbose ; in the form of a corymb. 
 Cotyledons ; the seed-lobes, often forming the first leaves of the 
 
 plant. 
 Crenate ; with rounded marginal teeth. When these are again 
 
 crenate, the whole is doubly crenate ; not bicrenate, which 
 
 means having two such teeth. 
 
 Crenatures ; the blunt rounded teeth of a crenate leaf. 
 Cremdate ; minutely crenate. 
 Crested ; having an appendage like a crest. 
 Crowned ; having an appendage on the upper side at the base 
 
 of the limb, as some petals. 
 Cruciform-, four parts, as petals, arranged so as to form a 
 
 cross. 
 
 Cmstaceous ; hard, thin and brittle. 
 Cuneate ; like a wedge, but attached by its point. 
 Cuspidate ; abrupt, but with a point starting suddenly from the 
 
 middle of its end. 
 Cuticle ; the external skin. 
 Cylindrical ; nearly in the form of a cylinder. 
 Cyme ; inflorescence formed of a terminal flower, beneath which 
 
 are lateral branches each having a terminal flower and 
 
 lateral branches again similarly dividing, and so on. A 
 
GLOSSAKY. XY11 
 
 globose cyme lias flowers so placed as to form a globose 
 mass. A scorpioid cynie produces only the external branch 
 of each pair, except the first. 
 Cymose ; arranged in a cynie. 
 
 Deciduous ; falling off. 
 
 Declining ; straight, but pointing downwards. 
 
 Decumbent ; lying on the ground, but tending to rise at the end. 
 
 Decurrent; when the limb of a leaf is prolonged down the 
 
 stem below the point of attachment of the midrib. 
 Decussate ; opposite leaves, but the successive pairs placed at 
 
 right angles to each other. 
 
 Deflexed ; curved downwards or towards the back. 
 Dehiscence ; the mode in which an organ opens. 
 Deltoid ; fleshy with a triangular transverse section. 
 Dentate ; with short equilateral triangular teeth. When these 
 
 are again dentate, the whole is doubly dentate, not bidentate, 
 
 which means having two teeth. 
 Denticulate ; finely dentate. 
 
 Depressed ; when flattened vertically or at the top. 
 Determinate inflorescence ends in a flower. 
 Dicotyledonous ; with two opposite cotyledons. 
 Didymous ; formed of two similar parts attached to each other 
 
 by a small portion of their margin. 
 Diffuse ; widely spreading. 
 Digitate-, fingered; of several leaves all starting from the top 
 
 of the petioles. 
 
 Dioecious ; with the sexes on different plants. 
 Disk ; a fleshy space from which the stamens and pistils spring, 
 
 or between them ; the central part of a head (capitulum j. 
 Dissepiments j vertical plates dividing an ovary into parts : 
 
 septa. 
 Distichous', arranged above each other in two rows on opposite 
 
 sides of an axis. 
 
 Distinct ; separate from its neighbours. 
 Divaricate ; spreading at an obtuse angle. 
 Diverging ; gradually separating. 
 Dorsal ; attached to, or on the back. 
 
 Drupe -, a one-celled superior fruit, not bursting, fleshy exter- 
 nally, stony within, containing one or two seeds. 
 
 Echinate ; armed with straight slender prickles like a hedge- 
 hog. 
 
 Elliptic ; oval but acute at each end. 
 Elongate ; much lengthened. 
 Emarginate ; slightly notched at the end. 
 Embryo ; the young plant as first seen in the seed. 
 
XV111 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Entire ; not toothed nor lobed at the edge. 
 
 Epidermis; the skin. 
 
 Epigynous ; apparently seated upon the ovary. 
 
 Epipetalous ; borne on the petals. 
 
 Epiphytes ; plants growing upon others, but not deriving 
 
 nourishment from their juices. 
 Equalling ; when the ends of organs rise to the same height 
 
 even though their relative lengths are different. 
 Equitant ; when a conduplicate organ covers the edges of 
 
 another similarly folded, and that covers a third, and 
 
 so on. 
 Erect ; standing nearly perpendicular to that from which it 
 
 grows, as a seed rising from the base of an ovary ; at right 
 
 angles to its support. 
 Exceeding ; when an organ extends beyond an adjoining organ, 
 
 but is not necessarily itself longer than it. 
 Excnrrent; extending beyond the edge or point. 
 Exserted\ projecting beyond that which surrounds its base. 
 Extrorse anthers have the slit by which the pollen escapes 
 
 directed from the cvary. 
 
 Falcate ; like a sickle. 
 
 Falling short of; the reverse of exceeding. 
 
 Fasciculate; when several similar parts are collected into a 
 
 bundle and spring from the same spot ; often the developed 
 
 leaves of an undeveloped axillary branch form a fascicle. 
 Fastigiate ; when all the branches are parallel and point 
 
 upwards. 
 
 Feathery ; like a feather in structure. 
 Felted ; tomentose. 
 
 Fibre ; a hair-like kind of elementary structure. 
 Fibrous ; having many threadlike parts. 
 Filament ; the stalk usually found supporting an anther. 
 Filiform ; like a thread. 
 Flaccid; weak. 
 Flexuose ; zigzag, usually changing its direction at each 
 
 joining. 
 
 Floccose ; with little tufts like wool. 
 Follicle; an inflated 1-celled carpel, opening by only one suture 
 
 to which several seeds are attached. 
 Forked ; like a fork of two prongs. 
 Frond ; the leaflike part of Ferns. 
 Fruit; the seed-vessel with its ripe contents and any external 
 
 appendages. 
 Fruit-bearing ; the state of the inflorescence when the fruit is 
 
 ripe or nearly so, contradistinguished from flower-bearing. 
 Fruticose ; shrubby. 
 
GLOSSARY. XIX 
 
 Fugacious ; soon falling off. 
 
 Funnel-shaped-, tubular below, but gradually enlarging upwards. 
 
 Furcate; forked. 
 
 Fusiform ; spindle-shaped ; thick, tapering to each end. 
 
 Gamosepalous yamopetalous; when the sepals or petals are 
 joined by their edges so as apparently to form one. 
 
 Gennen ; the ovary. 
 
 Gibbous ; swollen on one side. 
 
 Glabrous ; without hairs or other clothing. 
 
 Gland ; a wartlike cellular secreting organ usually raised above 
 the surface. 
 
 Glandular ; having glands. 
 
 Glandular-hairy ; having hairs tipped with glands. 
 
 Glandular-serrate ; having short teeth tipped with glands. 
 
 Glaucous ; green with a whitish-blue lustre. 
 
 Globose ; round like a globe. 
 
 Glumes ; the scales enclosing the spikelet of flowers in Grasses ; 
 the imbricate bracts enclosing the flowers of Sedges. 
 
 Glumiferous ; having flowers covered by glumes. 
 
 Granular] covered with minute projecting points. 
 
 Habit ; the general appearance of a plant. 
 
 Haft ; a winged leaf-stalk ; the linear part of a spathulate leaf 
 
 or petal. 
 Hastate ; enlarged at the base into two lobes directed nearly 
 
 horizontally. 
 Head a close terminal collection of flowers surrounded by an 
 
 involucre. 
 
 Helmet ; the hooded upper part of a flower. 
 Helmet-shaped ; arched and concave like a helmet. 
 Herbaceous-, the parts of plants which are not woody; also 
 
 organs, or parts of them, of a green colour. 
 Hermaphrodite ; having both sexes in one flower. 
 Hilum or hile ; the mark on a seed which indicates its place of 
 
 attachment. 
 
 Hispid] covered with stiff' hairs. 
 Hoary ; with greyish- white down. 
 Hooded ; formed into a hood at the end. 
 Horizontal ; spreading at right angles to their support, as 
 
 leaves on a stem. 
 Hybrid ; a mule. 
 Hypoc/ynous ; springing from below the base of the ovary and 
 
 not attached to the calyx. 
 
 Imbricate ; arranged over each other like the tiles of a roof. 
 Imparipinnate ; pinnate with a single terminal leaflet. 
 
XX GLOSSARY. 
 
 Incise ; deeply cut. 
 
 Included-, not extending beyond the organs surrounding it. 
 
 Incumbent ; when the radicle is applied to the back, not edges, 
 
 of the cotyledons. 
 Incurved ; curved inwards. 
 Indefinite many but uncertain in number. 
 Indehiscent ; not bursting. 
 
 Indeterminate ; inflorescence having always a terminal leaf- 
 bud. 
 Induplicate; when the edges of organs arranged in a valvate 
 
 manner are folded inwards. 
 Indusium ; a thin membrane often covering the clusters of 
 
 capsules of Ferns. 
 Inferior ; an inferior calyx or corolla is wholly free from the 
 
 ovary ; the reverse of superior. 
 Inflexed ; curved inwards. 
 Inflorescence : arrangement of the flowers. 
 Innate ; attached by their base to the apex of a stalk as are 
 
 some anthers. 
 Inserted ; growing upon. 
 
 Internode; the space between two nodes ; a joint. 
 Interruptedly pinnate ; when pairs of small pinnae (leaflets) 
 
 alternate with large pinnae. 
 Introrse ; anthers having the slit by which the pollen escapes 
 
 directed towards the ovary. 
 Inverse ; inverted. An embryo is so called when its radicle is 
 
 directed towards a point at the opposite end of the seed 
 
 from the hile. 
 
 Involucels ; the involucres of secondary umbels. 
 Involucre ; the whorled bracts at the base of an umbel or head ; 
 
 or sometimes below a single flower. 
 Involute ; rolled from the back of any thing, as towards the 
 
 upper side of a leaf. 
 
 Joinings; the places where the parts of the stems are attached 
 
 to each other ; the nodes. 
 Joints-, the spaces between the knots, nodes, or joinings; the 
 
 parts joined. 
 
 Keel; a prominent ridge. The two lower petals of a Pea- 
 flower, within the others and united more or less by their 
 anterior edge, form the keel. 
 
 Kneed ; bent like the knee. 
 
 Knots ; the joinings or nodes of the stem in Grasses. 
 
 Label ; the terminal segment of the lip in Orchids. 
 Laciniate j divided into narrow irregular lobes. 
 
GLOSSARY. XXI 
 
 Lanceolate ; narrowly elliptic and tapering to each end. 
 
 Lancet-shaped ; shortly and bluntly lanceolate. 
 
 Lax ; loosely arranged. 
 
 Leaflets 5 the subdivisions of compound leaves. 
 
 Legume ; a one-celled and two-valved seed-vessel with the 
 
 seeds arranged along the inner angle, as the pod of a Pea. 
 Lenticular ; like a doubly convex lens. 
 Ligulate ; strap-shaped ; not very narrow nor long, and with 
 
 nearly parallel sides. 
 Liyule ; a membrane at the base of the limb of the leaf of 
 
 Grasses. 
 
 Limb ; the flattened expanded part of a leaf or petal. 
 Linear ; very narrow and long, with parallel sides until neur 
 
 the end. 
 
 Lingulate ; tongueshaped ; long, fleshy, convex, blunt. 
 Lipped ; applied to a corolla or calyx appearing to consist of 
 
 two lips. 
 
 Lobate\ lobed ; with large divisions. 
 
 Loculicidal ; opening down the back (or midrib) of the carpel. 
 Lower part of a floral whorl ; that furthest from the main axis ; 
 
 anterior. 
 
 Lunate ; shaped like the new moon. 
 
 Lyrate ; a pkmatifid leaf with the lobes successively and gra- 
 dually enlarging from the petiole, and ending in one still 
 
 larger lobe. 
 
 Marcescent ; fading but remaining in its place. 
 
 Medullary ; relating to the pith. Medullary rays are plates of 
 
 cells which connect the pith with the growing part next to 
 
 the bark. 
 
 Membranous ; of the texture of membrane; thin and flexible. 
 Mericarps ; the carpels of Unibellif'erse. 
 Midrib ; the large vein extending along the middle of a leaf 
 
 from its petiole nearly or quite to the other end. 
 Moniliform ; cylindrical but constricted at regular intervals. 
 Monocotyledonous ; having one sheathing cotyledon. 
 Monoecious; with the sexes in separate flowers on the same 
 
 plant. 
 Monosepalous ; monopetalous ; when the sepals or petals are 
 
 joined by their edges so as apparently to form one. 
 Mucronate ; abruptly tipped with a short point of the same 
 
 texture. 
 
 Multifid', divided into many parts. 
 Muricate ; covered with short sharp points. 
 Mono- } di-, &c. andn.us, with 1, "2, &c. stamens. 
 Mono-, di-j &c. gynous', with 1, 2, &c. free styles or stigmas. 
 
XX11 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Naturalized ; introduced but propagating itself freely by seed. 
 
 Nectary ; an organ which secretes honey. 
 
 Netted ; covered with lines connected together like network. 
 
 Node ; a point in a stem where a leaf is produced ; a joining. 
 
 Nut ; a hard dry 1-seeded superior pericarp ; also used for a 
 glans, a hard dry 1- or few-seeded inferior pericarp not 
 bursting and seated in a cup-like involucre, e. g. acorn. 
 
 Ob ; in conjunction with terms means inverted; &s obouate is 
 
 ovate with the attachment at the narrow end. 
 Oblong ; long oval, equally broad at each end. 
 Ocrea ; a tubular membranous stipule surrounding the stem. 
 Opaque ; not shining. 
 Opposite ; when two similar organs grow one on each side of 
 
 some body ; or different organs are opposed to each other 
 
 with a stem between them. 
 Orbicular nearly round and flat. 
 Oval ; an ellipse ; a figure rounded at each end, not broader at one 
 
 end than at the other ; and about twice as long as broad. 
 Ovary ; the young seed-vessel. 
 Ovate ; egg-shaped ; a short flat figure (thin like a leaf) rather 
 
 broader below the middle of its length. 
 Ovoid-, a solid eggshaped figure. 
 Ovule ; the young seed. 
 
 Palate ; the prominent part of the base of the lower lip which 
 
 closes the mouth of a ringent corolla. 
 Pales ; the leaflike parts of the flower of Grasses, enclosing the 
 
 stamens, pistils, and hypogynous scales. 
 Palmate ; with lobes spreading like the fingers of a hand from 
 
 the same point. 
 
 Panicle ; a raceme with branching pedicels ; hence paniculate. 
 Papilionaceous ; like the flower of a Pea. 
 Papilla ; small elongated protuberances. 
 Papillose ; with small long protuberances. 
 Pappus-, the. crest of the fruit in Composites, formed of the 
 
 altered limb of the calyx. 
 Parabolic ; starting from a broad base and gradually narrowing 
 
 with curved sides to a blunt point, as the divisions of a 
 
 calyx. 
 Parallel veins start several together from the base of a leaf, 
 
 diverge slightly, then proceed parallel and simple, and 
 
 converge at the apex. 
 
 Parietal ; on the inner surface of an ovary. 
 Patent ; spreading widely. 
 Pedate ; palmate of three lobes with the lateral lobes having 
 
 similar large lobes on their upper edge. 
 
GLOSSARY. XX111 
 
 Pedicel ; the branch of a peduncle. 
 
 Peduncle ; flowerstalk. 
 
 Pellucid ; nearly transparent. 
 
 Peltate when its point of attachment is on the face, not at the 
 
 edge of a leaf or other organ. 
 
 Pendulous ; seeds hanging from the top of an ovary. 
 Pentagonal ; with five angles having convex spaces between 
 
 them. 
 
 Pentangular ; with five angles and five flat or concave faces. 
 Perennial plants live several years and flower more than once, 
 
 usually many times. 
 Perfect flowers have both stamens and pistils in an efficient 
 
 state. 
 Perfoliatc ; when the leaf completely surrounds the stem so 
 
 that the latter seems to pass through it. 
 Perianth ; the floral whorls when the calyx and corolla are not 
 
 distinguishable. 
 
 Pericarp ; seed-vessel, including adhering calyx if present. 
 Perigynous ; when the corolla and stamens are borne on the 
 
 calyx but free from the ovary. 
 Perisperm ; the so-called albumen. 
 Persistent ; not soon falling off. 
 Personate ; a gamopetalous two-lipped corolla of which the 
 
 lower lip is pressed upwards so as to close the opening, 
 Petal-like ; resembling petals in texture and colour. 
 Petals ; the divisions of the corolla. 
 Petiolate ; having a petiole. 
 
 Petiole ; the stalk of a leaf : petiolule ; of a leaflet. 
 Phcenogamous ; visibly furnished with stamens and pistils. 
 Phanerogamous ; phaenogamous. 
 
 Phyllaries ; the scales or bracts of the involucre of Composites. 
 Pilose ; with scattered rather stiff hairs. 
 Pinn(B ; the segments of a pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pinnate ; when leaflets are arranged on opposite sides of a com- 
 mon stalk. A leaf is 2- or 3-pinnate when its primary or 
 
 secondary divisions are pinnate. 
 
 Pinnatifid ; a leaf deeply cut into segments nearly to the mid- 
 rib. A 2- or 3-pinnatifid leaf corresponds to a 2- or 3- 
 
 pinnate leaf. 
 
 Pinnules ; the segments of a bipinnate leaf. 
 Pistil ; the ovary, style, and stigma taken together. 
 Pith ; a column of cellular tissue in the centre of the stem and 
 
 branches of Dicotyledons. 
 Pitted ; covered with small depressed spots. 
 Placenta ; the part of the carpel from which the ovules spring. 
 Plane ; flat ; also an imaginary flat surface in which things 
 
 are placed. 
 
GLOSSARY. 
 
 Plicate : plaited. 
 
 Pin male ; the ascending leafy part of the embryo. 
 
 Pod : a 1-celled and 2-valved seed-vessel with the seeds 
 
 arranged along the inner angle. 
 Pollen ; the dust in the anther. 
 Polygonal; with many angles. 
 Polypetalous ; with many separate petals. 
 Poh/sepalous ; with many separate sepals. 
 Pome ; a compound fleshy many-seeded fruit, an apple or fruit 
 
 resembling it. 
 
 Pores ; small, often roundish, holes. 
 Porrect ; extending forwards. 
 
 Posterior ; the part of the flower nearest to the axis. 
 Prickles ; hardened epidermal appendages resembling thorns, but 
 
 not woody. 
 
 Primordial ; the first flower of inflorescence. 
 Procumbent, prostrate ; lying on the ground. 
 Prolonged; drawn out into a long point, like acuminate, but 
 
 with no hollowing at the sides. 
 Pubescence ; closely adpressed down. 
 Pubescent ; with pubescence. 
 Pulverulent ; covered with fine powdery matter. 
 Punctate ; having minute spots like pin-holes, real or apparent. 
 Pyramidal ; nearly in the shape of a pyramid. 
 Pyriform ; pear-shaped. 
 
 Quadrate ; squarish. 
 
 Raceme ; a spike with stalked flowers : hence 
 
 Racemose ; flowering in a raceme. 
 
 Racliis ; the central stem of some kinds of inflorescence ; as the 
 stalk common to several spikelets of Grasses ; the stalk of 
 the frond of Ferns above the lowest pinnae. 
 
 Radiate flowers ; those at the margin of a head or other inflo- 
 rescence which are long and spreading like rays. 
 
 Radical; springing from just above the root. 
 
 Radicle ; the end of the embryo from which the root grows ; 
 also small roots. 
 
 Raphides; minute needle-shaped crystals found in the cells of 
 some plants. 
 
 Rays (see Radiant) ; parts diverging in a circle from a central 
 point. 
 
 Receptacle; the dilated top of the stalk bearing the flowers 
 in Composites ; the common support of the parts of a 
 flower. 
 
 Reclinate and reclining ; curved downwards. 
 
 Recurved 5 bent moderately backwards. 
 
GLOSSARY. XXV 
 
 Reflexed ; bent considerably backwards. 
 
 Reniform ; transversely oval, but broadly cordate at the base. 
 
 Repand ; with a rather wavy margin. 
 
 Reticulate ; forming a network. 
 
 Retrorse ; directed from the point of an organ. 
 
 Retuse ; abruptly blunt with a notch in the middle. 
 
 Revolute ; rolled back, as towards the underside of a leaf. 
 
 Rhizomatous ; having rhizomes. 
 
 Rhizome ; a prostrate more or less subterranean stem producing 
 
 roots and leafy shoots. 
 Rhomboidal ; approaching a quadrangular, not square, figure 
 
 attached by one of its more acute angles. 
 Ringent ; a 2-lipped widely open corolla. 
 Rootstock ; a thick short rhizome or tuber. 
 Rosette ; a collection of leaves growing close together, like the 
 
 petals of a double rose. 
 Rosulate ; arranged in a rosette. 
 Rotate ; a monopetalous corolla with a short tube and very 
 
 spreading limb. 
 
 Rudimentary ; imperfectly developed. 
 Rugose ; covered with a network of lines enclosing convex 
 
 spaces. 
 
 Rugulose ; finely rugose. 
 Runcinate ; where the lobes of leaves are directed towards the 
 
 Runner ; a prostrate shoot rooting at its end ; a stole. 
 
 Sagittate ; like the barbed head of an arrow, the auricles or lobes 
 
 pointing backwards. 
 
 Sahershaped ; a corolla with a long slender tube and flat limb. 
 Sarmentose ; having a prostrate stem, stary jg with a very small 
 
 arch from its root. 
 
 Scabrous ; rough like a blacksmith's hand. 
 Scales ; minute rudimentary leaves ; very small flat semidetached 
 
 parts of the cuticle. 
 Scape ; a leafless radical peduncle. 
 Scarious ; very thin, dry, and semitransparent. 
 Scorpioid ; said of the branches of a cyme curved in a circinate 
 
 manner, and the flowers produced only on the upper side. 
 Secund ; all turned towards one side. 
 Seed ; the ovule arrived at maturity. 
 Seedstalk ; the stalk connecting the hilum of a seed with the 
 
 placenta. 
 
 Sepals ; the divisions of the calyx. 
 Septicidal ; when a fruit splits through the middle of the septa 
 
 or partitions. 
 
 b 
 
XXVI GLOSSAET. 
 
 Septifragal ; when a fruit splits by the separation of the backs 
 of the carpels from the septa. 
 
 Septum ; the division of an ovary formed by the inflexed edges 
 of the carpels. 
 
 Serrate ; toothed like a saw. 
 
 Serratures ; teeth like those of a saw. 
 
 Serrulate ; with very small sawlike teeth. 
 
 Sessile ; without a stalk. 
 
 Seta ; a bristle ; a bristle tipped with a gland ; a slender straight 
 prickle. 
 
 Setaceous ; like a bristle. 
 
 Setose ; bearing bristles or setae usually ending in glands. 
 
 Sheath ; the lower part of a leaf or its petiole, which forms a 
 vertical sheath surrounding the stern. It is sometimes 
 found alone. 
 
 Silicle ; a silique not four times as long as broad. 
 
 Silique ; a long podlike fruit of Crucifers having its edges con- 
 nected by an internal membrane. 
 
 Simple ; not compound ; not branched. 
 
 Sinuate ; having many large blunt lobes and notches. 
 
 Slashed ; with deep tapering incisions. 
 
 Smooth ; free from all kinds of roughness. 
 
 Sobole ; a creeping underground stem producing roots and leaf- 
 buds at intervals ; an underground stole. 
 
 Soboliferous ; having soboles, or long underground shoots ending 
 in suckers. 
 
 -Solitary ; growing singly. 
 
 Spadix ; a succulent spike bearing many sessile closely placed 
 flowers. 
 
 Spath ; a large bract often enclosing a spadix. 
 
 Spathulate ; oblong, with a lor,# linear claw or haft. 
 
 Spike-, a long simple axis with many sessile flowers; hence 
 spicate flowers. 
 
 Spikelet ; the small group of flowers in Grasses enclosed within 
 one or more glumes. 
 
 Spine ; a stiff sharp woody persistent thorn. 
 
 Spinous ; furnished with spines. 
 
 Spinulose ; with small, often very minute spines or prickles. 
 
 Spiral vessels: fine tubes composed of membrane with spirally 
 twisted fibres internally. 
 
 Sporules ; the seedlike reproductive bodies of flowerless plants. 
 Spur ; a tubular extension of the lower part of a petal or gamo- 
 petalous corolla ; a loose prolongation of the base of a leaf 
 beyond its point of attachment. 
 Spurred ; furnished with a spur. 
 
 Squarrose ; covered with appendages spreading at right angles 
 or more. 
 
GLOSSARY. XXV11 
 
 Stamen ; the male organ of a flower, usually formed of a fila- 
 ment and anther. 
 
 Staminode ; a scale on the inside of the upper lip of some Scro- 
 phulariacese. 
 
 Standard ; the upper or posterior petal of a Pea-flower, which 
 is outside the others in the bud. 
 
 Starlike ; applied to flowers of which the petals are narrow and 
 distant and radiant like a star. 
 
 Stellate ; radiating from a centre like a star. 
 
 Stellulate ; like minute stars. 
 
 Stigma ; the cellular part at the top of a carpel or style to which 
 the pollen adheres. 
 
 Stigmatic disk ; a broad surface at the top of the style, or form- 
 ing the whole of it, upon which the stigmas are placed. 
 
 Stipe ; the stalk of Ferns up to the lowest pinna. 
 
 Stipules ; leaflike appendages at the base of the petiole. 
 
 Stipulodes ; spines beneath the whorls of branches in Chara. 
 
 Stole ; a lax trailing shoot from the crown of the root, rooting 
 at intervals. 
 
 Stolcmiferous ; having stoles. 
 
 Stotnates ; minute organic openings in the skin of plants. 
 
 Strapshaped ; not very narrow nor long, and with nearly parallel 
 sides. 
 
 Streak ; a straight line of peculiar colour or structure, or a 
 furrow. 
 
 StricB ; very slight furrows or ridges. 
 
 Striate ; with slender streaks or furrows. 
 
 Striped ; having coloured streaks. 
 
 Stripes ; the vittae of Umbellifers. 
 
 Style ; the space between the ovary and stigma. 
 
 Stylopode ; a fleshy disk crowning the ovary and supporting the 
 style of Umbellifers. 
 
 Sub ; in composition means a near approach to ; as subrotund is 
 nearly round. 
 
 Subulate ; awlshaped, tapering from the base to a fine point, a 
 long narrow triangle. 
 
 Sucker ; a stem produced at the end of an underground shoot. 
 
 Superior ; above any thing ; a calyx is superior when its tube is 
 wholly attached to the ovary, half-superior when attached 
 only to the lower half of it; an ovary is superior whefr 
 wholly free from the calyx ; a part of a flower placed next 
 to the axis. 
 Suspended ovules hang down from near the top of the 
 
 ovary. 
 
 Suture ; the line of junction of similar organs cohering. 
 Swordshaped ; very long, narrow, nearly parallel-sided, sharp- 
 edged, acute. 
 
 12 
 
XXV111 GLOSSARY. 
 
 Sympode ; a stem formed of a series of superposed branches so 
 
 as to resemble a continuous axis. 
 Syncarpous ; fruit formed of cohering carpels. 
 Syngenesious flowers form a head and have 5 stamens with 
 
 united anthers. 
 
 Tailed ; having a long slender point. 
 
 Tassel-like ; resembling a silken tassel or painter's camel's-hair 
 pencil. 
 
 Tendril; a twisting slender organ for laying hold of objects. 
 
 Terete ; having a nearly round transverse section. 
 
 Ternate ; growing in threes about the same point of a stem. 
 
 Testa ; the outer coat of a seed. 
 
 Testaceous ; brownish yellow. 
 
 Tetragonous ; with four angles and four convex faces. 
 
 Thorn ; an abortive branch with a sharp point ; distinguished 
 from a prickle by being woody. 
 
 Three-veined ; having three veins, usually of nearly equal size, 
 proceeding from the base. Sometimes leaves are falsely 
 three-veined when the ends of a series of lateral veins com- 
 bine to form a submarginal vein near each edge of the leaf. 
 
 Throat ; the orifice of the tube of a gamopetalous corolla or 
 gamosepalous calyx. 
 
 Thyrsoid ; having a close-branched raceme of which the middle 
 is broader than the ends. 
 
 Tomentose ; covered with cottony entangled hairs, forming a 
 matted shagginess called tomentum ; felted. 
 
 Torulose; uneven, alternately elevated and depressed like a 
 knotted cord. 
 
 Torus ; the part within the calyx to which the floral organs are 
 attached. 
 
 Transversely ; applied to forms like oval when attached by one 
 of their longer sides. 
 
 Triangular ; with three angles and three flat faces. 
 
 Trinhotomous ; in forks of three prongs. 
 
 Trifarious ; arranged in three rows. 
 
 Trifid ; dividing about halfway down into three parts. 
 
 Trifurcate ; forked with three nearly equal prongs. 
 
 Trigonous ; with three angles and three convex faces. 
 
 Tripartite ; divided into three parts nearly to its base. 
 
 Triquetrous ; having three angles and three concave faces. 
 
 Truncate ; blunt as if cut off at the end. 
 
 Tube ; the pipe formed by the cohesion of the parts of a floral 
 whorl. 
 
 Tuber ; a thickened underground fleshy part of the stem. 
 
 Tubercles ; little round knobs. 
 
 Tubercular; tubercled; covered with little knobs. 
 
GL05SAET. XXIX 
 
 Tuberous ; like a tuber, but not part of the stem. 
 
 Tubular ; hollow and nearly cylindrical. 
 
 Tumid, swollen. 
 
 Turbinate ; topshaped, conical, and attached by its long point. 
 
 Two-edged ; compressed so as to have two sharp edges. 
 
 Umbel ; when many stalked flowers spring from one point and 
 
 reach about the same level. Partial umbels are umbels 
 
 seated upon the branches of an umbel, when the umbel 
 
 forms a compound umbel. 
 Umbilicate ; peltate, but having the attached organ hollo wed to 
 
 receive the top of the stalk. 
 Unilateral ; turned to one side. 
 Upper part of a floral whorl ; that next the main axis of the 
 
 stem ; posterior. 
 
 Urceohite ; like a pitcher contracted at the mouth. 
 Utricle ; a bladder-like covering as in Chenopodiacea, i. e. an 
 
 achene with a membranous pericarp. The envelope of 
 
 the nut of Carex. 
 
 Vahate ; having valves or parts of an organ opening like little 
 doors ; or organs touching only along their edges. 
 
 Veins ; bundles of vessels in leaves and their modifications. 
 
 Ventricose ; swelling unequally on one side. 
 
 Vernation the arrangement of leaves in a bud. 
 
 Versatile ; swinging freely on its support, as an anther attached 
 by one point of its back. 
 
 Villose ; shaggy with loose long soft hair. 
 
 Viscous] clammy. 
 
 Vitta ; linear receptacles of oil in the fruits of Umbellifers ; 
 stripes. 
 
 Viviparous ; bearing young plants in the place of flowers. 
 
 Wedgeshaped ; like a wedge, but attached by its point. 
 
 Whorl ; formed of similar organs arranged in a circle round an 
 
 axis. 
 
 Whorled ; arranged in whorls. 
 
 Winged^ having leaflike or membranous expansions. 
 Wings ; the lateral petals of a Pea-flower ; the flat membranous 
 
 appendages of some seeds. 
 
 When two terms are combined, as ovate-lanceolate, it means 
 that the form or structure is compounded of the two, or lies 
 between then. 
 
XIX 
 
 SYNOPSIS 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 THIS Synopsis has been prepared for the purpose of facilitating 
 the discovery of the ORDER to which an unknown British Plant 
 belongs. It must be used with caution, as a very slight error will 
 totally mislead, and often the character used is not quite 
 determinable, or is inconstant in some degree : I therefore am 
 very far from advising the use of this Synopsis. The student 
 must always commence with the pair of characters numbered 1 
 in the left-hand margin ; and having determined with which of 
 these his plant agrees, proceed similarly with the group of 
 characters referred to by the number on the right-hand side of 
 the page, and so on. 
 
 For instance, having gathered a Hawthorn, he finds it to agree 
 with the second character of number 1, the Jlrst of number 3, 
 the second of number 4, the third of number 29, and thejirst of 
 number 30. It therefore belongs to ORDER xxvi. ROSACEJE and 
 Suborder POME^:. Then turning to the body of the Manual 
 (p. 104), he will examine the specimen by the characters given 
 for that Order and its Suborder. Finding it to agree with them, 
 a perusal of the generic definitions placed under POME^J will 
 show that it is a Cratcegus. After a little experience in the 
 examination of plants, the eye becomes so familiar with the 
 principal Orders as to render this process unnecessary, except 
 in doubtful cases. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXI 
 
 1 Leaves straight- or parallel-veined (belonging gene- 
 
 rally to plants having 3-parted floral whorls or a 
 
 6-parted perianth) * 2 
 
 Leaves net-veined (belonging generally to plants 
 having 5- or 4-parted floral whorls) f * 
 
 2 Seeds in a seed-vessel G2 
 
 Seeds apparently naked on an axillary scale or in a 
 
 fleshy cup and solitary. Male fl. in catkins. L. 
 linear or subulate Ixxix. Conifers. 
 
 3 Fl. with a calyx and corolla 4 
 
 Fl. with a perianth (calyx undistinguishable from 
 
 corolla) or none 50 
 
 4 Corolla polypetalous, inferior 6 
 
 Corolla polypetalous, superior 29 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous (petals cohering), superior. ... 34 
 
 Corolla gamopetalous, inferior 39 
 
 5 Ovaries many, distinct or united, each bearing a style ; 
 
 or solitary with one lateral placenta 6 
 
 Ovary solitary ; placentas 2 or more, parietal or on the 
 
 dissepiments, not forming a central axis 13 
 
 Ovary solitary ; placentas central 17 
 
 6 Corolla regular 7 
 
 Corolla irregular 10 
 
 7 Sepals distinct. Stamens hypogynous 8 
 
 Sepals more or less combined below 9 
 
 8 Stamens few. Anth. adnate ; connective extending 
 
 be} r ond them Ixxx. Trilliacece. 
 
 Stamens indefinite, usually many (when few, alternate 
 
 with the petals) . Anth. at top of filament, opening 
 
 by two longitudinal clefts. ... i. Ranunculacece. 
 Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals. Anth. 
 
 at top of filament ii. Berberidacece. 
 
 * The leaves of these plants (Monocotyledones) are nearly always 
 parallel-veined. A few exceptions are Dioscoreacece (Tamus), Trilli- 
 acece (Paris), and Aracece (Arum), which will be found by following 
 either series of characters. Care must be taken not to confound leaves 
 having parallel veins which are connected by simple transverse veins 
 with net-veined leaves. The broad leaves of Alisma, Potamogeton, and 
 Hydrocharis are examples of the former. Pinnatind leaves with linear 
 lobes as in Anemone Pulsatilla, may be mistaken for parallel-veined 
 leaves ; also the submersed leaves of Ranunculi. 
 
 f The narrow leaves of some of these plants (Dicotyledones] are 
 apparently parallel-veined. They are chiefly aquatics : 
 
 Leaves divided in a pinnatifid way. 
 
 xxx. Haloragacea (Myriophyllum). 
 
 Leaves repeatedly forked Ixxiii. Ceratophyllacea. 
 
 Leaves simple xxx. Haloragacece (Hippuris). 
 
XXX11 SYNOPSIS OF THE XATTJR1L OHDEBS. 
 
 9 Stamens as many as, or twice the number of the petals, 
 inserted at the base of the calyx. No stipules. 
 
 xxxiv. Crassulacea. 
 
 Stamens 20 or more, inserted on the calyx. Leaves 
 with stipules xxvi. Rosaceai (in part). 
 
 10 Leaves with stipules 11 
 
 Leaves without stipules 12 
 
 11 Stamens 10, mon- or diadelphous. .xxv. Leguminous. 
 
 12 Stamens many free. Fruit of 1 or more follicles. 
 
 i. Itanunculacece (in part). 
 Stamens 6, in two bundles v. Fumariacece. 
 
 13 Corolla regular. Petals 4 14 
 
 Corolla regular. Petals 5 15 
 
 Corolla regular. Sepals and petals many, gradually 
 
 passing into each other iii. Nymph&acece. 
 
 Corolla irregular 16 
 
 14 Sepals 2. Stamens many iv. Papavemcpce. 
 
 Sepals 4. Stamens tetradynamous. . vi.. Cruciferce. 
 
 15 Sepals equal, distinct, imbricate. Stamens 5. 
 
 x. Droseracece. 
 
 Sepals distinct ; 3 inner twisted in the bud ; 2 outer 
 smaller or wanting. Stamens indefinite, many. 
 
 viii. Cistacece. 
 
 Sepals equal, more or less united below. Stamens as 
 many or twice as many as the petals, from a shield- 
 like disk xxviii. Tamariscacecs. 
 
 16 Leaves with stipules. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, free. 
 
 ix. Violacea. 
 
 No stipules. Sepals 2 or wanting. Stamens 6, in two 
 bundles. Ovary closed v. Futnariacece. 
 
 17 Calyx imbricate in the bud 20 
 
 Calyx valvate in the bud, or with distant lobes. Calyx 
 
 and corolla regular 18 
 
 18 Stamens united into a column xv. Malvaceee. 
 
 Stamens free 19 
 
 19 Stamens hypogynous xvi. Tiliaccce. 
 
 Stamens perigynous, opposite the petals and equalling 
 
 them in number xxiv. Rhamnacece* 
 
 Stamens inserted in the tube of the calyx, alternating 
 with, or twice as many as, but below the petals. 
 
 xxvii. Lythracece. 
 
 20 Corolla regular 21 
 
 Corolla irregular xx. Bahaminacece. 
 
 21 Calyx tubular xiv. Caryophyllacea (Sileneae). 
 
 Sepals distinct or slightly connected below 22 
 
 22 Ovary 1-celled ". 23 
 
 Ovary many-celled 25 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 23 Stamens opposite the petals. Sepals 2. 
 
 xxxii. Portulacece. 
 Stamens opposite the petals. Sepals 3 5 24 
 
 24 Stamens 10 or fewer. Stipules none. 
 
 xiv. Caryophyllacece (Alsineae). 
 Stamens 5. Stipules present. Petals distinct. 
 
 xiv. Caryctphyllacete (Polycarpeas). 
 Stamens 5. Stipules present. Petals subulate. 
 
 xxxiii. Paronychiacece. 
 
 25 Stamens free 27 
 
 Stamens polyadelphous xvii. Hypericcicecc.. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous or inserted in an hypogynous 
 
 ring 20 
 
 26 Stamens 4 5, Stipules none xxii. Linacea. 
 
 Stamens 10. Stipules none or united to the base of the 
 
 petioles. Cells of ovary 5 ; each many-seeded. 
 
 xxi. Oxalidacea. 
 
 Stamens 10. Stipules present. Cells of ovary 5 ; each 
 1 -seeded xix, Geraniacece. 
 
 27 Style 1 28 
 
 Styles 3 5. Anthers terminal . . . .xiii. Elatinacece. 
 Styles 3 5. Filaments extending beyond the anthers. 
 
 Ixxx. Trilliacece. 
 
 28 Stamens 3. Petals 3. Fruit fleshy. Ixxi. Empetracece. 
 Stamens and petals 4 or 5 ; inserted in an hypogynous 
 
 disk .xxiii. Celastracece. 
 
 Stamens 5 or more. Petals 5. Caps. 1-celled, 3 4- 
 
 valved xi. Frankeniacecc. 
 
 Stamens usually 8. Petals 5. Fruit winged, separating 
 
 into two capsules xviii. Aceracece. 
 
 Stamens 8 10. Capsules 5-celied, 5-valved. 
 
 xlvii. Ericacece (Pyroleae and Monotropens). 
 
 29 Ovary 1-celled with one pendulous ovule. Stamens 
 
 as many as and opposite to the petals. 
 
 xl. Loranthacece. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled ; placentas 2 parietal ; ovules many. 
 Stamens and petals 4 5, alternating. 
 
 xxxv. Ribesiacece. 
 Ovary 2 many-celled ; placentas central. Or a pome. 30 
 
 30 Stamens many, indefinite. Fruit a 1 5-seeded pome. 
 
 xx vi. Rosacece (Pomeae). 
 
 Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, 
 or twice as many 31 
 
 31 Petals imbricate in the bud 32 
 
 Petals valvate in the bud 33 
 
 Petals twisted in the bud. Sepals valvate. Style 1. 
 
 xxix. Onayracece. 
 
 32 Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Inflorescence umbellate. 
 
 Seeds solitary xxxvii. UmbelUfera. 
 
 b 5 
 
XX XIV SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL OKDEK9. 
 
 Petals 45. Stamens 510. Styles 2. (Calyx some- 
 times inferior.) Capsule 2-valved. Seeds many. 
 (Fruit with two horns.) . . . .xxxvi. Saxifrayacece. 
 
 Petals 4. Stamens 48. Styles 4. Fruit of 4 hard 
 nuts xxx, Haloragacece. 
 
 33 Fruit a berry. Styles more than 2, Leaves alternate. 
 
 xxxviiL Hederacece. 
 Fruit a drupe. Style 1. Leaves opposite. 
 
 xxxix. Cornace<e. 
 Fruit dry. Styles 2, Leaves alternate. 
 
 xxxvii, Umbelliferce (in part). 
 
 34 Stamens inserted beneath an epigynous disk. 
 
 xlvii. Ericacece (Vaccinieae). 
 
 Stamens inserted with the corolla and free from it . . 35 
 Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla or between 
 its lobes 36 
 
 35 Filaments free xlvi. Campanulacece. 
 
 Filaments united into 3 bundles . . xxxi. Cucurbit acece. 
 
 36 Anthers united. Flowers in a head. xlv. Composites. 
 Anthers free 37 
 
 37 Flowers in a head. Calyx double . .xliv. Dipsacacece. 
 Flowers corymbose or cymoae 33 
 
 38 Fruit a double indehiscent pericarp, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 
 
 xlii. Rubiacece. 
 
 Fruit dry, with 1 perfect cell, 1 -seeded ; and often 2 
 
 empty cells. Stamens 1 3 . . xliii. Valerianacece. 
 
 Fruit fleshy, with 1 or several seeds. Stamens 4 5. 
 
 xli, Caprifoliacecp \ 
 
 39 Ovary and fruit 4-lobed, separating into 4 small 1-seed- 
 
 ed nuts. Style from base of ovary 40 
 
 Fruit of severarfollicles. 
 
 xxxiv. Crassulacea (Cotyledon). 
 Ovary and fruit simple. Style terminal 41 
 
 40 Stamens 5. Corolla regular. Leaves alternate. 
 
 liv. Boraginacea. 
 
 Stamens 4, didynamous, or 2. Corolla 2-lipped. Leaves 
 opposite Iviii. Labiate. 
 
 41 Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Calyx tubular. Stamens 5. 
 
 Styles 5 Ixii. Plumbaginacece. 
 
 Ovary 1-celled, many-seeded 42 
 
 Ovary with 2 or more cells (but fruit sometimes 1- 
 
 celled) 44 
 
 42 Corolla scarious, regular, 4-parted. Stamens 4. 
 
 Ixiii. Plantaginacece. 
 Corolla coloured 43 
 
 43 Corolla irregular. Stamens 2 . . . .lx. Lentibulariacece. 
 Corolla regular. Stamens 4 5, opposite to the seg- 
 ments of the corolla Ixi. Primulacece. 
 
 Corolla irregular. Stamens 4, didynamous. 
 
 Ivi. Orobanchaceez. 
 
SYNOPSIS OP THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV 
 
 44 Stamens hypogynous, scarcely attached to the corolla, 
 
 distinct. . . .xlvii. Ericacece. (Ericese and Arbuteee). 
 Stamens upon the corolla, filaments connected. 
 
 xii. Polygalacece. 
 Stamens upon the corolla, distinct 45 
 
 45 Stamens 2. Corolla regular xlix. Oleacece. 
 
 Stamens 2 or 4, and didynamous. Corolla irregular . . 40 
 Stamens 4 or 5, not didynamous 47 
 
 46 Ovary 2-celled, not lobed j placentas central. 
 
 Ivii. Scrophulariacece. 
 Ovary 2 4-celled, lobed lix. Verbenacece. 
 
 47 Cells of ovary each with 1 or 2 ovules 48 
 
 Cells of ovary each with many ovules 49 
 
 48 Fruit fleshy, not bursting. Stigmas sessile. 
 
 xlviii. Aquifoliacefe . 
 . Fruit a capsule, bursting. Styles manifest. 
 
 liii. Convoloulacece. 
 
 49 Fruit a double follicle 1. Apocynacece. 
 
 Fruit 2- or imperfectly 4-celled. Leaves alternate. 
 
 Iv. Solanacece. 
 Fruit 1- or imperfectly 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves 
 
 opposite li. Gentianacece. 
 
 Fruit 3-celled, 3-valved lii. Polemoniacea. 
 
 59 Flowers not in catkins 51 
 
 Male flowers in catkins Ixxviii. Amentifera. 
 
 Flowers inconspicuous (rarely found). Plant formed of 
 minute leaflike fronds, floating freely. 
 
 xciv. Lemnacea. 
 
 51 Ovary one, superior. Perianth sometimes wanting . . 54 
 
 Ovary inferior 52 
 
 Ovaries many, distinct 5o 
 
 52 Stamens 1 or 8. Fruit not bursting, 1- or 4-celled, 1- 
 
 or 4-seeded. Limb of perianth of female flower very 
 minute xxx. Haloragacece. 
 
 Stamens 4 or 5. Fruit not bursting, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Limb of perianth manifest Ixix. Santalacece. 
 
 Stamens 4. Style filiform. Ovary 4-celled, many- 
 seeded xxix. Onagracece. 
 
 Stamens 5, syngenesious xlv. Composite?. 
 
 Stamens 6, on base of perianth. Style 1, trificl. Fl. 
 dioecious Ixxxi. Dioscoreacece. 
 
 Stamens 6 12, epigynous. Style short. Stigma ra- 
 diant. Ovary 3 6-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Ixx. Aristolochiacece. 
 
 Stamens 8 10. Styles 2. Ovary 1-celled, 2-beaked, 
 many-seeded, opening like a cup. 
 
 xxxvi. 
 
XXXVI BYHOP8I8 OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 53 Sepals petal-like, deciduous. Anthers extrorse. 
 
 i. RanunculacecB (Caltha). 
 Sepals petal-like, persistent. Anthers introrse. 
 
 i. Ranunculacea (Pasonia). 
 
 54 Fruit separating into several carpels. No perianth. ... 55 
 Fruit not separating into carpels 56 
 
 55 Carpels 4, not bursting. Stamen 1. 
 
 Ixxiv. Callitrichacece. 
 Carpels 3 or 2, opening, separating with elasticity. 
 
 Ixxii. Euplwrbiacece. 
 
 56 Leaves with stipules 57 
 
 Leaves without stipules 58 
 
 57 Stipules sheathing the stem Ixvi. Polygonacea. 
 
 Stipules attached to the petiole. 
 
 xxvi. Rosacece (Sanguisorbeae). 
 Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled. Perianth 
 
 4 5-parted Ixxv. Urticacece. 
 
 Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled. 
 
 Ixxvii. Ulmacece. 
 
 Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled. Female 
 perianth scale-like, open . . . .Ixxvi. Cannabinacece. 
 
 58 Flowers mono3cious or dioecious 59 
 
 Flowers perfect or polygamous 60 
 
 59 Fruit fleshy. Male fl. each of one 2-celled naked sta- 
 
 nien crowded together on a spadix. 
 
 xciii. Aracca (Areas). 
 
 Fruit fleshy. Stamens 2 or 3. Perianth of scales im- 
 bricated in several rows Ixxi. JEmpetracece. 
 
 Fruit dry. Stamens 3 or more. Perianth tubular. 
 
 Ixvii. Elceagnacece. 
 
 Fruit dry. Stamens 1220. Perianth 10 12-cleft. 
 
 Ixxiii. Ceratophyllacece. 
 
 60 Perianth hardened over the fruit. 
 
 xiv. Caryophyllacefv (Scleranthese). 
 
 Perianth not hardened over the fruit 61 
 
 Perianth none. Fruit compressed linear and leaflike at 
 the end xlix. OUacecp. (Fraxinus). 
 
 61 Perianth 3 5-cleft, herbaceous . .Ixv. Chenopodmcecs. 
 Perianth 3-cleft, scarious. .'... .Ixiv. Amaranthacece. 
 Perianth tubular. Stamens perigynous. 
 
 Ixviii. Thymelacea. 
 
 Perianth 6 8-parted, herbaceous. Stamens hypo- 
 gynous Ixxx. Trilliacece. 
 
 62 Leaves net-veined. Floral envelopes whorled 63 
 
 Leaves net-veined. Perianth none. Fl. monoecious, 
 
 on a spadix xciii. Aracece (Arese). 
 
SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDEKS. XXXVli 
 
 Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes 
 whorled, or none 64 
 
 Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes 
 imbricate, bractlike 75 
 
 63 Perianth interior. Flowers perfect . .Ixxx. Trilliacece. 
 Perianth superior. Flowers dioecious. 
 
 Ixxxi. Dioscoreacece. 
 
 64 Ovaries several, each bearing a style or stigma 65 
 
 Ovary 1, inferior ". 66 
 
 Ovary 1, superior 69 
 
 65 Perianth 4-pavted ? inconspicuous or none. 
 
 xcv. Potamogetonacece. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, conspicuous. Carpels not opening. 
 
 Ixxxvi. Alismacea. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted, conspicuous. Carpels opening at 
 their inner edge Ixxxix. Melanthacece. 
 
 66 Stamens and style united in a central column. 
 
 Ixxxiii. Orchidacece. 
 Stamens free from the style 67 
 
 67 Perianth wholly petal-like 68 
 
 Three outer segments of perianth resembling an herba- 
 ceous calyx Ixxxii. Hydrocharidacece. 
 
 All the 4 segments of perianth resembling an herba- 
 ceous calyx xl. Loranthacece. 
 
 68 Stamens 3. Anthers bursting outwards. 
 
 Ixxxiv. Iridacece. 
 Stamens 6. Anthers bursting inwards. 
 
 Ixxxv. Amaryllidacecs. 
 
 69 Perianth like a corolla of 6 petals. Flowers perfect . . 70 
 Perianth more or less glumaceous, or partly coloured 
 
 or wanting 71 
 
 70 Perianth petal-like, conspicuous. Fruit dry, bursting 
 
 with 3 valves Ixxxviii. Liliacece. 
 
 Perianth petal-like, conspicuous. Fruit succulent, not 
 
 bursting Ixxxvii. Asparagacece, 
 
 Perianth herbaceous, scale-like. Fruit baccate, not 
 
 bursting xciii. Aracece (Oronteae). 
 
 71 Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-parted. Stamens 6. 
 
 xc. Juncacece. 
 Flowers monoecious 72 
 
 72 Flowers on a spadix 73 
 
 Spadix wanting 74 
 
 Flowers solitary xcvi. Naiadacea. 
 
 73 Flower on a thick spadix. Spath wanting. Anthers 
 
 wedgeshaped, erect ; tilaments long. 
 
 xcii. Typhacea. 
 
XXXV] 11 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 Flowers on a thick spadix in a spath. Perianth none. 
 Anthers ovate : filaments very short. 
 
 xciii. Aracece (Areas). 
 
 74 Flowers capitate. Stamens 2 5 . .xci. Eriocaulacea. 
 Flowers 2 in a spath, one male, one female. (Floating). 
 
 xciv. Lemnacece. 
 
 Flowers in two rows on one side of a spath, enclosed by 
 a fold of the leaf xcvi. Naiadacea. 
 
 75 Leaves with entire sheaths. Anthers entire at the 
 
 ends xcvii. Cyperacece. 
 
 Leaves with split sheaths. Anthers notched at both 
 ends xcviii. (jlraminecc. 
 
XXXIX 
 
 CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 Class I. DICOTYLEDONES \ 
 
 Stems when perennial composed of bark, wood, and pith. 
 The wood furnished with medullary rays and increasing by the 
 addition of concentric layers externally. Leaves usually net- 
 veined. Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled. Each 
 floral whorl composed of 5 or 4 parts. 
 
 Division 1. THALAMIFLOR^E. Pet. distinct (rarely 0) and 
 as well as the stam. growing" separately from the 
 sepals, hypogynous page 3 
 
 Division 2. OALYCIFLOR^E. Pet. distinct and, as well as 
 
 the stam., perigynous or epigynous 82 
 
 Division 3. COROLLIFLOR^E. Pet. united, at least at the 
 
 base. Stain, mostly epipetalous 182 
 
 Division 4. MONOCHLAMYDE^S. Only a single perianth 
 
 or none ; . . 349 
 
 Division 5. GYMNOSPERMJE. Ovules and seeds apparently 
 
 naked. Ovary and styles wanting. Perianth wanting. 390 
 
 Division 1. THALAMIFLOR^E. 
 
 * Apocarpous. 
 
 1. Hanunculace.ee. Stam. polyandrous (rarely pent- 
 androus). Pistils usually many, of achenes or follicles. 
 Rarely (in Actcea] a many-seeded berrylike carpel 1 
 
 2. Berberidacece. Stam. 6 or 4, opposite the petals ; 
 anth. opening by valves from the bottom 1C 
 
 1 The characters are drawn to suit our plants. 
 
Xl CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS. 
 
 ** Appearing syncarpous from ilieflesliy disk enveloping 
 the ovaries. 
 
 3. Nymphceacece. Polyandrous. Pet. many, seated 
 with the many stamens upon a fleshy disk. Aquatic. 
 Rhizome prostrate in mud. Leaves floating 1(5 
 
 *** Syncarpous with parietal placentas. 
 
 4. Papaveracece. Polyandrous. Sep. 2, deciduous. 
 Pet, 4. Pistil 1 .* 17 
 
 5. Fumariacea. Stam. in two bundles of 3 each ; late- 
 ral auth. of each bundle 1-celled. Sep. 2, minute. Pet. 4, 
 irregular, one or more of the upper gibbous or spurred at 
 
 the base. PI. very irregular 20 
 
 6. Crucifem. Stam. tetradynamous. Sep. 4. Pet. 4. 
 
 Fl. cruciform 22 
 
 7. Resedacece. Stam. 10 24, from an hypogynous 1- 
 sided disk. Sep. 4 8. Pet. 4 8, irregular. Caps, 
 opening at the top 41 
 
 8. Cistacea. Polyandrous. Sep. 3, equal, and 2 smaller 
 external. Pet. 5, regular, very deciduous 41 
 
 9. Violacea. Stam. 5 ; anth. on inner side of dilated 
 filaments which slightly cohere. Pet. 5, irregular ; lower 
 spurred 4o 
 
 10. Droseracea. Stam. 5. Gal. 5-cleft. Pet. 5, regu- 
 lar. L. bearing long hairs tipped with glands 46 
 
 11. Franlreniacece. Stam. 4 or more. Cal. 4 5-cleft, 
 furrowed. Pet. 45, regular. L. with re volute edges, 
 
 not glandular 47 
 
 **** Syncarpous with axile placentas. 
 f Fl. irregular. 
 
 12. Polygalacece. Stara. 8, in 2 equal opposite bundles. 
 Anth. 1-celled 48 
 
 tt Fl. regular (except in Ord. 20). 
 
 13. Elatinacea. Pet. 35. Stam. as many or twice 
 as many as the petals. Caps. 3 5-celled. L. opposite. 
 Plants aquatic 49 
 
DICOTYLEDONES. x 
 
 14. Caryophyllacea. Pet. 5 or 4. S tarn. 8 10, rarely 
 5 or 4. Caps. 1-celled with a free central placenta. L. 
 opposite 50 
 
 15. Malvacece. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. many, mona- 
 delphous. Anth. 1-celled. Ovary of several carpels 
 round a common axis. L. alternate 69 
 
 16. Tiliacece. Pet. 5. Stam. many, free or polyadel- 
 phous. Anth. 2-celled. Ovary 5-celled. Trees with 
 alternate leaves 71 
 
 17. Hypericacece. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. many, in 
 34 bundles. Anth. 2-celled 72 
 
 18. Aceracea. Pet. 5 (in our plants), imbricate. 
 Stam. distinct, generally 8, on an hypogynous disk. Fr. 
 
 of 2, winged, 1-seeded nuts. Trees with opposite leaves. 75 
 
 19. Geraniacece. Pet. 6, twisted. Stam. monadel- 
 phous. Fr. of 5 carpels cohering together with their styles 
 round a long beaked persistent axis, from which they 
 ultimately separate with elasticity 75 
 
 20. Balsaminacece. Pet. 5, irregular, the lateral united 
 in pairs, imbricate. Stam. 5. Anth. slightly cohering. 
 
 Fr. of 5 carpels with elastic valves 79 
 
 21. Oxalidacece. Pet. 5, twisted. Stam. 10. Anth. 
 free. Caps. 5-valved. L. usually ternate 80 
 
 22. Linacece. Pet. 4 5, twisted. Stam. 45, with 
 intermediate teeth, from an hypogynous ring. Carp, se- 
 parating but leaving no central axis 81 
 
 (Ord. 48. Aquifoliacea with sep. free, cor. 4 5-pa,rted, 
 stam. 4 5, an evergreen tree, is sometimes placed here.). 282 
 
 (Ord. 71. Empetracece with dioecious flowers, a heath- 
 like evergreen shrub, is sometimes placed here.) 366 
 
 Division 2. CALYCIFLOE^E. 
 
 * Stam. and petals mostly per igy nous. 
 
 23. Celastracece. Fl. greenish. Stam. alternating with 
 the petals and inserted with them in a fleshy disk sur- 
 rounding the ovary. Trees or shrubs 82 
 
Xi CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND OKDEES. 
 
 24. RhamnacecB. Fl. greenish. Stam. opposite the 
 petals and inserted with them in a disk lining the calyx. 
 Shrubs ... 83 
 
 25. Leguminosce. Fl. coloured, irregular, papiliona- 
 ceous ; odd petal superior and external. Stam. 10, di- or 
 rarely monadelphous. Fruit a legume 83 
 
 26. JRosacece. Fl. regular ; odd petal inferior. Stam. 
 usually many, perigynous. Carp, distinct when young, 
 and superior, or connate, or adnate to calyx (falsely syn- 
 carpous and inferior) 104 
 
 27. Lythracece. Cal. tubular. Pet. and stam. peri- 
 gynous. Ovary free, syncarpous. Style 1 141 
 
 28. Tamariscacea. Sep. slightly connate below. Pet. 
 perigynous. Stam. from the edge of hypogynous ring. 
 Ovary free. Styles 3. Caps. 3-valved, loculicidal. 
 Shrub with narrow spurred leaves 142 
 
 29. Onagracece. Cal. adnate to ovary, with 2 4 lobes. 
 Pet. 24. Stam. 2, 4, or 8. Style 1 ". 143 
 
 30. Haloragacece. Cal. adnate to ovary, with a minute 
 limb. Pet. minute or 0. Stam. 1 or 8. Styles 1 4. 
 Aquatic. Fl. usually unisexual. (Callitriche, p. 371, is 
 often placed here.) 147 
 
 31. CucurbitacecB. Dioecious (in our plant). Cal.-tube 
 adnate to ovary. Stain. 5, resembling 3 by cohesion. 
 Climbing by tendrils 148 
 
 32. Portulacea. Cal.-tube short ; sep. 2. Pet. connate 
 or free. Stam. 3 5, free. Ovary 1-celled ; placenta free, 
 central 148 
 
 33. Paronychiacece. Cal. 5-parted. Pet. minute re- 
 sembling barren filaments, or none. Stam. 5, or rarely 
 
 10. Ovary free 149 
 
 34. Crassulacea. Sep. and pet. each 5, rarely 3 or 4, 
 or 10 12. Pet. free or connate at the base. Stam. as 
 many or twice as many as petals. Carp, free, same number 
 
 as petals. Fr. of follicles 151 
 
 35. Ribesiacea. Sep., pet., and stam. 4 5. Ovary in- 
 ferior; placentas parietal. Style 2 4-clef t. Fr. a berry. 154 
 
 36. Saxifragacea. Cal. 4 5-cleft. Pet. 4, 5, or 0, 
 perigynous. Ovary of 2 carpels combined below. Styles 
 distinct . 155 
 
IHCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 ** Stamens and petals epigynous, round an epigynous 
 disk. Cal.-tube adnate to ovary. 
 
 37. Umbellifera. Fl. umbellate. Fr. of 2 dry carpels 
 adhering by their faces to a common axis. Styles 2. 
 Stam. 5. L. alternate 160 
 
 38. Hederacece. Fl. umbellate. Fr. a 5-celled, 5- 
 seeded berry. Style 1. Stam. 5. L. alternate 180 
 
 39. Cornacece. Fl. regular, sub umbellate. Fr. a 2- 
 seeded berry. Style 1. Stain. 4. L. opposite 181 
 
 Division 3. COROLLIFLOE^E. 
 
 * Corolla epigynous. Stam. epipetalous. 
 
 40. Loranthacece. L. opposite. Stam. 4, adnate to 
 and opposite to petals. Pet. scarcely connected. Para- 
 sitical 182 
 
 41. Caprifoliacece. L. opposite. Stam. 4 10, alter- 
 nate with cor.-lobes, single or in pairs 182 
 
 42. Rubiacece. L. whorled. Stam. 4 5, alternate 
 with cor .-lobes. Fr. a didymous indehiscent pericarp . . 1 85 
 
 43. Valerianacece. L. opposite. Stam. 1 3, fewer 
 than the eor.-lobes. Fr. with 1 perfect fertile cell and 
 
 1 seed 190 
 
 44. Dipsacacece. L. opposite. Fl. in involucrate heads 
 
 and with a free outer calyx and adnate inner one 192 
 
 45. Composite. Fl. in involucrate heads ; no free 
 outer calyx or involucel. Stam. 5. Anth. cohering as a 
 tube round style , 194 
 
 ** Corolla epigynous or hypogynous. Stam. not 
 adhering to the corolla. 
 
 46. Campanulacece. Cal. superior. Stam. and cor.- 
 lobes 5, alternate. Anth. opening longitudinally. An- 
 thers free or connate. Herbaceous 270 
 
 47. 'Ericaceae. Cal. inferior or superior. Stam. 8 10 
 (5 in Azalea). Anth. opening by pores or slits. Small 
 shrubs 274 
 
CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS. 
 
 *** Corolla hypogynous. Stam. epipetalous. 
 t Cor. nearly or quite regular. 
 
 48. AquifoliacecB. Sep. free. Cor. 4 5-parted. Stam. 
 as many as and alternate with cor. -lobes. An evergreen 
 
 tree 282 
 
 49. OZeacea. Cal. 4-fid, or 0. Cor. 4-cleft, or 0. Stam. 
 
 2. Anth. attached by back. Trees and shrubs ........ 283 
 
 50. Apocynacece. Cal. 4 5-fid. Cor. 4 o-lobed. Stara. 
 4 5. Anth. attached by base. Ovaries 2, 1-celled. Fr. 
 
 2 follicles. Prostrate. Herbaceous 283 
 
 51. Gentianacea. Cal. 4 8-fid. Cor. 4 8-fid. Stam. 
 
 4 8. Anth. versatile. Ovary 1-celled, of 2 carpels. . . . 284 
 
 52. Polemoniacece. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-lobed, regu- 
 lar. Stam. 5. Ovary 3-celled. Stig. 3-fid 289 
 
 53. ConvolvulacecB. Sep. 5, free or connate. Cor. 5- 
 parted. Stam. 5. Ovary 2 4-celled. Stig. 2 289 
 
 54. BoraginacecB. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted. Stam. 
 5. Ovary of 2, 2-parted carpels ; each lobe 1-seeded. 
 Style from base of lobes, simple. L. alternate, rough, 
 
 Fr. of 4 nutlets 291 
 
 55. Solanacea. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-parted. Stam. 5. 
 Ovary 2- or sub-4-celled, many-seeded. Fr. a berry or 
 capsule 298 
 
 63. Plant aginacece. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-parted, 
 ecarious. Stam. 4. Ovary 2 4-celled. Caps, opening 
 transversely. (In Littorella the fl. are monoecious, fem.- 
 cal. 3-parted, cor. urceolate, stam. hypogynous.) 347 
 
 tt Corolla more or less irregular. 
 
 56. Orobanchacea. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 4, didyna- 
 mous. Ovary 1-celled. Caps. 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 Root-parasites 300 
 
 57. Scrophulariacece. Cor. 2-lipped or personate or 
 nearly regular. Stam. didynamous or rarely 2 or 5. 
 Ovary 2-celled. Style terminal. Caps. 2-celled, many- 
 seeded ". . 30-1 
 
 58. Labiata. Cor. 2-lipped or nearly regular. Stam. 
 didynamous or rarely 2 or 4. Ovary 4-lobed. Style 
 from between the lobes. Fr. of 1 4, small, nutlike, 1- 
 eeeded parts. L. opposite. Fl. cymose, in false whorls. . 321 
 
D1COTYLEDOWES. lv 
 
 59. Verbenacea. Cor. scarcely 2-lipped (in our plant). 
 Stam. didynanious. Ovary 2 4-celled. Style terminal. 
 
 Fr. a capsule dividing into 4 nuts 337 
 
 60. Lentibulariacece. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 2. Caps. 
 1-celled, 2-valved ; placenta free, central ; seeds many. 
 Floating plants 337 
 
 61. Primulacecz. Cor. regular. Stam. 5, rarely 4 or 7, 
 opposite the petals. Caps, opening by 5 10 valves at 
 the top, or by a deciduous cap ; placenta central ; seeds 
 many. Style 1 339 
 
 62. Plumbayinacea. Cor. regular, 5-fid, or rarely 5 
 free petals. Stam. 5, opposite the petals. Fr. a 1-seeded 
 utricle. Styles 5 344 
 
 **** Cor. and stam. hypogynous. 
 
 63. Plantaginacece (in part) . The genus Littorella with 
 monoecious fl., fem.-cal. 3-parted, cor. urceolate 347 
 
 Division 4. MONOCHLAMYDEJE. 
 
 64. AmarantliacecB. Monoecious. Perianth 3 5-parted, 
 scarious, persistent, inferior. Stam. opposite perianth- 
 segments. Caps. 1-seeded, not bursting. Style ; stig. 
 
 1 or more 349 
 
 65. Chenopodiacea. Monoecious or perfect. Perianth 
 3 5-parted, herbaceous, persistent, inferior. Stam. op- 
 posite perianth-segments. Caps. 1-seeded, not bursting. 
 Styles 2 or more 349 
 
 66. Polygonacece. Usually with perfect flowers. Peri- 
 anth 3 (3-parted, herbaceous, or petal-like, inferior. 
 Stam. 5 8, perigynous or hypogynous, opposite perianth- 
 segments. Caps. 1-seeded, not bursting. Styles several. 
 Nut often enclosed in enlarged perianth. Stipules 
 ocreae 356 
 
 67. Elceagnacece. Dioecious. Male perianth 4-parted, 
 female tubular with 2 5-toothed limb. Stam. alternate 
 with perianth-segments, or twice as many, perigynous. 
 Caps, crustaceous enclosed in persistent inferior perianth. 
 Shrub 364 
 
 68. Thymelacece. Perianth tubular, 4 5-lobed, inferior. 
 Stam. 8 in our plant, on the tube. Ovary 1-celled, with 
 
 1 pendulous ovule. Fr. a nut or drupe. Small shrubs . . 364 
 
CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND OEDEES. 
 
 69. Santalacece. Perianth superior, 3 5-lobed. Stam. 
 35, opposite perianth-lobes. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 
 several, pendulous from apex of central placenta 365 
 
 70. AristolochiacecB. Perianth superior, tubular above, 
 3-lobed, or with a dilated irregular limb. Stam. 6 12. . 366 
 
 71. Empetracea. Dioecious. Perianth of hypogynous 
 scales imbricate in several rows. Stam. 3, free. Ovary 
 superior, 3 9-celled. Ovules solitary. A small prostrate 
 heathlike shrub 366 
 
 72. Euphorbiacece. Mon- or di-oecious. Perianth 3- 
 parted or 0. Stam. 1 or more. Ovary superior, 2 3- 
 lobed and -celled ; each cell with 1 2 suspended ovules. 
 Caps, opening with elasticity. In Euphorbia many fl., 
 each of one naked stamen, surround a pendulous 3-lobed 
 naked ovary, enclosed by a calyx-like involucre 367 
 
 73. Ceratophyllacece. Monoecious. Perianth of many 
 divisions. Stam. many, sessile; anth. 2-celled. Ovary 
 superior, 1-celled. Style 1. Submerged plants with 
 inconspicuous fl. and multifid leaves 371 
 
 74. Callitrichacece. Monoecious. Perianth 0, but often 
 2 white bracts. Stam. 1 ; filament long ; anth. 1-celled. 
 Ovary 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2. Fr. of 4, 1-seeded, 
 indehiscent carpels. Aquatic plants 371 
 
 75. Urticacece. Mon- or di-cecious (rarely perfect). 
 Perianth inferior, 4 5-parted ; in fern. fl. tubular, notched. 
 Stam. 45. Style filiform or 373 
 
 76. Cannabinacece. Dioecious. Perianth inferior, of 5 
 sepals in male, open and hidden in scales of catkin in 
 female. Stam. 5. Styles 2, long. Long twining plant . 374 
 
 77. Ulmacece. Fl. 2-sexual, not in catkins. Perianth 
 inferior, bellshaped, 4 8-cleft. Stam. 4 8, on tube, op- 
 posite lobes. Ovary 1 2-celled. Styles 2. Fr. dry, 
 flat, winged. Trees. L. alternate, distichous. Stip. de- 
 ciduous 374 
 
 78. Amentiferce. Mon- or di-oecious. Males in catkins. 
 Fern .-perianth 0, or adherent. Fr. bony or membranous 
 
 (or drupaceous in Myricd). Trees or shrubs 375 
 
 Division 5. GYMNOSPEEME^E. 
 
 79. Conifer a. Anth. and ovules on the scales of sepa- 
 rate catkins or cones. Trees or shrubs. 390 
 
MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 ^ Stem not separable into bark, wood, and pith; of cellular 
 tissue with vascular bundles embedded irregularly in it. Leaves 
 mostly alternate and sheathing, with parallel simple veins con- 
 nected by smaller transverse veins, rarely net-veined. Coty- 
 ledon one, or, if more, alternate. Floral whorls composed of 
 3 or 6 parts. 
 
 Division 1. DICTYOGEN^:. Leaves net-veined. Floral 
 
 envelopes whorled 392 
 
 Division 2. FLORIDA. Leaves parallel-veined. Floral 
 
 envelopes whorled or wanting 393 
 
 Division 3. GLTIMIFER^E. Leaves parallel-veined, per- 
 sistent. Floral envelopes rudimentary or wanting. 
 Flowers covered by imbricate bractlike scales 446 
 
 Division 1. DICTYOGEN^E. 
 
 80. Trilliacea. Perianth inferior. Fl. perfect 392 
 
 81. Dioscoreacece. Perianth superior. Fl. dioecious. 
 Twining plants 393 
 
 Division 2. FLOBID^E. 
 * Perianth superior, petal-like. Syncarpous. 
 
 82. Hydrocharidacece. Dioecious. Fl. regular. Sep. 
 herbaceous. Pet. coloured. Floating plants 394 
 
 83. Orchidacea. Fl. irregular. Stam. 1 2, sessile, 
 adnate to central column bearing the stigma 395 
 
 84. Iridacece. Fl. regular, of 6 petal-like parts. Stam. 3, 
 bursting outwards. Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved 407 
 
 85. Amaryllidacece . Fl. regular, of 6 petal-like parts. 
 Stam. 6, bursting inwards. Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved . . 410 
 
 ** Perianth inferior, apocarpous, or carpels separable 
 when ripe. 
 
 86. Alismacea. Perianth of 3 sepal-like and 3 petal- 
 like parts. Stam. 6. Fr. of many carpels 411 
 
 *** Perianth inferior, syncarpous. 
 
 87. Asparagacece. Perianth petal-like. Stam. 6 or 4 
 or 8; anth. bursting inwards. Fr. a berry. Rhizome 
 creeping 414 
 
CLASSES, DIVISIONS, AND ORDERS. 
 
 88. Liliacea. Perianth petal-like. Stani. 6 ; anth. 
 bursting inwards. Fr. a dry capsule. Bulbous or with 
 root of fleshy fibres in Simeihis 416 
 
 89. Melanthacece. Perianth subherbaceous or petal-like. 
 Stam. 6 ; anth. versatile from below their middle. Fr. of 
 3 follicles slightly connected or a 3-celled capsule. 
 Tuberous, or with a creeping rhizome 423 
 
 90. JuncacecB. Perianth of glumelike scarious seg- 
 ments. Stam. usually 6 ; anth. innate. Fr. capsular, 
 3-valved, loculicidal. Rushes 424 
 
 91. Eriocaulacece. Perianth membranous, of 4 5 parts. 
 Stam. 4 6; anth. attached by back. Fr. capsular, mem- 
 branous, 2 3-celled, loculicidal. Aquatic plants. L. 
 tufted. Fl. in heads on naked stalks 431 
 
 **** Perianth wanting in our plants, or of 4 small 
 scalelike fiarts. 
 
 92. Typhacea. Monoecious. Fl. closely packed in cy- 
 lindrical spikes, or in dense globose clusters, the males 
 uppermost. Fr. dry or spongy. Water-plants 432 
 
 93. Aracece. Monoecious with the male fl. uppermost, 
 or perfect, on a spadix and usually in a spath. Fr. suc- 
 culent. Spath usually conspicuous. L. often net-veined. 433 
 
 94. Lemnacece. Monoecious. Fl. 2 in a spath (very 
 rare). Small, floating, green, leaflike, proliferous 435 
 
 95. Potamogetonacea. Fl. perfect or monoecious, in 
 small spikes or clusters. No spath. Ovaries 4 ; stig. 1, 
 sessile, subcapitate. Aquatic plants 43G 
 
 96. Naiadacecs. Mon- or di-cecious. Fl. solitary in a 
 spath. Ovary 1. Style 1 ; stig. filiform. Aquatic 
 plants with linear leaves 444 
 
 Divisions. GLUMIFERJE. 
 
 97. Cyperacece. Anth. entire at the end, innate. Leaf- 
 sheaths entire. Sedges 446 
 
 98. Graminea. Anth. notched at both ends, versatile. 
 Leaf-sheaths split. Grasses 475 
 
xlix 
 
 Class III. CRYPTOGAME^]. 
 
 * Vasculares. Stems with a few ducts amongst the 
 cellular tissue. Producing spores (not seeds), which 
 develop into a prothallus which bears antheridia 
 and archegonia. 
 
 99. Equi&etacece. Capsules on the under side of the 
 peltate scales of terminal cones. Stems jointed, with 
 whoiied branches. Horse-tails 615 
 
 100. Filices. Capsules on the edge or underside of 
 fronds, or rarely on separate branch of frond. Fronds 
 usually circinate 518 
 
 101. Marsileacece. Capsules in the cells of globular 
 coriaceous sessile or shortly stalked axillary receptacles. . 534 
 
 102. LycopodiacecB. Capsules in the axils of imbricate 
 leaves or terminal spikes, 2 3-valved 534 
 
 ** Stems formed of one or more parallel tubes, verti- 
 cillately branched. Nucules and globules on the 
 branches. 
 
 103. Cliaracea. Leafless, branched. Fructification of 
 red globules and ovoid nucules with a spirally twisted 
 coat, on the same or different plants 537 
 
NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 Class I. Dicotyledones. 
 
 Order XXIX. OlSTAGRACE^E. 
 XXX. HALORAGACE^- 
 
 Division I. THALAMIFLOILE. 
 
 XXXI. CUCURBITACEvE. 
 
 Order I. RANTOCULACE^E. 
 
 XXXII. PORTULACE^E. 
 
 II. BERBERIDACE.E. 
 
 XXXIII. PARONYCHIACE.E. 
 
 III. ETMPH.EACE.E. 
 
 XXXIV. CRAS ^ULACE^E. 
 
 IV. PAPAVERACE^E. 
 
 XXXV. RIBESIACE^. 
 
 V. FUMARIACE^:. 
 
 XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACE^. 
 
 VI. CRUCIFER^E. 
 
 XXXVII. UMBELLIFER^. 
 
 VII. REBEDACE^E. 
 
 XXXVIII. HEDERACE^:. 
 
 VIII. CISTACE^E. 
 
 XXXIX. CORNACE^3. 
 
 IX. VIOLACE^E. 
 
 Div. III. COEOLLIFLOE^E. 
 
 X. DROSERACE^l. 
 
 
 XI. FRANKENIACE.E. 
 
 XL. LORANTHACE^E. 
 
 XII. POLYGALACE^J. 
 
 XLI. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 XIII. ELATINACE^J. 
 
 XLII. RUBIACE^E. 
 
 XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 
 
 XLIII. VALERIAKACE^E. 
 
 XV. MALVACEAE. 
 
 XLIV. DIPSACACE^E. 
 
 XVI. TILLAGES. 
 
 XLV. COMPOSITE. 
 
 XVII. HYPERICACE.E. 
 
 XLVI. CAMPANULACE^E. 
 
 XVIII. ACERACE^l. 
 
 XLVII. ERICACEAE. 
 
 XIX. GERANIACE^E. 
 
 XLVIII. AQUIFOLIACE^E. 
 
 XX. BALSAMINACE^). 
 
 XLIX. OLEACE^. 
 
 XXI. OXALIDACE^E. 
 
 L. APOCYNACE^). 
 
 XXII. LINACE.E. 
 
 LI. GENTIANACE^E. 
 
 
 LII. POLEMONIACE^E. 
 
 Div. II. CALYCIFLOEvE. 
 
 LIII. CONVOLVULACE.E. 
 
 XXIII. CELASTRACE^:. 
 
 LIV. BORAGIIS^ACE^:. 
 
 XXIV. RHAMNACE^E. 
 
 LV. SOLANACE^:. 
 
 XXV. LEGUMINOS^E. 
 
 LVI. OROBANCHACE2E. 
 
 XXVI. ROSACE^E. 
 
 LVII. SCROPHULARIACE^. 
 
 XXVII. LYTHRACE^. 
 
 LVIII. LABIATE. 
 
 XXVIII. TAMARISCACE.E. 
 
 LIX. VERBENACE^B. 
 
NATUKAL ORDERS. 
 
 Order LX. LENTIBULARIACE^E. 
 
 LXI. PRIMULACE^E. 
 LXII. PLUMBAGINACEJE. 
 LXIII. PLANTAGINACE.E. 
 
 Div. IV. MONOCHLAMYDE^E. 
 LXIV. AMARANTHACE^E. 
 LXV. CHENOPODIACEJE. 
 LXVI. POLYGONACE-^E. 
 LXVII. EL^EAGNACE^E. 
 LXVIII. THYMELACE.E. 
 LXIX. SANTALACE.E. 
 LXX. ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. 
 LXXI. EMPETRACE.E. 
 LXXII. EUPHORBIA CE^E. 
 LXXIII. CERATOPHYLLACE^E, 
 LXXIV. CALLITRICHACE^. 
 LXXV. URTICACE^). 
 LXX VI. CANNABIC ACE^E. 
 LXXVII. ULMACE^E. 
 LXXVIII. AMENTIFER^E. 
 
 Div. V. GYMNOSPEEM^E. 
 LXXIX. COXIFER^E. 
 
 Class. II Monocotyledones. 
 Division I. DICTYOGEN^E. 
 LXXX. TRILLIACE^E. 
 LXXXI. DIOSCOREACE^E. 
 
 Division II. FLORIDA. 
 
 LXXXII. HYDROCHARIDACE^E. 
 LXXXIII. ORCHIDACE^E. 
 LXXXIV. IfilDACE^E. 
 
 LXXXV. AMARYLLIDACE^l. 
 LXXXVI. ALISMACE.E. 
 LXXXVII. ASPARAGACE^B. 
 LXXXVIII. LILIACE^E. ' 
 i LXXXIX. MELANTHACE^. 
 XC. JUNCACE^E. 
 XCI. ERIOCAULACE^J. 
 XCII. TYPHACE^E. 
 XCIII. ARACE^E. 
 XCIV. LEMNACE^E. 
 XCV. POTAMOGETONACE.E. 
 XCVI. NAIADACE^E. 
 
 Division III. GLUMIFEILE. 
 XCVII. CYPERACE^E. 
 XCVIII. 
 
 Class III. Cryptogamea. 
 
 XCIX. EQUISETACE^). 
 C. FILICES. 
 CI. MARSILEACE^E. 
 OIL LYCOPODIACE^. 
 CIII. CHARACE^E. 
 
lii 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 In the descriptions. 
 
 anth. 
 
 anther. 
 
 ped. 
 
 .... peduncle. 
 
 cat. 
 
 calyx. 
 
 per. 
 
 .... perianth. 
 
 caps. 
 
 capsule. 
 
 pet. 
 
 .... petal. 
 
 carp. 
 
 carpel. 
 
 phyll. 
 
 .... phyllary. 
 
 cor. 
 
 corolla. 
 
 pr. 
 
 .... prickle. 
 
 fl- 
 
 flower. 
 
 segm. 
 
 .... segment. 
 
 /> 
 
 fruit. 
 
 sep. 
 
 .... sepal. 
 
 ft. 
 
 feet. 
 
 st. 
 
 .... stem. 
 
 j 
 yl. 
 
 glume. 
 
 sfam. 
 
 .... stamen. 
 
 in. 
 
 inch. 
 
 stiy. 
 
 .... stigma. 
 
 inter m. 
 
 intermediate. 
 
 stip. 
 
 .... stipule. 
 
 inv. 
 
 involucre. 
 
 t. 
 
 .... plate. 
 
 /,,/., fe. 
 
 leaves. 
 
 term. 
 
 .... terminal. 
 
 h., its. 
 
 leaflets. 
 
 Tr. 
 
 .... tribe. 
 
 nect. 
 
 nectary. 
 
 var. 
 
 .... variety. 
 
 pan. 
 
 panicle. 
 
 
 
 Books. 
 
 Duration and Native Country. 
 
 A. N.H. ..Annals of Natural 
 History. 
 Curt. . . Curtis's Flora Londi- 
 
 A. . 
 B. . 
 P. . 
 
 Annual. 
 Biennial. 
 Perennial. 
 
 
 Sh. . 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 nensis. 
 E.B. . .English Botany. 
 
 T. . 
 
 Tree. 
 
 JZ.B.8. . .Supplement to"E. B. 
 Fl. Dan.. Flora Danica. 
 J. of B. ..Journal of Botany. 
 Sy. E.B. .Engl. Botany, Syme's 
 Edition. 
 P. . . Parnell's Grasses of 
 
 -p 
 
 o. . 
 
 i. . 
 
 t . 
 
 England. 
 . Scotland. 
 .Ireland. 
 
 .Possibly introduced, but 
 
 Britain. 
 
 
 now appearing like a 
 
 Phytol.. .The Phytologist. 
 M. . . Reichenbach's Icones 
 Florae Germanics}. 
 RI. . .Reichenbach's Icono- 
 graphia Botanica. 
 St. . . Sturm'sDeutschlands 
 
 TTl nvfl 
 
 ' t . 
 
 # 
 t 
 
 true native. 
 . Probably introduced, but 
 admitting of some slight 
 doubt on the subject. 
 . Certainly naturalized. 
 . After the name of a plant 
 shows that an authentic 
 
 J. iUJ d. 
 
 1 
 
 specimen has been seen. 
 
 I. II. III. &c. represent the months of flowering, viz. Jan., 
 Feb., March, &c. ; but they differ so much in different parts of 
 the kingdom that only an approximation to the true time can 
 be given. 
 
 When the Initial letter of the generic name is prefixed to that 
 of a variety, it is intended to show that the author quoted con- 
 sidered it to be a species. 
 
MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 Substance composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, and 
 spiral vessels. Epidermis with stomates. Flowers with 
 stamens and pistils. Embryo with cotyledons. 
 
 Class I. DICOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith. The wood fur- 
 nished with medullary rays and increasing by the addition 
 of concentric layers externally. Leaves mostly with netted 
 veins. Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled. Each 
 floral whorl composed of 5 or 4 parts. 
 
 Division I. THALAMIFLORJE. 
 
 (Orders I. XXL) 
 
 Petals distinct (rarely 0), and as well as the stamens growing* 
 separately from the sepals on the top of the peduncle below the 
 ovary (hypogynous). 
 
 Order I. BAtfUNCULACEJS. 
 
 Sep. 3 6, often petal-like. Pet. 5 or more, rarely 0. Stara. 
 usually many ; anth. adnate, opening lengthwise. Carp, many, 
 distinct, or forming a single pistil. Seeds erect or pendulous, 
 Kibuminous. Stip. 0. or adnate to petiole. 
 
 B 
 
 
2 1. RANTING CLACE^. 
 
 A. Anthers extrorse. 
 
 t Fruits (achenes) many, l-seeded ; short. 
 J Sepals valvate in the bud. 
 
 Tribe I. CLEMATIDE^. Achenes with feathery persistent 
 styles. Seed pendulous. Leaves opposite. 
 
 1. CLEMATIS. Cal. of 4 or 5 sepals. Pet. 0. Garp. not burst- 
 ing, awned. Stam. and styles many. (St. woody.) 
 
 J| Sepals imbricate in the bud. 
 
 Tr. II. ANEMONEJE. Seed pendulous. Leaves radical or 
 alternate. 
 
 2. THALICTRUM. Cal. of 4 or 5 sepals. Pet. 0. Carp, not 
 bursting, without awns. Stam. and styles many. 
 
 3. ANEMONE. Cal. petal-like, sep. 5 9. Pet. 0. Carp, not 
 bursting, tipped with the persistent sometimes feathery styles, 
 placed upon a thickened hemispherical or conical receptacle. 
 Stam. and styles many. (Fl. involucrate.) 
 
 4. ADONIS. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5 10, without a honey- 
 bearing pore. Carp, not bursting, without awns. Stam. 
 and styles many. 
 
 Tr. III. RANUNCULEJE. Seed erect (except in Myosurus). 
 Pet. with a honey-bearing pore at their base. 
 
 5. MYOSURUS. Cal. of 5 sepals, prolonged into a spur at 
 the base. Pet. 5, with a filiform tubular claw. Stam. 5. 
 Styles many. Carp, not bursting, closely imbricate upon a 
 long filiform receptacle. Seed pendulous. 
 
 6. RANUNCULUS. Cal. of 5, rarely 3, sepals. Pet. 5, rarely 
 many, with a honey-bearing pore naked or covered by a 
 scale. Carp, not bursting, collected into a globular or oblong 
 mass. Stam. and styles many. 
 
 ft Fruits (follicles) many-seeded, bursting, long. 
 
 Tr. IV. HELLEBORES. Stam. many. (Pet. small, often 
 abnormal or wanting.) . 
 
 * Flowers regular. 
 
 7. CALTHA. Cal. of 5 petal-like deciduous sepals. Pet. 0. 
 Follicles 510. 
 
CLEMATIS. THALICTRTni. O 
 
 8. TROLLTTJS. Cal. of 5 or many petal-like deciduous sepals. 
 Pet. small, linear, flat, clawed. Follicles many, sessile, 
 
 [9. CAMMARUM. Cal. of 5 8 petal-like deciduous sepals. 
 Pet. small, tubular, with a long claw, ^-lipped ; inner lip 
 very short. Follicles many, stalked.'] 
 
 10. HELLEBORUS. Cal. of 5 petal-like persistent sepals. Pet. 
 small, tubular, 2-lipped, clawed. Follicles 3 10, sessile. 
 
 11. AQUILEGIA. Cal. of 5 petal -like deciduous sepals. Pet. 5, 
 funnel-shaped, with a long horn-like spur. Follicles 5. 
 
 ** Flowers irregular. 
 
 12. DELPHINIUM. Cal. of 5 petal -like deciduous sepals, upper 
 sep. with a long spur at its base. Pet. 4 ; 2 upper ones with 
 spurs included in the spurred sepal, or all combined into one 
 spurred petal. Follicles 1, 3, or 5. 
 
 13. ACONITUM. Cal. of 6 petal-like sepals, upper sep. helmet- 
 shaped. Two upper pet. tubular, on long stalks, concealed in 
 the helmet-shaped sepal. Follicles 3 5. 
 
 B. Anthers introrse. (Stam. arising from a glandular disk.) 
 
 Tr. V. P^EONIE^E or spurious Ranunculaceae. 
 
 14. ACT^A. Cal. of 4 petal-like deciduous sepals. Pet. 4, 
 very small. Carp. 1, baccate, not bursting, many-seeded. 
 
 [15. P^EONIA. Cal. of 5 persistent sepals. Pet. 5 or more. 
 Follicles 2 5, many-seeded, bursting inwards.'] 
 
 Tribe I. Clematidea. 
 
 1. CLEM'ATIS Linn. Traveller's Joy. 
 
 1. C. Vital' ba (L.) ; st. climbing, 1. pinnate, leaflets ovate 
 acuminate entire coarsely serrate or incise-lobate rounded or 
 cordate below, petioles twining, sep. oblong downy on both 
 sides, fr. with long feathery awns. E. B. 612. R. iv. 64. St. 
 woody, angular, branched, very long. Petioles acting as ten- 
 drils. Hedges and thickets on a calcareous soil. Sh. VI. E. 
 
 Tribe II. Anemones. 
 
 2. THALIC'TKUM Linn. Meadow-Eue. 
 
 1. T. alpi'num (L.) ; st. perfectly simple and nearly leafless, 
 raceme terminal simple ; fruitstalks reflexed, carp, shortly stalked 
 
4 1. RANUNCULACE.E. 
 
 tipped with the hooked style. E. B. 262. R. iii. 26. St. 36 
 in. high, quite smooth. L. mostly radical, upon long stalks, 
 twice ternate. Higher parts of mountains. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. T. minus (L.) ; st. striate branched leafless hut sheathed at 
 the base, stip. with spreading auricles, 1. 2 3-pinnate, Its. ter- 
 nate 3-cleft glaucous, petioles with angular ascending branches, 
 fl. drooping, anth. apiculate. carp, fusiform 8-ribbed subcom- 
 pressed ventricose below externally. St. 1 1J ft. high, usually 
 solid ; sheaths at its base rather lax. Fl. greenish yellow (as 
 are those of Sp. 3 and 4). a. T. dunense (Dum.) ; fr.-bvanches 
 often horizontal or declining, pan. usually broad and short. 
 /3. T. montanum (Wallr.) ; fr.-branches erect-patent, pan. much 
 narrower than in var. a. Sand-hills. /3. Stony pastures. P. 
 VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 *3. T. mdjus (Sm.) ; st. leafy to the base branched, 1. 2 3-pin- 
 nate, Its. 3 5-cleft, fl. drooping, anth. apiculate, pan. with 
 patent or reclinate branches. a. T. collinum (Wallr.) ; petioles 
 with divaricate branches, stip. with reflexed auricles, carp, 
 narrowly elliptical. St. often 3 4 feet high, solid, striate. 
 T. flexuosum R. not Bernh. /3. T. Kochii (Fr. ) ; petioles with 
 patent branches, stip. with horizontal auricles, carp, ovoid. 
 E. B. 611. St. often 4 ft. high, hollow, striate only below the 
 joinings. a. Damp bushy and stony places. /3. Lake District. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. T.fldvum (L.) ; st. erect furrowed, 1. bipinnate, Its. broadly 
 obovate or wedgeshaped tritid, panicle compact corymbose, 
 fl. erect, anth. not apiculate, carp, ovoid. L. rather paler 
 beneath. Rootstock creeping. a. T. sphcerocarpum (Lej.) ; 
 pan. rather close, carp, ovoid. R. iii. 4639. /3. T. riparium 
 ( Jord.) ; pan. usually lax with ascending branches, carp, ovoid. 
 y. T. nigricans ( Jacq.) ; pan. interrupted with erect-patent 
 branches, carp, elliptic. JR. iii. 4640. T. Morisonii (Gmel.) 
 ed. viii. In wet fields. P. VII. VIII. Common Meadow-Rue. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 3. ANEMO'NE Linn. 
 
 1. A. Pulsatil'la (L.) ; fl. solitary erect, involucre sessile in 
 deep linear segments, 1. doubly pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with 
 linear lobes, carp, with feathery tails. E. B. 51. Fl. bell- 
 shaped, violet-purple, externally silky ; stalk 5 8 in. high. 
 Inv. silky, close to the flower, but distant from the fruit. 
 Open calcareous pastures, rare. P. IV. V. Pasqueflower. E. 
 
 2. A. nemorosa (L.) ; fl. solitary, sep. 6 oblong spreading, 
 inv. of 3 ternate or quinate stalked leaves with lobed and cut 
 leaflets, 1. similar, carp, pubescent keeled not tailed. E. B. 355. 
 R. iv. 47. Fl. white or purplish ; stalk 4 8 in high. Beak 
 
ANEMONE. RANUNCULUS. O 
 
 about as long" as the carp. Roots! ock horizontal. Sep. 
 glabrous on both sides. Groves and thickets, common. P. III. 
 V. Wind-flower. E. S. I. 
 
 [A. apennina (L.) ; fl. solitary, sep. many lanceolate, involucre 
 of 3 ternate stalked deeply cut leaves, 1. similar, carp, pointed 
 not tailed. E. E. 1062. *J2. iv. 47. Fl. brio-lit blue. Root- 
 stock tuberous and roundish. Scarcely naturalized. P. IV .] E. 
 
 [A. ranunculoi'cles (L.) ; fl. solitary or in pairs, sep. 5 elliptic, 
 involucre of 3 nearly sessile ternate deeply-cut leaves, 1. similar 
 often quinate, carp, pointed downy not tailed. E. B. 1484. 
 R. iv. 47. FL bright yellow. Sep. externally pubescent. Root- 
 stock horizontal. Not native. P. IV.] E. 
 
 
 4. ADO'NIS Linn. Pheasant's Eye. 
 
 Jl. A. autumndlis (L.) ; cal. glabrous patent, pet. connivent, 
 carp, without teeth collected into an ovate head and tipped with 
 a straight beak. E. B. 308. R. iii. 24. Pet. scarlet, black at 
 the base, scarcely exceeding the sepals. L. triply and copiously 
 pinnatifid, segments linear. St. about 8 in. high. Corn-fields, 
 rare. A. VII. E. 
 
 Tribe III. Ranunculea. 
 
 5. MYOSU'KUS Linn. Mousetail. 
 
 1. M. min'imus (L.). E. B. 435. R. iii. 1. Scapes many-, 
 single-flowered, 2 5 in. high. L. linear, fleshy. Receptacle 
 becoming very long (1 3 in.) with many oblong carp. Seed 
 attached to the upper part of the carp, and pendulous, the radicle 
 pointing upwards. In damp places in fields. A. V. VI. E. 
 
 6. RANUN'CULUS Linn. Crowfoot. 
 
 A. Fr.-st. arching carp, transversely wrinkled laterally attached, 
 pet. white (with a yellow claw in all our plants] , nectary naked. 
 BATHACHIUM S. F. Gray. Water Crowfoot. 1 
 
 * Submersed leaves twice or thrice 3-furcate with filiform 
 segments spreading in the segment of a sphere, rarely 
 wanting. Receptacle hispid. (The submersed leaves 
 become stiff when old. The younger ones should be 
 examined). 
 
 1 We have identified four hybrids in this section JR. Baudotii x 
 Drouetii, R. Baudotiixheterophyllus, R. peltatusxLenormandi, and 
 . R. peltatusxtrichophyllus. No doubt further investigations will add 
 many to the list. H.& J. G. 
 
6 1. EANUNCTJLACEJE. 
 
 1. R. trichophyl'lus (Chaix) ; submersed I. (blackish green) 
 closely trifurcate not collapsing into a pencil (tassel-like) when 
 taken from, the water, segments short rigid, ped. not tapering 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the 1., fl. small, pet. obovate5 
 7 -veined not contiguous evanescent, stig. oblong, receptacle 
 globular, carp, j-obovate laterally apiculate compressed. E. 
 It. S. 2968. St. 67. 11. R. divaricates Schrank. St. not rising 
 out of the water. Upper 1. sessile, all dense. Floating 1. very 
 rare (when it is R. Godronii Gren. ! and also R. radians Rev. !). 
 Stip. j-adnate, large, round, auricled. Fr.-ped. short, thick, 
 arching, most curved near their base. Buds globose. Fl. star- 
 like. Stam. exceeding the pistils. Stig. short but lengthening. 
 Receptacle as thick as peduncle. Carp, a little narrowed at the 
 end. Ponds and ditches. P. V. VI. Water Fennel. E. S. I. 
 
 2. R. Drouet'ii(F. Schultz) ; submersed I. (light green) rather 
 loosely trifurcate, tassel-like segments flaccid, floating 1. (rare) 
 tripartite with subsessile or stalked wedgeshaped bind segm., 
 ped. not tapering about equalling the 1., fl. small, pet. obovate 
 o 7-veined not contiguous evanescent, stig. oblong, receptacle 
 oblong, carp. |-obovate sublaterally apiculate inflated at the 
 end. E. B. S. 2967. Bright green. St. not rising out of the 
 water. Upper 1. nearly or quite sessile. Floating 1. rare, 
 evanescent ; lateral segm. stalked and in a different plane from 
 the usually sessile deflexed middle segm. Stip. much adnate, 
 large, auricled. Fr.-ped. short, slender, bent at the base, nearly 
 straight above. Buds oblong. Fl. starlike. Stam. exceeding 
 the pistils, few. Fr. -receptacle as thick as peduncle. Carp, 
 with the edge flattish at the end, base of style small often 
 subcentral. The plant fromRescobie referred to R. confervoides 
 appears to be a small wholly submersed form of this species. 
 J.offi.xvm. 344. -Ponds and ditches. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 3. R. heterophyl' his (Fries) ; submersed I. loosely trifurcate, 
 segments long tassel-like, floating 1. subpeltate tripartite with 
 sessile or stalked wedgeshaped 3 5-lobed segm., ped. not 
 tapering but narrowed scarcely exceeding the 1., fl. large, pet. 
 broadly cuneate-obovate 7 9-veined not contiguous persistent^ 
 stig. oblong, receptacle conical, carp, ^-obovate, laterally pointed. 
 R. aquatilis Sm. E. B. 101. St. not rising out of the water. 
 Fr.-ped. slender, curved near their base, nearly straight above. 
 Floating 1. nearly circular. Stip. much adnate. Buds slightly 
 depressed and rather pentagonal. Fl. becoming starlike. titam. 
 many, exceeding pistils. Style hooked. Carp, blunt, inner 
 edge straight. /3. submersws, floating 1. 0, submersed 1. more 
 dense and often rather less flaccid, fl. large, stam. many. Ponds 
 and streams. P. V. VI, E. I. 
 
KANUNCULTJS. 7 
 
 4. It. confusus (Godr.) ; submersed 1. loosely trifuvcate not 
 tassel-like, segments long rather rigid, floating I. long-stalked 
 subpeltate subtripartite with sessile obovate 3 5-lobed segments, 
 ped. slender gradually tapering exceeding the 1., fi. large, pet. 
 cuneate-obovate 7 9- veined not contiguous persistent, stig. 
 tongueshaped, receptacle ovoid-conic, carp, \-ovate compressed 
 and narrowed upwards. St. 82. "2. Floating 1. semicircular, 
 Hat, nearly tripartite, outer base of lateral segments rounded. 
 Stip. oblong, much aduate. Buds globular. Fl. starlike. Stam. 
 many, exceeding pistils. Style recurved. Is R. salsuginosus 
 (Hiern) when floating 1. are wanting. Ponds and ditches, 
 especially near the sea ; often in brackish water. P. VI.- IX. 
 
 E. 
 
 5. \JR. triphyl'los (Wallr.) ; submersed 1. loosely trifurcate 
 not tassel-like, segm. long rather rigid, floating I. long-stalked 
 tripartite with subsessile ivedgeshaped 3 5-lobed segments, ped. 
 slender tapering exceeding the 1., fl. moderately large, pet. 
 
 cuneate-obovate 5 7- veined contiguous persistent, stig , 
 
 receptacle spherical, carp, ^-ovate inflated. Floating 1. nearly 
 or quite tripartite, acute, or blunt, or with deep linear lobes at 
 the end. Ponds and ditches. Guernsey. P. V. VII.] 
 
 6. R. Baudotii (Godr.) ; submersed 1. closely trifurcate, seg- 
 ments rather rigid not tassel-like, floating 1. long-stalked tri- 
 partite with sessile or stalked ivedgeshaped 3 4-lobed segments, 
 ped. thick narrowed at the top exceeding 1., pet. 7-veined not 
 contiguous persistent, stain, not exceeding pistils, stigma tongue- 
 shaped, receptacle long-conic, carp, ^-obovate inflated at the 
 end. E. B. S. 2966. Floating 1. nearly or quite tripartite, the 
 base of all the segments wedgeshaped j or often of many linear 
 blunt segments. Stip. much adnate. Buds globular but a 
 little flattened at the top. Fl. starlike. Stam. 1520. Style 
 straight, beaklike and persistent below, recurved above. Ke- 
 ceptacle thicker than ped., very tall. Carp, very many. 
 JR. marinus (Fr.) is a form which wants the floating leaves. 
 Slightly brackish water or near the sea. P. V. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 7. R. floribun'dus (Bab.) ; submersed 1. closely trifurcate, 
 segments rather rigid divaricate not tassel-like, floating 1. long- 
 stalked subpeltate ^-trih'd or tripartite with obovate 3 5-lobed 
 segments, ped. not tapering scarcely exceeding the 1., fl. large, 
 j^0.obovate-cuneate 9 many -veined not contiguous persistent, 
 stam. many exceeding pistils, stig. tongueshaped, receptacle 
 spherical, carp, ^-obovate very blunt. A. N. H. ser. 2. xvi. 
 397. E. B. IS. 2969. Floating 1. convex, divided mere than 
 
8 1. RANUNCULACE.E. 
 
 halfway down, more than semicircular ; outer base of lateral 
 segments much rounded ; rarely with stalked segments. Stip. 
 broad, with a free rounded end. Fl. starlike. Stam. 20 30. 
 Style recurved. Receptacle as thick as peduncle. Inner edge 
 of'carp. nearly straight. Ponds. P. V. IX. E. 
 
 3. R. penicilldtus (Hiern) ; submersed 1. loosely trifurcate 
 tassel-or whip-shaped subsessile, segments very long, floating 1. 
 long-stalked subpeltate ^-trifid or tripartite with obovate seg- 
 ments, each having two or three notches, ped. very long exceed- 
 ing the leaves, fl. large, pet. broad becoming obovate-cuneate 
 9- veined contiguous persistent, stam. many exceeding- the 
 pistils, stigma . . . ., receptacle spherical, carp. J-obovate very 
 blunt. B. penicil'atum (Dum.), R. pseudo-fluitans (ed. vi.). St. 
 wholly submersed. Floating 1. semicircular or broader than 
 long, outer base of lateral segments much rounded. Often theie 
 are no floating leaves, when it seems to be the B. aquatile, 
 ft. rivulare (Schur), R. pseudo-fluitans (Hiern). Submersed 1. 
 often 3 4 in. Ion*}- with the segm. tying close together almost 
 as in R.fluitam, flaccid and whip-shaped. In water, especially 
 streams. P. V. VIII. E. I. 
 
 9. R. peltdtus (Fries) ; submersed 1. loosely trifurcate, seg- 
 ments rather rigid divaricate not tassel-like, floating 1. long- 
 stalked subpeltate nearly half 3 5-fid with obovate segments 
 having 2 or 3 notches, ped. tapering exceeding the leaves, fl. large, 
 pet. round becoming obovate-cuneate 9-veined contiguous per- 
 sistent, stam. many exceeding pistils, stigma clubshaped, recep- 
 tacle ovoid, carp, f -obovate very blunt. E. B. S. 2965. St. 67. 7. 
 B. truncatum Dum. Floating 1. ^-circular, convex, outer base 
 of lateral segments much rounded. Stip. adnate nearly through- 
 out. Fl. sweet-scented, very large. Stam. about 30. Style 
 curved. Receptacle small. Inner edge of carp, nearly straight. 
 - R. elongatus (Hiern !), B. elongatum (Schultz) has very much 
 longer ped. but otherwise does not seem to differ, except that 
 the l.-segm. are rather less rigid. In water and wet places. 
 P. V.-IX, E. S. I. 
 
 10. E. tripartitus (DC.) ; submersed 1. loosely trifurcate, segments 
 very slender somewhat collapsing, floating 1. small deeply trifid with 
 rounded 2 5-lobed segments, the central usually as long as the lateral, 
 stip. roundish, upper free, ped. slender, about as long as the petioles, 
 ultimately recurved, fl. very small, pet. scarcely exceeding the cah, 
 stam. 5 8, stigma tapering, receptacle small roundish, carp, few obovate 
 inflated with a very small beak glabrous. E. iii. 2. A small slender 
 plant rasembling Sp. 11 but at once distinguished by the well-developed 
 capillary submersed 1., the rare submersed 1. of E. nitermedivs having the 
 segments flattened. Helston and Roche, Cornw. Baltimore, Cork 
 #r. E. A. Phillips. P. IV VI. E. 1. 
 
 /' 
 
RANUNCULUS. 9 
 
 11. R, lutdrius (Bouv.) ; divided I. rare rather rigid not 
 collapsing, floating or aerial, floating 1. subpeltate deeply tritid 
 with cimeate-obovate 2 4-fid lobes, pet. scarcely exceeding the 
 cal., style subulate terminal with a slender base, carp, unequally 
 obovate much inflated with a nearly terminal point. R. tri- 
 partitus E. B. S. 2946 [not DC.]. R. intermedius, ed. viii. St. 
 usually suberect, aerial. L. f-circular, lateral lobes with 3, 
 middle with 2 4 crenatures. Upper stip. free. Pet. pinkish. 
 Stam. 5 10. Style deciduous. Inner edge of carpels much 
 rounded. Sometimes the petals are longer and 5-veined. 
 Damp ground and wet ditches, rare. A. V. VIII. E. 
 
 [R. ololedcos (Lloyd) having larger wholly white fl., a pro- 
 minent nearly terminal beak to the obovate carp, and rare rigid 
 not collapsing submersed L, should be looked for.] 
 
 ** Submersed 1. not as in Section *. t Receptacle hispid. 
 
 12. R.circindtus (Sibth.) ; 1. all submersed and sessile trifur- 
 cate with repeatedly and closely forked rigid segments all placed 
 in one roundish plane not tassel-like, ped. tapering exceeding 1 , 
 fl. large, pet. obovate many-veined nearly contiguous persistent, 
 stam. exceeding pistils, stig. cylindrical, receptacle oblong, carp, 
 ^-ovate compressed rather acute. E, B. S. 2869. St. sub- 
 mersed. L. sheathing, not auricled, forming a flat rigid disk. 
 Buds flattened at the top. Stam. 15 20. Receptacle narrower 
 than ped. Inner edge of carp, nearly straight. Streams and 
 ponds, but not common. P. VI. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 ft Receptacle not hispid. 
 
 13. R. fluitans (Lam.) ; 1. all submersed about twice trifur- 
 oate with very long linear twice or thrice forked nearly parallel 
 segments, ped. tapering, fl. large, pet. broadly obovate many- 
 veined contiguous persistent, stam. falling short of pistils, stig. 
 cylindrical, receptacle conical, carp, obovate inflated much 
 rounded at the end laterally apiculate. E. B. S. 2870. St. 
 submersed, usually very long. Petioles and stout segments of 
 1. often very long, together a foot in length. Stip. broadly lan- 
 ceolate. Buds shortly pyramidal, pentagonal. Pet. often more 
 than five. Stam. very 'short, many. Inner edge of carpels 
 slightly rounded. /3. R, Bachii (Wirtg.) ; slender, 1. short al- 
 most sessile finely divided, pet. narrowly obovate. [y. ? cambricus 
 (R. aquatilis var. cambricus Ar. Benn.); email and slender, fl. small, 1. with 
 few short segm.] Rivers. j3. rare. [y. Coron Lake, Anglesey.] p. 
 VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
10 1. KANTJNCFLACEJK. 
 
 *** Usually no divided submersed leaves ; receptacle not 
 hispid. 
 
 14. It. Lenormaridi (F. Schultz) ; 1. all roundish cordate with 
 3 5 rather deeply divided lobes which widen from their base, pet. 
 exceeding cal., style terminal upon the ovate-conical ovary, carp, 
 unequally obovate with a terminal point. E. JB. S. 2930. R. 
 c&nosus Bab. (not Guss.). St. floating or creeping upon mud. 
 L. not spotted^ often opposite before the plant flowers ; lobes 
 very broad at the top, mostly with 2 3 notches. Upper stip. 
 very broad, ^-adcate. Pet. narrow, obovate, 5-veined. Stam. 
 8 10. Style nearly central on the ovary and usually so on 
 the carpel. Inner edge of carp, much rounded towards the 
 top. Shallow ponds or mud. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 15. R. hederdceus (L.) ; 1. roundish cordate with 3 5 
 Shallow rounded lobes widening to their base, pet. scarcely ex- 
 ceeding cal., style prolonging the inner edge of the ovary, carp. 
 J-oval or i-obovate with a lateral point. E. E. 2003. St. 
 floating or creeping upon mud. L. usually spotted; lobes 
 usually entire or with a central notch, often rather triangular. 
 Stip. narrow, much adnate. Pet. narrow, 3- veined. Stam. 
 6 8. Style lateral upon both ovary and carpel. Inner edge of 
 carpel nearly straight. When floating it is JR. omoiophyllus 
 (Ten.). R. ccenosus (Guss.). Shallow ponds or mud. P. VI. 
 -IX. E. S. I. 
 
 B. Fr.-st. straight ; carp, transversely wrinkled on the middle of 
 each side basally attached, nectary naked. 
 
 16. R. scelerdtus (L.) ; root fibrous, lower 1. stalked tripartite, 
 segments blunt crenate, upper 1. trih'd linear entire or incise-den- 
 tate, calyx reflexed, head of fr. oblong, carp, minute. E. B. 
 681. R. iii. 11. Fl. very small, pale yellow. Nect. round, 
 open, bordered all round, rarely not bordered above. Lower 
 1. broad, glabrous, shining. Stem 1 2 feet high, thick. By 
 and in ditches and ponds. A. VI. IX. Celery-leaved Crow- 
 foot. E. S. I. 
 
 C. Fr.-st. straight ; carp, not transversely wrinkled, basally 
 attached. 
 
 \R. alpestris and R. gramineus were probably recorded through 
 mistakes.] 
 
 t L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary nearly or quite naked 
 bordered. L. nearly parallel-veined. 
 
RANUNCULUS. 1 1 
 
 17. R. scot' icus (Marshall) ; st. solitary nearly erect not rooting at the 
 nodes, early root-1. numerous small deciduous ivithout lamintd, later root- 
 and lower stem-1. larger with or without obtuse oblong-lanceolate lamina?, 
 upper stem-1. lanceolate rather obtuse sessile or subsessile, pet. obovate- 
 truncate, carp, obovate pitted. R petiolaris Marsh, (not H. B. K.), 
 J. of B. 1892, p. 289, t. 328. Glabrous, 1. entire. Nearly related to 
 Sp. 18, of which it is perhaps a variety. Margins of Highland lakes. 
 P. VL VIII. S. I. 
 
 18. JR. Flam' mulct (L.) ; I. ovate- or linear-lanceolate nearly 
 entire stalked, stem reclining at the base and rooting, ped. fur- 
 rowed, carp, obovate minutely pitted pointed. E. B. 387. R. 
 iii. 10. Stem 6 18 in. high; sometimes procumbent and 
 rooting. L. sometimes serrate, hairy or glabrous. Small forms 
 (var. radicans Nolte) are often mistaken for R. reptans. A large 
 floating form from Cornwall may be var. natans Pers. In wet 
 places. P. VI. VIII. Lesser Spearwort. E. S. I. 
 
 19. R. rep' tans (L.) ; I. linear entire, st. procumbent filiform 
 creeping, carp, ovate obtusely beaked. Sy. E. B. 30. St. S'2. 
 14. St. rooting at every joining. Fl. very small. A doubtful 
 species. Wet places. Sandy shore of Ulleswater, Westm. 
 West end of Loch Leven, Kinross-shire. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 20. R. ophioglossifolius (Vill.) ; lower I. cordate-ovate stalked, 
 upper 1. oblong sessile amplexicaul, stem erect hollow, carp, ob- 
 liquely ovate margined tubercled with a short terminal point. 
 E. B. S. 2833. JR. iii. 21. Glabrous. Fl. small. St. about 
 1 foot high, branched, many-flowered, tapering below. Hy the, 
 Southampton, Mr. Groves. E. Gloster. St. Peter's Marsh, 
 Jersey (said to be extinct). A. VI. E. 
 
 21. R. Lin'gua (L.) ; I. long-lanceolate acute somewhat 
 serrate sessile amplexicaul, stem erect, ped. not furrowed, carp. 
 margined minutely pitted, with a broad wvordshaped beak. 
 E. B. 100. R. iii. 10. Fl. large. St. 23 feet high. St. and 
 1. glabrous or with adpressed hairs. Early submersed 1. 8 9 in. 
 long 3 in. broad ovate-oblong blunt cordate at base. Marshes 
 and ditches, rather rare. P. VI. VII. Great Spearwort. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 tt L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary with a scale. 
 
 22. JR. Ficdria (L.) ; root with fasciculate knobs, /. cordate 
 italked angular or crenate, st. with 1 3 L, single-flowered, sep. 
 usually 3, carp, smooth blunt. E. B. 584. R. iii. 1. Fl. about 
 1 in. across ; pet. usually 8 ; rarely apetalous. St. 3 8 in. long, 
 weak, often producing axillary bulbs. a. divergens-, lobes of 
 lowest 1. separate at base, lowest sheaths narrow. /3. incumbent 5 
 
1.2 1. RANUNCULACE.E. 
 
 lobes of lowest 1. overlapping at th^ base, lowest sheaths broad 
 clasping. Damp rather shady places, common. P. IV. V. 
 Pilewort. E. S. I. 
 
 ttf L. divided, fl. yellow. 
 J Nectary without a scale, carp, smooth. 
 
 23. R. auricomus (L.) ; root fibrous, radical L reniform 3 7- 
 pa-rtite with crenate or cut lobes stalked, stem-1. sessile digitate, 
 with linear or lanceolate more or lens toothed segments, pedun- 
 cles round, calyx pubescent, carp, downy ventricose, beak slender 
 hooked. E. B. 624. R. iii. 12. Pet. often wanting. Sep. 
 yellow. Receptacle covered with cylindrical tubercles upon 
 which the carp, are seated. St. about 1 foot high. Radical 1. 
 sometimes very deeply divided (var. incisifolius R.). Woods 
 and thickets, common. P. IV. V. Goldilocks. E. S. I. 
 
 JJ Nectary with a scale, carp, smooth. 
 
 24. R. dcris (L.) l ; st. not bulblike, root fibrous, radical L 
 palmately tripartite, segments trifid and deeply cut, uppermost 
 *tem-l. tripartite with linear segments, ped. terete, calyx pubes- 
 cent erect-patent, carp, oval glabrous margined, beak short mar- 
 ginal recurved, receptacle glabrous. E. B. 652. R. iii. 17. 
 Hairy. No stoles. St. 2 3 feet high. Beak about the length 
 of the carpel. Sometimes dwarf and 1-flowered on mountains. 
 
 -The variations R. Borceanus (Jord.) having the base of st. 
 glabrous, l.-segm. very narrow, R. vulyatus (Jord.) having 
 usually an oblique or horizontal rhizome, and R. tomophyllu* 
 (Jord.) having a praemorse rootstock, have been found. J. of B. 
 viii. 257, x. 238. A var. with glabrous shining 1. much moro 
 bluntly cut than usual [var. pumilus WahL] grows on Cairri- 
 li'orm. Meadows and pastures, common ; mountains. P. VI. 
 VII. Upright Crowfoot. E. S. I. 
 
 25. R. repens (L.) ; 1. with three-lobed segments, lobes 3-fid 
 and cut, ped. furrowed, calyx pubescent erect-patent, carp, oval 
 glabrous margined minutely pitted, beak longish slightly curved, 
 receptacle hairy. E. B. 516. Root fibrous. Stoles strong, leafy. 
 Primary stem usually erect, 1012 in. high. Meadows and 
 pastures, common. P. V. VIII. Creeping Crowfoot. E. S. I. 
 
 26. R. bulboms (L.) ; stem bulblike at the base, radical 1. 
 with 3 segments each tripartite trifid and cut, ped. glabraws 
 
 For an account of the vars. and forms, see Townsend, J.ofB. xxxviii. 
 (1900) p. 379. H.&J.U. 
 
EANUNCULUS. CALTHA. 13 
 
 furrowed, calyx hairy reflexed, carp, round margined smooth, 
 beak short, receptacle hairy. E. B. 515. R. iii. 20. St. about 
 1 foot high. Upper 1. cut into narrow segments. Meadows 
 and pastures. P. V. Bulbous Crowfoot. E. S. I. 
 
 J|| Nectary with a scale, carp, rugose or tubercular. 
 
 [R. flabelldtus (Desf.) ; root of short ovoid knols and fibres, 
 stoles very slender with minute scales and ending in a young 
 
 lant, rt.-l. with 3 segments each 3 7-parted or 3-fid, st.-l. 
 2 with linear segments, ped. terete, cal. hairy spreading, 
 carp, many roundish, beak acute, receptacle oblong glabrous. 
 R. chcerophyllus (auct.) ed. viii. J. of B. x. t. 125. St. 6 
 12 in. high, and, as well as the leaves, hairy. Dry places, 
 St. Aubin's, Jersey. P. V.] 
 
 27. R. sardous (Crantz) ; root fibrous, radical 1. with 3 stalked 
 tritid and cut leaflets, peduncles furrowed, calyx reflexed, carp, 
 round margined with a series of tubercles near the margin, beak 
 short curved, receptacle hairy. R. hirsutus (Curt.) ed. viii. 
 E. B. 1504. R, iii. 23. R. Philonotis (Ehrh.) Koch. St. 4 
 18 in. high ; the smaller specimens are R. parvulus L. Upper 
 1. in narrow acute segments. Fl. pale yellow. Waste land and 
 corn-fields, rare. A. VI. X. E. S. 
 
 28. R. parviflorus (L.) ; root fibrous, stems spreading, 1. 
 roundish-cordate 3 5-lobed cut, upper 1. oblong undivided or 
 3-lobed, calyx at first erect afterwards reflexed, carp, orbicular 
 muricate. E. B. liO. R. iii. 22. Peduncles opposite the 
 leaves. Pet. narrow. Corn-fields and dry banks, rare. A. T. 
 VI. E. I. 
 
 t29. R. arven'sis (L.) ; root fibrous, radical 1. 3-cleft dentate, 
 stem-1. once or twice ternate with linear-lanceolate segments, 
 c dyx erect-patent, carp, margined beaked and spinous. E. B. 
 135. R. iii. 21. St. 618 in. high. Fl. pale yellow. 
 Corn-fields. A. VI. Corn Crowfoot. " E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe IV. Hdleborea. 
 7. CAL'THA Linn. Marsh Marigold. 
 
 1. C, palustris (L.) ; st. ascending, I. cordate rounded crenate. 
 E. B. 506. R. iv. 101. - About a foot high. Fl. large. Sep. 
 bright yellow. a. vulgaris ; sep. roundish-ovate contiguous, 
 carp, spreading their beak eery short. /3. C. cornuta (Schottj ; 
 
14 1. RANUNCULACEJ2. 
 
 sep. oblong-ovate not contiguous, carp, spreading their beak 
 long. y. C. latifolia (Schott) ; 1. coarsely dentate throughout, 
 st.-l. broadly reniform, beak short. . minor ; st. decumbent 
 mostly 1-flowered, fl. small, sep. not contiguous, carp, erect 
 their beak very short. . zetlandica (Beeby) x ; st. rooting, 
 5-8 in. long, fl. small. Marshy places, common, d. Mountains, 
 e. Shetland. P. III. V. E. S. I. 
 
 2. ? C. radicans (Forst.) ; st. creeping, 1. triangular, serrate- 
 crenate small, sep. not contiguous narrow. E. B. 2175. Base 
 of the 1. almost at right angles with petiole. Rescobie, For- 
 farsh. P. V. VI. S. 
 
 8. TEOI/LIUS Linn. Globe Flower. 
 
 1. T. europce'us (L.) ; sep. 10-15 concave converging into a 
 globe, pet. 10 about equalling the stam., 1. palmately 5-parted, 
 segments rhomboidal 3-partite incise-serrate. E. B. 28. K. 
 iv. 101. Fl. bright yellow. Pet. Ululate. St. 1 2 feet 
 high. Damp mountain pastures. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 9. CAM'MAKTJM Hill. (Eranthis Salisb. ed. viii.) 
 Winter Aconite. 
 
 [* C. nyemdle (Greene) : sep. 68 oblong. Sy. E. B. 43. R. 
 iv. 101. Radical 1. on long stalks, 5 7-parted, deeply cut 
 into linear-oblong segments. St. 4 6 in. high ; invol. of 3 
 sessile leaflets just below the solitary yellow fl. Rhizome tube- 
 rous. Naturalized in thickets. P. II. III.] E. S. ? 
 
 10. HELLEB'ORUS Linn. Hellebore. 
 
 1. H. vir'idis (L.) ; radical /. digitate stalked, stera-1. sessile 
 at the ramifications, st. few-flowered, calyx spreading. E. B. 
 200. Veins of the 1. prominent beneath. Stigma erect. St. 1 
 foot high, annual. Fl. greenish-yellow. Thickets on a cal- 
 careous soil. P. III. IV. Green Hellebore. Bear'sfoot. E. 
 
 2. H.f&t'idus (L.) ; /. pedate stalked, st. leafy many-flowered, 
 calyx converging. E. B. 613. L. successively contracting up- 
 wards into bracts. St. 2 feet high, perennial. Fl. globose, 
 drooping, greenish tipped with purple. Thickets in chalky 
 districts. P. III. IV. Stinking Hellebore. Setterwort. E. 
 
 1 Mr. Beeby now places this under C. radicans which he regards as a 
 aubsp. of C.palustris, distinguished from palustris proper by its rooting 
 at the nodes. H.&J.G. 
 
AQTJILEGIA. P.EONIA. 15 
 
 11. AQUILE'GIA Linn. Columbine. 
 
 1. A. vulgdris (L.) ; spur of the pet. incurved, limb blunt 
 falling short of the stamens, 1. biternate, leaflets 3-lobed crenate. 
 E. B. 297. R. iv. 114. St. 23 feet high, slightly leafy. Caps, 
 cylindrical hairy. Inner stam. frequently imperfect. Woods 
 and thickets and heaths, not common. P. V. VI. E. I. 
 
 12. DELPHIN'IUM Linn. Larkspur. 
 
 *1. D. Ajdcis (Gay not R.) ; st. erect with spreading branches, 
 racemes 4 16-fL, pet. combined, ovary abruptly narrowed into 
 a subulate style, follicle downy obliquely acuminate, seeds with 
 transverse contiguous wavy ridges. D. ConsolidaSm. Sy. E. B. 
 47. St. loosely and sparingly branched, about a foot hisrh. Fl. 
 of a vivid and permanent blue, rarely red pink or white. L. 
 deeply multitid. Style equal to about \ of carpel. Sandy or 
 chalky corn-fields. Nearly extirpated. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 [D. Consol'ida (L.) ; st. erect with patent branches, racemes 
 few-flowered, pet. combined, ovary narrowed into style, follicle 
 glabrous truncate short, seeds with transverse interrupted ridges. 
 R. iv. 116. Much like D. Ajacis. Style lateral. Found once 
 in Jersey and in Cornwall. A. VI. VII.] 
 
 13. ACONI'TUM Linn. Monk's-hood. 
 
 tl. A. Napel'lus (L.) ; pet. horizontal upon curved stalks, 
 spurs bent down, fl. racemose, young carpels diverging. E. B. 
 S. 2730. R. iv. 92. Rootstock black, of 2 oblong knobs, very 
 poisonous. St. 1 2 ft. high. Fl. purple. Filaments slightly 
 hairy, with cuspidate wings. Pet. inflated above ; lip broad. 
 Helmet open, hemispherical. Pedicels erect, downy. Banks 
 of rivers and brooks, rare. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Tribe V. Paoniece. 
 14. ACTJE'A Linn. Bane-berry. 
 
 1. A. spicdta (L.) ; raceme simple elongate, pet. as long as 
 the stamens, berries oval. E. B. 918. R. iv. 121. L. stalked, 
 biternate ; Its. ovate, trih'd, deeply cut. St. 1 2 feet high. Fl. 
 white. Mountainous limestone tracts in the North. P. V. E. S. 
 
 15. P^O'NIA Linn. Pa3ony. 
 
 [* P. coral' Una (Retz.) ; 1. biternate, leaflets ovate entire 
 glaucous beneath, caps, downy recurved from the base. 2?. B. 
 
16 2. BERBERIDACEJE. 3. NYMPE^EACE2E. 
 
 1513. R. iv. 128. Roots fleshy, knobbed. Herb 2 feet high. 
 Fl. large, crimson with yellow anthers. On the Steep Holmes 
 Island in the Severn. P. V. VI.] E. 
 
 Order II. BERBERIPACE^E. 
 
 Sep. 3 or 4 or 6 in a double row. Pet. the same or double 
 that number. Stani. opposite to the petals. A nth. opening by 
 valves attached at the top and turning upwards. Carpel I, 1- 
 celled ; seeds attached to the bottom or on a lateral placenta, 
 albuminous. Stipules usually wanting. 
 
 1. BEBBERIS. Sep. 6, deciduous. Pet. 6, each with 2 glands 
 at the base within. Stam. 6. Berry 2 3-seeded. 
 
 [2. EPIMEDIUM. Sep. 4, deciduous. Pet. 4. Nectaries 4 ; 
 cupshaped. Stam. 4. Caps, podlike, many-seeded.] 
 
 1. BER'BERIS Linn. Barberry. 
 
 1. S. vulgdris (L.) ; spines 3-parted, 1. obovate ciliate- 
 serrate, racemes pendulous many-flowered, petals entire. E. B. 
 49. R. iii. f . 448(1 Height 68 feet. Fl. yellow. Berries red, 
 oblonor, slightly curved. Filaments curiously elastic. Hedsres 
 and thickets. Sh. V. VI. E. 8.7 1. 
 
 2. EPIME'DIUM Linn. Barrenwort. 
 
 \_E. alpinum (L.) ; rhizome producing leaves and stems, stem- 
 1. twice ternate. E. B. 438. R. iii. f. 4485. Lts. ovate-heart- 
 shaped, serrate. Pan. shorter than the 1. and appearing to grow 
 from the petiole. Fl. red with yellow nectaries. Subalpine 
 woods. Not a native. P. V.] E. S. 
 
 Order III. NYMPH^EACE.E. 
 
 Sep. 4 6. Petals many, seated with the many stamens upon 
 a fleshy disk more or less completely surrounding the ovary. 
 Stigma peltate. Fruit many-celled ; seeds many, in a gelati- 
 nous aril. Embryo in a bag on the outside of the base of the 
 albumen. St. prostrate, submersed. L. floating, falsely peltate. 
 
 1. CASTALIA. Cal. of 4 sepals. Pet. many, seated together 
 with the stamens upon a fleshy disk enveloping the germen 
 and passing gradually into them. Berry many-celled, many - 
 seeded Stigma sessile, of many rays. 
 

 3. NYJIPH^ACEJE. 4. PAPAVEEACE^l. 17 
 
 2. NYMPHJEA. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. many, seated together 
 with the stamens upon the receptacle. Berry many-celled, 
 many-seeded. Stigma sessile, of many rays. 
 
 1. CAS'TALIA Salisb. White Water-Lily. 
 
 1. C. speciosa (Salisb.) ; 1. roundish deeply cordate entire 
 with approximate lobes, stigma of 1220 rays. Nymphcra 
 alba (L.) ed. viii. E. B. 160. R. vii. 67. Fl. large, white, 
 floating. Stipr. yellow. Ovary covered with the stam. almost 
 to its top. Caps, dissolving into pulp. Notch in the leaves 
 with nearly parallel sides. There is a small-flowered form 
 (N. alba ft. minor DC.). Slow rivers, lakes and clear ditches. 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. NYMPH^L'A Linn. (Nupliar Sm. ed. viii.) 
 Yellow Water-Lily. 
 
 1. N. lutea (L.) ; 1. oblong-cordate, sep. 5, stigma with 9 20 
 rays not extending to tie entire margin, anthers linear. E. B. 
 159. R. vii. 68. Fl. 2 in. across, yellow, smelling like brandy. 
 Caps, bursting irregularly. Submersed L thin, transparent, 
 wavy, oblong-cordate, ft. intermedia ; fl. \\ in. across, marjrin 
 of stigma wavy. Si/. E. B. 55. Nuphar intermedium Ledeb. 
 Lakes and ditches. P. VII. Brandy-bottle. E. S. I. 
 
 2. N. pumila (Hoffin.) ; 1. oblong deeply cordate with distant 
 lobes, sep. 5, itigma icith 8 10 rays extending to the margin 
 and forming acute teeth, antli. subquadrate. JE. B. 2292. R. vii. 
 65. Fl. yellow, small. Caps, furrowed upwards. Anth. not 
 twice as long as broad. Much smaller than N. lutea. Submersed 
 1. thin, transparent, wavv, reniform. In small Highland lakes, 
 and at Ellesmere, Salop." P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 Order IY. PAPAVEEACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor. regular, of 4 petals. Stam. generally 
 many, free. Ovary free ; placentas parietal, usually projecting ; 
 seeds many. Stip-mas as many as the placentas, simple or lobed ; 
 the lobes of adjoining stimas combining, thus appearing 
 (falsely) to be opposite to the placentas. Seeds albuminous. 
 Stip. 0. 
 
 * Fruit globular, oblong or clavate, opening by pores ; stigmas 
 
 radiant. 
 
 1. PAPAVEB. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Style 0. Stigmas 4 20, 
 radiant on aflattish disk. Caps, opening by pores beneath 
 the stigma. Placentas like dissepiments. 
 
4. PAP AVERAGES. 
 
 2. MECONOPSIS. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Style short. Stiymas 
 4 6, radiant, free. Caps, obovate, opening by pores be- 
 neath the style. Placentas filiform. 
 
 ** Fruit linear, opening by valves ; stigmas 2 4. 
 
 3. ROEMERIA. Pet. 3. Stam. many. Stigmas 2 , sessile, 
 radiant. Caps. 2 4e-valoed, 1-celled ; placentas distinct. 
 Seeds not crested. 
 
 4. GLATJCITJM. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Stigmas 2, sessile. 
 Caps. 2-valved ; placentas connected by a spongy dissepiment. 
 Seeds not crested. A maritime plant with yellow flowers. 
 
 5. CHELIDONIUM. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Stigmas 2. Caps. 
 2-valved, 1-celled : placentas distinct. Seeds crested. 
 
 1. PAPA'VER Linn. Poppy. 
 
 fl. P- Argemone (L.) ; filaments dilated upwards, caps, 
 clavate hispid with erect bristles, stem leafy many-flowered, 
 1. bipinnatifid. E. B. 643. R. iii. f. 4475. St. usually about 
 1 ft. high. Fl. small. Pet. distinct, fugacious, pale red, black 
 at the base. Bristles sometimes spreading. In corn-fields. A. 
 VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 f2. P. hyb'ridum (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps, roundly 
 ovoid hispid with spreading bristles, stem leafy many-flowered, 
 1. bipinnatifid. E. B. 43. JR. iii. f. 4476. Sap' milky. Fl. small. 
 Pet. purplish, often with a dark spot at the base. Sandy fields, 
 rare. A. VI. VII. E.I. 
 
 f3. P. Rhoz'as (L.) ; Jilaments subulate, caps, roundly obovoid 
 without bristles, stem bristly many-flowered, 1. pinnatifid cut. 
 E. B. 645. R. iii. f. 4479. Fl. large. Pet. deep scarlet, often 
 nearly black at the base. Peduncles with spreading hairs, or 
 (jS. striyosum Boenn.) with adpressed hairs. In arable fields, 
 common. A. VI. VII. Corn Rose. E. 8. I. 
 
 t4. P. dubium (L.) : filaments subulate, caps, clavate, narrow- 
 ing gradually from the top throughout without bristles, stiy.- 
 disk ivith patent edge, 1. pinnatitid with distant broad entire 
 bluntish lobes, sap milky. Curt. Lond. ii. 104. P. Lamottei 
 Bor. St. 1 2 ft. high. Sap not turning yellow. Fl. large. 
 Pet. transversely oval, pale red. Ped. with adpressed hairs. 
 Stiff. -disk of nearly ripe caps, like eaves, obscurely lobed. Sides 
 of fields. A. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
PAPAVEK. GLAUCIUM. 19 
 
 to. P. Lecoq'ii (Lamot.) ; filaments subulate, caps, clavate- 
 oblong suddenly narrowed near the base without bristles, stig.- 
 disk folded over the edge of the caps., I. bipinnatifid with distant 
 narrow entire acute lobes. Sap becoming dark yellow in the air. 
 Sy. E. B. 60. St. 12 ft. high. Fl. lartre. Pet. usually 
 distinct, oboyate-wedgeshaped, red. Ped. with adpressed hairs. 
 Stig.-diek with bluntly triangular lobes. Sides of fields chiefly 
 on a calcareous soil. A. VI. VII. E. S. 1. 
 
 J6. P. somnif'erum (L.) ; filaments dilated upwards, caps, 
 truly globular without bristles, 1. oblong unequally toothed am- 
 plexicaul. E. B. 2145. R. iii. f. 4481. Fl. large. Pet. bluish 
 white with a violet spot at the base. Whole herb smooth 
 [var. ylabmm Wats.] or sometimes a few rigid spreading bristles 
 on the ped. and one tipping many of the teeth of the leaves 
 [var. hispidum Wats.]. On sandy ground near the sea, and in 
 the Fens ; rare. A. VII. E. I. 
 
 2. MECONOP'SIS Vig. "Welsh. Poppy. 
 
 1. M. cam'brica (Vig.) ; caps, smooth, 1. stalked. E. B. 66. 
 Caps, elliptic-oblong, beaked. St. many-flowered, about 1 foot 
 high. L. pinnate, cut, glaucous beneath. Fl. large, yellow, on 
 long stalks. Damp rocky and shady places. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E.I. 
 
 3. ROEME'KIA Medic. 
 
 tl. R. violdcea (Medic) ; pod 3-valved erect with a few rigid 
 hairs at its top. E. B. 201. R. hybrida (DC.) ed. viii. Caps, 
 linear, 2 3 in. long. L. 2 3-pinnatifid, with linear nearly 
 smooth bristle-pointed lobes. St. about 1 foot high, usually 
 slightly hairy. Fl. violet-blue. Pet. falling before noon. 
 Chalky corn-fields in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, very rare. 
 A. V. VI. E. 
 
 4. GLATJ'CIUM Mill. Horned Poppy. 
 
 1. G.fldvum (Crantz) ; st. smooth, stem-1. ^-clasping sinuate, 
 caps, minutely tubercular-asperous. G. luteum (Scop.) ed. viii. 
 E. B. 8. Glaucous. St. 1 3 feet high, stout, much branched, 
 glabrous or slightly hairy. Root-1. stalked, lyrate, lobed and 
 cut, hairy. Pet. large, golden yellow. Caps. 6 12 in. long, 
 curved. Sandy sea-shores. B. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 [. phccniceum (Crantz); st. pilose, stem-1. pinnatifid cut, 
 caps, hispid. E. B. 1433. Pet. scarlet with a black spot at the 
 base. Rarely found, on cultivated ground. A. VI. VII.] E. 
 
 
20 5. FUMAR1ACE.E 
 
 5. CHELIDO'NTUM Linn. Celandine. 
 
 tl. C. majns (L.) ; ped. umbellate, 1. deeply pinnatifid, seg- 
 ments rounded and bluntly lobed. E. B. 1681. Fl. yellow, 
 small. Caps, linear. St. 1 2 feet high. All parts full of 
 orange juice. [#. C. laciniaium (DC.) ; segments of the leaves 
 deeply pinnatifid, lobes incise-serrate.] "Waste places and old 
 walla. a very doubtful native. P. V.- VIII. E. S. 1. 
 
 Order V. FUMAEIACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 2 or 0. Cor. irregular, of 4 parallel petals, one or both 
 of the two outer pet. gibbous or spurred at the base. Stain. 6, 
 in 2 bundles opposite to the outer petals ; lateral stam. in each 
 bundle 1-celled. Ovary free, 1 -celled. Style filiform. Stigma 
 with 2 or more points. Seeds albuminous. Stipules 0. 
 
 1. CAPNOIDES. Cal. of 2 sepals or wanting. Pet. 4, the upper 
 one spurred at the base. Stam. diadelphous. Pod 2-valved 
 many-seeded, compressed. 
 
 2. FUMARIA. Cal. of 2 sepals. Pet. 4, the upper one spurred 
 a,t the base. Stam. diadelphous. Fruit a nut, iudehiscent, 
 1-seeded. 
 
 1. CAPNOI'DES Mill. (Conjdalis DC. ed. viii. 
 Neckeria Scop.) 
 
 [6 V . sol'ida (Moench) ; root tuberous solid, 1. biternate cut, 
 lowest petiole a leafless scale, bracts palmate. E. B. 1471. 
 Lobes of the 1. blunt. Fl. purplish. St. a span high. Not a 
 native, scarcely even naturalized. P. IV. V.] E. 
 
 *1. C. lutea (Gaert.) ; root fbrous,\. triternate, bracts minute 
 oblong cuspidate, seeds shining granular-rugose with a patent 
 denticulate crest. E. B. 588. Lts. obovate, trifid. Bracts 
 shorter than pedicels. Fl. yellow. St. 1 ft. high, brittle, 
 spreading. Naturalized on old walls. P. V. VIII. Yellow 
 Fumitory. E. S. 
 
 2. C. claviculdta (Druce) ; root fibrous, leaves pinnate, pinnae 
 tmu&te, footstalks ending in tendrils, bracts oblong acuminate.-- 
 E. B. 103. Leaflets entire, elliptic. Bracts rather longer than 
 the pedicels. Fl. small, yellow or nearly white. St. slender, 
 climbing, 14 feet long. Bushy places "in hilly districts. P. 
 VI. VII. White Climbing Fumitory. E. S. 1. 
 
FUMAKIA. 21 
 
 2. FUMA'KIA Linn. Fumitory. 
 
 * Capreolata. Lower pet. narrowing gradually and slightly from 
 its middle upwards. Fr. not retuse. St. erect, climbing 
 or diffuse. Fr. subcompressed, smooth. Raceme lax, 
 short, few-flowered. Sep. as broad as cor.-tube. L. flat. 
 
 1 . F. capreoldta (L.) ; sep. ovate toothed [peltate] at least J 
 as long as the cor. ? fr. blunt its neck short and narrow, fr.-st. 
 patent or reflexed. Sep. soon falling. Cor. large. Fr. not 
 regularly rounded vertically but squarish ; apical pits small and 
 deep. a. speciosa (Jord.); fr. longer than broad, its neck 
 narrower than the tip of ped., fr.-st. recurved. Cor. cream- 
 coloured, tipped with red or pink. Sy. E. B. 71. /3. F. Borcei 
 I Jord.) * ; fr. broader than long, its neck very narrow, fr.-st. 
 patent, sep. large oval. Cor. purplish, tipped with dark purple. 
 Sy. E. B. 72. Curt. ii. 145. Borders of fields. A. VI. IX. 
 
 E. L 
 
 2. F. confiisa (Jord.) ; sep. ovate toothed [attached at or very 
 near the base] not ^ as long as cor., fr. rounded at the top its neck 
 very broad, fr.-st. "patent E. B. S. 2976. &/. E. B. 73. Sep. 
 often persistent. Cor. large, dull white or pinkish, tipped with 
 dark purple. Fr. regularly rounded vertically ; apical pits 
 broad and shallow ; neck nearly as broad as the fruit. Borders 
 of fields, chiefly in the West. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. F. murdlis (Sond.) ; sep. ovate toothed [peltate] not \ as 
 longias the cor., fr. obovate rounded at the top its neck obconic 
 narrow, fr.-st. erect-patent. Sy. E. B. 74. Fl. Dan. 2473. 
 More lax than Sp. 1 and 2, cor. smaller and nearly black at the 
 tip. Fr. uniformly rounded at the sides and top, nearly pyri- 
 form if taken with its neck ; apical pits very faint. Borders of 
 fields. A. VI. IX. E. S. L 
 
 ** Officinahs. Lower petal spathulate. 
 
 4. F. officindlis (L.) ; sep. ovate-lanceolate acute toothed nar- 
 rower than the cor.-tube, fr. obovate retuse, bracts much shorter 
 than the fruitstalks, Its. flat. Curt. i. 14. St. erect or diffuse. 
 Raceme long, many-flowered. Sep. broader than the pedicel, 
 about the length of the corolla. Pet. rose-coloured. Fr. 
 rugose, broader than long. Common. A. V. IX. E.S.I. 
 
 1 Most authors agree in separating F. ~Borosi as a species. It seems 
 to us more nearly allied to F. muralis and F. confusa than to 
 F. capreolata. H. & J . G. 
 
22 6. CRUCIFEE.E. 
 
 f5. F. densi-flora (DC.) : sep. large roundish dentate broader 
 than the eor.-tube, fr. subglobose subapiculate, bracts longer 
 than the fr.-stalks, Its. linear channelled. F. micrantha Lag. 
 E. B. S. 2876. St. branched, diffuse. Pet, pale purple. Fr. 
 rather longer than broad. Fields. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 6. F. parviflora (Lam.) ; sep. minute ovate acute cut, fruit- 
 stalk shorter than the obovate pointed fr. and equalling the bract, 
 Its. linear channelled. E. B. 590. R. iii. L Foliage yellow- 
 ish green glaucous. Lts. ascending. Fl. whitish, afterwards 
 pale purple. Fields in Kent, Essex, Camb. [&c. ]. A. VI. IX. 
 
 E. 
 
 7. F. Vaillan'tii (Lois.) ; sep. very minute triangular, fr.-st. 
 longer than the obovate pointed fr. and twice as long as the 
 bract, Its, narrow flat. E. JB. S. 2877. R. iii. 1. Foliage 
 greyish green glaucous. Lts. spreading. Fl. purplish, after- 
 wards whitish. Fields in the South and East, rare. A. VI. 
 IX. E. 
 
 Order VI. CEUCIFEE^l. 
 
 Sep. 4. Cor. cruciform, of 4 petals. Stam. 6, tetradynamous ; 
 2 shorter opposite the lateral sepals. Ovary free, with marginal 
 placentas connected by a false septum. Stigmas 2, opposite to 
 the placentas (or, rather, alternate with them, lobed and com- 
 bining). Fruit a 2-celled and 2-valved caps, (or pod), the 
 valves opposite the shorter stamens, deciduous from the pla- 
 centas. Stipules 0. 
 
 Suborder I. SILIQUOS^S. 
 
 Pod (silique) long, not dividing transversely, linear or linear- 
 lanceolate, opening by 2 valves throughout ; dissepiment narrow, 
 but in the broadest diameter of the pod. 
 
 Tribe I. ARABIDE^E. Cotyledons accumbent (radicle late- 
 ral), seed compressed. 
 
 * Stigma 2-lobed. 
 
 1. MATTHIOLA. Pod round or compressed. Lobes of stig. 
 erect gibbous or horned at the back. 
 
 2. CHEIRANTHUS. Pod compressed or 2-edged. icith an ele- 
 vated longitudinal rib upon each calve. Lobes of stig. patent. 
 Seeds in a single row in each cell. 
 
6. CKUCIFEE^]. 23 
 
 ** Stigma a disk or head. 
 
 3. RADICULA. Pod terete; valves convex, veinless. Seeds 
 irregularly in 2 rows. 
 
 4. BARB ARE A. Pod terete ; valves convex, with a prominent 
 longitudinal rib. Seeds in a single row. 
 
 5. ARABIS. Pod compressed ; valves nearly flat, with a pro- 
 minent longitudinal rib or with numerous longitudinal 
 veins. Seeds in a single or double row. 
 
 6. CARDAMINE. Pod compressed ; valves flat, veinless. Seeds 
 in 1 row ; seed-stalk simple, filiform. 
 
 7. DENTARIA. Pod lanceolate, compressed ; valves flat, vein- 
 less. Seeds in a single row j seed-stalk dilated, 'winged. 
 
 Tr. II. SISYMBRIE^E. Cotyledons incumbent (radicle dor- 
 sal), seed compressed. Seeds in one row. 
 
 * Stigma of two closely converging erect ovate lobes. 
 
 8. HESPERIS. Pod quadrangular or subcompressed ; valves 
 keeled, somewhat 3-veined. Seeds in a single row. 
 
 ** Stigma a disk with a thickened edge. 
 
 9. SISYMBRIUM. Pod terete or rarely 4-edged ; valves con- 
 vex, with 3 longitudinal veins. Seeds in a single row, 
 smooth ; seed-stalk filiform. S. Thalianum has a tetra- 
 gonous pod with 1 strong conspicuous rib on the valves. 
 
 10. ALLIARIA. Pod terete ; valves convex, with 3 longitu- 
 dinal veins, the middle one prominent and strong, tne 2 
 lateral slender and branching. Seeds in a single row, 
 striate \ seed-stalk flattened, winged. 
 
 11. ERYSIMUM. Pod 4-edged; valves prominently keeled, 
 With 1 longitudinal vein. Seeds in a single row ; seed-stalk 
 filiform. 
 
 Tr. III. BRASSICE^E. Cotyledons conduplicate (longitudi- 
 nally folded in the middle) ; radicle dorsal, within the fold. 
 
 12. BRASSICA. Cal. erect. Pod terete or angular. Seeds 
 globose, in a single row. 
 
 13. SINAPIS. Cal. spreading (in the flower). Pod terete or 
 angular. Seeds in a single row. 
 
24 6. CRUCIFERJ3. 
 
 14. DIPLOTAXIS. Cal. patent. Pod compressed. Seeds oval 
 or oblong, in 2 rows. 
 
 Suborder II. LATISEPT^. 
 
 Pouch (silicle) short, not dividing transversely, opening with 
 two valves ; dissepiment in its broadest diameter. 1 
 
 Tr. IV. ALYSSINEJE. Cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 15. ALYSSUM. Pouch roundish or oval, compressed. Seeds 
 2 4 in each cell. Filaments simple or toothed or the 
 shorter ones with a gland or subulate process on each side 
 at the base. 
 
 16. DBABA. Pouch oval or oblong, slightly convex. Seeds 
 many in each cell, in 2 rows, not margined. Filaments 
 simple. 
 
 17. COCHLEABIA. Pouch globose ; valves very convex, dorsal 
 vein prominent. Seeds many. Filaments simple. 
 
 18. AUMORACIA. Pouch oblong or globose; valves very con- 
 vex, no vein. Seeds many. Filaments simple. 
 
 [Tr. V. CAMELINE^E. Cotyledons incumbent. 
 
 19. CAMELINA. Pouch subovate ; valves ventricose, with a 
 linear prolongation at the end which is confluent with the 
 persistent style.] 
 
 Suborder III. ANGUSTISEPT^E. 
 
 Pouch (silicle) short, laterally compressed, opening with 2 
 boatshaped valves keeled or winged on the back ; dissepiment 
 narrow, linear or lanceolate. 
 
 Tr. VI. THLASPIDE&. Cotyledons straight. 
 
 * Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent. 
 
 20. THLASPI. Pouch roundish, notched ; valves boatshaped 
 winged at the back. Seeds more than 2 in each celt. Pet. 
 equal, filaments simple. 
 
 1 In Cochlearia the valves are sometimes so convex that the pouch i 
 laterally compressed. 
 
6. CRUCIFEK.E. 25 
 
 21. HUTCHINSIA. Pouch elliptic, entire; valves boat-shaped, 
 keeled not winged at the hack. Seeds 2 in each cell. Pet. 
 equal. Filaments simple. Cotyledons rarely incumbent. 
 
 !22. TEKSDALIA. Pouch roundish, notched ; valves boat- 
 shaped, their back keeled below narrowly winged above. 
 Seeds 2 in each cell. Pet. equal or two outer ones larger. 
 Filaments with a little scale at the base of each within. 
 
 33. TBEBIS. Pouch ovate or roundish, notched ; valves boat- 
 shaped, winged at the back. Seeds 1 in each cell. Pet. 
 unequal, 2 outer ones much larger. Filaments simple. 
 
 ** Cotyledons usually incumbent. 
 
 24. LEPIDIUM. Pouch roundish or oblong, entire or notched ; 
 valves compressed, keeled or winged at the back. Seeds I 
 in each cell. Pet. equal. Cotyledons rarely accumbent. 
 
 2o. BURSA. Pouch triangular-obcordate ; valves compressed, 
 keeled but not winged. Seeds many. 
 
 Tr. VII. SUBULARIEJG. Pouch with a rather broad dis- 
 sepiment Cells many-seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, 
 long, linear, curved back above their base, thus appearing 
 like 4 in transverse section. 
 
 26. SUBULARIA. Pouch oval-oblong, laterally subcompressed ; 
 valves boatshaped, 
 
 Tr. VIII. SENEBIERE&. Valves not separating. Cells 
 one-seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, long, linear,- curved 
 back above their base, as in Tr. VII. 
 
 27. SENEBIERA. Pouch broader than Ions', somewhat kidney- 
 shaped, entire at the end, or notched above and below and 
 almost 2-lobed. 
 
 Suborder IV. NUCUMENTACE^E. 
 
 Pouch (silicle) scarcely dehiscent, often 1-celled owing to the 
 absence of the septum. 
 
 Tr. IK. ISATIDEJS. 
 
 28, LSATIS. Pouch laterally compressed, 1-celled, 1-seeded, 
 valves keeled, eventually separating. Cotyledons incum- 
 bent. 
 
 C 
 
20 6. CRUCIFEFLE. 
 
 Suborder V. LOMENTACE^E. 
 
 Silicle or silique dividing transversely into 1-seeded cells ; the 
 true silique often barren, all the seeds being in the beak. 
 
 Tr. X. CAKILINE^E. Silicle 2-jointed. 
 
 29. CAKILE. Silicle angular, of two 1-seeded indehiscent 
 joints, upper joint deciduous with an erect seed, lower per- 
 sistent seedless or with a pendent seed. 
 
 30. CBAMBE. Silicle 2-jointed, upper joint globose with 1 
 seed pendent from a long curved seed-stalk springing from 
 the bottom of the cell, lower joint barren stalldike. 
 
 Tr. XI. RAPHANEAi. Silique linear or oblong, terete or 
 moniliform. 
 
 31. RAPHANUS. Silique linear or oblong, tapering upwards, 
 smooth and indehiscent, or moniliform and dividing trans- 
 versely into 1-seeded cells, lowermost cell barren imper- 
 fectly 2-valved stalklike. 
 
 Suborder I. Siliquosa. Tribe I. Arabidece. 
 
 1. MATTHI'OLA R. Br. Stock. 
 
 fl. M. incdna (R. Br.) ; st. shrubby upright branched, /.lan- 
 ceolate entire hoary, pods " cylindrical without glands." Sy. 
 E. B. 1935. R. ii. 45. Fl. of a full purple. Cliffs in the Isle of 
 Wight. P. V. VI. Hoary Stock. E. 
 
 2. M. sinudta (R. Br.) ; st. herbaceous diffuse, 1. oblong 
 downy, lower I. sinuate, pods compressed muricated with glands, 
 E. B. 462. E. ii. 45. Fl. purple. South and South-west 
 coasts. B. VI. VIII. Sea Stock. E. I. 
 
 2. CHEIRAN'THUS Linn. Wallflower. 
 
 *1. C. Cheiri (L.) ; st. shrubby,!, lanceolate acute entire with 
 bipartite adpressed hairs, pcds tetragonal. E. B. 1934. JR. ii. 
 45. Fl. yellow or tinged with red. Old walls. P. IV. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. HADIC'ULA Hill (Rorippa Scop. Nasturtium R. Br., 
 ed. viii.). Water-Cress. 
 
 1. M. officindlis (Groves); 1. pinnate, Its. ovate or oblong 
 aubcordate sinuate-dentate, pet. white twice as long as calyx, 
 pods linear.^. B. 855. R. ii. 50. Pods patent. When 
 
RADICULA. BARBAREA. 27 
 
 growing out of water it is slender with small leaves (N. micro- 
 phi/llum R.) ; when remarkably luxuriant, many feet in length, 
 the stem often nearly an inch thick, and the leaves very large 
 und resembling those of a Sium, it is N. siifolium (R.). Running 
 water. P. VI. VII. Water- Cress. E. S. I. 
 
 *2. It. pinndta (Moench) ; creeping, 1. deeply pinnatifid, Its. 
 oblong or lanceolate cut, uppermost 1. often nearly entire, pet. 
 yellow twice, as lone/ as caly.r, pods linear. E. B. 2324. 
 N sylnestre (R. Br.) ed. viii. Fr.-stalks patent ; pods patent or 
 ascending, variable in length, usually as long as their stalks, 
 sometimes shorter. River-banks and wet places. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. R. palus'tris (Moench) ; root fibrous, lower 1. lyrate, upper 1. 
 deeply pinnatitid, Its, oblong toothed, pet . yellow not longer than 
 the calyx, pods oblong thick. N. terrestre Sin. E. B. 1747. 
 Fl. small. Fr.-stalks patent or detiexed ; pods ascending, 
 short, about as long as their stalks, Wet places. P. VI. 
 
 ix. E. s. r. 
 
 4. BAEBARE'A R. Br. Rocket. 
 
 1. B.vulgdris (R. Br.) ; lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lole* 
 equalling the breadth of the large roundish subcordate. terminal 
 lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, pods adpressed obliquely 
 erect or patent with a subulate point. E. B. 443. R. ii. 47. 
 Pet. twice as long as the calyx. Flowering- raceme lax. Pods 
 short. I cannot separate B. arcuata (Sy. E. B. 121) 1 . In damp 
 places. B. ? V. VIII. Yellow Rocket. E. S. I. 
 
 2. B. stric'ta (Andrz.); lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes small Q. 
 much shorter than the breadth of the large oblong-ovate terminal 
 lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, pods adpressed with 
 subulate point. Sy. E. B. 122. R. ii. 47. B. parviflora Fries. . 
 
 Pet. half as long again as the calyx. Flowering raceme close. j*o$ f 
 Fl. much smaller than in B. culyaris. Pods short. Lateral 
 lobes of the lowermost 1. very small, often obsolete. By 
 Thames near Kew. Yorkshire [&c.] B. ? V. VIII. E. 
 
 t3. B. intermedia (Bor.) ; lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes 
 equalling the breadth of the cordate-ovate term, lobe, upper 1. 
 all pinnatrfid, pods erect with a short conical point. Sy. E. B. 
 123. St. with 2 or 3 angles, 1 j 2 ft. high. Raceme close. 
 Pet. exceeding calyx. Pods thick, short, angular. Near Man- 
 chester. N. of Ireland. B. V. VIII. E.I. 
 
 1 Syme distinguished B. arcuata K. by the yellower-green colour, 
 larger fi., more persistent pet., laxer raceme with longer spreading pods, 
 longer styles and smaller darker and narrower seeds. H. & J. G. 
 
 c2 
 
28 6. CETICIFEE^E. 
 
 J4. B. prcz'cox (R. Br.) ; lower 1. lyrate gradually larger 
 upwards, upper pair of lobes equalling the breadth of the sub- 
 cordate single terminal lobe, uppermost 1. pinnatijid with linear- 
 oblong entire lobes, pods patent with a short thick point. E. B. 
 1129. Fl. moderate. Raceme close. Pods long, torulose. 
 Lower 1. usually interruptedly pinnate. South of England. 
 (American.) B. V. VII. E. I. 
 
 5. AR'ABIS Linn. Rock-Cress. 
 * Seeds in one row. 
 
 1. A. hirsuta (Scop.); 1. hispid dentate, stem-l. truncate-auricled 
 or cordate at the base, auricles patent, pods erect narrow straight. 
 E. B. 587. St. 1 foot high, clothed with spreading mostly 
 simple hairs and many erect leaves. Sometimes the hairs on the 
 stem are adpressed and branched, or absent [var. ylabrata Sy.]. 
 Root-1. narrowed into a footstalk. Walls and banks. B. 
 VI VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. A. cilidta (R. Br.) ; 1. glabrous and ciliate or hispid some- 
 what toothed nearly sessile, stem-l. sessile with a rounded base, 
 pods erect narrow straight. E. B. 1746. St. erect, glabrous. 
 L. glabrous, ciliate. Seeds without wings. St. and 1. some- 
 times hispid [var. hispida Sy.]. Rocks by the sea. Connemara, 
 Ireland. Lidstep, Pembrokeshire. B. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 S. A. stric'ta (Huds.) ; 1. hispid and ciliate deeply sinuate- 
 dentate, narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. sessile, pods few dis- 
 tant erect patent straight. j. jff.614. St. erect, glabrous, his- 
 pid below, 6 8 in. high. El. rather large. Seeds winged at 
 the apex. Limestone cliffs near Bristol. P. IV. V. E. 
 
 4. A. alpina (L.) ; 1. clothed or fringed with 3-4-forked hairs, rosette- 
 1. sessile or narrowed downwards into a short winged petiole, stein-L 
 oblong acute amplexicaul with distinct auricles, irregularly dentate 
 sometimes with small secondary teeth. Pods spreading or curved upwards, 
 broad obtuse. Seeds roundish-oval, surrounded by a narrow membranous 
 wing. E.B. lii. Suppl. 1. 117 A. Stoloniferous. St. glabrous or hairy. 
 Pet. white about twice the length of the sep. Outer sep. gibbous at the 
 bane. Cuchulliu Mountains, Skye. Mr.H. C.Hart. K VII. Vill. S. 
 
 5. A. petra'a (Lam.) ; /. glabrous or with forked hairs lyrate- 
 pinnatifid or oblong-ovate nearly entire with long stalks, stcm-l. 
 narrow nearly entire stalked, pods spreading slender straight. 
 E. B. 469. St. erect or decumbent, 3 8 in. long, alabrous. El. 
 large, white tinged with purple. Seeds oblong with a straight 
 
AKABIS. CA11DAMIXE. 29 
 
 wing at the end. [Very variable as to the shape and degree of hairiness 
 arid serration of the 1. The varietal names hispida (DC.) and hirta (Koch) 
 have been given to the more hairy forms, and var. grandifolia (Druce) 
 A. ambigua (DC.)? to a form with large fl. and with 1. broader and 
 mostly entire.] Alpine rocks in K. and S. Glenade Mountains, 
 Co. Leitrim, Ireland. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 \*A. Turrita (L.) ; 1. clothed with short forked hairs dentate 
 elliptic narrowed into a stalk, stem-l. deeply cordate-amplexicaul 
 long, pods flat with a thickened margin recurved from an erect 
 stalk, seeds with a membranous margin. E. S. 178. St. 1 foot 
 high, erect hairy. Fl. yellowish. Pods 3 4 in. long, without 
 any central vein but with many prominent longitudinal anasto- 
 mosing veins. On walls at Oxford, Cambridge, and Cleish 
 Castle, Kinross. Become very rare if not extinct. B. V.] E. S. 
 
 ** Seeds in two rows. 
 
 6. A. perfolidta (Lam.) ; radical 1. stalked toothed hairy, st- 
 1. glabrous entire clasping, pods slender erect. Turritis ylabra 
 (L.) E. B. 777. Very erect and straight, 13 ft. high. Fl. 
 pale yellow. Banks and cliffs, local. B. V. VII. E. S. 
 
 6. CARDAMI'NE Linn. Bitter Cress. 
 
 1. C. impdtiens (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. ovate 
 3-fid, of the upper 1. oblong lanceolate toothed or entire, petioles 
 of the stem-l. with slender sagittate auricles, pet. linear or want- 
 ing. E. B. 80. R. ii. 26. Pet. erect, white. Distinguished by 
 having auricles at the base of its petioles. Hilly districts, pre- 
 ferring limestone. A. VII. VIII. E. S. ? 
 
 2. C. flexudsa (With.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower I. 
 roundish angled or toothed^ of the upper 1. narrower, pet. twice 
 as long as the calyx, pods erect upon patent pedicels, stam. 6, 
 style long.E. B. 492. R. ii. 26. C. sylvatica Link. Fl. small. 
 Pet. erect, white. St. wavy, more leafy than in C. hirsuta. 
 Hoot oblique, covered with fibres. In shady places. A. or B. 
 IV. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. C. hirsuta (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish 
 angled or toothed, of the upper 1. narrower oblong and entire or 
 broadly oval and sometimes incised, pet. twice as long as the 
 calyx, pods and pedicels erect, stam. 4, style equal in length to 
 about i the breadth of pod.Sy. E. B. 110. R. ii. 26. Fl. 
 small. Pet. erect, white. St. nearly straight, rather leafy. 
 In damp places. A. IV. VIII. E. S. I, 
 
30 6. CRUCIFER^E, 
 
 4. C.praterisis (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of theldwer 1. roundish 
 slightly angled, of the upper 1. linear-lanceolate entire, pet. 3 
 times as long as the calyx spreading, stam. half the length of the 
 petals, st. terete.^. B. 776. R. ii. 28. Fl. large, lilac. Anth. 
 yellow. Style short. Lts. sometimes stalked and occasionally 
 acutely angular (C. dentata Schultz). C. Hayneana R. having 
 many small narrow Its. resembles Sp. 3. Moist meadows, 
 common. P. IV. Lady's Smock. E. S. J. 
 
 5. C. amdra (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish- 
 ovate, of the upper 1. oblong, all mit/nlar, pet. 3 times as lorg as 
 the calyx erect, stam. nearly as long CIA the petals, st. angular. 
 E. B. 1000. Fl. large, White. Anthers purple. Style long, 
 slender. Stigma small. Stoloniferous. Fl. sometimes pur- 
 plish-lilac (var. lilticina F. B. White). Moist meadows near 
 streams, rare. P. V. VI. Common Bitter Cress. E. S. I. 
 
 7. DENTA'RIA Linn. Coralwort. 
 
 1. D. bulbifera (L.) ; st. simple, 1. alternate, lower 1. pinnate, 
 upper 1. simple, axils of the 1. producing bulbs. E. B. 309. 
 Cardamine bulbifera (Crantz). Rhizome thick, with fleshy 
 toothlike knobs. St. 1 1J foot high. Lts. and 1. lanceolate*, 
 serrate or entire. Fl. large, rose-coloured or purple. Woods 
 and shady places, rare. P. V. VI. E. 8. 
 
 Tribe II. Sisymbrieae. 
 S. HES'PEBIS Linn. Dames' Violet. 
 
 *1. H. matrondlis (L.) ; st. erect branched above, 1. ovate- 
 lanceolate acuminate toothed, pedicels about as long as the 
 calyx, pet. obovate blunt apiculate, pods erect from a patent 
 pedicel terete. E. B. 731. Fl. lilac, "fragrant," large and 
 handsome. Pastures. B. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 [Malco'lmia marit'ima (R. Br.) has been found in Kent, but 
 is not a native.] 
 
 9. SISYM'BRIUM Linn. Hedge-Mustard. 
 
 1. S. officindle (Scop.); pods subulate adpressed to the stem, 
 1. runcinate-pinnatifid with 2 or 3 pairs of oblong dentate lobes 
 nd a large hastate terminal lobe. E. B. 735. JR. ii. 72. St. 
 2 feet high, with divaricate branches, upper part leafless. 
 Fl. small, pale yellow. Pods on exceedingly short stalks, 
 downv, sometimes glabrous (var. letooarpum DC. 1 . Common. 
 A. VI. VII. Hedge-Mustard. E. S. I. 
 
SISYMBRIUM. ERYSIMUM. 31 
 
 [*& polycerdtium (L.); pods subulate spreading sessile ax- 
 illary about 3 together, 1. lanceolate repand-dentate or subhas- 
 tate. Sy. E. B. 97. E. ii. 73. St. leafy throughout, branched, 
 '- prostrate." Fl. small. Burv St. Edmunds, naturalized. A. 
 VII. VIII.] E. 
 
 2. S. Trio (L.) ; pods terete 4 times as long as their pedicel* 
 erect-patent, when young exceeding the ii., seeds oblong, 1. 
 runcinate-pinnatiud, lobes dentate oblong the terminal lobe 
 angular, lobes of the upper L lanceolate with the terminal lobe 
 hastate. E. B. 1631. R. ii. 75. Erect, branched, st. and 1. 
 glabrous. Fl. yellow. Pods narrow, linear. Pedicels slender. 
 Near old towns, rare. A. VII. VIII. London Rocket. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. Sophia (L.) ; pods terete 3 times as long as the pedi- 
 cels erect-patent, seeds oblong, /. doubly or trebly pirmatijid. 
 segments linear or linear-lanceolate. E. B. 963. R. ii. 84. St. 
 erect, branched, and as well as the 1. slightly downy. Fl. 
 yellow. Pet. short. Pods linear, narrow. Pedicels slender. 
 'Waste places, not common. A. VI. VIII. Flixweed. E. S. 1. 
 
 4. 8. Thalidnum (Gay) ; pods 4-angular linear ascending 
 twice as long as their patent pedicels, seeds oblong not striate, 
 /. oblong-lanceolate undivided toothed. Arabis Sm. E. B. 901. 
 Conringia R. ii. 60. St. erect, slender, much branched, with 
 few leaves which are nearly all radical. Fl. small, white. Pods 
 angular, not convex on the back as in the other species nor with 
 the lateral longitudinal veins so strongly marked. On walls 
 and banks. A. IV. V. and IX. X. E. S. I. 
 
 \ 8. pannon'icum (Jacq.) (= S. Sinapistrum Crantz ?) is quite 
 established near Crosley, Lane. J. of B. x. 239.] 
 
 10. ALLIA'RIA Adans. Sauce-alone. 
 
 1. A. officindlis (Andrz.) ; 1. heartshaped the lower ones re- 
 niform sinuate-dentate all stalked, pods erect-patent much 
 longer than their stalks, seeds oblong sub cylindrical striate. 
 R. ii. 60. Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop. E. B. 796. St. erect, 
 13 feet high, slightly branched. L. large, thin, veined, 
 smelling like garlic when bruised. FL white. Hedge-banks. 
 B. V. VI. Jack-by-the-Hedge. E. S. I. 
 
 11. ERYS'XMUM Linn. Worm-seed. 
 
 1. E. cheiranthoi' des (L.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate slightly toothed 
 with stellate-tripartite hairs, all narrowed into a slight foot- 
 stalk, pedicels longer than the calyx 2- or 3-fold shorter than 
 the pods, ped. patent, pods suberect, seeds small many. E. B. 
 
32 6. CETJCIFEEJS. 
 
 942. R. ii. 83. Seeds very small, so many in the pod as to be 
 nearly 2-rowed. Fl. small. Cultivated ground, rare. Wild 
 in the Fen country. 13. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 [JE. perfolidtum (Crantz) ; /. oval-Jieartshaped blunt clasping 
 the stem, radical 1. obovate, all smooth glaucous undivided 
 entire. i?. U. 1804. R. ii. 61. E. orientate ed. viii. Fl. white 
 or cream-coloured. Fields. Introduced. A..V. VII.] E. 
 
 Tribe III. Brassicea. 
 
 12. EEAS'SICA, Linn. 
 
 * Valves of pod \-ribbcd. 
 
 1. B. olerdcea (L.) ; 1. glabrous glaucous waved and lobed, 
 lower 1. lyrate, upper 1. oblong sessile. E. B. 637. R. ii. 97. 
 Kootstock stout, branched. St. thick, persistent, usually decum- 
 bent. L. very large thick somewhat fleshy. Fl. large cream- 
 coloured. Raceme elongated before the fl. expand. Cal. erect, 
 adpressed. The wild state of the garden cabbage. Sea-clirts 
 in South and West. B. VL VIII. Wild Cabbage. E.S. ? I. 
 
 2. B. campes'tris (L.) ; radical 1. glaucous hispid ly rate-den - 
 tate, st.-l. glabrous ovate-lanceolate auricled clasping, fl. sub- 
 corymbose. a; fl. pale orange (Rape). (3. B. Rapa (L.) ; not 
 glaucous, fl. bright yellow (Turnip). y. B. Napus (L. ?) ; glau- 
 cous, fl. yellow (Rape), or (B. rutabaga L.) fl. buff (Swede}. 
 Root-1. of all hispid. See Watson and Dyer in J. of B. vii. 
 viii. and ix. Fields and riverbanks. A. or B. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 ** Valves of pod ^-ribbed ^ beak 1 S-seeded. 
 
 3. B. monen'sis (Huds.) ; 1. stalked all deeply pinnatifid, lobes 
 oblong unequally toothed those of the upper 1. linear. E. B. 
 962. Fl. yellow. St. usually prostrate, glabrous. L. glabrous, 
 mostly radical. . B. Cheiranthos (Vill.) ; st. 1 3ft. high erect 
 leafy hispid below, K hispid. E. B. S. 2821. On the western 
 coasts, rare. B. or P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 13. SINA'PIS Linn. Mustard. 
 
 1 . S. nigra (L.) ; pods quadrangular adpressed, beak short 
 sterile subulate, valves 1-veined, lower 1. lyrate, terminal lobe 
 large and lobed, upper 1. lanceolate entire. E. B. 969. R. ii. 
 88. Brassica sinapioides (Koth). Fl. yellow. Lower 1. large, 
 rough. Willowy riveibanks, not common. A. VI. VIII. 
 Black Mustard. E. 8. I. 
 
SINAPIS. ALYSSUM. 33 
 
 2. & arveri sis (Li.) ; pods subcylindrical knotty lonyer than the 
 conical compressed beak, valves 3-veined, 1. ovate the lowermost 
 sublyrate stalked, upper 1. sessile. E. B. 1748. R. ii. 86. 
 B. sinapistrum Boiss. Scabrous. Fl. large, yellow. Pods 
 glabrous or rough with deflexed bristles; beak with one seed ; 
 valves with faint intermediate veins. Stem 1 1J foot high. 
 Corn-fields. A. VI. VIII. Charlock. E. S. I. 
 
 t3. S. al'ba (L.) ; pods cylindrical knotty shorter than the 
 swordshaped beak, valves 5- veined, 1. lyrate pinnatitid irregularly 
 lobed.jE B. 1677. JR. ii. 85. B. alba Boiss. Fl. large, yellow. 
 Pods hispid. St. 12 feet high. Cultivated and waste cal- 
 careous land. A. VII. White Mustard. E. S. I. 
 
 [S. incdna (L.) ; pods adpressed thick prominently veined 
 with a short \-seeded beak, 1. lyrate hispid, stem-1. linear-lan- 
 ceolate, st. much branched. E. B. S. 2843. B. adpressa Bois.- - 
 St. 1 3 feet high, branches divaricate with few very small 
 leaves. Pods very short, glabrous or hairy, often scarcely 
 longer than their glabrous beak. Sandy places in Jersey and 
 Alderney. B. VII. VIII.] 
 
 14. DJPLOTAX'IS Cand. Wall-Mustard. 
 
 1. D. tenuifolia (DO.) ; st. woody below branched sufytitbrous 
 leafy, 1. glaucous linear-lanceolate very acute sinuate -dentate or 
 pinnatifid, segments linear remotely dentate, ped. very long, 
 pet. roundish-obovate with a short claw. Sinapis Sm. E. Jti. 
 525. Fl. large; pet. blunt but slightly acuminate. St. 1 11- 
 foot high. Plant foetid:" Old walls. "P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. D. murdlis (DC.) ; st. herbaceous simple hispid and leafy at 
 the base, L almost glabrous ovate-lanceolate sinuate-dentate or 
 pinnatifid, ped. as long as expanded flower, pet. roundish-ovate 
 with a short claw. Sinapis Sm. E. B. 1090. Pedicels as long* 
 as the flowers. Pet. abrupt or emarginate. L. often blunt 
 never very acute. We have two forms : (1)1. all radical in a 
 rosette and st. simple ; (2) /3. Babingtonii (Sy.), base of st. leafy 
 with axillary branches. Waste ground. A, VIII. IX. E. S. ?t. 
 
 Suborder II. Latisepta. Tribe IV. Alyssinece. 
 
 15. ALTS' SUM Linn. 
 
 *1. A. alyssoides (L.) ; herbaceous hoary with starry pubes- 
 cence, 1. obovate-lanceolate attenuate below, pods orbicular 
 
 c5 
 
$4 6. CRUCIFER.E. 
 
 stellate-pubescent, calyx persistent, filaments all toothless, 
 shorter ones from between 2 setaceous processes. E. B. *S'. 
 285.-]. R. ii. 18. A. calycinum (L.) ed. viii. Cells of the pod 
 2-seeded. Pet. yellow, becoming at lenirth white. Grassy 
 commons, S. ; ploughed land, E. A. V. VI. E. S. 
 
 [A. marit'inwm (L.) : procumbent, hairs bipartite, 1. linear- 
 lanceolate acute, cal. deciduous, pods oval pointed glabrous, 
 cells 1-seeded. E. B. 1729. R. ii 1 8. St. rather woody below. 
 Fl. white, sweet-scented. Naturalized near the sea. P. VIII. 
 IX.] E. 
 
 'A. incdnum (L.); st. erect or ascending, hoary, 1. lanceolate, 
 cal. deciduous, pet. bifid, pods elliptic many-seeded. R, ii. 
 22. Escaping.] 
 
 10. DRA'BA Linn. Whitlow-grass* 
 [* Pet. almost entire.] 
 
 1. D. (wzoiJes (L.); st. leafless glabrous, L linear rigid acute 
 libeled glabrovs ciliate, stain, equalling 1 the slightly notr-hed 
 petals, style as long as the breadth of the pouch. E. B. 1271. 
 R. ii. 15. Fl. bright yellow. L. fringed with rigid hairs, 
 densely collected into cushion-like tufts. On rocks and walls 
 at and near Pennard Castle near Swansea. P. III. IV. E. 
 
 2. D. rupes'tris (R. Br.) ; st. leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves 
 pubescent, /. lanceolate flat stellately pubescent, stain, shorter than 
 the slightly notched petals, style short. D. Jtirla Sm. E. B. 
 1338. Pouch long-oval, slightly hairy. St. very short, 
 branched, each branch bearing a dense tuft of leaves and 1 .' 
 short scapes. Fl. small. L. mostly entire Tops of the Scottish 
 mountains, rare. P. VII. S. 
 
 3. D. incdna (L.) ; stem-l. several, 1. lanceolate stellatcly 
 }>ubescent toothed, pet. twice as long as the calyx, pouch lonyer 
 than its pedicel twisted, style very short. E. B. 388. R. ii 14. 
 Pouch nearly or quite glabrous, erect, lanceolate-oblong. St. 
 4 12 in. high, simple or branched. Fl. white. Extreme forms 
 are often taken for species, as Z>. coftorfl(Ehrh.), st. simple or 
 branched only at top densely leafy, pouch glabrous ; and the 
 :-33ore alpine state D. confusa (Ehrh.), st. branched only near its 
 base, 1. mostly rosulate, pods with stellate down. Mountains 
 and sand-hills by the sea. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. D. murdlis (L.) ; st. leafy branched, 1. ovate a-mplexicairi 
 toothed hairy, pet. " entire," pedicels spreading horizontally 
 
DIU B A . CO C II LE A El A . 35 
 
 rather longer than the glabrous pouch. E. B. 912. 7?. ii. 12. 
 Pouch elliptic. St. 5 12 in. high. Fl. white. Pubescence 
 branched. Root-1. narrowed below. Limestone lulls A 
 IV. V. E. S. 1. 
 
 [** Pet. deeply 2-lobed. Erophila DC.] 
 
 5. D. ver'na (L.) ; st. leafless glabrous above, 1. lanceolate 
 acute narrowed below hairy, pet. deeply cloven, pouch oblong 
 shorter than its pedicel. E.B. 086. R. ii. 12. Pouch com- 
 pressed, [narrowed at both ends, or (D.prcecox Stev.) shorter and rounded 
 at the apex or (D. injiata Wats.) almost terete.]. Fl. white. L. en- 
 tire or toothed. Scape sometimes rather pilose. Very variable 
 in minute points. Very common on walls, banks, &c. A. 
 III. V. Common Whitlow-grass. JE. S. I. 
 
 17. COCHLEA'RIA Linn. Scurvy-Grass. 
 
 1. C. officindlis (L.) ; radical 1. cordate-reuiform stalked, stem- 
 1. sessile oblong sinuate clasping, pouch globose or obovoid, style 
 short. E. B. 551. Petioles long. Lower 1. entire or sinuate. 
 Seeds large. St. occasionally rooting and proliferous. Sea- 
 coast, mostly in muddy places. B.? VI. VIII. Common 
 Scurvy-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. alpina (Wats.) ; radical 1. broadly cordate, obtuse entire, or some- 
 times' obscurely lobed, upper stem-1. clasping triangular 3-lobed, or broadly 
 ovate 4-6-toothed, pouch obovoid more or less tapering at each end, 
 style short. Sy. E. B. iii. 131. A more slender plant than sp. 1 with 
 .smaller 1. 13. C. micacea (Marshall, J. of B. 1894, p. 289, tab. 345-6). 
 Pouch narrower H- 3 times as long as broad. Mountains. B. ? VI.- 
 VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 3. C. grcenland' ica (L.) ; radical 1. fleshy orbicular-reniform scarcely 
 cordate at the base entire, upper stem-1. sessile or shortly stalked varying 
 from elliptic-lanceolate to ovate-spathulate, pouch subglobose, style 
 short. J. of B. 1892, tab. 326 A. Usually a small tufted fleshy plant, 
 with many root-1. Sea-shores. Haddington and North of Scotland. 
 Donegal. ^B.P S. 1. 
 
 4. C. dan' ica (L.) ; /. stalked, radical 1. cordate somewhat 
 lobed, stem-1. 3 5-lobed rather triangular uppermost sub- 
 nessilQ, pouch ovoid, style short. E. B. 696. R. ii. 16. Petioles 
 of the root-1. very long, gradually shortening as they become 
 more distant from the root. Seeds small. Sea-coast. B. V. 
 VIII. K S. I. 
 
 5. C. ang'lica (L.) : radical 1. stalked ovate-oblong or obovoid 
 entire, stem-1. oblong entire or toothed mostly sessile the upper 
 ones clasping, pouch ovate-oblong^ style slender. Sy. E. B. 133. 
 Pouch twice as large as that of C. ojficinalis, much compressed 
 
36 6. CRUCIFEK^E. 
 
 laterally, usually deeply furrowed on each side, dissepiment very 
 narrow. Seeds large. Lower 1. rounded below or narrowed into 
 a footstalk. Fl. large. $. Hortii (Byrne), radical 1. rounded 
 at the base, pouch smaller ellipsoid Muddy sea-shores. A. V. 
 English Scurvy -grass. E. S. I. 
 
 18. AKMOEA'CIA Gaertn. M. $ S. 
 
 [A. rustica'na (G. M. & S.) j rootstock long and thick, radical 
 1. oblong eremite-serrate on loog stalks, stem-1. long lanceolate 
 incise-serrate or entire subsessile, pet. (white) twice as long as 
 cal., pouch ovoid 4-seeded. stigma peltate. Cock. Armoracia 
 L. E. B. 2323. R. ii. 17. St. 23 feet high. Rootstock 
 cylindrical. Waste ground, not native. P. V. Horse-radish.^ 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 1. A. amphib'ia (Peterm.) ; roots fibrous, 1. oblong narrowed 
 at both ends serrate or piunatifid, pet. (yellow) twice as long as 
 the cal., pouch ovoid, "stigma capitate." Nasturtium R. Br. 
 E. B. 1840. Radicula lancifolia (Mcench). St. 2 3 feet high. 
 Submersed 1. deeply pinnatifid. Ped. usually deflexed. 
 [DC. divided N. amphibium into a. indimsum having: all the 1. nearly 
 entire or serrate, and 3. variifolium having some of the 1. serrate, some 
 pinnatifid, others multifid with capillary segments.] Watery places. 
 P. VI. VIII. E. S. ?I. 
 
 Tribe Y. Camelinece. 
 
 19. CAMELI'NA Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure. 
 
 [C. sativa (Crantz) ; pouches obovate inflated. E. B. 1254. 
 a ; pouches flaccid truncate. ; pouches rounded at the end 
 brittle. In fields of flax and corn, introduced^ but not 
 naturalized.] 
 
 Suborder III. Angmtisept<e. Tribe VI. Thlaspidea. 
 
 20. THLAS'PI Linn.. Penny Cress. 
 
 1. T. arven'se (L.) ; fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouc h orbi- 
 cular with a broad dorsal wing, seeds concentrically rugose and 
 striate 5 6 in each cell, stem-1. oblong sagittate toothed. 
 E. B. 1659. R. ii. 5. Pouch very large (|-f in.), stigma sub- 
 sessile. St. often a foot high. Fields and roadsides. A. V. 
 VII. Penny Cress. E. 8. F. 
 
THLASPI. IBEHIS. 37 
 
 2. T. perfolidtum (L.) ; fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch 
 obcordate brcadly winged above, style very short included within 
 the notch, seeds 3 4 in each cell smooth, stem-l. deeply cordate- 
 oblong. E. B. 2354. It. ii. 5. About 6 in. high. Limestone 
 in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. A. V. E. 
 
 3. T. alpes'tre (L.) ; fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch 
 oblong-obovate narrowed below, style equalling or exceeding the 
 notch, seeds 4 8 in each cell, stem-l. oblong cordate. R. ii. 5. 
 Fl. white, often tinged with rose, small. Pet. a,bout twice as 
 long as the calyx. a. T. sylvestre (Jord.), terminal lobes of 
 pouch rounded. L. usually entire, by. E. B. 146. /3. T.. occi- 
 Uinuni (Jord.) ; fruitbearing raceme rather shorter, pouch tri- 
 angular-obcordate with almost divaricate lobes, style much 
 exserted. L. usually slightly toothed. Sy. E. B. 147. 
 Mountain pastures. Teesdale ; Thornhaugh, Northumb. ; Glen 
 Jsla, Forfar. /3. Settle, York ; Llanrwst, N. Wales. P. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. 
 
 4. T. yirens (Jord.) ; fruitbearing raceme oval or oblong, pouch 
 obovate scarcely notched, style much projecting, seeds 4 5 in 
 each cell, stem-l. oblong cordate. Sy. E. B. 148. Jord. Obs. 
 PL de Fr. iii. t. 1. T. alpestre Sm. Fl. white, small. Pet. 
 about thrice as long as the calyx. Pouch with a very broad 
 and shallow notch often almost truncate. L. usually entire. 
 Limestone rocks at Mat-lock. P. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 21. HUTCHLNS'IA R. Br. 
 
 1. H.petrce'a (R. Br.); 1. pinnate, st. branched leafy, fr.- 
 raceme lax long, pouch blunt at both ends. JE. B. 111. R. ii. 6. 
 tit. 65. 10. St. 2 4 in. high. Fl. small; pet. scarcely exceeding 
 the calyx. Cotyledons accumbent. Limestone rocks, rare. 
 A. III. V. E. 
 
 22. TEESDA'LIA R. Br. 
 
 1. T. nudicaulis (R, Br.) ; petals unequal. J?. B. 327. It. 
 ii. 6. L. many, spreading on the ground, lyrate-pinnatifid, 
 rarely orbicular-spathulate and entire. St. 2 4 in. high, solitary 
 or several from the crown of the root, sometimes bearing 1 or 2 
 small leaves. Stam. with remarkable scales. Pouch emarginate. 
 Sandy and gravelly places. A. V. VI. e E. S. I. ? 
 
 23. IBE'KIS Linn. Candytuft. 
 
 1. /. amdra (L.) ; herbaceous, 1. lanceolate somewhat toothed, 
 pouches racemose orbicular notched with triangular porrect 
 lobes. E. B. 52. R. ii. 7. L. usually with 13 blunt teeth on 
 
38 (). CRUCiFEIUE. 
 
 each side. St. often 1 foot high, diffuse, branched. Fl. at lust 
 corvmbose, afterwards in lengthened clusters. Outer pet. radiant. 
 Chalky fields in South and East. A. VII. Bitter Candytuft. 
 
 24. LEPID'IUM Linn. Pepperwort. 
 * Pouch cordate with turgid valves, style filiform. 
 
 [L. Drdba (L.) ; 1. oblong entire or toothed lower ones 
 narrowed into a footstalk, stem-1. sagittate and amplexicaul, 
 style as long- as the dissepiment. E. E. S. '2683. R. ii. 9. One 
 foot or more in height, branched. Fl. many, small, white, upon 
 long pedicels in a sub umbellate corymb. Established in many 
 places, but not naturalized. P. V. VI.] E. 
 
 *# Pouch ovate or roundish winged notched, t Style manifest. 
 
 1. L. campes'tre (R. Br.) ; 1. downy toothed lower ones ob- 
 long narrowed into a footstalk, stem-1. lanceolate sagittate and 
 clasping, pouch ovate scaly notched and rounded at the end, 
 style scarcely longer than the notch.- E. B. 1385. R. ii. 9. 
 Anth. yellow. ScjJ.es on the pouch only minute globular blisters 
 when fresh. St. one, upright, about a foot high, branched in 
 the upper part, or (var. lonyistylum More) many with style 
 about twice as long as notch.- Drv gravelly soil. B. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. heterophyl' lum (Benth.) ; 1. hairy toothed lower ones 
 obcordate stacked, stem-1. lanceolate-sagittate clasping, pouch 
 ovate smooth notched and rounded at the end, style twice as lony 
 as the notch. E. B. 1803. L. Smithii (Hook.) ed. viii. Anth. 
 violet. Seeds | as long as in L. campestre. Pouch sometimes 
 with a few scales, never hairy. St. several, 6 12 in. long, 
 branched at the base ; central st. erect, others diffuse. (3. alato- 
 stylum (Towns., under L. Smithii} ; pouch not notched. 
 Hedge-banks. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ft Style minute. 
 
 [L. satioum (L.) ; lower L lobed pinnate or bipinnate, upper 
 1. sessile linear entire, pouch roundish oval blunt. R. ii. 9. 
 Escaped from cultivation in many places.] E. 
 
 *** Pouch oval or roundish notched, style minute. 
 
 3. L. ruderdle (L.) ; lower 1. bipinnatih'd, upper 1. linear entire, 
 pouch oval, diandrous, petals 0. E. B. L59-5. R. ii. 10. End 
 of pouch narrowed, winged. St. branched, often a foot high, 
 luidicle dorsal. Waste places near the sea, rare. A. V. VI. 
 
 E. I. 
 
LEPIDITTM. SENEBIERA. C,V 
 
 **** Pouch oval or roundish scarcely notched wingless^ 
 style minute. 
 
 4. L. latijolium (L.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate serrate or entire un- 
 divided, pouch ovoid entire downy. E. B. 182. J?. ii. 10. 
 M. many, small, in compound leaf y 'panicle d clusters. St. 3 feet 
 high, erect, branched. L. large, the lower ones upon long 
 .stalks, the upper nearly sessile and narrower. In salt marshes. 
 P. VII. VIII. Dittander. E. S. :* I. 
 
 25. BUR'SA Weber (Capsella Vent. ed. viii.). 
 Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 1. B.pa$t6rix (Weber); radical 1. lanceolate pinnatifid or 
 undivided toothed, upper 1. clasping auricled, pouch triangular - 
 obcordate. Thlaspi Sm. E. B. 1485. Varying greatly in size 
 and the division of its leaves. Known by its peculiar pouches. 
 A common weed A. III. X. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe VII. Subulariea. 
 
 26. SUBULA'RIA Linn. Awlwort. 
 
 1. S. aquat'ica (L.); E. B. 732. R. ii. 12. Plant small, 
 submerged. Root of many long white fibres. St. 1 3 in. 
 high. L. lineai-subulate, radical. Fl. small, white, often per- 
 fected under water. Margins of alpine lakes. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 *i 
 Tribe VIII. Senebierece. 
 
 27. SEXEJJIF/RA Cand. 
 
 1. S'. Coronopus (Poir.) ; pouch undivided reniform wrinkled 
 and crested with little sharp points, style prominent, 1. pinnatifid. 
 E. B. 1660. R. ii. U. Coronopus procumbens (Gilib.), 
 C Ruellii (All.) St. much branched, prostrate. Fl. small, 
 white, in lateral clusters opposite to the leaves. Pouches large, 
 in dense clusters, Waste ground, common. A. VI. IX. 
 Swine's Cress. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. pmnatifida (DC.) ; pouch notched of two wrinkled lobes, 
 style very short, 1. pinnatirid. E. B. 248. R. ii. 9. S. didyma 
 (Pers.) ed. viii. St. spreading, prostrate, a foot or more in 
 length. Fl. small, white, in long slender lax clusters. Pet. 
 ver\ short or none. Often only 2 stamens. Waste ground 
 near the sea chiefly in the South and South-west. A VI. IX. 
 
 E. I. 
 
40 6. CRUCIFERJE. 
 
 Suborder IV. Nucumentacece. Tribe IX. Isatidea. 
 
 28. ISA 'TIS Linn. Woad. 
 
 1. /. tinctoria (L.) ; " radical leaves oblong crenate," pouch 
 abrupt smooth thrice as long as broad. E. B. 97. R. ii. 4. 
 St. 1 4 ft. high branched. Fl. yellow. Pouches |- in. long, 
 pendent. Wild on cliffs by Severn. Tewkesbury (Hooker). 
 B. VII. E. 
 
 Suborder V. Lomentacece. Tribe X. Cakilinece. 
 
 The fruit consists of a very small 2-celled, stalklike, usually 
 sterile pod, with a long moniliforra beak bearing the seeds and 
 dividing transversely into as many indehiscent cells as there are 
 seeds. 
 
 29. CAKI'LE Mill. Sea-Rocket. 
 
 1. C. marit'ima (Scop.) ; joints of the pouch 2-edpred, upper 
 with 2 teeth at the base, L fleshy pinnatitid or (integri folia 
 Horn.) somewhat toothed. .. B. 231. R. ii. 1. Fl. purplish. 
 Pouches an inch long, erect, with 4 sharp angles, swordshaped 
 in the upper part. Sandv sea-shores. A. VI. VII. Purple 
 Sea-Rocket. K S. I. 
 
 30. CRAM'BE Linn. Sea -Kale. 
 
 1. C. marit'ima (L.) ; pouch without a style, 1. roundish 
 sinuate wavy toothed glaucous and as well as the st. glabrous. 
 E. B. 924* R. ii. 2. Root thick, fleshy. St. 2 feet high. 
 Fl. white. Longer filaments forked at the end. Pouches 
 roundly ovoid, large. Sandy sea-shores. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe XI. Raphanea. 
 
 31. RAPB'ANUS Linn. Radish. 
 
 f 1. R. Raphams'trum (L.) ; pods moniliform shorter than 
 the very long beak with slender ribs, /. simply lyrate. E. B. 
 85(5. Root slender. Lobes of the leaves quite distinct. Pet, 
 veined, yellow, white, or lilac. Corn-fields. A. VI. VII. 
 Jointed Charlock. E. S. I 
 
7. RESEDACEJ3. 8. CISTACE^E. 41 
 
 2. R. marit'imus (Sm.) ; pods moniliform longer than the 
 short beak with thick ribs, radical 1. interruptedly pinnate. 
 Sy. E. B. 82. Root thick. Lobes of 1. usually so close as 
 to overlap each other. Pet. yellow. Sea-coast in South and 
 West, rare. B. ? VI. VIII. Sea-Radish. E.S.I. 
 
 Order VII. KESEDACE^E. 
 
 Sep. 4 8, persistent. Cor. irregular, pet. 4 8 entire or 
 deeply cut. Stam. many, filaments variously united, inserted 
 on a glandular irregular 1 -sided hypogynous disk. Ovary 3- or 
 6-lobed, 1-celled, with 3 or 6 parietal many-seeded placentas ; 
 or of several 1-celled carpels. Fruit opening nearly at the end. 
 Stip. 0? 
 
 1. RESEDA. Cal. many-parted. Pet. entire or variously cut, 
 unequal. Stam. many. Fruit of one cell opening at the 
 top. Styles 36. 
 
 1. E/ESE'DA Linn. Mignonette. 
 
 1. R. lutea (L.) ; sep. 6 linear, pet. very unequal, ped. longer 
 than the cal., 1. Z-deft or pinnatifidE. B. 321. R. ii. 100. 
 St. 2 feet high, branched, smooth. L. very variable. Two 
 upper pet. with two wing-like lobes, lateral pet. with a single 
 wing, lower ones nearly entire. Fl. yellow. Fr. oblong, wrinkled. 
 Waste chalky and limestone places. B. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 J2. R. suffruticul6sa (L.) ; sep. 5 linear-lanceolate, pet. 5- 
 nearly equal 3-fid longer than the calyx, ped. shorter than the 
 cal., /. all pinnatifid, segments linear acute sometimes wavy. 
 E. B. S. 2628. R. ii. 101. St. 1^2 feet high, rather shrubby 
 below. Fl. white. Fr. oblong, wrinkled. Sometimes there 
 are 6 sep. and pet., when it is R. alba (L.). Waste sandy places 
 near the sea, rare. B. or P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. R. Luteola (L.) ; sep. 4, pet. 4 or 5 very unequal longer 
 than the calyx, /. long-lanceolate undivided. E. B. 320. R. ii. 
 J)9. St. 2 feet high. Pet. usually 4, upper one 3-, 4-, or 6-cleft, 
 2 lateral 3-cleft, segments linear, lower one (or two) linear 
 entire. Fr. broad, depressed. Waste places, particularly on 
 chalk or limestone. B. VII. VIII. Weld. E. S. I. 
 
 Order VIII. CISTACE^. 
 
 Sep. 5, two outer smaller sometimes wanting, 3 inner twisted 
 in the bud. Pet. 5 ; crumpled and twisted in tne bud the con- 
 
42 8. CISTACE2E. 
 
 trary way to the sepals. Stam. many. Ovary 1,1- or many- 
 celled. Style simple. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-, 5-, or 10-valved. 
 Embryo spiral or curved, in the albumen. Stip. small or 0. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Cal. of 5 sepals, 2 outer smaller. Pet. 
 5, deciduous. Stam. many. Caps. 3-valved. 
 
 1. HELIAN'THEMUM Mill. Rock-rose. 
 
 1 . H. guttdtum (Mill.) ; erect herbaceous, 1. oblong-lanceolate 
 or linear, lower 1. opposite without stipules, upper 1. alternate 
 stipulate, stiymasubsessile. St. mostly simple or branching from 
 the base. Fruitstalks patent. Pubescence of long simple, and 
 short stellate hairs. Fl. yellow, usually with a deep-red spot 
 at the base of each petal. a ; racemes without bracts. E. B. 
 544. ft. H. Breweri (Planch.) ; racemes with or without bracts 
 on the same plant. Curt. ii. 102. J. of B. iii. 21. 8y. E. B. 
 ]66. Very rare, a. Three-Castle Head, Co. Cork. Jersey, ft. 
 Holyhead Mountain and Amlwch, Anglesea. Inish Boffin, Co. 
 Galway. A. V. VIII. E. I. 
 
 2. II. marifolium (Mill.) ; shrubby, without stipules, 1. opposite 
 ovate or oblong stalked flat hoary beneath, racemes terminal 
 with bracts, " style twisted at the base reflexed but at the apex 
 indexed." H. canum (Dun.) ed. viii. Cistus marifolius Sm. 
 E. B. 396. St. decumbent. L. hoary beneath, hairy above. 
 Fl. yellow, small. '* Anth. emarginate at both ends. Style 
 longer than the stigma." The Teesdale plant, H. vineale (Pers.), 
 has rather fewer hairs on the upperside of the leaves. On lime- 
 stone rocks, rare. P. V. VII. E. I. 
 
 [H. ledifolium (Willd.) ; herbaceous, with stipules, ped. soli- 
 tary, styles straight. E. B. 2414. Brean Down, Somerset. 
 Probably an error. A. VI. VII.] 
 
 3. H. Chamcecis' tus (Mill.); procumbent, shrubby, with stipules, 
 1. oval or linear-oblong opposite nearly flat green above hoary 
 beneath, racemes with bracts, style longer than the germen bent 
 at the base, sep. subylabrous inner ones blunt apiculate. H. rul- 
 gare (Gaert.) ed. viii. Cistus L. E. B. 1321. Fruitstalks con- 
 torted and deflexed. Varying much in the size and shape of its 
 leaves and the amount of hoariness and pubescence. FL yellow. 
 C. tomentosus E. B. 2208 scarcely differs. C. surrejanus E. 
 B. 2207 is a garden form. H. vuly. pet. fl. peranyustis (Dill. 
 H. Elth. 145) was again found near Croydon by the late Mr. 
 Christy and is a monstrosity. Common on drv hilly places. 
 P. VII. IX. Common Rock-rose. E. S. 
 
9. VTOLACEJ5. 
 
 4. H. polifolium (Mill.) ; shrubby, procumbent, hoary, with 
 stipules, 1. opposite ovate-oblong or oblong-linear more or less 
 ]; volute at the edges, racemes with bracts, style bent at the 
 bae longer than the germen, sep. tomentose inner ones blunt. 
 E. B. 1322. Fl. white.^ Very rare. Brean Down, Som. ; 
 Torquay, Devon. P. VI. VII. " E. 
 
 Order IX. VIOLACE M. 
 
 Sep. 5, imbricate. Pet. 5, regular or irregular. Stain, 5, 
 filaments dilated, connective extended beyond the anthers as 
 a flat membrane. Ovary 1-celled with .3 parietal placentas. 
 Style with a hooded stigma. Caps, with 3 valves. Eiiibryo 
 straight, in fleshy albumen. Stip. persistent. Minute but fer- 
 tile fl. which do not open are found on many species. 
 
 ] . VIOLA. Sep. 5, extended at the base. Pet. 5, unequal, 
 the lower one extended into a hollow spur behind. Stam. 
 5. Anlh. connate, 2 lower ones spurred behind. 
 
 1. VI'OLA Linn. 1 Violet. 
 
 A. Two interm. pet. patent laterally. Style from a slender base. 
 * St. creaping. Stigma flat above. Fr.-st. erect. Caps, nodding. 
 
 1. V.palus'tris (L.) ; anth.-spurs short thick rounded, cor.- 
 spur very short blunt, /. reniform-cordate glabrous. E. B. 444. 
 R. iii. Anth.-cells nearly parallel. Fl. pale lilac with purple 
 streaks. Scentless. Wet and boggy places. P. IV. VI. 
 Marsh-Violet. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Rhizome short. Stigma hooked ; beak deflexed. Fruit- 
 stalks prostrate. Caps, globular, downy. 
 
 a. Stoles from axils of terminal rosettes. 
 
 2. V, odordta (L.) ; anth.-tpurs lancet-shaped decurved blunt, 
 cor.-spur blunt straight, lateial pet. entire lower one emarginate, 
 1. cordate, with stoles. E. B. 619. JR. iii. Anth.-cells diverging 
 below. Spurs of the pet. inflated towards the end, slightly 
 
 * 
 
 1 The following hybrids have been identified : 
 
 V. odorataxhirta (V. permixta Jord. ?) ; V. canina^lactea ; V. 
 niana ; V. caninaxstagnina ; V. Rivinianaxcanina. 
 
 H. & J.G. 
 
44 9. VIOLACE.K. 
 
 channelled above. Fl. purple, often white, sweet-scented. Fr.- 
 sep. triangular, acute, twice as long as broad, not ciliate, gla- 
 brous. Bracts above the middle of the flower stalk. Petioles with 
 deflexed hairs. Several species (?) allied to this are nearly or 
 quite scentless : V.permirta (Jord.) has a large glabrous glan- 
 dulir-dentioulate stip. ciliate towards the tip, short robust 
 stoles usually not rooting, fl. pale blue: V. sepincola (Jord.) 
 has large glandular-denticulate stip., longer somewhat rooting 
 stoles, and much darker flowers. These plants and their allies 
 seem quite different when growing, but are very difficult to 
 define. Some authors join them to V. hirta. Common. P. III. 
 IV. Sweet Violet. E. S. ? I. 
 
 b. Stoles wanting or very short. 
 
 3. V. hir'ta (L.) ; anth.-spurs nearly linear blunt, spur of the 
 cor. blunt hooked at the end, pet. entire or slightly emarginate, 
 1. cordate-ovate, stoles wanting. E. B. 894. P. iii. Anth.- 
 cells diverging below. Spur of the petals compressed, not 
 channelled. Fl. pale blue sometimes white, scentless. Fr.- 
 sep. roundly triangular, bluntish, as long as broad, more or less 
 ciliate, mostly downy. Bracts below the middle of the flower- 
 stalk. Stip. not hispid at the margin. Petioles with spreading 
 hairs. ft. calcarea (Bab.) ; fl. smaller, ped. much longer than the 
 leaves, sep. oblong-ovate. {y.gldbrata (Beeby) ; caps, glabrous. 
 Common OM limestone, ft. Gogrnagog Hills. Portland, [etc.] 
 [7. Harston, near Cambridge.] P. IV. Hairy Violet. E. S. I. 
 
 *** Stigma hooked ; beak horizontal. Having a stem. 
 Fruitstalks erect. 
 
 t Without a true sobole. 
 
 4. V. silves'trts (Reich.) ; anth.-spurs narrowly lancet-shaped, 
 pet. oblong narrow (lilac) lower with few parallel nearly simple 
 veins not quite extending to the edsre, spur compressed entire 
 usually darker than the pet., cal.-appendages small becoming 
 indistinct, caps, glabrous, 1. cordate-prolonged, floweriug 
 branches axillary from a short flowerless central rosette of 1. 
 E. B. S. 2986. V. Reichenbachiana (Bor.). Fl. scentless. 
 Hedge-banks and thickets. P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 5. V. Rivin'iana (Reich. ) ; anth.-spurs narrowly lancet-shaped, 
 pet. broadly ovate (blue) lower with many branched dark veins 
 usually quite extending to the edge, spur thick usually yellowish- 
 white, cal.-appendages broad and squarish persistent with 
 fruit, caps, glabrous, 1. broad cordate-acute, flowering branches 
 
VIOLA. 45 
 
 axillary from a short flowerless central rosette of 1. E. B. 
 020. Cwrt. i. 182. Fl. scentless. V. Jlavicornis (Forst.) is a 
 dwarf form having small 1. and larger fl. /3. nemorosa (Neum. 
 W. & M.) 5 cal. -appendages large much cut, veins of lower 
 pet. not extending to the edge, spur thick not furrowed. 
 Hedge-banks, thickets, and heaths. Common. P. IV. V. 
 Wood Violet. E. S. I. 
 
 6. V. rupes'tris (Schmidt) ; anth.-spur very narrowly lancet- 
 shaped, cor.-spur blunt, 1. roundly cordate, flowering branches 
 axillary from a short Powerless central rosette of leaves, ped. 
 young 1. and acute caps, downy, pet. broadly obovate, lower pet. 
 -with many branched veins throughout, cal. -appendages broad 
 squarish persistent. V. arenaria (DC.) ed. viii. Sy. E. B. 
 174 b. R. iii. 9. A small compact plant with large flowers. 
 Elevated pastures. Upper Teesdale and Westmoreland. B. V. 
 VI. E. 
 
 7. V. canina (L.) ; anth.-spur lancet-shaped (3 times as long 
 as broad), cor.-spur blunt, 1. cordate-ovate roundly acute, pri- 
 mary and lateral stems flowering and lengthening. R. iii. 10. 
 E. B. S. 2984. Rather caespitose. L. always roundedly acute, 
 longer than those of Sp. 4. Fl. bluish purple, scentless. Cor.- 
 spur yellow, 1 3 times as long as cal.-appendages. Lower 
 pet. spathulate. V. flamcornis (Sm.) is a small form with 
 cordate leaver. When the 1. are cordate-cblong it is perhaps 
 
 V. montana (Linn.). /3. V. lancifolia (Thore) ; /. ovate-lanceolate 
 rounded below, stip. lanceolate incise-serrate. V. lactea Sm. 1 
 E. B. 445. V.pumila Fries (not Vill. which is V.pratensisFr.^ 
 and has a sobole). L. narrowing gradually from near their 
 base, to a narrow but rounded point. [Var. crassifolia (Gronv.) 
 with large fl. and thick fleshy 1. has been found in Cambs.J Sandy and 
 peaty places. /3 in turf-bogs, rare. P. IV. V. Dog- Violet. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 tt Rhizome or rather sobole slender. 
 
 8. V. stagnina (Kit.) ; anth.-spur short broadly lancet-shaped 
 acute (not twice as long as broad), cor.-spur very short blunt, 
 1. ovate-lanceolate subcordate below, petioles winged at the top, 
 stip. linear-lanceolate incise-serrate shorter than the petioles, 
 primary and lateral st. flowering and elongated. E. B. 8. 2985. 
 
 V. lactea R. iii. It5. not Sm. Sobole threadlike. St. erect. L. 
 narrowing gradually from the base which in the lowest is some- 
 
 1 Mr. Beeby separates V. lactea Sm. as a species, using the name 
 V. ericetorum Schrad. for the t v vpe instead of V. canina L. H. & J. G. 
 
-16 9. TIOLACE.E. 10. DKOSEKACE.E. 
 
 times rounded not cordate. Fl. pale blue, nearly white. Cor.- 
 8pur scarcely longer than the cal. -appendages. Rare. Turf- 
 bogs. P. V.VI. E.I. 
 
 B. Four upper pet. directed upwards and imbricate. Style clavate. 
 Stiyma inflated. 
 
 9. V. lutea (Huds.); anth .-cells nearly parallel, anth.-spnrs 
 long filiform, spur of the cor. as long as or longer than the calv- 
 cine appendages, sep. acute, 1. crenate-serrate lower ones ovate- 
 cordate, upper 1. ovate or lanceolate, stip. palmate-pmnatifid, 
 terminal lobe linear or linear-lanceolate, st. ascending diffuse and 
 
 filiform underground. Sy. E. B. 181. Fl. wholly yellow, 
 yellow with the 2 upper petals purple, or wholly purple [var. 
 amo3na Wats.], varying greatly in size. Caps, globose. All 
 the lobes of the stip. of nearly equal size, lateral ones (usually 
 3 on one side and 1 on the other) all springing from near the 
 base of the stip., the terminal lobe narrow and very nearly 
 always quite entire but sometimes considerably larger than the 
 others. /3. V. Curtisii (Forst.) ; stems angular rough, lower 
 part of the stip. somewhat lengthened so as slightly to separate 
 the lateral lobes. E. B. S. 2693, V. sabulosa Bor. Mount- 
 ainous pastures. /3. Sands near the west coast. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 10. V. tricolor (L.) ; anth.-cells diverging below, anth.-spurs 
 long siibclavate-fiUform, spur of the corolla about equalling the 
 calycine appendages, ]. crenate-serrate, lower ones ovate-cordate, 
 upper 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, stip. lyrate-pinnatifid, terminal 
 lobe spathulate crenate, st. ascending. E. B. 1287. R. iii. 21 . 
 V. Curtisii (Mack.) from Portmarnock. Root simple. Fl. with 
 the upper pet. purple, lateral ones bluish, lower one yellow. 
 Caps, ovoid. Terminal lobe of the stip. often having only one 
 tooth on each side. /3. V. arvensis (Murr.) ; pet. shorter than 
 the calyx whitish, caps, nearly globular. E. B. S. 2712. 
 A small form from Scilly is very like V. parvula Tin., and 
 another small form from sandhills Jersey was referred by 
 Mr. J. Lloyd to var. nana DC. Common. A. V. IX. 
 Heartsease. Pansy. E. S. I. 
 
 Order X. DROSERACEA 
 
 Sep. 5, imbricate. Pet. 5, regular. Stam. 5 or 10, free. 
 Styles 3 or 5. Ovary free. Caps. 3 5-valved ; valves bearing 
 the seeds along their middle. Seeds without an aril. L. with 
 a circinate vernation. Joined to Saxifragacece by some 
 authors. 
 
11. FRANKENIACE3J. 47 
 
 1. DROSKRA. Cal. deeply 5-cl eft. Pet. 5. Stam. 5, hypo- 
 gynous. Styles 3 5, deeply bifid. Caps. 1-celled, with 
 3 5 valves, many-seeded. 
 
 1. DRO'SEEA Linn. Sundew. 
 
 1. D. rotundifolia (L.) ; /. orbicular spreading flatly, petioles 
 hairy, fl. -stalks erect from centre of rosette of leaves, seeds with 
 a loose chaffy coat. E. B. 868. R. iii. 24. Flower-stalks 
 2 6 in. high. Stigmas white, cluhbed, entire. Anth. white. 
 L. covered, as in all other species, with hairs terminating in 
 large glands secreting a viscid fluid which retains insects that 
 settle upon them. Kachis recurved parallel to itself. Autumnal 
 stoles with bulbous end. Common in boggy places. P. VII. 
 VIII. Round-leaved Sundew. E. S* 1. 
 
 2. D. lonyifolia (L.) ; /. spathufate blunt erect, petioles 
 glabrous,^, -stalks arcuate or decumbent at the base from base 
 of rosette of leaves, seeds with a close rough not chaffy coat. 
 R. iii. 24. D. intermedia (Hayne) ed. viii. Stig. pink, bifid. 
 Anth. yellow. Eachis not closely recurved. A variety with 
 shorter leaves and the flower-stalks shorter than the leaves is 
 sometimes found. Common in boggy places. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. D. anfj'lica (Huds.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate blunt erect, 
 petioles glabrous, Jl.-stalks erect from centre of rosette of leaves, 
 .seeds with a loose chaffy coat. E. B. 869. D. longifolia R. iii. 
 24, Koch, Fries. Much larger and taller than the last. . D. 
 obovata (M. and K.) 1 ; has broader leaves and the styles often, 
 though not always, emarginate. E. B. 867. In bogs, rather 
 rare, common in Ireland. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XI. FEANKENIACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 4 or 5, in a furrowed tube below. Pet. 4 or 5, clawed, 
 with appendages at the base of the limb. Stam. 4 or 5 or more, 
 free, 2-celled, opening by 2 terminal pores or longitudinally. 
 Caps. 1-celled, 2 4-valved ; placentas 3, parietal. Style 
 slender, simple or trifid. Seeds many, minute. Embryo in the 
 albumen. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. FRANK ENIA. Style 3-fid : lobes oblong with the stigma 
 on their inner side. Caps. 1-celled, 3 4-valved. 
 
 1 Now considered a hybrid with Sp. 1. H. & J. G. 
 
48 12. POLTGALACEJE2. 
 
 1. FRANKE'NIA Linn. Sea-heath. 
 
 1. f. ke'vis (L.) ; 1. linear (or rather oblon? with reflexed 
 edges) g-labrous ciliate at the base. E. B. 205. St, slightly 
 downy, prostrate, wiry. Cal. slightly hispid between its 
 prominent angles. Fl. terminal or from the forks of the stem, 
 sessile, rose-coloured. L. sometimes pulverulent. Salt marshes 
 on the East and South coast. P. VIII. E. 
 
 [F. pulwrulen'ta (L.) ; 1. obovate retuse glabrous above 
 pulverulent beneath, petiole ciliate. E. B. 2222. Formerly 
 on the Sussex coast, now lost. A. VII.] E. 
 
 Order XII. POLYGALACE^E. 
 
 Sep. 5, imbricate, irregular, 2 interior much larger petal-like. 
 Pet. unequal, usually 3, 1 anterior and larger than the rest. 
 Stam. subdiadelphous, in 2 equal opposite bundles. Anth. 1- 
 celled, opening by a pore at their apex. Caps. 1 2-celled, with 
 placentas in the axis. Seeds pendulous, usually with an aril at 
 the base. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. POLYQALA. Sep. 5, persistent; 2 inner (wings) broader 
 and often petal-like. Cor. irregular. Pet. 3 5, connected 
 together ; the lower one keelshaped. Caps, compressed. 
 Seeds solitary, with a 3-pointed basal aril. FL crested. 
 
 1. POLY' GALA Linn. Milkwort. 
 
 1. P. vulgdris (L.) ; I. scattered, lower L smaller oblong, upper 
 1. linear-lanceolate, cal.-wings elliptic mucronate their veins 
 branched the lateral joining a branch of the central vein, caps, ob- 
 cordate, bract equalling the pedicel. E. B, 76. St. prostrate, 
 ascending. L. scattered. Kacemes terminal. Fl. blue, pink, 
 or white. Central vein of wings nearly simple ending in a 
 mucro ; lateral only branched externally ; branches joining in 
 loops and also with the upper ones of the central vein. Lobes 
 of aril unequal, blunt, lateral ones -J as long as the seed which 
 is a little stalked within the aril. P. o.ryptera (B.) is a state 
 with smaller fl., and fr. broader than the wings. E. B. S. 
 2827. /3. grandiflora (Bab.) ; upper 1. large lanceolate, cal.- 
 wings oval apiculate, their lateral veins rejoin the mostly simple 
 central vein near its tip and have many net-like veins externally. 
 Fl. deep blue. Dry pastures and peaty fens. . Ben Bulben, I. 
 P. VI. TX. E. S. I. 
 
13. ELATINAC.EJS. 49 
 
 2. P. serpylldcea (Weihe) : lower I. mostly opposite and 
 crowded, st. long prostrate wiry much branched, racemes 
 ultimately lateral, cal.-wings as in Sp. 1, bract shorter than the 
 pedicel. Si/. E. B. 187. P. depressa (Wend.). Upper part of 
 st. and ped. sep. pet. and caps, sometimes pubescent (P. ciliata 
 Lebel,). Dry pastures. P. VI.-IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. P. calcdrea (F. Sch.) ; /. chiefly in an irregular terminal 
 rosette large obovate blunt, those of fl.-st. short smaller lanceo- 
 late, cal. -wings oblong their veins branched the lateral looping 
 with a branch from near the middle of the central vein, caps. 
 oblong-obcordate, bract shorter than the pedicel. P. amara 
 Don, E. B. S. 2764. P. amarella Coss. et Germ. Atl. t. 7. 
 St. weak, procumbent or ascending, nearly naked below. Fl.-st. 
 several from the axils of the term, rosette, simple, short; racemes 
 terminal. FJ. blue. Lobes of aril unequal, lateral 4 as long as 
 seed. Chalk hills, rare. P. V. E. 
 
 4. P. amdra (L.) ; lower L larger obovate blunt in a basal 
 rosette, upper 1. oblong-lanceolate, cal.-wings oblong or obovate 
 bhmt their veins simple or slightly branched free, caps, obcordate 
 broader than the wings, lateral bracts shorter than the pedicels. 
 Rosette at crown of rootstock, its 1. much the largest 
 broad rounded at the end. Fl.-st. from the axils of the rosette, 
 simple, short ; upper 1. acute ; racemes terminal. Cal.-wings 
 longer than caps. Lobes of aril nearly equal, blunt, ^ as long 
 as seed. a. P. austriaca (Cr.) ; caps, rounded at the base, fl. 
 very small, pinkish ? or pure white. Sy. E. It. 189. 
 /3. P. uliginosa (R.) ; caps, rather wedgeshaped below, fl. larger, 
 blue. a. Wye Downs [and near SevenoaksJ, Kent. Caterham, 
 Surrey, Mr. W. WUtwell. ft. Cronkley Fell, Yorkshire, 
 Mr. James Backhouse. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Order XIII. ELATINACE^E. 
 
 Sep. 3 5, distinct, or slightly connate. Pet. 3 5. Stam. 
 as many or twice as many as the pet., free. Caps. 3 5-celled, 
 3 o-valved, loculicidal, dissepiments adhering to central axis. 
 Styles 35 ; stigmas capitate. Seeds many, albumen 0, embryo 
 curved with the seed. L. opposite. Stip. minute or inconspi- 
 
 1. ELATINE. Cal. 3 4-parted, Pet. 34. Stam. 34 or 
 6 8. Styles 3 4. Caps. 3 4-celled, many-seeded. Seeds 
 cylindrical, straight or bent. 
 
50 14. CAKYOl'HYLLACE-E. 
 
 1. ELA'TINE Linn. "Waterwort. 
 
 1. E. hexan'dra (DC.) ; 1. opposite longer than their petiole**, 
 fi. slightly stalked with 6 stain, and 3 obovate pet., caps, turbi- 
 nate concave at the summit 3-celled, seeds nearly straight as- 
 cending 812 in each cell. E. B. 955. R. I. f. 599. E. Hy- 
 dropiper and E. tripetala (Sm.). Plant minute, creeping. Fl. 
 alternate, axillary. Cal. 3-fid. Forming small matted tufts 
 under water, rare. A. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. HydrojAper (L.) ; 1. opposite shorter than their petioles, 
 fl. sessile with 8 stam. and 4 ovate pet., caps, roundish depressed 
 4-celled, seeds bent almost double pendulous 4 in each cell. 
 E. B. S. 2670. Plant minute, creeping. Cal. 4-fid. Very rare, 
 growing under water. A. VIII. E.I. 
 
 Order XIV. CABYOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 Sep. 5 or 4, distinct or connected into a tube. Pet. 5 or 4, 
 clawed (rarely 0). Stam. usually twice as many, sometimes as 
 many as the petals, free or connected at the base. Anth. opening 
 longitudinally. Ovary one, often stalked. Stigmas 2 5, sessile, 
 filiform. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2 5-celled, opening by twice 
 as many teeth as stigmas, sometimes valvular. Placenta cen- 
 tral. Embryo generally curved round mealy albumen. L. 
 opposite, without or rarely with scarious stipules. 
 
 Suborder I. SILENE^E. 
 
 Sep. connate, forming a tube. Stam. 10. Filaments con- 
 nate into a tube below and adnate to the stalk of the ovary. 
 Caps, usually stalked. Pet. 5, clawed in all our plants. No 
 stipules 
 
 * Two or more imbricated opposite scales at the base of 
 the calyx. 
 
 1. DIANTHUS. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 2. Caps. 1 -celled, 
 many-seeded, 4-valved at top. Seeds peltate, convex 
 above, concave beneath and more or less keeled. 
 
 ** No scales at the base of the calyx. 
 
 2. SAPONARIA. Cal. 5-toothed, terete. Styles 2. Caps. 
 1-celled, 4-valved at top. Seeds globular or reniform. 
 
 [3. CUCUBALUS. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 3. Caps, a ylobose 
 1-celled berry. Seeds reniform.] 
 
14. CARYOPaYLIACEJE. 51 
 
 4. SILENE. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 3. Caps, more or less 
 complete!} 7 3-celled, 6-valved at top. Seeds reniform. 
 (Rarely 5 styles and 5-valved caps, in & maritima.) 
 
 5. LYCHNIS. Cal. 5-toothed. Styles 5. Caps. 1- or half 5- 
 celledj opening at the top with 5 or 10 teeth. 
 
 Suborder II, ALSINE/E. 
 
 Sep. distinct. Stam. free, inserted into a more or less evi- 
 dent liypogynous ring. Caps, sessile. No stipules. 
 
 * Valves of the caps, th^ same in number as the styles. 
 
 6. SAGINA. Sep.. entire pet. (or none), styles and valves of 
 caps, each 4 5. Seeds reniform, wing-less. Stam. 4 10. 
 
 7. HONKENKJA. Sep, 5. Pet. 5, large. Stam, 10, alter- 
 nating with glands. Styles and valves 3. Seeds few, 
 large. 
 
 8. MINUARTIA. Sep. and pet. 5 or 4. Styles and valvefe 3 
 (or 4). Seeds many, with a naked hile. L. linear. 
 
 0. CHERLERIA. Sep. 5. Pet. or 5, minute. Stam. 10, 
 outer ones opposite to the sep. and springing from an oblong 
 emarginate glandular base. Styles and valves 3, Seeds 
 few, small. 
 
 ** Valves of the caps, bifid or twice as many as the styles. 
 
 10. AJEIENARIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire or slightly emargi- 
 nate, Stam. 10 or rarely 5. Styles 3. Caps/6-valved. 
 Seeds many. L. broad, 
 
 11. HOLOSTEUM. Sep. 5. Pet. 5,jagyed at Hue end. Stam. 
 5 or 3 or 4. Styles 3. Caps, subcylindrical, many-seeded, 
 opening at the end with 6 teeth. 
 
 12. STELLABIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid. Stam. 10 (or fewer). 
 Styles 3. Caps, opening with 6 valves or teeth, manv- 
 seeded. 
 
 13. MALACHIUM. Sep. o. Pet. 5, bifid or entire. Stam. 10. 
 Styles 5. Caps, opening with 5 bifid valves. 
 
 14. CERASTITJM. Sep. 5. Pet. o, bifid. Stam. 10 or 5 or 4. 
 Styles o or 4. Caps, tubular, opening at the end with 10 
 teeth. In C. lapponicum the styles are mostly 3. 
 
2 14. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 
 
 15. MOEXCHIA. Sep. 4, erect. Pet. 4, entire. Stam. 4. 
 Caps, many-seeded, opening at the end with 8 or 10 teeth. 
 
 Suborder III. POLYCARPE.E. 
 Sep. distinct. Stam. free. Caps, sessile. Stipules scarious. 
 
 16. POLYCABPOX. Sep. keeled at the back, hooded at the 
 end. Pet. 5, emaryinate. Stam. 3 5. Styles 3, short. 
 Fr. 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 17. ALSIXE. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, usually as long as 
 the calyx. Stain. 510. Styles 3 or 5. Fr* 3 5-vafved, 
 many-seeded; valves fewer than or alternate with the 
 sepals. 
 
 18. SPERGULA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, as long as the calyx. 
 Stam. 5 10. Styles 5. Fr. 5-valved, many-seeded; the 
 valves opposite to the sepals. 
 
 Suborder IV. SCLERANTHE^E. 
 
 Sep. connate, forming a hardened tube enclosing the 1-seeded 
 capsule. No stipules. 
 
 19. ScLEBANTHUS. 1 Tube of calyx vase-shaped, contracted 
 at the mouth by a glandular ring ; limb 5-tid. Pet. 0. 
 Stam. 10 or rarely 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx. 
 Styles 2. Fr. membranous. 
 
 Suborder I. Silenece. 
 " 1. DIAN'THTJS Linn. Pink. 
 * Fl. clustered. 
 
 1. D. prolifer (L.) ; fl. in a dense cluster enveloped in mem- 
 branous bracts, cal.-scales membranous pellucid the two outer ones 
 shorter mucronate, inner ones blunt about equalling the calyx, 
 st. glabrous, 1. all linear, seeds boatshaped with a longitudinal 
 membrane in the hollow rough pointed at one end. E. B. 956. 
 It. vi. 247. St. 1 1J ft. high, erect, usually simple. Fl. ex- 
 panding one at a time, small. Pet. rose-coloured, obcordate. 
 Cluster quite inclosed by brown dry scales. Sandy and gravelly 
 places, very rare. A. VII. E. 
 
 1 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant, place Scleranthus in Illecebracece, which 
 order they include in the Division Monochlamydece. H. & J. G. 
 
DIANTI1US. 53 
 
 2. I). Armcria (L.); fl. close together, cal.-scales and bracts 
 lanceolate- subulate herbaceous downy ribbed equalling the tube, 
 st. and linear I. downy, seeds nearly flat on one side slightly hol- 
 lowed and with a longitudinal keel in its middle rough pointed 
 at one end. E. B. 317. R. vi. 249. St. 12 ft. high, erect, 
 branched. Pet. rose-coloured, speckled with white dots, toothed^ 
 Waste places, rare. A. VII. VIII. Deptford Pink. E. 
 
 ** Fl. solitary, one or more on the stem. 
 
 *3. D.plumdrius (L.); st. 2 5-flowered./?, solitary, cal.-scales 
 roundish-ovate shortly mucronate 4-fold shorter than the tube, 
 /. rouyh at the edge linear-subulate, pet. digitate multijid as far as 
 tlie middle with the central entire part obovate downy, barren 
 st. procumbent rooting much branched, seeds jiat orbicular with 
 a point on one side. JR. vi. 257. E. B. S. 2979. Flowering- 
 stems 6 12 in. high. Calyx-teeth ciliate at the margin, 
 slightly shorter than the capsule. Fl. pale pink, sometimes 
 white, fragrant. Old walls. P. VI. Common Pink. E. 
 
 *4. D. Caryophyl' lus (L.) ; fl. solitary, cal.-scales broadly ob- 
 ovate pointed three fourths shorter than the tube, /. with smooth 
 edges linear, pet. crenate-dentate ovate glabrous, barren st. elon- 
 gate procumbent branching, seeds pyrii'orm nearlv flat. E. B. 
 214. It. vi. 268. Fl.-stems 1218 in. high. Calyx-teeth not 
 ciliate, longer than the capsule. Fl. pink, fragrant. Old walls, 
 Kent. P. VII. VIII. Clove Pink. E. S. ? 
 
 [D. gal'licus (Pers.), resembling Sp. 5 in habit and stature but witlT^ 
 base of st. clothed with minute papillate hairs, cal. longer cylindrical, 
 and pet. deeply and irregularly cut into sublinear obtuse lobes, occurs in 
 Jersey, but its status is uncertain.] 
 
 5. D. gratianopolitdnus (Vill.) ; st. mostly single-flowered, 
 cal.-scales adpressed roundish shortly pointed three fourths 
 shorter than the tube, L with rough edges linear, pet. obovate 
 crenately-cut bearded, barren stems long procumbent branching, 
 seeds ovate pointed at one end. E. B. 62. JR. vi. 265. 
 D. C(Bsiu8 (Sm.) ed. viii. Flowering-stem 6 8 in. high. Fl. 
 pale rose-colour, fragrant. Limestone cliffs at Cheddar, Som. 
 P. VI. VII. Cheddar Pink. E. 
 
 6. D. deltoides (L.) ; fl. solitary, cal.-scales usually 2 ovate 
 with a subulate point J as long as the tube, 1. linear-lanceolate 
 the lower blunt rough at the edges and keel, stem-l. acute and 
 as well as the st. pubescent -asperous, pet. obovate-dentate, barren 
 st. short procumbent simple (?), seeds obovate flat netted- 
 rugose. E, B. 61. E. vi. 263. Flowering-stems 612 in. 
 
-")-!: 14. CAKYOPHYLLACE^I. 
 
 high, branched. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, minutely ciliate. Fl. 
 r<>s --coloured, with a darker circle round the mouth, scentless. 
 Hilly pastures, rare. P. VI. IX. Maiden Pink. E. 8. 
 
 2. SAPONA'RIA Linn. Soap wort. 
 
 *1. S. officinal is (L.) ; fl. in corymbose cymes, cal. cylindrical, 
 pet. retire crowned, 1. elliptic-lanceolate ribbed glaucous, st. 
 erect. E. B. 1060. R. vi. 245. St. 6. 10. St. 13 ft. hiuh, 
 stout, leafy. Fl. flesh-coloured or pale pink, large. Upper 1. 
 connate and sheathing. Upper part of st. sometimes pubescent 
 (pubernla, Wierzb.). Hedges near Tillages, but probably in- 
 troduced. Banks of streams on the borders of Wales, perhaps 
 indigenous. P. VIII. E. 
 
 [& Vaccnria (L.) ; st. much branched above, cal. with 5 
 angles, has been found as an escape.] 
 
 3. CUCU'BALUS Linn. 
 
 [C. baccifer (L.) ; st. branched spreading, 1. ovate acute, cal. 
 bellshaped, pet. distant. E. B. 1577. Fruit fleshy. Isle of 
 Dogs near London, not native. P. VIII.] 
 
 4. SILE'NE Linn. Catchfly. 
 
 1. S. any'lica (L.) ; racemes terminal, fl. alternate, cal. hairy 
 with setaceous teeth ovate when in fruit, pet. slightly cloven or 
 entire obovate, 1. lanceolate lower ones spathulate. E. B. 1178. 
 Hairy and viscid. St. 12 in. high, simple or branched, 
 erect. Fl. solitary, secund, axillary, white or reddish. Fr.-st. 
 often reflexed. j3. S. quinquevulnera (L.) ; fl. white with a large 
 crimson spot on disk of each petal. E. B. 86. Sandy and 
 gravelly fields. About forms of this, see J. of B. xviii. 14(5. 
 A. VI. X. English Catchfly. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. nutans (L.) ; pubescent, glandular-viscid above, panicle 
 secund with drooping trichotomous opposite 3 7-floicered 
 branches, cal. ventricose with acute teeth, pet. bifid crowned, 
 segments linear, lower 1. lanceolate-spathulate, stem-1. sessile 
 lanceolate, carpophore scarcely half as long as the capsule, teeth 
 of the cap. reflexed. E. B. 465. St. 1 j foot high. Fl. white, 
 most expanded and sweetest in the evening. /3. S. paradoxa 
 (Sm.) : rt.-l. roundly spathulate mucronate with lon^ hafts. 
 On limestone and chalky places. . Dover Cliffs. P. VI. VII. 
 Nottingham Catchfly. E. S. 
 
SILENE. O;> 
 
 l_S. ital'ica (Pers.) ; pubescent, panicle nearly erect with oppo- 
 site trichotomous viscid branches, cal. clavate with blunt teeth, 
 pet. bifid not crowned, segments broad, lower 1. lanceolate spa- 
 thulate, stem-1. linear-lanceolate, carpophore as long as capsule. 
 S. patens E. B. S. 2748. St. 2 ft. high. An escape. P. 
 VI. VII.] E. -S. 
 
 3. S. Otites (Wibel) ; panicle long with opposite tufted 
 ivhorled-racemose branches, whorls many-flowered, ped. glabrous, 
 cal. faintly veined mooth with blunt teeth, pet. linear undivided 
 not crowned, 1. lanceolate-spathulate, stem-1. small linear erect. 
 E. B. 85. Fl. subdmcious, small, yellowish. Caps, sessile. 
 St. viscid at about the middle, 1 foot high. L. mostly radical. 
 Sandy and gravelly places in Sufi' Norf . and Cambridgeshire. 
 P. VI. " E. 
 
 4. S. Cucubalm (Wibel) ; panicle terminal, fl. many drooping, 
 cal. inflated netted, pet. deeply cloven scarcely ever crowned, 
 segments narrow, 1. elliptic-lanceolate, stem erect. E. B. 164. 
 S. inflata (Sm.) ed. viii. Glabrous, smooth. St. 2 3 ft. 
 high. No barren procumbent stems. Inflorescence between 
 corymbose and panicled. Pet. white. Cal. inflated especially be- 
 low, its mouth narrower than its base. Bracts ^carious. Branches 
 of panicle unequal. Scented at night. Sometimes (S. puberula, 
 .lord.) the st. and 1. are rouyrh with hairs and cal. downy. 
 Fields and roadsides. P. VI. VIII. Bladder Campion. 
 
 White-bottle. E. S. 1. 
 
 5. S. marit'ima (With.) ; panicle terminal,^, feiv usually soli- 
 tary erect, cal. inflated netted, pet. crowned, segments broad, lT~ 
 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, barren st. spreading decumbent, 
 fl.-shoots ascending. E. B. 957. Barren procumbent shoots 
 forming a cushion. Fl. larger than those of Sp. 4. Cal. elliptic, 
 its mouth broader than its base, mostly inflated above the middle. 
 Bracts herbaceous. Near the sea, also by alpine rills. P. VI. 
 
 viii. E. s. i. 
 
 6. S. con'ica (L.) ; st. erect forked, fl. from the forks or ter- 
 minal, cal. with SO furrows conical in fruit, teeth subulate acute, 
 pet. obcordate crowned, 1. linear subulate downy, caps, oblong- 
 ovate. E. B. 922. St. 3 12 in. high, simple or branched. 
 Cal. of the flowers conical-tubular, rounded below ; of the fruit 
 very broad at the base. Carpophore very short. Fl. reddish. 
 Sandy fields, rare. A. V. VI. E. 
 
 7. noctiflora (L.) ; st. erect repeatedly forked, fl. from the 
 forks or terminal, cal. veined and with 10 hairy glandular ribs 
 in fruit elliptic-oblong, teeth long subulate, pet. deeply bifid 
 
06 14. OARYOrHTLLACE^E. 
 
 crowned, 1. lanceolate lower ones obovate, caps, ovate. E. B. 
 291 . St. 3. 10. Resembling Lychnis vespertina. St. about 1 foot 
 hii-'h, downy and glandular. Caps. opeDing with patent teeth. 
 Carpophore" very short. El. reddish white, rather large, sweet- 
 scented, in the evening; pet. rolled up by day; peduncles glan- 
 dular. Sandy and gravelly fields, rare. A. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 [S. Armeria (L.) ; pan. forked many-fl. level-topped, pet. 
 notched each with a double awlshaped scale, cal. and 1. smooth, 
 caps, clavate, st. viscid. E. B. 1398. Yalding, Kent. Between 
 Par and Fowey Point, Cornwall. A. VII.] E. 
 
 8. S. acaulis (L.) ; st. densely tufted and much branched, fl. 
 solitary, peduncles and cal. glabrous, cal. bellshaped with 10 
 strite, teeth ovate blunt, pet. slightly notched crowned, 1,. linear 
 ciliate below. E. B. 1081. R. 5084. Forming broad dense 
 tufts 2 3 in. high. Fl. purple or white, upon longish solitary 
 stalks, sometimes nearly sessile. Caps, twice as long as the 
 calyx. Plants somewhat dioecious. On the higher mountains. 
 P. VII. VIII. Cushion Pink. E. S. I. 
 
 5. LYCH'NIS Linn. Campion. 
 * Cal. tubular, not inflated; teeth short. 
 
 1. L. Viscdria (L.) ; pet. emarginate crowned, st. glabrous 
 viscid below the joinings, 1. lanceolate glabrous the margins 
 woolly at the base, fl. racemose-panicled somewhat whorled, 
 carpophore | the length of the capsule. E. B. 788. St. simple, 
 1 foot high. Fl. large, rose-coloured. Caps, ^-celled when 
 young. Seeds reniform, minute, acutely tubercled. Dry rocks, 
 very rare. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 2. L. al)ina (L.) ; pet. cloven scarcely crowned, st. glabrous 
 not at all viscid, 1. linear-lanceolate glabrous sometimes minutely 
 ciliate at the base, fl. corymbose, carpophore j the length of 
 the capsule. E. B. 2254. St. simple, 56 in. high. Fl. small, 
 rose-coloured, crown scarcely more than 2 small tubercles upon 
 each petal . Caps. 5-celled when young . Seeds reni for m , m i n u t e , 
 bluntly tubercled. Mountains. Glen Isla, Forfar (3200 ft). 
 Hobcarten Crag, Cumb. (2000 ft.). P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 3. L. Flos-cuculi (L.) ; pet. deeply ^-cleft crowned, segments 
 linear palmately diverging, cal. with short teeth, st. with few 
 deflexed hairs, 1. lanceolate the lower ones narrowed below, fl. 
 loosely panicled, caps. 1 -celled, teeth 5, carpophore very short. 
 E. B. 573. St. viscid and brownish olive, 1 2 ft. high. 
 
LYCHNIS. SAGIXA. 57 
 
 Pet. rose-coloured, the crown bipartite : segm. subulate erect, 
 usually with an acute tooth on the middle of the outer margin. 
 Cal. 10-ribbed. Moist places. P. V. VI. Ragged Robin. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 ** Cal. inflated; teeth falling short of the petals. 
 
 4. L. al'ba (Mill.) ; pet. \M\t-bifid crowned, st. villose, 1. 
 peduncles and cal. hairy, 1. ovate-lanceolate, fl. dichotomously 
 panicled dioecious, calyx-teeth of the fertile fl. linear-lanceolate, 
 inruj, caps, conical, teeth 10 straight. E. E. 1580. St. 23. 9. 
 L. dio'ica /3 L. L. vespertina (Sibth.) ed. viii. St. 1 2 ft. 
 high. Fl. white, very rarely reddish. Calyx of barren fl. 
 obovate-oblong ; of fertile fl. ovate, teeth twice as long as those 
 of L. dio'ica. Carpophore broad, short. Fields. B. (?) VI. 
 IX. White Campivn. E. S. I. 
 
 5. L. dio'ica (L.) ; pet. half-bifid crowned, st. 1. and cal. 
 villose, 1. ovate acute, fl. dichotomously panicled subdicecious, 
 calyx-teeth of the fertile fl. triangular ', caps, nearly globular, 
 teeth 10 recurved E. B. 1579. St. 23. 8. L. diurna (Sibth.) 
 ed. viii. Forms a tuft of decumbent leafy barren shoots. St. 1 
 2 ft. high. Fl. red, very rarely nearly white. Carpophore 
 narrow, short. Sp. 4 and 5 vary in colour from red to white 
 and white to red. Damp hedgebanks. P. V. VI. Red Campion. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 *** Cal. with long leaf like narrow coriaceous lobes exceeding 
 the petals. 
 
 6. L. Githdgo (Scop.) ; pet. entire or emarginate croivnless, 
 calyx-teeth longer than the tube exceeding the petals, fl. solitary 
 upon lung stalks. Agrostemma L. E. B. 741. St. 5. 6. 
 Fl. large, purple. St. dichotomous, 2 3 ft. high. Cal. ribbed, 
 with 5 linear-lanceolate constantly erect-patent very long seg- 
 ments. Styles downv. Caps. 5-toothed. Cornfields. A. VI. 
 VIII. Corn- Cockle. E. S. I. 
 
 Suborder II. Alsinea. 
 6. SAGI'NA Linn. Pearlwort. 
 
 * Sep.j stam., styles and valves of caps, usually 4 ; pet. 
 very small or ivanting. 
 
 1. S. procum'bens (L.) ; branches long procumbent from a 
 central rosette, I. linear awned, sep. blunt slightly shorter than 
 the capsule, apex of the ped. reflexed after flowering ultimately 
 
58 14. CARYOPHYLLACK.E. 
 
 erect. E. B. 860. > R. v. 201. St. 30. 3. Glabrous. Central 
 st. never lengthening nor flowering; branches axillary, often 
 rooting, usually with fasciculate leaves. Pet. small blunt, 
 often wanting. A fifth part is occasionally added to the fl., in 
 which case it is distinguished from S. saxatilis by its cal. 
 spreading when in fruit and styles reflexed during flowering. 
 A fleshy maritime form is S. maritima (Gren.). J3. spinosa 
 (Gibs.) : 1. longer and narrower very minutely spinose-ciliate 
 on the edges. Waste ground. P. V. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. apet'ala (Ard.) ; st. and branches ascending, /. linear 
 aicned, sep. blunt shorter than the capsule hooded ultimately 
 spreading in the form of a cross, ped. always erect. E. B. 881. 
 R. v. 200. Central st. lengthening flowering and together with 
 the branches erect, never rooting ; upper part of st., ped., and 
 cal. often bearing glandular hairs. Pet. very minute, inversely 
 wedge-shaped and truncate. Caps, conical-ovoid, subpeltate 
 below, stalked. /3. prostrata (Gibs.) ; prostrate, branching 
 from a rosette which lengthens into a stem and flowers. 
 
 [ y. S. Reuteri (Boiss.) ; st. much branched, ped. short densely glandular, 
 sep. usually appressed.]. Walls and dry places. /3. Common on 
 gravel walks. [ ? . Wore. Heref. Pembr.] A. V. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. cilidta (Fr.) ; st. long, branches diffuse or spreading, 1. 
 linear awned,ow^er sep. pointed scarcely shorter than and adpressed 
 to the mature caps, their tips patent. Sy. E. B. 247. R. v. 200. 
 S. patula Jord. Glabrous. Central st. flowering and together 
 with the branches erect or ascending, not rooting. Cal. and tips 
 of ped. sometimes with gland-tipped hairs. Caps, ovate- 
 attenuate, rounded below, stalked. S. ambigna (Lloyd) is pro- 
 bably a maritime form. Dry places and sandy heaths/ A. V. VI. 
 
 E.S.L 
 
 4. S. marit'ima (Don) ; central st. long forked, branches 
 ascending, /. fleshy blunt, or apiculate rounded at the back 
 glabrous, sep. blunt about equalling the capsule ultimately 
 spreading slightly, ped. erect. E. B. 2195. S. stricta Fries. 
 St. often purple, brittle. The central stem produces flowers 
 and is erect, or in luxuriant plants more or less procumbent. 
 Sep. concave with incurved tips. Caps, ovate, rounded below. 
 A much-branched prostrate form is () S. debilis (Jord.) ; its 
 calyx usually exceeds the caps., and all its steins are often pros- 
 trate and spring from a false rosette. Another very much 
 branched state forming dense tufts, with short joints and 
 shorter linear plane-convex 1., is (y) S. densa (Jord.). On the 
 seashore. Fries states that his plant sometimes occurs uj on 
 
SAGTXA. 59 
 
 mountains in Norway ; and G. Don seems to have found it on 
 Ben Nevis [var. alpina Sy. 1 ]. A. V. IX. Sea Pear/ wort. 
 
 5. 8. Boyd'ii (Buch.- White) ; caespitose, st. erect, 1. densely imbricate 
 linear fleshy rigid strongly recurved shortly mucronate, fl. 4-5-merous, 
 sep. broadly ovate blunt with narrow membranous margins, pet. 0, ovary 
 globose flattened at the top, " caps, globose shorter [than] and covered 
 by the sep.," ped. short stout slightly curved. J. ofB. 1892, t. 326 b. 
 Much branched below, forming dense tufts, glabrous dark green shiny. 
 A remarkable plant which requires further study. We have not seen 
 fruit. Braemar, Mr. W. B. Soyd. P. VI. S. 
 
 ** Sep., pet., styles and valves usually 5. Stam. 10. SPKRGELLA. 
 
 6. S. Linnce'i (Presl) ; central st. short and barren, 1. linear 
 mucronate glabrous, st. ped. and col. glabrous, pet. shorter than 
 caps, longer than the calyx. Spergula sagino'ides, L. E. B. 
 2105. S. saxatilis (Wimm.) ed. viii. St. prostrate, slightly 
 rooting, many. Fed. long, their tips reflexed after flowering 
 ultimately erect. Caps, rather longer than the calyx, some- 
 times twice the length. Closely resembling S. procumbens, but 
 distinguished by the valves of its capsule being much more 
 narrowed upwards, sep. adpressed and narrower, pet. longer, 
 styles not reflexed. Highland mountains. P. VI. VIII. S. 
 
 7. 8. nivdlis (Fries) ; central st. and branches ascending caes- 
 pitose, 1. subulate mucronate glabrous, ped. short straight, sep. 
 very blunt adpressed to the ripe capsules, pet. rather exceeding 
 cal. but falling short of caps, entire. Sy. E. B. 250 (bad). St. ^ 
 and branches dividing repeatedly (no true rosette), not rooting, 
 
 1 H in. long, forming a dense tuft. Fl. divided in fours or 
 fives. Ped. wholly straight. Sep. white with diaphanous 
 edges. Tops of Highland mountains, very rare. P. VIII. 8. 
 
 8. S. subuldta (Presl) ; /. awned linear often ciliate, ped. and 
 calyx glandular-hairy, pet. about as long as the caps, longer 
 than the calyx. Spergula Sw. E. B. 1082. St. procumbent. 
 Ped. very long, the tip slightly reflexed after flowering, ulti- 
 mately erect. Caps, ovate-attenuate, rounded below, sessile. 
 Dry gravelly and sandy places. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 9. 8. nodosa (Fenzl) ; 1. subulate glabrous upper I. shorter 
 fasciculate, pet. much longer than the calyx, ped. always erect. 
 Spergula L. E. B. 694. Primary stem short, not flowering : 
 
 1 Mr. Druce's plant from Cairngorm (Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist. 1892, p. 273) 
 which has been referred to this, has a central rosette, short ped. and pet. 
 equalling the cal. H. & J. G. 
 
60 14. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 
 
 lateral stems procumbent at the base then ascending, 2 6 in. 
 long. Fl. terminal, 1, 2 or 3 together, white, conspicuous. 
 Whole plant often quite glabrous. Sometimes (S. ylandulosa 
 Bess.) the upper parts of the st., the connecting membrane of 
 the 1., and the base of the cal. are glandular-hairy. Wet and 
 sandy places. P. VII. VIII. Knotted Spurrey. E. S. I. 
 
 7. HOMENE'JA ElirJi. 
 
 1. H.peplvides (Ehrh.) ; 1. sessile ovate acute fleshy glabrous 
 1- veined, pet. obovate, sep. ovate blunt 1-veined shorter than 
 the petals. Arenaria L. Ammodenia Gni. (name only). 
 Halianthus Fr. Mimiartia Hiern. E. B. 189. St. forked, 
 procumbent, rhizomatous. Fl. from the forks of the stem, fre- 
 quently direcious or polygamous. Caps, large, globose. Seeds 
 few, large. Sandy sea-coasts. P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 8. MINTTAB'TIA Linn. (Alsine, Wahl. ed. viii. not Linn.) 
 
 1. M. stric'ta (Hiern) ; 1. filiform veinless, fl. -shoots erect 
 naked above, pet. equalling the cal. oblong-oval attenuate below, 
 sep. ovate-lanceolate acute 3- veined (when dry), ped. terminal 
 1 3 very long. Aren. uliginosa Schlecht. E. B. S. 2890. 
 St. prostrate, caespitose. Widdy-bank Fell, Teesdale. P. VI. E. 
 
 2. M. ver'na (Hiern) ; /. linear-subulate acute 3-veined, pet. 
 exceeding the calyx rounded-obovate attenuate below, sep. ovate- 
 lanceolate acute 3- veined with a membranous margin, peduncles 
 1- or many-fiowered. - E. B. 512. St. 34 in. high. L. 
 usually not adpressed and mostly with a minute point. Bracts 
 acute. /3. Aren. Gerardi (Willd.) ; 1 . subulate bluntish not 
 apiculate, pet. elliptic shortly clawed scarcely longer than the 
 calyx. R. v. 208. L. usually pressed close to the stem. 
 Rocky places in mountainous districts. j3. On the hills above 
 Kynance Cove near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. P. V. IX. 
 
 E.S.I. 
 
 3. M. rubella (Hiern) ; 1. linear-subulate blunt 3-veined, pet. 
 obovate attenuate below shorter than the calyx, sep. ovate-lan- 
 ceolate acute 3-veined with a membranous margin, peduncles 
 1-fiowered. E. B. S. 2638. Aren. sulcata Schlecht. Like a 
 Sagina. St. many, short. Bracts blunt. Flowering shoots 
 terminal, downy, nearly always 1-fl., about 1 in. long, with 
 13 pairs of leaves. Ped. longer than calyx. Styles and valves 
 of caps. 3 5. Tops of Scottish mountains, very rare. [Ser- 
 pentine hills, Shetland, Mr. W. H. Beeby.~] P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
MINUART1A. ARENARIA. 61 
 
 4. M. leptophyl'la (Groves) ; 1. subulate-acute 3-veined, pet. 
 ovate attenuate beloiv shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate-subu- 
 late 3-veined with a membranous margin. E. B. 219. Als. 
 tenuifolia (Wahl.) ed. viii. St. slender, 4 6 in. high, much 
 branched, forked, with flowers in the forks. Glabrous. Some- 
 times the upper parts (Als. laxa, Jord.), or the cal. alone (Als. 
 hybrida Vill.), bear patent gland-tipped hairs. Sandy and 
 chalky places, rare. A. V. VI. E. I.* 
 
 9. CHERLE'KIA Linn. 
 
 1. C. sedoides (L.). E. B. 1212. Minuartia Hiern. Pet. 
 
 generally wanting. Fl. solitary, on short stalks. St. very 
 many, forming a dense mass close to the ground. L. very 
 many, linear-subulate, finely ciliate. Summits of mountains. 
 P. VI. VIII. S. 
 
 10. ARENA'RIA Linn. Sand wort. 
 
 1. A. triner'via (L.) ; 1. ovate acute ciliate stalked 3 5- veined 
 the upper ones sessile, stam. 10, pet. shorter than the calyx, sep. 
 long-lanceolate acute 3-ribbed the intermediate rib strongest 
 and rough, seeds smooth appendayed. E. B. 1483. R. v. 216. 
 St. about a foot high, weak, branched, downy. Fl. solitary 
 from the forks of the stem and axils of the upper leaves. Ped. 
 ultimately spreading and curved just below the fruit. Lateral 
 veins of sep. often very faint. Distinguished by the appendage 
 to the hile of its seeds. Damp shady places. A. V. VI. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 2. A. serpyllifolia (L.) ; /. ovate acute roughish sessile, pet. 
 shorter than the calyx, sep. ovate-lanceolate acute 3 5-veined 
 hairy on the veins, fr.-st. erect or patent straight longer than 
 the ampullaceous caps, which exceed the sepals. E. B. 923. 
 St. much branched, 3 6 in. long. Fl. from the forks of st. or 
 axils of leaves. Pet ovate, narrowed below. Ripe capsule 
 brittle. Sometimes [var. viscidula Roth] with viscid hairs 
 on the upper part, A. viscida Lois. I cannot distinguish 
 A. Lloydii 1 . Dry places and walls. A. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. A. leptoclddos (Guss.) ; 1. small ovate acute sessile, pet. 
 shorter than the cal., sep. lanceolate acute 3-veined hairy on 
 the veins, fr.-st. patent curved at the top or ultimately straight 
 longer than the oroid-oblong caps, which exceed the sep. E.B.S. 
 
 1 A. Lloydii Jord. (A. serpyllifolia var. macrocarpa Lloyd) is a 
 condensed seaside form with broader leaves and more strongly-veined 
 eglandular sepals. H. & J. G. 
 
02 14. CARYOPHYLLACEJG. 
 
 2i)72. St. much branched. Fl. as in Sp. '2. Much more s'en- 
 der than in Sp. 2; caps, small and often nearly oblong flexible 
 when ripe; seeds smaller. Dry places and walls. A. VI. 
 
 viri. E. i. 
 
 4. A. cilidta (L.) ; /. spafhulate ciliate, pet. exceeding tltecaly.c, 
 sep. ovate-lanceolate with 3 prominent ribs. E. B. 1745. St. 
 lon<r, much branched, prostrate, rough, with very short deflexed 
 hairs, angular when dry. Fl. 1 5, terminal, somewhat panicled. 
 Pet. ovate, slightly clawed. Limestone cliffs of Ben Bulben 
 range, especially King Mountain, co. Sligo. P. VI. VII. I. 
 
 5. A. goth'ica (Fr.) ; [1. ovate to ovate-lanceolate acuminate slightly 
 ciliate towards the base], pet. exceeding the cal., sep. ovate-lanceo- 
 late keeled falling short of the caps. Caps, ovoid constricted at 
 the top opening by re volute teeth. [Fl. Dan. Suppl. i. t. 15. St. 
 short much branched slightly hairy. Fl. 1 3, terminal. Ped. covered 
 with very short hairs. Sep. glabrous obscurely ribbed. Pet. oblong. 
 Seeds dark brown tuberculated. Ingleborough, l^orks. P. V. IX. E.] 
 
 6. A. norveyica (Gunn.) ; /. spathulate obovate fleshy not dilate. 
 pet. exceeding the calyx, sep. ovate-acute obscurely 3-ribbed gla- 
 brous falling short of the oblong caps, which is not constricted 
 at the top and opens by erect teeth. E. B. S. 2852. St. short, 
 much branched, procumbent, nearly smooth, angular when dry. 
 Fl, 1 3, terminal. Ped. with very short deflexed hairs. Pet. 
 ovate, slightly clawed. Seed dark brown, tuberculated. 
 Inchnadamph, Sutherland. Unst, Shetland. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 11. HOLOS'TEUM Linn. 
 
 1. H. umbelldtum (L.) ; fi. umbellate, peduncles pubescent 
 viscid, pedicels refiexed after flowering, 1. elliptic or long and 
 acute. E. B. 27. R. v. 221. About 6 in. high. On old walls 
 and dry places in Norfolk and Suffolk. A. IV. E. 
 
 12. STELLA/RIA Linn. Stitchwort. 
 * Seeds on a linear long columella. 
 
 1. S. nem'orum (L.) ; st. ascending downy above, 1. stalked 
 heartshaped, upper 1. ovate sessile, cyme lax panicled, pet. 
 deeply bih'd twice as long as the lanceolate sepals, caps, exceed- 
 ing the calyx. E. B.&2. R. v. 252. St. 1 1| foot high. 
 L. large, rough on the upper surface, ciliate. Sep. with narrow 
 scarious margins. Damp woods, chiefly in the North. P. V. 
 VI. Wood OStitdiwort. E. S. 
 
SIELLAEIA. 63 
 
 *"* Caps, rounded below or scarcely if at all narrowed ; columella 
 very short. 
 
 2. S. media (Vill.) ; st. procumbent and ascending with a 
 hairy line, L ovate shortly pointed stalked, upper I. sessile, fl. axil- 
 lary and terminal, fl. -pedicels usually not longer than the cal.,fr.- 
 ped. curved downwards and wavy, pet. deeply bitid not exceeding 
 the ovate-lanceolate single-ribbed glandular-pilose sepals, caps, 
 oblong longer than the calyx. E. B. 537. R. v. 222. Very 
 variable in length of st. and joints, size of 1., number of stam. 
 (3 10), and length of styles. Sep. with a narrow scarious 
 margin, glabrous or with long hairs. Fr.-st. reflexed, often 
 scarcely exceeding the leaves. Seeds with round tubercles. L. 
 glabrous with broad ciliate petioles. /3. Alsine pallida (Dam.) ; 
 pet. 0, styles 0, stig. short arcuate, stam. 3, seeds small bluntly 
 and minutely tubercled. 8. Borceana (Jord.). y. S. neglecta 
 (Weihe) 1 ;!. larger with longer stalks, upper 1. sessile lower 
 subcordate, stam. 10, seeds with prominent rounded tubercles* 
 A. III. IX. Common Chickweed. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. umbrosa (Opiz) ; st. procumbent and ascending with a 
 hairy line, /. narroived gradually into long points, fl.-ped. twice 
 the length of the calyx, fr.-ped. deflexed at the base, otherwise 
 straight, ultimately erect, cal. more narrowed below than in 
 Sp. 2, sep. lanceolate acute tubercular, valves of the caps, nar- 
 rower than in Sp. 2, seeds with prominent acute tubercles. 
 S. Elizabeths Schultz. St. much branched slender with 
 autumnal barren shoots. Fr.-st. much exceeding 1. Moist and 
 shady places. P. IV. VII. E. S. 
 
 4. S. Holos'tea (L.) ; st. ascending angular with rough angles, 
 /. lanceolate- attenuate acute with a rough margin and keel all 
 sessile, cyme panicled, pet. half-bifid twice as long as the lanceo- 
 late very obscurely 3-veined sepals, caps, globose about as long 
 as the calyx, bracts leaflike. E. B. 511. R. v. 223. St. 12 
 feet high, slender and procumbent at the base, thicker upwards. 
 L, gradually narrowing from a little above the base to the very 
 acute point. Fl. large, white, few, in a leafy cyme. Woods 
 and hedges. P. IV. VI. Greater Stitchwort. * E.S.I. 
 
 5. S palus'tris (Eetz.) ; st. erect weak angular smooth, I. linear- 
 lanceolate acute quite smooth sessile, lower 1. broader, fl. solitary 
 or in a few-flowered lax panicled cyme, pet. bipartite exceeding 
 the lanceolate 3-veined sepals, caps, oblong-ovate about as long 
 
 1 Many authors combine this with Sp. 3. The name for the combined 
 species would be S. neylccta (Weihe). H. & J. G. 
 
04 14. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. 
 
 as the calyx, bracts with scarious and glabrous marc/ins. E* B. 
 825. R. v. 223. S. ylauca (With.) ed. viii. Usually glaucous. 
 St. 6 12 in. high, leafy. Fl. rarely solitary. Pet. white, 
 sometimes much exceeding the cal. ; segments linear. Marshy 
 places, rather rare. P. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. ymmin'ea (L.) ; st. diffuse angular smooth, I. linear-lan- 
 ceolate acute quite smooth ciliate below sessile, cyme lax 
 panicled,pet. bipartite equalling or exceeding the 3-veined sepals, 
 caps, oblong longer than the calyx, bracts scarious ciliate. 
 E. B. 803. St. 12 feet high. Fl. smaller than those of Sp. 3 
 or 4, white. Shorter or longer pet. accompany an imperfection 
 of the stam. or germen. [S. longifolia (Fr.) ; S. Friesiana 
 (Koch), has the upper part of its stem and the edges and keel 
 of its leaves rough.] Dry heathy and bushy places. P. V. 
 VIII. Lesser StitchioorL E. S. I. 
 
 **# Caps, narrowed below ; hence the cal. has afunnelshaped base. 
 
 7. S. uliginosa (Murr.) ; st. diffuse angular glabrous, I. oblong- 
 lanceolate acute with a hard tip glabrous slightly ciliate below, 
 fl. irregularly panicled lateral and terminal, pet. bipartite shorter 
 than the lanceolate 3-veined sepals, caps, ovoid nearly equalling 
 the calyx, bracts scarious with glabrous edges. E. B. 1074. 
 Very variable in size, from about a foot long to 2 inches. Fl. 
 in small cymes. In wet places. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 13. MALA'CHIUM Fries. Great Chickweed. 
 
 1. M. aquat'icum (Fr.) ; st. decumbent and ascending angular 
 covered with glandular hairs, 1. cordate-ovate acuminate, fl. 
 scattered solitary in the forks of the stem, pet. bipartite rather 
 exceeding the calyx, caps, exceeding the calyx. R. vi. 237. 
 E. B. 538. Stellaria (Hook.). Closely resembling Stellaria 
 nemorum. Lowest 1. and those of the barren branches stalked, 
 others larger and sessile. Usually in wet places. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. 
 
 14. CEKAS'TIUM Linn. Mouse-ear. 
 
 * Rootjibrous. Pet. not or but little exceeding the calyx. 
 
 t Caps, curved. 
 
 1* C. viscosum (L.) ; 1. ovate, sep. lanceolate very acute with 
 a narrow membranous margin and as well as the herbaceous 
 bracts hairy throughout, caps, cylindrical ascending twice as long 
 as :he calyx, fruitstalks about equalling the calyx. C. vvlgatmn 
 
CEKASTIFM. 65 
 
 Sm. _. B. 789. R. v. 220. C. glomeratum (Thuill.) ed. viii. 
 St. erect, glandular-hairy. Fl. in close cymes, longer than 
 their stalks. /3. C. apetalum (Duin.); pet. 0, whole plant 
 usually much more slender. Fields and banks. A. IV. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. trundle (Link) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate, sep. oblong-ovate 
 bluntish and as well as the bracts membranous at their margins 
 and glabrous tips, caps, cylindrical ascending twice as long as 
 the calyx, fruitstalks at least as long as the calyx. R. v. 229. 
 C. viscosum Sm. E. B. 790. C. vufyatum Fries. St. downy, 
 mostly procumbent, some short and barren. Fl. larger than 
 those of the last, in small terminal cymes the branches of which 
 are often lengthened as the fr. ripens. /3. C. holosteoides 
 (Fries) ; glabrous sides of st. alternately downy, 1. dark smooth 
 shining, fr. much larger. St. 63. 9. In 'fields, and on mountains 
 (var. alpinum M. & K.) with larger flowers ; on seashores 
 pentandrous and annual [var. pentandrnm Sy.]. An extended 
 form from Shetland (C. longirostre Wich.) has 1. 1J in. or more 
 long and caps, nearly f in. B. or P. IV. IX. E. S. I ; 
 
 ft Caps, nearly straight. 
 
 3. C. semidecan'drum (L.) ; 1. broadly ovate, sep. lanceolate 
 broadly membranous at their margins and tips, bract* with their 
 upper half membranous, caps, cylindrical slightly inflated longer 
 than the calyx, fruitstalks longer than the calyx at first rejlexed 
 afterwards erect. E. B. 1630. R. v. 228. St. erect or decum- 
 bent, downy, sometimes viscid. Pet. with simple veins, not di- 
 stinctly notched. Lower 1. with long linear hafts. Known by 
 its half-membranous bracts. Common in dry places. A. IV. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 4. C. pumilum (Curt. !) ; I. spathulate, upper I. oblong, sep. 
 lanceolate acute with their tips and margins narrowly membra- 
 nous, uppermost bracts with an extremely narrow membranous 
 margin, caps, slightly curved upwards longer than the calyx, 
 fruitstalks short curved at the top declining from their base, ulti- 
 mately erect. Curt. ii. 92. C. glutinosum P>., FL Dan. 2537. 
 Viscid. St. branched at the root, afterwards nearly simple. 
 Pet. ivith branched veins, notched. Lower 1. with long linear 
 hafts. Fl. in terminal forked cymes. Dry banks in the South. 
 A. IV. V. E. 
 
 5. C. tetran'drum (Curt.) ; 1. oval or oblong, sep. lanceolate 
 acute, their tips and margins narrowly membranous, bracts 
 wholly herbaceous, caps, a little exceeding the cal. straight, 
 
66 14. CARYOPJirr/LACEJE. 
 
 fruitstalks 24 times as long as the caps, straight, ultimately 
 erect. E. B. 166. Curt. ii. 93. C. pumilum Gren., Bor. 
 Yi.scid. St. cymose from the base. Bracts very broad, oval, 
 rather acute or apiculate, or nearly round, leaflike. Pet. with 
 branched veins, notched. Fl. -whorls of 4 or 5 parts. Walls 
 and sandy places near the sea. A. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Hoot truly perennial, with prostrate leafy shoots. Pet. much 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 6. C. arven'se (L.) ; st. ascending prostrate below, /. linear- 
 lanceolate, fl. many, sep. and bracts lanceolate slightly acute icith 
 membranous margins and tips, caps, at last longer than the calyx, 
 seeds small acutely tubercled. E. B. 93. St. long. Fl. 3 14, 
 in forked panicles. Fruitstalks erect, bent just under the calyx. 
 St. and 1. hairy. /3. AndreiusH (Syme) ; 1. subglabrous rigid 
 with a strong midrib ; often 1-flowered. In sandy, gravelly and 
 chalky places, rare. /3. Kerry, A ran I. P. IV. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 7. C. arct'icum (Lange) T ; pubescence short, st. pro-strafe 
 c&spitose, 1. elliptic or lanceolate, fl. 1 3, sep. blunt with 
 membranous margins, bracts herbaceous, caps, slightly narrowing 
 straight, seeds large rugose, fruitstalks oblique patent. E. B. 
 473. C. latifolium (L.) ed. viii. Pubescence short, rigid, yel- 
 lowish. Barren shoots usually lonir. L. variable in shape. 
 /3. Edmonstonii (Beeby) ; 1. roundish -ovate dark greenish 
 purple, st. short densely leafy below. Alpine parts of Wales 
 and Scotland. . Unst, Shetland. P. V. E. S. 
 
 8. C. alpmnm (L.) ; hairy, st. ascending, 1. ovate ovate-ob- 
 long or lanceolate, h 1 . few, sep. bluntish with membranous mar- 
 gins, bracts herbaceous their margins often narrowly membra- 
 nous, caps, nearly cylindrical curved at the end, seeds small 
 acutely tubercled, fruitstalks obliquely patent. E. B. 472. 
 Pubescence long, simple. St. much branched below, then 
 simple, elongated, prostrate or ascending. Fl. 1, 2 or 3 together, 
 in a forked panicle, shorter than their stalks. Alpine parts of 
 Scotland and the North of England. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 9. C. lappon'icum (Crantz) ; st. decumbent with an alternate 
 hairy line, 1. elliptic-oblong, ped. pubescent 1 3-flowered 
 terminal, bracts herbaceous, styles mostly 3 ; caps, rather ex- 
 
 1 It is not clear from the MS. whether it was the Author's final 
 intention to combine this with C. alpinum as var. ft. compactum or to 
 keep it distinct. In view of more recent information we have thought it 
 better to adopt the latter course, omitting the var. compactum of ed. viii. 
 H. & J. G. 
 
MOZNCniA. A.LSINE. 67 
 
 ceeding the calyx. C. triyynum fVill.) ed. viii. Stellaria 
 wrasto'ides L. E. B. 911. St. 4 8 in. long, slender, leafless 
 and much branched below. L. light green, glabrous (or hairy 
 in C. nivale Don), subsecund and subfalcate. FL large, white. 
 Teeth of caps. G 10. Highland mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 15. MOEN'CHIA EJirTi. 
 
 1. M. quaternel'la (Ehrh.) ; stam. 4. M. erec'ta (Sm.) ed. viii. 
 Cerastium Fenzl. E. B. 609. R. v. *2'27. Glaucous. St. erect, 
 glabrous, 1 4 in. high. L. opposite, linear-lanceolate, acute, 
 rigid. Sep. with broad white membranous margins, acute. 
 Dry gravelly and sandy places. A. V. VI. E. 
 
 Suborder III. Polycarpece. 
 
 16. POLYCAR'PON Loefl. 
 
 1. P. tetraphyl lum (L.) ; triandrous ; pet. emarginate, stem- 
 1. in fours, 1. on the branches opposite. E. B. 1031. In young 
 plants the 1. are often all opposite. Coasts of the South-west 
 of England, rare. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 17. ALSI'NE Linn. 1 [Lepiyonum (Fries) ed. viii.]. 
 Saiid-Spurrey. 
 
 1. A. rubra (Orantz) ; st. nearly terete, 1. flat linear pointed, 
 stip. tt'iangular-ovate-prolonged mostly cut, caps, about equal- 
 ling the cal. \ shorter than the fr. -stalk, seeds cuneate- 
 obovate surrounded by a thickened border none winged. Sy. 
 E. B. 254. St. procumbent (as in the other species). Pan. 
 leafy. Pet. pink, about equalling the calyx. Seeds usually 
 gibbous on one side. Smaller in all respects than the other 
 species. Sandy places. A. V. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. A. rupicola (Hiern) ; st. terete, 1. flattisli fleshy pointed, 
 stip. broadly ovate-prolonged mostly entire, caps, large equal- 
 ling or slightly exceeding the cal. J f shorter than the fr.- 
 skalk, seeds compressed pyriforni nearly surrounded by a thick- 
 ened border none winged. *E. B. S. 2977. Root thick, woody. 
 L. fascicled, short; pan.-l. very short, inconspicuous. Pet. pale 
 pink exceeding cal. Staui. 10. Near the sea. P. VI. IX. 
 
 E. I. 
 
 1 See Mr. W. P. Hiern's paper in J. of B. xxxvii. (1899) p. 317, relative 
 to the use of the name Alsine for this genus. 
 
G8 14. CARYOPHYLLACILE. 
 
 3. A. salina (Groves); st. compressed, I. flattish fleshy blimt- 
 ish or slightly pointed, stip. broadly triangular-ovate entire, 
 caps, exceeding the cal. about as lone/ as the fr. -stalk, seeds com- 
 pressed roundish nearly surrounded by a thickened border and 
 some often with a broad scarious wing. E. B. S. 2978. 
 L. salinum (Kindb.) ed. viii. L. long ; pan.-l. sometimes long, 
 sometimes inconspicuous. Ped. occasionally twice as long as 
 the capsule. Pet. pink ivith a white base falling short of cal. 
 Stam. less than 10. L. medium (Fr.) has shortly ovate stip., 
 caps, about equalling cal., seeds triquetrous smooth with a 
 thickened border but rarely a few winged. L. neylectum 
 (Kindb.) is glandular. Near the sea. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 4. A. marina (Wahl.) ; st. compressed, 1. fleshy bluntish, 
 stip. broadly triangular usually entire, caps, very large often 
 twice as long as the cal. but scarcely | as long as the fr.-stalk, 
 seeds compressed roundish nearly surrounded by a thickened bor- 
 der within a broad scarious wing. E. B. 958. L. long, j-terete ; 
 pan.-l. very short, inconspicuous. Caps, larger than in the other 
 species. Seeds reddish. Pet. pale pink, with a white base. 
 Stam. 10. Muddy salt marshes.* P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 18. SPER'GULA Linn. Spurrey. 
 
 1. S. arven'sis (L.) ; 1. linear convex above furrowed beneath 
 scarcely viscid, fl. in forked panicles, fr. -stalks deflexed, seeds 
 slightly compressed obscurely margined, covered with club- 
 shaped papilla. S. I'ulyaris (Boenn.). L. grass-green. 
 Cultivated land. A. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. sativa (Boenn.) ; 1. linear convex above furrowed beneath 
 very viscid, fl. in forked panicles, fr.-stalks deflexed, seeds 
 slightly compressed with a very narrow margin covered with 
 minute elevated points. L. grey-green. Seeds black. Cul- 
 tivated land. A. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 [S. pent an' dr a (L.) ; seeds broadly winged. A specimen in 
 Dillenian Herb, supposed to have been collected by Sherard 
 in Ireland. See Ann. Bot. iv. 378 and J. of B. 28. 302.] 
 
 Suborder IV. Scleranthea. 
 
 19. SCLEKAN'THUS Linn. Knapwell. 
 
 1. S. arinmis (L.) ; subdecandrous, seym. of fr.-cal. patent 
 acute with a very narrow membranous margin, as long as their 
 tube. E. B. 351. Styles exceeding the stamens. St. re- 
 
15. MALVACEAE. 69 
 
 peatedly dichotomous, green. Fl. green, often solitary in the 
 forks of the stem, or densely corymbose. A biennial state (S. 
 biennis Rent.) is often taken for Sp. 2. Sandy fields. A. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. percn'nis (L.) ; decandrous, sef/m. of fr.-cal. connivent 
 blunt rounded with a broad blunt membranous margin. E. B. 
 352. Styles usually falling short of the stamens. St. nearly 
 simple or irregularly branched, procumbent, glaucous, at length 
 reddish. Fl. variegated with green and white. L. erect, di- 
 rected to one side. Sandy fields in Norfolk and Suffolk. 
 Stanner rocks, Radnorshire. P. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 Order XV. MALVACEAE. 
 
 Sep. 5 or 3 or 4, more or less connected below, often double, 
 valvate in the bud. Pet. as many as the sepals, adnate to base 
 of stain., twisted in the bud. Stam. many, connected at the 
 base into a tube ; anth. 1-celled, reniform, bursting transversely. 
 Ovary formed by the union of several carpels round a common 
 axis. Carp, 1- or many-seeded. Embryo curved with twisted 
 or doubled cotyledons, albumen variable in quantity. L. alter- 
 nate, with deciduous stipules. Fl. axillary. 
 
 1. MALVA. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 3 -leaved, inner 
 5-h'd. Carpels in a ring round a thick axis, each 1-seeded. 
 
 2. ALTHAEA. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 6 9-Jid, 
 inner 5-fid. Carpels as in Malva. 
 
 3. LAVATKRA. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 3-lobed, 
 inner 5-fid. Carpels as in Malva. 
 
 1. MAL'VA Linn. Mallow. 
 
 I. M. moschdta (L.) ; st. erect, 1. palmate with 5 7 deep 
 bipinnatifid lobes, lower 1. incise-crenate, stipules lanceolate 
 acute, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. linear-lanceolate, fruit hairy. 
 E. B. 754. R. v. 169. Fl. large, rose-coloured, on axillary 
 single-flowered peduncles, crowded at the extremity of the stem 
 and branches. Cal. hairy. St. 1 2 feet high. [Varies consider- 
 ably in the cutting of the 1. : the common British form, var. laciniata 
 Lej., has all the 1. deeply lobed with narrow segments ; var. heterophylla 
 Lej. has the lower roundish entire, the upper deeply lobed; var. in- 
 teqrifolia Lej. has all roundish and more or less entire.] Gravelly 
 places. P. VII. VI11. Musk Mallow. E. S. I. 
 
 [M. Alcea (L.) ; outer sep. ovate acute, fr. glabrous ; should 
 be found in England.] 
 
70 15. MALVACEJ2. 
 
 2. M. syhex'tris (L.) ; st. erect, I. palmate with 57 
 create lobes, stipules lanceolate, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. 
 lanceolate, fruit rcticitlate-rvyose its axis an acute cone with 
 concave sides. E. B. 671. R. v. 168. Fl. large, in axillary 
 clusters. Pet. much longer than the hairy calyx, purple. St. 
 2 4 ft. high. [Carp, sometimes hairy, var. lasiocarpa Druce.] 
 Roadsides and waste places. P. VI. IX. Common Mallow. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 [M. nicceen'sis (All.) resembling Sp. 2, but with pet. only twice as long 
 as cal. and netted carp, with winged ridges, occurs as a casual.] 
 
 8. M. rotundifolia (L.) ; st. decumbent : , 1. roundish-heartshaped 
 with 5 7 shallow acutely crenate lobes, stipules ovate acute, 
 fruitstalks reflexed, outer sepals linear-lanceolate shorter than the 
 ovate-acuminate stellately hairy inner ones, pet. 2 or 3 times 
 as long as the calyx, fruit pubescent, carp, rounded on the edge 
 smooth. # B. 1092. M. vulaaris Fries, E. v. 167. Fl. small, 
 purple. Carp, meeting each other with a straight line. Axis 
 of the fr. rather large. Waste places. P. ? VI." IX. Dwarf 
 Mallow. E. S. I. 
 
 with distinctly winged edges, ana M. verticiUata (Li.) . Jtf. B. 2953, 
 with very short ped., broadly ovate-acute accrescent inner sep., pet. 
 scarcely exceeding cal. and carp, glabrous nearly smooth with squarish 
 edges, are occasionally found.] 
 
 *4. M. pitsil'la (Sm.) ; outer as long as the glabrous but ciliate 
 inner sepals, pet. scarcely exceeding cal., carp, margined netted 
 rugose [with short hairs.] M. borealis (Wallm.) ed. viii. M. 
 rotundifolia Fr. Carp, meeting each other with a toothed edge. 
 Axis of fr. J as long as in Sp. 3. Much resembling Sp. 3. 
 Kent. Anthony, Cornw. Near London. A. VII. ? E. 
 
 2. ALTHJE'A Linn. 
 
 1. A. qfficindlis (L.) ; 1. soft on both sides crenate or crenate- 
 serrate cordate or ovate 3 5-lobed, ped. axillary many-fl. 
 falling short of the leaves, st. downy. E. B. 147. M. v. 173. 
 St. 23 ft. high. Covered with soft velvety pubescence. 
 Marshes, particularly near the sea. P. VIII. IX. Marsh- 
 Mallow. E. S. ? I. 
 
 f2. A. hirsida (L.) ; hispid cordate, lower 1. reniform bluntly 
 5-lobed, upper 1. palmate with 5 or 3 acute lobes, ped. axillary 
 1 -flowered exceeding the leaves, st. hispid. E. B. S. 2674. 
 R. v. 172. -Stem and calyx very hispid. Between Cobham 
 and Cuxton, Kent. N. Somerset (Hook.). A. VI. VII. E. 
 
16. TILIACEJE 71 
 
 3. LAVATE'RA Linn. Tree-Mallow. 
 
 1. L. arborea (L.) ; st. woody, 1. 7-angled plaited velvety, 
 ped. axillary clustered 1-fiowered shorter than the petioles. 
 JE. B. 1841. Fl. large, purplish rose-coloured with darker vein.s. 
 St. 38 ft. high. Maritime rocks, rare. B. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 *'2. L. syhes'tris (Brot.) ; st. herbaceous erect or ascending 
 hispid, lower 1. orbicular-cordate, upper 1. 5-lobed truncate 
 below, l.-lobes triangular acute, ped. axillary 1-fl. shorter than 
 petioles, fr. smooth its axis a cone with convex sides. J. of B. 
 xv. t. 191. Fl. rose-purple. St. rarely prostrate. Much like 
 Malva sylvestris. Scilly Isles. Wareham, Mansel Pleydell. 
 [Channel' I.]. A. orB. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Order XVI. TILIACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 45, valvate in the bud. Pet. 4 5. Stam. many, 
 distinct, or slightly connected into bundles at the base ; anth. 
 2-celled, bursting longitudinally. Glands 4 5 at the base of 
 the petals. Fr. 4 10-celled, several seeds in each cell ; or by 
 abortion 1-celled 1-seeded. Embryo erect in the axis of fleshy 
 albumen ; cotyledons flat, leafy. L. alternate, with stipules. 
 
 1. TILIA. Sep. 5, deciduous. Pet. 5, with or without a scale 
 at the base. Stam. many, free or polyadelphous. Ovary 
 globose, 5-celled, cells 2-seeded. Style 1. Fr. 1-celled, 
 with 1 or 2 seeds. No scale to the pet. in our plants. 
 
 1. TIL'IA Linn. Lime tree. 
 
 \\. T. europce'a (L.) ; /. obliquely cordate glabrous except 
 woolly tufts at the branching of the veins beneath, ped. many- 
 flowered, ripefr. woody not ribbed downy. E. B. 610. T. inter- 
 media (1>C.) ed. viii. Fl. in a naked cyme springing from a 
 lanceolate leaflike bract. L. thin membranous, light trans- 
 parent green, twice the length of their petioles. In many old 
 plantations. T. VII. E. S. 
 
 2. T. corddta (Mill.) ; I. obliquely cordate glabrous except 
 woolly tufts at the branching of the veins beneath, ped. mauy- 
 flowered, fr. oblique angular thin and brittle. E. B. 170o. 
 T. parmfolia (Ehrh.) ed. viii. L. thick, coriaceous, opaque 
 above, usually scarcely longer than their petioles, with stellate 
 hairs beneath. Lobes of the stigma ultimately spreading 
 horizontally. In old woods. T. VIII. E, 
 
12 17. HYPEKICACE^E. 
 
 8. T. plat;ipJn/l'los (Scop.) ; /. obliquely cordate downy be- 
 neath with woolly tufts at the branching of the veins beneath, 
 ped. mostly 3-flowered, ripe ft', with 5 prominent angles woody 
 downy turbinate. E. B. S. 2720. T. yrandifulia (Ehrhf) 
 ed. viii. Young shoots hairy. L. thin, membranous, bright 
 transparent green, longer than their petioles, with solitary 
 hairs beneath. Lobes of the stigma erect. - T. rubra (Lindl.) 
 is stated to have smooth fruit and to be T. corallma Sin. I 
 liave not seen it. Old and rocky woods by the Wve, Teme, 
 and Severn. T. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Order XVII. HYPERICACE.E. 
 
 Sep. 4 5, distinct or cohering, persistent, with glandular 
 dots, imbricate. Pet. 4 5, twisted in the bud. Stam. many, 
 connected in 3 or 4 bundles at the base. Anthers versatile. 
 Styles several, rarely connate. Fruit a dry or fleshy capsule of 
 many cells and many valves, the valves curved inwards. Seeds 
 small, many, on a central axis or the incurved margins of the 
 valves, embryo straight with no albumen. L. mostly opposite, 
 with pellucid dots. Stip. 0. Fl. yellow. 
 
 1. HYPERICUM. Cal. 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Pet. o. Styles 
 3 (in nearly all our plants) or 5. Caps, more or less per- 
 fectly 3-celled, many-seeded. Fl. yellow. 
 
 1. Hi'PER'icuM Linn. St. John's Wort. 
 * Styles 5. Pet . unequal-sided. 
 
 *1. H. caly'cinum (L.) ; st. shrubby square, 1. oblong, fl. soli- 
 tary, sep. unequal obovate blunt. E. B. 2017. Rootstock 
 creeping. St. 1 ft. high. Fl. 3 or 4 in. across, yellow, as in 
 all of this genus. Established in bushy places. P. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 ** Styles 3, stam. in. 5 sets, pet. deciduous. ANDROSJEMUIVI. 
 
 2. H. Androsce'mum (L.) ; st. shrubby compressed, 1. broadly 
 subcordate-ovate blunt, cymes trichotomous few-flowered, sep. 
 broad unequal, pet. oval blunt, styles much falling short of stam. , 
 caps, pulpy imperfectly 3-celled blunt. Sy. E. B. 264. Curt. 
 i. 164. St. very little branched, 2 ft. high. L. large, with a 
 strong aromatic smell when rubbed. Pet. short. Styles much 
 shorter than the black capsule, finally hooked. Thickets and 
 hedges. P. VII. VIII. Tutsan. E. S. 1. 
 
HYPERICUM. 73 
 
 \H\eldium (Ait.); st. shrubby, 2-edged, ped. %-winged, 1. 
 s ub cor date-ovate subacute, cymes few-flowered, sep. broad un- 
 equal ^ as long as petals persistent, styles exceeding the stam., 
 caps. oval. Wats. Dendr. Brit. 85. H. Androscemum Sm. E. It. 
 1225. H. anylicum Bert. St. 3 4 ft. high, much branched. Fl. 
 large, in terminal cymes. Sep. nearly as large as those of H. 
 Androscemum. Pet. about equalling stamens. The remains of 
 cultivation. P. VII. IX.] E. 
 
 [H. hircinum (L.), Wats. Dendr. 86, Sy. E. B. 246, has lan- 
 ceolate acute deciduous sepals, but otherwise much resembles 
 H. elatum ; it is established in some places.] 
 
 *** Herbs. Styles 3, stam. shortly united in 3 sets, pet. persistent. 
 
 3. H. quadrari (julum (L.) ; st. erect with 4 icings, 1. ovate with 
 pellucid dots and veins, sep. erect lanceolate acuminate entire, pet. 
 lanceolate, styles half as long as the capsule. E. B. 370. 
 R. vi. 844. JI. tetrapterum (Fr.) ed. viii. St. 12 ft. high. 
 Fl. in terminal forked close many-flowered cymes, pale. In 
 wet places. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. H. unduldtum (Schousb.) ; st. erect branched 4-edged, 1. 
 oblong wavy at the edge with many pellucid dots netted with 
 pellucid veins and (as \vell as the eep. and edges of the stem) 
 with black marginal dots beneath, sep. erect ovate-lanceolate 
 acute usually bluntly crenate, styles not as long as the capsule. 
 J. of B. ii. 97. t. 16. H. bseticum Boies. Voy. t. 34. Sy. E. 
 B. 270 a. St. 2 3 ft. high. L. wavy at the edge, much and 
 uniformly dotted, declining. Fl. in very lax, much branched 
 cymes. Pet. yellow, tinged externally on one longitudinal 
 half with red. Anth. with a black spot. Styles divaricate. 
 Boggy places in Devon and Cornwall. P. VII. E. 
 
 5. H. perfordtum (L.) ; st. erect 2-edged, 1. oblong with pel- 
 lucid dots, sep. erect lanceolate acute, pet. obliquely oblong, 
 styles as long as the capsule. E. B. 295. It. vi. 343. St. 1 2 
 feet high. L. elliptic-oblong, varying much in form, and in 
 the number and size of the pellucid dots; chief veins pellucid, 
 but not forming a network. Sep. usually denticulate near the 
 tip. /3. angustifolium DC. ; 1. linear-oblong, sep. lanceolate 
 acute finelv denticulate. Woods, hedgebanks, &c. P. VII. 
 VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 6. H. maculdtum (Crantz) ; st. erect quadrangular, 1. elliptic- 
 ovate blunt with a few pellucid dots netted with pellucid veins, 
 sep. rejlexed with many black dots on the outside, pet. elliptic, 
 
 E 
 
74 17. HYPERICACE2E. 
 
 styles half as long- as the capsule. E. B. 296. H. quadrangidum 
 tries. H. dubium (Leers) ed. viii. St. 1 2 ft. high. Fl. in 
 forked terminal cymes. Sep. ovate, blunt, nearly entire. Caps, 
 longitudinally striate. /3. Babingtonii (Groves) (var. maculatnm 
 ed. viii.) ; sep. oblong-lanceolate minutely denticulate, 1. nar- 
 lower. Moist places 'by ditches, &c. P.'VII. E. S. I. 
 
 7. H. humifusum (L.) ; st. prostrate somewhat 2-edged, 1. 
 oval-oblong blunt minutely pellucid-punctate the margins with 
 black dots beneath, fl. subcymose, sep. unequal, 3 oblong Hunt 
 mucronate, 2 lanceolate, all entire or [H. decumbent (Peterm.)] 
 glandular-serrate and having a few black dots beneath, stain 
 1520, styles very short. E. B. 1226. R. vi. 342. St. slender, 
 3 6 in. long. Gravelly and heathy places. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. H. linarifolium (Yahl) ; st. erect or ascending terete, 1. 
 linear blunt with revolute margins, fl. cymose, sep. rather un- 
 equal lanceolate-acute with glandular teeth and with many black 
 dots beneath, stain, about 30, styles half as long as the capsule. 
 E. B. S. 2851. St. 612 in. high. Fl. larger than in Sp. 7. 
 Channel Isles. Cape Cornwall. Banks of the Teign, Tamar 
 and Tavy, Devon. Carnarvonsh. P. VII. E. 
 
 9. H. hirxutum (L.) ; st. erect round hairy, I. ovate or oblong 
 slightly stalked pellucid-pupctatejw6e#cift, sep. lanceolate acute 
 fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet. linear oblong tipped with 
 'stalked glands, styles deciduous. E. B. 1156. R. vi. 349. St. 
 
 about 2 ft. high, nearly simple. Fl. in axillary and terminal 
 forked panicles. Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 10. H. montdnum (L.) ; st. erect round glabrous, 1. ovate- 
 oblong sessile pellucid-punctate with glandular dots near the 
 margin, sep. lanceolateacutefmngedivith shortly stalkedglands,^et. 
 elliptic entire without dots or glands, styles half the length of 
 the capsule. E. B. 371. R. vi. 347. Fragrant. St. 2 feet 
 high, simple, smooth, slender. Fl. in terminal dense panicles. 
 Bushy limestone hills. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 ,11. H.pul'chrum (L.) ; st. erect round glabrous, I. cordate am- 
 plexicaul pellucid-punctate glabrous, sep. broadly ovate blunt 
 fringed ivith sessile glands, pet. ovate-lanceolate fringed with 
 glands. E. B. 1227. St. 1218 in. high, nearly simple. Fl. 
 in loose, axillary, opposite, and terminal cymes. Buds tipped 
 with red. Anth. red. A nearly prostrate form in Shetland 
 (var. procumbens Rostr.). Dry heaths, banks, woods. P. VI. 
 VII. E. S. I. 
 
 
18. ACERACE.E. 19. GERANIACE.E. 7t5 
 
 Styles 3 ; stain, united throughout their lower half in 3 sets, 
 a scale between each set ; pet. equal-sided. ELODES. 
 
 12. H. elodes (L.) ; st. ascending round shaggy rooting below 
 I. roundish-ovate sessile pellucid-punctate shaggy, sep. ovate 
 bluntish glabrous fringed with shortly stalked (reddish) glands, 
 pet. ovate entire, styles nearly as long as the capsules. E. B. 
 109. E. palustris" R. vi. 342. St. prostrate below, then 
 ascending and leafy, 6 8 in. long. Fl. in terminal and axillary 
 few-flowered cymes, Spongy bogs. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XVIII. ACERACEJE. 
 
 Oal. 5-, rarely 5 9-parted, imbricate. Pet. the same number, 
 inserted round an hypogynous disk. Stam. generally 8, inserted 
 on the hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Style 1. 
 Stigmas 2. Fruit winged, separating into two indehiscent nuts 
 (samaras) each with 1 cell and 1 2 seeds. Embryo curved, 
 albumen 0. Trees with opposite leaves. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. ACER. Fl. some imperfect. Calyx 5-parted. Pet. 5. 
 Stam. usually 8, longer in the male flowers. 
 
 1. A'CER Linn. Maple. 
 
 1. A. campes'tre (L.) ; 1. 5-lobed, lobes entirely or slightly 
 cut, corymbs erect, sep. and pet. linear hairy, wings of the fruit 
 horizontally diverging, ovary downy [var. hebecarpum DC., or 
 glabrous, var. leiocarpon Wallr.], stam. of the male flowers as long 
 us the corolla. E. B. 304. A small tree with corky fissured 
 baik. Woods and hedges. T. V. VI. Maple. E. S.? I. 
 
 J2. A. Pseudo-plat' anus (L.) ; 1. 4-lobed, unequally serrate, 
 racemes pendulous, ovary downy with spreading wings, stam. of 
 the male flowers twice as long as the corolla. E. B. 303. R. 
 v. 1(54. A large handsome tree. In hedges and plantations 
 even in the North of Scotland. T. V. VI. Sycamore. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XIX, GERAjSTACEJS. 
 
 Sfcp. /5, persistent, imbricate. Pet. 5, clawed, twisted in the 
 bud. Stam. generally monadelphous, 2 or 3 times as many as 
 the petals, some often abortive. Fruit of 5 carpels cohering 
 round a long beaked axis, each terminated by an indurated style 
 which finally twists up, separating from the axis and carrying 
 with it the carpel. Seeds solitary, without albumen. Cotyle- 
 dons convolute, plaited. L. with stipules. 
 
 E2 
 
76 19. GEKANJACEJE. 
 
 1. GERANIUM. Sep. 5. Pet. 5. Stam. 10, monadelphous, 
 alternately larger and with glands at their base, all perfect. 
 Carp, rounded at the top j the long ultimately recurved 
 beak glabrous internally. 
 
 2. ERODIUM. Sep. 5. Pet. 5. Stain, monadelphous, 5 sterile, 
 5 fertile with glands at their base. Carp, with 2 lateral 
 depressions at the top ; the long ultimately spirally twisted 
 beak bearded internally. 
 
 1. GEKA'NITJM Linn. Cranesbill. 
 
 * Root consisting of long fibres springing from a short thick 
 rhizome, perennial. 
 
 tl. G. ph&'um (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered, pet. roundish 
 wedgeshaped rather longer than the mucronate sepals, carp, 
 hairy below transversely wrinkled above, seeds punctate-striate. 
 E. B. 322. R. v. 197. St. erect, 2 feet high. L. 5-lobed ; 
 lobes acute, cut, serrate. Fl. purplish black, very rarely white. 
 In woods and thickets, rare. P. V. VI. E. S. 
 
 [G. nodosum (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered, pet. obcordate long, 
 s<?>a/ t s awned, carp, downy even, 1. 3 5-lobed, lobes ovate acu- 
 minate serrate. E. B. 1091. St. 18 in. high, slender, erect. Fl. 
 pale purple. In Cumberland, Herts, and Yorksh. G. stridtum, 
 L., which resembles this but has a hairy stem, was found near 
 Filby, Cumb. ; Chepstow, and near Plymouth. Colonists.] E. 
 
 2. G. sylvat'icum (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered, pet. obovate 
 slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp, hairy even, hairs 
 spreading glandular, seeds dotted, 1. palmate 7-lobed, lobes cut 
 and serrate, st. erect glandular hairy above, filaments of stam. 
 subulate, fruitsfalhs erect. E. B. 121. St. erect, 2 3 feet high. 
 Fl. purplish blue, claws of the petals bearded, lower half of 
 filaments hairy. Sometimes the fl. are pale rose-coloured, pet. 
 smaller and nearly entire, and st. more decidedly hairy. Woods 
 and thickets in the North, rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. G. praten'se (L.) ; ped. 2-flowered, pet. obovate entire or 
 slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp, hairy even, ttairs 
 spreading glandular, seeds minutely netted, 1. palmate 7-lobed, 
 lobes cut and serrate, st. diffuse glandular hairy above, hairs 
 dsft.exGd,Jilamentsof stam. filiform with a triangular-ovate base, 
 fr.-st. deflexed.E. B. 404. St. 13 feet high. Fl. large, 
 purple, claw of pet. ciliate. .base of filaments slightly hairy. 
 Moist pastures P. VI. VIII. E.S.I. 
 

 GERANIUM. 77 
 
 4. G. sangw'n'eum (L.) ; peduncles mostly single-flowered, pet. 
 nbcordate long, sepals awned, carp, smooth crowned with a few 
 bristles, seeds minutely wrinkled and dotted, 1. nearly round 7- 
 lobed, libes deeply 3-fid and cut, st. diffuse hairy, hairs spread- 
 ing horizontally. E. B. 272. Fl. large, purple; filaments di- 
 lated at the base. ft. G. prostratum (Cav.) ; st. dwarf tufted 
 nearly simple decumbent, fl. flesh-coloured. G. lancastriense 
 With. [A small-flowered procumbent form with crowded 1. and 1.- 
 segments more tapering is var. micrantlium B. White]. In dry places, 
 rare. ft. Sands in Walney Island, Lancashire. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Roots fusiform, rhizome wanting, perennial- ped. ^-flowered. 
 
 to. G. pyrendicum (Burm. f.) ; fruitstalks deflexed, pet. ob- 
 cordate twice as long as the mucronate sep., daws densely ciliate, 
 carp, smooth with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth, 1. reniform 
 7 9-lobed, lobes of lower 1. oblong blunt trifid and toothed at 
 the end, t. erect villose. E. B. 405. R. v. 191. G. perenne 
 (Hook.). Fl. light purple or nearly white. Claws of the pet. 
 with a dense tuft of hairs on each side. Fertile anth. 10. 
 Segments of the upper leaves more acute. St. spreading; 
 1 3 feet high, clothed with dense short down and long hairs 
 intermixed. Roadsides and pastures, rare. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. ? I. 
 
 *** Root fibrous, rhizome 0, annual ; ped. %-Jlowered. 
 f Sep. spreading. 
 
 6. G. mol'le (L.) : pet. oblong deeply bifid as long as or 
 i longer than the mucronate sepals, claws ciliate, carp, trans- 
 versely wrinkled glabrous, seeds smooth, 1. roimdish-reniform in 
 7 9 deep wedgeshaped segments trih'd at the end, st. diffuse 
 pubescent. JE. B. 778. R. v. 191. Fl. small, purple, or white 
 with lilac claws. Softly pubescent, glandular above. Dry 
 places. A. IV. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 7. G. rotundifolium (L.) ; pet. spathulate entire blunt rather 
 longer than the shortly awned sepals, claws glabrous, carp, not 
 wrinkled with spreading hairs, seeds netted, 1. reniform in 5 7 
 broadly wedgeshaped incise-crenate segments, st. diffuse pubes- 
 (>ent.E. B. 157. R. v. 190. G. viscidum Ehrh. Fl. small, 
 flesh-coloured. Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Old walls 
 and waste places, rare. A. VI. VII. E. 1. 
 
 8. G.pusil'lum (L.) ; pedicels deflexed after flowering, pet. 
 notched hardly exceeding the mucronate sepals, claws slightly 
 ciiiate, carp, not wrinkled with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth. 
 
78 19. GERANIACE2E. 
 
 1. reniform palmate with 5 7 trifid lobes, st. diffuse downy. 
 E. B. 385. R. v. 190. G. rotundifolium Fries. St. usually 
 prostrate, clothed only with short down. Fl. small, bluish 
 purple. Claws of the pet. only slightly ciliate. Fertile anth. 5. 
 Styles pale flesh-coloured. Ped. shorter than the leaves. 
 Waste places. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 9. G. dissec'tiim (L.) ; pet. bifid about equalling the awned 
 sepals, claws slightly ciliate, carp, not wrinkled with erect hairs, 
 seeds netted, Lin 5 7 deep laoiniate segments with linear lobes, 
 st. diffuse hairy. E. S. 753. R. v. 189. Fl. small, bluish 
 purple. L. divided almost to the base, longer than the peduncles. 
 -Waste places. A. VI. VIII. Dove's-foot. E. S. I. 
 
 10. G. columbinum (L.) ; pet . obovate emaryinate with a short 
 blunt tooth in the notch about equalling- the awned sepals, claws 
 ciliate, carp, not wrinkled with a few minute scattered hairs, seeds 
 netted, 1. in 57 deep laciniate segments, st. diffuse with ad- 
 pressed hairs. E. B. i?59. R. v. 198. Fl. small rose-coloured. 
 L. divided almost to their base. Peduncles longer than the leaves ; 
 pedicels very long. On gravelly and limestone soils. A. VI. 
 VII. E. S. I. 
 
 tf Sep. oppressed with flower and fruit. 
 
 11. G. lucidum (L.); pet. obovate entire, claws glabrous very 
 long near equalling the transversely wrinkled pyramidal calyx, 
 carp, netted triply keeled glandular-hairy at the summit, seeds 
 smooth, 1. reniform in 5 blunt incise-crenate mucronate segments, 
 st. spreading ascending E. B. 75. R. v. 187. Fl. small, rose- 
 coloured. St. and 1. glabrous and shining, often strongly tinged 
 with red. Lindley considered his G. Rail most allied to this 
 species, differing by its "shaggy calyx and simply keeled fruit." 
 Walls and hedgebanks. A. V. -VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 12. G. Robertidnum (L.) ; pet. obovate entire or slightly 
 emarginate, claws glabrous very long nearly equalling the long- 
 awned hairy and slightly glandular sepals, carp, transversely 
 wrinkled downy, seeds smooth, 1. ternate or quinate, leaflets 
 stalked tritid incise-p nnatiiid, st. spreading erect. E. B. 1486. 
 R. v. 187. Fl. purple, sometimes white. Cal. with a very few 
 glandular hairs, not transversely wrinkled. jB. G. pnrpureum 
 (Forst. ); pet. narrower, sep. glandular-hairy, carp, glabrous 
 and more wrinkled, 1. in narrowed segments E. B. S. 2(548. 
 [A less extreme form is G. modestum (Jord.)]. Hedgebanks. /3. 
 Southern sea-coast. A. V. IX. E. S. I. 
 
20. BALSAMINA.CE.E. 79 
 
 2. ERO'DIUM UHerit. Storksbill. 
 
 1. E. cicutdnum (L'Her.) ; st. procumbent hairy, peduncles 
 many-flowered, perfect stau. dilated not toothed below glabrous, 
 beak hairy, a concentric furrow below the circular glandless de- 
 pression on the carpel, I. pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid cut, 
 stij). lanceolate. E. B. 1768. St. diffuse, leafy, with scattered 
 hairs. Fl. purplish or white. Leaflets very deeply divided, 
 their segments lanceolate or linear, acute. In Jersey specimens 
 the 1. are ovate and short, and their segments short broad and 
 bluntish. a. E. pimpinellifolium (Cav.) ; 2 pet. with a spot, 
 Its. ovate incise-pinnatifid with bluntish lobes, furrow on the 
 carp, conspicuous. E. commixtum Jord. /3. E. tririale (Jord.) ; 
 pet. not spotted, Its. incise-pinnatifid, carp. -furrow faint. 
 y. E. pilosum (Bor.); pet. not spotted, Its. almost pinnate, carp.- 
 lurrow obsolete. (/3. & y. E. chcerophyllum Cav. ?). Waste 
 ground. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. moschdtum (L'Her.J : st. procumbent hairy, peduncles 
 many-flowered, perfect stam. toothed at the base glabrous, beak 
 downy, a concentric furrow below the circular glandular de- 
 pression on the carpel, I. pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile, ovate 
 unequally cut, stip. oval. <E. B. 902. Much larger than the 
 preceding, and diffusing a strong musky scent when handled. 
 Leaflets less deeply cut. Waste places, rather rare. A. VI. 
 VII. E. I. 
 
 3. E. marit'imum (L'Her.) ; st. prostrate slightly hairy, 
 peduncles 1 2-flowered, pet. very minute, a transverse furrow 
 below the semicircular depression on the carpel, /. simple ovate- 
 cordate stalked lobed and crenate. E. B. (346. St. often very 
 fleshy. Fl. very small. Pet. pale red, very minute, ofteu 
 wanting. Sandy and gravelly places, particularly near the sea, 
 rare. P. V. IX. E. L 
 
 Order XX. BALSAMINACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 5 (2 upper usually wanting), irregular, deciduous, lower 
 spurred, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 5, irregular, the lateral 
 united in pairs. S*am. 5. Anth. 2-celled, opening at the apex 
 by a longitudinal rissure, more or less cohering. Ovary 5-celled. 
 Fr. capsular with 5 elastic valves. Seeds solitary or many, 
 pendulous ; albumen 0. L. with glands in place of stipules. 
 Plants succulent. Many raphides. Minute but fertile n\ 
 which do not open are found. 
 
80 21. OXALIDACKJ:. 
 
 1. IMPATIENS. Sep. 3, the lower one lioodlike with a spur. 
 Pet. 3, upper one symmetrical, lateral unequally 2-lobed 
 or each formed of 2 combined. Anth. cohering. 
 
 1. IMPA'TIENS Linn. Balsam. 
 
 1. /. Noli-tan gere (L.) ; 1. ovate coarsely serrate, peduncles 
 many-flowered solitary, spw loosely recurved not emarginate. - 
 E. ft. 937. R. v. 198. b. St. 5. 15. Fl. large, yellow spotted 
 with orange. St. 1 '2 feet high, tumid at the joinings. Damp 
 woody places in mountainous districts, rare. A. VI. IX. 
 Yellow Balsam. E. S. 
 
 *2. I. biflora (Walt.) ; 1. ovate coarsely serrate, peduncles 
 about 4-fiowered solitary, spur closely reflexed emarginate, 
 1. falva (Nutt.) ed. viii. E. B. S. 2794. Fl. orange-yellow 
 spotted with red. Each serrature of the 1. with a reflexed 
 glandular tooth. St. 2 3 feet high. An American plant 
 quite naturalized by the Wey and other rivers in Surrev. A. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 *3. I.parviflora (DO.); 1. elliptic serrate, ped. erect 312- 
 flowered, spur short straight. !Sy. JE. B. 315. Fl. small, yel- 
 lowish. St. 6 18 in. high. L. very acute at both ends. 
 Waste places. A Russian plant now quite naturalized. A. 
 VII. IX. E. 
 
 Order XXI. OXALIDACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 5, equal, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 5, equal, 
 often cohering at the base, tw r isted in the bud. Stain. 10, more 
 or less monadelphous, those opposite to the pet. longer than 
 the others. Anth. 2-celled. Ovary 5-celled. Styles 5. Caps. 
 o 10-valved. Seeds several. Embryo straight, in cartila- 
 ginous albumen. With stipules. 
 
 1. OXALIS. Sep. 5, connected below. Pet. 5, often connected 
 below. Stam. 10, monadelphous, 5 outer ones shorter. 
 Styles 5. Seed with an elastic coat. 
 
 1. OX'ALIS Linn. Wood-Sorrel. 
 
 1. O. Acetosel'la (L.) ; stemless, rhizome creeping toothed, 1. 
 ternate, leaflets obcordate hairy, peduncles with 2 scaly bracts 
 at about the middle 1-flowered, caps, ovoid, seed longitudinally 
 ribbed. .E'. B. 762. R. v. 199. Fl. white with purple vein's 
 or rarely purple or blue. Cor. about 4 times as long as the 
 calyx. Woods and shady places. P. V. Wood-Sorrel. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
22. LINACEJE. 81 
 
 f2. O. cemiciddta (L.) ; s. diffuse ivith procumbent branches 
 pubescent, 1. ternate, leaflets obcordate, stipules oblong united to 
 the base of the petioles, peduncles about 2-flowered shorter than 
 the leaves, partial fruitstalks reflexed, caps, narrowly oblong-, 
 seeds transversely ribbed, root fibrous. E. B. 1726. R. v. 199. 
 Fl. yellow. L. mostly in pairs. Waste ground in Devon 
 and Cornwall. A. VI.-IX. E. 
 
 *3. O. stric'ta (L.) ; st. erect, stipules 0, ped. 2 8-fl. longer 
 than the L, fl. cymose, fruitstalks erect, stoloniferous. Sy. E. B. 
 312. R. v. 199. Cymes close, terminal \ fl. yellow. L. in im- 
 perfect whorls. Naturalized in Cornwall, Devon. Glamorgan, 
 c. B. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 Order XXII. LINAGES. 
 
 Sep. 4 5 persistent, imbricate. Pet. 4 o, twisted m the 
 bud, clawed, deciduous. Stain, as many as the pet., connected 
 into an hypogynous ring with intermediate teeth (abortive 
 stamens). Ovary with about as many cells and styles as the 
 sepals, stigmas capitate. Caps, generally tipped with the 
 hardened base of the styles, with 3 5 complete and 4 5 in- 
 complete dissepiments, and no central axis. Seeds 1 in each 
 spurious cell, pendulous, with albumen, L. without stipules, 
 alternate. 
 
 1. LINTJM. Sep. 5, entire. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Styles 5. 
 Caps, with 10 cells and 10 valves. 
 
 2. RADIOLA. Sep. 4, connected below, deeply trifid. Pet. 4. 
 Stam. 4. Styles 4. Caps, with 8 cells and 8 valves. 
 
 1. LI'JSUM Linn. Flax. 
 * Leaves scattered. 
 
 1. L. angustifolium (Huds.) ; caps, downy within, sep. elliptic 
 pointed ciliate, 1. linear-lanceolate, st. many. E. B. 381. FL 
 pale blue. St. 1 2 feet long, lax, diff use, branching irregularly. 
 Sandy and chalky places in the South. P. VII. E. I. 
 
 [L. usitatis' simum (L.) ; caps, glabrous within, sep. ovate 
 pointed ciliate, 1. lanceolate, st. solitary. E. B. 1357. St. 26. 
 12. Fl. blue. St. 1 1 foot high. Sep. 3-veined. /3. crepi- 
 tans (Boenn.); smaller and more branched, caps, opening with 
 elasticity, seeds paler. Escaped from cultivation. A. VII. 
 Common Fiax.~\ 
 
 EO 
 
82 23. CELASTKACE.E, 
 
 '2. L.peren'ne ; X L.); sep. obovate obscurely o-veined glabrous, 
 inner sep. very blunt, 1. linear-lanceolate, st many, fiuitstaiks- 
 erec t. E. B. 40. Fl. blue. St. 12 ft. long, erect or decum- 
 bent. Chalky [ an d limestone] places, rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 ** Leaves opposite. Flowers white. 
 
 3. L. cathar'ticum (L,) ; sep. elliptic pointed, 1. obovate, 
 upper 1. lanceolate. E. B. 382. Fl. small ; sep. serrate ; pet. 
 acute. St. one or more, slender, 2 6 in. high. Panicle forked, 
 spreading. In dry pastures. A. VI. VIIL E. S. I. 
 
 2, RADI'OLA Hill. Flax-seed. All-seed. 
 
 1. R. linoides (Roth), JR. millegrana (Sm.) ed. viii. E. B. 
 93. St. 1 2 in. high, repeatedly forked, with solitary minute 
 white fl. in the forks as well as at the ends of the branches. 
 Sep. deeply and acutely 3-cleft, connected below into a tube. 
 Damp sandy places. A. VII. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 Division II. CALYCIFLOR.E. 
 (Orders XXIIL XXXIX.) 
 
 Petals distinct, and stamens perigynous or epigynous. 
 
 A. Petals and stamens perigynous (except in Orders XXVIII. 
 XXIX., XXXL and XXXV.). 
 
 * Order XXIII. CELASTRACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 4 5, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 4 -5, inserted in the 
 margin of a fleshy disk surrounding the ovary, fetam. alternate 
 with the petals, inserted in the disk. Ovary sunk in the disk, 
 more or less connected with it, 3 5-celled ; cells 1 2-seeded , 
 ovules erect. Embryo straight. Trees or shrubs. Stip. minute, 
 deciduous. 
 
 1. EUONYMUS. Cal. flat, 4 5-lobed ; disk peltate. Pet. 
 4 5, inserted in the margin of the disk. Slam. 4 5, in- 
 serted in the disk. Style 1. Caps. 3 5-celled, 3 5- 
 angled, loculicidal. Seeds solitary in each cell, with a 
 Jleshy aril, not truncate at the hile, Leaves simple. 
 
 1. EUON'YMUS Linn. Spin die-tree. Prickwood. 
 
 1. E. europce'iis (L.) ; pet. ob'ong, fl. mostly 4-cleft and 
 4-androus, branches tetragonous smooth and even, 1. ovate- 
 
24. RHAMNACE^l. 25. LEGUMINOSJE. S3 
 
 lanceolate minutely serrate, caps, obtusely angular not winged. 
 K B. 362. R. vi. 309. St. 27. 3. Orange-coloured aril en- 
 closing the seed. Bark green. L. glabrous. Fl. forming small 
 umbels, greenish white. Fruit rose-cok>ured. Hedges and 
 woods, tth. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XXIV. KHAMNACEJE. 
 
 Cal. 4 5-cleft, valvate in the bud. Pet. distinct, inserted 
 in the throat of the calyx. Stam, opposite to the pet. and 
 equalling them in number. Ovary wholly or in part superior, 
 2 3 4-celled, surrounded by a glandular clisk. Seeds solitary, 
 erect. Embryo straight. Fr. fleshy or dry. Shrubs. Stip. 
 minute. 
 
 1. RHAMNTJS. Cal. pitcher-shaped, 4 5-cleft. Pet. 4 or 5, 
 or sometimes 0, inserted with the stam. on the margin of 
 the tube of the calyx. Fruit fleshy, with 2 4 cells and 
 as many seeds. 
 
 1. EHAM'NUS Linn. Buckthorn. 
 
 1. R, cathar'ticus (L.) ; thorns terminal,^, deleft dioecious, 
 petioles much longer than the stipules, I. roundish-oval sharply 
 toothed, fr. with 4 seeds. E. B. 1629. Branches opposite. 
 Serratures of the 1. incurved, glandular. Notch in the seeds 
 closed. Styles 4, united halfway up. Hedges and thickets. 
 Sh. V. VII. Buckthorn. E. S. I. 
 
 2. R. Frarigula (L.) ; spineless, fl. 5-cleft perfect, I. elliptic- 
 obovate acuminate narrowed below entire, fr. with 2 seeds, style 
 simple. Sy. E. B. 319. Branches alternate. Fl. in small 
 clusters greenish white, small. Hedges and thickets. Sh. V. 
 VI. Black Alder. E. S. ? I. 
 
 Order XXV. LEGUMETOS.^. 
 
 Cal. inferior. Sep. 5, more or less combined, odd one inferior. 
 Cor. papilionaceous (in our plants), inserted into the base of the 
 calyx. Pet. 5, odd one superior and external. Stam. 10 (in 
 our plants), monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary free, 1-celled. 
 Fruit a legume ; placenta on the upper suture ; style from the 
 upper suture. Embryo bent over the edge of the cotyledons, or 
 straight. All our plants have papilionaceous flowers and 10 
 stamens in one bundle or in two bundles of 9 and 1 L. mostly 
 stipulate ; Its. often stipulate 
 
84 25 
 
 Tribe I. LOTE/JL. Pod continuous. Cotyledons rising above 
 the ground and becoming green leaves. Leaves of 1 of 3 
 leaflets or pinnate with a terminal leaflet [or digitate]. 
 
 * Leaflet solitary. Stamens monadelphous. 
 
 1. ULEX. Cal. of "2 parts ; the upper with 2, the lower with 3 
 minute teeth, a bract on each side at the base. Pod thick, 
 few-seeded, scarcely longer than calyx which nearly equals 
 the corolla. 
 
 2. GENISTA. Cal. ^-lipped ; upper bifld, lower ^-toothed. Style 
 subulate, ascending. Stigma terminal, oblique. Cor. 
 much exceeding calyx. Many foreign species have ternate 
 leaves. 
 
 ** Leaf of & leaflets. Stamens monadelphous. 
 
 3. SAROTHAMNUS. Cal. 2-lipped; the upper with 2, the lower 
 with 3 teeth. Style long, curved, thickened upwards, 
 channelled within. Stigma terminal, capitate, small. Pod 
 
 fiat. 
 
 4. ONONIS. Cal. 5-cleft; segments narrow, the lower ones 
 longer. Keel beaked. Style filiform, ascending. Stigma 
 terminal, subcapitate. Pod thick. 
 
 *** Leaf digitate. Stamens monadelphous. 
 
 [5. LUPINUS. Cal. deeply 2-lipped. Keel rostrate. Style filiform 
 curved. Stigma capitate. Pod flattened.] 
 
 *### Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens diadelphous ; one free. 
 
 6. MEDICAGO. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel blunt. 
 Filaments of the stamens filiform. Ovaries curved. Pod 
 1 -celled, hooded or spirally twisted. Seeds 1 or many. 
 
 7. MELILOTUS. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel blunt. 
 Filaments filiform, not adhering to the claws of the petals. 
 Ovary straight. Pod subglobose or oblong, 1 -celled, 1 4- 
 seeded, longer than the calyx. Pet. distinct, deciduous. 
 Fl. in long loose racemes. 
 
 8. TRIFOLIUM. Cal. with 5 unequal teeth. Keel blunt. 
 Filaments slightly enlarged upwards and more or less adhering 
 to the claws of the petals. Pod oval, 1 4-seeded, included 
 in the calyx or slightly protruding. Pet. slightly combined, 
 persistent. Fl. in close racemes. 
 
25. LEGUMINOS^E. 85 
 
 0. TRIGONELLA. Cal. of 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel blunt. 
 Filam.Jiliform, not adhering to the claws of the petals. Pod 
 compressed, truncate, straight, 6 8-seeded, protruding* 
 from the calyx. Pet. distinct, deciduous ; wings and keel 
 nearly equally long. Fl. 1, 2 or 3 together. Common 
 peduncle shorter than the petiole. 
 
 10. LOTUS. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel ascending, 
 with a narrowed point (beak). Wings connivent at their 
 upper margin. Longer filaments dilated upwards. Style 
 kneed at the base, filiform-subulate. Pod linear many- 
 seeded, 2-valved, imperfectly divided by transverse par- 
 titions. 
 
 Leaf imparipinnate. "\ Stamens monadelphous. 
 
 11. ANTHYLLIS. Cal. tubular inflated, 5-cleft, segments un- 
 equal. Keel not beaked. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. 
 
 ft Stamens diadelphous ; one free. 
 
 12. OXYTROPIS. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel with a narrow 
 straight point. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by 
 the iiiflexed margin of the upper suture. 
 
 13. ASTRAGALUS. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel blunt. Pods 
 imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by the inflexed margin of 
 the lower suture. 
 
 Tr. II. VICIEAZ. Pod continuous. Stam. diadelphous ; one 
 free. Cotyledons remaining under ground. L. pinnate 
 without the term, odd leaflet or apparently simple. 
 
 * Tube of stam. very obliquely truncate. 
 
 14. VICIA. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style filiform ; its upper 
 part hairy all over, or bearded on the underside and at the 
 same time hairy or glabrous. Pods 1 -celled, 2-valved. 
 
 ** Tube of stam. transversely truncate. 
 
 lo. LATHYRUS. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Styk flattened up- 
 wards, hairy beneath the stigma. Pods 1-celled, 2-valved. 
 
86 25. LEGUMIXOS.^. 
 
 Tr. III. JIEDYSAREJE. Pod dividing transversely into 
 1-seeded joints. L. imparipinnate. 
 
 10. ORNITHOPUS. Cal. long-, tubular, with 5 nearly equal 
 teeth, 2 upper ones slightly combined and converging. 
 Keel blunt. Pod long, compressed, of many 1-m-r/W 
 indehiscent joints equally narrowed on both Hides at the. 
 joinings. Apex of the common peduncle bearing a small 
 pinnate, leaf just below the flowers. 
 
 17. ARTHROLOBIUM. Cal. long, tubular, with 5 nearly equal 
 teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle and 
 straight, keel blunt. PocHong, terete, of many 1-seeded 
 indehiscent joints scarcely narrowed at the joinings. No 
 leaf at the apex of the peduncles. 
 
 18. HIPPOCREPIS. Cal. short, bellshaped, with 5 nearly 
 equal teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle. 
 Keel narrowed into a beak. Pod long, compressed, of 
 many 1-seeded crescent- shaped joints, so that each pod has 
 many notches on one side. 
 
 19. ONOBRYCHIS. Cal. with 5 nearly equal subulate teeth. 
 Keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings. Pod 
 \-celled, compressed, indehiscent, \-seeded, upper suture 
 straight^ lower curved toothed winged or crested. 
 
 Tribe I. Lotea. 
 
 1. U'LEX Linn. Furze. Whin. Gorse. 
 
 1. U. europce'us (L.) ; young 1. shaggy beneath furrowed, 
 primary spines strong terete-polygonal furrowed rough, st. 
 hairy, fl. lateral, bracts ovate lax, cal. shagyy, wings longer 
 than keel. E. B. 742. St. shrubby, 4 6 'feet high, much 
 branched, spreading. Fl. bright yellow, from both the primary 
 and secondary spines. Cal.-teeth converging, finely downy. 
 Spines branching at their base and up to about their middle, 
 not exceeding the flowers. U.strictus (Mack.) ; primary spines 
 small slender tetragonal, plant 1 2 ft. high, with upright 
 branches. Does not come true from seed. E. B. S. 2988. 
 Heaths. Sh. II. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 2. U. Gal'lii (Planch.) ; young 1. glabrous ciliate furrowed, 
 primary spines strong derfexed subterete striate smooth, st. 
 hairy, fl. lateral and terminal, bracts minute adpressed, cal. 
 
 finely downy, winus longer than keel. E. B. S. 2987. St. 2 
 5 ft. high. Fl. orange, pet. more or less divaricate ; wings not 
 straight and thus often seeming shorter than keel. Cal.-teeth 
 
ULEX. SAROTHAMNUS. 87 
 
 diverging, pubescent. Pods bursting in spring. A dwarf form 
 is often taken for U. minor, a tall one for U. europceus. Heaths. 
 Sh. VIII. XI. E. I. 
 
 3. U. minor (Roth) ; young /. glabrous ciliate furrowed, 
 primary spines slender terete striate smooth, st. hairy, fl. lateral 
 and terminal, bracts very minute adpressed, cal. finely doii'ny, 
 wings shorter than keel. E. B. 743. U. nanus (Forst.)ed. viii. 
 St. shrubby procumbent. Primary spines short, spreading, 
 branched at their base only. Fl. half the size of those of U. 
 europceus, from the primary spines and exceeded by them, pale ; 
 pet. scarcely separated when full-blown. Cal. -teeth diverging. 
 Pod persistent for nearly a year. Heaths. Sh. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 2. GENIS'TA Linn. 
 
 1. G. pilosa (L.) ; st. procumbent without thorns, 1. obovate- 
 lanceolate blunt, stipules ovate blunt, branches peduncles calyx 
 standard keel and underside of the 1. silky, peduncles lateral 
 accompanied by a tuft of leaves, pods hairy. E. B. 208. Fl. 
 small, yellow, collected towards the end of the branches. St. 
 much branched, furrowed, woody. Dry sandy and gravelly 
 heaths, rare. Sh. V. E. 
 
 2. G. tinctoria (L.) ; st. with erect branches without thorns, 
 1. lanceolate or elliptic hairy at the edges, stipules minute subu- 
 late, fl. racemose, cor. and pods glabrous. E. 11. 44. Branches 
 erect, 1 2 feet high, striate, glabrous, downy above. Fl. 
 yellow. Keel as long as the standard. /3. G. humifusa 
 (Dicks.) ; st. and branches procumbent, 1. ovate or oblong, 
 pods hairy on the back of each valve. St. angular, 6 10 in. 
 long. In pastures and thickets. jS. Lizard district, Corn- 
 wall, and bt. David's Head, Pemb. Sh. VII. IX. Dyer's- 
 weed. E. S. 
 
 3. G. any'lica (L.) ; st. spinous leafless below, flowering 
 branches glabrous without thorns, 1. ovate-lanceolate, stip. 0, 
 fl. solitary in the axils of the 1., cor. and pods glabrous. E. ~L>. 
 132 St. 1 foot high, round, leafless, sometimes quite prostrate, 
 with short leafy branches bearing the yellow flowers. Keel 
 longer than the standard. Moist peaty heaths. Sh. V. VI. 
 Needle Whin. E. S. 
 
 3. SAEOTHAM'NUS Wimm. Broom. 
 
 1. 8. vulgdris (Wimm.) Spartium L., E. JB. 1339. Cytisus 
 (Hook.) 5 S. scoparius (Koch) ed. viii. St. 23 feet high, an- 
 
88 25. LEGUMINOS.E. 
 
 gular, glabrous ; or (ftprostratus Bailey) prostrate and spreading, 
 at Kynance Cove, Cornwall, and Channel I. L. ternate or sim pie, 
 obovate. Fl. axillary, solitary or in pairs, shortly stalked, large, 
 bright yellow. Po"ds dark brown, hairy at the edges ; seeds 
 many. Dry hills and heaths. Sh. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 4. ONO'NIS Linn. Rest-harrow. 
 
 1. O. repens (L.) ; stoloniferous, st. procumbent uniformly 
 hairy, fl. axillary solitary stalked, leaflets broadly oblong, pods 
 ovate erect falling short of the calyx. E. E. S. 2659. Shrubby. 
 Usually without spines. St. rooting at their base. Wings 
 equalling the keel ; standard a little longer. Seeds tubercular. 
 a. glandular, fl.-l. equalling or surpassing cal., pod shorter 
 than calyx. /3. O. maritima (Dum.) ; more or less spinose 
 glandular-villose, fl.-l. failing short of cal., pod as long or 
 longer than calyx [=var. horrida Lange]. Barren sandy places. 
 P. VI. IX. if. S.I. 
 
 2. 0. spindsa (L.) : not stoloniferous, st. erect or ascending 
 bifariously hairy? fl. axillary solitary stalked, leaflets oblong, 
 pods ovate erect exceeding the calyx. E. B. 682. Shrubby. 
 Usually spinous [or almost unarmed, var. mitis L.]. St. 
 mostly erect. Wings foiling short of the keel, whic-h falls 
 short of standard. Seeds tubercular. Barren places. P. VI. 
 IX. E. S. 
 
 3. O. reclindta (L.) ; viscid, pubescent, st. ascending, fl. 
 axillary, pedicels 1-flowered shorter than the 1. fl. or pod 
 without bracts, cor. about equal to the calyx, leaflets obovate- 
 cuneate serrate at the tip, stipules ovate, pods cylindrical refle.red, 
 seeds 1418 tubercular. E. B. S. 2888. St. 56 in. high, 
 much branched. Sandy places. With Bupleurum aristatitm 
 at Berry Head, Devon. Mr. E. M. Holmes \ (J. of B. vi. 58). 
 Channel Isles. *Gallowav. A. VII. E. 
 
 5. LUPI'NUS Linn. 
 
 *1. L. Nootlcdtensis (Sims) ; st. stout leafy, 1. of 6 8 cuneate 
 oblong somewhat mucronate Its., petioles about equalling Its., stip. 
 linear-acuminate, raceme long partially whorled, bracts long exceeding 
 the buds, upper lip of cal. bind, lower broad 3-toothed, cor. blue or 
 purple. Sot. Mag. 1311. More or less densely villous. A large showy 
 plant, naturalized in many parts of Scotland, whence it has been reported 
 as L. perennis L. P. V. VIII. S. 
 
MED1CAGO. 89 
 
 6. MEDICA'GO Linn. 
 
 * Pods without spines. 
 
 (Sp. 1, 2, and 3 are said to be sometimes mouadelplious.) 
 
 *1. M. saliva (L.) ; st. erect, racemes many-flowered, pods 
 compressed loosely spiral with 2 or 3 turns downy with adpressed 
 hairs, pedicels shorter than the calyx or bract, leaflets obovate- 
 oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate. E.B. 1749. St. 
 angular when young. Pods twisted into a loose open spiral. 
 Fl. large, yellow or violet. Hedgebanks and borders of fields, 
 scarcely naturalized. P. VI. VII. Lucerne. E. S. 
 
 2. M. sylves'tris (Fries) ; st. rather quadrangular pithy as- 
 cending, racemes many- flowered, pods forming one complete 
 
 flat ring, pedicels shorter than the cal. longer than the bract, 
 Its. obovate-oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate. 
 E. B. S. 2980. Fl. large, yellow or blackish green with 
 darker streaks. Sndy and gravelly places in Norfolk and 
 Suffolk. P. VI. VII. E. LJ I.] 
 
 3. M. falcdta (L.) ; st. usually terete nearly solid prostrate, 
 racemes many-flowered, pods straightly sickle-shaped twisted 
 not forming a Tiny, pedicels shorter than the cal. longer than 
 the bract, Its. obovate-oblong dentate emarginate mucronate. 
 E. B. 101(3. Fl. large, yellow. Sandy and gravelly places in 
 Norfolk and Suffolk. P". VI. VII. Yellow Medick. E. 
 
 4. M. lupulina (L.) ; spikes many-flowered dense ovoid, pods 
 compressed kidney-shaped with a spiral point with longitudinal 
 branched prominent veins, stip. obliquely ovate slightly toothed, 
 leaflets roundish-ovate denticulate emarginate mucronate. 
 E. B. 971. St. procumbent or ascending, spreading widely. 
 Pods 1 -seeded, glabrous or slightly hairy. Fl. small, yellow. 
 [Var. Willdenowiana (Koch) ; pods with yellowish spreading glandular 
 hairs.] Waste ground. A. or B. V. VIII. Black Medick. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 ** Pods edged with spines, compactly spiral. 
 
 5. M. arab'ica (Htids.) ; peduncles 1 ^-flowered, pods com- 
 pressed of 2 6 turns veined with 4 ridges and a central furrow 
 on the edge, spines in 2 rows divergent subulate curved, leaflets 
 triangular-obcordate, stip. toothed. E. B. 1616. M. maculata 
 (Sibth.) ed. viii. Lts. with a purple spot in the centre. Edge 
 of pods broad ; spines springing from the margin and the ridge 
 next to it on each side, compressed and furrowed on both sides, 
 variable in length. On a gravelly soil. A. V. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
90 25. LEGUMINOSJE. 
 
 6. M.min,'ima(L.} ; peduncles 1 6-flowered, />orfs of 4 turns 
 smooth with a thin ed</e, spines in 2 rows divergent subulate 
 hooked, leaflets obovate, stip. nearly entire. E. B. 8. 2635. 
 Edge of the pods w.th 3 ridges, the central one so prominent as 
 to be easily taken for the true margin, no central furrow but the 
 central ridge cjmmon to the 2 rows of spines. Sides of the 
 pods smooth. Spines varying considerably in length and 
 the whole plant in hairiness. In sandy fields in the South- 
 east, rare. A. V. E. 
 
 7. M denticulate (Willd.^ ; peduncles 1 5-flowered, pods 
 of 2 or 3 turns deeply netted with a thin edge, spines in 2 rows 
 divergent subulate hooked, leaflets obcordate, stip. laciniate 
 [seeis narrowly reniform]. E. B. S. 2634. Edge of the pods as 
 in M. minima. Spines about equalling the diameter of the 
 pod. Glabrous. /3. M. apiculata (Willd.) ; spines very short 
 without hooks, often scarcely longer than their own breadth so 
 as to appear little more than tubercles, ped. 3 10-flowered. 
 On sandy ground near the sea, rare. A. V. VIII. E. 
 
 [M. lappacea (Desr.) ; ped. 1 4-flowered, pods of 3 5 turns with a 
 thin edge, spines hooked in 2 rows spreading horizontally, stip. laciniate, 
 seeds reniform. jR. vol. 22. t. 70. Heads more than double as large as in 
 Sp. 7, spines stronger, pods less strongly veined, seeds much broader. 
 Waste and cultivated ground, introduced. A. V. VIII.] E. S. 
 
 7. MELILO'TUS Hill. Melilot. 
 
 1. M. officindlis (Lam.) ; wings keeled and standard equal, 
 pods ovoid acute compressed transversely wrinkled hairy, leaflets 
 serrate truncate narrowly ovate, stip. setaceous entire. E. B. 
 1340. M. macrorrhiza Pers., Koch. St. erect, 2 3 feet high. 
 Fl. in lateral racemes, yellow. Waste places. B. ? VI. VIII. 
 Common Melilot. E. S. I. 
 
 2. M. aruen'sis (Wallr.) ; wings and standard equal longer than 
 the keel, pods ovoid blunt mucronate rounded and slightly keeled 
 on the back transversely plicate glabrous, Its. obcordate or oblong 
 serrate uppermost lanceolate, stip. awlshaped entire. E. B. S. 
 U960. M. officinalis Koch. St. erect. Fl. yellowish, in long 
 racemes. Pods brown. Waste places. Cambridge, Thetford. 
 &c . B. VI. VIII. E.L 
 
 t&. M. al'ba (Desr.) ; wings and keel equal but shorter than the 
 standard, pods ovate blunt mucronate netted glabrous, leaflets 
 obovate the upper ones oblong serrate blunt, stip. awlshaped 
 entire. M. leucantha Koch, E. B. S. 2689. St. erect, Fl. 
 white. Sandy and gravelly places near the sea. rare. B. VII. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
MELTLOTUS. TRIFOLIUM. 91 
 
 *4. M. ind'ica (All.) ; wings and keel equal but shorter 
 than the standard, pods globular-ovoid blunt mucronate netted 
 glabrous, Its. obovate seriate at the end, stip. awlshaped entire. 
 &;//. E. B. 344. M. parviflora (Desf.) ed. viii. Slender. 
 Smaller in all its parts than the other species, 6 15 in. high. 
 Fl. very small, pale yellow ; cal. -teeth triangular. Pods olive- 
 green. Waste places. A. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 8. TRIFO'LITJM Linn. Clover. 
 
 *2*7. sessile ; cal. with an elevated thickened often hairy line or 
 ring of hairs in its throat, not inflated. 
 
 1. T. praten'se (L.) ; heads ovate dense sessile, cal. 10-veined 
 hairy not half so long as the corolla, teeth setaceous ciliate, 
 free part of stip. blunt ovate abruptly bristle-pointed, ad- 
 pressed, leaflets oval emarginate upper ones entire apiculate. 
 E. B. 1770. St. 15. 11. Lts. of cultivated plant [var. 
 sativum, Schreb.] usually all quite entire. Stip. adpressed to 
 petiole ; veins much branched and anastomosing. Upper part 
 of cal. usually hairy ; teeth 5, 4 nearly equal in length to the 
 tube, the lower one twice as long. Heads of fl. sometimes 
 slightly stalked. -Fl. purplish, sometimes white. St. erect. 
 (3. parviflorum 1 ; head stalked, calyx-teeth as long as or longer 
 than the corolla. FL Dan. 2782. Mountainous pastures, fields. 
 j8 in dry places. P. V. IX. Purple Clover. E. S. I. 
 
 2. T. medium (L.) ; heads subglobose lax stalked, calyx 10- 
 veined glabrous not half as long as the corolla, teeth setaceous 
 hairy, free part of stip. lanceolate acuminate spreading, leaflets 
 elliptic or lanceolate apiculate. E. B. 190. Stip. spreading ; 
 veins branching, parallel, scarcely at all joining. Cal. glabrous ; 
 teeth ciliate, 4 of them as long or rather longer than the tube, 
 the fifth -- longer. Heads of fl. large. Fl. purplish. St. as- 
 cending, zigzag. Dry elevated pastures. P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. T. ochroleucon (Huds.) ; heads subglobose dense stalked 
 solitary terminal, cal. 10-veined pubescent about half as long as 
 the corolla, teeth erect subulate lower one rather longer than the 
 tube the others tivo-thirds shorter, stip. lanceolate-subulate, 
 leaflets elliptic-oblong the lower one emarginate or cordate. 
 E. B. 1224. St. 15. 15. Cal. with acute teeth having 1 strong 
 vein. St. 1J foot high, erect. Lower 1. on very long stalks. 
 Fl. cream-coloured, at length turning brown. Dry gravelly 
 soils and clays of the East of England. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 1 Mr. Burkill (J. of B. xxxix. 1901, p. 235) considers this an abnormal 
 state. H. & J. G. 
 
y^ 20. LEGUMINOS.E. 
 
 4. T. incarndtum (L.) ; heads ovate at length cylindrical stalked 
 solitary terminal, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth patent in fruit lan- 
 ceolate-subulate nearly equal rather longer than their tube and 
 falling short of the cor., stip. ovate blunt, leaflets obovate retuse 
 or obcordate, st. erect and together with the 1. and stip. villose. 
 Mouth of fr.-cal. hairy. Slip, sometimes rather acute espe- 
 cially the lower ones. a ; hairs of stem patent, heads oblong, 
 fl. reddish purple. (3. T. Molinerii (Balb.) ; st. with adpressL'd 
 hairs, heads conical, fl. nearly white. E. B. S. 2950. Var. a is 
 cultivated. /3 native near Lizard Point, Cornwall. A. VI. VII. 
 
 E. 
 
 *5. T. steHdtum (L.) ; heads globnse stalked terminal, cahj.c 
 10-veined hairy, teeth subulate from a broad base equal exceeding 
 the corolla patent in fruit 3-veined and netted, throat closed with 
 hairs, stip. ovate rather acute denticulate, leaflets obcordate, st. 
 spreading and together with the 1. and stip. villose. -E. J5.154-5. 
 St. 16. 5. Fl. cream-coloured, small. Calyx of the fruit re- 
 markably large, its teeth spreading like a star. St. short. 
 Shingly beach near Shoreham. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 6. T. arven'se (L.) ; heads nearly cylindrical stalked very 
 hairy, cal. 10-veined, teeth subulate-setaceous hairy nearly equal 
 exceeding the cor. at length slightly spreading, stip. ovate or 
 lanceolate acuminate, leaflets linear-oblong. E. B. 944. St. 
 16. 3. St. erect or, in a maritime form [var. perpusillmn DC.] 
 (Kay Syn. t. 14. f. 2), procumbent with globose heads ; st. and. 
 1. finely hairy. Points of the lower stip. sometimes very slender. 
 FL small, almost concealed by the very hairy calyx. Seeds 
 oval, greenish yellow ; radicle not prominent. Sandy fields. 
 A. VII.- IX. 'Haresfoot Trefoil. E. S. I. 
 
 7. T. stridtum (L.) ; heads ovate or oblong sessile terminal 
 and lateral solitary or the terminal in pairs, calyx 10-veined 
 hairy, teeth subulate unequal straight mucronate about equalling 
 the cor., tube ventricose in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets 
 obcordate or obovate, veins equal and straight at the margins. 
 E. B. 1843. St. 16. 6, 7. St. procumbent, 410 in. long 
 and as well as the 1. silky. Stip. with reddish veins. Fl. small. 
 Seeds oval, brownish yellow ; radicle not prominent. (3. e rec- 
 tum ( Leigh t.) ; st. erect, heads long subconical lateral shortly 
 stalked, cor. longer than calvx. Drv and sandy places. A. VI. 
 VII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. T. scdbrum (L.) ; heads ovate sessile terminal and lateral 
 solitarv, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth lanceolate mucronate about 
 equalling the cor. with 1 strong prominent vein at length patent, 
 tuie cylindrical in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets obovate, 
 
TRIFOLIUM. 93 
 
 veins thickened and curved at the margins. E. B. 903. St. 
 procumbent, spreading. Fl. small. Gal. of the fruit very rigid 
 Seeds oblong, reddish yellow; radicle not prominent. Cry 
 sandy places. A. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 9. T. Bocconi (Savi) ; heads oblong-ovate sessile terminal usu- 
 ally 2 together, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth lanceolate-subulate 
 mucronate about as long as the cor. with 1 strong prominent 
 vein erect, tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. obhny with a long subu- 
 /ate point, leaflets oblong obovate or roundish o bo v ate in the lower 
 leaves, veins equal and straight at the margins, seeds with the 
 radicle slightly prominent. E. B. & 28(58. St. 26 in. high, 
 erect. Fl. small, pale yellow. Seeds oval, brownish yellow. 
 Heads dense, somewhat conical. In dry places, near the Lizard 
 Point, Cornwall. A. VII. E. 
 
 10. T. squamosum (L.) ; heads ovate-globose stalked terminal, 
 cal. strongly veined, teeth ciliate at first subulate erect falling 
 short of the cor. afterwards broad leaflike acute spreading 1- 
 veined the lower one longest and 3-veined, tube hairy above 
 obconical in fruit, stip. broadly subulate very long, leaflets oblong- 
 r.bovate. T. maritimum (Huds.) ed vni. E. B. 2:20. St. 
 spreading, usually procumbent. Fl. pale red, small. Muddy 
 salt marshes. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 ** Fl. sessile; throat of the calyx naked within ; heads few- 
 Jtoicered, at length producing thick stellate fibres (abortive 
 calyces) from their centre which ultimately fold over the fruit. 
 
 11. T. subterrdneum (L.) ; heads 2 ^-flowered erect deflexed 
 in fruit, calyx glabrous, teeth filiform hairy nearly equal short r 
 than the corolla, tube inflated in fruit and at length split 
 longitudinally, abortive calyces many slender with 5 points, stip. 
 ovate pointed, leaflets obc'.adate. E. B. 1048. St. prostrate 
 and as well as the 1. hairy. Fl. white, considerably longer thrri 
 the calyx. The abortive calyces are remarkably characteristic 
 of this species. Dry gravelly places. A. V. VI. E. I. 
 
 *** Fl. sessile or stalked ; throat of the calyx naked within, not 
 inflated ; pods 2 ^.-seeded. 
 
 12. T. ylomerdtum (L.) ; heads globose sessile terminal and 
 axillary, calyx sessile 10-veined, teeth ovate very acute veiny 
 nearly equal reflexed, stip. ovate taper-pointed, leatlets obcor- 
 date the upper ones obovate, seeds 2. E. B. 10b'3. St. pro- 
 cumbent. Fl. rose-coloured ; standard persistent, striate. Seeds 
 transversely ovate-reniform, radicle prominent. Gravelly places 
 East and South of England, rare. Wicklow, 1. A. VI. E. I. 
 
94 25. 
 
 13. T. stric'tum (L.) ; heads globose axillary, calyx sessile 
 ]3-veined, teeth subulate unequal somewhat spreading, slip. 
 broad pointed serrate, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong, 
 seeds 2.H. B. S. 2949. St. diffuse, short. Fed. short. Pods 
 slightly projecting; seeds ovate, radicle slightly prominent. 
 J ersey. Near the Lizard Point, Cornwall. A. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 14. T. suffocdtam (L.) ; heads roundish sessile axillary, cal. 
 sessile, teeth lanceolate acute recurved longer than the corolla, 
 stip. ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate, seeds 2. E. 23. 1049. 
 St. short, usually buried in the sand. Fl. small, erect. Cal. 
 scarcely striate. Seeds roundish, radicle prominent. Sandy 
 sea-shores, rare. A. VI. E. 
 
 15. T. repens (L.) ; heads roundish, ped. axillary longer than 
 the leases, ji. stalked at length deflejced, calyx glabrous half KS 
 long- as the corolla, teeth lanceolate unequal erect, stip. ovate 
 abrupt!} 7 cuspidate, leaflets obovate or obcordate, seeds 4, stems 
 creeping. E. B. 1769. Fl. white, sometimes pink, rarely lilac- 
 purple (T. Towmendii) standard striate. L. often with a 
 dark spot at their base. Pod covered by the faded corolla. 
 Meadows and pastures. P. V. IX. Dutch or White Clover. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 #16. T. hyb'ridum (L.) ; heads globular depressed, ped. axil- 
 lary longer than the leaves, fl. stalked at length deflexed, cal. 
 glabrous half as long as the (pinkish) corolla, teeth nearly equal 
 subulate erect, stip. ovate-lanceolate attenuate , leaflets obovate- 
 laLceolate, seeds 2 4, st. erect or ascending not rooting. 8y. 
 E. B. 3b'l. Fl. white or pale pink, turning brown. St. 1 2 ft. 
 high, branched, wavy. [J3. T. elegans (Savi); st. decumbent solid 
 (hollow in the type), heads smaller, stip. narrower.] Introduced. P. 
 VII. IX. Alsike Clover. E. S. I. 
 
 **#* Pl t sessile : throat of the calyx naked within, inflated after 
 flowering and arched above. 
 
 17. T. fragiferum (L.) ; heads globose, peduncles axillary 
 exceeding the leaves, involucre multiji d equalling the calyx, calyx 
 of the fruit membranous netted downy, stip. orate with a long 
 slender point, leaflets obovate emarginate minutely serrate, seeds 
 2E. B. 1050. St. 16. 8. St. creeping. Fl." purplish red. 
 Heads large, remarkable when in fruit for their curious calyces 
 enclosing the pods. Damp pastures. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 [T. resupindtum (L.) ; heads hemispherical at length p-lobose, 
 peduncles axillary short, bracts minute, calyx of the fruit mem- 
 branous netted woolly, stip. subulate-lanceolate from an ovate 
 
TRIFOLimi. TRIGONELLA. 95 
 
 base, leaflets obovate minutely serrate, seeds 2. Sy. E. B. 3(U. 
 St. 16. 9. St. prostrate or ascending. FL small, reversed in 
 position. Pod included. Introduced. A. VII.] E. 
 
 ***** Fl stalked, yellow ; throat of the calyx naked within, not 
 inflated; cor. persistent ; standard covering the pod. 
 
 18. T. procum'bens (L.) ; heads oval dense with about 40j#., pf d. 
 axillary equalling* or exceeding the leaves, fl. at length reflex ed, 
 standard dilated and de flexed in front (not folded) striate much 
 exceeding the pod, style much shorter than the pod, stip. -| ovate 
 acute entire, Its. obovate emarginate, central petiole longest, 
 seeds oval, radicle scarcely prominent. E. B.Q15. /S. 15. 15. 
 T. ayrarium, Huds. (not L.). Primary stem erect, branches 
 procumbent or ascending. Fl. turning tawny. Radicle causing 
 a slight irregularity in the otherwise regularly oval seeds. Dry 
 pastures. A. VI. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 * 19. T. agrdrium (L.) ; heads ovil dense of about 50 j#., ped. axillary 
 equalling or exceeding' the 1., fl. at length reflexed, standard dilated 
 striate much exceeding the pod, stjle nearly as long as the pod, stip. 
 oblong-lanceolate not enlarged at the base, Its. narrowly obovate the 
 central petiohde not longer than the lateral. St. 16. St. erect. 
 Fl. deep yellow turning brown. Fields and roadsides, established in 
 some places. P. \ 7 J. VIII. E. S. 
 
 20. T. dubium (Sibth.) ; heads close about 12/., ped. axillary 
 straight, pedicels very short, fl. at length reflexed, standard folded 
 furrowed truncate covering the pod, style much shorter than 
 the pod, stip. ovate falling short of petioles, Its. obcordate 
 intermediate one stalked. E. B. 1256. T. minus (Sm.) ed. 
 viii. T. filifornie Koch. -St. wiry, ascending or prostrate. 
 Fl. turning dark brown. Dry places. A. VI. VIII. E. 8. I. 
 
 21. T.Jilifor'nie (L.) ; fl. few (2 7) in lax racemes, ped. axil- 
 lary flexuose, pedicels as long as the calyx-tube, fl. at length 
 reflexed, standard folded not furrowed deeply notched scarcely 
 covering the pod, Its. sessile. E. B. 1257. T. micranthum 
 Koch. St. prostrate, very sler.der. Standaid much narrower 
 in proportion than in T. ntinus. Dry places. A. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S.? I. 
 
 9. TRIGONEL'LA Linn. 
 
 1. T. purpuras'cens (Lam.); clusters stalked axillary of 1- 
 3 stalked Jl., calyx glabrous, teeth slender acute nearly equal 
 erect, stip. ovate with long taper points, leaflets obcordate, seeds 
 68. E. B. 1047. Falcatula ornithopodioides (Bab.) ed. viii. 
 St. prostrate. Fl. small, pet. all distinct. Pod. compressed, 
 
96 25. LEGUMIXOSJ5. 
 
 blunt, transversely furrowed, slightly hairy, curved, longer than 
 the calvx, opening with 2 valves. Drv gravellv places, rare. 
 A. VI. VII. E.I. 
 
 10. LO'TUS Linn. BirdVfoot Trefoil. 
 
 1. L. corniculdtus (L.) ; claw of the standard obovate trans- 
 versely vaulted, calyx-teeth adpressed in the bud subulate from 
 a triangular b&se, points of the '2 upper teeth converging, heads 5 
 IQ-floiuered.E. B. 2090. Glabrous or slightly hairy. St. 
 ascending. Angle between the 2 upper calyx-teeth rounded. 
 & st. short, Its. obovate thin, stip. rather narrowly ovate. 
 /3. villosus (8er.) ; upper part of st. 1. and cal. hairy with long 
 spreading hairs. y. crassifolws (Pers.) ; pilose, st. csespitose, 
 leaflets obovate fleshy, stip. ovate. Pastures, drv banks, &c. 
 P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. ten' ids (W. & K.) ; cal.- teeth [short] subulate adpressed 
 in bud, points of upper 2 teeth converging ^wings oblong-obovate 
 lower margin abruptly curved to the apex, head 2 5-fioweredJ lettflets 
 linear [acute \ or linear-obovate, stip. ^-ovate. JS. B. S. 2615. 
 Glabrous or slightly hairy, st. filiform long procumbent or 
 ascending. [Pet. turning green in drying. Meadows and moist banks.] 
 P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 3. L. uliginosus (Schk.) ; claw of the standard linear, caty.v- 
 teeth threading like a star in the bud subulate from a triangular 
 base, tivo upper teeth diverging, heads S \2-Jlowcred, leaflets 
 obovate, stip. roundish-ovate. JE. B. 2091. L. major Scop. ed. 
 viii. Hairy. St. usually erect, 1 3 feet high. Angle between 
 the 2 upper calyx-teeth acute. Sometimes glabrous, the margins 
 and veins of the 1. stip. bracts and sep. cihate, st. erect or pro- 
 cumbent. In damp places. P. VII, VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. L. angustis 1 simus (L.) ; claw of the standard linear, calyx- 
 teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod linear straight 6 times 
 as long as the calyx, heads about %-jlowered. JS. B. 925. L. 
 diffusus (Ser.). Standard broader than long, not exceeding the 
 wings, fading to a greenish colour. Peduncle of the fl. as long 
 as the 1., of the ir. twice as long ; leaflets and stip. ovate- 
 lanceolate acute ; st. procumbent. /3. Seringianus (Bab.) ; 
 peduncle of the fl. and fr. as long as the leaves, leaflets obovate- 
 oblong, stip. ovate acute, st. ascending. L. an gusli ssimus 
 (Ser.). South of England near the sea. A. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 5. L. hispidus (Desf.) ; claw of the standard subulate, calyx- 
 teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod rugose terete twice as long 
 
ANTHYLLIS. - ASTRAGALUS. 97 
 
 </.? the calyx, heads few (&4)-Jlowi>.red, leaflets obovate-lanceo- 
 late, stip. half cordate, st. procumbent.^. B. S. 2823. Stan- 
 dard longer than broad, exceeding the winjrs, not turning green. 
 Near the sea in Devon, Dorset, and Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. 
 
 11. AKTHYL'LIS Linn. Lady's Finger. 
 
 1. A. Vuhierdria (L.) ; herbaceous, 1. pinnate, leaflets unequal, 
 heads of fl. in pairs, calyx of 5 ovate pointed teeth. E. B. 104. 
 >SY. 49. 4. 5. Pod semiorbicular, long-stalked, upper suture 
 arched outwards, 1-seeded. St. 612 in. high, silky. Root-1. 
 simple, oval-oblong. Fl. yellow, in terminal pairs of crowded 
 many-flowered heads. /3. coccinea, L, (A. Dillcnii, Schult.) : 
 invol.-l. nearly equalling fl., plant smaller, fl. red-tipped. Dill. 
 Elth. 320. [The c ollowing vars. have also been recorded : ovata (Bab.) 
 having a large hroadly-ovate terminal It. ; Allionii (DC.) having the st. 
 clothed with many spreading hairs ; maritima (Koch) also very hairv, 
 with tall erect branched st. and many flowering heads.] Dry pastures 
 
 \\ VL VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 12. OXY'TROPIS Cand. 
 
 1. O. uralcnsis (DO.) ; stemless, leaflets ovate acute in about 
 12 *p&\v$, peduncles exceeding the leaves erect silky, bracts equal- 
 ling the calyx, pods erect ovate-oblong inflated silky imperfectly 
 2-celled. Astragalus uralensis Sm. E. B. 4(36. Rootstock 
 woody, branched. Pods abrupt with a very oblique acute point. 
 Fl. bluish purple. More silky and hair}^ than Sp. 2. Dry hilly 
 pastures in Scotland. P. VII. S. 
 
 2. O. campes'tris (DO.) ; stemless, leaflets lanceolate in about 
 12 pairs, peduncles rather exceeding the 1. ascending hairy, bracts 
 equalling the calyx, pods erect ovate inflated hairy imperfectly 
 2-celled. E. B. 2522. St. 19. 1 2. Rootstock woody, prostrate. 
 Pods narrowed upwards with a slightly oblique point. FL yel- 
 lowish tinged with purple. Clova mountains. [Perthsh.]. P. VII. 
 
 13. ASTRAGALUS Linn. Milk-vetch. 
 
 1. A. dan'icus (Retz.) ; st. prostrate, stip. united, leaflet* 
 blunt in 8 10 pairs, racemes ovate, peduncles exceeding the 
 leaves, pods ovate hairy erect stalked in the calyx. E. B. 274. 
 A. liypoglottis (L.) ed. viii. Stip. opposite to the leaves. St. 
 a few inches long, slender. Leaflets small. Fl. in rather large 
 heads, ascending, purple. Ovary twice as long as its atalk. 
 Chalky and gravelly places, rare. P. VI. VJI. K. S. I. 
 
 IP 
 
98 25. LEGUMJXOSJE. 
 
 2. A. alphnts (L.) ; st. prostrate, ;}>. ovate />#% leaflets 
 elliptic blunt in 10 12 pairs, racemes short close, peduncles 
 ('quailing- the leaves, pods oblong hairy narrowed at both ends 
 pendulous stalked in the calyx. E.B. S. 2717. St. 19. 13. 
 Stip. sometimes slightly connected at the base. St. a few inches 
 long, slender. Fl. few, drooping, white tipped with purple. 
 Lofty mountains. Aberdsh., Forf., Perthsh. P. VII. S. 
 
 3. A. glycyphyt to* (L.) ; st. prostrate, stip. ovate-lanceolate 
 free, leaflets ovate in 5 6 pairs, racemes ovate, peduncles falling 
 much short of the leaves, pods linear incurved erect glabrous. 
 E. B. 203. St. 2 3 feet long, scarcely branched, nearly 
 glabrous. Fl. in short dense racemes, dull yellow. Pods an 
 inch long. Hedges and thickets on a chalky or gravelly soil, 
 rare. P. VI. Wild Liquorice. E. S. 
 
 Tribe II. Viciece. 
 
 14. VI'CIA, Linn. Vetch. 
 
 * Upper part of the style equally hairy all over. 
 
 t Peduncles long, few-flowered ; cal. not gibbous - at the base 
 on the upperside. Annuals. ERVTJM. Tares. 
 
 1. V. hirsilta (S. F. Gray) ; ped. 1 6-Jl. about equalling the 
 leaves, leaflets in 6 8 pairs linear-oblong truncate mucronate, 
 calyx-teeth equal as long as their tube the 2 upper ones 
 converging, pods sessile oblong 2-seeded hairy, hile long linear. 
 Ervum Sm. E. B. 970. Cracca minor Godr. Stip. 2-lobed, 
 outer lobe trifid with setaceous segments, inner lanceolate. Fl. 
 small, pale blue, standard entire. Calyx-teeth subulate. Pod 
 obliquely truncate; its upper suture "neaily straight and pro- 
 minent at the end. Seeds globose, compressed, red with darker 
 spots, smooth. Ped. rarely 1 2-flowered and pods glabrous. 
 Corn-fields and hedges. A. VI. VIII. Hairy Tare. E. S. I. 
 
 2. V. gcmel'la (Crantz) ; ped. 1 2-Jl. about equalling the 
 leaves, leaflets linear-oblong blunt mucronate in 4 (J pairs, 
 calyx-teeth unequal shorter than the tube the 2 upper ones 
 shortest " diverging," pods shortly stalked linear-oblong about 
 4-seeded glabrous, hile oblong. Ervum Sm. E. B. 122i>. 
 
 V. tetrasperma (Moench) ed. viii. St. 32. 14. Stipules half- 
 arrowshaped. FL small, pale blue ; standard with blue streaks, 
 emarginate. Calyx-teeth long-- triangular. Pod rounded; its 
 
VTCIA. 99 
 
 upper suture decurved at tlie end. Seeds 3 5, globose, dull 
 brown, slightly rough. [A narrow and acute loaved form, var. 
 trmrissima (Dnice), has been mistaken for Sp. 3.] Fields and hedges. 
 A. VI. VIII. Stnooth Tare. E. S. I. 
 
 3. V. ffrdcilis (Lois.) ; ped. 1 4-fl. becoming twice as long 
 as the leaves, leaflets linear acute in 34 pairs, calyx-teeth un- 
 equal shorter than their tube, the '2 upper ones shortest, pod* 
 linear 5 S-seeded glabrous, hile roundish-oval. E. B S. 2904. 
 Stip. half-arrowshaped. Fl. twice as large as those of V. tetra- 
 xperma, pale blue; standard emarginate. Calyx-teeth long- 
 triangular, "two upper slightly converging." Upper suture of 
 pod slightly decurved at the end. Seeds globose, variegated 
 with dark brown and yellow, smooth, half as large and hile half 
 <t* long as those of Sp/2. Fields and hedges in the South. A. 
 VI.- VIII. K 
 
 tt Peduncles long, many-flowered ; calyx gibbous at the base 
 on the upperside. Perennial. 
 
 4. V, sylvat'ica (L.) ; ped. exceeding the leaves, leaflets. elliptic 
 blunt mucronate in about 8 pairs, stip. lunate deeply toothed at 
 the base, teeth setaceous, calyx-teeth shorter than their tube, subu- 
 late. E. B. 79. St. 31. 3. St. many feet long, climbing by 
 branched tendrils. Fl. many, cream-coloured and streaked 
 with blue or purple. Hile extending about half round the seed. 
 -Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Wood Vetch. E. S. I. 
 
 o. V. Or'obus (DC.) ;- leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- 
 late mucronate in many (7 10) pairs, stip. half-arrowshaped 
 slightly toothed at the base, calyx-teeth longer than thsir tube, 2 
 upper ones triangular, the others triangular-subulate. Orobus 
 si/lvaticus L. E. B. o!8. St. ascending, 1 1| foot long. Ten- 
 drils reduced to a short slender point. Fl. many, cream-coloured 
 streaked with purple. Pods Jinear-obloug. Hile extending 
 about ^ round the seed. Northern rocky woods. P. V. VI. 
 Bitter Vetch. E. S. I. 
 
 ** U/iper part of the stifle hairy all over, the hairs rather longer 
 below t/ie stigma but scarcely bearded ; calyx gibbous at the 
 base. 
 
 (>. V. Crac'ca (L.) ; ped. long many-flowered, Its. lanceolate 
 mucronate silky in about 10 pairs, stip. half-arrowshaped entire, 
 calyx-teeth shorter than their tube, upper pair minute, others 
 subulate, standard sinuate at about the middle of each side, its 
 limb and claw equally long, pods linear-oblong smooth. E. B. 
 
 r ^ 
 
100 25. LEGUMJNOS^. 
 
 1168. St. 31. 6. St. 34 feet long. Tendrils branched. Fl. 
 blue varied with purple. Seeds subglobose, black. Hile linear, 
 extending ^ round the seed. [A dwarf greyer and more pubescent 
 form is var. ar^wtea (C. & G,).] Hedges. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 *** Style bearded beloiv the stigma, in other respects glabrous or 
 uniformly hairy all over its upper part ; calyx gibbous at the 
 base on the upperside. 
 
 7. V. bithyn'ica (L.) ; ped. falling short of the leaves 1 2- 
 flowered, Its. of upper I. in 2 pairs elliptic-lanceolate mucronateor 
 linear-lanceolate acute, stip. half-arrowshaped toothed, calyx- 
 teeth longer than their tube lanceolate-subulate, pods linear- 
 oblong hairy. E. B. 1842. St. 32. 5. St. 1218 in. long. 
 Fl. almost always solitary, purple. " Seeds globose, speckled 
 with black and grey ; hile oval." Upper part of the style hairy 
 all over. The inland plants have broader leaflets and more cut 
 ttip. than those [var. angustifolia Sy.] found near the sea. 
 Bushy places on a gravelly soil, rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 8. V. sepium (L.) ; fl. 4 6 in small axillary nearly sessile 
 clusters, leaflets in 4 8 pairs ovate blunt mucronate gradually 
 smaller upwards on the petiole, stip. half-arrowshaped undivided 
 or lobed, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube, 2 upper 
 ones curved upwards, pods linear-oblong glabrous. E. B. 1515. 
 St. 31. 16. St. about 2 feet high. Fl. purplish. Calyx hairy. 
 Hile linear, extending about round the seed. Upper part of 
 the style nearly or quite glabrous, bearded. L. more or less 
 hairv, leaflets sometimes ovate-lanceolate truncate. Woods 
 and hedges. P. VI. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 [ V. hybrida (L.) and V. Uevigata (Sm.) are now lost.] 
 
 9. V.lutea (L.) ; fl. solitary axillary, leaflets elliptic-lanceo- 
 late acute or rounded at the end apiculate in o 8 pairs, calyx- 
 1eeth unequal, upper ones very short and curved upwards, lower 
 one longer than the tube, standard glabrous, pods elliptic-oblong 
 hairy. E. B. 481. St. 31. 13. St. procumbent, 12 feet long. 
 Fl. sulphur-coloured. Hairs on the pod bulbous. Seeds round, 
 compressed, with a short hile. L. varying greatly in hairiness. 
 Pebbly and sandy ground near the sea. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 10. V. salii'a (L.) ; fl. axillary solitary or in pairs, leaflets in 
 5 7 pairs elliptic-oblong retuse or obcordate mucronate, upper 
 ones narrower or linear truncate mucronate, calyx-teeth equal 
 lanceolate-subulate long equalling their tube, standard glabrous, 
 pods linear slightly silky, seeds globose smooth. Seeds slightly 
 
VTCIA. LATHFRTJS. 101 
 
 compressed ; hile linear, occupying about } of the circum- 
 ference. a. V. sat i va (Sm.) ; leaflet sail elliptic- or ovate- oblorn/, 
 the lower ones shorter and broader, fl. usually in pairs, pod A 
 mostly parallel to the st., st. 1 -H foot high. *?/. E. B. 39i>. 
 St. 31. 10. )3. V. angustifolia (L.) ; leaflets of 'the upper 1. 
 linear-lanceolate, lower ones obovate retuse or obcordate, fl. 
 solitary or in pairs, pods mostly patent, st. slender. E. B. >V. 
 2614. St. 31. 11. y. V. Bobartu (Forst.) ; leaflets of the upper 
 1. linear, fl. solitary, pods patent, st. prostrate. E. B. S. 2708. 
 V. angustifolia Sm. a is only known in cultivation. /3 and y 
 in dry places. A. V. VI. Common Vetch. E. S. I. 
 
 **** Style bearded beloiv the stigma ; calyx not gibbous. 
 
 11. V. lathyroides (L.) ; fl. axillary solitary, leaflets in 1 ' 
 pairs obovate or oblong retuse mucronate, calyx-teeth subulate 
 straight as long as their tube, pods linear glabrous, seeds nearh/ 
 cubical tubercular, hile short oblong.^. B. 30. St. 31. 12. 
 St. procumbent, 3 5 in. long:. Fl. small purple. Dry gravelly 
 and sandy places. A. V. VI. E. S. L 
 
 15. LATH' THUS Linn. Vetchling. 
 * No true leaflets. 
 
 1. L. Aph'aca (L.) ; ped. 1-fl., petioles leafless forming tendril*, 
 stip. very large leaflike hastate-ovate. E. B. 1167. St. weak, 
 climbing. Fl. yellow, rarely 2 together. Kemarkable for its 
 want of 1., which are replaced by the stipules, rarely 1 or '2 
 elliptic leaflets occur. Pods subfalcate ; seed smooth, com- 
 pressed. Sand}' and gravelly fields, chiefly in the South, rare. 
 
 A. v. viii. E. 
 
 2. L. Nissolia (L.) ; ped. long 1 2-flowered, petioles leqflike 
 but leafless linear lanceolate, no tendrils, stip. minute subulate. 
 E. B. 112. St. mostly erect. Petioles grasslike. Fl. purple 
 on long stalks. Pods cylindrical ; seeds tubercled, round ; hile 
 small, oval. Bushy grassy places, rare. P. VI. E. 
 
 ** Petioles with one pair of leaflets and a tendril. 
 
 [L. sphar'icus (Retz.) ; ped. 1-fl. with a long point shorter 
 than the petiole, Its. linear -lanceolate, seeds globose : has been 
 found in Hertfordshire.] 
 
 3. L. hirsutus (L.) ; ped. 2-flowered, Its. linear-lanceolate, pod* 
 hairy, seeds globose tubercled. E. B. 1255. St. winged, climb- 
 
102 25 
 
 ing to the height of 1 or 2 feet. Pods linear-oblong, covered 
 with bulbous hairs. Fl. 2 or 1, pale blue with a crimson stan- 
 dard. Hile oblong. Rare. Essex. Surrey. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 4. L. prat en' sis (L>.) ; st. angular, ped. many-jloicered, Its. lan- 
 ceolate mucronate slightly silky, calyx-teeth subulate, pods ob- 
 liquely veined, seeds globose smooth. E. />. 670. Creeping. 
 St. 23 feet high, climbing, not winged. Pods linear-oblong, 
 compressed. Fl. racemose, drooping, bright yellow. Hile 
 small, oblong. Moist meadows. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 f5. L. tuber osus (L.) ; st. angular, ped. long many-flowered, 
 Its. obovate-oblong mucronate, upper cal. -teeth triangular, pod net- 
 veined, seeds globose smooth. &?/. E. B. 401. Creeping and 
 tuberous. St. about 6 2 ft. high, not winged. Fl. 2-5 together, 
 purple. Pod.- linear-oblong, subcylindric. Hile small. Hedges 
 and fields. Abundant at Fytield, Essex. P. VIII. E. 
 
 6. L. si/Ires' tr is (L.) ; st. winged, ped. many-flowered, Its. 
 linear-lanceolate j'or lanceolate, calyx-teeth triangular-subulate. 2 
 upper ones short, pods net-veined, seeds compressed roiighish 
 nearly half surrounded by the hile. E. B. 805. St. climbing 
 to the height of 5 6 feet. Pods linear-oblong curved. Fl. 
 greenish yellow variegated with purple. Broader-leaved varie- 
 ties often pass for L. latifolius, which differs by its elliptic pointed 
 Its. and rougher seeds with a shorter hile, but is not a native. 
 Woods and thickets. P. VII. IX. E. S. 
 
 **# Petioles with 2 or more pairs of leaflets and a tendril. 
 
 7. L. palus'tris (L.) ; st. winged, ped. long many-flowered, Its. 
 in 2 or 3 pairs linear-lanceolate acute, stip. half-arrowshaped 
 lanceolate, pods linear-oblong compressed, seeds globose smooth 
 -} surrounded by the hile. E. B. 169. St. 23 feet high. Fl. 
 bluish purple. Boggy meadows, rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. 1. 
 
 8. L. marit'imus (Big.) ; st. angular not ivinged, ped. short 
 many-flowered, Its. in 3 or 4 pairs oval, stip. large oval cordate- 
 hastate, pods oblong obliquely net-veined, seeds globose \ sur- 
 rounded by the hile. Pisum L. E. B. 1046. St. prostrate. 
 Leaflets large, blunt but apiculate ; petioles often recurved. 
 Fl. purple variegated. ft. acutifolius (Bab.) ; leaflets elliptic- 
 lanceolate acute, petioles straight, stems slender straggling. 
 Pebbly sea-shores, rare. ft. Burrah'rth, Unst, Shetland. P. 
 VII. VIII. Sea Pea. E.S.I. 
 
LATIIYKTJS. H1PPOCREPIS. I 03 
 
 -***# L. pinnate, without tendrils. OBOBUS.. 
 
 9. L. monta'nus (Hernh.) ; st. simple winged, peduncles 2 t- 
 flo wered, 1. of 2 3 pairs of oblong- or lanceolate Hunt apicukite 
 leaflets without tendrils, stip. half-arrowshaped broad, pods 
 cylindrical, seeds globo.se J- surrounded by the hile. L. ma- 
 crorr/tizus (Wimm.) ed. viii. O. tubero*us L. E. B. 1153. 
 Hoot tuberous. L. glaucous beneath. Fl. purple, variegated 
 with red and blue./:*. O. tenuifolius (Uoth) : Its. linear. 
 Woods and thickets in hilly countries. P. V. VII. E. 8. I. 
 
 10. L. niyer (Wimm.) ; st.- branched not winged, ped. many- 
 flowered, 1. of 3 6 paiis of lanceolate or oblong leaflets ?#Ao 
 ft.ndriln, stip. linear-subulate the lower ones kalf-arrowshaped, 
 pods slightly compressed, seeds oval J surrounded by the hile. 
 E. B. S. '2788. Turns black in drying. Fl. variegated with 
 red, blue, and purple. Pods linear. Seed dark brown, perfectly 
 smooth. Rocky woods in Scotland, rare. P. VI. VII. S. 
 
 Tribe III. Hedysarea. 
 16. ORNI/THOPTTS Linn. Bird's Foot. 
 
 1. O. perpusil'lus (L.); ped. exceeding 1 the leaves, calyx-teeth 
 triangular acute J the length of their tube, beak scarcely as 
 long as a joint of the pod. E. B. 3*39. A small prostrate plant, 
 3 12 in. long. L. with 5^ 1 2^ pairs of elliptic do^vny leaflets. 
 Fl. small ; calyx hairy, cor. white with crimson veins. Pods 
 curved, joints beadlike wrinkled lengthwise. l)rv sandy and 
 gravelly places. A. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 17. ARTHROLO'BIUM Desv. 
 
 1. A. ebractedtum (DC.) ; ped. about equalling the 1. 2 4- 
 flo wered, stip. minute distinct, 1. pinnate with many pairs of 
 elliptic-oblong leaflets, the lowest pair remote from the stem. 
 E. B. S. 2844. St. prostrate, iiliform. Fl. small, yellow, 
 standard red externally. Pod. curved upwards, joints cylindri- 
 cal rugose. Channel and Scilly Islands. A. VI. VII. .K. 
 
 18. HIPPOCRE'PIS Linn. Horseshoe Vetch. 
 
 1. H. comosa (L.) ; pods umbellate, their joints rough curvnd 
 neither dilated nor bordered, joinings glabrous, peduncles longer 
 than the leaves. E. B. 31. St. procumbent, of ten a foot long. 
 Fl. yellow. Leaflets 7 13, obovate, blunt or emarginate, 
 apiculate. Dry calcareous banks. P. V. Vllli E. 
 
104 26. ROSACE2E. 
 
 19. ONOBRY'CHIS Mill. Sainfoin. Cock's-head. 
 
 1. O. viciafolia (Scop.) ; wings shorter than the calyx, keel 
 about as long as the standard, st. ascending, pods with netted 
 spinous elevations on the disk and short sharp flat teeth on the 
 lower suture. E. B. 96. St. 19. 10. O. saliva (Lam.) ed. viii. 
 St. often 2 feet long. Fl. in long dense racemes, crimson, 
 variegated. Tube of the calyx silky, short ; teeth very long. 
 Leaflets elliptic-oblong, mucronate, entire glabrous above, in 
 about 12J pairs. On chalky and limestone hills. P. VI. VII. 
 
 Order XXVI. ROSACES. 
 
 Cal. 4 5-parted, or 8 10-parted in 2 rows, free or adhering 
 to and enclosing the ovary ; odd lobe superior. Pet. usually 5, 
 equal, perigynous. S tarn, peri gy no us, usually indefinite. Carp, 
 several or solitary, distinct or connate or adnate to the calyx. 
 Styles distinct, often lateral. Fruit various. Seeds nearly 
 without albumen, embryo straight. L. alternate, usually com- 
 pound, with stipules. 
 
 Suborder I. AMYGDALE^E. 
 
 Fntit a drupe. Calyx deciduous, inferior, quite free from 
 the solitary ovary. Stipules free. 
 
 1. PRUNUS. Drupe fleshy, indehiscent ; its nut smooth or 
 furrowed, 
 
 Suborder II. ROSE^E. 
 
 Carpels several, distinct from each other and from the calyx. 
 Stipules united to the petiole. 
 
 Tribe I. SPIRsEIDdE. Carpels (follicles) several, not included 
 in calyx-tube ; seeds 1 (3, suspended from the inner edges 
 of the follicles. Sep. persistent, in one row. 
 
 .2, SPIR^A. Cal. 5-cleft. Stam. many, inserted with the 
 pet. on a disk adhering to the calyx. Follicles 1 or more, 
 usually distinct. Seeds 2 6. 
 
 Tr. II. SANG UISOMBE^E. Carpels 13, enclosed in the 
 dry calyx-tube, which is narrowed at the top. 
 
 3. SANGFISORBA. FL perfect. Cal. 4 -cleft, with 2 or 3 
 scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet. 0. Stavn* 4, 
 
2G. E03ACEJE. 105 
 
 opposite to the segments of the calyx. Nuts 1 2. Style 
 terminal. Stigma capitate, covered with oblong spreading 
 prominences. Seeds suspended. 
 
 4. POTERIUM. PL monoecious or polygamous. Cal. 4-cleft, 
 with 3 scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet. 0. 
 Stam. 2030. Nuts 23. Style terminal. Stigma 
 brush-like, with filiform divisions. Seed suspended. 
 
 5. AGRIMONTA. Fi. perfect. Calyx 5-cleft, without scales ; 
 tube turbinate, armed with hooked bristles above. Pet. o. 
 Stam. 12 20, inserted with the pet. into a glandular ring 
 in the throat of the calyx. Nuts 13. Style terminal. 
 Seed suspended. 
 
 6. ALCHEMILLA. Fl. perfect. Cal. ^-parted, the alternate 
 parts smaller, contracted at the throat, unarmed. Pet. 0. 
 Stam, 1 4, inserted into a ring in the throat of the calyx 
 and opposite to the smaller segments. Nuts 1 5. Style 
 basal. Seeds ascending. 
 
 Tr. III. DRYADE^E. Fruit not included in calyx-tube, of 5 
 or more small dry nuts (in Rubus drupes) inserted on a 
 dry or succulent receptacle. Calyx persistent, open, nearly 
 flat. 
 
 * Attachment of the seed near to that of the style, radicle 
 superior. 
 
 7. SIBBALDIA. Cal. concave , 10-parted, in 2 series, o exte- 
 rior parts smaller. Pet. 5. Stam. o. Style lateral, Fr. 
 of 5 10 small nuts placed on a dry receptacle. Seed 
 ascending. 
 
 8. POTENTILLA. Cal. concave, 8 10-parted, in two series, 
 o exterior parts smaller. Pet. 4 5. Stam. many. Style 
 lateral or nearly terminal. Fr. of many small nuts 
 placed upon a Jlattish dry receptacle. Seed pendulous or 
 ascending. 
 
 9. COMARUM. Cal., cor., stam,, and pistils as in Potent ilia. 
 Receptacle ultimately large, spongy, persistent. Style lateral 
 near the top of the nut. Seed pendulous. 
 
 10. FRAGARIA. Cal., cor., stam., and pistils as in Potentilla. 
 Receptacle large, succulent, pulpy, deciduous. Style lateral 
 near the base of the nut. Seed ascending. 
 
 F5 
 
106 26. 'ROSACS.E. 
 
 11. RUB us. Cal. concave or flattish, ^-parted. Pet. 5. 
 Stam. many. Styles nearly terminal. Carp, many, succu- 
 lent (drupes), placed upon a hemispherical or conical spongy 
 receptacle. Seed pendulous. 
 
 ** Attachment of the seed distant from that of the style, radicle 
 inferior. Nuts with long aivnlike styles. 
 
 12. DRYAS. Cal. 8 10-cleft, in one row. Pet. 89. Stam. 
 many. Fr. of many small nuts, tipped with the persistent 
 hairy styles, which are not jointed. Receptacle flat, dry. 
 Seed ascending. 
 
 13. GEUM. Cal. 10-cleft, in 2 rows, the outer parts smaller. 
 Pet. 5. Stam. many. Fr. of many small nuts, tipped with 
 the persistent jointed styles hooked at the joining. Recep- 
 tacle elongated, dry. Seed ascending. 
 
 Tr. IV. ROSIDsE. Fruit formed of many small dry nuts en- 
 closed in thejleshy calyx-tube. 
 
 1 4. ROSA. Cal. urceolate, contracted at the mouth, ultimately 
 fleshy, 5-tid. Pet. 5. Stam. many, inserted with the 
 
 petals on the rim of the tube of the calyx. 
 
 Suborder III. POM&& 
 
 Calyx-tube thick and fleshy, in fruit adhering to the carpels 
 and forming a 1 5-celled pome : thus fl. appearing superior. 
 
 15. CRATJEGUS. Calyx- segments 5, acute. Pet. 5. Styles 
 I 5. Fr. oval or round, concealing the upper end of the 
 1 5 bony 1 2-seeded carpels. 
 
 1ft. COTONEASTER. Calyx-segments 5. Pet. 5. Styles 2 5. 
 Fr. turbinate, its nuts adhering to the sides of the calyx 
 but not cohering at the centre. Stam. erect, as long as the 
 teeth of the calyx. 
 
 17. MESPILUS. Calyx-segments 5, leaflike. Pet. 5. Styles 
 2 5. Fr. turbinate wiihjhe upper end of the bony carpels 
 exposed ; disk dilated, almost as broad as the fruit. 
 
 18. PYRUS. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. 5. Styles 25. Fr. 
 fleshy with 5 cartilaginous or membranous distinct 2-seeded 
 cells. Testa cartilaginous. 
 
PRUS US. 107 
 
 Suborder I. Amygdalece. 
 
 1. PRU'NUS Linn. 
 
 * Young leaves convolute. Drupe glaucous. 
 
 1. P. spinosa (L.) ; ped. solitary or in pairs, 1. elliptic or ovate- 
 lanceolate rather dowuy beneath. P. communis (Huds.) ed. viii. 
 a; branches spinous, ped. solitary glabrous, 1. usually glabrous, 
 fr. globose. Sy. E. B. 408. [/3. macrocarpa (Wallr.) P.fruticans 
 (Wei he) ; branches spinbus, ped. glabrous usually in pairs, 1. pubescent 
 on the veins beneath, fl. and fr. larger than in a, fr. globose-] y. P. 
 insititia (L.) ; branches slightly spinous, ped. and underside of 
 1. usually downy, fr. globose. JE. B. 841. *6\ P. domestica 
 (L.) ; branches "without spines, ped. glabrous, 1. hairy about the 
 midrib beneath, fr. oblong. E. J5. 1783. a is a shrub with 
 crooked and much armed black branches and fl. before the leaves ; 
 /3 and y taller shrubs with fl. and 1. usually together, y with 
 straight and slightly armed brown branches ; d a small tree 
 with straightish branches. Thickets. 6 not indigenous. Sh. 
 IV. V. a. Sloe. Blackthorn, y. Bullace. 8. Plum. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Young leaves conduplicate. Drupe not glaucous. CEBASUS. 
 
 2. P. Pddus (L.) ; arborescent, 1. obovate-lanceolate finely 
 serrate glabrous./?, in pendulous racemes, fr. rouu dish-oblong, 
 E. B. 1383. A small tree. L. minutely doubly serrate. Fl. 
 white, many, in a lax raceme. Fr. black, harsh, bitter ; nut 
 wrinkled. \Voodsandhedges. T. V. Bird-Cherry. E.S.I. 
 
 3. P. A'vium (L.) ; arborescent, 1. long -stalked drooping oblong- 
 obovate suddenly cuspidate incise- serrate downy beneath, calyx- 
 tube constricted below the entire sepals, pet. flaccid, " fr. heart* 
 shaped." E. B. 706. A tree 2030 feet high. Outer scales 
 of the leaf-buds deflexed. Flower-buds not leafy. Fl. in 
 umbels. Pet. bifid, with a minute claw. "Fr. firm, bitter, 
 black or red with staining juice." Woods. T. V. Wild 
 Cherry. Gean. E. S. 1. 
 
 4. P. Cer'asus (L.) ; fruticose, /. short-stalked, not drooping. 
 oblong-obovate or ovate- lanceolate doubly cr en ate- serrate gla- 
 brous, calyx-tube not constricted, " pet. firm," fruit round. E. B. 
 8. 2863. An erect bushy shrub 38 feet high. Umbels 
 scattered. Outer scales of the leaf-buds erect. Inner scales of 
 the flower-buds leaflike. Sep. crenate-serrate. Pet. subemar- 
 ginate, with a claw. " Fr. juicy, acid, always red, not staining/' 
 Hedges, Sh. V. Dwarf Cherry. E. I. 
 
108 26, ROSACJ?. 
 
 Suborder II. Rosece. Tribe I. 
 Linn. 
 
 Jl. & salicifolia (L.) : shrubby, slip. 0, 1. elliptic-lanceolate 
 unequally serrate glabrous, racemes terminal compound, stain. 
 exce-eding the petals. E. B. 1468. A shrub 4 5 feet high 
 with smooth round WBtidlike branches. Fi. flesh-coloured, in 
 dense erect racemes. l>amp places in the North and in Wales, 
 rare. Sh. VII. E. 8. 
 
 '2. S. Ulmdria (L.) j herbaceous, slip, rounded, toothed, 1. in- 
 terruptedly pinnate, leaflets ovate undivided, the terminal one 
 larger palmately 3 5-lobed, fi. in compound cymes, caps, gla- 
 brous twisted together. J&. B. 960. St. 18. 8. St. about 3 
 feet high, angslar, branched. L. with a few large serrate 
 leaflets and very minute intermediate ones ; st. 1. usually downy 
 beneath. Cymes with long side branches. Fl. yellowish, sweet- 
 f y^ scented. Pet. roundish, [p. denudata (Boemi.) ; st^-1. green and gla- 
 brous on under surface.] Meadows and by water. P. VI. VII f. 
 Meadow-sweet. E. S. I, 
 
 3. S. Filiperidula (L.) ; herbaceous, stip of the root-leaves 
 linear acute entire, those of the stem rounded and cut, 1. inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate, leaflets all oblony deeply cut and serrate, fl. in a 
 panicled cyme, caps, hairy, straight but adpressed. E. B. 284. 
 AY. 18. 7. Root producing knobs. St. 1 1| foot high, round, 
 simple, pauicled at the top. L. mostly radical, spreading ; leaf- 
 lets small, many, intermediate ones small. Fl. yellowish-white 
 tinged with red. Pet. obovate. Dry chalky and limestone 
 pastures. P. V. VII. Dropivort. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe II. Sanyuisorbea. 
 
 3. SANGUISOR'BA Linn. Great Burnct. 
 
 '1. S. officindlis (L.) ; spikes ovate-oblong, stain, about equal- 
 ling calyx, leaflets cordate-oblong. E. B. 1312. L. pinnate, 
 .ulabrous ; leaflets about 13, stalked, opposite, blunt, coarsely 
 serrate. Spikes rarely long, cylindrical. Fr. oblong, vinged 
 rhiefly in its upper half, transverse section terete, 4 wings thin. 
 Damp meadows. P. VI VIII. E. S. I. 
 
POTERJTJM. ALCHEMILLA. 109 
 
 4. POTE'RIUM Linn. Lesser Burnet. 
 
 1. P. Sanguisor'ba (L.) ; herbaceous, st. slightly angular, cal. 
 of the fruit hardened quadrangular with thin entire wings and 
 netted veins. E. B. SdO. L. pinnate, with many small ovate 
 coarsely serrate subsessile leaflets glabrous or slightly hairy 
 beneath. Lower part of the stems and petioles often downy. 
 On a dry calcareous soil. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 {2. P. potyg'amum (W. & K.) ; herbaceous, st. slightly 
 angular, calyx of fruit hardened ^-winged pitted, pits with ele- 
 vated and denticulate edges. E. B. S. 2989. P. muricatum 
 (Spach) ed. viii. a. P. plah/lophum (Jord.) ; fr.-cal. with 
 rather blunt denticulate wings, pits with sharply derticulate 
 edges. ft. P. stenolophiim (Jord.) ; fr.-cal. with sharp entire 
 wings, pits with rather bluntly denticulate edges. Both of 
 these closely resemble Sp. 1, but are usually larger in all their 
 parts. Leaflets usually oval. Dry places. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 5. AGRIMO'NIA Linn. Agrimony. 
 
 1. A. EiLpatoria (L.) ; cal.-tube offr. obconic furrowed to the 
 base, exterior spines spreading, 1. interruptedly pinnate serrate 
 shaggy beneath. E. B. 1335. St. 59. 4. St. erect, about 2 
 feec high. Spikes long with distant yellow flowers. Leaflets 
 deeply serrate. Fields and roadsides. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. A., odordta (Mill.) ; cal.-tube offr. bellshaped not furrowed, 
 exterior spines declining, 1. interruptedly pinnate hairy and 
 with minute glands beneath. E. B. S. 2982. Scented. Spikes 
 long. Fl. yellow ; pet. obovate-lanceolate, wed^eshaped below, 
 distant, spreading, flat, turning up at the end. Styles spreading. 
 Leaflets deeply and sharply serrate throughout. Cal.-tube of 
 the large fruits rarely with shallow furrows in its upper half. 
 Taller than Sp. 1, usually more branched ; 1. and Its., fl. and ir. 
 larger. Waste places, rare. P. VI. VII. .E. S. I. 
 
 6. ALCHEMIL'LA Linn. Lady's Mantle. 
 
 1. A. vulgdris (L.) ; /. reniform or nearly orbicular plaited 
 7 9-lobed, lobes rounded serrate throughout green beneath, 
 fl. in terminal corymbs, or rather racemose cymes. E. B. 597. 
 Slightly hairy. Fl. yellowish green. L. large on long stalks, 
 st.-l. sessile with large notched connate stipules. /3. A.jilicaulis 
 (Buser) x ; st.-l. and petioles silky, old 1. wavy with broad waves. 
 
 1 Rev. E. F. Linton in a paper on the segregates of A. vulgaris (J. of 
 B. 1895, p. 110) states that A. montana Willd. to which this var. wa* 
 referred in Ed. viii. is not British. 
 
110 6. ROSACES. 
 
 |"y. A. alpestris (Schmidt); whole plant nearly glabrous, 1. slightly 
 hairy on the nerves beneath and with tufts of silky hairs on the teeth. _i 
 Moist pastures. P. VI. VIII. Common Lady's Mantle. 
 
 E. s. r. 
 
 2. A. alpina (L.); radical 1. digit ate, divisions?) 7 separated 
 
 to their base oblong blunt adpressed serrate at the end white 
 and silky beneath, fl. in interrupted spikes of small lateral and 
 terminal corymbs, achene oblong-ovoid suddenly acuminate, st. 
 slightly branched simple below. Si/. JE. . 425. St. 51. 2. 
 St., cal. and underside of the 1. beautifully silky. Leaflets 
 rarely slightly combined, outer ones of the radical 1. usually 
 nearly opposite to each other. Branches usually undivided, as- 
 cending. Mountains. P. VI. VII. Alpine Lady's Mantle. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. A. c077/w??c'ta(Bab.); radical 1. suborbicular peltate-palmate, 
 divisions 5 7 much connected below oblong blunt adpressed 
 serrate at the end 'white and very silky beneath, fl. in small 
 lateral and terminal corymbs, achene ovate-ovoid gradually 
 acuminate, st. much branched. JE. B. S. 2983. A. argentea 
 (Don) ; not Lam. Often taken for A. alpina but its Its. are 
 much larger, their lobes broader and placed in the radical leaves 
 so that the 2 external ones almost it not quite touch each other 
 so as to present the appearance of a peltate leaf; st. -branches 
 long alternate spreading and often again subdivided; fl. in 
 small nearly simple distant corymbs. [Faroe Isles. A. Jissa 
 Fl. Dan. 2101. Dauphine.] Olova ! Glen Saniiox, Arran ! 
 P. VI. VII. S. 
 
 4. A. arverisis (Scop.) ; /. palmate %-Jid icedyeshaped below 
 hairy, lobes with 3 6 teeth at the end, fl. sessile axillary. 
 Aphanes Linn. JE. B. 1011. St. prostrate or ascending, 4 5 in. 
 long. Fl. very small, greenish, in small hairy inconspicuous 
 tufts. Dry fields on sand and gravel. A. V. VIII. Parsley 
 Piert. E. S. j. 
 
 Tribe III. Dryadea. 
 
 7. SIBBAL'DIA Linn. 
 
 I. S. procum'bens (L.) ; 1. ternate, leaflets wedgeshaped with 
 3 teeth at the end, fl. corymbose, pet. lanceolate. E. B. 897. 
 St. 17. 5. Pot. Sibbaldii, Hall. L. pilose on both sides. St. 
 woody, procumbent. Pet. very small, yellow. Pistils and 
 stam. very variable in number. Dry summits of Scottish 
 mountains. Above Highcup Scar ; Teesdale. P. VII. E. S. 
 
POTENTILLA. Ill 
 
 8. POTION TIL' LA Linn. Cinque-foil. 
 
 * Hairs on the receptacle shorter than the ylabrous carpels. 
 t Leaves pinnate. 
 
 1. P. rupes'tris (L.) ; *t. erect dichotomous, leaflets roundish- 
 ovate unequally cut and serrate 5 7 on the lower leaves, on 
 the uppermost 3. E. B. 2058. Fl.-hoots annual. Pet. white, 
 much longvr than the calyx. Base of 1. wedgeshaped. St. 1 
 2 feet high. Craig- Breidden, Montgomeryshire. Radnor- 
 shire. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 2. P. Anserina (L.) ; st. creeping, 1. interruptedly pinnate, 
 leaflets many oblong acutely serrate silky beneath, peduncles 
 solitary. JE. B. 861. St. 4. 7.FI. yellow, large. L. green 
 above, white and silky beneath ; or white and densely silky on 
 both sides. Roadsides. P. YI. VII. Silver Weed. E.S.I. 
 
 ft Leaves digitate. 
 
 3. P. argen'tea (L.) ; st. ascending, I. quinate, leaflets obovate- 
 cuneate incise-serrate white and downy beneath their margins 
 revolute. E. B. 8ti. St. 17. 7. Fl. yellow, small, in terminal 
 corymbs. Dry gravelly places. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 4. P. ver'na (L.) ; st. prostrate, lower 1. of 5 7 obovate leaf- 
 lets serrate towards the end bristly on the margin and ribs be- 
 neath, teeth 2 4 on each side, lower stipules narroivly linear. 
 E. B. 37. St. 17. 8. St. woody, about 5 in. long. Fl. yellow, 
 solitary or 2 or 3 together. The terminal tooth of the 1. usually 
 smallest and shortest. Dry pastures. P. IV. V. E. S. 
 
 o! P. rubens (Vill.) ; st. ascending, lower 1. quinate, leaflets 
 obovate-cuneate somewhat hairy deeply cut in the upper half, 
 teeth about 4 on each side, stip. all ovate. P. maculata (Pourr.) 
 ed. viii. P. aipestris (Hall.). P. Salisbury ensis (Haenke). St. 
 17. 10. Sy. E. B. 429. Larger than the preceding. All the 
 teeth of 1. equal. Outer sep. oblong, blunt ; inner twice as broad 
 ovate, acute. [A weak form with short stems and deeply cut Its. has 
 been referred to var. debilis (Koch).] Mountains. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 6. P. rep' tans (L.) ; st. filiform prostrate rooting, I. quinate 
 stalked, leaflets obovate bluutly serrate, peduncles solitary, pet. 
 obcordate, carpels asperous. E. B. 8(52. L. on long stalks, often 
 with a bunch of small 1. in their axils, sometimes solitary, usu- 
 ally in pairs. Leaflets blunt, rough or hairy on their ribs and 
 margins. Fl. on long stalks, yellow. Sometimes the 1. and cal. 
 are covered with long silky hairs on both sides. [A small tufted 
 form is var. microphylla (Tratt.).] Roadsides and banks. P. VI. 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
112 26. ROSACE.E. 
 
 7. P. silves'tris (Neck.) ; st. procumbent or ascending, 1. 
 ternate sessile or shortly stalked, lower 1. quinate on long stalks, 
 Its. lanceolate or obovate-cuneate incise-serrate, pet. obcordate, 
 carpels longitudinally wrinkled. P. Tonnentilla (Nestl.) ed. viii. 
 Tormentilla officinalis L. E. B. 863. Hi. 34. 1 2. Kootstock 
 large, woody. L. all nearly sessile, except the lowest, which 
 are often ternate ; Its. acute, rather hairy. Slip, deeply cut. 
 Fl. small, yellow, usually with 8 sep. and 4 pet. P. mixta 
 (Nolte) * ; 1. stalked, Its. obovate-oblong acutely serrate, stip. 
 entire. A hybrid between Sp. 6 and 7. ft. P. procmnbeus 
 (Sibth.) ; leaflets obovate-cuneate deeply cut, 1. 5-nate or3-nate 
 .stalked, stip. entire or trihd. Fl. usually larger. Sy. E. P>. 
 431. In dry places, ft. Woods and hedgebanks. P. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 fft Leaves ternate. 
 
 *8. P. norvegica (L.) ; st. erect, Its. obovate coarsely toothed , 
 pet. falling short of cal. obovate, carp, glabrous longitudinally 
 wrinkled. E. B. iii. Suppl. 435 A. St. 6 12 in. Fl. crowded 
 in term, cymes. Naturalized in Yorks. and elsewhere. A. or 
 1>. VI. VIII. K 
 
 ** Hairs on the receptacle long, carpels hairy at the scar or all 
 over. 
 
 9. P. fruticosa (L.) ; shrubby, L pinnate, leaflets mostly "> 
 oblong acute entire hairy with revolute margins. E. B. 88. St. 
 3 4 feet high. Fl. large, yellow, terminal.- Teesdale. Wast- 
 dale. Galway. Clare. Sh. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 10. P. Fragarias'trum (Ehrh.) ; st. procumbent, /. ternate 
 greyish green, leaflets roundish obovate serrate silky on both sides, 
 pet. narrowly obcordate not contiguous, carp, glabrous except 
 at the scar smooth or wrinkled transversely. E. B. 1785. 
 Hairs on the upperside of 1. bulbous-based. Fl. small, white. 
 Woods, banks. P. IV. V. Barren Strawberry. E. S. I. 
 
 9. COM 'ARUM Linn. Marsh Cinque-foil. 
 
 1. C. palus'tre (L.).E. B. 172. Potentilla (Scop.). St. 
 ascending, 1 foot high, reddish. L. pinnate. Leaflets 5 7, 
 elliptic oblong, acute, sharply serrate. Fl. several, dark purple ; 
 cal. purple within ; pet. small. Dittering from Potentilla by its 
 enlarged spongy receptacle. Marshes and peaty bogs. P. VII, 
 
 E.S.I. 
 
FRAG ARIA. RTJBTJS. 113 
 
 10. FIUGA'KIA Linn. Strawberry. 
 
 1. F. ves'ca (L.) ; cal. of the fruit spreading or reflexed, hairs 
 on the peduncles spreading- those of the pedicels adprcssed upward* 
 .silky. E. B. 1524. E. IJ. S. 2742. Stoloniferous. Stole con- 
 tinued by an axillary shoot at each rosette (a sympode) ; one 
 scale between each two rosettes. L. bright green. Flowering 
 > terns short, erect, mostly simple, few- flowered. Lts. sessile. 
 Hairs on pedicel of h'rst fl. spreading, on the underside of 1. ad- 
 pressed. Carp, smooth, glabrous, on all parts of the receptacle, 
 superficial. Pet. about as long as broad, white throughout 
 with 2 slight notches at the end, contiguous ; claw indistinct. 
 Woods and thickets. P. V. VI. Wood Strawberry. E. S. I. 
 
 t2. F. moschdta (Duchesne) ; cal. of the fruit spreading or 
 reflexed, hairs on the peduncles and pedicels spreading and some- 
 what defte.red.-~E. B. 2197. F. elatior (Ehrh.) ed'. viii. Fl. 
 imperfectly dioecious. Pet. broader than long, white, entire ; 
 claw distinct, bright yellow. " Base of receptacle without 
 carpels." Larger and more hairy than F. vesca. Woods, rare. 
 P. VI.-IX, Hautboy Strawberry. E. S. 
 
 11. EU'BUS Linn. 1 2 Bramble. 
 
 A. FBUTESCENTES. 
 
 Stem shrubby. Leaves subquinate. Stipules linear, affixed 
 to the petioles. Flowers subpanicled. Succulent carpels 
 forming a compound many-seeded berry. Receptacle 
 conical. 
 
 1 In the descriptions by stem is meant the barren stem of the j r ear ; 
 the prickles are called patent when they spread at right angles to the 
 st. and subpatent when a little declining; the shape of the leaflets, 
 unless otherwise stated, is taken from those of the barren stem. The 
 term seta is used to express a hair or bristle tipped with a gland ; 
 aciculi are strong bristles. By R. O. the plates in Weihe and Nees's 
 Rubi G-ermanici are intended. See Babington's British Rubi. 
 
 When the Continental plants are better known it is feared that 
 considerable changes of nomenclature will be necessary. 
 
 2 From the Author's notes it was his evident intention to entirely 
 rewrite the account of this genus, but this intention was not fulfilled. 
 Since the last edition appeared a very large amount of work has been 
 done and a full account of the genus has been published by the Rev. W. 
 Moyle Rogers in his valuable ' Handbook of British Rubi' With his 
 kind permission we have added as an appendix the * Conspectus of 
 Species ' from that work, giving here the account as in ed. viii. with the 
 exception of a few alterations actually made by the Author. H. & J. (\. 
 
114 2G. ROSACE JS. 
 
 i. Id(pi. Stems suberect, biennial. Ripe fruit separating 
 from its receptacle. Leaves often pinnate. 
 
 1. R. Ida' us (L.). ; at. erect round pruinose, prickles setaceous 
 straight, 1. 5-pinnate or ternate white beneath, term. It. lonjr- 
 stalked,interm. Its. sessile not imbricate, prickles of fl. -shoot and 
 ped. deflexed, fl. axillary and terminal corymbose. E. B. '2441. 
 R. (7.47. Creeping. St. 4 6ft. high; prickles small, usually 
 many. L. usually pinnate, rarely ternate. Fr. red or amber- 
 coloured. j3. R. Leem (Bib.) ; 1. ternate, Its. all roundly ovule 
 subsessile imbricate. IE. B. S. 2881 . y. rottatdifoliw, 1. like 
 those of /3 but term. It. long-stalked, 1. of flowering 1 shoot 
 similar but unper ones simple. Damp edges of woods and 
 heaths. Sh. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. Fruticosi. Stems biennial or subperennial. Ripe fruit- 
 not separating from its receptacle. Leaves digitate, 
 pedate or rarely a ub pinnate. R. fruticosus Hook. 
 
 (1 ) Suberecti. Stems usually suberect, glabrous or slightly 
 pilose, not setose nor felted. Prickles equal. Sepals 
 densely white-felted within, pilose externally with a 
 narrow border of white felt. 
 
 2. R. suberec'tus (Anders.); st. erect obtuse-angled at the top, 
 prickles few small uniform from a large compressed base confined 
 to the angles of the stem,l. 3 o 7-nate, Us. flexible flat , term. 
 It. cordate-acuminate, basal Its. subsessile those of fl.- shoot nar- 
 rowed to the base, fl. racemose or subpauicled, sep. reflexed. J2. 
 R. 2572. St. 36 ft. high. Prickles conical, scarcely longer 
 than the longitudinal extent of their base. L. rarely ternate ; 
 Its. thin, unequally serrate. Stam. pale, exceeding styles. Fr. 
 dark red. Boggy woods and heaths. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. R.fis'sus (Lindl.) ; st. erect or subarcuate obtuse-angled, 
 prickles many straight or deflexed from an oblong slightly dilated 
 base not confined to the angles, 1. 5 7-nate, Its. coriaceous plicate, 
 term. It. cordate-ovate, basal Its. sessile, lateral Its. of fl.-shoot 
 often gibbous at the base, pan. simple racemose-corymbose. //.- 
 cal. erect-patent. Creeping extensively. St. 1 2 ft. high. 
 Prickles much longer than the longitudinal extent of their base. 
 Lts. unequally serrate. Stam. slightly exceeding styles. Fr. 
 dark red. Wet places. Sh. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. R.plicdtus (W. N.); st. suberect obtuse-angled, prickles 
 straight or deflexed from an oblong dilated base confined to the 
 angles, 1. quinate, Its. more or less plicate thin pilose not felted 
 beneath , term. It. cordate-acuminate, basal Its. usually subsesoile, 
 
RUBUS. 115 
 
 lateral Its. of fl -shoot rhowboidal-orate dilated at the base, 11. 
 racemose or corymbose, rachis and ped. pilose not felted, fr.-cal. 
 reflexed. E. iL S. 2714. R. G. 1 . R. fruticosus (Arrh.) St. 
 rarely 4 ft. high. Prickles unequal, usually conical, much longer 
 than the longitudinal extent of their base. Upper 1. sometimes 
 pinnate-septeuate. Cal. bright green externally. Stam. falling 
 short of styles. Heaths. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. R. affi'nis (W. <fc N.) ; st. suberect or subarcuate angular 
 smooth, prickles strong slightly deflexed or declining from a 
 dilated compressed base confined to the angles, 1. quinate, H*. 
 coriaceous wary towards the end green and opaque on both sides 
 subpilose above paler and silky-pubescent beneath, term. It. cor- 
 date-oval cuspidate, baal Its. stalked those of the fl.- shoot nar- 
 rowed at the base, branches of the compound leafy pan. corymbose 
 erect-patent often long, sep. acuminate greenish white-felted 
 with pale edges externally patent. R. G. 3. St. often arching, 
 but apparently it does not root at the end. Stam. exceeding 
 styles. j3. R. lentiginosus (Lees); prickles declining, Its. narrower 
 and nearly glabrous ; pet. very small, cal. erect-patent. Heaths 
 and open woods. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. R. hemistemon (Mull.) ; st. arcuate angular nearly or quite 
 glabrous with subsessile glands, prickles slender short declining 
 from a short oblong base, 1. quinate, Its. coriaceous irregularly 
 dentate green on both sides paler with many short hairs beneath, 
 term. It. oblong-ovate acuminate, basal Its. very shortly stalked 
 those of the flowering shoot rather dilated at the base, pan. oblong 
 abrupt often nearly subracemose with long 1 2-fl. branches, 
 term. fl. nearly sessile, rachis and ped uncles hairy not felted, sep. 
 ovate-acuminate greenish subtomentose clasping the fruit. St. 
 often arching. Prickles rather unequal. Stam. white falling 
 short of " pale green " styles. Hedges and thickets. Warw., 
 Card., Aberd. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 (2) Rhamnifolii, Stems arching more or less, rooting at the 
 end, slightly pilose, not setose nor felted nor glaucous. 
 Prickles usually confined to the angles of the stem, nearly 
 equal, from a depressed and compressed base. 
 
 7. R. Lindleidnus (Lees) ; st. erect-arcuate smooth shining, 
 prickles strong declining compressed dilated below, 1. quinate, 
 Its. subeoriaceous shining above pale green pilose (often slightly 
 felted) beneath, term. It. obovate or roundish acuminate, basal 
 Its. stalked not overlapping the interm. Its., branches of the com- 
 pound leafy pan. patent or divaricate short corymbose, rachis 
 hairy most prickly in the middle its top and the pedicels felted 
 
116 26. ROSACES. 
 
 its prickles strong- dec-lining. R. nitidus Bell-Salt., Bab. (not W. 
 & N.). St. angular throughout, appearing as if varnished. 
 Term. It. often much narrowed below. Pan. often very com- 
 pound, close, usually long, blunt and convex at the end. Pet. 
 not contiguous, oblong, white. Stam. slightly exceeding styles ; 
 both greenish. Fr. small. Hedges and borders of thickets. 
 Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 8. R. rhamnifolius (W. & X.) ; st. arcuate angular furrowed 
 upwards, prickles strong patent or declining, 1. quinate, Its. cori- 
 aceous flat opaque above greenish-white-felted beneath, term. 
 It. ovate or cordate subcuspidate, basal Its. stalked not imbricate, 
 pan. felled often dense and blunt at the end with axillary race- 
 mose few-flowered distant branches and strong declining prickles. 
 E. Ji. 8. 2604. R. G. 6. E, cordifolius R. G. 5. St. usually 
 bright red. Prickles yellow or tipped with red. Lts. hard but 
 felted beneath, finely serrate. Sep. dull green externally. Pet. 
 roundish, white. Stam. exceeding styles; both greenish. Pri- 
 mordial fr. oblong. Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 9. R. incnrvatus (Bab.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular, prickles 
 strong patent or declining, 1. quinate concave, Its. coriaceous acu- 
 minate with incurved wavy edges shining and subglabrous above 
 (/reenish-ivhite-felted beneath, term. It. cordate-ovate, pan. narrow 
 leafy below with short approximate patent conjmbose branches 
 its top and pedicels hairy &nd felted its prickles slender defiexed, 
 sepals ovate acuminate. St. purple, strong. Lts. flat except at 
 the edges, doubly dentate, soft beneath. Pet. roundly obovate, 
 pink. Stam. exceeding styles ; both pink. Primordial fr. almost 
 hemispherical. Heaths and open woods. Sh. VII. E. S. 
 
 10. R. imbricdtus (Hort) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular, 
 prickles small strong declining from a long compressed base, 
 /. convex quinate, Its. convex coriaceous opaque and subglabrous 
 above paler with scattered hairs beneath cuspidate imbricate, 
 term. It. roundly cordate-obovate, joft. narrow leafy below with 
 ascending distant long racemose branches its top and pedicels hairy 
 scarcely felted its prickles slender declining, sep. abruptly cuspi- 
 date. St. purplish red. " Basal Its. overlap the interm., interm. 
 the term, leaflet." Pet. obovate, white. Styles greenish yellow. 
 Primordial fr. subglobose. ft. R. ramosus (Blox.) ; st. erect- 
 arcuate, 1. not imbricate broadly ovate shining. Top of pan. 
 felted ; pet. pink. Fil. white, styles brownish pink. J. of B. ix. 
 330. By the Wye below Monmuuth. ft. Devon, Cornw., and 
 Warw. Sh. VI.' VII. E. 
 
RUBUS. 117 
 
 11. R. latifolius (Bab.); st. arcuate-prostrate angular /wr- 
 rowed, prickles small slender compressed slightly declining from 
 a very long compressed base, 1. quinate, Its. thin pilose on both 
 sides coarsely arid doubly dentate not felted beneath, term. It. 
 cordate acuminate, basal Its. sessile imbricate, pan. short leafy 
 hairy with ascending few-flowered corymbose branches its top 
 and pedicels felted and hairy its prickles slender short declining. 
 St. strong, green. Lts. very broad. Pet. ovate, clawed. 
 Stain, exceeding styles and incurved. Primordial fruit appar- 
 ently about hemispherical. Open woods. Cramond Bridge 
 and Colinton near Edinburgh. Acharn, Perthshire. Sh. VII. 
 VIII. S. 
 
 (3) Villicaules. Stems arching more or less, rooting, pilose 
 or bald, often felted, having subsessile glands and rarely 
 a few setae and aciculi. Prickles confined to the angles 
 of the stem, nearly equal, or a few smaller scattered on 
 the faces. Basal leaflets stalked, not overlapping the 
 intermediate leaflets. 
 
 a. Discolores. St. with strong equal prickles and closely 
 adpressed pubescence. Leaves white-fel ted beneath. 
 
 12. R. dis' color (W. & N.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angi^ar fur- 
 rowed stdlately downy, prickles declining or deflexed from a 
 much dilated compressed base, 1. quinate, Its. coriaceous convex 
 rugose above finely white-felted beneath, term. It. obovate-cus- 
 pidate, pan. long narrow felted its few lower branches axillary 
 many-flowered its prickles strong hooked, col. finely white- 
 felted. R. G. 20. R. fruticosus Sm. E. B. 715. St. nearly 
 
 prostrate unless supported, often nearly glabrous and glaucous. 
 Lts. usually hairless but with fine hard felt beneath, usually 
 with decurved edges. Pet. pink. Fil. and styles purple ; anth. 
 greenish; stam. exceeding styles. Drupes many, small, acid. 
 /3. pubigerus ; st. angular stellately hairy with spreading hairs, 
 prickles slender from a dilated oblong depressed scarcely 
 compressed base patent or deflexed. Hedges and thickets. 
 Common. Sh. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 13. R. thyrsoideus (Wimm.?); st. erect-arcuate angular 
 furrowed subglabrous, prickles declining or deflexed from a much- 
 dilated compressed base, 1. quinate, Its. flat rather coriaceous 
 glabrous above hairy and greenish-white-felted beneath, term. It. 
 cordate-ovate-acuminate, pan. long narrow its lower branches 
 many axillary few-flowered its prickles strong hooked, cal. hairy 
 and felted. R. fruticosus R. G. 7. St. arching highly, self- 
 supporting. Lts. wavy and a little turned up at the edge, hairy 
 
118 26. ROSACE.E. 
 
 and softly but often finely felted beneath. Pet, white. Fil. 
 white ; anth. rather fuscous. Drupes few, subacid. Hedges 
 and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 1. 
 
 b. St/lvatici. Stem with moderate mostly equal prickles 
 and (often dense) hairy-woolly patent (but often deci- 
 duous) pubescence. Leaves usually green but sometimes 
 white- felted beneath. 
 
 14. R. Ieuc6stachys (Sm.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular hairy 
 woolly and felted, prickles many subpatent slender from a dilated 
 compressed base, 1. quinate, Us. flat hairy and shining 1 and eojtly 
 yellowish or whitely felted beneath, term. It. obovate ovate or 
 roundish cuspidate, pan. long narrow felted hairy setose its 
 branches short few-flowered its prickles slender declining or 
 angularly deflexed, cal. green-felted hairy setose aciculate. a : 
 st. arcuate-prostrate, prickles mostly on the angles of the stein 
 equal, Its. coriaceous obovate sublobate-serrate yellowish-white- 
 felted and shining beneath. E. B. S. 2631. St. nearly pros- 
 trate, covered with loose spreading clustered hairs. Pan. very 
 
 \ narrow, long. Pet. pinkish. Stan), with pink base upright, 
 exceeding the pink-based styles. Fr. purplish black, /3. It. res- 
 fit us (Weihe) ; st. arcuate, prickles unequal scattered, Its. cor- 
 date-roundish cuspidate irregularly dentate pale green beneath. 
 It. G. 33. St. often nearly round and bearing a few aciculi and 
 s( A tae. Lts. rather thin. Hedges, thickets and woods. Sh. VII. 
 VIII. E. I. 
 
 15. H. li-'fifoliifs (Mull.) ; st, arcuate- prostrate angular 
 pilose, prickles nearly equal small declining from a dilated com- 
 pressed base, 1. quinate, Its. flat pale green and pilose only on the. 
 veins beneath, term. It. obovate acuminate, panicle narrowly pyra- 
 midal its branches few-flowered its prickles few slender, sepals 
 greenish felted and with pale edges externally, stam. exceeding 
 the styles. Pan. -branches often 1-fl. Sep. ovate, leaf-pointed. 
 
 R. pyramidalis Kaltenb. ? Bushy and heathy places. Near 
 Plymouth. Isle of Wight. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 16. It. Grabows'kii (Weihe) ; st. arcuate angular svbylabrous, 
 prickles many equal declining or deflexed much dilated and 
 compressed below, 1. quinate, Its. plicate opaque and glabrous 
 above ashy -felted beneath irregularly dentate imbricate, term. It. 
 cordate abruptly cuspidate (on the tl. -shoot much dilated below), 
 pan. long leafy below its branches ascending racemose-corym- 
 bose its prickles many deflexed, cal. ashy-felted and hairy. R. 
 i-arpiuifolius Boir. E.B. S. 2664 ? R. montanus Focke. St. with 
 
RUBUS. 119 
 
 a few often clustered hairs. Pan. hairy but not felted. " Stam. 
 white scarcely exceeding the green styles." Fr. sparingly 
 produced. Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. L 
 
 17. R. Coleman'i (Blox.) ; st. arcuate angular subglabrous, 
 prickles many nearly equal declining compressed and dilated 
 below, 1. quinate, Its. convex opaque above green and hairy on the 
 reins beneath irregularly dentate imbricate, term. It. roundly 
 cordate acuminate (on the fi. -shoot roundish or broadly oval), 
 pan. long leafy below its branches ascending corymbose or the 
 axillary ones racemose its prickles many slender deflexed or 
 declining with many setae and aciculi, sep. ashy-felted hairy. 
 li. fuse o- ate r /3. Colemani Bab. St. with a few aciculi and 
 seta) and scattered hairs. Pan. not felted. Pet. white. The 
 position of this plant is doubtful ; but it seems to be most allied 
 to R. Grabowskii of our species. Hedges near Coventry and 
 Packingtou. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 1 8. R. Sal'teri (Bab.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular furrowed 
 zitbglabrous, prickles subpatent slender compressed from a dilated 
 compressed base, 1. quinate, Its. thin coarselu and doubly patently 
 dentate green on both sides hairy only on the veins beneath, 
 t^riii. It. broadly obovate cuspidate-acuminate subcordate, pan. 
 long lax hairy its ultra-axillary branches short few-flowered 
 corymbose patent its racbis wavy its prickles slender declining, 
 sop. h^iry felted erect-patent. St. green, becoming quite gla- 
 brous, with a few aciculi and setse occasionally. Lts. hard and 
 rough beneath. a. Salteri; Its. lobed or doubly serrate, rachis 
 of cylindrical panicle nearly straight, hranches corymbose patent, 
 sep. erect-patent. A few sunken setaa on the pan. and calyx. 
 Pet. white. j3. R. calvatus (Blox.) ; Its. coarsely dentate the 
 teeth distant with recurved tips interstices denticulate, rachis of 
 lax pan. wavy, branches subracemose and ascending the upper- 
 most corymbose and patent, sep. loosely rerlexed. Many sunken 
 setse 011 the panicle. Pet. pinkish or deep rose-coloured. 
 These plants seem, to be the extremes of one species. Open 
 woods and hedges, rare. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 19. R. carpinifolins (W. & N.) ; st. erect-arcuate angular stri- 
 ate with patent clustered hairs, prickles slender conical com- 
 pressed declining from a dilated compressed base, 1. quinate, 
 Its. thin irregularly but finely serrate pilose above rather paler 
 or whitish and densely hairy beneath, term. It. obovate-acumi- 
 nate or cuspidate, pan. narrow racemose hairy setose its lower 
 branches axillary short few-flowered its prickles deflexed or de- 
 clining, sep. hairy loosely reflexed from the fruit. R. G. 13. 
 St. forming a large lofty arch. L. with very fine but irregular 
 
120 26. ROSACEJE. 
 
 acute teeth remarkably directed forwards. Pan. often nearly 
 simple, cylindrical. Pet. white or reddish. Open places in 
 hilly districts. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 20. R. villicaulis (W. & N.) ; st. arcuate angular patently pi- 
 lose, prickles strong conical-compressed subpatent from a dilated 
 compressed base, 1. quinate, Its. thin dentate-serrate pale green 
 and shining and often densely hairy but the hairs only on the 
 veins beneath, term. It. obovate or roundly cordate-obovate sub- 
 acuminate, pan. open compound leafy hairy subsetose felted its 
 branches corymbose its prickles declining or deflexed, sep. hairy 
 setose aciculate loosely reflexed from the fruit. JR. G. 17. 
 R. villicaulis and R. pampinosus Bab. St. becoming nearly 
 naked, rarely a few setaB and aciculi. /3. R. adscitus (Genev.) ; 
 st. aciculate and setose. R. vulyaris (Lindl.). Heads of seta3 
 very deciduous. Woods and hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 21. R. macrophyl'lus (Weihe); st. arcuate-prostrate angular 
 patently pilose, prickles short slender conical-compressed de- 
 clining from a large dilated compressed base, 1. quinate, Us. 
 doubly and patently dentate or irregularly dentate-serrate pilose 
 above pale green felted or velvety or hairy only on the veins 
 beneath, term. It. elliptic or roundly obovate or obovate cuspi- 
 date or acuminate more or less cordate, pan. hairy felted setose 
 its branches short few-flowered corymbose the lower axillary 
 subracemose and ascending its prickles declining, sep. ovate-at- 
 tenuate hairy felted setose loosely reflexed from the fruit. The 
 following forms have been considered species. a. R. um- 
 brosus (Arrh.); prickles slender from a large base, 1. quinate, 
 Its. doubly and patently dentate velvety or slightly felted beneath, 
 term. It. broadly obovate cuspidate, pan. with slender prickles, 
 tip of sep. linear, cor. rose-coloured. Stam. white, scarcely ex- 
 ceeding the dull styles. R. carpinifolius (Blox.). Term. It. 
 sometimes divided into three. /3. R. ntacrophyllus (W. & N.) ; 
 prickles small short from a very large base, 1. 5 3-nate, Its. 
 irregularly dentate-serrate hairy only on the veins or rarely 
 felted beneath, term. It. elliptic or broadly obovate, pan. with 
 slender prickles, sep. leaf-pointed, cor. white. E. B. S. 2625. 
 R. G. 12. Lts. often very large. St. often with a few aciculi 
 and setae. Stam. pinkish, exceeding the pink styles. A very 
 variable plant. y. R. Schlechtendalii ( W. & N.); prickles short 
 small from a very large base, 1. usually quinate, Us. doubly and, 
 patently dentate usually hairy only on the veins not felted beneath, 
 term. it. long obovate acuminate wedgeshapecl or subcordate at 
 the base, pan. with strong prickles, sep. with a linear point, 
 cor. white. R. G. 11. Hardly distinguishable from var. /3. 
 b. R. amplificatus (Lees) ; prickles short from a very large base, 
 
RUBUS. 121 
 
 1. usually quinate, Its. somewhat doubly patently dentate hairy 
 only on the veins beneath not felted, term. It. broadly obovate 
 acuminate, pan. very large its prickles strong compressed from 
 a very large base, sep. usually leaf -pointed, cor. white or pinkish. 
 Itemarkable for the very strong prickles with exceedingly long- 
 compressed bases on its panicle. e. glabratus (Bab.) ; prickles 
 short from a very large base, 1. quinate, Its. irregularly or rather 
 doubly dentate slightly hairy only on the veins beneath, term. It. 
 roundly cordate or broadly obovate subcordate, pan. with slender 
 prickles, sep. (apparently) leaf-pointed. L. nearly glabrous 
 beneath. Term. It. very round. Woods and thickets. Sh. 
 VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 c. Spectabiles. Stem with rather unequal prickles and 
 scattered aciculi and setae and usually dense pubescence. 
 
 22, JR. mucronuldtus (Bor.) ; st. arcuate subterete patently pi- 
 lose, prickles few conical slender declining from an oblong dilated 
 base, 1. quinate, Its. thick finely dentate-serrate rough and pilose 
 above hairy only on the (reddish) veins beneath, term. It. broadly 
 obovate cuspidate cordate below, pan. narrow lax leafy hairy 
 setose felted its branches long 1 3-flowered its prickles small 
 slender declining, sep> ovate-attenuate hairy setose felted with 
 a linear point. Sy. E. B. 451. R. mucronatus Blox. (not Ser.) 
 St. becoming nearly naked ; a few setae and aciculi. Pet. 
 pale pink. Pink stam. exceeding green styles. R. festivus 
 (Warr.) seems to differ only by angular st. and much thinner 
 doubly dentate leaves. Banks and hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 23. R. SprengeVii (Weihe) ; st. prostrate terete pilose, prickles 
 unequal defaced from a large compressed base, 1. 3 5-nate 
 pedate, Its. thin green with scattered hairs only on the veins 
 beneath, term. It, elliptic-acuminate, pan. lax hairy felted setose 
 its axillary branches patent few-flowered the ultra-axillary di- 
 varicate its prickles few slender deflexed, sep. ovate-acuminate 
 erect-patent often leaf-pointed. a. R. Eorreri (Bell-Salt.) ; st. 
 arcuate-prostrate thick with scattered aciculi and setae, prickles 
 unequal, 1. usually quinate, pan. rather thyrsoid or with a sub- 
 corymbose top, dull stam. falling short of styles. R. rubicolvr 
 (Blox.) seems an extreme form of this. /3. R. Sprengelii 
 (Weihe) ; st. usually quite prostrate slender, prickles small, 
 aciculi and setae very few, 1. usually ternate, Its. flexible, pan. 
 lax few-flowered pyramidally subcorymbose ; rose-coloured 
 stam. exceeding styles. R. G. 10. Heaths and woods. Sh. 
 VI. VII. E. 
 
122 26. 
 
 d. Radulce. Stem rough with small elevated rigid points 
 on which the deciduous setas and aciculi were seated; 
 prickles nearly equal, 
 
 24. R. Bloxdmii (Lees) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular slightly 
 furrowed, prickles small subpatent unequal, aciculi and setae short 
 many, hairs many, 1. 5- or 3-nate, Its. coarsely doubly dentate green 
 and pilose on both sides, term. It. roundly obovate cuspid ate, pan. 
 long leafy to the top felted its short branches and top corymbose its 
 prickles slender declining, sep. ovate-acuminate loosely reflexed 
 from the fruit. St. thick, rarely furrowed. L. subpedate. 
 Upper floral 1. simple. Pet. white. Pale stam. falling short of 
 styles. Woods. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 25. JR. Hys'trix (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular slightly 
 furrowed, prickles slender declining from a dilated compressed 
 %ase, aciculi and hairs few short equalling the many setae and 
 much shorter than the prickles, 1. quinate pedate, Its. coarsely 
 and rather doubly and patently dentate green and pilose on both 
 sides, term. It. oblong -obovate acuminate, pan. long leafy its 
 branches long racemose ascending but the uppermost and ultra- 
 axillary patent or divaricate its rachis wavy its prickles strong 
 declining the uppermost slender, sep. lanceolate-attenuate loosely 
 adpressed to the fruit. R. G. 41. Lts. flat, but wavy at the 
 edges, hairy but not felted beneath. Pet. pink. Pate stam. 
 exceeding pink styles. Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. 
 
 E.I. 
 
 26. R. rosdceus( Weihe); st. arcuate-prostrate angular, prickles 
 slender nearly equal declining from a dilated compressed base a 
 few shorter slightly exceeding the nearly equal aciculi setae and 
 hairs, \. quinate-pedate or ternate, Its. doubly-dentate-serrate 
 pilose above paler and pilose only on the veins beneath, term. 
 It. obovate- or oblong-acuminate usually subcordate below, pan. 
 subpyramidal truncate leafy below its branches racemose ascend- 
 ing or the ultra-axillary patent corymbose or simple its rachis 
 more or less wavy its prickles slender declining, sep. lanceolate- 
 attenuate loosely adpressed to the fruit. R. G. 36. Perhaps 
 not distinct from R. Hystrix. Its more elegant pyramidal and 
 abrupt panicle and the more unequal prickles less markedly 
 separated from the aciculi are the chief differences. " Pet. pale 
 pink. Pale stam. exceeding pink-based styles." Woods and 
 hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 27. R.prce'ruptorum (Boul.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate subterete, 
 prickles many slender unequal declining slightly dilated at their 
 base, setae hairs and \ r er p y slender aciculi unequal many, 1. qui- 
 nate-pedate or ternate, Its. coarsely unequally and doubly serrate 
 
EUBUS. 123 
 
 pilose above paler and pilose only on the veins beneath, term. It. 
 obovate acuminate, pan. loog narrow leafy below its branches 
 corymbose its rachis straight its prickles slender declining its 
 aciculi setae and hairs many and unequal, sep. ovate- attenuate 
 aciculate ivithlong setce felted loosely re flexed from the fruit. 
 R. G. 42. R. hirtus ft. Menkii Bab. R. pyc/mceus Bab. not 
 Weihe. St. perhaps prostrate. Pan. rather long with distant 
 short axillary branches, uppermost very short and often divari- 
 cate. Pet. white or pinkish. " Pale stam. exceeding pink-based 
 styles." Hedges. South-eastern counties. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 28. R. scdber (Weihe) ; st. arcuate -prostrate subargular sub- 
 sulcate, prickles strong short nearly equal declining or deflexed 
 from a long compressed base, aciculi setae and hairs few very 
 short, 1. 3 o-nate, Its. doubly dentate opaque and pilose above 
 pale green and pilose beneath, term. It. broadly obovate cuspi- 
 date or acuminate subcordate below, pan. subpyrarnidal leafy 
 felted truncate or blunt at the end its axillary branches erect- 
 patent racemose the ultra-axillary racemose-corymbose or simple 
 its prickles short declining or deflexed from a long base its aci- 
 culi strong its setae and hairs nearly equal, sep. ovate-acuminate 
 loosely reflexed from the fruit. R. G. 32.- Stam. inflexed ex- 
 ceeding styles. The typical plant is slender and elegant, pan. 
 often nearly simple with long peduncles. The large form (R. 
 Sabingtonii Bell-Salt.) is often an enormous plant with very 
 rough long prostrate stems, a very large panicle with very large 
 and long branches. Pet. white. Open woods. Sh. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. 
 
 29. R, riidis (Weihe) ; st. arcuate angular subsulcate, prickles 
 strong conical compressed nearly equal subpatent exceeding 
 the nearly equal and short aciculi setce and hairs, 1. quinate, 
 Its. coarsely and doubly serrate (or lobate-serrate) greenish-white^ 
 felted beneath, term. It. elliptic or broadly oblong-obovate acumi- 
 nate, pan. long leafy its branches ascending corymbose-racemose 
 the uppermost and ultra-axillary divaricate its rachis straight 
 its prickles strong declining or deflexed from a long base the 
 uppermost slender, sep. ovate-attenuate strongly reflexed. 
 R. G. 40. The nearly equal not scattered prickles, short aciculi 
 setae and hairs, jagged Its. felted beneath, and strongly reflexed 
 sepals are marks of this species. Pet. white. Stam. exceeding 
 styles. Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 30. R. Rddula (Weihe); st. arcuate angular, prickles slender 
 declining from a dilated compressed base exceeding the many 
 short unequal aciculi setce and hairs, 1. quinate-pedate. Its. finely 
 but doubly and patently dentate greenish-white-felted beneath, 
 term. It. obovate acuminate or subcuspidate, pan. long leafv its 
 
124 26. ROSACES. 
 
 branches short corymbose ascending its prickles strong declining 
 from a long base the uppermost slender, sep. ovate loosely re- 
 flexed from the fruit. a. R. Radula ( Weihe) ; prickles on the 
 st. unequal, term. It. obovate acuminate. Connivent stam. much 
 exceeding styles. JE. B. S. 452. JR. G. 39. . It. Leightonii 
 (Lees) ; prickles on the st. nearly equal, term. It. obovate cuspi- 
 date. y. denticulatus (Bab.) ; term. It. broadly quadrangular- 
 obovate cuspidate subcordate below broadly but faintly dentate, 
 the teeth denticulate. Hedges. Sh. VII.' VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 (4) Glandulosi. Stems arcuate-prostrate or prostrate, root- 
 ing, hairy. Prickles abundant, very unequal, scattered, 
 passing gradually into abundant aciculi and setae. 
 
 a. Koehleriani. Leaves quinate or rarely ternate. Prickles 
 and setae thickened at their base. 
 
 31. R. Koehl'eri (Weihe) ; st. arcuate -prostrate roundish or 
 angular pilose, prickles very unequal slightly declining from a 
 compressed base, aciculi and setae very unequal, Its. unequally 
 or rather doubly dentate even above pale green hairy on the veins 
 beneath, term. It. cordate-ovate, basal Its. not imbricate stalked, 
 pan. open leafy its branches short patent corymbose or the 
 axillary branches racemose its prickles many long slender de- 
 clining its aciculi setae and hairs many unequal, sep. ovate- 
 attenuate patent or reflexed from the fruit. Pale stam. ex- 
 ceeding pink styles. a. R. Koehleri (Weihe) ; st. with many 
 prickles aciculi and setae, Its. hairy only on the veins and rough 
 beneath, pan. open truncate often broad-topped its branches long 
 corymbose patent or the axillary branches racemose and as- 
 cending, term. ped. of pan. and branches shorter than the lateral 
 ones. E. G. 25. E.B.S. 2605. /3. R. infestus (Weihe) ; st. with 
 many strong prickles aciculi and setae, Its. hairy only on the veins 
 and soft beneath, pan. broad but compact rounded at the end its 
 branches moderate rather corymbose erect-patent, term. ped. of 
 pan. and branches shorter than the lateral ones, prickles of pan. 
 strong deflexed. -y. R. pallidus ( Weihe) ; st. with fewer but 
 strong prickles aciculi and setae, Its. often slightly felted hairy on 
 the veins and soft beneath, pan. narrow its branches short 
 corymbose-racemose patent or the axillary branches ascending, 
 term. ped. of branches often longer than the lateral ones. R. G. 
 29. 6. R. cavatifolius (Mull.) ; st. subglabrous, aciculi and setae 
 unequal inconspicuous, hairs very few, Its. not felted but hairy 
 on the veins beneath, term. It. cordate cuspidate- attenuate, pan. 
 abrupt with very short terminal peduncles. All are usually very 
 prickly ; their verv strong prickles pass very gradually into 
 aciculi. and those into setae ; st. often quite covered by their 
 broad bases. Pet. white. Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
RTJBUS. 125 
 
 32. R. fusco-ater ( Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular hairy, 
 prickles unequal slightly declining from a very large compressed 
 base, setae and strong unequal aciculi many, Its. irregularly or 
 rather doubly dentate even above green and hairy beneath, term. 
 It. broadly cordate-ovate acuminate or subcuspidate, basal Its. 
 stalked, pan. long subpyramidal leafy below its branches patent 
 corymbose or the axillary branches erect-patent racemose its 
 prickles many unequal longest at about the middle of the fl.-shoot 
 its hairs setae and aciculi many unequal, sep. ovate-attenuate 
 setose aciculate patent or adpressed to the fruit. R. G. 26. 
 The Its. are all imbricate and rather rough beneath. Pet. 
 pink. Stain, incurved exceeding* styles. Heaths. Sh. VII. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 33. R. emersisty' lus (Mull.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular 
 hairy, prickles slightly declining unequal from a compressed 
 base a few smaller, setae aciculi and hairs very short nearly equal, 
 Its. rather irregularly and rather doubly dentate thick even above 
 green and hairy on the veins beneath, term. It. orbicular-ovate 
 attenuate with a cordate base, basal Its. very shortly stalked im- 
 bricate, pan. often leafy nearly to the top its axillary branches 
 corymbose its prickles small unequal declining its setae and hairs 
 many unequal, sep. ovate-attenuate with a rather leaflike point 
 setose aciculate patent or adpressed to the fruit. R. Briggsii 
 (Blox.) J. of B. vii. t. 88. S tarn, exceeding styles. Heaths in 
 the South. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 34. R. diversifolius (Lindl.) ; st. arcuate prostrate angular 
 sparingly pilose, prickles unequal subpatent from a compressed 
 base, aciculi and setae many unequal, Its. often irregularly or 
 towards their tip rather doubly dentate wavy at the edge rugose 
 above pale green hairy and felted beneath, term. It. broadly cor- 
 date obovate-acuminate basal Its. subsessile imbricate, pan. long 
 leafy nearly to the top its branches erect-patent subracemose its 
 prickles longest at about the middle of the fl.-shoot its hairs 
 setae and aciculi short equal, sep. ovate acute felted setose patent 
 or loosely adpressed to the fruit. R. fusco-ater Bab. formerly. 
 J. of B. viii. t. 107. A very prickly plant which differs much 
 in appearance from R. fusco-ater. Lts. usually soft beneath. 
 Pet. white. Stain, much exceeding styles. Hedges. Sh. VII. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 35. R. mutab'ilis (Genev.) ; stem arcuate-prostrate angular 
 sparingly pilose and setose, prickles moderate unequal subpatent 
 from a long compressed base, aciculi strong very unequal mostly 
 short, 1. quinate, Its. doubly or mostly lobate-dentate pilose 
 
126 26. KOSACEJf). 
 
 above hairy or felted beneath, term. It. obovate acuminate, basal 
 Its. stalked not imbricate, pan. long 1 narrow pyramidal leafy 
 nearly to the top its branches and branchlets subcorymbose sub- 
 patent its rachi* very prickly aciculate and setose its prickles 
 many very strong from large compressed bases, &ep. ovate felted 
 setose reflexed with rather leafiike points. Pet. dull white. 
 " Filam. pink. Styles greenish." R. obliquus (Blox.) seems to 
 belong here. Hedgebanks in the South. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 36. R. Lejeun'ei (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate subangular 
 with scattered hairs and setae, prickles mostly small a few longer 
 declining from a long compressed base, aciculi very short, 1. 
 quinate-pedate, Its. opaque and pilose above paler and hairy 
 only on the veins beneath lobate-serrate towards the tip, basal 
 Its. stalked not imbricate, term. It. obovate-acuminate, pan. broad 
 hairy leafy setose its top corymbose its axillary branches ascend- 
 ing subracemose its prickles slender declining its setae many 
 unequal, sep. ovate felted setose loosely adpressed to the fruit. 
 R. G. 31. Sep. often having a short linear point ; its allies 
 when furnished with an appendage to the sepals have it leaf- 
 like. Hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. ' E. 
 
 b. Sellardiani. Leaves ternate or quiuate pedate ; basal 
 leaflets not imbricate, stalked. Prickles mostly confined 
 to the angles of the very hairy aciculate and setose stems. 
 
 37. R. pyramiddlis (Bab. not Kaltenb.) ; st. very nearly 
 prostrate roundly angular, prickles many short strong much 
 declining or deflexed from a very large compressed base, hairs 
 few, aciculi and setae many nearly equal, 1. ternate or rarely 
 quinate-pedate, Its. convex irregularly dentate-serrate nearly 
 equal opaque and pilose above paler and pilose beneath, term. It. 
 obovate-cuspidate, pan. pyramidal leafy below its top and 
 branches racemose felted its rachis straight rigid its prickles 
 slender declining its hairs and setae many unequal, sep. lanceolate- 
 attenuate loosely adpressed to the fruit. St. usually quite 
 prostrate. Pan. very pyramidal. Pet. very narrow, greenish 
 white. Stani. white exceeding pinkish styles. Edges of woods, 
 rare. Abundant at Llanberis, N. Wales. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 38. R. Gun' theri( Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate terete, prickles 
 slender unequal declining from a large subcompressed base, aci- 
 culi setae and hairs short nearly equal, 1. ternate or rarely 
 quinate-pedate, Its. fiat irregularly or doubly dentate-serrate 
 nearly equal opaque and pilose above pilose greenish white or 
 slightly felted beneath, term. It. obovate-acuminate, pan. narrow 
 leafy its branches distant ascending racemose few-no wered its 
 
RUBUS. 127 
 
 rachis wavy its prickles few slender declining its hairs and 
 many equal, sep. ovate-lanceolate loosely reflexed from the fruit. 
 
 R. G. 21. R. saltuum Focke. Only slightly prickly. Pan. 
 very loose, its rachis forming an angle at each leaf. Pet. narrow, 
 pale pink. Stam. equalling styles. Shady places^ Sh. VII. 
 VIII. E. I. 
 
 39. R. humifusus ( Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate nearly round, 
 prickles many slender very unequal declining from a long com- 
 pressed base, hairs setce and very slender aciculi unequal many 
 patent, 1. quinate-pedate, Us. finely but doubly patently dentate 
 pilose and opaque above pilose greenish white and shining be- 
 neath, term. It. obovate-oblong subcuspidate, pan. .broad leafy 
 below its branches corymbose its rachis rather wavy its prickles 
 few slender declining its hairs and setas many unequal, sep. ovate 
 slightly aci culate shortly setose loosely reflexed from the fruit. 
 
 R. G. 35. R. hirtus a. Bab. Pan. sometimes nearly simple. 
 Pet. white, large. Stam. exceeding styles. Sometimes the 
 underside of the Its. is felted. Woods and thickets. Sh. VII. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 40. R.foliosus (Weihe) ; st. arcuate-prostrate angular, prickles 
 many slender unequal declining from a long compressed base, 
 setae and very slender aciculi scattered unequal, hairs few, 1. 
 quinate-pedate, Its. unequally dentate-serrate pilose and opaque 
 above paler and pilose beneath, term. It. roundly cordate acumi- 
 nate, pan. long narrow leafy to the top its branches short erect- 
 patent corymbose its rachis rather wavy its prickles very slender 
 many declining its hairs and setae many unequal, sep. ovate" 
 attenuate aciculate setose hairy laxly reflexed from the fruit. 
 R. exsecalus Mull. /3. R. adornatus (Mull.), has term. Its. 
 obovate-acuminate or even narrowed below. Hartshill Wood, 
 Warw. Plymouth. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 41. R. glandul6sus (Bell.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate nearly round, 
 prickles small declining from a long compressed base, aciculi 
 setae and hairs many nearly equal, 1. ternate or rarely quinate, 
 Its. nearly equal oblong cuspidate hairy only on the veins be- 
 neath, term. It. subcordate-ovate- acuminate, pan. felted acicu- 
 late very setose its branches erect-patent axillary its top racemose 
 its prickles slender declining, sep. ovate-attenuate aciculate se- 
 tose felted loosely adpressed to the fruit or patent. a. R. Eellardi 
 (Weihe); 1. ternate, Its. nearly equal oblong doubly ^ dentate- 
 serrate shortly pilose on the veins beneath, lateral Its. divaricate, 
 pan. with axillary distant corymbose branches its rachis usually 
 wavy, stam. slightly exceeding styles. R. G. 44. R. glandulosus 
 E. B. S. 2883. The divaricate Its. are remarkable, and the 
 
128 26. ROSACES. 
 
 very open panicle. Sometimes the 1. are quinate. A subvariety, 
 R. dentatus Blox., has a slightly angular stem, Its. ovate- 
 acuminate-cuspidate with a cordate base ashy green beneath, 
 lateral Its. patent or ascending. /3. R. hirtus (W. & K.) : 1. 
 quinate coarsely and unequally serrate with long and dense hairs 
 on the veins and shilling beneath, term. It. subcordate-ovate- 
 acuminate, pan. often long its branches racemose or corymbose 
 shortly setose its rachis nearly straight. It. G. 43. R. fuscus 
 Lees. A subvariety, R. rotundifolius Blox., R. deflexidens 
 Boul.?, has a slightly angular stem, 1. ternate or rarely quinate, 
 Its. doubly dentate cuspidate, term. It. nearly round with a sub- 
 cordate base. 7. R. Reuteri (Merc.) ; 1. quinate coarsely and 
 rather doubly dentate-serrate with few hairs on the veins 
 beneath, term. It. obovate-rhomboidal acuminate, pan. truncate 
 its branches short subcorymbose few-flowered upper 1 3- 
 flowered very aciculate setose and hairy, rachis nearly straight. 
 Much more hairy and setose than the other forms and with some 
 stronger declining or deflexed prickles on the stem. Woods. 
 Sh. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 (5) Cam. Stems most often arcuate-prostrate, terete or 
 slightly angular, usually with a glaucous bloom ; aciculi 
 and setae few or none ; prickles unequal. 
 
 42. R. Balfouridnus (Blox.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate nearly 
 round patently pilose, aciculi and setae few, prickles slender un- 
 equal scattered patent from an oblong subcompressed base, 1. 
 quinate, Its. dentate-serrate green on both sides rugose and 
 pilose above hairy (not felted) beneath, term.lt. cordate or ovate 
 acute, basal Its. subsessile imbricate, pan. loose leafy hairy rather 
 setose its branches long distant few-flowered racemose-corym- 
 bose erect-patent, sep. ovate-acuminate erect-patent, st} r les pale 
 flesh-coloured, fr. oblong its torus oblong stalked. A very 
 variable plant, approaching R. corylifolius in some states. Pet. 
 pale pink. Stam. exceeding styles. Hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. 
 
 Ji<. .I. 
 
 43. R. corylifolius (Sm.) ; st. arcuate-prostrate nearly round 
 or obtuse-angled nearly glabrous, aciculi setae and subsessile 
 glands very few, prickles subulate slender nearly equal subpatent 
 or rarely deflexed from a long base, 1. quinate, It*, doubly ser- 
 rate green on both sides rugose with scattered hairs above paler 
 find felted beneath, term. It. roundly cordate or ovate cuspidate 
 or acuminate, basal Its. subsessile imbricate,pan. and its branches 
 subcorymbose, sep ovate cuspidate refle. red from the fruit, pet. 
 roundly ovate, styles greenish, torus oblong stalked. St. slightly 
 glaucous. Pan. usually with 2 or 3 long axillary branches, 
 
RUBUS. 129 
 
 felted, more or less prominently setose at the top. a. R. sub- 
 Itistris (Lees) ; at. nearly round reddish green, prickles slender 
 subpatent from a long base, Its. ashy-felted beneath, term. It. 
 often subtrilobed roundish cordate, rachis straightish with few 
 prickles. R. corylifolius Sm. Sy. E. B. 455. St. thick. Pet. 
 white. Stam. slightly exceeding styles. /3. conjungens (Bab.) ; 
 st. rather angular, reddish green, prickles slender strong subpatent 
 or deflexed from a compressed very long base often with slightly 
 deflexed points, Its. ashy-felted beneath, term. It. cordate-ovate 
 or broadly obovate with a subcordate base, rachis straightish 
 with few prickles. R. Wahlbergii Bell-Salt. St. round at the 
 base, angular but flat-sided above. Pet. white or pink. y. 
 purpureus (Bab.); st. angular purple often a little floccose, prickles 
 strong subpatent or detiexed from a long compressed base, Its. 
 pale-green- or white-felted beneath, term. It. roundly- or sub- 
 eordate-obovate, rachis rather wavy with many prickles. R. 
 Wahlbergii Arrh. St. round at the base, angular and often fur- 
 rowed above. Pet white or pink. Hedges and thickets. Sh. 
 VI. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 44. R. alth&ifolius (Host) ; st. prostrate slightly angular with 
 scattered hairs and setse, prickles many unequal slender patent 
 from an oblong compressed base, 1. quinate or ternate, Its. cre- 
 nately lobed pale green with hairs on the veins loosely white- 
 felted beneath, basal Its. of the ternate 1. retrorsely bipartite of the 
 quinate I, sessile imbricate, term. It. r horn boidal-obovatesiilacor date 
 below, pan. leafy its axillary branches and top racemose-corym- 
 bose with very few short setae, prickles on the middle of the 
 rachis longest slender, sep. ovate-subacuminate setose loosely 
 udpressed to the (black-blue) fruit, pet. obovate, styles flesh- 
 coloured at their base. R. deltoideus Mull. ? St. round at 
 the base, above bluntly angular or even furrowed. Pan. rather 
 long, open ; top formed of irregular corymbs of nearly simple 
 peduncles. Pet. nearly white. Pale stam. about equalling 
 pinkish styles. Hedges. Sh. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 45. R. tuberculdtus (Bab.) ; st. .arcuate-prostrate slightly 
 angular with scattered short hairs and setae, prickles many un- 
 equal slender paten tfrom an oblong tuberculiform base, 1. ternate 
 or quinate, Its. rather doubly dentate hairy on the veins beneath 
 green on both sides, basal Ks. of the ternate 1. bilobate of the 
 quinate I. nearly sessile imbricate, term. It. roundly cordate sub- 
 cuspidate, pan. leafy its axillary branches racemose its top 
 corymbose, prickles from the middle to the top of ^ the pan. and 
 ped. slender and longest, sep. ovate acuminate aciculate setose 
 loosely adpressed to the fruit. J. of B. viii. t. 106. R. nemoro- 
 sus S. ferox Leight. St. very bluntly angular. Pan. short 
 
 G 5 
 
130 26. KOSACEJ2. 
 
 its branches few-flow ered. Pet. pinkish. Stam. yellow. Styles 
 greenish. Mr. Warren combines my 72. diversifolius and R. 
 Briggsii with this under the name of R. dumetorum. His R. 
 concinnus is near R. corylifolius, but has not felted 1. on my 
 authentic specimen. It may be distinct. Hedges. Sh. VII. 
 VIII. E. I. 
 
 46. R. ca'sius (L.) ; st. prostrate terete glaucous, prickles 
 small unequal subulate declining or deflexed from a long com- 
 pressed base, 1. ternate or rarely pinnate, Its. unequally cut or 
 coarsely serrate, term. It. ovate rhomboidal-ovate or 3-lobed ? 
 lateral Its. rather bilobed subsessile, pan. nearly simple often 
 very small, sep. ovate acuminate with a long linear point ad- 
 pressed to the glaucous fruit, pet. obovate notched, styles green- 
 ish. a. agrestis ; st. very slender, prickles few small, Its. flat 
 lobate-serrate rather pilose on both sides, term. It. rhomboidal- 
 ovate acuminate rounded below. R. ccesius a. aquations and /3. 
 agrestis R. G. 46. A. Pan. often nearly simple, or its branches 
 rarely more than once divided but often very long. 8. R. tennis 
 (Bell-Salt.) ; st. very slender, prickles many strong but small 
 nearly equal deflexed, Its. flat (?) doubly serrate pilose on both 
 sides or villose beneath, term. It. obovate or cordate-obovate 
 acuminate, fr. black " not glaucous." St. sometimes having a 
 very few aciculi and setae. Bases of prickles much enlarged. 
 y. ulmifolius ; st. slender purplish, prickles many small de- 
 flexed or declining, aciculi setae and hairs few short, Its. 
 rather rugose lobate-serrate pilose only on the veins or hairy 
 or slightly ashy-felted beneath, term. It. roundly cordate acumi- 
 nate often 3-lobed or rarely divided into 3 sessile Its. of 
 which the term, is narrowed below. R. ccesius fi.pseudo-ccesius 
 R. G. 46. B. f. 1. Often much larger thanvar. a and 3. St. 
 thicker. L. very broad.: d. intermedium ; st. thicker greenish 
 purple, prickles many slender very unequal subpatent, aciculi 
 and setae few strong very short, Its. lobate-serrate pilose on the 
 veins beneath, term. It* triangular-cordate acuminate 3-lobed or 
 3-partite or divided into 3 sessile Its. of which the term, is nar- 
 rowed to the base. e. R. pseudo-Idceus (Lej.) ; st. thick green 
 slightly glaucous, prickles slender violet-coloured subpatent, 
 aciculi and setae few very short, 1. ternate or qumate-ptnnate, 
 Its. doubly-serrate ashy-felted beneath, lateral Its. all sessile, 
 term. It. stalked roundly-cordate. R. G. 46. B. f. 2. I have 
 only seen one specimen of this var., found at Hunsdon, Herts. 
 f. serpens ; st. slender green, 1. ternate, Its. lobate serrate 
 pilose on the veins beneath, lateral Its. with a large backward 
 lobe, term. It. obovate acuminate subcordate below, ped. and 
 sep. very setose felted scarcely hairv. Hedges and thickets, 
 common. Sh. VI. VII. Dewberry. " E. S. I. 
 
131 
 
 B. HEEBACEI. 
 
 Stem nearly or quite herbaceous. Leaves ternate or simple. 
 Stipules usually attached to the stem. Fl. umbellate or 
 nearly solitary. Receptacle flat. 
 
 i. Saxatiles. Stems slender, prostrate. Flowers umbel- 
 late or nearly solitary. Succulent carpels large, few, 
 distinct. 
 
 47. R. saxal'ilis (L.) ; st. rooting annual, prickles none or 
 very few minute weak, /. ternate, fl. -shoot erect with a terminal 
 few-flowered corymb, pet. lanceolate about equalling the calyx. 
 E. B. 2233. R.. G. 9. St. very slender. Fl.-shoots radical, 
 about a span high. Fl. white. Fr. of 1 4 large drupes. i 
 Stony mountains or high hills. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. Arctici. No sterile stems but a long subterranean rhi- 
 zome. Flowers terminal, nearly solitary. Succulent 
 carpels adhering together. 
 
 48. R. Cham&morus (L.) ; fl. -shoot erect unarmed 1 -flowered 
 herbaceous, fl. dioecious, 1. simple lobed plicate. E. B. 716. 
 R. G. 49. Rhizome woody. Fl. large, white. Fr. large, red, 
 afterwards orange -yellow. Alpine turf-bogs. P. VI. Cloud- 
 berry. Knotberry. E. S. I. 
 
 [R. arc'ticus (L.) ; st. erect unarmed nearly 1-flowered her- 
 baceous, 1. ternate, pet. obovate twice as long as the calyx, 
 stam. connivent, succulent carpels many. E. B. 1585. R. G. 
 48. Rhizome subterranean. Fl. -shoot 6 10 in. high. Lts. 
 nearly equal. Fl. rose-coloured. Isle of Mull and Ben y Gloe. 
 Probably a mistake. P. VI.] S. 
 
 Index to the Rubi. 
 adornatus, 40. Bloxamii, 24. Colemanni, 17. 
 
 adscitus, 20. 
 
 Borreri, 23. 
 
 concinnus, 45. 
 
 affinis, 5. 
 
 Briggsii, 33. 
 
 conjungens, 43. 
 
 ugrestis, 4f>. 
 
 csesius, 46. 
 
 cord'ifolius, 8. 
 
 althieifolius, 44. 
 
 calvatus, 18. 
 
 corylifolius, 43. 
 
 arcticus, 48*. 
 
 candicans, 13. 
 
 deflexidens, 41. 
 
 amplificatus, 21. 
 
 carpinifolius, 19. 
 
 deltoideus, 44. 
 
 Rabwgtonii, 28. 
 
 carpinifolms, 16, 21. 
 
 dentatus, 41. 
 
 Balfourianus, 42. 
 
 cavatifolius, 31. 
 
 denticulatus, 30. 
 
 Bellardi, 41. 
 
 Cbamsemorus, 48. 
 
 discolor, 12. 
 
132 
 
 26. ROSACE .E. 
 
 Index to the Rubl (cont.). 
 
 diver si foil us, 34. 
 
 latifolius, 11. 
 
 Radula, 30. 
 
 dwnetorvm, 45. 
 
 Leesii, 1. 
 
 ramosus, 10. 
 
 einersistylus. 33. 
 
 Leightonii, 30. 
 
 Eeuteri, 41. 
 
 exsecatus, 40. 
 
 Lejeunii, 36. 
 
 rh am tii foli us, 8. 
 
 fe*tivus, 22. 
 
 lentiginosus, 5. 
 
 rosace us, 26. 
 
 fissus, 3. 
 
 leucostachys, 14. 
 
 rotundiiblius, 1, 41. 
 
 ibliosus, 40. 
 
 Lindleianus, 7. 
 
 rubicolor, 23. 
 
 fruticosus, 4, 12, 13. 
 
 macrophyUus, 21. 
 
 rudis, 29. 
 
 fuaco-ater, 32. 
 
 Menldi, 27. 
 
 Salteri, 18. 
 
 fusco-ater, 17, 34. 
 
 montanus, 16. 
 
 saltuum, 38. 
 
 fuse us, 41. 
 
 mucronatus, 22. 
 
 saxatilis, 47. 
 
 glabratus, 21. 
 
 mucronulatus, 22. 
 
 scaber, 28. 
 
 gland ulosus, 41. 
 
 nmtabilis, 35. 
 
 Schlechtendalii, 21. 
 
 Grabowskii, 16. 
 
 nemorosus, 45. 
 
 serpens, 46. 
 
 Guntheri, 38. 
 
 nitidits, 7. 
 
 Spreogelii, 23. 
 
 hemistemon, 6. 
 
 " obliquus, 35. 
 
 suberectus, 2. 
 
 hirtifolios, 15. 
 
 pallidus, 31. 
 
 sublustris, 43. 
 
 hirtus, 27, 39, 41. 
 
 pampinosus, 20. 
 
 teniris, 46. 
 
 hirtus, 41. 
 
 plicatus, 4. 
 
 thyrsoideus, 13. 
 
 humifusus, 39. 
 
 prajruptorum, 27. 
 
 tuberculatus, 45. 
 
 Hystrix, 25. 
 
 pseudo-cfssius, 46. 
 
 ulmifolius, 46. 
 
 Idaeus, 1. 
 
 pseudo-Idijeus, 46. 
 
 umbrosus, 21. 
 
 imbricatus, 10. 
 
 pubigerus, 12. 
 
 vestitus, 14. 
 
 incurvatus, 9. 
 
 purpureus, 43. 
 
 Tillicaulis, 20. 
 
 infestus, 31. 
 
 pyymcBits, 27. 
 
 vulgarin, 20. 
 
 intermedius, 46. 
 
 pyramidalis. 37. 
 
 Wahlbercfii, 43. 
 
 Koehleri, 81. 
 
 pyramidalis, 15. 
 
 
 12. DRY'AS Linn. 
 
 1. D. octopet'ala (L.) ; 1. crenate-serrate blunt, sep. 3 or 4 
 times as long as broad more or less pointed, base of the cal. 
 hemispherical. E. B. 451. St. 20. 3. Fl. large, white. Pet. 
 8. L. simple, white with fine dense woolly pubescence be- 
 neath. St. prostrate, woody. Seeds obovate-oblong apiculate. 
 Alpine situations, particularly on limestone. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 13. GE'UM Linn. Avens. 
 
 1. G. urbdtmm (L.) ; fl. erect, pet. obovate, cal. of the fruit 
 reflexed, carpophore 0, lower joint o/ the style much longer than 
 the glabrous upper joint, radical 1. interruptedly pinnate and 
 lyrate, stem-1. ternate, stip. large rounded lobed and cut. E.B. 
 1400. St. 5. 7. St. 2 feet high. Fl. small, bright yellow, 
 calyx green. Upper joint of the style with a few minute hairs 
 at its base. Hedges and thickets. P. VI. VIII. Wood-Aven*. 
 
GETJM. EOSA. 133 
 
 [G. intermedium (Ehrh.) ; fi. erect or nodding, pet. roundish 
 with a ivedgeshaped claw, cal. of the fruit patent, carpophore or 
 short, lower joint of the style longer than the hairy upper joint, 
 radical 1. interruptedly pinnate and lyrate, stem-1. 3-lobed, 
 stipules round toothed. Sy. E. B. 458. St. 1 2 feet high. 
 Fl. larger than in Sp. 1, less than in Sp. 2, yellow, calyx pur- 
 plish. Upper joint of style clothed with long hairs but with a 
 rather long glabrous point. Perhaps a hybrid ; or rather it 
 consists of extreme forms of Sp. 1 and 2. Damp woods. 
 P. VI. VII.] E. S. I. 
 
 2. G. rivdle (L.) ; fl. nodding, pet. broadly obovate emargi- 
 nate or obcordate with a long wedgeshaped claw, cal. of the 
 fruit erect, carpophore lony, lower joint of the style equalling tke 
 lony hairy upper joint, radical 1. interruptedly pinnate and lyrate, 
 stem-1. ternate, stip. small ovate toothed. E. B. 106. St. 3. 
 St. about 1 foot high. Fl. large, purplish brown with darker 
 veins, calyx purplish. Carpophore nearly equalling the calyx. 
 Upper joint of the style with a short glabrous point. Damp 
 woods. P. VI. VII. Water- Avens. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe IV. Rosida. 
 
 14. EO'SA Linn. 1 Eose. 
 
 i. SPINOSISSIMJE. Styles free, scarcely protruding. Sep. mostly 
 persistent. St. short, erect, with many slender unequal 
 prickles lessening gradually into aciculi and setae. [Lts. 
 usually 9 roundish. Fr. without or with but a small disk.] 
 
 1. .K. spinosix' sima (L.) ; prickles crowded very unequal 
 mostty straight subulate, sep. simple acuminate, fr. nearly 
 ylobular with no disk. E. B. 187. [A dwarf shrub.] St. erect 
 with short compact branches. Fl. solitary, white. Fr. dark 
 purple or black, ripe in Sept. [a. Lts. simply serrate glabrous and 
 glandless. (3. E. pimpineUifolia (L.) ; Its. simply serrate, ped. glandu- 
 lar, j. R. Ripartii (Desegl.) ; Its. doubly serrate somewhat glandular.] 
 Sandy and chalky heaths and sea-shores. Sh. V. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 1 From the Author's MS. it is evident that he intended to thoroughly 
 revise the account of this genus ; we have therefore made some slight 
 all erations, preserving as far as possible the actual wording of the last 
 edition, and have added, from the works of Baker, Crepin, and Deseglise, 
 brief notices of most of the forms in the London Catalogue, ed. ix., but 
 have not attempted to verify the authorities for the varietal names. 
 
 H. &J. G. 
 
134 ^6. ROSACES. 
 
 2. H. hiber'nica (Sm.) ; prickles scattered, larger slightly 
 falcate, Its. simply [or irregularly] serrate without glands, sep. 
 [usually] pinnate not glandular on the back, fr. with a small 
 ilisk.E. B. 2196. [Usually a compact bush.] * Fl. 1-3 rarely 
 more, pale pink. Fr. urceolate blood-red with subpersistent 
 Sep., ripe in Oct. [. Lts. slightly hairy on the midrib above and on 
 the veins beneath or (var. glabra, Bak.) quite glabrous, ped. naked. 
 (3. G-rovesii (Bak.); robust, very glaucous, sep. almost always simple, fr. 
 ovate-urceolate. y. cordifolia (Bak.) ; ped. hispid glandular. Generally 
 considered a hybrid between Sp. 1 and 10.] Chiefly in the N. of 
 England and N. of Ireland. Q. Surrey. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. R. involuta (Sm.) ; prickles crowded, Us. doubly serrate 
 downy and often glandular beneath, sep. simple or pinnate 
 glandular on the back, fr. subglobose with no disk. JE. B. S. 
 2594. St. erect [or arching]. Fl. 1-3. Fr. red or pink, with 
 persistent sep., ripe in Sept. and Oct. [Prof. Crepin considers this 
 to be a series of hybrids of E. spinosissima with E. villosa, E. tomentosa, 
 and possibly E. rubiginosa. The following are the principal forms 
 described as British. a. Smithii (Bak.) ; Its. naked above hairy princi- 
 pally on the midrib beneath, serration but slightly compound, ped. and 
 cal.-tube densety aciculate, sep. simple. |8. Eobertsoni (Bak.) ; Its. 
 glabrous above when mature, hairy and inconspicuously glandular beneath, 
 serration compound, cal.-tube usually naked, sep. compound, y. Webbii 
 (Bak.); Its. glabrous above hairy on the midrib beneath, ped. and fr. 
 naked, sep. more compound than in the other forms, d. Moorei (Bak.) ; 
 Its. nearly glabrous above, thinly hahy and densely glandular beneath, 
 serration nearly simple, ped. and cal.-tube densely aciculate. e. Wilsoni 
 (Borr.) ; Its. thinly hairy on the ribs below, almost eglandular, serration 
 simple, sep. nearly simple, fr. ovate-urceolate, ped. aciculate and setose. 
 4. occidentalis (Bak.) ; near E. Wilsoni, Its. smaller slightly hairy, petiole 
 glandular, ped. densely aciculate, fr. naked, r). NicJwlsonii (Crep.) ; Its. 
 glabrous above slightly hairy and glandular beneath, serration compound, 
 fr. and ped. densely setose. 9. gracilescens (Bak.) ; a robust Irish form, 
 Its. thinly hairy, serration copiously compound, ped. aciculate, cal.-tube 
 naked, i. E. Sabini (Woods) ; Its. thinly hairy above more hairy below, 
 serration copiously compound, ped. and cal.-tube densely aciculate, sep. 
 with 2 4 small pinnae, /c. Icevigata (Bak.) ; Its. like E. Sabini, ped. and 
 cal.-tube naked, sep. simple not glandular. X. E. Doniana (Woods) ; a 
 small form with Its. densely hairy, ped. and cal.-tube densely aciculate, 
 sep. almost simple.] Chiefly in the North. Sh. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. VILLOSA. [St. free.] Sep. mostly persistent, densely glan- 
 dular on the back. St. tall suberect with scattered 
 uniform nearly straight prickles. Lts. [usually 7, terminal 
 one ovate, generally] very hairy and glandular beneath. 
 
 [It. pomifera (Herrm.) ; Its. large oblong-lanceolate doubly 
 serrate downy, sep. copiously pinnate, fr. globose with no disk. 
 Not a native. Sh. VI. ?] 
 
ROSA. 135 
 
 4. R. villosa (L.) ; prickles slender nearly straight, Its. ovate 
 doubly serrate [usually] softly downy, sep. quite persistent 
 slightly pinnate, fr. subglobose with no disk. E. It. 2459. 
 R. mollis (Sm.) ed. viii. [An erect bush with straight branches.] 
 Fl. 1 3 deep rose colour [rarely white] ped. very short. Fr. 
 bright red with connivent sep., ripe in Aug. [fi. carulea (Woods) ; 
 1. softer and greyer with very few glands on the petiole, ped. with very 
 few glands or quite naked, fr. pendent, y. JR. pseudo-rubiginosa (Lej.) ; 
 Its. nearly glabrous but very glandular beneath, ped. and cal.-tube 
 densely aciculate.] Northern Counties. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. R. tomentosa (Sm.) ; prickles mostly uniform slender 
 straight or slightly curved, Its. elliptic or subovate [usually] 
 doubly serrate [and glandular and hairy or] downy especially 
 beneath, sep. subpersistent copiously pinnate, fr. urceolate 
 [or subglobose] with a slight disk [usually setose]. -& B. 990 St. 
 erect with arching branches. Fl. 1 3 [10] pink or white ; 
 ped. rather long. Fr. bright red, ripe in Sept. [The following 
 are some of the principal forms described as British : (3. E. cinerascens 
 (Dum.) ; Its. hairy on both sides simply serrate, fr. subglobose, styles 
 hairy. 7. B. subglobosa (Sm.) ; Its. densely hairy almost eglandular 
 irregularly or doubly serrate, fr. subglobose. c. R. farinosa (Rau.) ; Its. 
 densely grey-downy, somewhat glandular beneath, serration compound, 
 fr. naked, styles woolly, e. -R. cuspidatoides (Crep.) ; Its. broadly oval 
 hairy glandular beneath, fr. subglobose, ped. and fr. aciculate, styles 
 hairy. . foetida (Ser.) ; Its. slightly hairy very glandular doubly serrate, 
 styles glabrous, rj. R. scabriuscula (Sm.) ; Its. almost glabrous above 
 hairy principally on the veins beneath and sparsely glandular, fr. ovate 
 aciculate, sep. reflexed. 9. Woodsiana (Groves) ; nearly allied to scab- 
 riuscula but Its. narrower with more compound serration, sep. decidedly 
 erect persistent, styles hairy, i. sylvestris (Woods) ; Its. naked above 
 when mature thinly hairy and very glandular beneath, ped. and fr. densely 
 aciculate and glandular. K. obovata (Bak.) ; prickles strongly curved 
 slender, Its. obovate thinly hairy and eglandular beneath with very sharp 
 double serration, ped. very short quite naked.] Hedges and thickets. 
 Sh. VI. VII. E, S. I. 
 
 iii. RUBIGINOS^E. [Styles free.] Sep. subpersistent. St. sub- 
 erect with scattered nearly uniform hooked prickles 
 becoming more slender upwards [and sometimes also with 
 smaller straight ones]. Lts. [usually 7] very glandular beneath. 
 Fr. with a small disk. 
 
 6. R. Eglanteria (L.) ; prickles many the larger hooked the 
 smaller subulate unequal straight, Its. doubly serrate [thinly hairy 
 and very glandular beneath], sep. persistent copiously pinnate, 
 primordial fr. pear-shaped, disk very small. E. B. 991. 
 R. rubiginosa (L.) ed. viii. St. erect [or somewhat arching]. 
 Fl. 1 4 rose-coloured, ped. [usually] very setose, styles hairy. 
 Fr. subglobose (except the first) ripe in Oct. Foliage scented. 
 
136 26. ROSACE JE. 
 
 I R. comosa (Rip.) has been described as ha ving move ovate fr., and R. apri- 
 conim (Hip.) more globose fr. The name R. umbellata (Leers) has been 
 applied to plants with several fl. together, and R. rotundifolia (Reichb.) 
 to a small form with nearly straight prickles and very small Its. )8. 
 R. eckinocarpa (Rip.) ; more glandular with setae on the fr. and the 
 branches often setigerous. y.jenensis (M. Schultze under R. rubiginosd) ; 
 " ped. recept. and back of the sep./glandular " Hanb. & Marsh., Flor. of 
 Kent. Bushy places. Sh. V. VII. Sweet Briar. E. S. 1. 
 
 7. R. micron' tha (Sm.) ; jrrickles uniform hooked, Its. doubly 
 serrate [hairy principally on the veins] and glandular beneath, sep. 
 subpersistent with long leaflike points and minute lanceolate 
 simple pinnae, primordial fr. rounded at the base, disk 
 jnoderate. E. B. 2490. St. suberect with long lax branches. 
 Fl. lew pale ; ped. [usually] very setose ; styles glabrous. Fr. 
 ovate-urceolate, bright scarlet, ripe in Sept. or Oct. Foliage 
 scarcely scented, Its. rounded at the base. [f. R. permixta 
 (Desegl.) ; Its. glabrous but very glandular below, fr. setose. 7. Briggsii 
 (Bak.) ; more luxuriant, Its. less glandular beneath, fr. and ped. quite 
 naked. S. R. liystrix (hem.) ; Its. narrow, sharply serrate glabrous but 
 densely glandular beneath, ped. densely aciculate, fr. naked. Hedges and] 
 Thickets. Sh. VI., VII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. R. agres'tis (Savi) ; prickles rather unequal hooked with 
 a few aciculij Its. [copiously] doubly serrate [usually glabrous or 
 slightly hairy on the veins and usually very] glandular beneath, sep. 
 subpersistent closely pinnate, primordial fr. ovate or subglobular, 
 disk moderate. E. B. S. 2653. R. inodora (Fr.) ed. viii. 
 R. sepium (Thuill.) St. suberect with long lax branches. Fl. 
 13, pink ; ped. naked ; style* hairy. Foliage scarcely scented. 
 [/3. R. cryptopoda (Bak.) ; Its. glabrous above, hairy on the main veins 
 and thinly glandular beneath, ped. very short, fr. subglobose. 7. R.Billietii 
 (Pug.) ; Its. small hairy on both sides, petioles very hairy eglandular, sep. 
 erect after flowering, fr. ovoid. S. R- inodora (Fr.) ; Its. broadly oval, 
 less attenuate at the base becoming glabrous above, petioles glabrous, sep. 
 reflexed after flowering, fr. ovoid. Prof. Crepin is not satisfied that either 
 of the last two occur in Britain.] L*ocai. Sh. VI. E. I. 
 
 iv. CANINE. [Styles free. Sep. ^ subpersistent or deciduous.] St. 
 arching, with scattered uniform hooked prickles becoming 
 more slender upwards. [Lts. usually 7 rarely glandular be- 
 neath. Fr. with a disk.] 
 
 9. R. obtusifolia (Desv.) ; prickles equal very strongly hooked, Its. 
 ovate-oblong simply or doubly serrate usually hairy with inodorous glands 
 on the veins and often on the surface beneath, sep. reflexed deciduous 
 pinnate, fr. ovate or subglobose, disk flat, styles densely hairv. Hook. 
 Fl. Lond. t. 117. R. canina (L.) vars. tomentella &c. ed. viii. a. Lts. 
 simply serrate hairy on both sides. (3. R.frondosa (Spreng.) ; Its. small 
 simply serrate much rounded at the base, fr. small subglobose. When 
 
ROSA. ]37 
 
 the ped. is glandular it is R. canina var. concinna (Bak.). 7. R. tomen- 
 tella (Lem.) ; Its. hairy on both sides doubly serrate, ped. short. When 
 the ped. is glandular it is var. decipiens (Dum.). fi. R. Borreri (Woods); 
 Its. almost glabrous above hairy beneath with veiy compound serration, 
 ped. slightly glandular, styles thinly hairy. Heaths and hedges. 
 Sh. VI. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 10. R. canina (L.) ; prickles equal Looked, Its simply or 
 doubly serrate glabrous or hairy, sep. reflexed deciduous pinnate, 
 IV. ovate-urceolate or roundish, disk flat. St. erect with long 
 arching branches. Lts. flat or keeled. Fl. white or pale rose- 
 pink ; ped. mostly naked ; styles distinct hairy. [* Lts. glabrous 
 on both sides. a. R. lutetiana (Lem.) ; a large bush, Its. ovate often 
 glaucous sharply simply serrate, n. 1 4, sep. naked on the back, fr. ovate- 
 urceolate. R. Andegavensis (Bast.) has ped. glandular. /3. R.surculosa 
 (Woods) ; a robust form, Its. openly simpl} r serrate rounded at the base, 
 fl. 10 30 together, y. R. splicerica (Gren.) ; Its. broader simply serrate, 
 petioles slightly pubescent, fr. globose, d. R. senticosa (Ach.) ; a small 
 slender form with quite globular fr. e. R. dumalis (Bechst.) ; Its. doubly 
 serrate, petioles glandular, sep. gland-ciliated. R. inconspicua (Desegl.) 
 has ped. glandular ; when fr. also glandular it is R. aspernata (Desegl.). 
 . -K. vinacea (Bak.) ; serration of Its. very open and compound, fr. ob- 
 long. R. latebrosa (Desegl.) has ped. and floral branches glandular. 
 i]. R. Blondeana (Rip.) ; Its. with very compound serration, glandular on 
 the veins beneath, ped. slightly glandular. ** Lts. glabrous above hairy 
 beneath. 0. R. urbica (Lem.) ; Its. simply serrate. R. semiglabra 
 (Rip.) has Its. hairy only on the veins beneath, i. R. arvatica (Bak.) ; 
 Its. doubly serrate hairy and glandular on the veins beneath. *** Lts. 
 hairy on both sides. K. R. dumetorum (Thuil.) ; Its. simply serrate soft 
 grey-green, fl. often deeper coloured. A. R. ccesia (Sm.); Its. softly 
 hairy beneath slightly so above, teeth slightly compound, ped. glandular. 
 [*. incana (Bak.) ; Its. very glaucous with a few glands beneath, serration 
 very compound.] Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. R. glau'ca (Vill.) ; prickles equal hooked, Its. simply or doubly 
 serrate glabrous or hairy, sep. ascending after flowering subpersistent, 
 fr. ovate-urceolate or roundish, disk narrow, ped. short often almost 
 hidden by the large bracts, styles woolly. Usually a compact bush. Fl. 
 bright rose-pink. Fr. ripening in Sept. . R. Reuteri (Godet) ; Its. 
 glabrous simply serrate, fr. ovate-urceolate or roundish. /3. R. subcris- 
 tata (Bak.) ; Its. glabrous doubly serrate. R. Hailstoni (Bak.) is a form 
 with aciculate stem and less persistent sep. 7. subcanina (Christ under 
 R. Reuteri) ; Its. slightly hairy on the veins beneath, sep. spreading, ped. 
 somewhat longer, fl. paler. S. R. implexa (Gren.) ; Its. glabrous above 
 hairy principally on the veins beneath simply serrate, e. R. coriifolia 
 (Fr.) ; Its. hairy on both sides simply serrate, fr. subglobose. . R. Lintoni 
 (Scheutz under R. coriifolia) ; Its. hairy glandular beneath doubly serrate, 
 sep. eglandular on the back, ped. eglandular. 77. R. Bakeri (Desegl.) ; 
 Its. naked above when mature thinly hairy beneath and glandular on the 
 midrib and main veins, serration copiously compound, sep. thinly glandular 
 on the back, fr. oblong or turbinate. t. R. Watsoni (Bak.) ; Its. hairy on 
 both sides doubly serrate, ped. sometimes glandular. K. R. celerata 
 (Bak.) ; " habit and 1. of tomentella with the fr, and sep. of this section." 
 Baker. Hedges and thickets, chiefly in the N. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
138 26. ROSACEJE. 
 
 v. SYSTYL^E. Sep. deciduous. Styles [more or less] united into 
 a protruding column. St. arching or trailing, with uniform 
 strong hooked prickles. [Fr. with a conspicuous disk.] 
 
 12. R. stylosa (Desv.) ; prickles equal hooked, Its. usually 
 simply serrate slightly hairy beneath [rarely also above] ? sep. 
 refiexed deciduous pinnate with a tapering point, fr. ovate with 
 a prominent disk. E. B. 1895. JR. bibracteata (Bast.) ed. 
 viii. St. erect- arching to 8 12 ft. in height. El. pale pink 
 [or white] 3 6 ; ped. aciculate and setose ; column of styles 
 falling short of stam. glabrous. [ rt . Desvauxii (Bak.) ; Its. slightly 
 hairy above decidedly so beneath, C white, ped. glandular. /3. opaca 
 (Bak.) ; Its. much more hairy, fl. white, ped. naked, y. E. systyla (Bast.) ; 
 Its. glabrous above hairy principally on the veins beneath, fl. pink, ped. 
 glandular. 8. JR. leucochroa (Desv.) ; like R. systyla but fl. white, ped. 
 glandular shorter, disk less prominent, styles less agglutinated, e. E. 
 pseudo-rusticana (Crep.) ; Its. glabrous or with a few hairs on the mid- 
 rib beneath, fl. white, ped. glandular, disk very prominent. . E. virffinea 
 (Rip.) ; Its. glabrous simply serrate, fl. white, ped. naked, fr. globose. 
 rj. E. evanida (Christ); Its. almost glabrous doubly serrate, ped. glandular.] 
 Chiefly in the S. of England. Sh. VI. VII. E. 
 
 13. R. arverisis (Huds.) ; prickles equal hooked, Its. [usually] 
 simply serrate and quite glabrous, sep. reflexed deciduous with 
 a short point simply pinnate, fr. subglobose with a convex 
 disk -E. B. 188. St. trailing. Lts. nearly flat. El. white 
 usually 4 6 ; ped. glandular ; column of styles equalling the 
 stam. glabrous. [/3. E. bibracteata (Bast.) ; more robust, sep. rather 
 more compound, fr. obovoid. y. E. cjallicoides (Desegl.) ; upper part of 
 st. very glandular, fr. ovoid, d. E. ovata (Lej.) ; prickles dilated cir- 
 cular at the base, Its. hairy on the midrib beneath, fl. larger, fr. ovoid. 
 . reptans (Crep.); Its. doubly serrate.] Hedges and thickets. 
 Sh. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 13*. E. sempermrens (L.) ; 1. evergreen shining, those on the fl. 
 branches often of only 5 Its., column of styles hairy. E. Melrioi 
 (Towndrow) from Madresfield, Wore., with glabrous styles has been 
 referred to this species. 
 
 Index to Rosa. 
 
 agrestis, 8. Blondeana, 10. concinna, 9. 
 
 andegavensis, 10. Borreri, 9. cordifolia, 2. 
 
 apricorum, 6. Briggsii, 7. coriifolia, 11. 
 
 arvatica, 10. caerulea, 4. cryptopoda, 8. 
 
 arvensis, 13. cassia, 10. cuspidatoides, 5. 
 
 aspernata, 10. canina, 10. decipiens, 9. 
 
 Baker i, 11. celerata, 11. Desvauxii, 12. 
 
 bibracteata, 12, 13. cinerascens, 5. Doniana, 3. 
 
 Billietii, 8. cornosa, 0. dumalis, 10. 
 
ROSA. COTONEASTER. 
 
 139 
 
 dumetorum, 10. 
 
 lutetiana, 10. 
 
 sempervirens, 13*. 
 
 echinocarpa, 6. 
 
 micrantha, 7. 
 
 senticosa, 10. 
 
 Eglanteria, 0. 
 
 mollis, 4. 
 
 sepium, 8. 
 
 evanida, 12. 
 
 Moorei, 3. 
 
 Siuithii, 3. 
 
 farinosa, 5. 
 
 Nicholsonii, 3. 
 
 sphaerica, 10. 
 
 foetida, 5. 
 
 obovata, 5. 
 
 spinosissiraa, 1, 
 
 frondosa, 9. 
 
 obtusifolia, 9. 
 
 stylosa, 12. 
 
 gallicoides, 13. 
 
 occidental is, 3. 
 
 subcanina, 11. 
 
 glabra, '2. 
 
 opaca, 12. 
 
 subcristata, 11. 
 
 glauca, 11. 
 
 ovata, 13. 
 
 subglobosa, 5. 
 
 gracilescens, 3. 
 
 permixta, 7. 
 
 surculosa, 10. 
 
 Grovesii, 2. 
 
 pimpinellifblia, 1. 
 
 sylvestris, 5. 
 
 Hailstoni, 11. 
 
 pomit'era, 3*. 
 
 systyla, 12. 
 
 hibernica, 2. 
 
 pseudo-rubiginosa, 4. 
 
 tomentella, 9. 
 
 hystrix, 7. 
 
 pseudo-rusticana, 12. 
 
 tomentosa, 5. 
 
 implexa, 11. 
 
 reptans, 13. 
 
 umbellata, 6. 
 
 incana, 10. 
 
 Reuteri, 11. 
 
 urbica, 10. 
 
 inconspicua, 10. 
 
 Ripartii, 1. 
 
 villosa, 4. 
 
 inodora, 8. 
 
 Robertson!, 3. 
 
 vinacea, 10. 
 
 involuta, 3. 
 
 rotundifolia, 6. 
 
 virginea, 12. 
 
 jenensis, 6. 
 
 rubiginosa, 6. 
 
 Watsoni, 11. 
 
 l^evigata, 3. 
 
 Sabini, 3. 
 
 Webbii, 3. 
 
 latebrosa, 10. 
 
 scabriuscula, 5. 
 
 Wilsoni, 3. 
 
 leucochroa, 12. 
 
 semiglabra, 10. 
 
 Woodsiana, 5. 
 
 Lintoni, 11. 
 
 
 
 Suborder III. Pomete. 
 15. CRAT^'GUS Linn. Hawthorn. 
 
 1. C. Oxyacaritha (L.) ; spinose, 1. obovate 3 4-lobed cut 
 and serrate cuneate at the base, fl. corymbose, cal. not glandular, 
 styles 1 3. a. C. oxyacanthoides (Thuill.) ; 1. lobed, ped. and 
 cal. usually glabrous, cal. -lobes triangular-acuminate, styles 1 '- 
 3, fruit oval, nuts 13. Sy. E. B. 479. /3. C. monoyyna 
 ( Jacq.) ; 1. deeply lobed usually acute, ped. and cal. villose, cal.- 
 lobes lanceolate acuminate, style 1 bent, fruit subglobose, rarely 
 style straight and cal. glabrous. E. B. 2504. [~C. tyrtostyla 
 Fing.J Hedges and thickets ; /3 the more common form and 
 flowering later. [L. sometimes more deeply cut, var. laciniata (Auct.).l 
 
 T. v. vi. E. s. r. 
 
 16. COTONEAS'TER Medic. 
 
 1. C. integerrimus (Medic.) ; 1. roundish-ovate rounded at the 
 base, flowerstalks and margins of the calyx downy. E. B. S. 
 2713. C. vulffaris (Lindl.) ed. viii. Pet. rose-coloured. Fr. 
 small pendulous, red. Great Orme's Head, Caernarvonshire. 
 Sh. V. E. 
 
140 26. KOSACE.E. 
 
 17. MES'PILUS Linn. Medlar. 
 
 1. M. german'ica (L.) ; 1. lanceolate undivided downy be- 
 neath, fl. solitary. E. B. 1523. [Pyrus Hook, fil.] L. entire 
 simply or doubly serrate. In the wild state it is spinous. 
 Hedges and thickets in Surrey, Sussex, [and Cheshire ?] T. 
 V. VI. E. 
 
 18. PY'RTJS Linn. 
 
 1. P. communis (L.) ; 1. ovate serrate, fl. corymbose, fruit tur- 
 binatcj styles distinct. E. B. 1784. Branches rather spinous. 
 Germen woolly. Leaves sometimes obovate suddenly con- 
 tracted into along very acute point. a. Pi/raster (L.) ; 1. acumi- 
 nate downy beneath when young ultimately glabrous, fr. 
 elongate-pyriforni obconical at the base. /3. P. Achras (Gaert.); 
 mature 1. acute or cuspidate slightly downy beneath, fr. globose- 
 pyriform rounded below. y. P. cot-data (Desv.), P. Briggsii 
 (Syme) ; 1. cordate-ovate nearly glabrous, fr. small globose or 
 pyriform. Hedges and woods. T. IV. V. Wild Pear-tree. E. 
 
 2. P. Mains (L.) ; 1. ovate acute serrate, fl. in a sessile 
 umbel,/)*, globose, styles combined below. a. P. acerba (DC.) ; 
 young branches calyx-tube and underside of the 1. glabrous. 
 E. B. 179. ft. mitis (Wallr.) ; the same parts pubescent or 
 woolly. Sy. E. B. 490. Woods and hedges. T. V. Crab- 
 tree. E. S. I. 
 
 \_P. domes'tica (Ehrh.) ; /. pinnate downy beneath serrate,./?. 
 panicledyfr. obovate. Fr. resembling a small pear. One tree 
 in Wyre Forest ; now lost. T. V. Service-tree.^ E. 
 
 3. P. Aucupdria (Ehrh.) ; /. pinnate downy beneath serrate, 
 fl. corymbose, fr. (small red) globose. Corymb 4 6 in. across. 
 
 Lts. 12 16. Hilly woods. Mountains. T. V. VI. Rowan 
 tree. Mountain- Ash. E. S I. 
 
 \P.pinnatifida (Ehrh.), P. semipinnata (Roth). E.B. iii. Suppl. 48oB, 
 with oblong-lanceolate bluntly-lobed 1. pinnate below, occurs in shrub- 
 beries. P. Aucuparia X Aria ?] 
 
 4. P.fen'nica (Bab.) ; 1. oblong serrate usually pinnate below 
 with 1 4 pairs of free decurrent Its. and 1 2 pairs of nearly 
 free lobes, Its. and lobes oblong or narrowly elliptical, underside 
 grey-webbed, fl, corymbose. Sorbusfennica Fr. Lobes blunt or 
 acute as the term, tooth is more or less prominent. Hybrid (?) 
 between Sp. 3 and 5. Glen Catacol, Arran, S., in small quan- 
 tity. S. 
 
 5. P. intermedia (Ehrh.) ; /. oblong doubly serrate near the 
 apex pinnatifid below, lobes oblong-lanceolate serrate, underside 
 
27. LYTHRACE^:. 141 
 
 white and downy, fl. corymbose. E. B. iii. Suppl. 484 a & b. 
 P. scandica (Syme) ed. viii. 1 Fr. scarlet. Lower part of the 
 1. often subpiimate, the lobes becoming more and more com- 
 bined as they approach the extremity of the leaf wbich is only 
 deeply and doubly serrate. [. p. minima (Ley) ; 1. narrower with 
 shallower lobes, fr ."small globose. J. of B. 1897, t. 372.] [West of 
 England, Wales.] Arran. Q3. Brecon.] T. V. E. S. 
 
 6. P. Aria (Ehrh.) ; /. of fl. -shoot roundly oval or elliptic, 
 entire below unequally and doubly serrate or with many small 
 broad lobes especially towards the end, lateral veins 9 14 on 
 each side, underside of 1. uniformly snowy-white-felted, fl. corym- 
 bose. E. S. 1858. Lobes deepest a little below the end of the 
 leaf. Chalky banks and limestone rocks. T. V. E. I. 
 
 7. P. rupic'ola (Syme) ; /. of Jl.- shoot obovate narrow and 
 entire below with many small broad lobes on the upper half, 
 deepest near the end, lateral veins 5 8 on each side, underside 
 of /. uniformly snowy -white-felted, fl. corymbose. Sy. E. B. 
 483 Oiten the basal half of the edge of 1. is entire. Exposed 
 rocks. T.V. E.I. 
 
 8. P. latifolia (Syme) ; 1. offl.-shoot elliptic with triangular- 
 oval acutely serrate lobes deepest near the middle of the sides 
 of leaf, lateral veins 5 9 on each side, underside of I. ashy- 
 feltedflocculent, fl. corymbose. Sy. E. E. 484. P. scandica Bab. 
 [P. rotundifolia Bechst. (non Mcench).] L. often very acute with 
 very acute lobes which are longer than broad, basal \ finely 
 serrate. Fr. dark or reddish brown. Hilly woods. T. V. E. 
 
 9. P. tormindlis (Ehrh.) ; I. ovate or cordate lobed glabrous, 
 lobes triangular acute serrate the lower ones larger and spreading, 
 fl. corymbose. E. B. 298. Fr oval brown. Woods and hedges 
 in the" South. T. IV. V. Wild Set vice-tree. E. 
 
 Order XXVII. LYTHRACE^. 
 
 Cal. tubular, lobed ; valves valvate or distant in the bud, some" 
 times with intermediate teeth. Pet. between the lobes of the 
 calyx, very deciduous. Stam. inserted in the tube of the cj 1., 
 below the pet. and equalling them or 2, 3, or 4 times as mary. 
 Ovary free, 2 4-celled. Style 1. Caps, inenibranaceous, 
 
 1 The Rev. A. Ley in a paper on this group in ' Science Gossip,' 1895, 
 p. 113, considers the broader-leaved plant with larger fruit from the West 
 of England distinct from the Arran plant, using the name of" P. scandica 
 Asch. " for the latter. H. & J. G. 
 
1-^2 28. TAMARISCACEJE. 
 
 usually (by abortion) 1 -celled, with many seeds and a central 
 placenta, covered by the calyx. Embryo straight. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. LYTHRUM. Cal. tubular, cylindrical, with 8 12 teeth; 
 4 6 broader, erect ; alternate teeth subulate. Pet. 4 6. 
 Stam. as many as or twice the number of the petals. Style 
 
 filiform. Caps. 2-celled many-seeded. 
 
 2. PEPLIS. Cal. bell-shaped with 12 teeth, of which 6 are 
 broader and erect, 6 subulate. Pet. 6, minute, fugacious. 
 Stam. 6. Style very short. Gaps. 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 1. LY'THETJM Linn. Loosestrife. 
 
 1. L. Salicdria (L.) ; /. lanceolate from a cordate base opposite 
 or whorled, fl. in whorled leafy spikes, bracts 0, subulate calyx- 
 teeth twice as long as the others, stam. 12. E. B. 1061. 
 Upper 1. usually falling short of the flowers, or so large as 
 totally to destroy the spiked appearance of the plant. St. 2 4 
 feet high and 1. nearly glabrous, or downy with crisped hairs. 
 Fl. large, purple or crimson. Ditch-banks and damp places. 
 P. VII." VIII. Pui-ple Loosestrife. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. Hyssopifolia (L.). ; /. alternate linear-lanceolate blunt, fl. 
 axillary solitary, bracts 2 minute subulate, calyx-teeth all short, 
 stam. 6. E. B, 292. St. mostly procumbent, spreading, simple 
 or branched. Fl. small, light purple, Glabrous. Damp places 
 where water has stagnated, rare. A. VI. X. E. 
 
 2. PEP'LIS Linn. Water-Purslane. 
 
 1. P. Por'tula (L.) ; 1. opposite obovate stalked, fl. axillary 
 solitary sessile. E. B. 1211. St. 1. 7. Pet. often wanting. 
 Cal.-tube short, shortly bell-shaped, shorter than the capsule. 
 St. 4 6 in. long, prostrate, creeping. Damp places. A. VII. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XXVIII. TAMABISCACE^E. 
 
 Cal. 4 5-parted, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Pet. 45, 
 withering, from the base of the calyx. Stam. equal to or twice 
 as many as the pet., from the margin of a shieldlike disk. Caps*. 
 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, loculicidal. Placentas often 
 only at the base. Seeds ascending, crowned with a tuft of 
 hairs. 
 
 1. TAMABJX. Styles 3, patent. Seeds from base of capsule ; 
 crowned with a tuft of simple papilliibrm hairs. 
 
29. ONAGKACE.E. 143 
 
 1. TAM'ARIX Linn. Tamarisk. 
 
 [1. T. ang'lica (Webb) ; 1. glabrous rather narrowed at the 
 base spurred, fl.-buds ovoid, hypogynous ring with 5 angles 
 narrowed into the filaments of the cordate shortly apiculate 
 anthers, caps, roundish-trigonous at the base abruptly narrowed 
 towards the apex. T. gallica Sm. (T. qallica L. is a Mediter- 
 ranean tree.) E. B. 1318. Webb in Hook. J. of B. iii. 422 1. xv. 
 St. shrubby, with slender leafy branches. L. minute. Spikes 
 lateral, rather panicled, slender. Fl. small, pink. South-west 
 coast of England. Planted. Sh. VII. ] E. 
 
 Order XXIX. ONAGRACEJE. 
 
 Cal. tubular, adnate to the ovary wholly or in part, with 2 4 
 lobes valvate in the bud. Pet. as many as the calyx-lobes, 
 twisted in the bud, inserted at the top of the tube. Starn. 2, 4, 
 or 8, inserted with the petals. Ovary of several cells, with a 
 central placenta. Style 1, filiform, stigma capitate or lobed. 
 Fr. a berry or capsule with 4 cells. Albumen 0. L. alternate 
 or opposite, not dotted. Exstipulate. Many raphides. 
 
 1. EPILOBIUM. Cal. 4-cleft, deciduous. Pet. 4. Stam. 8. 
 Style filiform, stigma clavate or cruciform. Caps, linear, 4- 
 ceiled, 4-valved. Seeds many, bearded. FL not yellow. 
 
 2. CE^OTHERA. Cal. -limb tubular below. Seeds not bearded. 
 In other respects like Epilobium. Pet. yellow. 
 
 3. LUDWIGIA. Limb of the cal. 4-cl eft, persistent. Pet. 4, or 
 in our plant. Stam. 4. Style filiform, deciduous : stigma 
 capitate. Caps, obovate, 4-valved, 4-celled, many-seeded, 
 with aloculicidal dehiscence. 
 
 4. CIRCJEA. Limb of the cal. %-cleft, deciduous, its tube closed 
 by a cupshaped disk. Pet. 2, obcordate. Stam. 2. alternate 
 with the petals. Style simple ; stigma emarginate. Caps. 
 1- or 2-celled, cells 1-seeded, seeds erect. Fl. white. 
 
 1. EPILO'BIUM Linn. l "Willow Herb. 
 % 
 
 A. Fl. irregular, cal. without a free tube, stam. and style, ulti- 
 mately declining, I. scattered. 
 
 1. E. angustifblium (L.) ; st. erect round, 1. lanceolate veined, 
 
 
 1 In Rev. E. S. Marshall's list of Epilobia in Lond. C.it. ed. 9, p. 20, 
 thirty-three hybrids are reported. See also Mr. Marshall's papers in 
 J. of B. 1890, p. 2, & 1891, p. 7. H. & J. G. 
 
144 29. ONAGRACE^:, 
 
 pet. obovate shortly clawed, style exceeding the stamens. Rhi- 
 zome far-creeping. St. 36 ft. high. Fl. crimson. a. E. ma- 
 crocarpum (Steph.) ; 1. lanceolate, fl.-buds obovate cuspidate, 
 caps, long (2-J- in.) erect. Sy. E. B. 495. /3. E. brachycarpum 
 (Leight.); 1. lanceolate-attenuate (broadest near their base), 
 fl.-buds narrowly obovate obliquely acute, caps, short (1 in.) 
 spreading. Sy. E. B. 490. Damp shady places. /3. The cul- 
 tivated form. P. VII. Rose-Bay. E. S. I. 
 
 [E. Dodontei (Vill.), E. roxmarini folium (Haenke), Sy. E. B. 
 494, reported from Glen Tilt, was probably a mistake, a small 
 alpine form of Sp. 1 being taken for it.] 
 
 B. Fl. regular, cal. with a free tube, stam. and style erect, 
 I. opposite, upper I. lanceolate alternate. 
 
 a. Turionate, i. e., producing radical suckers. 
 
 2. E. hirsutum (L.) ; st. woolly glandular, /. clasping slightly 
 decurrent oblong-lanceolate denticulate-serrate, buds erect 
 mucronate, sep. lanceolate, seech tubercular oblong acute below. 
 E. B. 838. Suckers thick, fleshy, with distant scales ; others 
 leafy and ending in rosettes. St. 4 5 ft. high, terete, branched. 
 L. most hairy upon the ribs. Fl. large. Wet places by ditches 
 and streams. P. VII. VIII. Great Willoiv-Herb, E. S. I. 
 
 Jl. Stoloniferous. * Stoles autumnal rosulate, st. erect. 
 f Stem mostly terete, stigmas 4-cleft. 
 
 3. E. parviftormn (Schreb.) ; st. downy, /. sessile lanceolate 
 from a rounded base denticulate, lowest 1. shortly stalked, buds 
 erect ovoid, sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular obovate-oblong 
 rounded below. E. B. 795. Autumnal rosettes on short stalks 
 or sessile. St. 1 2 ft. high, nearly simple. L. uniformly hairy. 
 Fl. small. E. rivulare ( Wahl.) is a subglabrous state. Damp 
 places. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 1. 
 
 4. E. montdnum (L.) ; st. downy, 1. shortly stalked ovate- 
 lanceolate from a rounded base denticulate, buds nodding ovcyd, 
 sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular oblong blunt at both ends or 
 rather narrowed below. E. S. 1177. Root truncate. Rosettes 
 fleshy, oblong, sessile. St. 624 in. high. Edges and veins 
 of 1. pubescent. L. sometimes in threes. Dry places. P. VI. 
 VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. E. lanceoldtum (S. & M.) ; st. slightly angular downy, /. 
 stalked lanceolate denticulate-serrate narrowed to an entire base. 
 
EPILOBIUM. 145 
 
 buds nodding ovoid, sep. broadly linear acuminate, seeds tuber- 
 cular obovate-oblong subacute below. E. B. 8. 2935. Root 
 not truncate. Rosettes loose, sessile. St. 1 "2 ft. high, obscurely 
 or very bluntly angled especially below. L. flaccid, mostly peri- 
 dulous. South of England, rare. P. VII. IX. E. 
 
 it Stem with raised lines, stigma entire. 
 
 6. E. rdseum (Schreb.) ; rosettes loose, L stalked ovate nar- 
 rowed and acute at both ends serrulate, buds usually nodding 
 ovoid acuminate, sep. lanceolate acuminate, seeds obovate- 
 oblon<r narrowed to a rounded base. E. B. 693. St. 12 ft. 
 high, branching, with two sharp and two blunt angles. Petioles 
 long. Damp places. P. VII. VIII, E. S. ? I. 
 
 7. E. tetrag6num (L.) ; rosettes dense subsessile, L strap- 
 shaped much denticulate-serrate, limb of interm. 1. decurrent, 
 buds erect, seeds oblong-obovate tubercular. Sy. . B. 502. 
 Curt. i. 66. St. 1 2 ft. high, with 2 4 raised lines, usually 
 much branched. Damp places. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 8. E. Lam'yi (F. Schultz) ; rosettes dense, I. lanceolate denticulate- 
 serrate slightly rounded at the base with sometimes a short petiole , buds 
 erect E. 23. 13. St. 13 ft. high. Nearly allied to Sp. 7 but differing 
 by the glaucous lanceolate more acute less strongly dentate L, close 
 pubescence and larger fl. Woods and roadsides. P. VII. V 111. E. 
 
 ** Stoles festival long-jointed with small leaves, primary stem 
 erect, stigma usually entire. 
 
 9. E. obscurum (Schreb.) ; L tapering from a rounded base 
 sessile remotely denticulate, lower 1, oblong blunt, buds erect, 
 seeds oblong-obovate. E. virgatum G. & G., Sy. E. B. 503. 
 Eesembling E. tetragonum, but the caps, much shorter and 1. 
 very different Wet places. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 *** Stoles cestival long-jointed with very small leaves ending in 
 autumnal bulbs which become detached, base of stem cordlike. 
 
 10. E. palus'tre (L.) ; stoles long slender, st. rooting near the 
 base, I. narrowly lanceolate from a wedgeshaped base sessile not 
 decurrent, top of raceme nodding, sep. lanceolate, seeds subfusi- 
 
 form attenuate and acute below and the testa prolonged above 
 smooth. Sy. E. B. 504. St. round, often with two rows of 
 down, 6 18 in. high. L. entire or denticulate. F. ligulatum 
 (Baker) is a broad-leaved form. Bogs. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I . 
 
 H 
 
146 29. ONAGRACEJE. 
 
 **** Stoles or barren stems festival rosulate. 
 
 11. E. alpinum (L.) ; barren stems short their upper I. closely 
 placed, fl.-st. erect from a short rooting base, 1. oval or oblong 
 blunt narrowed below not acuminate, upper 1. lanceolate, buds 
 nodding sep. linear-lanceolate acute, seeds lanceolate-obovate 
 pointed below apiculate. E. B. 506, 2001. E. anagallidi folium 
 ( Lam.) ed. viii. St. tiliform, simple, with two raised lines, 
 3 4 in. long. L. pale green. Fl. pale. Higher mountains. 
 P. VII. S. 
 
 ***** Stoles cestival scale-bearing not rosulate. 
 
 12. E. alsinefolium (Vill.) ; stoles (yellowish) with small 
 roundish distant scales, st. erect from a long rooting base, I. 
 ovate- acuminate repand-dentate shortly stalked, buds nodding, 
 sep. linear-oblong, seeds subfusiform. Sy. E. B. 505. St. mostly 
 simple, rather thick, with 2 raised lines, 3 12 in. long. L. 
 shining, subpellucid. Fl. large, purplish. Caps, upright, long, 
 long-stalked. Higher mountains. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. (ENOTHE'EA Linn. Evening Primrose. ' 
 
 *1. CE. bien'nis (L.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate flat toothed, pet. 
 longer than the stamens, st.-l. elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, caps, 
 roundly tetragonal tapering upwards. E. JB. 1534. St. 5. 5. 
 Fl. large, many, bright yellow. St. 2 3 ft. high, leafy. 
 Sandy coast of Lancashire. (American.) B. VII. IX. E. 
 
 *2. CE. odordta ( Jacq.) ; 1. subsessile, radical 1. linear-lanceo- 
 late toothed, st.-l. ovate-lanceolate attenuate, pet. longer than 
 the stamens, caps, clavate. Sy. E. B. 509. Fl. large, bright 
 yellow. St. 2 3 ft. high. Foliage brighter green and fl. 
 deeper yellow than in Sp. 1. Channel Lies. Coasts of Som. 
 and at Plymouth, (Patagonian.) B. VII. IX. E. 
 
 3. LUDWIG'IA Linn. 
 
 1. L. apet'ala (Walt.) ; st. procumbent rooting glabrous, 1. 
 opposite ovate acute narrowed into a petiole, fl. axillary solitary 
 .sessile without petals. E. B. S. 2593. St. 22. 3. L. palu*- 
 tris (Ell.) ed. viii. St. 6 8 in. long, round, branching, often 
 reddish. Fl. with 2 small bracts at the base. Caps, ovate 
 obtusely quadrangular, with the persistent calyx spreading 
 horizontally. Pools and marshes. Suss., Hants, and Jersey. 
 A. VI. E. 
 
 4. CIRC^R'A Linn. 
 
 1. C. hdetidna (L.) ; /. orate or slightly cord ate below repand 
 denticulate opaque, petioles subteretej bracteoles 0, pet. deeply 
 
30. HALORAGACEJ2. 147 
 
 emargmate, lobes broadly obovate, cal. hairy, ovary 2-celled, fr. 
 broadly obovate. E. B. 1056. Si,. 23. 1. Pet. as long as the 
 herbaceous sepals, broad below. Fr. persistent. Woods and 
 hedge-banks. P. VI. VIII. Enchanter's Nightshade. E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. alpina (L.) ; /. cordate acuminate repand-dentate shi- 
 ning, petioles flat with membranous wings, bracteoles setaceous, 
 pet. bifid, lobes oblong, cal. glabrous, ovary 1-celled. E. B. 
 1057. St. 23. 2. Usually glabrous. Pet* shorter than the 
 membranous sepals, narrow below, Fr. soon falling. Bracteoles 
 deciduous. /3. C. intermedia (Ehrh.) ; fl. larger, sep. less mem- 
 branous equalling the petals. Whole plant much larger. 
 Woods aud thickets in hilly districts. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XXX. HALORAGACE^E. 
 
 Cal. adnate to the ovary, limb minute. Pet. minute, from 
 the throat of the calyx. Stam. 1 8, inserted with the petals. 
 Ovary of 1 or more cells. Styles equal in number to the cells. 
 Fr. dry, not bursting, usually crowned with rim of cal} r x. Seeds 
 pendulous; albumen fleshy. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Monoscious. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 4, 
 soon falling, exceeding the calyx in the male, small and 
 reflexed or in the female. Stam. 8. Styles 4, villose. 
 Fr. tetragonal, separable into 4 hard nuts. 
 
 2. HIPPURIS. Calyx-limb very minute, obsoletely 2-lobed. 
 Pet. 0. Stam. 1. Style filiform. Stigma simple, acute. 
 Fruit a 1-celled nut. 
 
 1. MYRIOPHYL'LUM Lmn. Water-Milfoil. 
 
 1. M. verticilldtum (L.) ; fl. all axillary wkorled, bracts pin- 
 natifid. E. B. 218. L. whorled, pinnatifidly divided into se- 
 taceous segments. Bracts more or less longer than the flowers, 
 piunatitid or (M. pectinatum DC.) pectinate. Ponds and ditches, 
 rare. P. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 2. M. spicdtum (L.) ; fl. whorled forming a leaflets spike, 
 bracts small entire, spike erect when in bud. E B. 83. L. 4 
 in a whorl, submersed. Lower bracts often pectinate. Ponds 
 and ditches. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. M. alterniflorum (DC.) ; sterile fl. alternate about 6 form- 
 ing a leafless spike, spike nodding when in bud afterwards erect, 
 fertile fl. about 3 together in axillary whorls at the base of the 
 
 H 2 
 
148 31. CFCUEBITACEJE. 32. PORTULACEJE. 
 
 spike. E. B. S. 2854. L. 3 or 4 in a whorl, submersed. Ponds 
 and ditches. P. V. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. HIPPTJ'RLS Linn. Mare's-tail. 
 
 1. H. vulgdris (L.) j 1. linear 6 12 in a whorl with a hard 
 point. E. B. 763. St. 44. 1. St. simple, or sometimes branch- 
 ing at the base, erect. Fl. in the axil of each of the upper 
 leaves, often without stamens. In deep water the submersed 
 leaves are long flaccid pellucid and not hard at the end ; in 
 running water often wholly submersed flaccid and barren. 
 In stagnant water and slow streams. P. VI. VIL E. S. I. 
 
 Order XXXI, CUCURBITACE^E. 
 
 Gal. 5-toothed, tube adnate to the ovary. Cor. 5-cleft, 
 often scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, netted with veins. 
 Stam. 5, more or less cohering. Anth. sinuous. Ovary 35- 
 celled or spuriously 1-celled ; placentas parietal. Style short. 
 Stigmas lobed. Fr. more or less succulent. Seeds flat, in an 
 aril ; embryo flat ; albumen 0. Succulent, climbing with extra- 
 axillary tendrils ; often monoecious or dioecious. JStip. 0. 
 
 1. BRYONIA. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Male : Stam. 5 
 in 3 bundles. Fern : Style 3-fid. Fruit a globose few- 
 seeded berry. Seeds oval, compressed, more or less bor- 
 dered. 
 
 1. BRYO'NIA Linn. Red Bryony. 
 
 1. B. dioi'ca (Jacq.) ; 1. palmate 5-lobed dentate rough on 
 both sides with hard points, fl. dioecious, cal. of the fertile fl. 
 half as long as the corolla. Sy. E. B. 517. St. climbing. Ten- 
 drils simple. Fr. red. [B. alba (L.) has the fertile cal. as long 
 as the cor. and black fruit. It is said to be monoecious.] 
 Hedges and thickets. P. V. IX. E. 
 
 Order XXXII. PORTULACE^E. 
 
 Sep. 2, rarely 3 or 5, cohering at the base ; imbricate in the 
 bud. Pet. usually 5, from the base of the calyx. Stam. inde- 
 finite, inserted with the petals, often opposite to the petals ; 
 filaments distinct. Ovary 1-celled. Style 0. Stigmas several. 
 Caps, opening transversely or by 3 valves ; placenta central. 
 Embryo curved round the albumen. Stip. scarious. 
 
33. rARONTcHiACE^:. 149 
 
 1. MONTI A. Cal. of 2 sepals, persistent. Cor. 5-parted, 
 with 3 segments smaller than the others, tube split to the 
 base in front. Stam. 3, inserted in the throat and opposite 
 to the smaller segments of the corolla. Ovary turbinate. 
 Style very short. Stigmas 3. Caps. 3-valved, 3-seeded. 
 
 2. CLAYTONIA. Cal. of two sepals, persistent. Cor. of 5 free 
 petals. Stam. 5, opposite to and adhering to the petals. 
 Style 3-cleft. Caps, globose, 3-valved, 3-seeded. 
 
 1. HON'TIA Linn. Blinks. 
 
 1. M.fontdna (L.).-E. B. 1206. St. 11. 1. L. opposite, 
 spathulate, entire. Valves of the caps, rolled longitudinally 
 inwards after the seeds have fallen. a. minor (All.) ; st. short 
 ascending rigid, ped. axillary and terminal, seeds netted-asperous. 
 . major (AIL), M. rivularis (Gm. ); st. flaccid ascending, 
 ped. axillary, seeds netted. Watery places. 8 in water. A. 
 IV.-VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. CLAYTO'NIA Linn. 
 
 *1. C. perfoliata (Donn) ; radical 1. fleshy rhomboidal-spa- 
 thulate, upper st.-l. 2 connate, raceme subverticillate with 1 or 2 
 basal flowers, pet. nearly or quite entire. Sy. E. B. 260. St. 
 tufted, ascending, 4 12 in. high. Pet. white, just overtopping 
 the calyx. Naturalized. (N.W.American.) A. IV.-VI. E. S. 
 
 *2. C. sibir'ica (L.) ; radical 1. ovate -acuminate, upper 1; 
 opposite sessile, fl. mostly solitary in raceme, pet. bifid. E. B. 
 iii. Suppl. 260 A. C. alsino'ides (Sims) ed. viii. St. often 
 1 ft. high. Fl. more and larger than in Sp. 1. Naturalized. 
 (N.W. American.) A. IV. VII. E. S. 
 
 \Portulaca oleracea (L.) is a common weed near Richmond, 
 Surrey.] 
 
 Order XXXIII. PARONYCHIACE^E '. 
 
 Cal. 5-parted, imbricate in the bud. Pet. usually minute and 
 resembling abortive stam., or 0. Stam. indefinite, opposite the 
 eep. (when the same number), somewhat hypogynous. Ovary 
 free. Styles 2 or 3. Fr. dry, 3-valved or indehiscent. Em- 
 bryo more or less curved. Albumen mealy. With stipules. 
 
 1 Benth. & Hook. Gen. Plant, include this in the Order Illecebracete 
 among the Monochlamydeee. H. & J. G. 
 
150 33. PARONYCHIACE^J. 
 
 1. CORRIGIOLA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, oblong, equalling the sepals. 
 Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent. 
 Seed suspended by its seedstalk, which arises from the base 
 of the capsule. L. alternate. 
 
 2. HERNIARIA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, filiform, inserted with the 
 5 stam. on a perigynous ring. Stiff mas 2, nearly sessile. 
 Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent, membranous. L. opposite. 
 
 3. ILLECEBRUM. Sep. 5, thickened, horned at the back. Pet. 
 or 5, subulate, inserted with the 5 stam. on a perigynous 
 ring. Stigmas 2. Fr. l-seeded, furrowed, bursting along 
 the 5 furrows. 
 
 1. CORRIGI'OLA Linn. Strap wort. 
 
 1. C. littordlis (L.) ; st. leafy amongst the flowers. E. B. 
 668. Fl. stalked, white, small, in small clusters. Stem-1. ob- 
 long, narrow below. St. many from the crown of the root, 
 prostrate, slender. Sandy shores. Slapton Sands and near the 
 Start Point. Devon. Helston, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 2. HEBKIA'RIA Linn. Bupturewort. 
 
 1. H. gldbra (L.) ; st. herbaceous prostrate clothed all round 
 with minute decurved hairs, L narrowed below, clusters of sessile 
 fl. axillary collected on the lateral branches into a slightly leafy 
 spike. E. B. 206. Pale yellowish green. St. procumbent or 
 subterranean ; autumnal shoots ascending, irregularly branched 
 with spreading not imbricate leaves. Lateral branches resem- 
 bling leafy spikes from the dense aggregation of the clusters. 
 Cal. glabrous or with a very few hairs. L. glabrous. Rare. 
 Suffolk. Wilsford, Lincoln. Six-mile Bottom, Camb. Finch- 
 ley Common. A. or B. VII. E. 
 
 2. H. cilidta (Bab.) ; st. sufirutescent prostrate clothed on its 
 upperside alone with minute decurved hairs, /. orbicular-orate 
 ciliate, clusters of sessile fl. axillary upon the lateral branches 
 and distinct. E. B. S. 2857. -Dark green. Root strong, 
 woody. St. spreading extensively from the crown of the root 
 but scarcely rooting until the autumn, when they are prostrate, 
 and regularly alternately branched and the leaves are imbricate 
 in two rows. Clusters 1 3 together in small distinct bunches. 
 Fl. larger than in Sp. 1. Sep. tipped with a strong bristle. 
 Very rare. Lizard Point. Guernsey. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 3. H. hirsuta (L.) ; st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with 
 ttraight spreading hairs, 1. oblong narrowed at both ends, cal. 
 
34. CRASSULACE^:. 151 
 
 hairy resembling a minute bur. E. B. 1379. Sandy ground 
 at Christchurch, Plants. Mr. Townsend. The Finchley-Com- 
 mon plant was H. glabra ! 
 
 3. ILLE'CEBRTJM Linn. 
 
 1. I. verticilldtum (L.).E. B. 895. St. procumbent, fili- 
 form, glabrous. Fl. whorled, axillary, minute, white. L. 
 roundish, variable in size, shorter or longer than the flowers. 
 Boggy places in Devon and Cornwall. P. VII. E. 
 
 Order XXXIV. CBASSULACEJE. 
 
 Sep. 3 30, more or less united at the base. Pet. the same 
 number, free or slightly connected, inserted at the base of the 
 calyx. Stam. inserted with the pet. and the same or twice 
 their number. Hypogynous scales 1 at the base of each carpel 
 or inconspicuous. Carpels the same number as and opposite to 
 the pet, free or slightly connected, 1-celled. Fr. of several fol- 
 licles opening on their face, with slightly albuminous seeds on 
 the inner suture. Exstipulate. 
 
 1. TILI^EA. Sep., pet., and stam. 3 4. Carp. 3 4, con- 
 stricted in the middle and 2-seeded. Hypogynous scales 0. 
 
 2. SEDUM. Sep. and pet. 5, rarely 4 or 6. Stam. 10 or 12. 
 Hypogynous scales entire. Carp. 5 or 6 many-seeded. . 
 & Rhodiola has 4 sep., 4 pet., 8 stam.. 4 carp., and is sub- 
 dioecious. 
 
 [3. SEMPERVIVUM. Sep. 6 10. Pet. the same. Stam. 
 twice as many as the pet. Hypogynous scales laciniaie. 
 Carp, as many as the petals.] 
 
 4. COTYLEDON. Sep. 5. Pet. cohering into a tubular 5-cleft 
 corolla. Stam. 10, inserted on the corolla. Hypogynous 
 scales 5. Carp. 5. 
 
 1. TILL^'A Linn. 
 
 1. T. muscosa (L.) ; st. branched and decumbent at the base, 
 fl. axillary sessile trifid. E. B. 116. R. I. t. 191. Very mi- 
 nute, about 1 in. long, reddish. L. opposite, oblong, blunt, 
 concave above ; connate. Sep. ovate or lanceolate, acute, bristle- 
 pointed. Pet. nearly subulate, white tipped with red. On 
 barren sandy heaths in the South and East. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
152 34. CRASSTJLACE^E. 
 
 2. SE'DUM Linn. Stonecrop. 
 
 * Rootstock thick, many-headed. Leaves flat. Stems annual. 
 t Flowers yellow, subdicecious, 4-parted. RHODIOLA Linn. 
 
 1. & rdsettm (Scop.) ; root fleshy, 1. oblong smooth. 
 S. Rhodiola (DC.) ed. viii. Rhodiola* roeea L. E. B. 508. 
 Fl. in a compact terminal cyme, subdioscious. Stain. 8. L. 
 alternate, acuminate, usually dentate in their upper half. 
 Rhizome large, having a remarkable smell. St. 6 8 in. high, 
 simple. Wet alpine rocks. P. VI. VII. Roseroot. E. S. I. 
 
 ft Flowers white or purple, perfect, 5-parted. 
 
 2. S. Telephium (L.) ; uppermost L long-oval dentate rounded 
 at the base and sessile, lower 1. obovate or oblong narrowed be- 
 low, corymb dense, ovaries flattened and slightly furrowed on the 
 hack. li. I. 968. S. pnrpurascens Koch, Sy. E. B. 526. St. 
 1 2 feet high. L. large, often orbicular. Pet. recurved from 
 the middle, faintly channelled at the end. Stam. 10. [S. 
 maximum Sut., R. I. 969, has lower 1. broad, uppermost cordate 
 at the base, back of the ovaries convex.] Hedgebanks and 
 thickets. P. VII. VIII. Orpine. Live-long. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. Fabdria (Koch); 1. dentate oblong-lanceolate or lanceo- 
 late all nar rowed to a slight petiole, corvmb dense, ovaries not 
 furrowed. Sy. E. B. 527. St. 83. 9.* Resembling S. Tele- 
 phium. Pet. spreading. Stam. 10. Hedges and thickets. 
 P. VIII. Orpine. Live-long. E.I. 
 
 ** Root small, weak, icithout any rooting shoots. L. subterete. 
 
 4. S. vill6sum (L.) ; st. erect, 1. linear blunt flat above not pro- 
 duced at the base, pet. ovate acute, /. st. and panicle glandular- 
 pubescent. E. B. 394. St. 6. 12. Pet. rose-coloured with a 
 purple streak. St. 3 4. in. high. Seedlings with a rosette. 
 Wet mountain pastures. B. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 *** Root small, producing rooting shoots. Leaves subterete. 
 t Flowers white. Leaves blunt. 
 
 5. S. al'bitm (L.) ; floivering st. curved at base then erect, 
 barren st. procumbent rooting, /. oblong subcylindrical flattened 
 above spreading, pet. lanceolate, panicle much branched 
 glabrous. E. B. 1578. Pet. white. St. 45 in. high, purplish 
 leafy. [/3. 6'. micranthum ^Bast.) ; 1. oblong-obovate flattened 
 
SEDTTM. 153 
 
 on both sides blunt. %. E. B. 529.] Eocks and walls, not 
 common. [0. Arundel.] P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 6. S. dasyphyl'lum (L.) ; flowering and barren st. procumbent, 
 I. ovoid jlexhy gibbous, pet. and sep. ovate blunt, panicle small 
 glandular-pubescent. E. B. 656. Pet. white. Sep., pet., and 
 carp, often in sixes. L. very short and thick, glaucous, often 
 tinged with red, opposite on the barren shoots. Flowering st. 
 3 4 in. long. Rocks and walls, rare. P. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 7. S. ang'licum (Buds.); st. procumbent at the base ascending, 
 /. ovoid fleshy gibbous spurred at the base, pet. lanceolate acute, 
 sep. ovate bluntish, cyme bifid smooth. E. B. 171. Pet. white 
 spotted with red. L. mostly alternate. Flowering st. 3 6 in. 
 long. Sandy and rocky places. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 tt Flowers yellow. J Leaves blunt. 
 
 8. S. acre (L.) ; 1. ovoid thick tumid spurred at the base, pet. 
 lanceolate acute, sep. ovate blunt gibbous at the base, cyme tritid 
 smooth. E. B. 839. L. closely imbricate on the barren shoots, 
 very acrid. Walls and dry places. P. VI. VII. Wall-Pepper. 
 
 E. o. 1. 
 
 \_S. sexanguldre (L.) ; /. linear terete spurred at the base, 
 pet. lanceolate acute, sep. lanceolate acute not gibbous, cyme trifid 
 smooth. J B. 1946. Old walls; a doubtful native. P. VII.l 
 
 E. 
 
 ^ ~ 
 
 JJ Leaves acute* 
 
 9. S. reftex'um (L.) ; I. subidate scattered spurred at the base 
 convex on both sides the lowermost recurved, fl. cymose, sep. ovate 
 rather acute, pet. lanceolate blunt. E. B. 695. Barren st. long. 
 L. many, patent or reflexed. Cyme nearly level-topped, its 
 outer branches spreading or recurved. Base of filam. and lateral 
 edges of carp, with glandular hairs. ft. S. albescens (Haw.) ; i. 
 more slender glaucous not recurved. S. glaucum Sm. E. B. 
 2477. Walls and rocks, common, ft. Dry hills rare. P. VII. 
 VIII. E. S. ? L 
 
 10. S. rapes' tre (L.) ; /. linear-lanceolate spurred at the base 
 flattened, fl. imperfectly cvmose, sep. elliptic, pet. lanceolate. 
 
 E. B. 170. S. elegans Lej. Barren st. short with densely im- 
 bricate adpressed ^glaucous leaves. Fl. corymbose rather than 
 cymose. Filam. and ovaries glabrous. On limestone rocks. 
 Bristol. Cheddar. Orrne's Head, &c. P. VI. VII. E. 1. 
 
 H5 
 
154 35. 
 
 11. S. Forsteridnum (Sm.) ; 1. lanceolate spurred at the base 
 flattened, cyme round-topped compact, sep. ovate, pet. lanceo- 
 late. E. B. 1802. Barren st. short, erect, densely leafy. L. 
 forming small rose-like tufts, bright green. Fl. truly cymose, 
 Filam. and ovaries glabrous. Very different from the last in 
 appearance ; but there are 2 forms, (1) with short obconic barren 
 stems and green leaves, (2) with very short globular barren 
 stems and glaucous leaves. Damp rocks in Wales, Shropshire, 
 and West Somerset. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 3. SEMPERYI'VUM Linn. Houseleek. 
 
 [S. tectdrum (L.) ; 1. glabrous ciliate obovate-oblong, pet. 12 
 or more entire at the margins, hypogynous scales short convex 
 resembling glands. E. B. 1320. L. succulent, green with 
 purple tips, forming large roselike tufts. Walls and roofs 
 (planted). P. VII.] E.I. 
 
 4. COTYLE'DON Linn. Xavelwort. 
 
 1. C. Umbilicus (L.) ; lower 1. peltate concave, bracts entire, 
 fl. pendulous. E. B. 325. Raceme usually simple. St. 6 12 
 in. high, leaves mostly collected at its base. FL greenish yellow. 
 Chiefly on rocks and walls in the West. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Order XXXV. RIBESIACE^E. 
 
 Cal. superior, 4 5-cleft, regular. Pet. 4 5, small, inserted 
 at the mouth of the tube and alternating with the stamens. 
 Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 opposite parietal placentas. Style 
 2 4-cleft. Berry many-seeded ; cell filled with pulp. Albu- 
 men horny. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. RISES. Cal. 5-cleft. Berry many-seeded, crowned with 
 the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. RI'BES Linn. 
 * Peduncles 1 S-flowered, Stems spinous. Gooseberry. 
 
 fl. R. Grossuldria (L.) ; ped. with 2 minute bracts, cal. bell- 
 shaped, sep< reflexed oblong, pet. ovate. E. B, 1292 and 2057. 
 Thorns 1 3, at the base of the young branches. Germen and 
 fruit smooth (R. Uva-crispa L.) or pubescent or glandular. L. 
 rounded, 3 5-lobed and cut, glabrous or hairy. Hedges and 
 thickets, doubtfully native. Sh. IV. V. ' E. S. 
 
36. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 155 
 
 ** Flowers racemose. Spines none. Currants. 
 
 2. R. alpinum (L.) ; dioecious, racemes upright both in flower 
 and fruit glandular-pilose, bracts exceeding the pedicels lanceo- 
 late, cal. ylabrous, 1. shining beneath. E. B. 704. St. 51. 6. 
 Male raceme dense, of many flowers ; fem. of 2 5 fl. Limb of 
 the calyx nearly flat. Berries scarlet. L. with 3 acute deeply 
 serrate lobes. Woods. North of E., rare. Sh. IV. V. E. 
 
 3. R niyrum (L.) ; racemes pendulous downy with a separate 
 simple pedicel at the base of each, bracts subulate falling short 
 of the pedicels, cal. pubescent, 1. glandular-punctate beneath. 
 E. B. 1291. Racemes lax. Calyx-limb bell-shaped. Berries 
 large, black. L. with 3 5 acute serrate lobes. In damp and 
 swampy places. Sh. IV. V. Black Currant. E. 
 
 4. R. rubrum (L.) ; racemes mostly glabrous and pendulous, 
 bracts shorter than the pedicels ovate, cal. nearly flat glabrous, 
 1. bluntly 5-lobed. E. B. 1289. a. sativum (B.) ; 1. glabrous, 
 raceme glabrous. /3. R. petrceum (Sm. not Wulf.) ; racemes 
 slightly downy, in flower upright, in fruit pendulous. E. B. 
 705. R. spicatum (Hobs.); racemes erect with fl. and fr., "fl. 
 nearly subsessile," was perhaps a sport from this. E. B. 1290. 
 -Woods. /3. North of E., S. Sh.IV.V. Red Currant. E. S. 
 
 Order XXXVI. SAXIFBAGACE^l. 
 
 Cal. 4 5-cleft, superior or inferior. Pet. 4 5, rarely 0. 
 Stam. 5 10, free, perigynous or hypogynous. Glandular disk 
 present or wanting. Ovary of 2 carpels cohering by the inflexed 
 sides or margins. Styles 2, persistent, usually diverging. Seeds 
 many. Albumen fleshy. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. SAXIFRAGA. Cal. 5-fid or 5-parted, more or less adnate 
 to the ovary or free. Cor. of 5 petals. Stam. 10, rarely 5. 
 Styles 2, persistent. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 beaks, opening 
 by a pore between the beaks. 
 
 2. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Cal. 4-fid, half superior. Cor. 0. 
 Stam. 8, rarely 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, with 2 beaks, 
 opening into the form of a cup. 
 
 3. PABNASSIA. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. Pet. 5. Stam. 5, 
 perigynous, with 5 scales bearing glandular bristles inter- 
 posed, Stigm. 4, sessile. Caps. 1-celled, with 4 valves. 
 
156 36. SAXIFKAGACE^l. 
 
 1. SAXIF'KAGA Linn. Saxifrage. 
 
 Sec. 1. With decumbent barren shoots at the base. 
 
 * Cal. reflexed inferior, fl. panicled, flower ing stems leafless. 
 
 f Filaments enlarged upwards. ROBERTSONIA Haw. 
 
 1. S. umbrdsa (L.) ; /. obovaie with cartilaginous crenatures 
 or sharp notches tapering at the base into dilated footstalks with 
 
 flat edges, panicles racemose. a ; 1. crenate or dentate spreading. 
 JS. B. 663. /3. S. punctata (Haw.) ; 1. nearly round acutely ser- 
 rate erect. R. /. t. 622, 623. y. S. serratifolia (Mack.) ; 1. 
 oblong acutely serrate erect. E. B. S. 2891. West of Ireland. 
 Yorkshire (var. a), a doubtful native. P. VI. London Pride. 
 St. Patrick's Cabbage. [E.] I. 
 
 2. S. el'egans (Mack.) ; /. round smooth shining acutely ser- 
 rate, footstalks broad convex beneath with flat edges, panicle race- 
 mose. E. B. S. 2892. L. not tapering into the footstalks. 
 Very rare. Top of Turk Mountain, Killarney, and Connor Hill, 
 Kerry. P. VI. L 
 
 3. S. hirsuta (L.) ; /. oval sharply serrate, footstalks linear 
 semicylindrical with raised edges hairy, panicles racemose. E. 
 B. 2322. Footstalks slightly tapering upwards. L. longer than 
 broad. Perhaps not distinct from Sp. 4 ? Very rare. Gap of 
 Dunloe and Connor Hill, Kerry. Hungry Hill, Co. Cork. 
 P. VI. I. 
 
 4. S. Geum (L.) ; I. transversely oval or reniform crenate or 
 dentate, footstalks semicylindrical with raised edges hairy, panicle 
 racemose. E. B. S. 2893. L. always broader than long, usually 
 hairy, sometimes glabrous, often beautifully netted with purple 
 beneath. West of Ireland. P. VI. I. 
 
 [S. Andrews ii (Harv.). Sy. E. B. 549. E. Guthriana Hort. 
 Is a garden hybrid. P. VI.] 
 
 ft Filaments subulate. SPATULABIA Haw. 
 
 5. S. stelldris (L.) ; /. oblong wedgeshaped dentate-serrate nar- 
 row below scarcely stalked, panicle corymbose of few flowers. 
 E. B. 167. St. 35. 3. Stems tufted. Fl.-stalks 15 in. high, 
 naked. Pet. ovate, clawed, white with 2 transverse yellow 
 spots on their lower half. L. rarely quite entire. Damp rocks 
 on mountains. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
8AXIFBAGA. 157 
 
 ** Cat. at length reflexed inferior, st. leafy, I. undivided. 
 
 6. & Hir'culus (L.) ; st. erect, barren shoots prostrate filiform, 
 1. alternate lanceolate flat entire, root-1. narrowed into a foot- 
 stalk, sep. blunt fringed at the margin, pet. blunt with 2 hard 
 points near the base. E. B. 1009. St. 35. 8. Fl. few or soli- 
 tary, terminal. Pet. obovate, spreading, yellow dotted with 
 red. St. 4 8 in. high, downy in the upper part. Wet moors, 
 rare. P. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 *** Cal. erect or spreading half inferior, st. leafy, I. simple 
 toothed or with rigid jointless cilia, also a transparent 
 gland at the tip. 
 
 7. & aizoi'des (L.) ; st. decumbent below, 1. alternate linear- 
 oblong nmcronate ciliate entire flat above convex beneath, sep. 
 blunt. E. B. 39. St. 35. 9. Fl. in a leafy panicle, with glu- 
 tinous downy stalks. Pet. bright yellow often spotted with 
 scarlet. St. 3 6 in. long. L. rigidly ciliate or with several 
 strong teeth. Wet places on mountains. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 **** Cal. erect or spreading superior or half inferior, st. more 
 or less leafy, 1. lobed, cilia all jointed. S. hypnoides, 
 Hook. See Baker in J. of B. viii. 280, 355. 
 
 8. S. ccespitosa (L.) ; root-l. crowded 3 5-cleft blunt veined 
 fringed, fl. 1 5, pet. rounded 3-veined, cat. half inferior, sep. 
 blunt. Barren st. very short. Fl. white. Germeu broad and 
 rounded below. Common base of the 1. not furrowed. Anth. 
 long, cordate with an open notch. Horns of caps, spreading. 
 /3. S. incurvifolia (D. Don) ; stem-1. more numerous with in- 
 curved lobes. E. B. S. 2909. Very rare. Caernarvonshire. 
 Westmoreland. Aberdeenshire. Kerry. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 9. S. decip'iens (Ehrh.) l ; /. crowded 3 4-cleft, lobes lanceo- 
 late pointed fringed, fl. few (usually 3) loosely panicled, pet- 
 obovate 3-veined, cal. half inferior, sep. bluntish. S. hirta Sm. 
 E. B. 2291 (not Haw.). S. Sternbergii (Willd.) ed. viii. L. on 
 the barren shoots as well as the radical 1. 3-cleft, the lateral 
 lobes often divided halfway down, lobes diverging. Barren 
 shoots 3 6 or 8 in. long, weak. Fl.-st. hairy glandular, bear- 
 ing 2 or 8 deeply 3-lobed 1. and a few simple linear bracts ; 
 
 1 Prof. Engler (Monogr. Saxif.) includes as vars. under this name 
 S. Sternberffii, Willd., S. quinquefida, Haw. (=S. sponhemica, Gmel.), 
 and S. grcenlandica, L., and has referred some British Specimens to the 
 last named. H. & J. G. 
 
158 36. SAXIFRAGACEJE. 
 
 lateral fr.-ped. much overtopping the intermediate one. Fl. 
 white. Anth. large, round, with a deep parallel-sided notch. 
 Horns of caps, slightly spreading. Llyn y Cwm, N. Wales. 
 Summit of Brandon Mountain, Kerry ; Galty More, Tipperary : 
 Black Head, Co. Clare. West of Scotland. Mr. G. Don. 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 10. 8. sponhem'ica (Grn.) ; 1. of the barren shoots 3 5-lobed 
 with a very broad base fringed, lobes linear acute, fl. few (2 4), 
 pet. oblong 3-veined, cal. half inferior deeply divided into tri- 
 angular subulate sepals. S.^affinis Don. E. B. S. 2903. S. pin- 
 natifida Haw. The 5-cleft 1. few. St. 1 3 in. high, erect, 
 with a few linear simple leaves, glandular. Fl. white. Anth. 
 J as large as in Sp. 8 and 9, cordate-ovate. Horns of caps, 
 spreading. The original S. affinis has pet. with inflexed sides : 
 & platypetala (E. B. 2276) has them broad and flat. Moun- 
 tains. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. S. hyjmoides (L.) ; root-1. 3 5-cleft those of the trailing 
 thoots undivided or 3-cleft, lobes all acute bristle-pointed and 
 fringed,calyx half inferior, sep. triangular-subulate or ovate acute. 
 E. B. 454. Fl. white. Anth. very small, oblong-ovate. 
 Horns of caps, divaricate. Differs from the preceding by having 
 usually buds in the axils of the barren shoots. Mountains. P. 
 V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 [S. pedatifida (Sin.). E. B. 2278. Probably of garden 
 origin. See J. of B. xxi. p. 152.] 
 
 Sec. 2. Without barren shoots at the base. 
 * Stem leafy. 
 
 12. S. tridactylites (L.) ; st. panicled erect leafy r , 1. wedge- 
 shaped 3 5-tid with a flat petiole, lowermost 1. often simple 
 and spathulate, peduncles 1-flowered much longer than the 
 fruit with 2 bracts at the base, cal. superior. E. B. 501. St. 
 33. 15. Whole plant viscid, 2 4 in. high. Fl. scattered r 
 many, small, white. Walls and dry banks. A. IV. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 13. S. granuldta (L.) ; st. erect slightly leafy, radical 1. reni- 
 form crenately lobed with channelled petioles, stem-1. nearly 
 sessile 3 5-tid, fl. in a cymose panicle, cal. half inferior, pet. 
 obovate-oblong 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals, roots bearing 
 many small round downy bulbs. E. B. 500. St. 6 12 in. high, 
 Fl. large, white. Gravelly banks. P. V. E. S. I. 
 
SAXLFRAGA. CHRYSOSPLENITJM. 159 
 
 14. S. cer'nua (L.) ; st. erect simple \-flowered leafy, radical 1. 
 reniform palmately lobed stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile sub- 
 trifid, uppermost entire, ax-Us bearing bulbs, cal. quite inferior. 
 E. B. 664. Rarely flowering ; fl. replaced by reddish bulbs. 
 St. 3 6 in. high. Rocks on the top of Ben Lawers, very rare. 
 P. VI. VIII. S. 
 
 1 5. S. rivuldris (L.) ; st. ascending branched few-flowered 
 leafy, radical 1. subreniform stalked with 3-5 rounded lobes, 
 uppermost 1. lanceolate entire, cal. half inferior. E. B. 2275. 
 St. 1 2 in. long. Fl. few, stalked, white. Wet places on the 
 coldest parts of mountains. P. VIII. S. 
 
 ** Stem leafless. 
 
 16. S. nivdlis (L.) ; st. erect leafless, /. all radical roundish- 
 obovate dentate-serrate narrowed into a footstalk,^, in capitate 
 cymes, cal. half inferior, pet. longer than the calyx. E. B. 440. 
 St. 35. 4 St. 3 6 in. high, usually simple, sometimes with 1 
 branch. Fl. in a dense cluster, white. Alpine rocks. P. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Sec. 3. Stems procumbent with opposite 1. and terminal 
 flowers. 
 
 17. S. oppositifolia (L.) ; st. procumbent, /. opposite in 4 rows 
 oblong blunt fringed, sep. ciliate without glands, pet. ovate. 
 E. B. 9. Very different from our other species. L. with a 
 pore at tip. Fl. large, purple. Damp alpine rocks. P. IV. V, 
 
 E.S.I. 
 
 2. CHETSOSPLE'NIUM Linn. Golden Saxifrage. 
 
 1. C. alternifolium (L.) ; 1. alternate, lower 1. subreniform hairy 
 crenate upon long stalks. Sy. E. B. 564. St. 12. Crenatures 
 of the lower 1. emarginate, upper 1. glabrous with the crenatures 
 often rather acute. St. erect, 4 5 in. high, branching only near 
 the top. Fl. umbellate, nearly sessile, deep yellow. Stam. 
 usually 8. Boggy places. P. IV. E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. oppositifolium (L.) ; /. opposite, lower 1. roundish-cordate 
 shortly stalked wavy. E. B. 450. St. 4. 6. St. branching from 
 the base, 4 6 in. long, decumbent, straggling, rooting. Fl. 
 paler and more scattered than in the last. L. usually glabrous, 
 sometimes slightly hairy. Stam. usually 8. Damp shady places. 
 P. IV. V. K S. I. 
 
160 37. TJMBELLIFEE^). 
 
 3. PARXAS'SIA Linn. 
 
 1. P. pains' tris (L.); petal-like scales 9 13, pet. with a 
 short claw, radical 1. cordate stalked, st.-l. clasping. JE.J3.82. 
 Pet. white, veined. Glands of the scales yellow. L. mostly 
 radical. St. 8 10 in. high. Wet and boggy ground. P. VIII. 
 X. E. S. I. 
 
 B. Petals and stamens epigynous, inserted round an epigynous 
 disk. Cal. -tube adnate to the ovary. 
 
 Order XXXVII. UMBELLIFER^S. 
 
 Cal. 5-toothed or entire, adherent to the ovary, limb often 
 scarcely visible. Pet. 5, usually flexed at the point. Stam. 
 5, inserted with the pet. round the stylopode. Ovary 2-celled, 
 crowned with a double fleshy disk (st} 7 lopode). Styles 2. Fr. 
 consisting of 2 carpels (mericarps) adhering by their face (com- 
 missure) to a common axis from which they ultimately separate 
 and become pendulous. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen 
 horny. Inflorescence umbellate. Estivation i lubricate, except 
 in Hydrocotyle and Crithmum. Each carpel has 5 primary, and 
 often 4 intermediate secondary ridges ; and in the substance of 
 the pericarp are usually linear receptacles of oil (vittse or stripes) 
 under the ridges or the spaces between them. These parts are 
 sometimes either wanting or only slightly apparent. The 
 stripes are " solitary " when there is only one in each space be- 
 tween the primary ridges, and " 2, 3, &c. together " when 2, 3, 
 or more occur in each space. They and the ridges are best seen 
 by making a horizontal section of the fruit. 
 
 Suborder I. ORTHOSPERM^E. 
 Sutural side of seed flat. Umbels various. 
 .* Umbels imperfect or simple'; no fr. -stripes. "No carpophore." 
 
 Tribe I. HYDROCOTYLE^. Fr. laterally flattened, its 
 back even or acute. Umbel irregular or imperfect. 
 
 1. HYDROCOTYLE. Cal. 1 inconspicuous. Pet. ovate entire. 
 Fr. of 2 flat nearly orbicular carpels, each with 5 filiform 
 ridges, of which the dorsal and 2 lateral are often inconspi- 
 cuous ; the 2 others arched. Stripes 0. Commissure linear. 
 
 1 By calyx, throughout this Order, the free margin is intended. 
 
37. UMBELLIPERJE. 161 
 
 Tr. II. SANICULE^E. Fr. ovoid ; transverse section nearly 
 round. Umbel simple or imperfect. 
 
 2. SANICTJLA. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, obovate, 
 with a long inflexed connivent point. Fr. subgloboae, covered 
 with hooked spines ; ridges ; stripes many. 
 
 3. ASTRANTIA. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, with a 
 long inflexed point. Fr. with 5 plaited dentate ridges ; 
 stripes 0. 
 
 Tr. III. ERYNGIEJE. Fr. ovoid; transverse section nearly 
 round. Fl. in a head-like umbel. 
 
 4. EBYNGIUM. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, oblong, 
 with a long inflexed point. Fr. covered with chaffy scales, 
 without ridges or stripes. 
 
 ** Umbels perfect or compound. 
 t Carpels with 5 primary ridges only. 
 
 Tr. IV. AMMINEsE. Fr. of two pentagonal carpels with 5 
 prominent ridges ; the commissure about as broad as either 
 of the other four sides. 
 
 A. Leaves compound. 
 
 5. CICUTA. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. obcordate with an 
 inflexed point. Fr. subdidymous. Carp, with 5 equal broad 
 flattened ridges, the lateral marginal ; stripes solitary. 
 
 6. APIUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. roundish entire with an 
 oblique acute or small involute point. Fr. roundish ovoid, 
 didymous. Carp, with 5 filiform equal prominent ridges 
 and' solitary stripes. Inv. 0. 
 
 7. PETROSELINUM. Cal. minute or inconspicuous. Pet. 
 roundish entire with a narrow incurved point. Fr. ovoid. 
 Carp, with 5 filiform equal ridges and solitary stripes. Car- 
 pophore bipartite. Partial inv. of many ; general of few 
 leaves. 
 
 8. SISON. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. broadly obcordate, deeply 
 notched with an inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp, with 5 
 filiform prominent equal ridges and solitary clavate stripes. 
 
162 37. UMBELLIFEILfi. 
 
 9. APINELLA. Dioecious. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. of the 
 barren fl. lanceolate with the point inflexed, of the fertile 
 
 fl. ovate with a short inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp, 
 with 5 filiform prominent equal ridyes with a single stripe 
 beneath each of them, but none between. 
 
 10. ^EGOPODIUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obovate, notched 
 with an inflexed point. Fr. oblong. Carp, with 5 filiform 
 ridges ; the interstices without stripes. Stylopode conical. 
 
 11. CARUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an 
 injlexed point. Fr. oblong. Carp, with 5 filiform ridges, 
 the stripes solitary or 1 3 together. Stylopode depressed. 
 
 12. PIMPINELLA. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an 
 inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp, with 5 filiform equal 
 ridges ; stripes 3 or more together. Stylopode tumid. Styles 
 of the fr. divaricate or recurved. I?iv. (rarely of 1 leaf). 
 
 13. SITJM. Cal. of o small teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in- 
 flexed point. Fr. ovoid or subdidymous. Carp, ivith o fili- 
 fortn equal blunt ridges ; stripes 3 or more together. Stylo- 
 pode depressed or shortly conical. Styles of the fr. divaricate 
 or recurved. Inv. general and partial. 
 
 B, Leaves simple. 
 
 14. BUPLEURUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. roundish entire 
 with a closely involute broad retuse point. Fr. subdidymous. 
 Carp, with equal, winged, or filiform and sharp, or incon- 
 spicuous ridges. Stylopode depressed. 
 
 Tr. V. SESELINE&. Fr. of two 5-ribbed or pentagonal car- 
 pels. Commissure much the broadest side of the carpel. 
 
 A. Stripes solitary, between the ribs. 
 
 lo. (ENANTHE. Cal. of 5 lanceolate teeth. Pet. obcordate 
 with an inflexed point. Fr. ovoid cylindrical or subturbi- 
 nate, crowned with the long suberect styles. Carpels more 
 or less corky, with o blunt convex ridges. 
 
 16. ^ETHUSA. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an 
 acute inflexed point. Fr. shortly ovoid, crowned with the 
 rejlexed styles. Carp, with o thick acutely keeled ridges. 
 
 17. FOENICULUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. roundish entire 
 ivith a broad blunt inflexed lobe. Fr. oblong. Carp, with 
 5 prominent bluntly keeled ridges. Stylopode conical. 
 
37. UMBELLIFER^. 163 
 
 18. SESELI. Cal. with acute teeth. Pet. obcordate with a 
 broad inflexed lobe. Fr. ovoid or oblong, slightly dorsally 
 compressed. Carp, with 5 thick blunt ridges. Stylopodes 
 conical. 
 
 B. Stripes 2 or more together, between the ribs. 
 
 19. HALOSCIAS. Cal. of 5 small persistent teeth. Pet. ovate 
 with an indexed lobe and short claw. Fr. elliptic, terete or 
 slightly dorsally compressed. Carp, with 5 sharp somewhat 
 winged ridges. Interstices and commissure with many 
 stripes. Seeds not adhering to the carpel, without stripes. 
 
 20. SILAUS. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. ovate-oblong entire 
 or slightly emarginate with an inflexed lobe, sessile, truncate 
 or appendaged at the base. Fr. oblong, terete or slightly 
 dorsally compressed. Carp, with 5 sharp somewhat winged 
 ridges. Stripes many, inconspicuous. 
 
 21. MEUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. entire, elliptic, acute 
 at both ends, with an incurved point. Fr. as in Silaus. 
 
 22. CBITHMUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. elliptic with a 
 broad base, entire, involute. Fr. oblong, terete. Carp, with 
 o elevated sharp slightly winged ridges. Seed free-, with 
 many stripes. 
 
 Tr. VI. ANGEL1CEM. Fr. of two much and dorsally com- 
 pressed carpels, with a double wing on each side. 
 
 23. ANGELICA. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. lanceolate, entire, 
 acuminate, incurved. Carp, with 3 dorsal eleratedjf^/brm 
 ridges and 2 marginal ridges dilated into broad wings ; in- 
 terstices with solitary stripes. Seed adhering to the carpel. 
 
 [24. ARCHANGELICA. Cal. minutely 5-toothed. Pet. elliptic, 
 entire, acuminate, incurved. Carp, with 3 dorsal elevated 
 thick ridges and two marginal ridges dilated into broad 
 wings. Stripes 0. Seed free, ivith many fine linesJ] 
 
 25. SELINUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. oblong, notched, with 
 an incurved lobe. Carp, with 3 dorsal elevated thin ridges, 
 and 2 marginal dilated rather broad wings. Interstices 
 with solitary stripes. Seed adhering to the carpel. 
 
 Tr. \II. PEUCEDANEJE. Fr. of two much and dorsally 
 compressed carpels, with a single wing on each side ; win# 
 flat or thickened towards the edge, formed of those of the 
 two carpels combined. 
 
164: 37. UMBEL LIFEKJ3. 
 
 26. PEUCEDANUM. Cal. of 5 teeth or inconspicuous. Pet. 
 obovate or obcordate with an inflexed point. Fr. with a 
 dilated thin flat margin. Carp, with equidistant ridges, 3 
 dorsal filiform, 2 lateral close to the base of the dilated 
 margin inconspicuous ; stripes solitary. 
 
 27. PASTINACA. Cal. of 5 very small or inconspicuous teeth. 
 Pet. roundish, entire, involute with an acute point. Fr. 
 with a dilated flat margin. Carp, with slender ridges, 3 
 dorsal equidistant, 2 lateral distant near the outer edge of 
 the dilated margin ; stripes linear, solitary. Fl. yellow. 
 
 28. HERACLEUM. Cal. of 5 minute teeth. Pet. obcordate 
 with an inflexed point, outer ones radiant. Fr. as in Pasti- 
 naca, but the stripes short clubshaped. Fl. white. 
 
 29. TORDYLIUM. Cal. of 5 awlshaped teeth. Pet. ohcordate 
 with an inflexed lobe, outer ones radiant. Fr. with a 
 thickened wrinkled margin. Carp, with slender ridges, 3 
 dorsal equidistant, 2 lateral distant closv to the thickened 
 margin ; stripes 1 3 together. 
 
 ft Carpels with primary and secondary ridges. 
 
 [Tr. VIII. SILERINE^E. Fr. dorsally compressed. Carp, 
 with 5 primary ridges, the lateral marginal, and 4 less 
 prominent secondary ridges.] 
 
 [30. SILEB. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obovate with an inflexed 
 lobe, regular. Fr. dorsally compressed. Carp, with elevated 
 filiform blunt ridges ; one stripe under each secondary ridge 
 and 2 on the commissure.] 
 
 Tr. IX. DAUCINE^E. Fr. somewhat dorsally compressed. 
 Carp, with 5 primary ridges, the lateral ones on the inner 
 face 5 and 4 secondary, forming rows of prickles. 
 
 31. DAUCUS. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in- 
 flexed lobe, exterior usually radiant and bifid. Fr. dorsally 
 compressed. Carp, with bristly primary ridges ; secondary 
 ridges equal winged with 1 row of spines. 
 
 Suborder II. CAMPYLOSPERM^E. 
 
 Sutural side of seed with inflexed edges or deeply furrowed 
 lengthwise. Umbels compound or perfect. 
 
 Tr. X. CAUCALINEJE. Fr. contracted or rounded. Carp, 
 with the lateral primary ridges on the inner face; 4 se- 
 condary more prominent, prickly ; stripes solitary. 
 
37. UMBELLIFERJ5. 165 
 
 32. CAUCALIS. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in- 
 flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly late- 
 rally compressed. Carp, with ti li form bristly pr imary, and 
 more or less prominent secondary ridges, all bearing 1 3 
 rows of prickles. Umbels sometimes simple. 
 
 33. TOBILIS. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet obcordate with an in- 
 flexed point, outer ones radiant and bind. Fr. slightly 
 laterally compresssd. Carp, with bristly primary ridges, 
 with many prickles on the spaces between them. 
 
 Tr. XL SCANDICINEJE. Fr. compressed or contracted on 
 the sides, often beaked or narrowed at the top. Carpels 
 with primary ridges only. 
 
 34. SCANDIX. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obovate with an in- 
 flexed point. Fr. with a very long beak. Carp, with 5 
 blunt ridges ; stripes none. 
 
 35. CH^EROPHYLLUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate 
 with an iuflexed point. Fr. hardly beaked. Carp, with 5 
 equal blunt ridges, often only apparent at the top ; stripes 
 solitary or wanting. 
 
 36. MYRRHIS. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with an 
 inflexed point. Fr. not beaked. Carp, formed of a double 
 membrane ; the outer with elevated keeled ridges hollow 
 within, the inner close to the seed ; stripes 0. 
 
 Tr. XII. SMYRNIE^E. Fr. ovoid or didymous compressed or 
 contracted on the sides. Carpels with primary ridges only, 
 not beaked nor remarkably narrowed at the top. 
 
 [37. ECHINOPHORA. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet, obcordate with 
 an inflexed point, the exterior larger and bifid. Fl. of the 
 ray, sterile on long stalks, fertile central and solitary. Fr. 
 ovoid terete, imbedded in the enlarged prickly receptacle. 
 Carp, with 5 depressed equal striate wavy ridges ; inter- 
 stices with single stripes and covered by a cobweblike 
 membrane.] 
 
 38. CONIUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. obcordate with 
 a short inflexed point. Fr. ovoid, laterally compressed. 
 Carp, with 5 prominent or wavy crenate ridges , the lateral 
 marginal ; interstices striate ; stripes *. 
 
 I have never seen any stripes, which are said to be sometimes present, 
 
166 37. UMBELLIFER.E. 
 
 t 
 
 39. PHYSOSPERMUM. Gal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with 
 an inflexed point. Fr. laterally compressed, didymous. 
 Carp, reniform-globose, with 5 filiform slender equal ridges, 
 the lateral within the margin stripes solitary. 
 
 40. SMYKNIUM. Cal. inconspicuous. Pet. lanceolate or 
 elliptic, entire, with an inflexed point. Fr. laterally com- 
 pressed, didymous. Carp, reniform-oblong with 3 dorsal 
 prominent sharp ridges, the 2 lateral marginal and inconspi- 
 cuous ; stripes many. 
 
 Suborder III. CCELOSPERMJE. 
 Seed with the base and apex curved inwards. 
 
 Tr. XIII. CORIANDRE^E. Fr. globose or didymous. Primary 
 ridges of the carpels often inconspicuous, secondary more 
 prominent, all without wings. 
 
 [41. COBIANDEUM. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obeordate with an 
 inflexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. globose. 
 Carp, scarcely separating, the primary ridges inconspicuous, 
 the 4 secondary conspicuous prominent keeled ; interstices 
 without stripes ; commissure with 2 stripes.] 
 
 Suborder I. Orthosperma. Tribe I. Hydrocotylece. 
 1. HYDROCOT'YLE Linn. Pennywort. 
 
 1. H. vulgdris (L.) ; 1. peltate nearly circular 9-veined doubly 
 crenate, petioles pilose, umbels 3 6-fl., fr. emarginate below. 
 E. B. 751. Fl. and fr. almost sessile. Umbels or rather heads 
 often proliferous in the centre and bearing a second head. St. 
 creeping extensively. L. upon stalks which considerably exceed 
 the peduncles. Eipe fr. with purplish dots. Bogs and marsh v 
 places. P.V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe II. Saniculece. 
 2. SANIC'TJLA Linn. Sanicle. 
 
 1. S. europce'a (L.) ; lower 1. palmate 3 5-lobed, lobes trifid 
 unequally serrate, fertile fl. sessile, barren fl. slightly stalked. 
 E. ti. 98. Umbels many, capitate, in an irregular slightly um- 
 bellate panicle. Styles persistent, reflexed. Fr. covered with 
 hooked prickles. St. ascending about a foot high. Woods and 
 thickets. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
ASTRANTIA. APJUM. 167 
 
 3. ASTRAN'TIA Linn. 
 
 Jl. A. major (L.) ; lower 1. palmately 5 7-fid, lobes oblong 
 acutely unequally ineise-serrate, inv.-l. entire, cal. -teeth ovate- 
 lanceolate narrowed to an acute point. E. B. $.2990. St. 29. 
 8. Inv. equalling the umbel, usually straw-coloured. Cal.- 
 teeth exceeding petals. Woods in hilly districts. Above 
 Stokesay Castle, Shropshire, probably introduced. P. VI. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 Tribe III. Eryngiea. 
 
 4. ERYN'GIUM Linn. Eryngo. 
 
 1. E. marit'imum (L.); radical I. suborbicular plaited coriaceous 
 spinous stalked, upper 1. amplexicaul palmately lobed, inv.-l. 
 \-lobed spinous exceeding the heads, scales of the receptacle 
 o-lobed. E. B. 718. St. 1 foot or more in height, much 
 branched, leafy, rigid, glaucous. Fl. in heads rather than um- 
 bels, blue. Sandy sea-shores. P. VII. VIII. Sea-Holly. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. campes'tre (L.) ; radical I. 2 or 3 times pinnatifid spinous 
 stalked, st.-l. amplexicaul pinnatitid, inv.-l. lanceolate spinous 
 longer than the heads, scales of the receptacle undivided. 
 E. B. 57. More bushy and slender than the last. Pet. purplish 
 or white. Petioles thick, semiterete, channelled. On waste 
 ground, very rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 Tribe IV. Amminea. 
 
 5. CICU'TA Linn. Water-Hemlock. 
 
 1 . C. rirosa (L.) ; fibres of the root filiform, 1. tripartite, leaf- 
 lets linear-lanceolate acute serrate decurrent. E. B. 479. St. 
 o 4 ft. high, very thick terete and hollow below. Lower 1. on 
 long stalks; leaflets 1 2 in. long. Umbels large; general inv. 
 or of 1 or 2 slender leaflets, partial of many subulate leaflets. 
 Fl. white. Herb poisonous. Ponds and ditches, not common. 
 P. VII. VIH. Cowbane. E. S. L 
 
 6. A'PIUM Linn. 
 
 * Pet. with involute point, cordate base, minute claw. Partial 
 inv. 0. 
 
 1. A. graveolens (L.) ; glabrous, 1. pinnate orternate, leaflets 
 of the upper 1. wedgeshaped. E. B. 1210. St. 1 U i'eet high, 
 
168 37. UMBELLIFEIL^. 
 
 branched, furrowed, leafy. Umbels terminal or lateral, fre- 
 quently almost sessile, accompanied by one or two ternate leaves. 
 Fl. small, whitish. Marshes and ditches, especially near the 
 sea. P. VI. VIII. Celery. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Pet. with oblique acute point and ivedgeshaped base. Partial 
 inv. present. HELOSCIADIUM Koch. 
 
 2. A. nodifldrum (R. til.) ; st. procumbent at the base and 
 rooting, 1. pinnnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate unequally 
 bluntly serrate, umbels opposite to the 1. longer than their pe- 
 duncles or nearly sessile. E. B. 639. St. 1 2 feet long. a ; 
 general inv. soon falling of 1-3 Its., anth. purple. /3. A. repens 
 (R. til.) ; creeping, Its. unequally and actually incise-serrate, 
 umbels snorter than the peduncles, anthers yellow. y. ocreatum ; 
 creeping, 1. roundish ovate small bluntly toothed, umbels verv 
 shortly stalked. E. B. 1431. Banks of ditches and brooks. 
 y. Barnes, Surrey. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. A. inunddtum (R. til.) ; st. creeping or floating, 1. pinnate, 
 Its. of lower 1. in capillary segments, of upper 1. wedgeshaped and 
 trifid, umbels generally with 2 rays. E. B. 227. Usually 
 submersed, a few of the upper 1. and the fl. rising above the 
 water. Partial umbels very small. [/3. Moorei (Sy.) ; Its. of lower 1. 
 linear or strap-shaped, of upper broader.] Ponds. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 7. PETROSELI'NTJM Hill. 
 
 *1. P. sativum (Hoffm.) ; I. tripinnate shining, leaflets of the 
 lower 1. ovate-cuneate trifid and toothed of the upper 1. ternate 
 lanceolate entire. E. B. S. 2793. Carum Petroselinum Benth. 
 Partial inv. filiform. Fl. yellow. L. greenish. Rocks and old 
 walls. B. \ I. VIII. Parsley. E. 
 
 2. P. seo'etum (Koch) ; lower /. pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile 
 ovate lobed and serrate, upper 1. entire or trifid. Sison Sm. 
 E. B. 228. Carum Benth. Umbels very irregular. General im . 
 of 1 2 leaves. FL whitish. St. erect, terete, nearly leanV>s 
 above, 1 1 J foot high, wiry. Damp calcareous fields and near 
 the sea. B. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 8. SI'SON Linn. Stonewort. 
 
 1. S. Amdmum (L.).--E. B. 954. St. erect, panicled, 2 3 
 feet high. Lower 1. pinnate ; Its. oblong lobed cut and serrate. 
 Upper 1. divided into narrow segments. Partial umbels and fl. 
 
APINELLA. CAIIUM. 169 
 
 small. Much like Petr. seyetum. Dampish places on a calcareous 
 soil. B. VIII. E. 
 
 [Falcaria vulyaris Bernh., JK. 1862, having digitate 1. with linear- 
 lanceolate sharply serrate Its., and Ammi majus L., R. 1864, having a 
 conspicuous general iuvol. of long slender triiid bracts, occur as cornfield 
 aliens.] 
 
 9. APINEL'LA Necker. (TVi'maHofFm.ed. viii.) Honewort. 
 
 1. A. glau'ca (O. Kuntze) ; glabrous, inv. or of 1 leaf, ridges 
 of the fr. blunt. T. glaberrima Hoffin. Pimpinella dioica Sm. 
 E. B. 1209, Sy. E. B. 579. L. tripinnate, glaucous green ; Its. 
 linear or filiform. Root crowned with the remnants of former 
 leaves. St. branched, erect, 6 8 in. high. Dioecious. Dry 
 limestone hills, rare. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 10. ^EGOPO'DIUM Linn. Gout-weed. 
 
 1. JE. Podagrdria (L.}.E. B. 940. St. 12 feet high, 
 erect, furrowed. L. 2 or 3 times ternate ; leaflets ovate-acumi- 
 nate, unequal at the base, acutely serrate. Creeping. Damp 
 places. P. VI. VII. E. S. L 
 
 11. CA'KUM Linn. 
 
 * Root fusiform or fascicled. Stripes 1 2 in each interstice. 
 
 [_C. Car'vi (L.) ; partial involucre 0, general or of 1 leaf , 
 
 1. bipinnate, leaflets cut into linear segments. E. B. 1503. St. 
 
 2 feet high, branched. Root fusiform. Carp, aromatic. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. B. VI. Caraway.] E. S. I. 
 
 1. C. verticilldtum (Koch) ; general and partial involucres of 
 many leaves small, 1. pinnate, leaflets divided to the base into 
 capillary spreading segments. E. B. 395. St. 1 1 foot high. 
 Root fasciculate. Segments of the leaflets spreading so as to 
 appear whorled and quite surrounding the petiole. L. mostly 
 long-stalked, radical. Marshy places in hilly districts, rare. 
 P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Root a tuber. BUNIUM Linn. 
 t Stripes 3 in each interstice. 
 
 2. C. fle.rudsum (Fr.) ; general involucre of 1 3 leaves, partial 
 more numerous, fr. oval narrowing upwards crowned with the 
 long stylopode and erect styles. E. B. 988. B. denudatum (DC.). 
 Conopodium denudatum (Koch). Involucres- sometimes 
 altogether wanting. Root a solitary tuber. St. a foot or more 
 
 I 
 
170 37. UMBELLIFEB.E. 
 
 high, very slender below, bearing* a few 1. with linear segments. 
 Radical 1. triternate with long footstalks tapering downwards. 
 Sandy and gravelly pastures. P. V. VI. Pig-nut. E. S. I. 
 
 tf Stripes 1 2 in each interstice. 
 
 3. C. Bulbocas tanum (Koch) ; general and partial involucres 
 of many leaves, fr. oblong crowned with the short stylopode and 
 rcfiexed styles, interstices with single stripes. E. B. S. 2862. 
 Involucres always present. Root a solitary tuber. St. about 
 2 ft. high. Lower 1. bipinnate, with a triangular outline, rather 
 many near the base of the stem, rarely 1 or 2 radical upon 
 long footstalks tapering downwards. Chalky fields in Camb. , 
 Bucks., Beds., and Herts. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 12. PIMPINEL'LA Linn. Burnet-Saxifrage. 
 
 1. P. major (Huds.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets all ovate serrate some- 
 what cut the terminal one 3-lobed, st. angularly striate. E. B. 
 408. P. magna (L.) ed. viii. St. 1 2 feet high, leafy. 
 Lateral leaflets sometimes 3-lobed. Styles longer than the 
 ovary, as long as or longer than the oval fruit. . P. dissecta 
 (Retz) ; 1. all divided into long linear cut segments. Shady 
 hills. P. VII. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 2. P. Saxifraga (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. 
 roundish-ovate serrate somewhat cut, those of the stem-l. bipin- 
 iiatifid with linear segments, st. terete, ped. glabrous. E. B. 
 407. St. 1 2 feet high, naked above. Styles shorter than 
 the ovary. L. sometimes all pinnatifid. JS. dissecta (With.) ; 
 1. .finely cut. [A large hairy form with Its. of lower 1. cordate is var. 
 nigra, Mill.] Dry pastures. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 13. Si' DM Linn. 
 
 * Stripes superficial. Lateral ridges marginal. Stylopode 
 depressed. SIUM Koch. 
 
 1. S. latifolium (L.) ; 1. pinnate, Us. oblong-lanceolate evenly 
 serrate pointed, umbels terminal, inv.-l. many lanceolate. E. B. 
 204. St. 35 feet high, angular, furrowed', erect, L. of 913 
 verv large distant Its. Ditches and rivers, rare. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 ** Stripes deeply seated. Lateral ridges not marginal. Stylo- 
 pode shortly conical. BERULA Koch. 
 
 2. S. erectum (Huds.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets unequally lobed and 
 cut ovate, of the steni-1. lanceolate, umbels lateral, inv. of many 
 
BUPLEURUM. CEXANTHE. 171 
 
 lanceolate entire or cut leaves. E. B. 139. S. angustifolium 
 (L.) ed. viii. St. 1 3 feet high, round, striate, erect. Lts. 
 often very deeply cut and lobed. Ditches. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 14. BUPLETJ'RUM Linn. Hare's-ear. 
 
 * Fruit granulate. 
 
 1. B. tenuis'simum (L.) ; st. branched, 1. linear acute, umbels 
 lateral and terminal minute, partial umbels of 3 5 dowers usu- 
 ally overtopped by their involucres, carp, granular between the 
 5 lidges. E. B. 478. St. very slender, wiry, 1:2 in. long. 
 Chiefly in pastures near the sea. A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 -## Fruit not granulate. 
 
 2. B. aristdtum (Bartl.) l ; st. branched, 1. linear-lanceolate 
 acuminate 3-veined, 1. of the partial involucres elliptic-lanceo- 
 late cuspidate somewhat awned with branching veins, pedicels 
 short equal. E. B. 2468. St. 16 in. high. Park Hill, Tor- 
 quay, and Berry Head, Devon. Cow Gap near Eastbourne, Suss. 
 Channel Islands. A. VI. E. 
 
 3. B. falcdtum (L.) j st. branched, 1. 5 7- veined, lower I. 
 elliptic-oblong on long stalks, upper I. linear-lanceolate acute 
 sessile 5 7-veined, partial involucre of 5 lanceolate pointed 1. 
 as long as the flowers. E. B. S. 2763. Pedicels as long as the 
 fruit. St. 14 feet high. Near Ongar, Essex. P. VIII. E. 
 
 4. B. rotnndifolium (L.) ; st. branched above, /. oval perfoli- 
 ate, fr. with striate interstices. E. B. 99. St. 12 18 in. high. 
 General inv. 0. Partial inv. connivent. Corn-lields on a cal- 
 careous soil. A. VII. Thorough-wax. E. 
 
 Tribe V. Seselinea. 
 
 15. (ENAN'THE Linn. Water-Drop wort. 
 
 * Root fascicled, fibres more or less thickened or tuberous. 
 
 1. (E.fistulosa (L.) ; stoloniferous, st. and petioles hollow, 
 root-1. 2 3-pinnate with 3-fid leaflets, stem-l simply pinnate 
 shorter than their petioles, leaflets linear, f r. angular turbiuate. 
 E. B. 363. St. 13 feet high, remarkably hollow. Stem-l. 
 
 1 2 = 5. opacum, Lange, Prod. Fl. Hisp. iii. 71, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 
 xxxvii. xv. Differs from B. aristatum, umbel 2-4 rays (not 4-6), 1. of 
 partial invol. imbricate, adpressed much exceeding the fl., strongly net- 
 veined. Author's MS. 
 
 i2 
 
172 37. UMBELLIFER2E. 
 
 distant, with very long stalks. Stoles with simply pinnate 
 leaves. Umbels small, globose in fruit; general involucre 0. 
 Fruit tipped with the long slightly diverging rigid styles. By 
 ponds and ditches. P. VII. IX. E. S. t. 
 
 2. (E. pimpinello'ides (L.) ; root o long fibres bearing round 
 or ovoid knobs beyond their middle, root-1. bipinnate with ob- 
 ovate-wedgeshaped 3-lobed Its., st.-l. pinnate with linear acute 
 Its., uppermost 1. simple, radiant pet. obcordate divided to the 
 middle,/?*, subcylindrical with an enlarged corky base but not 
 narrowed at the" top. E. B. S. 2991. Jacq. Aust. t. 394. St. 
 4 3 ft. high, alternately branched. General inv. 6-leaved ; 
 partial of many 1., about as long as the barren fl. Partial um- 
 bels close together forming one compact flat-topped compound 
 umbel. Fr. nearly cylindrical ; cal. erect-patent. Southern 
 counties. P. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 3. (E. Lachendlii (Gmel.) ; root of long subclavate fleshy 
 fibres tapering at both ends, root-l. bipinnate with oblong entire 
 or wedgeshaped and bluntly 2 3-lobed Its., lower st.-l. 2 3- 
 pinnate with linear acute Its., upper 1. simply pinnate, radiant 
 pet. divided to the middle, fr. oblong not corky below rounded 
 and contracted at the top. (E. pimpinello'ides Sm. E. B. 347. 
 St. 1 3 feet high, slightly branched. General inv. of many 
 leaves, sometimes wanting ; partial of many leaves, shorter than 
 the barren flowers. Outer fi. on long stalks, mostly barren ; 
 inner fl. fertile, nearly sessile. Radiant pet. roundish obcor- 
 date with a short narrow claw. Partial umbels distinct, spheri- 
 cal. Fr. crowned with the inflexed calvx. Root-leaves soon 
 vanishing. Marshes. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 4. (E. peucedanifolia (Poll.) ; root of elliptic-oblong knobs, 
 radical 1. bipinnate, st.-l. pinnate, Its. all linear acute, external 
 fr. nearly cylindrical with a corky base, but not narrowed at the 
 top. E. B, 348. (E. sila'ifolia (Bieb. ?) ed. viii. St. 23 feet 
 high, branched. Outer fl. stalked, mostly barren; cal. very 
 unequal ; radiant pet. small, obcordate with an attenuate base, 
 notch ^ their length. Fr. usually slightly narrower downwards, 
 in the middle of the umbel much narrower and appearing to 
 want the corky base ; cal. erect or inflexed. General involucre 
 ; partial of many leaves shorter than the flowers. Distin- 
 guished from the preceding by its pet., uniform leaflets, want 
 of a general involucre, and fruit. The true name of this plant 
 is very doubtful. In freshwater marshes. P. VI. E. 
 
 o. (E. crocdta (L.) ; root of large fusiform tubers, radical 1. 
 2 3-pinnate, stem-1. pinnatifid, leaflets stalked roundish or 
 
PCENICULUM. 173 
 
 oblong-ivedgeshaped variously cut those of the upper 1. narrower, 
 fr. cylindrical oblong striate'longer than its pedicel. E.B. 2313. 
 Poisonous. St. o 5 feet high, much branched. L. large, 
 Its. broad. Inv.-l. various in number and shape. -Wet places. 
 P. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 ** Root of whorls of slender fibres. PHELLANDBIUM L. 
 
 6. (E. Phellari drium (Lam.) ; st. erect fusiform below, 1. tri- 
 pinnate, Its. ovate pinnatifid cut spreading, of the submersed I. 
 multifid with capillary diverging segments, umbels lateral oppo- 
 site to the leaves, fr. ovate. E. B. 684. St. 23 feet high, 
 very thick below, stoloniferous. Segments of the 1. many, fine, 
 acute, pale green ; submersed 1. dark green. The flowering root 
 dies each year ; but the plant is continued by the offsets. In 
 wet ditches and ponds. B. ? VII. IX. Horsebane. E. S. I. 
 
 7. (E . fluviat' His (Golem.); st. floating, 1. bipinnate, Its. simple 
 or pinnatitid, of the submersed I. cuneate cut pellucid with many 
 parallel veins, umbels lateral opposite to the L, fr. broadly ob- 
 long. .4. N. H. xi. 188. E. B. 8. 2944. A decumbent float- 
 ing plant well marked by the submersed Its. being divided into 
 finger-like acute broadly linear parallel segments deeply cut at 
 the end. Lts. of the upper 1. broader than those of (E. Phellan- 
 drium. Streams. B. or P. VII. IX, E. I. 
 
 16. JExHu'sA Linn. Fool's Parsley. 
 
 1. JE. Cyndpium (L) ; partial involucre of 3 leaves longer 
 than their umbel, 1. all doubly pinnate, leaflets lanceolate de- 
 current pinnatifid. E. B. 1192. St. 4 18 in. high. L. del- 
 toid, dark green, lurid, stinking. General inv. ; partial long, 
 narrow, pendulous, all on one side. Herb poisonous. Culti- 
 vated land. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 17. FCENIC'ULUM Mill. Fennel. 
 
 1 . F. vulgar e (Mill.) ; st. terete below, 1. 3 4 times pinnate, 
 segments all capillary long in the upper I. flaccid, umbels of many 
 rays concave, E. B. 1208. F. officinale (All.) ed. viii. Invo- 
 lucre 0. St. 3 4 feet high, usually filled with pith, branching. 
 Umbels large. Fl. yellow. Whole herb aromatic. Segments of 
 1. channelled, usually capillary in the wild plant ; but the culti- 
 vated plant with awlshaped segments is probably the same 
 species. Rocks and walls, particularly near the sea. P. VII. 
 VIII. E. I. 
 
174 37. 
 
 18. SES'ELI Linn. 
 
 1. S. Lil>an6tis (Koch) ; 1. doubly pinnate cut, segments lan- 
 ceolate rnucronate, the lowermost leaflets crossing, general in- 
 volucre of many leaves, fr. h&iry.Athamanta L. E. B. 138. 
 St. 1 3 feet high, covered at the base with the fibrous re- 
 mains of decayed petioles. Umbels terminal, convex, with 
 many downy rays. Chalk hills of Cambr., Herts, and Sussex. 
 P. VII. VIII. * E. 
 
 19. HALOS'CIAS Fries. Scottish Lovage. 
 
 1. II. scot'icum (Fr.) ; 1. twice ternate, leaflets ovate some- 
 what rhomboidal dentate-serrate opaque, involucre of o 7 
 linear-lanceolate leaves, cal. 5-toothed. Liyusticum L. E. B. 
 1207. St. herbaceous, nearly simple, striate, tinged with red, 
 1 1J foot high. Lts. large, lobed and cut Interstices with 3, 
 commissure with G stripes. Seed quite free in the carpel. Hocks 
 on the Northern sea-coast. P. VII. ' E. S. I. 
 
 20. SILA'US Benih. Sulphur-wort. 
 
 1. S.Jlaves'cens (Bernh.) ; st. angular, radical 1. 3 4 times 
 pinnate, leaflets lanceolate entire or bifid, terminal It. tripartite, 
 general involucre of 1 2 leaves, partial of many leaves. E. B. 
 2142. S.prqtensis (Bess.) ed.viii.--St. 12 feet high. L. mostly 
 radical, stem-1. decreasing upwards. Fl. pale yellow. Damp 
 meadows and pastures. P. VI. IX. E. S. 1. 
 
 21. ME'UM Mill. Bald-money. 
 
 1. M. athamari ticum (Jacq.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets in many 
 threadshaped acute segments. E. B. 2249. St. 1 2 feet high, 
 round, clothed at the base with the fibrous remains of the de- 
 cayed petioles. Fl. many, whitish yellow. General involucre 
 of 2 or 3 leaves, partial more numerous. Highly aromatic. 
 Dry mountainous pastures. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 22. CKITH'MUM Linn. Samphire. 
 
 1. C. marit'imum (L.). E. B. 819. St. 6 12 in. long. L. 
 fleshy, 2 3-pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 
 few. Involucre of many lanceolate acute leaves. Fl. whitish. 
 On rocky sea-coasts. " P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
ANGELICA. PEUCEDANUH. 175 
 
 Tribe VI. Angdicea. 
 23. ANGEL'ICA Linn. 
 
 1. A. sylves'tris (L.) ; leaflets equal ovate-lanceolate or ovate 
 incise-serrate not decurrent, lateral Its. rather unequal at the 
 base. E. B. 1128. St. 23 feet high, slightly downy above, 
 purplish. Fl. pinkish white. Inv. deciduous. Lts. often sub- 
 cordate at the base. Wet places. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 24. ABCHANGEL'ICA Hoffm. 
 
 [A. officindlis (Hoffm.) ; leaflets all sessile partly decurrent, 
 terminal It. trifid, foliage stalks and even fl. bright green, 1. 2 
 3 feet wide (E. B. 251(3), is not a native. Watery places. P. 
 VII. IX.] 
 
 25. SELINUM Linn. 
 
 1. S. Carvifolia (L.) ; st. anqular furrowed, rays of umbel 
 scabrous. J.*of B. xx. 129. t. 229. R. xxi. 101. L. 2 3-pin- 
 nate ; Its. with linear-lanceolate niucronate serrulate lobes. 
 No general invol., partial of many linear acuminate scales. 
 Broughton wood, Lincolnshire. Between Fordham and Chip- 
 penham, Cambridgeshire. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 Tribe VII. Peucedanece. 
 
 26. PEUCED'ANUM Linn. 
 
 1. P. officindle (L.) ; /. 5 times ternate, leaflets linear very long 
 acute Jlacdd, general involucre 3-leaved deciduous, pedicels 
 much longer than the fruit. E. B. 1767. Fl. yellow. St. 
 terete, striate, 2 3 feet high. Stripes of the commissure super- 
 ficial. Salt marshes. Kent. Essex. P. VII. IX. E. 
 
 2. P. palus'tre (Moench) ; /. %-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with 
 linear-lanceolate acuminate segments, general involucre of many 
 persistent lanceolate deflexed leaves, st. furrowed. Selinum Sm, 
 E. B. 229. St. erect, 35 feet high. Fl. white. Stripes of 
 the commissure deeply seated. Marshy and fenny places, rare. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. ? 
 
 f3. P. Ostriithium ('Koch) ; /. biternate, leaflets broadly ovate 
 lobed cut and serrate, sheath very large, general involucre 0, cal,- 
 egments inconspicuous. Fr. broadly winged. E. B. 1380. 
 St. 1 2 feet high. Fl. white. Moist meadows, rare. P. VI. 
 Masterwort. S. 
 
176 37. TJMBELLIFEKJE. 
 
 27. PASTINA'CA Linn. Parsnep. 
 
 1. P. satwa (L.) ; st. angular furrowed, 1. pinnate downy be- 
 neath, leaflets ovate-oblong crenate-serrate often with a lateral 
 lobe at the base, inv. 0, fr. oval. IE. B. 556. Peucedanum 
 (Eenth.) St. 2 3 feet high. Fl. yellow. L. generally shinirg 
 above, downv beneath. Hedgebanks on a calcareous soil. 
 B. VII. E. I. 
 
 28. HERAC'LEUM Linn. Cow-parsnep. 
 
 1. H. Sphondyl'inm (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets lobed or pinna- 
 titid cut and serrate, fr. at length glabrous. E. B. 939. St. 
 4 feet high. Lower 1. very large. L. sometimes narrow (var. 
 anywtifolium Huds.). Umbels large flattish. Fl. white or 
 reddish, outer fl. radiant. Hedge-banks. P. VII. Hog-weed. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 29. TOKDYL'IUM Linn. Hartwort. 
 
 tl. T. max'imum (L.) ; outermost pet. radiant with 2 equal 
 lobes, partial involucres linear shorter than the umbel, fr. hispid 
 the thickened margin slightly crenate. E. B. 1173. St. 2 4 
 feet high. Fl. reddish. Waste ground, very rare A. VII. E. 
 
 \_T. officindle (L.), E. B. 2440, was a mistake.] 
 
 Tribe VIII. Silerinea. 
 
 30. SI'LBB Crantz. 
 
 [S. trilobum (Crantz). R. xxi. 153. J. of B. ix. 1. 118. St 
 solid, glaucous when young. Radical 1. triternate, irregularly 
 and coarsely serrate, long-stalked, dark green, glabrous. St.-l. 
 ternate. Umbels terminal, large. Inv. of 1 3, partial of 5 8 
 bracts. Fr. large, crowned with persistent reflexed styles. 
 Naturalized at Cherry Hinton, Camb. P. V. VI.] E. 
 
 Tribe IX. Daucinea. 
 31. DATJ'CUS Linn. Carrot. 
 
 1. D. Carota (L.) ; radical I. with an oblwig narrow outline 
 bipinnate with incise-dentate Its. and acute segments, upper I. 
 broader below with lanceolate segments. E. B. 1174. St. 2 
 3 ft. high, hairy ; branches ascending. Umbel of fr. usually 
 concave [sometimes convex with mature fr., f. convexa, Liuton] 
 
CATJCALIS. TORILIS. 177 
 
 Prickles of fr. slender, mostly distinct, about equalling its 
 breadth, spreading, tipped with 1 3 recurved minute bristles. 
 -Pastures. B. VI. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 2. D. ffum'mifer (Lam.) ; radical 1. triangular broad 2 3- 
 pinnate with ovate cut or pinna titid Its. and blunt mucronate sey- 
 vtetits, upper 1. narrower below. D. maritimus With, (not 
 Lam.). j. B. 2560. St. short, very hispid below; branches 
 divaricate from the base. Prickles of fr. usually flattened and 
 often united below and shorter than its breadth, incurved, tip- 
 ped with one bristle. L. shining above, rather fleshy. Umbel 
 of fr. usually convex. The forms of Daucus on the South coast 
 deserve further study. Sea-coasts in the South-west, rare. B. 
 MI. VIII. E. I. 
 
 Suborder II. Campylospermce. Tribe X. Caucalinece. 
 
 32. CAU'CALIS Linn. Hen's-foot. 
 
 1. C. daucoides (L.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with 
 linear-acute segments, general involucre 0, partial umbels of few 
 fl. with involucres of 3 5 leaves, secondary ridges of the fr. 
 each with one row of glabrous hooked prickles. JE. B. 197. 
 St. 612 in. high, furrowed, hairy at the joints. General 
 umbels 3-cleft ; partial bearing about 3 large oblong very 
 prickly fruits. Fl. small, reddish. Cornfields on a chalky soil. 
 A. VI. E. 
 
 f2. C. latifolia (L.) ; /. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate decnrrent 
 coarsely serrate, inv.-l. oblong membranous, secondary ridges of 
 the fr. with 2 or 3 row s of retrorsely scabrous prickles. JE. B. 
 198. Turgenia Hoft'm. St. 1 2 feet high, rough. General 
 umbels about 3-cleft; partial bearing about 5 large oblong 
 very prickly fruits. Fl. large, pink. Cornfields, mostly on a 
 chalky soil, very rare. Formerly abundant in Cambridgeshire. 
 A. VII. E. 
 
 33. TORI'LIS Adans. Hedge-Parsley. 
 
 1. T. Anthris'cus (Gaert.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong 
 incise-serrate, umbels long-stalked terminal, general involucre of 
 many leaves, fr. wi th subulate incurved prickles not hooked at the 
 tip.E. B. 987. St. erect, 13 feet high. Umbels on long 
 stalks. Fr. densely prickly. Fl. small, white or reddish. 
 Hedges and banks. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 l5 
 
178 37. 
 
 2. T. infesta (Spr.) ; 1. bipinnate, Its. ovate-lanceolate 
 incise-serrate, umbels long -stalked terminal, general inv. of one 
 leaf or 0, fr. with spreading asperous prickles hooked at the 
 tip. - E. B. 1314. T. helvetica Gm. Caucalis arvensis Huds. 
 St. erect, usually much and densely branched, 6 18 in. high. 
 Umbels on long stalks. Fr. densely prickly, primary ridges 
 with adpressed prickles. Fl. small, white or reddish. Styles 
 scarcely twice as long as the stvlopode. Fields. A. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. 
 
 3. T. nodosa (Gaert.) ; lower 1. bipinnate, upper 1 pinnate, Its. 
 deeply narrowly and uniformly pinnate, umbel* nearly sessile 
 dense lateral, no involucres, outer carpels Kith bristles hooked 
 at the tip, inner often war-ted. E. B. 199. St. diffuse, often 
 prostrate. Umbels very small, nearly globular. Banks and 
 dry places. A. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe XI. Scandicinece. 
 34. SCAN'DIX Linn. Shepherd's Xeedle. 
 
 1. S. Pcc'ten (L.) ; fr. rough dorsally compressed glabrous 
 with bristly edges, beak three times as long as fruit, Its. of 
 partial inv. entire or bifid longer than the pedicels. E. B. 1397. 
 St. often a foot high. L. light green, triply pinnate ; seg- 
 ments short linear. Umbels 1 2 together, small. Fl. often 
 slightly radiant. Styles always straight. Stylopode purple. 
 Fr. and beak nearly 2 in. long. Partial involucres sometimes 
 much divided. Fields. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 35. CHJSROPHYL'LTJM Linn. Chervil. 
 
 * JRidaes only apparent on the beak ofthefr. ; no stripes. 
 ANTHKISCUS Bernh. 
 
 1. C. sylves'tre (L.) ; st. hairy below glabrous upwards 
 swollen below the joinings, umbels terminal stalked, 1. bipinnate, 
 leaflets pinnati fid, fr. smooth and shining narrow to its tip. 
 Anthriscus Hoffm. E. B. 752 -.St. 3 feet high, erect, leafy, 
 furrowed, hollow, branched. Partial involucre of several ovate- 
 lanceolate cilate leaflets. Umbels at first drooping. Pet. ob- 
 long-obovate, scarcely emar^inate, with a short inflexed point. 
 Hedges and banks. P. IV. VI. Wild Chervil. E. S. I. 
 
 [C. sativum (Lam.) ; st. hairy above the joinings only, umbels 
 lateral sessile, 1. tripinnate, leaflets ovate pinnatifid, fr. linear 
 smooth about twice as long as its beak. Anth. Cerefolium Iloffin. 
 
MYRRHIS. CONIUM. 179 
 
 E. B. 1268. St. 1 3 feet high, slender, striate, much branched. 
 Partial involucre of 3 unilateral linear-lanceolate leaflets. Pe- 
 duncles downy. Waste ground. Probably an escape from cul- 
 tivation. A. V. VI. Garden- Chervil^] E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. Anthris'cus (Lam.) ; st. glabrous, umbels lateral stalked, 
 1. tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, fr. ovate ivith hooked bristles 
 about twice as long as its glabrous beak. E. B. 818. A. vul- 
 (jaris Bernh. St. erect, 2 feet high, branched. L. slightly 
 hairy. Umbels on rather short stalks. Partial involucre of 
 few ciliate leaflets. Waste places. A. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Ridyes 5, equal, blunt j stripes solitary. 
 
 3. C. tem'ulum (L.) ; st. thickened beneath the joinings 
 rough, 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong pinnatifid with rather 
 acute mucronate segments, pet. glabrous, styles equalling the 
 stylopode. E. E. 1521. St. 3 4 feet high, round, solid, spotted, 
 rough below, hairy near the top. Umbels at first nodding. 
 Pet. deeply obcordate. Hedge-banks. P. VI. VII. Rouyh 
 Chervil, E. S.I. 
 
 36. MYK'KHIS Scop. Sweet Cicely. 
 
 1. M. Odordta (Scop.) ; 1. downy beneath, leaflets of the par- 
 tial involucres lanceolate-acuminate. E. .697. St. 2 3 feet 
 high, round, leafy, hollow. L. very large, tripinnate. Leaflets 
 ovate-lanceolate pinnatifid. Umbels terminal. Fl. many, 
 white. Fr. large, nearly an inch long, dark brown. Whole 
 plant highly aromatic. Pastures in hilly districts. P. V. VI. * 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe XII. Smyr niece. 
 37. ECHINOPH'ORA Linn. 
 
 [1. E. spinosa'(L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with spinous 
 awlshaped entire segments. E. B. 2413. Formerly found on 
 the Lancashire and Kentish shores. P. VII.] E. 
 
 38. CONI'TJM Linn. Hemlock. 
 
 1. C. maculdtum (L.) ; leaflets of the partial involucres uni- 
 lateral ovate-lanceolate with an attenuate point shorter than 
 the umbels. E. B. 1191. /Sfc. 35 feet high, erect, round, 
 hollow, glaucous, spotted with purple, branched. L. tripinnate ; 
 leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid with acute cut segments. Keadily 
 
ISO 37. TJMBELLIFER3:. 38. HEDERACEJ3. 
 
 distinguished "by its foetid smell, spotted stem, unilateral partial 
 involucres, and wavy crenate ridges of the fruit. Highly poison- 
 ous. Hedge-banks and waste places. B. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 39. PHYSOSPER'MTJM Cusson. 
 
 1. P. commutdtum (Spreng.) ; radical 1. triternate, leaflets 
 wedge-shaped cut or deeply 3-lobed with acute segments, stem- 
 1. ternate lanceolate entire. E. B. 683. P. cornubierise (13C.J 
 ed. viii. St. 1 3 feet high, erect, round, striate, bearing a 
 few small ternate leaves with linear-lanceolate segments, the 
 uppermost represented by a barren lanceolate acute sheath. 
 Umbels terminal and axillary, long-stalked. Carp, longer than 
 broad ; the coat loose. Seed free. Devon and Cornwall, rare. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 40. SMYR'NIUM Linn. Alexanders. 
 
 1. S. Olusdtrum (L.) ; st. terete, stem-1. ternate stalked ser- 
 rate. .#. B. 230. St. 34 feet high, stout, branched, leafy, 
 furrowed. Radical 1. very large, 3 4 times ternate ; all with 
 large membranous sheaths and large ovate shining cut and 
 serrate leaflets. Fl. greenish yellow in rounded often dense 
 umbels. Fr. nearly black, aromatic. Waste ground and near 
 juins. B.V.VL E.S.I. 
 
 Suborder III. Ccelosperma. Tribe XIII. Coriandrea. 
 
 41. CORIAN'DRUM Linn. Coriander. 
 
 [1. C. sativum (L.). E. B. 67. St. 1218 in. high, leafy, 
 round, striate. L. bipinnate, cut, with broad roundish or wedge- 
 shaped segments; upper 1. more divided with linear segments. 
 FL white. Waste places, scarcely naturalized. A. VI.] E. S. 
 
 Order XXXVIII. HEDERACE^E. 
 
 Cal. 4 5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Pet. 16, rarely 
 wanting ; valvate in the bud. Stam. as many as the pet. and 
 alternate with them or twice as many, inserted below the margin 
 of an epigynous disk. Ovary with 2 or more cells. Styles as 
 many as the cells. Fr. succulent or dry, of several cells each 
 with 1 pendulous seed. Perisperm fleshy. Embryo minute 
 (not so in our Hedera). L. alternate without stipules. 
 
39. COKNACE-E. 181 
 
 1. HEDERA. Cal. superior, limb of 5 teeth. Pet. 5 10, 
 not cohering at the apex. Stani. 5 10. Styles 5 10, 
 connivent or combined into one. Berry 5-celled and 5- 
 seeded, crowned with the calyx. 
 
 1. HED'ERA Linn. Ivy. 
 
 1. H. Helix (L.) ; 1. coriaceous ovate or cordate ando-lobed, 
 lobes augular, umbels simple downy erect. E. B. 1267. 
 Climbing by means of rootlike fibres. L. of the flowering 
 branches ovate-oblong, acute, entire. Berries black. Embryo 
 like that of Cornacece. Hocks, old walls, hedges. Sh. X. XI. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Order XXXIX. COENACE^E. 
 
 Cal. 4-lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pet. 4, oblong, broad at 
 the base, inserted at the top of the calyx-tube ; valvate in the 
 bud. Stam. 4. Ovary 2-ce lied. Style filiform. Fruit a drupe, 
 crowned with the remains of the calyx. Seed pendulous, soli- 
 tary. Embryo in the axis of fleshy perisperni and as long as it. 
 Leaves opposite, exstipulate. 
 
 1. CORNUS. Calyx-limb superior, of 4 teeth. Pet. 4. Stam. 
 4. Style 1. Drupe with a 2-celled and 2-seeded nut. 
 
 1. COR'NUS Linn. 
 
 1. C. sanguin'ea (L.) ; arborescent, branches straight, 1. ovate 
 cuspidate green on both sides, cymes flat without an involucre. 
 E. B. 249. St. 52. 3. Shrub 5 C5 feet high. Old bark red- 
 dish. Fl. many, white, in terminal cymes. Fr. dark purple. 
 L. mostly opposite, strongly veined, acutely cuspidate, rounded 
 below. Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. Dog-wood. E. I. 
 
 2. C. suecica (L.) ; herbaceous, 1. all opposite sessile ovate, fl. 
 Umbellate shorter than the 4-leaved petal-like involucre. E. B. 
 310. St. 52. 1. Flowering shoots about 6 in. high, annual, 
 springing from the procumbent or subterranean creeping woody 
 leafless stems. Fl. dark purple with yellow stamens, in a smaJ 
 solitary terminal umbel with an inv. of 4 ovate white 1. tipped 
 with purple. Fr. red. Moist alpine moors. P. VII. E. S. 
 
182 40. LOKAXTHACEJE. 41. CAPEIFOLIACE2E. 
 
 Division III. COROLLIFLOR^E. 
 (Orders XL. LXIII. 1 ) 
 
 Pet. united. Stamens epipetalous ; except in Ericacea and 
 part of Plantaginacete, which have hypogynous, and Campauu- 
 lacece, which has epigynous stamens. 
 
 Order XL. LORAOTHACEyE. 
 
 Cal. adnate to the ovary, with two bracts at its base ; limb 
 entire or lobed. Cor. of 4 8 more or less united petals. Stain, 
 as many as and opposite to the petals, with which the filaments 
 more or less combine ; anth. sometimes adnate to the petals. 
 Ovary 1, 1-eelled with 1 pendulous ovule. Style filiform or 0. 
 Stigma capitate. Fr. succulent. Perisperm fleshy. Parasitical 
 plants with entire mostly opposite leaves and no stipules, Con- 
 nects this Division with Div. Calyciflorse and Monochlamydese. 
 
 1. VISCUM. Dio3cious. Male : Cal. 0. Pet. 4, ovate, fleshy, 
 united at the base. Anth. adnate to the petals, many-celled. 
 Fern. : Cal. an obscure entire superior margin. Pet. 4, erect, 
 somewhat triangular, minute. Stigma sessile, blunt. Berry 
 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. 
 
 1. YIS'CUM Linn. Mistletoe. 
 
 1. V. al'bum (L.) ; st. repeatedly forked, branches terete, 1. 
 ovate-lanceolate blunt, fl. in the forks of the stem sessile clus- 
 tered.^. B. 1470. Evergreen, yellow, succulent. Spreads 
 by runners under living bark of tree. Male fl, about 3 together, 
 female about 5, yellowish. Berries white, pellucid, globular, 
 viscid. L. of male plant broader. Parasitical on various trees. 
 P. III. IV. E. 
 
 Order XLI. CAPRIFOLIACE/E. 
 
 Cal. adnate to the ovary, usually with bracts at the base ; 
 limb 4 5-lobed. Cor. regular or irregular, 4 5-cleft. Stam. 
 4 or 5, free, on the corolla, and alternate with the lobes. Ovary 
 
 1 Orders XL. XLVI. and Tribe 3 of XLVII. are often regarded as 
 Calycifloral. Their ovary is inferior. Order XL. is sometimes placed in 
 Monochlamydeae. 
 
ADOXA. SAMBUCTTS. 183 
 
 3 5-celled. Stigmas 1 3. Fruit not bursting, 1- or many- 
 celled, usually lifcjbhy. Perisperin fleshy. L. opposite. Slip, 
 rare. 
 
 1. ADOXA. Cal. ^-inferior, 2 3-cleft. Cor. rotate, 4 5- 
 lubed. Stam. 8 10, m pairs alternate with the lobes of cor. ; 
 until, l-celled. Styles 5 10. Fr. 4 5-celled j cells 1- 
 seeded. L. ternate, lobed. 
 
 2. SAMBUCUS. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed. 
 Stain. 5. Stigmas 3, senile. Fr. 3 4-seeded. L. pinnate. 
 
 3. VIBURNUM. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. bell- or funnel-shaped, 
 5-lobed. Stain, 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit 1-seeded, 
 L. simple. 
 
 4. LOXICERA. Cal.-limb small, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular or 
 funnelshaped, limb 5-tid or irregular. Stain. 5. Style fili- 
 form. Stigma capitate. Fruit 1 3-celled, few-seeded. 
 
 5. LINNJEA. Cal.-limb 5-cleft, with lanceolate subulate equal 
 deciduous segments. Cor. turbiriate, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. 
 Stam. 4, rarely 5, 2 longer. Style filiform ; stigma capitate. 
 Fr. dry, 3-celled ; 2 cells barren, 1 single-seeded. Two 
 large and 2 minute bracts at the base of the fruit. 
 
 1. ADOX'A Linn. Moschatel. 
 
 1. A. Moschatel' Una (L.).J5. B. 453. Rhizome white, 
 fleshy, toothed, soboliferous. St. solitary, erect, simple, 3 i 
 in. high, with 2 opposite leaves, and a head of 4 whorled and 1 
 terminal flowers, iloot-1. ternate, 3-lobed. Stam. oiten more 
 or less united in pairs, showing their number to be normally 4. 
 Odour musky. Terminal fl. usually divided in fours, the others 
 in fives, but the numbers vary. Woods and shady hedge-banks. 
 P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 2. SAMBTJ'CUS Linn. Elder. 
 
 1. S. Eb'ulus (L.) ; herbaceous, st. furrowed, stip. leqflike ovate 
 serrate, 1. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate serrate, cyme with 3 prin- 
 cipal branches. E. B. 475. St. 2 4 feet high. Cymes ter- 
 minal, compact. Fl. white, reddish externally ; anth. purple. 
 Fr. reddish black. Hedge-banks. P. VIII. Dwarf Elder. 
 Danewort. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. niyra (L.) ; arborescent, stip. inconspicuous or wanting, 1. 
 pinnate, leaflets ovate cuspidate serrate, cymes with 5 principal 
 branches. E. B. 476. A small tree. Cymes large, terminal. 
 
184 41. CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 
 
 Fl. cream-coloured. Fr. black, rarely green or white, *#. 
 
 lacmiata (Lam.); 1. 2 - 3-pinnate, Its. laciuiate. y. rotundi- 
 folia (DC.); Its. usually 3 orbicular. Woods and hedges v 
 We of Wight. T. VI. Elder. ^ s. I. 
 
 3. VIBTJK'NTJM Linn. Guelder-rose. 
 
 1. V. Lantdna (L.) ; I. oblong with a cordate base finely 
 denticulate-serrate downy beneath, stip. 0, pubescence stellate. 
 E. B. 331. A shrub with round mealy branches. Young 
 shoots, petioles, and undersides of the 1. densely, upperside more 
 sparingly, covered with stellate down. Cymes terminal. Fl. 
 white, not radiant, all perfect ; fr. black. Hedges and thickets 
 on a calcareous soil. T. V. Mealy Guelder-rose. Wayfarim/ 
 tree. j^. 
 
 2. V. Op'ulus (L.) ; I. 3 5-lobed, lobes acuminate and den- 
 tate, stip. (?) linear, petioles with glands. E. B. 332. St. 27. 
 (>. Branches glabrous, tetragonal when young. L. slightly 
 downy beneath, with linear adnate stipules (?). Cymes large, 
 with linear bracts ; fl. white, inner ones fertile, outer barren 
 and radiant. Fr. red. Hedges and thickets. T. VI. VII. 
 Common Guelder-rose. E. S. I. 
 
 4. LONICE'KA Linn. Honeysuckle. 
 
 Jl. X. Caprifolium (L.) ; fi. ringent whorled terminal sessile, 
 1. deciduous glabrous on both sides blunt, upper I. connate-per- 
 foliate, style glabrous. E. B. 799. St. twining. Fl. white or 
 purplish. Fr. orange. Pericarp and placenta becoming fleshy. 
 Upper pairs of leaves connate, the rest distinct. Thickets. 
 Sh. V. VI. E. 
 
 2. L. Peridym'emim (L.) ; fi. ringent in terminal stalked 
 clusters. /. all distinct deciduous oval, st. twining. E. B. 800. 
 Fl. pale yellow, externally red. Fr. red. Pericarp, placenta, 
 bracts, and axis becoming fleshy. L. sometimes downy 
 beneath, often lobed when young. Woods and hedges. Sh. 
 VI. IX. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. E.S.I. 
 
 3. L. Xylos'teum (L.) ; peduncles %-fiowered downy as long as 
 the flowers, calyx-limb deciduous, berries slightly connected at 
 the base, 1. oval downy, st. erect. E. B. 916. Shrub. Fl. 
 pale yellow. L., bracts, cal., cor. externally, filaments, and 
 jstyle downy. Fr. scarlet. Thickets. Native in Sussex (Borrer) 
 !Sh. V. E. 
 
185 
 
 [Sympkoricarp'os racemosus (Michx.), a North American shrub, with 
 roundish entire or sinuate-lobed 1., fl. in small terminal and axillary 
 racemes, the cor. bellshaped pink bearded within and with large opaque 
 greenish-white 4-celled 2-seeded berries, is often planted in hedges. 
 i$nowberry.~\ 
 
 5. LINKS:' A Linn. 
 
 1. L. boredlis (L.).JE. B. 433. St. trailing- and creeping. 
 L. opposite, broadly ovate, stalked, dark green above, paler 
 beneath. Peduncles long, erect, 2-flowered, from short lateral 
 branches with 2 4 leaves. Fl. drooping, flesh-coloured, purple 
 within. Woods, chiefly of fir, in the North. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 Order XLII. EUBIACE^E. 
 
 Cal. superior, entire or lobed. Cor. regular, 4 6-lobed. 
 Stam. 4 o, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1, 
 2-celled, with solitary erect ovules. Style 1, often bifid. Stig- 
 mas 2. Fr. a didymous indehiscent pericarp. Embryo straight 
 in horny albumen. St. herbaceous, square. Many raphides. 
 
 1. SHEBAEDIA. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. crowned with the 
 deeply (5-toothed calyx, dry. Fl. umbellate, involucrate. 
 
 2. ASPERULA. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. dry. Limb of the 
 calyx inconspicuous. 
 
 3. GALIUM. Cor. rotate, 4-fid. Fr. dry. Limb of cal. in- 
 conspicuous. 
 
 4. KUBIA. Cor. rotate, 5- (or rarely 4-)fid. Fr. succulent, 
 2-lobed. Limb of cal. inconspicuous. 
 
 1. SHERAR'DIA Linn. Field-Madder. 
 
 1. S. arven'sis (L.).JE. B. 891. St. mostly decumbent, 
 branched, leafy. L. 6 in a whorl, obovate-lanceolate, acute. 
 Fl. lilac, in a small sessile terminal umbel with 7 8 inv. -leaves. 
 Cal.-segm. 4, 2 bifid. [. cal.-teeth lanceolate aciculate accrescent ; 
 Q. mutica (Wirtg.) cal.-teeth triangular not aciculate not accrescent.] 
 -Fields. A.V.-VII. E.S.I. 
 
 2. ASPER'ULA Linn. 
 
 1. A. cynan'chica (L.) ; /. 4 in a whorl linear, upper pair 
 much smaller, ti. corymbose, bracts lanceolate mucronate, cor. 
 rough. E. B. 33. Root fusiform. Stems many, diffuse or 
 ascending, branched. Lowest 1. obovatej interm. obovate- 
 lanceolate ; uppermost lanceolate-attenuate. Fl. generally lilac. 
 
186 42. RTJBIACEJE. 
 
 Fr. wrinkled and tubercled. Dry banks in limestone districts. 
 P. VI. VII. Qumancy-wort. E. I. 
 
 2. A. odordta (L.) ; /. 6 9 in a whorl lanceolate, margins 
 rough with forward prickles, fl. in stalked terminal cymose 
 corymbs, fr. hispid. E. B. 755. St. erect, about 6 in. high. 
 Fl. white. L. broad, lower usually in sixes. Whole plant 
 fragrant Woods. P. V. VI. Woodruff. E.S.I. 
 
 [A. arven'sis (L.) ; /. 6 10 in a wliorl linear-lanceolate blunt, 
 fl. clustered terminal surrounded by long ciliate bracts, fr. 
 (/labrous. E. B. & 2792. Like Sherardia arvensis. Fl. bright 
 blue. Introduced. A. VI.] E. 
 
 [A. taurina (L.) ; 1. 4 in a whorl elliptic acuminate 3- veined, 
 fl. corymbose, cor.-tube very long, fr. rather rough. Sy. E. B. 
 G62. Cadeby, Leices. Casterton, Westm.] E. 
 
 3. GA'LIUM Linn. Bedstraw. 
 
 A. Leaves 3-veined. 
 * FL in a terminal panicle, perfect, white ; fr. -stalks erect. 
 
 1. G. boredle (L.) ; /. 4 in a wh orl lanceolate, st. erect pauicled, 
 fruitstalks patent,//*, covered with hooked bristles. E. J3. 105. 
 St. about 18 in. high ; branches many, leafy. Fl. in compact 
 panicles. Moist rocky places. P. VII. Vlll. E. S. I. 
 
 ** FL axillary, yellow ; lateral fl. imperfect > fr. -stalks 
 deflexed. 
 
 2. G. Cnicidta (Scop.) ; /. 4 in a whorl elliptic-oblong hairy, 
 fl. corymbose bracteate, terminal fl. fertile, lateral fl. mostly male, 
 fr. smooth. E. B. 143. St. simple above, 1 2 feet high, hairy. 
 Fl. small, about 8 together in small corymbs, falling short of the 
 leaves. Hedges and thickets. P. V. Vl. Crosswort. E. S. 
 
 B. Leaves 1- veined. Root annual. 
 * Flowers axillary ', lateral fl. wiper feet. 
 \G. sacchardtum (All.). E. B. 2173. Accidental. A. VI. 
 
 . sac 
 VIII.] 
 
 . in axillary cymes , all perfect, white or greenish. 
 
 3. G. tricorne (Stokes) ; Z. 6 8 in a wliorl linear-lanceolate 
 with marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, 
 
GALIUM. 187 
 
 cymes 3-flowered, fr. granular on reflexed peduncles. E. B. 
 1(341. St. procumbent, spreading*. Fl. small, all 3 appearing 
 perfect, the middle one usually alone fertile, cream-coloured. 
 Fr. large, a double globe, covered with small granulations. 
 Dry calcareous fields. A. VI. IX. E. 
 
 4. G. Aparine (L.) ; 1. 68 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with 
 marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, 
 cymes few- (about 3-) flowered, fruitstalks divaricate straight, 
 fruit covered with short hooked bristles. E. B. 816. St. strag- 
 gling amongst bushe*. 3 4 feet long. The marginal prickles 
 near the extremity of the 1. point forwards, the rest backwards. 
 Fl. small, pale. Fed., or rather flowering branches, with several 
 1. at the primary divisions. Fr. large. Common. A. VI. 
 VIII. Goose-grass. Cleavers. E. S. I. 
 
 5. G. spiirium (L.) , 1. 6 8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with 
 marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, 
 cymes with 3 flowers, fruitstalks divaricate straight. Closely 
 resembling the preceding ; distinguished by its more numerous 
 green flowers, floral leaves solitary ("or in pairs "), fruit of 
 about half the size. a ; fr. smooth. E. B. 1871. /3. G. Vail- 
 lantii (DC.) ; fr. hispid. E. B. S. 2943. Fields, a. Forfar ; 0. 
 Saflron Walden and Chesterford, Essex. Oxon. Dorset. 
 Warwicksh. A. VII. E. S. 
 
 6. G. ang'licum (Huds.) ; I. about 6 in a whorl linear-lanceolate 
 bristle-pointed with marginal forward prickles, st. rough with 
 deflexed prickle^ cymes small forked with divaricate bifid 
 branches. E. B. 384. St. 68 in. high, spreading, slender, 
 brittle. L. usually 6 in a whorl, the lowermost sometimes in 
 fours. Branches of the small panicles olten spreading nearly at 
 right angles with their stalk. Fr. granular, nearly black. 
 Old walls and dry sandy places. A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 C. Leaves 1-veined. Root perennial. Fl. in terminal panicles, 
 white (except in G. verum). 
 
 * Fruit not granular. No downward prickles on the stem. 
 
 7. G. erectum (Huds.) ; /. about 8 in a luJiorl lanceolate mucTO- 
 nate the margins rough with forward prickles, midrib slender, 
 branches of the pyramidal panicle all ascending, fruitstalks diva- 
 ricate, fr. oval smooth, pet. taper-pointed. E. B. 2067. St. 
 glabrous or hairy, erect, not much branched. L. lanceolate, 
 scarcely at all obovate, those of the main st. erect, patent; 
 veins not translucent ; margins with 2 rows of prickles pointing 
 
188 42. EUBIACEJE. 
 
 forwards. Fl. white. a ; 1. lanceolate. [/3. G. cmereum (Sin.) : 
 1. 68 in a whorl linear. E. B. S. 2783. Perhaps a distinct 
 species, G. diffusion (Hook.), but a doubtful native.] G. aris- 
 tatum (Sm.) has 1. in sixes, but is probably a state of this species. 
 E. B. S. 2784. Banks and pastures. P." VI. and IX. E. I. 
 
 8. G. Mollugo (L.) ; /. about 8 in a whorl lanceolate-obovate 
 or obovate-oblong cuspidate the margins rough with forward 
 prickles, branches of the broad pan. spreading lower ones hori- 
 zontal or deflexed, fruitstalks divaricate, fr. glabrous. E. B. 
 1673. St. ascending or diffuse, square, thickened at the joinings, 
 glabrous or hairy. L. slightly translucent, veined, hardly 
 separated at the base, those of the main st. horizontal or declining. 
 Pan. large. Fl. small, white. Styles nearly free. j3. G. in- 
 mbricum (Gaud.) ; 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate abruptly 
 cuspidate, pan. -branches few-flowered terminating in trichoto- 
 rnous umbels, floral 1. large, bracts large usually solitary. 
 y. Bakeri (Syme) ; 1. 6 8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate, pan. 
 with few-flowered ascending branches. It may be distinct. 
 Hedges and thickets. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 0. G.. verum (L.) ; L about 8 in a ivhorl linear-setaceous with 
 re-volute margins channelled above downy beneath, panicles many 
 small densely flowered subterminal, fruitstalks patent, fruit 
 smooth, pet. 'blunt apiculate. E. B. 660. St. erect, slightly 
 branched, somewhat woody, with many whorls of narrow de- 
 flexed leaves. FL golden yellow, rarely green or straw-coloured, 
 (ochroleucum 1 Sy.) usually in many small dense panicles collected 
 into a kind of terminal spike. St. and upper surface of the 
 1. sometimes downy or rough. On loose sands the st. are much 
 more branched and the fl. sometimes solitary [Var. maritimum 
 DC.]. Dry and sandy places. P. VII. VIII. E, S. I. 
 
 ** Fruit granular, not hairy. St. ivithout downward prickles. 
 
 10. G. saxat'ile (L.) ; L about 6 in a whorl obovate pointed 
 flat, midrib slender, panicles corymbose small, fl.- and fr.-stalks 
 erect-patent, pet. acute. E. B. 815. St. many, procumbent, 
 much branched. L. suddenly narrowed to a point, smooth with 
 a few marginal forward prickles ; lower 1. roundly obovate. It 
 turns black in drying. Heaths. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. G. umbelldtum (Lain.) ; /. 6 8 in a whorl linear or 
 linear-lanceolate mucronate with re volute edges, midrib slender 
 
 1 Apparently a hybrid between sp. 8 & 9. H. & J. G. 
 
, GALIUM. RUBIA. 189 
 
 prominent, panicles few-flowered,^/?.- and fr-st. erect-patent, fr. 
 faintly granular, pet. acute. G. pusillum Sin. E. B. 74. 
 G. sylvestre (Poll.) ed. viii. St. many, slender, square, diffuse, 
 ascending. L. often nearly glabrous or with marginal hairs 
 (not prickles) spreading or backward. Lower part of stem and 
 leaves sometimes densely covered with patent hairs. Panicle 
 very variable in size. Fr. very minutely granular. a. G. mon- 
 tanum (Vill.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate, pan. with short ascending 
 branches and few-flowered cymes. /3. G. nitidulum (Thuill.) ; 
 1. linear, pan. with somewhat spreading branches and compact 
 cymes. Limestone hills. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 *#* Stem rough with downward prickles. 
 
 12. G. uliginosum (L.) ; L 6 8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate 
 bristle-pointed the margins rough like the angles of the stem with 
 backward prickles, panicles small axillary few- flowered trichoto- 
 mous, the branches patent 3-tid, fruitstalks divaricate straight, 
 i'ruit granular. E. B. 1972. Turning blackish when dry. 
 Stems slender, brittle, about a foot high, weak. L. usually 6 
 in a whorl, discoloured at the tip, shortly acuminate. Fr. dark 
 brown. Wet places. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 13. G. pahis'tre (L.) ; /. 4 in a whorl broadly linear broader 
 upwards blunt, midrib slender, panicle diffuse, fr-st. straight, 
 spreading at right angles, fr. smooth. Continuing green. St. 
 1 2 feet high, slender, usually branched. Fl. small, white. 
 St. and branches nearly smooth. L. narrow, lowest usually in 
 sixes, upper in fours of which 2 are smaller. On dry ground 
 the 1. are broader, those of the barren shoots often obovate : 
 then known by its blunt 1. and downward prickly stems. 
 G. Witheringii (Sm.) differs only by having rough edges to the 
 leaves. A very strong form, much larger in all respects, is the 
 G. elongatum (Presl). Var. microphyllum (Lange) has narrower 
 and shorter 1. E. B. 1857. Wet places by ditches and rivers 
 P. VI. VII. E. S. I' 
 
 4. RU'.BIA Linn. Madder. 
 
 1. JR. peregrina (L.) ; 1. 4 6 in a whorl elliptic or lanceolate 
 shining smooth above without veins the margin and keel rough 
 with leflexed bristles. E. B. 851. Old st. terete ; shoots 
 spreading, square. L. rigid persistent. Fl. in panicled cymes. 
 Cor. rotate, 5- cleft ; lobes oval, suddenly narrowed into a 
 slender point. Stony and sandy thickets chiefly in the South. 
 P. VI. VIII. E. L 
 
190 43. VALERIAN A CE^. 
 
 Order XLIII. VALE MANAGED. 
 
 Cal. superior ; limb various, toothed, or inconspicuous, or 
 involute and ultimately resembling a pappus. Cor. tubular, 
 3 5-lobed, unequal or irregular often spurred or gibbous at 
 the base. Stain. 1 3, inserted in the tube, free, fewer than 
 the cor.-lobes. Ovary with 1 perfect fertile cell and often 
 2 abortive cells ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fr. dry. No 
 ^stipules. 
 
 1. KENTRANTHUS. Cor. 5-lobed, with a spur. Stam. I. Fr. 
 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the limb of the calyx 
 expanded into a feathery pappus. 
 
 2. VALERIANA. Cor. 5-lobed, gibbous but without a spur. 
 Stam. 3. Fr. 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the limb 
 of the calyx expanded into a feathery pappus. 
 
 3. VALEHIAXELLA. Cor. 5-lobed, without a spur. Stam. 3. 
 Fr. ^-celled, indehiscent. crowned with the erect unequally 
 toothed limb of the calyx, 2 of the cells usually empty inflated 
 or filiform. 
 
 1. KENTRAN'THUS Neck. 
 
 1. K. ruber (DC.) ; 1. lanceolate stalked, upper 1. ovate- 
 lanceolate sessile, spur much shorter than the cor. -tube twice 
 as long as the germen. Valeriana Sm. E. B. 1531. St. 1 
 2 feet hiirh. FL purple or white. Chalk-pits and old walls. 
 P. VI. IX. Red Vakrian. E. I. 
 
 *2. K. Calcitrdpa (Dufr.) ; radical 1. ovate entire, stem-1. 
 pinnatifid, spur very short. Sy. E. B. 665. Eltham, Kent 
 [apparently now extinct]. E. 
 
 2. YALERIA'NA Linn. Valerian. 
 
 1. V. officindlis (L.) ; I. all pinnate, Its. 9 21 lanceolate den- 
 tate-serrate terminal one not larger than the others, st. sulcate 
 solitary, fr. glabrous ovate-oblong. R. xii. 727. St. 9. 
 St. 24 ft. high. Fl. flesh-coloured. Eadical 1. on long stalks. 
 -* a ; Its. usually 9 11 near together, their anterior edge nearly 
 entire, the posterior edge strongly toothed. With suckers, not 
 stoles. 13. V. sambucifolia (Mikan) ; Its. of rt.-l. ovate-acute, 
 of st.-l. oblong-lanceolate, all toothed on both edges. E. B. 698. 
 Term. It. of "rt.-l. often slightly the largest. Stoles long. 
 Ditches, marshes and damp places. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
YALEEIANELLA. 191 
 
 *2. V. pyrendica (L.) ; 1. hcartshaped serrate stalked, upper 
 1. with 1 2 pairs of small lanceolate leaflets. JE. B. 1591. 
 St. 2 3 feet high, furrowed. Fl. light rose-coloured. Woods, 
 rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. V. dioica (L) ; fl. imperfectly dioecious, root-L ovate stalked, 
 stem-l. pinnatifid with a large terminal lobe, fr. glabrous. E. B. 
 (328. St. 9. St. a foot or more in height, simple. Fl. flesh- 
 coloured ; rather large with protruded stam. when barren ; or 
 small with included stamens and forming a closer corymb when 
 fertile. Stoloniferous. Boggy places. P. V. VI. E. S. 
 
 3. VALEKIANEL'LA Mill. 
 * Fruit with 2 barren cells, fertile cell corky on tlie back. 
 
 1. V. olitoria (Poll.); fr. compressed oblique, barren cells 
 without furrows, dissepiment incomplete, bracts ciliate. E. B. 
 811. St. 2. 3. R. xii. 708. About 6 in. high. L. ovate- 
 spathulate, upper ones narrower. Fl. in terminal dense cymes 
 with oblong linear opposite bracts. Fr. 3-celled ; 1 cell fertile 
 with its back formed of a thick gibbous spongy mass usually 
 traversed by one furrow, separated by a groove on each side 
 from 2 barren slightly confluent cells each having a slender rib 
 on its side and their junction marked by a slight furrow, 
 [glabrous or (var. lasiocarpa, Reich.) pubescent]. Corn-fields and 
 banks. A. V. VI. Corn-Salad. E.S.I, 
 
 ** Fruit with 2 barren conspicuous cells, fertile cell not corky. 
 
 }2. V. carindta (Loisel.) ;/r. oblong boatshaped crowned with 
 1 straight tooth, cells nearly equal each with a single rib on the 
 back, barren cells contiguous in their whole length and with a 
 deep furrow between them, fl. in dense cymes. E. B. S. 2810. 
 R. xii. 708. About 6 in. high. Fl. pale^blue. Koot-1. spathu- 
 late, st.-l. oblong. Bracts ciliate. Fr.-section crescent-shaped. 
 Hedge-banks, rare. A. IV. VI. Lambs' Lettuce. E. S. I. 
 
 3. V. rimosa (Bast.) ; fr. subglobose crowned with 1 erect 
 membranous leaf, barren cells larger than the fertile ones inflated 
 contiguous having a narrow furrow between them, fl. scattered. 
 E. B. S. 2809. R. xii. 709. V. Auricula (DC.) ed. viii. 
 About a foot high. Fl. distant, in the forks of a repeatedly 
 forked cyme. Lower 1. obovate attenuate downwards, upper 1. 
 oblong. Bracts ciliate. Section of the fruit nearly round. 
 Crown of one oblong-blunt obliquely truncate tooth, sometimes 
 with a minute tooth on each side ; or of 3 acute teeth, of which 
 one is much the longest and often 3-pointed. Cultivated land. 
 A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
192 44. DIPSACACE^:. 
 
 *** Barren cells 0, or reduced to a rib. 
 
 4. F. dentdta (Poll.) ; fr. oval crowned with the small oblique 
 unequally 4-toothed calyx flat in front with a space enclosed be- 
 tween 2 elevated curved ribs convex behind, cyme lax spreading 
 its branches long divaricate. E. B. 1370. R. xii. 710. V. 
 Morisonii DC. Teeth of the crown spreading or all incurved 
 except the largest. Fr. smooth or [var. mirta Dufr.] hairy. 
 Fl. corymbose. Corn-fields and banks. A. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. V. eriocar'pa (Desv.) ; fr. pilose crowned with the large 
 toothed open nearly regular rather obliquely truncate net-veined 
 calyx; otherwise like V. dentata. Sy. E. B. 673. R. xii. 712. 
 Coss. Ail. 24 E. Wore., Dorset, Cornwall. The Welsh plant 
 is V. dentata. A. VI. E. 
 
 Order XLIV. DIPSACACE.E. 
 
 Fl. capitate, involucrate. Cal. superior, surrounded by an 
 involucel (or free outer calyx) which closely invests the. ripe 
 fruit. Cor. 4 5-fid with unequal lobes. Stain. 4, inserted in 
 the tube, free ; anth. not. cohering. Style 1. Stigma simple. 
 Ovary 1-celled, with a pendulous ovule. Fr. crowned with the 
 pappus-like calyx. Embryo in tieshy albumen. No stipules. 
 
 1. DIPSACUS. Involucel forming a thickened margin to the 
 ovary. Calyx cupshaped. Oor. 4-fid. Receptacle with 
 spinous exserled scales shorter than the involucre. Fr. 
 with 4 sides and 8 little depressions. 
 
 2. KNAUTIA. Involucel terminating in 4 small teeth. Calyx 
 cupshaped with radiant teeth. Receptacle hairy hemi- 
 spherical', scales 0. Fr. with 4 sides and 4 little 
 depressions. 
 
 3. SCABIOSA. Involucel membranous or minute. Calyx of 
 4 or o bristles. Receptacle cylindrical with sunken scale*. 
 Fr. nearly cylindrical with 8 excavations. 
 
 1. DIP'SACUS Linn. Teasel. 
 
 1. I), sylves'tris (Huds.) ; 1. opposite simple sessile, steni-1. 
 connate, scales of the receptacle straight at the end exceeding the. 
 flowers, involucres curved upwards. JE. B. 1032. St. 5 6 feet 
 high, prickly, leafy, branched. Heads of pale lilac fl. large, 
 conical, overtopped by the slender ascending involucre. Hedges 
 and roadsides. B. VIII. IX. Wild Teasel. E. S. 'r I 
 
KNAUTIA. SCABIOSA. 193 
 
 [D. Fullonum (L.) ; scales of the receptacle hooked at the end 
 equalling the fl., invoL reflexed, otherwise like D. sylvestns. 
 E. B. 2080. -Scarcely naturalized. B. VIII. IX. Teasel] E. 
 
 2. D. pilosus (L.) ; I. stalked witli a It. at the base on each side, 
 scales of the receptacle obovate-cuspidate straight, involucres 
 deflexed. E. B. 877. St. 3 4 feet high, slender, branched, 
 rough, leafy. Heads of white fl. small, globose, exceeding the 
 involucres. Moist shady places. B. VIII. Shepherd's Rod. E. 
 
 2. KNAUTIA Coult. 
 
 1. K. arverisis (Coult.); lower 1. simple, stem-1. pinnatifid, 
 st. bristly, calyx with about 8 awned teeth. E. B. 659. St. 2 
 3 feetliigh, slightly branched, with a few leaves. Radical 1. 
 many, sometimes pinnately lobed. Fl. purple, in large convex 
 long-stalked heads ; outer usually unequal and radiant. Inv. 
 bluntish. Sometimes 1. all simple narrowly lanceolate entire or 
 superficially crenate. Fields. P. VII. IX. Field Scabious. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 3. SCABIO'SA Linn. Scabious. 
 
 1. S. Succisa (L.); root-stock abrupt, heads of fl. and fr. 
 nearly globose, involucel hairy 4-fid herbaceous, cor. 4-cleft, 
 1. oblong entire, upper 1. narrower mostly entire. E. B. 878. 
 St. 1 3 feet high, rarely branched. Radical 1. many, stem-1. 
 usually few. Fl. all alike, purplish blue, rarely white. St. and 
 both sides of the 1. hairy or glabrous. Meadows and pastures. 
 P. VII. X. Devil's bit. E. S. L 
 
 2. S. columbaria (L.) ; heads of fr. globose, involucel membra- 
 nous notched furrowed throughout, no distinct base, cor. 5-cleft 
 radiant, radical 1. oblong stalked crenate entire or lyrate, upper- 
 most 1. pinnatifid with linear segments. E. B. 1311. St. 12 
 18 in. high. Radical 1. blunt, or, rarely, lanceolate and acute, 
 on long stalks ; upper 1. rarely entire, linear. Fl. purplish, 
 anth. yellow. On a calcareous soil. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 [S, maritima (L.) ; involucel and its base furrowed, cor. 5- 
 cleft ; has been found near St. Ouen's Bay, Jersey ; and 8. atro- 
 pnrpurea (L.) with large dark purple fl., which is probably a var. of it, 
 
 is naturalized at Folkestone.] 
 
 K 
 
194 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Order XLV. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Fl. surrounded by an involucre formed of scales (phyllaries), 
 collected together in a head looking like a single flower. Cal. 
 superior ; limb inconspicuous or forming a toothed bristly or 
 feathery pappus. Cor. tubular or ligulate ; both kinds in the 
 same head or only one of them. Stem. 5, inserted in the tube ; 
 filaments free; anthers united into a tube surrounding the style, 
 often with tails at their base. Fr. indehiscent, dry, with an 
 erect seed without perisperm. No stipules. 
 
 The following arrangement of the genera is different from that 
 used in the arrangement of the species. In cases of difficulty 
 they may both be used with advantage. 
 
 Suborder I. CORYMBIFER^E. 
 
 Flowers of the disk tubular and perfect ; marginal flowers 
 often ligulate and female or neuter. Style not swollen below 
 its branches. Juice watery. 
 
 A. Pappus more or less hairlike. 
 
 * Anthers without bristles at their base. 
 
 "\ Leaves opposite, cauline. 
 
 (1.) 1. EUPATORIUM. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. imbri- 
 cate, oblong. Receptacle naked. Fl. all tubular-funnQl- 
 sli&-pQ([, perfect (reddish purple). Anth. included. Branches 
 of the style exserted, cylindrical, blunt. 
 
 tt Leaves radical. 
 
 (2.) 2. PETASITKS. Heads many-flowered. Fern. fl. filiform, 
 obliquely truncate or shortly ligulate, in many rows in the 
 fern, heads, none or in 1 row in the male heads. Male fl. 
 tubular, few and central in the fern, heads, occupying the 
 whole disk in the male heads. Receptacle naked! Phyll. 
 in one row. Subdiaecious. Heads panicled. 
 
 (3.) 3. TUSSILAGO. Heads many-flowered. Fl. of ray nar- 
 rowly ligulate, fern, iu many rows; of disk male, tubular, 
 5-cleft. Receptacle naked. Phyll. in 1 row, with mem- 
 branous margins. Heads solitary. 
 
45. COMPOSITE. 195 
 
 tff Leaves alternate, cauline. 
 
 (4.) 22. SKNECIO. Fl. of ray in 1 row, ligulate, fern., 
 rarely ; of disk perfect, tubular. Inv. cylindrical or coni- 
 cal, of 1 row of equal phyll. not membranous at the margin, 
 with or without smaller scales at its base. 
 
 (5.) 21. DORONICUM. Fl. of ray in 1 row, ligulate, fern. ; of 
 disk perfect, tubular. Inv. hemispherical, of 2 or 3 rows of 
 equal phyll. Pappus wanting in the ray. 
 
 (6.) 8. LINOSYRIS. Heads not radiant. Fl. all perfect, tubu- 
 lar (yellow). Receptacle naked, pitted ;. pits with elevated 
 dentate margins in our plants. Phyik imbricate. Fr. 
 compressed, silky, without a beak. 
 
 (7.) 4. ASTER. Fl. of ray fern., ligulate, in 1 row : of the 
 disk perfect, tubular, Receptacle naked, pitted. Phyll. 
 imbricate and a few scales on the peduncle. Pappus in 
 many rows. Fr. compressed, without a beak. 
 
 (8.) 5. ERIGERON. Fl. of ray fern., ligulate, in many rows ; 
 of the disk mostly perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked. 
 Phyll. imbricate. Pappus in many rows. Fr. compressed, 
 without a beak. 
 
 (9.) 7. SOLIDAGO. Pappus in 1 row. Fr. terete. (Fl. all 
 yellow.) Otherwise like Aster. 
 
 
 ** Anthers with 2 bristles at their base. 
 
 t Receptacle without scales. Fr. cylindrical or tetragonal. 
 
 (10.) 9. INULA. Fl. of ray fern., ligulate, rarely subtubular ; 
 of disk perfect, tubular. Receptacle naked. Phyll. im- 
 bricate in many rows. Pappus hair-like, uniform, in 1 row. 
 
 (11.) 10. PULICARIA. Phyll. laxly imbricate in a few row?. 
 Pappus in 2 rows, outer short cuplike membranous toothed 
 rarely wanting, inner hairlike. Otherwise like Inula. 
 
 ft Receptacle without scales or scaly only at the margin. Fr. 
 cylindrical or compressed. Pappus hairlike. 
 
 (12.) 12. GNAPHALIUM. Fl. all tubular ; outer fem. ; central 
 perfect. Receptacle flat, not scaly. Inv. hemispherical, 
 imbricate ; phyll. equalling the fl. but not intermixed with 
 them. Cor. of the fem. fl. often inconspicuous. 
 
 K 2 
 
196 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 (13.) 11. FILAGO. Outer fl. fern., filiform, in several rows; 
 outermost ones intermixed with the inner phy liar ies; central fl. 
 few, perfect, tubular. Receptacle conical, scaly at the margin. 
 Inv. subconical, imbricate ; phyll. lanceolate, longer than 
 the flowers. 
 
 (14.) 13. ANTENNARIA. Heads subdioecious. Male fl. tubu- 
 lar ; style almost simple ; pappus clavate. Fern. fl. fili- 
 form. Keceptacle convex, not scaly. Inv. hemispherical, 
 imbricate ; phyll. coloured at the end. 
 
 B. Pappus 0, or membranous. 
 
 t Receptacle without scales. Heads radiant. Fl. ef the ray 
 fern., ligulate, in 1 row; of the disk herm., tubular. 
 
 (15.) 6. BELLIS. Phyll. in 2 rows, equal, blunt. Eeceptacle 
 conical. Fr. compressed. Pappus 0. 
 
 (16.) 17. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle flat or concave. 
 Fr. of disk terete, without wings ; of the ray slightly an- 
 gular or somewhat winged. Pappus or of 3 minute teeth. 
 
 (17.) 16. MATRICARIA. Receptacle at length conical. Fr. 
 angular, not winged. Pappus 0, or a slight membranous 
 border. 
 
 ft Receptacle without scales. Heads discoidal. 
 
 (18.) 19. ARTEMISIA. Fl. of disk perfect; of the ray* fern., 
 slender, in 1 row ; or all herm. and tubular. Involucre 
 roundish. Phyll. imbricate. Receptacle naked or hairy. 
 Fr. obovate, with a small epigynous disk, without pappus. 
 
 (19.) 20. TANACETUM. Fl. as in Artemisia. Involucre he- 
 mispherical. Phyll. imbricate. Receptacle naked. Fr. 
 oblong, angular, with a large epigynous disk (as broad as 
 the fruit), crowned with a slight membranous border. 
 
 fft Receptacle scaly. Pappus scale-like. 
 
 (20.) 24. GALINSOGA. Heads radiant. Fl. of ray fern., 
 ligulate, in one row ; of the disk perfect, tubular. Recep- 
 tacle conical. Phyll. 4 5, broad, ciliate, in one row. Fr. 
 prismatic, with a pappus of oblong scales. 
 
 tt+t Receptacle scaly throughout. Pappus 0. 
 
 (21.) 15. ANTHEMIS. Heads radiant. Fl. of the ray fern., 
 or neuter, ligulate, in 1 row j of the disk perfect, tubidar. 
 
45. COMPOSITE. 197 
 
 Receptacle convex or conical. Phyll. imbricate, of few 
 rows. Fr. terete, or bluntly tetragonal, without pappus, 
 but with a more or less prominent margin. 
 
 [ANACYCLUS. Fr. compressed, winged at the edges. Other- 
 wise like Anthems.] 
 
 (22.) 14. ACHILLEA. Heads radiant. Fl. of the ray fern., 
 ligulate, short ; of the disk perfect, tubular ; tube plane,- 
 compressed, 2-winyed. Receptacle nearly flat, afterwards 
 often narrow and lengthened. Inv. ovate or oblong. Phyll. 
 imbricate. Fr. compressed, without pappus. 
 
 (28.) 18. DIOTIS. Heads discoidal. Fl. all perfect, tubular ; 
 tube compressed, with 2 auricles at the base. Receptacle 
 convex, with concave downy-topped scales. Inv.bellshaped. 
 Phyll. imbricate. Fr. compressed, crowned ivith the per- 
 sistent auricled tube of the cor. ; pappus 0. 
 
 C. Pappus of '2 5 stiff bristles. Receptacle scaly throughout. 
 
 (24.) 23. BIDENS. Heads discoidal, sometimes radiant. FL 
 (of the ray neuter, ligulate ;) of the disk herm., tubular. 
 Receptacle flat. Phyll. in 2 rows, outer row spreading. 
 Branches of the style surmounted by short cones. Fr. 
 compressed, angular, rough at the edges ; the angles ending 
 in 2 5 hispid bristles. 
 
 Suborder II. CYNAROCEPHALE.E. 
 
 Flowers all tubular. Style usually thickish below its branches, 
 which often combine into a more or less perfect cylinder. In- 
 volucre imbricate. 
 
 a. Basal scar of fr. transverse, rounded. Anthers tailed. 
 
 25. SAUSSUREA. Fl. all perfect. Phyll. unarmed. Recep- 
 tacle scaly. Pappus in two rows, outer of short rough 
 bristles, inner feathery. 
 
 26. CARLINA. Fl. all perfect. Outer phyll. lax, leaflike spi- 
 nous, inner linear, membranous, coloured and resembling 
 a ray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus in one row 
 branched and feathery, united in a ring below. 
 
 27. ARCTIUM. Involucre globose. Phyll. ending in hooked 
 points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subulate scales. Fr. 
 compressed, oblong. Pappus short, hairlike, distinct. 
 
108 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 b. Fr. attached obliquely. Anthers scarcely tailed. 
 
 * Pappus in many roivs of different lengths; inner row longest, 
 longer than the fruit. 
 
 28. SERRATULA. Heads dioecious by abortion. Phyll. sharp, 
 unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split longitudinally into 
 linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not beaked; basal scar 
 oblique. Pappus persistent. 
 
 ** Pappus in many rows, unequal; second row longest, equal to 
 or shorter than the fruit; rarely none. 
 
 29. CENTAUREA. Anthers with papillose filaments. Recep- 
 tacle chaffy. Fr. attached laterally above the base to the 
 receptacle. Pappus hairlike, rarely 0. 
 
 c. Fr. with a transverse basal scar. Pappus in many rows, 
 
 equal, long. . -Anth. scarcely tailed. 
 
 30. OXOPORDUM. Receptacle honeycombed. Fr. 4-ribbed. 
 Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus. 
 
 31. CARDUUS. Phyll. simple, spinous, pointed. Receptacle 
 with fimbriate scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus 
 long, hairlike or feathery, united into a ring at the base and 
 deciduous. Includes Cnicus Linn, and Cirsium DO. 
 
 d. Fr. with a transverse basal scar. Pappus in many rows. 
 Filaments monadelphous, glabrous. Anth. scarcely tailed. 
 
 32. MARIANA. Phyll. leaflike at the base, narrowed into 
 a long spreading spiuous point. Receptacle scaly. Fr. 
 compressed, its terminal scar surrounded by a papillose ring. 
 Pappus hair- or scale-like, united into a ring at the base, 
 deciduous. 
 
 Suborder III. CICHORIACE^ or LIGULIFLOR/E. 
 
 Flowers all ligulate and perfect. Juice milky. 
 
 * Pappus 0. Receptacle ivithout scales. 
 
 33. LAPSANA. Heads 8 12-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row, 
 erect, with 4 5 short bracts at their base. Fr. com- 
 pressed, striate, deciduous, not enveloped in the phyllaries. 
 
45. COMPOSITE. 199 
 
 ** Pappus like a crown, or of many entire broad scales. 
 Receptacle without scales. 
 
 34. ARNOSERIS. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row, 
 about 12, keeled, linear-lanceolate, at length converging, a 
 few small bracts at their base. Fr. angular, crowned with 
 a short elevated entire margin. 
 
 35. CICHOHIUM. Head many-flowered. Phyll. in 2 rows, 
 outer of about 5, lax, shortish ; inner of 8 10, longer, con- 
 verging, at length reflexed. Receptacle sometimes slightly 
 pilose. Fr. obovate, compressed striate. Pappus of 2 rows 
 of minute erect chaffy scales. 
 
 *** Pappus feathery . Receptacle scaly. 
 
 36. HYPOCHCEBIS. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. oblong, 
 imbricate. Fr. glabrous, muricate, often beaked. Pappus 
 in 2 rows, outer short and setaceous, inner long and fea- 
 thery ; or in 1 row and feathery. 
 
 **#* Pappus feathery, or on the exterior fruit scaly. Receptacle 
 without scales. 
 
 37. THRINCIA. Inv. oblong. Phyll. in 1 row, with a few 
 additional at the base. Fr. beaked. Pappus in 2 rows ; 
 outer setaceous, deciduous ; inner longer, feathery, dilated 
 at the base. Marginal row of fruits enveloped in the 
 phyllaries, scarcely beaked, and with a short croivn-like 
 pappus. 
 
 38. LEONTODON. Inv. subimbricate ; exterior phyll. much 
 smaller, in 1 3 rows. Fr. uniform, slightly beaked. 
 Pappus of all thefr. in 2 rows outer setaceous, persistent; 
 inner longer, feathery, dilated at the base ; or in 1 row 
 feathery. 
 
 39. TBAGOPOGON. Inv. simple, of 8 10 equal phyll. con- 
 nected at the base. Fr. longitudinally striate, with a long 
 beak : basal scar lateral. Pappus in many rotes, feathery, 
 interwoven in the ray. 
 
 40. PICBIS. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, with unequal linear often 
 spreading ones at the base. Fr. terete, transversely striate, 
 constricted or slightly beaked above. Pappus in 2 rows, 
 feathery ; external row rather hairlike. 
 
200 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 41. HELMINTHIA. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, -with equal subu- 
 late adpressed ones at the base, and surrounded by 3 5 
 leajiike loose bracts. Fr. compressed, transversely rugose, 
 rounded at the end and imth a slender beak longer' than the 
 fruit. Pappus in several rows, feathery. 
 
 Pappus filiform, deciduous, never feathery nor dilated at 
 the base. JReceptacle generally without scales. Fruit com- 
 pressed. 
 
 42. LACTUCA. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. with a mem- 
 branous margin, imbricate in 2 4 rows ; outer row shorter. 
 Fr. plane compressed, contracted and prolonged into a fili- 
 form beak which is neither crowned nor rnuricate. 
 
 43. TARAXACUM. Heads many-flowered. Inv. double ; inner 
 phyll. in 1 row, erect ; outer few, short, lax or adpiessed, 
 imbricate. Fr. subcompressed, nmricate and suddenly con- 
 tracted above, prolonged into a filiform beak. 
 
 44. SOKCHUS. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. imbricate in 
 2 or 3 rows, unequal. Fr. plane compressed, truncate, not 
 beaked. 
 
 45. MULGEDIUM. Heads many-flowered. Inv. double; inner 
 phyll. in 1 row ; outer short, lax, imbricate. Fr. compressed, 
 constricted above, and ending in a ciliate disk. Outer rows 
 of the pappus rigid and brittle. 
 
 ****** Fruit terete, ribbed. Otherwise like the preceding section. 
 
 46. CBEPIS. Heads many-flowered. Inv. double ; inner 
 phyll. in 1 row; outer short, lax. Fr. terete, narrowed 
 upwards or beaked. Pappus soft. 
 
 47. HIEBACIUM. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. imbricate, 
 many, oblong. Fr. truncate, not beaked, with a very short 
 crenulate margin. Pappus brittle. 
 
 [Anomalous Genus. Order AMBROSIACE^: Link.] 
 
 [48. XANTHITJM. Heads monoecious. Male : inv. of 1 row 
 of free ph^ll., many-flowered. Receptacle scaly. Cor. 
 funnelshaped, 5-cleft. Anth. free. Stigma blunt, entire. 
 Fern. fl. 2, enclosed within the inv. which ends in 1 2 
 beaks, is covered with hooked spines, and hardens over the 
 fruit. Cor. 0. Stam. 0. Stigmas 2, diverging, linear. 
 Fr. compressed, each occupying a cell in the involucre.] 
 
EUPAIORIUM. TTJSSILAGO. 201 
 
 Suborder!. TUBULIFLORJE. Flowers all tubular, 
 regular, with 45 teeth ; or the outer ligulate. 
 
 Tribe I. Eupatoriea. 
 
 Fl. all tubular, regular, perfect. Anth. not tailed. Style- 
 branches blunt, terete, subclavate. 
 
 1. EUPATO'RIUM Linn. Hemp-Agrimony. 
 
 1. E. cannab'inum (L.) ; 1. in 3 or 5 deep lanceolate serrate 
 segments the middle one longest. E. B. 428. St. herbaceous, 
 erect, striate scabrous, 2 3 feet high. Pleads in a fastigiate 
 corymb, 5 6-flowered. Phyll. about 10 ; 5 exterior short, 
 blunt. Florets reddish purple. L. downy. Herb slightly 
 aromatic. Banks of streams. P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe II. Tussilagmea. 
 
 Fl. of ray female, filiform or ligulate ; of disk male, tubular. 
 Anth. not tailed. Style-branches connate or short, with conical 
 tips. 
 
 2. PETASI'TES Mill. Eutterbur. 
 
 1. P. afficindlis (Moench) ; 1. roundish-cordate unequally 
 toothed downy beneath with approximate basal lobes, stigmas 
 of the submale fl. short ovate, female fl. truncate obliquely. 
 E. It. 430, 431. R. xvi. 901. Tussilago Petasites (L.), P. vul- 
 yaris Desf. Soboliferous. Panicle long and lax in the female 
 plant, ovoid and dense in the male. Fl. appearing before the L, 
 on stout erect stalks which are clothed with concave tumid 
 petioles either leafless or with a small limb. L. very large, 
 radical, ultimately often 3 feet broad, glabrous above. Swamps. 
 P. IV. E. S. I. 
 
 [P.frdgrans (Presl), Sy. E. E. 781, which has shortly ligu- 
 late female fl., is established in some places in the South. P. 
 albus (Gaert.)? ty- E. B. 782, with white or cream-coloured fl., 
 and much smaller deeply scolloped L, is established in Scotland.] 
 
 3. TUSSILA'GO Linn. Coltsfoot. 
 
 1. T. Far'fara (L). J?. B. 429. R. xvi. 904. Soboliferous. 
 Fl. appearing before the L, in bright yellow solitary heads, erect 
 in blossom and seed, drooping before and after flowering; their 
 stalks clothed with scalelike smooth bracts. L. roundish-cor- 
 date, angular, toothed, downy beneath. Moist chalky and clay 
 soils. P. III. IV. E. S. I. 
 
 K5 
 
202 46. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Tribe III. Asteroidece. 
 
 Fl. of ray female or neuter, ligulate (or in Linasyris 0) ; of 
 disk tubular. Anth. not tailed. Style-branches flattened with 
 a subconical tip. Leaves alternate. 
 
 4. (7*) AS'TER Linn. Starwort. 
 
 1. A. Tripolium (L.) ; at. glabrous corymbose, 1. linear-lan- 
 ceolate fleshy smooth, involucre imbricate, phyll. blunt mem- 
 branous the inner ones longer. E. JB. 87. R. xvi. 907. St. 1 
 2 feet high, erect, leafy, many-flowered. Heads large ; disk 
 yellow ; rays bright blue, often wanting. [A dwarf form branched 
 from the base, from N. of Scotl., is referred to var. arcticum (Fr.)]. 
 Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 [A. salignus (W.) is established in Wicken Fen, Cambridge- 
 shire, and A . longifolius l at and about Seggieden, Perth ; but they 
 are probably both escapes from gardens. A. Novi-Belgii (L.) 
 and other species are occasionally found.] 
 
 5. (8.) EHIG'ERON Linn. Fleabane. 
 
 *1. E. canaden'se (L.) ; st. much branched hairy panicled 
 many-headed, 1. linear-lanceolate ciliate. E. B. 2019. St. erect, 
 1 2 feet high. Heads many, small, yellowish. Inv. cylindri- 
 cal, scarcely shorter than the fl. of the ray, finally spreading. 
 Waste ground, rare (American). A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 2. E. acre (L.) ; st. corymbose, branches alternate, usually 
 1 -headed, 1. linear-lanceolate entire spreading, lower 1. narrowed 
 below, ray erect scarcely longer than the disk, inner female fl. 
 filiform many. E. B. 1158. JR. xvi. 917. St. erect, 618 in. 
 high, simple below, corymbosely branched- above, often several 
 from one root. Fl. yellow, the ray pale blue. Dry gravelly 
 places and walls. B. VII. VIII. Blue Fleabane. E. S. I. 
 
 3. E. alpinum (L.) ; st. mostly with a single head, 1. lanceo- 
 late, lower 1. narrowed below, ray spreading twice as long as 
 the disk, inner female fl. tubular fllifor^n many. E. B. 464. 
 R. xvi. 914. St. 4 8 in. high, usually ending in a solitary 
 head with a yellow disk and light-purple ray. Inv. hairy. 
 
 1 Prof. Asa Gray referred the Perthsh. plant to A. Novi-Belgii 
 H. & J. G. 
 
BELLIS. INULA. 203 
 
 . E. uniflorum (Sm. not L.) has a shorter and more erect ray 
 and a rather more hairy involucre. E. B. 2416. Highland 
 mountains. P. VII. VIH. S. 
 
 6. (15.) EEL'LIS Linn. Daisy. 
 
 1. S. peren'nis (L.) ; 1. obovate-spathulate crenate-dentate. 
 E. E. 424. St. a short procumbent rhizome producing 1. 
 only at its end. Stalks simple, each bearing a single head. 
 Sometimes all the fl. are ligulate ; rarely all are tubular. Banks 
 and pastures. P. III. X. E. S. I. 
 
 7. (9.) SOLIDA'QO Linn. Golden Eod. 
 
 1. S. Virgaurea (L.) ; st. erect slightly angular, 1. lanceolate 
 narrowed at both ends, lower 1. elliptic stalked serrate, raceme 
 erect simple or compound, phyll. lanceolate acute, fr. downy. 
 E. B. 301. E. xvi. 911. St. usually 13 feet high, leafy, 
 nearly simple, ending in a long cluster of yellow heads. /3. an- 
 gustifotia (Gaud.) ; 1. all lanceolate [entire or obscurely serrate]. 
 y. S. cambrica (Huds.) ; st. 2 6 in. high, 1. ovate-lanceolate, 
 heads larger. Woods and thickets, y on mountains. P. VII. 
 -IX. E. S. I. 
 
 8. (6.) LINOST'EIS Cand. Goldilocks. 
 
 1. L. vulgdris (Cass.) ; herbaceous, 1. linear glabrous entire, 
 heads corymbose, iuv. lax. Chrysocoma Linosyris L. E. B. 2505. 
 Aster Linosyris (Bernh.). St. 12 18 in. high, simple, leafy. 
 L. single-ribbed, smooth or rough, very many, more or less 
 dotted. Fl. yellow. Limestone cliffs, rare. P. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 ,. Tribe IV. Inulea. 
 
 Heads never dioecious. Fl. of ray female or neuter, ligulate, 
 in one row, or wanting ; of disk perfect, tubular. Anth. with 
 slender tails. Style-branches broadened upwards and rounded, 
 L. alternate. 
 
 9. (10.) TNTJLA Linn. 
 
 \\. 1. HeUnium (L.) ; outer phyll. ovate, inner obovate, 1. un- 
 equally dentate downy beneath cordate-ovate acute clasping, 
 root-1. stalked elliptic-oblong, fr. quadrangular glabrous. Sy. 
 E. B. 766. St. 34 feet high, round, furrowed, solid, leafy, 
 branched above. Heads few together or solitary, terminal, very 
 
204 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 large ; fl. brig-lit yellow, those of tlie ray ligulate. Phyll. re- 
 flexed. Moist pastures. P. VII. VIII. Elecampane. E. I. 
 
 2. I. salicina (L.) ; outer phyll. oblong-lanceolate, inner linear, 
 1. lanceolate j-clasping tuberculate-serrate scabrous-ciliate gla- 
 brous above the edge revolute, st. and underside of 1. pilose- 
 hairy. ?/. E. B. 768. J. of B. iv. t, 43. L. with crisped hairs 
 on the veins beneath as also the st., disk of 1. beneath pilose. 
 Heads terminal, solitary or 3 5 in a corymb. Kays yellow. 
 Shore of Lough Derg, Co. Galway. P. VII. VIII. ? I. 
 
 3. /. Cony'za (DC.) ; outer pliyll. lanceolate, inner linear acute, 
 1. ovate -lanceolate downy denticulate, lower 1. narrowed into a 
 haft, fl. of the ray tubular-ligulate, fr. terete. R. xvi. 923. 
 Conyza squarrosa L. E. B. ll95. St. 1 2 feet high, leafy. 
 Heads corymbose. Phyll. reflexed, leaflike. Fl. yellow, those 
 of the ray deeply divided on the inner side. Calcareous soils. 
 P. VII. IX. Ploughman's Spikenard. E. 
 
 4. /. crithmoides (L.) ; phyll. linear taper-pointed, I. fleshy 
 linear blunt or with 3 points, *fr. terete. E. B. 68. St. about a 
 foot high, slightly branched near the top, each branch ending 
 in a solitary head with an orange-coloured disk and yellow rays. 
 On rocks and in muddy salt marshes by the sea. P. VII. VIII. 
 Golden Samphire. E. S. I. 
 
 10. (11.) PULICA'RIA Gaert. 
 
 1. P. vulgdris (Gaert.); /. lanceolate wavy narrow at the base 
 and somewhat clasping, st. much branched downy, heads lateral 
 and terminal hemispherical with very short rays. Inula Puli- 
 caria L. E. B. 1196. St. 612 in. high, leafy. Heads small ; 
 fl. yellow. Fr. terete. Outer pappus of small distinct scales. 
 Moist sandy heaths. A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 2. P. dysenter'ica (Gaert.) ; L oblong cordate at the base clasp- 
 ing downy beneath, st. panicled woolly, heads axillary and ter- 
 minal corymbose, rays much exceeding the disk. Inula L. E. 
 B. 1115. Creeping, floccose. St. 12 18 in. high, leafy. Heads 
 larger than in Sp. 1, bright yellow ; fr. angular. Outer pappus 
 cuplike, crenulate. Damp places. P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe V. Gnaphalieae. 
 
 Heads with fern, marginal fl. ; or dioecious. Fl. all tubular. 
 Anth. with slender tails. Style-branches broadened upwards 
 and rounded. Pappus hairlike, rarely 0. 
 
FILAGO. 205 
 
 11. (13.) FILA'GO Linn. Cudweed. 
 * Phyll. not spreading with the ripe fruit ;, in 2 rows. 
 
 1. F. germariica (L.) ; cottony, st. proliferous at the summit, 
 \. lanceolate wavy acute, heads obscurely 5-angled half-sunk in 
 wool forming axillary and terminal clusters not surrounded and 
 overtopped by 1., phyll. longitudinally folded linear cuspidate 
 with glabrous points. E. B. 946. F. canescens Jord. Grey. 
 St. erect or ascending, 4 12 in. long, usually simple below, 
 bearing a solitary terminal cluster of heads, afterwards pro- 
 ducing from just below it 2 erect branches which are again 
 proliferous. Heads 20 40 in each cluster ; furrows obscure ; 
 1. nearest to the cluster much narrowed upwards and acute. 
 Tips of phyll. vellow, rarely reddish. Dry fields. A. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. F. apiculdta (G. E. Sm.) ; cottony, st. proliferous at the 
 summit, /. all oblong blunt apiculate, heads prominently 5-angled 
 half-sunk in wool forming lateral axillary and terminal clusters 
 surrounded and overtopped by 1 2 blunt L, phyll. boatshaped 
 cuspidate with glabrous points. Sy. E. B. 737. F. lutesoens 
 Jord. ! PI. nov. Fr. iii. t. 7. Greenish. Smelling like Tansy. 
 St. mostly erect, with short erect branches below. Heads 
 larger than in Sp. 1, 10 20 in a cluster ; furrows deep ; cluster 
 often seeming lateral from only 1 branch being produced just 
 below it ; 1. nearest to the cluster scarcely narrowed upwards, 
 blunt apiculate. Tips of phyll. purple. Sandy places. A. VII. 
 
 viii. Er^ 
 
 3. F. spathuldta (Presl) ; silky, st. proliferous, 1. oblong- 
 obovate, heads prominently ^-angled not deeply sunk in wool 
 forming axillary and terminal clusters overtopped by 2 3 acute /., 
 phyll. cuspidate boatshaped with glabrous points. F. Jussi&i 
 C. & G. Atl. Fl. Par. t. 26. Sy. E. B. 738. Whitish. St. 
 usually branched from near its base ; branches mostly hori- 
 zontal. Heads larger than those of Sp. 1, 8 15 in each cluster; 
 furrows very deep. Tips of phyll. yellow. Dry fields. A. VII. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 ** Phyll. at length spreading. 
 
 4. F. miriima (Fr.) ; st. forked, 1. linear-lanceolate &cutejlat 
 adpressed, heads pyramidal in lateral and terminal clusters 
 longer than the leaves, phyll. bluntish cottony with glabrous 
 points. E. B. 1157. Gnaphalium arvense Willd. St. slender, 
 vrect, 2 6 in. high, branched, the branches forked ; or prostrate 
 and spreading. Fl. yellowish in very small heads. Whole plant 
 cottony, greyish. Dry sandy and gravellv places. A. VI. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
206 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 5. F. gaVlica (L.) ; st. forked, /. linear acute, heads conical in 
 axillary and terminal clusters shorter than the leaves, outer phyll. 
 cottony with bluntish glabrous points gibbous at the base and 
 enclosing the marginal fr. E. B. 2369. St. 68 in. high 
 slender. L. narrowing upwards from the base, upright, after- 
 wards revolute. Dry gravelly places, very rare. Berechurch, 
 Essex. Bayford, Herts. A. VII. IX. E. 
 
 12. (12.) GNAPHA'LIUM Linn. 
 
 Jl. G. luteo-dlbum (L.) ; st. simple branched at the base 
 slightly corymbose above, heads densely clustered leafless, 1. 
 linear-oblong wavy woolly on both sides half clasping, lower 
 1. broader at the end and blunt, upper 1. narrowing and acute. 
 E. B. 1002. Woolly. St. 312 in. high, decumbent below, 
 then erect or ascending. Heads collected at the extremity 
 of the stem ; inv. straiu- coloured ; fl. tinged with red. Sandy 
 fields. [Eastern Counties, doubtfully native.] Jersey and Guernsey. 
 A. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 2. G. uligindsum (L.) ; st. diffuse much branched, heads in 
 terminal dense clusters shorter than the leaves, 1. linear-lanceo- 
 late cottony on both sides. E. B. 1194. St. 3 5 in. high, 
 much branched, decumbent or ascending. Heads collected at 
 the extremity of the st. and branches ; inv. yellowish brown. 
 Fr. glabrous or hairy. /3. G. pilulare (Wahl.); fr. papillose. 
 Wet sandy places. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. G. sylvat'icum (L.) ; st. simple nearly erect, heads in axillary 
 clusters forming an interrupted leafy spike, 1. acute linear-lanceo- 
 late, st.-l. narrower. R. xvi. 58. G. rectum Sm. E. B. 124. 
 St. 3 24 in. high, upper half constituting the spike. Upper 
 1. very narrow. Woods and heaths. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 4. G. norvegicum (Gunn.) ; st. simple nearly erect, heads in a 
 close terminal leafy spike, 1. silky or cottony on both sides lanceo- 
 late, st.-l. acuminate mucronate broad. R. xvi. 58. G. sylvati- 
 cum Sni. E. B. 913. St. 6 12 in. high, spike distinctly ter- 
 minal. St.-l. broad. Fl. longer in proportion to the inv. Phyll. 
 dark brown. Highland mountains. P. VIII. S. 
 
 5. G. supinum (L.) ; ccexpitose, st. decumbent, flowering st. 
 erect, heads 1- 5 distant, 1. linear downy on both sides mostly 
 radical. E. B. 1193. Height 2 3 in. Caespitose, very leafy 
 at the root. Flowering st. with few leaves, which are downy 
 on both sides. Heads sessile forming a sort of capitate spike, 
 or stalked subracemose, or solitary. Highland mountains. P. 
 V 1JL, {5. 
 
ANTENNARIA. ACHILLEA. 207 
 
 13. (14.) ANTENNA'RIA Gaert. 
 
 1. A. dioica (Gaert.) ; shoots procumbent, flowering st. simple 
 erect, corymb dense terminal, phyll. oblong dilated upwards 
 blunt coloured, root-/, obovate spathulate glabrous above cottony 
 beneath, stem-1. nearly equal linear-lanceolate adpressed. Gna- 
 phalium Sm. E. B. 267. St. prostrate, woody, ending in a 
 tuft of many 1. and producing prostrate leafy stoles. Flowering 
 st. 4 8 in. high, quite simple, cottony. Heads 4 5, erect, 
 slightly stalked. Phyll. white or rose-colour. /3. A. hyperborea 
 (D. Don) ; 1. cottony on both sides. E. B. S. 2640. Mountain 
 heaths. P. VI, VII. Cats-foot. E. S. I. 
 
 *2. A. margaritdcea (R. Br.) ; st. erect corymbosely branched 
 above leafy, I. linear-lanceolate acute cottony below, heads in 
 level-topped corymbs. E. B. 2018. Anaphalis (Benth. & 
 Hook.). St. 2 3 feet high, cottony. L. alternate, slightly 
 cottony above, densely beneath. Inv. white. Fl. yellowish. 
 Moist meadows, rare. Established by rivers in Monm., Glam., 
 and Merioneth. P. VIII. E. 
 
 Tribe VI. Anthemidece. 
 
 Heads usually radiant, fl. of ray fern, or neuter, ligulate or 
 slender and tubular ; of disk tubular. Anth. not tailed. Style- 
 branches truncate. Pappus often wanting or crownlike, rarely 
 formed of scales or slender hairs. 
 
 14. (22.) ACHILLE'A Linn. Yarrow. 
 
 1. A. Ptar'mica (L.) ; /. shining linear-lanceolate attenuate 
 acute glabrous smooth uniformly and finely serrate, teeth ad- 
 pressed niucronate minutely scabrous at the margin, ray 8 12- 
 flowered equalling the involucre, corymb compound. E. B. 757. 
 R. xvi. 1024. St. about 2 feet high, slightly branched above, 
 erect, leafy, angular, smooth. Phyll. with a dark-brown mem- 
 branous margin. Limb of the radiant florets longer than broad, 
 white. Disk broad, white. L. sometimes very narrow ; lower 
 teeth not deeper than the others. Moist meadows and thickets. 
 P. VII. VIII. Sneezewort. E. S. I. 
 
 \_A. decolorans (Schrad.) ; 1. opaque bluntish downy thickly 
 dotted coarsely and doubly serrate with spreading teeth laciniate 
 and radiating at the base, ray 5- or 6-flowered about equalling 
 the involucre. A. serrata Sm. E. B. 2531. Not known except 
 in gardens. P. IX.] 
 
208 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 [A. tomentosa (L.) ; I. with a linear-lanceolate outline pinna- 
 tifid woolly, lobes crowded linear acute, trifid in the lowermost 
 leaves, 2 3-fid in the intermediate, uppermost simple, corymb 
 repeatedly compound, ray equalling about half the involucre. 
 E. B. 2532. St. 1012 in. high, decumbent at the base, woolly, 
 simple. Phyll. woolly, edged with brown. Disk and rays 
 golden yelloiv. Scarcely naturalized. P. VII. VIII.] 
 
 2. A.. Millefolium (L.) ; /. with a lanceolate outline bipinnatifid 
 woolly or nearly glabrous, lobes cut with linear segments, rachis 
 entire or subdentate with entire teeth, corymb dense, rays 
 equalling about half the involucre. E. B. 758. R. xvi. 1024. 
 St. erect, 6 18 in. high, nearly glabrous or woolly. Phyll. 
 nearly glabrous with a brown margin. Heads small. Fl. white , 
 occasionally reddish or purple. [Extreme forms are var. lanata 
 (Koch), whole plant densely villous ; and var. alpestris (Wimm. & Grab.), 
 1. more divided, phyll. with broad dark margins.] Pastures and waste 
 ground. P. VI. VIII. Yarrow. Millefoil. E.S.I. 
 
 [A. tanacetifolia (All.). Sy. E. B. 728. R. xvi. 1027. 
 An escape.] 
 
 15. (21.) AN'THEMIS Linn. Chamomile. 
 
 * Scales of the receptacle lanceolate or oblong abruptly ending in 
 an acute rigid point. 
 
 [A. tinctoria (L.) ; receptacle hemispherical, fr. tetragonal 
 crowned, with a membranous undivided border, 1. bipinnatin'd 
 downy beneath, segments parallel decurrent serrate. E. B. 
 1472. St. 1 2 feet high, much branched, cottony. Heads on 
 long stalks, solitary, terminal; disk and rays bright yellow. 
 Scales not protruding. Fields. Not a native. B. ? VII. VIII. ] 
 
 1. A.arven'sis (L.) ; receptacle conical, fr. tetragonal, 1. bipin- 
 natifid hairy, segments linear-lanceolate. E. B. 602. R. xvi. 
 1004. St. 1 2 feet high, striate, downy, much branched. 
 Segments of the 1. parallel and at length converging. Heads 
 on long stalks, solitary, terminal ; disk convex, bright yellow ; 
 ray white, always having styles. Scales just appearing above 
 the fl. of the disk, lanceolate. Outer fr. crowned with a tumid 
 plicate-rugose ring, inner with an acute margin. Borders of 
 cultivated fields, rare. A. VI. VII. Corn- Chamomile. E. S. I. 
 
 [A. ang'lica (Spr.) ; " receptacle flat" fr. crowned with a very 
 narrow entire border, 1. pinnatitid somewhat hairy, lobes in- 
 cise-serrate acute bristle-pointed rather fleshy. A. maritima 
 Sm. E. B. 2370. Probably a maritime form of A. arvensis. 
 Sea-shore. Sunderland. Not recently found. A. VII. j E. 
 
MATRICARTA. 209 
 
 ** Scales of the receptacle linear setaceous acute. 
 MARUTA Cass. 
 
 2. A. Cot'ula (L.); receptacle long conical, fr. terete tuber- 
 cular-striate crowned with a crenulate margin surrounding a 
 slightly convex disk, 1. bipinnatitid nearly glabrous, lobes linear 
 acute mostly entire.^. JB. 1772. R. xvi. 1000. St. 12 feet 
 high, branched, angular, furrowed. Heads solitary on long 
 terminal stalks ; scales confined to the central part of the re- 
 ceptacle ; disk yellow ; ray white, usually without styles. Cor.- 
 tube 2-winged. " Phyli. blunt, with white membranous margins. 
 Fetid and acrid. [A procumbent sea-shore form with fleshy 1. is var. 
 maritima Bromf.l Fields and waste places. A. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 *** Scales of the receptacle thin membranous blunt. 
 
 3. A. nob'ilis (L.) ; receptacle conical, fr. subtrigonous, 
 smooth, 1. bipinnate, leaflets linear-subulate slightly downy 
 rather fleshy acute. E. B. 980. St. 27. 15. St. procumbent, 
 1 foot long, much branched. Heads solitary, terminal : disk 
 yellow; ray white ; cor.-tube cylindric. Pleasantly aromatic. 
 Gravelly and sandy places. P. Vll. VIII. Chamomile. E. I. 
 
 [Anacy'clus radidtus (Lois.). Berehaven, Co. Cork. Acci- 
 dental.] 
 
 16. (17.) MATRICA'RIA Linn. Feverfew. 
 
 Jl. M.Parthenium (L.) ; I. stalked pinnate, Us. ovate or oblong 
 pinnatifid, lobes cut, st, branched, heads corymbose, phyll. 
 linear blunt, receptacle convex,fr. crowned, with a short jagged 
 membrane. Pyrethrum Sm. E. E. 1231. St. erect, 2 feet 
 high, branched, furrowed, panicled. Heads in small corymbs 
 terminating the stem and branches ; disk yellow ; ray white. 
 Waste places, not very common. P. VII. VIII. Feverfew . E. S. 
 
 2. M. inodora (L.) ; I. sessile pinnatifid with many capillary 
 pointed segments, st. branched, heads solitary, phyll. lanceolate 
 blunt, receptacle ovate, fr. rugose and with 2 glandular spots on 
 the external face just below the elevated entire border. Pyre- 
 thrum Sm. E. B. 676. St. erect, 12 18 in. high, smooth, 
 angular. L. in very narrow mostly alternate segments. Heads 
 solitary, ending the branches ; margin of phyll. cut and fuscous ; 
 ray white; disk yellow. Base of the invol. turbinate after- 
 wards truncate ; recept. hemispherical afterwards conical, 
 much longer than broad. Fr. with 3 prominent smooth ribs. 
 
210 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 /3. salina; l.-segm. short fleshy linear bluntish convex above, 
 principal ribs keeled beneath, inv. and recept. as in typical 
 plant. E. B. 979. L. with short crowded mostly opposite 
 segments. y. ph&ocephala (Rupr.) ; l.-segm. long, base of inv. 
 submnbilicate, recept. as broad as long, fr. larger, margin of 
 phyll. broadly and darkly coloured. Fields and waste places. 
 p. Sea-shore, y. Near sea-shore in the north of Scotland. 
 A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. M. Chamomil'la (L.) ; 1. bipinnate smooth, segments capil- 
 lary simple or divided, heads solitary or subcorymbose, receptacle 
 hollow conical, phyll. linear blunt. E. B. 123*2. St. erect, 
 1 foot high, branched. Heads on long naked stalks or forming 
 an irregular corymb ; disk yellow ; ray white. Cultivated and 
 waste ground. A. VI. VII. Wild Chamomile. E. 
 
 [Jf. discoidea (DC.) of low stature with densely leafy st., short-stalked 
 rayless heads with broadly-membranous phyll., a native of N. America, 
 is established in . many parts of Ireland, Cornwall and elsewhere. VI. 
 VII.] E. S. I. 
 
 17. (16.) CHRYSANTHEMUM Linn. 
 
 1. C. Leucan'themum (L.) ; lower 1. obovate stalked, stem-1. 
 oblong blunt cut sessile pinnatifid at the base, phyll. lanceolate 
 blunt with a narrow dark purple membranous margin, fl. of ray 
 white, fr. without a border.^. B. 601. St. 2. 11. St. erect, 
 1 2 feet high, simple, striate. Lower 1. narrowing into a 
 winged and auricled stalk. Pleads solitarv, terminal, large ; 
 disk yellow. Fields. P. VI. VIII. Ox-eye. E. S. I. 
 
 f2. C. segetum (L.) : 1. glabrous toothed dilated outwards 
 and lobed, upper 1. clasping, phyll. ovate blunt, with a broad 
 membranous margin, fl, of ray yellow. E. B. 540. St. a foot 
 high, alternately branched, angular. L. incise-serrate or lobed 
 in the upper part, simply toothed below. Heads solitary, ter- 
 minal. Corn-fields. A. VI. VIII. Corn-Marigold. E. S. I. 
 
 18. (23.) DIO'TIS Desf. Cotton-weed. 
 
 1. D. candidis' sima (Desf.). E. B. 141. D. maritima (Cass.) 
 ed. viii. Densely cottony and white. St. about a foot long, 
 decumbent below, densely leafy, corymbose above. L. sessile, 
 oblong, blunt, flat, crenate, "persistent. Heads in terminal 
 corymbose tufts. Inv. cottony. Fl. yellow. Sandy sea-shores, 
 rare. [Extinct in England ?J P. VIII. IX. E. I. 
 
ARTEMISIA. 211 
 
 19. (18.) ARTEMIS'IA Linn. Wormwood. 
 * Receptacle pilose. 
 
 1. A. Absin'thium (L.) ; heads drooping hemispherical, fl. 
 not all perfect, 1. silky in many deep lanceolate blunt segments, 
 outer phyll. linear silky, inner roundish scarious. E. B. 1230. 
 St. bushy, 1 2 feet high. Heads in erect leafy panicles. 
 Floral 1. simple. Fl. dull yellow, the outer row female. Waste 
 ground. P. VII. VIII. Wormwood. E.S.I. 
 
 ** Receptacle naked. 
 
 2. A. campes'tris (L.) ; heads drooping ovate glabrous, fl.not 
 all perfect, /. silky with many linear-lanceolate mucronate seg- 
 ments, stem-1. once or twice pinnate with linear segments, st. 
 wandlike procumbent before flowering, phyll. ovate glabrous with 
 a scarious margin. E. B. 338. Barren st. csespitose. Flower- 
 ing st. slender, 1 2 feet long, ascending when the fl. appear, 
 leafy, smooth. Fl. yellow, those of disk sterile; inv. purplish. 
 Sandy heaths in Norf. and Suff., rare. P. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 3. A. vulgdris (L.) ; heads ovate, fl. not all perfect, /. woolly 
 and white beneath pinnatifid with lanceolate acuminate cut and 
 serrate segments, phyll. woolly. E. B. 978. St. 2 3 feet high, 
 erect, leafy. Clusters leafy, nearly simple, erect. Fl. few, red- 
 dish or brownish yellow. a. l.-segm. oblong, racemes open. /3. 
 A. coarctata (Forsell) ; l.-segm. linear-lanceolate, racemes sub- 
 spicate condensed. Waste ground. P. VII. IX. Mugwort, 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 4. A. marit'ima (L.) ; heads oblong, florets feiv all perfect, I. 
 downy pinnatifid with Linear blunt segments, phyll. oblong outer 
 woolly inner scarious. E. B. 1706. St. procumbent or ascend- 
 ing, woolly, much branched. Fl. reddish yellow. Racemes 
 drooping. /3. A. gallica (Willd.) ; heads erect (inconstant). 
 E. B. 1001. Salt marshes. P. VIII. IX. . E. S. L 
 
 [A. Stelleriana (Besser), with a nearly simple raceme, large erect 
 globose-campanulate beads, pinnatifid 1. with broad blunt lobes and with 
 st., 1., and phyll. densely white-felted, is naturalized on the coast of 
 Cornwall and Co. Dublin. P. VIII.] E. I. 
 
 [A. ccerulescens (L.), E. B. 2426, is not a native. P. VIII. 
 
 nt] 
 
 [Cotula coronopifolia (L.), R. xvi. 998, with small button-like yellow 
 heads without ray-florets, and with succulent lanceolate or acutely lobed 
 clasping L, occurs as an alien in Cheshire and elsewhere. A. VIII.] E. 
 
212 4o.~ COMPOSITE. 
 
 20. (19.) TANACE'TUM Linn. Tansy. 
 
 1. T. vulgdre (L.) ; 1. bipinnatifid, Its. serrate. E. B. 1229. 
 St. 2 3 feet high, leafy. Heads in a terminal corymb. Fl. 
 golden yellow. Fr. with an entire crown. St. 2 3 feet high. 
 -Waysides. P. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 Tribe VII. Senecionea. 
 
 Fl. of ray fern, ligulate; of disk tubular. Anth. tailless. 
 Style-branches truncate or slightly rounded. Pappus hairlike. 
 
 21. (5.) DORONI'CUM Linn. Leopard's-bane. 
 
 "fl. D. Pardaliari ches (L.) ; /. cordate denticulate, lowermost 
 I. on long stalks, intermediate with clasping auricles at the base of 
 the stalk, uppermost sessile clasping. J5. B. S. 2654. St. 2 3 
 feet high, erect, solitary, hollow, hairy. L. hairy, minutely 
 toothed, soft, blunt, the uppermost acute. Lowest petioles 
 not auricled. Heads several, phyll. lanceolate-subulate. Fl. 
 yellow. The earlier heads overtopped by the later ones. Fr. 
 oblong, furrowed, of disk hairy, of ray glabrous. Damp and 
 hilly woods and pastures, rare. P. V. VII. E. S. 
 
 f2. D. plantagin' eum (L. ?) ; /. ovate denticulate, radical on 
 long stalks rounded or subcordate produced at the base, stem-l. 
 sessile clasping the lowermost with a winged and auricled stalk. 
 Sy. E. B. 762. Crown of the root woolly. St. 23 feet 
 high. Stem-l. narrowed in their lower half but sessile, upper- 
 most with a long taper point. Heads usually solitary, or, if 
 more, the lateral ones not overtopping the terminal one. Phyll. 
 subulate. Fr. of ray glabrous. Fl. yellow. Damp places, rare. 
 P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 22. (4.) SENE'CIO Linn. Hagwort. 
 
 A. Involucre with small scales at its base. 
 
 * Fl. all tubular, or marginal ones ligulate but mostly revolute. 
 
 1. 8. vulgdris (L.) ; 1. half-clasping pinnatifid, segments dis- 
 tant oblong blunt and together with the rachis and auricles 
 acutely and unequally toothed, lower 1. narrowed into a stalk, 
 heads in clustered racemes, outer phyll. very short adpressed 
 with black points, ray 0. E. B. 747. Smooth or woolly. 
 Not viscid. St. 612 in high, branching. Heads small, 
 
SENECIO. 213 
 
 involucre oblong-CDnical, glabrous; fl. yellow; fr. silky. 
 Barely [var. radiatus, Koch] there is a single row of ligulate 
 minute revolute marginal flowers. Common. A. I. XII. 
 Groundsel E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. sylvat'icus (L.) ; 1. deeply pinnatifid downy, segments 
 oblong unequally toothed, heads corymbose, involucre downy, 
 outer phyll. very short glabrous (or slightly downy), ray small 
 revolute, fr. silky. E. B. 748. Slightly viscid. St. 12 feet 
 high, erect, more or less branched, hairy. L. narrower than in 
 Sp. 3. Inv. conical ; fl. yellow. S. lividus (Sm.) is a slight 
 var. with the upper 1. more distinctly auricled and clasping. 
 Dry and gravelly places. A. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. viscosus (L.) ; I. deeply pinnatifid viscid glandidar-hairy , 
 segments oblong unequally toothed and lobed, heads in an irre- 
 gular corymb, involucre viscid, outer phyll. half the length of the 
 inner hairy, ray small, fr. glabrous. E. .#.32. Very viscid. 
 St. 1 2 feet high, much branched, spreading. Heads on long 
 stalks ; inv. cylindrical ; fl. velJow. Waste ground, rare. A. 
 VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 #* Heads with spreading rays. Leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 [*& squal'idus (L.) ; /. pinnatifid glabrous, segments linear or 
 oblong distant toothed irregular, heads loosely corymbose, in- 
 volucre glabrous, outer phyll. few small, fr. silky. E. B. 600. 
 S. chrysanthemifoliu's DC. St. much branched, leafy, smooth. 
 L. sessile, often auricled, deeply and irregularly lobed. Heads 
 few, broad. Outer phyll. very small, sometimes very few. 
 Many awlshaped scattered bracts below the heads. Fl. yellow. 
 Walls. Oxford. Bideford, Devon. Cork. [The hybrid with 
 Sp. 1 has been found at Oxford and Cork.] A. VI. X.] E. 1. 
 
 4. S. erucifolius (L.) ; I. pinnatifid margins somewhat revolute 
 cottony beneath, lower 1. stalked, segments linear the lowermost 
 smallest entire and clasping the stem, outer phyll. half as long as 
 the inner, ribs of all thefr. silky. S. tenuifolius Sm. E. B. 574. 
 Creeping slightly. St. erect, 2 feet high, angular, furrowed, 
 somewhat cottony, simple. Lower 1. oblong-ovate, deeply pin- 
 natifid, cottony especially beneath ; segments often linear. Fr. 
 each having a persistent pappus. FL yellow. When the 1. 
 are divided into very narrow segments it is S. tenuifolius Jacq. 
 Calcareous soils. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. & Jacobs' a (L.) ; /. glabrous, lower I. oblong-ovate attenuate 
 below lyrate-pinnatifid stalked, stem-1. sessile bipinnatifid, seg- 
 ments spreading oblong deeply and irregularly toothed and cut, 
 
214 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 lowermost much divided clasping, outer phyll. scattered few, 
 fr. hairy those of the ray glabrous. E. B. 1130. Root fleshy. 
 'St. 9 3 feet high, smooth, striate, branched, leafy. Corymb 
 with erect branches. Fr. of the ray with deciduous pappus. 
 Fl. yellow. Ray sometimes wanting [var. discoideus Koch]. 
 Waste ground. P. VII. IX. Ragwort. E. S. I. 
 
 6. S. aquat'icus (Hill) ; /. glabrous, loiver I. stalked crenate or 
 dentate obovate or oblong slightly prolonged at the base undivided 
 or sublyrate blunt, upper 1. lyrate or pinnately cut, segments ob- 
 long or linear, st. round, corymbosely branched, fr. all glabrous. 
 E. B. 1131. St. erect, 1 4 feet high, simple or branched in 
 the upper half, branches ascending. Terminal lobe of the 
 lower 1. rounded below and narrowed into its stalk. Fl. yellow. 
 A larger much branched form has 1. all lyrate, term, lobe 
 truncate or subcordate below, seg. subspathulate, and was 
 supposed to be S. erraticus (Bert.) *. In marshy places. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 *** Heads witli spreading rays. Leaves undivided. 
 
 7. S. paludosus (L.) ; 1. sessile long lanceolate tapering sharply 
 serrate cottony beneath, st. straight hollow, corymbs terminal, 
 ray of 1316 flowers. .#. B. 650. St. 46 feet high, some- 
 what woolly. Fl. yellow: those of the ray narrow. Fen 
 ditches, very rare. P. V. VII. E. 
 
 8. S. saracen'icus (L.) ; /. sessile lanceolate acute glabrous 
 irregularly serrate especially the uppermost, st. straight solid, 
 corymbs terminal, ray of 6 7 flowers. E. B. 2211. S. salice- 
 torum Godr. St. 3 5 feet high, smooth. L. broad. Corymb 
 many-headed. Fl. yellow. There may be a second plant here 
 with 1. broadest below their middle very finely toothed, upper- 
 most nearly entire. Its 1. are much prolonged and rather 
 glaucous. It closely resembles S. Doria Jacq . Watery places, 
 local. P. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 B. Involucre without scales at its base. Heads with a spreading 
 ray. Leaves nearly entire. CINERAEIA L. 
 
 9. S.palus'tris (Hook.) ; shaggy, st. much branched and corym- 
 bose above, I. broadly lanceolate half -clasping, lower 1. sinuate- 
 dentate. E. B. 151. St. 3 feet high, thick, hollow, leafy. 
 Heads erect. Fl. bright yellow. Fen ditches, now become 
 very scarce. B. VI. VII. E. 
 
 1 The form with lyrate lower 1. is var. pennatifidus G. & G. H. & J. G. 
 
BIDENS. 215 
 
 10. S. campes'tris (DC.) ; shaggy, st. simple, rt.-l. oblong nearly 
 entire narrowed below, stem.-l lanceolate, heads corymbose, in- 
 volucre woolly below nearly glabrous in the upper half, fr. 
 hispid. E. B. 152. St. 68 in. high, with small st.-leaves. 
 Heads erect, 1 6, in a simple corymb. Involucre often almost 
 glabrous, pale. Fl. yellow. In very wet seasons it is often 
 thrice as large throughout. Chalk Downs. P. ? VI. E. 
 
 11. 8. spathulafolius (DC.) ; shaggy, st. simple, rt.-l. ovate- 
 spathulate arachnoid above more woolly beneath, st.-l. ovate- 
 oblong narrowed into broadly winged petioles, upper sessile 
 linear or lanceolate clasping, invol. woolly, fr. hispid. J. of E. 
 xx. t. 226. R. xvi. 978. Schultz, Herb. Norm. 690 ! St. 
 1 3 ft. high, with large clasping st.-leaves often much en- 
 larged at the base. Fl. yellow. Near Holyhead. South part 
 of Mickle Fell range. Yorkshire. Mr. J. Backhouse ! P. or B. 
 VI. VII. E. 
 
 [S. Cineraria (DC.) ; a Mediterranean species, with 1. densely white- 
 felted beneath and deeply pinnatifid, the segm. broadening and lobed* at 
 the extremities, is naturalized and hybridizes with S. Jacobcea at Dalkey, 
 Co. Dublin. See J. of B. xl. (1902) p. 401, t. 444.] 
 
 Tribe VIII. Helianthoidea. 
 
 Heads discoid with all the fl. similar and perfect ; or with 
 fern, radiant ligulate flowers. Anth. without tails or scarcely 
 tailed. Style-branches truncate. Pappus of 2 4 bristles, or 
 of oblong scales. 
 
 23. (24.) EI'DENS Linn. 
 
 1. JB. tripartita (L.) ; I. stalked ^-partite, segments lanceolate 
 serrate, fr. obovate-cuneate usually with 2 bristles. E. B. 1113. 
 R. xvi. 941. St. 1 3 feet high, with opposite branches. L. 
 narrowed into winged footstalks, sometimes undivided, some- 
 times pinnate-5-fid. Heads terminal, solitary, suberect. Fl. 
 brownish yellow. Marshy places. A. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. B. cer'nua (L.) ; I. sessile connate lanceolate undivided ser- 
 rate, fr. cuneate usually with 3 4 bristles. E. B. 1114. JE. 
 xvi. 941. St. 1 3 feet high, with opposite branches. L. 
 simple narrowed below but not stalked. Heads terminal, soli- 
 tary, drooping. Fl. brownish yellow. Sometimes [var. radiata 
 Gray] radiant marginal fl. are found. Watery places. A. VIII. 
 IX. E.S.I. 
 
216 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 24. (20.) GALIKSO'GA R. $ P. 
 
 *1. G. parmflbra (Cav.) ; subglabrous, receptacle conical; 
 pappus of 816 scales. Sy. E. B. 765. R. xvi. 983. St- 
 1 2 feet high ; branches opposite. L. opposite, ovate, stalked- 
 Fl. of ray few, broadly ligulate, short, white ; of the disk about 
 as long as the phyllaries, yellow. A South- American plant 
 escaped from Kew Gardens, and quite naturalized in many 
 places. A, VII. IX. E. 
 
 Tribe IX. Cynarocephalece. 
 
 Fl. all tubular. Style of the perfect fi. thickened and often 
 with a tuft of hairs below the branches, which are united or 
 free and downy externally. 
 
 Section 1. CARLINE&. Heads many-flowered, never di- 
 oecious. Phyllaries in many rows, distinct, often spinous. 
 Filaments distinct, naked. Fr. mostly villose. Pappus in 1 2 
 rows, not surrounded by an elevated margin. 
 
 25. SAUSSU'REA Cand. 
 
 1. S. alpina (DC.) ; 1. nearly glabrous above cottony beneath, 
 lower ones ovate-lanceolate, upper sessile lanceolate, all distantly 
 toothed, heads few in a dense corymb, involucre subcvlindrical, 
 phyll. adpressed hauy.Serrafala L. E. B. 599. St. 312 in. 
 high, erect, downy, simple, ending in a small corymb of heads 
 with pinkish fl. and purple anthers. Fl. scented like Heliotrope. 
 Fr. glabrous. In alpine situations. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 26. CARLI'NA Linn. 
 
 1. C. vulgdris (L.) ; st. corymbose one- or many-headed,!, ob- 
 long-lanceolate sinuate spinous, outer phyll. bipinnatih'd spinous, 
 inner linear-lanceolate attenuate acute ciliate in the lower half, 
 bracts shorter than the heads. E. B. 1144. St. 6 12 in. high, 
 usually cottony, leafy. Spines many, short. Root-1. lanceolate 
 or linear-lanceolate. Underside of the 1. and phyll. often cottony. 
 Heads large ; inner phyll. cream-coloured (a false ray) ; anth. 
 yellow. Dry sandy heaths. B. VII. X. E. S. I. 
 
 27. ARC'TIUM Linn. Burdock. 
 
 1. A.mdjus (Bernh.) ; heads loosely subcorymbose long -stalked 
 hemispherical and open in fr. glabrous (green), phyll. equalling 
 
AECTIUM. 217 
 
 or exceeding fl. subulate inner row shorter than the others, sub- 
 cylindrical upper part of fl. more than ^ as long as the lower part. 
 Si/. E. B. 699. St. 34 ft. high, centre and usually most of 
 the branches ending in corymbs. L. broadly cordate-ovate, 
 blunt ; petioles solid with prominent angles, deeply furrowed. 
 Heads very large, a few of the lower sometimes with short stalks. 
 Fl. -heads not umbilicate* Fr. yellowish, ultimately dark brown, 
 irregularly rugose. A form with more spherical and webbed 
 heads (A. foment osum Bab. x ) is common near Cambridge and is 
 the L. major v. subtomentosa Lange ! Waste places. B. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. A. nemorosum (Lej.) ; heads racemose subsessile ovate and 
 contracted at the mouth in Ir. slightly webbed, phyll. equalling 
 or exceeding the fl. subulate inner row lanceolate shorter than 
 the others, subcylindrical upper part of fl. as long as the lower 
 part Si/. E. B. 701. A. intermedium Bab. St. 24 feet high. 
 L. convolute, cordate, oblong-ovate, petioles hollow, rather 
 angular, nearly flat above. Heads all nearly sessile, less than in 
 Sp. 1 , three usually placed close together at the end of each 
 branch, ovate-prolonged when younpr, not umbilicate. Most of 
 the phyll ascending. Local? B. VlIT. ' E.S.I. 
 
 3. A. minus (Bernh.) ; heads racemose shortly stalked globular 
 slightly contracted at the mouth in fr. slightly webbed (greenish), 
 phyll. "falling short of the fl. subulate inner row equalling the 
 others and gradually subulate, subcylindrical upper part of fl. 
 about as long as the lower part. Sy. E. B. 702. Fl. Dan. 2662. 
 R. xv. 811. Smaller than either of the preceding. Central st. 
 mostly nodding and as well as the branches having scattered 
 small heads ; term, head solitary. L. deeply cordate-prolonged ; 
 petioles hollow, slightly angular, nearly round, scarcely furrowed. 
 Fl. -heads not umbilicate. Fr. fuscous with black blotches. 
 Waste places. B. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. A. piibens (Bab.) ; heads subracemose stalked hemispherical 
 and open in fr. much webbed (greenish), phyll. equalling the 
 fl. subulate inner row about equalling the others and gradually 
 subulate, subcylindrical upper part of fl. as long as the lower 
 part, Sy. E. *B. 70'). Fl. Dan. 2663. R. xv. 812. A. inter- 
 medium (Lange) ed. viii. St. about 3 feet high. L. deeply 
 cordatt prolonged ; petioles hollow, scarcely angular, slightly 
 furrowed. Stalks of the heads rather long, those of the lower 
 heads longest. Heads usually with much wool, twice as large 
 
 1 The true A. tomentosum is not a native of England. 
 
 L 
 
218 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 as those of A. minus. Fr. dark brown with a few paler spots 
 towards the top. [A form with rlensety tomentose heads is A. interm. 
 var. subtomentosum Ar. Benn.] Waste places. B. VIII. E. I. 
 
 Section 2. SERRA TULE^E Heads many-flowered ; flowers 
 all tubular, perfect or dioacious, the external row sometimes 
 female. Involucre of many rows of distinct phyllaries. Fila- 
 ments distinct. Pappus in many rows of different lengths, inner 
 row longest, hairlike or feathery, surrounded by a margin. 
 
 28. SEKKAT'ULA Linn. Saw-wort. 
 
 1. S. tinctoria (L.) ; 1. with bristly serratures pinnatifid or 
 lyrate, heads oblong, phyll. ovate adpressed, inner ones linear 
 coloured. Sy. E. B. 704. St. 3. 16. St. 23 feet high, straight, 
 erect, angular, branched above. L. rarely entire. Fl. purple. 
 a ; heads stalked in a lax corymb. /3. S. monticola (Bor.) ; heads 
 subsessile few large close together. E. B. 38. A curious 
 dwarf form in Lizard district. Groves and thickets. P. VIII. 
 
 E.S. 
 
 Section3. CENTAURE^L. Heads many-flowered, discoidal ; 
 outer row of fl. usually barren, enlarged, irregular. Phyllaries 
 in many rows. Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows of 
 different lengths, second row longest, setaceo-pilose, placed within 
 the margin which surrounds the epigynous disk, rarely 0. 
 
 29. CENTAU'KEA Linn. Knapweed. 
 
 * Phyll. with a scarious pectinate not decurrent appendage. 
 
 \\. C. Jdcea (L.) ; phyll. -appendages erect rounded, pappus 0, 
 1. linear-lanceolate lower 1. broader and toothed. E. B. 1678. 
 Outermost phyll. with deeply pinnatin'd appendages, few 
 innermost entire, the rest irregularly jagged. Heads radiant. 
 Near Hastings. E. N. Bloom field. J . of Bot. xxii. 248. P. VIII. 
 IX. E. 
 
 2. C. nigra (L.) ; phyll.-appendages patent or erect lanceolate 
 or ovate-lanceolate pectinate their teeth subulate, pappus or 
 short deciduous, 1. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acute. St. 
 4 2 ft. high. L. green ; lower narrowed into long stalks, entire 
 or sinuate-dentate ; upper sessile. Heads globose. Few inner- 
 most phyll.-appendages torn. Fr. oblong, downy. a ; phyll.- 
 appendages erect or patent ovate-lanceolate usually quite 
 covering the phyll. their teeth long. E. B. 278. Mart. FL 
 Rust. 130. JR." xv. 761. St. usually with long 1-headed 
 
CENTAUEEA. 219 
 
 branches. Pappus or short. Heads sometimes radiant. Au- 
 tumnal forms have erect-patent branches, ending in solitary 
 heads ; vernal have almost divaricate branches. (3. C. decipiem 
 (Thuill.) ; phyll. -appendages erect lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate 
 usually not wholly covering the phyll. their teeth short. St. 
 usually simple, 1 -headed. L. broader than those of a. Teeth 
 often scarcely longer than the breadth of the brown appendage ; 
 3 inner rows of phyll. usually protruding. Pappus 0. Heads 
 usually (perhaps always) radiant. Sy.E.B.7Q7. C.nigrescens 
 (Bab.). The plant when seen is easily distinguishable from 
 the radiant form of C. nigra, although hardly to be separated 
 by characters. Meadows and pastures. jB. South of England, 
 rare. P. VI. IX. E. S. L 
 
 ** Phyll. lanceolate, their upper half with a somewhat scarious 
 deeply toothed or fringed decurrent margin. 
 
 3. C. Cy'anus (L.) ; phyll. erect adpressed deeply toothed, 
 pappus rather shorter than the fruit, /. linear -lanceolate, the 
 lowermost toothed or pinnatitid. E. B. 277. St. 13 feet 
 high, loosely cottony, leafy. L. slightly cottony above, densely 
 beneath. Involucre greenish yellow ; phyll. often tinged with 
 purple in their upper half, margins brown decurrent with 
 whitish teeth. Heads with large radiant blue floivers, disk 
 purple. -Corn-fields. A. VI. VIII. Corn Bluebottle. E.S.I. 
 
 4. C. Scabidsa (L.); phyll. erect adpressed, the triangular- 
 ovate black pectinate appendages not covering the inv., teeth 
 ascending setaceous short, pappus as long as the fruit, /. pinna- 
 tijld roughish, segments lobed with hard points. E. B. 56. 
 St. 2 3 feet high, rough, furrowed. L. hispid, lobes of the 
 upper ones entire. Heads on long naked stalks, solitary. In- 
 volucres usually rather woolly ; phyll. pale, with dark acute 
 membranous pectinate decurrent appendages ; teeth paler, short, 
 not longer than ^ the width of the phyllary, Fl. purple, outer 
 row radiant or 0. Rarely the inv. is quite covered by the 
 appendages. [/3. succisafolia (Marsh.) ; root-1. entire, upper st.-l. 
 entire, lower sometimes slightly lobed at base.]. Fields and hedges. 
 [/?. Sutherland, E. S. Marshall $ W. A. Shoolbred.~] P. VII. IX. 
 Great Knapweed. Matfellon. E. S. I. 
 
 [C. paniculdta (L.) ; phyll. erect adpressed rigid with subulate 
 teeth and a short term, rigid point innermost narrow long toothed 
 at the end, pappus much shorter than the fruit, lower L pinna- 
 tifid with linear segments. R. xv. 780. St. about a foot high, 
 panicled above, rough, rather cottony. Heads cylindric-oblong. 
 Fl. purplish. Quenvais and St. Ouen's Bay, Jersey. B. VII.] 
 
 L 2 
 
220 45. COMPOSITE 
 
 *** Phyll. horny at tlie end, spines palmate or pinnate. 
 
 J5. C. solstitidlis (L.) ; phyll. ivooVy palmately spinous, central 
 spine of the intermediate ones vert/ long needle-shaped, inner 
 phyll. with a roundish scarious appendage, heads terminal solitary, 
 st. winged with the decurrent bases of the linear-lanceolate entire 
 hoary leaves, root.-l. lyrate. E. B. 243. St. 12 feet high, 
 branched, spreading 1 . Involucres sometimes glabrous. Fl. 
 yellow. Cultivated land, probably introduced. A. VII. IX. 
 'Yellow Star-Thistle. E. 
 
 6. C. Calcitrdpa (L.) ; phyll. glabrous palmately spinous, cen- 
 tral spine strong channelled^ innermost phyll. with a scarious blunt 
 appendage, heads lateral sessile solitary, pappus 0, 1. deeply 
 pinnatifid, lobes of the root-1. lanceolate toothed, of the stem-! 
 linear. E. B. 125. St. furrowed, slightly hairy, branched, 
 spreading, about a foot high. Fl. purplish. Gravelly and 
 sandy places. A. VII. VIII. Common Star -Thistle. E. 
 
 [<?. as'pera (L.) ; phyll. palmately spinous, spines nearly equal 
 3 5, innermost phyll. with a scarious blunt lanceolate or 
 slightly spathulate appendage, heads terminal solitary, pappus of 
 all the fr. in several rows, I. linear coarsely toothed narrowed 
 below sessile rough, lower 1. (and those of the primary stem ?) 
 broader incise-dentate with clasping auricles. C. Isnardi L. 
 E. B. 2256. St. procumbent ; branches long slender simple 
 leafy. L. slightly toothed or entire. Fl. purple. Typical C. 
 aspera has its upper leaves sessile but not clasping. Channel I. 
 P. VII. VIII.] 
 
 [C. Salaman'tica (L.) and C. leucophcea (Jord.) are said to have 
 been found in Jersey with C. paniculata ; but I have not seen 
 specimens.] 
 
 Section 4. CARD UINE^E. Heads many-flowered ; flowers 
 all tubular. Involucre in many rows of distinct spinous phyllaries. 
 Filaments distinct. Pappus in many row8 y not surrounded by a 
 prominent margin. 
 
 30. ONOPOR'DTJM Linn. Cotton Thistle. 
 
 1. O. Acan'thium (L.); st. erect many-headed, 1. elliptic-ob- 
 long- woolly on both sides sinuate spinous decurrent, outer phyll. 
 lanceolate-subulate recurved and spreading. E. B. 977. St. 
 4 5 feet high, woolly, with broad spinous wings, branched. 
 Inv. nearly globose, large, somewhat cottony ; phyll. fringed 
 with minute spinous teeth. Fl. purple. Waste ground in 
 South-east. B. VIII. E. 
 
CARDUUS. 221 
 
 31. CAR'DTJUS Linn. Thistle. 
 [Many hybrids apparently occur in this genus.] 
 * Pappus rough. CARDUUS Sm., DC., Koch. 
 
 1. C. mUans (L.) ; 1. decurrent spinous lanceolate sinuate, 
 heads solitary drooping hemispherical, phytt. lanceolate cottony 
 outer ones reftexed. E. B. 1112. St. 2 feet high, erect, angular, 
 furrowed, cottony, interruptedly winged. L. hairy on "both , 
 sides, with woolly veins beneath, pinnatifid with 3-lobed wavy 
 spinous-ciliate segments ending in strong spines. Heads large ; 
 fl. crimson ; unopened anth. purple. Inv. hemispherical, 
 internal phyll. contracted above the base and then lanceolate. 
 [A hybrid with Sp.2 (Newbouldi, H. C. Wats.) occurs.] Waste ground. 
 B. V. VIII. Musk-ThMe. E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. cris'pus (L.) ; 1. decurrent spinous-ciliate lanceolate 
 glabrous or cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes trifid and 
 dentate, heads roundish, phyll. linear- subulate erect or ascending. 
 E. JB. 973. St. about 3 feet high, continuously winged. Phyll. 
 not contracted above their base. a ; 1. lanceolate usually cottony 
 beneath, heads small clustered subglobular (or ovoid C. polyan- 
 themos Koch), phyll. ending in a weak spine, ped. winged to 
 the top, central tubercle of fr. not angular. (3. A. acantho'ides 
 (L.) ; 1. broadly lanceolate less downy beneath, head twice as 
 large solitary or rarely 2 or 3 together subglobular, phyll. 
 strongly spinous erect, ped. often naked at the top, central 
 tubercle of fr. 5-angled. Dry banks and waste places. /3 is the ^ 
 less common plant. B. ? VI. VIII. -E- S. I. 
 
 3. C. pycnoceph 'alus (L.) l ; 1. decurrent sinuate spinous 
 broadly lanceolate cottony beneath, segments ovate lobed, heads 
 many crowded sessile subcylindrical, phyll. ovate-lanceolate 
 attenuate. .#. JB. 412. St. about 3 feet high, slightly branched, 
 with broad deeply lobed continuous spinous wings. L. deeply 
 sinuate 01 pinnatifid. Involucres nearly glabrous. Fl. pink. 
 Sandy places near the sea. B. ? VI. VIII. 
 
 ** Pappus feathery. CNICUS Linn., Sm. CIBSIUM Adans, 
 t Leaves spincus-hairy above, flowers purple. 
 
 4. C. lanceoldtus (L.) ; I. decurrent white and cottony beneath 
 
 1 This description refers to the common British form, C. tenuiflorus 
 (Curt.). The more typical C. pycnocephalus from Plymouth has hut 
 slightly winged long branches, bearing 1 3 larger heads, with more 
 spreading phyll. and the 1. densely cottony beneath. H. & J. G. 
 
222 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 pinnatifid, lobes bifid with lanceolate entire segments each ter- 
 minated by a strong spine, involucres ovate shaggy, phyll. lanceo- 
 late spinous spreading. E. B. 107. St. 3 4 feet high, erect, 
 furrowed, hairy, with strong spinous wings. Heads terminal, 
 solitary or 2 or 3 together, large. Waste ground. JB. VII. VIII. 
 Spear" Thistle. E. S. I. 
 
 5. C. enoph'orus (L.) ; /. half-clasping not decurrent white and 
 cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes bifid the segments lan- 
 ceolate entire alternately pointing upwards and downwards and 
 each terminated by a strong spine, involucres globose shaggy, 
 phyll. lanceolate with a long spinous-tipped reflexed point. 
 E. B. 386. St. 34 feet high, much branched, furrowed, hairy. 
 Root-1. 1 2 feet long, linear with long divergent lobes which 
 form double rows in a very regular manner. Stem-1. similar 
 but smaller. Heads verv large ; inv. covered with a dense 
 white web. A remarkably conspicuous plant. Waste ground 
 on a limestone soil. B. VIII. Woolly-headed Thistle. E. 
 
 ff Leaves not spinous-hairy above. 
 a. Limb of the cor. 5-parted to its base. BREEA Less. 
 
 6. C. arren'sis (Robs.) ; heads subdioecious, /. subsessile oblong- 
 lanceolate pinnatiiid spinous wavy, inv. ovoid subglabrous, phyll. 
 broadly lanceolate adpressed terminating in a short spreading 
 spine, rhizome creeping. E. B. 975. St. erect, 3 4 feet high, 
 leafy, angular, corymbose above. L. very spinous, sessile or 
 very slightly decurrent, varying greatly in width. f/3. sctosits ; 
 1. lanceolate flat entire or slightly lobed. Cir. setosum M. B. 
 [A less spinous form with some of the upper 1. entire, intermediate 
 between the type (horridus) and /3, is var. mitis (Koch, under Cirsium}. 
 y. argen'teus (Buch.- White) ; 1. densely white- torn entose beneath.] 
 Fields and roads. /3. Oulross and Kirkwall, S. [and many other 
 places]. P. VII. jS. IX. Creeping Thistle. E. S. I. 
 
 b. Limb of the cor. 5-parted to Us middle. 
 
 7. C. palus'tris (L.) ; /. decurrent lanceolate deeply pinnatifid 
 spinous, inv. ovoid crowded, JP&?/$. ovate-lanceolate adpressed 
 mucronate. E. B. 974. St. solitary, erect, 3 5 feet high, 
 wand-like, with wavy spinous wings throughout, slightly 
 branched. Heads in a terminal cluster, small. Fl. purple or 
 w r hite. Underside of the 1. usually cottony. Inv. with a slight 
 we b. Wet meadows. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. C. praten'sis (Huds.) ; /. mostly^ radical lanceolate ivavy or 
 lobed pilose above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles, 
 
CARDUUS. 223 
 
 stem-l. not decurrent few clasping, inv. globose solitary terminal 
 slightly cottony, phyll. lanceolate-attenuate adpressed mucro- 
 nate, rhizome creeping. E. B. 177. Cir. anylicum DC. St. 
 1 2 feet high, cottony, usually quite simple and single-headed, 
 leafless in the upper half with a few scaly bracts, springing 
 singly from the rhizome. L. broad, soft, sinuate-dentate, rarely 
 with small 2 3-fid lobes, not pinnatifid, fringed with small but 
 unequal prickles, lower 1. stalked. Occasionally there are 2 or 3 
 fl. on a stem. C. Forsteri (Sm.) is probably a hybrid between 
 this and C.palustris. It has 1. slightly decurrent lanceolate 
 all pinnatifid spinous cottony beneath, st. panicled, inv. ovoid 
 slightly cottony, root coespitose producing several stems. Sy. 
 E. B. 695. Boggy meadows. P. VI. VIII. E. I. 
 
 9. C. tuberdsus (L.) ; 1. lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pilose 
 above hairy or slightly cottony beneath fringed with ruinute 
 prickles, stem-l. sessile not decurrent, lobes 2 3-fid, inv. ovoid 
 terminal 1 3 together slightly cottony, phyll. lanceolate mucro- 
 nate adpressed, root of elliptic tapering Jleshy Jibres. E. B. 2562. 
 Cir. bulbosum DC., Koch. Not stoloniferous. St. 2 feet high, 
 erect, round, hairy, leafless above the middle with a few minute 
 bracts. Lower 1. stalked, stem-l. nearly or quite sessile. May 
 be a hybrid between Sp. 2 and 10. C. Woodwardii (Wats.) 
 much resembles this, and may be a hybrid between C. acaulis 
 and C. pratemis. Sy. E. B. 696. Greatridge Wood near 
 Boyton, and at Avebury, Wilts. P. VIII, IX. E. 
 
 10. C. acaulis (L.) ; /. glabrous radical lanceolate pinnatifid, 
 lobes subtrifid spinous, inv. ovoid glabrous nearly sessile mostly 
 solitary, outer phyll. ovate inner ones gradually longer adpressed, 
 root with filiform fibres. E. B. 161. St. 24. 16. St. usually 
 almost wanting ; sometimes 3 12 in. long, leafy, woolly. L. 
 all stalked, glabrous except a few hairs on the ribs beneath. 
 Heads very large, fl. crimson. /3. C. dubius (Willd.) ; st. much 
 branched woolly a foot or more in height. Willd. Fl. Berol. 
 f. 11. Perhaps a hybrid between this and C. arvensis. Dry cal- 
 careous pastures. /3. Saffron Walden, Essex. Mr. G. S. Gibson. 
 R VII. IX. Ground-Thistle. E. 
 
 11. C. heterophyl'lus (L.) ; I. clasping not decurrent glabrous 
 above white and downy beneath lanceolate serrate fringed with 
 minute prickles, root-1. with long stalks clasping at the base, 
 heads ovoid truncate below slightly downy, phyll. ovate or 
 lanceolate acuminate adpressed. E. B. 675. Creeping. St. 
 3 4 feet high, furrowed, cottony, slightly branched above. 
 Heads large and handsome. L. very large, undivided or laci- 
 niate. C. Carolorum (Jenn. in Edin. Bot. Tr. ix. 257) seems to 
 
224 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 be a hybrid of C. heterophyUus and C. palustris. Moist moun- 
 tain-pastures. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 Section 5. SILYBEJE. Filaments monadelplious. Pappus 
 in many roivs. 
 
 32. MAEIA'STA Hill [Silybum Gaert. ed. viii.]. 
 Milk-Thistle. 
 
 Jl. M. lac tea (Hill). Car dmts L. E. B. 976. St. 34 
 feet high, ribbed and furrowed. L. very large, oblong-lan- 
 ceolate, wavy, clasping ; radical 1. pinnatitid, usually variegated 
 with green and milk-white. Heads large, globose. Phyll. 
 closely adpressed below, leaflike, with a long terminal recurved 
 ppine. Fl. purple : tube very long. Waste places. B. VI. 
 VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Suborder II. LIGULIFLOR&. Fl. all perfect, ligulate. 
 Style cylindrical above ; branches long, blunt, equally pubescent. 
 Stigmatic lines prominent, narrow, terminating below the middle 
 of the branches, Juice milky. 
 
 A. Receptacle naked. Pappus 0. 
 33. LAP'SANA Linn. Nipplewort. 
 
 1. L. commiinis (L.) ; 1. dentate or lobed stalked, lower 1. 
 lyrate, involucres glabrous angular, st. panicled. E. B. 844. 
 St. and 1. hispid or nearly glabrous. St. 1 3 feet high, branched 
 above. Heads small, with yellow fl. in terminal panicles with 
 small subulate bracts at the subdivisions. Inv. of fr. erect, 
 Waste and cultivated ground. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 B. Receptacle naked. Pappus like a woion, of many entire 
 broad scales. 
 
 34. AENOS'ERIS Gaert. Swine's Succory. 
 
 1. A.pusil'la (Gaert.). E. B. 95. St. 38 in. high, swell- 
 ing and hollow upwards, leafless, with a minute bract at the 
 base of each branch. Each branch overtopping its predecessor 
 and gradually thickening up to the solitary small terminal head 
 of yellow flowers. Inv. connivent over the fr. when its phyll. 
 become remarkably keeled. Receptacle honycombed towards 
 the margins. Fr. small, obovate, attenuate below, 5-angled. 
 L. radical, oblong, toothed. Gravelly and sandy fields, rare. 
 A. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
I 
 
 CtCHOHltJM. THRINCIA. 225 
 
 35. CICHO'RIUM Linn. Succory. Chicory. 
 
 1. C. In'tybus (L.) ; lower 1. runcinate hispid on the keel, 
 upper 1. oblojig or lanceolate clasping entire heads axillary in 
 pairs nearly sessile. E. B. 539. St. 6, 1.5. St. 23 feet high, 
 bristly, alternately branched. Heads many, fi. bright blue, 
 handsome. Floral 1. lanceolate from a broad clasping base. 
 Waste places on a gravelly or chalky soil. P. VII. VIII, E. S. I. 
 
 C. Receptacle scaly. Pappus feathery* 
 
 36. HYPOCHJE'EIS Linn. Cat's-ear. 
 
 * Pappus ivith an outer row of shorter bristles. 
 
 1. H. gldbra (L.) ; st. branched leafless glabrous, I. oblong, 
 inv. glabrous equalling the flowers. E. B. 575. St. 310 in. 
 high, scaly ; primary stem simple, leafless, but lateral branched 
 stems prostrate leafy. L. spreading in a circle on the ground, 
 glabrous, except a few scattered hairs. Outer row of fruits 
 destitute of a beak; the rest with a long beak. /3. H. Balbisii 
 (Lois.); all the fruits with long beaks. [y. erostris (Coss. & 
 Germ.). Fr. without beaks.] Sandy and gravelly places. /3. In \ 
 Kent and Salop. A. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 j^' 
 
 2. H. radicdta (L.) : st. branched leafless glabrous, 1. runci- 
 nate blunt, inv. falling short ofthefloivers. E. B. 831. St. about 
 a foot high, scaly, each branch terminating in a rather large 
 solitary head. L. spreading upon the ground, rough. Stalks ^ 
 slightly thickened beneath the heads. Fr. all beaked. Waste 
 ground. P.? VII. E. S. L 
 
 ** Pappus in one row. ACHYROPHORUS Scop. 
 
 3. H. maculdta (L.) ; st. simple or slightly branched almost 
 leafless, 1. obovate-oblong undivided toothed pilose, phyll. bristly 
 on the back. E. B. 225. St. about a foot high, stout, slightly- 
 hairy. L. often all radical. Heads large, fl. deep yellow. 
 Chalky and limestone hills, rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 D. Receptacle without scales. Pappus feathery or on the exterior 
 fruits scaly. 
 
 37. THEIN CIA Eoth. 
 
 1. T. hir'ta (Roth) ; 1. lanceolate sinuate-dentate or entire 
 hispid or hairy with forked or simple hairs, stalks simple pilose 
 below. E. B. 555. Leontodon (L.). L. all radical, sometimes 
 
 L 5 
 
226 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 nearly or quite entire, occasionally runcinate. Stalks often 
 purplish, quite simple, longer than the leaves, somewhat hairy 
 in their lower half. Phyll. downy on the margins at the apex 
 or hairy. Gravelly places and fields : also in the Fens. P. VI. 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
 38. LEON'TODOK Linn. Hawkbit. 
 * Pappus feathery and with an outer row of bristles. 
 
 1. L. his'pidus (L.) ; 1. radical oblong-lanceolate runcinate 
 hispid with forked hairs, stalks simple naked or with 1 or 2 
 minute scales thickened upwards hispid. E. B. 554. L. with 
 regular spreading or refiexed narrow teeth. Stalks green, 
 erect, longer than the leaves. Head drooping in bud, afterwards 
 erect. Inv. nearly always hairy. Fl. glandular at the end. Fr. 
 muricate. */3. L. hastilis (L.). [Almost glabrous throughout,] 
 Meadows and pastures. /3. Diptford, Devon. /. of B. xix. p. 312. 
 P. VI. IX. E, S. I. 
 
 ** Pappus in one row, feathery. OPOBINIA Don, DC. 
 
 2. L. autumndlis (L.) ; 1. radical linear-lanceolate toothed or 
 pinnatifid nearly glabrous, stalk branched scaly and thickened 
 upwards. E. B. 830. L. all radical tapering at the base, often 
 with long linear spreading segments, usually somewhat hairy 
 particularly on the midrib beneath. Inv. nearly always hairy. 
 Pappus brownish. /3. O. pratensis (Less.) ; 1. glabrous, stalk 
 mostly simple, inv. shaggy with greenish black hairs. Apargia 
 Taraxaci Sin. JE.B.IIQ9. y, sordidus ; 1. hairy, st. branched, inv. 
 as in /3 ? plant very large. Meadows and pastures. . Mountains, 
 y. Highland glens. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 39. TKAGOPO'GON Linn. Goafs-beard. 
 
 1 . T. minus (Mill.) ; inv. about twice as long as the Jloivers, 
 ped. slightly thickened at the very^ top, 1. tapering from a dilated 
 base to a long slender acute point. Sy. E. B. 799. T. minor 
 (Fr.) ed. viii. St. 2 feet high, branched, erect. L. clasping the 
 stem. Phyll. 8, in 2 rows. FL yellow, truncate, 5-toothed. 
 Anth. dark brown. Marginal fr. angular, striate ; angles squam- 
 ously toothed; interstices tubercled. Meadows and pastures. 
 B. ? VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. T. praten'se (L.) ; inv. equalling or shorter than the flowers, 
 ped. slightly thickened at the very top, 1. tapering from a di- 
 lated base to a long linear acute point keeled. St. 1| 2 feet 
 high, branched, erect. L. clasping the stem. Phyll. 8, in 2 
 
PICRIS. LACTTJCA. 227 
 
 rows. Fl. yellow, truncate, 5-toothed. Anth. yellow. There 
 are 2 forms of this plant : (a) inv. equalling the fi., marginal 
 fr. obscurely striate and rough throughout (Sy. E. B. 798) ; 
 (b) [var. Symei Ar. Benn.] inv. rather shorter than the fl., 
 marginal fr. (in my specimens) yellow slightly furrowed and 
 quite smooth (E. B. 434). Meadows and pastures, less frequent 
 than the preceding. 13. ? VI. E. S. I. 
 
 *3. T. porrifolium (L.) ; inv. longer than the flowers, ped. 
 much thickened upivards, 1. tapering slightly dilated just above 
 the base. E. B. 038. St. 34 feet high, erect, branched. L. 
 slightly broader just above the base, then gradually narrowing 
 to an acute point. Heads twice as large as in the two preceding. 
 Jnv. usually longer than the fl., sometimes only equalling or 
 even falling short of them. Fl. purple. Marginal fr. with 
 scalelike tubercles throughout but particularly on the ribs. 
 Moist meadows. B. VI. Salsify. E. I. 
 
 40. PI'CRIS Linn. 
 
 1. P. hieracioides (L.) ; st. rough with forked and hooked 
 bristles, 1. linear or lanceolate dentate or sinuate, upper 1. some- 
 what clasping, heads solitary terminating the stem and branches, 
 outer phyll. lax oblong bristly on the keel glabrous on the mar- 
 gin, Ir. constricted just below the pappus. E. B. 196. St. 1 
 3 feet high, divaricately branched above, irregularly corymbose, 
 very rough. Florets yellow. P. arvalis (Jord.) with branches 
 ascending and heads in an umbellate corymb passes gradually 
 jnto the type. Dry banks. B. VII. IX. E.^ 
 
 41. HELMIN'THIA Juss. Ox- tongue. 
 
 1. H. echioides (Gaert.) ; st. erect hispid with rigid 3-fid and 
 hooked hairs from tubercular bases, phyll. 5 ovate-cordate. 
 E. B. 972. Picris (L.). St. 23 feet high, branched, covered, as 
 well as the leaves and involucre, with strong prickles springing 
 from white tubercles and with 3 minute hooks a,t tne apex 
 (glochidate). L. clasping. Dry banks. A. VII. IX. E. I. 
 
 E. Receptacle generally without scales. Pappus filiform, deciduous, 
 never feathery , nor dilated at the base. Fruit compressed. 
 
 42. LACTU'CA Linn. Lettuce. 
 * Beak long, white. Leaves with a bristly keel. 
 
 1. L. salig'na (L.) ; upper /. linear entire acuminate with a 
 sagittate base, lower 1. pinnatifid, beak twice as long as the fruit. 
 
228 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 E. B. 707. St. 2 feet high, slender, wavy, slightly branched. 
 
 Heads in small alternate tufts forming long clusters. Flowers 
 yellow. Chalky places and near the sea. B, VII. VIII. E. 
 
 2. L. virosa (L.) ; upper I. horizontal oblong auricled and 
 clasping mucronate- dentate or sinuate, beak equalling the black 
 fruit. E. B. 1957. St. scabrous, 24 feet high, leafy, branched 
 
 above, panicled. Heads scattered, with many heartshaped acute 
 bracts, rarely runcinate. Plant full of acrid milky juice. Dry 
 banks. B. VII. VIII. Acrid Lettuce. E. S, 
 
 3. L. Serriola (L.) : upper L upright arrowshaped at the base 
 and clasping sinuate, beak equalling the pale fruit. E. B. 268. 
 St. slightly scabrous below, 2 5 feet high, leafy, panicled. 
 Heads scattered, with many heartshaped acute bracts. Juice 
 rather less acrid than in Sp. 2. Waste places, rare. B. VII. 
 VIII. Prickly Lettuce. E. 
 
 ** Beak short. Leaves with a smooth keel. 
 
 4. L. murdlis (Fresen.) ; florets 5, 1. lyrate-runcinate angled 
 and toothed clasping terminal lobe largest, beak much shorter 
 than the fruit, heads panicled. Prenanthes L. E. B. 457. 
 St. erect, a foot high, smooth, round, hollow. Flowers bright 
 yellow. Fruit black. Banks and old walls. P. VII. E. I. 
 
 43. TARAX'ACUM Juss. Dandelion. 
 
 1. T. officindle (Weber) ; L runcinate toothed, fr. linear-obo- 
 vate blunt and muricate at the top longitudinally striatewith a 
 long beak. Stalks single-headed, radical, hollow. Fl. yellow. 
 L. all radical, very variable, glabrous or slightly hispid. 
 a. Leontodon Taraxacum (L.) ; outer phyll. linear deflexed inner 
 ones simple at tip, fr. yellow its upper half muricate, crown of the 
 root glabrous or woolly, 1. runcinate broad. E. B. 510. /3. T. 
 Icevigatum (DC.) ; outer phyll. erect-patent ovate, inner gibbous 
 or appendaged at tip, fr. reddish yellow muricate at the top, 
 beak with a thickened and coloured base, 1. runcinate-pinnatih'd 
 with unequal teeth. y. T. erythrospermum (DC.) ; outer phyll. 
 lanceolate, adpressed or patent, inner gibbous or appendaged at 
 tip, fr. bright red muricate at the top, beak with a thickened 
 and coloured base, 1. runcinate-pinnatifid with unequal teeth and 
 intermediate smaller ones. Lowermost 1. sometimes obovate 
 and dentate (or runcinate when it becomes T. obovatum DC.). 
 Sy. E. B. 803. [fl. T.udum (Jord.) ; outer phyll. at first adpressed 
 ultimately spreading, inner almost simple at tip, styles bright yellow, fr. 
 yellowish green, muricate-aculeate at the top.] *. L. palustre (Sm.) ; 
 
SONCHTJS. MULGEDITJM. 229 
 
 outer phyll. ovate-acuminate, adpressed, inner simple at tip, fr. 
 pale yellow or brown muricate at the top, 1. oblong and entire 
 sinuate-dentate or runcinate ; or outer phyll. ovate-lanceolate, 
 or (L. leptocephahtm R) lanceolate. E. B. 553. Very common, 
 y in dry places, d in bogs or damp places. P. III. X. E. S. I. 
 
 44. SON'CHTJS Linn. Sowthistle. 
 
 1. S. olerdceus (L.) ; 1. undivided or pinnatifid toothed clasp- 
 ing, auricles spreading arroivshaped, fr. transversely rugose and 
 longitudinally ribbed, st. branched, heads subumbellate, inv. 
 usually glabrous.^. B. 843. St. 23 feet high. L. flattish, 
 lower stalked. Fl. yellow. Common. A. VI. VIII. Sow- 
 thistle. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. as' per (Hill) ; 1. undivided or pinnatifid sharply toothed 
 clasping, auricles rounded, fr. longitudinally ribbed not trans- 
 versely rugosej st. branched, heads subumbellate, inv. usually 
 glabrous.^. B. S. 2765, 2766. St. 23 feet high. L. crisped, 
 lower stalked. Fl. yellow. Common. A. VI. VIII. &w* 
 thistle. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. arven'sis (L.) ; 1. lanceolate runcinate sharply toothed 
 cordate at the base, uppermost 1. entire, st. simple, heads corym- 
 bose, inv. and ped. glandular-hairy ', fr. with transversely rugose 
 ribs, creeping. E. B. 674. St. 3 4 feet high, leafy. L. long, 
 acute. Heads large, fl. yellow. Glandular pubescence sometimes 
 wanting (var. glabrescens Guenth. G. & W.). [A narrow-leaved 
 shore form is var. angustifolius Meyer.] Fields and waste ground, 
 also in fens. P. VlII. IX. Corn-Soivthistle. E. S. I. 
 
 4. S. palus'tris (L.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate all acutely arrow- 
 shaped denticulate, lower 1. long with 2 4 linear-lanceolate 
 lobes, st. simple, heads corymbose, inv. and ped. glandular-hairy, 
 fr. with finely rugose ribs, no stoles. E. B. 935. St. 4 6 feet 
 high, leafy. Fl. lemon-coloured. Marshes, very rare. P. VII. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 45. MTJLGE'DIUM Cass. 
 
 1. M. alpinum (Less.) ; 1. glabrous lyrate arrowshaped at the 
 base, terminal lobe large triangular-hastate acute, st. simple, 
 heads racemose, bracts ped. and inv. glandular-hairy, fr. oblong 
 not attenuate with many ribs. Sonchus cceruleus Sm. E. B. 
 2425. Lactuca Benth. St. 3 feet high, glabrous below, leafy. 
 L. gradually smaller upwards, cordate-acute on the barren 
 shoots. Heads small, many. Fl. blue. Clova Mountains. 
 P. VIII. S. 
 
230 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 F. Receptacle generally without scales. Pappus filiform, never 
 feathery nor dilated at the base. Fruit terete, ribbed. 
 
 46. CRE'PIS Linn. Hawk's-beard. 
 * Fruit with a long subulate beak. BARKHAUSIA Moench. 
 
 1. C. taraxacifolia (Thuil.) ; 1. rough runcinate-pinnatifid, 
 buds erect, inv. bristly and downy covering half the pappus, 
 outer phyll. lanceolate with a membranous margin, bracts her- 
 baceous///-, all equally beaked E. B. S. 2929. St. 12 feet 
 high, hispid, angular, furrowed, purple below, at length branched, 
 corymbose. L. mostly radical lyrate-runcinate with backward 
 teeth or deeply pinnatind with the terminal lobe large. Stem-1. 
 few, sessile, clasping, deeply pinnatitid and toothed. Fl. yellow, 
 purple beneath. Fr. narrowing very gradually into a setaceous 
 beak of about its own length, ribs rough. Limestone districts. 
 B. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 2. C. fce'tida (L.) ; 1. hairy runcinate-pinnatifid, unopened 
 buds nodding, inv. hairy and downy, outer phyll. lanceolate 
 acute downy, marginal fr. slightly beaked shorter than the inv., 
 central fr. with long beaks equalling inv., pappus protruding. 
 E. B. 406. St. 612. in. high, hairy, round, branched. L. 
 mostly radical ; stem-1. few, small, lanceolate, deeply toothed 
 at the base, sessile. Heads solitary, terminal, on long simple 
 stalks. Midrib of the phyll. at length much thickened and 
 hardened. Ribs of the fr. rough. Chalkv pJaces, rare. B. VI. 
 VII. E. 
 
 [C. setosa (Hall.); 1. runcinate- dentate or lyrate-runcinate, 
 st.-l. sagittate entire or incise-dentate below, buds erect, inv. 
 not quite covering the pappus, margin of the outer lanceolate 
 acute phyll. and the bracts and the back of the inner phyll. 
 and the ped. hispid with rigid simple bristles. E. B. S. 2945. 
 Plant 1 2 feet high. Stem-1. large, rather strapshaped, clasping. 
 Fields. Introduced with seed. A. VII. VIII. ] E.I. 
 
 ** Fruit narrowed upwards or obscurely leaked. Pappus silky. 
 
 [C.pul'chra (L.), JE. B. 2325, was probably an error.] 
 
 3. C. virens (L.) ; outer phyll. adpressed linear, inner ones 
 glabrous within,\. lanceolate remotely dentate runcinate or pinna- 
 tind, uppermost I. linear-arrowshaped clasping with flat margins, 
 st. subcorymbose, fr. shorter than the pappus oblong slightly 
 
CEEPIS. 231 
 
 narrowed upwards with smooth ribs. C. tectorwu Sin., E. B. 
 1111 (not Linn.). Very variable. St. 1 3 feet high, or diffuse. 
 Fl. yellow. [C y . tectorum (L.) has revolute-margined upper 1., 
 phyll. downy within, fr. somewhat beaked with scarious ribs ; 
 Mr. Brotnerston found it as an escape near Kelso.l Common. 
 A. VI. IX. E.S.I. 
 
 \_C. nicaensis (Balb.) ; outer phyll. adgrvssed linear, inner glabrous 
 within, 1. lyrate-pinnatifid hispid, stem.-l. sagittate clasping, uppermost 
 lanceolate entire, ped. and inv. usually glandular-hairy, fr. oblong scarcely 
 narrowing upwards, strongly -ribbed scabrous shorter than the pappus. 
 R. 1440. Habit of Sp. 1. St. 1 3 feet high nearly leafless above, corym- 
 bosely branched. Heads rather large, fl. yellow. Fields, introduced with 
 seed. B. VI. VII. E.S.I.] 
 
 4. C.bien'nis (L.) ; outer phyU. oblong -linear lax, inner downy 
 within, 1. runcinale-pinnatih'd hispid, uppermost 1. lanceolate 
 clasping* dentate-pinnatitid, st. subcorymbose, fr. oblong slightly 
 narrowed upwards with nearly smooth ribs and about as long 
 as the pappus. E. B. 149. St. 1 3 feet high, hispid, nearly 
 leafless above, corymbosely branched. Heads large ; fl. yellow. 
 L. radical and extending halfway up the stem. Chalky places, 
 rare? B. VI. VII. E.I. 
 
 5. C. smciscefolia (Tausch) ; phyll. lanceolate- attenuate, outer 
 ones very short adpressed, I. entire nearly glabrous oblong blunt, 
 lower ones narrowed into a footstalk, upper L sessile and some- 
 what clasping, st. corymbose, ped. and inv. glandular-hairy, fr. 
 much striate slightly narrowed upwards as long as the pappus 
 which is shorter than the involucre. C.hieracio'ides (W. &K.) 
 ed. viii., Hieracium molle Sm. E. B. 2210. St. 23 feet high, 
 erect, simple below; 1. few. Heads few; fl. yellow. Woods 
 in the North. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 *** Fruit not beaked, cylindrical. Pappus stiff, brittle. 
 AHACIUM Monn. 
 
 6. C.paludosa (Moench) ; phyll. lanceolate much attenuate 
 glandular-pilose, outer ones short,/, ovate- oblong taper -pointed 
 runcinate-dentate narrowed into a footstalk glabrous, upper I. 
 ovate-lanceolate cordate and clasping acute entire or dentate, st. 
 subcorymbose, fr. striate scarcely narrowed upwards. Hieracium 
 L. E. B. 1094. St. 2 feet high, leafy, simple, angular. L. 
 large. Fl. yellow. Damp woods and shady places. P. VII. 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
232 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 47. HIERA'CITJM Linn. Hawk weed. 
 
 [The following entirely new account of the genus has been drawn up 
 under the direction of Mr. F. J. Hanbury, from his notes and specimens, 
 by Miss R. F. Thompson. Where possible Professor Babington's 
 descriptions have been retained.] 
 
 i. PILOSELLO1DEA. Stoloniferous. St. scapelike. Fr. 
 minute, crenulate at top, striate. Hairs of pappus equal, 
 very slender. 
 
 1. H. Pilosel'la (L.) ; stoles slender leafy rooting, scape 1- 
 headed leafless, 1. oblong or lanceolate hairy on both sides 
 whitish and densely floccose beneath, inv. ovate below ulti- 
 mately conical, inner phyll. acute, styles yellow. E. B. 1093 ; 
 Mon. Brit. Hierac. 1 PI, 1 ; Exsicc.* Fasc. ii. 26. Stoles many 
 sometimes flowering-, Fl. pale yellow 5 outer striped with red 
 or purple externally. (3. pilosissimum (Wallr.) ; stoles short 
 thick, 1. st. and inv. with long silky hairs, heads large, phyll. all 
 lanceolate. R. xix. 1468 ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PI. 2 ; Exsicc. 
 Fasc. iv. 76. y. nigrescens (Fr.) ; stoles long straight, scape 
 long, inv. densely setose, 1. less hairy. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 101. 
 d. concinnatum (F. J. Hanb.) ; very dwarf, scape and inv. 
 densely floccose setose, not hairy, outer ligules striped dark 
 crimson. Dry banks, common, d. Ben Macdhui. P. V. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. If. aurantiacum (L.) ; stoles often wanting, st. slightly 
 hairy densely corymbose at top more hairy setose and floccose 
 above, I. obovate-lanceolate green and hairy on both sides not 
 
 floccose beneath, phyll. blunt, styles brown. E. B. 1469 ; Mon. 
 Brit. Hierac. PL 3. St. 1520 in. high. Phyll. dark. Fl. 
 dark orange. Woods, pastures and waste places, naturalized. 
 P. VI. Yni. E. S. I. 
 
 *3. H. praten'se (Fr.) ; stoles leafy, st. pilose floccose and 
 setose above, corymbose at top, 1. narrowly obovate-lanceolate 
 green on both sides pilose slightly floccose beneath, phyll. linear 
 blunt, styles bright yellow. H. collinum Fr. J. of B. vi. t. 86 ; 
 Edin. Bot. Tr. x. t. i. ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 4 ; Exsicc. Fasc. 
 ii. 27. Stoles not very long. Corymbs dense. Phyll. dark 
 green hairy setose, with a pale margin and tip. Fl. yellow. 
 Near Selkirk and Edinburgh. P. VI. VII. S. 
 
 1 An Illustrated Monograph of the British Hieracia, by F. J. Han. 
 bury. 
 
 3 Set of British Hieracia, E. F. and W. B. Linton. 
 
HIEKACIUM. 233 
 
 ii. PULMONAREA. Radical rosettes in autumn which pro- 
 duce the persistent root-1. of the next year. Phylls. inter- 
 ruptedly or irregularly imbricate. Fr. short, truncate, 
 not crenulate, striate. Hairs of pappus unequal, rigid. 
 
 * Alpiniformes. Inv. shaggy or silky. Outer phyll. lax ; 
 inner acuminate or acute. Fl. hairy externally, more or 
 less pilose at the tips. St.-l. 1 or few, or leaflike bracts. 
 H. alpinum L. 
 
 4. H. alpinum (L.) ; deep green, st. I-headed hairy floccose, 
 rt.-l. lanceolate or ovate spathulate narrowed into petioles, st.-l. 
 1 or few sessile, buds slightly nodding, inv. hemispherical shaggy 
 with long soft black-based hairs setose, phyll. few broad acumi- 
 nate lax, styles yellow. H. alpinum Backh., Sy. E. ft. 827 ; 
 Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 5; Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 51. St. 4 8 in. 
 high. Usually 1 st.-leaf. Head large, always solitary; fL 
 bright yellow, with short hairs at the topi a ; rt.-l. ovate- 
 spathulate. j3. insigne ; rt.-l. lanceolate with a few large teeth, 
 heads very large. Lofty mountains of Scotland. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 S. 
 
 5. H. holoseric eum (Backh.); green; st. 1-headed shaggy 
 silky floccose, rt.-l. l&nc&olfitQ-spathulate or linear-lanceolate 
 blunt hairy on both sides narrowed into winged petioles, st.-l. 
 few small sessile, buds nodding, inv. turbinate shaggy with long 
 silky white black- based hairs, outer phyll. very lax leaflike blunt, 
 inner phyll. adpressed linear acute, styles yellow. H. alpinum 
 Sm. E. B. 1110; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 6 ; Exsicc. Fasc. ii.- 
 28. St. 3 9 in. high. Usually 1 2 st.-leaves. Head solitary. 
 L. entire or sometimes slightly denticulate. Fl. densely hairy 
 at the tips, bright yellow. Lofty mountains. Cumberland. 
 Grampian and Breadalbane Mountains. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 6. H. exim'ium (Backh.) ; green, st. usually I-headed hairy 
 floccose, rt.-l. lanceolate acute sharply toothed hairy on both sides 
 narrowed into broadly winged petioles, st.-l. small slender, buds 
 nodding, inv. truncate below shaggy with rather silky black- 
 based hairs, phyll. many linear-attenuate, outer phyll. small lax. 
 Sy. E. B. 825 : H. villosum Sm., E. B. 2379, not L. ; Mon. 
 Brit. Hierac. PL 7 ; Exsicc. Fasc. i. L St. 615 in. high ; 1. 
 few. Rarely more than 1 large head. L, sometimes entire, 
 usually with large teeth. Flowers twice in cultivation, (1) 
 with one head, (2) with many nearly parallel branches and 
 many heads. a. St. long, rt.-l. lanceolate dentate, styles livid. 
 /3. tenellum (Backh.) ; st. short slender, rt.-l. lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, styles yellow. Considered a distinct species 
 
234 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 by Dr. Grenier. Mon. Brit. Hierac. PI. 8; Exsicc. Fasc. 
 iii. 52. Lofty mountains. Ciova. Braeniar. Breadalbane 
 Mountains. JP. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 7. H. calendulifldrum (Backh.) ; deep green, st. usually 1- 
 lieaded hairy floccose, rt.-l. broadly ovate- spathulate blunt 
 apiculate sharply toothed hairy on both sides narrowing into 
 broadly winged petioles, st.-l. very small slender, buds nodding, 
 inv. truncate below shaggy with rather silk}' black-based hairs, 
 phyll. many linear-attenuate, outer phyll. lax, styles livid. Sy. 
 E. B. 824 ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 9 ; Exsicc. Ease. ii. 29. St. 
 6 14 in. high. St.-l. few. Head most usually solitary, very 
 large. Youngest 1. sometimes rather acute. Original 1. nearly 
 circular. Nearly allied to H. eximium. Lofty mountains. 
 Lochnagar. Clova. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 8. H. granitic' olum (W. R. Liuton) ; st. 4 8 in. high, 1-3- 
 headed, floccose setose with black-based hairs, rt.-l. rosulate 
 ovate-spathulate cuneate at the base toothed in the lower half, 
 inner 1. lanceolate coarsely toothed rounded or blunt at the apex, 
 narrowed into winged petioles, somewhat hairy on both sur- 
 faces and on the margins, primary and outer 1. coriaceous more 
 or less glabrous. St.-l. solitary linear with one or two bract- 
 like 1. above, inv. rounded thickly shaggy with black-based 
 hairs, setose at the base, phyll. outer broad adpressed, inner 
 slightly acute, all white-tipped. Styles nearly pure yellow. 
 Fl. light yellow strongly pilose at the tips. Lofty mountains. 
 Clova. P. VII. VIII S. 
 
 9. H. gracilen'tum (Backh.) ; green, st. usually 1-headed hairy 
 floccose, rt.-l. lanceolate or oWow^-lanceolate attenuate below, 
 inv. ventricose rounded below shaggy with black soft hairs 
 setose, pliyll. few broad acuminate adpressed with Jloccose tips 
 outermost lax, styles livid. Sy. E. B. 828 ; Men. Brit. Hierac. 
 PI. 10 ; Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 77. H. alpinum var. melanocephalum 
 Fries, not Bab., nor H. melanocephalum Tausch. St. 6 10 in. 
 high, hairy and floccose, with straight simple diverging 
 branches and many heads when under cultivation ; st.-l. usually 
 2 or more. L. broad, narrowed gradually below ; original 1. 
 roundish. Petioles sometimes slightly winged. Heads usually 
 solitary, rather large, fl. bright yellow, nearly or quite glabrous 
 at the back. Lofty mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 10. H. petioldtum (Elfst.) ; green, st. 4 7 in. high hairy 
 and usually 1-headed, with many heads under cultivation, rt.-l. 
 obovate or lanceolate subacute with few coarse teeth towards 
 the base, narrowed into long shaggy somewhat winged petioles, 
 
HIEKACITJM. 235 
 
 scattered hairs on both surfaces, very metallic-looking, st.-l. 
 usually 2 linear lanceolate, entire or with few small teeth to- 
 wards the base, inv. rounded to cam panulate rather shaggy with 
 white black-based hairs, phyll. dark green outer narrow some- 
 what lax unequal in length tips recurved slightly white in bud. 
 Styles very dark. Ben-na-muic-dhui. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 11. H. glob6sum (Backh.) ; glaucous or green, st. few-headed 
 floccose, rt.-l. obovate or ovate-lanceolate subacute glabrous 
 above entire or dentate narrowed into petioles, inv. rounded be- 
 low ultimately globose greenish-black with short black-based 
 hairs, phyll. many attenuate acute adpressed, styles yellow. Sy. 
 E. B. 829 ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PI. 11 ; Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 54. 
 Stem 6 12 in. high, usually 1 -headed, rarely branching even 
 from near the base, leafless or with few narrow bract-like 1. 
 Original 1. blunt. Innermost 1. sometimes acute. Petioles 
 short sometimes slightly winged. Buds globose. Fl. bright 
 yellow. Cairngorm Mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 #* Nigricantes. Inv. villose or hairy. Phyll. adpressed or 
 few outermost lax. Fl. nearly hairless externally, 
 minutely pilose or subglabrous at the tips. H. niyrescem 
 Hook. 
 
 12. H. nigres'cens (Willd.) ; green, st. 4 6 in. high 1 2- 
 headed floccose setose with few white hairs towards the base, 
 rt.-l. ovate inner longer lanceolate finely toothed hairy on both 
 surfaces, st.-l. usually 1 lanceolate finely toothed or bract-like " 
 entire sessile floccose with scattered hairs, inv. dark, phyll. sub- 
 acute outer rather lax very setose slightly floccose not hairy. 
 Fl. golden yellow glabrous. Styles dark. /3. commutatum 
 (Lindeb.); st. 6 10 in. high, 1 3 large heads, hairy through- 
 cut, 1. larger broader more deeply toothed floccose and hairy 
 beneath, phyll. longer more attenuate acute hairy with few setce. 
 Fl. faintly pilose. y. gracilifolium (F. J. Hanb.) ; I. much 
 longer narrower very acutely toothed especially towards the base 
 decurrent into slightly winged petiole, inv. setose not hairy 
 slightly floccose. Styles not so dark. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 78. 
 a. Breadalbane Mountains. /3. Cairn Toul. y. Ben Lawers. 
 P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 13. H. atrdtum (Fr.) /. ; st. 6 12 in. high simple or branched 
 floccose with few white hairs below setose above, rt.-l. primary 
 subrotund almost entire, inner ovate to ovate-lanceolate dentate 
 somewhat hairy on both surfaces all on long hairy petioles, st.-l. 
 usually 1 large lanceolate acute petiolate sharply toothed at the 
 
236 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 base almost glabrous, inv. large always very dark, phyll. long 
 narrow acuminate somewhat Jloccose with setae microglands and 
 few hairs. Fl. almost glabrous. Styles dusky. Exsicc. Fasc. 
 v. 102. High mountains. Inverness, Ross, and Perthshire. 
 P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 14. H. curvdtum (Elfstr.) ; green, rt.-l. ovate or lanceolate 
 coarsely and irregularly dentate in their lower half hairy with 
 slender petioles, st. simple or branched with few heads and few 
 lanceolate or oblong shortly stalked 1., inv. ovate beloiv, dark 
 green with soft black-based hairs setose, ped. densely floccose, 
 phyll. acuminate, outer ones blunt, styles brownish. Si/. E. B. 
 832; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PI. 12; Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 79; H. 
 nigrescens Willd. pt. Variable in height. Fl. deep brilliant 
 yellow, pilose at the tips. Phyll. overtopping the buds. L. 
 rarely nearly glabrous above. St.-l. usually 1, narrowed at both 
 ends. St. floccose, branching much in cultivation. Highland 
 mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 15. H. Backhous'ei (F. J. Hanb.) ; dark green, st. 5 15 in. 
 high with scattered black-based hairs throughout floccose above 
 with numerous hairs and setae, rt.-l. very erect ovate and ovate- 
 lanceolate with long curved foncard-pointing teeth or almost 
 entire, decurreut to winged petioles sub-coriaceous glossy 
 glabrous or with few scattered hairs on both surfaces, st.-l. 2 4, 
 semi-amplexicaul toothed, upper bract-like entire, inv. large 
 rounded below greenish-black with rather short black-based 
 hairs and few setae. Phyll. adpressed attenuate sub-acute, 
 outer short rather lax. Fl bright yellow somewhat pilose. 
 Buds globose. Styles rather livid. Pappus distinctly tawny. 
 Mon. Brit. Hierac. PI. 13 ; Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 55. Lofty 
 mountains around Braemar. Breadalbane Mountains. P. VII. 
 VIII. S. 
 
 16. H. linguldtum (Backh.) ; green, rt.-l. lanceolate or oblong 
 apiculate denticulate or dentate hairy with short petioles, st. 
 simple or branched with few heads and few lanceolate or 
 lanceolate-attenuate acute sessile L, inv. broad becoming trun- 
 cate below very dark with soft black-based hairs slightly 
 floccose, phyll. attenuate acute incumbent, style livid. 8y. E. B. 
 834 ; M on. Brit. Hierac. pi. 14 ; Exsicc. Fasc. i. 2 ; H. saxi- 
 fragum Bab. St. 1524 in. high. Fl. bright yellow. Phyll. 
 greenish black, overtopping the buds. L. coarsely hairy above, 
 entire towards the end. Original 1. broad and rounded. St. 
 with scattered black-based hairs throughout, a little floccose. 
 St. and inv. nearly without setae. Mountain glens. Clova. 
 Braemar. Breadalbane Mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
H1EKACIUM, 237 
 
 17. H. senes'cens (Backh.) ; green, rt.-l. elliptic-lanceolate 
 denticulate or remotely dentate hairy with slender petioles, st. 
 simple with few heads and 1 or 2 linear-lanceolate I. with slender 
 stalks, inv. ovate or turbinate below with short black-based 
 hairs and many setae slightly floccose, phyll. acute adpressed (?), 
 styles yellow. Sy. E. B." 833 ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. pi. 15 ; 
 JEkwec. Fasc. i. 3. St. 1518 in. high. Fl. golden. Phyll. 
 of the buds with a tuft of white down at the tips. L. with 
 scattered hairs on both sides, entire at both ends. Original 1. 
 broader. Lowest ped. above the middle of the stem. Grassy 
 slopes and edges of streams in mountain districts. Clova. 
 Braeinar. Ben Voirlich, Dumbartonshire. Breadalbane Moun- 
 tains. Co. Down. P. VII. VIII. S. I. 
 
 18. H. Marshall'i (Linton) ; st. erect 716 in. hiph few- 
 headed with scattered white hairs, sparsely floccose and setose 
 above, peduncles thick, floccose with black-based hairs and seta3 
 interspersed, rt.-l. few rather large outer roundly-ovate to ovate 
 nearly entire, inner ovate-acuminate with large forward-pointing 
 teeth especially towards the base, yellowish-green fleshy upper 
 surface dull nearly glabrous with rough white hairs beneath 
 on the margin and midrib, narrowed into shaggy winged petiole, 
 st.-l. usually solitary short-stalked or sessile toothed, or bract- 
 like and almost entire if above, heads 2 3 rather large ; young 
 buds ovoid and white-tipped. Inv. rounded, phyll. very broad 
 subacute, outer short and rather lax, dark olive~green densely 
 hairy setose tips very senescent. Fl. bright golden yellow pilose 
 externally and at the tips. Styles darkened. Mon. Brit. 
 Hierac. pi. 16 ; Exsicc. Fasc. i. 4. High mountains. P. VII. 
 VIII. S. 
 
 19. H. chrysan'thum (Backh.) ; green, rt.-l. ovate acute at 
 both ends sharply irregularly and deeply toothed hairy with 
 long slender petioles, st. simple or branched with few heads 
 and linear-lanceolate or subulate stalked st.-l., inv. rounded 
 below floccose with short black-based hairs and setae, phyll. 
 many linear-attenuate outermost small and lax, styles dull 
 yellow. &/. E. B. 830 ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. pi. 17 ; Exsicc. 
 Fasc. i. 5. St. 915 in. high. Fl. golden. Phyll. greenish- 
 black, overtopping the drooping buds, incumbent. L. with 
 scattered hairs on both sides, entire towards the end. Original 
 1. blunt, roundish. St. often with only 1 head, with subplumose 
 hairs below, floccose setose and with black-based hairs above, 
 sometimes branching throughout. Hairs on st. and inv. with 
 dull-reddish tips. Buds sometimes pilose at the tip. (3. micro- 
 cephalum (Backh.); st. simple with 1 or few nearly erect heads, 
 1. dentate or nearly entire, inv. urceolate, styles rather livid. 
 
238 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 Mon. Brit. Hierac. pi. 18; H. atratum Bab. y. gradient if orme 
 (F. J. Hanb.) ; 1. all more evenly dentate or almost entire, st. 
 sometimes many 3 9 rising from the base 1-headed. Fl. 
 strongly ciliate-tipped. Styles faintly livid. a. High Scotch 
 mountains. /3. Lochnagar. y. Cumberland and Westmoreland 
 about Helvellyn. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 20. H. sin'uans (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 6 15 in. high simple or 
 branched fistular slightly floccose, hairy and setose, heads 1 4 
 large, rt.-l. narrow ovate to lanceolate outer blunt inner longer 
 narrower acuminate all with rounded sinuous forward-pointing 
 teeth decurrent into shaggy somewhat winged petioles, green 
 sometimes reddish paler beneath firm glabrous above with scat- 
 tered white hairs beneath with ciliate wavy margins, st.-l. 1 or 
 none bract-like or lanceolate acute with short petiole or sessile, 
 toothed wavy hairy slightly floccose. Buds short round, inv. 
 urceolate-campanulate, phyll. outer short rather lax inner longer 
 acute with setae and black-based hairs. FL deep golden yellow 
 pilose. Styles very dark. M on. Brit. Hierac. PL 19 5 Exsicc. 
 Fasc. ii. 30. High mountain glens. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 21. H. centripet' ale (F. J. Hanb.); st. erect solid striate 
 14 16 in. high usually branched peduncles arcuate densely 
 setose floccose and pilose, rt.-l. ovate to ovate-lanceolate nar- 
 rowed at the base all dentate usually bi-dentate with long acute 
 teeth or rather evenly scalloped and bearing glandular teeth, 
 upper surface with scattered deciduous white hairs, margin 
 and under surface with long silky white hairs, st.-l. usually 
 1 often bract-like entire or large near the base and toothed like 
 the rt.-l. , heads numerous, buds very dark floccose-tipped, inv. 
 dark velvety campanulate, phyll. long narrow acute, outer 
 short rather lax sub-acute, with long black setae black-based 
 hairs and pilose tips. Fl. bright yellow shortly pilose-tipped, 
 styles livid. Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 20 ; Exsicc. Fasc. i. 6. 
 Rocky mountain glens. P. VII. IX. S. 
 
 22. H. submurorum (Lindeb.) ; st. 10 18 in. high usually 
 simple setose hairy and sparsely floccose above, rt.-l. few, outer 
 broadly ovate truncate coarsely toothed towards the base 
 almost entire towards the blunt rounded apex, inner narrower 
 lanceolate acuminate unequal at the base decurrent with few 
 large irregular teeth, light green, glabrous above hairy beneath ; 
 st.-l 1 2, upper bract-like slightly toothed floccose hairy, 
 lower large petiolate ovate-lanceolate acuminate cuneiform 
 decurrent irregularly toothed nearly entire towards apex almost 
 glabrous above or hairy both surfaces and margin. Heads 
 usually 2 3, buds very long cylindric, inv. campanulate, phyll. 
 
HIEKACIUM. 239 
 
 unequal outer dark rather lax inner narrow acute much paler, 
 somewhat pilose-tipped densely setose with few hairs. Fl. 
 golden yellow, ciliate-tipped, styles dark. Mon. Brit. Hierac. 
 PL 21. High mountains. Argyleshire. Perthshire. P. VII. 
 VIII. S. 
 
 23. H. hyparct'icum (Almq.)/; st. 12 20 in. high, branched 
 striate floccose throughout somewhat hairy setose above, ped. 
 long arcuate densely floccose setose with few hairs ; rt.-l. 3 7, 
 outer elliptic-oval apicuiate nearly entire, inner narrow ovate 
 or elliptic, finely toothed in lower part almost entire towards 
 the apex decurrent into hairy stiff recurved petioles ; pale 
 yellowish green firm glabrous above very floccose with few 
 hairs beneath. St.-l. 1 or none small narrow sessile floccose 
 beneath, heads 2 5, buds cylindric, inv. long gradually nar- 
 rowed into the peduncle dark, outer phyll. short rather blunt, 
 inner paler narrow gradually attenuate subacute, hairy setose 
 the margins and tips very floccose. Fl. pilose-tipped, styles 
 almost pure yellow. Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 22. Ben More 
 of Assynt, Sutherland. P. VII. S. 
 
 Amplexicaulia. Plant yellowish green, rarely glaucous, 
 viscid-glandulose. Rt.-l. rosulate persistent until after 
 flowering ; st. with few large L, all clothed with yellow- 
 headed setae. Phyll. acuminate setose. Fl. ciliate. 
 
 [H. amplexicaule (L.) ; yellowish green, st. 6 18 in. high, 
 paniculately and corymbosely branched floccose setose with 
 few white hairs towards the base, st.-l. 1 6 large, lower ob- 
 lanceolate or oblong, upper and bracts at base of corymbs 
 broadly ovate acuminate amplexicaul with large rounded 
 auricles, rt.-l. rather rigid oblanceolate gradually decurrent 
 into short petioles subobtuse coarsely dentate; inv. ovate at 
 the base, phyll. numerous acuminate lax densely setose with 
 senescent tips. Fl. pale yellow, very ciliate-tipped, styles 
 yellow. The whole plant densely clothed with short yellow- 
 headed setae. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 7. Naturalized on old walls 
 and rocks at Oxford, Hawes, Cleish Castls Kinross, and other 
 places. P. VII. VIII. E. S.] 
 
 Cerinthoidea. Plant glaucous not glandular with simple or 
 denticulate hairs. Rt.-l. rosulate persistent until after 
 flowering ; st. with few leaves. Phyll. with simple or 
 gland-tipped hairs. Heads large. FL ciliate. 
 
 24. H. callistopliyl'lum (F. J. Hanb.): st. erect 12 ft. high 
 often much branched hairy somewhat floccose, ped. spreading 
 hairy setose densely floccose, rt.-l. outer almost balloon-shaped 
 
240 45. 
 
 slightly apiculate almost entire at the apex decurrent into long 
 shaggy petiole, with coarse outward-pointing teeth ; inner more 
 acute sharply toothed, all light green glaucous often purplish 
 nearly glabrous above ciliate margins hairy beneath, st.-l. 
 usually 1 sessile acute sharply toothed hairy noccose beneath. 
 Heads 2 6 large, buds short cylindric, 'inv. oblong ca.m- 
 panulate, phyll. dark, outer short rather blunt, inner long 
 narrow, all ciliate-tipped with few setce and many black-based 
 hairs ivith very long fine white tips, sparingly noccose. Fl. 
 bright yellow faintly pilose or glabrous, styles almost pure 
 yellow. Mon. Brit. Hierac. PI. 23; Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 56. 
 "ft. cremnanthes (F. J. Hanb.) ; rt.-l. narrower more acute with 
 very long acute triangular frequently hooked teeth entire or 
 nearly so towards the apex, heads few, phyll. hairy setose very 
 floccose with less ciliate tips. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 103. y. glan- 
 dulosum (F. J. Hanb.) ; ped. very setose, inv. fioccose with 
 many lone/ yellow-headed setce and few black-based hairs, heads 
 few with frequently an adnate tendency. a. Rocky margins of 
 high mountain streams in Central Scotland, ft. Aberdeenshire, 
 Argyleshire, Inverness-shire, Yorkshire. y. Argyleshire, Perth- 
 shire. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 25. H. ang'licum (Fr.) ; glaucous green, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate 
 apiculate or acuminate denticulate with long shaggy winged 
 petioles, st. with few 1. and few heads, st.-l. clasping ovate 
 acuminate, inv. ventricose hairy setose, phyll. acuminate, styles 
 livid. Sy. E. B. 836 ; Mon. Brit. Hierac. PL 24 : Exsicc. 
 Fasc. iii. 57 ; H, cerinthoides (Backh.). St. 1218 'in. high, 
 branching in cultivation. Original rt.-l. roundish. Rhizome 
 short. Fl. pale yellow. St. with long arcuate ascending 
 lateral ped., st.-l. usually solitary sessile scarcely clasping, 
 phyll. all adpressed. ft. acutifolium (Backh.) very glaucous, 
 st. much branched, 1. very acute or acuminate sharply and 
 coarsely toothed nearly glabrous broadly winged, inner phyll. 
 acute attenuate. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 58. y. jaculifolium (F. J. 
 Hanb.) ; 1. often javelin-shaped, long petioled, phyll. shorter 
 floccose margined with senescent tips, t fl. undeveloped, styles 
 prominent. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 104. S. longibracteatum (F. J. 
 Hanb.) ; 1. blue-green extremely glaucous firm glabrous above 
 slightly hairy and floccose beneath, phyll. extraordinarily 
 attenuate very fioccose. Exsicc. Fasc. ii. 31. e. cerinthiforme 
 (Backh.) ; st. usually 15 24 in. high, st.-l. usually 2, lower 
 oblong-lanceolate acuminate constricted below the middle and 
 enlarged again into a round amplexicaul bare denticulate, upper 
 usually small entire not so clasping, rt.-l. broadly ovate to 
 ovate-lanceolate acute, phyll. slender acute. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 
 80. f. Hartii (F. J. Hanb.) ; rt.-l. obovate not persistent, 
 
HIERACIUM:. 241 
 
 st.-l. 35 large ovate or obovate acute entire or minutely and 
 acutely toothed sessile strongly amplexicaul, phyll. broad 
 rather obtuse lax. rj. X hypoch&roides (Gibs.) ; st. red erect 
 branched each branch bearing 2 heads floccose, ped. very floccose, 
 rt.-l. ovate subacute petiolate firm fleshy beautifully spotted 
 purpled and floccose beneath, st.-l. usually 1 rather large broadly 
 clasping. Heads very truncate, phyll. short broad sub-obtuse,, 
 fi. golden yellow subgiabrous or slightly pilose before expansion, 
 styles pure yellow. Mountains, a. Teesdale. Craven. Lake 
 District. Scotland. Ireland. /3. Cairn Toul, Aberdeen Links, 
 and other localities m Scotland. Co. Donegal and Antrim 
 in Ireland, y. Lake District, d. Abundant in Sutherland- 
 shire ; Skye. Co. Antrim, e. Widely distributed over the 
 British Isles. , Slieve League, Co. Donegal. 77. Limestone 
 scars near Settle, Yorkshire. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 26. H. iricum (Fr.) ; glaucous green, rt.-l. ovate or oblong- 
 lanceolate acute with short shaggy winged petiole*^ st. leafy 
 corymbose at top, st.-l. clasping broadly ovate taper-pointed 
 denticulate or dentate, lower ones narrowed below, ped. and 
 inv. hairy setose floccose, inv. truncate below, phyll. blunt, 
 styles livid. E. B. S. 2915 ; Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 59 ; H. Lapey- 
 rousii Bab. St. 1 3 ft. high, very leafy rigid not branching 
 1 -beaded on barren soil. Pet. rigid diverging*. Original rt.-l. 
 blunt. L. often purplish at the end. St.-l. decreasing suc- 
 cessively upwards, upper 1. broad and rounded below. Phyll. 
 broad, narrowed upwards. Chiefly in mountain districts. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 27. H.flocculosum (Backh.) ; ashy-green, rt.-l. ovate or oval 
 blunt or acutish with small teeth below floccose on both sides 
 narrowed into long petioles, st.-l. few large ^-clasping, st. sub- 
 corymbose floccose throughout, ped. long straight-based, inv. 
 ovate below floccose setose hairy, phyll. acuminate incumbent, 
 styles rather livid. Sy. E. . 848 ; Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 81 ; 
 H. stelligerum (Backh.) (not Froel.). St. 1^2 ft. high. Fl. 
 bright yellow. L. rosulate, persistent ; original spathulate ; 
 innermost acutish. Petioles rather slender and woolly. St.-l. 
 stalked ; uppermost sessile. Margins of high Alpine streams. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 4 28. H. breadal'banense (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1218 in. high, 
 simple or branched many-headed, singularly devoid of settle, 
 ped. thick densely floccose, rt.-l. yellow-green paler beneath, 
 rather thick roughly hairy on both sides or almost glabrous, 
 outer oval apiculate almost entire, inner ovate subacute denti- 
 culate, all abruptly narrowed to short shaggy petiole, st.-l. 
 
 M 
 
242 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 usually 1, large shortly-stalked acute and sharply toothed, 
 sometimes another bract-like. Heads 3 9, inv. rounded at 
 the base constricted above dark green hoary with white hairs 
 and floccose down, with very few setee, phyll. rather broad 
 moderately acute. Fl. slightly pilose behind the tips, styles 
 pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 105. Frequent in the Breadal- 
 bane Mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 29. H. lanff'wellense (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 12 ft. high, 
 brancked, many-headed hairy floccose, peels, arcuate slender 
 hairy floccose setose, rt.-l. spreading, outer ovate or obovate 
 rounded at apex almost entire, inner broadly lanceolate acute 
 with large sharp teeth in the lower half; decurrent into long 
 shaggy winged petioles, nearly glabrous above with white 
 hairs beneath firm rather pale green. St.-l. usually 1 large 
 sometimes another high up bract-like; lanceolate acuminate 
 somewhat coarsely toothed towards the base glabrous above 
 sparsely floccose and hairy beneath. Inv. dark conical in fruit 
 floccose setose hairy, outer phyll. short lax rather blunt, inner 
 longer more attenuate sub-acute, floccose-margined ciliate- 
 tipped, fl. few, bright yellow ciliate below scarcely ciliate at 
 the tips, styles fuliginous. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 60. Mountain 
 gorges and cliffs. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 30. H. li'ma (F. J. Hanb.) ; glaucous, st. 8 14 in. high, many- 
 headed branched or simple floccose hairy, ped. arcuate hairy 
 setose floccose, rt.-l. glaucous green purplish below ovate nearly 
 entire or coarsely and irregularly toothed near the base abruptly 
 narrowed into lon<* shaggy petioles, inner more lanceolate acute 
 toothed, felted on both sides with strff curved hairs, st.-l. some- 
 times absent or bract-like or 1 large lanceolate acute sharply 
 toothed with few hairs on both sides. Inv. grey densely hairy 
 setose sparsely floccose, truncate, phyll. long slender acute 
 porrect in bud, outer shorter more obtuse, fl. orange-yellow, 
 glabrous, styles pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 82. /3. Briyan- 
 tum (F. J. Ilanb.) ; plant more robust, heads fewer in number 
 singularly globose and truncate at the base shaggy with grey- 
 tipped hairs, 1. dark green acute gradually decurrent into short 
 hairy petioles, the bulbous-based hairs on the 1. less rigid. 
 Fl. pilose. Limestone Cliffs, a. Cheddar. Great Orme's Head. 
 0. Settle. P. V. VIII. E. 
 
 31. H.cloven'se (Linton) ; st. 8 16 in. high, subglabrous above 
 floccose below, ped. straight or arcuate floccose setose not hairy, 
 rt.-l. ovate to ovate-acuminate dentate often with large spread- 
 ing teeth near the base the lowest sometimes reflexed, hairy on 
 both surfaces purple-blotched, st.-l. absent or lanceolate short- 
 
243 
 
 stalked, entire or dentate. Heads in a lax irregular corymb, 
 kiv. dark green velvety, phyll. broad-based, attenuate acute 
 floccose at the base, porrect in bud. Fl. orange-yellow, 
 glabrous-tipped, styles usually pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 8. 
 Highland mountains. P. VII/VIII. S. 
 
 [H. vilUsum (L.), specimens marked from Clova district are 
 found in several Herbaria, notably in the Royal Herb. Kew, 
 the Nat. Hist. Mils., Barras Bridge Newcastle-on-Tyne, and 
 that of Sir J. E. Smith. Some of the plants are correctly 
 named, but others are H. alpinum, H. eximium, or H. senescem. 
 It is extremely probable that cultivated specimens of H. 'villo- 
 snm were circulated by mistake, instead of some of these very 
 hairy alpine forms that abound in the Clova district. Nothing 
 approaching H. villosum L. has been found during the past 
 fifty years.] 
 
 Oreadea. Plant glaucous, st. with long simple rarely denticu- 
 late hairs, rt.-l. not persistent green bluish green or 
 paler beneath margins very ciliate, inv. large broad hairy 
 floccose with many minute yellow-headed setse, and few 
 dark larger setae sometimes. Styles yellow. Fl. ciliate 
 or glabrous. 
 
 32. H. Griffith'ii (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 612 in. high, simple 
 or branched furrowed hairy floccose, ped. spreading floccose 
 minutely setose with few hairs, rt.-l. rosulate ovate-lanceolate 
 to lanceolate acute with very sharp teeth in the lower half 
 gradually narrowing into shaggy petioles, hairy on both sides 
 slightly spotted floccose beneath with very ciliate margins, 
 st.-l. 1 3 long lanceolate or linear-lanceolate very acute with 
 long narrow sharp teeth sessile hairy. Heads 1 8, inv. rather 
 dark, hairy minutely setose somewhat floccose, phyli. long 
 narrow acute inner pale-margined. Fl. golden yellow sub- 
 glabrous at the tips, styles slightly livid. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 
 127. Nant Francon, Carnarvonshire. P. VII. VIIL E. 
 
 33. H. Leyi (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. reddish 6 15 in. high almost 
 glabrous or scabrid striate, ped. green sparsely floccose setose 
 with few hairs arcuate thickened upwards 1 5-headed, rt.-l. 
 dark bluish-green often with black spots or clouded with 
 purple, outer ovate or ovate-lanceolate sub-entire, inner lanceo- 
 late acute petiolate with small acute teeth in the upper part 
 large teeth towards the base thin but firm coriaceous glabrous 
 above with soft white hairs beneath, st.-l. 1 or absent shortly 
 stalked lanceolate acute glabrous above scattered hairs beneath, 
 inv. green warted setose sparsely floccose minutely setose with 
 
244 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 short black-based hairs, pliyll. very long attenuate subacute 
 outer short rather lax. FL bright yellow almost glabrous- 
 tipped, styles darkened. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 128, 129. Mountain 
 cliiis. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 34. H. Careno'rum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1012 in. high 13- 
 headed floccose with few scattered white hairs, ped. floccose 
 minutely setose with scattered hairs, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate 
 decurrent into longish shaggy petioles acutely dentate sparsely 
 hairy, st.-l. 1 or absent lanceolate acute slightly toothed sessile 
 almoat glabrous above floccose beneath margin and midrib 
 ciliate, inv. narrow, phyll. pale sub-glaucous green with lighter 
 margins (tips purplish in cultivation) outer appressed small 
 floccose margined all with black-based hairs and minute setae. 
 Buds long narrow. Fl. yellow glabrous-tipped. Styles yellow. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 83. Ben Hope. P. VII. VIIT. S. 
 
 35. H. Schmidt' ii (Tausch) ; ceesius green, st. 5 12 in. high 
 simple or branched 1 4-headed n'stulose, ped. minutely setose 
 floccose with long white hairs with short black bases, rt.-L 
 bluish green, outer ovate apiculate almost entire inner ovate- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate-acute toothed decurrent into long 
 shaggy petioles hairy above sometimes glabrous very hairy 
 beneath and on margins, st.-l. 1 or absent almost sessile linear 
 bract-like or lanceolate acute entire hairy slightly floccose. 
 Inv. ovate at the base hairy slightly floccose with minute setae, 
 phyll. long narrow sub-acute somewhat pilose-tipped and 
 floccose-margined outer lax. Fl. bright yellow glabrous or 
 sub-ciliate, styles pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 9 ; v. 106. 
 /3. crinigerum (Fr.) ; glaucous green, 1. hairy both sides, st.-l. 
 1 2 sub-petiolate, head showy, inv. with simple hairs eglan- 
 dular. Fl. glabrous. y. etistomon (Linton) ; st. more solid, 
 1. ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate rather fleshy very glau- 
 cous glabrous above. Fl. large lemon-yellow, slightly pilose- 
 tipped. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 130. 8. devoniense (F. J. Hanb.) ; 
 12 14 in. high scarcely floccose with few setse, st.-l. large 
 toothed narrowing into semi-amplexicaul petiole, rt.-l. broadly 
 ovate glabrous above less hairy below than type. Fl. ciliate 
 externally glabrous-tipped. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 84. Mountain 
 glens, y. Penard Castle, Glamorgan, d. Countisbury, North 
 Devon. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 36. II. lasiophyl' him (Koch) ; glaucous, st. 6 16 in. high, 
 simple or branched 1 6-headed hairy, ped. densely floccose 
 setose slender long rather arcuate, rt.-l. broadly oval* or ovate- 
 lanceolate entire or remotely denticulate apiculate innermost 
 
HIERACIUM. 245 
 
 acute original subrotund, coarsely hairy on both sides and on 
 the margins or destitute of hairs above, floccose with shaggy 
 petioles dilated at the base ; st.-l. lanceolate very acute nar- 
 rowed into short petiole almost entire hairy floccose. Inv. sub- 
 globose slightly hairy floccose minutely setose, phyll. attenuate 
 rather acuminate pilose-tipped outer subobtuse. Fl. glabrous- 
 tipped, styles yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 01. j3. planifoliwn 
 (F. J. Hanb.) ; ped. short erect, heads small, rt.-l. very broad 
 flat ovate very truncate-based softly hairy with long shaggy 
 petioles. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 107. y. euryodon (F. J. Hanb.) ; 
 rt.-l. long narrow subentire towards the apex, cut towards the 
 base into extraordinarily broad triangular irregular teeth, 
 almost glabrous above slightly hairy and floccose beneath, 
 phyll. floccose -margined not pilose-tipped, st.-l. large coarsely 
 toothed glabrous above. Mountain rocks, y. Herefordshire ; 
 Gloucestershire. P. V. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 37. H.far'rense (F. J. Hanb.) ; dark green, st. 12 ft. high, 
 slender few-headed few-1. with scattered hairs throughout, ped. 
 long subarcuate minutely setose, densely floccose with few hairs, 
 rt.-l. grass-green paler beneath lanceolate acute decurrent into 
 long winged shaggy petiole long almost entire or only denticu- 
 late hairy on both surfaces frequently purpled, st.-l. 2 3 upper 
 small sessile lower large lanceolate acute or subacute petiolate 
 floccose hairy on both sides. Inv. ventricose rounded minutely 
 setose densely Jloccose with very few hairs, outer and middle 
 phyll. dark floccose-margined, inner paler less floccose, subacute 
 pilose-tipped. Fl. orange glabrous-tipped, styles olive-yellow. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. i. 10. Rocks. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 38. H.eustdles (Linton) ; st. 12 18 in. high somewhat hairy 
 floccose above branching little, st.-l. usually 1 sometimes 
 another bract-like linear-lanceolate high up, rt.-l. light green 
 narrow ovate-oblong acute long-petioled decurrent thinly hairy 
 below glabrescent or hairy above, margin slightly crenate den- 
 ticulate or subentire, st.-l. similar to rt.-l. petiolate denticulate. 
 Heads few, ped. straight long very floccose with few simple 
 hairs setose. Inv. very floccose, with short black-based hairs 
 large and small setae, phyll. narrowly acuminate markedly 
 pilose-tipped floccose-margined. Fl. pilose-tipped, styles livid. 
 Breadalbane and Glen Shee. R VII. VIII. S. 
 
 39. H. prox'imum (F. J. Hanb.); st.-l 2 ft. high simple or 
 branched hairy floccose, rt.-l. yellowish green often purpleA 
 with pink round the margins thick leathery rough on both 
 sides with bulbous-based hairs petiolate sinuate ovate or ovate- 
 lanceolate almost entire, st.-l. 2 4 rapidly decreasing in size 
 
246 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 upwards, shortly petioled or sessile lanceolate acute or sub- 
 acute irregularly toothed. Inv. floccose hairy,- phyll. broad 
 obtuse adpressed margins densely floccose hairy with few setae. 
 Fl. orange-yellow glabrous-tipped, styles dusky. Exsicc. 
 Fuse. i. 11. Sandy links and cliffs. P.' VII. VIII. S. I. 
 
 40. H, caledoriicwn (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 6 14 in. high, erect 
 simple or branched hairy somewhat floccose, ped. long slender 
 subarcuate floccose minutely setose with few hairs, rt.-l. large 
 grass-green ovate to ovate-lanceolate acute or apiculate outer 
 rounded at apex, decurrent into broadly winged hairy petioles 
 coriaceous glabrous above softly hairy beneath and on margin 
 with long glandular teeth, st.-l. 1 2 large lanceolate acute 
 upper sessile or seini-amplexicaul, lower decurrent into hairy 
 winged petiole toothed towards the base hairy beneath glabrous 
 above. Heads 2 4 or more, inv. dark green truncate hairy 
 minutely setose, outer phyll. dark blunt pilose-tipped floccose- 
 margined inner pale almost naked. Fl. large rather orange 
 glabrous-tipped, styles olive-brown. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 85 ; 
 vi. 131. )8. platyphyllum (Ley) ; st. 9 24 in. high, branched, 
 ped. long erect hairy setose very floccose, rt.-l. broadly ovate 
 to broadly ovate-lanceolate broad-based with irregular coarse 
 somewhat sagittate teeth thick firm floccose beneath, phyll. 
 strongly floccose-margined incurved in bud. Fl. mostly stylose, 
 styles dark olive-green. H. pollinarium, var. platyphyllum 
 (Ley). Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 90. a. Sandy olitf's, Scotland. 
 0. Mountain rocks, South Wales. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 41. H. rubicuri dum (F. J. Hanb.) j st. 10 20 in. high robust 
 erect simple or branched slightly floccose hairy, ped. long 
 straight thickened upwards flattened floccose hairy setose, rt.-l. 
 bluish-green much purple-blotched on both sides broad lanceo- 
 late apiculate gradually narrowing into hairy petiole entire or 
 denticulate sometimes coarsely dentate coriaceous glabrous 
 above softly hairy beneath, st.-l. large 12 broadly lanceolate 
 dentate apiculate slightly stalked or sessile glabrous above 
 hairy beneath upper bract-like. Heads 1-6 large showy, inv. 
 rounded in fl. truncate in ir. hairy minutely setose floccose, 
 phyll. broad adpressed rather blunt outer dark inner much 
 paler, fl. vellow glabrous or sparingly ciliate, styles slightly 
 livid. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 32. /3, BosweUi (Linton) ; st. 6 16 in. 
 high, sinuous, rt.-l. thin ovate-oblong or narrow ovate acuminate 
 the margins ciliate waved, st.-l. 1 or absent ovate acuminate or 
 lanceolate shortly petioled, inv. rather globose, phyll. broad 
 subulate very obtuse floccose hairy with few setse. Fl. glabrous, 
 styles livid yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 132. Rocks and moun- 
 tains. P.VI.-VHI, E. s. i. 
 
HIERACIUM. 247 
 
 42. H. Oreades (Fr.) var. subglahratum (F. J. Ilanb.) ; intensely 
 glaucous, st. 12 18 in. high, simple or branched nearly glabrous, 
 ped. floccose setose with few hairs, rt.-l. oblong or ovate-lanceo- 
 late apiculate denticulate or almost entire narrowly decurrent 
 into long petioles glabrous above ciliate beneath and on the 
 margins, st.-l. 1 3 large lanceolate acute denticulate or almost 
 entire decreasing in size upwards narrowing into winged semi- 
 aniplexicaul petiole or sessile glabrous or slightly floccose with 
 very few hairs. Heads 2 -5, inv. truncate slightly floccose 
 minutely setose with few hairs, phyll. linear attenuate, outer 
 and middle adpressed obtuse, inner acuminate incumbent white- 
 tipped. Fl. yellow ciliate-tipped, styles yellow. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. ii. 33. Rocks by the sea, North of Scotland. P. VII. S. 
 
 43. H. argenteum (Fr.) ; very glaucous, rt.-l. lanceolate acute 
 denticulate towards the middle or entire glabrous above with 
 short petioles, st. simple or branched with few sessile or stalked 
 1., branches long straight, inv. broadly ventricose becoming 
 subtrtmcate below slightly setose hairy and floccose, phyll. blunt 
 adpressed, styles yellow. Sy. E. B. 843 ; Exsicc. Fasc. i. 13 ; 
 //. pallidum /3. persicifolimn Bab. St. 1 2 ft. high. Buds 
 cylindrical. Inner phyll. stibacute pale-edged. Fl. bright 
 yellow. L. with scattered hairs beneath and at the edges. 
 Petioles usually short. Original 1. bluntish. Upper st.-l. small 
 narrow. /3. septentrionale (F. J. Ilanb.) ; inv. truncate more 
 hairy and setose, rt.-l. more erect often broadly lanceolate 
 strongly toothed. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 133. Mountain districts 
 of England, Scotland, and Wales. /3. Rocks by the coast and 
 stream-sides, Sutherlandshire. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 44. H. nit'idum (Backh.) ; dark green, rt.-l. lanceolate acute 
 coarsely and sharply toothed glabrous above with short petioles, 
 st.-l. 1 or 0, st. few-headed, ped. scaly, inv. ventricose setose and 
 hairy slightly floccose, phyll. acuminate or bluntish, styles 
 yellow. % E. B. 844; Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 86. St. 1524 in. 
 high, nearly hairless. Heads large; fl. bright yellow. L. slightly 
 hairy beneath ; teeth very large not directed downwards. 
 Petioles usually short. Original 1. roundish. /3. siluriense 
 (F. J. Hanb.) ; ped. slender very floccose hairy hardly setose, 
 inv. less setose but more hairy than type, outer phyll. sub-obtuse, 
 inner long attenuate acute. Fl. glabrous. By mountain 
 streams. /3. Cwm Tarrell, Breconshire. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 45. H. Sommerfelt'ii(UnAob.)', st. 812 in. high, ^ erect 
 slender simple or branched almost glabrous, ped. slightly 
 itoccose setose and hairy, rt.-l. green purple-blotched, outer 
 
248 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 ovate, inner o"blong-lanceolate apiculate almost entire or with 
 sharp glandular teeth glabrous above hairy and floccose beneath 
 with ciliate margins, decurrent into long petioles, st.-l. 1 or 0, 
 sessile or shortly petiolate linear-lanceolate acute entire or 
 slightly denticulate. Inv. truncate dark slightly floccose hairy 
 setose, phyll. outer short broad subobtuse ciliate-margined, 
 inner attenuate subacute reflexed almost naked ciliate- tipped. 
 Fl. yellow glabrous-tipped, styles slightly livid. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. ii. 34. j3. tactum (F. J. Hanb.) ; 1. deeply blotched, with 
 very long acute hooked forward-pointing teeth; st.-l. large 
 toothed, phyll. few very broad obtuse minutely setose with 
 ciliate margins. Fl. slightly pilose. Exsicc. Fase. v. 108. 
 y. splendens (F. J. Hanb.) ; much stronger and more hairy than 
 type ; st. hairy floccose, ped. long spreading very setose hairy 
 fioccose, rt.-l. bluish green much blotched coriaceous deeply 
 toothed glaucous almost glabrous above hairy somewhat floccose 
 beneath, st.-l. large deeply toothed with very ciliate-margins. 
 Fl. pilose-tipped, styles rather livid. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 134. 
 Mountains. 0. Scotland, y. Wales. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 46. H. scoi'icum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1 2 ft hio-h, erect simple 
 or branched hairy floccose, ped. somewhat arcuate hairy with 
 few seta3, rt.-l. large coriaceous tinged with purple ovate to 
 uvate-lanceolate apiculate hairy beneath and at the margins 
 glabrous above almost entire or irregularly toothed, st.-l. 1 
 large decreasing upwards broadly lanceolate acuminate hairy 
 beneath subglabrous above denticulate or coarsely dentate, lower 
 petioled, upper sessile or clasping linear entire. Heads 1 10, 
 inv. truncate finely setose hairy, phyll. broad obtuse outer short 
 iioccose-margined, inner pale more attenuate ciiiate-tipped. 
 Fl. orange-yellow glabrous-tipped. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 14. 
 (3. occidental (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1 3-headed, st.-l. usually 2 
 shortly stalked, rt.-l. few broadly ovate subacute -very wide 
 towards the truncate base abruptly narrowed to long petiole 
 almost entire. L. bright green glatrous above rather glaucous 
 with few long hairs ben eath ? styles pure yellow. Mountain 
 and sea cliffs. /3. Banks of Carrick River, Co. Donegal. P. VII. 
 VIII. S. I. 
 
 47. H. onosmoides (Fr.),var. buglossoidcs (Arv. Touv.) ; green, 
 st. 1$ 4 ft. high, furrowed branched hairy at the base, ped. 
 slender striate floccose with hairs and setae much thickened 
 upwards bearing scaly bracts, rt.-l. yellow -green lighter beneath 
 glaucous firm hairy both surfaces lanceolate decurrent into long 
 winged petioles toothed veins prominent below, st.-l. 3 (3 
 decreasing upwards firm glaucous almost or quite glabrous 
 
HIEEACIUM. 249 
 
 above, sessile or shortly stalked lanceolate apiculate coarsely 
 and sharply toothed. Inv. very truncate and angular, outer 
 phyll. commencing near thickened part of ped., phyll. adpressed 
 subacute or bluntish very slightly floccose with few hairs arid 
 setae. Fl. large pale yellow glabrous-tipped, styles almost pure 
 yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 87. Sandhills and railway banks 
 in East Ross and East Sutherland. P. VII. 8. 
 
 48. H. saxifrdgum (Fr.) f3. pseudonosmoides (Dahlst.) ; 
 glaucous, st. 8 14 in. high 1 4-headed hairy below floccose, 
 ped. floccose with few hairs and setae, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate or 
 lanceolate apiculate irregularly dentate or almost entire with lon# 
 winged petioles roughly hairy on both sides, st.-l. 1 3 
 decreasing upwards lanceolate almost entire towards the apex 
 somewhat coarsely dentate towards the base slightly hairy on 
 both surfaces sessile or with winged petiole. Inv. sub-cylindric 
 hairy setose slightly floccose, phyll. outer short subacute inner 
 long narrow acute. Fl. olive-yellow almost always stylose 
 glabrous-tipped, styles yellow.- JExsicc. Fasc. i. 12. y. orimele* 
 (F. J. Hanb.); green slightly glaucous, st. erect wiry purple 
 below scabrid 12 16 in. high, hairy slightly floccose, ped. 
 spreading thickened upwards densely floccose setose with some 
 hairs bracteate, rt.-l. firm rigid glaucous somewhat hairy both 
 surfaces ovate to ovate-lanceolate denticulate or almost entire 
 with long petiole, st.-l. ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate often 
 dentate entire towards apex sessile or short-stalked seini- 
 amplexicaul almost glabrous above hairy sparsely floccose 
 beneath. Inv. truncate hairy floccose some setae, phyll. deep 
 green broad subobtuse porrect in bud. Fl. yellow ciliate, styles 
 yellow or slightly livid. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 135. ft. Exposed 
 banks and cliffs. Scotland, y. Mountain crags,Wales. Scotland. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 49. H. hiber'nicum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1222 in. high, reddish 
 purple green above, simple 1 3-headed recurving hairy floccose, 
 ped. thickened upwards bracteate very floccose. rt-1. ovate- 
 lanceolate obtuse not persistent entire glabrous above sparingly 
 hairy below, st.-l. 5 9 decreasing upwards ovate-lanceolate to 
 linear-lanceolate acute sometimes sharply toothed in the lower 
 half, grey-green almost glabrous above slightly hairy and 
 floccose beneath. Inv. truncate angular humpy, phyll. all rather 
 broad obtuse floccose minutely setose with few short hairs, 
 outer very small lax extending into the ped. Fl. yellow glabrous, 
 styles slightly livid. Cliffs of the Mourne Mountains, Co. Down ; 
 Moynalt, Co. Donegal. P. VII. I. 
 
 M 5 
 
250 45. 
 
 
 
 Vulgata. Plant green or glaucous with soft simple eglandular 
 hairs. St. few or many- leaved. Phyll. ii regularly im- 
 bricated ; with short hairs and floccose down, with or 
 without setae. Styles yellow-livid or dusky. Fl. glabrous 
 or sub-ciliate. 
 
 * Scapigera. St. scapiform, bare, or 1 2-leaved. 
 
 50. H. stenolepis (Lindeb.) ; st. 6 14 in. high simple or 
 branched furrowed almost glabrous hairy towards the base, ped. 
 long ascending bracteate setose densely floccose hardly hairy, 
 rt.-l. csesius-green purpled beneath, ovate or oblong-lanceolate 
 obtuse, or lanceolate acute or acuminate unequally broadly 
 based sometimes truncate or cuneate or cordate almost entire 
 towards the apex, irregularly and deeply dentate the teeth 
 descending into the long floccose very hairy petioles, glabrous 
 above somewhat floccose beneath, st.-l. 1 linear or lanceolate 
 acute long-stalked entire or sharply dentate. Heads small 
 1 5, inv. sub-truncate floccose setose hairy, phyll. long narrow 
 acute dark green, inner paler. Fl. bright yellow pilose externally, 
 sub-ciliate at the tips, styles yellow or very slightly livid. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 136. #. anguinum (W. R. Linton) ; rt.-l. 
 rosulate nearly erect ovate-oblong denticulate or almost entire 
 with few large teeth, subglabrous, inv. darker less hairy setose 
 and floccose than type, long snake-like in bud, styles livid. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. i. 15. Mountains and cliffs. j3. High hills above 
 Moffat, Scotland. P. VI. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 51. H. hypochceroiides (Gibs.) ; glaucous green, rt.-l. ovate 
 blunt apiculate rather truncate or cordate below denticulate, 
 petioles slender, st. leafless rigid simple or forked with straight- 
 based ped., inv. truncate below floccose hairy setose, phyll. broad 
 and blunt incumbent, styles yellow. Sy. E. B. 842 ; Exsicc. 
 Fasc. ii. 35 ; H. Gibsoni Backh. St. 618 in. high. FL bright 
 yellow. Phyll. not cuspidate. L. rosulate, persistent, very 
 'broad, blotched with purple above. /3. sa.rojwn (F. J. Hanb.) ; 
 rt.-l. narrower more acute paler green purpled when young 
 losing this when older, ped. longer less straight and rigid, 
 phyU. porrect in bud, more acute darker less white-margined. 
 y. Cyathis (Ley.) ; rt.-l. green or slightly blotched, original 
 obovate retuse at the tip decurrent into broadly winged hairy 
 petioles hairy beneath and on the margins, inner long oval or 
 narrow elliptic acute often toothed, bud very short forming from 
 the first an open cup, phyll. recurved in bud, outer lax. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. v. 109. Mountains, a. England ; Wales ; Ireland. 0. Bed 
 sandstone rocks, Breconshire, Montgomeryshire, y. Lime- 
 stone rocks near Merthyr Tydfil, Breconshire. P. VII, VIII. 
 
 E.I. 
 
251 
 
 52. .H; aggregation (Backh.) ; deep green, rt.-l. ovate blunt 
 coarsely dentate below fioccose beneath when young, st.-l. 1 
 lanceolate narrowed at both ends, st. corymbose and fioccose at 
 the top, ped. aggregate, inv. subtruncate below loosely floccose 
 setose nearly hairless, pliyll. blunt. Sy. E. B. 845 ; Exsicc. 
 Fasc. iii. 62 ; H. bifldum Koch ? St. 1220 in. high, usually 
 simple. Fed. forming a close corymb as in H. umbellatum. 
 Heads many. Buds cylindrical. Fl. bright yellow or orange. 
 Styles yellow. L. rosulate, persistent ; original 1. nearly round ; 
 innermost acutish. Petioles rather winged, slightly hairy. 
 St.-l. subsessile. Phyll. adpressed. ft. prolongation (F. J. 
 HanbO ; I- longer ovate-lanceolate acute not floccose beneath, 
 ped. much elongated, inv. longer and more hairy. Exsicc. Fasc. 
 v. 110. By rocky streams in the Highlands, ft. Glen Lochay, 
 Perthshire." P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 53. H. Pictdntm (Linton) ; st. 1^ 2 ft. high, subglabrous 
 1 4-headed, ped. somewhat floccose setose with few hairs, 
 rt-1. pale green glabrous above subglabrous paler and turning 
 purple beneath, nerves very conspicuous, ovate or ovate-acuminate 
 denticulate often sharply dentate at the base, suddenly narrowed 
 into slightly winged hairy petioles, st.-l. 1 or absent petiolate 
 lanceolate acuminate dentate, floccose beneath glabrous above. 
 Inv. ovoid ventricose hairy setose somewhat floccose, phyll. 
 adpressed, outer dark green subulate, inner paler with purpled 
 and senescent tips, acuminate. Fl. gamboge-yellow glabrous 
 upwards, styles olive-yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 88. ft. dasy- 
 thrix (Linton) ; 1. dull green hairy beneath with densely ciliate 
 margins, nerves inconspicuous, slightly and regularly dentate 
 towards the base, inv. shaggy with white hairs. Exsicc. Fasc. 
 V. 111. Central Highlands of Scotland. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 54. H. britan'nicum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1218 in. high, 
 branched striate with scattered hairs, ped. long somewhat 
 arcuate very floccose with few hairs setose, rt.-l. firm glaucous 
 glabrous above hairy beneath and on the margins much furrowed 
 by deep parallel veining, outer broadly ovate apiculate sub- 
 entire near the apex, very coarsely and irregularly toothed 
 towards the remarkably truncate base, inner narrower more 
 acute less truncate more deeply toothed, the teeth or appendages 
 in I. often extending a long way down the petiole, st.-l. large 
 near the base, or bract-like at the point of branching. Heads 
 3 6, inv. truncate at the base ultimately conical, grey floccose 
 with long hairs and few setae, phyll. long narrow acute porrect 
 in bud, inner almost naked, outer broad lax. Fl. bright yellow 
 glabrous-tipped, styles yellow or slightly dusky. Exsicc. Fasc. 
 ii. 36. Limestone dales and scars. Yorkshire, Derbyshire, 
 Stafford. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
252 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 55. II. rivdle (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1220 in. high, branched 
 floccose with few hairs, ped. long slender densely Jloccose setose 
 scarcely hairy, rt.-l. bright green much paler beneath often 
 purpled, outer oval apiculate, inner lanceolate acute all some- 
 what toothed especially towards the base, very unequally based, 
 truncate or cuneate or almost cordate, abruptly narrowed into 
 very long slender shaggy petioles, roughly hairy on both sides 
 or glabrous above, st.-l. 1 2 bract-like linear lanceolate den- 
 ticulate or entire, or if low on the st. long lanceolate acute long- 
 stalked toothed, floccose beneath. Heads 4 10, inv. conical 
 grey with jloccose down setose with few hairs, phyll. long acute 
 ftoccose-margineiL Fl. large yellow pilose-tipped, styles yellow 
 or dingy yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 1(3. /3. sulhirtum (F. J, 
 Hanb.) ; rt.-l. more or less dentate or bidentate, st. iioccose 
 with long spreading hairs, inv. dark hairy but little floccose 
 and with few setas, phyll. ciliate-tippednotjloccose-maryined, the 
 whole plant much greyer than tvpe. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 137. 
 liocky streams. P. VI. VIII. " E. S. 
 
 56. H. pollindrium (F. J. Hanb.); st. 1218 in. high, 
 furrowed simple or branched, heads 2 10 corymbose closely 
 aggregated, ped. short thick straight-based mealy with floccose 
 down setose not hairy, rt.-l. grass green coriaceous nearly 
 glabrous above softly hairy beneath fleshy brittle, boat-shapei 
 elliptic, outer retuse or blunt, inner longer more acute, with 
 few minute apiculate patent teeth, narrowing into a long 
 slender winged petiole, st.-l. frequently small placed high 
 linear bract-like floccose, or if low on the stem large lanceolate 
 acuminate almost glabrous petiolate slightly clasping. Inv. 
 truncate below very grey floccose setose not hairy, phyll. few 
 short broad blunt floccose-margined ciliate-tipped. Fl. yellow 
 glabrous or sub-pilose, styles light olive-brown. Exsicc. Fasc. 
 iv. 89. North coast of Scotland. P. VII. S. 
 
 57. H. murorum (L. pt.) ; green, rt.-l. ovate often cordate 
 and with large patent or descending teeth below, petioles 
 shaggy, st.-l. O.or 1 stalked and placed high, heads subcorym- 
 bose, ped. arcuate ascending, inv. thinly clothed floccose setose 
 with few hairs, phyll. acuminate erect overtopping the glabrous- 
 tipped buds, styles livid. Sy. E. B. 846. St. 1218 in. high. 
 Young heads cylindrical. L. usually thin. St.-l. ovate- 
 acuminate, often rounded or cordate below. Styles rarely 
 yellowish. /S. pulcherrimum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. simple or 
 branched corymbose or panicled, ped. straight slender hairy 
 setose densely floccose, rt.-l. primary oval blunt, inner ovate- 
 lanceolate obtuse nearly entire at apex dentate abruptly de- 
 current towards the base, shortly pilose on both sides, st.-l. 
 
HIERACIUM. 253 
 
 1 2 short-petioled. Inv. small dark urceolate phyll. long 
 narrow subacute sparingly tioccose densely setose. Heads 9 15. 
 FL deep golden yellow markedly pilose-tipped, styles livid. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 138. Limestone cliffs, Wales, Yorkshire. 
 7. micracladium (Dablst.) ; ped. long spreading not corymbose 
 sparsely tioccose, rt.-l. small, inner lanceolate acute usually 
 dentate or with few irregular teeth at base, st.-l. large almost 
 entire, phyll. few long narrow acute setose with few hairs, 
 outer slightly fioccose-margined. Fl. sub-ciliate, styles very 
 livid. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 17. Rocky sides of mountain-streams in 
 the British Isles. 8. camptopetalum (F. J. Hanb.) ; ped. 
 spreading almost straight, rt.-l. oval sharply and finely dentate 
 glabrous aboce, hairy beneath, st.-l. irregularly coarsely toothed. 
 Fl. dirty yellow, stylose glabrous-tipped, styles dirty yellow. 
 Above the falls of Allt-na-Caillich, Ben Hope, Sutherland- 
 shire. e. ciliatum (Almq.) ; ped. arcuate densely floccose 
 setose, rt,-l. large, outer elliptic denticulate or almost entire, 
 inner lanceolate acute dentate with large irregular spreading 
 teeth subylabrous above hairy below and on margins, st.-l. 
 large broadly lanceolate acuminate coarsely toothed hairy 
 Jloccose 'beneath, phyll. subacute all ciliate-tipped and Jloccose- 
 margined. Fl. pilose, styles yellow. Stream sides. f. pachy- 
 phy'llum (Purchas) ; rt.-L outer very blunt almost retuse, inner 
 more acute broadly ovate all mucronate, cordate or hastate at 
 bate with descending patent teeth, glaucous and glabrous above, 
 under surface and margins hairy, deeply stained with purple and 
 purple marginal line, st.-l. usually or bract-like. Heads 
 3 10 broad blunt, phyll. outer lax short broad blunt, inner 
 narrower subacute, woolly at the tips floccose-margined with 
 black-based hairs and minute setae. Fl. deep yellow pilose, 
 styles rather dusky. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 64. Limestone rocks 
 in the Wye Valley. rj. sagittatum (Lindeb.) ; 1. sagittate at 
 the base, hairy on both sides and margin, inv. broad with rounded 
 base minutely setose with short hairs, phyll. acute floccose- 
 margined and tipped. Fl. ciliate, styles very dark. Scotland. 
 6. subulatidens (Dahlst.) ; 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute with 
 truncate base toothed with large prominent teeth, yellowish 
 green veins conspicuous on under surface. St.-l. 01 deeply 
 coarsely toothed, peds. and phyll. setose floccose with few 
 hairs, styles yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 141. Forfar. Wales. 
 i. sanguineum (Ley) ; rt.-l. oval or elliptic nearly glabrous, 
 older turning blood-red beneath unequally based finely denticu- 
 late, st. branched furrowed 1-leaved, ped. and phyll. floccose 
 setose, the latter with many grey hairs. Heads large semi- 
 globose. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 140. Yorkshire. Breconshire. 
 Many other varieties have been distinguished that cannot be 
 mentioned here. Woods and rocks. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
254 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 ** Caulescentia. Stem usually long, more or less leafy. 
 
 58. H. euprepes (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 10 18 in. high, simple or 
 with long straight "branches hairy or bristly, ped. very short 
 straight floccose sparingly hairy and setose, rt.-l. ovate-lanceo- 
 late obtuse or acute denticulate or almost entire (Scottish 
 plants coarsely toothed) gradually narrowed into long petioles, 
 grass-green lighter and purpled beneath, softly hairy on both 
 sides, st.-l. usually 1 large lanceolate acute or acuminate den- 
 ticulate petiolate hairy. Heads often numerous, crowded very 
 adnate, inv. very truncate and conical dark green, phyll. few 
 dark with lighter margins and purplish tips, adpressed rather 
 blunt floccose-tipped when young hairy sparingly floccose and 
 setose. El. pale yellow glabrous-tipped, styles faintly livid 
 beneath. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 66. /3. glabratum (Linton) ; 1. 
 narrower often strongly dentate glabrous above, ped. and inv. 
 less hairy setose and fioccose. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 19. Mountain 
 cliffs. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 59. H. orcaden'se (W. R. Linton) ; st. 1 2 ft. high, hairy 
 floccose, ped. thickened upwards almost straight paniclecl 
 floccose hairy setose, rt.-l. rosulate outer broad ovate narrowing 
 to petiole rounded or apiculate at the apex dentate or denticulate 
 or almost entire, inner lanceolate acute dentate with medium- 
 sized patent teeth hairy or subglabrous margins ciliate, st.-l. 
 1 4 with short winged petiole acutely dentate in the lower 
 part, ovate-lanceolate nearly glabrous above. Heads 2 9 
 small, inv. small dark green velvety rounded at the base 
 constricted above, hairy setose slightly floccose, phyll. few 
 broad blunt, inner stibacute with paler margins all adpressed 
 with white tips and margins. El. deep golden yellow glabrous 
 or faintly pilose before expansion, styles greenish yellow. 
 Exsicc. Ease. vi. 142. Cliffs at Hoy, Orkney. P. VII. 
 VIII. S. 
 
 60. H. rubigin6sum (F. J. Hanb.); st. ] 2 ft. high, simple 
 or branched robust purplish-red, hairy below, ped. somewhat 
 floccose setose hairy, rt.-l. numerous large broadly ovate sub- 
 acuminate sharply irregularly toothed thickly hairy on both 
 sides blotched with rusty purple, st.-l. 1 4, subsessile or slightly 
 clasping ovate -lanceolate acute coarsely irregularly toothed 
 hairy on both surfaces and margins. Heads 2 or many large, 
 inv. large broad-based, phyll. broad subacuminate slightly 
 floccose, hairy with few setsd". El. deep golden yellow glabrous- 
 tipped, styles nearly pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 91. 
 H. vulgatum (Fr.) var. rubescens Backh. Limestone scars. 
 Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, Westmoreland. P. VII. IX. E. 
 
HIEPvACITJM. 255 
 
 61. H. Adhr'zii (Almq.) ; st. 1 2J ft. high, simple or 
 branched corymbose purpled at the base hairy floccose, ped. 
 long spreading fioccose setose, rt.-l. ovate lanceolate apiculate 
 denticulate narrowing into petiole, st.-l. 2 o large, broadly 
 ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate acuminate with large irregular 
 spreading teeth entire towards the apex, hairy or glabrous 
 above hairy and fioccose beneath, lower petiolate upper sessile, 
 purpled round the margins. Heads 2 12, inv. dark, outer 
 phyll. short broad subacute, inner long narrow acute setose 
 scarcely floccose with few hairs. Fl. golden yellow, glabrous- 
 lipped, styles livid. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 67. River-banks in 
 Wales. P. VII. E. 
 
 62. H. ca'sium (Fr.) ; csesius or dull green, rt.-l. ovate or 
 lanceolate rounded or narrowed below irregularly dentate- 
 serrate with patent or ascending teeth, petioles slender, st.-l. 
 or 1 placed low, st. few-headed with straight-based ped., inv. 
 rounded below floccose hairy slightly setose, phyll. bluntishj 
 inner ones acute incumbent, styles slightly livid. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. v. 113 ; H. murorum Sm. E. B. 2082; FL Dan. 2598. 
 St. 12 18 in. high. Young heads roundish. Fl. bright 
 yellow. Phyll. not cuspidate ; inner very slender, pointed. 
 Rootstoek long. L. nearly glabrous above, coriaceous, not 
 fringed with coarse hairs ; innermost acute. St.-l. not stalked, 
 narrowed below. j3. Smithii (Baker) ; 1. and st. purpled, outer 
 rt.-l. oblong ovate denticulate with sheathing shaggy petioles, 
 inner longer narrower acute or acuminate dentate sometimes 
 coarsely towards the unequal bases, st.-l. wanting or bract-like, 
 heads 3 4, phyll. linear acute hairy scarcely floccose with few 
 setse, ped. long arcuate. y. coracinum (Ley) ; 1. yellow-green 
 paler beneath, elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate acute or acuminate 
 decurrent deeply toothed at the base. Pleads 4 8 in compact 
 corymb, ped. short spreading ascending densely floccose with 
 few setae, phyll. subobtuse densely hairy scarcely setose, outer 
 few short. Fl. rather broad sub-glabrous, styles rather dark. 
 Mountains. /3. Yorkshire ; Derbyshire, y. Brecon Beacons; 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 63. H. insuldre (F. J. Ilanb.) ; st. 612 in. high, stiff erect, 
 ped. setose densely floccose, rt.-l. few, outer oval or ovate blunt 
 apiculate almost entire, inner ovate-lanceolate very acute 
 laterally curved from the apex to the base of long shaggy petiole, 
 dentate especially towards the base, green coriaceous, veins 
 prominent, roughly hairy on both surfaces or subglabrous above, 
 st.-l. 1 lanceolate acute dentate petiolate curved like rt.-l. 
 Heads 1 2, inv. cylindric-campanulate hairy setose, phyll. 
 adpressed with floccose tips and margins, inner sub-acute, buds 
 
256 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 long cylindrical. FL deep golden yellow, glabrous-tipped, styles 
 rather livid. /3. petrocharis (Linton) ; 1. elliptic oblong, denti- 
 culate* Styles uniformly livid, st.-l. often wanting sub-entire or 
 denticulate oblong narrowed to both ends. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 
 20. Alpine rocks. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 64. H. cam'bricum ((Baker) F. J. Hanb.) ; glaucous, st. 6 
 16 in. high, scarcely hairy, ped. long floccose with few hairs, 
 rt.-l. rosulute 4 5 thin glaucous lanceolate acute narrowed to 
 the base with long petioles sharply dentate nearly glabrous, 
 st.-l. or 1 small near the base. Heads 3 4, inv. small, outer 
 phyll. dark short broad floccose-margined, inner paler narrower, 
 all acute floccose-tipped hairy somewhat setose. Fl. bright 
 yellow, styles yellow. -Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 92. Limestone rocks. 
 Grt. Orme's Head, Wales. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 65. H. vaaen'se (Ley) ; st. 1218 in. high, slender drooping 
 branched or simple, sparsely hairy floccose above, ped. long 
 ascending floccose setose, rt.-l. light glaucous green, long 
 narrowly ovate or elliptic narrowed at the base into long petioles 
 or truncate, acuminate with mam/ long acuminate very unequal 
 teeth which are often continued down the petiole nearly to its 
 base, glabrous above hairy beneath, st.-l. similar, or narrower 
 linear ; all the 1. with pellucid veins and midrib. Heads few 
 large, inv. ovate after flowering, phyll. at first loosely incurved, 
 erect in bud hairy setose, styles yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 63 ; 
 H. britannicum (F. J. Hanb.) var. vagense (F. J.Hanb.). River- 
 side rocks in the Wye Valley, Wales. P. VI. E, 
 
 66. H. holophyl'lum (W. R. Linton) ; st. 1012 in. high, 
 corymbose-paniculate hairy below floccose above, ped. arcuate 
 ascending floccose, rt.-l. persistent deep green somewhat 
 coriaceous oblong-ovate entire or somewhat denticulate rounded 
 and blunt at each end, inner pointed, subglabrous above slightly 
 hairy below, st.-l. 1 3 ovate-lanceolate acuminate narrowing 
 into petiole. Inv. pale green, constricted in fl., truncate below 
 in fr., phyll. bluntish, the margins and tips pale green floccose 
 with few hairs and setae, the outer with lax tips. Fl. yellow 
 glabrous-tipped, styles long pure yellow, dusky when old. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. ii. 39. Limestone clifls. Derbyshire. P. VII. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 1 67. H. c&siomurorum (Lindeb.) ; sti 1 2J ft. high wiry 
 fistular simple or branched, ped. spreading floccose setose, rt.-l. 
 dull deep green rather glaucous with prominent veins beneath, 
 outer blunt apiculate, inner long lanceolate acuminate almost 
 entire towards the apex with large spreading teeth in the lower 
 half, petioles long slender, st.-l. petiolate lanceolate acute 
 
HIEKACIUM. 
 
 sr7 
 
 coarsely and sharply toothed. Heads 2 7, inv. "broa'lly cam- 
 panuldte in Jl. subglobose in fr. green hairy somewhat setose 
 floccose, phyll. adpressed, outer few broad gibbous somewhat 
 floccose-margined. Fl. golden yellow pilose-tipped when young, 
 styles slightly darkened. Exsicc. Fasc. i. 21. Subalpine glens 
 in Wales and Scotland. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 68. H. Ordrium (Lindeb.) /. ; st. 1 3 ft. high, simple or 
 branched, panicled or few-headed, ped. hairy setose floccose, 
 rt.-l. few not persistent, ovate-lanceolate denticulate or dentate 
 in the lower half almost entire towards the apex hairy on both 
 surfaces somewhat flowose beneath, st.-l. 25 petiolate lanceolate 
 acute decurrent dentate. Inv. broad at the base rounded, buds 
 rather narrow cylindiic, phyll. obtuse, inner acute, hairy setose 
 floccoee-margined. Fl. especially the inner very pilose-tipped, 
 styles light yellow. (3. fulvum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. few-leaved 
 scabrid, rt.-l. acutely dentate with long petioles. Fl. small 
 reddish yellow or orange, phyll. adpressed bristly densely setose, 
 styles very dark long and scarcely cleft. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 93. 
 Banks of streams in Scotland. /3. Caithness and Sutherland. 
 P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 69. H. duriceps (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 1520 in. high wiry, 
 reddish-purple hairy below almost glabrous above, ped. straight 
 slender rigid floccose, with dark and minute yellow -headed setce, 
 rt.-l. small lanceolate subacute, primary oval apiculate, dull 
 green often blotched with purple, almost glabrous above with 
 scattered white hairs beneath, st.-l. narrow lanceolate acute 
 petiolate if low down, sessile if springing from the point of 
 branching. Inv. small hard compact, deep green conical when 
 mature, buds short and stout, phyll. narrow acute densely 
 setose sparingly floccose and pilose-tipped. Fl. small rather 
 numerous often sty lose, ciliate-tipped especially when young, 
 styles livid. Ex*icc. Fasc. vi. 144. /3. cravoniense (F. J. Hanb.); 
 rt. and st.-l. more numerous pilose on both surfaces, deeply 
 irregularly dentate, ped. less setose, more hairy and floccose, 
 inv. hairy, sparsely setose and floccose. Jl. always stylose. 
 The whole plant more robust than type. Rocks and cliffs by 
 streams in Scotland. /3. Stream-sides, Craven, Yorkshire ; 
 Lancashire. P. VI. VIII. E. S. 
 
 70. H. dissim'ile (Lindeb.) /. ; st. 1018 in. high, hairy 
 below, ped. floccose with few hairs and seta3. Kt.-l. rosulate 
 narrowly decurrent at the base with long slender very hairy 
 red petioles, sharply dentate or denticulate, outer ovate, inner 
 lanceolate acute, yellowish green thin but lirm not glaucous, 
 sub-glabrous above hairy beneath, st.-l. 1 3 lanceolate acute 
 
258 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 petiolate very deeply irregularly toothed hairy slightly floccose 
 beneath. Heads 1 3, inv. broad-based, phyll. outer lax, inner 
 long attenuate, somewhat floccose-margined. Fl. golden yellow 
 pilose-tipped, styles very livid. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 94. /3. poll- 
 cenum (Dahlst.) ; 1. broader less sharply toothed, ped. only floccose, 
 heads numerous, inv. very floccose with fine hairs and few 
 minute yellow-headed setae, tips of phyll. purple-brown. y. 
 porrigens (Almq.) ; st.-l. more numerous broadly lanceolate 
 petiolate upper sessile, all with rather coarse teeth in the lower 
 half, ped. densely floccose and setose, phyll. floccose-margined, 
 not hairy but with many long minute yellow-headed setae. 
 Mountain glens, a. Frequent in the Bread albanes. /S.Caithness, 
 Inverness, y. Nr. Watersmeet, Countisbury, N. Devon. P. VII. 
 VIII. E. S. 
 
 71. H. vulgdtum (Fr.) ; green or glaucous, 1. oblong or 
 lanceolate often with patent or forward teeth on lower half, 
 rt.-l. narrowed into petiole, st.-l. often many all or uppermost 
 sessile, head panicled or subcorymbose, "inv. and straight 
 ascending peds. floccose setose with few hairs, phyll. equally 
 attenuate acutish incumbent, styles livid. Exsicc. Fasc, i. 40 ; 
 H. sylvaticum, Sm. E. B. 2031. Very variable, 1 3 ft. high. 
 The more common plant has panicled' heads cylindrical when 
 young, glaucescent 1. purplish beneath, persistent rt.-l. lew 
 st.-l. , greenish inv. ; but sometimes the st. is very leafy, heads 
 panicled, rt.-l. evanescent. /3. maculatum (Sm.) ; has few broad 
 purpled-ba.sed st.-l., and imperfectly corymbose heads. The 
 spots on the 1. are not constant ; in shade they are absent. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 68 ; Sy. E. B. 849. y. dadalolepium (Dahlst.) ; 
 st.-l. 2 3 lower slightly petiolate, heads numerous small 
 narrow, phyll. narrow equally broad with few tine small hairs 
 small setae and scarcely floccose. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 115. 
 
 d. cacuminum (Ley) ; upper st.-l. long large Ungulate, nearly 
 glabrous entire or with shallow irregular teeth, ped. bracteate, 
 phyll. broad obtuse, styles pure yelloic. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 110. 
 
 e. sejunctum (W. K. Linton) ; st.-l. 2 4 rarefy 9, yellowish- 
 green, hairy above floccose beneath, flrm sharply dentate with 
 several large cusped teeth, heads 4 12 sub-umbellate, floccose 
 hairy thinly setose, fl. glabrous-tipped, styles livid. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. vi. 26. Many other forms are named but the} r defy 
 definition. Woods, banks, walls. 8. Teesdale, North Wales. 
 . Scotland. P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 72. H. surreidnum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 12 ft. high, usually 
 simple, hairy below, ped. usually straight ascending floccose 
 "with fine hairs not setose, rt.-l. not persistent elliptic almost 
 entire, st.-l. 35 lower ovate decurrent into shaggy petiole 
 
HIERACITJM. 259 
 
 blunt at apex, upper longer apiculate uppermost sessile, hairy on 
 both surfaces and margins floccose beneath denticulate or dentate. 
 Heads 2 5, inv. cylindric, outer phyll. short blunt, inner 
 longer paler subacute almost naked, eery sparingly lictiry floccose 
 and few small setae. Fl. orange-yellow, slightly ciliate-tipped, 
 styles almost pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 147. )3. megalodon 
 (Linton) ; st.-l. broader, more coarsely toothed, rt.-l. rounder 
 with longer petioles, inv. greener when dry, not so dark. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 148. Banks near Witley, Surrey. P. VI. E. 
 
 73. H. stenophy'es (W. R. Linton) ; st. 1^2 ft. high, hairy 
 below, ped. arcuate floccose, rt.-l. rosulate speadiug, outer 
 ovate-oblong with few blunt teeth, inner lanceolate-oblong 
 acute, with cuneate base gradually decurrent into long petiole 
 coarsely toothed, hairy both surfaces, st.-l. usually 1 petiolate 
 lanceolate acuminate with few large acute patent teeth. Heads 
 8 8, inv. dark cylindric, phyll. broad dark greenish, inner 
 paler-margined, acute hairy floccose at the base with few setae. 
 Fl. cup-shaped, rich yellow, glabrous-tipped, styles livid. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 149. Mountains. P. VI. VII. S. 
 
 74. H. subanfrac'tum (Marshall) ; st. 9 20 in. high, rigid 
 fistular simple or branching glabrous below floccose upwards 
 with few setae, ped. erect ascending floccose setose, rt.-l. oblong 
 lanceolate obtuse or linear-lanceolate to lanceolate acute or 
 apiculate, blade from 2 4 in. long gradually narrowing into 
 long slender hairy petioles, strongly dentate with large forward- 
 pointing teeth, gland-tipped, bright green above with prominent 
 pellucid veins sometimes glaucous, paler beneath, firm glabrous 
 above slightly hairy beneath and at the margins, st.-l. usually 
 1 lanceolate petiolate slightly or deeply toothed, sometimes 
 linear bract-like. Heads 1 4, inv. campanulate very dark, buds 
 cylindric, phyll. very dark obtuse narrowing upwards hairy 
 glandular floccose-tipped. Fl. golden yellow, ciliate-tipped, 
 styles rather livid. Exsicc. Fasc. ii. 41. Rocky subalpine 
 streamlets. P. VI. VIII. S. 
 
 75. H. angusta'tum (Lindeb.) ; st. 10 16 in. high simple 
 sometimes branched, almost glabrous, ped. slightly floccose setose 
 with few hairs, rt.-l. small ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate 
 acuminate or acute denticulate or almost entire, st.-l. 3 
 lanceolate acute or linear bractlike, entire or slightly dentate 
 towards the base, somewhat fleshy yellow-green, paler some- 
 what floccose beneath. Heads 1 3 small, phyll. long narrow 
 blunt or acuminate, slightly hairy with little floccose and 
 few setae, inner acute almost naked. Fl. small, yellow, styles 
 somewhat livid. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 150, 151. Ravines, Lake 
 District, Scotland. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
260 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 76. H. subramo'sum (Lonn.) ; st. 1 2J ft. high branched 
 slightly floccose with few hairs, ped. erect spreading densely 
 floccose slightly hairy setose bracteate, rt.-l. 2 3 large outer 
 ova.te-oblong blunt almost entire, inner lanceolate acute, irregu- 
 larly deeply toothed almost glabrous above, hairy beneath and 
 on margins, st.-l. 1 3, deeply irregularly acutely toothed hairy 
 floccose below. Heads large numerous, inv. hairy floccose with 
 few setae. Fl. ciliate. Shore between Burntisland and Petty cue, 
 File. P. VI. 8. 
 
 77. H. diaph'anum (Fr.) ; st. 1 1J ft. high fistular with few 
 hairs, ped. long spreading very floccose setose with few hairs, 
 rt.-l. large ovate-elliptical denticulate hairy both surfaces, st.-l. 
 3 5 lower lanceolate acute dentate or denticulate decurrent 
 into long winged almost amplexicaul white-haired petioles, 
 almost glabrous above hairy below, upper sab-sessile floccose 
 with few hairs. Inv. large truncate dark blackish green com- 
 paratively glabrous or with scattered hairs and numerous setae, 
 phyll. outer broad blunt, inner paler slightly floccose-tipped. 
 Fl. yellow glabrous-tipped, styles yellow or slightly livid. ft. 
 stenolepis (Lindeb.) ; st.-l. rather coriaceous, not floccose, heads 
 numerous 2 6, buds extraordinarily long and narrow, setose, 
 phyll. very narrow more acute slightly floccose with floccose-tipb, 
 minutely setose with few hairs. Fl. golden yellow, slightly 
 pilose. Rocky cliffs. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 78. H. diaphano'ides (Lindeb.) ; st. 1J ft. high, many-headed 
 hairy slightly floccose, ped. corymbose spreading erect or rarely 
 incurved setose floccose with some hairs, rt.-l. dull often caesius 
 green sometimes crimsoned, fleshy rosulate elliptic or oblong or 
 lanceolate decurrent into short hairy winged petioles deeply 
 toothed entire towards the apex, glabrous on both sides or hairy 
 beneath, st.-l. 1 3 far apart often sessile lanceolate acute or 
 acuminate coarsely dentate towards the base. Heads corymbose 
 dark, outer phyll. broad subacute, inner long narrow acute 
 thickly setose, not hairy nor floccose. Fl. slightly pilose, styles 
 bright yellow or often dusky. Exsicc. Fasc. ii. 42. /3. apicu- 
 latum (Linton) ; 1. fresh gre*en with more cuneate base, blunter 
 more apiculate, phyll. broad acuminate obtuse, white-tipped, 
 heads in lax irregular subcorymbose panicle. Evsicc. Fasc. 
 ii. 43. Somerset. Cheshire. Wales. Perthsh. Forfar. P. VII. 
 VIII. E. S. 
 
 79. H. sciaph'ilum (Uechtr.) ; st. 1 2J ft. high, branched, 
 hairy slightly floccose, ped. long wiry spreading erect or arcuate 
 bracteate densely setose floccose not hairy, rt.-l. rigid light green 
 often crimsoned' broadly lanceolate blunt or subacute dentate 
 denticulate or almost entire hairy on both surfaces, st.-l. 1 8 
 
HIERACIUM. 261 
 
 broadly Lanceolate acuminate apiculate entire towards the apex 
 toothed below, upper sessile lower petiolate, somewhat coriaceous 
 glabrous above hairy beneath. Heads many, inv. narrow 
 cuneate very setose, buds cylindric, outer phyllaries short rather 
 lax, inner long attenuate, outer and middle floccose-margined. 
 Fl. rich yellow sub-pilose, styles nearly pure yellow. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. i. 22. /3. pulckrius (Ley) ; st. snorter stouter less leafy, 
 rt.-l. obovate obtuse coarsely toothed with shallow teeth, st.-l. 
 elliptic or ovate somewhat acute, coarsely toothed. Heads sub- 
 umbellate with dark phyll. and longer setae. Exsicc. Fasc. 
 v. 117. Woods, rocks, and banks. /3. Mountain cliffs in Wales. 
 P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 iii. ACCIPITRINA. Forming closed buds at the base of 
 the st. in autumn. No true rt.-leaves with the flowers. 
 St. leafy. Phyll. in many rows. Hairs of pappus rigid, 
 unequal. 
 
 * Riyida. St.-l. numerous, lower sub-petiolate, upper sessile, 
 narrow or broad lanceolate more or less toothed, outer 
 phyll. slightly lax with straight margins, inv. nearly 
 glabrous or with minute yellow setae, few hairs, sometime^ 
 slightly floccose. 
 
 80. //. gottiicum (Backh.) ; st. 1 \ 4 ft. high erect rigid simple 
 or branched nearly glabrous throughout, ped. erect or spreading 
 rigid floccose, 1. 7 20 dark green paler and rather glaucous 
 beneath firm, lanceolate or ovate, acute or subobtuse denticulate 
 or dentate in the middle, entire towards apex, aggregate towards 
 the base of st. sometimes stalked, upper smaller sessile almost 
 bractlike. Heads 1 5, inv. dark green globose-ventricose, 
 cylindric in bud, rounded and sometimes truncate at the base 
 after flowering, nearly glabrous or with few hairs, phyll. dark 
 green broad obtuse rather lax with incumbent tips. Fl. bright 
 not deep yellow glabrous-tipppd, styles yellow with minute 
 dark hairs, Sy. E. B. 851 ; Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 69 j iv. 9(3. 
 /y. latifolium (Backh.) ; plant much more robust, 1. large very 
 broad obtuse entire or denticulate rarely dentate, ped. elongated, 
 styles pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 70. y. Steivartii (F. J. 
 Hanb.) ; 1. very broadly lanceolate acute with broadly winged 
 petiole, almost entire towards the apex, with sharp narrow 
 curved forward-pointing teeth often f in. long towards the base, 
 lowest ovoid blunt, upper and middle sessile, ped. very long bracte- 
 ate bearing large deep golden yellow fl , outer phyll. lax, styles 
 very livid. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 152. 8. basifolium (Lindeb.) ; rt.-l. 
 rosulate 4 8, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate narrowed at both 
 ends, dentate, st.-l. fewer in number decreasing immediately in 
 
262 45. COMPOSITE 
 
 size, almost bract-like at the apex of st., styles somewhat dusky. 
 Heathy or grassy places in subalpine districts, a, England ; 
 Scotland. 0. Scotland, y. Ireland. 8. Scotland. P. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 81. H. sparsifolium (Lindeb.) ; st. | 2 ft, high, simple or 
 branched erect hairy below, ped. long spreading floccose, rt.-l. 
 small spathulate not persistent, st-1. many deeply blotched with 
 brownish-purple pale green beneath, nearly entire or denticulate 
 in the middle, glabrous above somewhat floccose beneath, lower 
 ovate entire decurrent into winged petioles, upper long- narrow 
 acute with somewhat clasping base, uppermost linear. Heads 
 few, inv. large broad dark with long white hairs and minute 
 setae, phyll. imbricated with recurved tips and curved margins, 
 outer small lax obtuse, inner pale narrower more acute. Fl. 
 bright yellow, almost glabrous, styles pure yellow. The 1. of 
 the Welsh specimens are always more toothed, broader and 
 blunter, and the inv. less clothed than in those from Scotland. 
 Evsicc. Fasc. i. 24. Cliffs and sides of streams in subalpine 
 districts. P. VII. VIII. E. S.I. 
 
 82. H. ria'idum (Hartm.) ft. pullatum (Dahlst.) ; st. 12^ 
 feet high, simple or branched hairy floccose, ped. spreading 
 bracteate, 1. ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate apiculate lower almost 
 entire, denticulate or coarsely toothed in the middle, almost 
 glabrous above, hairy beneath purpled. Heads 1 or many, 
 o liter phyll. lax short, inner paler su bobtuse, very sparingly clothed 
 with few hairs and scattered yellow setae, styles livid. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. v. 118. y. acrifolium (Dahlst.) ; 1. long narrow mostly 
 coarsely toothed below the middle, inv. minutely setose with 
 few hairs very slightly floccose at the base, styles yellow. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 71. 5. Friesii (Hartm.) ; ped. long straight 
 densely Jloccose, 1. denticulate with fine sharp teeth, almost 
 glabrous above hairy and ftoccose beneath, inv, broad unequally 
 based, with few hairs and slightly floccose, outer phylL short 
 dark subobtuse, inner paler more attenuate glabrous. e. tri- 
 dent atum (Fr.) ; 1. sessile or sub-petiolate upper only bractlike 
 hairy below notfloccose dentate in the middle, ped. slender hairy 
 
 floccose^ inv. truncate below, constricted after flowering, phyll-. 
 pale-margined, hairy hardly floccose, styles livid. f. nidense 
 (F. J. Hanb.) : 1. very numerous, upper sessile rounded at the 
 base, lower long-petioled decurrent to the stem acutely pointed 
 with long acuminate teeth, buds cylindric, styles somewhat 
 darkened. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 119. Other vars. or forms have 
 bean described. Mountain glens and banks of streams. P. VII. 
 IX. E. S. 
 
HIERACIUM. 263 
 
 ' S3. //. cantidnum (F. J TIanb.) ; 1820 in. high, usually 
 branched hairy fioccose, ped. long spreading arcuate bracteate 
 or leafy felted with floccose down, 1. 10 17 upper short broad 
 curiously sharply toothed somewhat amplexicaul with broad 
 bases, lower petiolate decurrent with large irregular coarse teeth, 
 hairy on both surfaces somewhat floccose beneath. Heads many 
 small, outer phyll. rather lax, sparsely clothed with yellow setae, 
 few hairs and slightly floccose. Fl. glabrous, styles pure 
 yellow. E.TSICC. Fasc. ii. 45. /3. sulriyidum (Linton) ; 
 peduncles more densely floccose, inv. more hairy, styles some- 
 what livid, narrower less numerous and less coarsely-toothed 1. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 154. Hangley Woods, Kent. /3. Near 
 Witley, Surrey. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 ** Alpestria. Plant green or glaucous. Stem always leafy. 
 Heads large few, ped. usually springing from the axils of 
 the leaves. Fl. often ciliate. 
 
 84. H. pidchel'lum (Lindeb.) ; st. 9 16 in. high, hard wiry 
 simple or branched about the middle, hairy below and sparsely 
 floccose, ped. erect slender bracteate densely floccose with 
 numerous very minute setae, 1. green, paler and often purpled 
 beneath, rt.-l. few not persistent; st.-l. 3 6 ovate lanceolate to 
 lanceolate, upper sessile, lower decurrent into winged petioles, 
 subglabrous above hairy and floccose beneath, with few minute 
 distinct teeth on the margin. Heads 1 5 rather small, inv. 
 truncate, cylindric in bud, turbinate later, outer phyll. dark- 
 green short lax, inner paler; all somewhat recurved later rather 
 broad blunt slightly floccose-tipped with few hairs and setae. 
 Fl. medium yellow, glabrous-tipped, styles pure yellow. Clifls. 
 Unst, Shetland. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 85. H. Zetland' icum (Beeby) ; st. 3| 9 in. high simple or 
 branched hairy and purpled below floccose above, ped. densely 
 floccose, rt.-l. rosulate persistent oval-elliptic with few forward- 
 pointing teeth on each side, olive-green often purpled, sub- 
 glabrous above, paler more hairy below with ciliate margins, 
 petiole short hairy, st.-l. 2, clasping broadly lanceolate acute 
 or acuminate sharply toothed. Heads rather small, inv. some- 
 what truncate at the base, outer phyll. dark short broad obtuse, 
 inner longer paler less obtuse, all somewhat recurved sparingly 
 ciliate-tipped setose sparsely floccose. Fl. small orange-yellow, 
 glabrous-tipped, styles nearly pure yellow. A form of this 
 plant is issued in Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 155. Pastures and shel- 
 tered rocks. Shetland, West Sutherland. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
2G4 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 86. //. trwncdtum (Lindeb.) /. ; st. 10 24 in. high, hairy 
 floccose, simple or branched, ped. long somewhat arcuate 
 tloccose with very lew hairs, rt.-l. ovate not persistent, st.-l. 
 7 11 lanceolate acuminate or acute rounded at the base sessile 
 denticulate in the middle entire towards the apex hairy or sub- 
 glabrous above, hairy and floccose beneath, deep green paler 
 and bluish-green beneath. Heads 1 6, inv. large dark truncate 
 nearly glabrous with minute setae slightly floccose, phyll. short 
 broad blunt inner paler less obtuse. Fl. orange-yellow glabrous- 
 tipped, styles yellow. Among ferns and long herbage. North- 
 maven, Shetland. P. VIII. S. 
 
 87. H.protrac'tum (Fr.)/. ; st. 1 2 ft. high, simple or branched 
 leafy hairy and reddish below floccose above, ped. straight 
 ascending thickened upwards floccose hairy with few small setae, 
 rt.-l. persistent elliptic blunt apiculate somewhat hairy, st.-l. 
 long narrow apiculate sessile amplexicaul or decurrent into 
 winged sheathing hairy petioles, all nearly entire or with very 
 minute teeth, deeply blotched dark purplish brown bluish green 
 beneath, glabrous above densely ciliate on margins and below. 
 Heads few or many frequently adnate, inv. rather narrow 
 rapidly tapering, buds cylindric, phyll. green lax, outer short, 
 blunt with recurved floccose tips hairy with minute yellow setre. 
 Fl. bright yellow glabrous-tipped, styles pure yellow. Cliffs. 
 Shetland Islands. P. VII. VJLII. S. 
 
 88. H. doweri?e (Fr.) /. ; st. 12 ft. high, simple or 
 blanched hairy throughout, ped. curved ascending bracteate 
 much thickened floccose with scattered hairs and setae, rt.-l. 
 oblong or lanceolate-oblong stalked small bluntish,st-l. lanceo- 
 late sessile cordate or broad-based half-clasping green often 
 purpled paler beneath, roughly hairy on botli surfaces some- 
 what floccose, leathery slightly denticulate, with short marginal 
 hairs. Heads 3 many, inv. remarkably truncate even in the 
 cylindrical bud, outer phyll. dark green short slightly flocco^e- 
 tipped, inner paler, all very blunt hairy and minutely setose. FL 
 orange-yellow glabrous-tipped, styles livid. /3. hethlandicc 
 (F. J. Hanb.) ; ped. less floccose, 1. almost entire very acute, 
 inv. floccose, phyll. not floccose-tipped. y. spectabile (Marshall) ; 
 more robust, st.-l. more numerous tougher longer broader more 
 dentate glabrous above midrib and margins hairy. Heads 3 1 1 , 
 phyll. very broad Jloecose-mwyined sparingly hairy with few 
 setae, Fl. pilose-tipped before expansion. Exsicc. Fasc. iii. 72. 
 Rocks and Highland glens, a and /3. Shetland, y. Glen Shee 
 and the Clova district. P. VII. VIIL S. 
 
HIERACIUM. 265 
 
 89. H. Dew' ari (Sy.) ; I, oblong-lanceolate denticulate, lowest 
 oval with winged stalks, upper I. ovate-lanceolate clasping, ped. 
 slightly floccose and setose scarcely hairy, heads in lax panicle, 
 inv. subcylindrical obconic slightly hairy and setose, phyll. dark 
 green few, the outer short adpressed inner with pale edges, 
 styles fuscous. Edin. Bot. Trans, xiii. 211, t. 5 ; Exsicc. Fasc. 
 ii. 47. Bright green. St. 1 3 ft. high. Root-1. rare and 
 persistent. Mountain glens. P. VII. IX. S. 
 
 *** Prenanthoidea. St. leafy without basal rosette. Lower 
 1. petiolate, upper and middle amplexicaul with rounded 
 auricles, glaucous and reticulate beneath. Phyll. few 
 irregularly imbricated. Fl. ciliate. 
 
 90. H. prenantho'ides (Vill.) ; st. leafy, /. all clamping net- 
 veined and glaucous beneath hairy on both sides, lowest narrowed 
 into winged auricled petioles, interm. pinched above their base, 
 uppermost 1. cordate-lanceolate, heads in a corymbose panicle, 
 ped. short lax very floccose and setose, inv. cylindrical rather 
 floccose very setose, outer phyll. few much the shortest, inner all 
 about equal and blunt, styles with dark hairs, fr. pale. E. B. 
 2235; Exsicc. Fasc. ii. 48. St. 13 ft. high rather rigid, 
 usually hairy. Pan. leafy below. Heads small. Pappus 
 whitish. River-sides in the North. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 [H. Bor'reri (Sy.) ; like the preceding but 1. fewer, the 
 lower abruptly contracted into long petioles, interm. 1. regularly 
 oval not pinched above the base, styles yellow. E. B. 859 ; 
 H. juranum, Fr. ; H. denticulatum Borr. MS. not Sm. Hare- 
 head wood near Selkirk. P. VII. VIII.] 
 
 *### Foliosa. Stem leafy without basal rosette. L. all more 
 or less amplexicaul, or sessile, paler sometimes rather 
 glaucous and reticulate beneath. Phyll. obtuse adpressed. 
 Fl. glabrous-tipped. 
 
 91. H. stric'tum (Fr.) ; st. leafy, I. sessile oblong-lanceolate 
 denticulate glaucous beneath, lowest lanceolate much narrowed 
 below uppermost I. rounded below scarcely clasping, heads 
 irregularly corymbose, ped. straight floccose scarcely setose, inv. 
 truncate thinly floccose setose and hairy, phyll. irregularly 
 imbricate blunt, outermost rather acute, styles with dark hairs, 
 fr. fuscous. H. denticulatum Sm. E. B. 2122 ; Exsicc. Fasc. 
 iii. 73. St. 1 3 ft. high slightly hairy. L. broad, not auricled, 
 mostly with bulbous hairs beneath. Heads thicker and paler 
 than those of H. prenanthoides. Phyll. pale-edged, not in two 
 
266 45. co3iPosiTjE. 
 
 distinct ranks. Pappus reddish. /3. reticulatum (Lindeb.) ; st. 
 taller more branched many-fl., ped. widely spreadiny, I. reticulate 
 floccose hairy, iuv. small minutely setose, phyll. broad narrow- 
 ing upwards with pale margins. Fl. minutely ciliate, styles 
 yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 98. y. angustum (Lindeb.) ; st. 
 glabrous few or many-leaved, I. slender narrow small reticulate 
 entire or finely denticulate deep green and mostly glabrous 
 above, reddish or blue-green floccose and short-haired beneath, 
 inv. floccose with few setae not hairy, phyll. more equally broad, 
 not narrowing to tips. FL glabrous, styles yellowish. Exsicc. 
 Fasc. vi. 157. 8. opsianthum (Uahlst.) ; much more robust, 
 with larger broader leaves sometimes coarsely dentate sub- 
 glabrous above, upper 1. floccose, lower floccose and hairy, inv. 
 hairy with few setae. Exsicc. Fasc. vi. 158. e. subcrocatum 
 (Linton) ; 1. broadly ovate-acuminate. Inv. very dark, nearly 
 glabrous or with few setae and sparsely floccose. FL small 
 glabrous, styles dark. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 120. f. amplidentatum 
 (F. J. Hanb.) ; 1. nearly glabrous with strongly ciliate margins 
 jftoccose especially above, upper sessile, lower with winged clasp- 
 ing petioles very acute sharply irregularly toothed. Fl. glabrous, 
 stvles yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 121. Mountain glens and river 
 banks/ P. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 92. H. corymbosum (Fr.) ; st. 2 4 ft. high rigid nearly 
 glabrous very leafy, ped. floccose, heads 6 40 in a spreading 
 leafy branched corymbose panicle, 1. ovate or lanceolate acute 
 dentate towards the middle narrowing from a broad somewhat 
 clasping base, lowest 1. narrowed into petioles, deep green 
 glaucous reticulate-veined sometimes floccose beneath more or 
 less hairy on both sides ; inv. ovate at the base not constricted 
 with scattered hairs and setae, phyll. greenish-black with paler 
 margins adpressed blunt outer rather lax. Fl. glabrous-tipped, 
 styles yellowish. Exsicc. Fasc. iii . 74. H. eupatorium (Grise b. ) . 
 )8. prcelonyum (Lindeb.) ; 1. very long narrow acute reticulate, 
 deeply sharply toothed, lower sutentire with winged petioles 
 not persistent, middle 1. broad to narrow lanceolate somewhat 
 clasping, upper sessile with rounded base. Heads small, styles 
 yellow. y. salicifolium (Lindeb.); /. always Jloccose somewhat 
 hairy, lower almost entire, middle broadly lanceolate acute very 
 slightly clasping denticulate in the middle sometimes sharply 
 dentate, inv. truncate at the base, setose slightly floccose with, 
 few or no hairs, phyll. rather narrow. Exsicc. !Fasc. v. 122. 
 Mountain districts. * P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 93. H. aurdtmn (Fr.) ; st. 2 3 ft. high erect rigid usually 
 with long spreading leafy branches, ped. bracteate floccose, 1. 
 
HIERACIU3I. 267 
 
 bluish-green, lower oblong-lanceolate obtuse apiculate petiolate 
 almost entire not persistent, middle 1. broadly lanceolate 
 narrowing at both ends semi-amplexicaul, upper lanceolate 
 acute sessile with rounded base, denticulate or dentate, very 
 reticulate-veined, almost glabrous above somewhat floccose and 
 hairy beneath. Heads many corymbose,inv, oblongconical after 
 flowering dark green, with yellow setae scarcely floccose, phyll. 
 obtuse or sub-obtuse outer very short. Fl. golden yellow glabrous, 
 styles pure yellow. Exsicc. Fasc. iv. 99. /3. thulense (F. J. 
 Hanb.) ; st.-l. fewer almost entire or with few minute teeth 
 ovate-lanceolate apiculate, clasping somewhat constricted to- 
 wards the base at times, phyll. broader more floccose, purpled 
 tips. Mountain districts. 0. Shetland. P. VII. IX. E. 8. 1. 
 
 94. H. crocdtum (Fr.) ; st. \\ 4 ft. high rigid smooth sub- 
 corymbose, branches nearly simple, ped. thickened upwards 
 floccose with few setae, 1. oblong or narrow lanceolate sessile 
 with a broad base falsely 3-veined semi-amplexicaul dentate or 
 nearly entire, lower 1. often narrowed very gradually down- 
 wards but slightly enlarged again at the base, glabrous or with 
 hairy margins and below. Inv. very broad-based, phyll. never 
 lax adpressed broad obtuse black minutely setose or almost 
 glabrous sometimes pale-margined. Fl. glabrous, styles olive. 
 Exsicc. Fasc. v. 123. Mountain districts. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 95. H. marit'imum (F. J. Hanb.) ; st. 13 ft. high erect 
 reddish-purple corymbose the branches ascending from the 
 axils of upper leaves, ped. long floccose with short bristly hairs, 
 /. long narrow acute or subacute practically entire or minutely 
 serrate or with short sharp prickles at the margins, fleshy upper 
 sessile sometimes a little clasping the lowest narrowing into 
 short petiole with blunter apex bluish green below with short 
 bristles on both surfaces and margins, some slightly floccose. 
 Inv. truncate angular below, phyll. extraordinarily broad obtuse 
 imbricated almost glabrous very dark, the inner paler. Fl. 
 orange yellow glabrous, styles smoky yellow. North coast of 
 Sutherlandshire. P. VII. S. 
 
 ***** Sabauda. Stem leafy robust branched. Lower st.-l. 
 narrowed at the base into petioles ; upper broad-based 
 sessile. Phyll. broad obtuse unicoloured sparingly hairy 
 with few or no setae. 
 
 96. H. boredle (Fr.) ; st. leafy, 1. ovate or lanceolate dentate 
 below falsely 3-veined, upper broad sessile scarcely clasping, 
 
 N2 
 
268 45. COMPOSITE. 
 
 lowest 1. much narrowed below but scarcely stalked, heads in a 
 rather leafy corymb or panicle, top of ped. floceose, ovate-based 
 inv. uniformly blackish-green nearly glabrous or pilose, phyll. 
 "blunt adpressed, styles livid blackish. H. sabaudum Sm. E. B. 
 o49. Exsicc. Ease. ii. 49. St. 24 ft. high, rigid usually 
 hairy and often very leafy below. Base of corymb or panicle 
 leafy j branches nearly erect. Interm. 1. narrowed to a rounded 
 base ; upper with a broad rounded or subcordate base. Phyll. 
 turning black, scarcely at all setose or floccose, rarely with 
 spreading tips. Pappus whitish. /3. calvatum (F. J. Hanb.) ; 
 st. 15 in. 2 ft. high, very glabrous, 1. few with a tendency to 
 crowding at the base. Heads few large, phyll. broader more 
 obtuse less clothed and very dark, styles very dark. Banks. 
 0. Carnarvonshire. P. VIII. IX. ' E. S. I. 
 
 ****** Umbellata. Stem rigid leafy without a basal rosette, 
 sub-umbellate or corymbose at the top. St.-l. narrowed at 
 the base sessile, the nerves on the under surface loosely 
 anastomosing not reticulate-veined. Phyllaries broad 
 obtuse. Ligules glabrous. 
 
 97. H. umbelldtum (L.) ; st. leafy, L all linear or oblong- 
 lanceolate narrowed below sessile net-veined, heads in an um- 
 bellate corymb, top of ped. floccose, turbinate-based inv. uni- 
 formly dark green glabrous, phyll. blunt with recurved points, 
 'styles yellow. E. E. 1771 ; Exsicc. Ease. ii. 50. Stem 14 ft. 
 high, rigid, hairy below. L. usually all alike, or upper rather 
 broad and rounded at the base. Outer phyll. often very small, 
 slender, acute. Inv. very rarely straw-coloured, rarely with a 
 few white hairs. Pappus whitish. /3. cor onopi folium (Bernh.) ; 
 st. 1 3 ft. high corymbose or paniculate, ped. rigid erect or 
 suberect, 1. very long narrow sharply and acutely toothed, sub- 
 glabrous. Exsicc. Fasc. v. 124. y. littorale (Lindeb.) ; st. 
 6 12 in. high hairy floccose, 1. long narrow almost entire 
 especially crowded together at the base of the stem, floccose on 
 both surfaces not hairy, veins prominent. 5. curtum (Linton) ; 
 8 16 in. high, 1. very short almost entire, fl. few rather large 
 on short spreading ped., outer phyll. broad obtuse reflexed. 
 . Ogiueni (Linton) ; 1. fewer, upper sessile, lower narrowing 
 into petioles, panicle sub-umbellate, tips of phyll. not recurved, 
 nearly glabrous, not hairy slightly floccose with few scattered 
 setae. Sandy and stony places, y. Channel Islands. 8. Sand- 
 banks, Carnarvonshire, e. Banks of the Ogwen, Carnarvonshire. 
 P, VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
HIERAC1UM. 
 
 2G9 
 
 Index to the Hieracia. 
 
 acrifolium 
 
 82 
 
 coronopifolium ... 
 corymbosum 
 cravonie.nse 
 cremnantlies 
 crinigerum 
 crocatum 
 curt mil 
 
 96 
 97 
 69 
 21 
 35 
 94 
 97 
 14 
 51 
 
 71 
 53 
 
 91 
 35 
 
 89 
 78 
 77 
 70 
 88 
 69 
 
 92 
 58 
 36 
 38 
 35 
 6 
 
 37 
 
 27 
 82 
 68 
 
 51 
 58 
 24 
 11 
 80 
 19 
 9 
 12 
 8 
 32 
 
 25 
 88 
 49 
 66 
 5 
 23 
 51 
 25 
 
 insigne . 
 insulare 
 
 .. 4 
 .. 63 
 
 acutifolium 
 Adlerzii 
 aggregatum 
 alpinum 
 
 . 25 
 . 61 
 . 52 
 4 
 
 iricum 
 
 .. 26 
 
 25 
 
 . 90* 
 
 jaculifolium 
 juraiiuni 
 
 alpinum 
 amplexicaule 
 amplidentatum .. 
 anglicum 
 angniuum 
 
 . 5 
 
 . 23* 
 . 91 
 . 25 
 . 50 
 
 langwellense .... 
 Lapeyrousii 
 lasiopliyllum 
 latifoliuni 
 
 .. 29 
 ,. 26 
 ,. 36 
 . 80 
 
 curvatum 
 
 Cyatliis 
 
 daedalolepium . . . 
 dasythrix 
 
 angustatum 
 angustum 
 apiculatum 
 argenteuin 
 
 . 75 
 . 91 
 . 78 
 . 43 
 . 13 
 19 
 
 Leyi 
 lima 
 
 .. 33 
 ,. 30 
 .. 16 
 
 denticulatum 90*, 
 devoniense 
 
 lingulatum 
 
 ati'atum 
 
 Devvari 
 
 littorals 
 
 97 
 
 CttTOLtUM 
 
 diaphanoides 
 diaphanum. 
 
 longibracteatum 
 
 maculatum .... 
 maritimum .... 
 Marshall! 
 megalotlon 
 micracladium 
 microcephalum . 
 murorum 
 
 . 25 
 
 .. 71 
 .. 95 
 
 .. 18 
 .. 72 
 .. 57 
 .. 19 
 .. 57 
 
 aurantiacum 
 auratum 
 
 . 2 
 . 93 
 
 dissimile 
 
 Backhouse! 
 basifolium 
 
 . 15 
 
 80 
 
 dovrense 
 
 duriceps 
 
 eupatorium 
 euprepes 
 euryodon 
 eustales 
 
 bifidum .. 
 
 52 
 
 boreale 
 Borreri : 
 Boswelli 
 breadalbanense .. 
 Brigantum 
 
 . 96 
 . 90* 
 . 41 
 . 28 
 . 30 
 . 54 
 65 
 
 inuTovuvi 
 
 .. 62 
 
 eustomon 
 eximium. 
 
 nidense 
 
 82 
 
 britannicum 
 britcinnicuni 
 
 farrense 
 
 nigrescens 
 nigrescens 
 nigrescens (var.) 
 nitidum 
 
 occidental G . . 
 
 .. 12 
 .. 14 
 . 1 
 .. 44 
 
 . 46 
 
 buglossoides 
 cacuminum 
 
 CSBsillBJ 
 
 . 47 
 
 . 71 
 
 62 
 
 flocculosum 
 Friesii 
 
 fu.lvu.in 
 
 Gibsoni 
 
 csesio-murorum .. 
 caledonicum 
 calenduliflorum .. 
 callistophyllum .. 
 calvatum 
 
 . 67 
 . 40 
 . 7 
 . 24 
 96 
 
 O^vveni ... . 
 
 97 
 
 glabratum 
 
 onosmoides .... 
 opsianthum .... 
 Orarium 
 
 .. 47 
 .. 91 
 
 68 
 
 glandulosum 
 globosum 
 gothicum 
 gracilentif orme . . . 
 gracilentum 
 gracilifolium 
 graniticolum 
 Griffitliii 
 
 orcadeuse . . 
 
 59 
 
 cambricum 
 camptopetalum .. 
 cantianum 
 Carenorum 
 centripetale 
 cerinthitbrme 
 cerintlwides 
 chrysanthum ..... 
 ciliatum 
 
 . 64 
 . 57 
 . 83 
 . 34 
 . 21 
 . 25 
 . 25 
 . 19 
 57 
 
 Oreades 
 
 42 
 
 orimeles 
 
 .. 48 
 
 pachyphyllum . 
 pallidum 
 persicifolium 
 petiolatum 
 petrocharis 
 
 .. 57 
 .. 43 
 .. 43 
 .. 10 
 .. 63 
 
 Hartii 
 
 hethlandiae 
 hibernicum 
 holophyllum 
 holosericum 
 hyparcticum 
 hypochaeroides ... 
 xhvDOchaeroides. 
 
 Pictorum 
 Pilosella 
 
 .. 53 
 . 1 
 
 cloveiise 
 
 31 
 
 collimun 
 commutatum 
 concinnatum 
 coracinum .. 
 
 . 3 
 . 12 
 . 1 
 
 62 
 
 pilosissimum 
 planitblium 
 platyphyllum . 
 poliainum . 
 
 .. 1 
 
 .. 36 
 .. 40 
 .. 70 
 
270 46. CAMPANULACE2E. 
 
 Index to the Hieracia (cont.). 
 
 pollinarium 
 
 56 
 
 sanguineum .... 
 
 . 57 
 
 snbglabrum . . 
 
 . 42 
 
 pollinarium 
 
 40 
 
 saxifragum 
 
 . 48 
 
 subhirtum 
 
 . 55 
 
 porngens 
 
 70 
 
 saxifragum .... 
 
 . 16 
 
 submurorum . . 
 
 . 22 
 
 praelongum 
 
 92 
 
 saxorum 
 
 51 
 
 subramosum . .. 
 
 . 76 
 
 pratense 
 
 3 
 
 Schmidtii 
 
 35 
 
 subrigidum , .. 
 
 . 83 
 
 prenanthoides .. 
 
 90 
 
 sciaphilum 
 
 79 
 
 subulatidens . .. 
 
 . 57 
 
 prolongatum 
 
 52 
 
 scoticum 
 
 46 
 
 surreianum . .. 
 
 . 72 
 
 protractum 
 
 87 
 
 sejunctum 
 
 71 
 
 sylvaticum 
 
 .. 71 
 
 proximum 
 
 39 
 
 senescens 
 
 . 17 
 
 
 
 pseudonosmoides 
 
 48 
 
 septentrionale 
 
 . 43 
 
 tactum 
 
 .. 45 
 
 pulchellum 
 
 84 
 
 siluriense 
 
 44 
 
 tenellum 
 
 .. 6 
 
 pulcherrimum . . 
 
 57 
 
 snmaiis 
 
 20 
 
 thulense 
 
 .. 93 
 
 pulchrius 
 
 79 
 
 Smithii 
 
 . 62 
 
 tridentatum 
 
 .. 82 
 
 pullatuni 
 
 82 
 
 Sommerftiltii .... 
 
 . 45 
 
 truncatum. 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 sparsifolium .... 
 
 . 81 
 
 
 
 reticulatum 
 
 91 
 
 spectabile 
 
 88 
 
 umbellatum 
 
 .. 97 
 
 rigidum 
 
 82 
 
 spleudens 
 
 45 
 
 
 
 rivale 
 
 55 
 
 stelligerum 
 
 27 
 
 vagense 
 
 .. 65 
 
 riibescens 
 
 60 
 
 stenolepis 
 
 50 
 
 villosum 
 
 .. 6 
 
 rubicundum 
 
 41 
 
 stenolepis (var.) . 
 
 . 77 
 
 villosum 
 
 31* 
 
 rubigiuosum 
 
 60 
 
 stenophj'es 
 
 . 73 
 
 vulgatum. 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 Stewartii 
 
 80 
 
 vulgatum 
 
 .. 60 
 
 sabaudum 
 
 96 
 
 strictum 
 
 91 
 
 
 
 sagittatum 
 
 57 
 
 subanfractum 
 
 . 74 
 
 zetlandicum .... 
 
 .. 85 
 
 -salicif oliuin 
 
 92 
 
 subcrocatum 
 
 . 91 
 
 
 
 Anomalous Genus. Order AMBEOSIACEJE Link. 
 
 48. XAN'THIUM Linn. 
 
 [X. strumdrium (L.) ; st. without spines, lower 1. heartshaped 
 3-fobed at the base coarsely dentate, beaks of the fr. 2 straight. 
 E. B. 2544. Involucre of the fr. oval, downy. Kich waste 
 land, not naturalized. A. VIII. IX.] E. 
 
 [X. spinosum (L.) ; has also been found.] 
 
 Order XLVI. CAMPANULACEJE. 
 
 Cal. superior, 5-fid or entire. Cor. gamopetalous, inserted 
 on the calyx, 5-lobed, regular or irregular. Stam. inserted 
 with, but not adhering to the cor., alternate with its lobes; 
 anth. distinct or cohering, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 Fr. dry, capsular, opening by lateral fissures or valves at the 
 top, many-seeded. Embryo straight, in the axis of fleshy 
 perisperrn. No stipules. 
 
LOBELIA. 271 
 
 Tribe I. LOBELIE/E. Cor. irregular. Anth. cohering. Style 
 glabrous with a fringe of hairs below the stigma. 
 
 1. LOBELIA. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular ; tube split to the 
 base at the back ; limb 2- lipped, 5-parted. Anth. o, 
 cohering. Stigma blunt, surrounded by a cup-shaped fringe. 
 Caps. 2 3-celled, opening at the end by 2 3 valves. 
 
 Tr. II. CAMPANULE3Z. Cor. regular. Anth. usually free. 
 Style pubescent. 
 
 2. JA STONE. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate, with 5 long linear 
 segments. Anth. cohering at their base. Style hairy, 
 bifid. Caps. 2-celled, opening broadly at the end by short 
 teeth. 
 
 3. PHYTEUMA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 2-lipped, with 5 long 
 linear segments. Anth. free ; filaments dilated at the base. 
 Style hairy, 2 3-fid. Caps. 2 3-celled, bursting at the 
 sides. 
 
 4. CAMPANULA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. mostly bellshaped, 
 u'ith 5 broad and shallow segments. Anth. free ; filaments 
 dilated at the base. Stigma 3 5-fid. Caps, not long, 
 3 5-celled, opening by lateral pores below the cal.-limb. 
 
 5. SPECULABIA. Cor. rotate. Caps, linear-oblong, prismatic, 
 opening by lateral pores between the segments of the calyx. 
 Otherwise like Campanula. 
 
 6. CEBVICINA. Caps, half superior, 3-celled, opening by 
 3 5 valves above the segments of the calyx. Otherwise 
 like Campanula. 
 
 Tribe I. Lobeliea. 
 
 1. LOBE'LIA Linn. 
 
 1. L. Dortman'na (L.) ; 1. radical linear entire of 2 parallel 
 tubes, st. simple nearly leafless. E. B. 140. Rootstock fleshy, 
 with filiform runners. L. blunt, 1 2 in. long, submerged,. 
 St. 12 18 in. high, with or without 2 3 small bractlike 
 leaves. Fl. pale lilac, distant, in a raceme, slightly raised 
 above the water. In lakes with a gravelly bottom. P. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. tirens (L.) ; st. nearly upright leafy, lower 1. obovate 
 or oblong slightly toothed, upper lanceolate serrate, fl. in long 
 
272 46. CAMPAXULACEJE. 
 
 terminal racemes. E. B. 953. St. 1 2 ft. high, branched, 
 angular, roughish. Racemes erect, simple, lax. Fl. light blue. 
 Heath near Axminster, Devon. Between Lostwitniel and 
 St. Veep, Cornw. P. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 Tribe II. Campanulea. 
 2. JASIO'NE Linn. Sheep's Scabious. 
 
 1. J. montdna (L.) ; root simple, 1. oblong bluntish wavy, fl. 
 in long stalked heads. E. B. 882. St. several from the crown 
 of the root, 6 12 in. long, simple or branched, pilose, leafy 
 below, bare and usually .glabrous above. Radical 1. in a rosette. 
 Fl. small, in terminal heads with involucres. Bracts glabrous 
 or hairy. Cal.-segm. subulate, glabrous. Cor. light blue. 
 [Extreme forms are : var. major (M. & K.) ; root thick, stems many tall, 
 "heads large, and var. littoralis (Fr.) ; csespitose, stems prostrate, simple, 
 1. glabrous, heads small. A dwarf fcrm with large 1. and very large 
 heads occurs in Shetland.] I)ry places. B. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. PHYTEU'MA Linn. 
 
 1. P. orbiculdre (L.) ; heads of fl. globose, of fr. oblong, 1. 
 crenate-serrate, lowermost cordate-ovate stalked, upper 1. linear- 
 lanceolate sessile, outer bracts ovate-lanceolate attenuate, stigmas 
 3.JE. B. 142. St. 418 in. high, each with 1 terminal 'head 
 of blue flowers. Chalky downs. P. VII. E. 
 
 2. P. spicdtum (L.) ; heads of fl. oblong, of fr. elongate cylin- 
 drical, lower 1. cordate-ovate somewhat doubly serrate stalked, 
 upper 1. linear-lanceolate sessile, bracts linear, stigmas 2. 
 E. B. S. 2598. St. 12 feet high, each with a solitary termi- 
 nal head of cream-coloured flowers. Spike of fruit often 2 3 
 in. long. Woods and thickets about Waldron, Sussex. P. 
 VII. E. 
 
 4. CAMPANULA Linn. Bell-flower. 
 * Caps, sessile, erect ; pores at the base. 
 
 1. C. glomerdta (L.) ; 1. minutely crenate-serrate, lowermost 
 stalked ovate-lanceolate generally cordate at the base, upper 1. 
 half-clasping sessile ovate acute, fl. sessile in terminal and axil- 
 lary clusters. E. B. 90. St. 6 18 in. high. Bracts ovate- 
 acuminate, shorter than the large erect flowers. Cal. hoary, 
 
CAMPANULA. 273 
 
 with lanceolate segments. Cor. funnelshaped, large, deep blue, 
 downy. L. often hoary beneath. Dry calcareous pastures. 
 P. VII. VIII. Clustered Bell-flower. E. S. 
 
 ** Caps, stalked, nodding ; pores at the base. 
 
 2. C. latifolia (L.) ; I. ovate-lanceolate acuminate doubly serrate 
 hairy, lower ones stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile, fl. racemose, 
 peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-seginents lanceolate-acuminate gla- 
 brous finely serrate, st. erect slightly angular. E. B. 302. St. 
 72. 3. St. 34 feet high, simple, leafy. Cor. very large, blue, 
 glabrous, hairy within. Woods and thickets chiefly in the 
 North. P. VII. VIII. Giant Bell-flower. E. S. I. 
 
 3. C. Trachelium (L.) ; L coarsely doubly serrate hispid, lower 
 ones cordate with long stalks, upper 1. nearly sessile ovate or 
 lanceolate-acuminate, fl. racemose, peduncles 2 3-flowered, 
 cal. -segments triangular-lanceolate entire erect, st. erect angu- 
 lar.^. B. 12. St. 23 feet high, mostly simple, leafy. Cor. 
 truly bellshaped, large, deep blue. Hedges and thickets chiefly 
 in the South. P. VII. VIII. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. E. I. 
 
 t4. C. rapunculoides (L.); I. unequally crenate serrate scabrous, 
 lower ones cordate with long stalks, upper 1. sessile lanceolate, 
 fl. racemose unilateral, peduncles 1-flowered, cal. -segments 
 linear-lanceolate entire at length reflexed, st. erect slightly 
 angular, root creeping. E. B. 1369. St. 2 feet high, simple, 
 leafy. Cor. pale blue. Hedges, very rare. Near Kirkcaldv, 
 Fifeshire. Boswell (Syme). P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 5. C. rotundifolia (L.) ; radical I. cordate or reniform shorter 
 than their stalks, stem-l. linear, the lower ones lanceolate, fl. 1 
 or more racemose, cor. turbinate-campanulate. E. B. 866. 
 St. 6 12 in. high. Radical 1. soon vanishing. Cor. blue. 
 Cal .-segments linear subulate equalling J-corolla. (3. lancifolia 
 (M. &K.) ; lowerst.-l rather broadly lanceolate, upper 1. gradually 
 smaller, fl. often solitary. y. speciosa (More) ; as /3, but fl. much 
 larger and more erect, cor.-lobes short. Fl. Dan. 2711. 
 [. hirta (M. & K.) lower part of st. with rigid hairs.] Dry and hilly 
 places. /3 on mountains, y Innis Boffin, I. ; Hebrides. P. VII. 
 VIII. Hairbell. E. S. I. 
 
 *** Caps, stalked, erect; pores just below cal.-segments. 
 
 [C. persicifolia (L.) ; 1. smooth slightly serrate, root-1. ob- 
 ovate narrowed into a petiole, stem-1. linear-lanceolate sessile, 
 
 N5 
 
274 46. CAMPANULACE^ 1 . 
 
 raceme few-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate. E. B. S. 2773. 
 St. 1 2 feet high. L. long, narrow, with very narrow se- 
 ratures. Fl. very large, often solitary. Cal.-segments entire, 
 " Woods near Cullen, Banfishire, and Thorpe Arch, York- 
 shire." Not a native. P. VII.] 
 
 J6. C. Rapun'culus (L.) ; 1. crenate, root-1. elliptic-lanceolate 
 narrowed into a petiole, stem-1. linear-lanceolate, panicle erect 
 racemose, cal.-seyments subulate. E. B. 283. St. 3 feet high, 
 angular, rough. Fl. small, pale blue. Cal.-segments entire. 
 Sandy soil in the South. B. VII. VIII. Rampion. E. 
 
 7. C. pat'ula (L.) ; 1. crenate, root-1. oblong-elliptic narrowed 
 into a petiole, stem-1. linear-lanceolate, panicles very lax, fl. on 
 long stalks erect, cal.-segments toothed at the base subulate. E. B. 
 42. St. 2 feet nigh, terminating in a very loose spreading 
 panicle. Fl. purplish blue, funnelshaped. open. Hedges and 
 thickets. B. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 5. SPECULA'RIA Heist. 
 
 I. 8. hyb'rida (A. DC.) ; st. simple or branched, 1. slightly 
 crenate wavy oblong sessile, lower 1. spathulate, cal. rough, its 
 segments lanceolate longer than the cor. shorter than the ovary. 
 Campanula L. E. B. 375. St. 3 12 in. high, rough with 
 rigid minute hairs. Fl. few, terminal, solitary, small, lilac. 
 Corn-fields. A. VI. IX. E. S. 
 
 6. CER'VICINA Del. [Wcihlenbergia Schrad. ed. viii.]. 
 
 1. <?. hederdcea (Druce) ; 1. roundish cordate angularly 5- 
 lobed stalked alternate, st. filiform prostrate, peduncles solitary. 
 Campanula L. E. B. 73. St. branched slender, creeping 
 greatly. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Fl. pale blue, 
 bellshaped, narrow, at first nodding, afterwards erect. Cal.- 
 segments subulate. Caps, nearly globose. Damp peaty places 
 in the South and West. P. VII. VIII. Ivy-leaved Bell-Jlmver. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Order XLVII. EEICACE M \ 
 
 Cal. 4 5-parted, persistent. Cor. gamopetalous, 4 5-parted, 
 usually regular and marcescent ; or sometimes only slightly 
 cohering below. Stain. 8 10, hypogynous. Anth. 2-celled, 
 
 1 IVlonotropese, Vaccinieae, and Pyrolacese are considered distinct orders 
 by Maout and Decaisne. 
 
47. 
 
 opening "by 2 pores or slits and often with spur-like appendages 
 at the base. Ovary surrounded by a disk or scales, free or 
 adhering to the corolla. Fr. capsular or baccate, with several 
 cells, many-seeded. No stipules. 
 
 * Anthers opening by pores. 
 
 Tribe I. ARBUTEJE. Fr. baccate, fleshy, superior. Disk 
 and stain, hypugynous. Petals cohering. L. usually broad. 
 
 1. ARBUTUS. Cal. 5-parled. Cor. globose or ovoid with a 
 small contracted 5-cleft reflexed border, deciduous. Stain. 
 10, with flattened filaments. Anth. compressed, with 2 
 pores at the apex, fixed at the back beneath the apex and 
 there furnished with 2 reflexed appendages. Berry glo- 
 bose, tubercled; cells 5, many-seeded. 
 
 2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Fr. with 5 1-seeded cells, smooth. 
 Otherwise like Arbutus. 
 
 Tr. II. ERICEJE. Fr. capsular, dry, superior. Anth. 2-celled. 
 Disk and stam. hypogynous. Testa close. Petals cohering. 
 
 3. ANDROMEDA. Caps, of 5 cells and 5 valves, dry. Other- 
 wise like Arbutus. L. usually broad. 
 
 4. CALLUNA. Cal. ^-parted, membranous, coloured, longer 
 than the 4-cleft bellshaped persistent but fading corolla, 
 surrounded by 4 green bracts. Stam. 8, with dilated fila- 
 ments. Caps. 4-celled ; dissepiments adhering to the axis ; 
 valves opening at the dissepiments and separate from them. 
 
 5. ERICA. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. bellshaped or ovoid, often 
 ventricose, 4-toothed, persistent, fading. Stam. 8. Caps. 
 4-celled ; valves opening between the dissepiments and carry- 
 ing a part with them. 
 
 6. BRYANTHUS. Cal. ^-parted. Cor. ovoid, deciduous 
 mouth contracted, 5-toothed. Stam. 10, included ; filaments 
 slender, longer than tlie anthers ; cells short, truncate, open- 
 ing by pores at the apex. Stigma peltate, ivith 5 tubercles. 
 Caps. 5-celled with 5 valves opening at the dissepiments. 
 
 7. BORE^TA. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. ovoid, ventricose, limb 4- 
 toothed. Stain. 8, included ; fllament* flattened shorter than 
 
276 4 
 
 the linear anthers, which are sagittate below ; cells loosened 
 and opening by oblique pores at the apex. Stigma simple, 
 truncate. Caps. 4-celled, with 4 valves opening at the 
 dissepiments. 
 
 8. AZALEA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. bellshaped, 5-cleft. Stam. 
 5, equal, shorter than the corolla ; anth. roundish ; cells 
 opening by a longitudinal fissure. Stigma capitate. Caps. 
 2 3-celled with 2 or 3 bijid valves whose inflexed edges form 
 the double partitions. 
 
 Tr. III. VACC1N1EJE. Fr, baccate, fleshy, inferior. Disk 
 and stam. epigynous. Petals cohering. 
 
 9. VACCINIUM. Cal. entire or 4 5-toothed or lobed. Cor. 
 4 o-cleft or toothed. Stam. 8 10 ; anth. oblong, bifid at 
 the summit. Berry globose, crowned by the persistent limb 
 of the calyx, 4 5-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Tr. IV. PYROLE^E. Fr. capsular, dry, superior. Seeds with 
 a loose testa. ])iskO. Stam. hypogy nous. Anth. opening 
 by pores. Petals scarcely cohering. 
 
 10. PYROLA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 connivent petals. 
 Stam. 10 ; anth. inverted, with 2 cells each opening by a 
 round pore at the base. Style 5-lobed. Caps. 5-valved, 
 opening from near the base to the top ; margins of the 
 valves connected by a web. 
 
 11. MONESES. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 petals connected 
 below. Stam. 10 ; anth. inverted, with 2 cells each fur- 
 nished ivith a tubular horn opening at the end. Stigma 5- 
 parted, radiant. Caps. 2-celled, 5-valved, opening from 
 the top to the base with glabrous sutures. 
 
 ** Anthers opening by a transverse, fissure. 
 
 Tr. V. MONOTROPE^E. Fr. capsular, dry, superior. Seeds 
 \viuh. u loose testa. Disk 0. Petals scarcely cohering. 
 
 12. MONOTROPA. Cal. 4 5-parted. Cor. of 4 5 petals 
 each with a hooded honey-bearing base. Stam. 8 10. Anth. 
 kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved. Stigma peltate. Caps. 
 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. 
 
ARBUTUS. CALLUNA. 277 
 
 Tribe I. Arbutea. 
 1. ARBUTUS Linn. Strawberry-tree. 
 
 1. A. Unedo (L.) ; bark rough, 1. elliptic-lanceolate serrate 
 
 2. ARCTOSTAPH'YLOS A dans. 
 
 1. A. alpina (Spr.) ; proe,umbent, 1. thin lorinkled serrate 
 fading but persistent, clusters terminal. Arbutus L. E. B. 
 2030. St. 6. 8. St. woody, trailing, long. L. obovate, netted. 
 Fl. white, hairy about the mouth. Berry smoofh, black. Dry 
 barren spots on the Highland mountains. Sh. V. 8. 
 
 2. A. Uva-ur'si (Spr.) ; procumbent, L coriaceous obovate en- 
 tire shining evergeen, clusters terminal.- Arbutus L. E. B. 
 714. St. o. 8. St. woody, trailing, long. L. blunt, quite en- 
 tire, rigid. Fl. rose-coloured, smooth. Berry globose, scarlet, 
 superior. Dry stony mountain heaths. Sh. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe II. Ericea. 
 
 3. ANDROM'EDA Linn. 
 
 1. A. polifolia (L.) ; 1. alternate lanceolate with revolute 
 margins glaucous beneath, fl. clustered terminal. E. B. 713. 
 St. slender, woody, prostrate below. Ped. variable in length. 
 Fl. drooping, ovate, pink, occasionally 4-fid and 8-androus. L. 
 evergreen, acute. Peduncles 2 or 3 times as long as the flowers. 
 Peat bogs. Sh. V. IX. E. S. L 
 
 4. CAJLLU'NA Salisb. Ling. 
 
 1. C. Erica (DC.) J B. 1013. C. vulgaris (Salisb.) ed. viii. 
 A low tufted shrub. L. small, sessile, closely imbricate, 
 patent, in 4 rows, keeled, each with 2 small spurs at the base, 
 nearly or quite smooth. Fl. small, shortly stalked, drooping, 
 lilac-rose-coloured or white, with the lower ped. leafy j sep. 
 and pet. oblong erect; fl. -raceme ending in a leafy shoot. 
 L. sometimes hoary (var. pubescens, Koch). The supposed 
 C. atlantica is not constant to the characters recorded, even on 
 the same bush. Dry heaths. Sh. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
278 47. 
 
 5. EKI'CA Linn. Heath. 
 
 * Cor. globose or urceolate, stain, included, filaments filiform 
 flattened, stigma peltate. ERICA D. Don. 
 
 1. E. Tet'ralix (L.) ; 1. 4 in a whorl lanceolate or linear ciliate 
 downy above and on the midrib beneath with revolute edges, 11. 
 in an umbellate head, sep. linear downy ciliate, anth. spurred, 
 ovary downy. E. B. 1014. St. branched below and often 
 especially about the middle, simple in the upper part, densely 
 leafv below, the whorls more distant towards the top and usually 
 leaving a leafless space next to the flowers. Tips of young 
 shoots green. Young. 1. always downy above, old 1. sometimes 
 glabrous. Sep. downy and mealy. FL rose-coloured. Style 
 usually included. #. Watsoni; cor. ventricose, fl. more or less 
 racemose. Sy. E. B. 888. It may be a hybrid. Boggy heaths. 
 0. Truro, Cornwall. Sh. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. Mackaii (Hook.) ; /. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliate the 
 midrib beneath and upper surface glabrous with revolute edges, 
 fl. in an umbellate head, sep. ovate lanceolate glabrous, anth. 
 spurred, ovary glabrous. E. B. S. 2900. E. Mackaiana (Bab.) 
 ed. viii. St. irregularly branched throughout, particularly above, 
 densely and equally leafy quite up to the flowers. Tips of 
 young shoots pink. L. and sepals quite without down ; 1. mealy 
 beneath but the midrib bare ; sep. with a small portion of meal 
 near the apex beneath, otherwise quite bare. Fl. purplish. 
 Style protruded. I have seen forms of this taken for E. ciliaris. 
 Very wet moors between Eoundstone and Clifden, and between 
 Carna and Lough Sheedah, Co. Galway. Sh. VIII. IX. 
 Mackay's Heath. I. 
 
 3. E. cinerea (L.) ; /. 3 in a whorl linear-lanceolate acute 
 keeled beneath with a central furrow glabrous, fl. in dense whorled 
 racemes, sep. linear-lanceolate smooth acute keeled, anth. spurred, 
 ovary glabrous. E. B. 1015. St. with many upright branches. 
 L. flat above, minutely serrulate. 'Fl. reddish purple. Dry 
 heaths. Sh. VII. VIII. Fine-leaved Heath. E. S. L 
 
 4. E. cilidris (L.) ; /. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliate with revolute 
 edges.^. in terminal unilateral racemes, anth. not spurred, mouth 
 of the cor. oblique. E. B. S. 2618. St. long, straggling, ending 
 in a long raceme of large oblong purple flowers and producing 
 many short barren branches. Styie protruded. Ovary glabrous. 
 Sandy heaths. Wareham, Dorset. Edgecome Downs near 
 Carclew, Cornwall. Mr. More, the author, and others have failed 
 to find it near Clifden, Co. Galway. Sh. VII. VIII. E. 
 
ERICA. AZALEA. 279 
 
 *# Cor. bellshaped or shortly tubular, stam. exser ted, filaments 
 flattened, style capitate. GYPSOCALLIS D. Don. 
 
 5. E. mediterrdnea (L.) ; I. 4 in a whorl linear glabrous flat 
 above convex with a central furrow beneath, decurrent line from 
 the 1. reaching but not extending beyond the next whorl, fl. 
 axillary drooping racemose, cor. cylindrical-urceolate twice as 
 long as the coloured calyx, anth. terminal not spurred opening 
 throughout nearly their whole length. E. B. S. 2774. 1?. 
 hibernica Syme. St. 2 5 feet high, with many upright rigid 
 branches terminating in leafy racemes of flesh-coloured flowers 
 but afterwards prolonged. L. many, erect-patent. Bracts 
 above the middle of the pedicels. Stam. and style slightly 
 exserted, style afterwards elongated. Ovary glabrous. Moun- 
 tain bogs. West of Mayo and Galway. Sh. IV. I. 
 
 6. E. vdc/ans (L.) ; 1. 4 5 in a whorl linear glabrous, fl. axil- 
 lary crowded, cor. short bellshaped, sep. small ovate blunt, anth. 
 lateral ovate of 2 distinct cells gibbous at the base. E. B. 3. 
 St. 1 2 feet high, copiously branched. Fl. usually collected 
 in large numbers considerably below the top of the branches, 
 cor. red or white. Anth. dark purple, not spurred. Ovary 
 glabrous. West of Cornwall. Sh.VJI.VHI. Cornish Heath. E. 
 
 6, BRYAN'THUS S. G. Gmel. [PJiyllodoce Salisb. ed. viii.].- 
 
 1. B. taxifolius (A. Gray) ; 1. linear denticulate, pet. glandular- 
 hairy, calycine segments lanceolate acute, anth. two-thirds 
 shorter than the glabrous filaments. Menziesia Sm. E. B. 
 2469. St. 4 5 in. high, branched, naked below, densely hairy 
 above. Ped. terminal, all together, simple. Fl. large, pale 
 bluish red. Sow of Athol, Perthshire, Sh. VI. VII. S. 
 
 7. BORET'TA Neck. [Dcibeocia D. Don, ed. viii.]. 
 
 1. B. cantab'rica (0. Kuntze). Menziesia Sm. E. B. 35. 
 St. bushy, 1 2 feet long, ultimately decumbent. L. ovate or 
 elliptic, flat, with re volute edges, white and cottony beneath. 
 Fl. large, purple, sometimes white, drooping, on short stalks, in 
 terminal simple unilateral clusters. Anth . very large. Western 
 Galway and Mayo. Sh. VIII. St. Dabeoc>$ Heath. I. 
 
 8. AZA'LEA Linn. 
 
 1. A. procum'bens (L.). E. B. 865. Loiseleuria Desv. The 
 original and only Azalea of Linn St. woody, spreading pro- 
 
280 47. E1UCACE.E. 
 
 cumbent. L. small, opposite, revolute. Fl. small, on simple 
 stalks, terminal, collected together. Summits of the Highland 
 mountains. Sk. V. VI. S. 
 
 [Ledum palus'tre (L.)? Fl. Dan. t. 1031, having lineal* obtuse 1. with 
 strongly recurved margins, the lower surface as well as the young shoots 
 covered with reddish-brown felt, and terminal clusters of white fl. with 
 rotate cor. and conspicuously exserted stam., has been known for many 
 years in Perthsh. Introduced ? See J. of B. 1894, p. 274.] 
 
 Tribe III. Vacciniece. 
 
 9. VACCIN'IU:M Linn. 
 
 * Anth. with 2 dorsal horns. L, deciduous. St. erect. 
 
 1. V. Myrtil'lus (L.) ; /. ovate serrate glabrous, fl. solitary, st. 
 acutely angular. E. B. 456. St. woody, a'bout a foot high, 
 branching. Fl. subglobular, greenish tinged with red, nodding. 
 Berries nearly black. A small form with st. buried and 1. like 
 Salix herbacea is V. microphylla Lange. Stony woods and 
 heaths. Sh. V. Bilberry. E. S. I. 
 
 2. V. intermedium (Ruthe) ; /. elliptical apiculate slightly 
 narrowed below denticulate pale green with minute stalked 
 glands and veined beneath, fl. in small terminal drooping 
 racemes, st. subterete. Linn. Journ. xxiv. t. 3. St. woody, 
 slightly angular, minutely downy above. Fl. urceolate- 
 campanulate, pale pink, scented. Berries globose dark violet, 
 rarely found. L. darker green than in Sp. 1. [Considered a hybrid 
 between Sp. 1 & 4.] Moors, Cannock Chase. Bonnet/. Sh.VIII. E. 
 
 3. V. uliginosum (L.) ; /. obovate entire glaucous and veined 
 beneath, fl. several together, st. terete. E. B. 581. St. 12. 
 St. woody. Fl. ovoid, flesh-coloured, nodding. Berries nearly 
 black. Mountain bogs. Sh. V. Bog-Whortleberry. E. S. 
 
 ** Anth. without horns on the back. L. evergreen. 
 
 4. V. Vitis-idce'a (L.) ; /. obovate dotted beneath, margins 
 revolute and somewhat crenate, fl. racemose terminal, cor. bell- 
 shaped. E. B. 598. Evergreen. St. woody, 6 8 in. high, 
 straggling. L. like those of Box, dark green above. Fl. pink, 
 4-cleft. Berries red, acid. Mountain heaths. Sh. VI, VII. 
 Red Whortleberry. Cowberry. Cranberry of the North. E. S. I. 
 
VACCINIUM. PYROLA. 281 
 
 5. F. Oxycoc'cos (L.) ; I. ovate entire with revolute margins 
 glaucous beneath, fl. terminal on long simple peduncles, cor. 
 rotate with refiexed segments. E. B. 319. Oxycoccus quadri- 
 petala (Gilib.). St. procumbent, filiform, rooting. L. small. 
 FL bright rose-colour. Cor. deeply divided, remarkably 
 refiexed. Berries crimson. Wet bogs. Sh. VI. VII. Cran- 
 berry. E. S. I. 
 
 [F. macrocarp'um (Ait.); 1. oblong with flat margins, fl. 
 lateral on long simple peduncles. Soughton Bog, Mold, Flint- 
 shire. An American plant, probably sown there.] 
 
 Tribe IV. Pyrolea. 
 
 10. PYR'OLA Linn. Winter-green. 
 
 1. P. rotundifolia (L.) ; 1. nearly round entire or slightly cre- 
 nate, fl. racemose, cal. -segments lanceolate acute, style bent down 
 and curved upwards at the end longer than the ascending stam., 
 stigma annular with 5 erect blunt points. E. B, 213. Fl. 
 white, rather many, expanded. Style longer than the petals. 
 Stam. all turned upwards. L. many. /3. arenaria (Koch) ; 1. 
 smaller, st. with bracts throughout, cal.-segments shorter and 
 broader. Sy. E. B. 896. Damp bushy places and reedy marshes. 
 /3. Sand-hills near Lytham, Lancashire. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. P. media (Sw.) ; 1. nearly round or roundish-oval slightly 
 crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments ovate-acute, stam. all. regu- 
 larly inflexed shorter thanthe nearly straight declining style, stigma 
 annular with 5 erect points. E. B. 1945. Fl. milk-white 
 tinged with pink, rather many, less expanded than in the pre- 
 ceding. Style projecting a little beyond the corolla, longer 
 than the ovary, always nearly straight. L. many. Woods in 
 the North. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. P. minor (L.) ; 1. roundish-oval crenate, fl. racemose, cal.- 
 segments ovate-prolonged acute, stam. regularly inflexed equal- 
 ling the straight style, stigma without a ring 5-lobed pointless. 
 E. B. 2543. St. 13. 12. Fl. pale pink, many, on .very short 
 pedicels, nearly closed. Style shorter than the ovary, included. 
 L. many. Mossy woods and thickets. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. P. secun'da (L.) ; 1. ovate acute serrate, y?. in a secund ra- 
 ceme, cal.-segments triangular rounded notched, stam. regularly 
 inflexed equalling the long straight style, stigma 5-lobed without 
 
282 48. AQTJIFOLIACE3J. 
 
 a ring or points. E. B. 517. St. 13. 13. Fl. white drooping, 
 oval-oblong, nearly closed. Style very long, exserted. L; 
 many. Mossy alpine woods. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. MONE'SES Salisb. 
 
 1. M. grandifldra (Gray). E. B. 146. Pyrola uniflora 
 L. L. few, roundish, serrate. Fl. solitary, terminal, large, 
 drooping, white, open, nearly an inch broad. Stam. shorter 
 than the pet. and closely adpressed to them. Stigmas very 
 large. Woods in the north and west of Scotland, rare. P. 
 VI. VII. S. 
 
 Tribe V. Monotropece. 
 
 12. MONOT'ROPA Linn. 
 
 I- M. Hypop'itys (L.) ; fl. in a drooping cluster, 8 stam. in 
 terminal, 10 in lateral fl., fr. erect, bracts and fl. glabrous ex- 
 ternally. E. B. 69. Hypopitys Manotropa (Crantz). Inner 
 side of the pet., filaments, germen and style glabrous (If. glabra ' 
 Bernh., DC.) or hairy (M. multiflora Scop., DC.). Plant 68 
 in. high, succulent, simple, clothed with ovate scales, terminating 
 in a short cluster, dingy yellow, turning nearly black. Fl. 
 with large scale-like bracts. Fr. ovoid erect. Not parasitical. 
 Clusters sometimes erect. Woods. P. VII. VIII. Yellow 
 Bird's nest. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XLVIII. AQUIFOLIACE^l. 
 
 Sep. inferior, 4 9, imbricate. Cor. regular, 4 6-parted, 
 imbricate. Stam. inserted upon the base of the corolla and 
 alternate with its lobes. Disk 0. Ovary 2 6-celled ; ovules 
 solitary, pendulous, with a cup-shaped seed-stalk. Fr. fleshy, 
 not bursting ; seeds stony, 2 6. Stipules small, deciduous. 
 
 1. ILEX. Cal. 4 5-fid, persistent. Cor. rotate, 4 5-fid. 
 Stam. 4 5. Stigmas 4 5, nearly sessile. Fr. fleshy, 
 containing 4 5 seeds. 
 
 1. I'LEX Linn. Holly. 
 
 1 . I. Aquifolium (L.) ; 1. ovate acute spinous wavy shining, 
 peduncles axillary short many-flowered, fl. somewhat umbellate. 
 E. B. 496. St. 7. 4. A small tree. L. evergreen, often 
 
49. OLEACE^:. 50. APOCYNACE.E. 283 
 
 quite entire on the upper brandies, edged with strong- spinous 
 teeth and terminated by a spine on the lower ones. FL white. 
 Berries scarlet. Woods and hedges. T, VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XLIX. OLEACEJE. 
 
 Cal. gamosepalous, divided, persistent : or none. Cor. with 
 4 8 divisions, valvate, rarely 0. Stam. 2. Ovary free, 2-celled ; 
 ovules pendulous. Stigma entire or bifid. Fr. a berry, drupe, 
 or capsule, often 1-seeded. No stipules. 
 
 1. LIGUSTRUM. Fr. fleshy, a berry containing 2 seeds. Cal. 
 cupshaped with 4 minute teeth. Cor. funnelshaped ; limb 
 4-clet't, spreading. Stam. 2. 
 
 2. FBAXINUS. Fr. (a samara) dry, of 1 or 2 single-seeded 
 cells, compressed and leaflike at the end, pendulous. 
 Cal. or 4-cleft. Cor. 0, or of 4 petals. Cal. and cor. 
 wanting in our plant. FL sometimes with only stam. or 
 with pistils only. 
 
 1 . LIGUS'TKTJM Linn. Privet. 
 
 1. L. vulydre (L.) 1. elliptic-lanceolate entire glabrous, pa- 
 nicles terminal compound dense. E. B. 764. St. 14. 1. A 
 bushy shrub, 6 8 feet high, with straight smooth branches and 
 opposite leaves. FL white. Berries globose, black, rarely 
 yellow.- Thickets in the South. Sh. VI. VII. E.I. 
 
 2. FRAX'INTJS Linn. Ash. 
 
 1. F. excel' sior (L.) ; 1. pinnate with 4 8 pairs of nearly ses- 
 sile ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate leaflets, cal. wanting. 
 E. B. 1692. St. 44. 7. A handsome tree. Usually dioecious. 
 FL appearing before the L, in axillary clusters with no perianth. 
 [/3. E. keterophyllus (Vahl) ; 1. simple and pinnate. E. B. 
 2476.] Woods and hedges. T. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 Order L. APOCYNACE^E. 
 
 Cal. in 4 or 5 persistent divisions. Cor. regular, 4 5-lobed, 
 deciduous, twisted in the bud. Stam. 5, filaments distinct. 
 Anth. 2-celled, basifixed ; pollen granular. Ovaries 2, 1-celled ; 
 or 1 of 2 cells. Stigmas 1. Fr. 2 follicles. Seed with fleshy 
 perisperm. Rudimentary stipules rarely seen. 
 
284 51. GENTIANACEJ3. 
 
 1. VINCA. Cor. salvershaped ; tube long 1 , with 5 angles at 
 the mouth, closed by speading hairs and the conuivent 
 stamens ; limb flat, 5-lobed. Stigma capitate with a ring" 
 at its base. Fr. of 2 erect long slender follicles or rarely one, 
 2 glands alternating with them. 
 
 1. VIN'CA Linn. Periwinkle. 
 
 tl. V. minor (L.) ; st. procumbent, 1. lanceolate-elliptic, their 
 margins as well as those of the small lanceolate calyx-segments 
 glabrous. E. B. 917. St. rooting. Flowering branches erect. 
 Fl. smaller than those of the next, blue, rarely white. Woods 
 and thickets. P. V. VI. Lesser Periwinkle. E. L 
 
 [2. V. major (L.) ; st. somewhat ascending, 1. ovate acute or 
 subcordate, their margins as well as those of the long subulate 
 calyx-segments ciliate. E. . 514. St. at first ascending, 
 afterwards prostrate and rooting. Flowering shoots erect. Fl. 
 large, purplish blue. Hedges and thickets, introduced. P. 
 IV. V. Greater PeriivinkleJ] E. I. 
 
 Order LI. GENTIANACE^E. 
 
 Cal. inferior, divided, persistent. Cor.regular, 4 8-fid, hypo- 
 gynous, marcescent ; imbricate and twisted, rarely induplicate 
 in the bud. Stain, inserted on the cor., as many as the segments. 
 Anth. versatile. Ovary of 2 carpels with the edges slightly in- 
 flexed or meeting. Caps, many-seeded, generally two-valved. 
 No stipules. 
 
 Subord. I. GENTIANE^G. Corolla twisted in the bud. 
 L. opposite. 
 
 * Style deciduous. 
 Tribe I. CRLORE^. Corolla rotate. 
 
 1. BLACKSTONIA. Cal. 8-parted. Cor. nearly rotate, 
 8-parted. Stam. 8. Style 1. Stigma 2 4-cleft. Caps. 
 1-celled placentas on the inflexed margin of the valves. 
 
 Tr. II. ERYTHRJEE&. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. 
 
 2. ERYTHEMA. Cal. 4 5-fid. Cor. funnel-shaped, limb 
 short, 4 5-fid. Stam. 4 5. Anth. erect, at length spirally 
 twisted. Style simple ; stigmas 2. Caps, imperfectly 2- 
 celled from the inflexed margins of the valves. 
 
BLACKSTONIA. ERYTHILEA. 285 
 
 3. CICENDIA. Cal. 4-partite or lobed. Cor. salver-shaped, 
 limb short, 4-tid. Stam. 4. Anth. erect, not twisted. 
 Stio-ma capitate, undivided. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2- 
 celled. 
 
 ** Style persistent or stigma sessile. 
 Tr.III. SWEUTIEJE. Style often wanting, stigma persistent. 
 
 4. GENTIANA. Cal. 4 5-cleft. Cor. funnel- or salver-shaped, 
 limb 4 5-cleft. Stain. 4 5, straight. Stigmas 2. Caps. 
 1-celled, seeds on the inflexed margins of the valves. 
 
 Subord. II. MENYANTHE^R. Corolla induplicate in the 
 bud. L. alternate, or opposite to the fl.-stems. 
 
 5. LIMNANTHEMUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, thin ; limb 
 5-parted, smooth on the disk, hairy or scaly at the base 
 within. Stam. 5. Stigma with two toothed lobes. Caps. 
 1 -celled, not bursting. L. simple, floating. 
 
 6. MENYANTHES. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnelshaped, fleshy ; 
 limb 5-parted hairy within. Stam. 5. Stigma capitate, 
 notched. Caps. 1-celled, 2-valved ; valves bearing the 
 seeds along their middle. L. ternate. 
 
 Suborder I. Gentianea. Tribe I. Chlorea. 
 
 1. BLACKSTONIA Huds.[Clilora Linn. ed. viii.]. 
 Yellow wort. 
 
 1. B. perfolidta (Huds.) ; lowermost 1. elliptic-oblong narrowed 
 below, stern-1. broadly connate. E. B. 60. JR. xvii. 1060. 
 St. 12 18 in. high, simple perfoliate. Stem-1. triangular- 
 ovate, connected by their whole breadth in rather distant pairs, 
 glaucous. Panicle forked, many-flowered. Cal. divided to 
 its base into linear-subulate segments. Cor. bright yellow. 
 Stigmas yellow. Damp chalky places. A. VII. IX. E. I. 
 
 Tribe II. Erythr&ece. 
 
 2. EKYTHK^'A Necker. Centaury. 
 * Stamens from top of cor. -tube. Caps, included. 
 
 1. E. ramosiss'ima (Pers.) ; st. much branched acutely qua- 
 drangular, 1. ovate the uppermost oblong lanceolate, fl. all 
 stalked axillary and terminal, cal. rather shorter than the tube of 
 
286 51. GEXTIANACE.E. 
 
 the opening corolla, cor.-lobes elliptic-oblong blunt. E. B. 458. 
 Sy. E. J5/910 b. E. pulchella (Fr.) ed. viii. St. quite simple, 
 1 in. high and 1-flowered ; or very much branched, 68 in. 
 high, with very many flowers. .Radical 1. very few. Panicles 
 forked, a fl. in the fork ; lateral fl. distant from the floral leaves. 
 Fl. rose-coloured. "/3. E. tenuiflora (Link); branches erect 
 forming a term, fastigiate lengthened corymb." Towns. MS. 
 In each species the length of the tube must be observed exactly 
 when the flower is opening. Sandy ground. /3. Low ground 
 between Cowes and Newport. Isle of Wight. Townsend. A. 
 VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. Centaurium (Pers.) ; st. branched above quadrangular, 
 1. elliptic- oblong, the upper ones acute, fl. nearly 'sessile corym- 
 bosely panicled, cal. not half as long as the tube of the opening 
 corolla, cor.-lobes oval Sy. E. B. 909. St. 618 in. high, 
 usually simple below. Panicles of fl. lax. Lateral ft. apparently 
 stalked, but sessile between the two small floral leaves. Radical 1. 
 many. . capitata (Koch) ; pan. compact, plant dwarf. E. 
 latifolia, E. B. S. 2719. Dry pastures. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. E. latifolia (Sm.) ; st. short simple 3-cleft at the top, I. 
 broadly oval blunt 5 7 '-veined, fl. in compact round dense forked 
 term, tufts subsessile, cal. about equalling cor.-tube, cor.-lobes 
 lanceolate. Sy. E. B. 907. St. about 3 in. high. Fl. as 
 large as in Sp. 2. Lowest 1. sometimes almost orbicular. Sands 
 by sea near Liverpool, very rare. A. VII. E. 
 
 4. E. littordlis (Fries) ; st. simple solitary or several from the 
 crown of the root, 1. oblong-linear blunt narrowed below, radical 
 1. crowded spathulate, fl. sessile between the floral 1. densely 
 corymbose, calyx as long as the tube of the opening corolla, cor.- 
 lobes oval blunt. Sy. E. B. 908. 'E. chloodes Gren., not E. 
 linariifolia. St. 2 6 in. high. Corymb usually trichoto- 
 mous, dense ; branches sometimes long. Fl. rose-coloured. 
 Radical 1. narrow, many. Sandy sea-shores. A. VII. VIII. 
 
 E.S. 
 
 ** Stamens from base of cor. -tube. Ripe caps. protruded, 
 unripe slightly so. 
 
 5. E. capitata (W.); st. short simple, st.-i. ovate or subspathu- 
 late blunt 3-veined, fl. sessile in compact term, tufts, cal. about 
 equalling cylindrical cor. -tube, cor.-lobes oval blunt. Linn. 
 Journ. xviii. t. 15. St. less than 3 in. high. Fl.-tufts sessile ; 
 there are often from outer bracts a few long-stalked tufts over- 
 
CTCENDIA. GENTIAXA. 287 
 
 topping primary tuft. Root-1. in rosette, with 3 long and often 
 2 short veins. Cor. -tube not narroiued at top, not lengthening 
 after flowering. Stam. from quite base of cor.-tube, otherwise 
 free, Downs at Cornwall, Isle of Wight, Sussex, Northumb, 
 &c. A. or B. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 3. CICEN'DIA Adans. 
 
 1. C. filifor'mis (Delarb.) ; cal. bellshaped with 4 ovate acute 
 lobes, st. threadshaped forked. Exacum Sm. E. B. 235. Mi- 
 crocala HofFm. & Link. St. 1 4. in. high. Radical 1. linear- 
 lanceolate, steni.-l. subulate, all sessile. Fl. yellow, solitary, 
 on long stalks. Stigma capitate. Damp sandy places. A. 
 VII. VIII. E. 1. 
 
 \_C. pusil'la (Griseb.) ; cal. ^-parted with linear segments, st. 
 slender branching from its base. E. B. S. 2994. St. much 
 branched throughout, 1 4 in. high. L. all narrowly linear- 
 lanceolate. Fl. pink. Stigma 2-lobed. On spots sometimes 
 Hooded. Paradis, Guernsey. Capt. Gosselin. A. VI. VII.] 
 
 Tribe III. Swertieae. 
 4. GENTIA'NA Linn. Gentian. 
 
 * Cor. funnel- or somewhat salver-shaped. 
 
 1. G. Amarel'la (L.) : cor. 5-cleft hairy in the throat, cal.- 
 lobes 5 nearly equal lanceolate, 1. sessile ovate-lanceolate, radical 
 1. oval-spathulate. E. B. 236. Sy. E. B. 917. Very variable 
 in size and in the number of the flowers, 312 in. high, erect. 
 St. square, much branched, sometimes from the base. Fl. 
 rarely 4-cleft. Caps, stalked or sessile. Cor.-tube obconical 
 or subcylindrical. a. G. Amarella (Sm.); branches of st. erect, 
 cal.-segm. nearly equal, cor.-tube cylindrical a little exceeding 
 calyx, n. lurid purple. [A small annual form with basal 1. ovate- 
 lanceolate is G. uliginosa Willd.] /3. G. germanica (Willd.) ; st. 
 much branched ascending, cal.-segm. unequal, cor.-tube obconical 
 much exceeding calyx, fl. bluish-lilac. J. of B. ii. t. 15. Dry 
 calcareous fields. A. or B. VIII. IX. Felwort. E. S. 1. 
 
 2. G. campes'tris (L.) ; cor. 4-c 1 eft hairy in the throat, cal.- 
 lobes 4, 2 outer ones very large ovate,], ovate-lanceolate. E. B. 
 237. St. 310 in. high. Fl. pale lilac; cor.-tube slightly 
 
288 51. GEX1TAXACE-E. 
 
 thicker upwards. Caps, nearly sessile. Upper 1. and sepals 
 pointed. [An annual form with ovate-lanceolate lower 1. and rather 
 smaller fl. is G. baltica Murb.J Dry limestone hills. A. or B. 
 VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. G. nivdlis (L.) ; cor. 5-cleft with minute intermediate bifid 
 lobes, throat naked, cal. cylindrical with 5 equal lobes and keeled 
 anf/les, 1. ovate lowermost broadly elliptic. E. B. 896. St. 
 erect, slightly branched, 1 6 in. high. Fl. bright blue. Top 
 of Highland mountains, very rare. A. VIII. S. 
 
 4. G. ver'na (L.) ; cor. 5-cleft with small intermediate bifid 
 lobes, throat naked, cal. with prominent angles and sharp teeth, 
 1. ovate lower ones crowded, st. ccespitose sinyle-jloicered with 1 
 or 2 pairs of leaves. E. B. 493. St. 40. 12. St. prostrate, 
 rooting, each ending in a roselike tuft of 1. and a single short 
 flowering shoot. Fl. rather large, vivid blue. Barren lime- 
 stone districts. Teesdale, Durham. Burrin, Co. Clare j Gort, 
 Galway, Tuam, &c. P. IV. VI. E. I. 
 
 ** Cor. bclliJiaped, its throat naked. 
 
 5. G. Pneumonari the (L.) ; cor. 5-cleft, cal. entire with linear 
 blunt lobes,./?, mostly solitary slightly stalked, /. linear blunt. 
 E. B. 20. St. 4 10 in. high, leafy, simple, erect or ascending. 
 Fl. very large, deep blue within and with a broad greenish band 
 down the middle of each segment. Moist turfy heaths. A. 
 VIII. IX. E. 
 
 Suborder II. Menyanthea. 
 
 5. LIMNAN'THEMUM S. P. Gm. 
 
 1. L.peltdtum (Gm.) ; 1. roundly heartshaped floating wavy 
 at the edges, ped. clustered 1-fld., cor. ciliate. Villarsia Vent. 
 E. B. 217. R. xvii. 1042. L. nymphceoides (Link) ed. viil 
 Floating. St. long, round, branched. L. resembling those of 
 Castalia speciosa, but much smaller. Fl. yellow. Caps, 
 sometimes 3-valved. Still places in rivers, rare. P. VII. 
 VIIL E. 
 
 6. MENYAN'THES Linn. Buckbean. 
 
 1. M. trifolidta (L.}.E. B. 495. St. ascending, round, leafy. 
 L. ternate. Leaflets equal, obovate, wavy. Raceme long- 
 stalked, opposite to a leaf, many-flowered. Cor. flesh-coloured, 
 densely fringed within. Boggy places. P. V. VII. E. S. 1. 
 
52. POLEMONIACE^E. 53. CONVOLVUIACE^E. 289 
 
 Order LIL POLEMONIACE^E. 
 
 Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, regular, 
 5-lobed. Stam. 5, unequal, on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 
 3-celled. Stigmas 3-fid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved; valves 
 separating at the axis. No stipules. 
 
 1. POLEMONIUM. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate, with a short tube 
 and 5-lobed limb ; throat nearly closed by the dilated bases 
 of the filaments. 
 
 1. POLEMO'NITJM Linn. Jacob's Ladder. 
 
 1. P. cceruleum (L.) ; st. angular, 1. glabrous pinnate, leaflets 
 ovate-lanceolate pointed, panicle downy glandular. A B. 14. 
 St. 1 2 feet high, simple, hollow. L. alternate, leaflets 
 many. Fl. many, somewhat drooping, bright blue or white. 
 Bushy hilly places, rare. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 Order LIU. CONVOLVULACE^E. 
 
 Cal. inferior, of 5 persistent imbricate often unequal sepals. 
 Cor. hypogynous, regular, deciduous. Stam. 4 5, from near 
 the base of the corolla. Ovary of 2 4 cells, few-seeded, sur- 
 rounded by an angular hypogynous disk. Style 1, rarely 2. 
 Caps, with the valves separating from the edges of the diss'epi- 
 ments or bursting transversely. No stipules. 
 
 * With leaves and leaflike cotyledons. JEstivation plaited. 
 
 1. CONVOLVULUS. Cor. bellshaped, with 5 prominent plaits 
 and 5 shallow lobes. Style simple ; stigmas 2. Caps. 2 4- 
 celled ; cells 2-seeded. 
 
 ** Without leaves or cotyledons. ^Estivation imbricate. 
 
 2. CUSCUTA. Cal. 4 5-cleft. Cor. roundish-urceolate or 
 bellshaped, 4 5-parted, with as many scales alternating 
 with the segments at the base within. Stam. 4 5. Styles 
 2, rarely 1. Caps, bursting transversely, 2-celled, 4-seeded. 
 
 1. CONVOL'VULUS Linn. Bindweed. 
 * Bracts minute, distant from thejlower. 
 
 1. C. arven'sis (L.); 1. ovate- or strapshaped-hastate, pe- 
 duncles mostly 1-flowered. E. B. 312. St. many, angular, 
 
290 53. CONVOLVULACE^E. 
 
 twining or prostrate, leafy, branched. Peduncles sometimes 
 2-flowered. Cor. beautifully variegated with pink and white. 
 Caps. 2-celled. Hoots descending remarkably deep. Plant 
 glabrous, or st. and 1. downy. Fields and hedges. P. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Bracts 2 large, close to the flower. VOLVULUS Medic. 
 CALYSTEGIA E. Br. 
 
 2. C. sepium (L.) : 1. ovate- or triangular-hastate, peduncles 
 1-flowered square. E. B. 313. St. twining, many ieet long, 
 with large rather distant leaves. Fl. solitary, axillary, large, 
 white, rarely pink. Bracts quite enclosing the calyx. Fr. im- 
 perfectly 2-celled through the shortness of the dissepiment. 
 Hedges and thickets. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. C. Soldanel'la (L.) ; 1. reniform slightly angular fleshy, 
 peduncles 1-flowered with 4 membranous angles. E. B. 314. 
 tot. short, procumbent. Fl. large, solitary, axillary, very hand- 
 some, pink with yellow bands. Bracts rather shorter than the 
 calyx. Kootstock long creeping. Sandy tea-shores. P. VI. 
 Vlil. Sea-side Bindiveed. E. S. I. 
 
 2. CUS'CUTA Linn. Dodder. 
 Clusters sessile in all our species. 
 
 1. C. europ&'a (L.) ; cor.-tube cylindrical afterwards ventri- 
 cose, scales adpressed to inside of tube bifid distant below with 
 rounded spaces between them, cal. much shorter than corolla. 
 E. B. 378. St. threadshaped, branching, reddish. Fl. in rather 
 large clusters, yellowish. Parasitical upon herbaceous plants. 
 A. VIII. IX. Greater Doddw. E. S. 
 
 [C. Epilinum (Weihe) ; cor.-tube ventricose, scales adpressed 
 fringed with teeth distant below with rounded spaces, cal. 
 with fleshy segments deltoid below nearly as long as the cor.- 
 tube. E. B. S. 2150. C. densiflwa Soy.-Willm. St. slender, 
 nearly simple, pale green. Fl. in rather small distant clusters, 
 whitish. Scales bifid, w r ith 4 8 teeth on each lobe. Ventri- 
 cose cor.-tube with 5 longitudinal prominences; segm. ventricose. 
 Styles at first erect, soon bowing outwards; stigmas converging. 
 Parasitical upon Flax and veiy injurious to the crop. A. VIII. 
 Flax Dodder.'] E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. Epithymum (Murr.); st. twining irregularly, cor.-tube 
 Cylindrical^ scales converging usually equalling the tube of the 
 
54. BORAGINACE^:. 291 
 
 cor. fringed with teeth and rounded at the end close together 
 below with narrow acute spaces, cal. bellshaped shorter than the 
 cor.-tube E. B. 55. St. slender, red. Fl. small, with a 
 reddish thin cal., and white cor. with spreading ovate-acute 
 segments. Sep. broad, ovate-apiculate, longer than their tube, 
 with patent tips. A nth. blunt or notched at the end. Scales 
 broad; the connecting membrane adpressed throughout. [See 
 C. Ulicis (Godr.) ; scales less than in Sp. 2 or 3, less deeply 
 fringed converging. Bull. Bot. Fr. xxiii.] Parasitical upon 
 small shrubby plants. A. VII. IX. Lesser Dodder. E. S. I. 
 
 f3. C. Trifolii (Bab.) ; st. clasping like a ring, cor.-tube 
 cylindrical, scales converging usually equalling half the tube of 
 the cor. fringed with teeth and rounded at the end distant below 
 ivith rounded spaces, cal. narrowed below about as long as the 
 cor.-tube. .E. B. S. 2898. Not C. Epithymum /3. Trifolii R. 
 xviii. 1343. St. slender, branching, reddish yellow, forming 
 dense broad circular patches. Fl. small, white. Cal. fleshy, 
 usually tipped with red : sep. lanceolate, about as long as their 
 tube, adpressed. Anth. apiculate. Scales narrow ; connecting 
 membrane not adpressed, forming cuplike spaces between itself 
 and the corolla. Parasitical upon Clover chiefly. A. VII. 
 IX. Clover-Dodder. E. X 
 
 [C. approx'imata (Bab.) ; like Sp. 2 but scales divided by 
 acute spaces and truncate, was found on Bockhara Clover. 
 A. N. H. xvi. t. i. ; and C. hassiaca (PfeiiF.) ; fl. stalked, cor.-tube 
 bellshaped closed with converging scales, stig. capitate, Helio- 
 trope-scented, on Lucerne. Both introduced. A. VIII. IX.] 
 
 Order LIV. BORAGINACEJE. 
 
 Fl. mostly in scorpioidal cymes, symmetrical. Cal. inferior, 
 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, usually regular. Stam. 
 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary of two 2-parted carp., with 
 each lobe 1-seeded ; ovules pendulous. Style simple, from near 
 the base between the lobes of the ovary. Fr. separating in 4 
 nutlets or 2 bilocular portions. Seeds without albumen. L. 
 alternate. Stip. 0. 
 
 Tribe I. CYNOGLOSSEJE. Nutlets 4, on the persistent base 
 of the style. Stam. included. 
 
 1. ASPEBUGO. Cal. 5-cleft with alternate smaller teeth, 
 enlarged and compressed in fruit. Cor. funnelshaped with 
 
 o2 
 
292 54. BORAGIXACEJE. 
 
 rounded scales in the throat. Filaments of stani. short. 
 Outlets tubercled, compressed, attached by their narrow side, 
 covered by the compressed calyx. 
 
 2. CYNOGLOSSUM, Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnelshaped, the 
 mouth closed with prominent blunt scales. Filaments very 
 short. Nutlets roundish-ovate^ depressed, muricate, attached 
 by the upper part of their inner edge. 
 
 Tr. II. ANCHUSEJE. Nutlets 4, on an hypo-ynous disk, 
 with an excavated space surrounded by a tumid ring at their 
 base. 
 
 3. BORAGO. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. rotate ; tube 
 very short ; throat with short erect emarginate scales. 
 Stam. exserted; filaments bifid, the inner fork bearing the 
 anther: anthers linear-lanceolate, connivent in the form of 
 a cone. 
 
 4. ANCHUSA. Cal. o-fid. Cor. funnelshaped with a straight 
 tube ; throat closed by prominent blunt scales. Stam. in- 
 cluded, subsessile. Nutlets depressed. 
 
 5. LYCOPSIS. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Tube of the cor. 
 curved ; limb oblique. Otherwise like Anchusa. 
 
 6. SYMPHYTTJM. Cal. 5-cleft or 5-parted. Cor. cylindrical- 
 bellshaped, throat closed by a prominent cone of connivent 
 lanceolate-subulate scales. Stam. exserted from the tube but 
 covered by the scales ; filaments short. Nutlets ovate. 
 
 Tr. III. LITHOSPERME&. Nutlets 4, affixed to an hy- 
 pogynous disk, their base not excavated but attached by a 
 fiat or rather convex suface. 
 
 7. ECHIUM. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. siib-bellsJiaped : 
 throat dilated ', naked ; limb irregular. Stam. exseried ; fila- 
 ments very long, unequal. Style bifid. Nutlets wrinkled, 
 attached by a flat triangular base. 
 
 8. PULMONARIA. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped, its 
 throat naked. Stam. included in the tube ; filaments very 
 short. Style simple. Nutlets smooth, attached by their 
 truncate base, which has a central tubercle. 
 
 9. PNEUMARIA. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped, 
 with a short thick cylindrical tube with 5 minute protu- 
 berances in its throat, Stam. protruded beyond, the throat ; 
 
ASPERUGO. CYNOGLOSSUM. 293 
 
 filaments rather long. Style simple. Nutlets smooth, in- 
 flated, rather drupaceous, attached laterally near their base 
 by aflat surface; seeds free. 
 
 10. LITIIOSPEBMUM. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel- 
 shaped ; throat naked or with 5 minute scales. Stam. 
 included in tube ; filaments very short. Style simple. 
 Nutlets smooth or tubercular, stony, attached by a truncate 
 
 flat base. 
 
 11. MYOSOTIS. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. convolute in the bud, 
 salvershaped ; throat closed with scales ; limb 5-fid, blunt. 
 Stam. included ; filaments very short. Style simple. Nut- 
 lets smooth, convex externally, keeled within, attached by 
 a minute lateral spot near their base. Distinguished from 
 all the other genera by the convolute corolla. 
 
 Tribe I. Cynoglossece. 
 
 1. ASPERU'GO Linn. Madwort. 
 
 fl. A.procum'bens(L.). E.B.66I. St. procumbent, angu- 
 lar, rough, with short deflexed bristles. L oblong, rough, 
 hispid, lower ones stalked, upper sessile. Fl. small, axillary, 
 solitary, blue, upon short peduncles. Col. of the fr. much en- 
 larged. Rich waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII. E. S." 
 
 2. CYNOGLOS'SUM Linn. Hoimd's-tongue. 
 
 1 . C. officindle (L.) ; 1. downy acute, lower 1. elliptic contract- 
 ing into a petiole, upper I. lanceolate narrowed below subcordate 
 half-clasping, nutlets with thickened prominent margin. E. B. 
 921. About 2 feet high. Covered with soft adpressed hairs. 
 Cor. dull crimson, veiny ; veins disappearing in drying. Nut- 
 lets flat in front. Fetid, rarely [ V ar. subglabrum Herat J sub- 
 glabrous and nearly scentless. Waste ground. B. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. montdnum (L.) : L slightly hairy acute nearly glabrous 
 and shining above rough beneath, interior oblong narrowed 
 into a long petiole, upper I. lanceolate slightly narrowed below 
 clasping, nutlets without thickened edge. C. sylvaticum Sm. 
 E. B. 1642. Clothed with straight spreading hairs. Cor. 
 reddish, changing to blue. L. sometimes very rough. Shady 
 situations. B. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 
294 54. BOKAGINACE^E. 
 
 Tribe II. Anchusea. 
 3. BOKA'GO Linn. Borage. 
 
 *1. B. officindlis (L.) ; lower 1. obovate blunt attenuated be- 
 low, segments of the cor. ovate acute flat spreading. E. E. 36. 
 Fl. blue. Anth. very prominent. Stem.-l. much narrowed 
 below so as to appeared stalked, eared at the base. Whole plant 
 hispid with bulbous hairs. St. spreading, 12 18 in. high. 
 On rubbish and waste ground. B. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. ANCHU'SA Linn. Alkanet. 
 
 "fl. A. officindlis (L.) ; /. lanceolate hispid, spikes crowded uni- 
 lateral, bracts ovate-lanceolate, cal.-segm. bluntish hairy on 
 both sides, scales of cor. hairy. E. B. 662. Fl. deep purple. 
 Cal.-segm. narrow, longer than tube. St. 1 2 f eet hi gh> rough 
 with deflexed hairs. Waste ground, rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 J2. A. sempervirens (L.) ; L ovate, lower 1. on long stalks, pe- 
 duncles axillary each bearing 2 dense spikes with an interme- 
 diate flower, cal.-segments hairy on the outside only, bracts 
 minute lanceolate, scales of the cor. downy. E. B. 45. Fl. 
 blue, rather salver- than funnel-shaped. Cal.-segments narrow. 
 St. 1| 2 feet high, rough with spreading somewhat deflexed 
 hairs. Waste ground near ruins, rare. P. V. VIII. E. I. 
 
 5. LYCOP'SIS Linn. Bugloss. 
 
 1. L. arven'sis (L.) ; 1. lanceolate repand-dentate very hispid, 
 cal. of f r. bellshaped erect. E. B. 938. Fl. small, blue. Whole 
 plant very hispid with strong hairs each rising from a scaly 
 tubercle. Fields and hedges. A. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. SYM'PHYTTJM Linn. Comfrey. 
 
 1. S. officindle (L.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate attenuate below, 
 siem-l. very decurrent lanceolate, st. ivinged in the upper part. 
 E. B. 817. Height 1 2 feet, branching. Racemes in pairs, 
 drooping. Fl. yellowish white or purple. Cal.-segments some- 
 what spreading and pubescence rougher in the usually purple- 
 flowered variety, S. patens Sibth. Sy. E. B. 1116. Common 
 in damp places. P. V. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 2. S. tuberdsum (L.) ; 1. ovate-oblong attenuate below, stem-1. 
 lanceolate, uppermost slightly decurrent, st. scarcely winged nearly 
 simple. E. B. 1502. St. 1218 in. high. Fl. yellowish white, 
 
ECHIUM. PSEUMAKIA. 295 
 
 whole plant smaller and slenderer than the preceding. Anth. 
 twice as long as their filaments. Damp woods and river-banks, 
 rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 \_S. peregrinum Ledeb. (asperrimum Bab. not Bieb.) Bot. Mag. 
 6466, S. tauricum Willd., and 8. orientate L. have been noticed 
 in England, but are not natives.] 
 
 Tribe III. Lithospermece. 
 
 7. E'CHIUM Linn. Viper's Bugloss. 
 
 1. E. vulgdre (L.) ; tubercular hispid, st. erect simple, 1. lan- 
 ceolate 1 -ribbed, stem-/, narrowed below sessile, fl. in four lateral 
 seorpioidal cymes, stam. exceeding the corolla. E. B. 181. St. 
 1 2 feet high. Lower 1. narrowing into a footstalk. Fl. red- 
 dish, then bright blue. Dry places. B. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. plant ag in eum (L.) ; pilose-hispid, st. erect branched 
 diffuse, lower branches prostrate, radical 1. oblong-ovate stalked, 
 stem.-l. oblong narrowed from a cordate half-clasping base with 
 lateral ribs, spikes panicled long simple, stam. scarcely exceeding 
 the corolla. E. B. S. 2798. Stam. very unequal, 1 short, 2 
 intermediate, and 2 longer. Fl. violet-blue. Root reddish. 
 Jersey. Land's-end, Cornwall. B. VI. IX. E. 
 
 8. PULMONA'KIA Linn. Lungwort. 
 
 [P. offidndlis (L.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate with along stalk, upper 
 1. oblong sessile. Sy. E. B. 1098. Fl. pale purple. St. 1 ft. 
 high. L. spotted. Woods and thickets, scarcely naturalized. 
 P.IV.V.] E. 
 
 1. P. angustifolia (L.) ; 1. narrow-lanceolate narrowed to the 
 base, upper 1. sessile. E. B. 1628. Fl. pink, then blue. St. 1 
 ft. high. L. less frequently spotted. Thickets, rare. P. IV. 
 V. E. 
 
 9. PNETJMA'BIA Hill. (Mertensia Roth, ed. viii.) 
 
 1. P. marit'ima (Hill) ; st. procumbent branched, 1. ovate 
 acute rough with hard dots glabrous fleshy glaucous, nutlets 
 smooth. E. B. 368. Spreading, very glaucous. Fl. in cymes, 
 purplish blue. Protuberances in throat of cor. yellow. L. 
 tasting like oysters. Nutlets free, forming a pyramid, exceeding 
 the calyx. Pericarp membranous ; seeds smaller than the 
 cavity. Northern sea-shores. P. V. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
296 54, BOKAGINACE^. 
 
 10. LITHOSPER'MTJM Linn. Gromwell. 
 
 1. L. officindle (L.) ; st. erect much branched, 1. lanceolate 
 acute veined hispid with bulbous adpressed bristles above hairy 
 beneath, throat of the cor. with a crown of scales, nutlets smooth. 
 E. B. 134. St. 12-18 in. high. Fl. greenish yellow, nutlets 
 grey, highly polished, stony, 2 or 3 ripening in each calyx. 
 Root whitish. Dry and stony places. P. VI. VIII. Gromwell. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. purpureo-cceruleum (L.) ; barren shoots prostrate creep- 
 ing, fl.-st. erect forked, 1. lanceolate acute hispid, hairs on the 
 upperside adpressed bulbous, cor. much exceeding the calyx, 
 nutlets smooth. E. JB. 117. Fl. large, bright blue. Nutlets 
 silvery white, highly polished. This species and the following 
 have no scales in the throat of the cor., but merely 5 longitudinal 
 downy folds (Rhytitperntum Link). Thickets on a limestone 
 soil, rare. P. V. VII. E. 
 
 3. L. arven'se (L.) ; st. erect branched, 1. lanceolate rather 
 acute hispid with adpressed bulbous hairs on both sides, cor. 
 rather exceeding the calyx, nutlets tubercled. E. JB. 123. St. 
 1 ft. high. Fl. small, white. Nutlets pale brown, polished, 
 pitted, 3 or 4 perfected in each calyx. Root bright red. Corn- 
 lields. A. V. VII. Corn Gromwell. E. S. I. 
 
 11. MYOSO'TIS Linn. Scorpion-grass. 
 
 i. Persistentes. Col. of fruit shorter than its stalk. 
 * Hairs on cal. all straight and adpressed. 
 
 1. M. scorpioides (L.) ; fr.-cal. open, its teeth short tri- 
 angular, cor.-limb flat longer than the tube, its lobes slightly 
 emarginate, style about equalling cal., pubescence of st. (usually) 
 spreading. E. B. 1973. M. palustris (With.) ed. viii. L. 
 bluntish, apiculate. Raceme quite leafless. Cor. large, bright 
 blue with a yellow eye. Cal. divided about J down. a ; rhizome 
 long leafy stoloniferous, st. angular with decurrent prominent 
 lines, pubescence spreading. ft. M. strigulosa (R.) ; rhizome 
 short leafless, st. more slender and erect not angular its pub- 
 escence adpressed, 1. less blunt, style equalling cor.-tube. 
 M. coronaria Dum. Base of st. sometimes patently hairy. 
 Ditches and watery places. P. VI. VHI. /3. .VL Forget- 
 me-not. E. S. I. 
 
 2. M. repens (Don) ; fr.-cal. open, its teeth narrow lanceolate 
 acute, style falling short of cal., cor.-limb flat longer than the 
 tube, its lobes slightly emarginate, pubescence of the st. spreading 
 
MYOSOTIS. 297 
 
 E. B. S. 2703. L, rather acute. Stoloniferous. St. slightly 
 angular. Raceme usually slightly leafy (1 4 leaves) below. 
 Cor. pale blue. Gal. divided fully halfway down. Boggy 
 places. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. M. ccespitosa (Schultz) ; fr.-cal. open, its teeth narrow lan- 
 ceolate bluntish, cor. -limb equalling the tube, its lobes entire, style 
 very short, pubescence of the st. adpressed. E. B. S. 2661. M. 
 lingulata Lehm. (name only). L. usually blunt or even emar- 
 ginate. St. round, with a decurrent line. Raceme usually 
 slightly leafy below. Cor. smaller than in the preceding, bright 
 blue, segments narrower and rounded at the end. Style about 
 equalling the cal.-tube. Watery places. P. VI. VIII. E. S.I. 
 
 #* Hairs on cal. not all straight, but some or all hooked. 
 
 4. M. alpes'tris (Schm.) ; caL attenuate below deeply 5-cleft 
 open with fruit with straight and a few curved adpressed bristles, 
 pedicels ascending, cor. -limb longer than the tube flat, style equal- 
 ling J cal., nutlet keeled not rounded at the end, root-L on long 
 stalks pointed. E. B. 2559. M. rupicola, Sm. L. oblong- 
 lanceolate, stalks of the lower ones slender. Fl. large, handsome, 
 blue, sweet-scented in the evening. JBreadalbane mountains. 
 Micklefell, Teesdale. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 5. M. sylvat'ica (Hoffm.) ; cal. rounded below %-5-cleft closed 
 ivith fruit, its tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels di- 
 vergent, cor. -limb longer than tube flat, style nearly equalling cal., 
 nutlet keeled on one side upwards bluntish,roo^.-/. on short dilated 
 stalks bluntish. E. B. S. 2630. L. oblong-lanceolate; stalks 
 of the oblong-ovate lower 1. dilated. Fl. large, handsome, blue. 
 Cal. divided more than halfway down. Shady places, rare. 
 P. V. VI. E. 8. 
 
 6. M. arven'sis (Hill) ; cal. half-5-cleft closed with fruit, tube 
 with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels divergent, cor. -limit 
 equalling tube concave, cor.-lobes entire, style very short, 
 racemes stalked. E. B. 8. 2629. M. intermedia Link. L. ob- 
 long, acute ; lower 1. oblong-obovate, blunt. Fl. usually small, 
 A large-flowered plant found in shade is often taken for M . yl- 
 vatica. Cultivated land and thickets. A. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. Fugaces. Cal. of fruit not shorter than its stalk, its tube 
 with spreading hooked bristles. 
 
 7. M. collina (Hoffm.) ; fr.-cal. open and ventricose as long as 
 the diverging pedicels, cor.-limb shorter than exserted tube con- 
 
 o 5 
 
298 55 
 
 cave, style about equalling | cal., racemes stalked usually with 1 
 distant flower, fr.-pedicels spreading, hairs on the 1. straight. 
 E. B. 2558. 'St. 42. 11. M. Uspida Koch. Usually slender, 
 erect; or caespitose with prostrate branches. L. oblong, 
 blunt ; lower obovate. Fl. small, unchangeably blue. . 
 Mittenii (Baker). Fl. pale, lowest bracteate. \M. stricta Link, 
 M. arvensis (R.) St. 42. 14, has its fr.-cal. closed, very short 
 adpressed fr.-pedicels, sessile racemes leafy below. Lowest 
 fr.-ped. not j as long as calyx. Probably a native of Britain.] 
 Dry banks. A. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 8. M. versic'olor (Sm.) ; fr.-cal. closed oblong bellshaped 
 longer than the ascending pedicels, cor.-limb much shorter than 
 tube concave, style equalling cal., racemes stalked. E. B. 480. 
 St. erect, simple at the base. L. narrow, oblong, acutish ; 
 upper ones frequently opposite. Fl. small, at first pale yellow, 
 afterwards blue. Lobes of fr.-cal. often erect, therefore cal. not 
 truly closed. On plants in damp places the fl. are at first white 
 and the cal. is " less deeply divided ; " sometimes the fl. are 
 all yellow, M. Balbisiana ( Jord.). Meadows and banks. A. 
 V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 Order LV. SOLANACE^B. 
 
 Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, regular 
 or slightly irregular, 5-cleft. deciduous, plicate in bud ; the lobes 
 imbricate or imbricate-plicate (in Solanum valvate). Stani. 
 45, inserted on the cor., alternate with the lobes. Ovary 
 1 2- or imperfectly 4-celled. Fr. a berry or capsule. Seeds 
 many. Embryo usually curved, in fleshy albumen, often not in 
 the axis. No stipules. 
 
 Tribe I. SOLANEAZ. Cor. rotate ; lobes nearly regular and 
 equal, valvate in the bud. Anth. opening by pores. 
 
 1. SOLANUM. Cor.-limb 5-cleft, rejlexed. Anth. erect con- 
 nivent. Berry roundish with 2 or more cells. 
 
 Tr. II. AT ROPE ^E. Cor. tubular ; tube plicate in bud ; lobes 
 slightly unequal, imbricate in the bud. Anth. opening 
 longitudinally at the margin. 
 
 2. ATBQPA. Cor. belkhaped with 5 equal lobes. Cal. 5-parted, 
 patent and diluted with fruit. Stam. included. Fr. a glo- 
 bose 2-celled berry. 
 
SOLANUM. ATROPA. 299 
 
 3. HYOSCYAMUS. Cor. funnelshaped with a short tube and 
 5 unequal blunt lobes. Stigma capitate. Fr. a dry 2-celled 
 caps., ventricose below, farrowed, opening transversely by a 
 convex lid. 
 
 [LYCIUM. Cal. small and adpressed to base of fruit. Cor. 
 funnelshaped with a short tube and 5 equal patent lobes. 
 Stam. exserted. Fr. a 2-celled berry.] 
 
 4. DATURA. Cor. funnelshaped, angular, 5-lobed. Cal. de^ 
 ciduous. Stigma 2-lobed. Caps. 4-valved, ivith 2 partially 
 bipartite cells. 
 
 Tribe I. Solanea. 
 1. SOLA'NUM Linn. Nightshade. 
 
 1. S. nigrum (L.) ; st. herbaceous with tubercled angles, 1. ovate 
 bluntly dentate or wavy, fl. drooping. St. I. 4. Umbel from 
 the intermediate spaces between the leaves. L. attenuate below. 
 El. white. Fr.-stalks thickened upwards. Berries globular. 
 St. a foot or more high. a ; hairs incurved upwards, 1. sinuate, 
 berry black. Sy. E. B. 931. [3. s. ochroleucum (Bast.) ; 1. sinuate- 
 dentate, berries yellowish-green.] y. S. miniatum (Bernh.) ; angles 
 of the st. with prominent tubercles, 1. sinuate- dentate more deeply 
 toothed, pubescence patent, berries scarlet. Sy. E. B. 932. It 
 may be distinct. Waste ground, y. Kent, Jersey, [&c.~]. 
 A. VII. X. Black Nightshade. E. S. I. - 
 
 2. 8. Dulcamara (L.) ; st. shrubby, zigzag, 1. cordate-ovate, 
 upper 1. hastate auricled, fl. drooping. E. B. 565. St. 18. 3. 
 Corymb opposite to leaves. Fl. purple with 2 green spots at 
 the base of each segment. Berries ovate, red [rarely greenish- 
 yellow]. St. climbing to the height of 12 14 feet, nearly round, 
 almost glabrous throughout, or (S. littorale Kaab) st. and 1. 
 downy with patent hairs. ft. marinum (Bab.) ; branches of the 
 present year and 1. fleshy and usually clothed with hairs incurved 
 upwards, st. angular prostrate diffuse much branched, 1. nearly 
 all cordate not hastate. S. lignosum seu Dulcamara marina 
 Ray 265. Woods and hedges, common, ft. Pebbly sea-beach. 
 Sh. VI. VII. Bittersweet. E.S.I. 
 
 Tribe II. Atropea. 
 
 2. AT'ROPA Linn. Deadly Nightshade. Dwale. 
 1. A. Belladon'na (L.); st. herbaceous, 1. broadly ovate- 
 
300 56. OROBANCHACEJ3. 
 
 Acuminate entire, fl. solitary axillary on short stalks. E. B. 
 592. St. 3 ft. high. Fl. lurid purple, drooping. Berry violet- 
 black, highly poisonous. Waste places, rare. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. HYOSCY'AMTJS Linn. Henbane. 
 
 1. H. niger (L.) ; 1. oblong pinnatifid or sinuate sessile and 
 clasping, lower 1. stalked, fl. nearly sessile axillary unilateral. 
 Sy. JE. B. 936. St. 3. 4. St. 12 feet high. Fl. lurid yellow 
 with dark veins, drooping. Fr. erect. Whole herbage downy 
 glandular, viscid, fetid. Fl. sometimes without dark veins. 
 Waste places, preferring a calcareous soil. B. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Lrc'iuM Linn. 
 
 *L L. chinerise (Mill.) ; 1. narrowly lanceolate narrowed at the 
 base, cal. 2-lipped, cor. -tube as long as the limb, berry oblong. 
 Sy. E. B. 933. L. barbarum ed. viii. A straggling shrub 
 with long pendulous spinous branches. Fl. bluish. Filaments 
 woolly at the base. Berry red. Seems quite naturalized on 
 north'Norfolk coast and elsewhere. Sh. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 4. DATU'RA Linn. Thorn-apple. 
 
 [1. D. Stramonium (L.) ; 1. ovate unequally sinuate-dentate 
 glabrous, caps, erect spinose. E. B. 1288. St. 1 2 ft. high. 
 Si. white (purplish in D. Tatula), large, erect. Fr. densely 
 spinose. Caps with 4 dissepiments below, only 2 at the top. 
 Waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII.] E. 
 
 Order LVI. OROBANCHACE^E. 
 
 Cal. variously divided, persistent. Cor. irregular, usually 
 2-lipped, persistent, imbricate in the bud. Stam. on the cor., 4, 
 didynamous. Anth. 2-celled ; cells distinct, parallel. Ovary in 
 a fleshy disk, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas. Stigma 
 2-lobed. Fr. capsular, 2-valved, with many minute seeds. 
 Leafless root-parasites. 
 
 1. OROBANCHE. Cal. 4-cleft or of 2 usually bifid sepals. 
 Cor. ringent, 4 5-cleft, deciduous, its base persistent. 
 Bracts 13. 
 
 2. LATHRJEA. Cor. 2-lipped ; the tipper lip concave, decidu- 
 ous, entire ; its base persistent. Otherwise like Orobanche. 
 
OROBANCHE. 301 
 
 1. OKOBAN'CHE Linn. Broom- rape. 
 
 * Sepals 2, entire or bifid , separate or connected below in front. 
 Bract 1. Valves of caps, cohering at each end. 
 
 1.. O. major (L.) ; sep. 2-veined equally bifid nearly equal- 
 lino: the cor.-tube, cor. bellshaped ventricose at the base in front, 
 its back curved, lips wavy obscurely denticulate (not fringed), 
 upper lip concave nearly entire its sides patent, middle lobe of 
 lower lip much longer than lateral lobes, stam. inserted at the 
 base of the cor. glabrous below but their upper part and the style 
 glandular-pubescent. R. I. f. 900 & 923. E. B. 421. O. 
 Rapum-genistce (Thuill.) l . Stig. of 2 distant yellow lobes. 
 Anth. white when dry. Parasitical upon Broom, Furze, and 
 other shrubby leguminous plants. P. V. "VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. O.rubra (Sm.); sep. 1-veined lanceolate attenuate exceed- 
 ing the cor.-tube, undivided, cor. bellshaped its back curved 
 glandular-pubescent externally and the upper lip internally, lips 
 acutely denticulate and crisped, upper lip emarginate its sides 
 patent, lateral lobes of lower lip nearly equal, intermediate lobe 
 rather long, stam. inserted near to the base of the corolla 
 slightly pilose within below but their top and the upper part of 
 the style slightly glandular-pilose. Sy. E. B. 101]. R. L t'. 
 885. Probably O. Epithymum DC. Scarcely a foot high. Pur- 
 plish red. Stigma 2-lobed, pale pink. Anth. fuscous when dry. 
 Sep. with a second faint vein near their anterior margin ; and 
 in the dry plant there is an appearance of several more. L. 
 few. Sweet-scented. Parasitical upon Thymus Serpyllum. P. 
 VI. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 3. O. caryophylldcea (Sm.) ; sep. many-veined lanceolate 
 equally bifid falling short of the cor.-tube touching or connate 
 in front, cor. tubular-bellshaped curved on the back, lips spreading, 
 upper one 2-lobed its lobes porrect, lobes of lower lip nearly 
 equal rounded wavy, stam. inserted above the base of the cor. 
 hairy within below but their upper part and the style glandular- 
 hairy.^. B. S. 2639. 0. Galii Duby. Scarcely a foot high. 
 Stigma of 2 nearly separate dark purple lobes. Anth. fuscous, 
 yellow when dry. Sep. with crisp glandular hairs externally, 
 each lobe with 1 strong vein and several slender ones. Cor. 
 similarly hairy on both sides. On Galium Mollugo in Kent. 
 P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 1 We have kept the Linnean name for this sp., O. elatior Sutt. having- 
 been differentiated earlier than O. Rapum-genishe Thuill. H. & J. G. , 
 
302 56. OROBANCHACE^:. 
 
 4. O. eldtior (Sutt.) ; sep. many -veined equally bifid equalling 
 the cor.-tube connate in front, cor. curved tubular slightly com- 
 pressed above, tipper lip 2-lobed toothed its lobes inflexed, lobes 
 of lower lip 3 nearly equal acute toothed, stam. inserted above 
 the base of the cor. glandular-hairy in the lower half within. 
 E. B. 568. Stem 23 ft. high. Stigma bilobed, yellow. 
 Upper lip of the cor. usually with an elevated point between 
 the lobes. Cor. glandular externally. Stam. sometimes slightly 
 hairy above. Anth. whitish when dry. Parasitical upon Cen- 
 taurea Scabiosa, rare. P. ? VI. VII. E. 
 
 5. O. Pic'ridis (F. W. Schultz) ; sep. 1 3-veined entire or 
 toothed below in front narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points, 
 cor*, tubular-bellshaped its back nearly straight and compresed 
 slightly curved at each end, lips denticulate wavy upper not notched 
 its sides porrect, stam. inserted below the middle of the cor.-tube 
 hairy in their lower half within, style slightly glandular-hairy 
 below in front and above throughout, stigma bilobed. E. B. & 
 2956. Height 6 18 inches. Stigm.-lobesjust touching, purple. 
 Anth. fuscous, pale purple or yellowish. Parasitical upon 
 Picris. Cambridgeshire. Kent. Pemb. Hunts. Isle of Wight. 
 P. ? VII. E. 
 
 6. O. Hed'erce (Duby) ; sep. 1-veined ovate below narrowed 
 into 1 or 2 subulate points about equalling the cor.-tube, cor. 
 tubular arcuate, lips denticulate wavy, upper one bilobed porrect 
 (straight when dry), lobes of lower lip nearly equal the middle 
 one longest, stam. inserted below the middle of the cor.-tube 
 glabrous with a few scattered hairs on their lower part, style 
 glabrous with a few hairs on the upper part, stigma scarcely 
 bilobed. O. barbata E. B. S. 2859, not Poir. St. purplish, about 
 a foot high. Lobes of stigma attached together by at least -| of 
 their circumference, yellow. Anth. fuscous, rather paler when 
 dry, St. purplish. Parasitical upon Ivy. P. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 7. O. minor (Sm.) ; sep. many-veined ovate below suddenly 
 narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points equalling or exceeding the 
 cor.-tube. cor. tubular arcuate, [usually tinged with purple,] lips 
 bluntly denticulate wavy, upper lip porrect (inflexed when dry) 
 notched, lobes of lower lip nearly equal, stam. inserted below 
 middle of the cor.-tube glabrous with a few scattered hairs below, 
 style glabrous with a line of distant hairs on its anterior side, 
 stigma bilobed. E. B. 422. Lobes of stig. not much connected, 
 purple. Anth. yellow when dry. \fi.flavescens (Reut.) ; st. and fl. 
 yellow.] Parasitical chiefly upon Trifolium pratense. A. ? VI. 
 VII. E, I 
 
OKOBANCHE. LATHR^A. 303 
 
 8. O. amethystea (Thuill.) ; sep. many-veined ovate below 
 narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points, cor. tubular its back curved 
 immediately from the base othenvise straight, lips unequally 
 acutely denticulate wavy, upper lip hooded porrect notched, 
 lobes of lower lip unequal the middle one larger, stam. inserted 
 in the curvature of the cor. glabrous with many hairs at the 
 base within, stigma bilobed. Sy. E. B. 1017. Atl. Fl. Par. t. 19. 
 E. O. Eryngii Duby. Lobes of stiff, attached by J, purple. 
 Anth. dusky brown when dry. Perhaps a form of O. minor. 
 Parasitical upon Daucus gummifer. Whitsand Bay, Cornwall. 
 Rock End, Torquay. Mr. Townsend. Dorset. A. ? VI. E. 
 
 ** Sepals 4 or 5, connected below. Bracts 3. Valves of capsule 
 separating at the top. PHELIP^EA Desf. 
 
 [O. arendria (Bork.) 1 ; cal. of 5 sep. tubular with triangular- 
 subulate teeth falling short of the cor.-tube, cor. tubular slightly 
 curved in front, middle of the tube compressed on the back, 
 throat slightly inflated externally glandular, lobes of lips blunt 
 with reflexed edges, the lower lip hairy within, suture of antli. 
 hairy. Atl FL Par. t. 19. L. Height 1218 inches. Stigma 
 scarcely 2-lobed ; style pale yellow (? ), glandular. Filaments 
 glabrous with a few hairs at their base. Lateral bracts linear- 
 subulate, intermediate lanceolate attenuate above. St., scales 
 and cal. glandular-pubescent. Parasitical upon Achillea Mille- 
 folium ? Alderney ! (the Jersey plant is Sp. 9). P. VII. VIIL] 
 
 9. O. purpurea ( Jacq.) ; cal. of 5 sep. tubular with lanceolate 
 acute teeth falling short of the cor.-tube, cor. tubular curved in 
 front, middle of tube compressed, lobes of lips acute with reflexed 
 edges, lower lip hairy within, anth. glabrous. E. B. 423. Atl. 
 Fl. Par. t. 19. K. O. ccerulea ( Vill.) ed. viii. About a foot high. 
 Fl. bluish purple. Stig. scarcely 2-lobed, white. St., scales, 
 bracts, cal. and cor. glandular-pubescent. Grassy pastures. 
 Herts. Norf. Isle of Wight. Chepstow. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 [O. ramdsa (L.) ; cal. of 4 sep. tubular with triangular ovate 
 acuminate teeth, anth. glabrous, st. usually branched. E. B. 
 184. Sown with Hemp.] 
 
 2. LATHED 'A Linn. Tooth wort. 
 
 1. L. Squamdria (L.) ; st. simple, fl. pendulous secund, lower 
 lip of the cor. 3-cleft. E. B. 50. G. E. Smith S. Kent. t. 3, 
 
 1 Mr. Ar. Bennett refers the Alderney plant to O. Millefolii (O. ccerulea 
 var. Millefolii, Reich.), see Marquand, Guernsey Flora, p. 137. H. & J. G. 
 
304 57. SCBOPHTJLAKIACE^;. 
 
 Rootstock fleshy, with thick scales. St. 3 8 in. high. Young 
 raceme decurved. Bracts ovate or lanceolate. Style straight 
 or curved. Upper lip nearly entire, or bifid. Woods and 
 thickets, parasitical upon Hazels &c. P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 Order LVII. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 
 
 Cal. 4 5-cleft, persistent. Cor. irregular or 2-lipped or per- 
 sonate (subrotate in Verbascmn'), deciduous, imbricate in the 
 bud. Stain, on the cor., usually 4, didynanious, or 2 or 5. 
 Ovary free, 2-celled. Style simple ; stigma 2-lobed. Fr. cap- 
 sular, 2-celled ; placentas attached to the dissepiment or ulti- 
 mately central. Embryo straight, in axis of fleshy albumen. 
 No stipules. 
 
 * Stamens 5. 
 
 1. VEEBASCUM. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. rotate ; segments 
 unequal, spreading. Stain, unequal, 2 or more, hairy at the 
 base. 
 
 ** Stamens 4, didynamous. 
 
 [ERINUS. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. 5-parted with nearly 
 equal emarginate segments and a short tube. Caps. 2- 
 celled.] 
 
 2. DIGITALIS. Cal. in o deep segments. Cor. bellshaped, 
 oblique, 4 5-fid. Caps, septicidal, 2-celled. 
 
 3. ANTIRRHINUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, gibbous 
 at the base (no distinct spur) ; lower lip 3-fid ; a prominent 
 palate closing the mouth. Caps, opening by 2 or 3 pores at 
 the top, 2-celled. 
 
 4. LIN ARIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate , spurred ; lower 
 lip 3-fid ; a prominent palate closing the mouth. Caps, 
 with valves or teeth at the top, 2-celled. 
 
 5. SCROPHULARIA. Cal. 5-lobed (in S. vernalis 5-cleft). Cor. 
 globose ; limb minute, of 2 short lips, upper 2-lobed often 
 with a scale (the rudiment of a fifth stam.) within, lower 
 3-lobed. Caps. 2-valved, the edges inflexed, 2-celled. 
 
 6. LIMOSELLA. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-fid, bellshaped, equal. 
 Caps, globose, 2-valved, 1-celled ; placenta central, free or 
 connected with a short dissepiment below. L. radical. 
 
57. SCROPHULARrACE.ZE. 305 
 
 7. MELAMPYRUM. Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent; 
 upper lip compressed laterally with reflexed edges ; lower 
 furrowed 3-fid. Caps, oblong, obliquely acuminate, com- 
 pressed. Seeds 1 2 in each cell, smooth. 
 
 8. MIMULUS. Cal. prismatical, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent; 
 upper lip folded back at the sides. Seeds many. 
 
 9. PEDICULARIS. Cal. inflated, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent ; 
 upper lip compressed laterally; lower plane, 3-lobed. Caps. 
 compressed, acute. Seeds many, angular. 
 
 10. E-HiNANTHUS. Cal. inflated, ^-toothed. Cor. ringent; 
 upper lip compressed laterally ; lower plane, 3-lobed. Caps. 
 compressed, blunt. Seeds many, compressed, with an orbi- 
 cular margin. Alecterolophus (HalL). 
 
 11. BARTSIA. Cal. bettshaped, 4-fid. Cor. tubular, ringent ; 
 upper lip much arched, not compressed. Caps, pointed-, 
 cells many-seeded. Seeds compressed at the hile and with 
 winged ribs at the back (large). 
 
 12. EUFRAGIA. Cal. tubular, 4-cleft. . Cor. tubular, 2-lipped. 
 Caps, pointed ; cells many-seeded. Seeds slightly angular, 
 very minute, crenate-ribbed ; hile basal. 
 
 13. EUPHRASIA. Cal. tabular or bellshaped, 4-fid or 4-toothed. 
 Cor. tubular, 2-lipped ; lower lip with 3 notched or emar- 
 ginate lobes. Anth. unequally pointed. Caps, blunt or 
 emarginate; cells many-seeded. Seeds rather angular, 
 longitudinally ribbed ; hile subapical. 
 
 14. ODONTITES. Lower cor.-lip with 3 entire lobes. Anth. 
 with 2 equal points ; otherwise like Euphrasia. 
 
 15. SIBTHORPIA. Cal. in 5 deep spreading segments. Cor. 
 rotate, irregularly 5-cleft. Caps, compressed, orbicular, 
 2-seeded, 2-valved. 
 
 *** Stamens 2. 
 
 16. VERONICA. Cal. 4 5-parted. Cor. rotate, unequally 
 4-lobed, lower lobe the smallest. Caps, compressed, 2- 
 celled. 
 
306 57. SCKOPHTJLARIACE.E. 
 
 1. VEKBAS'CUM Linn. 1 Mullein. 
 * Leaves strongly decurrent. Raceme dense, nearly simple. 
 
 1. V. Thap'sus (L.) ; 1. ovate-oblong crenate densely woolly 
 on both sides all decurrent, st. simple, spike dense, pedicels 
 shorter than the calyx, cor. rotate, segments oblong blunt, fila- 
 ments woolly 2 longer nearly glabrous, anth. all nearly equal. 
 KB. 549. V. Schraderi Koch, R. xx. 1637. St. 4 5 feet high. 
 Cor. about twice as long as the calyx. Filaments with white 
 wool ; the 2 glabrous ones about 4 times as long as their 
 slightly decurrent anthers. Waste ground. B. VII. VIII. 
 High-taper. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Leaves not decurrent. Racemes branched, panicled. Anth. all 
 reniform, not decurrent. 
 
 f Flowers yellow or whitish ; hairs on the filaments white. 
 
 2. V. Lychnitis (L.) ; L crenate nearly glabrous above woolly 
 and powdery beneath, lower 1. elliptic-oblong wedgeshaped below 
 scarcely stalked, upper 1. sessile ovate-acuminate with a rounded 
 base, st. angular panicled above with ascending branches, stam. 
 equal, filaments all with white hairs. E. B. 58. R. xx. 1648. 
 Height 2 3 feet. Fl. on short stalks, small, many, [yellow 
 (rare in Britain) or var. album, Mill.] cream-coloured or white. 
 Roadsides and waste places. B. VI. VIII. White Mullein. E. 
 
 3. V. pulverulen'tum (Vill.) ; I. obscurely crenate clothed with 
 mealy deciduous wool on both sides, lower 1. oblong-elliptic at- 
 tenuated into a stalk, upper 1. sessile acuminate, st. terete pani- 
 cled above with patent branches, stam. nearly equal scarlet with 
 white hairs. E. B. 487. R. xx. 1667. Height about 3 feet. 
 Fl. on very short stalks, which, as well as the calyx, are densely 
 covered with wool, bright yellow. Cal.-teeth often glabrous. 
 Roadsides in Norfolk and Suffolk. B. VII. Hoary Mullein. E. 
 
 ft Flowers yellow ; hairs on the filaments purple. 
 
 4. V. nigrum (L.) ; 1. doubly crenate nearly glabrous above 
 subpubescent beneath, lower 1. cordate or ovate-oblong with long 
 stalks, upper 1. cordate-ovate nearly sessile, st. angular, raceme 
 elongated, pedicels twice as long as the calyx, stam. equal with 
 
 1 Hybrids occur in this genus. Four are figured in Sy. E. J?. 
 t. 843, 844, 845, 846. 
 
VEKBASCUM. ANTIRRHINUM. 307 
 
 purple hairs. E. B. 59. R. xx. 1649. Fl. in clusters in a 
 nearly simple long spike, small, bright yellow. [ft. tomentosum 
 (Bab.) ; 1. .subpubescent above woolly beneath, fl. smaller.] 
 Banks and waysides, [ft. Alderney.] P. VII. VIII. Dark 
 Mullein. E. S. 
 
 *** Leaves not, or very slightly decurrent. 
 
 5. V. Blattdria (L.) ; 1. crenate glabrous, lower 1. ovate-oblong 
 blunt sinuate, upper 1. oblong or subcordate semiamplexicaul, 
 pedicels solitary nearly twice as long as the bract, stam. and anth. 
 unequal i?. B. 393. R. xx. 1653. -Height 56 feet. Raceme 
 glandular-pilose. Fl. cream-coloured. Filaments with purple 
 hairs, the 2 longer hairy only on the inside. On gravelly banks, 
 rare. B. VIII. Moth-Mullein. E. *I. 
 
 6. V. virgdtum (Stokes) ; 1. doubly serrate slightly glandular- 
 hairy, lower 1. oblong-lanceolate sublyrate lobate-crenate-serrate, 
 upper 1. oblong-acuminate semiamplexicaul,^6!<^'ce/sl 5 together 
 shorter than the bracts, stam. nearly equal. E. B. 550. R. xx. 
 1655. Usually much stouter than Sp. 5. Height 3 4 feet. 
 Raceme glandular-pilose. Fl. yellow. Filaments with purple 
 hairs, 2 rather longer and hairy only within. On gravelly 
 banks, rare. B. VIII. E.I. 
 
 [Erinus alpinus (L.) ; 1. spathnlate deeply serrate smoothish, 
 ped. terminal subcorymbose. Subcsespitose. Fl.-shoots 3 8 
 in. long, ascending. In abundance on the old bed of the river 
 near Tantield, Yorkshire. Hexham. .Northumberland. P. VII.] 
 
 2. DIGITA'LIS Linn. Foxglove. 
 
 1. D. purpurea (L.) ; 1. ovate -lanceolate crenate downy be- 
 neath, lower l./narrowed into footstalks, sep. ovate-oblong acute 
 3-veined downy, cor. blunt glabrous externally, upper lip scarcely 
 cloven, segments of the lower lip ovate rounded. E. B. 1297. 
 L. often crenate-dentate or -serrate. Fl. sometimes white or 
 flesh-coloured. St. 3 4 feet high. Hedgebanks and woods. 
 P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. ANTIEBHI'NTJM Linn. Snapdragon, 
 
 *1. A. mdjus (L.) ; 1. lanceolate opposite or alternate glabrous, 
 fl. racemose, sep. ovate blunt much shorter than the cor., upper 
 cor.-lip bifid. E. B. 129. Height 12 feet. Cor. 1 in. long, 
 purplish-red or white. Old walls and calcareous clitts. P. 
 VII. IX. Greut Snapdragon. E. 
 
308 57. SCEOPHULARIACE^:. 
 
 2. A. Oron'tinm (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate opposite or alternate, 
 fl. loosely spiked distant, sep. linear longer than the corolla. 
 E. B. 1155. St. 27. About a foot high. Fl. purple. Dry sandy 
 and gravelly fields. A. VII. VIII. E. 1. 
 
 4. LINA'BIA Hill. Toadflax. 
 * Stems trailing. Fl. axillary. 
 
 *1. L. Cymbaldria (Mill.) ; 1. roundish heartshaped 5-lobed 
 glabrous, st. procumbent. E. B. 502. Stems slender, rooting. 
 Fl. solitary, axillary, upon long stalks, pale blue. Old walls. 
 P. V. X. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. E. 8. I. 
 
 2. L. Elat'ina (Mill.) ; /. ovate-hastate, lower 1. ovate, cor. -spur 
 straight, peduncles glabrous. E. B. 692. Fl. solitary, axillary, 
 upon long slender stalks, small, yellow, with the upper lip 
 purple. Corn-fields. A. VII. IX. Fluellin. E.I. 
 
 3. L. spuria (Mill.) ; I. roundish- ovate, spur curved upwards, 
 peduncles hairy. E. B. 691. Fl. similar to the last but larger. 
 L. with here and there a small tooth. In this species and the 
 two preceding some of the fl. are often regular with 5 spurs or 
 partially so with 2, 3, or 4. Gravelly and sandy corn-fields. 
 A. VII. IX. E. 
 
 ** Stems erect or rarely diffuse, f Fl. solitary. 
 
 4. L. vis'cida (Moench) ; /. linear -lanceolate blunt glandular- 
 pubescent mostly alternate, fl. axillary, peduncles 3 times as 
 long as the calyx, segments of upper cor. -lip diverging, seeds 
 oblong sulcate, E. B. 2014. L. minor (Desf.) ed. viii. Fl. 
 small ; the tube, upper lip, and spur of the cor. purplish ; lower lip 
 yellowish. St. erect, 4 10 in. high, branched, glandular- 
 pubescent. Lower 1. nearly spathulate. Sandy and gravelly 
 fields. A. VI VIII. E. S. 1. 
 
 ff Fl. racemose. 
 
 [L. Pelisseridna (Mill.) ; glabrous, 1. linear, the lower ternate 
 or quatei nate, upper alternate, sterile branches radical prostrate 
 with ternate lanceolate or ovate l.,fl. racemose, peduncles as 
 long as the bracts, sepals linear acute twice as long as the 
 capsule, seeds nearly flat with a fringed wing one side smooth 
 the other tubercular. E. B. S. 2832. Fl. purple with darker 
 veins. St. one or more from each root, erect, about a foot high. 
 Caps, bilobed. Jersey. A. V.] 
 
LIXARIA. SCROPHULARIA. 309 
 
 *5. L. supina (Desf.) ; glabrous, rachis, ped. and sep. glan- 
 dular-hairy , 1. linear blunt mostly whorled, sep. linear-spathulate 
 shorter than the caps, or spurs, seeds smooth nearly flat with a 
 striate wing. Sy. E. B. 858. L. maritima DO. Icon. Gall. 12. 
 St. diffuse or ascending. Fl. capitate-racemose, yellow; 
 throat and spur with slender purple lines. Styles entire. 
 Plymouth and Poole ; a ballast plant. Perhaps a native at 
 Hayle, and St. Blazey's Bay, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 *6. L. purpurea (Mill.) ; glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate scat- 
 tered, lower 1. irregularly in fours, fi. narrowly racemose, sep. 
 linear shorter than the caps, and long incurved spur, seeds 
 angular with a network of elevated lines. Sy. E. B. 960. Fl. 
 purple or yellow with the lips purple ; spur two or three times 
 as long as the ped. which is usually shorter than the bract. 
 St. erect, leafy. Old walls. Naturalized. P. VIE. VIII. E. 
 
 7. L. repens (Mill.) ; glabrous, 1. linear scattered or partly 
 whorled, fl. racemose, sep. lanceolate as long as the spur but 
 shorter than the caps., seeds angular with transverse elevated lines. 
 E. B. 1253. L. striata DC. Fl. white with blue veins. St. 
 erect, branched, leafy, 1 1J foot high, slender. Seeds much 
 smaller than those of L. vulgaris. L. italica and L. sepium may 
 be hybrids between this and L. vulgaris. Calcareous soils, par- 
 ticularly near the sea, rare. P. VII. IX. E. I. 
 
 8. L. vulgaris (Mill.) ; glabrous, rachis and peduncles glan- 
 dular-hairy, 1. linear-lanceolate scattered crowded, fl. racemose 
 imbricate, sep. ovate acute glabrous shorter than the caps, or 
 spur, seeds tubercular-asperous with a smooth orbicular margin. 
 E. B. 658. Fl. large, yellow, rarely milk-white with an 
 orange palate. St. erect, 2 feet high, as well as the 1. glabrous. 
 Common and partial flower-stalks occasionally glabrous. The 
 state called Peloria with 5 spurs and an equal and regular cor. 
 is rarely found. E. B. 260. /3. latifolia (Bab.); 1. narrowly 
 lanceolate, fl.-l. often lanceolate very glaucous, fl. twice as large 
 in a few-fl. lax raceme, ped. glabrous, spur directed perpendicu- 
 larly downwards. Sy. E. B. 964. L. speciosa Ten. ? Hedges 
 on a gravelly soil. P. VI. VII. Yellow Toadflax. E. S. I. 
 
 5. SCROPHULA'RIA Linn. Eigwort. 
 
 * Cal. of 5 rounded lobes. Cor. purplish ; upper lip with a scale 
 (staminode) on its inner side. 
 
 1. S. nodosa (L.) ; /. ovate acute subcordate glabrous doubly 
 and acutely serrate, lower teeth largest, st. acutely 4-angular, 
 
310 57. SCROPHULARIACE^:. 
 
 cymes lax, sep. roundish-ovate with a narrow membranous 
 margin, staminode wedgeshqped slightly emarginate [rarely entire]. 
 E. B. 1544. Root tuberous, thick, knotty. St. 23 feet high. 
 Bracts small, lanceolate, acute. Fl. greenish purple, lurid, 
 sometimes green or pale. Caps, ovate. Moist hedges and 
 thickets. P. VI. VII. Knotted Figwort. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. umbrdsa (Dum.) 1 ; /. ovate-lanceolate acute subcordate 
 glabrous sharply serrate, lower teeth smaller, st, and petioles 
 winged, cymes lax few- (4 8-) flowered, sep. roundish with a 
 broad membranous margin, staminode bilobed with diverging 
 lobes. S. Ehrharti, C. A. Stev. E. B. S. 2875. Not S. (data 
 Gil. St. tall. Bracts leaflike. lanceolate, acute. Fl. dark purple. 
 Caps, subglobo&e, blunt. Wet places. P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. aquat'ica (L. !) ; /. cordate-oblong roundly blunt gla- 
 brous crenate-serrate, st. an d petioles winged, nj me s dense cor y m- 
 bose many- (1 15-) flowered, sep. roundish blunt with a broad 
 membranous margin, staminode roimdish-reniform. E. B. 854. 
 S. Balbisii Horn., Koch. St. 2 5 feet high. Bracts linear, 
 blunt. Fl. dark purple, occasionally milk-white. Caps, o id, 
 pointed. In wet places. P. VII. VIII. E. S, I. 
 
 4. S. Scorodonia (L.) ; /. cordate-triangular with large double 
 teeth downy on both sides, st. bluntly quadrangular downy, cymes 
 lax few-flowered, sep. roundish downy with a membranous 
 margin, staminode roundish entire. E. B. 2209. St. 2 3 feet 
 high. L. wrinkled. Bracts leaflike, lower exactly like the leaves. 
 Fl. purple. Caps, ovoid, acute. In moist places. West of 
 Cornwall. Tralee, Kerry ? Jersey. P. VII. E, I. ? 
 
 ** Cal. of 5 deep acute segments. Cor. yellow ; no staminode. 
 
 J5. S. verndlis (L.) ; /. downy cordate-acute doubly serrate, 
 st. winged hairy, cymes axillary corymbose with leaflike bracts, 
 sep. oblong with a recurved apex. E. B. 567. St. about 2 feet 
 high. FL yellow, inflated ; the mouth much contracted. Caps, 
 ovoid, acute. Differing greatly from the other species and 
 allied in appearance to some of the Calceolaria, Waste places, 
 rare. P. IV. V. E. S. ? 
 
 6. LIMOSEL'LA. Linn. Mud wort. 
 
 1. L. aquat'ica (L.) ; 1. lanceolate-spathulate on long stalks, 
 ped. axillary crowded shorter than the petioles. E. B. 357. 
 
 1 See Du Mortier in Bull. Belg. vii. 36. 
 
MELAMPYRUM. 311 
 
 St. 30. 15. Very small; st. 0, except the naked stoles. Fl. 
 small, white or rose-coloured. Caps, minute, ovoid. [j3. tenui- 
 folia (Hook, f.) ; smaller, 1. linear.] Muddy places where water has 
 stagnated. A. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 7. MELAMPY'KUM Linn. Cow-wheat. 
 
 1. M. cristdtum (L.) ; spikes densely imbricate 4-sided, bracts 
 heartshaped acuminate pectinate-dentate lower ones with a long 
 leaflike recurved point. E. B. 41.- -Bracts rose-coloured at 
 the base. Fl. yellow, tinged with purple. L. linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, entire, with netted veins beneath. St. 8 12 in. high. 
 Woods and thickets in the Eastern Counties. A. VII. Crested 
 C'oiu-wheat. E. 
 
 2. M.arven'se (L.) ; spikes lax conical, bracts ovate-lanceolate- 
 attenuate pinnatifid with subulate segments and with a few 
 large glandular points beneath, cal. h spid equalling the cor.- 
 tube with long lanceolate-attenuate teeth from an ovate base, 
 cor. closed. E. B. 53. Bracts purple-rose-colour. Fl. varie- 
 gated with yellow, rose-colour, and purple. L. linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, rough-edged, slightly downy on both sides, entire. St. 
 8 18 in. high. Corn-fields and dry banks in the Eastern 
 Counties and the Isle of Wight. A. VII. Purple Cow-wheat. 
 
 E. 
 
 3. M . praten'se (L.) \fl. axillary secund in distant pairs, upper 
 bracts lanceolate with 1 or 2 teeth at the base, cor. 4 times as 
 long as the glabrous calyx closed, lower lip projecting. E. B. 
 113. Teeth and tube of the cal, about equal in length. L. 
 lanceolate, or [var. latifolium Schueb. & Mart.] ovate-lanceolate, 
 or with a cordate base, entire, varying greatly in size. Fl. large, 
 pale yellow, horizontally patent. St. 612 in. high. #. 
 ericetorum ( D. Oliv.) ; hispid, 1. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
 bracts toothed, fl. near together, cor.-tube whitish. y. M. monta- 
 num (Johnst.) ; smaller in all its parts, bracts quite entire, 1. 
 linear-lanceolate hispid, the 2 lower obovate-lanceolate blunt. 
 6. hians (Druce) ; " cor. deep yellow, with open lips, palate not 
 closing tube." Woods and thickets. /3. West of Ireland, y 
 Mountains. A. VI. VIII. E. S. T 
 
 4. M. sylvat'icum (L.) ; fl. axillary secund in distant pairs, 
 bracts mostly all entire linear-lanceolate, cor. about twice as 
 long as the glabrous calyx, open lips equal in length. E. B. 
 804. Teeth of the cal. longer than the tube. L. linear-lanceo- 
 late, entire. Fl. very small, deep yellow, erect. St. 12 in. high. 
 Alpine woods. A>VII. E. S. I. 
 
312 57. SCROPHULAKIACE^:. 
 
 8. MIM'TTLUS Linn. 
 
 *1. M. Langsdorffii (Bonn) ; 1. roundish ovate veined, lower 
 ones stalked, uppermost 1. clasping, st. creeping, fl. yellow. Sy. 
 E. B. 967. M. luteifsed..\m. An American plant, naturalized 
 in many boggy places. P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 9. PEDICTTLA'KIS Linn. 
 
 1. P. palus'tris (L.) ; st. solitary erect branched throughout, 1. 
 pinnatifid, segments oblong blunt lobed, cat. ovoid pubescent, 2- 
 lobed, lobes incise-dentate crisped. E. B. 399. Upper lip of 
 the cor. \vith a short truncate beak with a triangular tooth on 
 each side. Fl. large, crimson. St. 12 18 in. high, angular, 
 with alternate branches. Whorl of ovate-acute scales at root- 
 crown. Marshy and boggy places. A.? V. VII. Lousewort. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. P. sylvat'ica (L.) ; st. branched at the base erect, branches 
 long spreading prostrate, 1. pinnatifid, segments ovate lobed, cal. 
 oblong glabrous irregularly 5-lobed, upper lobe lanceolate, other 
 lobes with 3 leaflike divisions. E. .Z?. 400. Upper lip of the 
 cor. as in the last. Fl. large, rose-colour. Summit of the ped. 
 with a loose membranous cuticle enclosing the base of the calyx. 
 Primary st. erect, often very short ; branches prostrate. Whorl 
 of ovate-lanceolate crenate undivided reflexed leaves at root- 
 crown. Wet heathy and rather hilly pastures. P. ? V. VIII. 
 Eed Rattle. E. S. L 
 
 10. RHIXAN'THTJS Linn. Yellow Battle. 
 
 1. R. Crista-gal' li (L.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate serrate, fl. in lax 
 spikes, cal. glabrous, lobes of the upper cor. -lip short roundish, 
 bracts ovate incise-serrate, seeds, with a membranous border. 
 E. B. 657. R. minor (Ehrh.). Lateral lobes of the upper cor.- 
 lip very blunt, shorter than broad, bluish. Bracts green 
 throughout. Style downy near the top. Caps, as long as broad. 
 Cor.-tube straight. St. 1 2 feet high, nearly simple. Rarely 
 (var. Drummond-Hayi White) cal. pubescent with short hairs. 
 [A taller form with black-dotted st. is \ax.fallax (Druce) ; a bushy much- 
 branched form with narrow 1. from N. of Scotl. is apparently the var. 
 angustifolius G. & G.] Meadows and pastures. A. VI. E. S. J. 
 
 2. R. major (Ehrh.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate serrate, fl. in crowded 
 spikes, cal. glabrous, lobes of the upper cor. -lip oblong, bracts with 
 .an attenuate point incise serrate. Cal. often slightly downy on 
 
BAKTSIA. EUPHBASIA. 313 
 
 its edges. Lateral lobes of the upper cor.-lip longer than broad 
 purple ; the central part truncate, Cor.-tube slightly curved 
 Style glabrous. Caps, often longer than broad. Anth. very 
 villose. Bracts yellowish with green points. a. platypterus 
 (Fries) ; seed not twice as broad as its wing. R. major Koch, 
 It. I. f . 975. /3. stenopterus (Fries) ; seed quite twice as broad 
 as its wing. R. major E. B. S. 2737. y. apterus (Fries) ; seed 
 not winged but rounded and longitudinally ribbed or furrowed 
 on the back. R. Reichenbachii Drej. Cultivated land. . 
 Hastings. /3. North of England and Scotland, y. Arbroath 
 and Monifief, Forfarshire. A. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 11. BART'SIA Linn. Red Eye-brigbt. 
 
 1. B. aljnna (L.) ; 1. opposite ovate slightly clasping bluntly 
 serrate. E. B. 361. Creeping. St. square, 4 8 in. high, 
 simple. Fl. forming a short dense leafy spike, purplish blue, 
 downy. Cal. purplish, viscid. Anth. hairy. Alpine pastures, 
 rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 12. EUPEAG'IA Griseb. Marsh Eye-bright. 
 
 1. E. viscosa (Benth.) ; 1. opposite, upper 1. alternate ovate- 
 lanceolate sessile acutely serrate. Bartsia L. E. B. 1045. L. 
 sometimes linear-lanceolate. St. round, 3 12 in. high, simple. 
 Root fibrous. PL distant, axillary, upper ones crowded, yellow. 
 Anth. hairy. St., L, and cal. viscid. Damp places in the West 
 of E., South-west of S., and South of I. A. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 13. EUPHRA'SIA Linn. Eye-bright. 
 
 1. E. officmdlis (L.) ; 1. ovate or oblong-lanceolate nearly 
 sessile serrate (3 5 teeth on each side), lobes of the lower cor.- 
 lip emarginate, of the upper lip patent sinuate-dentate, anth. 
 hairy, seeds with ribs. J. B. 1416. St. 18 in. high. Fl. 
 axillary, solitary, sessile, crowded towards the ends of the 
 branches. a ; glandular-pubescent above and on the calyx, caps, 
 oblong-obovate, seeds ovoid greyish. L. usually large and broad, 
 sometimes densely imbricate (E. ericetorum Jord. ?). /3. E. 
 nemorosa (Pers.), pubescent not glandular, caps, linear-oblong, 
 seeds fusiform yellowish. L. usually narrow, sometimes (E. 
 Salisbury ensis Funk.?) with very long teeth. Some authors 
 divide this into many species ; but even the above are scarcely 
 distinguishable at all times. Pastures, woods, heaths. A. VI. 
 VIII. Common Eye-bright. E. S. I. 
 
57. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 
 
 By permission of Mr. Fredk. Townsend we have compiled the following 
 short account of the British segregates from his 'Monograph of the 
 British Species of Euphrasia ' and we are further indebted to him for 
 kindly revising the MS. H. & J. G. 
 
 * Parviflora. L. not more than twice as long as broad, usually much 
 less. Cor.-tube not lengthening after the fl. opens. 
 
 f Fl. from 6-10 mm. in length. 
 
 1. IE. strict' a (Host) ; st. usually branched below with few branches 
 eglandular, 1. nearly or quite glabrous, cauline ovate or ovate-lanceolate 
 about double as long as broad with 6-10 awned teeth, floral suberect ovate 
 very acute with shortly-cuneate base broader than the cauline with 8-14 
 long-awned or sometimes only acute teeth, lower 1. deciduous, spike much 
 lengthening in fr., cal. glabrous or with minute hairs with lanceolate- 
 acuminate awned teeth not accrescent, cor. large usually pale violet 
 rarely blue or white, lobes of upper lip denticulate rarely bilobate, fr. 
 cunea'te-obovate truncate or subemarginate ciliate with surface hairy or 
 nearly glabrous falling short of the cal.-teeth. Widely distributed. E.S.I. 
 
 2. 13. boredlis (Towns.) ; st. stout simple or branched below eglandu- 
 lar, 1. erect-patent subglabrous or more or less setose, cauline ovate obtuse 
 with 6-10 obtuse (or the lowest somewhat acute) teeth, floral broadly 
 ovate with 6-10 acute sometimes shortty-awned or occasionally obtuse 
 teeth, spike usually dense, cal. subglabrous with triangular-lanceolate 
 acuminate teetli more or less accrescent, cor. large white or violet or with 
 upper lip violet and under white, lobes of upper lip reflexed emarginate or 
 denticulate, fr. elliptic or oblong attenuate below emarginate ciliate with 
 the surface almost glabrous about equalling the cal.-teeth. Widely 
 distributed. E. S. I. 
 
 3. E.brevipila (Burn. & Grem.); st. usually branched below eglandular, 
 1. with short glandular hairs, cauline ovate or ovate-oblong acute or obtuse 
 with 6-10 obtuse acute or even awned teeth, floral ovate with shortly- 
 cuneate base broader and shorter than the cauline with 8-14 awned or 
 acuminate teeth, spike becoming much elongated, cal. with short glandu- 
 lar hairs and triangular lanceolate teeth not or but slightly accrescent, 
 cor. large pale violet bluish or white, lobes of upper lip emarginate or 
 entire and denticulate, fr. oblong or cuneate-obovate truncate or emar- 
 ginate strongly ciliate with surface hairy or glabrous equalling or 
 exceeding the cal.-teeth. Widely distributed, principally in grazing 
 pastures. E. S. I. 
 
 ft Fl. from 4-7 mm. in length. 
 
 4. IS. nemorosa (H. v. Mart.) ; st. stout eglandular much branched, 
 branches often again branched, 1. dull green plicate beneath; glabrous 
 patent arcuate, cauline ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute with 8-14 acute 
 scarcely awned teeth, floral patent or recurved ovate broader and shorter 
 than the cauline with 8-12 very acute or shortly-awned teeth, spike 
 becoming elongated, cal. nearly glabrous with triangular or triangular- 
 lanceolate teeth becoming somewhat inflated, cor. small white or bluish 
 
ETJPHRASTA. 315 
 
 upper lobe minutely-denticulate, fr. cuneate-obovate emarginate long, 
 ciliate with surface hairy or glabrous, equalling or often exceeding the 
 cal.-teeth. Common. E. S. I. 
 
 5. 1$. cur'ta (Wettst.) ; st. usually stout branched below, 1. greyish- 
 green rugose beneath usually more or less densely clothed with compara- 
 tively long bristles, cauline ovate acute with 8-14 acute not awned teeth, 
 floral often nearly orbicular with 8-14 acute or shortty-awned teeth, cal. 
 clothed wholly or on the nerves and margin with short white hairs, 
 becoming somewhat inflated, teeth short, cor. small usually whitish or 
 pale lilac rarely wholly blue, lobes of upper lip emarginate or denticulate, 
 fr. cuneate-obovate truncate or emarginate strongly ciliate with hairy 
 or rarely glabrous surface equalling or exceeding cal.-teeth. ft. fflab- 
 res'cens (Wettst.) ; 1. nearly glabrous, fr. often much exceeding cal.-teeth. 
 Approaching closely to Sp. 4. y. pic' cola (Towns.) ; " plant smaller in 
 all its parts, teeth of cauline- and floral-1. 8-12." Widely distributed. E. S. 
 
 6. E. occidentalis (Wettst.) ; st. stout ascending branched below, 1. 
 clothed with small stiff bristles and short glandular hairs, cauline ovate 
 acute or subacute with 6-10 acute or subacute teeth, floral broadly ovate 
 acute with 8-14 acute teeth, spike usually dense, cal. with small stiff bristles 
 and glandular hairs, teeth lanceolate-acuminate, cor. small whitish, lobes of 
 upper lip entire or emarginate, fr. elliptic emarginate ciliate with surface 
 nearly glabrous equalling or exceeding cal.-teeth. Maritime. E. I. 
 
 7. E. latifolia (Pursh) ; st. straight simple or slightly branched at or 
 below the middle, internodes long, 1. more or less densely clothed with 
 stout white bristles sometimes with glandular hairs, cauline few ovate or 
 cuneate-obovate obtuse with 4-10 broad obtuse teeth, floral broadly-oval or 
 nearly orbicular subobtuse or acute with cuneate base with 6-12 broad 
 subobtuse or acute but not awned teeth, spike dense, cal. with stout white 
 bristles and sometimes glandular hairs accrescent, teeth broad acute, cor. 
 rather small usually whitish, lobes of upper lip reflexed denticulate, fr. 
 elliptic emarginate ciliate with surface hairy, equalling or exceeding cal.- 
 teeth. N. of Scotland. S, 
 
 8. E. foulaen'sis (Towns.) ; st. stout simple or slightly branched, 1. 
 almost glabrous, cauline few distant ovate obtuse with 4-6 obtuse teeth , 
 floral similar sometimes acute with acute but not acuminate nor awned 
 teeth, spike lengthening slightly, cal. glabrous or slightly setose accres- 
 cent, teeth triangular-lanceolate, cor. small usually purple, lobes of upper 
 lip entire, fr. elliptic-elongate emarginate ciliate usually exceeding cal - 
 teeth. N. of Scotland. S. 
 
 9. E. grac'ilis (Fries) ; st. straight slender simple or branched about 
 the middle, 1. small conspicuously shorter than the internodes green or 
 reddish with few very short hairs on the upper surface and on the nerves 
 beneath, cauline ovate often cuneate-based acute with 6-8 acute teeth, 
 floral ovate often cuneate-based with 6-10 cuspidate-acuminate or shortly - 
 awned teeth, spike much lengthening, cal. glabrous becoming somewhat 
 inflated, teeth lanceolate-acuminate, cor. small white with blue lines 
 bluish or violet, lobes of upper lip entire or faintly denticulate, fr. linear-' 
 elliptic truncate or somewhat emarginate ciliate with glabrous surface 
 equalling or more usually exceeding cal.-teeth and floral 1. Common. 
 
 E. S. t 
 p2 
 
316 57. SCROPH.ULAEIACEJS. 
 
 10. IS. scot'ica (Wettst.) ; st. firm simple or slightly branched at or 
 below the middle, 1. rigid almost glabrous with a few short hairs on 
 the margin ovate or ovate-oblong 6-8-toothed, cauline and lower floral 
 with obtuse teeth, upper floral with cuneate base and shortly awned 
 teeth the lower incurved, spike interrupted below, cal. -teeth broadly- 
 triangular acute and as well as the nerves clothed with minute bristles, 
 cor. small whitish or violet and white, lobes of upper lip emarginate, 
 lower lip equalling the upper and slightly exceeding the tube, fr. oblong 
 narrowed below, upper part ciliate and pilose, equalling or exceeding 
 cal. -teeth and equalling the floral 1. On mountains and near the sea, 
 Devon, Somerset, York, & N. of Scotland. E. S. 
 
 ** Grandiflorce. L. not more than twice as long as broad, usually much 
 less. Cor.-tube lengthening after the flower opens. 
 
 11. E. Rostkoviana (Hayne) ; st. tall usually branched below with long 
 scattered glandular hairs, i. plicate striate more or less densely clothed 
 with white bristles and long more or less wavy glandular hairs, cauline 
 ovate acute or shortly-acuminate with 6-12 acute (not awned) teeth, 
 floral broadly-ovate with 6-12 acute teeth, spike lengthening, cal. clothed 
 with bristles and glandular hairs, teeth triangular-lanceolate, cor. very 
 large ultimately much exceeding cal. white or more or less violet, lobes of 
 upper lip reflexed emarginate or bilobed, fr. elliptic emarginate strongly 
 ciliate with shortly-pilose surface equalling or but little exceeding cal- 
 teeth. Widely distributed. E. S. I. 
 
 [E. campes'tris (Jord.) ; closely related to Sp. 11, but differing by its 
 shorter st. branching higher up, smaller fl. and narrower 1. with shorter 
 glandular hairs, is perhaps British.] 
 
 12. E. Ker'neri (Wettst.) ; st. eglandular usually branched below, 1. 
 eglandular with minute bristles especially on the margins and nerves, 
 cauline ovate-elliptic acute with 8-14 triangular-acute teeth, floral oval 
 acute with 6-12 acuminate or mucronate teeth, spike much lengthening, 
 cal. eglandular with lanceolate acuminate scabrid teeth, cor. usually very 
 large ultimately much exceeding cal. usually whitish with violet stripes, 
 the upper lip often violet, lobes of upper lip reflexed bilobed, fr. oblong- 
 obovate emarginate ciliate with shortly-pilose surface falling short of the 
 cal.-teeth. On limestone in the Southern and Midland Counties. E. 
 
 **# Angustifolia. L. narrow, usually more than twice as long as broad. 
 
 13. E. salislurgen'sis (Funck) ; st. simple or branched below, 1. quite 
 glabrous or with very few minute bristles below plane beneath, cauline 
 lanceolate 2-5 times as long as broad usually very acute with 4-6 distant 
 elongate patent awned teeth, floral ovate-lanceolate with 4-10 (usually 6) 
 similar teeth, spike ultimately much elongated, cal. glabrous or with 
 minute bristles, teeth triangular-lanceolate, cor. rather small usually 
 whitish sometimes bluish purple or violet, lobes of upper lip reflexed 
 emarginate or denticulate, fr. cuneate-elongate truncate-emarginate quite 
 glabrous or very slight 1\ hairy on the upper part, equalling or exceeding 
 cal.-teeth. Onlimestone W. of Ireland. J. 
 
ODOXTITES. VERONICA. 317 
 
 The following hybrids are recognised as British by Mr. Townsend : 
 
 V. stricta X brevipila. 
 . brevipila Xscotica. 
 
 . curta v. glabrescensXbrevi- 
 
 pila. 
 
 S. ffracilisX brevipila. 
 . scoticaXgracilis. 
 . Rostkoviana X brevipila. 
 . RostkovianaXnemorosa. 
 
 14. ODONTI'TES Hall. 
 
 1. 0. rubra (Gilib.) ; /. narrowed from near the base opposite 
 linear-lanceolate-attenuate remotely serrate, floral I. usually 
 longer than the fl. with 2 4 teeth and an entire end, cal. -seg- 
 ments as long as their tube lanceolate acute, cor. pubescent open, 
 lobes of the lower lip oblong, style protruded even before the fl. 
 opens, caps, oblong. Bartsia Odontites Huds. E. B. 1415. 
 St. about a foot high, much branched. Fl. many, pink, in 
 leafy unilateral spikes. Filaments, anth., and stam. hairy. 
 a. O. verna (Dum.); branches ascending straightish, 1. rounded 
 below, cal.-teeth narrowed below. /3. O. serotina (Dum.) ; 
 branches spreading and curving up, 1. narrowed below, cal.-teeth 
 narrowed below. [p. simplex (Ki-ok)=Eupkr. Odontites var. litoralis 
 (Fr % ), a small form with stout usually unbranched st., broader more obtuse 
 1., and exserted fr., is recorded from Scotland.] Corn-fields and waste 
 places. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 15. SIBTHOKP'IA Linn. 
 
 1. 8. europcea (L.). E. B. 649. A slender trailing plant 
 with filiform creeping stems, and alternate long-stalked roundish 
 reniform leaves with a few large crenatures. Fl. very small, 
 axillary, solitary, on short stalks, pinkish, inconspicuous. 
 Damp shady places in the South and South-west. P. VI. IX. 
 
 E.I. 
 
 16. VERON'ICA Linn. Speedwell. 
 * Racemes axillary. (Root perennial.) 
 
 1. V. scutelldta (L.) ; /. linear-lanceolate acute sessile minutely 
 denticulate, racemes alternate, fruitstalks slender reflexed, caps. 
 ofSflattish orbicular lobes, st. erect. E. .782. Stoloniferous. 
 St. weak, 1 ft. high, glabrous or [var. villosa, Schum.] hairy. 
 Fl. pale flesh-coloured, with darker lines. Sep. small, lanceo- 
 late, acute, shorter than the capsule. Boggy places. P. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. V. Anagal'lis (L.) ; I. lanceolate serrate acute sessile, ra- 
 cemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, caps, oval slightly notched, 
 
3] 8 57. SCKOPHULAKIACE^:. 
 
 st. erect E. B. 781. Stoloniferous. St. glabrous, thick, suc- 
 culent, hollow, 12 24 in. high. Fl. pale blue. Sep. lanceolate. 
 Racemes sometimes glandular ( V. anagalltformis, Bor.). 
 Whole plant usually glabrous. [A small animal form is var. mon- 
 tioides (Boiss.), see Hiern, J. of B. 1898, p. 321.] In water. P. VI. 
 VIII. Water Speedwell. E. S. I. 
 
 3. V. Beccabun'ga (L.) ; /. stalked oral crenate- serrate, 
 racemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, caps, roundish tumid 
 slightly notched, st. procumbent at the base rooting. E. B. 
 655. Glabrous, succulent. Fl. bright blue, rarely pink or 
 flesh-coloured. Ditches and streams. P. V. VIII. Brook- 
 lime. E. S. I. 
 
 4. V. Cham&'drys (L.) ; 1. nearly sessile cordate-ovate incise- 
 serrate, racemes usually opposite, fruitstalks ascending, caps, 
 flat obcordate deeply notched ciliate shorter than the cal., st. 
 bifariously hairy ascending. E. B. 623. St. about afoot long. 
 Fl. large, many, handsome, blue. Sep. lanceolate, acute. L. on 
 autumnal shoots slightly stalked. Hedgebanks. P. V. VI. 
 Germander Speedwell. E. S. I. 
 
 5. V. montdna (L.^ ; /. stalked broadly ovate serrate, fruit- 
 stalks ascending, caps, orbicular notched their margins crenulate 
 and ciliate longer than the cal., st. diffuse hairy oil round pro- 
 cumbent. E. B. 766. St. often above a foot long. Racemes 
 lax. Fl. few, pale blue. Caps, very large, quite flat. Sep. 
 ovate-lanceolate, acute. Woods and thickets. P. V. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 6. V. officindlis (L.) ; 1. shortly stalked oval serrate, racemes 
 spikelike many-flowered, fruitstalks erect, caps, obcordate trun- 
 cate bluntly notched longer than the cal., st. prostrate creeping 
 hairy. E. B. 765. St. 6 12. in. long. Racemes erect, much 
 longer than the leaves. Caps, not always notched. St., L, and 
 calyx sometimes smooth. /3. V. hirsuta (Hopk.) ; 1. ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, caps, abrupt undivided. E. B. S. 2673. Much smaller 
 than the true V. officinalis. I have not seen wild specimens. 
 Dry banks and heaths. P. VI. VIII. Common Speedwell. 
 
 E. S. 1. 
 
 ** Racemes terminal; cor. -tube longer than broad. 
 
 7. V. spicdta (L.) ; 1. ovate or lanceolate crenate-serrate entire 
 at the end, lower 1. blunt stalked, raceme spikelike long dense, 
 bracts longer than the pedicels, caps, ovate emarginate with a very 
 long style. E*B. 2. St. erect, branching at the base, about 6 
 in. high, or in V. hybrida taller. Fl. blue. Lower 1. oval with 
 
 I 
 
VERONICA. 3.19 
 
 a wedgeshaped base, or ovate with a rounded or slightly cordate 
 base ( V. hybrida L. E, B. 673). Rare. On chalky heaths 
 near Newmarket and Bury ; and on limestone cliffs. * P. VII. 
 VIII. Spiked Speedwell. E. 
 
 *** Racemes terminal; cor. -tube very short, t Seeds flat. 
 
 8. V.fruticans (Jacq.) ; 1. oval serrate at about the middle, 
 lower 1. smaller, raceme pubescent with crisped hairs not glandu- 
 lar few-flowered, caps, ovate-attenuate, valves bifid. E. 21. 
 1027. V. saxatilis (L.) ed. viii. Raceme persistently sub- 
 corymbose. Ped. long, erect. Fl. large, bright blue. St. much 
 branched, decumbent, woody. V. suffruticosa Sm. is probably, 
 a mistake. Exposed alpine rocks. P. VII. S. 
 
 9. V. alpina (L.) ; 1. elliptic or ovate dentate or entire, lower 
 1. smaller, raceme hairy with patent hairs not glandular few- 
 flowered, caps, oval-obovate emarginate crowned with the very 
 short persistent style. Sy. E. B. 980. St. decumbent, scarcely 
 rooting, erect, simple except quite at the base, 4 6 in. high. 
 Fl. -raceme corymbose ; fr.-raceme dense. Summits of Highland 
 mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 10. V. serpyllifdlia (L.) ; 1. ovate or oval slightly crenate, 
 lower 1. smaller and rounder, raceme long many-lowered^ caps, 
 obcordate broader than long crowned with the long persistent 
 style. E. B. 1075. Fl. whitish with blue veins. St. rooting 
 below, afterwards erect, 2 6 in. high. /3. V. humifusa (Dicks.); 
 st. quite prostrate, racemes shorter. Sy. E. B. 979. Roadsides 
 and damp places, ft. Mountains. P. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 [* V. peregrina (L.) ; 1. all obtuse and narrowed below, lower 
 1. obovate-oblong, uppermost 1. bractlike exceeding the minute 
 fl., raceme slightly spiked many-flowered lax, ped. very short, 
 caps, obcordate, style very short. Sy. E. B. 977. St. erect, 
 2 5 in. high. Fl. white faintly tinged with pink. Caps, 
 smooth, broader than long ; lobes rounded. Sep. linear-lanceo- 
 late. Fields. A. V.] S. I. 
 
 [* V. repens (DC.) ; /. all roundly oval, pan. short few-flowered, 
 ped. exceeding L, cor. 2 3 times as long as the sep., caps, ob- 
 ovate shorter than its style. V. tenella R. xx. 1718. St. pros- 
 trate, rooting ; no erect fl. -shoot and raceme. Ped., cal., and 
 caps, glandular-hairy. A Corsican pi. naturalized at Man- 
 chester, York, and Glasgow. P. IV. V.] 
 
 11. V. arven'sis (L.) ; 1. cordate-ovate crenate, lower 1. stalked, 
 u pper most 1. lanceolate entire bractlike exceeding the flowers, 
 
320 57. SCKOPHULAEIACE^:. 
 
 raceme slightly spiked many-flowered lax, ped. very short, cops, 
 obcordate broader than long compressed ciliate on the keel. 
 E. B. 734. St. ascending, 2 6 in. or rarely a foot long. Fl. pale 
 blue. Caps, smooth, with rounded lobes which exceed the 
 style. Seeds 12 14. Sep. lanceolate, unequal, sometimes very 
 glandular. [/3. eximia (Towns.) ; branches simple from base of st., upper 
 1. bracts and sep. not exceeding caps.] Gravelly and sandy places. 
 A. IV. VII. E. S. J. 
 
 12. V. ver'na (L.) ; /. pinnatifid, lower 1. stalked ovate serrate, 
 upper 1. lanceolate entire bractlike, raceme slightly spiked many- 
 flowered lax, ped. very short, caps, obcordate compressed ciliate 
 on the keel. J?. B. 25. St. erect, 1 3 in. high, simple or 
 branched in the lower part. Caps, smooth or downy, with 
 rounded lobes. Style very short. Seeds 12 14. Sep. linear- 
 lanceolate, unequal. Sandv heaths. Bury, Thetford, and Mil- 
 denhall, Suff. A. V. E. 
 
 ft Seeds concave. 
 
 13. V. tripliyl'los (L.) ; /. fingered, lower 1. ovate entire or 
 dentate stalked, raceme slightly spiked lax few-flowered, ped. 
 exceeding the calyx, cap* obcordate compressed smooth ciliate 
 on the keel. E. B. 26. St. erect with spreading branches, 4 5 
 in. high. Fl. deep blue. Ped. usually longer than the leaves. 
 Sep. oval. Known by its spreading st, deeply fingered 1., and 
 dark-blue flowers. Sandy fields. Bury, Mildenhall, Brandon, 
 &c.,Suff. York. A. IV. E. 
 
 ###* Flowers axillary, solitary. Seeds concave. St. prostrate. 
 
 14. V. agres'tis (L.) ; 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-serrate, 
 sep. oval, stam. inserted at the very bottom of the cor., caps, of 
 2 turgid keeled lobes, seeds about 6 in a cell. 2?. B. S. 2603. 
 R. 1. f. 440. Caps, hairy all over, or only ciliate on the keel ; 
 hairs all straight and glandular. L. usually exceeding the pe- 
 duncles. Lower cor .-lip white. [ V. opaca (Fries), with fewer 
 seeds, hairs on caps, incurved short with a few longer and glan- 
 dular, stam. inserted in the throat of cor., is probably British.] 
 Fields and waste places. A. IV. IX. Green Field Speed- 
 Well. E. S. L 
 
 15. V. did'yma (Ten.) ; 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-ser- 
 rate, sep. broadly ovate acute, stam. inserted at the very bottom of 
 the cor., caps, of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 8 12 in a cell. E. B. 783. 
 R. I. f. 404, 405. V. polita (Fries) ed. viii. Caps, with short 
 dense glandless hairs and other shorter glandular ones, rarely 
 
58. 1AB1A.TJ3. 321 
 
 glabrous. L, usually falling* short of the peduncles. Fl. wholly 
 blue. Cor. sometimes as large as that of V. Tournefortii. 
 Fields and waste places. A. IV. IX. Gray Field Speedicell. 
 
 E.S.I. 
 
 *16. V. Tournefor'tii (C. Gmel.) ; 1. all stalked cordate-ovate 
 incise-serrate, sep. lanceolate-acute, stain, from the bottom of the 
 cor,, caps, of 2 divaricate lobes compressed upwards and sharply 
 keeled, seeds about 8 in a cell. E. B. S. 2769. V. Buxbaumii 
 (Ten.) ed. viii. St. long, hairy. L. falling short of the pedun- 
 cles. Fl. twice the size of those of the preceding, as large as 
 those of V. Chamadrys, blue. Fields. A. IV. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 17. V. hedertefolia (L.) ; /. cordate with 5 7 large toothlike 
 lobes all stalked, sep. cordate-attenuate ciliate, caps, of 2 turgid 
 lobes, seeds 2 in each. cell. E. B. 784. Fl. pale blue. Fields 
 and banks. A. IV. VI. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. E. S. I. 
 
 [Acanthus mol'lis (L.), belonging to the Order Acantliacece, 
 has been introduced by unknown agency to St. Agnes Isle, Scilly, 
 and Traeth Manaccan, Cornw.] 
 
 Order LVIII. LABIATE. 
 
 Cal. tubular, regular or 2-lipped, persistent. Cor. 2-lipped, 
 upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3-fid, or nearly regular. Stam. 
 4, didynamous, rarely 2. Ovary free, 4-lobed. Style 1, from 
 the base of and between the lobes ; stignia bifid. Fr. in 1 4 
 small nutlets (not true nuts although so culled). Fl. unsym- 
 metrical, often forming 2 cymes so placed as to resemble a 
 whorl (a verticillaster). L. opposite. No stipules. 
 
 Tribe I. MENTHOIDEAL. Cor. bellshaped, nearly regular. 
 Stam. distant, straight, diverging upwards. 
 
 1. MENTHA. Cor. 4-fid, tube very short. Cal. regular, 5- 
 toothed. Stam. 4 ; anth. -cells parallel. 
 
 2. LYCOPUS. Cor. 4-fid, scarcely logger than the regular 
 5-toothed calyx. Stam. 2 ; anth.-cells parallel or ulti- 
 mately diverging' ; 2 upper stam. imperfect. 
 
 Tr. II. MONARDEJE. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 2, perfect, par- 
 allel under the upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 3. SALVIA. Filaments with 2 diverging branches ; only one 
 bearing a perfect anth.-cell. Cor. ringent. Cal. tubular, 
 2-lipped. 
 
 p5 
 
 ^ V* fl^Wc^t fr* totnuA '?U*M 
 
 n.. Lilt 
 
322 58. LABIATE. 
 
 Tr. III. SATUREINEJK. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 4, distant ; 
 cells of anth. separate, diverging ; connective dilated. 
 
 4. ORIGANUM. Stam. diverging; connective subtriangular. 
 Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat ; lower patent, 3-fid. 
 Cal. with 5 equal teeth and 10 13 veins ; throat hairy. 
 Spikes 4-sided, resembling catkins with imbricate bracts. 
 
 5. THYMUS. Tipsofstam. patent. Anth.-cells at first nearly 
 parallel, afterwards diverging ; connective subtriangular. 
 Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat ; lower patent, 3-fid. 
 CaL 2-lipped nud. 10 13-veined ; throat hairy. Fl. whorled, 
 axillary or spiked. 
 
 6. CLINOPODIUM. Tips ofstam. converging under the upper 
 lip of the corolla. Anth.-cells at length diverging ; con- 
 nective subtriangular. Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat; 
 lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped. 
 
 [MELISSINEJB. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. distant; anth.-cells 
 connected above.] 
 
 [MELISSA. Tips of stam. converging under the upper lip 
 of the cor. Anth.-cells diverging. Upper lip of cor. con- 
 cave ; lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped ; upper lip flat, 
 with 3 teeth, the lateral teeth folded at their midrib.] 
 
 Tr. IV. SCUTELLARIEsE. Stam. approaching, parallel 
 under the upper lip of the cor. Cal. 2-lipped, closed in 
 fruit. 
 
 7. SCUTELLARIA. Tips of stam. incurved. Filaments simple. 
 Anth. of the two longer and inferior stam. I-celled, of the 
 shorter and superior 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped, upper lip con- 
 cave. Cal. ultimately closed and compressed ; lips entire, 
 upper one with a concave scale on its back. Nutlets with 
 a long carpophore. 
 
 8. PBUNELLA. Two inferior stam. longest. Filaments bifid, 
 one branch barren. Anth. all 2-celled. Cor. ringent ; upper 
 lip concave, entire. CaL ultimately closed and compressed ; 
 upper lip flat, truncate, 3-toothed ; lower bifid. 
 
 Tr. V. NEPETE&. Stam. approaching, parallel under the 
 1 lip of the cor., 2 inferior shortest. Cal. tubular. 
 
 upper j 
 
 9. NEPETA. Anth.-cells diverging. Cor. ringent ; upper lip 
 flat, straight, emarginate or bifid. Cal. 5-toothed. 
 
 
58. LABIATE 323 
 
 Tr. VI. STACHYDEJE. Stam. approaching, parallel under 
 the upper lip of the cor., 2 inferior longest. Cal. tubular 
 or bellshaped, spreading in fruit. 
 
 * Stamens exceeding the tube of the corolla. 
 
 10. MELITTIS. Anth. approaching in pairs and forming a 
 cross, bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. flat, 
 entire, straight ; lower lip with 3 rounded nearly equal lobes. 
 Cal. membranous, bellshaped, a?nple, variously lobed. 
 
 11. LAMIUM. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells diverging, 
 bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. arched ; late- 
 ral lobes of the lower lip minute toothlike or rarely long. 
 Cal. bellshaped, 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal. Galeobdo- 
 lon (Huds.) has the lobes of the lower lip of the cor. nearly 
 equal and acute. 
 
 12. LEONURUS. Anth. approaching ; cells nearly parallel, 
 bursting longitudinally. Upper Up of cor. nearly flat ; loiver- 
 with 3 blunt lobes. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; 2 lower teeth 
 rather the longest. Nutlets flatly truncate. 
 
 13. GALEOPSIS. Anth. approaching in pairs , cells opposite 
 bursting by 2 valves transversely. Upper lip of cor. arched ; 
 lower lip 3-lobed with 2 teeth on its upper side, lobes un- 
 equal. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; teeth equal or 2 upper 
 ones longest. Nutlets rounded at the end. 
 
 14. STACHYS. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells diverging, 
 bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. concave ; lower 
 of 3 unequal lobes. Cal. tubular-bellshaped with 5 equal 
 teeth. Nutlets blunt and convex at the end. 
 
 15. BALLOTA. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells diverging, 
 bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. erect, con- 
 cave, lower 3-lobed, middle lobe cordate. CaLfunnelshaped 
 with 5 equal teeth. Nutlets convex and rounded at the 
 end. 
 
 ** Stamens falling short of the tube of the corolla. 
 
 16. MARRUBIUM. Anther-cells diverging, bursting longitu- 
 dinally. Upper lip. of cor. straight, erect, flattish, cloven ; 
 lower 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest. Cal. tubular, teeth 
 nearly equal or 2 longer. Nutlets flatly truncate. 
 
324 58. LABIATE. 
 
 Tr. VII. AJUGO1DEJE. Cor. with the upper lip very short, 
 or deeply bifid and appearing as if wanting. 
 
 17. TEUCRIUM. Stam. parallel, protruded between the lobes 
 of the upper lip of the cor., inferior longest; cells bursting 
 longitudinally. Cor. with the upper lip deeply bifid, lobes 
 long ; lower lip 3-lobed. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed ; the 
 teeth equal or the upper one larger (2-lipped). 
 
 18. AJUGA. Stam. parallel, protruded far beyond the upper 
 lip of the cor., inferior longest ; cells bursting longitudinally. 
 Cor. with the upper lip very short, 2-lobed ; lower 3-lobed, 
 much longer than the upper. Cal. ovate-bellshaped, nearly 
 equally 5-cleft. 
 
 Tribe I. Menthoidece. 
 
 1. HEN'THA Linn. Mint. 1 
 
 * Throat of the calyx naked. General inflorescence determinate. 
 Whorls ofjl. in terminal spikes or clusters. f Stoles aerial, 
 leafy. 
 
 fl. M. spicdta (L.) ; /. glabrous sessile lanceolate acute 
 serrate, spikes lax cylindrical, bracts subulate, cor. glabrous. 
 E. B. 2424. Sole Month. 5. M. viridis (L.) ed. yiii. Whorls 
 of the spike rather distant. L. glandular beneath. /3. M . crispa 
 (L.) ; 1. deeply cut and crisped. In marshy places, rare. 
 P. VIII. Spear-Mint. E. S. 
 
 2. M. rotundifolia (Huds.) ; I. sessile roundly ovate crenate- 
 serrate wrinkled shaggy beneath, spikes linear cylindrical dense, 
 bracts lanceolate, " fr.-cal. not contracted at the mouth," cor. 
 hairy. E. B. 446. Sole 3. Viscid. St. 12 ft. high. L. 
 usually with a cordate base. Whorls of spike nearly all close? 
 together. Scent acrid. Waste places, rare. P. VIII. IX. 
 Eound-leaved Mint. E. S. I. 
 
 ft Stoles subterranean. 
 
 3. M. alopecuroides (Hull) ; I. subsessile roundly cordate-oval 
 serrate wrinkled hairy beneath, spikes conical-cylindrical, bracts 
 lanceolate, cor. hairy. Sy. E. B. 1021. M. rotundifolia Sole 4. 
 M. velutina Bab. M. dulcissima Durn. L. not felted beneath. 
 West of S. and east of E. P. VIII. IX. E. S. 
 
 1 See Mr. Baker's valuable paper in J. ofB.iu. 233. 
 
 
MENTHA. 325 
 
 4. M. lonyifolia (Huds.) ; 1. subsessile ovate or lanceolate ser- 
 rate silky beneath, spikes linear-cylindrical dense, bracts subulate, 
 "fr.-cal. contracted at the mouth," cor. hairy. E. B. 686. 
 Sole 1 2. M. sylvestris (L.) ed. viii. L. lanceolate or oblong, 
 more or less hairy, not shaggy. Whorls of spike nearly all 
 close together. Scent sweet. [Extreme forms are M. mollissima 
 (Borkh.) with 1. softly white-tomentose on both sides, and M. nemorosa 
 (Willd.) with shorter oblong 1. green pubescent above, slightly tomentose 
 beneath.] Damp waste ground. P. VIII. IX. Horse-Mint. 
 
 E. S. 
 
 *5. M. piperita (L.) ; I. stalked ovate-lanceolate or oblong 
 serrate, upper 1. smaller, bracts lanceolate, spikes lax short blunt 
 interrupted beloiu, cal. tubular glabrous below with lanceolate 
 subulate teeth. E. B. 687. St. 12 ft. high and 1. nearly 
 glabrous or hairy on the veins beneath. Cal. glandular. 
 [/3. vulgaris (Sole) ; 1. broader, spikes shorter almost capitate.] Wet 
 places^ rare. P. VII. VIII. Pepper-Mint. E. S. I. 
 
 6. M. aquat'ica (L.) ; L stalked ovate-acute serrate rounded 
 or subcordate below hairy on both sides, fl.-l. falling short of 
 fl., fl. -whorls in few axillary and terminal subc/lobose or ovoid 
 clusters, cal. -teeth triangular J as long as tube. M. hirsuta 
 E. B. 447. (M. citrata (Ehrh.) E. B. 1025 is a glabrous form). 
 St. 12 18 in. high. Cal. glandular. Moist places. P. VII. 
 VIII. Capitate Mint. E. S. I. 
 
 7. M. pubes'cens (Willd.) ; 1. stalked ovate or ovate-lanceo- 
 late serrate hairy above woolly beneath, fl.-l. falling short of the 
 fl., whorls of fl. in subcylindrical thick dense spikes interrupted 
 below, cal.-teeth subulate length of tube. Sy. E. B. 1026, 
 1027. St. 1218 in. high. I know little of this. Is it distinct 
 from M. aquatica ? E. 
 
 #* Throat of cal. naked. General inflorescence indeterminate. 
 Fl. in axillary distant whorls; none amongst the uppermost 
 l.j or shorter than them. 
 
 8. M, sativa (L.) 1 ; 1. nearly sessile ovate or ovate-lanceolate 
 sharply serrate, upper I. smaller but similar and exceeding thejl., 
 whorls distant dense, cal. tubular or bell-shaped, cal.-teeth 
 triangular-lanceolate. St. 1 2 ft. high. Uppermost leaves 
 often above the flowers. a. M. sativa (L.) ; 1. hairy on both 
 
 1 The correct name for this collective species would be M. gentilis, L., 
 but M. verticillata, L. (-M. sativa, L.) and M. gentilis are by many 
 regarded as distinct species. H. & J. G. 
 
326 58. LABIATJE. 
 
 sides, ped. cal. and cor. hairy. E. B. 448. j9. M. rubra 
 (Huds.) ; 1. stalked nearly glabrous, ped. lower part of cal. and 
 cor. glabrous, cal.-teeth hairy, veins of 1. purple. M. yracilis 
 (Sole) is a slender green form with subsessile leaves. M. 
 cardiaca (Baker) differs by having the upper 1. sessile and st.-l. 
 nearly glabrous. 7. M, pratensis (Sole) ; 1. rather blunt much 
 veined hairy above, glabrous (except on the veins) beneath, ped. 
 and cal. glabrous, cal.-teeth ciliate. d. M. gentilis (L.) ; 1. 
 acute with few veins slightly hairy on both sides, upper 1. 
 similar, ped. lower part of cal. and cor. glabrous. E. B. 2118. 
 These forms seem to vary into each other. Wet places. P. 
 VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 9. M. amen' sis (L.) ; I. stalked ovate bluntly serrate, upper 
 1. similar and equally large, whorls distant, cal. bellshaped, teeth 
 triangular as broad as long. a. vulgarise 1. narrowed below. 
 M. arvensis Sm. E. B. 2119. /3. M . agrestis (Sole) ; 1. roundish 
 subcordate below, upper ones nearly sessile. E. B. 2120. L. 
 very variable in form, from nearly round and blunt to ovate- 
 acute. Corn-fields. P. VII. IX. Corn Mint. E. S. I. 
 
 **# Throat of the calyx closed with hairs. PULKGIUM Opitz. 
 
 10. M. Pulegium (L.) ; 1. stalked ovate slightly crenate all 
 similar, whorls all distant globose many-flowered, cal. tubular 
 hispid closed with hairs in the throat. E. B. 1026. Sole 23. 
 St. prostrate. L. often recurved, uppermost axils without 
 flowers. The smallest of our species and remarkably different 
 in habit. Wet places. P. VIH. IX. Penny-royal E. S. I. 
 
 2. LYC'OPTTS Linn. Gipsywort. 
 
 1. L. europce'us (L.) ; 1. stalked ovate-oblong sinuate-dentate 
 or pinnatifid, sterile stam. wanting, nutlets about equalling the 
 tube of the calyx. E. B. 1105. Subglabrous or pubescent. 
 L. opposite. Fl. small, in dense whorls. Banks of streams 
 and ditches. P. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 Tribe II. Monardea. 
 3. SAT/VIA Linn. Sage. 
 
 1. S. Verbendca (L.) ; 1. oblong blunt cordate below sinuate 
 and crenate or dentate stalked, upper I. short broad cordate sessile 
 clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of the cor. equalling the 
 
SALVIA. THYMtJS. 327 
 
 calyx. E. B. 154. -Varies with the 1. incise-dentate. Re- 
 markable for its enlarged very broad sessile upper leaves. St. 
 1 '2 ft. high. Cor. purple, small; upper lip concave, laterally 
 compressed, straight except at the tip. Upper cal.-lip broad ; 
 teeth small, converging. Dry gravelly banks. P. V. VI. 
 English Clary. E. S. L. 
 
 2. ?S. clandestina (L.) ; 1. oblong cordate below sinuate-den- 
 tate or incise-dentate stalked, upper I. oblong acute sessile 
 scarcely cordate or clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of 
 the cor. exceeding the calyx. St. a foot high. Cor. purple, 
 Small. Upper cal.-lip very broad, teeth very small. Probably 
 distinct from the preceding, but very difficult to characterise. 
 Syme's plant (Sy. E. B. 1057) seems different. Dry gravelly 
 banks, rare. Lizard, Cornwall. Channel Isles. P. VII. E. 
 
 3. S.praten'sis (L.) ; 1. oblong-ovate cordate below, crenate- 
 dentate stalked, upper 1. small, sessile lanceolate acute, bracts 
 cordate acuminate, cor. thrice as long as the calyx. E. B. 153. 
 St. 1 2 ft. high. Known by its large flowers. -Cobham, 
 Kent. Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire. P. VII. E. 
 
 Tribe III. Satureinea. 
 
 4. OKIG'AIOJM Linn. Marjoram, 
 
 1. O. vulgar -e (L.) ; 1. stalked broadly ovate, bracts ovate ex- 
 ceeding the cal., heads of ti. ovoid or oblong panicled crowded. 
 E. B. 1143. St. a foot high, corymbose. Bracts usually 
 purple. L. often slightly toothed. Fl. purple. Spikes some- 
 times prismatic and oblong. 0. megastachyum Link, Sy. E. B. 
 1046. Dry uncultivated places. P. VIII. *E. S. I. 
 
 5. THY'MUS Linn. Thyme. 
 
 1. T. Serpyl'lum (L.) ; st. prostrate creeping ', 1. all oblong or 
 lanceolate narrowed into the flat fringed stalks, flowering shoots 
 ascending, fl. capitate, upper cal.-lip with 3 short triangular 
 teeth, lower of % subulate teeth, upper cor -lip oblong. E. B. 
 1514. Forming a cushion with a fringe of prostrate barren 
 shoots which in the next year produce erect fl.-shoots from 
 their lower joinings and are prolonged at the end. L. narrowed 
 below, their lower half and the stalk often fringed, rather con- 
 spicuously veined beneath, often narrow. Nutlets globose, 
 mealy. Cor. purple ; upper lip conspicuously notched. 
 [A northern form with broader Land capitate inflor. has been referred to 
 var. prostrata (Hornem).] Dry heaths. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
328 58. LABIATE. 
 
 2. T. Chamce'drys (Fr.) ; stems alike diffuse ascending, 1. all 
 broadly oblong with flat fringed stalks, fl. whorled or capitate, 
 upper cal.-lip with 3 triangular teeth, lower of 2 subulate 
 teeth, upper cor. -lip semicircular. E. B. S. 2S)92. Forming a 
 tuft of flowering and barren shoots ; the st. of preceding year 
 ending in a fl.-shoot. L. less narrowed into the stalks than in 
 Sp. 1, usually only the stalk is fringed, less prominently veined 
 beneath, broad. Nutlets roundish, subcompressed, with a basal 
 apiculus. Cor. purple ; upper lip slightly and obscurely notched. 
 In the large forms the st. is stronger : it is not so in Sp. 1. 
 Heaths. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. CLLNOPODIUM L. (Calamintlia (Moench)ed. viii.) 
 Calamint. 
 
 * Fl. in whorls of 2 forked cymes. 
 
 1. C. Nep'eta (0. Kuntze) ; 1. ovate serrate pale beneath 
 shortly stalked, cal. rather bell-shaped obscurely 2-lipped its 
 teeth shortly dilate all nearly of the same shape the upper ones 
 slightly shorter and broader, cyme many- flowered its common 
 stalk about as long as the primary partial stalk. Tliymus L. 
 E. B. 1414. St. usually many from the crown of the root, 12 
 18 in. high; branches short, erect. Fl. purple. Hairs in the 
 throat of the cal. protruded. Dry banks, rare. P. VII. VIII. 
 Lesser Calamint. E. 
 
 2. C. Calamin'tha (0. Kuntze) ; 1. broadly ovate slightly 
 serrate green on both sides on longish stalks, cal. tubular dis- 
 tinctly 2-lipped its teeth with long cilia those of the upper lip 
 triangular and ascending, of the lower twice as long and subulate, 
 lower lip of the cor. with distant segments the middle one 
 longest, cyme scarcely forked few-flowered, fl. at an angle with 
 the pedicel. Calamintha officinalis (Moench) ed. viii. E. B. 
 1676. St. usually solitary, or few from the root, 1 2 ft. high : 
 branches long, ascending. Fl. purplish. Hairs in the throat 
 of the cal. included. Larger in all its parts than the preceding. 
 a. Cal. ascendens (Jord.) ; ped. of cyme J as long as the 
 primary partial stalk. /3. Cal. off. var. Briygsii (Syme) ; ped. 
 of lower cymes as long as or longer than the primary partial 
 stalk. Sy. E. B. 1051. Dry banks, rare. ft. Devon. P. VII. 
 IX. Common Calamint. E. I. 
 
 3. C. grandiflor'um (O. Kuntze) ; 1. broadly ovate sharply 
 sen-ate, cal. tubular distinctly 2-lipped, teeth with long cilia 
 those of the upper lip patent or reflexed, lower lip of the cor. 
 with overlapping segments all nearly equally long, cyme many- 
 
CLINOPODIUM. SCUTELLAKIA. 329 
 
 flowered its common stalk about as long as the primary partial 
 stalk. Cal. sylvatica (Bromf.) ed. viii. E. B. S. 2897. 
 Creeping slightly. St. about 2 ft. hio-h, nearly simple. L. large. 
 Cal.-teeth tinged with purple; hairs in the throat included. 
 Cor. purplish, very large, tube much protruded, middle lobe of 
 lower lip short and broad. Isle of Wight. Near Torquay. ( J. 
 ofB. xi. 208.) P. VIIL X. E. 
 
 ** Whorls of 6 simple separate peduncles. ACINOS Moencli. 
 
 4. C. A'cinos (0. Kuntze) ; 1. ovate subserrate acute with 
 revolute margins, cal. tubular gibbous beloio distinctly 2-lipped, 
 upper lip with short triangular teeth lower with subulate teeth 
 all converging in fruit. Thymus L. E. B. 411. St. 6 8 in. 
 long. Fl. blue. Dry gravelly places and limestone rojpks. A. 
 VII. VIII. Basil. " E.S.I. 
 
 *** Fl. in dense branched axillary clusters. The many setaceous 
 bracts forming a kind of involucre. 
 
 5. C. vulgdre (L.) ; 1. ovate rounded below slightly crenate- 
 serrate, clusters equal many-flowered. Cal. Clinopodium 
 (Benth.) ed. viii. E. B. 1401. St. 1 1 J foot high. Fl. purple 
 in 2 or 3 dense whorls, the uppermost terminal. Dry bushy 
 places. P. VII. VIII. Wild Basil. E. S. I. 
 
 [MelissineaJ] 
 [MELIS'SA, Linn. Balm.] 
 
 [M. offidndlis (L.) ; 1. ovate crenate-serrate acute paler be- 
 neath, cal. rather bell-shaped slightly ventricose in front di- 
 stinctly 2-lipped, upper lip flat truncate with three short broad 
 teeth, lower with 2 lanceolate teeth. Sy. E. B. 1053. St. 2 
 feet high. Fl. in axillary secund whorls, white. Escaped in 
 the South. P. VII. VIII.] E. 
 
 Tribe IV. Scutellariea. 
 
 7. SCUTELLA'RIA Linn. Skull-cap. 
 
 1. S.galericuldta (L.) ; 1. shortly stalked all oblong-lanceolate 
 cordate below crenate-serrate, fl. axillary opposite secund, calyx 
 without glands. E. B. 523. Cor. large (J in.) blue. St. 6 
 12 in. high, stout. A hybrid between this and Sp. 2 has been 
 found. Banks of rivers and ditches. P. VII. VIII. E. S. L 
 
330 58. LABIAT.E. 
 
 2. S. minor (Huds.) ; 1. shortly stalked, lower broadly ovate, 
 intermediate ovate-lanceolate with the base cordate, upper 1. 
 lanceolate with a rounded base, fl. axillary opposite secund, cal. 
 pubescent. E. B. 524. Cor. small, pale pink. St. 4 8 in. 
 high, slender. [A form with more glandular fl. is var. glandulosa 
 (Ar. Benn.).] Moist heaths and boggy places. P. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 8. PRUNEL'LA Linn. Self-heal. 
 
 1. P. vulgdris (L.) ; 1. stalked oblong-ovate blunt, upper lip 
 ot the cal. with short truncate mucronate teeth, lower lip with 
 ovate-lanceolate mucronate teeth. E. B. 961. About 8 in. 
 high. L. nearly entire or slightly toothed ; on Continental 
 specimens sometimes pinnatifid. Fl. blue, rarely white, whorled, 
 crowded into a dense spike, with 2 broad kidney-shaped acu- 
 minate bracts under each whorl. Cal. reddish purple. In 
 damp pastures. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe V. Nepetea. 
 
 9. NEP'ETA Linn. 
 
 1. N. Catdria (L.) ; 1. stalked cordate acute incise-serrate 
 whitish-pubescent beneath, cymes dense many-flowered spiked, 
 nutlets smooth and glabrous. E. B. 137. Fl. white. St. erect, 
 2 3 feet high, downy or mealy. Stam. at length curved out- 
 wards. Waste places. P. VII. VIII. Cat-Mint. E. S. I. 
 
 2. N. Glechoma (Benth.) ; 1. cordate-reniform crenate, whorls 
 axillary stalked secund 3 4-flowered, cal.-teeth ovate-acumi- 
 nate awned, nutlets oblong with impressed dots. Glechoma hede- 
 racea L. E. B. 853. St. procumbent, creeping. Fl. blue- 
 purple ; length of cor. -tube and its hairiness are variable. Anth. 
 in pairs forming a cross. [A small subglabrous form with short cor. 
 is var. paroiflora (Benth.).] Hedges and thickets. P. IV. VI. 
 Ground-Ivy. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe VI. Stachydea. 
 
 10. MELIT'TIS Linn. Bastard Balm. 
 
 1. M. Melissophyl' lum (L.). E. B. 577. L. oblong-ovate or 
 slightly cordate. Upper lip of the cal. with 2 or 3 teeth. Fl, 
 
LAMIUM. 331 
 
 purple with a white margin or variegated in different ways, 
 large. St. 12 ft. high. M. grandlflora (Sm. E. B. 636) is 
 only a slight variety. Woods in the South. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 11. LA'MIUM Linn. Dead-Nettie. 
 
 * Lower lip of cor. loith one large obcordate lobe with 1 2 teeth 
 on each side of its base. 
 
 1. L. amplexicaule (L.) ; 1. roundish-cordate bluntly incise- 
 crenate, lower 1. stalked, upper sessile clasping, cal.-teeth longer 
 than the tube (green) at length connivent, cor.-tube straight 
 naked within. E. B. 770. Lower fl.-whorls usually distant. 
 Fl. purple-red. Nutlets small, smooth, three times as long as 
 broad, with a small triangular oblique terminal space. Cor.-tube 
 much exceeding the calyx, slender. The cor. does not alwavs 
 expand, but the anth. are fertile and the fr. is produced. Sandy 
 and chalky fields. A. V. VIII. Henbit. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. intermedium (Fries) ; 1. incise-crenate, lower 1. stalked, 
 upper reniform-cordate sessile, cal.-teeth longer than the tube 
 hispid always spreading, straight cor.-tube with a faint hairy 
 ring within. E. B. S. 2914. Lower fl.-whorls usually distant. 
 N utlets large thrice as long as broad, with a large triangular ter- 
 minal rather oblique space. Tube of the cor. equal, cylindrical. 
 Cal.-teeth usually purple, rigid. Common in S. rare in E. and 
 L A. VI. IX. E.S.L. 
 
 3. L. hy'bridum (Vill.) j I. cordate incise-denta,te all stalked, 
 upper broadly ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long as or longer 
 than the tube always spreading, tube of the cor. straight naked 
 within. E. B. 1933. L. incisum (Willd.) ed. viii. Uppermost 
 1. wedgeshaped below. Fl.-whorls usually all contiguous. Fl. 
 reddish. Cor.-tube equal, cylindrical, sometimes with a faint 
 ring of hairs within. Nutlets smooth. Cultivated and waste 
 ground. A. IV. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 4. L. purpureum (L.) ; 1. cordate crenate serrate all stalked, 
 upper cordate or cordate-ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long as the 
 tube always spreading, cor.-tube a little curved below with a 
 ring of hairs within. E. B. 769. Fl.-whorls contiguous. Cor. 
 pale purple, lip spotted with red ; tube narrow r ed below. Nut- 
 lets about twice as long as broad, smooth. A form with more 
 deeply-cut leaves, /3. decipiens (Sond.), is often taken for Sp. 3. 
 Waste and cultivated ground. A. IV. VIII. Red Dead- 
 Nettle. E. S. I. 
 
332 58. LABIATE. 
 
 5. L. album (L.) ; 1. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply serrate 
 stalked, cal. -teeth as long as the tube, cor. -tube exceeding the 
 calyx with an oblique ring of hairs within and narrowed below 
 the ring. E. B. 768. St. 1218 in. high. Fl. large, white. 
 Waste ground. P. V. VI. White Dead- Nettle. E. S. I. 
 
 \_L. maculdtum (L.) ; 1. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply ser- 
 rate stalked, cal.-teeth longer than the tube, cor -tube exceeding 
 the calyx with a transverse ring of hairs within and narrowed 
 below the ring. St. 1218 in. high. Fl. purple. L. marked 
 with white, cordate- ovate (L. macidatum] ; or green, triangular- 
 cordate (L. Icevigatutn. E. B. 2550). An escape. Fifeshire. 
 Clova. P. VI. VIII.] E. ? S. 
 
 ** Lower lip of cor. in 3 entire nearly equal acute lobes. 
 GALEOBDOLON Huds. Archangel. 
 
 6. L. Galeob'dolon (Crantz) ; 1. ovate acuminate truncate be- 
 low coarsely serrate stalked, upper 1. lanceolate attenuate below, 
 helmet of the cor. long entire, lower lip in 3 entire nearly equal 
 lobes. G. luteum Huds. E. B. 787. G. montanum Reich. ! 
 Fl. yellow. St. 12 18 in. high. Lower 1. coarsely and 
 even doubly serrate. \_G. luteum Reich. ! has the 1. all ovate- 
 acuminate and the lower ones simply crenate with a minute 
 apiculus.] Woods and thickets. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 12. LEONTT'RTJS Linn. Mother wort. 
 
 fl. L. Cardiaca (L.) ; lower 1. palmately 5-fid incise-dentate, 
 upper ones 3-lobed entire wedgeshaped below, cor.-tube with an 
 oblique ring of hairs within, helmet nearly flat, lip spreading its 
 middle lobe entire.^. B. 286. St. 3 feet high. Cor. hairy 
 externally, purple. Fl. in crowded whorls. Cal.-teeth sharp. 
 Hedges and waste places, rare. P. VIII. E. S. 
 
 13. GALEOP'SIS Linn. Hemp-Nettle. 
 
 1. G. dubia (Leers) ; st. not thickened at joinings with de- 
 flexed hairs, 1. ovate-lanceolate serrate soft and downy on both 
 sides, upper 1. ovate, cal. glandular shaggy, upper cor. -lip deeply 
 notched. G. villosa Huds. E. B. 2353. G. ochrokuca Lam. 
 Cor. large, pale yellow. St. 10 12 in. high, with gland-tipped 
 hairs on its upper part. Sandv corn-fields, rare. A. VII. 
 VIIE. E. 
 
 2. G. Lad'anum (L.) ; st. not thickened at joinings soft with 
 deflexed hairs, 1. ovate -lanceolate lanceolate or lanceolate- 
 
GALEOPSIS. STACHYS. 333 
 
 attenuate at both ends serrate or nearly entire downy on both 
 sides, cal. shaggy with adpressed hairs and a few gland-tipped 
 hairs intermixed, upper cor. -lip slightly notched. E. B. 884. 
 G. angustifolia (Ehrh.). Cor. purple variegated with crimson 
 and white, shaggy externally. St. about a foot high. St. and 1. 
 varying much in hairiness, pale green or purplish. /3. G. inter- 
 media (Vill.) ; 1. broad not narrowed below, regularly toothed, 
 whorls of fl. all separate. Sy. E. B. 1075. y. G. canescem 
 (Si'hultz) ; 1. narrow nearly entire, bracts often reflexed at the 
 end, cal. and upper part of st. clothed with patent hairs. In 
 gravelly and sandy districts. /3. Moray. A. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. G. Tet'rahit (L.) ; st. thickened at joinings hispid, 1. oblong- 
 ovate acuminate serrate, cal. tubular, cal.-teeth and tube nearly 
 equal, cor. -tube equalling the cal., upper lip ovate. JE. B. 207. 
 St. 1 2 ft. high. Cor. purplish variegated with white, 
 large ; tube slender slightly inflated ; middle lobe of lower lip 
 subquadrate, flat, crenulate, blunt or slightly emarginate. Cal.- 
 teeth as long as their tube, which is shorter but quite as broad 
 and more strongly ribbed than in the next species, rather in- 
 flated below the mouth. Nutlets wholly green, the oblique top 
 longitudinally marked with veins all springing from the wholly 
 acute inner angle of the nut. L. slightly pubescent above. 
 /3. G. bifida (Boenn.) ; middle lobe of lower cor .-lip oblong 
 emarginate purple with pale ultimately revolute edges, base 
 with a yellow 2-lobed spot and several dots. A more slender 
 plant with paler leaves and smaller flowers. Sy. E. B. 1079. 
 Woods and cultivated ground. A. VIL IX, E. S. I. 
 
 4. G. specio'sa (Mill.); st. thickened at the joinings hispid, 
 1. oblong-ovate acuminate serrate, cal. bellshaped, cal.-teeth 
 shorter than the tube, cor. -tube much exceeding the cal., upper 
 lip roundish-oval. E. B. 667. G, versicolor (Curt.) ed. viii. 
 St. 2 3 feet high. Cor.-tube inflated above. Fl. very large, 
 yellow, usually with a broad purple spot upon the lower lip. 
 Cal.-teeth shorter than their tube. Nutlets with the oblique 
 top dark brown, inner angle rounded off almost to the base. 
 Difficult to distinguish upon paper from G. Tetrahit. Culti- 
 vated ground. A. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 14. STA'CHYS Linn. Woundwort. 
 
 1. S. Beton'ica (Benth.) ; whorls in oblong interrupted term, 
 spike many-flowered, st. erect, lower 1. ovate-oblong with a 
 cordate base crenate blunt with long stalks, upper 1. oblong- 
 lanceolate serrate acute subsessile, bracts linear-lanceolate equal- 
 ling the nearly glabrous cal, stain, falling short of the lip. 
 
334 58. LABIATE. 
 
 Betonica officmalis L. E. B. 1142. St. 12 ft. high. Whorls 
 sometimes considerably separated. Cor. purplish red ; tube 
 exserted. The English plant has the round crenate not emar- 
 ginate lower lip of JS. hirta (R.). Woods and thickets. P. 
 VII. VIII. Betony. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. german'ica (L.) ; whorls many-flowered, st. erect woolly, 
 1. oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate with a cordate base crenate- 
 serrate stalked densely silky, upper I. lanceolate acute sessile, cal. 
 silky j teeth acute mucronate spinous, bracts equalling the calyx. 
 E. B. 829. St. 23 ft. high. FL purple. Chalky soil, 
 Oxfordshire. B. VII. Downy Woundwort. E. 
 
 3. 8. alpina (L.) ; whorls 6 10-flowered, st. erect hairy, upper part 
 glandular, 1. ovate-oblong cordate-based obtusely serrate, floral 1. large 
 sessile nearly all serrate, bracts linear-lanceolate about equalling cal., 
 cal. -teeth broadly acuminate or mucronate, cor. much exceeding cal. dull 
 purple spotted with white hairy externally. J. ofB. xxxvi. (1898) t. 384. 
 Whorls distant below, lower 1. long-stalked crenate. Woods, Wotton- 
 under-Edge, Glos., Mr. C. Suoknall. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 4. S. sylvat'ica (L.) ; whorls 6 8-flowered, st. erect, /. co?*- 
 date-ovate serrate long-stalked, floral I. linear entire^ cal. -teeth 
 lanceolate very acute, bracts minute. E. B. 416. Cal.-teeth 
 rather spinous. Petioles and 1. nearly equal. Fl. reddish- 
 purple. Nutlets opaque, punctured and irregularly tubercled. 
 L. clothed with scattered adpressed bairs or densely silky 
 on both sides. Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Hedye- 
 Woundivort. E. S. I. 
 
 5. S.palus'tris (L.) ; whorls 6 10-flowered, st. erect, /. linear- 
 or ovate-lanceolate subcordate below acute crenate-serrate nearly 
 sessile, cal.-teeth lanceolate very acute, bracts minute. E. B. 
 1675. St. li 2 ft. high. Cal.-teeth rather spinous. Lower 1. 
 vith very short stalks, uppermost sessile. Fl. dull purple. 
 Nutlets shining, very minutely dotted. [Var. canescens (Lange), 
 having 1. grey felted on both sides, has been reported.] /3. S. ambicjua 
 (Sin.) ; 1. stalked ovate-lanceolate cordate below serrate. 
 Petioles sometimes half as long as the leaves. [Considered a 
 hybrid between Sp. 4 and 5.] River-sides and damp places. 
 P. VII. VIII. Marsh- Woundwort. E. S. I. 
 
 6. S. arven'sis (L.) ; whorls 4 6-flowered, st. decumbent or 
 ascending, /. ovate-cordate blunt crenate stalked, floral I. ovate- 
 oblong sessile acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate awned, cor. scarcely 
 exceeding the cal., bracts minute. E. B. 1154. Fl. pale purple. 
 Nutlets covered with minute dots and scattered tubercles. 
 Corn-fields. A. VIII, IX. E. S. I. 
 
BALLOTA. TEUCKIUM. 335 
 
 [& an'nua (L.) ; whorls 4 6-flowered, st. erect/ lower 1. 
 ovate-oblong blunt crenate-serrate stalked, floral I, lanceolate 
 acute, cal. -teeth lanceolate very acute, tube of the cor. exceeding 
 cal., bracts minute. E. B. S. 2669. Fl. yellowish. Nutlets 
 minutely rough. Gadshill and Sevenoaks, Kent. A. VIII. 
 IX.] E. 
 
 15. BALLO'TA Linn. Horehound. 
 
 1. B. nigra (L.) ; 1. crenate-serrate, bracts linear-subulate, 
 cal. funnelshaped, cal.-teeth broadly ovate short patent or reflated. 
 E. B. 46. R. 1. f. 1041 ! B. fcetida (Lam.) ed. viii. St. 
 2 3 ft. high. Lower 1. cordate ; upper ovate. Fl. purple or 
 white. Scent pungent. A hard coarse plant. Whole plant 
 including the cor. covered with hairs. Waste places. P. VII. 
 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. B. ruderdlis (Sw.) ; 1. crenate-serrate, bracts linear-subulate, 
 cal. funnelshaped, cal.-teeth ovate gradually acuminate erect. 
 R. 1. f. 1039 ! St. 23 ft. high. Lower 1. cordate ; upper 
 ovate. Fl. purple or white. Scent agreeable. Very hairy and 
 soft. 1 I still with Grenier consider this distincc from Sp. 1. 
 Waste places, rare. Abundant at Llanwarne, Herefordshire. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 16. MARRU'BITJM Linn. White Horehound. 
 
 1. M. vulgdre (L.) ; st. erect hoary, 1. ovate narrowed into 
 a petiole or roundish cordate crenate hoary rough, whorls in any- 
 flowered, cal.-teeth 10 subulate patent hooked woolly below, 
 their upper half glabrous.^. B. 410. St. 12 It. high, 
 with many whorls of small whitish flowers. L. sometimes 
 dentate, rarely roundly cordate. Waste places, rare. P. VIII. 
 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe VII. Ajugoidea. 
 
 17. TEU'CRIUM Linn. 
 
 1. T. Scorodonia (L.) ; st. erect, 1. oblong-ovate their base 
 cordate crenate-serrate green on both sides, racemes lateral and 
 terminal one-sided, floral 1. ovate acute rather longer than the 
 pedicels, upper cal.-lip ovate, lower 4-toothed, cor.-tube exserted. 
 
 1 We do not find any correlation between the shape of the cal.-teeth 
 and the hairiness of the plant. H. & J. G. 
 
336 58. LABIATE. 
 
 E. B. 1543. St. 12 ft. high. L. stalked, with glandular 
 resinous mealiness beneath, wrinkled ; sometimes oblong, trun- 
 cate below or subcordate, coarsely and unequally dentate. Fl. 
 yellowish. Woods and dry stony places. P. VII. VIII. Wood- 
 Sage. E. S. I. 
 
 2. T. Scor'dium (L.) ; st. procumbent below, L sessile oblong 
 dentate green on both sides^ora//. similar, whorls 2 6-flowered 
 axillary distant, cal.-teeth short equal. E. B. 828. More or 
 less hairy or woolly. St. 12 ft. long. L. attenuate or 
 broad or even cordate below. Fl. purple. Wet places, rare. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 *3. T. Cham&'drys (L.) ; st. ascending, 1. ovate incise-crenate 
 wedgeshaped and entire below green on both sides, floral I. 
 similar smaller nearly entire, whorls racemose 5-floweied, cal.- 
 teeth lanceolate nearly equal. E. B. 680. St. much branched, 
 6 8 in. long, lower part woody. Fl. purplish. Lower floral 1. 
 exactly like the stem-1., upper 1. gradually smaller and broader 
 below. Ruined walls, rare. P. VII. E. [S. I. ?] 
 
 J4. T. Botrys (L.) ; /. trifid or pinnatifid green on both sides, 
 segm. oblong entire or cut, floral 1. similar, whorls axillary 4 6- 
 flowered, cal. gibbous at base inflated tubular, cal.-teeth lanceo- 
 late equal. E. B. S. 2964. St. erect, about 8 in. high ; branches 
 ascending. Fl. many, pale purple. Box Hill and Selsdon, 
 Surrey. Upper Hailing, Kent. A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 18. AJ'UGA Linn. Bugle. 
 
 1. A. rep' tans (L.) ; fl, whorled, st. solitary with long stoles, 
 1. ovate or obovate entire or crenulate stalked, stern. -1. sessile. 
 E. B. 489. St. 6 8 in. high. Lower whorls distant, upper 
 ones spiked. Cor .-tube with a ring- of hairs within. Fl. blue, 
 rarely white. Wet places. P. V. VI. Common Bugle. E. S. I. 
 
 \_A. alpina, E. B. 477, seems to be A. genevensis. It is not 
 stoloniferous, and its upper st.-l. fall short of the flowers.] 
 
 2. A. pyramiddlis (L.) ; fl. whorled most or all of the whorls 
 spiked, st. solitary, 1. ovate-oblong entire or crenulate, radical 1. 
 attenuate below, stem-1. sessile upper I. exceeding tliefl. E. B. 
 1270. St. about 6. in. high. L. gradually decreasing upwards. 
 Cor.-tube with a ring of hairs within. Fl. bluish purple. 
 Plant hairy. It has subterranean offsets and short autumnal 
 stoles. Highland pastures, very rare, S. South Isles of Arran, I. 
 P. V. VI. S. I. 
 
59. VERBENACE.E. 60. LENTIBULARIACE^). 337 
 
 3, A. Chamcp'pitys (Schreb.); fl. solitary axillary, st. much 
 branched spreading. L deeply trifid ivith linear entire segments. 
 floral 1. similar exceeding the flowers. E. . 77. Hairy. 
 Lowest 1. much broader, toothed rather than 3-lobed. Fl. 
 yellow with dark spots. St. reddish purple, branched, 3 6 in. 
 high. Sandy and chalky fields. A. V. VII. Ground-Pine. 
 
 -li*. 
 
 Order LIX. VEKBSNACE.E. 
 
 Cal. tubular, persistent. Cor. irregular, tubular. Stam. didy- 
 namous, or 2. Ovary 2 4-celled ; style 1, terminal; stigma 
 bifid. Fr. a caps, or berry, with 2 4 nutlets more or less 
 cohering. No stipules. 
 
 1. VERBENA. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular, 5-lobed, slightly 
 2-lipped. Stam. included, 4, didynamous, or 2. Capsule 
 dividing into 4 nutlets. 
 
 1. VERBENA Linn. Vervain. 
 
 1, V. officindlis (L.) ; st. erect solitary 4-angular, 1. ovate ob- 
 long trifid or laciniate-multitid rough, spikes filiform somewhat 
 panicled, stam. 4. E. B. 767. St. rather hispid, 1 2 ft. 
 high. L. lobed and serrate, opposite. Spikes long, slender. 
 Fl. small, distant, pale purple. Waste ground. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. L 
 
 Order LX. LENTIBULABIACEJE. 
 
 Cal. permanent, inferior, divided. Cor. irregular, 2-lipped 
 spurred. Stam. 2. Ovary free, 1-celled of 2 carpels. Stigma 
 of 2 plates, one smaller or inconspicuous. Caps. 1-celled; 
 placenta large, free, central. Seeds many. No stipules. 
 
 1. PINGUICDLA. CaJ. 2-lipped, lower bifid, upper of 3 seg- 
 ments. Cor. ringent, spurred. Stam. at base of corolla. 
 
 2. UTHICULABIA. Cal. 2-leaved, lower often notched, upper 
 entire. Cor. personate, spurred. Stam. at base of upper 
 cor. -lip. 
 
 1. PINGTJIC'ULA Linn. Butterwort. 
 
 1. P. vulgdris (L.) ; spur subulate shorter than the cor. -seg- 
 ments which are very unequal oblong rounded separated entire. 
 E. E. 70. L. all radical, fleshy, covered with minute crystal- 
 line points, pale green ; when the plant is gathered they curve 
 backwards so as to hide the root. Fl. violet. Caps, ovoid, 
 acute. Bogs. P. V. VL E. S. I. 
 
 Q 
 
338 60. LENT1BULAKIACEJE. 
 
 2. P. grandiflora (Lam.) ; spur subulate cylindro-conical often 
 notched as long as cor -segments which are very unequally broadly 
 otiovate roiindedcontiguous. E. B. 2184. Much larger tlum 
 P. vulf/aris. Fl very large, violet. Caps, ovoid, rounded at 
 the end. Length of spur variable. Bogs. Kerry and Cork. 
 P. V. VI. I. 
 
 0. P. alprna (L.) ; spur conical shorter than unequal border of 
 cor. and curved towards lower lip, caps, acute, scape glabrous. 
 E. B. S. 2747. Fl. small, yellowish ; spur remarkably short 
 and conical. Bogs. Skye. Ross. Sutherland. P. VI. S. 
 
 4. P. lusitanica (L.) ; sjwr cylindrical blunt decurved shorter 
 than the nearly equal limb of the cor., caps globose, scape downy. 
 JE. B. 145. Fl. small, pale yellowish, spur short and cylindri- 
 cal. [P.villosa (L.), distinguished from this by its acute spur and 
 obconical capsule, may be expected in the North of Scotland.] 
 Bogs in the Western parts of the country. P. VI. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. UTRICULA'EIA Linn. Bladder wort. 
 * L. spinose-ciliate. 
 
 1. U. vulgdris (L.) ; spur conical, roundish 3-lobed, upper 
 cor.-lip about equalling the bilobed palate, margins of lower lip 
 deflexed at right angles all round, ped. scarcely thrice as long as 
 ovate bracts thick reflexed with fruit, l.pinnate-multifid, bladders 
 upon the leaves. E. B. 253. Fl. bright yellow, rather large. 
 Scape 4 6 in. high ; fl. lemon-coloured. St. floating in the 
 water. Bladders f in. long. P. VI. VIII. Greater Bladder- 
 wort. 
 
 2. U. major (Schmid.) ; spur directed upwards conical pro- 
 jecting, ovate-oblong blunt or emarginate, upper cor.-lip 2 or > 
 times as long as the small palate, lower Up with a broad Jlat 
 spreading margin, ped. 4 5 times as long as lanceolate bract 
 erect with fr., 1. pinnate-multifid, small bladders on leaves. 
 J. of B. xiv. 142. U. neglecta (Lehm.) ed. viii. Closely 
 resemblin^ Sp. 1. Ped. slender. Bladders ^ in. long. Fl. 
 yellow. Pools. P. VI. VIII. E. [S. ?] I. 
 
 3. U. intermedia (Hayne) ; spur conical adpressed, upper lip 
 twice as long as the inflated palate, lower lip with a broad flat 
 spreading margin, ped. 4 5 times as long as ovate bract erect 
 with fruit, 1. 3-parted, segments linear forked, bladders separate 
 from the leaves. E. E. 2489. Fl. paler with a much longer 
 
61. PRIMULACE^l. 339 
 
 upper lip than in Sp. 1. Bladders on leafless shoots. Increasing 
 by buds at the end of the shoots and seldom flowering. Ditches 
 and pits, rare. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** L. not ciliate. 
 
 4. U. minor (L.) ; spur very short blunt, upper lip equalling 
 the palate, lower lip ovate with a nearly flat spreading- margin, 
 1. repeatedly forked, bladders upon the leaves. E. B. 254. 
 Scarcely any spur. Fl. small. Sep. roundish, acuminate. Plant 
 much smaller than either of the others. Ditches and pits. P. 
 VI. VIII. Smaller Bladderwort. E. S. I. 
 
 [*>. U. Bi'cinii (Heer) probably grows in Moss of Inshoch, 
 Nairn, Loch of Spynie, Elgin and Gordon Moss, Berwicksh. 
 It has larger fl. than Sp. 4, a short coni<j spur, and orbicular flat 
 lower lip. See J. of B. xiv. 142.] 
 
 Order LXI. PRIMULACE^E. 
 
 Cal. 4 7-cleft, permanent inferior (except in Samolus). Cor- 
 regular, 4 7-fld (or none in Glaux). Stain, upon the cor. op- 
 posite to its segments. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a free central 
 placenta. Style 1. Stigma capitate. Fr. a capsule. Seeds 
 peltate. No stipules. 
 
 Tr. L ROTTONIEsE. Ovary superior. Caps.-valves 5. Hyle 
 
 basal. 
 
 1. HOTTONIA. Cal. 5-parted, divided almost to its base. Valves 
 connected at the top. Cor. salvershaped, stam. inserted and 
 included in cor.-,tube. 
 
 Tr. II. PEIMULE/E. Ovary superior. Caps.-valves o. Hyle 
 ventral. 
 
 2. PRIMULA. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. salvershaped, tube 
 cylindrical up to the insertion of the stamens. Stam. 5, in- 
 serted and included in the cor.-tube. Caps, many-seeded, 
 5-valved with 10 teeth. 
 
 3. CYCLAMEN. Cal. bellshaped, half 5-cleft. Cor. with a 
 short bellshaped tube and 5-parted reflexed limb. Stam. 5, 
 inserted at the bottom of the cor.-tube, included. Caps, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 Q2 
 
340 61. PRIMULACE&. 
 
 4. LYSIMACHIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, scarcely any 
 tube, limb 5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor. Cap*. 
 with 5 valves (in L. nemorum sometimes 2-valved or inde- 
 hiscent, in L. thyrsiflora few-seeded). 
 
 5. TRIENTALIS. Cal. 1 -parted. Cor. rotate, 7-parted, tube 
 none. Stam. 7, inserted at the base of the cor. Caps, many- 
 seeded, opening with 5 revolute fugacious vahes. Seeds 
 with a netlike coat. 
 
 6. GLAUX. Cal. bellshctped, 5-parted, coloured. Cor. none. 
 Stam. 5, inserted at the base of the calyx. Caps, few-seeded 
 (about 10). 
 
 Tr. III. ANAGALLIDEJE. Ovary superior. Caps, opening 
 transversely all round. Hyle ventral. 
 
 7. ANAGALLIS. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate or ftmnelshaped, 
 tube none, limb 5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor. 
 Caps, many-seeded. 
 
 8. CENTUNCULUS. Cal. 4 5-parted. Cor. with a subglobos 
 inflated tube and spreading 4 5-parted limb. Stam. 4 or 5, 
 inserted in the throat of the cor. Caps, many-seeded. 
 Fl. usually 4-parted. 
 
 Tr. IV. SAMOLEJE. Ovary inferior. Caps, opening by valves. 
 Hyle basal. 
 
 9. SAMOLUS. Cal. 5-parted, its tube adhering to the lower 
 half of the germen, persistent. Cor. salver shaped, tube short, 
 limb 5-parted with interposed converging scales. Stam. 5, 
 inserted near to the base of the cor.-tube. Caps, \-inferior, 
 many-seeded, opening with re-flexed teeth. 
 
 Tribe I. Hottoniea. 
 1. HOTTO'NTA Linn. Water-Violet. 
 
 1. H.palus'tris (L.) ; fl. whorled stalked upon a long solitary 
 cylindrical stalk, cor. exceeding the calyx, sep. subacute equal- 
 ling cal.-tube, 1. pectinate. E. B. 364. L. submerged, crowded. 
 Fl. rising above the water, pale pink. Style exceeding the cal., 
 stam. inserted in tube, anth. and tilaments about equal in length ; 
 or style falling short of cal., stam. inserted at top of tube, ti la- 
 ments 3 or 4 times as long as the anthers. Ponds and ditches. 
 P. V. VI. E. I. 
 
PRIMULA. 341 
 
 Tribe II. Primulece. 
 2. PRI'MULA Linn. Primrose. 
 
 * Cal.-tube angular. L. not mealy. 
 
 1. P. acaulis (L.) ; /. oblong-orate tapering downwards 
 wrinkled crenate, ped, villose radical 1-flowered, cal. tubular, 
 teeth lanceolate-subulate very acute, cor.-limb flat with a circle of 
 scalelike folds at the slightly contracted mouth, caps, ovate J the 
 length of cal., long straightish teeth of fr.-cal. meeting at top. 
 E. B. 4. P. vulgaris (Huds.) ed. viii. Young 1. reticulate- 
 rugose. Scape rudimentary. Fl. erect. Cal. villose. /3. P. 
 variabilis (Group.) ; 1. slightly contracted below, ped. raised on a 
 scape, ti. erect. Sy. E. B. 1132, 1133. Often taken for P. elatior 
 and called Oxlip. A hybrid between Sp. 1 & 2 according to 
 Darwin. Woods and thickets. P. III.-V. Primrose. E. 8. 1. 
 
 2. P. veris (L.) ; /. ovate abruptly contracted below then attenu- 
 ate wrinkled crenate, scape to oientose umbellate many-flowered, 
 cal. bellshaped, teeth short ovate, cor. -li nib concave with a circle 
 of scalelike folds at the slightly contracted mouth, caps, oval 
 \ the length of inflated cal., short teeth of fr.-cal. converging. 
 E. B. 5. P. offidnalis Jacq. Cal. tomentose. Cal. -teeth of 
 the length of the tube, blunt or slightly acute. Cor.-segm. 
 cordate. Probably hybrids between this and Sp. 1 are mistaken 
 for P. elatior. Meadows and pastures. P. IV. V. Cowslip. 
 Paigle. E. S. I. 
 
 3. P. elatior (Jacq.) ; /. ovate abruptly contracted below then 
 attenuate wrinkled denticulate, scape umbellate many-flowered, 
 cal. tubular, teeth lanceolate acute, cor.-limb concave, segments 
 obcordate-oblong, its tube not crowned nor contracted at the mouth, 
 caps, linear-oblong exceeding cal., teeth of fr.-cal. patent. E. B. 
 513. Young 1. transversely plicate. Cor.-segm. almost square; 
 limb rarely flat. Outer fl. nodding. Fr. erect. Hybridizes 
 rarely with Sp. 1 & 2. Clayey woods and meadows in the 
 Eastern Counties. P. IV. V. Oxlip (true) . E. 
 
 ** Cal.-tube not angular. L. mealy beneath. 
 
 4. P. farinosa (L.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate, cal. oblong-ovate, 
 teeth linear, cor.-limb flat, segments obcordate rounded below dis- 
 tant as long as the tube, caps, twice as long as calyx. E. B. 6. 
 Umbellate. Fl. pale lilac with a yellow centre ; but the colour 
 and breadth of segments very variable. Germen obovate. 
 
342 61. PRIMULACEJE. 
 
 Stigma capitate. Rarely the scape is wanting and the fl. are 
 amongst the leaves. North of England and South of Scotland. 
 P. VI. VII. Bird's-eye Primrose. E. S. 
 
 5. P. aoof u (flook.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate, cat. swollen, teeth 
 short ovate blunt, cor. -limb flat its segments broadly obcordate 
 approximate half the length of the tube, caps, scarcely exceed- 
 iug calyx. E. B. S. 2608. Half as large as the preceding. 
 Umbellate. FL bluish purple with a yellow centre. Germen 
 globose. Stigma with 5 points. Rarely scape wanting. Sandy 
 heaths of the extreme North of Scotland. P. V. VIII. S. 
 
 3. CYC'LAMEN Linn. Sow-bread. 
 
 Jl. C. heder&folium (Ait.); 1. cordate-ovate angular den- 
 ticulate, cor.-throat 5-angled, sep. ovate acuminate denticulate. 
 Sy. E. B. 1136, 1137. St. a large depressed tuber. L. after 
 the fl., with wavy white blotches above. Fl. pink with a red 
 base (rarely white in ft.JicariifoUum Sy. E. B. 548). Fr.-ped. 
 rolled up spirally. Woods near the borders of East Sussex and 
 Kent ! Mr. W. "W. Sounders. P. VIII. E. 
 
 4. LYSIMA'CHIA Linn. Loose-strife. 
 
 1. L. thyrsiflora (L.) ; racemes axillary stalked dense, L oppo- 
 site lanceolate. E. B. 176. St. 1 2 ft. high. Fl. small, very 
 many. Cor. divided almost to its base into narrow segments 
 separated by minute teeth, yellow and as well as the cal. spotted 
 with orange. Stam. combined below into a short ring. Marshes 
 in the North. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 2. L. vulgar is (L.) ; st. erect, panicles compound term inal and 
 axillary, L ovate or ovate-lanceolate nearly sessile opposite or 3 or 
 4 in a whorl, cor.-segments entire with glabrous ed^es, stam. 5 
 combined through of their length. -E. B. 761. St. 23 feet 
 high. L. variable in size, shape and pubescence. Panicle much 
 branched or nearly simple. Fl. yellow. Starved forms pass for 
 L. punctata. Sides of rivers and pools. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 iL. punctata (L.) ; st. erect, ped. axillary opposite or whorled 
 ., 1. ovate-lanceolate slightly stalked opposite or whorled, 
 upper 1. narrower, cor.-segm. ovate glandidar-ciliate, stam. 5 
 combined below. Sy. E. B. 1142. L. verticillata Bieb. -St. 
 1 1| ft. high. St. and 1. downy. Sep. narrowly lanceolate. 
 Cor. yoliow. Ped. rarely branched, downy, falling short of 
 leave*, Dulverton, Devon ! Hingham, Norf. ! P. VI. VII.] E. 
 
LYSIMACHIA. ANAGALLIS. 343 
 
 \_L. cilidta (L.) ; st. erect, ped. axillary opposite or whorled, 
 /. opposite ovate-lanceolate subcordate with ciliate stalks, cor.- 
 segments roundish crenate, filaments 10 free 5 sterile. E. B. >S". 
 29_?2. Fl. yellow. St. 3 feet high ? American. Serberg- 
 ham, Climb. ! and was there in 1815. P. VI. VII.] E. 
 
 3. L. Nummuldria (L.) j s. prostrate creeping, j. solitary ax- 
 illary, sep. cordate-ovate prolonged, filaments 5 glandular con- 
 nected at the base, 1. opposite roundish or ovate shortly stalked. 
 E. E. 528. Fl, occasionally in pairs, yellow. Damp places. 
 P. VI. VII. Moneywort. E. S. I. 
 
 4. L. nem'orum (L.) ; st. prostrate, fl. axillary solitary, &<*p. 
 linear-lanceolate, filaments* 5 smooth distinct, 1. opposite ovate 
 acute shortly stalked. E. B. 527. Ped. longer than the 1. 
 Caps. 5-valved but usually dividing longitudinally into two 
 parts, sometimes indehiscent. Fl. yellow. 8 tarn, distinct. 
 Woods and damp shady places. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. TEIENIA'LIS Linn. 
 
 1. T. europce'a (L.) ; 1. oblong-obovate blunt. E. B. 15. 
 St. 4 6 in. high, with the 1. mostly collected at the top. Fl. 
 on slender peduncles, white with a yellow ring. Parts of the 
 fl. and fr. varying from 7 to 9 in each whorl. Valves of the caps. 
 soon falling off. North of E. ; Highlands of S. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 6. GLAUX Linn. Black Saltwort. 
 
 1. G. marit'ima (L.). E. E. 13. St. mostly procumbent. 
 I/, opposite, ovate, glabrous. Fl. axillary, sessile, pink, with 
 blunt segments. Remarkable in this Order by its want of 
 petals. Sea-shores and salt marshes. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe III. Anagallideae. 
 7. ANAGAL'LIS Linn. Pimpernel. 
 
 1. A. arven'sis (L.) ; st. procumbent or erect, fl. axillary soli- 
 tary, cor. rotate, 1. opposite sessile ovate or ovate-oblong. Pet. 
 slightly exceeding thecal., crenate. Filaments distinct. a. A, 
 arvensis (Sin.) ; st. mostly procumbent, pet. fringed with minute 
 glandular hairs usually scarlet, 1. ovate. Fl. sometimes flesh- 
 coloured (A. car ma Schrank), wholly white or white with a 
 pink eye. E. B. 529. . A. ccerulea (Schreb.) ; 8t. mostly erect. 
 
344 62. PLTJMBAGINACEJE. 
 
 pet. without glandular hairs (usually blue), 1. ovate-oblong. 
 E. B. 1823. Probably distinct. Mr. Borrer suspected that 
 each varies with red or blue flowers. Corn-fields and sand- 
 hills by the sea. A. ? VI. VII. Scarlet Pimpernel. E. S. I. 
 
 2. A. tenel'la (L.) ; st . procumbent rooting, fl. axillary solitary, 
 1. opposite stalked roundish, cor. funnelsliaped, pet. much ex- 
 ceeding the calyx entire, filament* connected below. E. B. 530. 
 Fed. long. Fl. rather large, rose-coloured. L. nearly sessile. 
 Spongy bogs. P. VII. VIII. Bog-Pimpernel E. S. I. 
 
 8. CENTTJN'CULUS Linn. Bastard Pimpernel. 
 
 1. C. min'imus (L.) ; 1. alternate ovate acute, fl. nearly sessile, 
 cor. without glands at the base. E. B. 531. Usually very 
 minute. St. usually prostrate. Cor. very small, pale rose- 
 colour. Damp sandy and gravelly places. A. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe IV. Samolea. 
 9. SAM'OLTJS Linn. Brook-weed. 
 
 1. S. Valemridi (L.) ; 1. obovate or roundish blunt, upper 1. 
 blunt with a point, racemes many-flowered ultimately elongated, 
 caps, subglobose. E. B. 703. Remarkable in this Order by 
 its cal. adhering to the germen and by having a crown to the 
 small white corolla. Damp watery places. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Order LXII. PLUMBAGINACEJE. 
 
 Cal. 5-cleft, persistent, inferior, plicate. Cor. regular, 5-fid 
 or nearly 5-petalous. Stam. 5, hypogynaup, or adnate to the 
 base of and opposite to the pet. Ovary free, ot 5 carpels, 
 1 -celled, 1-seeded; ovule 1, pendulous by a stalk arising from 
 the bottom of the cell. Styles 5. Fr. a utricle. Seed in- 
 verted. Embryo in the axis of farinaceous albumen. Kadicle 
 superior. Stip. 0. 
 
 1. LIMONIUM. Fl. spiked. Cal. scarious above. Cor. 5- 
 parted. Styles glabrous. Caps, not bursting. 
 
 2. STATICE. Fl. in a head with an inverted cylindrical 
 sheath* Styles hairy below. Caps, not bursting. 
 
LIMONIUM. 345 
 
 1. LIMO'NIUM Mill. (Statice Linn., ed. viii.) 
 Sea-Lavender. 
 
 * L. pinnately mined. Cal.-segm. with intermediate teeth. 
 
 1. L. vulgar e (Mill.) ; 1. elliptic-oblong stalked mucronate 
 1-ribbed strongly veined, st, subterete branched above corym- 
 bose, spikelets 1 3-fiowered ascending forming dense 2-ranked 
 patent or recurved spikes, cal. -segments entire acute, outer bract 
 pointed rounded on the back. E. B. 102. S. Limonium (L.) 
 ed. viii. St. 6 18 in. high, usually not branched in its lower 
 half, often not until near the corymbose top. Spikes short ; 
 spikelets densely imbricate. Fl. purplish. ft. pyramidale 
 (Druce) ( = S. serotina G. & G., ed. viii.); pan. lax much 
 spreading. Sy. E. B. 1157. [A hybrid between Sp. 1 & 2 is 
 reported.] Muddy salt marshes, ft. Southern coast. P. VII. 
 IX. E. S. 
 
 2. L. humile (Mill.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate stalked mucronate 
 1-ribbed faintly veined, st. slightly angular usually branched 
 from below the middle panicled, spikelets 1 3-fl.oweivd uni- 
 lateral rather distant forming lax erect or incurved spikes, cal.- 
 segments acute denticulate, outer bract pointed keeled on the 
 back. S. Bahusiensis (Fr.) ed. viii. 8. rariflora Drej. E. B. S. 
 2917. St. 6 18 in. high, not corymbose, much branched below. 
 Spikes long ; spikelets often 1 -flowered, not imbricate. Fl. 
 purplish. Muddy salt marshes. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** L. not pinnately veined. Cal.-segm. without interm. teeth. 
 
 3. L. recur'vum (C. E. Salmon) ; 1. obovate-spathulate nar- 
 rowed into a broadly winged stalk 3-veined balow, st. rigid with 
 thick but not sterile branches, spikelets 2 4-fiowered densely 
 imbricate 2-ranked forming linear thick suberect spikes, cal.- 
 segments blunt entire. Si/. E. B. 1160. S. Dodartii (Gir.) 
 ed. viii. St. usually not branched in its lower half; branches 
 often simple, short. Inner bracts obovate, very blunt, with 
 white margins or slightly pink. FL purple. Anth. linear. 
 Rocky shores. Portland. Hensloiv ! P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 [_L. lychnidifolium (0. Kuntze) ; 1. obovate-spathulate usually apiculate 
 with broadly-winged 5 9-veined stalks, st. stout tapering upwards very 
 rarely with sterile branches, scales at base of branches large ovoid-tri- 
 angular, spikelets usually 2- flowered densely imbricate 2-ranked forming 
 thick patent or nearly horizontal spikes, cal.-segm. short very obtuse ribs 
 hairy. J. of B. xxxix. (1901) p. 193, t. 422. Rootstock stoilt woody. St. 
 branching 5- tc f of its length. L. thick leathery. Inner bracts roundish 
 
 4 5 
 
346 62. PLUMBAGIXACE.E. 
 
 about twice as long as the outer, with bright red band and membranous 
 margin. Auth. oblong. Rocks, Alderney, Mr. C. R. P. Andrews. 
 P. VII. VIII.] 
 
 4. L. occidenidle (0, Kuntze) ; 1. lanceolate-spa thulate rather 
 acute narrowed into a long winged stalk obscurely 3-veined 
 below, scapes slender wavy forked branched from near the base, 
 few lowest branches sterile, spikelets 2 4-flowered imbricate 
 
 2-ranked forming linear slender suberect spikes, cal.-segments 
 blunt entire without intermediate te^th, S. binervosa G. E. Sm. 
 E. B. S. 2663. St. usually branching quite from the base ; 
 branches repeatedly forked," long, often rough. Inner bracts 
 oval with broad membranous edge, deeply tinged with pink. 
 Auth. oval. /3. intermedium (Druce) ; all the branches flower- 
 ing, spikelets stouter. Rocky shores. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. L. reticuldtum (Mill.) ; 1. obovate or lanceolate-spathulate 
 narrowed into a petiole, st. branched from near the base 
 granular-rough, branches many slender repeatedly and acutely 
 forked uppermost alone bearing dense terminal spikes of 2 3- 
 flowered z-ranked spikelets, cal.-segments ovate cuspidate den- 
 ticulate. E. B. 328. S. caspia (Willd.) ed. viii. Remarkable 
 by its much divided sterile branches which fork at an acute 
 angle. L. small. Muddy sea-shores of Norf., and at Frieston, 
 Line. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 . 
 
 2. STAT'ICE Linn. (Armeria "Willd., ed. viii.) Thrift. 
 
 1. S. marit'ima (Mill.) ; /. linear, \-veined, inv.-bracts very 
 blunt 1 3 outer ones mucronate, cal.-segments acute, cal.-tube 
 hairy or pilose-striate. L. all radical, many, narrow. Fl. rose- 
 coloured or white. a. L. flattish above very slender 1-veined. 
 A. maritima (Boiss.), A. pubescens Link. /3. planifolia (Syme) ; 
 1. nearly flat above broadly linear blunt, early 1. 3-veined. 
 Si/. E. B. 1153. y. A. duriuscula (Bab.) ; 1. subtriquetrous 
 channelled above very slender 1-veined. A. pubiyera and 
 A. duriusrula Bab. A small form with linear flat 1-veined 1. 
 but a pubescent scape from Shetland may be A. sibirica 
 (Turcz.). Muddy and rocky sea-shores, also on mountains. 
 J3, Scottish Highlands, Ben Lawers ! y. Southern sea-shore. 
 P. IV. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 [S. plantagin'ea (All.) ; /. 3 5-veined linear-lanceolate with 
 a narrow membranous margin, scapes rough, outer inv.-bracts 
 triangular or lanceolate cuspidate, others ovate or obovate with 
 a broad membranous margin blunt, cal.-segm. with long points. 
 E. B. 8. 2928. Distinguished bv its leaver Jersey. P. 
 VI. VII.] 
 

 G3. PLANTAGIN'ACEJE. 347 
 
 Order LXIII. PLANTAGINACE^E. 
 
 Cal. 4-parted, persistent, imbricate, inferior. Cor. 4-parted, 
 regular, scarious. Stam. 4, hypogynous, or at the base of the 
 tube, alternate with the segments of the cor. ; filaments at first 
 doubled inwards. Ovary free, of 1 carpel, 1-celled ; or 2 4- 
 celled. Seeds peltate or erect. Style 1. Caps, opening trans- 
 versely (or indehiscent in Littorella). Radicle inferior. 
 
 1. PLA^TAGO. Fl. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. with an ovate 
 tube and 4-parted reflexed limb. Stam. on the corolla. 
 Caps, bursting transversely, 2 4-celled, 2 4-seeded. 
 
 2. LITTOBELLA. Monoecious. Male fl. stalked ; sep. 4 ; tube 
 of the cor. cylindrical, limb 4-parted ; starn. hypogynous ; 
 filaments very long. Fern. fl. sessile; sep. 3; cor. oblong, 
 narrowed at both ends ; style long ; caps. 1-seeded. 
 
 1. PLANTA'GO Linn. Plantain. 
 
 * Placenta 3 twinged ^ thus forming 3 4 cells. Seeds 1 in 
 each cell. 
 
 1. P. Coron'opus (L.) ; 1. linear pinnatifid or dentate, scape 
 terete, spike slender, bracts subulate from an ovate base erect, 
 midrib of lateral sep. with a dilate membranous wing. E. B. 
 892. Tube of the cor. glabrous. Extremely variable in size 
 and amount of pubescence, woolly or nearly glabrous. L. vary- 
 ing in width, nearly entire, or even doubly pinnatifid. Spikes 
 slender, 1^ in. long, many-flowered ; or spherical with 2 6 
 flowers. [Extreme forms : Var. ceratophyllon (Rap.), luxuriant with 
 broad 3 5-veined 1. ; var. maritima (G. & G.) with nearly erect fleshy 
 1. ; and var. pygmaa (Lange), dwarf with short few-flowered spikes and 
 almost entire l.J Gravelly barren spots near the sea and inland. 
 A. ?VI. VII. Suck's horn Plantain. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Placenta ^-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor. -tube 
 pubescent. 
 
 2. P. marit'ima (L.) ; 1. linear channelled fleshy convex on 
 the back, scape terete, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate mucronate, 
 sep. not winged. E. B. 175. L. usually woolly at their base, 
 nearly flat and broad or linear, toothed or quite entire, glabrous 
 or hairy ; 3-veined, veins equidistant. Scape glabrous or hairy. 
 Caps, oblong-conical. Very variable in size. In a Cornish 
 variety the 1. are only 1 2 lines in length and semicylindrical, 
 
348 63. PLANTAGINACE^E. 
 
 scapes very short, spikes sometimes only 3- or 4-flowered. The 
 mountain plant may be (1) P. serpentina (Vill.) or (2) P. alpina 
 (L.) ; they are both said to have lateral veins of 1. nearer the 
 margin than midrib, (1) to have coriaceous, (2) herbaceous 
 leaves. The var. lanata (Edm.), hirsuta (Syme), is a small very 
 hairy form from Shetland. Sy. E. B. 1167. [i.pumila (Kjellm.) 
 is a small form with subglobose few-fld. spikes and scapes exceeding 1 
 the 1.] Sea-coast and en mountains. P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 #** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor. -tube 
 glabrous. 
 
 3. P. lanceoldta (L.) ; I. lanceolate attenuate at both ends 5- 
 veined, scape furroiced, spike ovate or oblong-cylindrical, bracts 
 ovate acute or cuspidate. 2 lateral sep. keeled. E. B. 507. L. 
 nearly glabrous, length 3 12 times the breadth. Anth. and 
 filaments yellow. Bracts and sep. black at the tip. A very 
 Tariable plant. Spikes globose, scape and 1. silky, neck woolly, 
 in sandy places ; spikes very long, 1. very long and broad, in 
 rich damp soil. In rare cases stoloniferous, and often woolly 
 near the sea (eriophytta H. & L.). Meadows, pastures and 
 sandy places. P. V. VII. Ribwort. E. S. I. 
 
 [P. Timbali (Jord.) ; rootstock many-headed, bracts with 
 scarious margins ; is sometimes found in cultivated fields.] 
 
 4. P. media (L.) ; /. elliptic-ovate sessile or with short broad 
 stalks pubescent, scape terete, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate- 
 acuminate, sep. not keeled. E. B. 1559. L. usually lying flat 
 on the ground, sometimes shortly lanceolate and ascending. 
 Anth. yellow, filaments purple. Meadows and pastures. P. 
 VI. IX. LamVs-tongue. E. I. 
 
 **** Placenta %-winged. Seeds 2 4 in each cell. Cor. -tube 
 glabrous. 
 
 5. P. major (L.) ; 1. broadly ovate on longish channelled 
 stalks, scape terete, spike long, bracts ovate keeled about as 
 long as the cal., sep. with a prominent dorsal rib. E. B. 1558. 
 R. xvii. 1127. L. ascending. Anth. purple. Seeds about 8. 
 P. intermedia (Gilib.) ; 1. downy coarsely dentate, scapes downy 
 arcuate-ascending, is probably distinct. It is not very rare in 
 England. R. xvii. 86. Fields and waste places. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 Way-bread. E. S. I. 
 
 [P. arendria (W. & K.), a branching leafy plant, was found 
 abundantly on Burnham Sand-hills, Som.] E. 
 
64. AMAEASTHACEJE. 65. CHENOPODIACE.E. 349 
 
 2. LITTOKEL'LA Berg. Shore-weed. 
 
 1. L.jun'cea (Berg.), L. lacustris (L.) ed. viii. E. B. 468. 
 With runners. Fl. white. Fertile fl. sessile. Stalks of the 
 male fl. 1 2 in. lon^. L. all radical, linear, fleshy, somewhat 
 channelled, sometimes hairy above. Margins of lakes, or under 
 water when it is larger and does not flower. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 Division IV. MONOCHIAMYDE.E. 
 (Orel. LXIV. LXXVIIL) 
 
 With only a single perianth ; that is, the cal. and cor. not 
 distinguishable, or wanting. 
 
 [Order LXIV. AMAEANTHACE^E.] 
 
 [Perianth 3 5-parted, scarious, persistent. Stam. hypo- 
 gynous. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule 1 or several, suspended 
 from a free central seed-stalk. Style 1 or 0. Stigma simple or 
 compound. Embryo curved round central farinaceous albumen. 
 L. without stipules or sheaths. 
 
 [1. AMAHANTHUS. Fl. monoecious. Perianth 3 5-parted. 
 Stam. 3 5. Stigmas 3. Caps. 1-celled, 1-seeded.] 
 
 1. AMARAN'THUS Linn. 
 
 [A. Blitum (L.) ; fl. 3-fid, 3-androus, clusters small lateral, 
 the upper ones in a small naked spike, st. diffuse glabrous. 
 E. B. 2212. Waste places near towns. A. VIII.] E. 
 
 [A. retroflex'us (L.) ; fl. 5-fid, 5-androus, spikes large dense compound 
 terminal, bracts lanceolate aristate much exceeding fr., st. stout erect 
 pubescent. 11. 1. 5. 475. Waste ground. A. VIII.] E. 
 
 Order LXV. CHENOPODIACE^E. 
 
 Perianth 3 5-parted, herbaceous, persistent. Stam. peri- 
 gynous or hypogynous. Ovary free or adhering to the tube of 
 the perianth ; ovule 1, attached to the base of the cell. Styles 
 divided, or rarely 1. Fr. not bursting, dry, membranous, 
 included in the perianth which often fcecomes enlarged or 
 
350 65. CHENOPODIACE^E. 
 
 fleshy. Embryo curved round farinaceous albumen, or spiral, 
 or doubled together without albumen ; radicle next the hile. 
 L. without stipules or sheaths. 
 
 Tribe I. SALSOLE^E. Fl. uniform, perfect, Seeds usually 
 without albumen. Embryo spiral. &t. continuum, leafy. 
 L. semicylindrical or terete. 
 
 1. LERCHIA. Pei'anth5-ip&rted, without appendages. Stam. 
 5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2 3, sessile. Pericarp 
 membranous, Seed horizontal or vertical ; testa crusta- 
 ceous. With bracts. 
 
 2. SALSOLA. Perianth 5-parted, segments ultimately with a 
 transverse dorsal appendage. Stam. 5, from an bypogynous 
 ring. Styles 2. Pericarp membranous. Seed horizontal ; 
 testa membranous. With bracts. 
 
 Tr. II. BETE&. Fl. uniform, perfect. Seeds with albumen. 
 Embryo curved round the circumference of the seed. St. 
 continuous, leafy. L.flat. 
 
 3. CHENOPODIUM. Perianth 3 5-parted, persistent, un- 
 altered. Stam. 5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2 3. 
 Pericarp thin, free. Testa crustaceous. Seed vertical or 
 horizontal. Without bracts. 
 
 4. BETA. Perianth 5-parted, persistent. Stam. 5, from a 
 fleshy ring. Styles 2 3. Pericarp imbedded in and 
 adhering to the fleshy tube of the perianth. Seed horizontal, 
 attached laterally. Testa membranous. 
 
 Tr. III. SALICORNIE&. Fl. uniform, perfect. Seeds and 
 embryo as in Tr. II. St. jointed, leafless. Stam. less 
 than 5. 
 
 5. SALICORNIA. Perianth fleshy, tumid, undivided, imbedded 
 in an excavation of the rachis. Stam. 1 2. Style very 
 short, stigma bifid. Pericarp membranous. Seed vertical, 
 covered by the persistent perianth. 
 
 Tr. IV. ATRIPLICE^E. Fl. monoecious, ot two forms, rarely 
 perfect. Seeds, embryo, and stem as in Tr. II. 
 
 6. ATRIPLEX. Perianth 3 5-parted. Stam. 5. Style 0. 
 Perianth compressed, of 2 parts not connected above their 
 middle. Stam. 0. Stigmas 2. Pericarp membranous free. 
 
LERCHIA. CHENOPODlini. 351 
 
 Testa crustaceans. Seed vertical, attached by a lateral hile 
 either near the base or by means of a long seed-stalk in the 
 middle of the side ; radicle basal. 
 
 7. OBIONE. Perianth 3 o-parted. Stam. 5. Style 0. 
 Perianth of '2 parts free only at the top, 3-toothed, wedge- 
 shaped below. Stam. 0. Stigmas 2. Pericarp very thin, 
 ultimately adhering to the tube of the perianth. Testa mem- 
 branous. Seed vertical, pendulous from a long seed-stalk ; 
 radicle terminal. 
 
 Tribe I. Salsolea. 
 
 1. LER'CHIA Hall. (Suceda Porsk. ed. viii.) Sea-Elite. 
 
 1. L. obtusifolia ( <l Steud.") : st. erect shrubby, /. blunt semi- 
 cylindrical, styles 3, seeds vertical smooth and shining. Suceda 
 fruticosa (Forsk.) ed. viii. SalsolaSm. E. B. 635. Schoberia 
 Mey. St. 2 3 feet high, with many erect leafy branches and 
 axillary flowers. Sandv and shingly shores of south and east of 
 England, rare. P. VIL VIII. E. 
 
 2. L. marit'ima (0. Kuntze) ; st. herbaceous, /. acute semi- 
 cylindrical, styles 2, seeds horizontal netted shining. E. B. 
 (533. St. erect or procumbent, with many spreading branches. 
 Muddy sea-shores. A. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. SAL'SOLA Linn. Saltwort. 
 
 1. S. Kali (L.) ; minutely hairy, st. diffuse, 1. subulate spinous 
 rough, n. axillary solitary, segments of the enlarged perianth 
 hard and tough as long as their patent rather coloured roundish 
 wings. E. B. 634. St. angular, rigid, much branched. Sandy 
 sea-shores. A. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 Tribe II. Betecs. 
 
 3. CHENOPO'DIUM Linn. Goose-foot. 
 * Flowers all pentamerous. f Leaves undivided. 
 
 1. C. Vulvdria (L.) ; /. ovate-rhomboidal mealy, fl. in leafless 
 dense spikes, perianth covering the fr., seed shining slightly 
 rough (very small), st. diffuse. E. B. 1034. C. olidum Curt. 
 L. stalked. Covered with a greasy pulverulent fetid substance. 
 Dry waste places near houses, A. VIII. IX. E. S. 1. 
 
352 65. CHENOPODIACEJE. 
 
 2. C. polysper'mum (L.) ; 1. ovate-elliptic, fl. in axillary leafless 
 cymose racemes, perianth not covering the fr., seeds shining 
 minutely dotted blunt at the edge. E.B. 1480, 1481. Kacemes 
 more or less cymose or spicate. St. erect or procumbent. 
 L. acute or blunt. C. acutifolium and C. polyspermum are 
 undistinguishable. Damp waste places. A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 tt Leaves toothed, angled, or lobed.. 
 
 3. C. ur'bicum (L.) ; L triangular sinuate-dentate or nearly 
 entire their base contracted into the petiole, spike* erect nearly 
 leafless compound, perianth not covering the fr., seeds very 
 minutely rough blunt at the edge. E. B. 717. L. with short 
 triangular teeth. Spike approaching the stem. Seed almost 
 as large as Rape-seed. ft. C. intermedium (M. & K.) ; 1. with 
 large acute teeth. Waste places. A. VIII. E. S. I. ? 
 
 4. C. album (L.) ; 1. rhomboidal-ovate sinuate-dentate entire 
 below, upper ones lanceolate nearly entire, fl. in compound 
 branched nearly leafless racemes, perianth covering the fr., 
 seeds smooth and shining blunt but keeled at the edge. a. C. 
 candicans (Lam.): fl.in dense spikes shorter than the sinuate- 
 dentate leaves. E. B. 1723. ft. C, viride (L.) ; fl. in lax cymose 
 racemes exceeding the nearly entire leaves. &y. E. B. 1189. 
 y. C. paganum (R.) ; fl. in lax compound spikes exceeding the 
 sinuate-dentate leaves. Sy. E. B. 1190. Cultivated and waste 
 places. A. VII. VIII. Fat Hen. E.S.I. 
 
 [C. opulifolium (Schrad.), closely allied to Sp. 4, with broadly-rhom- 
 boidal-ovate (often broader than long) more or less 3-lobate very obtuse 
 coarsely and unevenly crenate-serrate 1. with usually slightly mucronate 
 teeth, rather long slender petioles and very glaucous inflorescence, is 
 occasionally found in waste places. A. VIII. IX.] 
 
 5. C.ficifolium (Sm.) ; /. unequally S-lobedfrom a wedgeshaped 
 base, lobes ascending, middle lobe long oblong-lanceolate dentate 
 blunt, upper 1. linear-lanceolate entire, fl. in erect nearly leafless 
 cymose racemes, perianth nearly covering the fr., seeds minutely 
 pitted shining blunt and not keeled at the edge. Sy. E. B. 
 1191. Mealy. L. blunt; middle lobe nearly equally broad 
 throughout. Seeds smaller than in C. album. Cultivated and 
 waste ground, rare. A. VIII. IX. E. I. ? 
 
 6. C. murdle (L.) ; L rhomboidal-ovate unequally and sharply 
 toothed entire below, fl.. in divaricately-branched leafless cymes, 
 perianth nearly covering the fr., seeds minutely granular opaque 
 acute and keeled at the edge. E. B. 1722. Waste ground near 
 towns and villages. A. VIII. Soiubane. E. I. 
 
CHENOPODITJM. BETA. 353 
 
 7. C. hyb'ridum (L.); I- subcordate angulate-dentate acuminate, 
 teeth large distant, fl. in panicled leafless cymes, perianth not 
 covering the fr., seeds minutely pitted opaque blunt and not keeled 
 at the edge. E. B. 1919. Seeds very large. L. with 2 4 
 large teeth on each side. Waste places, rare. A. VIII. E. I. 
 
 *# Lateral fl. 3 A-merous with vertical seeds, term.fl. 5-merous 
 with horizontal seeds. 
 
 f Stigmas short. 
 
 8. C. rubrum (L.) ; /. rhomboidal irregularly toothed and sinu- 
 ate entire below, fl. in erect compound dense leafy spikes, seeds 
 very minute smooth shining blunt or slightly keeled at the edge, 
 E. B. 1721. St. erect and often 12* ft. high, leafy to the top. 
 Pericarp very loose. Fl. generally incomplete. Cat, 4- rarely 
 5-cleft. Stam. 1 or 2. A variety with much more triangular 
 L, shorter spikes and larger seeds, was found near London. 
 The var. pseudo-botryodes (Wats.) has a prostrate spreading st. 
 4 5 in. long, and a small panicle. Sv. E. B. 1197. Waste 
 places, particularly salt marshes. A. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 9. C. botryodes (Sm.) ; I. nearly triangular slightly toothed, 
 thick and fleshy, fl. in compound dense spikes nearly leafless at 
 the top, seeds very minute smooth shining keeled at the edge. 
 E. B. 2247. Succulently brittle when fresh, limp and flaccid 
 when dry. St. erect. Pericarp loose. Moist sandy places 
 near the sea, on the south-east coast. A. IX. E. 
 
 10. C. glaucum (L.) ; /. oblong sinuate-dentate mealy beneath, 
 fl. in erect nearly simple leafless spikes, seeds very minute 
 netted granular acutely keeled at the edge. E. B. 1454. St. 
 spreading, often prostrate. Seeds reddish. .Rich waste ground. 
 A. IX. E. 
 
 tt Stigmas long. 
 
 Jll. C. Bonus-Henricus (L.) ; /. triangular-hastate entire, fl. 
 in compound leafless spikes, seeds smooth and shining. E. B. 
 1033. St. a foot high. L. large, dark green, used instead of 
 Spinach. Stig. long. Fr. exceeding perianth. Waste places 
 near villages. P. V. VIII. Allgood. Mercury. E. S. I. 
 
 4. BE'TA Linn. Beet. 
 
 1. B. marit'ima (L.) ; st. many from the crown of the root pro- 
 strate, 1. triangular-ovate narrowed into a petiole, spikes long 
 
354 65. CHEXOrODIACE.E. 
 
 simple leafy, bracts lanceolate exceeding the 2 3-flowered 
 clusters, segments of the perianth with entire keels, stiy. lanceo- 
 late. E. B. 285. Root thick, fleshy. St. 612* in. long 
 prostrate below, spreading in a circle, the ends ascending. 
 Sea-shores. P. VII. IX. Sea-Beet. , E. S. I. 
 
 lB. vulgaris (L.), st. solitary erect, stig.. ovate, is the culti- 
 vated plant.] 
 
 Tribe III. Salicorniece. 
 
 5. SALICOR'NIA Linn. 1 Glasswort. 
 
 1. S. herbdcea (L.) ; herbaceous, joints of st. compressed 
 rather thickened upwards emarginate, branches all flowering, 
 spikes cylindrical tapering stalked, fl. 3 on each side middle 11. 
 much exceeding the others. E. B. 415. St. usually erect, 
 branched, 3 12 in. high. Stain. 1 or 2. /3. 8. prostrata (Pall.), 
 #. procumbens (8m.) ed. viii. ; st. procumbent, branches divari- 
 cate. E. B. 2475. [An extreme state is S. appressa (Dum.)] Muddy 
 sea-shores. A. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. radicans (Sin.) ; st. woody creeping, st.-joints subterete 
 deeply notched scarcely thickened with ascending herbaceous 
 branches some barren, spikes oblong blunt nearly sessile, middle 
 fl. scarcely exceeding the others. Sy. E. B. 1183. St. pro- 
 cumbent, rooting, [tf. Lignosa (Woods); st. firmer not or but little 
 rooting-.] Muddy sea-shores. P. VIII. IX. 
 
 Tribe IV. Atriplicea. 
 6. A'TRIPLEX Linn. 2 Orache. 
 
 A. Fertile fl. of % kind's ; sep. of fern. fl. distinct, seed vertical; 
 perfect fl. 3 o-parted, seed horizontal. 
 
 [A. nitens (Schkuhr), 1. shining above silvery-glaucous be- 
 neath ; also A. tatarica (L.) and A. hortensis (L.), 1. opaque 
 on both sides ; are occasionally found.] 
 
 B. Monoecious-, sep. of fern. fl. united below. 
 * Stem with resinous reddish stripes. t Leaves not lobed. 
 1. A. littordlis (L.) ; st. erect, L linear or oblong-lanceolate 
 
 1 See a paper on this genus by Mr. Woods in Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 109. 
 " See Woods in Phytol. iii. 585, and* in Tourist's Flora, 315. 
 
'ATRIPLEX. 355 
 
 entire or toothed, fr .-perianth rhomboidal or triangular toothed 
 tubercled on the back. a. vera ; 1. nearly or quite entire, fr.- 
 perianth with patent points. Sy. E. B. 1200. ft. A. marina 
 (L.) ; 1. broader usually toothed, fr. -perianth shorter with ad- 
 pressed points. E. 5. 706. Salt marshes. A. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 tf Lower leaves with lateral spreading or ascending lobes. 
 
 2. A. angustifolia (Sm. I) 1 ; st. erect or prostrate, 1. lanceolate 
 entire from an acutely wedge shaped base, lower 1. with 2 
 ascending lobes, fr. -perianth rhomboidal acute entire with pro- 
 longed lateral angles longer than the fr. and collected into nearly 
 simple interrupted spikes the larger leaflike and not tubercled, 
 seeds black and polished. E. B. 1774. A. patula Wahl., St. 
 79. 5. Spikes wandlike with distant clusters of fL, valves of 
 the fr.-perianth netted. Common. A. VII. X. E. S. I. 
 
 3. A. erecta (Huds.) 1 ; primary st. mostly erect, lower 1. ovate- 
 oblong with 2 ascending lobes from a bluntly wedgeshaped base 
 irregularly sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate, fr.-perianth 
 rhomboidal denticulate acute more or less muricate on the back 
 scarcely exceeding the Ir. and collected in branched dense many- 
 
 flowered spikes, seeds black and polished. E. E. 2223 ! Koch 
 m St. 79. 6. Lower branches procumbent or ascending. Upper 
 1. mostly entire. Common upon cultivated land. A. VII. X. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 4. A. delto'idea (Bab.) ; st. mostly erect, I. mostly opposite 
 nearly all hastate-triangular with spreading lobes, fr.-perianth 
 ovate-triangular muricate on the back scarcely exceeding the fr. 
 united only at the base, fr. pamcled in dense spikes, seeds thick 
 black and polished or a few dark brown arid larger and with 
 large perianths. a ; 1. all hastate-triangular toothed, fr.-perianth 
 toothed muricate on back, spikes dense. E. B. S. 2860. ft. 
 salina ; st. and branches prostrate, 1. often alternate, uppermost 
 1. lanceolate entire, fr.-perianth slightly toothed or entire. 
 Cult, and waste ground. #. Sea-coast. A. VI. X. E. I. 
 
 5. A. hastdta (L.) ; st. mostly erect, lower /. hastate-triangular 
 with spreading lobes, uppermost 1. lanceolate entire, fr.-perianth 
 trianyiilar-rhomboidal slightly muricate on the back exceeding 
 the fr.,/r. in nearly simple interrupted spikes, larger seeds 'dark 
 brown rough compressed, smaller seeds black and shining. A. 
 patula Sm. E. B. 936. A. latifolia St. 79. 7. A. Smithii Sy. 
 Cultivated and waste ground. A. VI. X. E. S. I. 
 
 1 Sp. 2 & 3 are now usually included under A. patula (L.). H. & J. G. 
 
356 66. POLYGONACE.E. 
 
 6. A. Babingtonii (Woods) ; st. spreading procumbent or as- 
 cending with spreading branches, I. mealy ovate-triangular some- 
 what 3-lobed unequally sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate den- 
 tate and often 3-lobed at the base, fr -perianth rliomboidal acute 
 toothed tubercled on the back, clusters axillary and terminal few- 
 flowered, seeds minutely tubercular. A. rosea Bab., E. B. S. 
 2880, not L. A very variable plant. Sometimes bright red, at 
 others [var. virescens (Lange)] quite green and much more fleshy. 
 Fr.-perianth large, typically forming a diagonal square a little 
 rounded at the lateral angles. Sea-shore, common. A. VII. 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Stem buft-coloured, nearly without stripes. Perianth of fr. 
 hard and thick. 
 
 7. A. lacinidta (L.) ; st. spreading procumbent with spread- 
 ing branches, /. triangular-rhomboidal sinuate mealy beneath, 
 spike of male fl. dense naked, fertile fl. axillary, fr. -perianths 
 rliomboidal 3-lobed with the lateral lobes truncate the back 3- 
 ribbed the two lateral ribs often terminating in tubercles, seeds 
 rough opaque. A. arenaria Woods (not Nutt.). A. farinosa 
 (Bum.) ed. viii. E. B. 165. Plant hoary throughout. Fr.- 
 perianths large, very broad. Sandy shores. A. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 7. OBI'ONE Gaert. Sea-Purslane. 
 
 1. O. pedunculdta (Moq.) ; st. herbaceous wavy branched, 1. 
 obovate entire attenuate below, upper 1. narrower, fr.-perianth 
 long-stalked wedgeshaped 2-lobed with a small intermediate 
 tooth. E. B. 232. Atriplex Sm. Muddy salt marshes near 
 the East and South coasts ; very rare. A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 2. O. portulaco'ides (Moq.) ; st. woody, 1. obovate-lanceolate 
 entire attenuate below, fr.-perianth inversely triangular rounded 
 below subsessile with 3 equal lobes above and rnuricate on the 
 back. E. B. 261. Atriplex Sm. Common on the sea-shore. 
 P. VIII. X. E. S. I. 
 
 Order LXVI. POLYGON ACEJE. 
 
 Perianth 3 6-parted, imbricate. Stam. definite, from the 
 base of the perianth. Ovary 1, free, with 1 erect ovule. Styles 
 and stigmas several. Fr. not bursting, a nut, naked or covered 
 by the enlarged perianth. Embryo inverted, usually on one 
 side of farinaceous albumen ; radicle remote from the hile. 
 Stipules usually cohering in the shape of ocrese. 
 
RUMEX. 357 
 
 1. EUMEX. Perianth 6-parted; 3 inner segments (pet.) large 
 with fr., connivent. Stain. 6, disposed in pairs. Styles 3. 
 Stigmas multih'd. Nut triquetrous, covered by the enlarged 
 inner segments of perianth ; embryo lateral. 
 
 2. OXYRIA. Perianth 4-parted-, 2 inner segments (pet.) 
 larger. Stam. 6. Stigmas 2, multifid. Nut compressed, 
 with a membranous wing, larger than the persistent seg- 
 ments of perianth ; embryo central. 
 
 3. POLYGONUM. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 5 8. Styles 
 2 3. Stig. capitate. Nut trigoLOus or compressed ; em- 
 bryo lateral, incurved ; cotyledons not contorted. 
 
 [4. FAGOPYRUM. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 8. Styles 3. 
 Stig. capitate. Nut trigonous ; embryo central ; cotyledons 
 large, leajlike, plicate-twistedJ] 
 
 1. RU'MEX Linn. 1 Dock. 
 
 * Fl. perfect. Herbage not acid. L. not hastate. 
 
 1. R. marit'imus (L.) ; enlarged pet. rhomboidal narrow 7 , each 
 with a lanceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tuber- 
 cle and on each side 2 setaceous teeth as long as the pet., whorls 
 crowded many-flowered leafy, 1. all linear-lanceolate narrowed 
 at both ends. E. B. 725. Nut very small : faces elliptic. 
 Marshes principally near the sea. P. or B. VII. VIII. Golden 
 Dock. E. S. L 
 
 2. It. limosus (Thuill.) ; enlarged pet. ovate-oblong, with a lan- 
 ceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tubercle and on 
 each side 2 or 3 setaceous teeth shorter than the pet., whorls 
 distant many-flowered leafy, root-1. narrowly lanceolate rounded 
 or slightly decurrent below. Curt. i. 63. Sy. E. B. 1213. JR. 
 palusiris (Sm.) ed. viii. Nut 3 times as large as that of 
 JR. maritimus ; faces ovate. Upper 1. linear-lanceolate, nar- 
 rowed below. Marshy places, rare. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. ? 
 
 3. JR. conglomerate (Murr.) ; enlarged pet. linear-oblong sub- 
 acute, each bearing a large tubercle and entire or obscurely 
 toothed at the base, whorls distant leafy, 1. oblong pointed, lower 
 1. cordate or rounded at the base. It. acutus Sin. E. B. 724. 
 
 1 Hybrids are frequent in this genus. H. & J. G. 
 
;358 06. POLYGONACE^. 
 
 Nut ovate, acute. Enlarged pet. broadest near the base; the 
 sides nearly parallel. Unopened anth. white. Branches mostly 
 spreading. Uppermost whorls often leafless. Wet places. P. 
 VI.- VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 4. It. rupes'tris (Le G.) ; enlarged pet. narrow ovate-oblong 
 Hunt all tubercled entire, whorls not very distant leafless (ex- 
 cept 2 or 3 lowest), 1. strapehaped. rounded and narrowed at 
 both ends. J. of B. xiv. 2. t. 173. Nut ovate, acute. Enlarged 
 pet. with nearly parallel sides and very large tubercles. Shore 
 near Plymouth. P. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 5. R. sanguin'eus (L.) ; enlarged pet. narrowly oblong blunt en- 
 tire only one bearing a tubercle, whorls distant leafless, 1. ovate- 
 lanceolate, lower 1. cordate or rounded at the base. E. 13. 1533. 
 Ped. jointed at their base. Nut ovate-elliptic, acute. En- 
 larged pet. broadest above their middle. Lowermost whorls 
 often each accompanied by ft leaf. Veins of the 1. bright red. 
 Branches ascending. ft. JR. viridis (Sibth.); veins of the 1. green. 
 Unopened anth. pale yellow. JR. nemorosus Schrad. Woody 
 places, rare. ft. Woods and roadsides, frequent. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 6. R.pul'cher (L.) ; enlarged pet. triangular-ovate netted with 
 ribs toothed below one principally tubercled, branches spreading, 
 whorls mostly leafy, lower l.Jiddle 'shape dor cordate-oblong blunt, 
 upper 1. lanceolate-acute, st. procumbent. E. S. 1576. St. 
 straggling. Whorls distant. Nuts ovate, acute. Dry waste 
 places, local. B. ? VII. IX. Fiddle-Dock. E. I. 
 
 7. R. obtusifolius (L. ?) ; enlarged pet. ovate- or oblong-trian- 
 gular blunt entire or toothed veined one or more tubercled, lower 
 I. cordate-ovate-oblong blunt, upper 1. oblong or lanceolate, 
 branches ascending. a. R. Fricsii (G. & G.) ; enlarged pet. 
 sinuate-dentate below with subulate spreading teeth and an 
 oblong entire point one principally tubercled. E. B. 1999. ft. 
 R. sylvestris (Wallr.) ; enlarged pet. nearly entire all tubercled. 
 J. of B. xi. 131. Whorls usually distant and nearly leafless. 
 Height 2 3 ft. Nut nearly twice as long as broad. A hybrid 
 with Sp. 10, R. conspersus (Hartm.), has enlarged pet. broadly 
 cordate toothed membranous netted one tubercled, 1. oblong 
 blunt cordate or oblique at the base. Sy. E. B. 1217. 
 Pastures and waste ground, ft. By Thames near Putney. P. 
 VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 8. R. acutus (L.) ; enlarged pet. unequal cordate dilated, and 
 toothed at the base with a small entire triangular point one 
 
EUMEX. 359 
 
 principally tubercled, 1. oblong-lanceolate acute, lower 1. slightly 
 cordate below. R. pratensis E. B. S. 2757. St. and whorls 
 often tinged with dull red. Whorls near together but not 
 crowded, mostly leafless. Unopened aiith. white. Nuts elliptic, 
 abundant. One enlarged pet. larger than the others, sometimes 
 all 3 equally tubercled. [Said to be the hybrid E. obtusifoliusX 
 crispus.~] Marshy places, rare. P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 9. R.cris'pus (L.) ; enlarged pet. cordate entire or crenulate 
 one principally tubercled, 1. lanceolate acute wavy crisped. 
 E. B. 1998. Height 23 feet. St. and whorls sometimes 
 tinged with bright red. L. narrowed or truncate below. Nut 
 elliptic. Enlarged pet. equal, sometimes, var. trigranulatus (Sy. ), 
 all equally tubercled. [Var. subcordatus (Warr.) has enlarged pet. 
 broader, more or less deltoid. The hybrid E. crispusXaqnaticus 
 (E. propinquus Aresch.) occurs in Scotland]. Hoadsides, n'elds, &c. 
 P. VI. VIII. Curled Dock. E. S. I. 
 
 [R. elongatus (Guss.); enlarged pet. ovate entire one tubercled, 
 1. linear-lanceolate narrowed at both ends not wavy nor crisped. 
 J. ofB. xi. 237. St. 1 2i ft. high. Rt.-l. 812 in. long, 
 1 in. broad. Of lax habit with distant whorls. A probable 
 form of R. crispus. Surrey side of Thames between Putney 
 and Hammersmith, and Wye at Tintern.] 
 
 10. R. aquat'icus (L.) ; enlarged pet. broadly cordate membra- 
 nous entire or w r avy without tubercles, 1. lanceolate, lower 1. some- 
 what cordate, petioles semicylindrical flat and finely margined 
 above. E. B. 8. 2698. R. domesticus Hartm. R. longifdius 
 DC. Height 3 4 feet. L. very large. Whorls crowded, 
 mostly leafless, forming a large dense lobed panicle. Nut elliptic. 
 In the North of E. and in S., preferring spots liable to be 
 flooded. P. VII. VIII. E.S. 
 
 11. R. Hydrolap' atheum (Huds.) ; enlarged pet. ovate-trian- 
 gular nearly entire all tubercled, I. lanceolate acute tapering below, 
 petioles flat but not with raised edges. E. B. 2104. St. 3 5 
 feet high. L. often more than a foot long, sometimes cordate 
 at the base. Whorls crowded, mostly leafless. Nut elliptic. 
 Ditches and river-sides. P. VII. VIII. Great Water-Dock. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 12. R. maximus (Schreb.) ; enlarged pet. triangular-cordate 
 denticulate below all tubercled, radical I. oblong-acute obliquely 
 cordate below, petioles flat or broadly channelled above with 
 raised edges. St. 73. 16. J. of B. xii. t. 140. St. 35 feet 
 
300 66. 
 
 high. L. very long, whorls crowded, mostly leafless. Near 
 Lewes, Winchester, Kelvedon in Essex, and in Scilly Isles. 
 Perhaps not distinct from Sp. 11. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 *13. R. alpinus (L.) ; enlarged pet. cordate-ovate membranous 
 entire or denticulate without tubercles, /. roundish cordate-blunt 
 ivith channelled petioles, upper 1. ovate. E. B. S. 2694. Whorls 
 crowded^ mostly leafless. Nut elliptic. Formerly cultivated. 
 P. VII. Monk's Rhubarb. E. S. 
 
 ** Fl. dioecious or polygamous. Herbage acid. Sorrel. 
 
 14. R. Acetosa (L.) ; enlarged pet. roundish-cordate entire 
 membranous with a very minute tubercle at the base, sep. refle.red, 
 1. oblong sagittate, stipules laciniate-dentate. E. E. 127. 
 Height 1 2 feet. Whorls leafless. Nut elliptic with acute 
 angles. Woods. P. V. VI. E, S. I. 
 
 15. R.Acetosel r la(^L.) ; dioecious, petals scarcely enlarged ovate 
 not tubercled closely adpressed to nut, sep. ascending, 1. lanceolate- 
 hastate or linear with entire lobes, stipules torn. E. B. 1674. 
 Height 6 10 in. W r horls leafless. L. very variable in breadth. 
 [a. JR. angiocarpus (Murb.) Pet. adhering to nut. (3. E. Acetoselloides 
 (Bal.). Pet. not adhering to nut.] Dry gravelly places. P. V. 
 VII. Sheep's Sorrel E. S. I. 
 
 [R. scutdtus (L.); polygamous, 1. hastate-ovate, slightly 
 fiddle-shaped, is naturalized near Edinburgh, &c. Sy. E. B. 
 
 1222.J 
 
 2. OXYK'IA Hill. Mountain-Sorrel. 
 
 1. O. digyna (Hill). E. B. 910. O. reniformis (Hook.) ed. 
 viii. St. 8 10 in. high, usually leafless. L. radical, reniform, 
 slightly notched at the end ; veins radiating from the insertion of 
 the long footstalk. Pedicels thickening upwards, in a spikelike 
 raceme. Permanent pet. not enlarged. Lofty mountains. P. 
 VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. POLYG'ONUM Linn. 
 
 * Rhizomatous. Stem simple. Ocrece truncate. Nut tri- 
 quetrous. Stam. 8. Styles 3. Bistorta. 
 
 1. P. Bistorta (L.) ; raceme cylindric dense, L ovate subcor date, 
 root-1. with winged footstalks, faces of nut ovate smooth. 
 E. B. 509. St. 1 1 foot high. Khizome large. El. flesh- 
 coloured. Moist meadows, rare. P. VI. and X. Snakeweed. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
POLYGCKNUM. 361 
 
 2. P. vivip'arujn (L.) ; raceme slender lax bulbiferous bearing 
 fl. on its upper part, /. linear-lanceolate with revolute margins, 
 lower I. elliptic with wingless footstalks, face of nut ovate-lan- 
 ceolate smooth and shining. E. B. 669. Height 4 8 in. Fl. 
 on the lower part of the raceme replaced by small red bulbs. 
 Fl. white, sometimes very few in number. /3. alpinum (Wahl.) 
 lower 1. oval, root much thicker. Mountain pastures. j3. 
 Shetland and 0. Hebrides. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Ocrece truncate. Hoot fibrous. Nut compressed or subtri- 
 qnetrous. Stam. 4 8. Styles^ 3. Racemes spikelike. 
 Fl. purple vr tvhite. L. without or witli a central dark spot. 
 Persicaria. 
 
 t Creeping. Perennial. Anthers protruded. 
 
 8. P. amphib'ium (L.) ; raceme dense ovate-cylindrical, 1. 
 stalked ovate-oblong (floating-) or oblong-lanceolate or narrow- 
 lanceolate rough at the margins, ocrese membranous close, nut 
 compressed smooth shining, stam. 5. E. B. 436. St. long when 
 floating. Racemes generally solitary and terminal. Fl. rose- 
 coloured. Stam. protruded or not. Very variable in the form 
 of its leaves according to its habitation. Floating or growing 
 upon inud or on boggy ground. P. VII. 5K. E. S. I, 
 
 ft Root fibrous. Annual. Anthers included. 
 
 4. P. lapathifoUum (L.) : raceme oblong cylindrical dense, 1. 
 oblong-lanceolate or ovate attenuate at both ends glandular 
 beneath, ocrece close not fringed the upper one shortly fringed, 
 peduncles and perianth rough with glands, nut compressed its faces 
 roundish acuminate concave smooth shining scarcely covered 
 by the prominently veined perianth, styles distinct at length 
 divergent and reflexed. E. B. 1382. Height 12 feet. St. 
 sometimes spotted, glandular or glabrous ; joinings more or less 
 thickened. Racemes axillary or terminal, 1 2 together. Fl. 
 pale. Bracts auricled. Waste and damp places. A. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 5. P. maculdtum (Trim. & Dyer) ; raceme long slender, 1. 
 lanceolate much attenuate at both ends wavy glandular beneath, 
 ocrece loose shortly fringed the floral ones horned, ped. and peri- 
 anths rough with glands, nut compressed its faces roundish 
 acuminate concave shining covered by the strongly veined 
 perianth, styles connected below at length divergent and renVxed. 
 P.. laxum E. B. S. 2822. P. nodosum JR. I. 490 (not Pers. ?)., 
 
362 66. POLYGONACE.E. 
 
 Persicaria maculata Gray (1821). J. of B. ix. 34. Smaller 
 than the preceding 1 . St. often prostrate ; joinings very thick. 
 Racemes slender and interrupted (the typical form) : o/thicker 
 and continuous (as in E. B. S.), and 1. white and woolly beneath. 
 Damp gravelly places. A. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 6. P. Persicaria (L.) ; raceme compact ovate-oblong cylindri- 
 cal, 1. lanceolate flat minutely tubercled, ocrece loose strongly 
 fringed, ped. and perianths smooth, nut compressed and gibbous 
 
 on one side or trigonous its faces roundish acuminate smooth 
 scarcely covered % the obscurely veined perianth, styles con- 
 nected halfway up at length patent. &/. E. B. 1237. St. 12 
 feet high. L. more or less hairy on both sides ; sometimes 
 woolly bneath, when it is P. inranum of authors. Ped. some- 
 times slightly hairy. /3. P. biforme (Wwhl.) (=var. elatum 
 G. & G.) ; racemes slender, much resembling P. maculatum. 
 Waste and damp ground/ A. VI. X. E. S. I. 
 
 7. P. mite (Schrank); raceme erect filiform interrupted, 1. lan- 
 ceolate slightly wavy, ocrece loose funnelshaped pilose, strongly 
 fringed without glands, perianths without glands, nut (large) 
 compressed its faces rovghish ovate acute rather shining convex, 
 stam. 5, styles connected halfway up. JE. B. S. 2867. St. 13 
 feet high, often much branched. Ocrese all fringed. Racemes 
 thickening upwards. Wet places. A. VI. IX. E. I. 
 
 8. P. Ilydropiper (L.) ; raceme drooping filiform interrupted, 
 1. lanceolate wavy, ocrece 'ventricose glabrous fringed glandular, 
 perianths glandular, nut (large) compressed its faces ovate acute 
 rugose-punctate opaque convex, style 2 nearly distinct../?. B. 
 989. St. 1 3 feet high. Upper ocreaa funnelshaped, scarcely 
 fringed. Nut rounder than in P. mite. Racemes sometimes 
 erect. Wet places. A. VIII. IX. Water-Pepper. E. S. I. 
 
 9. P. minus (Huds.) ; raceme erect filiform slender lax,l. linear- 
 lanceolate flat, fcrece close pilose all fringed without gkmds, peri- 
 anths without glands, nut (small) compressed its faces ovate acute 
 smooth shining convex, styles connected for at least half their 
 length. E. B. 1043. St. usually procumbent, diffuse. Racemes 
 ascending. Much smaller than P. Ilydropiper, fl. and fr. only 
 half the size. Wet gravelly places, rare. A. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 *** Ocrece 2-lobed. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous. Stam. 8. 
 Styles 3. FL axillary, 1 3 together. Avicularia. 
 
 10. P. aviculdre (L.) ; 1. lanceolate or elliptic stalked, ocrece 
 lanceolate acute with few distant simple veins at length torn, 
 
POLYGONUM. 3G3 
 
 mit striate with raised points opaque about equalling the perianth. 
 E. B. 12o2. Sy. E. B. 1229 1231. L. usually blunt, some- 
 times acute, broad or narrow. Fl. either very distant and scat- 
 tered, or so much collected as almost to form a leafy spike. St. 
 erect or procumbent. Ocrese sometimes long and much torn. 
 Nut usually falling short of the perianth, but sometimes slightly 
 exceeding it. Very variable. Some botanists think that it 
 includes several species; but I am quite unable to divide what 
 I have seen similarly. /3. P. littorale (Link); st. long, diffuse, 
 prostrate, 1. thick broad, nut minutely punctured finely striate. 
 Waste places. /3. Sands by the sea. A. V. IX. Knot-grass. 
 
 E'. S. I. 
 
 11. P. Rail (Bab.) ; Z. elliptic-lanceolate ./?, ocrece lanceolate 
 acute with few distant simple veins at length torn, nut smooth 
 shining exceeding the perianth. E. B. S. 2805. St. long, strag- 
 gling, prostrate. L. bending towards the stem. Filaments 
 broader at the base. Resembling P. aviculare in habit, but P. 
 maritimum in fruit. It varies with smaller 1. and fl. Sandy 
 sea-shores. A. or P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 12. P. marit'imum (L.) ; I. elliptic-lanceolate coriaceous with 
 revolute edget, ocrece lanceolate with many branched veins at 
 length torn, nut smooth shining exceeding the perianth. 
 E. B. S. 2804. St. procumbent, quite woody below, often much 
 buried. L. convex above, diverging from the stem. Filaments 
 broader at the base. Sands of tne southern sea-shores. Christ- 
 church, Hants. Braunton Burrows, Dev. Falmouth. Channel 
 Islands. P. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 IP. sagittdtum (L.), with reflexed prickles and ovate sagittate L, a 
 native of N. America,, has been found in Kerry.] 
 
 #### Ocrece semicylindrical. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous. 
 Stam. 8. Styles 3. Fl. racemose. 
 
 13. P. Convolvulus (L.) ; st. twining angular, 1. cordate-sagit- 
 tate, segments of perianth bluntly keeled, nut opaque striate with 
 minute points. E. B. 941. St. climbing or prostrate, much 
 shorter than in the next species. /3. subalatum (v. Hall) ; 
 periauth-segm. winged ; often taken for Sp. 14. Cultivated 
 and waste land. A. VII. IX. Black Bindweed. E. S. I. 
 
 14. P. dumetdrum (L.) j st. twining striate, 1. cordate sagit- 
 tate, segments of perianth winged, nut very smooth and shining. 
 E. B. S. 2811. St. wiry, climbing to the height of 4 or 5 
 feet. Thickets in the South, rare. A. VII. IX. E. 
 
364 67. ELJEAGNACE.E. 68. THYMELACE31. 
 
 4. FAGOPY'RTJM Mill. Buck- wheat. 
 
 [F. sagittdtum (Gilib.) ; st. erect without prickles, fl. in 
 cyiiiose panicles, stara. 8, 1. cordate-sagittate acute, nut trique- 
 trous acute with entire angles. Polygonum Fagopyrum L. 
 F, esculentum (Moench) ed. viii. E. B. 1044. Ari escape. 
 Sown as food for game. A. VII. VIII.] 
 
 Order LXVIL ELJEAGNACEJE. 
 
 Mostly dioecious. Perianth tubular ; limb 2 4-toothed, in 
 male fl. 4-parted. Starn. 3 or more, inserted in the throat, 
 Anth. 2-celled, nearly sessile, bursting on the inner side longi- 
 tudinally. Ovary free, 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule. Fr. crus- 
 taceous, enclosed within the fleshy persistent perianth. Albumen 
 thin and fleshy. Radicle inferior. No stipules. 
 
 1. HIPPOPHAE. Dioecious. Male fl. in a sort of catkin ; 
 scales ovate, 1 -flowered. Perianth of 2 leaves adhering by 
 their points. Stam. 4, with very short filaments. Female 
 fl. solitary. Perianth tubular, cloven at the summit. Style 
 short. Stigma long. Nat 1-seeded, in the large coloured 
 "berrylike perianth. 
 
 1. HIPPO'PHAE Linn. Sea Buckthorn. 
 
 1. H. Ehamnoides (L.). E. B. 425. A thorny shrub with 
 linear-lanceolate silvery leaves. Fl. appearing with the younr 
 leaves. Fr. orange. Height 4 6 feet. Sandy spots and cliffs 
 of the South-east and East coasts chiefly. Sh."-V. E. *L 
 
 Order LXVIII. THYMELACEJE. 
 
 Perianth tubular, inferior, often coloured, 4 5-cleft. Stam. 
 definite in number, in the tube. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lon- 
 gitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. a nut 
 or drupe. Albumen or thin and fleshy. Radicle superior. 
 No stipules. 
 
 1. DAPHNE. Perianth 4-fid, deciduous. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded. 
 Stam. 8, falling short of the perianth, inserted in the tube 
 in 2 rows. 
 
 1. DAPH'NE Linn. 
 1. D. Mezereum (L.) ; fl. about 3 together lateral sessile, tube 
 
69. SANTALACEJS. 365 
 
 hairy, segments ovate acute. E. B. 1381. Fl. purple or pale 
 red, appearing before the lanceolate 1., which are narrowed 
 below. Berries red. A small deciduous shrub. Woods, rare. 
 Sh. III. Mezereon. E. 
 
 2. D. Laureola (L.) ; racemes axillary of about 5 glabrous 
 drooping bracteate fl., 1. lanceolate attenuate below glabrous 
 evergreen. E. B. 119. Asmall evergreen shrub, 1 3 feet high, 
 slightly branched, naked below. Fl. yellowish green, funnel- 
 shaped. Berries bluish black. Woods and thickets. Sh. II. 
 IV. E. 
 
 Order LXIX. SANTALACE^E. 
 
 Perianth adnate to the ovary ; limb 3 5-fid ; aestivation val- 
 vate. Stam. 3 5, opposite to and inserted at the base of the 
 segments. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 1 4, pendulous from near 
 the apex of a central placenta. Style 1. Fr. drupaceous, 
 1-seeded. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. No stipules. 
 
 1. THESIUM. Perianth 4 5-cleft, top- or funnel-shaped. 
 Stain. 5, with a fascicle of hairs at their base. Style 1. 
 Stigma simple. Nut drupaceous, crowned with the per- 
 sistent perianth. 
 
 1. THE'SIUM Linn. 
 
 1. T. humifusum (DC.) ; st. procumbent or ascending race- 
 mose, racemes branched or simple, fl.-stalks as long as or longer 
 than the fl., fr.-stalks patent, angles of fr.-stalks and edges of 
 bracts and upper 1. denticulate-asperous, fr. oval-oblong, 1. 1- 
 veined linear. R. xi. 542. T. linophyllum Sm. E. B. 247. 
 Parasitic on various pasture plants, lloot woody. St. nearly 
 always prostrate, spreading in a circle. L. very slender ; veins 
 usually obscure. Bracts 3, lower middle ones exceeding flowers. 
 Perianth-tube very short, open, funnelshaped ; segm. triangular, 
 spreading, a tooth on each side. Fr. ovoid, longer than the per- 
 sistent perianth which is usually inflexed only at the end, 
 strongly ribbed, slightly netted. Chalky and limestone (oolite) 
 hills. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 [T. humile (Vahl) ; racemes spiked,^, nearly sessile, fr. strongly 
 ribbed and netted sessile crowned with the very short inflexed 
 perianth, l.flesliy linear 1-veined. R. xi. 542. I gathered two 
 specimens of this plant near Dawlish, Devonshire, in 1829. P. 
 VII. VIII.] 
 
366 70. AR1STOLOCI1IACEJ::. 71. EMPETRACEJ2. 
 
 Order LXX. AEISTOLOCHIACE^E. 
 
 Perianth adnate to the ovary below, tubular above, with a 
 lobed dilated usually irregular limb. Stam. 6 12, epigynous. 
 Ovary 3 6-celled. Style simple ; stigma radiant. Fr. many- 
 seeded. Seed with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy albu- 
 men. No stipules. 
 
 [1. ARISTOLOCHIA. Perianth tubular, swelling at the base ; 
 mouth dilated on one side. Anth. 6, adnate to the short 
 columnar style under the 6-lobed stigma. Caps. 6-celled.] 
 
 2. ASARUM. Perianth bellshaped, 3-fid. Stam. 12, inserted 
 at the base of the style. Anth. attached to the middle of 
 the filaments. Stigma 6-lobed. Caps. 6-celled. 
 
 1. ARISTOLO'CHIA Linn. Eirthwort. 
 
 [1. A. Clematitis (L.) ; creeping, st. erect simple, 1. cordate 
 stalked glabrous, fl. clustered. j B. 398. St. 6. 16. FL pale 
 yellow. Established near old ruins. P. VII. VIII.] E. 
 
 2. AS'ARUM Linn. Asarabacca. 
 
 1. A. europa'um (L.) ; 1. reniform blunt E. B. 1083. St. 
 short, with 2 evergreen leaves, between which there is a solitary 
 drooping dull-green flower. Perianth-segm. ovate and incurved. 
 Filaments extending beyond the anthers. Woods and banks, 
 very rare. P. V. E. 
 
 Order LXXI. EMPETEACE.E. 
 
 Dioecious. Perianth of hypogynous scales imbricate in several 
 rows. Stam. equal in number to the inner row of scales and 
 alternate with them, free. Ovary free, on a fleshy disk, 2 9- 
 celled. Ovules solitary, ascending. Style 1. Stigma radiant. 
 Fr. fleshy with bony cells. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albu- 
 men. Radicle inferior. No stipules. 
 
 1. EMPETRUM. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Stam. 3 in the male 
 flowers. Style short ; stigma dilated, peltate, with 6 9 
 rays in the fern, flowers. Berry globose, 1-celled. Seeds 
 6-9. 
 
72. EUPHORBIACE.E. 367 
 
 1. EMPE'TRTJM Linn. Crowberry. 
 
 1. E. nigrum (L.) ; procumbent, 1. linear-oblong their mar- 
 gins meeting in a white line beneath. E. B. 526. A small 
 leafy heathlike shrub. Fl. axillary, small, purple. Stigma 
 with 9 rays. Berries black. Mountain heaths. Sh. V. -E. 8. 1. 
 
 Order LXXII. EUPHORBIACE^E. 
 
 Fl. monoecious or dioecious. Perianth lobed or 0. Male 
 flowers of 1 or more stamens. Anth. 2-celled. Fern. fl. of 1 
 superior 2 3-lobedand2 3-celled ovary. Styles 2 3. Stigma 
 compound or simple. Caps, opening with elasticity ; cells 2 3, 
 with 1 or 2 suspended seeds in each. Embryo in fleshy albu- 
 men. Radicle superior. Stip. often present, but very de- 
 ciduous. 
 
 1. Biixus. Fl. monoecious. Male. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 2. 
 Stam. 4.- Fern. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 3. Caps, with 3 horns, 
 3-calied, 6-seeded. 
 
 2. EUPHORBIA. Fl. incomplete, collected into monoecious 
 clusters consisting of 1 female and many maleflowers. Invo- 
 lucre bellshaped with 4 or 5 divisions and 4 or 5 alternate 
 glands. Males consisting of a single stamen upon a pedicel, 
 intermixed with scales and surrounding the female. Fern, 
 of a single pistil. Styles 3. Stigmas bifid. Caps. 3-celled, - 
 bursting at the back. Seeds solitary, pendulous. 
 
 3. MERCURIALIS. Fl. dioecious or monoecious. Perianth 
 3-parted. Male. Stam. 9 16. Fern. Two barren fila- 
 ments. Style short, forked. Caps, ^-celled. Cells 1-seeded, 
 bursting at the back. 
 
 1. Bux'us Linn. Box. 
 
 1. E. semper vir ens (L.) ; 1. ovate-oblong coriaceous shining 
 above, petioles ciliate, anth. ovate-sagittate. E. B. 1341. A 
 small bushy tree 10 12 feet in height. Dry chalky hills 
 especially in Surrey and Kent, rare. T. IV. VI. E . 
 
 2. ETJPHOR'BIA Linn. Spurge. 
 A. Leaves with stipules, opposite. Clusters axillary. 
 1. E. Pep' Us (L.) 5 st. procumbent forked, heads solitary, caps. 
 
368 72. EUPHORBIACEJE. 
 
 keeled, seeds smooth, 1. opposite stalked half-oblong-heartshaped 
 nearly entire glabrous. E. B. 2002. St. usually much tinged 
 with purple, glaucous. Inv.-glands rounded. Loose sand. 
 Southern sea-coast, rare. A. VII. IX. E. I. 
 
 B. Stipules wanting. L. scattered (except in E. Lathy ris). 
 * Involucral lobes roundish or transversely oval. 
 
 2. E. Helioscopia (L); umbel of 5 trifid and forked rays, bracts 
 and 1. membranous ovate-wedgeshaped serrate upwards, caps, 
 smooth glabrous, seeds netted rugose. E. B. 883. St. 6 18 
 in. high. Waste and cultivated ground. A. VI. IX. Sun 
 Spurge. E. S. I. 
 
 3. E.stricta (L.): umbel of 3 5 each 8 5-fid and forked rays, 
 general and first partial bracts and 1. oblong clasping, other bracts 
 broadly cordate tlunt with a minute apiculus, in v. -lobes oval, 
 stam. rarely more than 2 in each inv., caps, with prominent cy- 
 lindrical tubercles, seeds smooth oval brown and shining, seed- 
 stalk cordate. E. B. S. 2974. St. erect, 23 ft. high, much 
 branched. Umbel moderate. Inv., caps., and seeds small. 
 Limestone woods. Gloucestershire and Monmouthshire. A. 
 VII. VIII. E. 
 
 4. E. platyphyl'los (L.); umbel of 35 repeatedly forked rays, 
 1. and general bracts long-obovate with a cordate base, partial 
 bracts all cordate, stam. 7 8 in each inv., inv. -lobes oval, crips. 
 with shortly conical tubercles, seed obovate brown and shining, 
 seed-stalk nearly reniform. E. stricta Sm., E. B. 333 (starved). 
 Plant more diffuse than, and quite distinct from, the prece- 
 ding, erect, slightly branched. Inv., caps., and seeds twice as 
 large. Fields. A. VI. VIII. E. 
 
 [E. dulcis (L.) ; umbel of 5 bifid rays, I. and general bracts 
 long-obovate blunt narroioed to the base, partial bracts triangular- 
 ovate with a truncate base, inv. -lobes rounded, caps, with few 
 prominent tubercles. R. v. 135. Erect. A foot high. Um- 
 bel-rays long. West Bergholt, Essex. Glascoed Dingle, Llan- 
 silin. Jedburgh. P. VL] 
 
 5. E. hiber'na (L.); umbel of about 5 twice-forked rays, 
 bracts and 1. ovate or oblong entire blunt, inv. -lobes reniform, 
 caps, warted glabrous, seeds obovate smooth somewhat shining 
 brownish. .#. B. 1337. Height 12 feet. L. broad, usually 
 pilose beneath. S. and W. of Ireland. Cornw., N. Devon. 
 P. VL E. L 
 
EUPHORBIA. 369 
 
 6. E. pilosa (L.) ; umbel irregular of about 5 trifid and 
 forked rajs, bracts all elliptic glabrous, 1. broadly lanceolate mi- 
 nutely serrate slightly hairy, inv.-lobes transversely oval, caps, 
 wavtedj seeds obovate minutely punctate smooth. E. B. S. 2787. 
 E. palustris Forst. (not Linn.). St. 2 4 feet high, leafy 
 throughout, annual. Caps, usually hairy. Shady places near 
 Bath. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 [*7. E. coralloides (L.) ; umbel of 5 trifid and forked rays, 
 bracts ovate-oblong the tertiary ones ovate all hairy, 1. lanceolate 
 minutely serrate woolly, inv.-lobes transversely oval, caps, nearly 
 smooth woolly, seeds obovate minutely punctate and with faint 
 netted bands. E. B. S. 2837. Height 23 feet. Usually naked 
 below. Slinfold, Sussex. Introduced. B. ? V. VI.] ' E. 
 
 ** Involucral lobes triangular-lunate or with 2 horns. 
 t Seeds smooth. Bracts connate. 
 
 8. E. amygdaloides (L.) ; umbel of 5 or more forked bifid 
 rays, brads rounded connate, 1. ovate-lanceolate hairy beneath 
 entire, inv.-lobes lunate (yellow) with 2 horns, caps with very 
 ininute tubercles glabrous, seeds roundish-ovate. E. B. 256. 
 St. 2 3 feet high, leafy, purple below, biennial. Woods and 
 thickets. P. III. IV. Wood-Spurge. E. L 
 
 tf Seeds smooth. Bracts separate. 
 
 [E. Cyparis' sias (L.) ; umbel of many forked rays, partial 
 bracts reniform or cordate blunt entire, 1. linear entire or on the 
 barren shoots setaceous many close together, inv.-lobes with 
 2 horns, caps, tubercular. JR. v. 147. It may be a native at 
 Whitbarrow in Westmoreland. Rev. W. H. Hawker. The other 
 stations belong to E. EsulaJ] E. 
 
 f9. E. E'sula (L.) ; umbel of many forked rays, partial bracts 
 cordate mucronate, /. lanceolate or sublinear narrowed below 
 glabrous denticulate scattered, inv.-lobes with 2 horns, "caps, 
 asperous, seeds obovate."^. B. 1399. R. v. 146. St. 1218 
 in. high, leafy, with a few axillary leafy branches without 
 flowers. Creeping. Woods rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 10. E. Pardlias (L.) ; umbel usually of 5 forked ra}'s, bracts 
 rather reniform, /. coriaceous oblong, inv.-lobes 5 with 3 or 4 
 short points, caps, wrinkled. E. B. 195. Root woody, tough. 
 Flowering st. about a foot high ; barren stems shorter, many. 
 L. closely imbricate. Sandy sea-coasts. P. VIII. IX. Sea- 
 Spurge. E. S. I. 
 
 K5 
 
370 72. EtJPHOHBlACE^, 
 
 ttt Seeds rough, tubercled or pitted. L. alternate, scattered. 
 
 11. E. portland' ica (L.); umbels of 5 forked rays, bracts 
 broadly rliomboidal acuminate, L obovate or obovate- lanceolate 
 blunt subapuulate, inv.-lobes 4 lunate with long horns, caps, 
 rough at the angles, seeds pitted and netted almost white. 
 E. B* 441. Glaucous, smooth. Scarcely a foot high. L. spread- 
 ing. Seed-stalk conical, hooded. Sea-coasts. P. IV. IX. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 12. E. Peplus (L.) ; umbel of 3 forked rays, bracts ovate 
 blunt mucronate, /. broadly ovate stalked, lower 1. suborbicular, 
 inv.-lobes 4 lunate with long horns, caps, smooth with thick- 
 ened rough keels, seeds ovoid pitted. E. B. 959. Light green, 
 smooth, erect, 6 10 in. high. A common weed. A. VII. VIII. 
 Petty Spurge. E. S. I. 
 
 13. E. exig'ua (L.) : umbel of 3 forked rays, bracts lanceolate 
 acute unequal below, 1. linear blunt with a mucro [var. retusa(L.)~\ 
 or acute, inv.-lobes rounded with 2 horns, caps, smooth with 
 slightly thickened and tubercled angles, seeds angular wrinkled. 
 E. B. 1336. Height 36 in., usually branched at the base. 
 Seeds small white. Cornfields. A. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 tttt Seeds rough. Leaves opposite. 
 
 14. E. Lath'yrus (L.) ; umbel of 3 or 4 forked rays, bracts 
 oblong-ovate attenuate acute, 1. linear-oblong sessile, upper 1. 
 cordate at the base, inv.-lobes lunate with blunt horns, caps, 
 smooth with a dorsal line. E. B. 2255. St. solitary, 2 3 feet 
 high, purplish. L. many, in 4 rows. Truly wild in a few 
 stony and rocky woods, where it appears for 2 or 3 years after 
 the bushes have been cut. Also naturalized on cultivated 
 ground. B. VI. VII. Caper-Spurge. E. 
 
 3. MEECTJEIA'LIS Linn. Mercury. 
 
 1. M. perm'ms (L.) j st. simple, 1. stalked oblong-lanceolate 
 rough, female fl. on long common stalks, creeping. E. B. 
 1872. St. a foot high, usually naked below. Fl. in lax spikes. 
 13. M. ovata (Steud.) ; 1. nearly sessile ovate. Woods and 
 thickets. 8. Hurstpierpoint, Suss. Mr. Mitten. P. IV. V. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 2. M. an'nua (L.) ; st. branched, 1. stalked ovate or ovate-ob- 
 long smooth, female fl. nearly sessile, root fibrous. E. B. 559. 
 Height 6 12 in. Bright green. Much branched. Q. M. am- 
 bigua (L.) ; 1. lanceolate, fl. whorled male and female intermixed. 
 E. B. S. 2816. Waste and cultivated land. A. VIII. IX. E.I. 
 
73. CmiATOPHYLLACE^E. 74. CALLITRICFACEJE. 371 
 
 Order LXXIIL CERATOPHYLLACE^E. 
 
 Fl. monoecious. Perianth free, in many divisions. Antb. 12 
 20, sessile, 2-celled, 2-pointed ; cells again partially divided. 
 Perianth usually wanting. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1, pendulous. 
 Embryo straight; cotyledons 4, alternately smaller. No sti- 
 pules. Only one genus. 
 
 1. CERATOPHYL'LUM Linn. Hornwort. 
 
 1. C. demer'sum (L.); segments of 1. linear -filiform, fr. wing- 
 less having a spine on each side near the base and tipped with 
 the curved subulate style. E. B. 947. L. 2 4 times forked, 
 dark green, segments of uppermost 1. broader and more rigid. 
 Sometimes the spines are wanting, the style is short, and the 
 surface rough with minute tubercles. Ponds and ditches, rare. 
 P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. C. summer' sum (L.) ; segments of L setaceous, fr. destitute 
 of spines covered when ripe with cylindrical tubercles and tipped 
 with the short curved style. E. It. 679. L. pale green. Young 
 fr. smooth. Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Order LXXIV. CALLITRICHACEJ2. 
 
 Fl. mostly monoecious, solitary, minute, usually with 2 white 
 bracts, no perianth. Stam. 1. Filament long. Anth. reniform, 
 1-celled, opening transversely at the top. Perianth none. Ovary 
 1, 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2, subulate. Fr. dry, 4-celled, 4- 
 lobed ; separating into 4 1-seeded indehiscent carpels. Embryo 
 in axis of fleshy albumen. .Radicle superior, long. Cotyledons 
 short, terete. No stipules. Only one genus of aquatic plants. 
 
 1. CALLIT'KICHE Linn. Water-Star wort. 
 
 A L. narrowed at the base ; lower linear, submerged ; upper 
 floating, broad, often spathulate and forming a rosette. Fr. 
 of 4 lobes cohering in pairs. C. verna L. 
 
 1. C. verndlis (Koch); fr. nearly sessile longer than broad, 
 lobes parallel bluntly keeled on the back convex on the sides, styles 
 erect deciduous, bracts straightish deciduous. E. B. 722. 
 R. v. 129. C. verna (L.) ed. viii. Floating 1. ovate-spathulate, 
 in a rosette, rarely wanting. Fr. small ; keels of each pair 
 of lobes converging. Ponds and slow streams. A. or P. IV. 
 IX. E. S. L 
 
:$72 74. CALLITRICHACE^l. 
 
 2. C. obtusan'gula (Le G.) ; fr. nearly sessile, lobes parallel 
 with rounded edges, styles erect or spreading persistent, bracts 
 persistent. L. all obovate, in a rosette. Fr. large, quite blunt 
 and rounded at the edges. Ditches. A. or P. V. IX. E. I. 
 
 3. C. polymorplia (Lonnr.) ; fr. nearly sessile, its lobes keeled 
 not winged; styles erect in fl. persistent and reflexed in fr. very 
 long, bracts falcate persistent. Upper 1. rosulate, roundly 
 spathulate, lower 1. linear eraarginate. Fr. about as long as in 
 Sp. 1. Style 2 3 times as long as fr. Much resembles Sp. 4 
 but fr. smaller and scarcely winged. Recorded from Surrey and 
 Shetland. A. or P. VL IX. E. S. 
 
 4. C. stag'nalis (Scop.) ; fr. nearly sessile, lobes winged on the 
 back, styles erect in flower persistent and reflexed closely witlji 
 fruit, bracts falcate persistent. E. B. S. 2864. All 1. round- 
 obovate-spathulate, floating-1. in a close rosette, often wanting. 
 Fr. twice as large as in Sp. 1, pale when dry ; lobes slightly 
 spreading. Common, especially on mud. A. or P. V. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 5. C. intermedia (Hoffm.) ; fr. broader than long nearly ses- 
 sile or stalked, lobes parallel with a blunt dorsal ridge flat on the 
 sides, styles divaricate and reflexed over the sides of the fruit, 
 bracts falcate very deciduous. R. v. 130. Sy. E. B. 1273. 
 C. hamuldta (Kiitz.) ed. viii. L. linear ; upper ones broader in 
 the middle; uppermost oblong spathulate. Bracts hooked, 
 overlapping, soon falling. Fr. small, the size of that of C. vernalis. 
 j8. C. pedunculata (DC.) ; 1. linear, upper 1. rather broader, 
 fr. stalked. Plant usually very small. Lakes and streams. /3. 
 Marshes. A. or P. IV. IX, E.S.I. 
 
 B. L. uniform, enlarged at the base, linear. Fr. of 4 
 nearly free lobes. C. autumnalis L. 
 
 6. C. truncdta (Guss.) ; fr. shortly stalked, lobes with a blunt 
 dorsal ridge, styles reflexed-patent, bracts 0. C. autumnalis 
 Hook, (not L.). E. B. S. 2606. L. all submersed, uniform, 
 very abrupt at the end, translucent green. Suss., Kent, Wex- 
 ford, Guernsey. A. or P. IV. IX. E. I. 
 
 7. C. autumnalis (L.) ; fr. nearly sessile, lobes broadly and 
 acutely winged at the back, styles spreading, bracts 0. E. B. S. 
 2732. Fr. 4 times as large as in C. vernalis, dark brown, 1 or 2 
 of the lobes often abortive. L. dark green, all submersed, very 
 abrupt at the end. Rare. Anglesea. N. of England. Scotland. 
 N. & W. of Ireland. A. or P. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
75. TTRTICACE^). 373 
 
 Order LXXV. UETICACEJE. 
 
 Fl. monoecious, dioecious, or rarely perfect. Perianth inferior, 
 4_3 6-parted, imbricate; or in the female flowers tubular 
 notched or scalelike and open. Stam. definite, free, inserted at 
 the base of the perianth and opposite to its lobes. Ovary free, 
 1-celled ; ovules solitary. Stigmas 1 2. Fr. not bursting. 
 
 1. PARIKTARIA. Fl. polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. 
 Perianth bellshaped, 4-parted. Stam. 4. Style filiform. 
 L. alternate. Hairs simple. 
 
 2. URTICA. Fl. monoecious r or dioecious. Males in loose 
 racemes ; perianth 4- parted ; stain. 4. Females in capitate 
 racemes ; perianth 2-parted - y stigma sessile. L. opposite. 
 Hairs stinging. 
 
 1. PAEIETA KIA Linn. Wall-Pellitory. 
 
 1. P. ramiflora (Moench) ; 1. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate 3- 
 veined above the base, bracts combined into an involucre of two 
 3-lobed segm., perianth bellshaped equalling the stam. or in the 
 perfect fi. (red) lengthening to twice as long as the stamens. 
 E. B. 879. Curt. ii. 203. P. diffasa (Koch) ed. viii.St. 
 prostrate or ascending, simple or branched below. Cymes 
 axillary, dense ; primary fern. fl. between the inv.-segm. and 
 with 1 or 2 free bracts j each segm. bears on its face 1 or 3 
 fl., of which the lateral have bracts. Old walls. P. VI. IXv 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. URTI'CA Linn. Nettle. 
 
 Jl. U. pilulif era (L) ; I. opposite ovate ovate-lanceolate or 
 cordate-acuminate coarsely toothed, clusters of fr. globose stalked. 
 E. B. 148. About 2 ft. high. Very venomous. /3. U. Do- 
 dartii(Lt.) ; 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire. Sy. E. B. 
 1281. About towns and villages in the East of England, rare. 
 A. VI. VIII. Roman Nettle. E. 
 
 2. U. ilrens (L.) ; 1. opposite elliptic-ovate serrate, spikes axil- 
 lary nearly simple two together falling short of the petiole, seeds 
 oblong. E. B. 1236. Scarcely a foot high, glabrous, with 
 stinging bristles. Common weed. A. VI. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 3. U. dioica (L.) ; 1. opposite cordate serrate, spikes axillary 
 panicled exceeding the petiole, seeds ovate. E. B. 1750. Creep- 
 ing. St. 2 3 it. high. Hairy. Stinging. Dark-green. 
 f. angustifolia ( Wimm. & Grab.) j 1. ovate-lanceolate rounded 
 but h'ardly cordate at the base. Common. P. VI. IX. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 
374 76. CANNABINACE^. 77. ULMACEJB. 
 
 Order LXXYI. CANNABINACE^E. 
 
 Fl. dioecious ; fern, in catkins. Perianth inferior, of 5 sepals 
 in male, open and scale-like in female flower. Stam. 5, on Iwse 
 of perianth. Ovary free. Ovule solitary. Styles 2, long. 
 With stipules. 
 
 1. HUMULUS. Fern. fl. open nearly flat, 2 together. 
 
 1. HU'MULUS Linn. Hop. 
 
 1. H. Lupulus (L.). E. B. 427. Known by its long twin- 
 ing stems, opposite rough 3 o-lobed serrate leaves ; ovoid or 
 globular ripe fern, catkins with ovate scales. Male fl. in loose 
 panicles. A true native in the south of England. P. VII. E. 
 
 Order LXXVII. ULMACE^E. 
 
 Fl. bisexual, not in catkins. Perianth inferior, bell-shaped, 
 3 8-cleft, imbricate. Stam. definite in number, inserted in 
 tube of perianth and opposite to its lobes. Ovary free, 1 2- 
 celled ; ovules solitary. Styles 2. Fr. not bursting. With 
 deciduous stipules. 
 
 1. ULMUS. Perianth bellshaped, 4 5-cleft, persistent. Stam. 
 5. Styles 2. Caps, compressed, wings all round. FL 
 before the leaves, clustered ; ped. short. 
 
 1. UL'MTJS Linn. Elm. 
 
 1. U. campes'tris (L.) ; 1. shortly acuminate more or less 
 doubly serrate, ped. short, fl. 4 5-tid, lobes ciliate, fr. obovate 
 or oblong notched, seed-cavity chiefly above the middle of fr. and 
 near the notch. a. suberosa (Kochj; 1. asperous above pubes- 
 cent beneath. E. B. 1886, 2161. . carpiwfolia (Meyer). 
 
 U. glabra (Sm.) ; 1. rather coriaceous shining nearly or quite 
 smooth above glabrous except in the axils of the veins beneath, 
 young 1. stip. and fr. with subsessile glands. E. B. 2248. 
 
 U. stricta (Lindl.) which has rigid erect close branches is a 
 form of this variety. a. Throughout England. /3. South of 
 England and Ireland. T. III. V. Common Elm. E. I. 
 
 2. U. glabra (Huds.) ; 1. much acuminate doubly serrate 
 asperous above rather downy beneath, ped. short, fl. 5 7-ftd, 
 lobes ciliate, fr. oblong or roundish notched, seed-cavity chiefly 
 below the middle of fr. and distant from the notch. E. B. 1887. 
 
78. AMENTIFERJ3. 375 
 
 U. montana (With.) ed. viii. [J7. major (Sm.) is a large and rough- 
 leaved form with corky growths on the branches, and U. montana var. 
 nitida (Sy.) has 1. shining and glabrous]. Branches largo spreading. 
 L. broad. Fr. Hoplike. Woods and hedges. T. III. IV. 
 Wych Elm. E. S. I. 
 
 Order LXXVIII. AMENTIFE1LE. 
 
 Fl. monoecious or dioecious, rarely perfect. Barren fl. of all 
 our plants in catkins ; sometimes with a membranous pe- 
 rianth. Fertile fl. clustered, solitary or in catkins. Ovary with 
 one or several cells. Stigmas 1 or more. Fruit as many as 
 the ovaries, bony or membranous (or drupaceous in Myrica). 
 Albumen usually wanting. Embryo straight or curved, plain, 
 Kadicle mostly superior.: Young leaves with stipules. 
 
 Subord. I. SALICINEjE. Dioecious. Fl. all in catkins. 
 Fr. naked, 2-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds erect, 
 hairy. 
 
 1. SALIX. Catkins consisting of imbricate entire scales. 
 Stam. 1 5. Fr. a 1-celled pod with 1 2 glands at its 
 base. Perianth 0. 
 
 2. POPULUS. Catkins with slashed scales. Stain. 4 30 
 from a little oblique cupshaped perianth. Fr. alniO3t 2-celled, 
 with a cupshaped perianth. 
 
 Subord. II. MYRICEM. Dioecious. FL in catkins. Fr. 
 drupaceous surrounded by scales become fleshy and adhe- 
 rent to the ovary. 
 
 3. MYBICA. Catkins with concave scales. Stam. 4 8. 
 Stigmas subulate. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Perianth 0. 
 
 Subord. III. BETULINEJE. Monoecious. Fl. all in catkins. 
 Ovary 2-celled, each with 1 ovule. Fr. naked, indehisceut, 
 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds pendulous, not hairy. 
 
 4. BETULA. Scales of the barren catkins ternate, the middle 
 one bearing the stamens. Perianth 0. Scales of the fertile 
 catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered, membranous, deciduous. Styles 
 2, filiform. Fr. with a membranous margin. 
 
 5. ALNUS. Scales of the barren catkins 3-lobed, 3-flowered. 
 Perianth 4-parted. Scales of the fertile catkin ovate, 2- 
 flowered, coriaceous, persistent. Styles 2. Ovary com- 
 pressed, 4 minute scales at its base. . Fr. not winged. 
 
376 7 
 
 Subord. IV. CUPULIFER^E. Male fl. in a catkin. Fern, 
 solitary or clustered or spiked. Perianth adnate to the 
 ovary (glans), with a very minute sometimes evanescent 
 limb, surrounded by a coriaceous involucre. 
 
 6. FAGUS. Barren catkin globose. Perianth 5- or 6-fid. 
 Stam. 8 15. Fertile fl. 2 together within a 4-lobed 
 prickly involucre. Stigmas 3. Ovaries 3-cornered and 
 3-ceiled. Nut by abortion 1 2-seeded. 
 
 7. CASTANEA. Barren catkin long, cylindrical. Perianth 
 6-parted. Stam. 820. Fertile fl."3 within a 4-lobed 
 muricate involucre. Stigmas 6. Ovary 5 8-celled. Nut 
 1-celled with 1 3 seeds. 
 
 8. QUEBCUS. Barren catkin long, pendulous, lax. Stam. 
 5 10. Perianth 5 7-cleft. Fertile fl. solitary, with a 
 cupshaped scaly involucre. Stigmas 3. Ovary 3-celled. 
 Nut 1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the en- 
 larged cupshaped involucre. 
 
 9. CORYLTTS. Barren catkin long, pendulous, cylindrical. 
 Scales 3-lobed, middle lobe covering the 2 lateral lobes. 
 Stam. 8. Anth. 1-celled. Perianth 0. Fertile fl. several, 
 surrounded by a scaly involucre. Styles 2. Nut 1-seeded, 
 enclosed in the enlarged coriaceous cut involucre. 
 
 10. CARPINUS. Barren catkin long, cylindrical. Scales 
 roundish. Stam. 5 14. Anth. 1-celled. Fertile fl. in a 
 lax catkin. Scales large, leaflike, 3-lobed, 2-flowered. 
 Styles 2. Nut ovate, 1-seeded. 
 
 Tribe I. Sah'cinea. 
 
 1. SA'LIX Linn. 1 2 Willow. 
 
 Sec. 1. VITISALIX (Dumort.). Catkin and its leafy stalk 
 usually (but not always) deciduous together, lateral, appearing 
 
 1 See Dr. Buchanan White, Scott. Nat. x. 359, and Journ. Linn. Soc. 
 zxvii. 333. 
 
 2 Since the eighth ed. appeared a great advance has been made in the 
 knowledge of this genus. In Dr. White's masterly ' Revision of the 
 British Willows,' Journ. Linn. Soc. cited above, most of the former 
 varieties are treated as merely trivial forms, a number of previously-ac- 
 cepted species are referred to hybrids and many fresh hybrids are described. 
 Messrs. E. F. & W. R. Linton have issued an excellent ' Set of British 
 Willows ' in which man}' of the hybrids are represented. H. & J. G. 
 
SALIX. 377 
 
 with the leaves. Scales of uniform colour. Nectary of 2 
 pieces or urceolate ; germen or stamens from the middle. 
 Vernation convolute. 
 
 Subsec. 1. Z^cM*(Dumort.). Stam. 4 8. " Nectary urceo- 
 late, undivided." L. glossy, glabrous. Trees or large shrubs. 
 Stipules soon falling. Pentandrce Borr. 
 
 1. S. pentan'dra (L.) ; 1. ovate-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate 
 acuminate glandular-serrate, " stip. ovate-oblong straight equal" 
 stam. 5 or more, caps ovate-attenuate glabrous, stalk twice as 
 long as the gland, style short, stig. bifid. E. B. 1805. Height 
 6 20 feet. Top of petioles glandular. L. fragrant. River- 
 sides in the North. Sh. or T. V. VI. Bau-leaved Willow. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 f2. S. cuspiddta (Schultz P) 1 ; 1. oblong lanceolate acuminate 
 glandular serrate, stip. half-cordate oblique, " stam. 3 or 4," 
 caps, ovate attenuate glabrous, stalk 3 or 4 times as long as the 
 gland, style short, stig. emarginate. E. E. S. 2961. S. Meye- 
 riana Willd. Height 2030 feet. Top of the petioles glandu- 
 lar. Near Shrewsbury. Sh. or T. VI. E. 
 
 Subsec. 2. Amerina (Dumort.). Stam. 2 or 3. Nectary of 
 2 pieces, one between the cal. -scale and germen, the other 
 opposite to it. - Naturally trees. 
 
 i. Diandrce. Stam. 2. Catkin-scales soon falling. Fragiles 
 and Albce Borr. 
 
 3. S. frag' His (L.) ; 1. gradually attenuate very glaucous be- 
 neath, stip. ^-cordate, germ, subulate stalked much exceeding 
 scale, style short equalling bifid stigma. S. Russelliana Sm., 
 JE. B. 1808. 8. viridis Sy., E. B. 1308 (excl. desc.) not Fr. See 
 White in J. of B. xxvi. 196. Baker, /. of B. xxvi. 249. S. 
 decipiens (Sm.) 2 E. B. 1937 seems only a slight variety. 
 Branches polished round smooth. Bedford Willow. Damp 
 meadows and osier-ground. T. IV. V. E. S. (I r*) 
 
 4. S. viridis (Fr.) 3 ; 1. lanceolate dark shining, stip. ^-cordate, 
 germ, ovate-oblong subsessile equalling scale, style very short. 
 S. fragilis Sm., E. B. 1807. S. viridis Sy., E. B. descript. 
 Branches very smooth round brown brittle. Damp meadows. 
 T. IV. V. E. S. (I ?) 
 
 1 Considered a hybrid (S. pentandra X fragilis) by Dr. White. H. & 
 J.G. 
 
 3 Dr. White refers this doubtfully to 8. triandra Xfraffilis.H. & J. G. 
 3 S. fragilis X alba, Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
378 78. AMENTIFERJE. 
 
 5. S.al'ba (L.) ; 1. elliptic lanceolate glandular-serrate acute 
 silky on both sides when young, stip. minute, caps, nearly sessile 
 ovate acuminate glabrous, st}de short, stigmas thick recurved 
 bifid. E. B. 2480. Height 5080 feet. Scales shorter than 
 stain., as long as caps, in a and /3, exceeding them both in y. 
 Branches silkj^. /3. S. c&rulea (8m.); 1. less silky -beneath. 
 E. B. 2431. y. S. viteUina (L.) ; branches bright yellow, 1. 
 shorter and broader. E. B. 1389. Wet places. T. V. White 
 Willow. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. Triandra. Stam. 3. Catkin-scales persistent. L. lanceo- 
 late approaching to ovate, glabrous. Catkins lax. Osiers, 
 naturally trees. 
 
 *6. S. unduldta (Ehrh.) l ; 1. lanceolate much acuminate serrate 
 glabrous except when young, stip. ^-cordate acute, caps, stalked 
 ovate acuminate, pedicel twice as long as the gland, style long, 
 stigma bitid, scales very shayyy. S. lanceolata Sm., E. B. 1436. 
 Height 12 15 feet. L. sometimes wavy, often quite silky 
 when young. Germ, glabrous in *S T . lanceolata (or downy in 
 the foreign S. undulata}. Lewes. Suss, fand elsewhere! Sh. or 
 T. IV. V. E. I. 
 
 7. S. trian'dra (L.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate acute serrate gla- 
 brous, stip. ^-cordate blunt, caps, stalked oblong-ovate glabrous, 
 stiyma nearly sessile, scales glabrous. E. B. 1435. Height 20 
 30 feet. Germen not furrowed. L. narrowing down to the 
 stalk, somewhat paler beneath, or (S. trtandraCvut.) lanceolate 
 wavy paler and glaucous beneath. /3. S. Hoffmanniana (Sm.) ; 
 1. somewhat rounded below ovate-lanceolate, stip. larger, scales 
 shaggy towards their base. E. J3. S. 2620. y. S. amygdalina 
 (L.) ; 1. oblong-ovate acute rounded below, caps, ovate tumid 
 furrowed, young shoots furrowed. E. B. 1936. Wet woods 
 and osier-grounds. Sh. or T. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 Sec. 2. CAPBISALTX (Dumort.). Catkins lateral, sessile, 
 without leaves or with two or three small leaves or leanike 
 bracts at the base ; stalk sometimes elongated in fruit so as to 
 resemble a leafy shoot, but deciduous with the catkin. Catkin- 
 scales often discoloured at the end. Nectary simple (of one 
 piece), on the opposite side of the stain, or germen from the 
 catkin-scale. 
 
 1 8. triandra X viminalis, Dr. White. S. triandra X alba, E. F. 
 Linton. H. & J. G. 
 
SALIX. 379 
 
 Subsec. 1. He lice (Dumort.). Filament 1 with a 4-celled 
 anther, or forked with 2 anthers each of 2 cells. Anth. purple, 
 ultimately black. Nectary cuneate. Catkins bracteate at the 
 base. Vernation equitant. Purpurece Borr. 
 
 8. S. purpurea (L.) ; 1. lanceolate broader upwards acumi- 
 nate attenuate below finely serrate glabrous, caps, ovate very 
 downy sessile, style very short, stigm. ovate, anth. 1, stip. 0. 
 a. S. purpurea (Sm.) ; decumbent, twig's purple, fertile catkins 
 very compact. E. B. 1388. /3. S. Woolgariana (Borr.) ; erect, 
 twigs yellowish grey, 1. cuneate-lanceolate glaucous beneath, 
 stigmas blunt. E. B. S. 2651. y. S. ramulosa (Borr.) ; erect, 
 twigs pale yellowish, 1. oblong-lanceolate paler beneath, stigmas 
 sessile bifid. 6\ S. Lambertiana (Sm.) ; erect, twigs purplish 
 glaucous, 1. oblong-linear-lanceolate slightly narrowed and 
 somewhat rounded below, stigmas ovate emarginate. E. B. 
 13-59. . S. Helix (L.) x ; caps, oblong-ovate, stiff was almost 
 linear emarginate, twigs pale yellowish or tinged with purple 
 polished. E. B. 1343. Rose Willow. Marshes and river- 
 banks. T. III. IV. E.S.L 
 
 9. 8. rubra (Huds. ) 2 ; linear-lanceolate acuminate glabrous 
 green on both sides, caps, oblong-ovate very pubescent, style 
 lony, stigmas ovate undivided, anth. 2 (first reddish then yellow), 
 filaments combined below, stip. linear. E. B. ]145. Heigh^lO 
 20 feet. Twigs usually tawny. L. like those of S. viminalis 
 but without the white pubescence. #. 8. Eorbiana (Sm.) ; 1. 
 lanceolate-oblong, style nearly as long as the linear u divided 
 stif/mas, anth. 1." E. B. 1344. Twigs greyish yellow. L. rather 
 paler and somewhat glaucous beneath. Stip. broader, variable. 
 Stigma entire in all that I have seen. Low meadows. T. IV. 
 V. E. S. I. 
 
 Subsec. 2. Vimen (Dumort.). Stam. 2, mon- or diadelphous. 
 Anth. becoming yellow. Nect. linear. Catkin-scales discoloured 
 at the end. Catkins bracteate at the base. Stigmas not sessile. 
 Pubescence of the 1. silky. 
 
 * Stipules narrow. 
 
 10. S. viminalis (L.) ; /. linear or linear -lanceolate obscurely 
 crenate white silky and shining beneath, stip. small sublanceo- 
 late, capsule very shortly stalked lanceolate-subulate, style 
 long, stigmas undivided.^. B. 1898. Height 1020 feet. 
 
 1 Dr. White refers this doubtfully to 8. purpurea X viminalis.- 
 H.&J. G. 
 * S. purpurea X viminalis, Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
380 78. AMENTIFEEJE. 
 
 Branches wandlike, long, slender. Gland longer than the 
 stalk of the caps. 13. intricata (Leefe) ; 1. broader, caps, shorter 
 and broader, style very short, stigmas from the first cloven re- 
 flexed and entangled. y. stipularis (Leefe) ; 1. lanceolate, stip. 
 linear-lanceolate denticulate or J -cordate acuminate, stigmas 
 long. Wet places. Sh. IV. V. Common Osier. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Stipules broad. 
 
 11. S. stipularis (Sm.) l ; 1. lanceolate very obscurely crenate 
 white and downy beneath, stip. ^-cordate acute, caps, ovate 
 nearly sessile, style very short (Sm.} or elongate (Hook.), 
 stigmas linear undivided. E. B. 1214. Height 10 20 feet 
 with upright brittle reddish-brown twigs. Wet places, Sh. 
 
 12. S. Smithidna (Willd.) 1 ; /. long-lanceolate obscurely crenate 
 white satiny beneath, stip. reniform ^-cordate, caps, stalked 
 lanceolate-subulate, pedicel about as long as the gland, style 
 long, stigmas long linear mostly entire. Twigs erect, some- 
 what downy brittle. a. S. Smithiana (E. B. 1509) ; 1. rounded 
 at base white with satiny down beneath, stip. small narrow %- 
 lunate. /3. S. rugosa (Leefe) ; 1. greenish white and rather 
 silky beneath, stip. ^-cordate acute, style moderate, stigmas 
 linear broad undivided. S. holosericea H. & A. y. S.ferruginea 
 (And.) ; 1. greenish white and rather silky beneath, stip. %-ovate 
 or reniform, style elongate, stigmas linear-oblong undivided. 
 E. B. S. 2665. Bushy. Wet places. Sh. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 Subsec. 3. Vetrix (Dumort.). Stam. 2, free. Anth. becom- 
 ing fuscous-yellow. Nectary cuneate. Catkin-scales discoloured. 
 Vernation equitant. 
 
 i. Caprea. Style short. Stipules reniform, without basal glands. 
 L. rugose, not turning black ; pubescence crisped, not 
 silky. Cinerece Borr. 
 
 13. S. acumindta (Sm.) 1 ; /. lanceolate-oblong pointed finely 
 toothed glaucous ashy and downy scarcely silky beneath, stip. |- 
 cordate, caps, ovate tapering, style conspicuous, stigmas ovate 
 undivided, buds downy. E. B. 1434. Loud. 1464. Height 25 
 30 feet. Damp woods and hedges. Sh. or T. IV. E. I. 
 
 1 Dr. White refers sp. 11, 12 & 13 to hybrids between S. viminalis and 
 the various members of the Caprece section. H. & J. G. 
 
SALIX. 381 
 
 14. 8. civerea (L.) ; 1. elliptic- or lanceolate- o"bovate pointed 
 subserrate downy and ashy beneath, stip. |-coidate, caps, lan- 
 ceolate-subulate, stigmas simple or bifid, buds downy. Height 
 20 30 feet. a. 8. cinerea (Sm.) j 1. obovate-lanceolate rather 
 thick reddish beneath, stip. ^-cordate acute, style very short 
 thick. E. E. 1897. 8. S. aquatica (Sm.) ; 1. ovate-elliptic 
 thinner downy and rather glaucous beneath, stip. reniform, style 
 inconspicuous. E. JB. 1437. y. 8. oleifoUa\ 1. obovate -lan- 
 ceolate rather rigid downy and rather glaucous beneath, stip. 
 small rounded. E. JB. 1402. Varies greatly. These varieties 
 are scarcely distinguishable. Wet places. T. or Sh. III. IV. 
 Sallow. E. S. I. 
 
 15. 8. aurita (L.) ; /. obovate repand-dentate recurved-apicu- 
 late much wrinkled more or less downy above pubescent beneath, 
 stip. roundish or reniform large stalked, caps, lanceolate-subulate, 
 stig. generally entire, buds glabrous or slightly downy. E. E. 
 1487. Height 3 4 feet. Edges of 1. deflexed, point hooked. 
 Stigmas and scales often reddish. Damp woods. Sh. IV. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 16. S. Cdprea (L.) ; /. ovate or elliptic flat acute crenate-ser- 
 rate wavy at the margins deep green with a downy midrib 
 whitish above and cottony beneath, stip. subreniform, caps, lan- 
 ceolate-subulate, style very short, buds glabrous. E. E. 1488. 
 A small tree, 15 30 feet high. Catkins very thick, blunt. 
 L. mostly large and broad, rarely sublanceolate ; spring 1. nearly 
 entire. /3. 8. sphacelata (Sm.) ; stip. often 0, 1. nearly entire. 
 E. E. 2333. A bush. Woods and hedges in dryish and also 
 subalpine places. /3. Highland valleys. T. IV. V. Great 
 Sallow. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. Phylicifolia. Style long. Capsule stalked. 
 
 * Nigricantes. L. punctate beneath, turning black in drjdng. 
 Stip. with basal glands. 
 
 17. 8. nig'ricans (Sm.) 1 ; young shoots and 1. downy, 1. ovate- 
 elliptic or lanceolate rather glaucous more or less glaucous 
 beneath thin, point of stip. straight. Shoots dull-coloured. n. 
 germen and stalk silky, st. erect. a. 8. cotinifolia (Sm.) ; ]. 
 roundish elliptic or subcordate. E. E. 1403. b. S. nigricans 
 (Sm. proper) ; 1. elliptic-lanceolate. E. B. 1213,-^c. S.Forster- 
 iana (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-obovate acute, stip. vaulted, catkins long. 
 E. B. 2344. /3. S. rupestris (Donn) ; awlshaped germ, and 
 stalk silky or glabrous below, st. trailing, 1. elliptic-obovate. 
 
 1 Combined as a subsp. with sp. 18 by Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
382 78. AMEXTIFEBJE. 
 
 E. B. 2342. y. germen glabrous its stalk downy or glabrous, 
 st. erect. d. S. Andersoniana (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-oblong acute, 
 caps, awl-shaped not wrinkled. JE. B. 2343. e. 8. damascena 
 (Forbes) ; 1. broadly elliptic or subrhomboidal acute, caps, not 
 wrinkled. E. B. S. 2709. f. 8. petrcea (And.) ; 1. oblong or 
 sublanceolate, caps, wrinkled near the top. E. B. S. 2725. 
 ? S. hirta (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-cordate pointed, " caps, very pubes- 
 cent " (Lecfe) or "glabrous" (Arnott) not wrinkled. E. B. 
 1404. 8. floribunda (Forbes) ; 1. long elliptical glaucous beneath 
 thinly hairy on both sides. Fein, catkins unknown. E. B. 
 2816. The varieties are scarcely distinguishable. Sides of 
 streams, osier-grounds, and mountains. Sh. IV. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Virentes. L. smooth, scarcely any crisped pubescence be- 
 neath, not turning black unless gathered when very young. 
 
 18. S. phylicifdlia (L.) ; shoots and leaves soon quite glabrous 
 dark green above and more or less shining glaucous beneath. 
 Shoots bright chestnut-colour. Stip. none or very small! a. 
 germen and stalk silky. a. S. radicans (Sm.) ; 1. oblong or ellip- 
 tic-lanceolate, more or less decumbent. E. B. 1958. b. 8. 
 Davalliana (Sm.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate pointed, style as long as 
 stigma. E. B. 8. 2701. c. 8. Weigeliana (Willd.) ; 1. roundish 
 or elliptic, style longer than cloven stigma. E. B. S. 2656. 
 d. 8. nitens (And.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate, style longer than un- 
 divided stigma. E. B. 8. 2655. e. S. tenuior (Borr.) ; 1. obo- 
 vate-lanceolate acuminate, style as long as stigma. E. B. S. 
 2650. f. S. tetrapla (Sm.) ; lower part of germ, glabrous, 
 style hairy, stigmas divided, 1. lanceolate acuminate. E. B. 8. 
 2702. j3. germ, and stalk densely woolly or silky. g. S. 
 laarina (Sm.) 1 ; 1. elliptic-oblong suberect, stigm. undivided. 
 E. B. 1806. y ; lower part of germen and stalk glabrous. h. S. 
 laxiflora (Borr.) : 1. broadly obovate-acuminate, style about as 
 long as cloven stigma. E. B. 8. 2749. i. S. propinqua (Borr.) ; 
 1. elliptic, style longer than the cloven stigma. E. B. S. 
 2729. 5; germen glabrous, stalk hairy. k. S. Borreriana 
 (Sm.) ; 1. lanceolate attenuate at both ends. E. B. S. 2619. 
 ; germen and stalk glabrous. 1. S. pliillyrei folia (Borr.) ; 1. 
 elliptic acute at both ends. JE. B. 8. 2660. m. S. tenmfolia 
 (Bo IT.) ; 1. elliptic with a recurved point. E. B. 8. 2795. 
 These plants are scarcely distinguishable by description alone. 
 By streams especially in mountain valleys. Sh. IV. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 1 S. phylicifoliaX Capraa, Dr. White. S. phylicifoliaX cinerea, 
 E. F. Liiiton. H. & J. G. - 
 
383 
 
 iii. Incubacec?. Style short. Stipules linear. Fusees Bab. 
 Rosmdrinifolia and Repentes Borr. 
 
 19. 8. rosmarinifolia (L.) 1 ; 1. linear-lanceolate silky beneath 
 quite entire or remotely glandular-toothed, stip. minute lanceo- 
 late, germens silky /wc?0/e-aciiminate scales short hairy, " style 
 about as long as the linear divided or entire stigmas." E. B. 
 1365. 8. Arbuscula Sm., E. B. 1366, exclusive' of large leaf., 
 not of Koch nor FT. A slender upright shrub, 1 3 ft. high. 
 Catkins very short, at first drooping. Whole plant becomes 
 nearly black in drying. Style short. "Several parts of the 
 North." Sm. Sh/V. S. ? 
 
 20. S. Donidna (Sm.) 2 ; /. lanceolate or obowte-lanceolate acute 
 slightly serrate livid with scattered silky hairs beneath, stip. 
 linear, germens very silky ovate-oblong longer than the bearded 
 oblong-ovate scales, style very short, stigmas short emargmate. 
 E. B. S. 2599.- Shrub about 6 feet high. "Stem, monadel- 
 phous, anth. ultimately luteo-fuscous not black." (Koch.) 
 Forfarshire. Sh. V. S. 
 
 21. S. repens (L.) ; 1. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate acute entire 
 or minutely glandular-serrate glaucous and silky beneath, germ, 
 subconical silky, style rather short, stigmas ovate bifid. a. S. 
 repens (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-lanceolate with a straight point, st. de- 
 pressed with short upright branches. E. B. 183. (3. &fusca 
 (Sin.) ; 1. oblong-oval straight, st. decumbent below then erect 
 much branched. E. B. ]960. y. S. prostrata (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic- 
 oblong with a twisted point, st. prostrate with long straight 
 branches. E. B. 1959. 3. S. ascendens (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic with 
 a recurved point, st. decumbent with long somewhat ascending 
 branches. E. B. 1962. S. parvifolia Sm., E. B. 1961. c. S. 
 incubacea (L.) ; 1. elliptic-oblong with a twisted point, stip. 
 stalked ovate acute. E. B. S. 2600. f. S. argentea (Sm.) ; 1. 
 broadly elliptic with a twisted point, stip. stalked oval. E. B. 
 1364. Fries thinks that S. fusca (L.) is different. Heaths at 
 various elevations. Sh. III. IV. E. S. I. 
 
 22. S. ambicfua (Ehrh.) 3 ; 1. oval obovate or lanceolate slightly 
 toothed with a recurved point somewhat rugose above soft and 
 silky beneath, stip. stalked half-ovate acute, germens lanceolate- 
 subulate silky, style very short, stigmas short at length cloven. 
 E. B. S. 2733. a ; 1. oval or obovate moderately hairy. 
 
 1 Considered a form of sp. 21 by Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
 2 S. purpurea X repens, Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
 3 S. repensXaurita, Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
384 78. AMENTIFEILE. 
 
 )3. major ; 1. obovate very silky on botli sides.- y. spathulata ; 
 1. obovate or ovate-lanceolate moderately hairy or silky, style 
 somewhat long. d. undulata* 1. ovate-lanceolate. Gravelly 
 heaths. Sh. V. E. S. I. 
 
 iv. Daphnoidecg. Style long. Capsule subsessile. Catkins 
 subsessile, bracteate at the base. Arbusculce Bab. 
 
 23. S. Arbus'cula (L., Fries) ; L lanceolate-ovate or ovate gla- 
 brous smooth glaucous and opaque beneath finely serrate, ger- 
 mens oblong-ovate silky, stigmas bifid. a. S, carinata (Sm.) ; 
 1. ovate finely toothed minutely veined folded into a keel, cat- 
 kins cylindrical with rounded hairy scales. E. B. 1363. /3. S. 
 prunifolia (Sm.) ; 1. broadly ovate toothed smooth on both sides, 
 st. erect much branched. E. B. 1361. y. S. venulosa (Sm.) ; L 
 ovate toothed naked netted with prominent veins above, st. 
 erect much branched. E. B. 1362. 8. vacciniifoUa (Sin.) ; 1. 
 lanceolate-ovate serrate smooth and even above silky beneath, 
 st. decumbent. E. B. 2341. Highlands. Sh. IV. VI. S. 
 
 24, S. Lapponum (L.) ; 1. lanceolate or elliptic subacuminate 
 entire cottony or silky beneath with crisped hairs wrinkled above 
 and when young downy, germens ovate-lanceolate silky, stigmas 
 linear. a. S. arenaria (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate netted and 
 somewhat downy above veined and woolly beneath, style as 
 long as the sessile woolly germen, stigmas linear. E. B. 1809. 
 Germen with a long slender reddish style. /3. 8. Stuartiana 
 (Sm.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate shaggy above densely silky almost 
 cottony beneath, style as long as the almost sessile woolly ger- 
 men, stigmas capillary deeply divided. E. B. 2586. [y. S. 
 ylauca (Sm.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate even and nearly smooth above 
 woolly and snow-white beneath, germens sessile woolly, style 
 at first very short with thick ovate stigmas. E. B. 1810. 
 Germen blunter. Style elongating and the stigmas becoming 
 linear and deeply cloven as the fruit ripens. This is probably not 
 a native. Smith had it from Mr. Crowe's garden. It is hardly 
 the same as a and /3. S. ylauca L., WaliL, Koch, has sub- 
 terminal catkins with very long leafy stalks and belongs to the 
 next section.] Helvellyn. Breadalbane, Clova, and other Scot- 
 tish Mountains. Sh. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 \_S. acutifolia (Willd.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate acuminate cre- 
 nate-serrate glabrous glaucous beneath, stip. lanceolate acute 
 sub-^-cordate below, " caps, ovate-conic glabrous sessile, stig. 
 linear-oblong." Ky.E.B. 1366. Shoots purple with a glaucous 
 bloom. Male catkins short, thick, very hairy. Fertile plant 
 not yet found in England. S. daplmoides ft. Anders. North 
 Yorkshire, not native. T. IV.] E. 
 
SALIX. 385 
 
 v. CJirysantha. Style long. Stigma entire. Capsule sessile. 
 Anth. yellow, scarcely changing colour. Catkins appearing 
 before the leaves, sessile, terminal and lateral, with very 
 shaggy and silky scales. Leaves broad, roundish. 
 
 25. S. landta (L.) ; /. broadly oval pointed entire shaggy 
 ben-eath, stip. oval, catkins with vellow silky hairs, germ, conical 
 glabrous. #. B. S. 2624. A low (2 ft.) and very beautiful 
 shrub. Clova and Glen Lochay Mountains. Sh. V. VI. S, 
 
 Sec. 3. CHAMKLYX (Fries). Catkins on long leafy persistent 
 shoots from the terminal or subterminal buds. Stam. 2. Nec- 
 tary "of 2 pieces, one between the catkin-scale and germen, the 
 other opposite to it." 
 
 i. Myrsinites, Catkins at the extremity of the terminal shoot, 
 or of those from the last but one or two of the buds, but 
 in such a manner as to appear to be an elongation of the 
 branch. Small bushy plants. 
 
 26. S. Myrsinites (L.) ; 1. elliptic or lanceolate serrate shining 
 often hairy with prominent veins, germens subsessile ovate-subu- 
 late downy, style long. St. much branching. a. S. arbuti- 
 folia (Sm.); 1. ovate or lanceolate rather acute. S. Myrsinites ft. 
 Sm. )3. S. Myrsinites (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic serrate nearly smooth, 
 catkins short, styles short, stigmas cloven. E. B. 1360. High- 
 lands. Sh. VI. S. 
 
 27. 8. procum'bens (Forbes) 1 ; 1. oval minutely serrate bright 
 green and shining on both sides, catkins long cylindrical, germens 
 subsessile ovate lanceolate downy, style short deeply cloven, 
 stigmas bifid. E. B. S. 2753. Scales of the catkin nearly black, 
 longer and more hairy than in S. Myrsinites. A low procumbent 
 much- branched shrub. Highlands. Sh. VI. S. 
 
 
 
 [Fries states that S. retusa (L.) was found by Mr. Winch in 
 Scotland ; but there is no such plant in his Herb.] 
 
 28. S. Grdhami (Baker) 2 ; /. oval obscurely crenate shining- 
 glabrous silky beneath netted with veins, germ, stalked ovate 
 prolonged glabrous, style long, stigma bifid, young branches 
 silky./, of B. v. t. 66. Sy. E. B. 1377. St. long, trailing. 
 
 1 Considered a form of 8. Myrsinites by Dr. White. H. & J. G. 
 
 2 Dr. White refers the Scottish plant to S herbaceaXpJiylicifolia and 
 the Irish plant to S. herbaceaXphylicifolia, subsp. nigricans. Mr. E. F. 
 Linton refers the former to S. herbacea X Myrsinites. H. & J. G. 
 
 S 
 
386 
 
 78. AME:NTIFE:R,. 
 
 Allied to 8. Myrsimtes and S. retusa (can it be the plant re- 
 ferred to by Fries?). Frouvyn, Sutlierl. Graham. Muckisli, 
 Doneg. D. Moore, j. of B. ix. 300. Sh. VI. ? S. I. 
 
 ii. Reticulatce. Catkins opposite to the terminal leaves, with a 
 bud between them. 
 
 29. S. reticuldta (L.) ; 1. nearly roundly oval very blunt 
 entire netted with veins and glaucous beneath, germens sessile 
 oblong-ovate downy, style short, stigmas bifid. E. B. 1908. A 
 procumbent much branched s*hrub. St. usually buried. Cat- 
 kins on long stalks. Lofty mountains. Sh. VI. S. 
 
 30. S. Sad'leri (Syme) 1 ; 1. roundly ovate or subcordate entire 
 smooth and cottony netted and glabrous beneath, germens gla- 
 brous with long woolly stalks, style long, stigmas linear bifid. 
 Edin. Bot. Trans, xii. 208. t. 1." J. of B. xiii. 1. 158. A small 
 almost subterranean prostrate shrub. I have not seen this plant, 
 and it may be misplaced here. East of Loch Ceann-Mor, very 
 rare. Sh. VIII. ? S. 
 
 iii. Herbacece. Catkins exactly terminal. 
 
 31. S. hei'bdcea (L.) ; /. round blunt or retuse serrate shining 
 glabrous netted with veins, germens subsessile ovate-conical 
 glabrous, style short, stigmas bifid. E. B. 1907. A very 
 minute herblike shrub ; the st. extend far amongst loose stones 
 on the tops of mountains. Edges and veins of 1. hairy. Alpine 
 situations. Sh. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 Index to the Salices. 
 
 acuminata, 13. 
 
 argentea, 21. 
 
 Pavalliana, 18. 
 
 acutifblia, 24*. 
 
 ascendens, 21. 
 
 decipiens, 3. 
 
 alba, 5. 
 
 aurita, 15. 
 
 Doniana, 20. 
 
 ambigua, 22. 
 
 Borreriana, 18. 
 
 ferruginea, 12. 
 
 amygdalina, 7. 
 
 coerulea, 5. 
 
 Forbiana, 9. 
 
 Andersoniana, 17. 
 
 caprea, 16. 
 
 Fostenana, 17. 
 
 aquatica, 14. 
 
 carinata, 23. 
 
 fragilis, 3. 
 
 Arbuscula, 19. 
 
 cinerea, 14. 
 
 fusca, 21. 
 
 Arbuscula, 23. 
 
 cotimfolia, 17. 
 
 glauca, 24. 
 
 arbutifolia, 26. 
 
 cuspidata, 2. 
 
 Grahami, 28. 
 
 arenaria, 24. 
 
 darnascena, 17. 
 
 Helix, 8. 
 
 1 Dr, White considers this a var. of S. lanata. Mr. Linton refers it to 
 S. herbaceaXlanata.H.. & J. G. 
 
POl'ULUS. 
 
 387 
 
 bertmcea, 31. 
 
 petrsea, 17. 
 
 Sadleri, 30. 
 
 hirta, 17. 
 
 phillyreifolia, 18. 
 
 Smithiana, 12. 
 
 Hoffrnanniana, 7. 
 
 phylicifolia, 18. 
 
 sphacelata, 16. 
 
 holvsericea, 12. 
 
 procurabens, 27. 
 
 stipularis, 10. 
 
 incubacea, 21. 
 
 prop in qua, 18. 
 
 stipularis, 11. 
 
 intricata, 10. 
 
 p rostra hi, 21. 
 
 Stuartiana, 24. 
 
 Lambertiana, 8. 
 
 prumfolia, 23. 
 
 tenuifolia, 18. 
 
 lanata, 25. 
 
 purpurea, 8. 
 
 tenuior, 18. 
 
 lanceolafa, 6. 
 
 radicans, 18. 
 
 tetrapla, 18. 
 
 Lapponum, 24. 
 
 ramulosa, 8. 
 
 triandra, 7. 
 
 laurina, 18. 
 
 re pen s, 21. 
 
 undulata, 6. 
 
 laxiflora, 18. 
 
 reticulata, 29. 
 
 vaccinii folia, 23. 
 
 Mei/criana, 2. 
 
 retusa, 27 * , 28. 
 
 venulosa, 23. 
 
 Myrsinites, 26. 
 
 rosmarinifolia, 19. 
 
 viminalis, 10. 
 
 nigricans, 17. 
 
 r ubra, 9. 
 
 viridis, 4. 
 
 nitens, 18. 
 
 rugosa, 12. 
 
 vitellina, 5. 
 
 oleifolia, 14. 
 
 rupestris, 17- 
 
 Weigeliana, 18. 
 
 parvifolict, 21. 
 
 Russelliana, 3. 
 
 Woolgariana, 8. 
 
 pent and ra, 1. 
 
 
 
 2. PCP'ULTJS Linn. Poplar. 
 
 1. P. al'ba (L.) ; l.-buds downy,!, roundish-cordate angularly 
 toothed cottony and snowy white beneath, 1. of the young shoots 
 cordate palmately 5-lobed, stiff. 2 linear bifid crosslike (yellow). 
 E. B. 1018. With suckers. L. generally lobed. Male cat- 
 kin-scales hairy. Damp woods. T. III. IV. White Poplar. 
 Abele. E. S. 
 
 2. P. canes' cens (Sra.) ; l.-buds downy not viscous, 1. roundish 
 obscurely lobed sparingly cottony and grey beneath, 1. of young 
 shoots cordate-ovate undivided, stiff. 2 wedgeshaped 3 ^-lobed 
 (purple). E. B. 1619. With suckers. L. not lobed, except 
 occasionally the youngest. Male catkin-scales hairy. Damp 
 woods. T. III. IV. Gray Polar. E. 
 
 3. P. trem'ula (L.) ; l.-buds glabrous slightly viscous, 1. nearly 
 round acute serrate glabrous on both sides, young 1. slightly downy, 
 stiff. 2 bifid erect. E. B. 1909. A small tree, with suckers. 
 Petioles laterally compressed. Male catkin-scales hairy, pal- 
 niately cut. Woods. T. IV. Aspen. E. S. I. 
 
 4. P. nigra (L.) ; l.-buds glabrous viscous, 1. triangular-rhom- 
 boidal acuminate serrate glabrous on both sides, catkins lax. cylin- 
 drical, stig. 2 roundish 2-lobed. E. B. 1910. A large tree, 
 without suckers. Petioles laterally compressed. Young shoots 
 glabrous. -Male catkin-scales glabrous. Damp places and river- 
 banks. T. III. Black Poplar. E. 
 
388 78. AMENIIFERJE. 
 
 Tribe II. Myricece. 
 
 3. MIEI'CA Linn. Sweet Gale. 
 
 1. M. Gale (L.) ; 1. lanceolate broader upwards serrate, st. 
 shrubby.^. B. 562. Height 34 feet. Bushy. Catkins 
 sessile erect. Fr. with resinous glands. L. fragrant when 
 bruised. Bogs. Sh. V. Bog Myrtle. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe III. Betulinece. 
 
 4. BET'ULA Linn. Birch. 
 
 1. B. verrucosa (Ehrh.) ; 1. rhomboid-triangular doubly serrate 
 abruptly acuminate, scales of the fern, catkins o-lobed, lateral lobes 
 
 falcate^eflexed 9 fr.o\MMB,te.-Fl.J}an.264Q. Sy..JB.l2Q5. B. 
 alba Koch. B. odorata R. xii. 626. L. usually glabrous often 
 covered with resinous spots above, always having a manifest ten- 
 dency to a rhomboidal form, flat beneath with raised veins above. 
 Young shoots mostly -with resinous tubercles, often very long 
 and pendulous. Stip. ovate-lanceolate, acute, thrice as long as 
 broad, circinate; sides not deflexed. Buds conical. The catkin- 
 scales and the shape of the 1. distinguish this from the next. 
 Rather common. T. IV. V. White Birch. E. S. I. 
 
 2. B. al'ba (L.) ; l.-rhomboid-ovate or cordate unequally ser- 
 rate acute, scales of the fern, catkins 3-lobed, lateral lubes ascending, 
 fr. broadly obovate. Sy. E. B. 1296. R. xii. 623. B. glutinosa 
 (Fr. ) ed. viii. B. pubescens Koch. L. usually glabrous, always 
 more or less ovate, flat above with raised veins beneath. Stip. 
 ovate, blunt, twice as long as broad ; sides deflexed. Buds ovoid. 
 j^sot so elegant a tree as the preceding and often little more than 
 a bush. Twigs sometimes pendulous. /3. B. pubescens (Erhr.) ; 
 1. peduncles and young twigs downy. [\ T ar. parvifolia (Regel) is a 
 northern form with smaller often cuneate-based I. and erect catkins.] 
 Common. T. IV. V. Common Birch. E. S. I. 
 
 3. B. intermedia (Thorn.) ; 1. broadly-rhomboidal acute dentate, 
 catkins erect with 3-lobed scales, the lateral lobes rounded 
 porrect broader than interm. lobe, fr. with margin equalling its 
 breadth. .K. xii. 624. A small tree, 615 ft. high. L. small. 
 Catkins stalked. Glen Callater. S. 
 
 4. B. ndna (L.) : /. roundish crenate glabrous blunt, scales of 
 the fern, catkin digit at e-trifid, lobes equal, fr. orbicular with a 
 
ALNUS. QCERCTJS. 389 
 
 very narrow membranous margin. E. B. 2326. A small pro- 
 cumbent shrub. L. minute. Catkins subsessile, small. Turfy 
 places in the Highlands. Sh. V. Dwarf Birch. S. 
 
 5. AL'NUS Mill. Alder. 
 
 1. A. glutinosa (Graert.) ; 1. roundish blunt wavy serrate 
 glutinous rather abrupt with a wedgeshaped base, axils of the 
 veins beneath downy. E. B. 1503. R. xii. 641. St. 29. 15. 
 A moderately large tree. Trunk and branches crooked. 
 Male catkins long and pendent ; fern ones short, ovoid or oblong, 
 very persistent. /3. incisa ; leaves deeply cut. Wet places an 1 
 river-banks. . Wigtonshire. Dr. Balfour. T. III. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe IV. Cupuliferce. 
 
 6* PA'GUS Linn. Beech. 
 
 1. F. sylcat'ica (L.) ; 1. ovate glabrous obscurely dentate ciliate 
 on the edges. E. B. 1846. R. xii. 689. A large tree with 
 triquetrous fruit. Woods, particularly on calcareous soils. T. 
 III. IV. E. 
 
 7. CASTA'KEA Mill. Chestnut. 
 
 \_C. saliva (Mill.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate acuminate mucronate- 
 serrate glabrous on each side. Fagus Sin. E. B. 886. R. xii. 
 640. C. vulgar-is (Lam.) ed. viii. Height 50 80 feet. A 
 magnificent tree. A very doubtful native. T. V. Sweet 
 Chestnut.^ E. 
 
 8. QUEK'CUS Linn. Oak. 
 
 1. Q. Robur (L.) ; 1. deciduous stalked obovate-oblong sinuate, 
 lobes blunt, inv. much shorter than the ripe acorn its scales ad- 
 pressed. a. Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.) ; young branches glabrous, 
 petioles short, fr. -catkins long-stalked, fr. scattered. E. B. 1342. 
 /3. Q. intermedia (I). Don) ; young branches glabrous, petioles 
 short, 1. stellate -downy beneath, fr .-catkins shortly stalked, fr. 
 near together. Mart. Rust. 11. y. Q. sessiliflora (Salisb.) ; 
 young branches downy, petioles long, 1. glabrous beneath, fr.- 
 catkins subsessile, f r. near together. E. B. 1845. It is generally 
 supposed by fjresters that there are two if not three species of 
 Oak in Britain. I have failed in learning how to distinguish 
 them. Woods. T. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
390 79. COXIFEE2E. 
 
 9. COR'YLTTS Linn. Hazel. 
 
 1. C. Avelldna (L.) ; stip. oblong blunt, I. roundish-cordate 
 acuminate, involucre of the ovoid fr. bellshaped spreading torn 
 at the margin. E. B. 723. A shrubby tree. Young twigs 
 hairy and glandular. L. downy beneath. Male catkins long, 
 pendulous. Fern. fl. in ovoid buds. Stigmas bright crimson. 
 Hedges and copses. Sh. III. IV. Hazel Nut. E. S. I. 
 
 10. CARPI'NUS Linn. Hornbeam. 
 
 1. C. Bet' nlm (L.) ; scales of the fruit 3-parted, segments 
 lanceolate, the middle one longest. JE. It. 2032. A small tree. 
 L. ovate, acute, plaited when young, deeply and sharply doubly 
 serrate. Damp clayey woods and hedges. T. V. E. 
 
 Division V. GYMNOSPERMJL 
 
 Ovules ard seeds apparently naked. Carpel spread out flat. 
 No calyx, no corolla. 
 
 Order LXXIX. CONIFEB JS. 
 
 Fl. monoecious or dioecious. Barren fl. of one or more mona- 
 delphous stamens, in a deciduous catkin, about a common axis. 
 Anth. of 2 or more lobes bursting outwards, often ending in a 
 scalelike crest. Fertile fl. usually in cones, sometimes solitary. 
 Ovary spread open in the shape of a scale and placed in the axil 
 of a membranous bract ; in the solitary fl. apparently wanting. 
 Ovules naked in pairs on the face of the ovary and inverted ; or 
 ^in the solitary fl.) erect. [Or, as some think : ovaries in pairs 
 (or several), inverted, on a scale (which becomes the cone-scale) 
 situated in the axil of a bract : each of 2 connate carpels having 
 together the form of a horseshoe or ring and ultimately pro- 
 ducing a wing ; ovule between the carpels, its tips exposed ; or 
 erect, the 2 carpels uniting in the form of a cup, without a car- 
 pellary scale.] Fr. a cone, or solitary seed. Testa hard, crus- 
 taceous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle next 
 the apex. Woody tissue marked with circular disks ; without 
 medullary rays or proper vascular tissue. 
 
 Tribe I. TAXINEJS. Male fl. in catkins. Fern. fl. solitary, 
 naked or bracteate, erect ; no carpellary scale. 
 
 1. TAXUS. Catkins of male fl. oval, scaly below, flowering 
 at the top. Stain, many . Anth. peltate, 3 8-ceUed. Fein. 
 
TAXTJS. JUNIPERTJS. 391 
 
 fl. scaly below. Style 0. Ovule surrounded at the base by 
 a ring which becomes a fleshy cupshaped disk surrounding 
 the seed. 
 
 Tr. II. CUPRESSINE^E. Male fl. in catkins. Anth. 
 
 inserted on the edge of the subpeltate scales. Fern. fl. few, 
 in a small catkin, erect ; no carpellary scale. 
 
 2. JUNIPERUS. Anth. 47, 1-celled, inserted on the lower 
 edge of the scales. Scales of the fern, catkin imbricate, 
 lower ones barren. Ovules 3, surrounded by a 3-fid fleshy 
 involucre formed of the 3 uppermost connate scales of the 
 catkin. 
 
 Tr. III. AB1ET1NEJS. FL in catkins. Anth. 2, 1-celled, 
 adnate to the underside of the scales. Fern. fl. a scalelike 
 open ovary in the axil of a membranous scale, bearing two 
 naked ovules pointing towards the axis [or, perhaps, fern, 
 fl. in pairs on an axillary scale.] Fr. winged. 
 
 3. PINITS. Male catkins crowded, racemose. Scales of the 
 cone thickened and angular at the end. Fr. with a crus- 
 taceous coat. 
 
 Tribe I. Taxinea. 
 
 1. TAX'TJS Linn. Yew. 
 
 1. T. baccdta (L.) ; 1. 2-ranked crowded linear acute, fl. axil- 
 lary sessile. E. B. 746. A low tree, trunk often attaining a 
 very considerable bulk. Fr. roundish. T. fastiyiata (Lindl.) 
 is not even a permanent variety. Mountainous woods and lime- 
 stone cliffs. T. III. IV. E. S, I. 
 
 Tribe II. Cupressinece. 
 
 2. JTJNIP'EKTJS Linn. Juniper. 
 
 1. J. commmns (L.) ; 1. 3 in each whorl spreading linear sub- 
 ulate mucronate keeled exceeding the ripe fruit. E. B. 1110. 
 Fruticose, erect. L. with a broad flat shallow channel above, 
 the keel beneath with a slender furrow. Berries black, tinned 
 with blue, about half the lengih of the leaves 1 . Dry hills, 
 especially on a calcareous soil. Sh. V. E. S. I. 
 
 1 A form intermediate between Sp. 1 and 2 is recorded by Mr. Ben- 
 nett from Scarp, Outer Hebrides, under the name var. J". intermedia, 
 Schur. H. & J.G. 
 
392 80. TRILLIACE^. 
 
 2. J. ndna ("Willd.) ; 1. 3 in each whorl incurved linear lan- 
 ceolate nmcronate keeled equalling the ripe fruit. E. B. S. 2743. 
 ~A prostrate shrub with longer berries and shorter leaves than 
 the last. Mountains. Sh. V. E. S. I. 
 
 Tribe III. Abietineae. 
 
 3. PI'NUS Linn. Scotch Fir. 
 
 1. P. sylves'tris (L.) ; 1. in pairs, younQf cones stalked recurved 
 ovoid-conical, wing thrice as long as the seed. E. B. 2460. 
 A lofty tree. Cones of this species have been found at con- 
 siderable depths in the Irish bogs and English fens. Highlands. 
 T. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 [P. Pinaster (Ait.) Sy. E. S. 1381, with stouter branches, longer 1., 
 much longer clustered cones, is naturalized about Bournemouth and Poole.] 
 
 Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
 
 Stems destitute of medullary rays, consisting of cellular 
 tissue amongst which the vascular tissue is mixed in 
 bundles, increasing by the addition of new matter within. 
 Leaves mostly alternate and sheathing, with parallel simple 
 veins connected by smaller transverse ones, rarely net- 
 veined. Cotyledon one, or if more they are alternate. 
 
 Division I. DICTYOGEN^E. 
 
 Leaves net-veined. Floral envelopes whoiied. 
 
 Order LXXX. TRILLIACE^E. 
 
 Perianth inferior, 6- or 8-parted ; in 2 whorls ; outer whorl or 
 calyx herbaceous ; inner or corolla coloured, or in our plant her- 
 baceous. Stam. 6 10. Anth. linear: filaments subulate. Ovary 
 superior, 3 5-celled. Ovules indefinite in number, in two rows 
 
81. DIOSCOKEACE-E. 393 
 
 in each cell. Styles as many as the cells, distinct ; stigmas in- 
 conspicuous. Fr. succulent, not bursting, Seeds with a leathery 
 skin. Embryo minute, in tieshy albumen. Ilaphidiferous. 
 Often combined with Liliacece. 
 
 1. PARIS. Perianth subherbaceous, 8-parted ; 4 inner divi- 
 sions narrower than the others. Stain. 8 10. Aiith. on 
 the middle of the subulate lilainent. 
 
 1. PAR'IS Linn. Herb Paris. 
 
 1. P. quadrifolia (L.) ; 1. usually 4 in a whorl. E. B. 7. St. 
 1 ft. high, from the end of a long* rhizome, usually with 4, rarely 
 from 3 6, ovate 1. at its summit. Fl. solitary, terminal. Sep. 
 lanceolate. Pet. subulate. Styles 4. Berry 4-celled ; cells 
 with 4 8 seeds. No root-leaves. Damp woods. P. V. E. S. 
 
 Order LXXXI. DIOSCOllEACE^E. 
 
 Perianth superior, petal-like, 6-parted. Stain. 6, inserted on 
 the base of the segments of the perianth. Anth. bursting in- 
 wards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect. 
 Style 1. Stigmas 3, rettexed. Fr. baccate, or dry and flat. 
 Embryo minute, quite enclosed in the albumen. 
 
 1. TAMUS. Perianth bellshaped ; limb 5-parted. Male with 
 stamens. Fern, with the perianth adhering to the ovary 
 and persistent, and very short abortive stamens. 
 
 1. TA'MTJS Linn. Elack Bryony. 
 
 1. T. commimis (L.) ; 1. undivided cordate acute shining. 
 JE. B. 91. Dioecious. Hoot large, thick, fleshy. St. very long, 
 twining. .Racemes axillary, on long stalks. Fl. yellowish- 
 green, regular, small. Berry red. Hedges and thickets. P. 
 V. VI. E. 
 
 Division II. FLORIDA. 
 
 (Orders LXXXIL XCVI.) 
 
 , Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes whorl ed, 
 or none. There is no proper perianth distinguishable in Ord. 
 XCII.-XC VI. in our plants. 
 
394 82* ltYDROCIfA.RlDACE.3r,, 
 
 Order LXXXII. HYDROCHARIDACE^I. 
 
 Sep. 3, herbaceous. Pet. 3, regular, coloured. Stam. epigy- 
 rious. Ovary solitary, inferior ; placentes parietal sometimes 
 projecting into the centre of the ovary. Stig. 3 6. Fr. dry, or 
 succulent, not bursting, 1- or spuriously many-celled. Seeds 
 many. Albumen 0. Embryo straight, cylindrical. No raphides. 
 
 1. IlYtmocHARis, Dioecious. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Male 
 with 9 12 stamens in 3 rows surrounding 3 abortive styles. 
 Fern, with 3 abortive filaments and 3 fleshy scales sur- 
 rounding the 6 deeply bifid styles. Caps. 6-cerlled, many- 
 seeded. L. floating, orbicular. 
 
 2. STRATIOTES. Dioecious. CaL 3-parted. Pet. 3. Male 
 with 12 or more stamens surrounded by many abortive ones. 
 Fern, with 6 deeply bifid styles, Berry 6-celled, many- 
 seeded. L, swordshaped. 
 
 3. ANACHABJS. Dioecious. Fl. from tubular bifid spath. 
 Cal. 3-parted, Pet. 3, " Male. Sep. ovate-oblong. Pet. 
 linear or none. Stam. 9 ; filaments combined into a column 
 below." Fern, with a long filiform tube, 3 abortive fila- 
 ments and ligulate stigmas. Caps. 1-ceJled, few-seeded. 
 L. oval-oblong in whorls. 
 
 1. HYDROCH'AKIS Linn. Frog- bit. 
 
 1, H. Morsm-rdna (L<). - -# 808. R. vii. 62. Floating. 
 With runners bearing tufts of stalked roundish-reniforin entire 
 leaves. Fl. white, delicate, springing from a pellucid membra- 
 nous sheath. Seeds covered with beautiful prominent spirally 
 twisted cells. Ponds and ditches. P. VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 2. STRATIO'TES Linn. Water-Soldier. 
 
 1. S. Aloides (L.) ; 1. swordshaped-triangular ciliate-spinous. 
 E. J?> 379. -R, vii. 61. Creeping in the mud. L. many, 
 rigid. Stalk compressed, 5 or 6 in. high, with two 1. near its 
 summit. Fl. white, delicate. The plant rises to the surface of 
 the water to flower, and sinks tfgain afterwards. -Fen-ditches 
 in the East of England; naturalized in Scotland and Ireland. 
 R VII. E. [S. I.] 
 
 3. ANACH'AEIS Rich. Water-Thyme. 
 
 *1. A. Alsinas'trum (Bab.) ; 1. 3 in a whorl oval-oblong blunt 
 serrulate, fein. fi. from a tubular bifid spath many times ex- 
 ceeding the sessile gernien, sep. and pet. broad nearly equal, 
 
83. ORCHIDACEJE. 395 
 
 stigmas reflexed. A. N. H. ser. 2. i. t. 8. E. B. S. 2993. 
 JElodea canadensis Pdch. P St. long, branching; whorls of leaves 
 many, close together. Fl. very small but with a very long slender 
 tube often 2 or 3 in. long. The spath in the axil of a leaflike 
 bract placed within the whorl of leaves. Sep. tinged with green 
 and pink externally, incurved, hooded. Pet. flat, transparent, 
 recurved, oblong. Filaments at first curved outwards, their 
 points placed under the hood of the sepals, afterwards erect, 
 linear, blunt. Anth. 0. Stigmas recurved, linear, or deeply 
 bifid. Sep. pet. and stigmas of about equal length. Style ad- 
 nate on 3 sides of the tube. In water. Probably introduced 
 from America. Canals and rivers. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 Order LXXXIII. ORCHIDACE^l. 
 
 Sep. 3, usually coloured. Pet. 3, 2 above, 1 below (lip) fre- 
 quently lobed and spurred and unlike the others. Stam. 3, united 
 in a central column, 2 lateral abortive, or (in Cypripedium) the 
 middle one abortive. Pollen powdery or cohering in masses. 
 Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 3 parietal placentas. Style form- 
 ing part of the column with the stamens ; stigma a viscid space 
 in front of the column. Caps. 3-valved. Seeds very many, 
 minute. Testa loose, netted. Raphidiferous. 
 
 Tribe I. OPHRYDINE&. Anther wholly adnate to the co- 
 lumn. Pollen-masses in divisible lobes which are indefinite 
 in number and waxy, stalked. Hoot with 2 fleshy entire or 
 palmate knobs below the fibres. 
 
 * Anther-cells with a prolongation of the stigma between their bases. 
 
 1. ORCHIS. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed, spurred. 
 Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses in a common pouch. 
 
 2. GYMNADENIA. Glands of the pollen-masses without a 
 pouch. Otherwise like Orchis. 
 
 3. ACEHAS. Lip without a spur. Otherwise like Orchis. 
 
 ** A plate in front of the glands of the pollen-masses. 
 
 4. NEOTINEA. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lob^d, 
 spurred. Glands of the pollen-masses in separate hollows 
 behind the broad recurved rostellum, which is bounded 
 laterally by 2 semicylindrical ascending processes diver- 
 ging from its base. 
 
30 G 83. 
 
 ##* j\~ prolongation of the stigma between the anther-cell^, nor 
 plate in front of them. 
 
 5. HABKNARIA. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed or 
 entire, spurred. Glands of pollen-masses naked. 
 
 6. OPHRYS. Perianth patent. Lip variously lobed, without 
 a spur. Glands of pollen-masses each in a distinct pouch. 
 
 7. HERMINTUM. Perianth bellshaped, segments all erect. 
 Lip 3-lobed, tumid beneath at the base, without a spur. 
 Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses exserted, naked. 
 
 Tr . IT. NEO TTIDEsE. Anther attached by its ba se . persistent. 
 Pollen-masses granular; granules only in a slight state of 
 cohesion ; no stalks. Root of many fleshy fibres, rarely of 
 2 4 much-thickened ones. 
 
 * Stigma ivith a prolongation (rostellum) at its top. 
 
 8. PERAMIUM. Perianth ringent. Lip gibbous at the base, 
 entire, included. Stigma subcordate. Rostellum erect, 
 bipartite, with a large squarish appendage between its 
 slender segments. 
 
 9. SPIRANTHES. Perianth ringent. Lip channelled, clawed, 
 fringed. Stigma roundish. Rostellum straight, at length 
 bifid, with a long linear appendage between its points. 
 
 10. LISTERA. Perianth ringent. Lipdeflexed,2-lobed. Stigma 
 transverse. Rostellum foliaceous, acute, arching over stigma. 
 Column very short. 
 
 11. NEOTTIA. Perianth hooded. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed, 
 gibbous at the base. Stigma transverse. Rostellum flat, 
 broad, prominent, entire, without an appendage. Column 
 long. 
 
 12. EPIPACTIS. Perianth patent. Lip interrupted; the basal 
 division concave ; terminal one (label) larger with 2 pro- 
 jecting plates at its base above. Stigma nearly square. 
 Rostellum short, terminated by a globose appendage. 
 Anth. terminal, erect, sessile, 2-celled. Column short. 
 Germen straight on a twisted stalk. 
 
 ** Stigma without a rostellum. 
 
 13. CEPHALANTHERA. Perianth converging (in C. rubra 
 spreading). Lip interrupted, the basal division gibbous, 
 
83. ORCHIDACE^E. 31)7 
 
 jointed to the recurved label. Stigma transverse. Anth. 
 terminal, erect, movable, shortly and thickly stalked, 2- 
 celled. Column long 1 . Gormen sessile, twisted. 
 
 Tr. III. AUETHUSEJE. Anther ultimately free, like a lid, 
 deciduous. Pollen in many granules, pulpy or powdery, 
 cohering in 2 stalked masses. Root (in our plant) of fleshy 
 much-branched fibres. 
 
 14. EPIPOGUM. Perianth patent. Lip posterior, erect, large, 
 entire, with a small patent lobe on each side of its base and 
 an erect inflated spur. Anth. tumid, seated in the lobed 
 top of the column. Stigma transverse. Germen and stalk 
 not twisted. 
 
 Tr. IV. MALAXIDE^. Anther terminal, free, usually like 
 a lid. Pollen cohering in a definite number of granules 
 and at length waxy and confluent ; no stalks. Root fibrous, 
 with or without a superior bulb. 
 
 15. CORALLORRHIZA. Perianth converging. Lip with 2 
 prominent longitudinal ridges at the base, 3-lobed ; lateral 
 lobes small ; middle lobe large, slightly emarginate. Spur 
 short or wanting. Stigma triangular. Rostellum want- 
 ing ; but a large globose appendage. Anth. terminal, 2- 
 celled, opening transversely. Column long. Germen slightly 
 stalked, straight. 
 
 16. MALAXIS. Perianth patent. Lip posterior, erect, entire, 
 similar to the pet., smaller than the sepals. Spur 0. Stigma 
 rhomboidal. Rostellum short, entire, acute. Anth. terminal, 
 continuous with the short column, out of the apex of which 
 it appears as if it were excavated, with 2 imperfect cells. 
 Pollen-masses connected at their apex. Germen upon a 
 twisted stalk. 
 
 17. LIPARIS. Perianth patent. Lip anterior, erect or oblique, 
 entire, dilated, much larger than the sepals. Spur 0. 
 Stigma roundish. Rostellum wanting; but an appen- 
 dage consisting of 2 tubercles. Anth. terminal, deciduous, 
 movable like a lid, with 2 distinct cells. Column long. 
 Germen on a twisted stalk. 
 
 Tr. V. CYPRIPED1EM. Intermediate anther barren petal- 
 like, 2 lateral anthers perfect. 
 
 18. CYPBIPEDIUM. Perianth patent. Lip inflated. Column 
 trifid above ; the lateral lobes bearing stamens ; middle 
 lobe sterile, dilated. Two lower (lateral) sepals combined, 
 Germen straight. 
 
398 83. 
 
 Tribe I. Ophrydinea. 
 
 I. OK'CHIS Linn. Orchis. 
 
 * Glands of the pollen-masses separate, Up erect in the bud. 
 
 f Bracts mostly 1-veined, root-knobs undivided. 
 
 J Lip 3-lobed, lobes broad and short. 
 
 1. O. morio (L.) ; lip crenulate, middle lobe truncate-emargi- 
 nate, spur ascending subclavate rather shorter than the germen, 
 sep. and pet. blunt converging to form a hood, anth. obovate 
 rather acute. E. B. 2059. R. xiii. 3(33. St. 612 in. high. 
 L. lanceolate, lower spreading, upper adpressed. Fl. few, in a 
 lax spike, purple ; sep. (rarely patent) and pet. marked with 
 green veins, converging so as to form a sort of hood ; lip pale 
 in the middle, spotted with purple. Fl. sometimes white. 
 Meadows and pastures. P. V. VI. Green-ivinged Orchis. E. I. 
 
 2. O. mas'cula (L.) ; lip crenate, middle lobe emarginate, spur 
 ascending lather longer than the germen, sep. acute 2 outer re- 
 
 flexed upwards, pet. converging, anth. obcordate apiculate. 
 E. B. 031. E. B. S. 2995. R. xiii. 390, 391. St. a foot high. 
 L. mostly radical, elliptic-lanceolate, usually spotted with purple. 
 Lowest bract often 3-veined. Fl. in a lax spike, purple; centre 
 of the lip whitish at the base, spotted and downy. Sep. and 
 pet. without green veins. Rarely a form may be found without 
 any spur. Woods and pastures. P. V. Early purple Orchis. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 J J Lip pinnately Globed (that is, middle lobe bifid and of ten with 
 an intermediate tooth). 
 
 3. O. purpurea (Huds.) ; basal lobes of cor. -Up linear-oblong, 
 interm. lobe loidening gradually upwards and 2-lobed with an 
 interm. tooth, its lobes denticulate at the tip and broad, spur 
 about \ as long as the germen, sep. converging into an ovate 
 hood including the pet., bracts minute. R. xiii. 378. O.fusca 
 Jacq. O. militaris Sm., E. B. 16. St. 1 2 ft. high. L. ovate- 
 oblong, blunt. Fl. in a rather dense spike ; helmet dark purple, 
 variegated ; lip paler with raised rough red points, its term, lobe 
 very broad. Chalky bushy hills in Kent. P. V. E. 
 
 4. O. militaris (L.) ; basal lobes of cor. -Up linear, inferm. lobe 
 broader linear suddenly widened and 2-lobed with an interm. 
 tooth at its lobes mostly entire at the tip and broad, spur about % 
 
ORCHIS. 309 
 
 as long as the germen, sep. converging into an ovate-lanceolate 
 hood including the pet., bracts minute. E. B. S. 2675. R. xiii. 
 876. Smaller than the preceding. Helmet ash-coloured or pale 
 purple. Lip purple, white in the middle with raised rough red 
 spots, with a linear space between the pairs of lobes, and its 
 term, lobes broad. Chalky hills. Berks., Oxf., Bucks, Herts. 
 P. V. E. 
 
 5. O. Sim'ia (Lam.) ; lobes of Up all long narrow I -veined 
 linear with an interm. setaceous tooth, spur J as long as the ger- 
 men, sep. converging into an ovate-lanceolate hood including 
 the pet., bracts minute. O. tephrosanthos E. B. 1873. R. xiii. 
 373. More slender than the preceding. Helmet dark purplish. 
 Lip with remarkably slender segments, dark purple, with or with- 
 out small rough raised points ; a linear space between the pairs 
 of lobes which are about equal in size. Chalky hills in Berks., 
 Oxf., and Kent. P. V. E. 
 
 6. O.ustuldta (L.) ; lobes of. lip linear-oblong, spur f the 
 length of the germen, sep. converging into a roundish hood in- 
 cluding the pet., bracts long.E. B. 18. R. xiii. 368. St. 46 
 in. high. L. lanceolate, acute. Spike oblong, dense, dark at 
 top, nearly white below. Fl. small, many. Helmet dark purple. 
 Pet. linear-lanceolate, blunt. Lip white with purple spots. 
 Calcareous hills. P. VI. E. 
 
 ft Bracts with 3 or more veins, root-knobs undivided. 
 
 [0. laxiftora (Lam.) ; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded and 
 crenulate in front longer than the truncate slightly emarginate 
 interm. lobe, spur shorter than the germen cylindrical, 2 lateral 
 sep.reflexed upwards, pet. converging, anth. obcordate apiculate. 
 -E. B. S. 2828. R. xiii. 393. St. 12 feet high, round, an- 
 gular and rough upwards. L. lanceolate or linear- lanceolate. 
 Bracts 3 5-veined. Spike long, lax. Fl. bright purple. Some 
 specimens approach O. palmtris. Wet meadows and bogs in 
 Jersey and Guernsey. P. V. VI.] 
 
 ttt Bracts with 3 or more veins, root-knobs palmate. 
 
 7. 0. maculdta (L.) ; lip 3-lobed flat crenate, spur subulate 
 shorter than the ger men, three sep, patent ^Qi. converging, st. solid, 
 1. lanceolate-obovate. E. B. 632. R. xiii. 407. St. about a foot 
 high. L. usually spotted with purple ; lower blunt or rarely 
 acute, broadest towards their top ; upper linear-lanceolate, re- 
 sembling the bracts. Spike ovate, afterwards elongate ; lower 
 bracts exceeding the germen, upper equalling it, Fl. pale purple, 
 
400 83. ORCHIDACEJE. 
 
 more or less streaked with purple. Lateral veins of bracts in- 
 conspicuous. Lip usually flat, deeply 3-lobed, lateral lobes 
 rounded, middle lobe longer and narrower. [3. o. ericetorum 
 (Liuton) ; slender, 1. all acuminate narrower carinate, spike shorter, 
 bracts purplish, middle of lower lip short. See J. ofS. xxxviii. (1900) 
 p. 362. A hybrid between Sp. 7 and 8 is recorded. Towns. Fl. Hants, 
 p. 341.] Damp woods and pastures. P. V. VI. Spotted Hand- 
 Orchis. E. S. I. 
 
 8. O. latifolia (L.) ; lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides ultimately 
 refle.red, crenate, spur subulate shorter than the germen, two 
 lateral sep. patent, middle sep. and pet. converging, st. hollow, I. 
 lanceolate acute. E. B. S. 2973. R. xiii. 402. About a foot 
 high. L. often only faintly spotted, spreading, lowest oblong 
 and blunt, from a narrow base but broadest about their middle. 
 Spots on 1. ring-shaped. Lower bracts exceeding the flowers. 
 Lip usually only slightly lobed. Marshes and damp meadows. 
 P. V. VII. Marsh-Orchis. E. S. I. 
 
 9. O. incarndta (L.) ; lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides reflexed 
 crenate, spur subulate shorter than the germen, two lateral sep. 
 patent, middle sep. and pet. converging, st. hollow, /. narrowed 
 from a broad base hooded at the end. R. xiii. 397. 0. latifolia 
 E. B. 2308. Curt. ii. 184. L. erect and approaching the stem, 
 not spotted. Bracts all usually exceeding the flowers. 
 j8. O. angustifolia (R.) ; 1. erect-patent linear-lanceolate, upper 
 1. erect, lower bracts equalling the flowers upper ones shorter. 
 R. xiii. 394. O. Traunsteineri Koch. Marshes. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 ** Glands of the pollen-masses united, root-knobs undivided. 
 
 t Spur filiform. ANACAMPTIS Rich. 
 
 10. 0. pyramiddlis (L.) ; lip with 3 equal lobes and 2 tuber- 
 cles at the base above, lobes oblong truncate, middle lobe some- 
 times emarginate, spur filiform longer than the germen, lateral 
 sep. ovate-lanceolate acute spreading, bracts 3-veined. E. B. 
 110. St. 12 18 in. high. L. linear-lanceolate, acute. Spike 
 pyramidal, afterwards cylindrical. Fl. rose-purple, sometimes 
 white. Calcareous pastures, rarely on sandhills. P. VII. 
 Pyramidal Orchis. E. S. I. 
 
 ft Spur conical. HIMANTOGLOSSILM Spr. 
 
 11. O. hircina (Crantz) ; lip 3-parted spiral in the bud, lobes 
 linear, middle one very long twisted, lateral much shorter wavy, 
 
GYMNADENIA. - NEOTINEA. 401 
 
 spur very short E. B. 34. R. xiii. 359, 360. St. 23 feet 
 high. " Gal. green, spotted with dull purple internally." Lip 
 purplish white and spotted at the base, an inch or more long. 
 Bushy chalk hills, very rare. Kent. .Surrey. Gt. Glenham, 
 Stiff.! P. V. Lizard Orchis. E. 
 
 2. GYMNADE'NIA R. Br. 
 
 1. G. conops'ea (R. Br.) ; lip 3-lobed, lobes equal entire, blunt, 
 lateral sep. spreading, spur filiform twice as long as the germen, 
 root-knobs palmate. E. B. 10. St. a foot high. L. linear- 
 lanceolate. Spike cylindrical, elongated. Bracts 3- veined. Fl. 
 rose-purple, fragrant. Pollen-cells open in front and below, 
 stopped below by oblong glutinous valves quite distinct from the 
 stigma, and to the broader ends of which the glands of the pol- 
 len-masses are attached. [A hybrid with Sp. 2 is recorded. J. of B. 
 1898, p. 352.] Hilly pastures. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. G. albida (Rich.) ; lip 3-lobed, lobes unequal entire, middle 
 lobe longest and broadest, sep. and lateral pet. converging, spur 
 much shorterthan the germen, root-knobs clustered. Habenaria 
 R. Br. E. B. 505. Peristijlus Lindl. St. 612 in. high. L. 
 oblong, blunt ; upper lanceolate, acute. Spike elongated, cylin- 
 drical, dense. Bracts 3-veined. Fl. small, yellowish white, 
 fragrant. Mountain-pastures. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. A'CEEAS R. Br. 
 
 1. A. anthropoph' ora (R. Br.) ; lip 3-parted, segments linear- 
 filiform, middle one bifid and often with an intermediate tooth. 
 E.B.y.Q. ^.xiii. 357. Root-knobs ovate. Height 8 12 in. 
 Spike long, lax. Fl. greenish yellow. Sep. ovate, acute, con- 
 verging, margined with purple, including the linear-lanceolate 
 blunt petals. Dry chalky places. P. VI. Green-man Orchis. E. 
 
 4. NEOTIN'EA Reichenb. 
 
 1. N. intac'ta (Reich.*) ; lip 3-lobed, lobes unequal, lateral 
 lobes linear acute falling much short of the broad oblong interm. 
 lobe. Sy. E. B. 1465. J. ofB. iii. t. 25. Habenaria Benth. 
 Height 2 12 inches. Spike dense, cylindrical. Fl. very 
 delicate, pink. Semilancet-shaped acute sepals converging over 
 the column and narrow petals and exceeding them. Spur very 
 short. The two ascending fleshy lobes of stig. and the flat 
 broad plate between them are characteristic of the plant. 
 Open limestone pastures. Clare, Galway, Mayo. P. IV. V. I 
 
402 83. ORCHIDACE.E. 
 
 5. HABENA'RIA Willd. Frog Orchis. 
 * Spur very short, usually inflated. CCELOGLOSSUM Hartm. 
 
 1. H. vir'idis (R. Br.) ; spur 2-lobed, lip. linear flat 3-pointed 
 middle point the shortest. Orchis Sm., JE. B. 94. R. xiii. 434. 
 Peristylus Lindl. Lip with 3 tubercles at its base, 1 central, 2 
 lateral. Stigma oblong, slightly emarginate above. Glands of 
 the pollen-masses connected by an elevated transverse line. Sep. 
 and pet. connivent. Root-knobs pal mate. Fl. green, lip browner, 
 St. 6 8 in. high. Pastures. P. VI. VII. Frog Orchis. E.S.I. 
 
 ** Spur slender. PL AT ANTHER A Rich. Butterfly Orchis. 
 
 2. H. bifolia (R. Br.) ; spur twice as long as the germen, lip 
 linear entire, pet. connivent blunt, anth. oblong truncate, its cells 
 parallel. E. B. S. 2806. J?. xiii. 429. About afoot high. Root- 
 1. usually 2, elliptic. Stem-1. small, lanceolate, resembling the 
 bracts. Spike slender. El. white. Central line between the 
 antli.-cells a furrow in front and a keel behind, stalks of pollen- 
 masses short, gland oval. Stigma truncate, emarginate with 
 pointed lobes. Heathy places. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. H. chloroleuca (Ridl.) ; spur twice as long as the germen, 
 lip linear entire, pet. connivent blunt, anth. truncate its cells twice 
 as distant at the base as at the top. Orchis bifolia Sm.,jE.It. 22. 
 H. chlorantha (Bab.) ed. viii. H. montana R. xiii. 430. 
 Usually taller and stouter than the preceding. Spike usually 
 lax, but sometimes dense. El. larger. Central line between 
 anth. -cells a prominent ridge in front and a groove behind. 
 Space between the bases of the anth.-cells usually, not always, 
 spread open. Stalks of pollen-masses long, gland circular. 
 Stigma very broad, slightly pointed in the middle. Moist 
 woods and thickets. P. V. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 6. O'PHRYS Linn. 
 
 1. O. apifera (Huds.) ; lip tumid 5-lobed, 2 lower lobes pro- 
 minent and with a hairy base, 2 intermediate reflexed truncate, 
 terminal acute long usually reflexed, anth. with a hooked point, 
 pet. oblong bluntish downy. E. B. 383. About a foot high. El. 
 few, large, rather distant. Sep. whitish tinged with purple. Lip 
 velvety, brown variegated with yellow. " All the lobes of the 
 lip sometimes reflexed, interm. overlapping term, one." /3. O. 
 Trollii (Heg.) ; term, lobe of lip acute triangular not reflexed. 
 On calcareous soils. /3. Reigate. P. VI. VII. Bee Orchis. 
 
 E.I. 
 
S. PEIUMITJM. 408 
 
 2. O. arachnites (Reichard) ; lip somewhat tumid entire or with 
 4 shallow marginal lobes and ^terminal infiexedfiat rather heart- 
 shaped appendage, anth. with a straight or hooked point, pet. 
 deltoid downy. E. B. S. 2596. R. xiii. 461. Sep. pinkish. Lip 
 velvety, dark purple, variegated with yellow ; appendage green, 
 never reflexed. Chalk downs. Folkestone and Sitting-bourne, 
 Kent. P. IV. VI. Late Spider Orchis. E. 
 
 3. O. aranifera (Huds.) ; lip tumid obscurely 3-lobed, middle 
 lobe large emarginate 'without an appendage, anth. acute, pet. 
 linear glabrous. E. B. 65. R. xiii. 449. Smaller than the two 
 preceding and with fewer flowers. Sep. green. Pet. green, quite 
 glabrous. Lip deep brown, hairy with paler or yellowish gla- 
 brous lines often resembling the Greek letter n, entire at the 
 end or notched with or without a central point. (3. O. fucifera 
 (Sin.) ; lip usually undivided often with a gland in the notch, 
 pet. rough. E. B. S. 2649. Chalky places, rare. /3. Kent, Sussex, 
 and Isle of Wight. P. IV. V. Spider Orchis. E. 
 
 4. O. muscif'era (Huds.) ; lip oblong trifid with a broad pale 
 spot in the centre, middle lobe long bifid, anth. short blunt, pet. 
 
 filiform. E. B. 64. R. xiii. 447. St. 40. 15. Slender, about a 
 foot high. Sep. green. Lip brownish purple ; central spot sub- 
 quadrate, bluish. Pet. very narrow, purple. Damp calcareous 
 thickets and pastures. P. V. VI. Fly Orchis. E. I. 
 
 7. HERMLN'IUM R. Br. Musk Orchis. 
 
 1. H. Monor'chis (R. Br.) ; lip 3-lobed, central lobe longest, 
 pet. with a lobe on each side. E. B. 71. Hoot-knobs very un- 
 equal and distant. L. usually 2, lanceolate. St. about 6 iu. 
 high. Sep. ovate, greenish. Spike dense, slender. Calcareous 
 soil in the South, rare. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Tribe II. Neottidea. 
 
 8. PERAMJTTM Salisb. (Goody era R. Br. ed. viii.) 
 
 1. P. repens (Salisb.) ; 1. ovate stalked netted, sep. pet. and 
 lip ovate-lanceolate. E. B. 289. G. repens (R. Br.) ed. viii. 
 St. 6 8 in. high, bearing linear adpressed bracts. Creeping. 
 Whole upper part of the plant covered with minute stalked 
 glands. L. netted with brown. Fl. white, small. Fir forests 
 of the North. P. VIII. E. S. 
 
404 83. ORCHIDACEJE. 
 
 9. SPIEAX'THES Rich. Lady's Tresses. 
 
 1. S. autumndlis (Rich.) ; root-fibres few ovate-oblong thick, 
 root-1. ovate-oblong in a lateral cluster, stem-1. like bracts, spike 
 dense. E. B. 541. St. 4 6 in. high. Spike spiral. Fl. 
 greenish white. Column and lid acute ; a blunt ovate mem- 
 branous process between them on each side. Dry calcareous 
 and gravelly places. P. VJII. IX. E. I. 
 
 2. S. cestivdlis (Rich.) ; root-fibres few long cylindrical, root- 
 1. oblong-lanceolate round the base of the St., stein-1. narrowly 
 lanceolate, spike lax. E. B. S. 2817. St. 312 in. high. Spike 
 spiral. Fl. with a larger lip. Column and lid acute ; the in- 
 terni. processes lanceolate acute. Bogs. Between Lyndhurst 
 and Cnristchurch, Hants. Wire Forest. Worcest. St. Ouen's 
 Pond, Jersey. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 3.' S. Romanzoffidna (Cham.) ; root-fibres few long cylindrical, 
 root-1. linear-lanceolate, steni-1. triangular-lanceolate surround- 
 ing the base of the St., bracts shorter than the fl., spike dense 
 3-ranked, sep. and pet. equal blunt adhering together, lip blunt 
 spathulate. /S?/. E. B. J474. S. cernua Bot. Mag. 5277. S. 
 yemmipara (Lindl.) ed. viii. Spike about 1J in. long. Fl. 
 fragrant. Lateral sep. united at the base. See Rep. Bot. 
 Conyr. Loud. 176. Cork. Armagh, Antrim. Londonderry. 
 P. VIII. IX. I. 
 
 10. LIS'TERA R. Br. Tway-blade. 
 
 1. L. ovdta (R. Br.) ; 1. 2 opposite ovate, lip bifid, column 
 with a crest which includes the anther. E. B. 1548. St. 29. 14. 
 St. 1 ft. high. Spike long, very lax. Fl. small, greenish. L. 
 large. Woods and pastures. P. V. VI. Tway-blade. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. corddta (R. Br.) ; 1. 2 opposite cordate, lip 4-lobed, 
 column without a crest. E. B. 358. Height 3 5 iu. St. 
 slender. Fl. very small, in a lax spike, greenish. Lip with 2 
 basal and 2 terminal linear lobes. Turfy mountain moors. P. 
 VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. NEOT'TTA. Adans. Bird's-nest. 
 
 1. N. Nidus-avis (Rich.). E. B. 48. Listera Sm. Whole 
 plant pale reddish brown. Root formed of many short thick 
 fleshy fibres from the extremities of which the young plants are 
 produced. (See Leight. Fl. Shrop. 434.) St. a foot high, with 
 sheathing brown scales. L. none. Spikes dense, cylindrical, 
 many-flowered. Lip linear-cbJong with 2 spreading lobes. 
 Shady woods. P. ? VI. E. S. I. 
 
EPiPAcns. 405 
 
 12. EPTPAC'TIS Adans. Hclleborine. 
 
 1. E. latifolia (All.) ; st. solitary, 1. broadly ovate exceeding 
 the joints, upper 1. ovate-oblong, lower bracts exceeding the fl., 
 label roundish-cordate with a srnall recurved point falling short 
 of the broadly ovate sep and pet., basal hunches smooth. 
 E. B. 269. L. ovate, very broad, the very uppermost some- 
 times lanceolate-attenuate ; lowermost leafless sheaths close. 
 Lower bracts learlike, lanceolate, attenuate. Fl. green with 
 the lip purple, sometimes all purple. Peduncle shorter than the 
 downy germen. Label of the lip broader than long, crenate. 
 In a slender form of this plant the upper 1. are lanceolate, label 
 cordate blunt with a minute apiculus, and sep. ovate-lanceolate. 
 Mountain woods. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. media (Fries !) ; st. solitary, 1. ovate-oblong the upper- 
 ones lanceolate acute, lower bracts exceeding the fl. and fr., 
 label entire triangular-cordate acute equalling the lanceolate sep. 
 and pet., basal hunches plicate rugose. Fr. Herb. Norm. viii. 
 60 ! Narrower and longer in all its parts than E. latifolia. 
 Only the very lowest 1. ovate, intermediate lanceolate, upper 1. 
 lanceolate-attenuate and merging gradually into the linear- 
 lanceolate bracts ; sheaths funnelshaped. FL green tinged with 
 purple. Pet. shorter than the downy germen. Label longer 
 than broad, crenate. Fr. abruptly obovate. Woods. P. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I, 
 
 3. E. violdcea (Bor.) ; st. many clustered, 1. ovate-lanceolate 
 the upper ones narrower passing gradually into slender bracts, 
 label triangular-ovate acuminate falling short of the ovate-lan- 
 ceolate sep. and pet., hunches plicate-crenate. E. B. S. 2773. 
 E. xiii. 486. E. purpurata (Sm.) ? Fl. " yellow-green tinged 
 with, pink." St. and 1. much tinged with purple. Ped. shorter 
 than the downy germen. Label longer than oroad, entire, with 
 an attenuate point. Woods. P. VIII. E. 
 
 4. E. ovdlis (Bab.) ; st. solitary, 1. ovate-oblong acute the 
 upper ones lanceolate 1 or 2 lowest bracts exceeding the fl. but 
 falling short of the fr., label transversely oval mucronate equal- 
 ling the ovate acute sep. and pet., basal hunches plicate-rugose. 
 E. B. S. 2884. Helleborine &c. No. 2. Ray 383. L. small ; 
 sheaths funnelshaped, rather close. Bracts all much smaller 
 than even the most uppermost leaf. Fl. varying from a dark yel- 
 low to blackish red, peduncle shorter than the downy germen. 
 Label transversely ovai, crenate, with a small acute point, and 
 elevated folded and tubercularly crenate hunches above. St. 
 
406 83. ORC HID ACE J2. 
 
 618 in. high. Settle, Yorkshire. Little Do ward Hill, 
 Herefordshire. Ormes Head. Durness, Sutherl. Barren, 
 Clare. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. E. palus'tris (Crantz) : 1. lanceolate, bracts falling short 
 of the somewhat drooping fl., label roundish blunt crenate 
 equalling the perianth. E. .#..270. St. 1218 in. high. Cal. 
 purplish green, pet. and lip white tinged with purple. Moist 
 places, not rare. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 13. CEPHALAK'THEBA ElcJi. 
 
 1. C. pal' lens (Rich.) ; 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bracts 
 exceeding the glabrous yermen, lip blunt included. E. B. 271. 
 C. grandiflora (Bab.) ed. viii. St. 12 18 in. high. Fl. white ; 
 lip marked with several elevated longitudinal lines. Sep. erect, 
 blunt. Woods, usually on a calcareous soil. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 2. C. ensifolia (Rich.) ; 1. lanceolate, bracts much falling short 
 of the glabrous germen, lip blunt included. E. B. 494. Height 
 12 18 in. Fl. white ; lip with several elevated white lines and 
 M vellow spot in front. Outer sep. acate. Woods, rare. P. V. 
 VI. E. S. I. 
 
 3. C rubra (Rich.) ; 1. lanceolate acute, bracts exceeding the 
 downy germen, lip acute equalling the pet. Sy. E. B. 1483. 
 Fl. purple; lip white with a purple margin, marked with many 
 wavy longitudinal lines. W T oods, very rare. In two or three 
 places in Gloucestershire. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Tribe III. Arethusea. 
 
 14. EPIPO'GUM S. G. GmeL 
 
 1. E. aphyl'lum (Sw.) ; Sy. E. B. 1486. Bot. Mag. 4821. 
 J2. xiii. 468. St. 18. 16. St. 37 in. high, sheathed. L. none. 
 Sep. and pet. narrowly lanceolate, acute, pale yellowish. Middle 
 lobe of lip ovate, furrowed, white, with 4 rows of purple tuber- 
 cles. Spur very thick. Column short, dilated above the stigma 
 to receive the base of the anther. Appendage triangular. 
 Damp wood near Tedstone Delamere, Herefordshire. Only 
 once found. Ringwood Chase near Ludlow. Misses Peele and 
 Lloyd. P. VIII. E. 
 
84. IKTDACEJE. 407 
 
 Tribe IV. Malaxidea. 
 
 15. CoRALLORRHl'zA 
 
 1. C. inndta (H. Br.) ; spur very short or wanting. E. E. 
 1547. Root of thick fleshy much-branched fibres. Height 6 
 12 in. Spike of few yellow flowers. Sep. and pet. lanceolate 
 acute. Lip oblong ; white, with a few purple spots, sometimes 
 with 3 equal lobes. Boggy woods, rare. P. VII. S. 
 
 16. MALAX'IS Sw. 
 
 1. M. paludosa (Sw.) ; st. with 3 5 oval concave leaves, lip 
 concave acute. E. B. 72. St. 1 4 in. high, 5-edged. Sep. 
 ovate, spreading. 2 turning upwards. Lip supeiior, erect, 3- 
 veined, its base surrounding the column. L. fringed at the end 
 with little bulbs. Forming a small bulb at its base. This plant 
 and the next rather grow upon the moss as epiphytes than 
 amongst it. Spongy bogs. P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 17. LIP'AKIS Ricli. (Sturmia (Eeich.) ed. viii.) 
 
 1. L. Loesel'ii (Rich.) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate, st. triangular, lip 
 obovate exceeding the petals. MalaxisSm., E. B. 47. St. 6 10 
 in. high. Fl. 6 12, in a lax spike, yellowish. Sep. lanceolate. 
 Pet, linear. Forming a large ovate bulb at its base, enclosed 
 in the whitish sheaths of the decayed leaves. An epiphyte ? 
 Spongy bogs in Norf., Suff., and Camb., now very rare. P. VI. 
 
 E. 
 
 Tribe V. Cypripediea. 
 
 18. CYrRiPE'DiuM Linn. Lady's Slipper. 
 
 l.C. Calceolus (L.) ; st. leafy, middle lobe of the column 
 nearly ovate blunt deflexed, lip slightly depressed falling short 
 of the calyx. E. B. 1. St. 12 18 in. high, downy, bearing 3 
 or 4 large ovate pointed leaves. Fl. usually solitary or 2, large; 
 sep. 1 1^ in. long, dark brown; pet. dark brown, rather narrower 
 than sep. ; lip 1 in. long, inflated, yellow, netted with darker 
 veins. Dense Northern woods, very rare. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 Order LXXXIV. 
 
 Perianth tubular, 6-parted, petal-like, in 2 often unequal rows 
 Stam. 3, epigynous, opposite the outer segments of the perianth. 
 
408 84. 
 
 Anth. bursting outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style]. 
 Stigmas 3, dilated, often like petals. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved; 
 valves bearing- the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds many. 
 Embryo cylindrical, enclosed in horny or fleshy albumeu. Ka- 
 dicle pointing towards the hile. 
 
 1. SISYRINCHIUM. Perianth 6-cleft ; segments nearly equal, 
 patent. Style short. Stigmas 3, rolled inwards, filiform. 
 Filaments connate below. 
 
 2. IRIS. Perianth 6-cleft ; alternate segments reflexed. 
 Stigmas 3, like petals, covering the stamens. 
 
 3. GLADIOLUS. Perianth irregular, 6-cleft, 2-lipped ; seg- 
 ments unequal. Style filiform. Stigmas 3, widening up- 
 wards. Seeds more or less winged. 
 
 4. ROMULEA. Perianth regular, 6-cleft; segments spreading. 
 Style filiform. Stigmas 3, bifid; lobes slender. 
 
 5. CROCUS. Perianth regular, funnelshaped with a long tube; 
 limb bellshaped. Style filiform. Stigma 3-fid or 3-parted ; 
 lobes widening upwards. 
 
 1. SISYKIN'CHIUM Linn. 
 
 1. S. angustifolium (Mill.) ; scape 2-edged nearly simple 
 nearly leatiess, spath 1 6-flowered falling short of the fl., seg- 
 ments of perianth emarginate mucronate [Caps, globular-trigonous] 
 Sy. E. B. 1491. S. Bermudianum (L.) ed. viii. Redoute LiL 
 v. 2d2. St. about 1 foot high. L. grasslike. Spath with about 
 equal lanceolate valves, falling short of the fl. in my Irish speci- 
 mens. Perianth blue ; segments narrowed below. Kerry, 
 Cork, Clare, and Galway. P. VII. I. 
 
 f2. S. californ'icum (Alton) ; scape simple compressed broadly 
 winged leafless, spath erect outer valve about equalling the fl. sheathing 
 connate at the base 3 5-flowered, per.-segm. oval narrowing below, caps, 
 ellipsoidal-trigonous. J. of _B. xxxiv. (1896) p. 494, t. 364. Scapes 
 usually 2. Per. yellow (becoming orange) with dark veins. Marsh, 
 Kosslare, Wexford. Rev. E. S.Marshall. Status uncertain. P. VI. I. 
 
 2. I'EIS Linn. Plag. 
 
 1. /. Pseud-ac' orus (L.) ; 1. swordshaped,st. roundish, perianth 
 beardless its inner segments narrower and falling short of the 
 stigmas. E. B. 678. St. terete, 25 feet high. Fl. yellow, 
 or in /. Bastardi (Bor.) fl. pale lemon-coloured. Caps, oblong, 
 trigonous, apiculate, a ; outer perianth-segrn. uniform clear 
 yellow with broadly obovate blade and rather short claw, stigm. 
 
GLADIOLUS. ROM ULEA. 409 
 
 narrow and long. /3. /. acoriformis (Bor.) ; outer perianth- 
 segm. with deeper blotch at the base, the blade euborbicular and 
 claw long narrowish yellow with prominent purplish veins. 
 Yellow of fl. paler than in a. Wet places. P. VI. VII. 
 Yellow Flag. E. S. I. 
 
 2. I.fcetidis'sima (L.) ; 1. swordshaped, st. compressed, peri- 
 anth beardless its inner segments about equalling the stigmas. 
 E. B. 596. R. ix. 347. Herb green, not glaucous, yielding au 
 unpleasant smell when bruised. St. 1-angled, 2 ft. high, FL 
 lead-coloured or bluish, rarely [var. citrina Bromf.] yellow, 
 seeds red. Woods and thickets. P. V. YII. Gladden.. E.I. 
 
 [*Z tuberosa (L.) ; 1. tetragonal, segments of the perianth 
 acute, root tuberous. Penzance. Cork. E. B. S. 2818.] E. I. 
 
 [J. spuria (L.) ; with linear 1., limb of outer per.-segm. roundish, inner 
 segm. and stig. violet, and conspicuous!}' apiculate carp., is apparently 
 established in marshes at Huttoft, Line.] 
 
 3. GLA'DIOLUS Linn. 
 
 1. G. illyr'icus (Koch); corm clothed with nearly parallel fibres 
 netted above with long narrow openings, fl. secund, filaments 
 longer than the anthers, cor. -tube nearly thrice as long as germen, 
 caps, oval emarginate with 3 rounded angles. Sy. E. B. 1493. 
 J. of B. i. t. 4. St. 83. 3. Height about 20 in. Corms ovate- 
 acuminate. L. slender, swordshaped. Sheaths 2-edged. Fl. - 
 reddish changing to bluish ; basal pet. rather acute, exceeding 
 the blunt lower lateral pet. ; " edges of upper pet. not covered 
 by the 2 adjoining ones " when the fl. are in their prime. Stigm. 
 narrow below widening from the middle upwards and there 
 fringed. Amongst Pteris in the New Forest. Isle of Wight. 
 Mr. A. G. More. P. VII. E. 
 
 4. HOM'ULEA Mar. 
 
 1. R. ColumncB (Seb. & Maur) ; scape 1-flowered usually 
 solitary slightly nodding, 1. filiform compressed furrowed 
 recurved, spath exceeding the tube of the cor., style falling 
 short of the stam., stigmas bifid. E. B. 2549. It. ix. 54. 
 Trichonema Bulbocodiwn Sm. A small plant not more than 
 4 in. high, with a corm. Fl. greenish without, pale with 
 purple stripes and yellow at the base within. Sandy places. 
 Dawlish Warren, Devon. Jersey and Guernsey. P. III. 
 IV. E. 
 
410 85. AMARYLLIDACEJE. 
 
 5. CEO'CTTS Linn. 
 * Scapes enveloped in a tubular sheath. 
 
 1. C. ver'nus (All.) ; 1. and fl. at the same time, spath 
 simple, throat of the cor. fringed with hairs, stigma shortly 3-fid, 
 lohes erect wedgeshaped jagged at th^ end, corm clothed with 
 slender netted fibres. E. B. 344. Fl. 12, violet-purple. 
 Near Nottingham ; and Mendham, Saff. P. III. E. 
 
 '2. C. nudifl6rus (Sm.); 1. succeeding the fl., spath simple, 
 stigma in 3 deeply laciniate divisions erect, corm with a mem- 
 branous coat. JE. B. 491. C. speciosus Hook. E. B. S. 2752. 
 L. linear, appearing in March. Fl. solitary, purple. Stigmas 
 only a little higher than the anthers, or rising considerably 
 above them. Meadows. P. IX. E. 
 
 ** Scapes naked. 
 
 [C. biflorus (Mill.) ; 1. and fl. at the same time, spath double, 
 stigma longer than the stam. erect deeply triiid, divisions trun- 
 cate and slightly notched at the end, corm with a membranous 
 coat. E. B. S. 2645. C. argenteus (Sab.) ed. viii. PL pale 
 lilac with yellow and purple stripes. And C. aureus (Sibth.) ; 
 1. and fl. together, spath simple, stigma shorter than the stam. 
 shortly 3-fid, segments truncate or slightly notched at the end, 
 corm coated with compact fibres. E. B. S. 2646. Fl. yellow. 
 On site of old garden, Barton, Suff. P. III.] 
 
 Order LXXXY. AMARYLLIDACEJE. 
 
 Stam. 6. Anth. bursting inwards. Kaphidiferous. Other- 
 wise like IRIDACE&. 
 
 1 . NARCISSUS. Perianth tubular below ; limb 6-parted, 
 spreading, w r ith equal segments, and bellshaped crown 
 within. Stam. alternately shorter, within the crown. 
 
 "2. LEUCOJUM. Perianth bellshaped, 6-parted, segments all 
 equal and thickened at their points. Stam. equal. 
 
 3. GALANTHUS. Perianth 6-parted, 3 outer segments spread- 
 ing, 3 inner shorter erect emarginate. Stam. equal, subulate. 
 
 1. NARCIS'SUS Linn. 
 
 1. ^N. biflonts (Curt.) ; 1. linear acutely keeled with reflex ed 
 edges, scape compresed 2-edged striate 1 2-flowered, crown 
 
86. ALISMACEJE. 411 
 
 very short concave crenate at the pale (ultimately white) 
 margin. E. B. 276. It. ix. 305. Pet. of a pale sulphur-colour, 
 sides slightly inflexed. Sandy fields. A rather doubtful 
 native. P. IV. V. E. I. 
 
 [2. N. poet'icm (L.) ; 1. linear bluntly keeled, scape com- 
 pressed 2-edged mostly 1-flowered, crown very short concave 
 crenate at the red margin. E. E. 275. JR. ix. 364. Pet. 
 white, broadly ovate, crown yellow. Heathy open fields on a 
 sandy soil. Norf., Kent. P. V.] E. 
 
 3. -N. Pseudo-narcis' sus (L.) : 1. linear bluntly keeled, scape 
 2-edged 1-flowered, perianth -segm. scarcely exceeding tube, 
 crown bellshaped crisped at the margin and crenate equalling 
 the perianth, pedicel within the spath short. E. B. 17. R. ix. 
 369. L. 2 or 3, scarcely a foot long. Fl. large, yellow. Open 
 woods and pastures. P. III. IV. Daffodil. E. S. 
 
 [ JV. obvalldris (Salisb.) ; " perianth all yellow, its segm. 
 exactly twice as long as tube, crown 6-lobed." Tenby. 
 N. incomparab' His (Mill.) Si/. E. B. 1502 ; crown erect j as 
 long as perianth, otherwise like Sp. 3. In several places in the 
 South. These are not native plants.] 
 
 2. LEUCO'JUM Linn. Snowflake. 
 
 tl. L. (zstwum (L.) ; spath many-flowered, style thickened 
 upwards. E. B. 621. R. ix. 362. Bulbous. Height 22^ 
 feet. Fl. festival, white, drooping ; tips greenish. L. broadly 
 linear, keeled, hibarnal. Scape 2-edged. Wet meadows in 
 the South and East. P. V. E. 
 
 t2. L. ver'num (L.) ; spath 1-flowered, style thickened up- 
 wards. #?/. E. B. 150(5. J. ofB. iv. t. 49. Bulbous. Height 
 8 10 inches. L. and white drooping flowers vernal. Near 
 Bridport and Bicester. P. II. IV. E. 
 
 3. GALAN'THOS Linn. Snowdrop. 
 
 ] . G. nivdlis (L.). J?. B. 19. R. ix. 363. Bulbous. Fl. soli- 
 tary, white, drooping; inner segments greenish. L. 2, keeled, 
 broadly linear, glaucous. Thickets in the West. P. II. III. E. 
 
 Order LXXXVI. ALISMACEJE. 
 
 Perianth free, of 6 leaves ; 3 inner or all coloured. Stam. 6. 
 Ovaries 3 6 or many, always distinct or ultimately separable; 
 carp, opening at the suture or not at all ; seeds 1 or many. 
 Embryo straight or curved ; albumen 0. No raphides. 
 
 T'2 
 
412 86. ALI8MA.CE.E. 
 
 Suborder I. ALISMOIDE/E. 
 
 Three inner perianth-segm. petal-like. Seeds 1 2 in each 
 cell, erect or ascending, on the suture. Embryo cylindrical, 
 doubled upon itself; radicle next the hile. 
 
 1. ALISMA. Fl. perfect. Stain. 6. Carp, many, forming a 
 ring or head, small, 1-seeded, not bursting. L. ovate or 
 narrow. 
 
 2. DAMASONIUM. FL perfect. Stam. 6. Carp. 6 8, rather 
 large, 2-seeded, combined at the base and spreading in a 
 radiant manner. L, cordate-oblong. 
 
 3. SAGITTARIA. Fl. monoecious. Male fl. with many sta- 
 mens. Female fl. with many 1-seeded compressed carpel* 
 forming ahead, upon a globose receptacle. L. sagittate. 
 
 Suborder II. BUTOME^l 
 
 Three inner perianth-segm. petal-like ; three outer herbaceous 
 or slightly coloured. Seeds many, minute. Placent i ramitied 
 over the inner surface of each carpel. Embryo straight or 
 curved ; radicle next the hile. 
 
 4. BUTOMUS. Perianth-segm. 6, all coloured, resembling a 
 corolla. Stam. 9. Carpels 0, connected below. 
 
 Suborder III. JUXCAGINE.E. 
 
 Perianth uniform, herbaceous, inconspicuous, orO. Seeds 1 2, 
 erect, close together and at the base of the carpel. Embryo 
 straight; radicle next the hile; plumule coming through a 
 lateral cleft in the embryo. 
 
 5. SCHEUCHZERIA. Perianth of 6 reflexed leaves. Stain. (>, 
 with slender filaments. Ovaries 3. Stigma sessile, downy . 
 Carpels compressed, inflated, diverging, 1 2-seeded, fre>3. 
 
 0. TRIGLOCHIN. Perianth of 6 erect deciduous leaves. Stam. 
 6; anth. almost sessile. Ovaries 3 l>. Stigmas sessile, 
 feathery. Carp, attached to an angular axis, from which 
 they at length separate at the base. 
 
ALISifA. SAGITTARIA. 413 
 
 Suborder I. Alismoidece. 
 
 1. ALIS'MA Linn. Water-Plantain. 
 
 1. A.Plantd(/o (L.) ; fl. -stalk panicled with whorled compound 
 branches, carp, ranged in a circle compressed blunt obovate, style 
 beloiv the top of inner edye of carp., 1. cordate-ovate or lanceolate. 
 12.12.837. JR. vii.t. 57. L. all radical, on long stalks. Sub- 
 mersed 1. linear. FJ. -stalks 23 ft, high. Fl. pale rose-colour. 
 Sep. ovate-oblong, styles twice as long as ovary. /3. A. lanceo- 
 lata (With.) ; 1. lanceolate narrowed below, Sy. E. B. 1438. 
 Sep. ovate, styles equalling the ovary. Perhaps distinct. By 
 water. P. VII. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 2. A. rammculoldes (L.) ; fl. -stalks umbellate, carp, angular 
 acute forming a globose squamose head, style terminal, 1. linear- 
 lancolate acute. E. E. 326. R. vii. t. 55. L. all radical, on 
 long stalks. Fl. -stalks from 3 to 24 in. long, ending in 1 or 2 
 umbellate whorls of simple peduncles. Fl. pale purple. /3. A. 
 repens (Dav.) ; stoloriiferous, producing 1. roots and fl. at the 
 nodes, fl. larger. E. E. 8. 2722. Turfy bogs. /3. By lakes in 
 Whales and Ireland. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. A. ndtans (L.) ; st. floating and rooting leafy, peduncles 
 simplei'rom the joinings of the stem, ca?y>.striate beaked, floating 
 1. stalked oblong blunt, radical leafless petioles broadly subu- 
 late. E. B. 776. It. vii. t. 54. Elisma Buchan. St. slender, 
 often very long. Root-petioles in small tufts. Fl/ rather 
 large, white with a yellow spot. Lakes, rare. P. VIII. E. 
 
 2. DAMASO'NIUM Hill. (Actinocarpus R. Er. cd. viii.) 
 
 1. D. Alis' ma (Mill.); stalks with 13 whorls of fl., carp, 
 subulate compressed opening longitudinally, 1. cordate-oblong. 
 E. B. 1615. Alisma L. L. all radical, floating, on long 
 stalks, 5-veined. Pet. white. Carp, large ; with 2 stalked 
 seeds, one from the lower angle erect, one from the upper hori- 
 zontal. Pond and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 3. SAGITTA'RIA Linn. Arrowhead. 
 
 1. & sagittifolia (L.) ; aerial 1. arrowshaped with lanceolate 
 straight lobes, fl.-stalk simple, fl. whorled. E. B. 84. R. vii. 
 t. 53. Stoloniferous ; each runner ending in a tuber. The 1. 
 that rise above the water are remarkably arrowshaped, with the 
 3 parts nearly equal. The submersed leafless petioles are linear. 
 Fl. white. Ditches and rivers. P. VIII. E. I. 
 
414 87. ASrARAGACE3. 
 
 Suborder II. Butomece. 
 
 4. BU'TOMUS Linn. Flowering Rush. 
 
 1. B.umbelldtus(L.).E.B.mi. R. vii. t. 58. Flowerstalk 
 radical, 2 3 feet high, overtopping the leaves, bearing an irre- 
 gular many-flowered simple umbel with scarious bracts and a 
 membranous 3-leaved involucre. Fl. rose-coloured. L. radical 
 slender, triangular. Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Suborder III. Juncayinea. 
 
 5. SCHEUCHZE'RIA Linn. 
 
 1. S.palus'tris(L>}. E.B. 1801. SK. 78. 4. E. x. 419. St. 
 6 8 in. high, erect. L. distichous, few, alternate, semicylin- 
 drical, blunt, with a minute pore on the upper side of the apex. 
 Raceme terminal, of about 5 greenish flowers. Caps, about 3, 
 much inflated. Sphagnous bogs, rare. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 6. TRTGLO'CHIN Linn. Arrow-grass. 
 
 1. T. mar it' t mum (L.) ; fr. ovoid of 6 combined carpels. 
 J?. B. 255. R. vii. t. 52. L. radical, linear, Fl. in a lax simple 
 f^pike or raceme, greenish. Muddy salt marshes. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2. T. palus'tre (L.) ; fr. linear angular of 3 combined carpels. 
 E. B. 366. JR. vii. t. 51. Slenderer than the preceding but 
 closely resembling it, 8 10 in. high. Stoloniferous. Marshy 
 places. P. VI. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 Order LXXXVII. ASPARAGACE^l. 
 
 Perianth inferior, petal-like, 6-parted or 4 8-parted. Stain. 
 
 or 4 8, inserted into the receptacle or on the perianth. A nth . 
 bursting inwards. Ovary superior, 3- (rarely 1-) celled. Ovules 
 
 1 or many in each cell. Styles 1 3. Fr. succulent, not bursting 
 Root not bulbous. Raphidiferous. 
 
 1. ASPABAGUS. Perianth 6-parted, bellshaped, tubular below 
 Stam. 6. Ovary4-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Style 1. Stiff 
 mas 3, reflexed* Fl. by abortion direeious. 
 
ASPARAGUS. POLYGONATUM. 415 
 
 2. CONVALLARIA. Perianth bellshaped, 6-parted, deciduous. 
 Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt, trigonous. 
 Berry with 1-seeded cells. Fl. jointed to pedicel. 
 
 3. POLYGONATUM. Perianth tubular, 6-toothed, tardily de- 
 ciduous. Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt, 
 trigonous. Berry with 1 2-seeded cells. Fl. not jointed 
 to pedicel. 
 
 4. MAIANTHEMUM. Perianth ^-parted', segments horizon- 
 tally patent or reflexed, deciduous. Stam. 4. Style 1, 
 bifid. Stigma blunt. Berry 2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 
 
 5. Ruscus. Dioecious. Perianth 6-pnrted to the base, per- 
 sistent. Filaments forming an ovoid tube, on the top of 
 which the 3 anth. are placed. Fern, the same, but the 
 anthers barren. Style 1. Stigmas capitate. Barry 1-celled, 
 rarely 2-seeded. Fl. on ditk of persistent leaflike shoots. 
 
 1. ASPAR'AGUS Linn. 
 
 1. A. officindlis (L.) ; st. herbaceous mostly erect without 
 spines branched, 1. clustered terete flexible setaceous. E. It. 
 339. Creeping. Stems many. a. A. maritimus (L.); st. 
 prostrate at the base, branches short about 1 ft. long. A. pro- 
 stratus (Dum.) ; Butt. S. Bot. Belg. i. t. 2. */3. altilis L.; st. 
 erect about>3 feet high, branches long. Sea-coast, rare. Kyn- 
 ance Cove, Cornwall. South coast of Anglesea. Glamorgan. 
 Giltar Point, Pernb. Tramore, Waterf. #. Escape from 
 cultivation. P. VIII. E. 1. 
 
 2. CONVALLA'RIA Linn. Lily of the Valley. 
 
 1. C. majdlis (L.). E. B. 1035. St. 14. 10. About a foot 
 high. L. 2, ovate-lanceolate, radical. Scape semicylindrical. 
 Fl. racemose, nodding, pure white, globose-bellshaped, fragrant. 
 --Woods and thickets. P. V. E. S. 
 
 3. POLYGONA'TUM Mill. Solomon's Seal. 
 
 1. P. verticilldtum (All.) ; I. linear-lanceolate whorled, st. erect 
 angular. E. B. 128. R. x. 435. St. 2 leet high. L. 35 in 
 a whorl. Berries red. Woods. Perthshire. Smalesmouth, 
 Northumberland. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 2. P. officindle (All.) ; 1. ovate-oblong half-clasping glabrous 
 alternate, st. angular, peduncles 1 2-flowered, cor. not narrowed 
 
416 88. LILIACE^E. 
 
 in the middle, filaments glabrous. Conv all aria Poly qonatum(\j.}, 
 E. />'. 280. R. x. 434.' Height 1 Irj foot. Berry bluish. 
 Woods, rare. P. V. E. 
 
 3. P. muUiflorum (All.) ; 1. ovate-oblong half-clasping glabrous 
 alternate, st. round, peduncles 1- or many-flowered, cor. narrowed 
 in the middle, filaments downy. E. B. 279. R. x. 433. Height 
 '2 feet. Berry bluish. Woods. P. V. E. S. 
 
 4. MAIAN'THEMCM Weber. 
 
 1. M. ConvaUdrin (Web.) ; st. with 2 alternate stalked 
 triangular-cordate leaves. Ger. Herb. p. 409. Smilacina, 
 >s//. E. B. 1510. R. x. 43C. M. bifolium (DC.) ed. viii. St. 
 (' 8 in. high. Root filiform. L. very deeply cordate. Ha- 
 t-erne terminal, resembling a spike. Fl. small ; segments 
 rt:flexed. Woods. Near Scarborough, in plenty. Howick, 
 Xorthumb. (now eradicated). Caen Wood, Middlesex. Dingley 
 Wood, Preston; Har wood, Blackburn. Gerard. Hunstanworth, 
 Durham. P. V. E. 
 
 5. Kos'cus Linn. Butcher's Broom. 
 
 1. -R. acuhdtus (L.) ; leaflike flattened shoots ovate-attenu- 
 ate very acute rigid bearing the fl. upon the middle of their 
 upper surface, fl. 1 rarely 2 with aflat subulate scarious 1-veined 
 bract. E.B.56Q. R. x. 437. Evergreen. Jb'l. small. L. very 
 minute. Thickets. Sh. III. IV. E. S.'? 
 
 Order LXXXVIIL LILIACE^. 
 
 Perianth inferior, petal-like, 6-leaved, 6-parted or with 6 teeth. 
 Stain. 6, inserted on the receptacle or on the perianth. Anth. 
 bursting inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules many in 
 each cell. Style 1 . Stigmas 3 or 1 . Fr. dry, capsular, bursting 
 with 3 valves bearing the dissepiment on their middle. 
 
 Tribe I. TULIPEJE. Periantn-1. nearly or quite distinct. 
 Cells of caps, many-seeded. Seeds flat (in Lloydia angu- 
 lar), placed closely one above another ; testa pale or fuscous, 
 not crustaceous. St. usually more or less leafy. Bulbous. 
 
 1. TULIPA. Perianth without nectaries, deciduous. Anth. 
 erect. Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed. Seeds flat. 
 
 2. ERITILLARIA. Perianth deciduous; a nectariferous de- 
 pression at the base of each leal. Anth. attached above their 
 base. Style 3-fid at the apex, Seeds flat. 
 
SS. LILIACEJE. 417 
 
 [3. LILIUM. Perianth deciduous, spreading or reflexed ; a 
 longitudinal nectariferous furrow at the base of each leaf. 
 Anth. attacked above their base. Stigma capitate. Seeds flat.] 
 
 4. LLOYDIA. Perianth persistent, patent. Stam. inserted at 
 the base of perianth. Anth. erect. Style filiform. Stigma 
 trigonous. Seeds angular above, flat beneath. 
 
 Tr. II. ASPHODELEsE. Fl. not jointed to their stalks. 
 Leaves of perianth distinct. Cells of caps, few-seeded. Seeds 
 various in form, usually with a black crustaceous testa. 
 St. usually leafless. Bulbous. 
 
 5. OBNITHO^ALUM. Perianth -1. 6, spreading, persistent. 
 Stam. on the receptacle and adhering only slightly to the 
 perianth. Anth. attaehedby their backs. Fl. white or yellow, 
 never blue. 
 
 6. (JTAGEA. Perianth-1. 6, spreading, persistent. Stam. ad- 
 hering to the base of the perianth. Anth. erect. Fl. corym- 
 bose or umbellate, yellow. 
 
 7. SCILLA. Perianth-1. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam. on 
 the base of the perianth. Anth. attached by their backs. 
 Fl. racemose, never white or yellow. 
 
 8. ALLIUM. Perianth-1. 6, rather spreading. Stam. at the 
 base of the perianth. Anth. attached by their backs. FL 
 umbellate. Spath of 1 or 2 leaves. 
 
 Tr. III. ANTRERICEsE. Fl. jointed to their stalks. Leaves 
 of perianth slightly connected below. Cells of caps, few- 
 seeded. Seeds various in form. Not bulbous. 
 
 9. PUBILABIA. Perianth-1. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam. 
 on the base of the perianth. Filaments bearded. Anth. 
 attached by their backs. Caps. 3-celled, 6-seeded. 
 
 Tr. I V. HEMER O CALLIDE^E. Leaves of the perianth com- 
 bined below. Cells of the caps, few-seeded. Seeds various 
 in form ; testa (in our plants) black. Bulbous. 
 
 10. ENDYMION. Perianth tubular-bellshaped, of 6 connivent 
 leaves with reflexed points combined below. Stam. inserted 
 below the middle of the perianth ; filaments decurrent. 
 
 11. MUSCABI. Perianth globose or subcylindrical, narrowed 
 at the mouth, 6- toothed. Stam. inserted at about the 
 middle of the tube ; filaments not decurrent. 
 
 x5 
 
418 88. LILIACEJE. 
 
 Tribe I. Tulipca. 
 
 1. TCLI'PA Linn. Tulip. 
 
 1. T. syhes'tris (L.) ; st. 1-flowered glabrous, fl. at first droop- 
 ing, tip of segments of perianth and base of stamens hairv. 
 E.B. 63. St. 29. 11. .K.x.446. Fl. yellow,rarely produced 
 in a wild state. Chalk-pits in the Eastern Counties. " Mea- 
 dows near Nottingham and in Yorkshire.' 7 P. IV. V. E. 
 
 2. FRITILLA'KIA Linn. Fritillary. 
 
 1. F. Meledgris (L.) ; st. 1-flowered leaf} 7 , 1. all alternate 
 linear-lanceolate. E. B. 622. St. 18. 4. JR. x. 442. About a 
 foot high. Fl. dull red with many dark spots, rarely white. 
 Meadows and pastures in the East and South. P. V. E. 
 
 3. LIL'IUM Linn. Lily. 
 
 [1. L. Martdgon(L ); 1. whoiied elliptic-lanceolate, st. downy 
 roughish, fl. nodding, perianth reflexed. E. E. S. 2799. _R. x. 
 451. Height 1 1 J foot. Fl. violet-flesh-coloured with dark- 
 purple spots. Copses. P. VI. VII. TurWs-cap LilyJ] E. 
 
 [L. pyrenaicum (Gouan) ; 1. scattered linear-lanceolate, 
 fl. nodding, periauth reflexed. Sy. E. B. 1517. About 1 ft. 
 liigh. Fl. yellow with black dots below. Between South 
 Molton and Mollond, Devon.] E. 
 
 4. LLOYD'IA Salisl. 
 
 1. L. alpina (Salisb.) ; root-1. semicylindrical, st.-l. dilateu 
 "below and sheathing, fl. mostly solitary, nectary a transverse 
 plait. E. B. 793. St. i ; 8. 2. E. x. 440. L. serotina (K.) 
 ed. viii. Anthericum Sin. Height 5 or 6 in. St. and 1. 
 springing separately from the root. St.-l. several, short. El. 
 white with reddish lines internally. Welsh monutains, very 
 rare. Snowdon. Glyder Fawr, P. VI. E. 
 
 Tribe II. Asphoddea. 
 
 5. ORNITHOG'ALUM Linn. Star of Bethlehem. 
 
 Jl. O. umbelldtam (L.) ; fl. corymbose, ped. exceeding the 
 Iinear-lanceolat3 bracts^ filaments lanceolate simple, 1. linear 
 
GAGUA. SCILLA. 419 
 
 glabrous. E. B. 130. R. x. 467. L. exceeding the stem or 
 filiform and shorter. Height 812 in. Fl. white with a broad 
 green longitudinal band externally. Meadows and pastures. 
 P. V. .E. S. 
 
 2. O. pyrena'icum (L.) ; fl. in an elongated narrow raceme, 
 ped. at first spreading afterwards erect, bracts lanceolate-acu- 
 minate, filaments dilated below with a long point, 1. soon fading 
 linear grooved. E. B. 499. St. leafless, 23 feet high. Ra- 
 ceme becoming very long. Fl. greenish white ; segments of the 
 perianth variable in breadth. L. withering before the stalk 
 appears, rarely contemporaneous. Woods. Extremely com- 
 mon near Bath. Sussex. Bedfordshire. P. VI. E. 
 
 [3. O. niitans (L.) ; fl. few in a lax nodding raceme, ped. 
 falling short of the bracts, filaments flat membranous trifid, the 
 lateral points acute, middle one very short bearing the anther, 
 1. linear-lanceolate. E. B. 1997. Albucea R. x. 473. Height 
 9 12 in. Fl. large, white, greenish externally. Fields and 
 orchards, rare. P. IV. V.] E. 
 
 6. GA'GEA Salisb. 
 
 1. G.fasciculdris (Salisb.) ; radical 1. usually solitary linear- 
 lanceolate flat, bracts 2 opposite, peduncles umbellate simple 
 glabrous, segments of the perianth oblong blunt, bulb ovate 
 solitary.^. B. 21. R. x. 477. G. lutea (Ker) ed. viii. 
 Ornithogalum L. St. about 6 in. high, shorter than the leaves. 
 Bracts lanceolate, one often exceeding the yellow flowers. 
 Bulb often enclosing many small round offsets. Woods and 
 thickets, rare. P. III. IV. E. S. 
 
 7. SCIL'LA Linn. Squill. 
 
 1. S. auturnndlis (L.) ; 1. linear many, raceme lax, peduncles 
 ascending, bracts O.E. B. 78. R. x. 463. Height 46 in. 
 Fl. purplish blue with a green line down the back, in perfection 
 before the 1. appear. Dry pastures in the South and West. 
 P. VIII. Autumnal Squill. E. 
 
 2. & ver'na (Huds.) ; 1. linear channelled hooded at the end 
 many, raceme few-flowered corymbose, bracts lanceolate, a,s long 
 as or longer than the peduncles. E. B. 23. R. x. 463. Height 
 4 5 in. Fl. blue. L. as long as or longer than the stalk. 
 Western and Northern coasts. P. IV. V. Vernal Squill, E. S. I. 
 
420 88. LILIACEJ5. 
 
 8. AL'LIUM Linn. Garlic. 
 
 * Alternate stamens broader and ^-pointed, the middle point 
 alone bearing an anther. POHRUM Tourn. 
 
 f Stem-leaves flat or keeled, not hollow. 
 
 A. Ampelop' rasum (L.) ; st. leafy below, 1. linear, spath 
 long, umbel globose compact, stain, exserted, anther-bearing 
 point of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part, bulb 
 compound of 2 4 divisions. E. B. 1657. Bulb with large off- 
 sets within its coats. St. 2 6 feet high. L. long, linear. 
 Spath parting at the base, and falling off in one piece before the 
 fl. open ; horn 1 2 in. long. Fl. pale purple, the keel of the 
 outer Bubentarginate segments greenish and roughish. Germen 
 rather globose ; transverse projections at about the middle ; 
 lower spaces slightly excavated. Head-bulbs very rare, when 
 present small, the size of peas. Steep Holmes Islands in the 
 Severn (remains of former cultivation). Cliffs in Guernsey. 
 
 p. viii. k 
 
 fl. A. Babingtonii (Borr.) ; st. leafy below, 1. acutely keeled, 
 spath long-pointed, umbel loose irregular with hemispherical 
 bulbs, stam. exserted, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed filaments 
 rather shorter than the undivided part and with an incurved tip 
 when young, bulb compound of few (2) divisions. E. B. ti. 
 2906. St. 46 feet high. L. long, linear, broad. Heads 
 large, with many bulbs about as large as hazelnuts (a character 
 quite constant in cultivation). Spath usually deciduous in two 
 pieces or persistent ; horn 1 2 in long. Fl. pale reddish 
 purple, rather few, more conical than in the preceding, only 
 slightly opening ; outer segments with a green keel, ovate- 
 oblong, with callous points, edges and back rough with minute 
 pellucid points ; inner segments slightly emarginate and with- 
 out points. Lengthened stalks 1 2 in. long, bearing secondary 
 heads, are usually present. Gerinen rather conical ; transverse 
 projection below the middle ; lower spaces rather deeply ex- 
 cavated. Koundstone sparingly, and South Isles of Aran plen- 
 tifully, Co. Galway. Cornwall. P. VIII. E. 1. 
 
 2. A. Scorodop' rasum (L. !) ; st. leafy below, 1. flat, sheaths 
 2-edged, spath short and broad with a very short point, umbel 
 globose with many spherical small bulbs, stam. included or 
 equalling the perianth, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed fila- 
 ments shorter than the undivided part or the lateral points, 
 bulb with many purple offsets. E. B. S. 2905. A. arenarium 
 Sm. St. 2 3 feet high. Heads small. Fl. few, purple - f seg- 
 ments all with a minute apiculus, outer with the edged and keel 
 
421 
 
 rough. Head-bulbs deep purple. Sandy woods and fields in 
 the North. P. VI. VII. E. 8. I. 
 
 tf Stem-leaves hollow. 
 
 3. A. vinedle (L.) ; st. leafy below, /. terete slightly channelled 
 above, spath 1-valved short with a slender long point, umbel 
 globose with many bulbs, stain, exserted, anther-bearing point 
 of ^-pointed filaments equalling the undivided part and half as 
 long as the lateral points, E. B. 1974. R. I. t. 404. A. are- 
 nariuni Fries. St. 2 feet high. L. faded at the time of flower- 
 ing. Heads of few pale rose-coloured fl. with green keels and 
 long stalks. Head-bulbs small , oval, acute, greenish. fi. A.com- 
 pactum (Thuil.) ; umbel without fl., head-bulbs with a leaflike 
 point. Waste ground and dry fields. /3 is the more common 
 state. P. VII. Crow-Garlic. E. S. I. 
 
 4. A. sphceroceph' alum (L.) ; st. leafy below, 1. subcylindrical 
 channelled above, spath 2-valved short, umbel globose without 
 bulbs, stam. twice as long as the perianth, anther-bearing point 
 of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part longer than 
 the lateral points, bulb accompanied by stalked olisets. JE. B. S. 
 2813. St. 12 feet high. L. usually faded before the time of 
 flowering. Heads of many rose-coloured or purple fl. ; keels 
 darker and rough. St. Vincent's Hocks, Bristol. Sands in 
 Jersey. P. VII. E. 
 
 ** Stam. all simple, not 3-pointed, connected at the base. Spath 
 2- valued, one valve with a long point. St.-L narrow. 
 
 5. A. olerdceum (L.) ; st. leafy below, 1. channelled above 
 ribbed beneath, 8path with one of the points very long, umbel 
 with bulbs, stam. equalling or shorter than the perianth. JE. B. 
 488. Height 12 feet. L. (of the Bristol plant) thick, fleshy, 
 solid, nearly flat but slightly and broadly channelled above, with 
 4 ribs beneath. Segments of perianth blunt. /3. A. complanatum 
 (Bor.); stam. shorter than the perianth,!, of equal thickness 
 throughout curved upwards at the sides so as to appear chan- 
 nelled with many ribs on each side. A. carinatum Sm., E. B. 
 1658. Borders of fields, rare. j8. Mountains in the North. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 6. A. carinatum (L.) ; st. leafy below, 1. nearly flat, umbel 
 nearly without bulbs, stam. much exceeding perianth. Height 
 1 2 feet. L. erect, slightly channelled below, flat in the upper 
 part, slightly furrowed (not keeled) beneath. Perianth-segm. 
 blunt, rose-coloured. Newark. Seguden, Carse of Gowrie. 
 By Esk above Mucselburgh, abundant. P. VIII. E. S. 
 
422 88. LILIICE.IE. 
 
 *** Slam, all simple, and distinct. Spath 2-valved, short. 
 Leaves hollow. 
 
 7. A . Schcenop 'rasum (L. ) ; st. leafless or with one leaf, 1. terete 
 or slightly flattened above subulate, spath ovate pointed about 
 equalling the flowers, umbel many-flowered globose without 
 bulbs, stam. about half the length of the lanceolate segments of 
 the perianth. E. B. 2441. St. about 6 in. high. L. straight, 
 mostly with smooth ribs. Pet. lanceolate. Barren bulbs 
 with leaves. Fl. pink. Forming dense tufts. /3. A. sibiricum 
 (L.) ; 1. curved and bent downwards with crenulate ribs, pet. 
 lanceolate-attenuate, barren bulbs single-leaved, style longer 
 than the young germen. E. B. S. 2934. Height 6 in. to 2 feet. 
 Heads large. Possibly a distinct species. Meadows and pas- 
 tures in mountainous situations. /3. Rocks and cliffs near the 
 sea. Tintagel and Rill Head, also between Kynance Cove and 
 Mullion, Cornwall. P. VI. VII. Chives. E. S. I. 
 
 Stam. all simple. Leaves flat , all radical. 
 
 f8. A.trlquetrwn (L.) ; st. triquetrous, I. linear acutely folded 
 and keeled, spath 2-valved about equalling the erect bulbless 
 lax umbel, stam. half as long as the oblong segments of the peri- 
 anth.^. B. 8. 2963. R. x. 503. Bulb ovate. L. angularly 
 folded, acute. Segments of perianth white with a slender green 
 midrib. Hedges in Guernsey. Helston, Corn. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 9. A. ursinum (L.) ; st. naked triangular, I. stalked ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, spath 2-valved ovate, umbel level-topped lax bulbless. 
 E. B. 122. Bulb slender, oblong. L. few, broad, smooth, bright 
 green. Stalk one, as tall as or taller than the leaves. Fl. white. 
 Smelling strongly of garlic when bruised. Damp woods and 
 hedges. P. V. VI. Jiamsons. E. S. 1. 
 
 \_A. ambig'uum (Sin.) ; E. B. S. 2803. Rochester. Eye 
 Castle Hill, Sufi'. Not a native ; nor is A. paradoxum (Don) 
 e,t Binnig Craig, Linlithgow.] 
 
 Tribe III. Anthericece. 
 
 9. PUBILAKIA. Eaf. (Simethis Kunth, ed. viii.) 
 
 1. P. bicolor (Raf.). E. B. S. 2952. Root of fleshy fibres. 
 L. linear, flat, or a little keeled upwards. St. and 1. enclosed in 
 sheathing scales and surrounded by brown fibres. Fl. panicled. 
 Pet. purple without, white within. Seed-stalks thick, white. 
 Seeds black. Sandy heaths. Near Bournemouth, Dorset. Near 
 Derrynane, Kerry. P. V. E. I. 
 
89. MELANTHACE^E. 423 
 
 Tribe IV. Hemerocallidea. 
 
 10. ENDYM'ION Dumort. Blue-bell. 
 
 1 . E. nutans (Dum.) ; 1. linear, raceme nodding, fl. bellshaped 
 cylindrical, tip of the sep. revolute, bracts 2. E. B. 377. 
 Scilla festalis (Sali^b.). Agraphis Link. Scape about a foot 
 high. Fl. blue, rarely white. Stam. united to the perianth 
 halfway up. L. shorter than the scape. Woods and thickets. 
 P. V. English Blue-bell. E. S. T. 
 
 11. MUS'CAKI Mill. Grape-Hyacinth. 
 
 1. M. racemosum (Mill.) ; fl. ovoid nodding crowded 
 upper ones nearly sessile abortive, 1. linear channelled flaccid 
 recurved at the end. E. B. 1931. Scape 1 ft. high. Fl. dark 
 blue, scented. Caps, emarginate. Not M. neglect-urn (Guss.), 
 as supposed in ed. 6. The cultivated plant, M. botryoides, has 
 globose flowers. Sandy fields. Plentiful near Cavenham and 
 Pakenham, Suffolk. About Gogmagog Hills, Cambridge. 
 P. IV. V. E. 
 
 Order LXXXIX. MELANTHACE^E. 
 
 Perianth inferior, 6 7-parted. Stam. 6, on the receptacle or 
 perianth. Anth. attached below their middle. Ovaries supe- 
 rior, 1 of 3 cells, or 3 of 1 cell more or less connected. Ovules 
 many. Styles 1 3. Fr. bursting inwards, of 3 separate 1- 
 celleci. follicles, or more or le^s combined into a o-celled 
 capsule. 
 
 1. COLCHICUM. Perianth funnelshaped, tube long ; limb 
 G-parted, petal-like. Styles long. Caps. 8, connected 
 throughout, opening at the inner edge, many-seeded. 
 Tuberous. 
 
 2. TOFIELDIA. Perianth 6-leaved. Styles short. Caps. :}, 
 connected to above the middle, 1 -celled, opening at the 
 inner edge, many-seeded. A creeping rhizome. 
 
 3. NARTHFCIUM. Perianth 6-parted. Style undivided. Caps. 
 3-celled, loculicidal, many-seeded ; seed with a long fili- 
 form appendage at each end ; placenta basal. 
 
 1. COL'CHICUM Linn. Meadow-Saffron. 
 
 1. C. autumndle (L.) ; 1. flat lanceolate erect. E. B. 133. 
 Root-stock large, tuberous. L. a foot long and often an inch 
 
424 90. JUNCACE2E. 
 
 broad, dark green, smooth, vernal. Fl. bright purple, radical, 
 with very long tubes, autumnal; germen remaining under 
 ground in winter, rises in spring with the leaves. Rarely 
 greenish spring fl. are found. Meadows. P. IX. X. E. S. 1. 
 
 2. TOFIEL'DIA Huds. Scottish Asphodel. 
 
 1. T. palus'tris ; (Huds.) ; pedicels with a 3-lobed bract at the 
 base but none at the top. .E. B. 536. T. borealis Wahl. St. 
 78. 8. St. 4 8 in. high. L. swordshaped, about 2 in. long, 
 in 2-ranked radical tufts. Fl. in a short dense spike, at first 
 jsessile, afterwards slightly stalked. Mountain bogs. P. VII. 
 
 E. S. 
 
 3. NARTHE'CIUM Huds. Bog-Asphodel. 
 
 1. -A 7 , ossifragum (Huds.) ; 1. swordshaped, pedicels with 1 
 bract at their base and another above their middle, perianth- 
 segm. linear-oblong exceeding starn. and much falling short of 
 caps. j& B. 535. St. 78. 3. R. x. 421. St. 6 8 in. high, 
 slightly leafy, decumbent and rooting below. L. mostly in 
 radical 2-ranked tufts, half the height of the stem. FL bright 
 yellow. Turfy bogs. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XC. J UNCAGED. 
 
 Perianth of 6 glume-like scarious segments. Stam. usually 
 ft, on the base of the segments ; or 3, opposite to the outer 
 series. Anth. 2-celled, attached by base. Ovary 1 3-celled, 
 superior. Ovules 1, 3, or many in each cell. Style 1, stigmas 
 3. Fr. capsular, 3-valved, loculicidal. Embryo subcylindrical, 
 very minute, within firm albumen, near the hile. No raphides. 
 
 1. JUNCUS. Perianth glume-like, 6-leaved. Filaments gla- 
 brous. Style undivided. Stigmas 3, filiform. Caps. 3- 
 celled, 3-valved. Seeds attached to the inner edge of the 
 dissepiments. L. mostly not flat. 
 
 2. JUNCOIDES. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, with dissepiments. 
 Sepcls 3, at the base of the capsule. Otherwise like Jnncus. 
 L. flat, grass-like. 
 
 1. JUJN'CUS Linn. Rush. 
 
 * Barren and fertile stems subulate, with sheathing radical long 
 leaves like the stem, or mucronate sheaths. Seeds with a 
 loose testa forming a sack at each end (appendaged). 
 
 1. J. marit'imus (Lam.) ; sheaths short pale, 1. terete sharp- 
 pointed, panicle compound erect, per.-seym. equal lanceolate 
 
JUNCUS. 
 
 425 
 
 acute equalling the elliptic mucronate capsule, seeds fusiform. 
 E. B. 1725. R. ix. 402. St. erect, 12 feet hi<2:h. Panicle 
 long, lax. Salt marshes near the sea. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. J. acutus (L.) ; sheaths long- shining, 1. terete sharp- pointed, 
 panicle very compound mostly compact, per.-segm. equal half 
 the length of the roundish ovoid caps., 3 inner ones blunt with a 
 membranous border, seeds broad-ovate. E. B. 1614. St. 71. 6. 
 R. ix. 401. St. erect, rigid, with a very sharp rigid point, 3 6 
 feet high. Panicle dense, corymbose. Fr. twice as large as 
 that of Sp. 1. Sands on the sea-coast, rare. P. VI. E. I. 
 
 ** Barren and fertile stems subulate with sheaths at their bases 
 which are either leafless or bear rudimentary leaves. Seeds 
 with a close testa (not appendaged). 
 
 3. J. effdsus (L.) ; st. faintly striate soft, pith continuous, 
 panicle close or diffuse, sheaths dull brown not inflated, caps. 
 obovate retuse not mucronate, stam. 3. E. B. 836. R. ix. 
 413. Height 1 2 feet. L. none or minute and slender at the 
 top of sheathing scales. Panicle diffuse, branched ; or more 
 or less dense, globose. Anth. oval, short. Marshy ground. 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. J. conglomerate (L.) ; st. faintly striate soft, pith con- 
 tinuous, panicle close or diffuse, from inflated sheaths, caps. 
 obovate retuse mucronate, stam. 3. E. B. 835. St. 71. 3. 
 R. ix. 408. Height 1 2 feet. L. none or minute and slender 
 at the top of the sheathing scales. Panicle globose, dense ; or 
 more or less diffuse. Anth. linear. The mucro in the hollowed 
 top of the caps, resembles a little hill bearing the style. 
 Marshy ground. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. J. inflex'us (L.) ; st. deeply striate rigid, pith interrupted, 
 panicle loose much branched erect, per.-segm. lanceolate subu- 
 late rather exceeding the elliptic-oblong mucronate capsule, stam. 
 6.E. B. 665. St. 71. 5. R. ix. 41o. J.glaucus (Sibth.) ed. viii. 
 Panicle ascending, diffuse. Fr. black. St. rigid, slender, 
 glaucous, 12 18 in. high. Sheaths dark. L. none or minute 
 and slender at the top of the scales. Wet places. P. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 6. J. diffusus (Hoppe) 1 ; st. finely striate rigid, pith continuous, 
 panicle loose much branched erect, per.-segm. lanceolate-subu- 
 late exceeding the obovate-blunt mucronate capsule, stam. 6. 
 Sy. E. B. 1562. St. 77. 10. R. ix. 414. Very like the pre- 
 ceding, but the caps much smaller. St. green. In wet places, 
 rare. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 1 Now regarded as a hybrid between Sp, 3 and 5. H. & J. G. 
 
426 90. JUXCACEJE. 
 
 7. J. bal'ticus (Willd.) ; st. very faintly striate rigid, pith 
 continuous, panicle erect slightly branched, per.-spgm. ovate- 
 lanceolate acute, caps, elliptic scarcely trisronous blunt mucro- 
 nate. E. B. S. '262L St. 71. 2. R. ix. 411. Creeping widely. 
 L. none or very minute points at the top of the sheathing 
 scales. Distinguished from J. arcticus by its rounded not tri- 
 gonous capsules ; from J. inflexus by its far-creeping rhizome, 
 scarcely striate st. and continuous pith. Sandy and wet sea- 
 coasts of Scotland. P. VII. 8. 
 
 8. J. filifor'mis (L.) ; st. filiform faintly striate, panicle simple 
 of few (about 7)jft. placed near the middle of the st., per.-segm. 
 lanceolate acute, caps, roundish obovate blunt mucronate. 
 E. B. 1175. St. 36. 10. R. ix. 412. L. none or as in the 
 preceding plants. St. remarkably slender, about 1 ft. high ; 
 small panicles placed very low. Rhizome creeping. Stony 
 margins of lakes in the North. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 *** Stems mostly leafy, none barren. 
 t Fl. capitate or solitary and terminal. Seeds appendaged. 
 
 9. J. castdneus (Sm.) ; st. with 2 3 channelled /., cymes 
 terminal solitary or 2 or 3, per -segm. elliptic-lanceolate acute 
 half as long as the ovate-oblong pointed trigonous capsules, 
 creeping. E. B. 900. St. 71. 14. R. ix. 393. St. 812 in. 
 high. Hoot with lax runners. Leaflike bract exceeding the 
 flowers. Caps, chocolate-coloured, about J inch long. Fila- 
 ments about twice as long as the anthers. Micaceous mountain 
 bogs at a great elevation, rare. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 10. J. triglumis (L.) ; st. leafless round, I. radical subulate 
 channelled bitubular, 2 or 3 fl. terminal erect usually equalling 
 the membranous bract, per.-segm. elliptic-oblong blunt falling 
 rather short of the ovatc-oblonq blunt mucronate caps, ccespitose. 
 E. B. 899. St. 28. 2. R. ix. 392. St. several from one 
 root, 3 6 in. high, perfectly round. Leaflike bract equalling 
 or falling: short of the flowers. Caps, chestnut-coloured. 
 Boggy places on mountains. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 11. J. biglumis (L.) ; st. leafless channelled on one side, I. radi- 
 cal subulate compressed (not channelled, nor bitubular), fl. 2 uni- 
 lateral upper which is stalked usually falls short of the leaflike 
 bract, per.-segm. oblong blunt falling rather short of the turbi- 
 nate retuse trigonous caps., root fibrous. E. B. 898. St. 2 4 
 in. high, seldom more than one from each root. Caps, light 
 brown with purple margins. Boggy spots on mountains, rare. 
 P. VIII. S, 
 
427 
 
 12. J. trifidus (L.) ; st. with one leaf on its upper part, "basal 
 sheaths awned, upper sheath with a short L, fl. 1 3 ivith two 
 setaceous leaflike bracts, per.-segm. acute, falling short of the 
 rounded elliptic beaked caps., creeping. E. B. 1482. St. 71. 
 12. R. ix. 394. St. crowded, erect, slender, 26 in. high. 
 Occasionally the stem-1. is wanting, and sometimes it has a 
 second head in its axil. Perianth and caps, dark brown. Damp 
 rocky places on mountains. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 ff Flowers in 1 terminal cluster or 2 one above the other, or 
 in panicled clusters. Seeds not appendaged. 
 
 13. J. capitdtus (Weigel) ; st. naked erect simple, 1. radical 
 filiform, head terminal mostly solitary falling short of the seta- 
 ceous bract, per.-segm. unequal, outer ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate-aristate frice as long as the truncate apiculate caps., stam. 3. 
 E. B. S. 2044. Plant 14 in. high. L. half as long as the 
 stems. Heads large, of 3 10 sessile flowers. Land's End and 
 Lizard district, Corn. ; G uernsey and Jersey . A. VI. VII. E. 
 
 14. J. obtusiflorus (Ehrh.) ; 1 -leaved st. and internally jointed 
 /. terete, panicle repeatedly compound spreading divaricate, per.- 
 segm, equal blunt equalling the ovate acute trigonous (pale 
 brown) capsule. E. B. 2144. R. ix. 404. Erect, 23 feet 
 high. St. and 1. not compressed. Segm. of perianth pale, often 
 purplish, quite blunt or with a small inflexed point. Marshes, 
 rare. P. VIL IX. E.S.I. 
 
 15. J.acutifl6rus(TZhvli.~)*, 3 4-leavedst.and internally jointed 
 /. subcompressed, panicle compound pyramidal, per.-segm. acute 
 inner ones longest all falling rather short of the narrow ovate- 
 acuminate rostrate triquetrous (pale brown) capsule. E.B. 238. 
 R. ix. 406. St. erect, 1 J 2 feet high. L slightly compressed. 
 Clusters 5 -flowered. [/3. multiflorus (Weihe) ; clusters fewer 
 larger, per.-segm. equalling fr.] Boggy places. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 16. J. articuldtus (L.) ; 3 6-leaveds. and internally jointed 
 /. compressed, panicle repeatedly compound erect forked, per.- 
 segm. equal hcute the inner ~ones blunt all falling short of the 
 ovate-attenuate mucronate triquetrous (dark brown) capsule. 
 E. B. 2143. R. ix. 405. J. lamprocarpus (Ehrh.) ed. viii. 
 St. erect, 1218 in. high. L. compressed ; many internal 
 transverse divisions. Clusters 4 8-flowered. Boggy places. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
428 90. 
 
 17. J. alpinus (Vill.) ; st. 2 3-leaved erect almost terete, l.-sheaths 
 with acute dorsal angle, pan. compound with nearly erect branches, per.- 
 segm. equal obtuse the outer 3 mucronate, fr. oblong-ovoid mucronate. 
 R. ix. 403. Resembling Sp. 16 but smaller and more slender, internal 
 transverse divisions of 1. less apparent, pan. -branches more erect and 
 slender, fl. fewer (2 5), per.-segm. broader with narrow scarious 
 margin, caps, shorter and blunter. Mountain bogs. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 18. J. nigritel'lus (D. Don) 1 ; 3 4-leaved st. and internally 
 jointed /. nearly cylindrical, panicle slightly compound erect, 
 sheaths dorsally acute, per.-segm. nearly equal (3 inner rather 
 longer and broader) all acute falling short of the linear-oblong 
 trigonous beaked (black) capsule. E. B. S. 2643 (1830), not of 
 Koch. St. erect, (J 12 in. high. L. scarcely compressed. 
 Clusters of more fl. than in Sp. 1 6. Caps, brown, at length 
 black and glossy, more abruptly pointed than in J. lampro- 
 curnus. Boggy "places in the north, and Wells. Norf, P. 
 VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 19. J. bulbosus (L.) ; st. filiform, 1. setaceous slightly 
 channelled faintly jointed internally, panicle nearly simple 
 irregular long with lew distant clusters, per.-segm. equal acute 
 (3 inner rather blunt) nearly equalling the oblong very blunt 
 mucronate (pale brown) capsule, anth. as long as their filaments. 
 E. B. 801. R. ix. 397. J. supinus (Moench) ed. viii. 
 J. tdiginosus and J. subverticillatus Sin. Extremely variable in 
 size and the direction of its stems, sometimes erect, at others 
 prostrate and rooting at every joint, or \_J.fluitans (Lam.)] 
 floating. Fl. often viviparous. Stain. 3 or 6. j8. Kochii\ 
 caps, shorter, stam. 6, filaments nearly twice as long as the 
 elliptic anthers. J. nigritellus Koch (1887). St. 78. 2. 
 Boggy and wet places. $. Ivy Bridge, Devon (in a bog). 
 Connomara, Galway. P. VL VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 ttt Flowers solitary, remote, or corymbose and forming a 
 terminal panicle. Seeds not appendaged. 
 
 20. J. squarrdsus (L.) ; st. leafless simple, 1. linear channelled 
 radical, panicle terminal compound with cymose branches, per.- 
 segm. ovate-lanceolate acute or bluntish equalling the obovate 
 blunt mucronate capsule, anth. 4 times as long 1 as their filaments. 
 E. B. 933. St. 36. 11. R. ix. 400. St. erect, 61 2 in. high. 
 L. many, somewhat spreading, rigid, half as long as the stem. 
 Caps, pale brown, shining. AVet heaths and moors. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 Buchenau considers this an alpine form of Sp. 16. H. & J. G. 
 
JUNC01DES. 429 
 
 21 . J.compres'sus(Jsicq.)-, st. with 1 leaf in the middle, 1. linear 
 channelled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually fall- 
 ing short of the bract, per.-segm. oval-oblong blunt falling short 
 of the roundly obovoid shortly mucronate capsule. E. B. 934. St. 
 36. 13. R. ix. 399. St. slender, erect, round and leafy below, 
 naked and compressed above. Floral bracts usually pale. 
 Style half the length of the ovary. Anth. oblong. [A form with 
 condensed panicle is var. coarctatus (E. Mey.)l. Damp places. P. 
 VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 22. J. Gerar'di (Lois.) ; st. with one or more leaves, 1. linear 
 channelled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually ex- 
 ceeding the bract, per. -segm. oval-oblong blunt about equalling 
 the oval-oblong strongly mucronate capsule. J. coenosus Bich. 
 Sra. E. B. S. 2680. St. 71. 8. R. ix. 398. St. trigonous in 
 its upper part. Floral bracts usually shining, brown. Style as 
 long as the ovary. Anth. long. Salt marshes. P. VI. VIII. 
 Mud-Rush. E. S. I. 
 
 23. J. ten'uis (Willd.) ; st. with few 1. at the base, 1. strongly ribbt-d 
 with broad sheaths and long slender laminae, pan. terminal compound 
 much exceeded by the long slender bracts, per.-segm. lanceolate very 
 acute longer than the almost spherical shining caps., seeds very small 
 ellipsoid pointed at each end minutely reticulated. E. B. 2174. J. of. It. 
 xxiii. (1885) p. 1, t. 253. Caespitose. Fl. and fr. pale. Style very short. 
 Sandv ground and roadsides, very local, possibly introduced. P. VII. 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
 24. J. bufonius (L.) ; st. leafy foiked, 1. setaceous, fl. solitary 
 unilateral scattered mostly sessile, per.-segm. unequal lanceo- 
 late-acuminate exceeding the oblong blunt capsule, seeds roundly 
 oval.E. B. 802. St. 36. 12. ^.'ix. 395. St. 48 in. high. 
 Usually with only 1 leaf on the slender stems. /3. J. fascicu- 
 latus (Bert.) ; st. shorter (23 in. high) and thicker, fi. 2 or :> 
 together. Marshy and wet places. A. VII. VIII. Toad-Rush. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 25. J. pygma'us (Rich.) ; st. nearly or quite leafless, 1. sub- 
 setaceous, fl. in few small clusters sessile, per.-segm. nearly 
 equal narrowly lanceolate exceeding the oblong-acute caps'., 
 seeds fusiform-pear-shaped. J. of B. xi. 128. St. verv short. 
 Upper cluster of fl. stalked, naked ; lower with a long bract. 
 Seeds much longer than in Sp. 24, apiculate. Damp spots above 
 Ky nance Cove, Cornwall. A. V. ? E. 
 
 2. JDXCOJ'DES Adan*. (Luzula Cand., ed. viii.) 
 Wood- Rush. 
 
 1 . J. syhat'icwn (O. Kuutze) ; 1. linear-lanceolate hairy, 
 panicle subcymose doubly compound, clusters about 3-flowered on 
 
430 90. JUNCACE.E. 
 
 long stalks, per.-segm. bristle-pointed equalling the ovoid- 
 mucronate capsule, filaments very short, seeds minutely tubercled 
 at the end. E. B. 737. St. 36. 14. R. ix. 390. L. maxima 
 DC. Rhizome woody. St. 1218 in. high. L. broad, 
 shining, striate, with hairy edges. Panicle much exceeding the 
 leaflike bracts. j3. gracilis (Rost., under Luzula) ; rt.-l. 1 3 in. 
 long, pan. simple with a single large term, head, overtopped 
 by drooping 1-headed peduncles. Sandy places. /3. Shetland. 
 Mr. Beeby. P. IV. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 2. J. Forsteri (0. Kuntze) ; 1. linear hairy, panicle subcymose 
 only slightly branched, ped. \-flowered erect with both fi. and 
 fr., style equalling stam., lilaments about as long as the anth., 
 caps, acute scarcely tailing short of perianth, seeds with a straight 
 blunt crest. E. B. 1293. St. 77. 2. St. slender a,bout a foot 
 high. Caps, with 3 acute angles, not suddenly contracted 
 above. Thickets, rather rare. P. V. E. 
 
 3. J.pilomm (0. Kuntze) ; 1. lanceolate hairy, panicle sub- 
 cymose only slightly branched, peduncles 1 3-^., upper ones 
 reflexed after flowering, fl. solitary, style (excluding stigmas) 
 exceeding stam., filaments about half as long as the anth., caps, 
 blunt exceeding the perianth, seeds with a falcate crest. E. E. 
 736. St. 77. 3. L. vernalis (DC.). St. slender, 612 in. high. 
 Caps, ovoid, trigonous, suddenly contracted above. L. JBorreri 
 ( Bromf.) is a sterile form with shorter and acuter capsules. 
 [A hybrid with Sp. 2 ?] Thickets. P. V. E. S. L 
 
 4. J. campes'tre (O. Kuntze) ; 1. linear hairy, panicle of 3 or 
 4 ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, per.-segm. lanceolate- 
 acuminate exceeding the blunt apiculate caps., filaments much 
 shorter than the anthers, seeds nearly globidar ivith a basal ap- 
 pendage.K B. 672. St. 77. 5. -St. 46 in. high. Anth. 
 linear, about 6 times as long as the filaments. Large forms often 
 mistaken for Sp. 5. Pastures and dry places. P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 5. J. multiflorum (Druce) ; 1. linear hairy, panicle of many 
 ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, per.-segm. narrowly 
 lanceolate strongly acuminate exceeding the blunt apiculate 
 c&ips., filaments more than \ as long as the anthers, seeds nearly 
 twice as long as broad ivith a basal appendage. E. B. S. 2718. 
 St. 77. 7. L. congesta Sin. St. 820 in. high. Anth. small, 
 rather short. Clusters on elongate drooping stalks, or (L. con- 
 gesta Lej.) subsessile in a rounded lobed head, or a few stalked. 
 [A nearly glabrous mountain form with few heads on short stiff stalks, 
 and with very dark fr., is referred to L. sudetica (DC.).] Wet and 
 turfy places. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
91. ERIOCATJLACEJE. 431 
 
 6. J. spicdtum (0. Kuntze) ; 1. narrow slightly channelled 
 hairy, panicle oblong lobed nodding spikelike, clusters falling 
 short of their bracts, per.-segm. narrow acuminate bristle- 
 pointed, filaments half as long as the anthers, caps, blunt 
 apiculate, seeds oblong with a very slight basal appendage. 
 E. B. 1176. St. 312 in. hio-h. L. short slender. Spike \ 
 1 in. long, nodding-. Partial bracts tapering, bristle-pointed. 
 Mountains. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 7. J. arcudtum (0. Kuntze) ; 1. channelled slightly hairy, 
 panicle subumbellate of few 3 5-flowered clusters on long 
 drooping peduncles, per.-segm. broadly-lanceolate bristle-pointed, 
 filaments as long as the anthers, caps, roundish-ovate, seeds 
 oblong blunt or apiculate scarcely appendaged below. E. B. S. 
 12(388. St. slender, 2 5 in. long. L. short, curved, narrowly 
 linear. Panicle of 3 5 small clusters, one nearly sessile, the 
 others on long defiexed stalks. Highest summits of the Cairn- 
 gorm and Sutherland Mountains. P. VII. ? S. 
 
 [JT. nemorosum (0. Kuntze), L. albida (DC.) with doubly compound 
 pan., clusters of 2-4 whitish or pinkish fl., bracts about equalling pan., 
 anth. subsessile ; and J.niv'eum (0. K.) with less compound pan., clusters 
 of numerous much larger pure white fl. ; bracts exceeding pan. and fila- 
 ments about equalling anth., have been found in several places.] 
 
 Order XCI. EEIOCAULACE^E. 
 
 Fl. capitate, unisexual. Perianth very delicate, 2 6-parted. 
 Stam. 2 6, if in 2 rows the inner row more developed. Anth. 
 2-celled. Ovary superior, 2 3-celled. Ovules solitary, pen- 
 dulous. Dehiscence of caps, loculicidal. Seeds coated with 
 wings or rows of hairs. Embryo lenticular, on the outside of 
 farinaceous albumen, at the end remote from the hile. 
 
 1. EHIOOATJLON. Fl. in a compact scaly head. Barren fl. in 
 the centre. Perianth 4 6-fid, the inner segments united 
 nearly to their top. Stam. 4 6. Fertile fl. in the cir- 
 cumference. Perianth deeply 4-parted. Stigmas 2 3. 
 Caps. 2 3-lobed, 2 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. 
 
 1. ERIOCAU'LON Linn. Pipe wort. 
 
 1. E. septanguldre (With.) ; scapes 6 8-striate exceeding 
 the cellular compressed subulate glabrous 1., fl. 4-cleft hairy at 
 the end as well as the scales, stam. 4, caps. 2-celled. E. B. 733. 
 Roots of many white jointed fibres. St. varying in height 
 according to the depth of the water. Fertile fl. 4-parted nearly 
 
432 92. TYPHACE/E. 
 
 to the base ; 2 lateral divisons keeled, compressed, blunt, fringed, 
 black. Each fl. with a broad blunt black scale in front which is 
 shorter and broader than it. Hebrides, especially Skye. West 
 coast of Ireland, especially Connemara. P. VIII. S. I. 
 
 Order XCII. TYPHACE^R. 
 
 Fl. monoecious, many, closely placed in cylindrical spikes or 
 in dense globose clusters ; barren and fertile on different parts 
 of spike, the males uppermost. Perianth of 3 or more scales or 
 hairs. Stam. 1 6, distinct or monadelphous. Anth. erect. 
 Fertile fl. Ovary free, solitary, 1-celled ; ovule 1, pendulous. 
 Style simple. Stigma unilateral. Fr. dry or spongy. Embryo 
 with a cleft on one side. Kaphides abundant. 
 
 1. TYPHA. Spikes long dense cylindrical, upper part male, 
 lower female. Stam. surrounded with hairs. Anth. 3 
 tog-ether on one filament. Ovary surrounded by hairs 
 ultimately stalked. 
 
 2. SPARGANIUM. Fl. with a single 3 4-leaved perianth, 
 in distant dense globose heads, the lower bracteate. Stam. 
 free. Fruit dry, sessile. 
 
 1. TY'PHA Linn. Heed-mace. 
 
 1. T. latifolia (L.) ; 1. linear nearly flat, sterile and fertile 
 parts of spikes not separated, style exceeding the bristles, stiir. 
 oblique ovate-lanceolate. E. B. 1455. It. ix. 323. St. 67 
 feet high. L. overtopping the inflorescence, very broad. Spikes 
 very long, sometimes [var. media (Sy.)] there is a very short 
 space between them ; fertile blackish brown. fin T. Shuttle- 
 worthii (Koch), R. ix. 322, the style equals the bristles.] Pond* 
 and lakes. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. T. angustifolia (L.) ; 1. linear channelled below, sterile and 
 fertile parts of spikes a little separated, style exceeding the 
 bristles, stig. Vig filiform. 7?. B. 1456. .R. ix. 321. St. 56 
 feet high, much slenderer than in the preceding. L. very narrow 
 overtopping the inflorescence. Spike very long, slender, sepa- 
 rated by a flowerless interval of about an inch ; fertile reddish 
 brown. [T. gracilis (Schur), R. ix. 320, has a rounded spath- 
 ulate stigma.] Lakes and ponds. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. SPARGA'NITJM Linn. Bur-reed. 
 1. S. erect' um (L.) ; 1. triquetrous at the base, st. I/ranched 
 
93. ARACEJ2. 433 
 
 above, fl. sessile [per.-segm. of female heads broad several -nerved with 
 but slightly enlarged tip], stigma linear, ripe fr. obpyramidal- 
 cuspidate [with short stout beak], seeds few-ribbed. J3. B. 744. 
 R. ix. 326. 8. ramosum (Huds.) ed. viii. St. erect, about 2 ft. 
 high ; lower branches with several heads, 1 3 fertile, the rest 
 barren. Heads spherical. L. long linear, erect. [0. micro- 
 carpum (Neum. under S. ramosum) ; smaller, st. less branched, fr. smaller 
 less angular and less abruptly narrowed into a longer beak]. Ditches. 
 P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. neglec'tum (Beeby) ; root-1. triquetrous at the base, st. branched 
 above, per.-segm. of female fl. narrow usually 1-nerved with much 
 enlarged tip, stigma linear-lanceolate, ripe fr. oblong-obovoid obscurely 
 angled narrowed gradually into a rather long tapering beak. J. of S. 
 xxiii. (1885) p. 193, t. 258. Resembling Sp. 1 in habit, inflorescence less 
 branched and less spreading. Wet places. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. S. simplex (Huds.); 1. trigonous at the base, st. simple, 
 stigma linear-subulate, fr. slightly stalked subfusiform, seeds 
 smooth. E. B. 745. R. ix. 325. St. 12 ft. high, long, erect 
 or ascending. L. long, often [var. longissimum Fries] floating 
 (and then often mistaken for S. natans} $ sheath slightly fur- 
 rowed, not inflated. Heads many ; barren several, sessile ; 
 fertile shortly stalked, especially the lowest. Fr. narrowed 
 into a long beak, elliptic-fusiform. Ditches. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. S. natans (L.) ; st. simple flaccid, floating 1. very long 
 linear flat at the base from a dilated sheathing base, heads many 
 distant, lower fertile heads stalked, male heads several sessile, 
 stig. linear-lanceolate, fr. stalked oblong not longer than its subu- 
 late beak.S. affine Schn. Sy. E. B. 1389. R. ix. 417. St. 
 much thicker than in the next plant. L. grass-green, very long. 
 Male heads fewer in our plant than in the Swedish. Lakes, 
 rare. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. S. mln'imum (Fr.) ; st. simple flaccid, 1. linear floating 
 blunt not dilated at the base, hea Is few racemose or spiked 
 distant, usually only 1 male head, stig. short oblong-lanceolate, 
 fr. sessile ovoid shortly beaked. S. natans Sm. E. B. 273. R. ix. 
 ;524. St. slender. L. pale, pellucid, long. Lowest fertile 
 heads sometimes very shortly stalked. [Often 2 male heads in 
 Ireland (A. G. More). S. flaitans Fr. ?] Lakes and ditches. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order XCIII. ARACE.E. 
 
 Fl. monoecious or perfect, placed on a spadix and often in 
 a spath. Barren and fertile fl. usually on different parts of the 
 spadix. Perianth none, or of 4 8 scales. Stain, many or 
 
 u 
 
434 93. AEACE.E. 
 
 definite. Antli. turned outwards. Ovary free, with 1 or more 
 cells. Stigma sessile. Fr. succulent. Embryo slit on one side. 
 Arum has abundant raphides, Acorus none. 
 
 Tribe I. ORONTEJE. Spath like a continuation of stem. Fl. 
 perfect. 
 
 1. ACORUS. Fl. on a sessile spadix, appearing lateral. Peri- 
 anth 6-leaved, inferior, persistent. Starn. 6 ; filiform. 
 
 Tr. II. AREsE. Spath convolute at the base. Fl. monoecious. 
 Perianth 0. 
 
 2. ARUM. Perianth 0. Male fl. of 1 sessile 2-celled anther. 
 Fern. fl. placed lower, of ] pistil. Top of spadix naked. 
 
 1. AC'ORUS Linn. Sweet Flag. 
 
 1. A. Calamus (L.) ; st. with a long leaflike prolongation 
 (or spath) beyond the spadix. E. B. 356. R. x. 429. St. 5 
 6 feet high, resembling the 1., swordshaped, flattened. Spadix 
 completely covered by the flowers, 2 3 in. long, lateral. St. 
 and 1. sweet-scented when crushed. In water, rare ; except in 
 Norf. and Suff. ^Between Lisburn and Moira, Co. Down. P. 
 VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 2. A'KTJM Linn. Cuckoo-pint. 
 
 1. A. maculdtum (L.) ; /. vernal all radical hastate-sagittate 
 with deflexed lobes, petiole as long as leaf-limb, spadix club- 
 shaped straight falling short of the spath. E. B. 1298. R. vii. 
 8. ---Root tuberous. L. with branching veins, green or spotted 
 with purple. Spath ventricose below and above, constricted in 
 the middle, with inflexed edges when open. Spadix usually 
 purple blunt ; with ovaries at the base ; above them whorls of 
 stamens ; then a few filaments, probably abortive pistils ; club 
 naked. Berries scarlet, remaining after the rest of the plant has 
 disappeared ; seeds mostly 4 or 3. or rarely 2. Hedge-banks 
 and thickets. P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 2. ^.tto/'tt?eim(Mill.); /. appearing before the ivinter all radical 
 triangular-hastate with divaricate lobes, petiole longer than leaf- 
 limb, spadix clubshaped straight falling snort of the widely spread 
 spath. R. vii. 11. L. dark blue-green, sometimes with yellowish 
 veins, rarely spotted, blunt. Spath ventricose below, opening 
 nearly flat and very broad above, folding down in front when fl. 
 are in perfection so as to close the opening like a flap, ultimately 
 
94. LEIOACE^;. 435 
 
 bent or folded double over the yellow spadix. Abortive pistils 
 very long, both above and below the stamens. W. Cornw. 
 S.Devon. I. of Wight. Channel I. / E. 
 
 Order XCIV. LEMNACE.E. 
 
 Fl. moncecious, 2, in a spath, but without a spadix (rarely 
 found). Perianth 0. Stam. 1 2, distinct. Ovary 1-celled. 
 Style short. Stigma simple. Fr. bladdery, not bursting. 
 Seeds with a coriaceous ribbed testa. Floating, leaflike, small, 
 proliferous ; no distinction of st. or leaf. Fl. very minute. 
 
 1. LEMNA. Spath membranous, urnshaped. Fl. from lateral 
 cleft of fronds. Stam. 1 2. Aiith. 2-celled, didymous 
 (cells bilocular ?). Fronds with capillary roots beneath. 
 Increasing chiefly by offsets. 
 
 2. WOLFFIA. Spath 0. Fl. from upper surface of frond. 
 Stam. 1 ; anth. 1-celled, sessile. Frond very minute, 
 rootless. Increasing by offsets. 
 
 1. LEM:NA Linn. Duckweed. 
 
 1. L. trisul'ca (L.) ; fronds thin pellucid elliptic-lanceolate 
 tailed at one end serrate at the other, roots solitary. E. E. 
 926. R. vii. 15. Fronds half an inch long, proliferous at right 
 angles. Plants submerged, truly annual, producing autumnal 
 bulblets which survive the winter as in the other species. In 
 stagnant water. A. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. minor (L.) ; fronds obovate compressed opaque, roots 
 solitary blunt. E. ^/1095. R. viii. 14. Fronds 12 lines 
 long, nearly flat beneath, of a compact texture. On stagnant 
 water. A. VI. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 3. L. gib'ba (L.) ; fronds obovate nearly flat above hemispheri- 
 cal and spongy beneath, roots solitary blunt. E. B. 1233. R. 
 vii. 14. Telmatophace Schleid., Endl. Fronds 1 2 lines long, 
 at first flattish, afterwards remarkably gibbous and cellular 
 beneath. On stagnant water. A. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. L. polyrrhiza (L.) ; fronds roundish-obovate, compressed, 
 roots many clustered acute. E. . 2458. R. vii. 15. Spirodela 
 Schleid., Endl. Fronds half an in. long, green above, purple 
 beneath. Fl. iJN^seen in Britain. On water. A. E. S. I. 
 
 u2 
 
436 95. POTAMOGETONACE.E. 
 
 2, WOLFFIA HorJcel. 
 
 1. W. Michel' ii (Schleid.) ; fronds very small subglobidar 
 flattish above cellular beneath, solitary, young frond separating 
 immediately from the old one. Sy. E. B. 1398. R. vii. 14. W, 
 arrhiza (Wimm.) ed. viii. Frond like a grain of sand, subglobu- 
 lar at all ages, green. Offset from within the base of the old 
 frond. Fl. not seen in Europe. Ponds near London. A. E. 
 
 Order XCY. POTAMOGETONACEJ3. 
 
 Fl. perfect or imperfect. Perianth inferior, 4-parted, or 0. 
 Stam. free, 1, 2, or 4. Ovaries 4, distinct, each with 1 ovule 
 and 1 sessile stigma. Fr. a drupe enclosing a hard nut, or a 
 dry nut, not bursting, 1 -seeded. Albumen 0. Embryo with a 
 thin skin having a lateral cleft. 
 
 1. POTAMOGETON. Fl. perfect. Perianth 4-parted. Anth. 
 4, sessile, opposite to the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries 
 4. Styles 0. Drupes 4, sessile. Fl. sessile, spiked. 
 
 2. RUPPIA. Fl. perfect. Perianth 0. Stam. 2, the cells 
 considerably separated ; filaments very short, scalelike. 
 Ovaries 4. Styles 0. Nuts 4, with long stalks. Fl. 
 about 2 together. 
 
 3. ZANNICHELLIA. Fl. monoecious, axillary. Barren with 
 1 stam., and no perianth. Fertile with a bellshaped 
 perianth, persistent style, and peltate stigma. Nuts 2 5 
 or more, more or less stalked. 
 
 1. POTAMOGE'TON x Linn. Pond weed. 
 
 * L. alternate, floral I. floating and sometimes opposite; stipules 
 free. 
 
 1. P. ndtans (L.) ; upper 1. stalked coriaceous floating ovate 
 or elliptic folded at the base, petiole jointed a little below the limb, 
 low r er linear-lanceolate or setaceous,//*, (large) rounded on the 
 hack when fresh keeled when dry, peduncle equal. E. B. 1822. 
 R. vii. 50. St. creeping below, simple. Petioles plane-concave. 
 
 1 See Mr. Fryer's magnificent Potamogetons of the British Isles, now 
 in course of publication, and his and Mr. Arthur Bennett's papers in the 
 Journal of Botany. We are much indebted to Mr. Fryer for assistance 
 with this genus and we have followed his views in adding several species; 
 
 H.&J.G. 
 
POTAMOGETOX. 437 
 
 L. subcorclate below, when pressed flat a ridge is formed on 
 each side of the base, jointed to their stalks a little beloiv the 
 limb. Sep. stalked, roundly rhomboidal. Anth.-cells not 
 parallel. Fr. greenish, slightly compressed, \\ 2 lin. long. 
 [Var. prolixus (Koch) is an early state having longer and narrower 
 thin and semi-pellucid LP.fluitans (Roth), J. of B. xxvi. (1888) p. 273, 
 is probably P. natansXlucens, and P. crassifolius (Fryer), J. ofB. xxviii. 
 (1890) p. 321, t. 299, is P. natans X Zizii.'] Ponds, ditches, and slow 
 streams. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. P. polygonifolius (Pourr.) ; 1. all stalked, upper subcori- 
 aceous floating oblong-elliptic or lanceolate subcuspidate, no 
 leafless petioles, lower 1. linear-lanceolate, fr. minute blunt and 
 rounded on the back, peduncle equal. P. oblongus Viv., E. B. S. 
 2849. St. creeping below. Petioles longer than leaves, 
 convex on both sides, not jointed below the limb. Lower 1. often 
 very narrow. Spikes rather short and irregular. Sep. trans- 
 versely elliptic, stalked. Fr. reddish, scarcely compressed, 1 lin. 
 long ; a faint keel and lateral ridges when dry. /3. pseudo- 
 
 Jiuitans (Syme) ; submerged 1. membranous linear-lanceolate 
 narrowed at both ends. [y. cancellata (Fryer); floating 1. few 
 thinner, submersed 1. strongly net-veined.] Ditches^ small streams, 
 and ponds. /3. Buttermere. Gap ot Dunloe, Kerrv. P. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. P. Griffith' 'ii (Ar. Benn.) ; submersed 1. strap-shaped usually sessile 
 or half-clasping wavy somewhat hooded pellucid 9 16-veined, floating 1. 
 obovate-lanceolate blunt long-stalked more opaque, stip. long usually 
 exceeding the internodes, ped. slender nearly equal. J. of B. xxi. (1883) 
 t. 235. St. branched. Floating 1. green, submersed 1. slightly brownish. 
 Sep. " roundish-oval broader than long." Spikes short. Mr. Fryer con- 
 siders this a hybrid, P. polygonifolius X ? Llyn-an-afon, Carn. 
 
 Mr. J. E. Griffith. P. VI VIII. E. 
 
 4. P. Drucei (Fryer) ; submersed 1. elliptic-lanceolate pellucid strongly 
 reticulate-veined throughout very long stalked, floating 1. obovate elliptic 
 or oval narrowed at both ends, stip. very long, fr. broadly obovoid acutely 
 keeled, keel tubercled with conspicuous angles at the base, ped. thicker 
 than the st. narrowed at both ends. A very distinct plant, producing but 
 little fruit and possibly a hybrid. R. Loddon, Berks. Mr. Gr. C. Druce. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 5. P. color dtus (Hornem.) ; /. all shortly stalked membranous 
 and pellucid blunt not cuspidate nor plicate, upper elliptic, lower 
 1. oblong, /r. minute rounded on the back when fresh keeled when 
 dry, peduncle equal. E. B. 8. 2848. R. vii. 45. P. planta- 
 gineus (Ducr.) ed. viii. St. creeping below, branched, some- 
 times throwing out long runners from its upper axils. L. all 
 beautifully transparent and netted with veins, the upper often 
 
438 95. POTAMOGETONACE^. 
 
 almost sessile and nearly orbicular, sometimes slightly cuspidate. 
 Petioles plane-concave above. Spikes long, cylindrical. Antli.- 
 celis nearly parallel. Sep. ovate. Fr. greenish, f lin. long. 
 IP. Billupsii (Fryer) J. ofS. xxxi. (1893) p. 353, t. 337-8 is P. coloratus 
 X Zizii.'] Stagnant peaty water. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. P. alpinus (Balb.) ; submersed I. lanceolate narrowed at 
 both ends subsessile membranous pellucid entire not apiculate 
 with chainlike network near the midrib, floating 1. subcoriaceous, 
 obovate blunt narrowed into a short petiole, stip. without wings, 
 fr. acutely keeled, peduncle equal. E. B. 1286. E. vii. 32. 
 P. rufescens (Schrad.) ed. viii. P. jhdtans Sm. St. simple. 
 Upper 1. alone slightly coiiaceous, often tinged with purple, 
 longer than their stalks ; submersed 1. all nearly, if not quite, 
 sessile. Sep. " transversely oval." Ditches and slow streams. 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 7. P. lanceoldtus (Sm.) ; submersed 1. linear-lanceolate sessile 
 entire acute not apiculate with chainlike network near the midrib, 
 floating 1. subcoriaceous elliptic-lanceolate shortly stalked, stip. 
 almost subulate uppermost broader with 2 dorsal elevated ribs, 
 peduncles equal from uppermost floating opposite leaves. E. B. 
 1985. J. of B. xix. t. 217 (not JR.). St. very slender, slightly 
 branched. Floating 1. not always present with the flowers. No 
 fruit even on Sept. 28. [Mr. Fryer considers this P. heterophyllous 
 X pusillus.'] By the bridge at Penrhos Llio-wy, An^lesea. Bur- 
 well Fen, Cam'br. Clare. Galway. P. VII. IX. E. I. 
 
 8. P. sparganifolius (Laest. !) ; submersed I. linear narrowed at 
 both ends very long sessile entire not apiculate with many 
 parallel veins next the midrib, floating 1. subcoriaceous lanceo- 
 late long stalked, stip. very long blunt not winged, fr. " acutel} 7 
 keeled" (Fr.), ped. rather slender not clavate. Sy. E. B, 
 1403. P. Kirkii (Syme). St. very slender, slightly branched. 
 Floating 1. often wanting. Submersed 1. sometimes 2 ft. long, 
 very narrow, few- veined with additional parallel veins closely 
 placed next the midrib. L. very much longer than those of 
 P. lanceolatus and without the chainlike network, beautifully 
 green when well dried. Exactly the plant of Fries, H.N.xii. 7o. 
 [Mr. Fryer does not consider this the plant of Laest. but probably P. na- 
 tans X polygonifolius.~] In the river at Ma'am, Co. Galway. I. 
 
 9. P. oraminifolius (Fr.) ; submersed L narrowly strapshaped 
 sessile narrowed at both ends entire not apiculate, floating 1. 
 subcoriaceous elliptic long-stalked, stip. long bluritish not 
 winged, f r, obliquely obovate 3-keeled. Sy. E, B. 1404, P. sali- 
 
POTAMOGETON. 439 
 
 cifolius, ed. viii. (not Wolfg.) 1 St. slightly branched. Sub- 
 mersed 1. with a few additional parallel veins next mid vein, 
 subsessile. Floating 1. often wanting. Fed. long, slightly 
 thickened upwards. In river Boyne near Navan. [R. Lawne, 
 Killorglin. Pidley Fen, Hunts.] P. E. I. 
 
 10. P. heterophi/l' lus (Schreb.) ; submersed I. lanceolate nar- 
 rowed at both ends sessile minutely denticulate and apicidate, 
 floating 1. subcoriaceous elliptic stalked, stip. broadly lanceolate 
 blunt with 2 stout prominent ribs, lower ones linear-lanceolate, 
 fr. blunt on the back, peduncle thicker than the stem swelling 
 upwards. E. B. 1285. R. vii. 41 43. P. yraminem Fries, 
 not Linn. St. much branched below. Submersed 1. wavy. 
 Lower stip. without the two strong ribs and equally veined, 
 upper ones widely spreading. Dry fr. slightly marked with 3 
 ridges on the back. Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. P. nitens (Web.); submersed I. lanceolate rounded below 
 and half clasping wavy at the edge, floating 1. ' coriaceous 
 elliptic stalked," stipules equally veined, (dry) fr. keeled, ped. 
 swelling upwards. J2. vii. 34. Sy. E. B. 1407. J. ofB. ii. t. 23. 
 St. rather wavy, branched below. Subm. 1. pellucid, often 
 recurved ; upper 1. often not coriaceous. Upper stip. large, per- 
 sistent, nearly J a 3 long as the peduncle. Dry fr. with 3 ridges 
 on the back. [Mr. Fryer considers this a series of hybrids P. gramini- 
 folius X perfoliatus, P. heterophyllus X perfoliatus, and P. Zizii X 
 perfoUatus, and writes " rarely fruiting, with 1 or 2 drupelets on a spike, 
 probably resulting from a chance fertilization by allied species."] Lakes 
 near Brandon Mountain, Kerry (P. curvifolius Hartin.). Loch 
 Ascoo-, Bute. River Tay, Perth. Coltfield, Elgin, &c. 
 P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 12. P. falcdtus (Fryer) ; submersed 1. sessile elliptical strap-shaped 
 often not quite symmetrical with somewhat rounded base, the 
 upper amplexicaul, the margin entire slightly undulated, floating 1. 
 stalked elliptic mucronate coriaceous, stip. herbaceous persistent upper 
 broad, fr. small rhomboidal-ovoid acutely keeled with distinct lateral 
 ridges, ped. thicker than the st. scarcely swollen upwards usually shorter 
 than the 1. J". ofB. xxvii. (1889) p. 65, t. 286. St. branched from near 
 the base. Fen ditches, Hunts. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 13. P. var'ians (Fryer) ; submersed 1. sessile or shortly stalked narrowly 
 lanceolate usually flat, floating 1. stalked oval or more or less spathulate 
 apiculate coriaceous, stip. herbaceous persistent narrow bluntish, fr. small 
 nearly circular flattened very acutely keeled with prominent lateral ridges, 
 beak short, ped. slightly thicker than the st. not thickened upwards from 
 
 1 Mr. Ley's plant from Sellack which according to the Author's MS. 
 is probably P. salicifolius, is considered by Mr. Fryer to be a hybrid of 
 unknown origin. H. & J. G. 
 
440 95. POTAMOGETONACE^:. 
 
 the base of the uppermost submersed L J". of 1?. xxvii. (1889) p. 33' 
 t. 287. P. spathulceformis (Morong.). St. usually but little branched- 
 Fen ditches. Cambs. P. VIII. E- 
 
 ** L. usually all submersed, membranous, lanceolate or broader ; 
 stipules free. 
 
 14. P. Zizii (Roth) ; 1. pellucid narrow-lanceolate-oblong cus- 
 pidate narrowed doivnwards minutely denticulate near the end 
 wavy, stip. long broad broadly and doubly keeled not winged, 
 fr. with 3 keels, ped. swelling upwards, very long. J. of It. 
 xvii. p. 291, t. 204. St. long, much branched, lower 1. usually 
 recurved. Sometimes with aerial 1. short stalked rather cori- 
 aceous oblong acute at both ends. Ped. straight, 4 6 in. long, 
 thicker than the stem exceeding the 1. terminal. Spike about 
 1 in. long. [P. involutus (Fryer) is P. Zizii X perfoliatus.] Lakes, 
 rivers, &c. P. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 15. P. lucens (L.) ; /. pellucid oval or lanceolate stalked mi- 
 nutely denticulate and cuspidate, stip. winged, fr. rounded on the 
 back and slightly keeled when fresh, peduncle swelling upwards, 
 spikes cylindrical densely flowered. E. B. 376. R. vii. 36. 
 All the stipules have two prominent wings on their back. Spikes 
 long, about equalling the peduncles. A form (?) has been found 
 with ovate-lanceolate subacute subcoriaceous floating leaves 
 ( var. coriaceus Nolte ? R. 39) which looks different. [Var. cori- 
 aceus (Nolte) is thought by Mr. Fryer to be probably P. heterophyllus X 
 Ziz'ti. He writes " upper 1. coriaceous like heterophyllus but petiole shorter 
 than lamina."] Sometimes (P. acuminatus Schum.) the midrib 
 forms a long prominent point. Common in deepish water. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 16. ?P. decip'iens (Nolte) ; /. pellucid oblong rounded below not 
 hooded but blunt mucronate and wavy at the end entire sessile 
 or uppermost 1. sometimes subsessile, stip. not winged l , fr. 
 " like that of P. lucens," ped. equal./, of B. v. t, 61. R. vii. 
 35. St. long, much branched. Ped. 1 2 in. long, thicker than 
 the stem. Spikes 1 2 in. long, dense, [p. lucens x perfoliatus 
 Fryer.] Canal near Bath. Forfar. Navan Canal, [&c.J. P. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 17. P. longifolius (Bab. not Gay) ; /. pellucid long -lanceolate 
 
 narrowed below entire cuspidate, stip. winged, fr , ped. 
 
 long swelling upwards, spikes with few rather whorled distant 
 flowers. E. B. S. 2847. St. long, slender. L. distant, not 
 
 1 I cannot find the wings described by Symej nor did Mr. Baker. 
 J. ofB. v. 71. 
 
POTAMOGrETOX. 441 
 
 denticulate ) nearly sessile, with very sliort stalks. Stip. green, 
 lanceolate, with 2 narrow wings on the back. Ped. 6 8 in. 
 long, much thicker than the stem. Spike 1 in. long ; fl. rather 
 more whorled than as represented in E. B. S. Fr. unknown. 
 Deep water. Found floating loose in Lough Comb, Galway. 
 { Mr. Fryer refers this to P. lucens and Mr. Bennett to P. lucens X pra- 
 P. VIII. I. 
 
 18. P. pralon'yus (Wulf.); I. pellucid oblong -lanceolate half- 
 clasping blunt and hooded at the end entire, slip, not winged, fr. 
 keeled on the back when fresh keeled or winged when dry, pe- 
 duncle very long equal, spikes many-flowered. E. B. S. 2858. 
 It. vii. 33. St. long, growing in deep water, L. with parallel 
 veins adjoining the midrib. Peduncles 6 12 in. long. Spikes 
 1 2 in." long. Ilivers and ditches, rare. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 19. P. perfolidtus (L.) ; st. round, I. -pellucid cordate-ovate or 
 ovate-lanceolate clasping not hooded, fr. rounded on the back 
 when fresh keeled when dry, peduncle equal. E. B. 168. R. 
 vii. 29. St. long, slightly branched, rather dichotomous at the 
 top. Peduncles rather thick and short. Spikes short. [A state 
 with 1. elongate almost lanceolate has been referred to var. lanceolatus 
 (Blytt).] Lakes and streams. P. VII. E. S. tj 
 
 20. P. crispus (L.) ; st. compressed, L pellucid linear-oblong 
 blunt sessile serrate wavy,//', with a long beak keeled on the 
 back when dry [base of keel with a long projecting tooth, A. Fryer], 
 peduncle equal. E. B. 1012. R. vii. 29 30. St. much 
 branched. Ped. long. Spikes few-flowered. Beak as long as 
 the nut. L. usually crisped at the edges, occasionally flat (P. 
 serratus L.). [P. Cooperi (Fryer) is P. crispus X perfoliatus arid P. 
 Bennettii (Fryer) is P. crispus X obtusifolms.~\ Bitches and streams. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 *** L. all submersed, alternate, linsar-liyulate ; stipules free. 
 
 21. P. zosterifolius (Schum.) ; st. flattened, I. linear-acumi- 
 nate with 3 principal and many close parallel intermediate veins 
 occupying the whole surface, spikes cylindrical upon long ped.j 
 sep. transversely oval, fr. ubovate keeled, style terminal. 
 E. B. S. 2685. R. vii. 27. P. cuspidatus Sm., P. compressus- 
 Fries, Hook. Ped. 2 4 in. long. Spikes 10 15-flowered. 
 Inner edge of fr. rounded ; faces a little convex. L. suddenly 
 acuminate or apiculate. Rivers and lakes. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 22. P. acutifolius (Link) ; st. flattened, /. linear-acuminate 
 with 3 principal and many close parallel intermediate veins occu- 
 pying the whole surface, spikes ovate about as long as the short 
 ped., sep. rhomboidal, fr. broadly j-obovate compressed inner 
 
 u 5 
 
442 95. I'OTAMOGETOSACE.E. 
 
 edge straight icith a tooth near its base keeled, style facial.- 
 E. B. S. 2609. E. vii. t. 26. Ped. very short. Spikes 4 (3- 
 ilowered. L. gradually acuminate. Styles hooked, continuing 
 the inner edge of the fruit. Marsh ditches, rare. P. VI. E. 
 
 23. P. obtusifolius (M. & K.) ; st. slightly compressed with 
 rounded edges, /. linear 3-veined, spikes ovate den*c. continuous 
 about as long as the short ped., sep. rhomboidal, fr. obovate 
 keeled. R. vii. t. 25. P. gramineus Sm., E. B. 2253. St. 
 slender, much branched. Peduncles very short. L. rounded 
 oft' to a slight point at the end, with oblong network near the 
 midrib, wanting the fine parallel veins of the two preceding 
 species. Ponds and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII. E. S. L 
 
 24. P. Fries 'ii (Rupr.) ; st. slightly compressed, /. linear 
 5- veined suddenly apiculate, spikes short lax ^ or shorter than 
 the compressed clavate ped., sep. transversely oval, fr. obliquely 
 ovate bluntly keeled. P. compressus Sm. E. B. 418. R. vii. 24, 
 not Fries, nor Koch. P. mucronatus (Schrad.) ed. viii. Lateral 
 veins nearer together and nearer to the margin of the 1. than to 
 the midrib (rarely some 1. are 3-veined), no intermediate veins. 
 Like Sp. 21 rather than Sp. 23. Ditches. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 25. P. pusil'lus (L.) ; st. subterete, /. linear [usually] 3-veined, 
 spikes short rather lax J or shorter than the slender ped., sep. 
 roundish-reniform, fr. obliquely ovats bluntly keeled. E. B. 
 215. R. vii. 22. St. slender. L. narrow, rather acute, without 
 intermediate parallel veins, the lateral veins equidistant between 
 the midrib and margin. . Ped. scarcely compressed, not thick- 
 ened. [j8. tenuissimus (M. & K.) ; 1. very narrow 1-vcined, fr. more 
 compressed. R. vii. 22, f. 39. 7. P. Berchtoldi (Fieber) ; 1. shorter and 
 broader, fr. thicker more distinctly warty. E. vii. 22. f. 37. S. Sturrockii 
 (Ar. Benn.) ; st. very slender somewhat compressed, 1. extremely thin 
 obtuse mucronate 3-5- veined ; ped. very slender, beak of fr. short, j 
 Ponds and ditches. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 26. P. rutilus (Wolfg.) ; st. slender compressed, 1. linear the lowest (soon 
 decaying) quite obtuse the upper with long acuminate points, with 1 pair 
 of well-marked lateral veins, extending almost to the apex, stip. long 
 often with a long tapering point, ped. 2 3 times as long as the rather 
 dense spike, fr. oblong elliptic with obscure keel, inner edge nearly straight. 
 E. vii. 23. J. of S. xxxviii (1900) t. 407. L. tinner and much more 
 acute and the fr. less oblique than in Sp. 25. Recorded from Sussex, 
 Warw. or Staff., Anglesea. P. VII. E. 
 
 27. P. trichoides (Cham.) ; st. subterete, /. subsetaceous 1- 
 veined finely pointed, spikes short lax long-stalked, fr. trans- 
 versely reniforin obscurely keeled, straight inner edge with a 
 tooth near its base. $y. E. B. 1420. R. vii. 21. St. very 
 
POTAMOGETOX. 443 
 
 slender, a little thickened below the joinings ; branches fascicu- 
 late. L. not transversely veined. Floral stip. large. Ped. not 
 thickened. Sep. roundish, stalked. Fr. often waited on the 
 back and with a tubercle on each side at its base when fresh. 
 Norf. Suff. Camb. Devon. Surrey. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 **** L. all submersed, alternate, linear, sheathing. 
 
 28. P. Jlabelldtus (Bab.) ; lower I. broadly linear abruptly 
 apiculate or acuminate 3 ^-veined with transverse veins, upper 
 I. narrow acute $- veined, fr. (2 lin. long) broadly ^-obovate 
 inner edge nearly straight but gibbous near the top rounded on 
 the back, nut with a prominent keel. Sy. E. B. 1421. PhytoL iv. 
 1158. Bhizome spreading, from a tubar that has outlived the 
 winter. Floating st. branched, wavy, spreading like a fan. 
 Broad 1. usually decayed at the time of flowering. Lateral veins 
 of upper 1. at the margin, of lower 1. distant from it. Spikes 
 slightly interrupted. Back of fr. without ridges, rounded when 
 fresh ; enclosed nut with faint lateral ridges. [A slender maritime 
 form with setaceous 1. is var. scoparius (Fryer).] Ponds and ditches 
 chiefly near the sea. B. VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 29. P. pectindtus (L.) ; /. formed of 2 interrupted tubes, lower 
 narrowly linear flattened slightly grooved above, upper setaceous, 
 fr. (2 lin. long) broadly j-obovate inner edge rather convex 
 rounded on the back, nut with 2 lateral ridges but (usually) no 
 keel. E. B. 323. St. branched, forming linear masses. L. 
 very gradually acute, all 1-veined, no marginal veins and 
 scarcely thickened there ; upper 1. with an oval section. 
 Spikes slightly interrupted. Back of fr. without ridges and 
 rounded when fresh ; nut with strong lateral ridges. Varying 
 greatly in length and size of st. and leaves. P. manVzws (Huds.) 
 has the stems naked below. Sy. E. B. 1423. Ponds and 
 streams. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 30. P. filifor'mis (Pers.) ; I. linear-setaceous 1-veined with 
 transverse veins, spikes greatly interrupted, fr. (1^ lin.) obovate 
 rugose rounded on the back without keel or ridges when dry, nut 
 round-backed. Sy. E. B. 1424. L. like those of the preceding 
 but longer. Fr. smaller. Whorls very distant on the spikes. 
 Peduncles very long. Lakes, rare. P. VI. VII. E. S, I. 
 
 ***** L. all opposite, submersed ; stipules none. 
 
 31. P. den'sus (L.) ; L all opposite pellucid clasping elliptic- 
 lanceolate or lanceolate, spikes shortly stalked ultimately re- 
 flexed. E. B. 397. R. vii. t. 28. L. crowded, rather recurved. 
 Spike 4-flowered. Sep. triangular. Ditches. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
444 96. KAIADACE3J. 
 
 2. EUP'PIA Linn. Tassel- Pondweed. 
 
 1. R. marit'ima (L.) ; /?e^. /or**/ spirally twisted, anth.-cells 
 oblong 1^ times as long as broad, nut ovoid rather obliquely 
 erect E. B. 136. R. vii. 17. R. spiralis Hartm. Whole 
 plant stronger than the next. L. very narrowly linear, formed 
 as in Potamoqeton pectinatus. Sheaths large, inflated. Salt 
 marshes. P. Vii. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. R. rostelldta (Koch) ; ped. short not spiral, an th. -cells 
 squarish as long as broad, nut gibbous at base obliquely ascend- 
 ing when young. Sy. E. 23. 1428. R. vii. 17. Whole plant 
 very slender. L. rather filiform than linear. Sheaths small, 
 close. A very small form (nana Bosw.), with very short de- 
 curved ped., is found in Orkney. Salt marshes. P. VI. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. ZANNICHEL'LIA Linn. Horned Pondweed. 
 
 1. Z. palus'tris (L.) ; style at least half as long as the diver- 
 gent nuts. E. B. 1844. Floating. L. slender, opposite, fili- 
 form. Fl. axillary, sessile. a. Z. brachystemon (Gay) ; fr. 
 2 4 subsessile with crenate back, style J length of fr., stigma 
 large crenulate, anth. 2-celled. /3. Z. macrostemon (Gay) ; 
 fr. 2 4 sessile rarely crenate, style | length of fr., stigma small 
 crenulate, anth. ^-celled. y. Z. pedunculata (Reich.) ; fr. 2 o 
 stalked muricate, style as long as fr., stigma large crenulate, anth. 
 2-celled. Sy. E. B. 1426. Z. pedicellata (Fr.). I doubt the 
 constancy of these characters. Stagnant water, y. Brackish 
 water. A. or P. V. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. Z. polycar' pa (Nolte) ; style scarcely of length of con- 
 verging sessile nuts,/r. 5 6 subsessile crenulate on back, con. 
 very ing , style scarcely \ length qffr., stigma large repand, anth. 
 2-celled. Much like Sp. 1. In water. Orkney 1 . Belfast. 
 A. V. VIII. S. I. 
 
 Order XCVI. NAI ADAGES. 
 
 Fl. moncecious or dioecious, in a spath. Perianth 0. Stam. 
 free, 1 3. Ovary 1, superior, with 1 ovule. Style 1 ; stigmas 
 2 4, filiform. Fr. a nut enclosed in the persistent spath, 
 1-celled, 1-seeded, not bursting. Albumen 0. Embryo with a 
 thin skin having a lateral cleft. 
 
 1 Dr. Boswell referred the Orkney plant, with longer styles and less 
 conuiveut fr., to var. tenuissima (Fr.). H. & J. G. 
 
ZOSTERA. NAIAS. 4-15 
 
 1. ZOSTERA. Fl. imperfect. Stam. and pistils inserted in 
 two rows upon one side of a spadix. Spath linear, leaflike. 
 Fl. naked. Anth. 1. Ovary 1 ; style 1 ; stigmas 2. 
 
 2. NAIAS. Fl. imperfect, solitary, sheathed ; no perianth. 
 Barren fl. of 1 stamen. Fertile : style short ; stigmas 2 4 
 filiform. 
 
 1. ZOSTE'RA Linn. Grass-wrack. 
 
 1. Z. ndna (Roth) ; 1. linear 1 -veined, ped. filiform, spadix 
 short with 2 5 clasping bands, nuts smooth. E. B. S. 2931. 
 R. vii. 2. Plant small, scarcely 3 in. long. L. slender. Ped. 
 pale-coloured throughout, \ as broad and quite as long as the 
 inilated oblong-lanceolate spaths. Ripe seed shining ulack. 
 Muddy estuaries. P. ? VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. Z. marina (L.) ; 1. linear 1 7-veined, spadix without 
 bands, nuts striate. E. B. 467. R. vii. 4. Plant long. L. 
 broad. Ped. rather strong. Ripe seed milky white. Z. angus- 
 tifolla, R. vii. 3, Sy. E. B. 1430, is a slender form growing 
 upon mud, with fewer veins in its 1. and rather longer peduncles 
 which are much compressed and green upwards and narrow 
 gradually into the spadix. In the sea. P. ? VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. NA'IAS Linn. 
 
 1. J\ T . marina (L.) ; dioecious, st. dichotomously branched from near the 
 base, 1. linear with many large spinous teeth, sheaths rounded nearly orquite 
 entire, n. solitary male enclosed in a spath, anth. 4-locular, fr. succulent 
 ellipsoid or ovoid narrowing into the stout persistent style. J. of B. xxi. 
 (1883) p. 353, t. 241. Upper internodes and backs of 1. often spinous. 
 Stigmas usually 3. Hickling .Broad and adjacent channels, Norf. A. 
 Vii. V11I. E. 
 
 2. N. flex' His (Rostk.) ; [monoecious] 1. very narrow and very 
 minutely denticulate, sheaths ciliate-denticulate. Sy. E. B. 
 1432. L. ternate or opposite, 1-veined, pellucid, remotely den- 
 ticulate. [Anth. 1-locular.] Ovary solitary, axillary, sessile, 
 oblong. Style short. Deep lakes. A. VIII. 8. 1. 
 
 \_N. minor (All.), monoecious, with narrow linear spinous-toothed recurved 
 falcate L, truncate sheaths, and 1-locular anth., occurs as a Pleistocene 
 fossil in Sussex and should be looked for. See J. of JB. xxxviii (1900) 
 p. 105, t. 408.] 
 
 3. JV. gramin'ea (Delile) ; monoecious, st. branched throughout with 
 many simple lateral br., 1. tufted narrow linear with numerous minute 
 spinous teeth, sheaths toothed distinctly auricled, malefl. naked, anth. 
 1-locular, stigmas 2, tr. solitary or 2 4 together, narrowly ellipsoid. 
 J. ofB. xxii. (1884) p. 305, t. 250. Canal, Reddish, Lane., probably intro- 
 duced with Egyptian cotton. A. VII. IX. E. 
 
446 97. CYPERACEJE. 
 
 Division III. GLUMIFERJ3. 
 
 (Orders XCVII. and XCV1II.) 
 
 Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes imbri- 
 cate, bractlike. 
 
 Order XCVII. CYPERACE/E. 
 
 Fl. perfect or unisexual, each from the axil of a scale (or 
 glume) imbricate on a common axis. Perianth 0, or rarely mem- 
 branous. Stam. hypogynous (3 or rarely 2 in our plants), with 
 sometimes a row of bristles or abortive filaments. Anth. erect, 
 entire at the apex. Ovary 1-celled, 1 ovule at its base, often 
 surrounded by bristles or enclosed in a bottle-shaped perianth. 
 Style simple, tritid or bifid. Embryo enclosed within the base 
 of the albumen. L. with entire sheaths. 
 
 Tribe I. CYPEREsE. Fl. perfect. Gl. 2-ranked. Perianth 0- 
 
 1. CYPERUS. Spikelets 2-ranked, many-flowered. Gl. of 
 1 valve, many, keeled, nearly all with flowers. 
 
 2. SCHCENUS. Spikelets 2-ranked, 2 4-flowered. Gl.G 9; 
 several lower ones smaller, empty. Bristles few or 0. 
 
 Tr. II. SCIRPE^E. Fl. perfect. Gl. imbricate on all sides. 
 Perianth 0. 
 
 * Loicest glumes empty or smaller than the others. 
 
 3. CLADIUM. Spikelets 1 3-flowered. G1.5or6. Bristles 0. 
 Nut with a thick fleshy coat, tipped with the conical base of 
 the style. 
 
 4. HYNCHOSPORA. Spikelets few-flowered. Gl. 6 or 7. 
 Bristles about 6. Nut compressed, convex on both sides, 
 crowned with the dilated base of the style. 
 
 ** Lowest glume empty or larger than the others, sometimes all 
 fertile. 
 
 \ Bristles scarely equalling the glume or wanting. 
 
 5. ELEOCIIARIS. One or 2 lowest gl. broader, empty. Bris- 
 tles 3 6. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent 
 dilated base of the style. 
 
CYPERUS. 447 
 
 6. SCIRPUS. Glumes nearly equal ; or 1 or 2 lowest broader, 
 empty. Bristles about 6 or 0. Nut plane-convex or tri- 
 gonous ; base of the style filiform, not dilated. 
 
 7. BLYSMUS. Two lowest gl. broader, and empty. Bristles 
 3 6. Nut plane-convex, tipped with the not dilated base 
 of the style. Spikelets with bracts, alternate^ forming a close 
 distichous compound terminal spike. 
 
 tt Bristles ultimately much exceeding the glumes. 
 
 8. EmopHORUM. Glumes nearly fequal, lowest sometimes 
 empty. Bristles ultimately silky. Nut trigonous. 
 
 Tr. III. ELYNE^E. Fl. unisexual. Perianth or formed of 
 1 or 2 scales. 
 
 0. KOBRESIA. Spikes close together. Lower fl. fern., peri- 
 anth of 1 scale enclosing the germen and covered by the 
 glume. Upper fl. male, without any perianth. 
 
 Tr. IV. CARICE/E. Fl. unisexual. Nut completely enclosed 
 in the bottle-shaped perianth. 
 
 10. CAREX. Fl. in imbricate spikes, each covered by a 
 glume. Female ti. with a single bottle-shaped persistent 
 perianth, 1 style and '2 3 stigmas. Male fl. of 3 staui., 
 without a perianth. 
 
 Tribe I. Cypereae. 
 
 1. CYPE'RTJS Linn. Galingale. 
 
 1. C. Ion (/us (L.) ; spikelets linear-lanceolate in twice-com- 
 pound umbels, peduncles of partial umbels erect unequal, stig- 
 mas 3, creeping. E. B. 1309. St. 52. 10. St. triangular, 23 
 feet high. Umbel very large, lax, unequal, its base with 2 or 
 3 long leaves. Glumes brownish red, with green keels and pale 
 margins. South of England, rare. P. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 2. C.fus'cus (L.) ; spikelets linear-lanceolate in small round- 
 ish heads at the extremities of the branches, gl. spreading, stig- 
 mas 3, root fibrous.^. B. S. 2626. St. 52. 5. A small nearly 
 prostrate plant. Stems many, 2 5 in. long. Heads with 3 
 unequal 1. at the base. Glumes fuscous with green keels. 
 Formerly at Little Chelsea, Middlesex; Shalford Common, 
 Surrey. Somerset. Dorset. S. Hants. Jersey. A. VIII. IX. E. 
 
448 97. CVPERACE.E. 
 
 2. SCHCE'NUS Linn. Bog-rush. 
 
 1. S. nig r leans (L ) ; st. terete naked, spikelets 5 10 col- 
 lected into a terminal roundish head overtopped by the lower 
 bract, gl. rough at the keel. E. B. 1121. St 40. 9. Root 
 of strong black fibres. St. 4 12 in. high, clothed at the base 
 with blackish-brown smooth shining scales some of which ter- 
 minate in setaceous erect leaves which are shorter than the 
 stem. Bristles variable in number, short, rough, with upward 
 spines. Stigmas 3. Anth. ending in a point. Gl. dark brown 
 or black. Turfy bogs. IJ. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S.ferrugin'eus (L.) ; st. grooved naked, spikelets lateral 1 3 slender 
 about equalling the erect sheathing bract, gl. o 6 to each spikelet reddish- 
 brown smooth on the keel. J". of S. xxiii. (1885) p. 289, t. 261. Smaller 
 and more slender than Sp. 1. L. -sheaths shorter reddish-brown, lamina 
 usually very short. Bristles about 4. Stigmas 3. Anth. with a short 
 point. L. Tummel, Perthsh. Mr. J. Brebner. P. VI. VII. 8. 
 
 Tribe II. Scirpea. 
 
 8. CLA'DIUM Pat. Br. Sedge. 
 
 1. C. jamaicens'e (Crantz) ; panicles lateral and terminal 
 repeatedly compound, spikelets capitate, st. subterete leafy 
 smooth, 1. finely serrate on the margins and keel. E. B. 95u. 
 C. Mariscus (R. Br.) ed. viii. Creeping. St. 3 4 feet high. 
 L. very long, rigid, narrowed and triquetrous towards the end. 
 Fl. in each spikelet 1 3 ; but usually only one nut is produced. 
 Bogs and fens, rare. P. VII. Common Sedge. E. S. I. 
 
 4. EYNCHOS'PORA VahL 
 
 1. H. al'ba (Vahl) ; spikelets in a compact corymb about as 
 long as the outer bracts, stam. 2, bristles with declining teeth, 
 base of the style without teeth. E. B. 985. St. 40. 7. Slightly 
 creeping. St. 6 12 in. high. L. narrowly linear. Spikelets 
 whitish. Bristles 9 12. Filaments slender. ft. sordida ; 
 spikelets brownish, in small oval clusters, often overtopped by 
 the outer bract. Turfy bogs. P. VII. E. S. 1. 
 
 2. R. fus'ca (Ait.) ; spikelets in an oval head considerably 
 shorter than the outer bracts, stam. 3, bristles with ascending 
 teeth, base of the style with erect teeth. E. B. 1575. St. 40. 
 H. Creeping extensively. St. 6 8 in. high. L. nearly fili- 
 form. Spikelets brown. Bristles 6. Filaments dilated. Bogs, 
 rare. South- west of England. Ireland. P. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
ELEOCHARIS. SCIRPUS. 449 
 
 5. ELEOC'HAKIS K. Br. 
 Spikes terminal and solitary in all our species. 
 
 1. E. palus'tris (R. & S.) ; gl. rather acute, lowest gl. %-sur- 
 rounding the spike, nut roundish plane-convex with rounded 
 ed^res smooth crowned with the ovate base of the style and 
 falling short of the 4 bristles, base of st. clothed with mem- 
 branous almost transversely truncate sheaths. E. B. 131 . St. 9. 
 R. viii. 297. Often only slightly creeping, 620 in. high. 
 Sheaths with a very blunt point on one side. Wet and marshy 
 places. P. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 2. E. uniglumis (Link) ; gl. rather acute, lowest gl. almost 
 surrounding the spike, nut pearshaped blunt rather compressed 
 with rounded edges very finely punctate-striate crowned with 
 the conical base of the style and falling short of the bristles, 
 base of st. clothed with transversely truncate sheaths. 8y. E. B. 
 1587. R. viii. 296. Far-creeping, 68 in. high. Wet sandy 
 places especially near the sea. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 [E. Watsoni (Bab.) ; nut oblong very blunt a little narrowed 
 below exceeding the bristles. A. N. H. ser. 2. x. 19. It is pro- 
 bably a form of Sp. 2. Taynloan, Argyleshire. Dr. Balfour. 
 Murrough of Wicklow. Dr. D. Moore.'] S. I. 
 
 3. E. multicaulis (Srn.) ; glumes blunt, nut topshaped trique- 
 trous smooth crowned with the broad triquetrous base of the 
 style equalling the six bristles, base of st. clothed with obliquely 
 truncate rather acute sheaths. E. B. 1187. St. 78. 11. R. viii. 
 298. Slightly creeping, about 6 in. high. Marshy places. 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. E. aciculdris (R. & S.) ; glumes blunt, nut obovate-oblong 
 compressed longitudinally ribbed and transversely striate crowned 
 with the topshaped base of the style, bristles short deciduous. 
 E. B. 749. St. 10. R. viii. 294. Root fibrous with slender 
 runners. St. many, slender, erect, 3 4 in. high, when growing 
 in water sometimes a foot long. Spikes very small. In damp 
 places upon heaths. P. ? A. (Koch) VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. SCIK'PUS Linn. Club-rush. 
 * Bristles 6. Spikes many. SCIRPUS. 
 
 1. S. marit'imus (L.) ; spikes stalked or sessile in a dense ter- 
 minal cluster, bracts several leaflike, gl. bifid with acute lobes 
 
450 97. 
 
 and a point between them, nut obovate trigonous smooth. 
 E. B. 542. St. 13. 3. E. viii. 310, 311. Creeping, sometimes 
 tuberous. St. 1 3 feet high, leafy. Spikes large, sometimes 
 solitary. Stigmas 3, or rarely 2. [#. conglobatus (S. F. Gray) ; 
 spikes all sessile]. A form from Oxlode, Cambs., with spikes 
 H in. long is probably var. macrostachys (Reichenb.). Salt 
 marshes. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S.sylvat'icus (L.) ; spikes clustered in a large cymose very 
 compound terminal panicle, clusters stalked and sessile, general 
 bracts several leaflike, gl. blunt apiculate, nut obovate bluntly 
 trigonous. jft S. 919. St. 36. 8. E. viii. 313. St. 23 feet 
 high. Spikes very many, small, greenish, ovate. L. broad, 
 flat. Stigmas 3. ft. dissitiflorus (Sond.) ; spikes mostly 
 solitary and usually stalked. [S. radicans (Schk.), spikes all 
 stalked, glumes not apiculate, stoles long and rooting, may 
 possibly be found.] Damp woods and banks. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. 8. triqueter (L.) ; st. acutely triquetrous throughout, spike- 
 lets in a small cyrnose panicle, gl. notched mucronate glabrous 
 fringed with rounded blunt lobes, nut " roundish-obovate plane- 
 convex smooth." -E. B. 1694. St. 36. 3. E. viii. 305. St. 
 34 feet high, with concave faces ; 1 or 2 long sheaths at the 
 base, the uppermost ending in a short broad triquetrous leaf. 
 Lower bract long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the 
 stem. Spikelets small, stalked and sessile. Anth. with a short 
 beardless point. Stigmas 2. Muddy banks of the Thames near 
 London ; the Arun, Sussex ; and the Tamar near Calstock, 
 Cornwall. Shannon estuary below Limerick. P. VIII. E. I. 
 
 [S. americdnus (Pers.) ; st. acutely triquetrous throughout, 
 spikelets few sessile, gl. notched mucronate smooth with acute 
 lobes, nut roundish-obovate plane-convex smooth. E. B. S. 
 2819. E. viii. 304. 8. Eothii Hoppe ? St. 36. 4. S. puny ens 
 (Vahl) ed. viii. St. 6 18 in. high, slender; with several 
 sheaths at the base ending in long narrow keeled leaves. Lower 
 bract very long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the 
 stem. Spikelets large, ovate, blunt, all sessile. Anth. with a 
 subulate fringed point. Stigmas 2. St. Ouen's Pond, Jersey. 
 P. VI. VIL] 
 
 4. & carindtus (Sm.) ; st. terete below bluntly trigonous up- 
 wards, spikes in a small cymose panicle, gl. notched mucronate 
 slightly asperous and pilose fringed, nut u convex on the back 
 smooth." j. B. 1983. S. Duvallii Hoppe, St. 36. 2. E. viii. 
 303. St. 24 feet high ; with L or 2 long sheaths at the base, 
 the uppermost ending in a leaf 3 or 4 in. long. Lower bract 
 
SCTKPUS. 451 
 
 much overtopping the panicle. Stigmas 2. By rivers, near 
 London and in Sussex, Kent and Cornw. P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 5. S. lacus'tris (L.) ; st. terete, spikes in a terminal twice- 
 compound panicle, gl. notched mucronate glabrous fringed, nut 
 bluntly trigonous obovate, stigmas 3. E. B. 666. St. 36. 1. R. 
 viii. 306. Far-creeping. St. 4 6 feet high, naked ; with 1 or 
 2 long sheaths at the base. Anth. bearded at the end. Panicle 
 terminal. The bract sometimes resembles a continuation of the 
 stem. Sometimes it has lonq nearly flat floating leaves. Rivers 
 and ponds. P. VI. VII. Bulrush. E. S. I. 
 
 6. ? S. Tdbern&montdni (Gm.) ; st. terete, spikes in a terminal 
 compound panicle, gl. notched mucronate asperous fringed, nut 
 compressed roundish-oblong smooth, stigmas 2. JR. viii. 307. 
 S. ylaucus Sm., E. B. 2321. Creeping. St. 2 feet high, with 
 1 or 2 long sheaths at the base. Anth. not bearded. Panicle 
 smaller than in the preceding. Lower bract short. Fr. convex 
 on one side. Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 *# Bristles 4 6. Spike solitary, terminal. BJEOTHRYON Dietr. 
 
 7. S. ccespitosus (L.) ; st. terete striate with many imbricate 
 leafless acute scales and sheaths with short subulate I. below, 
 spike ovate few-flowered, gl. ovate membranous pointed, 2 
 outer gl. as long as the spike enclosing it and ending in long rigid 
 leaflike points, nut obovate oblong mucronate smooth, bristles 
 longer than the nut with a few erect teeth near the tip. 
 E. B. 1029. R. viii. 300. St. 36 in. long, many, erect, many 
 of them barren. Bristles 6. Barren turfy heaths. P. VI. 
 VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. S. pauciflorus (Lightf.) ; st. terete striate with a few thin 
 narrow leafless scales arid one tight abrupt leafless sheath below, 
 spike ovate few-flowered, gl. ovate keeled membranous at their 
 edges, 2 outer gl. blunt shorter than the spike and enclosing it, nut 
 obovate mucronate finely netted, bristles shorter than the nut with 
 declining teeth. E. B. 1122. St. 10. R. viii. 299. St. 310 in. 
 long, erect, many of them barren, soboliferous. Bristles 6. 
 Boggy moors and heaths. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 9. S. par'vulus (R. & S.) ; st. round many each with one 
 close-pressed leafless sheath, no true leaves, spike oval few- 
 flowered, gl. ovate blunt keeled membranous, 2 outer ones 
 rather longer, nut ovate-oblong mucronate smooth, bristles 
 twice as long as the nut with declining teeth throughout. 
 J. ofB. vi. t. 85. xx. p. 52. Sy. E. B. 1591. R. viii. 299. 
 S. nanus Spreng. not of Poir. Root fibrous with capillary 
 
452 07. CYPERACE.E. 
 
 ctoles ending in ovate-subulate tubers. St. about an inch high, 
 several, with 2 or 3 longitudinal fibres and more or less perfect 
 transverse lines. Bristles 4 6. Lymington, Hants (extinct). 
 Poole, Dorset. Aveton Gifford, JDev. Wicklow. Kerrv. 
 A. VII. E.I. 
 
 #** Bristles 0. f Spike solitary. ELEOGITON Link. 
 
 10. S.Jluitans (L.) ; st. floating branched leafy, 1. clustered, 
 fl. -stalks alternate with a sheathing 1. at the base, spike terminal 
 ovate few-flowered, gl. blunt keeled membranous at their edges, 
 2 outer gl. larger shorter than the spike and enclosing it, nut ob- 
 ovate, stigmas 2. E. B. 216. R. viii. 298. St. rooting from 
 the lower joinings and spreading to a great extent in a zigzag 
 manner. On mud it is csespitose with truly sheathing leaves. 
 Ditches and ponds. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ft St. round, leafy at the base. Spikes 1 3. ISOLEPIS R. Br. 
 
 11. S. setdceus (L.) ; spikes terminal, lower bract long so as 
 to resemble a short continuation of the st., gl. blunt niucronate, 
 nut trigonous obovate longitudinally ribbed and transversely 
 striate, stigmas 3.JE. B. 1693. R. viii. 301. St. tufted, 
 slender, 3 6 in. high. Spikes small, sessile, considerably shorter 
 than the lower bract. Gl. brown with whitish margins and a 
 green keel. Wet sandy and gravelly places. P. ? VII. E. S. I. 
 
 12. S. cer'nuus (Vahl) ; lower bract shorter or slightly longer 
 than the terminal spike, gl. blunt submucronate, nut subglobose 
 rough with minute points, stigmas 3. E. B. S. 2782. J?. viii. 301. 
 S. Savii (S. & M.) ed. viii. Closely resembling S. setaceus. 
 Spikes varying considerably in length, sometimes 1 in. long. 
 Gl. scarcely mucronate, greenish, usually with a brown spot on 
 the upper part of each side. In many places near the coast. 
 A. or P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 tft Spikes many, clustered. HOLOSCHCENUS Link. 
 
 13. S. Holoschce'nus (L.) ; st. round, spikes in dense globular 
 sessile or stalked clusters, lower bract erect long, gl. obovate 
 emarginate niucronate. E. B. 1612. St. 3 4 feet high, round 
 quite up to the cluster. Upper bract patent or ascending ; lower 
 very long, with a flat open white channel. Gl. variegated with 
 fuscous and white, pilose. Anth. with a long entire or toothed 
 point. Braunton Burrows, Devon. Somerset. P. IX. E. 
 
 7. BLYS'MUS Panz. 
 1. B. compressus (Panz.); spikelets 6 8-flowered, outer gl. 
 
EKIOPHORUM:. 453 
 
 ribbed shorter than the spikelet, bristles 3 6 strong persistent 
 with declining- teeth, 1. flat rough on the edges and keel. 
 E. B. 791. J2. viii. 293. Scirpus caricis (Retz.). St. 68 in. 
 high. Outer gl. of lowest spikelet with a subulate leaflike point 
 which often overtops the spike. Glumes reddish brown. Nut 
 lenticular, crowned with the long persistent style, shining. 
 Boggy pastures. P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 2. B. rufus (Link) ; spikelets 2 4-flowered, outer g-1. smooth 
 as long as the spikelet, bristles 16 slender deciduous with 
 patent or ascending teeth, 1. channelled not keeled smooth. 
 E. B. 1010. St. 85. 7. #. viii. 293. Scirpus (Schrad.). St. 
 slender. Gl. dark brown, polished. Nut ovate, with a long 
 beak, opaque. [Length of bract very variable even on the same plant.] 
 Marshes near the sea on the Northern and Western coasK 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. ERIOPH'ORUM Linn. Cotton-grass. 
 * Bristles 4 6, at length crisped. Spike solitary. 
 
 [1. E. alpinum (L.) ; st. triquetrous rough, 1. very short, spike 
 oblong. -E. B. 311 (excl. the leafy shoot). R. viii. 288. St. 10. 
 A slender elegant plant. Moss of Restenet, Forfar ! (but long 
 lost through drainage). P. VI.] S. 
 
 ** Bristles very many, not crisped. f Spike solitary. 
 
 2. E. vagindtum (L.) ; caespifose, st. trigonous above round 
 below, spike oblong, nut obovoid, 1. long setaceous triquetrous 
 channelled, upper sheath inflated leafless. E. B. 873. R. viii. 
 289. Bogs and moors. P.V. Hare's-tail Cotton-grass. E.S.I. 
 
 ft Spikes more than one. 
 
 ^ 3. E. polystdchion (L.) ; st. nearly terete, peduncles smooth, 1. 
 linear channelled their upper half triangular, nut elliptic-acu- 
 minate or obovoid triquetrous. About a foot high and rather 
 slender. L. triangular through more than half their length. 
 Bristles 3 or 4 times as long as the spikes. E. B. 564. R. viii. 
 291. ft. minus ; st. and 1. very slender. E. gracile Srn., E. B. 
 2402 (not Koch}. An alpine form has but one nearly sessile 
 spike. E. capitatum Don. E. B. 2387. y. elatius (Koch); 
 st. strong tall, 1. 23 lines broad the triangular part com- 
 mencing above the middle. Bogs, ft on mountains. P. V. 
 VI. Common Cotton-yrass. E. S. I. 
 
 4. E. latifolinm (Hoppe) ; st. triquetrous in its upper half, 
 peduncles asperous, 1. linear, nearly flat contracted above the 
 
454 97. CYPEKACE^:. 
 
 middle into a triangular point, nut pyriform triquetrous. R. 
 viii. 292. JB. pubescent Sm., E. B. S. 2633. E. polystachion 
 E. B. 563. A slender plant, 1218 in. high. L. about 2 lines 
 broad; triquetrous point short. Several of the elegant spikes 
 upon longish stalks which are asperous. Bristles 2 or 3 times 
 as long as the spikes. Bogs, rather rare. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 5. E. grac'ile (Koch) ; st. sub triquetrous, peduncles downy, I. 
 narrowly linear triquetrous, nut oblong-linear triquetrous. 
 E. B. S. 288d. R. vii. 290. E. triquetrum Hoppe, St. 10. 2. 
 A tall slender plant. Spikes about 4, most of them on downy 
 not asperous stalks. Gl. with many ribs. Bristles about twice 
 as long as the spike. Bogs. Dorset. Hants. Surrey. Yorks. 
 P. VI. VII. E. 
 
 Tribe III. Elynea. 
 
 9. KOBRE'SIA Willd. 
 
 1. K. caricina( Willd.). E.B. 1410. Schk. Rrr. 161. E. viii. 
 193. St. erect, 6 12 in. high. L. slender, falling short of the 
 stem. Spikes 4 5. collected at the top of the stem, 6 8- 
 flowered. There is an abortive stain. (?) at the base of the 
 nut ; but some authors, considering each fl. a separate spike, 
 think that this represents a second flower. Moors. Yorkshire. 
 Durham. Perthshire. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 Tribe IV. Carice*. 
 
 10. CA'JREX Linn. 1 
 
 i. Monostachyce. Spike simple, solitary, terminal. (Sp. 1 5.) 
 * Dioecious or monoecious ivith malefl. at the top. Stigmas 2. 
 
 1. C. dio'ica (L.) ; usually dioecious, fertile spike ovate dense, 
 fr. ascending ovate many- veined angles rough near the top, nut 
 
 1 In the following descriptions, fruit means the persistent bottle- 
 shaped perianth, including the ripe nut or true capsule. The glume is 
 always taken from the fertile spike unless it is otherwise stated. Schk. 
 refers to the plates of SchTcuhr's Riedgrdser ; H. to Hoppe' s Caricol. 
 Germ, in Sturm Deutschl. Flora ; R. to Reichenbach Ic. Fl. Germ, Cent. 
 vii. ; S. to Boott's Illust. of Carex. See also Andersson's PI. Scand., 
 and Lang in Linncea, xxiv. 481 ; and for form, &c., of the nuts Des 
 Moulins Cat. Dordogne, Suppl. Final. [See Mr. A. Bennett's papers in 
 J. - 
 
CAREX. 455 
 
 roundish oval, terete st. and subsetaceous 1. roundish, sobo- 
 liferous. E. jB. 543. Schk. A. 1. If. a.l. R. 194. About Gin. 
 high. Spongy bogs. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 [2. C. Davallidna (Sm.) ; dioecious, fr. deflexed ovate-lan- 
 ceolate angles rough near the top, nut " linear-oblong/' st. and 
 margins of the subsetaceous 1. rough, caespitose. E. B. 2123. 
 jR. 194. About 6 in. high. The true plant did grow on Lans- 
 , down near Bath, but is now lost by drainage. P. VI.] E. 
 
 3. C. pulicdris (L.) ; half of spike inale,/r. remote at length 
 deflexed oblong-lanceolate compressed, nut linear-oblong plane- 
 convex, 1. involute. E. B. 1051. Schk. A. 3. H.&.3. .#.195. 
 -^-St. slender, 6 12 in. or more in height, erect, smooth. L. 
 slender, erect. Glumes deciduous. Fr. dark brown. Bogs. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Spike male at top. Stigmas 3. 
 
 4. C. .rupes'tris (All.) ; half of spike male, fr. obovate tri- 
 gonous with a very short beak adpressed scarcely longer than 
 the persistent gl., nut obovoid acutely triquetrous, 1. flat. 
 E. . S. 2814. //. b. 4. R. 198. Soboliferous. St. 36 in. 
 high, triquetrous, rough upwards. L. ending in a wavy rough 
 slender triangular point, (il. fuscous. Fr. paler. Lofty moun- 
 tains. P. VII. S. 
 
 5. C. pauciflora (Lightf.) ; 1 3 terminal fl. male,fr.2 4 
 lanceolate-subulate terete patent or reflexed longer than the deci- 
 duous gl., nut linear-oblong trigonous, 1. involute. JE. B. 2041. 
 Schk. A. 4. J/.b. 1. R. 196. Soboliferous. St. usually about 
 5 inches high, slender. L. 2 or 3, much shorter than the stem. 
 Fr. pale yellow. Bogs in the North. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ii. Homostachycp.. Spikelets in a compound continuous or inter- 
 rupted spike, male at one or both ends or nearly unisexual. 
 Nut plane- convex or compressed. Stigmas 2. (Sp. 6 24.) 
 
 f Spikelets nearly unisexual. Sobole far-creeping. 
 
 6. C. dis'ticha (Huds.) ; spikelets in an oblong interrupted 
 spike upper and loiver ones fertile intermediate mostly male, fr. 
 ovate-lanceolate veined narrowly margined bifid with serrate 
 edges above, nut oval, gl. shorter than the fr. acute its midrib 
 not reaching the top. st. with rough angles. C. intermedia 
 Good., E. B. 2042. Schk. B. 7. H. a. 14. R. 210. Height 
 1 2 feet. Fr. about as long as gl. ; usually abortive and twice 
 
456 97. 
 
 as long. Lower bract with a slender leaflike point [sometimes 
 exceeding the spike]. Marshy places. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 7. C. arendria (L.) ; spikelets in an oblong interrupted spike 
 upper ones male lower fertile intermediate male at the end, /K 
 ovate veined winged and serrulate from the middle to the bifid 
 top of the beak, nut bluntly ovoid, glumes longer than the fr. 
 acuminate, st. rough above. E. B. 921. Sclik. B. & Dd. 6. 
 H. a. 13. R. 209. Height 1 foot. Sobole superficial, very 
 long. Lowermost bracts with slender leaflike points 1 . Stindy 
 places. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ff Spikelets male at the top. J Sobole far-creeping. 
 
 8. C. incur 1 va (Lightf.) ; spikelets in a roundish head, fr. 
 inflated broadly ovoid acuminate-rostrate, beak split externally, 
 nut obovoid, st. smooth about equalling the leaves. E. B. 927. 
 Schk. Hh. 95. H. a. 5. R. 199. St. 23 in. high, usually 
 recurved so as to bring the large head down to the ground. 
 Beak of fr. usually rather rough. [A tall form with almost erect 
 heads is var. erecta (0. F. Lang).] Sandy shores of the North. 
 P. VI. E. S. 
 
 9. C. cTiordorrhiza (Ehrh.) ; spikelets crowded in a small shortly-ovate 
 head, fr. inflated ovoid brown shining with darker brown veins narroiving 
 somewhat suddenly into an inconspicuously bifid beak, nut roundish, gl. 
 Hunt with a membranous margin, st. smooth exceeding the I. J. ofB. 
 xxxvi. (1898) p. 73, t. 383. Stems upright branched 6 12 in. high, the 
 base with very short sheathing 1. Bracts acuminate scarious the lower- 
 most about equalling its spike. Very wet bogs, Altuaharra, Sutherl. 
 Messrs. E. S. Marshall $ W. A. Shoolbred. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 10. C. diiisa (Huds.) ; spikelets in a somewhat ovate head, fr. 
 plane-convex ovoid many-veined, beak acutely bifid with finely 
 serrate edges, nut broadly oblong, gl. with an excurrent rib, st. 
 rour/hish at the top. E. B. 1096. St. slender, a foot high. 
 Lowermost bract (brown) scarious, often prolonged into a slen- 
 der green point sometimes overtopping the spike. Fr. veined 
 on both sides. Spike often interrupted below. Near the sea 
 on the Southern and Eastern coasts. P. V. VI. E. I. 
 
 \\ Ccespitose. Spike simply compound. Fr. squarrose, not 
 gibbous. 
 
 11 . C. vulpina (L.) ; spikelets compound in a cylindrical oblong 
 crowded spike, fr. ovoid-acuminate plane-convex veined, beak 
 
 1 Specimens with some female fl. in the upper spikes have been named 
 var. Ugerica (J. Gay) but we have seen none like the French plant. 
 H. & J.G. 
 
CAEEX. 457 
 
 bifid finely serrate, nut ovoid or oval with a beak constricted at 
 the base, gl. mucronate shorter than the fruit, st. triquetrous 
 with rough angles, bracts setaceous. E. B. 307. Schk. C. 10. 
 R. 217, Height 2 feet. St. firm. L. broad. Fr. palish green. 
 Spikelets greenish, bracts long, in shady places. R. 216. 
 [C. nemorosa (Lumn.) is a form with longer interrupted spikes, long 
 bracts and paler more cuspidate glumes.] Wet places. P. VI. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 12. C. muricdta (L.) ; spikelets contiguous, spike oblong dense, 
 fr. ovoid-acuminate plane-convex obscurely veined birid finely 
 serrate tipper spreading, nut ovoid its beak extremely short, gl. 
 mucronate shorter than the fruit, st. triquetrous with rough 
 angles. E. B. 1097. JR. 215. Height 12 feet. St. slender 
 but strong. L. narrow. Lowermost spikelets not more then 
 their own length distant from each other. Fr. much larger 
 than that of Sp. 13, with a broad flat beak with very sharp 
 edges. /3. virens (Koch). Spikes interrupted below [gl. shorter 
 and broader, paler and greener]. C. muricata (Hoppe). Gravelly 
 pastures. P. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 13. C. divul'sa (Stokes) ; spikelets distant the upper ones nearer 
 together, fr. ovoid acute plane-convex obscurely veined bifid 
 smooth ascending, beak roughish at the edges, nut ovoid-oblong 
 compressed its beak extremely short, gl. mucronate shorter than 
 the fruit, st. triquetrous with rough angles above, bracts seta- 
 ceous. J B. 629. Schk. Dd. & Ww. 89. H. a. 16. R. 220. 
 Height 1 2 feet. St. lax, slender, flaccid. Spikelets greyish, 
 usually distant, 1 or 2 lowest often lengthened into a short 
 branch. Fr. with a thick green margin slightly rough near the 
 top. Moist shady places. P. VI. E. L 
 
 JtJ Ccespitose. Spike compound , often panicled. Fr. ascending, 
 gibbous on its back. 
 
 14. C. teretius' cula (Good.) ; spikelets forming a dense compound 
 oblong spike, fr. ovate with 2 5 central ribs on the convex side 
 (back), beak bidentate serrulate split to its base and overlapping 
 on the back, nut turbinate with a very short beak convex, style 
 not thickened at the base, st. trigonous and rough above. 
 E.B.lOQo. Schk. V. 19. T.69. Jff.a.9. R. 222. Boot forming 
 scattered simple tufts. St. 1 2 feet high, slender. /3. C. Ehr- 
 hartiana (Hoppe) ; root more csespitose, spike locg rather loose, 
 st. triquetrous above. Si/. E. B. 1620. Boggy meadows, rare. 
 )3 near Manchester [etc.]. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 [C. vulpinoidea (Mich.) [spikes numerous very dense small-flowered. 
 A N. American species]. Kew. An escape.] 
 
 X 
 
458 97. 
 
 15. C. paradox a ("VVilld.) ; spikes narrowly panided lower 
 branches rather distinct, fr. ovoid with many short elevated ribs 
 near its base, beak obliquely bidentate serrulate not split nor 
 winged on its back, nut rhomboidal constricted below doubly 
 convex with a short beak, style slightly enlarged at the base, st. 
 trigonous and rough above. E. B. S. 2896. Schk. E. 21. H. 
 a. 12. 7?. 222. Koot densely tufted, crowned with the fibrous 
 remains of decayed leaves. St. 1 2 feet high, slender. Bogs. 
 Near Mullingar, Ireland. Near York. Hoveton. Norfolk. P. 
 VI. VII. E. I. 
 
 16. C. paniculdta (L.) ; spikes panided with long diverging 
 branches,/;-, ovoid faintly many-veined with a bind fringed beak 
 sfylit to its base and overlapping on the back, nut ovoid blunt nar- 
 rowed below plane-convex, beak slightly thickened upwards, st. 
 tnangidar.E. B. 1064. Schk. D. 20, Ttt. 163. H. a. 19. 
 jR. 223. Root forming dense elevated tufts. St. stout, 2 3 
 feet high. Panicle usually large and spreading or reduced to a 
 slender compound (or even simple) spike. Bracts all much 
 shorter than the spike. [V&r.riffida (Blytt) has spikes more rigid 
 darker-coloured and spikelets more crowded.] Bogs. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ttt Spikelets male at their base (or at both ends). 
 
 J Sobole far-creeping. 
 [C. brizoides (L.) was probably an escape.] E. 
 
 JJ C&spitose. Bractsleaflike. Lower spikelets distant, simple or 
 compound. 
 
 17. C. Boenninghausenidna (Weihe) ; spikelets several upper 
 ones simple crowded lower distant alternately branched, fr. lan- 
 ceolate plane-convex tapering serrulate from beloiv the middle, 
 beak deeply split on one side, nut ovoid elliptic, gl. equalling the 
 fruit, root tufted, lower bract at least equalling the spike. 
 E. B. S. 2910. H. a. 34. Kunze Riedg. 22. It. 219. St. 12 
 feet high, triangular with slightly convex faces and rough edges. 
 Inflorescence often a foot long. Kachis straight, with 3 rough 
 edges. Gl. ovate, membranous, silvery brown, smooth. Lower 
 spikelets wholly male, male at both ends or at either end, 
 Bracts, except the lowest, short. L. channelled. Marshes and 
 pond-sides, rare. [Probably a hybrid between Sp. 16 & 19.] P. VI. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 18. C. axilldns (Good.) ; spikelets several upper ones simple 
 crowded lower distant densely compound, fr. ovoid-lanceolate 
 
CAREX. 459 
 
 plane-convex tapering deeply bifid serrulate above the middle, 
 nut obovoid with a beak, gl. shorter than the fruit, root tufted, 
 lower bract as long* as or longer than the spike. E. B. 993. //. 
 a. 33. St 1 2 feet high, acutely triangular. Rachis straight, 
 with 3 rough angles. GL ovate membranous, brownish ; midrib 
 often rough, extending to the point. Divisions of the lower 
 spikelets crowded into the axils of the bracts. Bracts, except 
 the lowest, short. L. flat. Spikelets male at the base or at 
 both ends. [A hybrid between Sp. 11 or 12 & 19 ?] Marshes, rare. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 19. C. remota (L.); spikelets several all simple upper ones 
 crowded lower distant, fr. ovoid-acuminate plane-convex notched 
 at the end serrulate above, nut ovoid with a beak, gl. shorter 
 than the fr., root tufted, bracts long. E. B. 832. Schk. E. 23. 
 If. a. 33. R. 212. #. 12 feet high, trigonous. Rachis with 
 2 rough angles in its upper part. Gl. oblong, membranous, 
 greenish white ; midrib smooth, usually not reaching the point. 
 Several of the bracts long. L. channelled. Sometimes with a 
 thick rooting densely proliferous rhizome. C. tenella (Sm. not 
 Schkr.) is a starved form. Damp places. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 Jtt C&spitose. Bracts not leajlike. Spikes contiguous or 
 slightly distant. 
 
 t Spikes and leaves glaucous or dusky. 
 
 20. C. echindta (Murr.) ; spikelets about 4 globose rather dis- 
 tant, fr. divergent broadly ovoid acuminate plane-convex stri- 
 ate, beak bifid with serrate edges, nut ovoid abruptly narrowed 
 below, gl. shorter than the fruit. E. B. 806. Schk. C. 14. H. 
 a. 28. R. 214. C. stellulata (Good.) ed. viii. St. 612 in. 
 high, triquetrous, nearly smooth. Lowermost spikelet often 
 with a short bract. Gl. ovate, membranous, reddish with a 
 green keel and white edges. Ripe fr. greenish, stellate. 
 [C. grypos (Schk.) is an alpine form with darker brown gl. and con- 
 spicuous narrow green keel.] Boggy places. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 21. C. elongdta (L.) ; spikelets many oblong contiguous, fr. 
 patent oblong-acuminate plane-convex with many ribs on both 
 sides, beak almost entire with rough edges, nut linear-oblong 
 tapering below beak very short style persistent, gl. shorter than 
 the fruit, bracts none or one very short. E. B. 1920. Schk. E. 
 25. H. a. 32. R. 218. St. 12 feet high, triquetrous. Gl. 
 ovate, dark brown with a green keel and whitish edges, blunt, 
 sometimes apiculate. Upper spikelets crowded, lower lax but 
 not distant. Marshes, rare. P. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 x2 
 
460 97. CYPERACE^. 
 
 22. C. canes' cens (L.) ; spikelets 4 6 elliptic contiguous,/;*. 
 erect acute plane-convex faintly striate, beak short notched not 
 split rough at the edges, nut elliptic beak very short, style per- 
 sistent, glumes ovate shorter than the fruit. E. IB. 1386. Schk. 
 C. 13. It. 206. C. curta. Good. St. a foot high, triquetrous, 
 smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet often with a 
 setaceous bract. Glumes membranous, whitish with a green 
 keel, blunt, apicujate. Fr. whitish, [c. lielvola (Blytt) (C. can- 
 esrensXlagopina?) is recorded from Locli-na-Gar.] 13ogs. P. VI. 
 
 E. S, I. 
 
 23. C. vit'ilis (Fr.) T ; spikelets 4 8 ovate or oblong contiguous, 
 fr. erect ovate plane-convex faintly striate, beak short split to its 
 base externally roug-h at the edges, " nut elliptic," glumes ovate 
 shorter than the fruit. C. curta j3. alpicola Wahl. C. Persoonii 
 8ieb.. R. 206. Creeping. St. 6 12 in. high, triquetrous, 
 smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet often with a 
 setaceous bract. Gl. membranous, brown with a white margin. 
 Mountains. P. VII. VIII. E. S. 
 
 44 Spikes fuscous. 
 
 24. C. laf/opina (Wahl.) ; spikelets 3 4 roundish-elliptic 
 contiguous terminal one longer, fr. erect elliptic acuminate 
 plane-convex narrowed below nearly entire at the point with 
 smooth edges, nut elliptic tipped with the persistent style, gl. 
 ovate nearly as long as the fruit. H. a. 24. R. 205. C. lepo- 
 rina Linn Pi. Lap. not Fl. Suec.E. B. S. 2815. St. 48 in. 
 high, smooth, triangular. Glumes reddish with the edges paler. 
 Fr. yellow. Cairngorms, Aberdeenshire, Invernesshire. P. 
 VIII. S. 
 
 25. C. leporina (L.) ; spikelets about 6 oval contiguous, Jr. 
 erect ovate-attenuate plane-convex narrowed below bifid at the 
 point with membranous edges serrulate above, nut elliptic with a 
 short cylindrical beak ending in a persistent style, gl. lanceo- 
 late as loner as the fruit. E. B. 306. Schk. B. 8. ^ R. 211. 
 C. ovalis (Good.) ed. viii. St. 1- 2 feet high, triangular, 
 smooth, or roughish above. Gl. acute, brown with a paler mem- 
 branous margin. Fr. yellowish. [Sometimes with crowded spikes 
 (var. capitata, Sond.) or, in woods, paler with smaller spikes (var. 
 drgyroglochin Horn,) or with bracts elongated much exceeding the spike 
 (var. bracteata Sy. ).] Meadows. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 1 Herr Kiikenthal apparently refers the Scotch plant to C. canesccns 
 var. robustior (Blytt). See J. ofB. xxxvi. (1898) p. 75. 
 
CAKEX. 461 
 
 iii. Heterostachyce. One or more terminal spikes wholly or rarely 
 only partially male, others axillary fertile. (Sp. 26 74.) 
 
 * Beak of fr. short, entire or emarginate or shortly 2-toothed. 
 f Nut plane-convex. Stigmas 2 3. Male spikes 1 or more. 
 
 | Stic/mas 2. Sheaths of leaves webbed. Fertile spikes erect. 
 L. ultimately resolute-edged j lowest sheaths usually leajless. 
 
 26. C. eldta (All.) ; fertile spikes erect or rarely drooping 1 
 long cylindrical, bracts auricled lowermost leaflike short, fr. 
 oblong-elliptic acute compressed veined closely imbricate, nut 
 roundly obovoid shortly beaked, sheaths of 1. with filamentous 
 network. E. B. 914. R. 230. C. stricta (Good.) ed. viii. 
 C. ccespitosa Gay. Densely ccespitose. St. 2 3 ft. high, tri- 
 quetrous, rigid. L. short, narrow. Fertile spikes often male 
 at the top. Gl. blunt or acute, equalling or shorter than the 
 fr., narrow, dark purple ; keel green. Fr. in 6 9 regular 
 rows. [C. turfosa (Fr.). A stoloniferous plant with filamentous net- 
 work, intermediate between Sp. 26 and 31, is recorded from Surrey and 
 Cambs.] Marshes. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 tt Stigmas 2. ' Sheaths not webbed, usually all bearing leaves. 
 Stoloniferous. 
 
 27. C. acuta (L.) ; male spikes 1 3, fertile 2 4 slender 
 cylindrical- acuminate erect with fruit, lowermost bract leaflike 
 often overtopping the stem with long auricles, fr. oblong lenti- 
 cular veined, nut roundish-obovoid with a short slender beak, <rl. 
 acute. E. B. 580. Schk. Ee. & Ff. 92. H. a. 44. R. 231, 
 232. St. 2 3 feet high, triquetrous, rough at top. L. broad. 
 Gl. narrow-lanceolate, acute, on the male spikes spathulate- 
 lanceolate, purple with a green keel. Fr. pale, blunt or acute, 
 round or oval, spherical or flattened. Fertile spikes usually 
 with a few male fl. at the end, nodding with flowers. [C.prolixa 
 (Fr.), csespitose, with fr. compressed, more strongly nerved, shorter 
 than the long tapering gl., is recorded from Cambs. and Norf. ; and C. tri- 
 costata (Fr.), stoloniferous, with young fr. ventricose becoming compressed 
 3- veined, longer than the small obtuse gl., is recorded from N. of Ireland.] 
 Wet places. P. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 28. C. rig'ida (Good.) ; spikes erect, male 1, fertile oval or 
 shortly cylindrical dense subsessile, lower bract leaflike, fr. 
 elliptic lenticular witlwut veins, nut roundish blunt with a slender 
 beak, st. triquetrous rough towards the top, /. curving outwards 
 with de-flexed edges. E. B. 2047. H. a. 40. R. 225. C. saxa- 
 tilis L. ? St. 6 in. to a foot or more high. L. broad, flat, keeled, 
 
462 97. CYPERACE^. 
 
 rigid. Bracts without sheaths. Spikes near together, short, 
 rarely narrowed and laxly flowered below. Gl. about exceeding 
 the fr., purple with a green keel. Nut rather longer than 
 broad. [/ft. inferalpina (Laest.) ; taller, 1. broader and more erect, br. 
 longer and broader, lower female sp. stalked, elongated tapering below.] 
 In wet and stony places on mountains. P. VI. VII. E. S. 1. 
 
 JtJ Stigmas 2. Sheaths not webbed. Fertile spikes erect. 
 Glumes narrower than the fruit. 
 
 29. C. aquat'ilis (Wahl.) ; spikes erect, male 1 or more, fer- 
 tile 3 or 4 long narrowed below lower ones stalked, bracts leaf- 
 like erect overtopping the stem,/r. elliptic lenticular without 
 veins broader than the gl., nut oblong narrowed below with a 
 short slender beak, st. trigonous smooth. E. B. S. 2758. St. 
 1 4 ft. high, with convex faces. Spikes rather distant. Gl. 
 usually short, narrower than the yellowish-green fr., reddish 
 pnrple with a pale midrib l . Alpine bogs and riversides. P. 
 
 VII. E. S. L 
 
 30. C. saUna (Wahl.) ; spikes erect or lower ones somewhat drooping, 
 male 2 3, fertile 3 4 on short ped. sometimes male at the top, bracts 
 leaflike equalling the spikes, stigmas 2 3, fr. ovoid compressed with 
 many veins and a short beak, nut obovate narrowed above and below, st. 
 trigonous. J. ofB. xxiii. p. 290, t. 262. St. 1 2 feet high. L. narrow 
 with keel and margin scabrid. Gl. brownish ovate obtuse or mucronate, 
 lower with an excurrent scabrid midrib. A curious plant from Harris 
 is referred by Mr. Bennett to C. spiculosa (Fr.) as var. hebridensis (Ar. 
 Benn.), but it seems to lack the asperous prolongation of the midrib 
 of the gl. characteristic of that sp. Extreme N. of Scotland. VII. 
 
 VIII. S. 
 
 31. C. Goodenovii (Gay); spikes erect, male 1 or 2, fertile 
 3 4 subsessile cylindrical, bracts with short auricles leaflike,/)*. 
 elliptic plane-convex with many veins below and a short entire 
 beak, nut roundish verv blunt, st. triquetrous rough towards the 
 
 
 
 1 Mr. Ar. Bennett (J of B. xxxv. 1897, p. 249) characterizes the 
 following forms : 
 
 1. cuspidata (La?st.) glumes elongated and cuspidate. 
 
 2. virescens (And.) just the opposite to the last ; the gl. 
 
 i the length of the fr. which is very symmetrically arranged. 
 
 3. minor (Boott). The montane plant with the spikes attenuated 
 at the base. 
 
 4. elatior (Bab.) var. Watsoni (Sy.). The lowland plant usually 
 with spikes stout, equal and continuous leafy bracts, and tall (3 5 
 ft.) st. 
 
 Mr. Bennett records the hybrids C. aquatilisXsalina (X C. Grant ii, Ar. 
 Benn.) and C. aquatilis X elata (X C. hibernica, Ar. Benn.). 
 
 H. & J. G 
 
CAREX. 463 
 
 top. C. ccespitosa Sm., E. J5., 1507. C. vulgaris (Fries) ed. viii. 
 St. about a foot high. L. slender, not keeled. Bracts without 
 sheaths. Spikes near together, short. Gl. blunt, shorter than 
 fr., purple ; keel slender, pale green. Fr. greenish or with a 
 purple tinge. Nut rather broader than long. [A slender caespitose 
 form with narrow convolute 1. is C. vulgaris var. juncella (Fr.).j 
 Marshes. P. V. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 [C. Gibsoni (Bab.) ; fr. lanceolate acute, nut broadly obovoid. 
 
 A. N. H. xi. t. 5. St. 6 8 in. high. Perianth nearly twice as 
 long as the nut, gradually narrowed from below the middle to the 
 top. Perhaps a monstrosity of C. vulgaris. Hebden Bridge, 
 Yorkshire ! Not recently found. P. VI.] E. 
 
 32. C. triner'vis (Degl.) ; spikes erect, .male 2 4 (rarely 1), fertile 2 
 5 short stout often male at the top sessile, bracts sheathing with brown 
 auricles, exceeding the spikes, fr. ellipsoid-oblong compressed usiially 
 strongly 3 5-veined with very short beak, nut narrowing to the beak, at. 
 trigonous strongly ribbed smooth. Kunze Riedgr. t. 1. Stoloniferous. 
 Kootstock stout. St. 5 15 in. caespitose. L. faintly keeled often ex- 
 ceeding the spikes. Bracts broadening into strongly-ribbed auricled sheaths. 
 Spikes near together very stout. Gl. bluntish narrower than in sp. 31 
 shorter than or equalling the fr., keel broad greenish-white. Fr. brownish- 
 green, nut longer than broad. A plant from Ormesby, Norf., 1869, Mr. 
 H. G. G-lasspoole, has been referred to this sp. P. VI. 
 
 tt Nut with 3 angles. Stigmas 3, rarely 2. 
 \ Fruit glabrous. Terminal spike male at its base. 
 
 33. C. alpina (Sw.) ; spikes 1 4 roundish or oblong conti- 
 guous nearly sessile, fr. obovoid veinless rough above with a 
 short notched beak, gl. acutish falling short of fr., nut obovoid 
 triquetrous blunt with a short cylindrical beak, bract scarcely 
 overtopping the spikes, st. triangular rough towards the top. 
 
 B. t. 35(3. C. Vahlii E. E. 8. 2(566. Schk. Gg. 94 & Ppp. 154. 
 R. 235. St. 6 12 in. high, erect. Gl. brown or black. Glen 
 Callater and Glen Fiagh/Clova. Glen Lyon. P. VII. E. 
 
 34. C. fus'ca (All.) ; spikes 3 4 oblong sessile contiguous, 
 the lowest shortly stalked rather distant, fr. oval blunt com- 
 pressed (ultimately trigonous) bidentate roughish above veined, 
 gl. cuspidate lower exceeding fr., nut obovoid trigonous blunt 
 ttriculate, lower bract leanike. E. B. S. 2885. H. b. 11. Schk. 
 X. & Gg. 76. R. 235. B. 438. C. Buxbaumii (Wahl.) ed. viii. 
 St. 1 2 feet high, triquetrous, rough. Sheaths of the I. con- 
 nected by netlikejilaments. Gl. nearly black, with a green keel 
 prolonged into a cuspidate point. Fr. glaucous green. Arisaig, 
 W. Inverness. Mr. W. F. Miller. Harbour Island near Toom 
 Bridge, Lough Neagh. P. VI. S. I. 
 
464 97. CYPEEACE^ 1 . 
 
 35. C. atrdta (L.) ; spikes 3 4 ovate-oblong shortly stalked 
 contiguous ultimately drooping, the lowest rather distant and 
 with a longer stalk, fr. elliptic reinless with a short terete 
 slightly notched beak, glumes acute, nut elliptic triquetrous blunt 
 ftpiculate, lower bract leaflike. E. B. 2044. Schk. X. 77. H. b. 8. 
 JR. 237. St. 1 1 J foot high, triangular, smooth. L. flat, broad, 
 Gl. dark purple ; midrib slender, pale. Fr. yellowish. Mr. H. C. 
 Watson mentions a form with the term, spike wholly male and 
 the fern, spikes cylindrical and 2 3 in. below it. Alpine rocks. 
 P. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 JJ Fruit glabrous. Terminal spike wholly male, solitary. 
 
 36. C. pallescens (L.) ; fertile spikes subpendulous ovate or 
 oblong with exserted stalks contiguous, bracts leaflike, gl. mu- 
 cronate, fr. ovozd-oblonq convex on both sides veined blunt , beak 
 0, nut linear-elliptic trigonous. #. B. 2185. Sy. E. B. 1657. 
 Schk. Kk. 99. H. b. 44. St. slender, triquetrous, rough above 
 1 Ij foot high. Spikes blunt, pale greeny the barren one 
 sessile, darker. Marshy places. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 37. C. panicea (L.) ; fertile spikes erect remote subcylindrical 
 on exserted stalks, bracts leaflike sheathing, gl. rather acute,/;-. 
 ovoid subglobose injlated veinless with a short terete truncate 
 beak, nut obo void-oblong trigonous with a cylindrical beak. 
 E. B. 1505. Schk. LI. 100. H. b. 33. St. 12 ft. high, erect, 
 smooth, obtuse-angled. Fertile spikes about 2. Gl. oblong, 
 more or less acute, dark brown with a green keel and mem- 
 branous pale margins. Lowermost bract about as long as its 
 spike, the rest shorter, sheaths close. [A form with the fruits 
 swollen and purplish towards the top is var. tumidula (Laest.).j Marshy 
 places. P. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 38. C. ragindta (Tausch !) ; fertile spikes erect remote on ex- 
 serted stalks, bracts sheathing scarcely leaflike, gl. bluntish,/)'. 
 ovoid triquetrous glabrous veinless with a short terete smooth 
 very obliquely truncate and emarginate beak, nut elliptic tri- 
 angular " with a beak slightly thickened upwards." H. b. 17, 
 Kunze Riedqr. 15. B. 478. C. plmostachya Sm,, E. B. S. 
 2731. C. Meilichoferi Sm., E. B. 2293. St. 56 in. high, 
 smooth. Fertile spikes 1 2. Glumes bluntish. Bracts with 
 funnelshaped sheaths. Highland mountains. P. VII. S. 
 
 39. C. linwsa (L.) ; fertile spikes 1 or 2 upon very long stalks 
 drooping ovate densely-flou-ered (t with occasionally a few male 
 
 Jl. at their top" bracts auvicled slender strongly keeled, gl. ovate 
 mucronate, fir. rou n dish -oboroid compressed strongly ribledvsith 
 
CAREJ. 465 
 
 a very short entire beak, nut obovoid bluntly trigonous with a 
 beak, L narrow linear channelled rough at the edges throughout. 
 E. B. 2043. R. 238. B. 216. Creeping. St. 1 ft. high. 
 L. and bracts very slender. Gl. purple, usually with a green 
 keel, about as long as the pale fr. which is broadest above the 
 middle. Nut pale. Spongy bogs. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 40. C. magcllan'ica (Lam.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 drooping upon 
 long stalks oblong densely-flowered loith occasionally a few 
 male ft. at their base, bracts auricled leaflike rather broad nearly 
 fiat, gl. ovoid-lanceolate attenuate acute, fr. roundish-ovoid com- 
 pressed faintly ribbed with a very short entire beak, nut elliptic 
 triangular with a beak, /. linear flat smooth at the edges except 
 near the tip. E. B. S. 2895. It. 238. B. 219. C. irrigua 
 (Iloppe) ed. viii. Creeping. St. a foot or more in height. 
 L. and bracts 2 or 3 times as broad as in the preceding. GL 
 wholly purple usually longer than the pale fr. which is broadest 
 below the middle. Nut pale. Spongy bogs in the North, rare. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 41. C. rariflora (Sm.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 drooping upon 
 long stalks oblong feiv-floweredlax, bracts with very short sheaths, 
 gl. very broad blunt as long as the fr., fr. oblong with 3 blunt 
 angles, beak extremely short entire, nut roundish-oblong, 1. flat 
 rough-edged towards the tip. E. B. 2516. B. 217. Creeping. 
 St. 6 8 in. high, smooth. GL folded round thefr., dark brown ; 
 midrib pale, terminating in a minute apiculus. Fr. pale, faintly 
 veined ; nut darker. Elevated bogs in the Highlands. P. VI. S. 
 
 42. C. capilldris (L.) ; fertile spikes drooping upon long half- 
 included stalks few-flowered lax, one bract sheathing several stalks, 
 gl. blunt, fr. oblong trigonous turgid narrowed below veinless 
 with a slender membranous beak, nut obovoid triquetrous blunt 
 with a short beak. E. B. 2069. Schk. 0. 56. H. b. 53. ^.241. 
 St. very slender, 2 6 in. high, smooth. Peduncles rough, 
 several usually enclosed in one sheath. Gl. short, broad, blunt, 
 midrib not reaching the, tip, falling short of the small smooth 
 brown fruit. Nut pale. Root tufted. Teesdale. Scottish 
 Highlands and near sea-level in Sutherland. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 43. C. strigosx (Huds.) ; fertile spikes drooping about 4 distant 
 rather long slender lax lower with exserted stalks, bracts leaflike 
 sheathing, fr. oblong -lanceolate narrowed at both ends trigonous 
 veined with an obliquely truncate mouth, nut elliptic triangular 
 punctured, 1. broad. E. B. 994. Schk. N. 53.--St. 2 feet high. 
 Sheaths nearly covering the peduncles. Gl. elliptic-lanceolate, 
 diaphanous, greenish down the back. Groves and thickets, rare. 
 P. V. VI. E. S, I. 
 
 x 5 
 
466 97. CYPERACEJB. 
 
 -J4. C.pen'dula (Huds.) ; fertile spikes drooping about o distant 
 cylindrical very long densely flowered, bracts leaflike lower ones 
 with sheaths nearly equalling the flowerstalks upper scarcely 
 sheathing, fr. elliptic subtrigonous tumid ivith short trigonous 
 emarginate beak, nut elliptic triangular. E. B. 2315. Schk. Q. 
 60. JR. 243. St. 3 6 feet high, round at the angles above. 
 Fertile spikes often 3 or 4 in. long, arched : upper ones frequently 
 with male fl. at the tip. Gl. ovate inucronate, brown with a 
 green keel. Fr. green, ciliate at the mouth. Damp woods. P. 
 V. E. S. I. 
 
 JJ| Fruit downy, hairy or scabrous. Bracts sheathing. L. in 
 sterile tufts. Male spike solitary. 
 
 45. C. humilis (Leyss.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 remote about 3- 
 Jlowered enclosed in the membranous leafless bracts, fr. obovoid 
 
 subtrigonous narrowed below with an entire oblique mouth not 
 obovoid, trigonous, with a short beak. H. b. 15. C. dandestina 
 Good., E. B. 21 24. Schk. K. 43. R. 239. St. about 2 in. high, 
 erect, concealed amongst the leaves. Bracts large, wholly mem- 
 branous, nearly hiding the fertile spikes. L. all radical, linear, 
 channelled, rough. Limestone hills in Hants, Wilts, Somerset, 
 and Dorset. P. IV. E. 
 
 46. C. ornithop 'oda (W.) ; fertile spikes 3 near together suberect 
 exceeding male spike, bracts membranous leafless, fr. pyriform 
 trigonous with a subemarginate mouth exceeding the glumes, 
 nut elliptic subtrigonous shortly stalked with a minute beak. 
 J. ofB. xiii. t. 164. R. 240. St. 35 in. high, scarcely exceed- 
 ing the flat bluntish radical leaves. Bracts much falling short 
 of fertile spikes. Millers Dale, Derbyshire. P. V. VII. E. 
 
 47. C. digitdta (L.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 distant linear erect 
 lax, bracts membranous obliquely truncate, lowermost with a seta- 
 ceous leajlike point, fr. obovoid trigonous narrowed below equalling 
 gl., beak short nearly entire, "nut elliptic-oblong triangular 
 shortly -stalked and shortly-beaked." E. B. 615. Schk. H. 38. 
 H. b. 14. St. 6 8 in. high, erect, sheathed at the base, leafless, 
 taller than the flat radical leaves. Woods on limestone, rare. 
 P. IV. V. E. 
 
 \\\\ Fr. hairy or downy or scabrous. Bracts not sheathing 
 (except slightly in No, 52). f Male spike 1. 
 
 48. C. ver'na (Chaix) ; fertile spikes 1 3 oblong-ovoid near 
 together sessile, bracts clasping the lowest leaflike and slightly 
 
CAKEX. 467 
 
 sheathing, gl. broadly ovate acuminate with excurrent midrib,/)*. 
 ovoid-rhomboidal trigonous with an entire mouth, nut obovoid 
 narrowed below trigonous with prominent angles, base of the 
 style surrounded by a cuplike disk, soboliferous. E. It. 1099. 
 Schk. F. 27. H. b. 24. R. 261. C. prcecox (Jacq.) ed. viii. 
 St. 3 12 in. high. Lowermost spike often slightly stalked. 
 Dry places. P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 49. C. ericetorum (Poll.) ; fertile spikes 1 3 ovoid near to- 
 gether sessile, bracts clasping all membranous, yl. obovate very 
 blunt finely ciliate midrib not reaching the top, fir. obovoid tri- 
 gonous with a truncate beak, nut subglobose trigonous with no 
 terminal disk or prominent angles, soboliferous. E. B. S. 2971. 
 Schk. J. 42. H. b. 26. It. 262. C. ciliata Willd. Gl. brown 
 with a broad pale edge, all very blunt. St. 3 6 in. high. 
 On chalk. Norf., Sufi'., Cambridge. P. IV. V. E. 
 
 50. C. montdna (L.) ; fertile spikes 1 3 ovoid crowded sessile, 
 bracts small membranous the lowest with an awlshaped point, 
 gl. of fertile spikes blunt notched and mucronate, fr. narrowed 
 below oblong-obovoid trigonous with a short notched beak, nut 
 oblong narrowed below with a pyramidal beak, root fibrous from 
 a shaggy thick branched rhizome. E. B. S. 2924. Schk. F. 29. 
 H. b. 21. It. 261. C. collina Willd. St. about a span long, 
 slender. L. narrow ; sheaths of lower 1. red. Gl. very dark ; 
 midrib narrowly yellowish. Fr. hairy, its beak purple. Heaths 
 and banks. P*. IV. V. E. 
 
 51. C. pilulifera (L.) ; fertile spikes about 3 roundish near 
 together sessile, bracts small lowest scarcely leafiike awlshaped 
 not sheathing, gl. broadly ovate mucronate, fr. stalked subylobose 
 with a short bifid beak, nut subglobose subtrigonous narrowed 
 below, persistent base of style recurved, root fibrous. E. B. 885. 
 Schk. J. 39. It. 260. St. 612 in. long, slender, at length 
 decumbent. /3. longibracteata ( Lange) ; lowest bract very long 
 leaflike, upper bract long and slender, midrib of gl. excurrent, 
 nut fusiform. Var. Leesii (Ridl.) ed. viii. J. ofB. xix. t. 218. 
 Wet heaths. /3. Plumpton, Yorkshire. Glen Callater, Braemar. 
 On rocks in shade. P. V. E. S. I. 
 
 52. C. tomentosa (L.) ; fertile spikes 1 or 2 nearly sessile cy- 
 lindrical blunt, lowermost bracts leafiike with a very short sheath, 
 gl. broadly ovate acute, fr. obovoid subtrigonous scarcely beaked 
 slightly emaryinate, mil blunt trigonous narrowed below with a 
 short beak constricted at its base, soboliferous. E. B. 2046. Schk. 
 F. 28. H. b. 28. R. 263. St. a foot high, with 3 sharp angles, 
 
468 97. CYPEKACE.E. 
 
 rough upwards, erect. Beak of nut slightly swelling* upwards. 
 Fr. with copious white down, mouth very broad. Water-mea- 
 dows at Merston Measey, Wilts. Pasture, Fairford, E. Glos. 
 P. VI. E. 
 
 ft Male spikes usually more than 1. 
 
 53. C. flacca (Schreb.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 erect or drooping 
 cylindrical densely Howered long-stalked, bracts leaflike scarcely 
 sheathing, gl. ovate acute, fr. blunt elliptic reinless slightly 
 rough entire at the small point, nut roundish- ovate triangular. 
 H. b. 67. Schk. 0. P. 57. R. 269. E. B. 1506. C. recur ca 
 Huds., C. glauca (Scop.) ed. viii. Soboliferous. St. a foot or 
 more in height. Male spikes variable in number. Fertile spikes 
 often have a male fl. at the top. /3. C. Micheliana (Sm) ; gl. 
 blunt, fr. smaller. E. B. 2236. y. C. stictocarpa (Sin.) ; fertile 
 spikes ovate, fr. obovate dotted. J2. B. 8. 2772. Damp places. 
 P. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 ** Beak of fr. long, ^-toothed or bifid. Nut with 3 angles. 
 Stigmas 3, rardy 2. (Sp. 54 74.) 
 
 t Beak of fruit terete. Terminal spike male. 
 
 54. C. atrofnsca (Schk.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 4 upon short stalks 
 ovoid densely flowered, bracts scarcely leaflike or sheathing, 1. 
 ovate acute, fr. elliptic compressed rour/h-edyed with a cloven 
 beak, nut elliptic triangular on a long stalk, root fibrous. E. B. 
 2404. Schk. Y. 82. H. b. 47. C. ustuldta (Wahl.) ed. viii. 
 St. 3 10 in. high. L. very short, broad. Gl. dark purple with 
 a slender pale midrib. Fr. dark purple, paler below. Nut 
 fuscous. Breadalbane Hills, Perthshire. P. VII. S. 
 
 ft Beak of fruit plane-convex. Male spike 1, or rarely 2. 
 Fruit glabrous. Bracts sheathing, leaflike. 
 
 55. C. Sadler' i (Linton) ; fertile spikes fusiform upper sessile 
 lower ultimately pendulous long-stalked, bracts sheathing leaf- 
 like, gl. acute, fr. lanceolate triquetrous gradually narrowed into 
 a ciliate-serrate bifid beak, nut ovate triquetrous, st. triangular 
 smooth. C. friaida ed. viii. Edin. Hot. Tr. xii. t. 2. /. of U. 
 xiii. t. 159. St. 3 12 in. high. L. broad, parallel-sided when 
 voung. Above Loch Ceann-mor, Aberdeenshire, and in Glen 
 Dole. P. VIII. S. 
 
 56. C.jftdva (L.) ; fertile spikes roundish-oval subsessile, low- 
 est spike with a nearly included stalk, bracts leaflike with short 
 sheaths, gl. blunt, fr. ovate inflated ribbed smooth narrowed 
 
CAREX. 409 
 
 into a defloxed rough-edged bifid beak, nut obovoid trigonous 
 punctate, st. trigonous smooth. E. 23. 1294. Schk. H. 30. H. 
 p. 22. JR. 273. St. 012 in. high. L. broad. Male spike cy- 
 lindrical, blunt ; gl. blunt. Fertile spikes usually near together 
 and near the barren spike, sometimes distant ; gl. with a green 
 midrib slightly rough and often excurrent at the end. Beak of 
 the fr. curved downwards parallel-sided when young 1 . Lowest 
 fr. declining. 1 /3. C. lepidocarpa (Tausch !) ; barren spikes usually 
 long-stalked, beak of fr. often nearly straight. Sy. E. B. 1673. 
 Kunze Riedgr. 13. R. 272. Wet places. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 57. C. (E'deri (Retz.) ; fertile spikes roundish-ovate subsessile 
 near together, lowest spike with an included stalk, bracts leaflike 
 with short sheaths, gl. mucronate, fr. subglobose inflated ribbed 
 smooth suddenly contracted into an erect narrow rough-edged 
 bifid beak, nut obo void-trigonous punctate, st. trigonous smooth. 
 Sy. E. B. 1074. //. b. 23. R. 272. Much like, but 
 distinct from, C. jftava. Fertile spikes smaller. Fr. much 
 smaller than those of C. flava, more in number, with a shorter 
 and narrower-based beak which is conical when young. Very 
 variable in height. [Var. cedocarpa (And.) has st. recurved, male sp. 
 stalked, fertile spikes distant, fr. more beaked.] Bogs. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 58. C. exterisa (Good.) ; fertile spikes oblong near together 
 subsessile lower one rather distant with a short included stalk, 
 bracts very long leaflike with short sheaths, gl. mucronate, fr. 
 ovoid triquetrous ribbed narrowed into a straight smooth-edged 
 bifid beak, nut oblong-elliptic triangular smooth. E. B. 833. 
 Schk. V. Xx. 72. H. b. 32. R. 274. ?. usually curved, 812 
 in. high, trigonous, smooth, usually exceeding the leaves. Barren 
 spike nearly sessile, blunt ; gl. blunt. L. and bracts very narrow, 
 
 1 Mr. Townsend (J. of B. xix. 1881, p. 161) discriminates the following 
 forms 
 
 " a. genuina. L. shorter than the st., male spike nearly or quite sessile, 
 "female spikes contiguous, lowest bract much exceeding male spike; fr. 
 <; considerably narrowed towards the base, and gradually narrowing above 
 " into a much dellexed beak, which is as long as the rest of the fr. 
 
 "$. C. lepidocarpa, Tausch. St. scabrous; 1. narrow, shorter than the 
 " st. ; male spike long-stalked, female spikes distant, ovate ; fr. crowded, 
 " suborbicular, beak long, strongly deflexed. 
 
 " y. minor. St. shorter than in var. a ; 1. commonly as long as or even 
 " longer than the st., male spike usually stalked, female spikes usually 
 " distant ; fr. smaller, suborbicular, more suddenly contracted into a less 
 "deflexed or straight beak, which is shorter than the rest of the fr. 
 
 " d. argillacea. L. broad, as long as or longer than the st. ; male spike 
 " short sessile, female spikes contiguous ; fr. suborbicular, beak short, 
 " straight." H. & J. G. 
 
470 97. CTPERACEvE. 
 
 convolute, long. [/3. minor (Syme) ; smaller, stems shorter than the 
 leaves, f r. less attenuated into a beak.] Marshes, chiefly near the sea. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 59. C. Hornschuchidna (Hoppe) ; fertile spikes ovate-oblong 
 distant with stalks exceeding the long sheaths, glumes ovate not 
 inucronate, fr. ovoid triquetrous rough-edged also scarious in the 
 notch, nut obovoid trigonous nearly smooth. H. b. 40. R. 252. 
 C. speir'ostachya Sm., E. B. 8. 2770. Rootstock often creeping. 
 St. trigonous, rough-edged, about a foot high. Lowest bract 
 often reaching up to or beyond the barren spike. Boggy places. 
 P. VI. E. S. I, 
 
 [C. xanthocar'pa (Degl.) x " has tufted stems, ovate-acute 
 glumes, spreading fr. not scarious in the notch." It is said to 
 be not uncommon. I do not know it. C. fulva Good., Sm., was- 
 an error. See J. ofB. xiv. 366.] 
 
 60. C. punctdta (Gaud.) ; fertile spikes erect cylindrical with 
 slightly exserted stalks particularly the lowest, bracts sheathing, 
 gl. ovate shortly awned, fr. spreading ovoid tumid obscurely 
 veined pellucidly punctate with a linear bidentate smooth beak, nut 
 ovoid-rhomboidal narrowed at both ends triangular rough. H. 
 b. 37. Kume Riedgr. 6. R. 251. St. smooth, 12 feet high, 
 slender. Spikes distant or the upper ones near - r stalks slightly 
 (the lowest often greatly) exserted, rough ; lowest spike often 
 very distant. Gl. pale red with a broad green longitudinal 
 dorsal band. Er. pale. Nut brown. Gl. of barren spike blunt, 
 Marshy places near the sea. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 61. C. dis'tans (L.) ; fertile spikes remote erect oblong, upper 
 with included stalks, bracts with sheaths, gl. inucronate, //, 
 ascending ovoid trigonous equally and faintly ribbed pellucidly 
 punctate smooth, edges of the bifid narrow beak rough, nut 
 triquetrous roughish obovoid narrowed below. E. . 1234, 
 Schk. T. 68. H. b. 42. R. 253. St. smooth, seldom exceeding 
 a foot high, slender. Spikes distant, short; lower ped. half- 
 exserted. Gl. brownish. Fr. yellowish brown, rather inflated ; 
 nut yellowish. Male spike cylindrical-clavate, with blunt 
 glumes. Marshy places, especially near the sea. P. V. E. S. I. 
 
 62. C. biner'vis (Sm.) ; fertile spikes remote, upper ones nearer 
 together cylindrical their stalks mostly included, lower long with 
 exserted stalks, bracts sheathing, gl. mucronate,/r. ovoid subtri- 
 
 w^ % prominent green submarginalribs on the back other 
 
 1 Generally considered the hybrid C.flava X Hornschuchiana. 
 
 H. & J. G. 
 
CAKEX. 471 
 
 ribs faint, beak broad bifil rough at the edges, nut obovoid rough- 
 ish. E. B. 1235. Schk. Rrr. 160. lf.b.39. R. 255. St. trian- 
 gular, smooth, a foot high. Spikes often very distant ; upper 
 stalks often quite included, never much exserted, lower often 
 greatly exserted. Gl. dark purple; midrib greenish yellow. Fr. 
 brown or deeply tinged with parple, 2 prominent ribs always 
 green ; nut brown. Male spike with blunt glumes. Heaths 
 and moors. P. VI. VII. .E. S. I. 
 
 63. C. Iceviydta (Sm.) ; fertile spikes remote cylindrical, stalks 
 more or less exserted, bracts sheathing, gl. acute, fr. ovoid atte- 
 nuate striate, beak long deeply bind with rough edges, nut sub" 
 pi/riform narrowed below triangular smooth, E. B. 1387. Schk. 
 Bbb. 116 & Sss. 162. H. b. 38. R. 254. St. smooth, 23 feet 
 high. Spikes distant, erect or drooping. Gl. often acute on the 
 male spike, always so on the others, purple with a paler dorsal 
 longitudinal band. Rarely 2 male spikes. Fr. green ; nut 
 yellowish. L. broad. /3. yracilis (Ar. Benn.) ; 1. much nar- 
 rower, fertile spikes short, fr. patent smaller but more 
 swollen. Marshes and wet thickets, rather rare-. P, VI. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 64. C. depauperdta (With.) ; fertile spikes erect remote 3- or 
 4-^., stalks exserted, bracts sheathing leafluke, gl. acute, fr. large 
 nearly globose, beak long bitid with rough edges, nut elliptic 
 trigonous with bluntish angles. E. B. 1098. Schk. M. 50. St. 
 1 2 feet high, trigonous, smooth. GL of the male spike blunt. 
 Fr. very large and few with many ribs-. Spikes very distant. 
 Dry woods, very rare, P. VI. E, 
 
 ttt Beak of fr. glabrous, terete or compressed. Male spike 
 1 (rarely more;. Stigmas 3. 
 
 65. C. sylvat'ica (Huds.) ; fertile spikes about 4 distant slightly 
 drooping linear with long half-exserted stalks, bracts leaflike 
 sheathing, fr. elliptic trigonous obscurely veined narrowed into a 
 long cloven smooth beak, nut obovoid-elliptic-triangular, 1. nar- 
 rower than in the preceding. E. B. 995. Schk. LL 101. H. b. 
 55. R. 242. St. about 2 feet high, smooth, its top and the fr.- 
 beak rarely a little rough. Sheaths scarcely half equalling the 
 peduncles. Gl. ovate, acute, diaphanous with a green keel. 
 .Damp woods. P. V. E. S. I. 
 
 66. C. Pseudo-cyperus (L.) ; fertile spikes about 5 drooping 
 cylindrical densely flowered stalked near together, bracts leaflike 
 scarcely sheathing, gl. setaceous rough dilated at the base, fr. 
 ovoid-lanceolate ribbed narrowed into a deeply bifid beak, nut 
 
472 97. CYPERACEJE. 
 
 elliptic, st. triquetrous with rouo-h angles. E. B. 242. Si-hk. 
 Mm. 102. H. b. 56. R. 275. St. 23 feet high. Male spike 
 often with some fertile flowers. Fertile spike 1 j 2 in. lonir. 
 Damp places, rare. P. VI. E.I. 
 
 tttt Beak of hairy fr. terete or compressed with patent cusps. 
 Male spikes 2 or more. 
 
 67. C. jilifor'mis (L.) ; male spikes 2, fertile 3 or 4 remote 
 erect sessile oblong, bracts leaflike lowermost slightly sheathing, 
 gl. oblong-ovate cuspidate and ciliate at the point, fr. downy 
 oblong-ovoid narrowed into an obliquely truncate beak with 2 
 lateral points, nut narrowly elliptic subtrigonous, 1. slender chan- 
 nelled.^. & 904. Schk. K. 45. B. 132. R. 265. St. 2 feet 
 high. L. with filamentous sheaths below. Lowest spike rarely 
 stalked. Peat-bogs, rare. P. V. E. S. 1. 
 
 68. C. hir'ta (L.) ; male spikes 2 or 3, fertile 2 or 3 remote 
 erect oblong-cylindrical stalked, bracts leaflike the lower with 
 long sheaths nearly equalling the peduncles, gl. elliptic-lanceo- 
 late with long slender ciliate points, fr. hairy oblong-ovate nar- 
 rowed into a deeply divided beak, nut obovate narrowed below 
 triangular, /. flat hairy. E. B. 685. Schk. Uu. 108. H. b. 58. 
 R. 257. St. 1J 2 feet high, leafy. L. and sheaths shaggy, 
 rarely glabrous. Fr. tawny. Occasionally the spikes are com- 
 pound at the base and very long-stalked, and the gl. long. 
 [Var. ebracteata (Syme) has crowded spikes, 1. and gl. glabrous and 
 bracts without foliaceous lamina?. A monstrosity?] Wet places. 
 P. IV. Hammersedge. E. S. I. 
 
 ttttt Beak of fr. glabrous, terete, striate, with patent cusps, 
 or 2-toothed. Male spikes many, rarely 1. Bracts not 
 sheathing. 
 
 \ Male spike 1. Stigmas 2. Beak offr. 2-toothed. 
 
 69. C. pul'la (Good.) ; male spike 1 (rarely 2), fertile 13 
 roundish-ovoid lower one stalked bracteate sheathless erect,/?-. 
 ovoid obscurely veined inflated, beak short, nut roundish mucro- 
 nate, gl. bluntish, E. B. 2045. Schk. Cc. 88. C. vesicaria v. 
 alpigcna Fr. St. 6 8 in. high. Gl. dark purple tipped with 
 white, midrib dark purple. Fr. dark purple paler at the base, 
 longer than the gl., stalked. C. saxatilis (Linn. Herb.) ; but 
 Andersson says that the true plant is C. riyida. Wet parts of 
 the higher Scottish mountains. P. VII. S. 
 
 70. C. Grahdmi (Boott) : male spikes 1 or 2 slender acute, 
 fertile 2 or 3 ovate blunt lower one stalked bracteate sheathless, 
 
CAREX. 473 
 
 fr. oblong-ovate strongly ribbed inflated narrowed into a short 
 bifid beak, nut oblong compressed triquetrous below not J as 
 long as the perianth, gl. acute. E. B. S. 2923. St. 12 ft. 
 high. Gl. fuscous, with the tip and midrib pale. Fr. pale or 
 darkish brown, nearly twice as long as the gl., with several 
 strong ribs on each side. Glen Fiadh, Clova. Ben Cruichben, 
 [Meall Ghaordie &c.], Killin. P. VII. S. 
 
 tt Male spikes many. Stigmas 3. Bracts not sheathing. 
 
 71. C. rostrdta (Stokes) ; fertile spikes 2 4 remote cylin- 
 drical erect stalked, bracts leaflike,//'. subglobose inflated sud- 
 denly narrowed into a long slender beak, nut obovoid triangular, 
 st. smooth with blunt angles. E. B. 780. Schk. Tt. 107. H. b. 
 65. R. 277. C. ampullacea (Good.) ed. viii. St. 1 2 feet 
 high, trigonous. L. glaucous, channelled. [A small neat form 
 with very compact spikes and short-beaked fr. is C. ampull. var. brun- 
 nescens (And.), and a very luxuriant Irish form with broad 1. and large 
 fruit is var. latifolia (Ascliers.).] -Very wet bogs. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 72. C. vesicdria (L.) ; fertile spikes 2 4 remote cylindrical, 
 bracts leaflike,//'. ovoid conical inflated gradually narrowed into 
 a subulate bifid beak, nut elliptic triangular, st. imth acute angles. 
 E. B. 779. Schk. Ss. 106. H. b. 64. R. 276. St. 2 feet 
 high, triangular, roughish near the top. L. rather broad, green. 
 j3. involute* (Bab.) ; 1. narrow folded into a ^-cylinder, midrib 
 of gl. apiculate, fr. narrower. Sy. E. B. 1681, [Possibly a hybrid 
 with sp. 7J.J Wet bogs. /3. Hale Moss, Manchester. Mr. J. 
 Sidebotham. Congleton, Chesh. Mr. E. Wilson. P. V. E. S. I. 
 
 73. C. acutifor'mis (Ehrh.) ; gl. of the barren spikes blunt, ,' 
 anth. apiculate, fertile spikes cylindrical bhint, gl. acute or 
 mucronate entire, bracts leaflike 1 fr. oblong-obovate compressed 
 with a short bifid beak, nut roundish-obovate triangular, st. 
 with acute angles. E. B. 807. Schk. Oo. 103. C. paludosa 
 (Good.) ed. viii. St. 2 3 feet high, angles rough. L. broad. 
 Fr. sometimes recurved at the tip, stig. sometimes 2. 3. C. 
 spadicea (Elw., Roth, not Host.) ; gl. of fertile spikes with a 
 long rough beak. C. Kochiana (DC.). Wet places. P. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 74. C. ripdria (Curt.) ; gl. of the barren spikes acute, anth. fag^ 
 with a long point, fertile spikes acute cylindrical, bracts leaflike, 
 
 fr. oblong-ovoid convex on both sides narrowed into a short broad 
 cloven beak, nut pyriform triangular, st. with acute angles. 
 E. B. 579. Schk. Qq. Rr. 10,5. H. b. 66. St. 34 feet 
 high, angles rough. L. broader than in the preceding. Wet 
 places. ^P. V. E. S. L 
 
474 
 
 97. CTPERACE^. 
 
 Index to the Carices. 
 
 acufca, 27. 
 
 flava, 56. 
 
 phceostachya, 38. 
 
 acutiformis, 73. 
 
 frigida, 55. 
 
 pilulifera, 51. 
 
 alpicola, 23. 
 
 fu sea, 34. 
 
 prcecox, 48. 
 
 alpigena, 69. 
 
 Gibsoni, 31*. 
 
 prolixa, 27. 
 
 alpina, 33. 
 
 glauca, 53. 
 
 Pseudo-cyperus, 66. 
 
 amputtacea, 71. 
 
 Goodenovii, 31. 
 
 pulicaris, 3. 
 
 aquatilis, 29. 
 
 gracilis, 63. 
 
 pulla, 69. 
 
 arenaria, 7. 
 
 Graham i, 70. 
 
 punctata, 60. 
 
 argillacea, 56. 
 
 grypos, 20. 
 
 rariflora, 41. 
 
 atrata, 35. 
 
 kelvola, 22. 
 
 recurva, 53. 
 
 atrofusca, 54. 
 
 hirta, 68. 
 
 remota, 19. 
 
 axillaris, 18. 
 
 Hornschuchiana, 59. 
 
 rigicla, 16, 28. 
 
 binervis, 62. 
 
 humilis, 45. 
 
 riparia, 74. 
 
 Boenninghauseniana, 
 
 incurva, 8. 
 
 robustior, 23. 
 
 17. 
 
 inferalpina, 28. 
 
 rostrata, 71. 
 
 bracteata, 25. 
 
 intermedia, . 
 
 rupestris, 4. 
 
 brizoides, 16*. 
 
 involuta, 72. 
 
 Sadleri, 55. 
 
 Buxbaumii, 34. 
 
 irrigua, 40. 
 
 salina, 30. 
 
 c&spitosa, 26, 31. 
 
 Kochiana, 73. 
 
 saxatilis, 28,69. 
 
 canescens, 22. 
 
 Isevigata, 63. 
 
 epadicea, 73. 
 
 capillaris, 42. 
 
 lagopina, 24. 
 
 speirostachya, 59. 
 
 capitata, 25. 
 
 Leesii, 51. 
 
 spiculosa, 30. 
 
 chordorrhiza, 9. 
 
 lepidocarpa, 56. 
 
 stellulata, 20. 
 
 ciliata, 49. 
 
 leporina, 25. 
 
 stictocarpa, 53. 
 
 clandestine^, 45. 
 
 leporina, 24. 
 
 stricta, 26. 
 
 collina, 50. 
 
 limosa, 39. 
 
 strigosa, 43. 
 
 curta, 22. 
 
 longibracteata, 51. 
 
 sylvatica, 65. 
 
 cuspidata, 39. 
 
 magellanica, 40. 
 
 tenella, 9. 
 
 Davalliana, 2. 
 
 Meilichoferi, 38. 
 
 teretiuscula, 14. 
 
 depauperata, 64. 
 
 Micheliana, 53. 
 
 tomentosa, 52. 
 
 digitata, 47. 
 
 minor, 29, 56, 58. 
 
 trinervis, 32. 
 
 dio'ica, 1. 
 
 montana, 50. 
 
 tnmidula, 37. 
 
 distans, 61. 
 
 muricata, 12. 
 
 turfosa, 26. 
 
 disticha, 6. 
 
 nemorosa, 11. 
 
 ustulata, 54. 
 
 divisa, 10. 
 
 GEderi, 57. 
 
 vaginata, 38. 
 
 divulsa, 13. 
 
 cedocarpa, 59. 
 
 Vahlii, 33. 
 
 eckinata, 20. 
 
 ornithopoda, 46. 
 
 verna, 48. 
 
 Ehrhartiana, 14. 
 
 ovalisy 25. 
 
 yesicaria, 72. 
 
 elata, 26. 
 
 pallescens, 36. 
 
 virens, 12. 
 
 elatior, 29. 
 
 paludosa, 73. 
 
 virescens, 29. 
 
 elongata, 21. 
 
 panicea, 37. 
 
 vitilis, 23. 
 
 erecta, 8. 
 
 paniculata, 16. 
 
 vulgaris, 31. 
 
 ericetorum, 49. 
 
 paradoxa, 15. 
 
 vulpina, 11. 
 
 extensa, 58. 
 
 pauciflora, 5. 
 
 vulpinoidea, 14*. 
 
 filiformis, 67. 
 
 pendula, 44. 
 
 xanthocarpa, 59*. 
 
 flacca, 53. 
 
 Persoonii, 23. 
 
 
98. GEAMINEJS. 475 
 
 Order XCVIII. GEAMINE^E. 
 
 Fl. perfect or unisexual, 1, 2 or more seated bifariously on a 
 common axis which is contained within an involucre of 2 (or 1) 
 valves (glumes) or rarely none, the whole forming a locusta or 
 spikelet. Each fl. of 1 or 2 scales (pales) of which the outer 
 or lower is simple and usually keeled, the inner with 2 veins 
 or keels. Hypogynous scales 2, 3 or none. Stam. hypogynous, 
 1 6, usually 3. Anth. versatile, notched at both ends. Ovary 
 1 -celled. Styles usually 2, rarely 1 or 3. Embryo on the out- 
 side of the albumen and at its base. L. with split sheaths 1 . 
 
 Suborder I. CLISANTHE^E 2 . 
 
 Flowers closed. Styles or stigmas long, protruded at or near 
 to the top of the flower. 
 
 A. Rachis of inflorescence without lateral excavations. 
 
 Tribe I. PANICEJE. Spikelet [ s dor sally compressed, \-flowered, 
 or with 1 fl. and an inferior glumelike rudiment or a neuter 
 flower. Lower gl. much the smaller, often rudimentary. 
 
 1. DIGITARIA. Spikes fingered. Spikelets in pairs on one 
 side of the flattened rachis, awnless, 1 -flowered, with an 
 inferior rudiment. Gl, 2, lower smaller or 0, upper 3- 
 veined. Sterile fl. of one 5 7- veined pale equalling the 
 flower. 
 
 [2. ECHINOCHLOA. Spikes compound, secund in the whole 
 and in each part. Spikelets on one side of the flattened 
 partial rachis, 2-flowered, inferior fl. rudimentary. Gl. 2, 
 
 1 Nearly all the genera of this Order are beautifully figured in the 
 Gen. FL Germ. Monocotyl. vol. i. See also Andersson's PL Seand. 
 fasc. ii. and Du Mortier in Bull. Soc. Sot. Belg. vii. 65. 
 
 [Since the last edition appeared a large number of so-called varieties 
 of Grasses have been published as British ; many of these we have 
 ignored, being apparently merely trivial and transitory variations charac- 
 terised by slight differences in stature, habit, or colour, more condensed 
 or extended inflorescence, broader or narrower leaves, greater or less 
 hairiness, and the like. H. & J. G.] 
 
 2 The suborders of Fries although convenient for us will not apply 
 generally, see Bentham, Linn. Soc. Journ. xix. 26. Bentham says prac- 
 tically useless except for grasses in a living state. They are retained 
 here as we use them in that state of the plants. 
 
476 98. GEAMINEJE. 
 
 lower 3-veined, upper equalling fl. 5-veined mucronate or 
 awned. Lower pale of sterile fl. like and equalling upper 
 glume.] 
 
 3. SETARIA. Spike cylindrical, compound. Spikelets sur- 
 rounded by an involucre of bristles, 2-flowered ; inferior fl. 
 rudimentary. Gl. 2, lower 3-veined, upper equalling fl. 
 many-veined. Sterile fl. of 1 pale, like and equalling upper 
 glume. 
 
 Tr. II. CHLORIDES. Spikelets laterally compressed l : /?o?r- 
 ered in our plants and sometimes with a superior rudiment, 
 placed in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rachis, or alternate 
 and unilateral. 
 
 4. CAPRIOLA. Spikes fingered, spreading. Spikelets 1- 
 flowered, awnless, with a superior rudiment. Gl. nearly 
 equal, patent. Pales equal ; lower boatshaped, compressed, 
 embracing the inner. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas 
 feathery. 
 
 5. SPARTINA. Spikes upright, in a raceme. Spikelets 1- 
 flowered, awnless. Gl. unequal ; upper lanceolate. Pales 
 unequal ; lower boatshaped, compressed. Styles long, 
 united halfway up. Stigmas feathery. 
 
 6. MIBORA. Inflorescence a somewhat l-sided raceme. Gl. 
 not keeled blunt. Fl. 1. Pale 1, scarious, very hairy, 
 blunt, not awned. 
 
 Tr. III. PHALARIDEAL. Panicled. Spikelets laterally com- 
 pressed^ ^-/lowered, with ] or 2 glumelike inferior rudiments, 
 or 1 or 2 inferior male flowers. Gl. equal covering the 
 flowers. Styles long. Stigmas filiform. 
 
 7. PHALABIS. Gl. 2, boatshaped, keeled, membranous, nearly 
 equal, exceeding the flower. Pales coriaceous, unequal, 
 closely investing the fruit. Rudimentary fl. 1 2, scale- 
 like. 
 
 8. ANTHOXANTHUM. Gl. 2, unequal, membranous; lower 
 small, 1-veined ; upper exceeding the fl., 3-veined. Pales 
 scarious. Stam. 2. Rudimentary fl. 2, scalelike, bifid, 
 awned on the back. 
 
 9. HIEROCHLOE. Gl. 2, nearly equal, membranous, about 
 equalling the spikelet. Fl. 3 ; 2 lower male, 3-androus, 
 upper pale with 2 keels ; upper fl. perfect, 2-androus, upper 
 pale with 1 keel. 
 
98. GRAMINE^B. 477 
 
 Tr. IV. PHLEINE^E. Inflorescence dense, spikelike. Spike- 
 lets laterally compressed, \-flowered or with a superior rudi- 
 ment. Gl. nearly equal, covering the flowers. Styles long. 
 Stigmas filiform. 
 
 10. PHLEUM. Gl. compressed, keeled, parallel at the midrib, 
 truncate, with a terminal seta, or acute. Fl. 1. Pales 2, 
 membranous ; lower 3-veined, blunt, without awns, or 
 with a minute central point. 
 
 11. ALOPECURUS. Gl. compressed, connate below, membra- 
 nous, awnless. Fl. 1. Pale 1, scarious, 5-veined, awned 
 on the back. 
 
 Tr. V. SESLERIE^E. Panicle spikelike. Spikelets laterally 
 compressed, with 2 or more flowers. Styles or very short. 
 Stigmas very long, filiform. 
 
 12. SESLERIA. Spikelets sessile, imbricate all round. Gl. 
 2 6-flowered, nearly or quite equalling the spikelet. 
 Lower pale keeled, membranous, with a scarious margin, 
 ending in 3 or 5 points ; dorsal rib excurrent. 
 
 B. Spikelets sessile in hollows of the rachis. 
 
 Tr. VI. NARDEJE. Spikelets 1-flowered. Gl. 0. Style short. 
 Stigmas filiform. 
 
 13. NARDUS. Spikelets in 2 rows on one side of the rachis. 
 Lower pale keeled, tapering into a subulate point. Stig- 
 mas long. 
 
 Suborder II. EUP.Y ANTHER. 
 
 Flowers open. Style short. Stigmas protruded near to the 
 bottom of the flower. 
 
 A. Inflorescence paniclcd or racemose ; rachis without lateral 
 excavations. 
 
 Tr. VII. ORYZEJE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-flowered. 
 Glumes 0. Stigmas feathery. Pales enclosing but free 
 from the nut. Pales opening only slightly. 
 
 14. HOMALOCENCHRUS. Pales 2, like parchment, compressed 
 keeled, awnless ; lower much broader. 
 
478 98. GRAMINE.E. 
 
 Tr. VIII. STIPACEJE. Spikelets cylindric, 1-flowered, with- 
 out any rudiment. Gl. unequal membranous, enclosing 
 the flowers. Pales hardening, enclosing but free from the 
 nut. 
 
 [15. STIPA. Spikelets stalked. Pales coriaceous ; outer cy- 
 lindrical, convolute, evidently jointed to the kneed twisted 
 feathery awn.] 
 
 16. MILIUM. Spikelets stalked. Pales like parchment, awn- 
 less ; lower ventricose, convex. 
 
 Tr. IX. AGROST1DE&. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1- 
 fiowered, or with a superior rudiment, or many-flowered. 
 Gl. and pales membranous. 
 
 f Gl. falling short of the outer pale. Style long. Stigmas of ten 
 protruded near the middle of the flower. 
 
 17. PHRAGMITES. Pan. diffuse. Gl. unequal ; lower much 
 smaller. Fl. 1 6, awnless, with silky hairs at their base ; 
 lower imperfect. Lower pale acuminate, much exceeding 
 the inner, awnless. 
 
 tt GL exceeding the flowers. Style short or none. 
 
 18. AMMOPHILA. Pan. spikelike. Gl. nearly equal ; lower 
 rather the shorter. Fl. 1, with silky hairs at its base or 
 without a superior rudiment. Lower pale with a very 
 short awn. 
 
 19. CALAMAGROSTIS. Pan. diffuse. Gl. nearly equal ; lower 
 rather the longer. Fl. 1, with silky hairs at its base, with 
 or without a superior rudiment. Lower pale awned. 
 
 20. APERA. Pan. loose. Gl. membranous, acute, unarmed ; 
 lower the smaller. Fl. 1, with hairs at its base, and a pe- 
 dicel-like rudiment. Pales unequal, scarious ; lower with 
 a long subterminal awn. 
 
 21. AGROSTIS. Pan. loose. Gl. membranous, acute, un- 
 armed ; upper smaller. Fl. 1, with hairs at its base ; no 
 rudiment. Pales unequal, scarious; dorsal awn falling short 
 of the glumes, or 0. A. canina wants the inner pale. 
 
 [22. LAGURUS. Pan. spikelike. GL scarious, ending in a 
 long fringed bristle. Fl. 1, with a pedicel-like rudiment. 
 Lower pale ending in 2 long bristles and with a dorsal 
 kneed twisted awn.] 
 
98. GRAMINE^E. 479 
 
 23. POLYPOGON. Pan. close, spikelike. GL scarious, each 
 with a long bristle from just below the notched tip. Fl. 1. 
 Lower pale usually awned from just below the tip. 
 
 24. GASTRIDIUM. Pan. close, spikelike. Gl. membranous, 
 acute, awnless, ventricose at the base, much exceeding the 
 flower. Fl. 1. Lower pale truncate or toothed at the end, 
 with or without a dorsal awn. 
 
 Tr. X. AVENEJE. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers ; upper 
 often barren. GL equalling or overtopping the flowers. 
 Lower pale awned. Style short or 0. 
 
 25. HOLCUS. Fl. 2 ; lower perfect, awnless (or very rarely 
 awned) ; upper usually male, with a dorsal awn. Pales 
 hardening on the fruit; tip of lower entire. 
 
 26. WEINGAERTNERTA. Fl. 2, perfect, awned. Awn straight, 
 jointed in the middle ; the upper portion clavate j a tuft of 
 hairs at the joining. Tip ot lower pale entire. 
 
 27. AIRA. Pan. lax. Fl 2, with or without the rudiment 
 of a third (sometimes perfected). Lower pale denticulate 
 or bifid at the tip, terete on the back. Awn dorsal, kneed, 
 (in A. ccespitosa straight). Ovary glabrous. Fr. not crested. 
 
 28. TRISETUM. Spikelets crowded. Fl. 2 6. Lower pale 
 with faint lateral veins, ending in 2 acute teeth, awned. 
 Awn dorsal, kneed and twisted. Ovary glabrous. Fr. 
 neither crested nor furrowed. 
 
 29. AVENA. Fl. 2 or more. Lower pale with lateral veins, 
 awned, ending in 2 points. Awn doreal, kneed and twisted. 
 Ovary hairy at the- top. Fr. crested and furrowed. 
 
 30. ARRHENATHERTJM. pi. 2, with a rudiment ; lower fl. 
 male with a long kneed and twisted awn from below its 
 middle ; upper with a short straight awn from near the 
 tip. Pales herbaceous, ending in 2 points. Ovary hairy 
 at the top. Fr. oblong, terete, downy, not furrowed. 
 
 Tr. XL FESTUCE^E. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers, 
 upper often barren. GL falling short of the lowest Jlower. 
 Style short or 0. 
 
 f Lower pale ^vith nearly par ailed veins which do not join to form 
 
 an awn. Awn 0. Styles terminal. 
 
 ! Lower pale 2 3-fid. 
 
 31. SIEGLINGIA. Fl. 2 4. Lower pale rather coriaceous, 
 rounded on the back, bifid with an intermediate broad 
 point. Nut free. 
 
480 98. GRAMINEJE. 
 
 44 Lower pale nearly or quite entire. 
 
 32. KCELERIA. Gl. unequal ; upper 2 3-rib'bed. Spikelet 
 compressed, 2 5-flowered. Lower pale keeled, acuminate, 
 or with a straight subterminal bristle. Nut free. 
 
 33. MELICA. Gl. nearly equal, with lateral ribs, nearly as 
 long as the ovate spikelet consisting of 1 or 2 flowers 
 rounded on the back and a clublike rudiment. Pales hard- 
 ening on the free nut. 
 
 34. MOLIXIA. GL unequal, ivithout lateral ribs, falling short 
 of the lanceolate spikelet of 2 or 3 semicylindrical flowers 
 and a subulate rudiment. Pales hardening on the free nut. 
 
 So. POA. Gl. rather unequal. Lower pale 3 5-veined, 
 scarious at the tip, compressed, keeled. Nut elliptic trigo- 
 nous, slightly furrowed within, free. 
 
 36. GLYCEBIA. Gl. unequal, submembranous. Lower pale 
 with 5 7 strong prominent ribs and a scarious margin, sub- 
 cylindrical, Nut oblong, convex on back, furrowed within, 
 free. 
 
 37. SCLEBOCHLOA. Gl. unequal, membranous. Lower pale 
 icith 5 faint veins, cylindrical below, often keeled at the tip 
 or with a very minute mucro. Nut oblong, convex on back, 
 not furrowed within, free. 
 
 38. BBIZA. Gl. nearly equal, broad, 3-ribbed. Fl. 38, 
 densely imbricate in a short distichous spikelet. Lower 
 pale boatshaped, heartshaped, blunt, rounded on the back. 
 Gl. and pales membranous with a scarious margin. Nut 
 free. Lower pale with 7 9 faint veins. 
 
 444 Lower pale truncate and denticulate at the tip. 
 
 39. CATABBOSA. Gl. unequal, very short, 1-veined. Flowers 
 usually 2, rounded on the back, distant. Lower pale mem- 
 branous, with 3 veins ending in teeth which do not quite 
 extend to the edge of the scarious margin. Upper gl. oiten 
 with 2 short and faint lateral veins. 
 
 tt Lower pale ivitli converging veins, all or 1 3 of which com- 
 bine in the awn. 
 
 40. CYNOSUBUS. Gl. nearly equal, scarious, strongly keeled, 
 1- or more flowered. Lower pale rounded on the back with 
 
98. GRAMIXEJ3. 481 
 
 a terminal bristle. Each spikelet with a comb-like bract at 
 its base. Panicle spikelike, 1 -sided. Nut closely coated 
 with the pales. 
 
 41. DACTYLIS. 01. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered ; 
 lower keeled. Lower pale compressed, keeled, 5-veined ; 
 dorsal vein fringed and excurrent just below the tip as a 
 short awn. Spikelets crowded, subseciind. Nut free. 
 
 42. FESTUCA. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered. 
 
 Lower pale rounded on the back, very acute, or ivith the 
 dorsal vein evcurrent at or just below the tip as an awn ; 
 lateral veins slightly converging and vanishing below the tip. 
 Upper pales minutely ciliate on the ribs. Styles terminal. 
 Nut furrowed, adhering to the pales. Ilachis with acute 
 angles. Sheaths of the leaves divided to the base. 
 
 43. BROMUS. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered ; lower 
 \-veined, upper 3 5-veined. Fl. lanceolate, compressed. 
 Lower pale with a lorg awn, (usually) founded on 3 veins, 
 from below the tip. Styles below the top of the ovary. Nut 
 furrowed, adhering to the pales. Sheaths of the 1. divided 
 halfway down. 
 
 44. SERRAFALCUS. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered, 
 lower 3 5-veined, upper 7 9-veined. Fl. oblong, turgid. 
 Lower pale with a short awn, (usually) founded on 3 veins, 
 from below the tip. Styles below the top of the ovary. Nut 
 furrowed, adhering to the pales. Sheaths of the 1. scarcely 
 divided halfway down. Spikelets narrower upwards. 
 
 B. Inflorescence spikelike ; bearing the spikelets in hollows of 
 the rachis. 
 
 Tr. XII. HORDEIE/K Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together, 
 subsessile on opposite sides of a channelled and toothed 
 jointed rachis. Uppermost fl. often barren. Style very 
 short. (Lateral spikelets often stalked in Hordeum.) 
 
 f Spikelets very shortly stalked or subsessile. 
 
 45. BRACHYPODIUM. Gl. opposite, unequal, many- flowered, 
 their edges towards the rachis. Upper pale coarsely fringed 
 on the ribs. The unequal gl. distinguish this from 
 Triticum. 
 
 Y 
 
482 98. 
 
 ft SpikdeU quite sessile. 
 
 I Glumes 2. 
 
 46. TRITICUM. Spikelets solitary. Gl. opposite, nearly 
 equal, many-flowered, their edges towards the rachis. 
 Inner pale minutely ciliate on the ribs. 
 
 47. ELYMTTS. Spikelets 2 or 3 together. GL 2, both on the 
 same side of the spikelet, ivithout awns or bristles, with "2 
 or more perfect flowers. 
 
 48. HORDEUM. Spikelets in threes, often partially barren. 
 GL 2, ending in long bristles ; 1 perfect flower and a stalk- 
 like rudiment. 
 
 49. LEPTURUS. Spikelets solitary, imbedded alternately on 
 opposite sides of the rachis. GL 1 2, both on the same 
 side of the spikelet, cartilaginous, covering the one fl. and 
 superior rudiment. Pales scarious. Stigmas feathery. 
 
 44 Glume solitary, bractlike, or a very small second glume. 
 
 50. LOLIUM. Spikelets solitary, placed edgewise on the rachis. 
 Gl. solitary, or that next the rachis very small, with 3 or 
 more flowers. 
 
 Suborder I. Clisanthea. Tribe I. Paniceae. 
 
 1. DIGITA'EIA Adans. 
 
 [D. sanguindlis (Scop.) ; 1. and sheaths hairy, fl. oblong-lan- 
 ceolate glabrous with downy margins (?). IE. B. 849. P. 70. 
 St. ascending, a foot long. Not a native. A. VIII.] E. 
 
 1. D. humifusa (Pers.) ; 1. and sheaths glabrous, fl. ovate 
 downy with glabrous veins. E. B. S. 2613. P. 71. St. mostly 
 procumbent, 4 8 in. long. Spikes usually 3 or 4, springing 
 from nearly the same point. Spikelets in pairs, one on a longer 
 stalk than the other. Sandy fields, rare. A. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 2. ECHJNOCH'LOA Pal. de Beauv. 
 
 [E. Crus-yal'li (Beauv.) ; spikes alternate or opposite, spike- 
 lets near together, upper gl. and sterile floret awned or mucro- 
 nate hispid, rachis hispid. E. B. 876. P. 67. Panicum L. 
 Kear London. A. VIL] E. 
 
SETARIA, SPARTIXA. 48 
 
 3. SETA'RIA Pal. de Beauv. 
 
 1. S. vir'idis (Beauv.) ; pan. spikelike, involucral bristles with 
 forward teeth, lower pale smooth. Panicum L., JE. B. 875. 
 p 68. London and Norwich. A. Vil. VIII. E. 
 
 [S. verticilldta (Beauv.) ; pan. spikelike, involucral bristles 
 with declining teeth, lower pale smooth. E. B. 874. P. 69. 
 London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII.] E. 
 
 [S. glauca (Beauv.) ; pan. spikelike, invol. bristles with as- 
 cending teeth, pales transversely rugose. Weybridge, SUIT. 
 A. XL] E. 
 
 Tribe II. Chlorides. 
 4. CAP'RIOLA Adans. (Cynodon Eich, ed. viii.) 
 
 1. C. Dac'tylon (0. Kuntze) ; spikes 3 5 digitate, pales 
 smooth their edges and keel slightly ciliate, 1. downy beneath, 
 barren shoots prostrate, .-'. J5. 850. P. 72. Creeping. Flow- 
 ering st. 4 6 in. high, ending in a cluster of spreading many-fl. 
 slender spikes. Spikelets purplish. L. on the long branched / > 
 ban en shoots flat, spreading; on the others usually folded. 
 Sandy shores. Dorset. Devon. Cornwall. P. VIII. E. 
 
 5. SPARTI'NA Schreb. 
 
 1. S. stric'ta (Roth) ; 1. jointed to their sheaths falling short_ 
 of the spikes, spikes 2 3, rachis scarcely extending beyond t/,e 
 last spikelet, outer gl. hairy. E. B. 380. St. 12 feet high! 
 L. narrowing to the base where they easily separate from their 
 sheaths. Spikes pressed close together. A remarkably rigid 
 plant. Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. E. 
 
 2. S. Townsendi (GrovSs) ; 1. jointed to their sheaths falling 
 short of spike, spikelets 4 9, rachis produced beyond the spikelets 
 and flexuose, outer glumes slightly downy. J. of B. xx. 1. 
 t. 225. St. 1J to 4ft. high. L. broadest at the base. Spikelets 
 rather spreading. Mud-flats. I. of Wight, Hants, Sussex, 
 Kent. P. VIII. E. 
 
 3. S. aHerniflora (Loisel.) ; 1. continuous with their sheaths 
 equalling or exceeding the 6 8 spikes, spikelets many, rachis 
 produced beyond the spikelets and flexuose, outer gl. glabrous. 
 E. B. S. 2812. P. 75. St. 23 feet high. L. broadest at 
 the base. Spikes loosely pressed together. Mud-flats by 
 Southampton Water. P. VIII. E. 
 
 Y2 
 
484 98. GRAMINE.E. 
 
 6. MIBO'RA Adans. 
 
 1. M. ver'na (Beany.). M. minima (Desv.) ed. viii. Knappid 
 Sm. E. B. 1127. P. 73. Sturmia Hoppe in *. 7. 1. CVeawi- 
 o*?r0t*Borkh. An elegant but very small grass. Root small, 
 fibrous. St. many. L. short, rough. Spikes slender ; spikelets 
 5 10, sessile. Pale shorter than the glumes, hairy, truncate, 
 ragged. Sandy south-west coast of Anglesea. A. IV. E. 
 
 Tribe III. Phalaridece. 
 7. PHAL'AEIS Linn. Reed-grass. 
 
 [P. canarien'sis (L.) ; pan. ovoid spikelike, gJ. winged on fie 
 keel, wing entire, rudimentary Jl. % half as long as the fertile fl. ? 
 pales pilose.^. B. 1310. P. 9. St. 12 feet high, ending in 
 a compact compound panicle. Gl. large, pale yellow variegated 
 -with green lines and remarkably winged at the back. Scarcely 
 naturalized. A. VII. Canary-grass.'] 
 
 [P. minor (Retz.) ; pan. cylindric-oblong spikelike, gl. winged on the 
 upper part of the keel, wing toothed near the apex, rudimentary fl. 1 
 narrow pilose \ as long as the fertile fl., lower pale pilose quite enclosing 
 the upper, upper much narrower and shorter ciliate on the keel. J. of B. 
 xxxviii. (1900) p. 33, t. 406. St. with a single spike. More slender than 
 the last, with longer narrower pan., much smaller and more numerous n\. 
 and narrower, toothed, keel to the gl. Channel I., perhaps native. A 
 VII.] 
 
 [P. paradox' a (L.) ; pan. spikelike, gl. of fertile fl. with a 
 blunt toothed wing on the keel many- veined, rudimentary ft. 
 several. St. decumbent below, then ascending, 1 3 ft. higpli, 
 branched. Lower part of pan. usually barren; branches with 
 about 6 spikes. Swanage, Dorset. A. VII.] E. 
 
 1 . P. arundindcea (L.) ; pan, upright with spreading branches, 
 fl. clustered, gl. not winged, rudimentary fl. 1 or 2 small hairy. 
 E. B. 402. P. 9. St. 45 feet high. Creeping. Pan. 34 
 in. long. GL keeled. L. sometimes variegated with white lines. 
 By water. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. ANTHOXAN'THTJM Linn. Vernal-grass. 
 
 1. A. odordtum (L.) ; pan, spikelike dense oblong, gl. about 
 equalling awns, st, nearly simple below. E. B. 647. P. 8. 
 About a foot high. Panicle lanceolate, dense, or rather inter- 
 rupted below. There are two forms or species : (1) with purple 
 anth. in meadows, (2) with dull yellow anth. in woods. Very 
 common in pastures. P. V. VI. E. S. I. 
 
ANTHOXANTIICM. PHLEUM. 485 
 
 2. A. Puel'ii (Lee. & Lam.) ; pan. spikelike lax, gl. much 
 falling short of awns, st. many branching from the base. J. of 
 B. xiii. t. 157. Pan. narrowed to the top. St. 6 12 in. high. 
 Sandy pastures. A. VII. IX. E. 
 
 9. HIEHO'CHLOE Gmel. Holy-grass. 
 
 1. H. boredlis (R. & S.) ; pan. divaricate, pedicels glabrous, 
 fl. awnless, 1. flat. E. B. S. 2641. P. 31. About a foot high. 
 Spikelets ovate, brown. Forfarshire (but now lost). Thurso, 
 Caithness. Mr. R. Dick. Kirkcudbright. P. V. VI. S. 
 
 Tribe IV. PMrinea. 
 
 10. PHLE'UM Linn. CatVtail-grass. 
 
 [P. as'perum (Jacq.) ; l.-sheaths slightly inflated, pan. cylin- 
 drical, gl. wedgeshaped truncate swelling upwards, keels rough, 
 rudimentary fl. subulate. E. B. 1077. Probably an escape, 
 now lost. A. VII. j E, 
 
 1. P. Boeh'meri (Wrttel) ; l.-sheaths slightly inflated, pan. 
 cylindrical, yl. linear-lanceolate obliquely truncate mucronate, 
 keel ciliate above, rudimentary fl. subulate. E. B. 459. P. 80. 
 St. leafy below, naked upwards, with sterile leafy shoots. 
 Lower pale entire, not awned. Anth. linear-oblong. Dry 
 chalky fields, rare. P. VII. E. 
 
 [P. Michelli (All.) was probably a mistake.] 
 
 2. P. arendrium (L.) ; l.-sheaths inflated, fKift. oblong, some- 
 what narrowed below, gl. lanceolate acuminate, keel ciliate 
 above, rudimentary fl. subulate minute. E. B. 222. St. 29. 1. 
 P. 7. St. varying greatly in height. Lower pale notched at 
 the summit, 5 the length of the glumes. Anth. very small. 
 Sandy places chiefly near the sea. A. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. P. praterise (L.) ; l.-sheaths not inflated, pan. cylindrical, 
 gl. oblong truncate with an awn of less than half their length, 
 keel ciliate above, no rudimentary flower. E. B. 1076. P. 77 
 & 78. Slightly creeping (or slightly tuberous, P. nodosum L.). 
 Pan. 1 5 in. long. Awns sometimes longer. Lower pale 
 jagged at the summit. a. P. pratense (L.); st. from a pros- 
 trate base, 1. broad, pan. usually long, anth. purplish. #. sto- 
 loniferum (Bab.) ; many barren leafy prostrate or erect shoots, 
 1. broad, pan. rather short, anth. purplish. y. P. prcecox (Jord.) ; 
 bt. from an ascending base, 1. slend -r, pan. rather sho t, anth. 
 pale yellow. Meadows and pastures. P. VI. Timothif-arass. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
436 98. GRAMIFEJE. 
 
 4. P. alpinum (L.) ; l.-sheaths inflated, pan. oblong, gl. trun- 
 cate glabrous ciliate on the back with a scabrous awn nearly 
 equalling their length, keel ciliate, upper sheath inflated. - 
 E. B. 519. P. 6. P. commutatum Gaud. Somewhat creeping. 
 St. 612 in. high. Wet alpine moors. P. VII. 
 
 11. ALOPECTJ'RUS Linn. Fox-tail-grass. 
 
 1. A. praten'sis (L.) ; st. ereot smooth, pan. cylindrical blunt, 
 gl. acute connected beloAV ciliate downy, pale equalling the 
 "flumes, awn projecting more tlian half its own lenc/th beyond the 
 pale.E. B. 759. $!. 8. 1. P. 4. Scarcely creeping. St. 13 
 feet high. In salt marshes the base of the st. becomes fleshy. 
 Upper sheath slightly inflated. Ligule short, blunt. Pan. 1 3 
 in. long, branches 4 6-flowered. Anth. yellow. Styles com- 
 bined. [A hybrid between this and Sp. 3 (A. In/bridus, Wimm.) has 
 been found in Wavwicksh. See J. ofB. xxxix. (1901) p. 232.] Rich 
 pastures. P. IV. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 2. A. alpinus (Sm.) ; st. erect smooth, pan. oblong, gl. acute 
 connected below hairy, pale equalling the glumes, awn pro- 
 j voting ^ of its length beyond the pale. E. B. 1126. P. 4. 
 Somewhat creeping. St. decumbent at the base, then erect, 
 9 12 in. high. Ligule short, blunt. Uppermost 1. usually 
 (not always) short and broad, of the length of its inflated 
 sheath. Gl. connate through about J- of length. Awn from 
 about the middle of pale, sometimes wanting. Styles combined. 
 Pan. not exceeding an inch, sometimes rather lax ; silky branches 
 4 6-flowered. Hi^h on mountains. Loch-na-Gar. Cairn- 
 gorm mountains. Ben Lawers. Clova. P. VII. 
 
 3. A. geniculdtus (L.) ; st. ascending bent at the knots smooth, 
 pan. cylindrical,^/, blunt connected below ciliate rather exceeding 
 the pale, awn from near the base of the pale and projecting half 
 its length beyond it, anth. linear. E. B. 1250. P. 5. Root 
 fibrous. St. about a foot long, branching below. Knots gene- 
 rally (in dry places) oval and fleshy. Upper sheath inflated. 
 Ligule oblong. Gl. membranous at the top except the midrib, 
 often villose or hairy below. Pale when laid open oblong, blunt, 
 slightly notched. Anth. ultimately violet-yellow. Styles mostly 
 combined. Pan. 1 2 in. long. A. promts (Mitten) 1 is a pros- 
 trate form of this. Wet places. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 1 Now known to have been a monstrosity, see J". of S. xxxvii. (1899) 
 p,358. H.&J.G, 
 
ALOPECURUS. SESLEEIA. 487 
 
 4. A. aqudlis (Sobol.) ; st. ascending bent at the knots smooth, 
 pan. cylindrical, gl. connected below ciliate rather falling short 
 of the pale, awn from just below the middle of the pale and 
 scarcely extending beyond it, anth. short and broad. E. B. 1467. 
 P. 5. A. fulvus (Sm.) ed. viii. St. 1 2 feet long, procumbent 
 below. Ligule oblong. Pan. 2 3 in. long. Anth. at first 
 white, afterwards orange-coloured. Wet margins of ponds. 
 P. VI. IX. E. 8. 
 
 5. A. bulbosus (Gouan) ; st. smooth, pan. cylindrical acumi- 
 nate, f/l. distinct abruptly acute downy exceeding the pale, awn 
 from near the base of the pale and projecting half its length be- 
 yond it. E. B. 1249. P. 76. St. 1 foot long, ascending or 
 decumbent, in a circular tuft, kneed, the lowermost knots forming 
 ovatefleshy knobs. Upper sheath inflated. Ligule oblong. Pale 
 when laid open truncate, emarginate, with 2 small teeth in the 
 middle. Styles combined. Pan. about 1 in. long, less decidedly 
 racemose than in our other species ; pedicels usually 1-flowered. 
 Salt marshes in the South, rare. P. V. VI. E. 
 
 6. A. myosuroides (Huds.); st. erect roughish above, pan. 
 tapering slender, gl acute connected below nearly glabrous, awn 
 from near the base of the pale and projecting half its length be- 
 yond it. E. B. 848. P. 3. A. agrestis (L.) ed. viii. St. 12 
 feet high, slender. Sheaths roughish. Ligule prominent, blunt. 
 Gl. glabrous, but with a row of fine short cilia on the back, connate 
 nearly to the middle. Styles combined. A very troublesome 
 weed. A. IV. XI. Black grass. E.^ 
 
 Tribe V. Seslerieae. 
 
 12. SES'LEKEA Scop. Moor-grass. 
 
 1. 8. cfprulea (Ard.) ; pan. ovoid slightly 1 -sided, outer pale 
 ending in 4 teeth, midrib rough with a short excurrent point, 
 1. abrupt with a minute rough point. E. B. 1613. P. 27. 
 Roots tufted. St. 6 12 in. high. Pan. about in. long, 
 bluish purple. Anth. purple-tipped. Stig. very long, linear. 
 [A yellowish flowered form is 8. luteo-alba (Opiz.)J Mountains. 
 [Limestone rocks and pastures.] Banks of the Shannon [& c .]. 
 P. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
488 98. GRAMINEJE. 
 
 Tribe VI. Nardea. 
 
 13. NAR'DUS Linn. Mat-grass. 
 
 1. N. stric'ta (L.).-E. B. 290. P. 2. Tufted, St. and 1. 
 erect, slender, rigid. Height 5 8 in. Spike close, slender. 
 Lower pale with a short rough awn, coriaceous, often purplish ; 
 upper membranous. Moors and heaths. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Suborder II. Evryantheae. Tribe VII. Oryzea. 
 
 14. HOMALOCEN'CHRUS Mieg. (Leersia Soland. ed. viii.) 
 Cut-grass. 
 
 1. H. oryzctides (Poll.) ; pan. patent with wavy branches, 
 spikelets 3-androus half-oval, keel ciliate. E. B. S. 2908. 
 Creeping. St. 1 2 ft. high. L. broad, rough-edged ; upper- 
 most horizontal at the flowering-season. Pan. mostly enclosed 
 in the sheath of the uppermost leaf. The included fl. alone are 
 usually fertile. Marsh-districts in Sussex, Surrev, Ilampsliirp, 
 and Dorset. P. VIII. IX. E. 
 
 Tribe VIII. Stipace. 
 
 15. STI'PA Linn. Feather-grass. 
 
 [S. penndta (L.) ; awn very long twisted feathery its base 
 glabrous. Awns remarkably long. Not a native. Common 
 in gardens. P. VI.] E. 
 
 16. MIL'IUM Linn. Millet-grass. 
 
 1. M. effusum (L.) ; pan. diffuse, pales acute, st. smooth, 1. 
 lanceolate-linear. E. B. 1106. P. 17. -Stoloniferous. St. 
 3 4 feet high. Branches of the panicle long, in distant alter- 
 nate tufts, in flower horizontal, afterwards deflexed. Damp 
 shady woods. P. VI. . E. S. I. 
 
 [Jf. scdbrum (Merlet) ; pan. close, pales obtuse, st. scabrid, 1. short 
 linear-lanceolate. J. of B. xxxviii. (1900) p. 34, t. 406 B. A small plant 
 (in Guernsey 14 in. high) slightly scabrid throughout. Pan. small 
 with few short flexuous nearly erect br. Glumes 3-veined. Cliffs, Petit 
 Bot, Guernsey. Mr. C. -B. JP, Andrews. A. IV.] 
 
PHRAGMITES. CALAMAGROSTIS. 489 
 
 Tribe IX. Agrostidea. 
 
 17. PHRAGMI'TES Adans. Reed. 
 
 1. P. communis (Trin.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets 1 6-flowered, 
 fl. exceeding the glumes. Arundo L., E. B. 401. P. 29. 
 St. 5 6 feet high, erect. Pan. large, purplish. Spikelets 
 usually 3 6-fl., or 1 2-fl . in P. nigricans Dum. L. flat, broad. 
 Soboliferous ; soboles rarely aerial and 20 40 ft. long (Phytol. 
 t. 146). Marshes. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 18. AMMOPH'ILA Host. (Psamma Beauv. ed. viii.) 
 Marram. Bent. 
 
 1. A. arundindcea (Host) ; pan. cylindrical rather thicker at 
 the middle, gl. and pales linear-lanceolate acute, hairs 5 the 
 length of the pale. P. arenaria (R. & S.) ed. viii. Arundo L., 
 E. B. 520. P. 8. St. erect, stiff, 23 feet high. L. rigid, in- 
 volute, acute, glaucous. Panicle straw-coloured. Sandy sea- 
 shore, binding the shifting sands. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. A. bal'tica (Link) ; pan. lanceolate, gl. and pales lanceo- 
 late-prolonged very acute, hairs \ the length of the pale. J. of 
 B. x. t. 127. Known by its more lax sublanceolate pan. and 
 very ac ate glumes. Ross Links, Northumb. Norfolk. P. VII. 
 
 JtL. 
 
 19. CALAMAGROS'TTS Adans. Small Reed. 
 
 * With no superior rudimentary Jloiver. 
 CALAMAGROSTIS Beauv. 
 
 1. C. lanceoldta (Roth) ; pan. loose erect, awn very short 
 from the bottom of the notch at the end of the lower pale and 
 scarcely extending beyond it, hairs longer than the pales. 
 P. 84. Arundo Calamagrostis L., E. B. 2159. St. slender, 
 34 feet high. Wet places, rare. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 2. C. epige'jos (Roth) ; pan. rather close lobed, straight awn 
 from about the middle of the lower pale, hairs longer than the 
 pales. E. B. 403. P. 16. St. 35 feet high. Damp shady 
 places. P. VII. E. S. L 
 
 ** With a superior rudimentary Jlower. DEYEUXIA Beauv. 
 
 3. C. neglec'ta (Gaert. M. & S.) ; pan. close, gl. lanceolate 
 'rough on the keel one (at least) 3-ribbed, lower pale nearly as 
 long as the upper gl. deeply notched at the top longer than the 
 hairs, straight awn from below the middle of the pale and 
 scarcely extending beyond it ; 1. of the barren shoots slender. 
 
 Yd 
 
-190 98, GRAMIKEJE. 
 
 JS. B. 2160. C. stricta, ed. viii. St. erect, 23 ft. high. L. 
 broad ; on the barren shoots much narrower. Uppermost ligule 
 short, blunt ; longer and acute in the Irish plant, var. Hookeri 
 Sy., which has shorter pan. -branches. Bogs. Oakmere, Che- 
 shire. By Loch Tay, [Mr. G. C. Druce. Referred to var. borealis 
 by Prof. Hackel.] " Formerly found near Forfar. Lough Neagh. 
 P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. C. strigosa (Hartm.) ; pan. close, gl. lanceolate folding at the tip 
 into a long acuminate point asperous on the back with 1 2 lateral ribs 
 much exceeding the pales, pales deeply jagged at the tip, lower with awn 
 equalling it attached below the middle sometimes near the base, hairs very 
 unequal falling short of the pales, 1. slender. Caespitose. St. erect, 1 2 
 ft. or more high. Young spikes variegated with purple. Upper ligule 
 long. More slender than Sp. 3, with conspicuously longer gl. Site of 
 Loch Duran, Caithness. Mr. E. Dick. P. VII. S. 
 
 20. APE'RA Adans. Wind-grass. 
 
 1. A. Spica-ven'ti (Beauv.) ; pan. spreading, anth. linear-ob- 
 long. Agrostis Sni., E S. 951. Anemanrostis (Trin.) P. 17. 
 St. 12 feet high. Pan. very light and elegant ; branches 
 spreading horizontally with flowers. Awn 3 or 4 times ex- 
 ceeding the pale. Rudimentary n. like a pedicel. A tuft of 
 hair on each side of the inner Dale. Sandy fields, rare. A. VI. 
 VII. E. S. 
 
 2. A. interrup'ta (Beauv.) ; pan. close, anth. oval. E. B. S. 
 2951. St. 1 2 feet high. Pan.-branches dividing from their 
 base, never spreading. Awn 3 or 4 times exceeding the pale. 
 Sandy fields. Pampisford and Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. 
 Thetibrd, Suffolk. Dirleton, S. A. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 21. AGROS'TIS Linn. Bent-grass. 
 
 1. A. setdcea (Curt.) ; panicle close oblong, branches and pe- 
 dicels rough, gl. unequal acute, lower pale jagged at the top 4- 
 ribbed, lateral ribs ending in short setae, kneed and twisted awn 
 from near the base of the pale and twice its length, /. setaceous 
 involute, sheaths rough, ligule oblong acute. E. B. 1188. P. 
 83. Root tufted. L. short, almost capillary. Pan.-branches 
 short. Midrib of lower glume rough in its upper half, slightly 
 excurrent. Upper pale very minute, a tuft of hairs at its base. 
 Dry heaths in the South-west. P. VII. E. 
 
 2. A. canina (L.) ; pan. spreading when in flower otherwise 
 close, branches and pedicels rough, gl. unequal acute, lower 
 pale jagged at the top 4-ribbed ; kneed and twisted awn from 
 
AGROSTIS. LAGURTJS. 491 
 
 below the middle of and exceeding the pale, lower 1. setaceous 
 tufted, stem-1. narrow flat, sheaths smooth, ligule oblong acute. 
 E. B. 1856. P. 15. Trailing leafy shoots. St. decumbent 
 below, then erect. L. narrow 5 radical involute. Pan.-branches 
 long, slender. Fl. green or purplish. Lower gl. not jagged at 
 the top ; midrib rough from rather below the middle. Upper 
 pale 0, or very minute. Awn sometimes very short or rarely 
 [var. mutica (Gaud.)] absent. [A mountain form with simpler pan. and 
 larger n 1 . is var. scotica, Hack.] Peaty heaths. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 3. A. nigra (With.) ; pan.-branches constantly erect-patent 
 simple below rigid strongly hispid, gl. nearly equal strongly 
 toothed in upper half of keel, ligule long truncate. J. of B. xx. 
 t. 227. Soboliferous. St. erect. Sheaths rather rough. Ped. 
 toothed. Fl. awnless (P). Ripe anthers pale, \ as broad as 
 long. Borders of fields. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 4. A. vulffdris l (With.) ; pan.-branches constantly patent 
 branched below, gl. nearly equal slightly toothed near top of 
 keel, ligule short truncate. E. B. 1671. St. long, ascending 
 or decumbent below and rooting at the knots, sometimes with 
 very long prostrate stoles. Sheaths smooth. Pedicels softly 
 hispid. Fl. rarely awned. Ripe anth. pale, \ as broad asjong. 
 $. A.pumila (Lightf.); ctespitose, st. 2 3 in. high, fl. often awned 
 usually infested with smut. Rather dry places. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 5. A. al'ba (L.) ; pan. compact after flowering, glumes nearly 
 equal, lower toothed throughout its keel, ligule long, acute. 
 E. B. 1189. P. 13 & 14. St. procumbent and rooting below, ~~ 
 then erect, often with long prostrate stoles. Sheaths roughish. 
 Pan. spreading with flowers, afterwards close. Pedicels very 
 much toothed. Florets rarely awned. j@. A. stolonifera (L.) ; 
 st. procumbent and rooting, panicle lobed. E. B. 1532. , r A 
 glaucous seaside form with narrow pan. and short incurved 1. is var. 
 maritima (Meyer). Various other forms with contracted pan. have been 
 named var. coarctata.'] Fields c. j3. Sea-sands. P. VII. 
 Jbiorin-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 22. LAGU'KUS Linn. Hare's-t ail-grass. 
 
 [L. ovdtus (L.).E. B. 1334. P. 88. St. 412 in. high. L. 
 broad, lanceolate. Spikes ovate, soft, with long protruded awns. 
 Sandy places in Guernsey. A. VI. VII.] 
 
 1 We have not altered this name to the earlier A. tennis (Sibth.), it 
 being doubtful whether the sp. should not stand as A. stolonifera (L.) or 
 A.pumila (L.) H. & J. G. 
 
4 ( J2 98. 
 
 23. POLYPO'GON Desf. 
 
 1. P. monspelieri sis (Desf.) ; awns more than twice as long as 
 the bluntly and shortly lobed glumes. E. B. 1704. P. 11. 
 Root fibrous. St. a foot or more high. Pan. dense, lobed, pale, 
 silky, often 2 in. long. Ql. linear, hairy. A most beautiful 
 grass. Salt marshes, rare. A. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 2. P. lit'toralis (Sm.) ; awns as long as the acute glumes. 
 E. B. 1251. P. 81. R. vii. 75. Somewhat creeping. St. a 
 foot or more high. Pan. close, lobed, purplish. Gl. linear- 
 
 ^lanceolate. [Considered by Duval-Jouve and others a hybrid between 
 Sp. 1 and Agrostis alba.] Muddy salt marshes, rare. P. VI. VII. 
 
 L. 
 
 24. GASTRID'IUM Pal. de Beauv. Nit-grass. 
 
 1. G. austrdle (Beauv.) ; gl. lanceolate acuminate, lower pale 
 awned, awn rather exceeding the glumes. G. lendiqerum(G&ad.. ) 
 ed. viii. E. B. 1107. P. 86. St. 312 in. high. L. rough- 
 ish at the edges. Ligule oblong. Pan. close, almost spiked, 
 lobed. Gl. remarkably ventricose and shining at the base. 
 Pales very small. Damp places especially near the sea, rare. 
 A. VL-lX. E. 
 
 Tribe X. Avenea. 
 25. Hoi/cus Linn. Soft-grass. 
 
 1. H. landtus (L.) ; upper gl. blunt apicula.te, awn smooth 
 except near the tip ultimately curved like a fish-hook and in- 
 cluded within the glumes, sheaths and knots vitlose. E. B. 1169. 
 P. 21. Csespitose. Root fibrous. Height 12 feet. Knots 
 not hairy. Inflorescence panicled, often pinkish. Gl. rough. 
 Lower fl. awnless, quite smooth or slightly rough at the point. 
 Meadows and pastures. P. VII. Yorkshire Fog. E. S. I. 
 
 2. H. mol'lts (L.) ; upper gl. acute, awn rough throughout 
 ultimately kneed protruding beyond the glumes, 1. rough, 
 sheaths glabrous, knots bearded. E. B. 1170. P. 21 & 22. 
 Creeping. Height 1 2 feet. St. and 1. subglabrous or slightly 
 hairy. Inflorescence not so compact as in the preceding, whitish. 
 Gl. smooth. Lower fl. awnless; but sometimes it has an awn ; 
 rarely the upper is perfect. Occasionally the spike] ets are much 
 smaller and the plant only 12 18 in. high. Thickets or open 
 places on a light soil. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
WELN'GAEBTNERIA. AIRA. 493 
 
 26. WEiNGAERTNE'RiAJ3<3mA. (CorynephorusTSe&MV.ed.. viii.) 
 
 1. W. canes' cens (Bernh.) ; pan. rather dense long, gl. exceed- 
 ing the fl. acuminate, awn from near the base of the pale, 1. 
 setaceous. Aira Sm., E. B. 1190. P. 110. St. tufted, slender, 
 68 in. high. L. many. Pan. close, spreading with flowers ; 
 branches short. Spikelets variegated with purple and white. 
 Anth. dark purple. Lower portion of the awn dark yellow, 
 straight, cylindrical, striated lengthwise and slightly twisted; 
 upper part clavate, white tinged with purple. Sandy coasts of 
 Norf., Suff., and Jersey. [Planted near Arisaig, Invern.] P. VI. 
 VII. E. 
 
 27. AI'RA Linn. Hair-grass. 
 
 * Lower pale truncate, jagged. Nut free, not furrowed on the back. 
 DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. 
 
 t Awn straight. 
 
 1. A. c&spitosa (L.) ; pan. spreading, 1. flat, gl. slightly rough 
 at the midrib, awn from below the middle of the pale and scarcely 
 extending beyond its tip, ped. of second fl. downy or hairy. 
 K B. 1453. P. 23. Koot tufted. St. 14 feet high. L. 
 rigid, roughish ; their margins involute when dry. Pan.- 
 branches rough. Lower pale with 4 veins in addition to that 
 which ends in the rough awn. Rudiment of third fl. often 
 scarcely, if at all, distinguishable ; or half the length of the 
 upper fl. and somewhat clavate. /3. brevifolia (Parn.) ; radical 
 1. short, sheaths and st. smooth, panicle small. P. 106. Vivi- 
 parous states are often called A. alpina.y. longiaristata (Parn.); 
 awns exceeding the fl., sheathe rough. P. 105. d. A. alpina 
 (L.) ; pan. close, 1. mostly involute, gl. smooth on midrib, awn 
 from above the middle of the pale. Height 6 12 in. L. nar- 
 'rower. FL often viviparous. E. B. 2102. P. 23. Meadows, 
 thickets, &c, /3, y, and 5 on mountains. P. VII* E. S. I. 
 
 ff Awn bent, twisted at the base. 
 
 2. A.Jlexuosa (L.) ; pan. spreading triply forked with wavy 
 brunches, 1. very narrow subsetaceous, awn "from near the base of 
 the pale and exceeding it, pedicel of the second fl. less than J 
 of its length, liyule short truncate. E. B. 1519. P. 107. St. 
 erect, slender, about a foot high. L. solid, nearly terete. 
 Upper sheaths rough from above downwards. Lower pale 
 notched at the tip. A. montana (Pluds. not L.) is a form with 
 more slender and shorter leaves. [Var. voirlichensis (Melv.) has 3 
 perfect fl. to each spikelet.] Heathy places. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
494 98 
 
 3. A. setdcea (Huds.) ; pan. spreading drooping at the end, 
 1. filiform, awn from near the base of the pale and exceeding it, 
 pedicel of second fl. quite equalling \ its length, ligule linear -lan- 
 ceolate. Sy. E. B. 1733. A. uliyinosa Weihe. Desch. discolor 
 R. & S. St. erect, slender. L. folded. Sheaths smooth. 
 Wet turfy bogs, P. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 ** Lower pale bifid. Nut adnate to the pales, furrowed on the 
 back. No rudiment of a third flower. AIROPSIS Fries. 
 
 4. A. caryophyl'lea (L.) ; pan. spreading triply forked, spike- 
 lets rounded below, awn from below the middle of the pale and 
 extending considerably beyond its attenuate deeply bifid tip. 
 JE. B. 812. P. 24. Avena Koch. St. 612 in. high. L. short 
 and narrow. Sheaths roughish from below upiuards. Spikeiets 
 small, rounded below, chiefly* collected at the ends of the 
 branches which are sometimes divaricate with seed. [A. ag- 
 gregata (Jord.) has numerous st. and spikelets clustered at the ends of 
 the pan.-br. A. multiculmis (Dum.), an allied form with the second li. 
 stalked, is also reported as British.] Dry gravelly places. A. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 5. A. prte'cox (L.) j pan. spikelike oblong, spikelets scarcely 
 rounded below, awn from below the middle usually near the 
 base of the pale and extending considerably beyond its attenuate 
 deeply bifid tip. E. B. 1296. P. 25. Avena Koch. Height 
 1 6 in. Pan. close, oval or oblong. L. very narrow. Sheaths 
 smooth. Dry and sandy places. A. IV. V. E. S. I. 
 
 28. TEISE'TTJM Pers. 
 
 1. T. praterise (Pers.) ; pan. much branched diffuse equal, 
 gl. very unequal about 3-flowered. P. 54. E. B. 952. T. 
 Jiavescens (Beauv.) ed. viii. Avena L. St. about a foot high. 
 Radical 1. and sheaths hairy. Spikelets yellowish. Upper gl. 
 oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. Moral axis hairy, hairs short. 
 F Var. varieqatum (Gaud, under Av.flauesc.) is a mountain form with dark 
 C-iolet gl.]-Fields. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 29. AVE'NA Linn. Oat. 
 
 * Upper gl. 5 9- veined. Spikelets ultimately drooping. Root 
 annual. No lateral clusters of leaves. L. alike on both sides. 
 
 1. A.fat'ua (L,) ; pan. erect, spikelets of about 3 fl., fl. falling 
 short of the gl. hairy at the base, lower pale bitid at the end. 
 E. B. 2221. P. 37. Height 3 feet. M. with long fulvous 
 
ARRHENATHERTTM. 495 
 
 hairs at their base, by which it maybe distinguished from A t 
 sativa, the cultivated Oat. [Sy.E. B.iii. distinguishes a. pilosissima 
 (Graj r ) ; lower pales densely hairy becoming dark brown. J3. A. inter- 
 media (Lindg.) ; lower pales nearly glabrous becoming pale yellowish 
 olive.] Corn-fields. A. VII. Wild Oat. E. S. I. 
 
 Very 
 
 but readily distinguished by the bristles at the end of the fl. 
 Corn-fields. A. VII. E. S. 
 
 ** Upper gl. 3-veined. Spikelats erect.. Root perennial. Lateral 
 clusters of I. barren. L. tvith raised ribs. 
 
 3. A.praten'sis (L.) ; pan. erect with simple or slightly divided 
 branches, fl. erect 3 6 exceeding the glumes, /. rough. E. B. 
 1204. P. 52. Koot fibrous. Height nearly 2 feet. St. usually 
 nearly round. L. usually short, narrow, acute. Pan.-branches 
 usually simple with only one spikelet. /3. longifolia (Parn.) ; 
 1. much longer. y. A. alpina (Sm.) 5 st. often compressed and 
 sheaths keeled, pan. -branches often with several 5 6-fl. spike- 
 lets, upper pale less acute, 1. broader. I believe that none of 
 these characters are permanent. E. E. 2141. P. 53. A. 
 planiculmis of E. B. 8. 2684 may belong to this species ; it 
 differs by its greatly compressed st., strongly keeled sheaths 
 and more branched panicle. In a and (3 the lowest fl. some- 
 times slightly falls short of the longer gl., in 7 exceeds it. 
 Dry pastures and mountainous places. P. VI. E. S. 
 
 4. A. ptibes'cens (Huds.) ; pan. erect nearly simple, fl. erect 2 
 or 3 scarcely exceeding the glumes, lower /. and sheaths hairy. 
 E. B. 1640. P. 53. Creeping slightly. Height 12 feet. ^ L. 
 'short, rounded behind the tip. Chalky and limestone districts. 
 P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 30. ARRHENATH'EBTJM Pal. de Beauv. Oat-grass. 
 
 1. A. avendceum (Beauv.) ; 1. flat. A. elatius (M. & K.) ed. 
 viii. Holcus Sm., E. B. 813. P. 25. Height 23 feet. Root 
 fibrous. Knots of the st. glabrous, sometimes downy. Pan. 
 long, ultimately close. Spikelets greenish. 8. A. bulbosum 
 (Presl); base of the st. with swollen knobs, knots downy. 
 P. 26. Hedges and pastures. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
496 98. GRAMINEJC. 
 
 Tribe XI. Festucea. 
 
 31. SIEGLING'IA Bernh. (Triodia, R. Br. ed. viii.) 
 Heath-grass. 
 
 1. S. decum'bens (Bernh.) ; pan. racemose, spikelets few oval, 
 fl. about 4 scarcely extending beyond the glumes without awns. 
 E. B. 792. P. 30. St. 612 in. high. L. flat. Sheaths 
 rather hairy. Ligule a tuft of hairs. Spikelets few, 1 7. Gl. 
 smooth, coriaceous. Lower pale with 3 points, 5-ribbed, hairy 
 at the base. Dry places and heaths. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 32. KCELE'KTA Pers. Crested Hair-grass. 
 
 1. K. cristdta (Pers.) ; pan. compact spikelike interrupted 
 below, lower pale acute, 1. narrow rough at the edges ciliate. 
 Air a L., E. B. 648. P. 19. Root crowned with the undivided 
 sheaths of the old leaves. St. 6 18 in. high, downy particularly 
 in the upper part. L., gl. and pales downy or glabrous. Gl. 
 finely toothed on the keel. Lower pale finely toothed on the 
 midrib. Sometimes thel. become convolute (K. albescensDC.?). 
 In dry places the 1. fall short of the st., in damper they are long 
 and often nearly equal it. [Forms with shorter involute L, slender 
 interrupted spikes and less hairy gl., have been referred to K. gracilis 
 (P ers )i Dry pastures. A large form on Ben Bulben, Co. 
 Sligo. P. VI. VII. 
 
 33. MEL'ICA Linn. Melic. 
 
 1. M. nutans (L.) ; pan. branched slightly drooping, spikelets 
 erect with 1 perfect glabrous fl., gl. equalling pales, 1. flat, ligule 
 short blunt with a slender acuminate lobe on one side. E. B. 
 1058. P. 18. M. uniflora (Retz.) ed. viii. Shady and rocky 
 woods. P. V. VI. E.S.I. 
 
 2. M. montdna (Huds.) ; pan. a nearly simple lax secund 
 raceme, spikelets drooping with 2 perfect glabrous fl., gl. falling 
 short of pales, 1. flat, ligule short blunt. E. B. 1059. P. 18. M. 
 nutans, ed. viii.. Damp shady woods in hilly districts. 
 
 VI. 
 
 34. MOLIN'II Schrank. 
 
 1. M. vdria (Schrank) ; pan. erect long narrow, spikelets 
 l_3_fl. ; lower pale 3-veined awnless, upper part of the st. 
 naked. E. B. 750. P. 20. M. carulea (Moench) ed. viii. 
 St. 1 2 feet high, with only one knot placed near to its base. 
 
POA. 407 
 
 L. long, linear, attenuate, all from near the base of the stem. 
 Panicle purplish, close. ft. M. depauperate* (Lindl.) ; spikelets 
 1-fl. few. P. 19. y. major ; pan-branches long, spikelets dis- 
 tant of about 3 fl., at. 34 feet high [A form with broader and 
 blunter gl. and pales is M. ccerulea var. obtusa (Hackel).] Wet heaths. 
 |8. Alpine places. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 35. PO'A Linn. Meadow-grass. 
 
 * Hoot fibrous, annual. Base of stem sometimes prostrate and 
 rooting. Pan.-branches solitary or in pairs. 
 
 1. P. arimia (L.) ; pan. spreading erect with a triangular 
 outline, spikelets ovate-oblong of 5 or 6 free fl., lower pale with 
 5 veins, upper sheath longer than its leaf, ligule oblong acute. 
 E.. 1141. P. 40, 41. St. ascending or prostrate. L. 
 flaccid, often wavy, broad. Spikelets subsecund with patent 
 or divaricate branches. [3. P. supina (Schrad.) ; pan. lax its br. 
 deflexed, spikelets larger and blunter, variegated with purple.] \'ery 
 common. [/3. Mountains.] A. III. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Root fibrous, perennial. 
 
 t Lower pan.-branches solitary or in pairs. Dorsal and 
 marginal veins of the lower pale hairy. 
 
 2. P. bulbosa (L.) ; pan. close erect, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4 
 acute webbed 1 fl., lower pale with 3 silky veins, upper sheath 
 belpw the middle of the st. much longer than its leaf, ligule 
 prominent acute. E. B. 1071. P. 89. Root fibrous. Base of 
 the st. and offsets swollen, bulblike. L. with a narrow white 
 serrate edge. The st. soon wither, and the tubers lie loose 
 until the autumn. Sandy seashore of the South and East. 
 P. IV, V. E. 
 
 3. P. minor (Gaud.) 2 ; pan. oblong subovate, spikelets of 3 or 
 4 iv ebbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins but only 3 hairy, upper 
 sheaf longer than its leaf which is folded and slightly incurved 
 but tapering at the tip, uppermost knot covered, upper ligule 
 long acute, lower ones short rather blunt. P. Jlexuosa Sm., 
 
 1 That is, connected together by fine cottony fibres growing from 
 the base of each flower : when these are wanting, the fl. is said to be 
 
 free. 
 
 2 There is a note in the Author's MS. "Join laxa to alpina" 
 Mr. G. C. Druce in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxxvi. p. 421, refers Sp. 3 to 
 P. laxa (Haenke) and Sp. 4 to P. alpina } var. acutifolia (Druce). H. & 
 J. G. 
 
498 98. GRAMINEJS. 
 
 E. B. 1123, not of others. Root fibrous. St. 68 in. high. 
 Fl. rarely viviparous. Lofty mountains. Loch-na-Gar. P. 
 VII. VIII. 8. 
 
 4. P. lax' a (Haenke !) T ; pan. lax slightly drooping, spikelets 
 oblong-ovate of 3 free fl., lower pale with 3 hairy veins, upper 
 sheath longer than its leaf which is flat and taper-pointed, 
 uppermost knot covered, ligules all long acute. P. 38. P. 
 stricta Sy. E. B. 1763. The synonymy of this and Sp. 3 is very 
 doubtful. Root fibrous. St. 6 12 in. high. Fl. often vivi- 
 parous. Lofty mountains. Loch-na-Gar. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
 5. P. alpina (L.) ; pan. erect spreading when in flower, spike- 
 lets ovate of 3 or 4 free fl., lower pale with 3 hairy veins, upper 
 sheath longer than its leaf which is folded and rounded behind 
 the tip, uppermost knot exposed, li:ule long pointed. E. B. 
 1003. P. 37 & 94. P. stricta Lindb. Root fibrous, tufted. 
 St. 6 12 in. high, covered with decayed basal sheaths common 
 to it and the tuft of leaves. Fl. often viviparous. Lofty 
 mountains. P. VI. VII. E. S. L 
 
 6. P. glauca (Sm.) ; pan. erect slender, spikelets ovate of 2 
 or 3 acute free fl., lower pale with 5 veins but only 3 hairy, 
 upper sheath about as long as its leaf which is folded and 
 slightly incurved but tapering at the tip, uppermost knot near to 
 the base of the stem, ligule blunt. E. B. 1720. Root-stock 
 rather creeping. St. 6 12 in. high. Lowest fl. longer than the 
 large glume. P. casia Sm. E. B. 1719 is a very doubtful plant. 
 Mountains. Ben Lawers. Ben Nevis. Clova. Snowdon. 
 P. VII. E. S. 
 
 ff Lower pan.-branches in fives or 2 or 3 together. Dorsal 
 and marginal veins of the lower pale hairy. 
 
 7. P. nemordlis (L.); pan. rather drooping slender, spikelets 
 ovate-lanceolate of 3 or 4 webbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins but 
 only 3 hairy, upper sheath not longer than its leaf, uppermost 
 knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, ligule extremely 
 short truncate. E. B. 1265. P. 36. Slightly creeping. St. 
 slender, 1 2 ft. high. Sheaths smooth. a ; st. slender weak, 
 pan. lax. ft. angustifolia (Parn.) ; st. and pan. very slender, 
 1. long and narrow, uppermost knot near the pan., spikelets few 
 1 2-flowered. y. P. coarctata (Gaud.) ; st. rigid, pan. close, 
 spikelets 3 5-flowered. 8. glaucantha ? ; st. slender, pan. with 
 many long-stalked spikelets, plant glaucous. [Var. divaricata 
 (Sy.) has pan. erect ' distichously unilateral,' spikelets usually 2-flowered, 
 uppermost sheath as long- as or longer than its 1.] Shady places. 
 y. On walls. 8. Mountains. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 1 See note to Sp. 3. 
 
POA. 499 
 
 8. P. ParneU'ii (Bab.) : pan. snberect large rather close, 
 oblong, spikelets ovate of 2 or 3 acute free ft., lower pale with 
 5 veins but only 3 hairy, upper sheath usually longer than its 
 leaf, upper knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, liqule 
 very short truncate. J B. S. 2916. P. 93. St. ascending, 1 ft. 
 or more high, compressed ; knots 5 or 6, uppermost not above 
 the middle of the stem. Ligule 6 times as broad as long, but 
 longer than that of P. nemoralis, to which this plant is perhaps 
 too nearly allied. Occasionally the fi. are slightly webbed. 
 High Force and other parts of Upper Teesdale. P. VII. E. 
 
 9. P. Half our' ii (Parn.) l ; pan. erect rather spreading, spike- 
 lets ovate of 3 or 4 webbed fL, lower pale with 5 veins but only 
 3 hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, upper two-thirds 
 of the stem without knots, liqule prominent blunt. P. 66. 
 E. . S. 2918. Creeping. St. '315 in. high ; knots about 3, 
 uppermost within the lower third of the stem. Lower fl. as 
 long as the larger glume. Fl. Dan. 964? Combined with 
 P. glauca by Syme. /3. P. montana (Parn.) ; spikelets few of 
 2 or 3 free fl. P. dissitiflom (R. & S.) ? Tops of mountains. 
 P. VII. E. S. 
 
 10. P. pains' tris (L.) ; pan. large its br. rough ascending-patent 
 lower subverticillate quinate, spikelets ovate acute of 2 5-webbed fl., 
 lower pale obscurely ^-veined hairy on the keel and margins towards 
 the base, sheaths glabrous, ligule oblong-acute. Fl. Dan. 2166. 
 P. serotinaf Ehrh. , P. fertilis (Host). St. tufted ascending glabrous, 
 1. rather naTrow pointed slightly scabrid. By R. Thames, Kew and 
 Mortlake. By K. Tay below Perth, and Benniebeg Pond near Crieff. ^ 
 K. Boyne below Navan. Probably introduced. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ttt Lower pan.-branches subverticillate, quinate. Dorsal vein 
 of the lower pale hairy or glabrous ; marginal glabrous. 
 
 11. P. trimdlis (L.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets ovate of 2 or 3 
 acute webbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins, dorsal vein hairy, 
 upper sheath much longer than its leaf, liqule acute long. 
 E. B. 1072. P. 35. Root tufted. St. 1 2 ft. high. Sheaths 
 usually slightly rough [or var. glabra (Doell.) smooth]. j8. parvi- 
 Jiora (Parn.); spikelets small 1 2-fl owered, plant slender. 
 Moist and shady places. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 *P. Cliaixii (Gilib.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets oval of 3 or rarely 
 5 acute not webbed fl., lower pale with 5 glabrous veins, upper 
 sheath very much longer than its leaf, ligule blunt very short. 
 
 1 Prof. Hackel writes "probably no clear line can be drawn between 
 P. Balfourii [as here constituted] and the alpine forms of P. nemoralis" 
 See J. ofB. xxxv. (1897) p. 71 H. & J, G. 
 
500 98. GRAMINFJE. 
 
 P. i. 90. P. sudetica (Haenke) ed. viii. Rhizomatous, not 
 creeping. St. 2-edged, 2 3 feet high. Sheaths, edges, and 
 midribs of 1. rough. L. hooded and apiculate. In deep shade 
 in several places near Kelso : Birnham, Perthsh. [Berks. Warw. 
 Ayrsh. etc.] P. E. S. 
 
 *** Creeping by long soboles. 
 
 12. P. praterisis (L.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4 
 webbed fl., lower pale ivith 5 prominent veins but only 3 hairy , 
 upper sheath much longer than its leaf, liqule prominent blunt. 
 E. B. 1073. P. 31 34. Very variable in size. St. and 
 sheaths nearly always smooth. Fl. strongly webbed. (3. P. aub- 
 ccerulea (Sm.) ; spikelets broader, 1. broad and short, upper 1. 
 compressed rounded at the end behind. E. B. 1004. y. anyusti- 
 folia (Gaud.) ; spikelets small, 1. slender long, lower 1. involute. 
 [Var. strigosa (Gaud.) has a contracted pan. and narrow involute some- 
 what glaucous 1J Common. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 13. P. compres'sa (L.) ; pan. erect or slightly unilateral 
 spreading when in flower otherwise close, spikelets ovate or 
 oblong-ovate of 5 7 blunt slightly webbed fl., lower pale 3- 
 veined, veins hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, upper- 
 most knot at about the middle of the stem, liqule short truncate. 
 E. E. 365. P. 37 & 90.$. decumbent' at the base, then 
 erect, very much compressed, 1 1J ft. high. /3. P. polynoda 
 (Parn.) ; fl. free, pales with 2 faint interm. veins, uppermost 
 knot higher, ligule rather more prominent. [P. subcompressa 
 (Parn.) is intermediate betw. this and the type, having webbed fl. and 5- 
 veined pales.] P. 91 92. Dry situations. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 36. GLYCE'RIA E. Br. 
 
 1. G. aquaVica (Wahlb.) ; pan. erect much branched spread*-* 
 ing, branches rough, spikelets oblong of 5 10 fl., lower pale 
 blunt, 1. smooth with terete sheaths. .E. B. 1315. P. 44. G. 
 spectabilis M. & K. Creeping. St. 36 ft. high, smooth 
 slightly compressed. Sheaths very long. ^ L. long, rough 
 on the edges and keel, never floating. Ligule short. Pan. 
 large ; branches angular, slender, branched. Watery places. 
 P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. G. fluitans (R Br.) ; pan. secund slightly branched very 
 long, branches nearly simple roughish, spikelets linear of 712 
 adpressed lanceolate-oblong acute fl., lotver pale nearly thrice as 
 long as broad, sheaths compressed. E. B. 2975. P. 95. St. 
 ascending, rooting below, or floating. Sheaths nearly smooth, 
 
GLYCERIA.. SCLEROCHtOA. 501 
 
 striate, L. pale green, acute, often floating. Ligule long. Pan. 
 very long, often nearly simple ; branches without callosities, 
 ascending, lowermost usually in pairs. Spikelets adpressed. 
 Lower pales rather the shorter, with a triangular central point. 
 Anthers about 5 times as long as broad, purple, pale yelloAV 
 when empty. /3. G. pedicellata 1 (Towns.) ; pan.-branches 
 simple roughish, spikelets of 913 blunt flowers. L. more 
 acute. Lowermost pan.-branches about in threes. Anth. 
 about 4 times as long as broad, yellow when young. A. N. If. 
 ser. 2. v. 105. Curt. Fl. Lond. i. 18. Nearer to plicata than 
 Jlu.it am by its rough furrowed sheath, lower pale 3-toothed and 
 never exceeding the upper. G. declinata (Breb., Towns.) is a 
 dwarf plant with smooth sheaths, upper exceeding the obtuse- 
 angled 3-toothed lower pale, anth. twice as long as broad and 
 purple. It also is near plicata. Watery places. P. VI. IX. 
 Flote-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 >. G. plicata (Fries); pan. compound, branches compound 
 nearly smooth erect with flowers divaricate with fruit, spikelets 
 linear of 7 20 oval-oblong rather acute fl., lower pale twice as 
 long as broad, sheaths compressed. JR. vii. 79. G.fluitans Sm., 
 E. B. 1520. P. 45. St. ascending, rooting below. Sheaths 
 rough, furrowed. L. glaucous, bluntish, plicate when young. 
 Ligule shorter. Pan. much branched ; branches with cal- 
 losities at the base, lowermost about in fives. Lower pales 
 with 3 teeth at the end. Anth. about 3 times as long as broad, 
 cream-coloured, fuscous when empty. Stagnant water and wet 
 places. P. VI. VIII. E. S. r- I 
 
 37. SCLEKOCH'LOA Pal. de Beauv? 
 
 * Glumes with 3 veins. 
 
 f Panicle unilateral. 
 
 1. S. marit'ima (Lindl.) ; pan. branched, lowermost branches 
 in pairs or single, branches ultimately erect, spikelets linear 
 adpressed 4 8-flowered, rachis terete, lower pale blunt api- 
 culate, midrib reaching the tip, stoloniferous. E. B. 1104. 
 P. 42. Glyceria M. & K. Root fibrous, with ascending 
 prostrate or rarely rooting leafy stoles. L. involute ; the 
 central ridge on their upper surface strongly marked the others 
 
 1 Mr. Townsend now regards this as a hybrid, G.fluitansXplicata. 
 H. & J. G. 
 
 2 See Crepin, Notes Fl. Belg. v. 155-214. 
 
502 98. GR1MINEJ2. 
 
 faint. Anth. about 6 times as long as broad. Lower pale with 
 involute eckes. Ligule bluntish. /?.. hispida (Parn.) ; st. 
 compressed, rachis furrowed on one side and as well as the 
 pan. -branches rough. P. 99. [y. riparia (Towns.); more slender, 
 spikelets fewer, lower gl. equalling or exceeding middle of lowest fl. on 
 same side, nerves closer together, lower pale with narrower white border.] 
 Sea-coast, in damp places. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. S. Bor'reri (Bab.) ; pan. branched, branches ultimately 
 erect-patent lowermost generally in fours, spikelets linear 4 7- 
 fl., rachis terete, lower pale with a rigid apiculus formed by the 
 tip of the dorsal vein, csespitose. Glyceria, Bab., E. B. S. 2797 
 (1837). P. 98. G. conferta Fries (1839). St. 612 in. high. 
 No stoles. L. short, fla.t, with very long sheaths. Ligule short, 
 truncate. Edges of the lower pale not involute. Spikelets and 
 fl. half the size of those of S. maritima and S. procumbent. 
 Pan. -branches short, scarcely elongated after flowering, hispid. 
 Muddy salt marshes. P/ VI. VIII. E. I. 
 
 S. S. procum'bens (Beauv.) : pan. ovate-lanceolate compact 
 distichous rigid, spikelets linear-lanceolate of about 4 fl., rachis 
 angular, lower pale blunt with an apiculus formed by the tip of 
 the dorsal vein, root fibrous. E. B. 532. P. 42. Glyceria Dum. 
 Festuca Kunth. St. procumbent (rarely erect when growing in 
 water), rigid. L. flat, with inflated sheaths. Pan. about 2 in. 
 long, with very short rigid branches spreading in 2 rows. Fl. 
 large. Muddy sea-shores. A. VI. VII. E. S. 
 
 ft Panicle regular. 
 
 4. S. dis'tans (Bab.) ; pan. branched, branches long ulti- 
 mately spreading or deflexed lowermost in fours or fives, spike- 
 lets linear 3 5-flowered, rachis semiterete rather flat on one 
 side, lower pale blunt, midrib not reaching to the tip, root fibrous. 
 E. B. 986. P. 41. Glyceria Wahl. Without rooting stoles. 
 St. decumbent below. L. flat, short, with 8 10 equally pro- 
 minent ridges upon their upper surface. Ligule short and trun- 
 cate. Edges of lower pale not involute. Spikelets and fl. half 
 the size of those of the preceding. /3. obtusa (Parn.) ; pan. 
 more compound, spikelets about 7 -flowered, lower pale truncate 
 and broader, ligule shorter. P. 96 & 97. [Var. pseudo-procumbens 
 (W.-Dod), with suhunilateral pan. with fewer shorter stiffer ascending 
 pan.-br., larger greener and more strongly-ribbed pales, is apparently a 
 hybrid with Sp. 3. A quite prostrate form with ascending pan.-br. is 
 var vrostrata (Beebv).] Sea-shores and waste sandy places. 
 ft Leicestershire. P. VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
SCLEROCHLOA. CATABROSA. 503 
 
 ** Glumes 1- (rarely 3-) veined. 
 
 5. S. rig'ida (Link) ; pan. lanceolate rigid distichous, spike- 
 lets linear acute of 7 10 fl., lower pale blunt with a mucro, 
 upper gl. reaching to the base of the third fl., root fibrous. 
 Fesiucd Kunth. Glycerin Sm., E. B. 1371. P. 43. St. slender, 
 wiry, erect. L. nearly flat, acute. Pan. 1 2 in. long, nearly 
 simple. Lower pale ^faintly veined. Fl. small. Dry places. 
 A. VI. E. S, I. 
 
 6. 8. lolidcea (Woods) ; pan. racemose narrow rigid secund, 
 spikelets oblong of 8 12fl., lower pale blunt with a mucro, upper 
 gl. reaching to the base of the fourth fl., root fibrous. Triticum 
 Sm., E. B. 221. P. 43. Festuca rottboellioides Kunth. St. 
 stout, slightly curved, ascending, 2 6 in. long. L. flat, con- 
 volute when dry. Spikelets usually solitary, alternate, all 
 directed to one side ; footstalks very short and stout. Lower 
 pale with well-marked marginal veins. Sandy sea-coasts. A. 
 VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 38. BRI'ZA Linn. Quaking-grass. 
 
 1. B. minor (L.) ; spikelets triangular of about 7 fl., gl. ex- 
 ceeding the lowest fl.< pan. diffuse, ligule long lanceolate acute. 
 E. B. 1316. P. 101. St. very slender, about 1 foot high. 
 Spikelets pale green. Lower pale roundish cordate, cartilaginous, 
 very gibbous in the middle of the back. Dry and sandy fields 
 in the South-west. A. VII. E. 
 
 2. B. media (L.) ; spikelets broadly ovate of a,bout 5 fl., gl. 
 falling short of the lowest fl., pan. diffuse, ligule truncate -eery 
 short. E. B. 340. P. 30. St. slender erect, 1 1| foot high. 
 Panicle light and elegant, with slender branches. Spikelets 
 usually purplish. L. linear-acuminate. Lower pale roundish 
 oval, cartilaginous, not gibbous. Pastures. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 [B. max'ima (L.) with few very large ovate many-flowered spikelets is 
 naturalised in Guernsey.] 
 
 39. CATABRO'SA Pal. de Beauv. 
 
 1. C.aquat'icfi(BeaMv.)j pan. long-pyramidal with half- whorls 
 of patent branches, lower pale 3-ribbed, 1. broad linear blunt. 
 E.*B. 1557. P. 20. Creeping. St. long, procumbent or 
 floating below. L. flat. Pan.-branches in alternate threes or 
 fives. Spikelets usually 2- (or 3 5-) flowered. Gl. very 
 thin, often purplish. Fl. distant. )3. minor (Bab.) ; at. 2 3 m. 
 high, spikelets mostly 1-flowered. Ponds and ditches. /3. Wet 
 sea-sands. P. VI. VII. E. S, I. 
 
504 98. GE AMINES. 
 
 40. Crxosu'Rus Linn. Dog's-tail-grass. 
 
 1. C. cristdtus (L.); raceme spikelike linear, fl. with a very 
 short awn. E. B. 316. P. 28. St. 1218 in. high. Spike 
 unilateral, plane-compressed. Spikelets closely placed. Bract 
 comblike. Pastures. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 [C. echindtus (L.) ; raceme contracted close ovate, awns about 
 as long as the pales. E. B. 1833. P. 28 & 129. St. erect, 
 1 2 feet high. Bract comblike with long points. Sandy 
 places in Guernsey and Jersey. A. VII.] 
 
 41. DAC'TYLIS Linn. Cock's-foot-grass. 
 
 1. D. glomerdta (L.) ; pan. -branches with ovate clusters of 
 spikelets, st. erect linear flat with rough margins, root cees- 
 pitose. E. B. 335. P. 29. A coarse grass. Pan.-branches 
 long, spreading or divaricate with fl., afterwards adpressed, dis- 
 tant ; each bearing an ovate cluster of spikelets ; or panicle 
 reduced to one cluster. Meadows. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 42. FESTTJ'CA Linn. 1 Fescue-grass. 
 
 * Root-leaves very narrow. Ligule with round auricles. 
 Awn terminal. 
 
 t Awn longer than the pale. Gl. very unequal. VULPIA. 
 \ Usually triandrous. 
 
 1. F. uniglumis (Sol.) ; uppermost sheath far distant from the 
 erect close 2-ranked simple panicle, fl. compressed keeled, yl. rery 
 unequal of ten only one, larger gl. very long and very acute. E. B. 
 1430. P. 112. St. 612 in. high, erect, leafy nearly to the 
 top. Panicle close, short. Lower gl. usually scarcely di^- 
 tinguishable. Upper gl. setigerous nearly equalling 1st fl. on 
 same side. Sandy sea-shores. A. VI. E. I. 
 
 \\ Usually monandrous. 
 
 2. F. sciuroides (Roth) ; uppermost sheath far distant from 
 the erect-patent oblong pan., lowermost pan.-branch about equal- 
 ling \ pan., fl. terete rough, gl. unequal as 2 to 1, larger gl. about 
 equalling lowest flower. F. bromoides Sm., E. B. 1411. 
 
 1 See Prof. Hackel's exhaustive Monographia Festucarum europK- 
 arum. H. & J. G. 
 
FESTUCA. 1.);)' 
 
 Slender, G 12 in. high. L. linear, involute. [fl. t^r;/w;</ 
 (Hack.); pan. longer, sheath covering its base.] Walls and sandy 
 places. A. 't VI. VII. E. S, 1. 
 
 3. F. ambit/ ua (Le Gall) ; uppermost sheath very nearly reach- 
 ing- to the lon-i narrow erect close pan., lowest pan.-branch equal- 
 ling more than ] of pan., fl. terete rough, gl. unequal as 3 (3 to 
 1, larger gl. about equalling 3 of lowest tiower. E. B. S. 2970. 
 Slender, 8 12 in. high. L. involute. Probably a glabrous 
 form of F. ciliata (I)anth.). Sandv places. Isle of Wight. 
 Kent. Dorset. Suffolk. A. V. VI. E. 
 
 4. F. Myuros (L.) ; uppermost sheath reaching to or partly 
 covering the lony narrow nodding interrupted pan., lowest pan.- 
 branch equalling \ of pan., fl. terete rough, gl. unequal as 3 to 1, 
 larger gl. about equalling J lowest flower. E. B. 1412. F. 
 pseudo-inyurus (Soy. -Will.). About a foot high, slender. Pan. 
 very long and narrow. Walls and sandy places, rare. A. r* 
 VL VII. E. S.? I. 
 
 tt Triandrous. Awn. shorter than the pale. 
 
 T>. F. ovina (L.) ; pan. narrow subsecund close with fr., spike- 
 lets 4 6-fl., fl. mostly awned, /. all setaceous, sheaths glabrous, 
 ccespitose. E. B. 58o. P. 5b', 57. Very variable. L. short, 
 slightly curved, densely tufted. FJ. glabrous, or (luspidula Koch) 
 hairy/ Spikelets sometimes changed into leafy shoots. ft. 
 F. capillata (Lam.) ; 1. very long setaceous, fl. awnless. y. F. 
 duriuscula (L.) ; pan. pyramidal, branches spreading,!, filiform 
 channelled, st.-l. broader. St. and 1. stouter. Fries thought it 
 distinct, \\wc.glauca, Hack. (F. glauca, Lam.) has the 1. sheaths and 
 fl. more or less glaucous, and var. supina, Hack, is a small form with 
 small dense pan., setaceous laminae and sheaths entire for about ^ of 
 their length.] Dry hilly pastures, ft. On mountains, y. Damper 
 places. P. VI. Sheep's Fescue-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 6. F. rubra (L.) ; pan. broadish below subsecund, spikelets 
 4 10-fl., 1. involute-setaceous, st.-l. flat, lowest sheaths hairy, 
 soboliferous. F. duriuscula Sm. (in part), E. B. 470, P. 58 00. 
 Very variable. Fl. shortly awned, glabrous, hairy or villose. 
 L. variable in length and breadth and the fl. in size. Creeping 
 but caespitose. [F. fallax (Thuill.) is densely caespitose and scarcely 
 creeping.] Common in dry sandy, rarely in wet places. P. VI. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 [F. lieteropliylla (Lam.) ; not stoloniferous, st. taller, root-1. long 
 etaceoua densely tufted, st.-l. flat, pan. long lax, considered by Prof. 
 Hackel a jjubsp. of 6, is recorded from several places, probably sown.] 
 
 Z 
 
50(> 98. GRAMINE^E. 
 
 7. F. ordria (Dam.) T ; pan. secund/spikelets 4 10-fl., 1. all 
 involute-setaceous, lowest sheaths hairy, far creeping not cses- 
 pitose. F. rubra Sm., E. B. 2058. Near F. r libra, but mode of 
 growth very different. Sandy sea-shores. P. VI. E. 8. 
 
 ** Root-leaves broad and fiat. Ligule not aurided. Awn 0, 
 or dorsal. SCHEDONORUS Beauv. 
 
 f Uppermost ligule prominent. Lower pale 3-veined. 
 
 8. F. sylvat'ica (Vill.) ; pan. erect diffuse much-branched, 
 branches rough, spikelets of 3 4 awnless acute Jl., lower pale 
 rough, dorsal rib serrulate throughout, 1. lanceolate-linear with 
 rough margins. Poa P. 44 & 100. F. Calamaria Sm., E. B. 
 i005. Scarcely creeping. St. 24 feet high, covered at the 
 base with imbricate broad acute leafless sheaths, tufted. L. 
 voiy lonjr, broad, roughish on both sides ; uppermost 1. smaller. 
 Lower pale very acute ; midrib extending nearly to the tip or 
 slightly beyond it. Ovary pilose at the top. /3. F. dec.idua (Sm. ); 
 1. narrower, fi. about 2. E. B. 2260. Woods in mountainous 
 districts. P. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 tt Uppermost ligule very short. Lower pale 5-veined. 
 BUCETUM Parn. 
 
 9. .F. gigantea (Vill.) ; pan. open drooping branched, spikelets 
 of about 5 owned fl., dorsal rib of lower pale nearly smooth not ex- 
 tending to the tip but ending in a rough awn twice as long as the 
 pale, 1. linear-lanceolate. E. . 1820. P. tf.Bromus L. 
 St. 3 4 feet high. L, very long, broad, roughish on both sides, 
 except near the base on the underside. Ligule unequal, auricled. 
 Lower pale roughish, membranous, often bifid at the tip. Top 
 of the ovary glabrous. /3. F. triflora (Sm.) ; pan. smaller and 
 more erect, spikelets scattered of about 3 flowers. E. B. 1918. 
 Moist woods and thickets. P. VII. E. S. L 
 
 10. F. arundindcea (Schreb.) ; panicle diffuse patent, branches 
 mostly in pairs each bearing 2 or more ovate-oblong spikelets 
 divaricate with fl. or afterwards, spikelets very many of 5 6 
 closely placed fl., dorsal rib of lower pale ending at or just below 
 the tip or forming a short awn, 1. linear-lanceolate. F. elatior 
 Sm., E. B. 1593. P. 46, 47.- St. 26 ft. high, forming large 
 
 1 F. oraria Dura. Agr. Belg. 105 (1823), F. sabulicola Duf. (1825) 
 .'p. arenaria Godr. (1865, not Osb.). See Bull. Belg. vii. 367. 
 
FESTTJCA; BROMUS. 507 
 
 tufts. L. broad. a. F. arundinacea (Schreb.) ; pan .-branches 
 divaricate with fl. and fruit. A very large plant, 3 6 ft. high* 
 8. F. elatior (L. ?); pan.-branches shorter " divaricate with fl. 
 afterwards ascending." a. Banks near the sea. . Damp pas- 
 tures. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. F.praterisis (Huds.) ; pan. close subsecund, branches in 
 pairs one bearing a single spikelet the other several never divaricate, 
 spikelets linear-oblong of 5 10 rather distant fl., dorsal rib of 
 lower pale ending at or just below the tip or forming a very 
 short awn, 1. linear-lanceolate. E. B. 1592. P. 46. F. elatior 
 Koch. A smaller plant than the preceding. Rachis triangular. 
 Pan.-branches ascending; one of each pair nearly always reduced 
 to a single spikelet. In this and the preceding the pale is blunt 
 or acute according as the midrib is or is not attached up to the 
 tip. ft. F. loliacea (Huds.) ; spikes solitary alternate long slen- 
 der truly distichous, lower ones stalked, rarely in pairs, upper 
 nearly sessile, fl. distant, lower gl. 5 8-ribbed, veins of lower 
 pale parallel, no awn, rachis flattish. On water meadows spike- 
 lets are often all sessile and upper gl. vanishing. [Now usually 
 regarded as a hybrid between F.pratensis and Lolium perenne^\ E. B. 
 18:21. P. 45, 113 '& 114. Wet meadows. P. VI. VII. E.S.I. 
 
 43. BKO'MUS Linn. 1 
 
 * Spikelets broader upwards when in flower, not afterwards. 
 Ribs of upper pale jinely fringed. 
 
 1. B. erec'tus (Huds.) ; pan. erect nearly simple, spikelets 
 linear-lanceolate, fl. remote subcylindrical, lower pale indistinctly 
 7-veined, loivestjl. -J- exceeding the upper gl. and longer than its 
 awn, root-1. very narrow ciliate. E. B. 471. P. 51. St. 2 3 
 ft. high, erect. Root-1. convolute ; upper 1. broadest ; sheaths 
 somewhat hairy with upward hairs. /S. villosus ; . lower pals 
 hairy. On dry sandy and chalky soil. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. B. ramosus (Huds.); pan. drooping with long divaricate 
 slightly divided branches, spikelets lanceolate, fl. remote linear- 
 lanceolate, lower pale pilose on the veins below, lowest fl. twice 
 exceeding the glabrous upper gl. and longer than its awn, 
 /. broad hairy. E. B. 1172. P. 51. B. asper (Murr.) ed. viii. 
 B. serotinus (Benek.). St. 4 5 feet high. L. flat; lower ones 
 broadest ; sheaths all with downward hairs ; branches 2 together 
 with a semilunar strongly ciliate much decurrent scale at their 
 
 1 Synonymous with the genus Schedonorus of Fries, not of Beauv. 
 
 z2 
 
503 98. GRAMINEJE. 
 
 base ; upper pale glabrous, lower pilose on the veins below, anth. 
 violet. j3. Senckenii (Syme) ; pan. slightly drooping with rather 
 short suberect branches 3 6 together with a semilunar very 
 blunt not ciliate subdecurrent scale at their base, upper gl. ciliate 
 to the top, lower pale pilose throughout ; 1. flat, upper sheaths 
 subglabrous, lower hispid, anth. golden. Damp woods and 
 thickets. P. ? VII. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Spikelets always broader upward*. Ribs of upper pale 
 strongly fringed. Aivn long. 
 
 3. B. ster'ilis (L.) ; pan. drooping, branches long slightly di- 
 vided, spikelets linear-lanceolate, fl. remote, lower pale glabrous 
 shorter than its awn with 7 distinct equidistant ribs, 1. pubescent. 
 E. B. 1030. P. 50. Height 12 feet. L. broad, flat, Waste 
 places. A. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 4. B. madriterisis (L.) ; panicle erect, branches short scarcely 
 divided, spikelets lanceolate, fl. linear remote subcylindrical, 
 lower pale about as long as its awn 7 -ribbed, 2 lateral ribs 
 close together, inter m. rib faint. E. B. 1006. P. 50. a. JL 
 diandrns (Cart.) ; st. glabrous, rachis and pedicels rough. St. 
 (3 12 in. high. Remarkable for its erect panicle. Upper pale 
 but little shorter than the lower. [/3. B. rigidus (Roth) ; pan. 
 compact, pedicels very short, upper part of st., pedicels, rachis 
 and 'gl. pubescent.] Dry sandy places, rare. [/3. Channel 
 Islands.] A. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 \_B. tectorum (L.) ; like B. madritensis, pan. secund drooping. 
 upper pale much the shorter. Introduced.] 
 
 [J?. max'imus (Desf.) ; pan. erect lax at length nodding, 
 branches slightly divided lengthened after flowering, spikelets 
 downy, lower pale 1 -ribbed about half as long as its awn. 
 E. B'. S. 2820. Height 12 feet. A most beautiful grass. 
 Sandy places. Channel Islands. A. VIII.] 
 
 44. SEKBAFAL'CUS Parlatore \ 
 
 * Fl. at first looselij imbricate, afterwards distinct and 
 cylindrical. 
 
 *1. S. secalinus (Bab.) ; pan. loose drooping in fr. slightly 
 compound, simple peduncles about as long as the oblong gla- 
 brous spikelets, fl. about as long as the straight awn, lower 
 
 1 Corresponds to the genus Sromvs of Fries ; to part of Browns 
 of Sin., Hook.,. &c. 
 
SERRAFALCUS. 509 
 
 pale not overlapping the next fl. uniformly rounded at the sides, 
 1. hairy. E. B. 1171. P. 49, 121 & 122. \Vith seed the fl. 
 spread and the spikelets droop. Top of upper gl. \-way between 
 its base and the top offourthji. (second on the same side). Lower 
 pale not twice as long as broad, longer than the upper, 7-ribbed. 
 /3. Bromus velutinus (Sm.) ; pan. nearly simple, fl. larger 
 downy. P. 123. Corn-fields. A. VI. VII. E. S. 1. 
 
 ** Fl. closely imbricate even with fruit. 
 
 2. S. racemosus (Parl.) ; pan. long erect usually simple, spike- 
 lets ovate rather compressed glossy, fl. imbricate about as long 
 
 than the upper. Anth. 4 times as long as broad. Pan. close 
 with fruit. Common. B. VI. E. I. 
 
 >V 
 
 3. S. commutdtus (Bab.) ; pan. loose slightly drooping com- 
 pound, simple peduncles as long as or longer than the obloni:- 
 lanceolwte spikelets, fl. loose imbricate about as long as the 
 straight awn, sides of lower pale uniformly rounded at the sides, 
 1. and sheaths hairy. P. 124. E. B. 920. Lower pale only 
 slightly overlapping the next fl. at the base when in fruit. Top ; 
 of upper gl. \-way to top of fourth Jl. Lower pale twice as long 
 
 as broad, longer than the upper, glabrous or downy, 7-ribbed, 
 Anth. (3 times as long as broad. /3. multiflarus (Para.); more" 
 numerous fl.. top of upper gl. rather higher. P. 123. Commonl 
 B. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. S. mol'lis (Parl.) ; pan. close erect compound or rarely 
 simple, spikelets ovate rather compressed pubescent, fl. closely 
 imbricate about as long as the straight awn, sides of lower pale 
 bluntly angular about the middle, 1. and sheaths hairy or downy. 
 E. B. 1078. P. 116. Top of the upper gl. \-way to the top of 
 the sixth flower ; or a little higher (ovalis Parn. 117, with short 
 oval spikelets) ; or about J-way to the top of the eighth (pra- 
 tensis Parn. 118, with longer spikelets). Lower pale longer than 
 the upper. Simple ped. not longer than the spikelets. Anth. 
 about thrice as long as broad. Karely the spicules are glabrous, 
 when it is B. racemosus Parn. 119 [=S.mollis,vsiY.fflabrescens, 
 Gren.]. A maritime plant with nearly or quite prostrate st., 
 nearly simple pan., and nearly glabrous pales, seems to be 
 the B. hordeaceus (Fries). Another with very short ped. 
 and densely downy spikelets [and divaricate awns (S. Lloydianus, 
 G. & G.)] is also found near the sea. [ft- pseudo-velutinus ; 
 
510 98. GRAMINE-E. 
 
 pan. oblong blunt interrupted with usually single alternate br. bearing- 3-5 
 almost sessile spikelets, upper pale split to the base. Perhaps a distinct 
 species, B. pseudo-velutinus. B. interrup'tus (Druce).] Common. 
 A, ? V. VI. Lop-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 *5. S. arven'sis (Godr.) ; pan. spreading compound its branches 
 ultimately horizontal, spikelets linear-lanceolate, pales equal in 
 length lower 7 -ribbed with two prominent ribs near each margin 
 and its sides bluntly angular above the middle, anthi 4 times as 
 long as broad. E. B. 1984. P. 126. Top of the upper gl. |- 
 \vay to the top of the fourth flower. Naturalized in various 
 places from Fife southwards. A. VII. VIIF. E. S. 
 
 \_S. pat'ulus (Tarl.) ; pan. spreading compound its branches 
 ultimately deflexed, spikelets lanceolate, pales unequal, lower 
 7-ribbed with two lateral prominent ribs and its .sides bluntly 
 angular above the middle, anth. twice as long as broad. P. 127. 
 Not naturalized. A. VI.] E. 
 
 [S. squarrosus (Bab.) ; pan. drooping simple, spikelets ovate- 
 lanceolate subcompressed, fl. nearly glabrous imbricate com- 
 pressed, lower pale 9-ribbed and its sides bluntly angular above 
 the middle, awn twisted divaricate, 1. pubescent. E. B. 1885. 
 P. 128'. Not naturalized. A. VI. VII.] E. 
 
 Tribe XII. Hordeiea. 
 
 45. BRACHYPO'DITJM Pal. de Beauv. 
 
 1. B. sylvat'icum (Beauv.) ; spike drooping, spikelets (at first) 
 terete alternate distichous, awns of the upper fl. longer than their 
 pales, 1. flat linear-lanceolate flaccid, root fibrous. E. B. 729. 
 P. 61. St. usually solitary or 2 or 3 from the same root, erect, 
 1 2 feet high. Sheaths hairy. Li^ule short, blunt, notched 
 or torn. L. ciliate. Pales usually hairy. Woods and hedges. 
 P. VII. E. 8. I. 
 
 2. B. pinndtum (Beauv.) ; spike erect, spikelets (at first) terete 
 alternate distichous, awns of the upper fl. shorter than their pale*, 
 1. flat linear-lanceolate rigid, creeping. E, B. 730. P. 132 
 137. St. several, erect, 1 2 feet high. Pales rough or hairy. 
 Sheaths subglabrons. Ligule short, truncate. L. not ciliate. 
 Sometimes the 1. are very narrow and involute, st. very many, 
 epikelets small smooth. On dry limestone soil. P. VII. E.I. 
 
TRITICUM. 
 
 40. TRIT'ICUM Linn. Wheat-grass. 
 
 1. T. caninum (L.) ; spike rather close, spikelets 2 /5-fl., 
 3 5-ribbed gl. and lower pales awned [upper pale emarginate , 
 axis and edges of the rachis hispid, 1. flat rough on both sides, 
 root fibrous. E. B. lo?:?. P. 62. Agropt/ron (Beauv.). St. 
 erect. Ribs on the upperside of 1. very slender. Gl. round on 
 the back, its ribs reaching the tip and joining to form the 
 short awn. Lower pale shorter than its awn; or in an alpine 
 form longer than it. Banks, rare. P. VII. E. 8. I. 
 
 2. T. alpinum (Don) ; spike rather close, spikelets 2 6-fl., gl. usuhlly 
 shortly awned strongly 4 6-ribbed with ribs edges tip and awn asperous, 
 lower pale narrowed abruptly and with scarious margins at apex, 4- -t>- 
 ribbed with awn \ \ its length, upper pale bluntly pointed densely 
 ciliate on the lateral keels densely asperous and with a well-marked mid- 
 rib towards the apex, the two lateral ribs terminating in teeth which 
 
 fall short of the apex, axis hairy, rachis ciliate, 1. thin flat with many 
 slender ribs, " soboliferous." Agropyron .Donianum (Buch. -White). -- 
 Variously referred to Sp. 1 and 3, but differing from both in the character 
 of the upper pale; closely allied to the Scandinavian T. violacenni 
 (Hornem.). Rocks, Ben Lawers, Mr. G.Don. Rediscovered 1878 by 
 Mr. J. C. Melvill. P. VIII. S. 
 
 3. T. repens (L.) ; spike rather close, gl. 5 7-ribbed equalling 
 at least of the 4 5-fl. spikelet rough on the keel, lower pale 
 acuminate, axis asperous, rachis with rough angles not brittle, /. 
 mostly flat the many slender ribs each bearing a row of deciduous 
 hairs above, soboliferous. E. B. 909. P. 62. Agropyron 
 (Beauv.). L. at first involute afterwards flat, ribs on upperside 
 not much raised nor nearly hiding the in term, surface of the 
 leaf. Rachis glabrous or downy with forward prickles on the 
 angles. Gl. scarcely keeled, acuminate-subulate ; ribs reaching 
 the tip. Pales rarely awned. * [The shape of the gl. and pales varies 
 considerably, extreme forms are: var. barbatum (Duv.-Jouv.) "gl. very 
 attenuate subulate or awned, pales long-awned," and var. obtusum (Sy.) 
 " gl. obtuse obliquely truncate, pales obtuse with a minute apiculus." I - 
 Common. P. VI. Couch-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 4. T. pun' gens (Pers.) ; spike close, gl. with 7 9 thick ribs 
 not exceeding ^ the 5 12-fl. spikelet rough on the keel, lower 
 pale acute, axis asperous, rachis nearly or quite smooth not 
 brittle, 1. with involute edges the many thick closely -placed ribs 
 slightly rough and each bearing a row of acute points above, 
 upper part of 1. wholly involute (subulate and rigid), soboli- 
 ferous. Sy. E. B. 1811. Agropyron (R. & S.) tit. erect, like 
 a corn-field. Ribs on upperside of 1. so broad and so elevated 
 as nearly to hide the interm. part of the leaf, Gl. keeled ; ribs 
 
*)12 OS. GKAMIXEJE. 
 
 reaching- the tip. Lower pale of our plant often awncd 
 
 T. littoral e (Host)]. Producing 1 erect barren leafy clustered 
 
 shoots. [j3. T. pycnanthum (Godr.); spike shorter and denser, spikelets 
 
 much compressed, gl. and lower pale obtuse.] Sea-shores. P. "VII. 
 
 E. I. 
 
 ' 5. T. acutitm (DC.) ; spike rather lax, gl. with 5 7 slender 
 elevated ribs blunt or apiculate not exceeding of the 5 8-fl. 
 spikelet, lower pale blunt mucronate, axis downy, rachis smooth 
 or slightly rough at the angles not brittle, 1. flat or with involute 
 edges the many thick closely placed ribs rough with minute sharp 
 scattered points (asperous) above, soboliferous. Sy. E. B. 1812. 
 T. laxum Fr. Ayropyron (R. & S.). St. prostrate or ascending. 
 Ribs of the 1., on each of which there is usually a deciduous row 
 of hairs, not so completely hiding the intervening hollows as in 
 Sp. 3. Gl. keeled ; keel often with forward bristles, reaching 
 the tip or forming a slight mucro. Lower pale rarely shortly 
 awned. Producing decumbent and ascending, barren, leafy, 
 clustered shoots. Sandy sea-shores. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. T. jun'cevm (L.); spike rather loose, gl. ivith 9 llslender 
 scarcely ekvated ribs blunt equalling at least of the 4 8-fl. 
 spikelet smooth on the keel, lower pale blunt rarely mucronate, 
 axis smooth or slightly downy, rachis brittle smooth, 1. involute 
 with many thick ribs with much spreading hair above, soboli- 
 ferous. E. 13. 814. P. 63. Ayropyron (Beauv.). St. pros- 
 trate. The short hairs on the ribs of the 1. spread so as to cover 
 the in terra, spaces. Rachis easily separating above each spike- 
 lot. Gl. rounded or truncate at the tip ; ribs not reaching the 
 tip. Producing decumbent barren, leafy shoots. Sandy sea- 
 shores. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 47. EL'YMTJS Linn. 
 
 1 . E. arendrius (L.); spike upright close, rachis flat not winged, 
 gl. lanceolate downy not longer than the spikelets. E. B. 1672. 
 P. 64. Closely resembling Psamma arenaria, but readily di- 
 stinguished by its broad 1. and short ligule. Soboliferous. St. 
 34 feet high. Sandy sea-shores. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 [JE. yenicitldtus (Curt.) ; spike lax, rachis winged, gl. awl- 
 shaped glabrous longer than the spikelet E. B. 1586. P. 131. 
 St. 34 feet high. Spike 1 2 feet long, usually remarkably 
 bent downwards at the second or third spikelet. In a salt 
 marsh near Gravesend. Mr. Dickson ! P. VII.] E. 
 
HOBDEUM. LOLITJM. 513 
 
 48. HOB/DEUM Linn. Barley. 
 
 1. H. sylvat'icum (Huds.) ; gl. all awlshaped not ciliate rough, 
 lateral Jl. perfect, middle fl. often barren, lower pale with an 
 awn of twice its length. P. 1 30. Elymus europaus Linn., Srn., 
 E. B. 1317. About 2 ft. high. Spike subcylindrical. Middle 
 fi., if barren, with shorter gl. having involute edges, thus ap- 
 pearing setaceous. The spikelets have a second fl. occasionally. 
 Woods and thickets on a calcareous soil, rare. P. VII. VIII. 
 
 E. 
 
 2. H. nodosum (L.) ; gl. all setaceous not ciliate rough, lateral 
 -ft. imperfect, lower pale of fertile middle fl. with an awn of 
 about its length. E. B. 409. P. 11. H. praten'se (Huds.) ed. 
 viii. Often 2 ft. high. Spike compressed, erect. Gl. of lateral 
 fl. shorter. Damp meadows. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. H. murinum (L.) ; gl. of the middle spikelet linear-lanceo- 
 late ciliate of the lateral ones setaceous rough, lateral fl. imper- 
 fect, E. B. 1971. P. 10. Spike often slightly nodding, 
 compressed. Height 12 18 in. Awn longer than the lower 
 pale. Lateral gl. sometimes slightly ciliate. /3. arenarium 
 (Bab.) ; lower part of the st. buried, lengthened, branched and 
 rooting, thus appearing to creep. Waste places. /3. Loose 
 sand. B. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 4. H. marinum (Huds.) ; gl. rough, inner gl. of the lateral Jt. 
 half-ovate the rest setaceous, lateral fl. imperfect. E. B. 1205. 
 P. 10. H. maritimum (With.) ed. viii. Spike thick, erect, 
 subterete. Pastures and banks near the sea. A. VI, E. S. 
 
 49. LEPTU'KUS R. Br. 
 
 1. L. Jilifor'mis (Trin.) ; spike cylindrical-subulate, gl. 2 
 equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers. Rottbb'ellia Sm., 
 E. B. 760. P. 2. St. 26 in. long. Spike long, slender 
 straight or slightly curved. [L. incurvatus (Trin.) is apparently 
 only found as a ballast plant.] Gravelly and waste places near 
 the sea. A. VII. E. S. 
 
 50. LO'LIUM Linn. Rye-grass. 
 
 1. L. peren'ne (L.) ; with leafy barren shoots, edges of young 
 1. simply folded, spikelets 3 11-flowered, gl. equalling^ the 
 lowest fl., lower pale usually awnless, E. B. 315. P. 65. 
 
 z 5 
 
514 98. GRAMINE^E. 
 
 St. 12 18 in. high, usually bent at the lower knots. Whole 
 plant rather dark green. ft. aristatum ; lower pale with a long 
 awn. y. L. tenue (L.) ; spikelets few-flowered, 1. slender. 
 Sometimes the spikelets become converted into branches; or 
 the rachis is so much shortened as to produce a broad ovate 
 close distichous spike. Common. P. VI. Rye-grass. E. S. I. 
 
 ' [L. ital'icum (A. Braun) ; with leafy barren shoots, edges of 
 young I. involute, spikelets 9 14-flowered, lower pale with a 
 long awn. R. vii. 77. P. 138 141. St. many, straight, in 
 close tufts, Ij 3 ft. high. Whole plant, especially the spike- 
 lets, paler than in the preceding. Ligule short, abrupt. 
 L. multiflorum (Lam.), perhaps confounded with this, has no 
 barren shoots and is annual. Cultivated fields. P. VI. Italian 
 Rye-grass.'] E. 
 
 [L. linic'ola (Sond.) ; no barren shoots, spikelets 7 11-flow- 
 ered exceeding the gl., lower pale longer than its awn or awn- 
 less, fl. tumid with fruit. E. B. 2955. St. erect. Spike slender. 
 Lower pale cartilaginous below, narrower than the upper, tumid 
 in fruit. Cultivated fields. A. VI. VII.] E. 
 
 }2. L. temulen' turn (L.) ; no barren shoots, spikelets about 6- 
 flowered equalling or shorter than the gl., lower pale awned, fl. 
 tumid with fruit. E.E. 1124. P. 142. St. erect. Liguleshort. 
 Upper gl. usually present, often bifid. a ; awns as long as or 
 longer than the pale. ft. L. arvense (With.) ; fl. 4 5 without 
 or with short awns. E. B. 1125. Cultivated fields. A. VI. 
 VIII. Darnel. E. S. I. 
 
99. EQUISETACE2E. 515 
 
 FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 Class III. CRYPTOGAME.E. 
 
 Substance of the plant of cellular tissue or with a few 
 ducts. No woody fibre. No true flower with stamens 
 and pistils. No distinct embryo, nor cotyledons. 
 
 A. Plants with a few ducts amongst the cellular tissue. Pro- 
 ducing spores which develop into a prothallus which bears 
 antheridia and archegonia. 1 
 
 Order XCIX. EQUISETACE^E. 
 
 Leafless branched plants with a striate hollow stem ; each 
 joint ending in a sheath which conceals the joining and encloses 
 the base of the next joint. Sporules surrounded by elastic cla- 
 vate filaments and enclosed in capsules arising from the peltate 
 scales of terminal cones or spikes. Hhizome creeping. Branches 
 whorled. Cuticle abounding in silex. Only one genus. 
 
 1. EQUISE'TUM Linn. Horse-tail. 
 
 * Fertile stems mostly unbranched and succulent; barren stems 
 ivith solid whorled branches, appearing later; 
 
 1. E. arven'se (L.) ; sterile st. with 6 19 furrows slightly 
 rough, branches rough with 3 or 4 simple angles, teeth of sheaths 
 long acute \-ribbed at the tip, fertile st. simple with few lax dis- 
 tant sheaths. .#. B. 2020. 8. 1. H. F. 60. N. 77. Sterile 
 st. many, procumbent or ascending ; with many whorls of 
 roughish solid usually simple branches with deep furrows and 
 
 1 (N.) refers to Newman's British Ferns, ed. 2 (1844); (&) to 
 Sowerby's Ferns and Fern allies ; (H. F.) to Hooker's British Ferns. 
 Moore's Handbook of British Ferns, ed. 3, may be consulted with much 
 advantage, and Milde in Nov. Act. Soc. Nat. Cur. vol. xxxii. 
 
516 99. EQUISETACE^E. 
 
 3 4 -toothed sheaths, their lowest joint (including its terminal 
 sheaths) exceeding the st .-sheath ; general outline narrowed up- 
 wards, usually naked at the end. Fertile st. short, with few 
 (4 5) sheaths, appearing before the sterile ones. Sterile and 
 fertile st. distinct. /3. alpestre (Wahl.) ; sterile st. short (2 3 
 in.) prostrate with ascending terminal point and secund sub- 
 erect branches. Damp meadows [cultivated land, &c.] j3. Mickle 
 Fell, Teesdale. P. IV. E. S. I. 
 
 2. E. praten'se (Ehrh.) ; sterile st. with about 20 striae very 
 rough with prominent points particularly above, branches simple 
 with 3 or 4 simple angles, teeth of sheaths \-ribbed but not to the 
 tip, fertile st. simple with many crowded deeply toothed sheaths. 
 E. umbrosum, H. F. 59. S. 2. N. 63. E. Dnimmondii E. . S. 
 2777. Sterile st. 11^ ft. high, nearly naked below ; with 
 many whorls of slender solid branches in the upper part, having 
 3- or 4-toothed sheaths, their lowest joint and sheath falling 
 short of the st.-sheath ; general outline remarkably blunt. Branched 
 fertile st. with larger sheaths and whorls of about 6 branches ; 
 simple fertile st. short (4 6 in.), with many loose and still 
 larger yellowish-white sheaths with black prominent ribs up- 
 wards and 1220 teeth. Wet places, rare. P. IV. E. S. I. 
 
 3. E. maximum (Lam.) ; sterile st. nearly smooth with about 
 30 striae and branches, branches rough doubly angular simple, 
 teeth of sheaths %-ribbed, fertile st. simple with many crowded 
 large deeply-toothed sheaths. E. Telmateja, H, F. 58. S. 3. 
 N. 67. E. fluwatile Sm. not Linn., E. B. 2022. Sterile st. 
 36 ft. high; occasionally bearing a small terminal spike ; 
 furnished from top to bottom with whorls of slender solid 
 branches with 4 longitudinally furrowed angles and 4-toothed 
 sheaths, their lowest joint and sheath exceeding the st.-sheath. 
 Fertile st. stout, 1 foot or more high, with many very long pale- 
 brown sheaths with 30 40 teeth ; spike large. [j. Braunii 
 (Milde), a form with deeply furrowed sterile st., was collected in Forfar 
 by Mr. W. Gardiner.] Wet places. P. IV. E. S. I, 
 
 ** Sterile and fertile st. subsimilar, contemporaneous, branched. 
 
 4. E. sylvat'icum (L.) ; sterile and fertile st. with about 12 
 furrows and many whorls of slender compound spreading or 
 deflexed solid branches, sheath lax ending in 3 or 4 blunt lobes. 
 E. B. 1874. H. F. 61. .4. N. 59. St. 12 18 in. high. 
 Sheaths of the branches with 3 lorg acute teeth each l-ribbed to 
 its tip. Fertile st. occasionally simple. Spike blunt. General 
 outline of sterile st. usually pyramidal, of fertile abrupt. 
 
EQTJISETTJM'. 517 
 
 /?. E. capilkire (Hoffm.) ; sterile st. with many long- slender 
 branches of about equal length, branchleta very fine threadlike, 
 emerald green, 23 ft. high. Wet shady plaees. P. IV. V. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 *** Stems of one kind, with or without simple hollow whorled 
 branches. 
 
 5. E. limosum (L.) ; stem nearly smooth with many slight 
 furrows, teeth of sheaths short rigid acute, branches simple 
 whorled or none. St. 2 4 ft. nigh. Sheaths rather short. 
 Spike blunt. a. E. limosum (L.) ; st. smooth, barren st. nar- 
 rowing gradually upwards, branches short rigid slightly taper- 
 ing upright and equalling st.-joints from green sheaths often 
 wanting. II. F. 02. jS. E. fluviatile (L.) ; st. subglabrous, 
 barren st. with a lax whiplike end, branches long slender taper- 
 ing lax exceeding st.-joints from dark brown sheaths rarely 
 wanting. [E. litorale (Kiihl.), with barren and fertile st. similar, st. 
 more deeply grooved and rougher, and with a smaller central hollow thai* 
 sp. 5, spores abortive, elaters 0, found at Bisley, Surrey, by Mr. W. H. 
 Heeby, is usually considered a hybrid betr^ sp. 1 & 5. See J~. of B. xxv, 
 (1887) p. 65, t. 273.] In stagnant water. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. E. palus'tre (L.) ; st. with 4 8 deep furrows branched 
 throughout, sheaths loose pale with acute wedgeshaped teeth 
 tipped with brown and membranous _at the edges, branches 
 simple. J?. B. 2021. H. F. 63. S. ~6. N. 43, 47 & 49. St. 
 slightly rough. Barren si. whipshaped at the end. Spike 
 blunt. Sheaths coloured like the st. or paler ; teeth brown 
 with nearly transparent edges, ribs furrowed on the back. 
 Branches usually barren or ((3. polystachium) each ending in a 
 spike, hollow, with shallow furrows, lowest joint of branch (often 
 reduced to its sheath } falling short of the st. -sheath. Occasion- 
 ally (y.nudum DO.) the angles and teeth are fewer and the st. 
 nearly or quite simple and dwarf. Spongy bogs. y. Sandy 
 places. P. VI. VII. E.S.I, 
 
 7. E. hyemdle (L.) ; st. simple very rough with 14 20 slender 
 furrows, sheaths close whitish but the top and bottom black, teeth 
 with slender black-brown very deciduous tips. E. B. 915. 
 H. F. 64. S. 8. N. 17. St. 12 ft. high, simple, biennial, 
 its central hollow equalling at least of diameter. Spike api- 
 culate. Sheaths widest at their top, at first green with black 
 crenaie rim after the teeth have fallen, then entirely black, and 
 ultimately pale in the middle and black above and below. 
 /3. E. Moorei (Newm.) ; st. annual very rough with about 12 
 furrows, sheaths loose white with the base black, teeth black- 
 
518 100. FILICES. 
 
 based rather persistent. Phijtol. v. 19 (1853). S. 12. St. 
 1 2 ft. high, its central hollow equalling about f of diameter. 
 Sheaths loose, pearly white ; teeth long, usually light brown, 
 whitish above, more persistent and longer. Damp banks and 
 woods, ft. Wicklow. Wexford. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 8. E. traehy'odon (A. Br.) ; st. simple or very slightly branched 
 very rough with 8 12 furrows, sheaths close ultimately wholly 
 black, teeth slender persistent. H. F. 65. E. Mackaii N. 24. 
 S. 9. St. 1 3 feet high, simple or with solitary distant 
 branches, biennial, its central hollow equalling of diameter. 
 Spike apiculate. Sheaths quite cylindrical, pale green with a 
 black band beneath the teeth but ultimately wholly black. 
 Teeth much more persistent than in the preceding, usually black. 
 N. and W. of Ireland. P. VII. VIII. I. 
 
 9. E. variegdtum (Schleich.) ; st. simple or slightly branched 
 very rough with 4 10 furrows, sheaths slightly enlarged upwards 
 green below black above, teeth blunt each tipped with a deciduous 
 bristle. H. F. 66. N. 31. St. about a foot high, erect, usually 
 simple except at the base or irregularly branched, its central 
 hollow equalling -| of diameter. Lower half of the sheaths 
 green like the stem, upper part black ; teeth persistent ovate, 
 black in the centre, with a white membranous margin. Spike 
 apiculate. E. Wilsoni (Newm. 39. S. 10) is a large form 
 [with smoother st. and less prominent angles to the ridges.] /3. aren- 
 arium ; st. procumbent, usually more slender r teeth of the- 
 sheaths wedgeshaped. E. variegatum Sin., E. It. 1987. ' & 11. 
 Wet places, or in water. /3. Sandy places near the sea. 
 P. VIL. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order C. FILICES. 
 
 Leafy plants with a rhizome or trunk. L. or fronds usually 
 circinate when young (Tribe VII. excepted), simple or divided. 
 Fructification springing from the veins on the underside or at 
 the edge of thel., of 1-celled capsules (thecae) which are stalked 
 and have an elastic ring or sessile and without a ring 1 . 
 
 1 Dr. Boswell in E. S. ed. 3, vol. xii, described many varieties of ferns, 
 and these are enumerated in Lond. Cat. ed. 9. We have not, however, 
 thought it desirable to include most of them, as they were no doubt known 
 to Prof. Babington, and rejected by him as unimportant. The vegetative 
 organs of ferns are so liable to trivial variations that there is no limit to 
 the number of forms which might be described. H. & J. G. 
 
100. FILICES. 519 
 
 * Capsules with an elastic marginal ring. 
 [Suborder I. POLYPODIACEJE. 
 
 Capsules in dorsal or marginal clusters, opening transversely 
 or irregularly. Young fronds circinate. 
 
 "t Clusters dorsal. Ring vertical^ usually incomplete. Caps. 
 opening transversely. 
 
 Tribe I. POLYPODIES. Clusters nearly circular, without 
 an indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins. 
 
 1. CRYPTOGRAMME. Clusters circular, at length confluent, 
 concealed by the reflexed margin of the frond. Barren and 
 fertile fronds dissimilar. 
 
 2. POLYPODIUM. Clusters circular, naked ; edge of the frond 
 flat, not reflexed. 
 
 3. WOODSIA. Clusters circular, with an inferior involucre 
 divided at the edges into many capillary segments. 
 
 Tr. IT. ASPIDIE/E. Clusters nearly circular, covered by an 
 indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins. 
 
 4. LASTREA. Indusium reniform, attached by the notch. 
 Veins distinct after leaving the midrib, not uniting with 
 those of the adjoining lobe. 
 
 5. POLYSTICHTJM. Indusium circular, attached by the centre. 
 Veins distinct after leaving the midrib. 
 
 6. CYSTOPTERTS. Indusium attached by its broad hooded 
 case under the clusters, with a long fringed free extremity 
 at first covering the capsules. 
 
 Tr. III. ASPLENIE^E. Clusters oblong or linear, usually 
 covered by an indusium opening longitudinally on one side, 
 placed on the side of the lateral veins. 
 
 7. ATHYRIUM. Clusters oblong-reniform. Indusium open- 
 ing towards the central vein or midrib, margin fringed. 
 
 8. ASPLENIUM. Clusters long, straight. Indusium opening 
 towards the central vein or midrib, nearly flat. 
 
 9. PHYLLITIS. Clusters long, straight, 2 together. Indusia 
 of each pair opening towards each other. 
 
520 100. F1LICES. 
 
 10. CETERACH. Lateral veins anastomosing; clusters attached 
 to their middle on the side next the midrib, except in the 
 lowest. Indusium (?) a narrow nearly erect membrane on 
 the back of the vein. Whole back of the frond covered 
 with chaffy scales. 
 
 [11. GYMXOGRAMME. Clusters oblong or linear on both 
 branches of the forked vein, becoming confluent and cover- 
 ing the back of the frond. Indusium wanting.] 
 
 Tr. IV. ADIANTEJE. Capsules covered by a marginal or 
 submarginal elongated part of the frond, or by a separated 
 portion of the cuticle resembling an indusium. 
 
 12. BLECHNUM. Capsules in a continuous line parallel to 
 the midrib upon a longitudinal anastomosing part of the 
 transverse veins, covered by a continuous scarious indu- 
 sium. Barren and fertile fronds dissimilar in our plant. 
 
 13. PTERIS. Capsules in a continuous marginal line covered 
 by a continuous indusium formed of the reftexed margin. 
 
 14. ADIANTUM. Capsules marginal, oblong or roundish, 
 covered by distinct reflexed portions of the margin of the 
 frond. 
 
 ft Capsule opening irregularly, seated on a receptacle which ends 
 a vein at the edge of the frond. Ring oblique, transverse, 
 complete. 
 
 Tr. V. HYMENOPHYLLE&. 
 
 15. TRICHOMANES. Capsules on a long filiform receptacle 
 within a cupshaped involucre of the same texture with the 
 frond. 
 
 16. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Capsules on a narrow subclavate 
 receptacle within a two-valve d involucre of the same texture 
 with the frond. 
 
 ** Capsules without an elastic ring, 
 Suborder II. OSMUNDACE^. 
 
 Young frond circinate. Rachis woody. Capsules regularly 
 2-valved, stalked, in clusters at the extremity of the frond. 
 
CRYPTOGRAM ME. POLYPODIUM. 521 
 
 Tr. VI. OSMUNDE&. 
 
 17. OSMUND A. Capsules clustered, arranged in a branched 
 spike terminating the frond. 
 
 Suborder III. OPHIOGLOSSACE^E. 
 
 Young fronds straight. Rachis succulent. Capsules regularly 
 2-valved, sessile, in clusters on a separate branch of the frond. 
 
 Tr. VII. OPHIOGLOSSEM. 
 
 18. BOTRYCHIUM. Capsules distinct, disposed in a compound 
 spike attached to a pinnate or bipinnate frond. 
 
 19. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Capsule connate, disposed in a simple 
 distichous spike attached to an undivided frond. 
 
 Suborder I. Polypodiactoe. Tribe I. Polypodies. 
 
 1. CRYPTOGRAM'ME E. Br. Rock-brake. 
 
 1. C. crifi'pa (R. Br.) ; barren fronds 2 3-pinnate, leaflets 
 wedgeshaped or linear-oblong often bifid at the end, leaflets of 
 the fertile fronds oblong. H. F. 39. Allosorus Bernh., N. 103. 
 E. B. 1160. Fertile frond nearly triangular. Veins alternate, 
 often forked and each branch ending in a cluster having no 
 indusium but concealed by the reflexed edge of the leaflet. 
 Height 6 12 in. St. slender, very brittle. Amongst loose 
 stones on mountains. P. VII. Parsley Fern. E. S. I. 
 
 2. POLYPO'IHUM Linn. Polypody. 
 
 * Clusters at the end of a veinlet, other veinlets knobbed at the end 
 and not reaching the edge. Rhizome without fronds at it* 
 end. Stipes jointed to rhizome. 
 
 1. P. vulgdre (L.) ; frond deeply pinnatifid, lobes linear-ob- 
 long somewhat serrate all parallel upper ones gradually smaller. 
 E. B. 1149. H. F. 2. N. 111. Rhizome brown, densely 
 scaly creeping. Fronds strapshaped. Clusters large, on the 
 upper part of the frond. Lateral veins of the pinnas with 4 
 branches. Pinnae occasionally bifid at the end, sometimes 
 deeply serrate or even (P. cambricum L.) doubly pinnatitid. 
 Shady banks, walls and old trees. P. VIII. X. Common 
 Polypody. E. S. I. 
 
522 100. FILICES. 
 
 * Veinlets not knobbed but reaching the edge, all usually fertile , 
 clusters near the end of each. Rhizome with fronds at its 
 end. Stipes not jointed to rhizome. PHEGOPTERIS Fee. 
 
 2. P. Phegop'teris (L.) ; fronds pinnate, pinnae linear-lanceo- 
 late united at the base pinnatitid with linear-oblong blunt lobes, 
 lowest pair of pinnce turned downwards, and forwards the rest 
 upwards, clusters marginal. E. B. 2224. H. F. 3. N. 115. 
 Pheg. polypodioides (Fee). Rhizome nearly black, wiry, 
 slightly scaly, creeping extensively. Fronds triangular. Pinnae 
 very acute, pointing upwards, rather hairy, connected by their 
 whole width with the rachis ; lowest pair quite distinct, with a 
 minute stalk, standing forwards and pointing from the others. 
 Dtimp places, loving the spray of waterfalls. P. VII. IX. 
 
 E. S. L 
 
 3. P. Dryop'teris (L.) ; fronds ternate glabrous, divisions pin- 
 nate, pinnae pinnatitid blunt uppermost nearly entire, clusters 
 marginal. j B. (316. H. F. 4. N. 123. Rhizome black, 
 wiry, creeping, slightly scaly. Stipe slender, brittle. The three 
 divisions of the frond loosely spreading, the middle one rather 
 the largest. Very young fronds resemble 3 little balls on wires. 
 Not glandular. Shady mountainous places. P. VI. VII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 4. P. Robertidwtm (Hoffm.) ; fronds triangular subternate 
 glandular-mealy \ lower branches pinnate, pinnae pinnatih'd blunt, 
 uppermost nearly entire, clusters marginal. H. F. 5. P. ca'- 
 careum Sm., E. B. 1525. N. 131. More erect and rigid than 
 the preceding, always covered with very minute stalked glands 
 giving a mealy character to the surface. Frond scarcely 3-iid, 
 the lower branches being much smaller in proportion to the 
 middle one ; all the 3 erect, rigid. On broken limestone ground. 
 P. V. VIII. E, 
 
 *** Veinlets not knobbed, scarcely reaching the edge, simple or 
 branched, each bearing a cluster below its end or that of its 
 anterior branch. Rarely there is an oblique curved false in- 
 dusium. Stipes not jointed to rootstock. 
 
 5. P. alpes'tre (Hoppe) ; fronds lanceolate bipinnate, pinncc 
 narrow-lanceolate with a broad base contiguous, pinnules widest 
 at their base acute pinnatifid with serrate lobes and branched 
 veinlets, clusters on upper half. H. F. 6. S. 49. Athyrium 
 (Milde). Fronds suberect, 1 3 ft. high. Much like Athyr. 
 Filix-fcemina. High mountain-valleys. P. VII. VIII. S. 
 
WOODSIA. LASTREA. 523 
 
 6. ? P. flex' He (Moore) ; fronds linear-lanceolate, bipinnate, 
 pinna ovate-lanceolate distant, pinnules narroiv at their base ob- 
 ovate bluntish serrate and with unbranched veinlets, clusters 
 chiefly on lower half. N. ed 3. 203. P. rheticum Fl. Dan. 
 2607 ? Athyrium (Sy.). Stipe short. Fronds much less 
 divided, narrow, elbowed, spreading- horizontally. Abundant 
 in Glen Prosen, Forfarshire. Glen Lyon, Ben Aulder. P. 
 VII. VIII. S. 
 
 3. WOODS'IA R. Br. 
 
 1. W. ilven sis (R. Br.) ; frond lanceolate hairy and chaffy 
 beneath pilose above^jwmtc oblong or ovate pinnatitid, lobes very 
 blunt nearly entire.^. B. S. 2616. II. F. 8. N. 137. Rhi- 
 zome tufted. Stipe jointed. Frond 1 5 inches long ; pinnae 
 4 6 lines long, mostly opposite.; Exposed alpine rocks. Glyder 
 Fawr, N. Wales. Falcon Glints, Durham. White Coombe, 
 Dumfries. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 2. W. hyperborea (R. Br.) ; frond linear-lanceolate or oblong 
 pinnate glabrous or slightly hairy only beneath, pinnte triangular 
 pinnatifid or lobed, lobes 37 very blunt nearly entire. E. B. 
 2023. II. F. 7. N. 143. Acrostichum alpinum Bolt. t. 42. 
 Rhizome tufted. Stipe jointed. Frond 1 3 inches long ; 
 pinnae mostly alternate, a little longer than broad ; pinnules 
 2 3 lines long. Exposed alpine rocks. Breadalbane Mts., 
 Perthshire. Clogwyn y Garnedd, Snowdon. P. VII. E. S. 
 
 Tribe II. Aspidiea. 
 
 4. LAS'TREA Presl. l 
 
 * Lateral veins simple or forked. Clusters on the simple veins or 
 either or both branches. 
 
 1. L. Thelyp' teris (Presl) ; rhizome slender far-creeping, 
 fronds pinnate, pinnae linear-lanceolate pinnatifid slightly downy 
 but without glands, lobes oblong, clusters submarginal. H. F. 
 13. N. 183. Fronds lanceolate ; earlier barren with flat lobes ; 
 
 1 Adanson's genus Dryopteris, established in 1763, apparently included 
 Polystichum and Lastrea, and there seems no valid reason for its rejection. 
 Some recent authors have adopted it in place of Lastrea, retainingPo?^- 
 stichum, but this position does not appear to us to be tenable. We have 
 preferred leaving the genera as in the last edition, until the matter lias 
 been satisfactorily dealt with. H. & J. G. 
 
524 100. FILICES. 
 
 later fertile with revolute-edged lobes ; 2 or 3 lowest pairs of 
 pinnae decreasing in size- Lateral veins alternate, forked, 
 extending to the edge. Clusters at length confluent, midv\ ay 
 between the midrib and edge. Height 6 8 inches. Marshy 
 and boggy places. P. VII. VIII. Marsh-Fern. E. S. 1. 
 
 2. L. Oreopteris (Presl) ; rhizome thick short, fronds pinnate, 
 pinnae linear-lanceolate pinuatifid glandular beneath gradually 
 decreasing from about the middle of the frond to near the root, 
 lobes oblong flat, clusters marginal. //. F. 14. E. B. 1019. 
 N. 187. Fronds remarkably narrowed downwards, rising in a 
 circle from a tufted rhizome, fragrant when bruised. Lobes 
 blunt, entire ; lateral veins simple or forked. Height 2 3 feet. 
 Indusiurn often scarcely distinguishable. Mountain heaths. 
 P. VII. Sweet Mountain-Fern. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Lateral veins branched or forked. Cluster upon the first upper 
 lateral veinlet. 
 
 3. L. Filir-mas (Presl) ; fronds lanceolate subbipimiate, pinnae 
 linear-lanceolate lowermost pair rather smaller than the second, 
 pinnules oblong blunt or acutish serrate (not spinulose) attached 
 by their whole width or often connected below, clusters near the 
 midvein. E. B. 1458. N. 198. Fronds only slightly nar- 
 rowed downwards and the lowest pinna of considerable size, 
 rising in a circle from a tufted rhizome. Stipe and rachis 
 nearly glabrous, yellow, or densely clothed with purple scales. 
 Indusium very persistent, convex, with no marginal glands. 
 Height 2 4 ft. a ; pinnules crowded linear-oblong blunt 
 slightly confluent broad-based adpressed-serrate. ft. Dryopt. 
 Borreri (Newm.) ; stipe and rachis very scaly, pinnules truncate 
 subentire at the sides. y. affinis (Aspidium affine, Fisch.) ; 
 pinnules less crowded longer acutish narrow and often slightly 
 auric-led at their base, teeth patent lower ones notched. Var. 
 incisa Moore. 8. abbreviata (Polyst. abbreviation, DC.) : clusters 
 near the base of the confluent crowded very blunt pinnules, 
 about 1 ft. hih. Not abbreviate, Newm. Woods and banks. 
 8. Cumberland. Yorkshire. Wvck. Glouc. Glen Isla, Forfar. 
 P. VI. VII. Male Fern. E. S. L 
 
 4. L. remo'ta (Moore) ; fronds narrowly lanceolate, pinna* 
 triangular-lanceolate lowermost pair slightly smaller, pinnules 
 acute with a narrow attachment deeply cut, clusters near the 
 midvein. H. F. 22. Rhizome tufted. Scales ovate-acumi- 
 nate and subulate. Much resembles L. spinulosa. [Perhaps ;i 
 hybrid betw. sp. 3 and 7 or 8.] Marshy places. Windermere. P. 
 VIII. IX. E. 
 
LASTREA. 525 
 
 5. L. riy'ida (Presl) ; fronds triangular-lanceolate bipinnate 
 f/landitlar, pinnae triangular-lanceolate lowermost pair not smaller 
 than the second, pinnules oblong blunt lobed and serrate with 
 a narrow attachment, segments 2 5-toothed not spinulose, iiidu- 
 sium persistent fringed with stalked glands, stipe clothed with 
 long-pointed \-coloured scales. H. F. 16. E. B. 8. 2724. N. 
 191. Fronds erect, lanceolate with the lower pinnae rather 
 short and triangular, or triangular with the lower pinnae long; 
 upper pinnae narrow ; all pinuate. Pinnules truncate below. 
 Covered with minute stalked glands. Height 12 feet. Ingle- 
 borough, Arnside Knot, and near Settle. P. VII. VIII. E. 
 
 0. L. cristdta (Presl) ; fronds linear-lanceolate or narrower 
 subbipinnate glabrous, pinnae short triangular-oblong pinnatifid 
 or pinnate lowermost pair not smaller than the second, pinnules 
 oblong blunt or rarely acute serrate attached by their ivhole width 
 and connected below lowermost lobed and sublripinnatifid and 
 superior and inferior nearly equal, stipe with broad ovate acute 
 ] -coloured (pale) scales. Fronds erect, 2 ft. high. Indusinm 
 without marginal glands. a ; fronds nearly linear, pinnae pin- 
 natifid, pinnules blunt ; barren fronds broader. H. F. 17. S. 10. 
 N. 203. j3. L. uliginosa (Newm.) ; fronds linear-lanceolate, 
 pinnae pinnate, pinnules acute, barren and late fertile fronds 
 lanceolate, pinnae subpinnate, pinnules blunt. Bogs and boggy 
 heaths, rare. P. VIII. ti. 
 
 7. L. spinulosa (Presl) ; fronds oblong-lanceolate bipinnate 
 glabrous, pinnae triangular-oblong or -lanceolate lowermost pair 
 scarcely smaller than the second, pinnules ovate-oblong acute 
 incise-serrate with a narrow attachment inferior lowermost often 
 largest, stipe with ovate acute 1-coloured (pale) scales, rhi- 
 zome stout creeping. S. 12. N. 203. H. F. 18. Height 34 
 ft. ; fronds nearly erect. Upper pinnules narrowed and de- 
 current below. " Indusium without marginal glands. [Var. 
 decipiens (By.) has minute glands on the rachis and underside of the 
 pinna and the indusium dentate.] Marshy places and wet woods. 
 P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 8. L. dilatdta (Presl) ; frond triangular-lanceolate or -ovate 
 bipinnate, lower pinnae unequally triangular lowest pair not 
 shorter than the second, pinnules oblong with a narrow attach- 
 ment pinnatifid or pinnate inferior ones largest, segments spi- 
 nous-serrate, stipe clothed with long pointed scales with a dark 
 centre and diapnanou* margin, rhizome tufted. H. F. 19. L. 
 multiflora N. 215. Caudex usually erect. Fronds 2 4 ft. 
 high, arched, often drooping, convex, more or less clothed wiih 
 stalked glands when young ; on young or starved plants often 
 
526 100. FILICES. 
 
 triangular, never so on older and perfect ones. Indusiutn with 
 marginal glands. The largest scales of the full-grown plant 
 should be examined. " Spores winged and crested." [Var. 
 lepidnta (Moore), having the rachis and its br. with numerous "broad 
 cuspidate and narrow piliferous scales," is said to have been found in 
 Yorks.] L. collina (Newm.) has a triangular-ovate-prolonged 
 frond and ovate blunt bluntly mucronate-serrate pinnules. N. 
 223. L. glandulosa (Newm.) has a broad lanceolate frond 
 covered with stalked glands beneath and the scales on the stipe 
 often nearly without the dark centre. Deak. FL Brit. f. 1612. 
 [Perhaps a hybrid betvv. sp. 7 & 8.: Woods, banks, &c. P. VIII. 
 IX. E. S. I. 
 
 9. L. ce'mida (Brack.) ; frond triangular or triangular-ovate 
 bipinnate, lower pinnae unequally triangular lowest pair longest, 
 pinnules prolonged-triangular with a narrow attachment pinna- 
 tifid or pinnate inferior lower ones largest, segments spinous- 
 serrate, stipe clothed with long narrow laciniate \-colouredscales. 
 H. F. 20. Nephrodium fcenisecii Lowe ! L. reiiirvn N. 225. 
 Frond 1 2 feet long ; 'the lower pinnae much the largest. 
 Pinnules and segments concare above. Stipes, rachis, and fronds 
 with many globose sessile glands. Sweet-scented. Rock v shady 
 places. P. VIII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
 5. POLYS'TICHUM Eotli. 
 
 1. P. Lonchitis (Roth) ; fronds rigid linear pinnate, pinnae 
 notlobed serrate spinous their base auricled above oblique below. 
 N. 163. H. F. 9. E. B. 797. Stipe very short. Fronds 
 narrow, very rigid and leathery. Pinnae overlapping and 
 twisted (most in the Irish, much less so in the Welsh plant), 
 lower ones usually auricled both above and below. Young 
 simply pinnate fronds of the next species are often much like 
 this plant. Alpine rocks. P. VII. Holly Fern. E. S. I. 
 
 2. P. aculedtum (Roth) ; fronds rigid linear or lanceolate bi- 
 pinnate, pinnules obliquely decurrent. N. 169. H. F. 11, As- 
 pidum lobatwn Kunze. A. aculeatum and A. lobatum Sm. 
 Stipe usually short. Frond 1 2 feet high. First upper 
 pinnule of each pinna longer than the others, its lower side 
 (next the main rachis) usually nearly straight, its upper acutely 
 auricled and forming an acute angle with the lower and with 
 the partial rachis at the point of attachment. In young plants 
 the pinnae are serrate or pinnatitid or with one or more pin- 
 nules distinct. A few of the lowest pinnules are often slightly 
 
POLYSTICHUM. CYSTOPTERTS. OZ/ 
 
 stalked, but very differently from those of P. angular e. A. 
 lobatum (Sw.) has the pinnae less divided than in the type of 
 the species and the fronds linear-lanceolate and more rigid. 
 //. F. 10. Hedge-banks. P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 3. P. angulare (Presl) ; fronds lax drooping lanceolate bi- 
 pmn&t&j pinnules truncate or obtuse-angled below distinctly stalked. 
 N. 173. H. F. 12. Stipe usually long. First upper pinnule 
 scarcely longer than the others, its lower side rounded below, 
 its upper with a large bluntish auricle and forming an obtuse 
 angle with the lower, at the top of the short stalk which is 
 nearly at right angles with the partial rachis ; all short, broad 
 and Bluntish ; or first upper pinnule longer and deeply pin- 
 natifid, all more acute ; or pinnules all narrower and acute. 
 Sheltered woods and hedge-banks, chiefly in the West. P. 
 VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. CYSTOP'TERIS BernJi. Bladder-Fern. 
 
 1. C. frag' His (Bernh.) ; frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinnas 
 ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnules oblong-ovate or cordate- 
 ovate pinnatifid or cut. a. vera ; usually bipinnate, pinnules 
 rather narrowed below, veins ending at tip of term, teeth or if 
 pinnule emarginate in the 2 teeth not in the notch. Sporules 
 prickly. a. C. anthriscifolia (Roth) ; pinnules ovate acute cut, 
 segments oblong toothed. Cystea fragilis Sm., N. 155. b. (7. 
 cynapifolia (Roth) ; pinnules obovate cut, segments obovate 
 toothed or retuse at the end. C. fragilis E. B. 1587. c. C. 
 angustata (Sm.) ; pinnules lanceolate acute cut, segments lan- 
 ceolate-oblong cut, teeth acute. N. 156. /3. Cyathea dentata 
 (Sm.) ; frond often only subbipinnate, pinnules broadest below 
 blunt bluntly toothed, veins as in a. H. F. 23. N. 154. C : 
 fragilis Roth. Clusters more marginal, often ultimately con- 
 fluent. In well-grow T n plants the pinnules are suddenly widened 
 to their full extent just above their narrow stalklike base. 
 Spores warted. y. C. Dickieana (Sim), pinnae usually over- 
 lapping, pinnules broad blunt, veins reaching the emarginate end, 
 clusters scattered, spores verrucose. 8. C. alpina (Desv.) ; 
 frond bipinuate, pinnae ovate, pinnules ovate deeply pinnatilid 
 with broadly and shortly linear segments partly cloven, veins 
 reaching the blunt end. JE. B. 163. H. F. 24. Fronds much 
 divided but compact and close. I have placed these plants 
 under one species with much doubt. Rocks and walls, y. In 
 a damp cave by the sea near Aberdeen, d. Teesdale. Mr. J. 
 Backhouse I P. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
023 100. FILICES. 
 
 '2. C. mojitdna (Link) ; fronds triangular tripinuate, pinnae and 
 pinnules spreading, lobes pinnatifid with linear notched segments. 
 H. F. 25. S. 24. Fronds in shape like those of Polypodmm 
 Robertianum, small, short, very finely divided. Lower pair of 
 pinnae much the largest; their lower larger than their upper 
 pinnules. Stipe long, slender. Rhizome creeping extensively, 
 black. Breadalbane and Grampian Mountains. P. VII. VIII. P 
 
 S. 
 
 Tribe III. Aspleniece. 
 
 7. ATHYK'IUM Eotli. Lady Pern. 
 
 1. A. FilLr-fcem ina ( Roth) ; frond lanceolate pinnate or pinna- 
 tin' d, pinnae linear, pinnules linear-oblong deeply serrate or pin- 
 natifid. H. F. 35. a. A. rhceticum (Roth) ; frond bipinnate, 
 pinnules toothed narrowly triangular-lanceolate convex remote 
 not connected toothed, upper ones minute confluent, clusters 
 ultimately confluent. N. 245. A. conve.rum~^Qwm. Pinnules 
 long, narrow, with deflexed edges, enclosing the clusters ; their 
 attachment broad ; segments gradually decreasing trom the 
 base of pinnule. /3. A. Filix-fcemina (Roth) ; frond bipin- 
 nate, pinnules pinnatifid oblong-lanceolate bluntish flat remote 
 not connected, segments oblong patent with lateral and ter- 
 minal sharp teeth. N. 237. Frond much divided dark green. 
 Pinnules much narrowed at their base. Clusters distinct. A . 
 latifolwm (Bab.) is apparently only an extreme state of this. 
 y. A. molle (Roth) : frond pinnate, pinnules toothed oblong 
 blunt or slightly pointed flat remote all connected by wing of 
 midrib or lower ones distinct, segments ovate bidentate lowest 
 with 3 teeth uppermost with 1 tooth. N. 245. Frond scarcely 
 more than pinnate, bright green. Pinnules attached by a broad 
 decurrent base. Clusters distinct, in 2 rows. Sometimes 
 (A. trifidum Roth P) the pinnules are much less connected, 
 moderately cut, have a narrow attachment, and lobes with 
 more but connivent teeth. There are innumerable subvarieties. 
 -Wet shady places. P. VI. VII, E. S. I. 
 
 8. ASPLE'NIUM Linn. Spleenworfc. 
 
 * Ultimate subdivisions with a distinct mid vein. 
 ASPLENIUM Newin. 
 
 [1. A.fontdnum (Presl) : frond linear-lanceolate bipinnate, 
 pinnae oblong-ovate, pinnules obovate-cuneate with few spinous- 
 mucronate teeth. E. B. 2024. H. F. 34. Fronds about 4 in. 
 long. A very doubtful native. Stations want confirmation, to 
 
ASPLENIUM. 529 
 
 see if it was planted. Formerly on Amersham Church, Backs ! 
 Wybourn, Westin. Hudson. Northumberland. J. Backhouse. 
 Tany Bwlch and Tremadoc, Merionethshire. Ashford, Hants ! 
 P. VI. IX.] E. 
 
 2. A. lanceoldtnm (Huds.) ; fronds lanceolate bipinnate, pin- 
 nules obovate deeply and sharply toothed or lobed, clusters short 
 nearly marginal. E. B. 240. H. F. 32. N. 249. Fronds 
 sometimes nearly linear and simply pinnate, always narrowed 
 at the base. Clusters oblong, ultimately rather confluent into 
 roundish masses. Rocks and walls, rather rare. P. VI. IX. 
 
 E. I. 
 
 3. A. Adiantum-nigrum (L.) ; fronds ovate triangular or tri- 
 angular-prolonged twice or thrice pinnate, pinnae and pinnules 
 triangular sharply toothed, clusters long central. E. B. 1950. 
 N. 225. Clusters 2 or 3 times as long as in the preceding', 
 placed near the midrib and ultimately confluent in oblong masses 
 often covering the whole under surface of the pinnule. a; 
 fronds about as long as the stipe ovate-triangular, pinnae and 
 pinnules triangular-prolonged, ultimate subdivisions blunt. /3. 
 A. Serpentini (Tausch) ; pinnules triangular very broad, lobes 
 ovate blunt. y. A. acutum (Bory) ; fronds much shorter than 
 the stipe triangular-prolonged, pinnae and pinnules lanceolate- 
 attenuate, ultimate subdivisions very acute. N. 231. Rocks 
 and walls. /3. u Serpentine rocks of Cabrach, Aberdeenshire." 
 T. Moore. A. South-west of Ireland. P. VI. IX. Black 
 Spleenwort. E. S. I. 
 
 4. A. Trichom'anes (L.) ; frond linear pinnate, pinnae roundish- 
 ovate crenate, veins forked below the clusters. E. B. 576. Jf. 
 P. 29. N. 285. Rachis black, keeled beneath. Pinnae scarcely 
 oblique ; both edges rounded and crenate except at the base, 
 upper often bluntly auricled below. /3. A. anceps (Sol. ?) ; 
 pinnae oblong blunt wedgeshaped below upper edge and end 
 crenate-dentate lower entire. Pinnae oblique, lower edge nearly 
 straight ; lower pinna much the smaller. A curious variety is 
 occasionally found with its pinnae deeply but irregularly pin- 
 natitid with linear notched segments. [A. Clermontce (Sy.) is appar- 
 ently a hybrid between this and Sp. 7.] Rocks and walls. )3. 
 Killarney. P. V. X. Common Spleenwort. E. S. L 
 
 5. A. vir'ide (Huds.) ; fronds linear pinnate, pinnae roundish- 
 ovate or rhomboidal crenate, veins simple or forked beyond the 
 sori.E. B. 2257. H. F. ^.Rachis green, not keeled. Sori 
 at length confluent. Rocks and mountains. P. VI. X. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 2A 
 
530 100. 
 
 6. A. marimim (L.) ; fronds linear simply pinnate, pinnre 
 stalked ovate or oblong 1 serrate unequal and wedgeshaped at 
 the base. E. B. 392. H. F. 31 . N. 275. Varying greatly in 
 size. Sori not confluent. Maritime rocks. P. VI. X. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 ** Ultimate subdivisions without a distinct midvein. 
 AMESIUM Newm. 
 
 7. A. Rut a-mur aria (L.) ; fronds bipinnate pinnules rliom- 
 
 8. A. german'icum (Weiss) ; fronds simply and alternately 
 pinnate, pinnae narrow wedgeshaped, blunt the lowermost ter- 
 nate, indusium entire at the edge. H. F. 27. X. 2(55. A. al- 
 ternifolium 8m., E. B. 2258. Fronds 3 4 in. long 1 . Kocks, 
 very rare. P. VI. IX. E. 8. 
 
 9. A. septentriondle (Hull) : fronds 2- or 3-cleft, pinnae very 
 long-lanceolate bifid, indusium entire. E. B. 1017. H. P. 2(). 
 N. 269. Pinnae very narrow, narrowing gradually downwards, 
 with 1 or 2 short bifid lateral teeth, and bifid at the end. Dry 
 clefts of rocks, rare. P. VI. X. 
 
 9. PHYLLITIS Hill. Hart's-tongue. 
 
 1. P. Scolopen' drium (Greene) ; frond oblong strapshaped 
 smooth simple with a cordate base, stipe shaggy. E. B. 1350. 
 H. E. 37. N. 289. Scolopendrium vulyare (Sym.) ed. viii. 
 Fronds 1 2 feet long, acute, often crisped and multitid. Damp 
 shady places. P. VII. VIII. E.S.I. 
 
 10. CETE'EACH * Willd. Rustyback. 
 
 1. C. officindrum (Willd.) ; fronds pinnatifid covered beneath 
 with dense scales, pinn* alternate or opposite blunt [more or less 
 creuatej sessile. Notolepum N. 293. Asplenium L. ? H. F. >(>. 
 E. B. 1244. Fronds 3 6 in. long, green and smooth above, 
 
 1 Adanson was apparently the first author, after 1753, to adopt 
 this name, but we think he intended it to include the greater part of 
 Aspleniwn, L. H. & J. G. 
 
GYMNOGRAMME. ADIAKTUM. 531 
 
 wholly covered bv very many scales beneath, amongst which 
 the capsules are almost hidden. Old walls and rocks, P IV. 
 X. E. S. I. 
 
 11. GYMNOGRAM'ME Desv. 
 
 [G. leptophyl'la (Desv.) ; fronds pinnate or bipinnate gla- 
 brous, pinnules wedgeshaped deeply lobed. //. F, 1. N. ed. 
 J. 11. 8. 48. Fronds 1 4 in. high. Stipe purple. Pinnae 
 and pinnules alternate Banks. Jersey. [Guernsey.] A. IV.] 
 
 Tribe IV. Adiantece. 
 
 12. BLECH'NUM Linn. Hard Fern. 
 
 1. B. Spicant (With.) ; barren fronds pinnatifid with broadly- 
 linear rather blunt pinnae, fertile frond pinnate with linear acute 
 pinnae. E. B. 1159. H.F.41). B.boreale (Sw.) ed.viii. Lomaria 
 tipicant (Desv.). N. 89. Each lateral vein of the fertile pinnae 
 extends halfway to the edge, than turns at right angles and 
 proceeds up the pinna until it reaches the next vein. Capsules 
 attached in a continuous row to the longitudinal portions of the 
 combined lateral veins. Stony and heaihy places. P. VII. 
 
 E. S, I. 
 
 13. PTE'RIS Linn. Brakes or Bracken. 
 
 1. P. aquilina (L.) ; fronds tripartite, branches bipinnate, pin- 
 nules linear-lanceolate the lower ones usually pinnatitid, seg- 
 ments oblong blunt. E. B. 1679. H t F. 38. J\\ 93. Eronds 
 annual, 1 5 feet high, very much, divided, with spreading 
 branches. Capsules attached to the marginal vein, lying upon 
 a tine membrane and covered by the membranous continuation 
 of the epidermis. Inferior pinnules pinnatitid or sinua.e or 
 entire. Woods and heaths. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 14. ADIAN'TUM Linn. Maiden-hair. 
 
 1. A. Ctipillus-Ven'eris (L.) ; frond irregular, branches and 
 roundish-wedgeshaped lobed thin pinnules alternate, lobes of the 
 fertile pinnules terminated by a transversely linear-oblong re- 
 flexed lobe covering several roundish clusters, sterile lobes ser- 
 rate. E. B. 1564. H.F.l. N. 83. Khizome blackish, shaggy. 
 Eronds 6 12 in. high. Stipe and rachis slender, nearly black. 
 Pinnules not jointed to the partial stalks. Damp rocks near 
 .the sea in the south and west. P. V. IX. E. I. 
 
532 100. FILICES. 
 
 Tribe V. Hymenophyllea. 
 
 15. TKICHOM'ANES Linn. 
 
 1. T. radicans (Sw.) ; fronds 3 or 4 times pinnatifid glabrous, 
 segments uniform linear, involucres solitary in the axils of the 
 upper segments, receptacle at first included ultimately very pro- 
 minent. J B. 1417. T. speciosum Willd., N. 305. Fronds 
 rather triangular, very much divided, 4 8 in. long, formed of 
 hard wiry branched ribs each with a rather membranous winsr. 
 Rhizome black, downy, very long. Involucres scarcely winged. 
 The form called Andrewsii has lanceolate fronds and winded 
 involucres. N. 315. Very damp shady places, rare. For- 
 merly at Bellbank, Yorkshire ! (exactly" Bolton's t. 30). X. 
 Wales! Arran ! (S.). Killarney ! [and other parts of Ireland]. 
 P. IX. X. E. S. I. 
 
 16. HiME2s T oPHYL'LUM Sm. Filmy-Fern. 
 
 1. H. tunbridc/erise (Sin.); fronds pinnate, pinnae distichous, 
 segments linear undivided or bifid spinously -serrate, involucre 
 compressed spinmi sly -serrate, rachis broadly winged. JE. B. I(>L>. 
 H. F. 43. N. 32 1 . Slender, delicate and small. Rhizome ver v 
 long, threadshaped. ' Pinnae, rachis, and involucres in the same 
 plane. Inv.-valves adpressed throughout the greater part of 
 their length, slightly gibbous at the base. Amongst moss in 
 damp and shady places. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 2. H. Wilsoni (Hook.) ; fronds pinnate, pinnae recurved, seg- 
 ments linear undivided or bifid spinously-serrate, involucre in- 
 flated entire, rachis slightly bordered. E. B. S. 2(386. H. F. 
 44. H. unilaterale Bory ? Resembling the preceding, but the 
 pinnae curve backwards and the involucres forwards. Inv.- 
 valves convex or gibbous throughout, touching only by their 
 .edges which are quite entire. Amongst moss in damp and 
 shady places. P. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Suborder II. Osmundacea. Tr. VI. Osmundea. 
 
 17. OSMUN'DA Linn. Flowering-Fern. 
 
 1. O. regdlis (L.) ; fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong nearly 
 entire dilated and slightly auricled at the base, clusters panicled 
 terminal. E. B. 209. H. F. 45. N. 331. Fronds erect or 
 drooping, 18 feet high. Boggy places. P. VII. IX. E. S. I. 
 
BOTRYCHIUM. OrHIOGLOSSUM. 533 
 
 Subord. III. Ophioglossacea. Tr. VII. Ophioylossea. 
 
 18. BOTRYCH/ITTM Sw. Moon-wort. 
 
 1. B. Lundria (Sw.) l ; frond pinnate solitary, pinn3 lunate or 
 fanshaped notched or crenate. E. B. 318. H. F. 48. N. 137. 
 Height 3 6 in. PinmB with veins radiating from the petiole, 
 sometimes deeply notched. Fronds usually solitary, but some- 
 times two on the same stalk. /3. B. ruta^ceum (Sw.) ; frond tri- 
 angular-rhomboidal pinnatiu'd, pinnae 7 9 linear incise-serrate 
 decreasing upwards. N. ed. 3. 332. See Milde Fil. Europ. 195. 
 Pastures. /3. Sands of Barry, Forfar. P. V. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 19. OPHIOGLOS'SUM Linn. Adder's- tongue. 
 
 1. O. vulgdtum (L.) ; frond ovate blunt, epidermal cells 
 flexuose, spores tubercled. E. B. 108. H. F. 46. N. 349. 
 Height 4 : 12 in., erect. Spike clubshaped, usually rather 
 longer than the frond, sometimes very long. /3. polyphyllum 
 (Braun) ; rhizome often producing two fronds from the same 
 joining, frond oblong-lanceolate narrowed below 24 in. high, 
 var. ambiyuum (C. & G.) ed. viii. Pastures. /3. [Merioneth. 
 Shetland. St. Hilda.] Orkney. Scilly. P. V. VI. ' E. S. 1. 
 
 2. O. lusitan'icum (L.) ; frond linear-lanceolate, epidermal cel]g 
 straight, spores smooth. H. F. 47. N. ed. 3. 331. S. 47. 
 Height 1 2 inches, erect. Horn Head, Co. Donegal, Petit 
 Bo Bay, Guernsey. P. I. I. 
 
 1 S. matricfsfolium (Braun) with ovate bipinnatifid sterile fronds 
 having distinct primary veins to the segments, and broadly spreading 
 fertile fronds, is recorded from Stevenston, Ayrsh. (Dr. O. St. Brody), bj 
 Mr. Whitwell in J. of B. xxxvi. (1898) p. 291, t. 388 B, but some uncer- 
 tainty attaching to the specimen, the record needs confirmation. Mr. 
 Whitwell follows Moore and Boswell in referring the Sands of Barry plant 
 to B. lanceolatum (Angst.). H. & J. G. 
 
 2A3 
 
534 101. MAESILEACE^:. 102. LYCOPODIACE^. 
 
 Order CI. ATAKSILEACE^E. 
 
 Creeping plants with alternate erect leaves, circinate in bud. 
 Fructification consisting of globular coriaceous axillary bodies 
 with 3 or 4 cells and containing sacs including either other 
 bodies that germinate or loose granules. 
 
 1. PILULARIA. Capsules solitary, nearly sessile, globosp, 
 coriaceous, 2 4-ceiled. Cells containing bodies of two 
 kinds granules, and membranes containing minute grains. 
 
 1. PILTJLA'KIA Linn. Pillwort. 
 
 1. P. ylobulifera (L.) ; ped. erect, caps. 4-celled. E. E. 521. 
 H. F. 57. N. 393. Rhizome slender, creeping, producing leaves 
 and roots at regular intervals. L. very slender, erect. Caps, 
 pubescent, slightly stalked, axillary, nearly spherical, hairy. 
 Margins of ponds and lakes. P. VI. VII. E. S. I. 
 
 Order CII. LYCOPODIACEJE. 
 
 Leafy plants with simple imbricate leaves, or stemless with 
 erect subulate leaves. Fructification of axillary sessile capsules 
 with 2 or 3 valves and no ring, including minute powdery 
 matter or spores* 
 
 * Capsules not opening. Leaves radical. 
 
 1. ISOETES. Caps, in pouches formed of the swollen bases cf 
 the leaves. Spores of two kinds attached to filiform 
 receptacles ; those of the outer leaves large, of the inuer 
 very small. 
 
 ** Capsuks bursting. With leafy stems. 
 
 2. LYCOPODIUM. Caps, of one kind, 1-celled, containing 
 many minute spores. 
 
 8. SELAGINELLA. Caps, of two kinds, small containing many 
 minute spores, or larger and containing about 4 large spores. 
 
ISOETES. LYCOPODIUM. 535 
 
 1. ISOETES Linn. Quillwort. 
 
 * Xo persistent leaf-bases. Caps, not wholly covered by the 
 membranous edge of the pouch. Back of swollen leaf-base 
 smooth. Aquatic. 
 
 1. 7. lacus'tris (L.) ; 1. subulate roundish-quadrangular with 
 4 longitudinal jointed tubes upright dark green, larger spores 
 bluntly tuber cled rather mealy ^ tubercles overtopped by the 
 valve-edges. # B. 1084. H. F. 55. R. vii. 1. Conn with 
 longitudinal furrows. L. slender, broad and flat at the base, 
 but elsewhere between cylindrical and quadrangular, 2 6 in. 
 long. /. Morei (Moore) is a form with exceedingly long leaves. 
 J. of B. xvi. t. 199. Usually caespitose on the sandy and stony 
 bottom of lakes and pools in hilly districts. P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 2. 1. echinos'pora(D\\Y. !) ; 1. subulate roundish-quadrangular 
 with 4 longitudinal jointed tubes patent pale green, larger spores 
 very acutely tuber cled, tubercles overtopping the valve-edges. 
 J. of B. i. t. 1. Much like Sp. 1. Conn not furrowed. L. 
 turning yellow, less rigid, flattened and dilated below. Spores 
 covered with long acute spine-like tubercles, not mealv. 
 Usually solitary on the muddy bottom of pools and lakes in hilly 
 districts. Llanberis, N. Wales. Loch of Park near Aberdeen. 
 Ben Voirlich, Dumbartonshire. [Near Tongue, Sutherl.J . Gap of 
 Dunloe, Kerry. Galway. Mayo.] P. VI. E. S. I. 
 
 ** Corm more or less covered by the persistent hardened leaf- 
 bases. Caps, wholly covered by the membranous edge 
 of the pouch. Swollen leaf-base with a central longitudinal 
 rugose band on the back. Terrestrial. 
 
 \_L Hys'trix (Dur.) ; 1. filiform plane-convex obscurely tubu- 
 lar, persistent l.-bases short blackish each with 2 long horns and 
 an interm. tooth, larger spores white and bluntly tubercled. 
 /. Duricei H. F. 56. Corm small, rarely if ever quite naked. 
 L. very slender, ultimately very much enlarged at the base to 
 enclose the capsule, 1 2 in. long, annual. Dampish sandy and 
 stony places. L'Ancresse, Guernsey. Mr. G. Wolsey. [Alderney. 
 Mr. k D. Marquand.'] P. V. VI.] 
 
 2. LYCOPO'DIUM Linn. Club-moss. 
 
 * St. creeping, prostrate. Caps in term, spikes, with bractlike 
 leaves. LEPIDOTIS Palis. 
 
 1. L. clavdtum (L.) ; 1. scattered imbricate incurved hair- 
 pointed, spikes stalked 2 or 3 together cylindrical, scales ovate- 
 
536 102. LYCOPODIA.CE.E. 
 
 triangular membranous finely incise-serrate. E. B. 224. H. F. 
 49. X. 353. St. long. Branches short, ascending. Spikes on 
 long stalks, pale yellow. Scales on the ped. irregularly disposed 
 in whorls. Heaths. P. VII. VIII. Common Club-moss. E. S. I. 
 
 2. L. annot'inum (L.) ; 1. loosely scattered lanceolate mucro- 
 nate serrulate, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales roundish 
 shortly acuminate membranous and jagged. E. B. 1727. N. 
 361. St. very long. Branches rather long, erect, each year's 
 o-rowth marked by a constriction. Spikes cylindrical, greenish 
 yellow, not persistent. Stony mountains. Very rare in Caer- 
 narvonshire and Cumberland. Common in the Highlands of 
 Scotland. P. VIII. E. S. 
 
 3. L. alpinum (L.) ; 1. in four rows, imbricate acute keeled 
 entire, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales ovate-lanceolate 
 fl.it, branches erect clustered forked level-topped. E. B. 234. 
 H. F. 53. N. 365. St. long prostrate; also a subterranean 
 rhizome. Fertile branches usually twice dichotomous, each di- 
 vision ending in a short cylindrical yellowish-green spike rather 
 thicker than the branch. [Large forms with flattened br. have been 
 mistaken for L. complanatum (L.) 5 which may be distinguished by its 
 conspicuously stalked spikes, which are usually not solitary, and its more 
 linear 1.1 Stony moors. P. VIII. Savin-leaved Club-moss. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 4. L. inunddtum (L.) ; 1. secund linear subulate, spikes ter- 
 minal sessile leafy solitary upon short erect branches. E. B. 
 239. H. F. 51. N. 369. St. short, prostrate, rooting. Branches 
 few, simple, fertile. Bracts subulate from a dilated base. F 
 heaths. P. VIII. IX. E. i 
 
 ** St. decumbent below, then erect. Caps, in axils of upper leaves 
 solitary. No spikes. L. all alike. PLANANTHUS Palis. 
 
 5. L. Seldgo (L.) ; I. in eight rows crowded uniform linear- 
 lanceolate acuminate, caps, not spiked but in the axils of the 
 common leaves, st. erect forked level-topped. E. B. 233. H. F. 
 54. N. 375. St. short, erect or slightly decumbent, densely leafy. 
 No separate spikes. At the extremity of the stem a few curious 
 viviparous buds may usually be found ; they are well illustrated 
 by Mr. Newman (p. 378). Occasionally the stems in sheltered 
 situations become much lengthened. Heaths, chiefly on moun- 
 tains. P. VI. VIII. Fir Club-moss. E. S. I. 
 
103. CHAKA.CE.E. 537 
 
 3. SELAGINEL'LA. Spring. 
 
 1. 8. spinulo'sa (A.Br.) ; 1. uniform scattered lanceolate ciliate, 
 spikes terminal solitary sessile leafy upon short erect branches. 
 E. B. 1148. N. 371. St. prostrate, much branched, rooting, 
 slender. Flowering branches simple, short, erect. Small spoivs 
 muricat-e in 2-valved reniform caps. ; lar^e spores papillose in 
 ;j 4-valved capsules. Boggy spots chiefly in mountainous 
 districts. P. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 B. Stems of one or more parallel tubes, verticillately branched. 
 Nucules and globules on tue branchlets. 
 
 Order GUI. CHAEACE^E. 
 
 Leafless branched plants with stems formed of one or more 
 parallel tubes. Two Kinds of fructincatiou ; round red globules 
 [antheridia] formed of 8 valves, enclosing cells containing 
 granular matter and spiral filaments ; oval nucules [oogoniaj 
 lormed of 1 cell with 5 filaments folded spirally round it and 
 containing minute granules which appear at last to unite into 
 a single seed. Plants aquatic. The position of this order is 
 very doubtful *. 
 
 1. NITBLLA. Globules and nucules at the forking of the 
 branchlets. Crown of nucule of 10 cells in 2 rows lying 
 upon each other, the upper smaller, usually deciduous. 
 Is o stipulodes. Stem of one tube. 
 
 2. CHARA. Globule taking the place of central bract, below 
 tne nucule [except sp. 2j. Crown of nucule of 5 equal cells 
 in one row, persistent. Stipulodes in 1 or 2 whorls. Usually 
 with cortical cells. 
 
 1. NITEL'LA. Ayardh. 
 
 * Globules terminal in the forking of the branchlets. Nucule* 
 below the (jlobutes. tie j meats nearly equal. AITELLA Braun. 
 
 t Branchlets only once divided into 1 -celled segments. 
 
 1. N- flex 1 His (Ag.); monoecious, st. slender flexible trans- 
 parent, branchlets pointed not niucronate, fertile whorls 
 
 1 See Messrs. Groves' valuable paper in the J. of B. xviii. and xix., 
 where are figures of nearly all tne species. 
 
5J38 103. CHAR ACE J5. 
 
 lax, nucules 2 or 3 together with 8 or 9 spires. AtL Fl. Par. 
 40. Usually slender, flexible, light green, often [annularlyj 
 incrusted. [/3. crassa (Braun) ; st. and branchl. stouter, end-segments 
 shorter. 7. nidifica (Wallm.) ; fertile branchl. very short forming 
 compact heads, sterile branchl. often simple.] Ponds. VI. VII. E. S 
 
 2. N. opdca (Ag.) ; dioecious, st. slender flexible transparent, 
 branchlets mucronate, fertile whorls usually dense, nucules 1 
 3 together naked ivith 6 blunt prominent spires. J. of B. xviii. 
 t. 210. Rather slender, turning nearly black. Whorls with 
 nucules dense, with globules usually more lax. [0. attenuate* (H. 
 & J. G.) ; branchlets longer and much more slender, fertile whorls lax.j 
 Ponds and ditches. A. V. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 3. N. capitdta ( Ag.) ; dioecious, st. slender flexible transparent, 
 branchlets mucronate, fertile whorls usually dense, nucules 
 with acute prominent spires and a mucilaginous coating. 
 Slender, yellowish brown. Globules large. Often annularly 
 incrusted. Cambs. J. <f B. xxiv. (1886) p. 1, t. 264. A. E. 
 
 [N. syncar'pa (Chevall.) ; more slender than N. opaca with 
 simple branchlets on the female plant, and nucu'es tcith a 
 mucilaginous coating and faintly marked spires ; is probably a 
 native \] 
 
 ft Branchlets repeatedly divided ; terminal segments of 2 or 
 more cells, last usually like a mucro. Monoecious. 
 
 4. N. transhicens (Ag.) ; st. thick equal flexible transparent, 
 last segments of branchlets of 2 or 3 cells, sterile branchlets 
 only once divided (at the end) into 2 4 minute rays, nucules 
 small usually in threes with 7 or 8 spires. E. B. 1851. A 
 very large plant. Sterile brauchlets appear simple ; the rays 
 resemble minute points at their end. .Deep water. A. VIII. 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 5. N. mucrondta (Miquel) ; st. equal flexible transparent, 
 branchlets nearly equally forked or trifid tipped with a minute 
 acutely conical cell, nucules and globules together at the forkinga 
 of the branchlets. AtL Fl. Par. 40. Katlier thick. Dark 
 
 freen. Secondary rays once or twice forked, terminal sub- 
 ivisions rather shorter than the others. Nucules with 7 or S 
 spires. Rivers and ditches, rare. A. VII. E. I. 
 
 6. N. grac'ilis (Ag.) ; st. equal flexible transparent, slender 
 branchlets in lax whorls twice or thrice nearly equally forked 
 
 1 We have at present no evidence in support of this; though from it* 
 distribution the sp. is likely to occur. H. <fc J . G. 
 
N1TELLA. 539 
 
 their terminal segments 2- or 3-celled strongly mucronate, 
 nucules and globules each solitary but together at the forking 
 of the brauchlets. E. E. 2140. Ail. FL Par. 41. Very small 
 and slender. Nucules subglobose with 6 or 7 spires. St. 
 Leonard's Forest, Suss. Salop. Glen Cullen, Co. Dublin. 
 Vucklow. A. IX. K 1. 
 
 7. N. tennis sima (Kiitz.) ; st. equal flexible transparent, 
 branchlets in very dense compact subglubose whorls twice or thrice 
 equally forked in 3 6 segments of 2 or 3 cells their terminal 
 cell very slender and acute, nucules and globules each solitary but 
 together at the forkings of the branchlets. Atl. Fl. Par. 41. 
 Very small and slender with long internodes, 1 4 [ 12] in. 
 high, usually dark green. IRwnchlets for mint/ little globose com- 
 pact masses, often much incrusted. Nucules globose with 
 9 spires, minute bnt much exceeding the diameter of the 
 brauchlets ; globules much larger. Peaty ditches in Fens of 
 a mb rid gesliire Norfolk, and Anglesea. Westmeath. Galway. 
 A. VIZI." E.I. 
 
 8. N. confervacea (Braun) ; st. very slender equal flexible transparent, 
 branchlets 8 in loose subglobose whorls, twice or rarely 3 times forked 
 in 3 5 segments, ultimate segm. very acute, globules and nucules each 
 solitary but together at the first forking of the branchlets with 7 spires, 
 nucules ovate with prominent spires, surface minutely and irregularly 
 warty J. ofB. xxviii. (1890) p. 65, t. 296. N. batrachosperma (Braun, 
 not Ag.). N. Nordstedtiana (H. & J.G.). Very small. Branchlets less 
 compound and not so slender as in sp. 7, and the internodes shorter. 
 Obbe, I. of Hams. Killarney and Caragh Lakes. VII. VIII. S. I. 
 
 9. N. hyalina (Ag.) ; st. flexible transparent, whorls loose subglobose 
 of 8 primary and about double as many smaller secondary branchlets, 
 primary 2 3 times forked with 7 10 rays at the first forking, second- 
 ary 1 2ce divided or a few simple, nucules ovoid showing 9 10 spires. 
 >. ofB. xxxvi. (1898) p. 409, t. 392. About 618 in. high, dark green. 
 At once distinguished from all the other sp. by the presence of secondary 
 branchlets. The Loe, West Cornwall. Rev. G. R. Bullock Webster. 
 VIII. E. 
 
 ** Glolules lateral on the forkings of the branchlets, amongst the 
 nucitks. Segments unequal. Monoecious. TOLYPKLLA Leonh. 
 
 10. N. glomerdta (Chevall.) ; st. stoutish, sterile branchlets 
 6]2 simple blunt 3 5-jointed, fertile branchlets many densely 
 crowded once unequally 3 4-forked with blunt 2 5- jointed 
 divisions, globules usually stalked with one or more nuculos of 
 8 or 9 faint spires. Atl. Fl. Par. 41. Much incrusted and 
 brittle. Brackish ponds and ditches chiefly. A. IV. E. 1. 
 
540 103. CHARACEJS. 
 
 11. N.prolifera (Kiitz.) ; st. stout, sterile branchlets 6 20 
 simple acute 3 5-jointed, fertile branchlets many densely 
 crowded divided into 3 4 acute 2 4- jointed divisions, glo- 
 bules sessile (?) with one or more nucules of 9 or 10 spires. A 
 very large plant. Branchlets even 7 inches long and very 
 stout. Canals and ditches, rare. E. I. 
 
 12. N. wtricdta (A. Br. !) ; st. stout, sterile branchlets 610 
 once or twice divided acvte, fertile branchlets many densely 
 crowded divided once or twice into 4 5-celled acute 'divisions, 
 globules stalked with one or more nucules of 8 9 spires. 
 Known by its divided sterile branchlets. Ponds and ditches. 
 A. IV. V. E. I. 
 
 2. CHA'RA Linn. 
 
 * Stem composed of a single tube. 
 
 A. Stipulodes rudimentary, in one ring. Dioecious. 
 
 1. C. obtusa (Desv.) ; st; thick equal transparent its lower 
 subterranean branches bearing white starlike knob?, branchlets 
 4 (3 of 2 or 3 long joints bearing 1 or 2 unequal 1 -jointed 
 bracts, stipulodes exceedingly small, nucules with 9 spires sub- 
 globose. J. of E. xix. t. 216. C. stelligera (Bauer) ed. viii- 
 Lychnothanmus stelliger (Braun). Very large, resembling 
 N. franshfcens. Nucules with very thick spires and very small 
 crown. Filby and other Broads, Norf. Devon. Hants. Surrey. 
 VIII. K 
 
 B. Stipulodes long, in one ring. Mono3cious. 
 
 [f Globules above the nucules. Lamprothamnus.] 
 
 2. C. alopecuroides (Del.) ; st. [sometimes] opaque, 3 5 
 jointed branchlets 6 8 in a whorl their terminal joints much 
 the shortest and forming an acute point, stipulodes [opposite the 
 branchl.] needleshaped, bracts 5 or 6 at each node equal exceed- 
 ing the oval nucule of 10 12 spires. J. of B. i. t. 7. Dark 
 green. 4 8 in. high. Not incrusted. In brine-pits at Newtown, 
 Isle of Wight. Dorset. A. VIII. E, 
 
 ft [Nucules above the globules.] 
 
 [C. Braun'ii (Grnel.) ; st. much branched, 4 5-jointed branchlets 
 6 8 in a whorl, stipulodes alternating with the branchlets, bracts 5 7 
 usually shorter than the ovate nucules. J. of B. xxii. (1884) p. 1, t.242. 
 Often annularly incrusted, 6 12 in. high. Canal, Reddish, Lane., 
 doubtless introduced.] E. 
 
CHAR A. >4 1 
 
 #* Stem of one central and many cortical tubes (cells). 
 f St. ivith one row of cortical cells to each branchlet. Dioecious. 
 
 3. C. canes' cens (Loisel.) ; st. slender coarsely striate densely 
 beset with setaceous patent clustered spines, branchlets 8 10 
 short, stipulodes long 1 , bracts 7 10 whorled slender equal usually 
 exceeding the narrowly oblong nucules of 10 12 spires. J. of 
 
 B. xviii. t. 208. C. crinita (VVallr.) ed. viii. St. rigid, but 
 little branched, rarely incrusted, pale green. Branchlets stout, 
 6 8-jointed. Pools near the sea, rare. E. I. 
 
 ft St. ivith 2 rows of cortical cells to each branchlet. 
 a. Monoecious. 
 
 4. C. vulgar is (L.) ; st. finely striate, primary cortical cells 
 less prominent than secondary and bearing the few small spines, 
 branchlets 6 9 their upper part without cortical cells, stipu- 
 lodes sniall blunt, bracts on inner side of branchlet exceeding 
 the ovoid nucule of 12 or 13 spires. E. B. 336. C. fcetida 
 (Braun) ed. viii. Primary cortical cells collapse as they dry and 
 so place the spines in furrows. Very variable ; (C. longibracte- 
 ata Kiitz.) branchlets and bracts much longer j (C. decipiens 
 Desv.) [var. papillata (Wallr.)] spines many spreading long- 
 deciduous, secondary cortical cells very prominent ; ( U, sub- 
 verticillata Nordst. MS.) branchlets spreading with long upper 
 naked joints, not incrusted and few spines, dark green (hardly 
 
 C. atrovirens Lowe); (C. crassicaulis Schl.) stout, branchlets 
 
 stout connivent often \ naked, bracts short ovate, spines obsolete. 
 
 own as iu 
 
 E. S. I. 
 
 [Var. melanopyrena (H. & J. G.) ; nucleus black instead of brown as in 
 other forms.] Universal. V. VI. 
 
 5. C. contrdria (A. Br.) ; st. finely striate, primary cortical 
 cells more prominent than the secondary and bearing the spines 
 or tubercles ; branchlets 6 9 coated nearly throughout, stipu- 
 lodes blunt [or acute], bracts 4 (?) scarcely exceeding the nucules 
 of 12 or 13 spires and a conical contracted [or spreading] crown. 
 [J-. ofB. xix. (1881), t. 224, 2.] -Much like C. fcetida. Spines 
 more acute, ultimately on ridges. [/?. hispidula (Braun) ; spine-cells 
 prominent spreading. y. C. denudata (Braun) ; st. weak and as well as 
 the brauchl. almost entirely ecorticate. J. of _B. xxxiii. (1895), p. 290, 
 t. 350. A hybrid with sp. 6 occurs in the Norfolk Broads.] Lakes, 
 pools, and ditches, [y. Westmeath.] VI. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 6. C. his'pida (L.) ; st. stout thickened upwards rough 
 spirally striate, secondary cortical cells larger and more promi- 
 
542 103. CHAEACEJE. 
 
 nent than the primary, many setaceous spreading spines, branch- 
 lets 7 9-jointed, stipulodes prominent, bracts on both sides of 
 the branchlet 8 10 exceeding the ovoid nucules of 10 or 11 
 spires. 2?. JB. 463. Usually very large, much incrusted, 
 often 3 or 4 feet long. Sterile branchlets 3 4 inches long. 
 Spines variable in quantity and length. (J3. macracantha (Braun) ; 
 spine- and bract-cells very long. y. gymnoteles (Braun) ; spine-cells few, 
 branchl. with several ecorticate joints. 5. C. horrida ( Wahlst.) ; small 
 and compact, spine-cells short patent very numerous, branchl. straight 
 spreading. Subsp. rudis (Braun) ; st. more slender secondary cortical 
 cells very strongly developed almost hiding the primary (spine-bearing) 
 series.] Ponds and ditches. [& Doubtfully British.] VI. E. S. T. 
 
 7. C. polyacaritha (Braun) ; st. stout, primary cortical cells 
 more prominent than secondary, many setaceous fascicled 
 spreading spines, 8 10 branchlets of 6 8 joints, stipulodes 
 long slender, bracts 6 10 exceeding the ovoid nucules of 12 or 
 13 spires. J. of E. xviii. t. 208. Ail. PL Par. t. 38. B. f. 3. 
 Very spinous, much incrusted ; smaller, more spinous, with 
 shorter branchlets but longer internodes than C. hispida. 
 Ponds and ditches. VI. E. S. 1. 
 
 8. C. bal'tica (Fr.) ; st. stout finely striate flexible pri- 
 mary cortical cells more prominent than secondaiy, spines 
 many slender spreading, branchlets 6 9 patent many-jointed, 
 etipulodes slender, bracts whorled long exceeding oblong nncules 
 of 10 15 spires and spreading crown. [J. ofS.xix. (1881), t. 224, 
 1.] Pale green, not incrusted. Moderately spinous. Upper 
 part of branches not coated. Bracts very long. Lowest nodes 
 t with bulbils. Ponds. Kynance Vale, Cornwall. [Dorset. 
 Orkney. Guernsey.] VIII. * E. 
 
 b. Dioecious. 
 
 9. C. tomentosa (L.); st. thickened upwards twisted, primary 
 cortical cells very prominent, spines few short stout scattered, 
 branchlets 5 7 rather incurved of 4 6 long joints the upper 
 joints not coated but inflated, stipnlodes usually short and thick) 
 bracts usually 5 very thick the lateral exceeding the ovoid 
 nucules of 12 14 spires the others falling short of them. Hook. 
 Icon. PI. 532. Opaque, greenish white when fresh, usually 
 much incrusted. Spines rather whorled, very short, acute. 
 Upper joints of branchlets remarkably inflated and lengthened 
 in our plant. Shannon Lakes. I. 
 
 ttt St. with 3 roivs of cortical cells to each branchlet. 
 
 10. C. as'pera (W.) ; dioecious , st. slender flexible with slender 
 acute spreading spines, branchlets 6 9 rather incurved or straight, 
 
CHARA. 543 
 
 stipulodes prominent) bracts wliorled nearly equal exceeding the 
 ovoid nucules of 13 spires and spreading crown. E. B. S. 2738. 
 Small, in dense masses. Sometimes with smooth bulbils on 
 lower nodes. Length and number of spines variable. Inter- 
 nodes very long. [/3. capillata (Braun) ; spine-cells many very long, 
 plant usually bright clear green. y. subinermis (Kuetz.) ; spine-cells very 
 few and inconspicuous, much shorter than in the type. 8. lacustris 
 (H. & J. G.) ; much smaller 1 4 in. high, hranchl. short stout incurved, 
 spine-cells papillate. Subsp. desmacantha (H. & J. G.) ; st. usually 
 thicker, cortex imperfectly 3-ranked, spine-cells fascicled instead of 
 solitary.] Lakes and pools. VII. VIII. E. S. I. 
 
 11. C. connivens (Braun) ; dioecious, st. slender brittle without 
 spines, branchlets usually 8 strongly incurved, stipulodes scarcely 
 visible, bracts much falling short of nucules scarcely apparent 
 except with them, nucules small ovoid with 12 14 spires and 
 conical crown. J. of B. xviii. t. 207. Light green. 12 inches 
 high. Rare. In south [and east] of England. [Wexford.] 
 VII. VIII. E. I. 
 
 12. C. frag' His (Desv.) ; monoecious, st. slender finely striate 
 no spines, branchlets 6 9 of 7 9 joints the upper 1 3 joints 
 not coated, lower stipulodes very short, bracts usually 4 usually 
 about equalling the ovoid nucules of 12 14 spires and 
 rather conical crown. C. pulchella E. B. S. 2824. Slender, 
 green, usually not incrusted. Very variable. [A. Primary 
 cortical cells not more prominent than the secondary.] ft. lied- 
 wigii (Ag.) ; stronger and larger with very short bracts. 
 E. B. S. 2762. y. fulcrata (Gant.) ; bracts shorter than the 
 nucules, stip. obsolete. [8. capillacea (Thuill.) ; whole plant very 
 slender, branchlets spreading. e. Sturroclcii (H. & J. G.) ; cortication 
 irregular, branchlets ecorticate. Possibly a hybrid. B. Subsp. delicatula 
 (Braun) ; primary cortical cells more prominent than the secondary, t. 
 small, branchlets usually connivent. rj. barbata (Gant.) ; bracts and 
 stipulodes much longer.] 0. C. verrucosa (Itz.) ; small, 24 in. 
 high [with conical spine-cells], often with compound bulbils at base. 
 Slow and stagnant waters, [e. Monk Myre, E. Perth. Mr. A. 
 SturrocJc.} VI. VIII. E. S. L 
 
 13. C.fragif'era (Dur.) ; dioecious, st. very finely striate no- 
 spines, branchlets slender 6 9 of many joints upper joints not 
 coated, stipulodes very small, bracts 3 5 half as long as nucule 
 very short with globule, nucules ovoid of 11 13 spires and 
 short blunt crown. J. of B. xv. t. 192. Often flexible and ex- 
 ceedingly slender, 6 12 inches long, bright green, not incrusted. 
 bearing large compound bulbils at its base. West of Cornwall 
 in pools. VII. VIII. E. 
 
" Quanquam multas observaverim plautas et sedulo quidem, 
 tamen non confido me semper veritatem inyenisse." LINK. 
 
545 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF GEOUPS AND SPECIES OF 
 
 RUBI FRUTICOSL 
 
 REPRINTED FROM THE 
 
 HANDBOOK OF BRITISH RUB! 
 
 BY 
 The Rev. WILLIAM MOYLE ROGERS, F.L.S. 
 
 By kind permission of the Author. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS (not included on page Hi) AND 
 EXPLANATIONS. 
 
 acic acicle. 
 
 las basal (of leaflet 
 
 in 5-nate leaf). 
 interm intermediate (of 
 
 leaflet in 5-nate 
 
 leaf). 
 lot lateral (of It. in 
 
 3-nate leaf). 
 prk prickle. 
 
 prklet pricldet. 
 
 rack rachis. 
 
 sp. collect. . . species collec- 
 
 tiva. 
 
 spn. .... specimen. 
 st. .... stem of first 
 
 year. 
 
 stkd. gl. . . . . stalked gland. 
 sty style. 
 
 When the name of a subspecies or variety is followed by that 
 of its author in brackets, this impHes that it was published by 
 him as that of a species. 
 
 When the sign ? follows the name of a plant, it points to the 
 fact that some doubt exists as to the identification. 
 
 KEYS TO GROUPS AND SPECIES. 
 1. GENERAL KEY TO armature OF STEM AND PANICLE. 
 Groups I. to VII. and IX. St.-prk. equal or subequal, 
 
 almost or quite confined to the angles. Glandular and acicular 
 development absent Irom Group I. (except occasionally in the 
 form of sessile and rarely subseissile gl. on St.), very rare in 
 Groups II. and III., in the succeeding groups gradually 
 increasing. 
 
 2c 
 
546 
 
 111. Vtry transitional. Armature somewhat ii- 
 leiM-.lavly mixed ; the st.-pvk. luin^ usually rather more 
 i and unequal than in Groups 1. to' VI I. and IX.. 
 ile the glandular and acicular develop: tin is nu\< 
 or uncertain on st or pan., or on both st and pan. 
 
 lireups X. to Xll.- JM.-prk. distinctly unequal. All arms 
 more mixed and scattered. 
 
 Groups XIII. and XIV, Prk. scattered on tho round or 
 bluntly angled st., often weak and less unequal than in 
 Groups X. to XII. 
 
 2. CONSPECTUS OF GBOUPS AND SPECIES. 
 
 A. Groups I. to V. St. tall, glabrous or slightly hairy (some- 
 times more densely hairy in (ironp V. .lhsivi.oin--s\ not 
 always rooting. St.-prk. normally equal and confined to 
 angles. 
 
 Group I. SUBBBKCTI. Root often sobolifei ;^ St. sub- 
 erect Tery rarely rooting at end (never apparently in H. / : 
 and It. sitberectus) ; glabrous or very nearly so. Has. Its. vt'ton 
 subsessile. Pan. racemose or subracemose. Sep. exun.aly 
 olive and subglabrescent, "with conspicuous white maririn. 
 Normally without bloom stkd. gl. or acu\ 
 
 SECTION i. Prk. subulate or conical. L. often 6-7-nau . 
 Fr. dark red. (R. nessensis Hall.) 
 
 H. jfissus Lindl. Prk. many slender subulate si -a tiered. 
 L. plicate hairy beneath. Bas" Its. sosile. iSt:;iii. and sty. 
 subequal. 
 
 Jt. suber ectus Anders. Prk. few short conical with rather 
 long base, confined to angles, sometimes absent. L. plane i 
 green subglabrous. Bas. Its. subsessile. Stam. exceeding sty, 
 
 SECTION n. Prk. compressed long-based. L. verv rarely 
 6-7-nate (except in H. Itogersii). Fr. black, 
 
 JR. Itogersii Linton. L. 5-7-nate, finelv evenly serrate, 
 greyish-green. Term. It. long ovate-acuminate. Sty. and 
 stain, subequal. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed. 
 
 It. sulcatw Vest. L. all 5-nate. Term. It. oval long 
 pointed; bas. stalked. Pan. elongate. Stain, at first ex- 
 ceeding sty. Fr.-sep. reflexed. Very luxuriant. 
 
 It. plicatm \Vh. & N. L. plicate. Term. It. broadly ovate- 
 cordate ; bas. subsessile. Pan. snhraeemose, rather short. 
 Stain, and sty. subequal. Fr.-sep. patent. 
 
A I' I'M XI) IX. HIT 
 
 V,ir. Ilcrt.i'amiHt. Brairi. Luxuriant. Twin. It. roundHh- 
 ovate ]on^-Htalk<:d ; b;i,s. shortly stalked. Stain, e^^cdi/i;/ 
 stv. Approaf.hfjs /t. nn.lcMii.x, hut smaller with broad Its. 
 
 Var. hnu*t<-ni.nn. I*. .1. Mii'dl. Lts. oval <_Teyish-;rref'n, 
 hardly plicate, hairy, with long- point. Stain, at first niu -li 
 shorter than sty. 
 
 (iroup II. 8UBRHAMNIPOLIL St. suberect or arcuate, of I'M i 
 roofing, iubglftbrOUS. J>as. Its. short Iv stalked. 1'ji.n. s.uh- 
 i-a,(;cinosc or coiiipo-it'-. Sep. jxt':rn;i.lly Jiairy, olive or tfwy, 
 somewhat wljiUi-ujar^rined. Without bloom. Xonnill-. 
 
 eglandolar, 
 
 1. St. suberect, sometimes rooting 1 . Sep. externally olive or 
 i.sh. 
 
 (i. Sep. externally olive with conspicuous white margin 
 (sometimes greyish or wholly #r<:y in It. affinis). 
 
 (i.) Fr.-.sep. patent or subpatent. Pan. subracemosn 
 above. Pet. obovate or oval. 
 
 It. nitidus Wh. & N. Prk. crowded, mostly slender ; 
 stnii<_'ht or falcate on St., usually strongly hooked on pan. 
 Term. It. small oval acute. L. and cal. shining. 
 
 Sub.>p. ojiacus Focke. Prk. usually few straight Ion jr. 
 Term. It. large cordate-acuminate. L. opaque above, soffly 
 hairy or felted beneath. 
 
 fii.) Frt.-sep. reilexed. Pan. with cymose brand H-. 
 Pet. roundish. 
 
 R. affinis Wh. & N. St. very tall. Prk. remarkably long, 
 normally straight. L. thick, wavy at edge, often grey benealJi. 
 Term. It. ovate-cordate-acuminate, gradually attenuate. Sep. 
 reHexed throughout. 
 
 Var. Briygsianm Rogers. St. lower more arcuate. Tern?* 
 It. oval acute. Pan. strongly developed, less leafy above. 
 Sep. loosely reflexed. 
 
 b. Sep. externally greyish, less conspicuously white- 
 margined, loosely reflexed or subpatent in fr. 
 
 It. inteyribasis P. J. Muell. ? Prk. declining long based. 
 L. only thinly hairy beneath. Term. It. obovate or oval 
 cuspidate -acuminate. Pan. lax slender, mostly racemose. 
 Whole plant usually slender. 
 
 R. cariensis Genev. Prk. strong patent or nearly so. L. 
 deeply incised ashy-felted or softly hairy beneath. Pan. 
 dense compound cylindrical. Strong. (Sometimes abnormally 
 furnished with a few very short stkd. gl. on bracts and ped.) 
 
 2c2 
 
543 APPENDIX. 
 
 2. St, soon arcuate but rarely (if ever) rooting. L. very 
 large. Sep. externally grey (or gre) ish-olive), mostly patent 
 in t'r. Very strong plants, but with pan. normally racemose 
 above. Bracts and stip. sometimes very finely gland-ciliate. 
 
 R. holerythros Focke. St. lustrous, arcuate almost from the 
 first. L. greyish, softly hairy beneath. Pedicels long. Pet. 
 stain, and (usually) sty. red. Sep. greyish -olive. 
 
 R. latifolius Bab. St. very slightly hairy, soon bending 
 quite low. L. dull green, thinly hairy. Pan. narrow, with 
 densely hairy rach. and conspicuous bracts. Sep. grey. 
 
 N.B. The anomalous R. orthodados A. Ley, though in 
 some respects recalling the plants in Group II., is placed among 
 the Vestili on account of its hairy st. and considerable 
 glandular development. 
 
 Group III. HHAMNIFOI/II. St. arcuate or arcuate-prostrate, 
 routing, glabrous or very thinly hairy, often much branched. 
 All mature Its. distinctly stalked, stride above (except in 
 11. durescens]. Pan. compound, sometimes subracemose abov 1 , 
 often densely prickly. Sep. externallv grey or whitish, reflex* d 
 in fr. (except in R. carpinifolius}. Without blcom. In a few 
 instances slightly glandular in pan. and even very rarely in st., 
 but normally eglandular. 
 
 I. Term. It. about thrice the length of its stalk, ovate oval or 
 obovate (roundish-obovate-cordate in R. imbricatus). 
 
 a. L. chiefly 5-nate-digitate. 
 
 R. imbricatus Hort. Prk. usually rather small. Lts. convex, 
 wrinkled, mostly imbricate. Pan. narrow above, usually with 
 long strongly ascending racemose lower branches. 
 
 R. carpinifolius Wh. & N. Prk. many, strong. Lts. plicate, 
 soft beneath ; term, long oval-acuminate. Pan. pyramidal or 
 subracemose. Fr.-sep. patent. Pet. normally white. Very 
 prickly and usually pale in colour. 
 
 II. incurvatus Bab. Prk. triangular based. Lts. concave, 
 with thick soft felt beneath ; term, broadly ovate-cordate. 
 Pan. long, usually with short blanches. Floral organs all 
 pink. 
 
 R. Lindleinnus Lees. St. glossy. Lts. wavy-edged, mostly 
 narrowing to their base. Pan. dense cylindrical-truncate with 
 patent branches. Pet. white. Fr. small. 
 
 b. L. 5-nate pedate. 
 
 R. erythrinus Genev. St. dark purple. Lts. convex, 
 obovate -cuspidate -acuminate, usually ashy-felted beneath. 
 Pan. pyramidal with narrow rounded top. Fr. large. 
 
APPENDIX. 519 
 
 R. durescens W. R. Linton. Lts. oblong-ovate, with prin- 
 cipal teeth patent, glabrous above, thinly hairy beneath. Pan. 
 rather short, with patent branches above and broad but hardly 
 truncate top. 
 
 2. Term. It. about twice the length of its stalk, roundish or 
 broadly oval. 
 
 R. rhamnifolius Wh. & N. Lts. finely toothed, white-felted 
 beneath ; term, often barely twice the length of its stalk, 
 cuspidate cordate. Pan. rather close. Pet. roundish white. 
 
 Siibsp. Bakeri F. A. Lees. Dwarf. Lts. like those of 
 R. rhamnifolius but smaller, green and hardly felted beneath, 
 with longer point. Pan. with many long branches ; very 
 floriferous, Pet. obovate, pink. 
 
 R. nemoralis P. J. Muell. Lts. green on both sides, slightly 
 paler arid thinly hairy beneath. Pan. long lax leafy, at first 
 pyramidal then corymbose. Pet. pink. 
 
 Var, glabratas Bab. Pan. narrow, cylindrical, with subequal 
 lower branches long-pedicelled small fl. and very white-felted 
 rach. and ped. 
 
 Var. Silurum A. Ley. Term. It. broader below than in type 
 (i. e. oval-roundish instead of obovate-roundish) and* more 
 gradually acuminate. Pan. in great part ultra-axillary, truly 
 pyramidal. Pet. faint lilac. 
 
 R. Scheutzii Lindeb. St. glabrous or subglabrous, shining. 
 Lts. concolorous, thinly hairy ; term, broadly rotund-cuspidate. 
 Pan. long, narrow, leafy. Pet. large, pale lilac. Very^ 
 prickly. 
 
 R. dumnoniensis Bab. St. with some short crisp hair (at 
 first). Prk. long, subulate, crowded. Lts. large, white-felted 
 beneath. Pan. pyramidal. Pet. large, roundish, white. 
 
 3. St. hairy for this group. Lts. finely toothed; term, 
 obovate-acuminate, long-stalked. Pan. very long. 
 
 R. pulcherrimm Neum. Prk. patent or declining. L. not 
 unfrequently 6-7-nate. Lts. opaque above ; term, from 2^ to 
 more than 3 times the height of its stalk. Pan. normally with 
 pink pet. and some stkd. gi. 
 
 R. lAndebergii P. J. Muell. Prk. stout, partly falcate or 
 hooked, especially on pan. L. constantly 5-nate. Lts. pale 
 grey-green ; term, about twice as long" as its stalk. Pan. 
 eglandular, with large white pet. 
 
 Group IV. VILLICAULES. Hardly separable from Rhamni- 
 folii, but making some approach towards Silvatici in st. mostly 
 lower and usually hairy (tiiough often only thinly so and liable to 
 
550 APPENDIX. 
 
 become bald ultimately). Prk. subequal, rarely extendirer to 
 the faces of st. Without bloom. Pan. usually lax or diffuse, 
 very rarely showing some glandular development. 
 
 1. Pan. diffuse, or irregularly branched. 
 
 a. St. bluntly angled, thinly hairy. Fr.-sep. reflexed. 
 
 R. mertimts Bag-nail. Prk. irregularly scattered, strongly 
 declining. Lts. thinly hairy beneath ; term, roundish, more 
 than twice the length of iti stlk. Pan, sometimes slightlv 
 glandular. Pet. white, fading to pink. St. and rach. dark 
 purple. 
 
 N.B. For subsp. bract eatus and clirysoxylon see below in 
 Sect. 2. 
 
 R. leucandrus Focke. Prk. partly patent. Lts. softly hairv 
 beneath. Pan. eglandular. Fl. showy ; floral organs all 
 white. (Between R. qffinis and R. grfftus.) 
 
 b. St. very stout, furrowed, often glabrate. Fr.-sep. 
 patent or clasping. 
 
 R. grains Focke. Prk. short, broad-based, patent or slightly 
 declining. Lts. at first softly hniry, ultimately nearly bare 
 beneath. Pan. with widespreading few-flowered branches. 
 Pet. pink. Luxuriant. 
 
 2. Pan. elongate ; cylindrical or pyramidal. 
 
 a. Pan. pyramidal. Prk. moderate, declining or falcate. 
 R. bracteatus Bagnall. Lts. greyish, finely closely toothed, 
 
 often felted beneath ; term, obovate. Pan. remarkably elongate 
 and narrowed above, felted, considerably glandular. Bracts 
 many. (Subsp. of R. mercicus Bagnall.) 
 
 R. rhombifolms Weihe. Lts. rhomboid or ovate, acuminate, 
 green or white-felted beneath. Lower pan. -branches Ions', 
 strongly ascending. Floral organs usually all red. Sep. 
 reflexed. (Subsp. of R. villicaulis Koehl.) 
 
 b. Pan. cylindrical, leafy. 
 
 (i) Prk. weak, somewhat scattered and unequal. Fr.- 
 sep. subpatent. 
 
 R. ctirysoxylon Rogers. St. ochreous or fuscous. L. 3-5- 
 nate, pale, with finely incised compound teeth. Pan. with 
 long-stemmed branches- Stkd. gl. scattered, usually few. 
 (Subsp. of R. mercicus Bagnall.) 
 
 R. cdlvatus Blox. St. reddish. Lts. convex, harsh beneath, 
 with patent teeth ; term, oblong, with short point and cordate 
 base. Pan. long, lax, often glandular. (Subsp. of R. villicaulis 
 Koehl.) 
 
 fii.) Prk. strong, confined to angles. Fr.-sep. reflexed. 
 
 R. vi/licaulis Koehl. St. hairy. Prk. long, straight, many. 
 
APPENDIX. 551 
 
 Lts. ovate or oval acuminate, softly hairy or felted beneath. 
 Pan. with prk. chiefly long, slender, declining. Stam. far 
 exceeding sty. 
 
 Suhsp. Selmeri Lindeb. St. and 1. less hairy. Prk. falcate. 
 Lts. concave, roundish-ovate, with wavy edge. Stam. short, 
 often barely equalling sty. 
 
 Group V. DISCOLORES. St. erect-arcuate or arcuate- 
 prostrate, thinly or densely pubescent or hairy or glabrous, 
 sometimes pruinose, rarely rooting. Lts. with whitish felt 
 beneath, which becomes greenish in autumn. Pan. hardly 
 narrowed above (except in R. arcjentatus). Usually quite 
 eglandular. 
 
 1. St. erect-arcuate, rarely rooting, glabrous or very nearly 
 so, furrowed. 
 
 R. ramosus Briggs. L. 3-5-nate-pedate. Lts. convex, 
 shining above, coarsely serrate ; term, oblong or obovate cus- 
 pidate. Pan. lax. with long branches. Fr. small; poor. 
 
 R. thyrsoideus Wimm. L. 5-nate-digitate , Lts. flat or 
 concave, often incised-serrate ; term, oval or ovate, acuminate. 
 Pan. elongate, cylindrical above. Fr. fine. 
 
 2. St. arcuate-prostrate or climbing, often rooting, hairy or 
 pubescent. 
 
 a. St. somewhat pruinose. 
 
 R. argentatus P. J. Muell. Prk. (st. and pan.) long, rather 
 unequal, straight or falcate. L. 5-nate-digitate or pedate. 
 Pan. lax, narrowed above, with showy long-pedicelled bright 
 pink fl. and thick villous hair on rachis. 
 
 Var. robustus (P. J. Muell.). Very strong and prickly. L. 
 thick, irregularly and deeply cut. Pan. less narrowed above. 
 
 Yar. clivicola A. Ley. Prk. weaker. Term. It. short, 
 roimdish-obovate, with long cuspidate or cuspidate-acuminate 
 point. Pan. with long corymbose-cylindrical ultra-axillary 
 part. Pet. faintly pink. 
 
 R, rusticanus Merc. St. furrowed, pruinose. Lts. glabrous 
 above, usually cuspidate. Pan. and ped. with close-pressed felt 
 and very broad-based hooked prk. Sep. reflexed (fl. and fr.). 
 
 b, St. epruinose, pubescent. 
 
 R. pubescens Weihe. L. 5-nate-digitate. Lts. oval or 
 obovate- acuminate, thinly hairy above, irregularly serrate. 
 Pan. elongate, felted, hairy, with hooked prk. Sep. with 
 upcurved tip. 
 
 Var. subinermis Rogers. L. 3-5-nate-pedate. Pan. quite 
 unarmed or with few declining prk. 
 
552 APPENDIX. 
 
 B. Groups YJ. and VII. St. mostly arcuate-prostrate and 
 hairy, rarely furnished with a few acic. or stkd. gl. St.- 
 prk. subequal, occasionally somewhat scattered but mostly 
 confined to angles. 
 
 Group VI. SILVATICI. St. arcuate-prostrate or climbing, 
 permanently though thinly hairy, usually quite eglandular. 
 JLts. mostly hairy or greenish-felted beneath. Pan. rather 
 frequently furnished with a few stkd. gl. and acic. 
 
 1. Pan.-prk. normally acicular, declining j in some forms of 
 11. lentiginosus stronger, falcate. 
 
 a. Frt.-sep. reflexed. Stam. considerably exceeding sty. 
 R. silvaticus Wh. & N. L. o-nate. Pan. rather dense, 
 
 elongate, with crowded acicular prk. Eglandular. Carp, 
 hairy. 
 
 b. Frt.-sep. patent or erect. Stam. and sty. subequal. 
 
 (i.) Pan. almost unarmed; its prk. when present very 
 few, subulate. 
 
 R. myrica Focke. L. mostly 3-nate, evenly simply dentate. 
 Pan. rather lax and little branched. Sep. embracing fr. 
 
 (ii.) Pan.-prk. many, mostly acicular, declining ; in 
 R. lentiginosus occasionally stronger, falcate, with some stalked 
 and subsessile glands. 
 
 Var. hesperius Rogers. L. broad, mostly 5-nate-pedate, with 
 very compound finely pointed teeth. Pan. elongate, pyramidal, 
 compound. Fr.-sep. patent. 
 
 R. lentiginosus Lees. L. 3 5-nate, with very finely pointed 
 compound incised teeth. Pan. racemose-truncate above, with 
 long-pedicelled fl. Fr.-sep. erect. 
 
 2. Pan.-prk. at most only moderately strong, chiefly 
 declining. 
 
 a. Pan. normally eglandular. Fr.-sep. reflexed. 
 
 R. macropliyUus Wh. & N. L. 5-nate-digitate, glabrescent 
 above. Term. It. ovate-cordate, with long acuminate point. 
 Pan. lax, with grey-felted and hairy rach. medium-sized fl. and 
 strongly reflexed sep. 
 
 Subsp. Schlecht end alii Weihe. L. hairy above, 5-nate-pedate 
 or digitate. Term. It. obovate-cuneate-cuspidate, with com- 
 paratively short point and crowded fine teeth in upper half. 
 Pan. usually short, with broader upper 1. larger fl. and less 
 strongly reflexed sep. 
 
 b. Pan. somewhat glandular. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed or 
 subpatent (in R. Questierii usually strongly reflexed). 
 
 \ar. macroplnjlloides (Genev.). Very near R. ScJdechtendalii, 
 
APPENDIX. 553 
 
 but with laxer glandular pan. subpatent fr.-sep. and more 
 compound incised leaf-toothing. 
 
 Var. amplificaius Lees. Also very near R. Schhchtendalii, 
 but more prickly, with term. It. longer pointed and more 
 deeply incised, and pan. usually longer with very long lower 
 branches, narrow simple floral 1. above and loosely reflexed 
 fr.-sep. 
 
 (R. amphichloros P. J. Muell. L. 3-5-nate, finely evenly 
 serrate. Term. It. roundish-oval. Pan. long, lax. Sep. 
 loosely reflexed. Thought by Dr. Focke to be distinguished 
 from R. amplificatus by the shape and fine serration of 
 the Its.) 
 
 R. Questierii Lefv. Muell. L. 5-nate-digitate or pedate, 
 concolorous. Lts. oval or obovate-acuminate. Pan. long, lax, 
 normally narrow, with patent upper branches, and whitish- 
 felted rach. and cal. Fr.-sep. strongly reflexed. 
 
 c. Pan. usually having a few sunken glands. Fr.-sep. 
 clasping. 
 
 R. Salteri Bab. L. chiefly 5-nate-pedate, with compound 
 incised teeth in upper half. Term. It. long stalked with long 
 point and entire or somewhat cordate base. 
 
 (-R.lentiginosus Lees. See above in Section 1 of this group.) 
 
 3. Pan. -prk. very strong, long-based, often hooked. 
 
 R. Colemanni Blox. St. with many strong prk. and occa- 
 sional acic. and stkd. gl. L. 5-nate-pedate. Lts. convex, 
 concolorous. Pan. long, pyramidal. Fr.-sep. loosely re- 
 flexed. 
 
 Group VII. VESTITI. St. rather densely or very densely 
 hairy, occasionally with a few stkd, gl. and acic. or prklets ou 
 the faces. Prk. mostly slender, less constantly equal and less 
 strictly confined to the angles than in Groups I.- VI. and IX. 
 Pan. usually somewhat glandular and aciculate. 
 
 1. Stam. not connivent. Carp, hairy. 
 
 R. Sprengelii Weihe. St. roundish, hairy, often slightly 
 glandular. L. mostly 3-nate, concolorous. Pan. with long 
 patent branches, usually glandular. 
 
 2. Stam. connivent. Carp, glabrous or nearly so. 
 
 a. St. very high arching or suberect. Sep. externally 
 olive, with narrow white margin, embracing fr. 
 
 R. orthoclados A. Ley. St. with some subsessile glands. 
 ]j 3-5-nate-pedate ; concolorous. Pan, weak, glandular. 
 Abnormal. 
 
 2c5 
 
554 APPENDIX. 
 
 b. St. arcuate-prostrate, rather densely hairy. Pan. 
 elongate. Sep. ashy-felted. 
 
 (i.) Term. It. usually quite 3 times longer than its 
 stalk. 
 
 R. micans Gren. & Godr. St. slightly glandular. L. 3-5- 
 nate-pedate. Lts. acuminate, with incised teeth. Fr.-sep. 
 strongly reflexed. Whole plant greyish. 
 
 (ii.) Term. It. from 2 to 2J or rarely 3 times the length 
 of its stalk. 
 
 R. hirtifolius Muell. & Wirtg. St. rarely glandular or 
 aciculate. L. 5-nate. Lts. with shining close hair or greenish 
 felt beneath ; term, variable, usually ovate-acuminate. Pet. 
 narrow, pinkish, fugacious. Fr. oblong, with clasping sep. 
 
 Var. danicus Focke. Lts. with shallow teeth and shining 
 close hair beneath ; term, roundish-obovate. Pan.-prk. lon^. 
 Fl. very showy, white. Fr.-sep. subpatent. 
 
 Var. mollissimus (Rogers). Lts. flaccid, with fine incised 
 teeth and very soft greyish felt beneath ; term, roundish-oval, 
 rarely obovate. Pan.-prk. mostly acicular. Fl. very showy, 
 pale lilac. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed or subpatent. 
 
 (iii.) Term. It. often 4 times the length of its stalk. 
 Prk. long-pointed. 
 
 R. iricus Rogers. Lts. thick, ashy-felted beneath when 
 young; term, broadly ovate-acuminate, with compound teeth. 
 Pan. broad, truncate. Fl. bright pink. Sep. reflexed. Very 
 stout and hairy. 
 
 R. pyramidal^ Kalt. L. 5-nate-digitate. Lts. almost 
 velvety beneath, coarsely toothed. Pan. pyramidal, with short 
 patent branches. Fr.-sep. reflexed. 
 
 Var. macranthelos Marss. Prk. smaller, passing into strong 
 pr-ic. Term. It. subrotund, cuspidate. Pan.-branches long. 
 Fr.-sep. patent. 
 
 c. St. densely hairy ; its prk. long, usually with some 
 sunken prklets acic. or stkd. gl. L. very softly hairy. 
 
 (i.) Pan.-prk. long, strong, subulate, 
 
 R. leucostachys Schleich. Prk. very strong. Lts. and pet. 
 roundish. Stkd. gl. usually few. Fr.-sep. normally reflexed. 
 
 Var. yymnostachys (Genev.). Lts. and pet. oval or obovate. 
 Pan. elongate, narrow, with acicular prk. as well as long ones. 
 
 (R. vestitiformis subsp. nov., and R. adenanthus Boul. & 
 Gill.) See Group VIII., Eyreyii. 
 
 (ii.) Pan.-prk. mostly weak. 
 
 R. leucanthemus P. J. Muell.? St.-prk. many, slender, 
 sometimes acicular. Term. It. broadly ovate-acuminate, with 
 
APPENDIX. 555 
 
 compound finely pointed teeth. Paii. rather lax, with rigid 
 branches. Pet. white. Fr.-sep. subpatent. 
 
 (iii.) Pan.-prk. crowded, partly falcate. Fr.-sep. patent 
 or subpatent. 
 
 R t lasioclados Foeke. St. and pan.-rach. very densely hairy. 
 L. whitish-felted beneath, with rather irregular incised teeth. 
 Term. It. oval or roundish. Pan. broad, very prickly. Pet. 
 white. 
 
 Var. angustifolim Kogers. Lts. remarkably long and 
 narrow, with very shallow teeth ; term, oblong-oval, long- 
 stalked. Pet. pink. 
 
 (R. Borceanus Genev.) See Group VIII., Egregii. 
 
 C. Groups VIII. to XIII. St. arcuate-prostrate or prostrate. 
 Armature mixed. Bas. Its. distinctly stalked (though 
 only briefly in some of the Egregii). 
 
 Group VIII. EGKRKGII. ' A group of transition forms ' (as 
 Dr. Focke says of his corresponding A denophori), with armature 
 very variable iu quantity and distribution, but usually less con- 
 spicuously mixed than in the succeeding groups. St. often 
 nearly prostrate and only rarely very hairy, unequally glandular. 
 Bas. Its. sometimes subsessile. N.B. Many of the species 
 placed in this group could no doubt be attached to other groups 
 without great difficulty; but it seems easier to keep the 
 limits of those groups clearly defined if we retain this as ' a 
 middle and collective group.' 
 
 1. Bas. Its. distinctly stalked even in summer. (A denophori 
 petiohdati Focke. ) 
 
 a. St. densely hairy, glaucous. About \ of pan. ultra- 
 axillary. 
 
 R. criniger Linton. L. chiefly 5-nate-pedate, greyish-green. 
 Term. It. ovate-acuminate, irregularly lobate-serrate. Pan. 
 narrowed above. (Subsp. of R. Gelertii Frider.) 
 
 b. St. moderately or rather considerably hairy. From 
 \ to nearly J of pan. ultra-axillary. 
 
 (i.) L. with wavy edge and compound teeth. St. with 
 scattered prklets. tubercles and stkd. gl. on faces. 
 
 R. adenanthus Boul. & Gill. St.-prk. strong, with a good 
 many prklets and stkd. gl. L. 3-5-nate-pedate, ashy-felted 
 beneath, with compound incised teeth. Pan. considerably 
 glandular. Sep. long, patent or ascending on fall of pet. 
 
 R. Borceanus Genev. L. 5-nate-pedate and 3-nate. Pan. 
 cylindrical, very weakly armed. Pet. and sty. dark red. Stain, 
 barely equalling sty. 
 
556 APPENDIX. 
 
 R. curvidens A. Ley. L. large, o-nate-digitate. Lts. with 
 nearly parallel sides and patent teeth. Pan. large, lax, with 
 many slender acic. and unequal stkd. gl. and usually several 
 simple 1. above. Stam. exceeding sty. (Subsp. of R. anglo- 
 saxonicus.} 
 
 R. vestitiformis subsp. nov. St. glaucous. Lts. roundish, 
 with greyish felt and shining hairs beneath. About pan. 
 ultra-axillary ; rach. densely villous. Stam. far exceeding sty. 
 (Subsp. of R. anglosaxoniciis.) 
 
 (ii.) L. with shallow even teeth. St. with few or no 
 stout-based prklets. Acic. and stkd. gl. variable. 
 
 (R. pulcherrimus Neum.) See Group III., Rhamnifolii. 
 
 R. cinerosus Rogers. Armature (st. and pan.) variable, 
 always considerably mixed and glandular. Term. It. roundi.sh- 
 obovate. Pan. rather broadly cylindrical, with patent 
 branches. 
 
 R. mucronatus Blox. Prk. very slender. Lt. thin, with 
 simple shallow teeth ; term, obovate-truncate-mucronate. Pan. 
 lax, usually racemose above, with long-pedicelled fl. and 
 crowded bristles and stkd. gl. 
 
 c. St. glabrous or subglabrous. 
 
 (i.) Pan. normally as in Sect. b. (i. e. from to nearly -| 
 ultra-axillary). 
 
 (1) L. pale-green and very softly hairy beneath. 
 nudicaulis var. nov. Stout. St. subglabrous. L. thick, 
 
 very softly hairy beneath, with compound teeth. Otherwise 
 hardly different from the typical plant as described by 
 Bloxam. 
 
 (2) L. normally grey-felted beneath, especially when 
 young. 
 
 a. Sep. reHexed in fl. and fr., sometimes only 
 
 loosely. 
 
 R. Gelertii Frider. Stout. Prk. long, subequal. Lts. large, 
 coarsely and irregularly toothed, long-pointed. Pan. very 
 composite, usually broad with rounded top. 
 
 /3. Sep. partly subpatent or even erect with 
 young fr. 
 
 R. raduloides Rogers. Prk. and acic. many, very unequal. 
 Lts. with incised, compound, finely pointed teeth j term, 
 broadly ovate -acuminate. Ultra- axillary pan.-top long, cy- 
 lindrical. (Subsp. of -R. anglosaxonieus.) 
 
 R. setulosus Rogers. Usually still more prickly and glandu- 
 lar than the last, the armature in extreme examples being quite 
 Koehlerian. Term. It. obovate-obtusangular. Pan. more leafy 
 e, laxer below. (Subsp. of R. anylosaxonicus.) 
 
APPENDIX. 557 
 
 (ii.) About J of pan. ultra-axillary. 
 
 R. anglosaxonicus Gelert. Prk. strong. Prklets many, 
 scattered. Lts. thick, greyish-felted beneath : term, oval, 
 parallel-sided, shortly pointed. Pan. with strongly ascending 
 few-flowered branches. 
 
 For subsp. curvidens, vestitiformis, raduloidcs and setulosus see 
 above. 
 
 R. melanoxyion Muell. & Wirtg. Armature partly strong, 
 but very variable. St. and pan.-rach. blackish-brown or dark 
 purplish-brown. Term. It. roundish-acuminate, with even 
 toothing. 
 
 2. Bas. Its. almost sessile in summer, with stalk becoming a 
 little longer in autumn. (Adenophori subcorylifolii Focke.) 
 
 a. St. usually subglabrous. Sep. patent or erect on fall ot 
 pet. (Often sub-Koehlerian in armature.) 
 
 R. infestus Weihe. St. high at first. Prk. mixed ; de- 
 clining, falcate and hooked. Lts. pale and often felted beneath ; 
 term, broadly ovate-acuminate. Pet. almost round. 
 
 Var. virgultorum A. Ley. St. lower. Armature mixed ; 
 but falcate and hooked prk. fewer. Lts. shorter, more nearly 
 round. Pan. broad. Sep. ultimately reflexed. (Between 
 R. infestus and R. Bcrreri.) 
 
 R. Leyanus Rogers. St. shining, pale. Prk. short, de- 
 clining. Lts. long-pointed, soft and often grey-felted beneath, 
 sharply evenly toothed. Pan. much narrowed in the ultra- 
 axillary top. (Subsp. of R. Drejeri. See below.) 
 6/St. hairy. 
 
 (i.) Sep. reflexed in fl. and fr. 
 
 JR. uncinatus P. J. Muell. Armature all slender. Lts. thin, 
 usually rather softly hairy in exposure, greyish-felted beneath. 
 Pan. narrow, cylindrical, very hairy, with prk. mostly falcate 
 or hooked. 
 
 (ii.) Fr.-sep. at first patent or erect. 
 
 R. Borreri Bell Salt. St. almost prostrate, yellowish-brown. 
 Prk. crowded. Acic. and stkd. gl. mostly small. Term. It. 
 obovate-cuspidate. Pan. with broad rounded top and many 
 unequal (chiefly sunken) stkd. gl. 
 
 Yar. dentatifolim Briggs. St. with fewer stkd. gl., furrowed. 
 Lts. nearly oval, with very long gradually-acuminate point. 
 
 R. Drejeri G. Jensen. St. fuscous, dull. L. 3-5-nate, 
 concolorous. Lts. shortly pointed, roundish-obovate, with 
 shallow rather irregular teeth, harsh beneath. Pan. long, lax, 
 narrow. Often sub-Koehlerian in armature. 
 
 (Subsp. Leyanus Rogers.) See above in Subsection a. 
 
 Subsp. hibernicus Rogers. Leaf-toothing loose, sinuate. 
 
558 APPENDIX. 
 
 Pan. very lax and glandular, slightly armed, much narrowed 
 above. Somewhat intermediate between R. Drejeri and 
 JR. Ley anus. 
 
 (R. podophyllus P. J. Muell.) See Group IX., Radulce. 
 
 Group IX. RADULA:. St. rough with crowded short sub- 
 equal acic. and stkd. gl. Large prk. subequal (usually equal 
 in typical R. radula) and nearly confined to angles. Inter- 
 mediate prk. absent. While thus strictly limited the members 
 of this group can hardly be confused with those of any other. 
 As in the three succeeding groups, all the pan.-branches except 
 the lowest are usually cymose or umbellate-racemose and not 
 simply racemose. Stkd. gl. and acic. on pan. unequal, mostly 
 short. 
 
 1. Stkd. gl. on pan.-rach. and peel, mostly sunken in the 
 patent hairs ; well-marked acic. usually few or none. Stkd. gl. 
 and acicular organs on st. crowded. 
 
 a. L. with ashy or greenish-grey felt beneath. 
 
 R. radula Weihe. Prk. rather few, very strong, all on the 
 angles, about equal. Faces of st. with very short subequal 
 mixed armature. Term. It. broadly ovate-acuminate. Pan. 
 pyramidal, with strong prk. 
 
 Subsp. anylicanus Rogers. Prk. weaker, many, more 
 scattered, only subequal. General armature showing rather 
 more range of variation. Term. It. narrow, obovate or oval, 
 finely toothed. Pan. cylindrical, with weak prk. 
 
 Subsp. echinatoides Rogers. St. glabrous. Prk. rather more 
 variable, occasionally hooked. Lts.all obovate, with compound 
 incised teeth, often greener and only hairy beneath. Pan. 
 much like that of R. radula. 
 
 Subsp. sertiflorus Muell. & Lefv. ? Prk. chiefly short, often 
 hooked. Lts. uniformly narrow, somewhat cuneate, with 
 shallow teeth, scon greenish beneath. Pan. rather narrow, 
 with hooked prk. and small fl. 
 
 R. echmatus Lindl. Prk. strong, nearly equal. Lts. thick, 
 incised-lobate, all greyish- felted beneath. Pan. very narrow, 
 with large fi. strongly refiexecl sep. and declining prk. 
 
 R. rudis Wh. & N. St. glabrous. Prk. many, short. 
 Glands very abundant, sessile and shortly stalked. L. large. 
 Pan. diffuse, with many slender-pedicelled small fl. 
 
 b. L. normally green and rather thinly hairy beneath (in 
 vars. Neivbouldii and Bioxamianus sometimes thinly felted). 
 
 R. oigocladus Muell. & Lefv. ? St. bluntly angled, dark, 
 glaucous, thinly hairy. Term. It. obovate-cuspidate, much 
 narrowed towards base. 
 
APPENDIX. 559 
 
 Var. Newbouldii (Bab.) ? St. furrowed, paler, not glaucous, 
 densely hairy. Term. It. shorter, roundish-obovate with long 
 point. 
 
 Var. Bloxamianus Colem. St. glabrous or nearly so, densely 
 glandular. Term. It. roundish-obovate with rather short 
 point. 
 
 R. regillus A. Ley. St. bluntly angled, pale, glaucous, hairy, 
 very leafy. Term. It. oblong, with long cuspidate point. 
 
 (It. radula, var. echinatoides Rogers.) See above, in 
 Subsection a. 
 
 2. Stkd. gl. and numerous acic. on pan.-rach. and ped., 
 though rarely long, usually far exceeding the close felt or very 
 short hairs. Stkd. gl. and acic. on st. more thinly and unequally 
 scattered, sometimes nearly absent. 
 
 R. podophyllus P. J. Muell. St. bluntly angled, dark, 
 usually subglabrous. Term. It. oval-oblong, with rather short 
 cuspidate point. Less distinctly Radulan than the other 
 species of the group. 
 
 (R. adenanthus Boul. & Gill.) See Group VIII., Eyrecjii. 
 (R. infecundus Rogers.) See Group XII., Koehleriani. 
 (R.fuscm Wh. & N.) See Group XL, Sub-Bellardiani. 
 
 Group X. SuB-KoEHLERiANi. Distinguished from the 
 true Radulce by the strong larger prk. being somewhat more 
 unequal and less strictly confined to the angles of the st., and 
 by the general armature of prklets, acic., etc., being also rather 
 less uniform in length and stoutness ; while they differ from 
 the true Koehleriani by the less graduated series of glandtipped 
 organs and the comparative rarity with which such organs 
 exceed the hairs on pan.-rachis and ped. 
 
 1. Glandtipped organs on pan.-rach. almost wholly sunken in 
 the patent hairs. 
 
 a. Fr.-sep. subpatent, at least for a time. Lts. thick. 
 
 (i.) Lts. with whitish felt beneath. Starn. long. 
 R. Griffithianus Rogers. St. and very unequal prk. deep 
 red. Term. It. roundish-obovate-acuminate. Pan. rather 
 narrow, lax, nearly cylindrical. 
 
 (ii.) Lts. usually softly hairy beneath. Stam. rather 
 short. 
 
 R. Babingtonii Bell Salt. St. and subequal prk. fuscous. 
 Term. It. oblong-oval-cuspidate. Pan. broad, cylindrical- 
 truncate, with patent branches and acicular prk. 
 
 R. Bloxamii Lees. St. and rather weak prk. purplish-red. 
 Teun. It. broadly obovate. Pan. broadly pyramidal, round- 
 
560 APPENDIX. 
 
 topped with long ascending lower branches. Sep. patent or 
 subpatent for a time, soon loosely reflexed. 
 
 (R. mutabiiis Genev.) See below in subsection b. 
 b. Fr.-sep. reflexed. Lts. rather thin. Stam. long. 
 
 (i.) Lts. thinly hairy beneath. 
 
 R. melanodermis Focke. St. and rather unequal prk. 
 blackish-purple. Lts. very plicate, green ; term, obovate- 
 truncate. Pan. narrow cylindrical. 
 
 R. Babingtonii Bell Salt., var. phyllothyrsus (Frider.). St. 
 fuscous. Term. It. obovate-acuminate. Pan. broad, with 
 strong falcate prk. and several simple 1. 
 
 (For typical R. Babingtonii see above in Subsection a.} 
 
 (ii.) Lts. softly hairy or with rather close felt beneath, 
 at least when young. 
 
 R. cavatifolius P. J. Muell. St. and rather unequal prk. 
 pale or reddish-brown. Lts. yellowish-green ; term, broadly 
 cordate-ovate-acuminate. Pan. nearly cylindrical, truncate. 
 
 R. tmitabilis Genev. Lts. very long and narrow, deeply 
 incised, with close pale felt beneath ; term, narrowed at both 
 ends. Pan. very large, nearly cylindrical. 
 
 (For subsp. nemorosus Genev. see below, in Section 2.) 
 
 2. Glandtipped organs on pan.-rach. more unequal, rather 
 frequently exceeding the short hairs or felt. 
 
 a. Fr.-sep. reflexed, with rather close felt. 
 
 R. Lejeunei Wh. & N. Lts. thin, light green ; term, 
 obovate-rhomboidal. Pan. loosely pyramidal, with slender 
 unequal armature. Pet. broad, bright pink. 
 
 Subsp. ericetorum (Lefv.). Stronger. Lts. with longer 
 point, grey-felted beneath. Pan. very long, pyramidal- 
 corymbose, more prickly and glandular. Pet. narrow, white or 
 pinkish. 
 
 b. Sep. rising on fall of pet. 
 
 R. mutabiiis Genev., subsp. nemorosus Genev. Lts. thick, 
 with subvelyety felt beneath ; term, cordate-ovate-acuminate. 
 Pan. pyramidal, interrupted. 
 
 (For typical R. mutabiiis see above, in Section 1.) 
 
 Group XI. SUB-BELLARDIANI. The larger prk. not so strong 
 as in Groups IX. and X. and rather more scattered and unequal. 
 St. often lees angular. Near the true Bellardiani, but usually 
 stouter with a less graduated series of prk. and other arms and 
 a greater tendency to compound branches in the lower half of 
 the pan. Several of the plants in Section II. of Bellardiani 
 however would hardly be out of place among the Sub-Bel- 
 lardiani* 
 
APPENDIX. 561 
 
 1. Hairs on st. and pan.-rach. dense and fairly long, usually 
 patent. L. mostly 5-nate. 
 
 . Sep. normally reflexed, though often partially patent 
 (or even erect) in fr. 
 
 R.fuseus Wh. & N. Prk. rather short, somewhat scattered. 
 Lts. coarsely toothed, softly hairy beneath ; term, rather broad 
 with long point. Pan. narrow, cylindrical, with sunken stkd. 
 gl. and acic. 
 
 Var. nutans Rogers. Prk. usually more unequal. Lts. more 
 deeply incised, with very attenuate point. Pan. very lax, sub- 
 racemose above, drooping. Fr.-sep. usually erect at first. 
 (This var. -would hardly be out of place in Section 2.) 
 
 Var. macrostachys (P. J. Muell.). Prk. longer. Lts. whitish- 
 felted beneath. P*an. conspicuously pyramidal, with divaricate 
 branches and blackish-purple villous rach. Stam. comparatively 
 short. 
 
 b. Fr.-sep. mostly erect. 
 
 Subsp. obscurus Kalt. Chief prk. hooked or nearly so. 
 Prklets acic. and stkd. gl. mostly very small. Lts. even-toothed. 
 Pan. long, with deep red pet. and short stain. 
 
 2. Hairs on st. abundant, rather short, loose or partly ap- 
 pressed. L. 5-nate or 3-4-nate. Sep. erect or patent on 
 unripe fr., often reflexed ultimately. 
 
 a. L. mostly 5-nate. 
 
 JR. pallidm Wh. & N. Prk. usually confined to angles, 
 mostly subequal. Lts. thin, very irregularly toothed, long and 
 rather narrow. Pan. straggling-pyramidal, with wavy rach. 
 slender ped. and mostly short blackish stkd. gl. 
 
 Var. nov. leptopetalus. St. most densely clothed with very 
 short acic. and stkd. gl. Lts. with somewhat glaucous tint 
 and sharply incised teeth. Pan. normally broad, with inter- 
 lacing branches. Pet small, very narrow. 
 
 b. L. 3-4-nate, rarely 5-nate. 
 
 R. scaber Wh. & N. St. roundish, glaucous, rough with 
 minute acic. Prk. small. Lts. with fine teeth and rather 
 short point. Pan. narrow, with short hair and mostly short 
 stkd. gl. 
 
 JR. thyrsiger Bab. Hairs on et. partly appressed. Lts. 
 coarsely irregularly toothed, obtusangular-obovate. Pan. long, 
 subracemose, with long-pedicelled fl. 
 
 3. Hairs on et. rather thinly scattered or nearly absent. L. 
 mainly 3-nate. 
 
 a. Sep. clasping young fr., mostly reflexed ultimately. 
 JR. Lintoni Focke. St. usually subglabrous. Prk. very 
 
562 APPENDIX. 
 
 slender. Lts. shining, with close fine teeth. Pan. cylindrical, 
 racemose-corymbose, with very unequal stkd. gl. 
 
 R. longithyrsiger Bab. Prk. short. Lts. with shallow even 
 teeth, obovate-cuspidate. Pan. pyramidal, racemose or sub- 
 racemose above ; ped. rigid, purplish with short stkd. gl. Carp, 
 pubescent-glabrescent. 
 
 botryeros var. nov. St. conspicuously glaucous. Prk. and 
 other arms more unequal. L. rather more frequently 4-5-nate. 
 Lts. truncate-mucronate, more narrowed towards base. Pan. 
 more composite, with larger fl. less rigid ped. and hairy carp. 
 b. Fr.-sep. normally reflexed throughout. 
 
 JR. foliosus Wh. & N. Prk. many weak subequal. Lts. 
 nearly uniform, usually broadest near middle. Pan. long and 
 narrow, with flexuous rach. and short few-flowered and often 
 fasciculate branches. 
 
 Group XII. KOEHLERIANI (Hystrices Focke). St. lo\v 
 arching or nearly prostrate or climbing, usually indistinctly 
 angled, with scattered prk. prklets acic. bristles and stkd. gl. of 
 varying form and length. Some prk. very strong and (like all 
 the arms) occasionally glandtipped. L. mostly 5-nate. Pan. 
 composite, sometimes subracemose above ; lowest brandies 
 racemose ; middle and often upper cymose or subumbellate, 
 3 to many-flowered ; rach. and ped. almost as variously armed 
 as st. Usually large strong plants, with more unequal and 
 varied armature than is found in any other group. Distinguished 
 from the Sub-Koehleriani by the greater range of variation in 
 the still, more scattered armature, the special abundance of 
 strong bristles passing into acic. and the greater number and 
 greater length of the glandtipped organs. 
 
 1. Prk. somewhat scattered, but chiefly on angles. Prk. and 
 acic. rarely glandtipped. Intermediate arms only fairly 
 many. 
 
 a. Prk. not very unequal, all of moderate length (except 
 occasionally in R. hostilis). Stkd. gl. on rach. rarely very 
 long. 
 
 R. rosaceus Wh. & N. St. roundish, pubescent or sub- 
 glabrous. Prk. rather short. L. chiefly 3-nate. Lts. broad, 
 hairy on nerves beneath ; lat. very gibbous. Pan. broad. Pet. 
 bright pink. 
 
 Var. hystrix (Wh. & N.). St. angular, more hairy, with 
 stronger more unequal armature. L. often 5-nate. Lts. 
 narrow, pubescent beneath. Pan. narrow. Sep. more erect. 
 Pet. pink or pinkish. 
 
 Var. infecundus Rogers. Armature nearly Radulan. L. 
 
APPENDIX. 563 
 
 often 5-nate. Lts. yellowish, very softly hairy beneath. Pan. 
 lax, pyramidal. Sep. rising early and clasping poor fr. 
 
 Subsp. Purchasianus Rogers/ St. roundish, densely hairy. 
 Prk. crowded, stout-based. L. mostly 5-nate-pedate. Lts. 
 narrow, strigose on both sides. Pan. nearly cylindrical. Sep. 
 shaggy, erect in fr. 
 
 Subsp. adornatus P. J. Muell. St. bluntly angled, pubescent, 
 glaucous. Prk. very strongly declining. L. chiefly 4-5-nate. 
 Term. It. narrowed very evenly to long point. Pan. very 
 narrow, wavy below. Sep. soon erect. 
 
 Subsp. Powellii Rogers. Slender. L. small. Lts. very 
 narrow, with long attenuate point and compound incised teeth. 
 Stkd. gl. very unequal ; other glandtipped organs usually 
 absent. Pan. very compound; lax, corymbose. Sep. strongly 
 reflexed in fl. and fr. 
 
 R. hostilis Muell. & Wirtg. St. bluntly angled. L. chiefly 
 5-nate, often large. Lts. narrow, with irregular partially com- 
 pound teeth and very long point. Pan. mostly short and 
 racemose above. Fr.-sep. attenuate, claspiug. 
 
 b. Prk. extremely unequal, some very long. Stkd. gl. on 
 racli. passing into glandtipped acic. 
 
 R. fusco-ater Weihe. Stout and very hairy. L. moderate. 
 Lts. typically roundish-ovate with sharp point, not deeply in- 
 cised. Armature very strong. Fr.-sep. erect or patent. 
 
 2. Prk. acic. bristles and intermediate organs of all kinds 
 very numerous, very unequal, indiscriminately scattered and 
 not unfrequently glandtipped. 
 
 a. Pet. white. 
 
 R. Koehleri Wh. & N. Armature remarkably unequal, 
 mostly slender, often glandtipped. Lt.-toothing rather coarse. 
 Pan. open, slightly narrowed above. Fr.-sep. reflexed. 
 
 Var. coynatus (N. E. Brown). Intermediate arms often less 
 numerous. Leaf-toothing almost lobate-sinuate. Pan. broad 
 and much branched. Fr.-sep. at first subpatent. 
 
 b. Pet. pink. 
 
 Subsp. dasyphyllus Rogers. Intermediate arms present in 
 very varying quantity. Lts. thick; teeth compound, partly 
 recurved. Pan. very narrow, interrupted. Fr.-sep. reflexed. 
 
 R. plinthostylus Genev. Armature rather sub-Koehlerian. 
 Lts. long, narrowed at both ends, very pale beneath. Pan. 
 large. Fr. small. Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed or subpatent. 
 
 R. Marshalli Focke <te Rogers. Hairy. Armature ex- 
 ceedingly dense and unequal, almost wholly patent. L. small. 
 Pan. very elongate, with very long lower branches. Sep. 
 subpatent in younglfr. 
 
564 APPENDIX. 
 
 Var. semiglaber Rogers. Subglabrous. Armature less uri- 
 formly patent and not quite so unequal. Pan. broader. Fl. 
 more showy. Fr.-sep. often clasping. 
 
 Group XIII. BELL AUDI ANI (GlanduIosiFocke). St. mostly 
 prostrate roundish often pruinose. Armature as scattered as in 
 Koehleriani and very varied but weaker, the prk. being usually 
 slender and in some instances almost reduced to acic. L. 3- 
 nate or 4-5-nate-pedate, green on both sides. Bas, Its. stalked. 
 Stip. filiform, rarely narrowly linear. Pan. mostly less com- 
 posite, occasionally reduced to a raceme. Stkd. gl. and gland- 
 tipped bristles on. pan. usually red or dark purple, mostly very 
 unequal, often considerably exceeding diameter of ped. and 
 hairs on rach. and ped. Usually rather small low-growing 
 plants, occurring chiefly in the woods and thickets of somewhat 
 hilly districts. Many of the sp. very ill-defined and variable. 
 For detailed account of the differences between this group and 
 the Koehleriani see Focke, Syn. JR. G. 355. 
 
 1. Stkd. gl. on pan. conspicuously unequal, often twice as 
 long as diameter of ped. Glaudtipped bristles often numerous. 
 a. Fr.-sep. normally erect or patent (sometimes loosely 
 reflexed in JR. Durotrigum}. 
 (i.) L. chiefly 5-nate. 
 
 It. viridis Kalt. Prk. and prklets fairly many, large-based. 
 Lts. softly hairy and subglabrescent beneath, with irregular 
 shallow teeth. Stam. far exceeding sty. Young carp, 
 pubescent. 
 
 R. Durotrigum R. P. Murr. Prk. very crowded, slender, 
 long-based. Lts. verv slightly hairy on veins beneath, with 
 deeply incised or lobate teeth. Stam. and sty. subequal. 
 Young carp, thinly hairy. 
 
 (ii.) L. chiefly or wholly 3-nate. 
 
 R. diveziramus P. J. Muell. L. mostly 3-nate. Lts. soft 
 with short hair beneath, with fine closely placed compound 
 teeth : lat. very gibbous. Stam. exceeding sty. Young carp, 
 somewhat pubescent. 
 
 JR. Bellardii Wh. & N. Prk. acicular, conical. L. 3-nate. 
 Lts. subequal, evenly toothed. Pan. short, racemose above, 
 with long thin ped. Stain, and sty. subequal. Young carp, 
 glabrous. 
 
 (R.flaccidifolius P. J. Muell.) See below under R. hirtus, 
 (iii.) L. 3-5-nate. 
 
 R. serpens Weihe. Prk. short. Lts. unequal, irregularly 
 toothed. Pan. narrow, racemose ; sometimes with long race- 
 mose branches below. Stam. hardly exceeding sty. Young 
 carp, glabrous. 
 
APPENDIX. 5 G6 
 
 It. hirtus W. & K. Prk. usually straight, setaceous. L. 
 rarely 4-5-nate. Lts. broad, coarsely toothed, very hairy on 
 veins heneath. Starr,, rather exceeding sty. Carp, hairy. 
 Densely glandular and bristly. 
 
 Var. rotundifolius Bab. Prk. and prklets mostly short, 
 stout-based. Lts. with shallow teeth, subglabrescent beneath. 
 Fed. long, divaricate. Stam. far exceeding sty. Carp, glabrous. 
 Very luxuriant ; with yellowish-brown tint. 
 
 b. Fr.-sep. reflexed or partly subpatent ; occasionally 
 erect. 
 
 Subsp. Kaltenbachii (Metsch.). Prk. strongly declining, 
 stout-based. Lts. narrow, irregularly toothed. Pan. elongate, 
 pyramidal, drooping. Stam. exceeding sty. Carp, glabrous. 
 
 Subsp. Jiaccidifolius (P. J. Muell.). L. chiefly or wholly 
 3-nate. Lts. subequal, thin, oval, long-pointed. Pan. narrow, 
 lax, wavy. Sep. strongly reflexed in fl. and fr. Stam. 
 unequal. 
 
 Subsp. rubiginosus (P. J. Muell.). St. and prk. stouter. Lts. 
 thick, with somewhat patent teeth. Pan. narrow, cylindrical. 
 Fr.-sep. loosely reflexed. Stain, usually exceeding sty. Carp. 
 glabrous. 
 
 R. horridicaulis P. J. Muell. St. stout. Prk. many, strong. 
 Lts. large, roundish-obovate-mucronate, with broad coarse 
 teeth. Pan. strongly armed and very glandular. See under 
 R. saxicolus. 
 
 2. Stkd. gl. on pan. almost without exception shorter than 
 diameter of ped. Glandtipped bristles few or none. (Near 
 Group XL) 
 
 a. Fr.-sep. chiefly patent. 
 
 R. acutifrons A. Ley. Prk. strongly declining or hooked. 
 It. 3-5-nate. Lts. thinly hairy beneath, with fine somewhat 
 lobate teeth. Pan. very lax, with aggregated ped. Stam. far 
 exceeding sty. Young carp, hairy. 
 
 R. saxicolus P. J. Muell. St. angular, subglabrous. L. 
 mostly 5-nate. Lts. with soft short hair beneath, somewhat 
 obovate with short point. Pan. long, with dense patent hair 
 and short glandtipped organs. 
 
 R. tereticaulis P. J. Muell. St. densely hairy and aciculate. 
 Prk. slender. Term. It. obovate-acuminate, rather narrow. 
 Stam. about equalling sty. Carp, glabrous. 
 
 b. Fr.-sep. reflexed in fl. and fr. 
 
 R. ochrodermis A. Ley. St. stout, very prickly, subglabrous, 
 ochreous. Term. It. roundish-obovate-mucronate. Stain. 
 
 exceeding sty. 
 
566 APPENDIX. 
 
 c. Sep. clasping and almost hiding fr. 
 
 R. velatus Lef v. St. with scattered silky hairs. Prk. stout- 
 based. Term. It. roundish-obovate-acuminate. Stain, exceeding 
 sty. Carp, pubescent. 
 
 I). (Group XIV.) St. low arching or trailing, pruinose. Prk. 
 scattered mostly acicular and straight. Bas. Its. sessile or 
 very nearly so. 
 
 Group XIV. C^ESII (Corylifolii Focke). St. roundish or 
 slightly angular, with many rooting branches. Intermediate 
 acic. and stkd. gl. few (except in some forms of R. dumetorum}, 
 sometimes absent. Lts. mostly broad ; bas. hardly stalked. 
 Stip. often rather broad. Pet. large roundish. Drupelets 
 usually rather few and large. Fl. early and late. See Focke, 
 Syn. R. G. 337. 
 
 1. L. 5-nate or 3-4-nate. Stip. linear-lanceolate or filiform 
 (rather broadly lanceolate, in R. Balfourianus). Drupelets 
 fairly many, rather large, mostly epruinose. 
 
 R. dumetorum Wh. & N. Sp. collect. St. and pan.-ra.ch. 
 with many unequal prk. acic. and glandtipped organs. Lts. 
 usually thick. Pan. mostly long, regular, compound, with 
 rach. usually very hairy. Fr.-sep. mostly erect or subpatent. 
 
 (For conspectus of R. dumetorum forms see below, at the 
 end of this table.) 
 
 R. corylifolius Sm. Sp. collect. Prk. subequal, irregularly 
 scattered. Glandtipped organs very few. Lts. moderately 
 thick. Pan. somewhat irregular, with few axillary branches 
 and whitish-felted rach. Fr.-sep. normally reflexed. 
 
 a. Var. sublustris Lees. St. round. Prk. subulate. L. 
 5-7-nate. Term. It. broadly ovate-acuminate incised-serrate 
 and (often) lobate. 
 
 b. Var. cyclophyllus (Lindeb.). St. bluntly angled. Prk. 
 rather short and stout. L. 5-nate. Term. It. roundish cuspi- 
 date-acuminate, not lobate. 
 
 R. Balfourianus Blox. Stkd. gl. mostly short, fairly many 
 though unequally scattered. Lts. usually thin, conspicuously 
 wrinkled above. Stip. rather broad. Pan. diffuse, with 
 straggling few-flowered branches. Fr.-sep. clasping. Fl. and 
 fr. large. 
 
 2. L. normally 3-nate. Stip. considerably broadened in 
 middle. Drupelets few, very large, conspicuously glaucous. 
 
 R. ccssius Linn. Prk. weak short subulate. Stkd. gl. and 
 acic. seldom many, sometimes absent. Lts. thin. Pan. lax, 
 few-flowered. Fr.-sep. clasping. Whole plant weak. 
 
APPENDIX. 567 
 
 CONSPECTUS OF J?. dumetorum FORMS. 
 
 I. Fr.-sep. partly erect. Stkd. gl. on pan. considerably 
 unequal, partly exceeding hairs. 
 
 (1) L. chiefly 5-nate. 
 
 a. Var. ferox Weihe. Prk. very crowded, mostly long 
 patent. Lts. somewhat roundish. Pan. rather compact, with 
 rounded top and straight rach. 
 
 c. Var. diversifolius (Lindl.). Prk. very unequal, ranging 
 from very strong ones to prklets and tubercles. Lts. chiefly 
 oval or obovate. Pan. long, leafy, with very narrow top and 
 very short subracemose branches. Strong. 
 
 e. Var. rubriflorus Purchas. St. slender, very glaucous. 
 Prk. small, chiefly on angles. Pan. straggling, with one or 
 more divaricate many-flowered branches. Pet. rather narrow, 
 purplish. Usually large weak bushes. 
 
 (2) L. chiefly 3-4-nate. 
 
 (i.) Acic. and stkd. gl. abundant. 
 
 b. Var. britannicus (Rogers). Prk. often crowded, usually 
 short weak and partly somewhat falcate. Lts. roundish. Pan. 
 much interrupted, with truncate top wavy rach. and lower 
 branches like small secondary pan. 
 
 d. Var. pilosus Wh. & N. St. and pan. -rach. considerably 
 hairy. Prk. many, rather weak. Pan. leafy nearly to top, 
 cylindrical, with long peduncled branches. 
 
 (ii.) Acic. and stkd. gl. comparatively few. 
 
 f. Var. tuberculatus (Bab.). St. stout. Prk. and prklets 
 very stout-based. Pan. open, cylindrical, with corymbose top. 
 Pet. rather deep pink. 
 
 y. Var. concinnus Warren. St. rather slender. Prk. broad- 
 based, mostly patent. L. rather small and neat. Pan. elongate, 
 with narrow subracemose top and long distant racemose lower 
 branches. Pet. rather small, pinkish. 
 
 II. Fr.-sep. reflexed. Stkd. gl. on pan. short, sunken, 
 
 h. Var. fasciculatus (P. J. Muell.). St. dark purple, with 
 thinly scattered prklets. L. mostly 5-nate. Lts. with large 
 incised compound teeth. Pan. narrow, with short stkd. gl. 
 sunken in patent hair. 
 
ALPHABETICAL TNDEX 
 
 THE ORDERS AND GENERA. 
 
 * # * The names in italics are svnonvmous. 
 
 Acanthus, 321. 
 Acer, 75. 
 Aceracea3, 75. 
 Aceras, 401. 
 Achillea, 207. 
 Achyrophorus, 225. 
 Acinos, 329. 
 Aconitum, 15. 
 Acorus, 434. 
 Acrostichum, 523. 
 Actaea, 15. 
 Actinocarpus, 413. 
 Adiantum, 531. 
 Adonis, 5. 
 Adoxa, 183. 
 ^Egopodium, 169. 
 ^thusa, 173. 
 Agraphis, 423. 
 Agrimonia, 109. 
 Agropyron, 511. 
 Agrostemma, 57. 
 Agrostis, 490. 
 Agrostis, 490. 
 Aira, 493. 
 Aira, 493, 496. 
 Airopsis, 494. 
 Ajuga, 336. 
 Albucea, 419. 
 Alchemilla, 109. 
 Alisma, 413. 
 Alisma, 413. 
 Alismaceae, 411. 
 Alliaria, 31. 
 Ailium, 420. 
 Allosorus, 521. 
 Alnus, 389. 
 Alopecurus, 486. 
 Alsine, 67. 
 Alsine, 60, 63. 
 Althaea, 70. 
 Alyssum, 33. 
 
 Amararithaceae, 349. 
 Amaranth us, 349. 
 Arnaryllidaceae, 410. 
 Ambrosiaceae, 270. 
 Amentiferae, 375. 
 Amesium, 530. 
 Ammi, 169. 
 Ammodenia, 60. 
 Ammophila, 489. 
 Anacamptis, 400. 
 Anacharis, 394. 
 Anacyclus, 209. 
 Anagallis, 343. 
 Anaphalis, 207. 
 Anchusa, 294. 
 Andromeda, 277- 
 Andros&miim, 72. 
 Anemagrostis, 490. 
 Anemone, 4. 
 Angelica, 175. 
 Antennaria, 207. 
 Anthemis, 208. 
 Anthericum, 418. 
 Anthoxanthum, 484. 
 Anthriscus, 178. 
 Anthyllis ; 97. 
 Antirrhinum, 307. 
 Apargia, 226. 
 Apera, 490. 
 Aphanes, 110. 
 Apinella, 169. 
 Apium, 167. 
 Apocynaceae, 283. 
 Aquitbliaceae, 282. 
 Aquilegia, 15. 
 Arabis, 28. 
 Arabis, 31. 
 Araceae, 433. 
 Aracium, 231. 
 Arbutus, 277. 
 Arbutus, 277. 
 
 Archangelica, 175. 
 Arctiurn, 216. 
 Arctostaphylos, 277- 
 Arenaria, 61. 
 Arenaria, 60. 
 Aristolochia, 366. 
 Aristolochiaceae, 366. 
 Armeria, 346. 
 Armoracia, 36. 
 Arnoseris, 224. 
 Arrhenatherum, 495. 
 Artemisia, 211. 
 Arthrolobium, 103. 
 Arum, 434. 
 Arundo, 489. 
 Asarum, 366. 
 Asparagaceae, 414. 
 Asparagus, 415. 
 Asperugo, 293. 
 Asperula, 185. 
 Aspidium, 524, 526. 
 Asplenium, 528. 
 Asplenium, 530. 
 Aster, 202. 
 Aster, 203. 
 Astragalus, 97. 
 Astragalus, 97. 
 Astrantia, 167. 
 Afhamanta, 174. 
 Athyrium, 528. 
 Athyrium, 523. 
 A triplex, 354. 
 Atriplex, 356. 
 Atropa, 299. 
 Avena, 494. 
 Avena, 494. 
 Azalea, 279. 
 Bceothryon, 451. 
 Bailota, 335. 
 Balsam inacese 79. 
 Barbarea, 27. 
 2 D 
 
570 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Barkhausia, 2SO. 
 Bartsia, 313. 
 Bartsia, 313,317. 
 Balracktttm, 5. 
 
 Bellis, 203. 
 
 Berberidaceae, 16. 
 
 Berberis, 16. 
 
 Berula, 170. 
 
 Beta, 353. 
 
 Betonica, 334. 
 
 Betula, 388. 
 
 Bidens, 215. 
 
 Blackstonia, 285. 
 
 Biechnum, 531. 
 
 Blysmus, 452. 
 
 Boraginacese, 291. 
 
 Borago, 294. 
 
 Boretta, 279. 
 
 Botrycbium, 533. 
 
 Brachypodium, 510. 
 Brassica, 32. 
 Breea, 222. 
 Briza, 503. 
 Bromus, 507. 
 Bromus, 509. 
 Bryanthus, 279. 
 Bryonia, 148. 
 Bucetum, 506. 
 Bunium, 169. 
 Bupleurum, 171. 
 Bursa, 39. 
 Butomus, 414. 
 Buxus, 367. 
 Cakile, 40. 
 Calamagrostis, 489. 
 
 Calamintha, 328. 
 Callitrichaceae, 371. 
 Callitriche, 371, 
 Calluna, 277. 
 Caltha, 13. 
 Calyciflorge, 82. 
 Calystegia, 20. 
 Camelina, 36. 
 Cammarum, 14. 
 Campanula, 272. 
 Campanula, 274. 
 Campanulacese, 270. 
 Cannabinacese, 374. 
 Capnoides, 20. 
 Caprifoliaceae, 182. 
 
 Capriola, 483. 
 Capsella, 39. 
 Cardamine, 29. 
 Cardamine, 30. 
 Carduus, 221. 
 Carduus, 224. 
 Carex, 454. 
 Cariina, 216. 
 Carpinus, 390. 
 Carum, 169. 
 C'arum, 168. 
 Caryophyllaceae, 50. 
 Castalia, 17. 
 Castanea, 389. 
 Catabrosa, 503. 
 Caucalis, 177. 
 Caucalis, 178. 
 Celastracea?, 82. 
 Centaurea, 218. 
 Centunculus, 344. 
 Cephalanthera, 406. 
 Ceratium, 64. 
 Cerastium, 64. 
 Cerasus, 107. 
 Ceratophyllacese, 371. 
 Ceratopbyllum, 371. 
 Cervicina, 274. 
 Ceterach, 530. 
 Cha3rophylluin, 178. 
 Chamagrostis, 484. 
 Cbara, 540. 
 Cbaraceae, 537. 
 Cbeiranthus, 26. 
 Chelidonium, 20. 
 Cbenopodiacea;, 349. 
 Cbenopodiuiu, 351. 
 Cberleria, 61. 
 Chlara, 285. 
 Chrysanthemum, 210. 
 Chrysocoma, 203. 
 Chrysosplenium, 159. 
 Cicendia, 287. 
 Cichorium, 225. 
 Cicuta, 167. 
 Cineraria, 214. 
 Circaea, 146. 
 Cirsium, 221. 
 Cistaceae, 41. 
 Cistus, 42. 
 Cladium, 448. 
 
 Claytonia, 149. 
 Clematis, 3. 
 Clinopodium, 328. 
 Cnicus, 221. 
 Cochlearia, 35. 
 Cochlearia, 36. 
 Coeloglossum, 402. 
 Colchicum, 423. 
 Comaruni, 112. 
 Compositae, 194. 
 Conilera3, 390. 
 Conium, 179. 
 Conopodium, 169. 
 Conringia, 31. 
 Convallaria, 415. 
 Convallaria, 416. 
 Convolvulaceae, 289. 
 Convolvulus, 289. 
 Conyza, 204. 
 Corallorhiza, 407. 
 Coriandrum, 180. 
 Cornacese, 181. 
 Corn us, 181. 
 Corolliflora?, 182. 
 Coronopus, 39. 
 Corrigiola, 150. 
 Corydalis, 20. 
 Corylue, 390. 
 Corynephorus, 493. 
 Cotoneaster, 139. 
 Cotula,211. 
 Cotyledon, 154. 
 Cracca, 98. 
 Crambe, 40. 
 CrassulaceaB, 151. 
 Crataegus, 139. 
 Crepis, 230., 
 Crithmum, 174. 
 Crocus, 410. 
 Cruciferae, 22. 
 Cryptogameas, 515. 
 Cryptogramme, 521. 
 Cucubalus, 54. 
 Cucurbitaceaa, 148. 
 Cuscuta, 290. 
 Cyathea, 527. 
 Cyclamen, 342. 
 Cynodon, 483. 
 Cynoglossum, 293. 
 Cynosurus, 504. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 571 
 
 Cyperaceae, 446. 
 Cjperus, 447. 
 Cypripediurn, 407. 
 Cystea, 527. 
 Cystopteris, 527. 
 Cytisiis, 87. 
 Dabeocia, 279. 
 Dactylis, 504. 
 Damasonium, 413. 
 Daphne, 364. 
 Datura, 300. 
 Daucus, 176. 
 Delphinium, 15. 
 Dentaria, 30. 
 Deschampsia, 493. 
 Dcyeuxia, 489. 
 Dianthus, 52. 
 Dicotyledones, 1. 
 Dictyogenae, 392. 
 Digitalis, 307. 
 Digitaria, 482. 
 Dioscoreaceae, 393. 
 Diotis, 210. 
 Diplotaxis, 33. 
 Dipsacaceas, 192. 
 Dipsacus, 192. 
 Doronicum, 212. 
 Draba, 34. 
 Drosera, 47. 
 Droseraceae, 46. 
 Dryas, 132. 
 Dryoptsris, 523. 
 Echinochloa, 482. 
 Echinophora, 179. 
 Echium, 295. 
 Ekeagnaceas, 364. 
 Elatinaceae, 49. 
 Elatine, 50. 
 Eleocharis, 449. 
 Eleogiton, 452. 
 Elisma, 413. 
 Etodea, 395. 
 Elodes, 75. 
 Elymus, 512. 
 Elymus, 513. 
 Ernpetraceae, 366. 
 Empetrum, 367. 
 Endymion, 423. 
 Epilobium, 143. 
 Epi medium, 16. 
 
 Epipactis, 405. 
 Epipogum, 406. 
 Equisetaceae, 515. 
 Equisetum, 515. 
 Eranthis, 14. 
 Erica, 278. 
 Ericaceae, 274. 
 Erigerou, 202. 
 Erin us, 307. 
 Eriocaulacese, 431. 
 Eriocaulon, 431. 
 Eriophorum, 453. 
 Erodium, 79. 
 Erophila, 35. 
 Ervum, 98. 
 Eryngium, 167. 
 Erysimum, 31. 
 Erythraea, 285. 
 Eufragia, 313. 
 Euonymus, 82. 
 Eupatoriura, 201. 
 Euphorbia, 367. 
 Euphorbiaceae, 337. 
 Euphrasia, 313. 
 Exacum, 287. 
 Fagopyrum, 364. 
 Fagus, 389. 
 Fogies, 389. 
 Falcaria, 169. 
 Falcatitla, 95. 
 Festuca, 504. 
 Festiica, 503. 
 Filago, 205. 
 Filices, 518. 
 Florid*, 393. 
 Freniculum, 173. 
 Fragaria, 113. 
 Frankenia, 48. 
 Frankeuiaceae, 47. 
 Fraxinus, 283. 
 Fritillaria, 418. 
 Fumaria, 21. 
 Fumariaceas, 20. 
 Gagea, 419. 
 Galanthus, 411. 
 Galeobdzlon, 332. 
 G-aleopsis, 332. 
 Galinsoga, 216. 
 Galium, 186. 
 Gastridium, 492. 
 
 Genista, 87. 
 Gentiana, 287. 
 Gentianaceae, 28 i. 
 Geraniace*, 75. 
 Geranium, 76. 
 Geurn, 132. 
 Gladiolus, 409. 
 Glaucium, 19. 
 Glaux, 343. 
 Glechoma, 330. 
 Glumiferae, 446. 
 Glyceria, 500. 
 Grlyceria, 501. 
 Gnaphalium, 206. 
 G-tiaphalium, 205, 207. 
 Goodyera, 403. 
 Gramineae, 475. 
 Gymnadenia, 401. 
 Gymnogramme, 531. 
 Gymnospermae, 390. 
 Gypsoccdlis, 279. 
 Habenaria, 402. 
 Habenaria, 401. 
 Halianthu$, 60. 
 Haloragaceas, 147. 
 Haloscias, 174. 
 Hedera, 181. 
 Hederaceae, 180. 
 Heliantheoium, 42. 
 Heileborus, 14. 
 Helminthia, 227. 
 Helosciadium, 168. 
 Jleracleum, 176. 
 Herminium, 403. 
 Herniaria, 150. 
 Hesperis, 30. 
 Hieracium, 232. 
 Hieracium, 231. 
 Hierochloe, 485. 
 Himantoglossum, 400. 
 Hippocrepis, 103. 
 Hippophae, 364. 
 Hipparis, 148. 
 Holcus, 492. 
 Holcus, 495. 
 Holoecha&us, 452. 
 Holosteum, 62. 
 Homalocenchrus, 488. 
 Honkeneja, 60. 
 Hordeum, 513. 
 
572 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hottonia, 340. 
 Humulus, 374. 
 Hutchinsia, 37. 
 Hydrocharidaceae,394. 
 Hydrocharis, 394. 
 Hydrocotyle, 166. 
 Hymenophyllum, 532. 
 Hyoscyamus, 300. 
 Hypericaceae, 72. 
 Hypericum, 72. 
 Hypochceris, 225. 
 Hypopitys, 282. 
 Iberis. 37. 
 Ilex, 282. 
 Illecebruin, 151. 
 Impatiens, 80. 
 Inula, 203. 
 ImOa, 204. 
 Iridacese, 407. 
 Iris, 408. 
 Isatis, 40. 
 Isnardia, 146. 
 Isoetes, 535. 
 Isolepis, 452. 
 Jasione, 272. 
 Juncaceae, 424. 
 Juneoides, 429. 
 Juncus, 424. 
 Juniperus, 391. 
 Ken tran thus, 190. 
 Knappia, 484. 
 Knautia, 193. 
 JCobresia, 454. 
 Koeleria, 496. 
 Labiatse, 321. 
 Lactuca, 227. 
 Lactuca, 229. 
 Lagurus, 491. 
 Lamium, 331. 
 Lamprothamnus, 540. 
 Lapsana, 224. 
 Lastrea, 523. 
 Lathreea, 303. 
 Lathy PUS, 101. 
 Lavatera, 71. 
 Ledura, 280. 
 Leersia, 488. 
 Leguminosae, 83. 
 Lemna, 435. 
 Lemnaceae, 435. 
 
 Lentibulariaceae, 337. 
 Leontodon, 226. 
 Leojitodon, 225, 228. 
 Leonurus, 332. 
 Lepidiura, 38. 
 Lepidotis, 535. 
 Lepigonum, 67. 
 Lepturus, 513. 
 Lerchia, 351. 
 Leucojum, 411. 
 Ligusticum, 174. 
 Ligustrum, 283. 
 Liliaceoe, 416. 
 Liliuin, 418. 
 Limnanthemum, 288. 
 Liuionium, 345. 
 Limosella, 310. 
 Linaceae, 81. 
 Linaria, 308. 
 Linnaea, 185. 
 Linosyris, 203. 
 Linuin, 81. 
 Liparis, 407. 
 Listera, 404. 
 Lithospertnum, 296. 
 Littorella, 349. 
 Lloydia, 418. 
 Lobelia, 271. 
 Loiseleuria, 279. 
 Lolium, 513. 
 Lomaria, 531. 
 Lonicera, 184. 
 Loranthacese, 182. 
 Lotus, 96. 
 Ludwigia, 146. 
 Lupin us, 88. 
 Luzula, 429. 
 Lychnis, 56. 
 Lychnothamnus, 540. 
 Lycium, 300. 
 Lycopodiaceae, 534. 
 Lycopodium, 535. 
 Lycopsis, 294. 
 Lycopus, 326. 
 Lysimachia, 342. 
 Lythraceaa, 141. 
 Lythrum, 142. 
 Maianthemum, 416. 
 Malachium, 64. 
 Malaxis, 407. 
 
 Malaxis, 407. 
 Malcolmia, 30. 
 Malva, 69. 
 Malvaceae, 69. 
 Mariana, 224. 
 Marrubium, 335. 
 Marsiliacea?, 534. 
 Maruta, 209. 
 Matricaria, 209. 
 Matthiola, 26. 
 Meconopsis, 19. 
 Medicago, 89. 
 Melampyrurn, 311. 
 Melanthacea?, 423. 
 Melica, 496. 
 Melilotus, 90. 
 Melissa, 329. 
 Melittis, 330. 
 Mentha, 324. 
 Menyanthes, 288. 
 Menziesia, 279. 
 Mercurialis, 370. 
 Mertensia, 295. 
 Mespilus, 140. 
 Meum, 174. 
 Mibora, 484. 
 Microcala, 287. 
 Milium, 488. 
 Mimulus, 312. 
 Minuartia, 60. 
 Moenchia, 67. 
 Molinia, 496. 
 Moneses, 282. 
 Monochlarnydeae, 349. 
 Monocotyledones,392. 
 Monotropa, 282. 
 Montia, 149. 
 Mulgedium, 229. 
 Muscari, 423. 
 Myosotis, 296. 
 Myosurus, 5. 
 Myrica, 388. 
 Myriophyllum, 147. 
 Myrrhis, 179. 
 Naiadaceae, 444. 
 Naias, 445. 
 Narcissus, 410. 
 Nardus, 488. 
 Nartheciuiu, 424. 
 Nasturtium, 26, 36. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Neckeria, 20. 
 Neotinea, 401. 
 Neottia, 404. 
 Nepeta, 330. 
 Nephrodium, 526. 
 Nitella, 537. 
 Notolepum, 530. 
 Nuphar, 17. 
 Nymphsea, 17. 
 Nymphagaceae, 16. 
 Obione, 356. 
 Odontites, 317. 
 CEuanthe, 171. 
 CEnothera, 146. 
 Oleaceaa, 283. 
 Onagracese, 143. 
 Onobrychis, 104. 
 Ononis, 88. 
 Onopordum, 220. 
 Ophioglossacese, 533. 
 Ophioglossum, 533. 
 Ophrys, 402. 
 Oporinia, 226. 
 Orchidaceae, 395. 
 Orchis, 398. 
 Orchis, 402. 
 Origanum, 327. 
 Ornithogaluio, 418. 
 Ornithogalum, 419. 
 Ornithopu3, 103. 
 Orobanchaeeae, 300. 
 Orobanche, 301. 
 Orobus, 103. 
 Orobus, 99. 
 Osmunda, 532. 
 Oxalidaceae, 80. 
 Oxalis, 80. 
 Oxy coccus, 281. 
 Oxyria, 360. 
 Oxytropis, 97. 
 Pasonia, 15. 
 Panicum, 482, 483. 
 Papaver, 18. 
 Papaveraceae, 17. 
 Parietaria, 373. 
 Paris, 393. 
 Parnassia, 160. 
 Paronyclriaceae, 149. 
 Pastinaca, 176. 
 Pedicularis, 312. 
 
 Peplis, 142. 
 Peramium, 403. 
 Per isty lus, 401, 402. 
 Petasites, 201. 
 Petroselinum, 168. 
 Peucedanurn, 175. 
 Peiicedanum, 176. 
 Phalaris, 484. 
 Phegopteris, 522. 
 Phelipeea, 303. 
 PheUandrium, 173. 
 Phleurn, 485. 
 Phragmites, 489. 
 Phyllitis, 530. 
 Phyllodoce, 279. 
 Physospermum, 180. 
 Phyteuma, 272. 
 Picris, 227. 
 Pier-is, 227. 
 Pilularia, 534. 
 Pimpinella, 170. 
 Pimpinella, 169. 
 Pinguicula, 337. 
 Piuus, 392. 
 Pisum, 102. 
 Plananthus, 536. 
 Plantaginaceaa, 347. 
 Plantago, 347. 
 Platanthera, 402. 
 PlumbaginaceaB, 344. 
 Pneumaria, 295. 
 Poa, 497. 
 
 Polemoniaceae, 289. 
 Polemoniuin, 289. 
 Polycarpon, 67. 
 Polygala, 48. 
 Polygalaceae, 48. 
 Polygonaceae, 356. 
 Polygonatum, 415. 
 Polygonum, 360. 
 Polygonum, 364. 
 Polypodium, 521. 
 Polypogon, 492. 
 Polysticbum^ 526. 
 Populus, 387. 
 Porrum, 420. 
 Portulaceae, 148. 
 Potamogeton, 436. 
 Potamogetonaceae, 
 436. 
 
 Potentilla, 111. 
 Potentilla, 110, 112. 
 Poterium, 109. 
 Prenanthes, 228. 
 Primula, 341. 
 Primulaceae, 339. 
 Prunella, 330. 
 Prunus, 107. 
 Psamma, 489. 
 Pteris, 531. 
 Pubilaria, 422. 
 Pulegium, 326. 
 Pulicaria, 204. 
 Pulmonaria, 295. 
 Pyrethrum, 209. 
 Pyrola, 281. 
 Pyrola, 282. 
 Pyrus, 140. 
 Quercus, 389. 
 Badicula, 26. 
 Eadicula, 36. 
 Eadiola, 82. 
 Ranunculaceae, 1. 
 Ranunculus, 5. 
 Raphanus, 40. 
 Reseda, 41. 
 Resedaceae, 41. 
 Rhamnaceae, 8'J. 
 Rhamaus, 83. 
 Rhinanthus, 312. 
 Rhodiola, 15^. 
 Ribes, 154. 
 Ribesiaceaa, 154. 
 Robertsonia, ],06. 
 Roerneria, 19. 
 Romulea, 401). 
 Rorippa, 26. 
 Rosa, 133. 
 Rosaceae, 104. 
 Rottboellia, 513. 
 Rubia, 189. 
 Rubiaceas, 185. 
 Rubus, 113,545. 
 Rumex, 357. 
 Ruppia, 444. 
 Ruscus, 416. 
 Rynchospora, 448. 
 Sagina, 57. 
 Sagittaria, 413. 
 Salicornia, 354. 
 2D 3 
 
574 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Salix, 376. 
 
 Simetkis, 422. 
 
 Tbalamiflorae, 1. 
 
 Salsola, 351. 
 
 Sinapis, 32. 
 
 Tbalictrura, 3. 
 
 Salvia, 326. 
 
 Sinapis, 33. 
 
 Tbesium, 365. 
 
 Sarnbucus, 183. 
 
 Sison, 168. 
 
 Tblaspi, 36. 
 
 Samolus, 344. 
 
 Sison, 168. 
 
 Thlaspi, 39. 
 
 Sanguisorba, 108. 
 
 Sisyinbrium, 30. 
 
 Thrincia, 225. 
 
 Sanicula, 166. 
 
 Sisymbrium, 31. 
 
 Tbymelacese, 364. 
 
 Santalaceae, 365. 
 
 Sisyrinchium, 408. 
 
 Thymus, 327. 
 
 Saponaria, 54. 
 
 Slum, 170. 
 
 Thymus, 329. 
 
 Sarothamnus, 87. 
 
 Sfnilacina, 416. 
 
 Tilia, 71. 
 
 Saussurea, 216. 
 
 Smyrniuin, 180. 
 
 Tiliaceai, 71. 
 
 Saxifraga, 156. 
 
 Solanaceee, 298. 
 
 Tillaea. 151. 
 
 Saxifragaceoe, 155. 
 
 Solatium, 299. 
 
 Tofieldia, 424. 
 
 Scabiosa, 193. 
 
 Solidago, 203. 
 
 Toli/pella, 539. 
 
 Scandix, 178. 
 
 Sonchus, 229. 
 
 Tordyliuin, 176. 
 
 Schedonorus, 506. 
 
 Sonchus, 229. 
 
 Torilis, 177. 
 
 Scheucbzeria, 414. 
 
 Sorbus, 140. 
 
 Tormentilla, 112. 
 
 Schcberia, 351. 
 
 Sparganium, 432. 
 
 Tragopogon, 226. 
 
 Scboenus, 448. 
 
 Spartina, 483. 
 
 Tricbouaanes, 532. 
 
 Scilla, 419. 
 
 Spartium, 87. 
 
 Trickonema, 409. 
 
 Sctila, 423. 
 
 Spatularia, 156. 
 
 Trientalis, 343. 
 
 Scirpus, 449. 
 
 Specularia, 274. 
 
 Trifolium, 91. 
 
 Scirpus, 453. 
 
 Spergella, 59. 
 
 Triglocbin, 414. 
 
 Sclerantbus, 68. 
 
 Spergula, 68. 
 
 Trigouella, 95. 
 
 Sclerocbloa, 501. 
 
 Spergula, 59. 
 
 Trilliacese, 392. 
 
 Scolopendrium, 530. 
 
 Spergularia, 67. 
 
 Trinia, 169. 
 
 Seropbularia, 309. 
 
 Spiraea, 108. 
 
 Triodia, 496. 
 
 Scropbulariacese, 304. 
 
 Spirantbes, 404. 
 
 Trisetum, 494. 
 
 Scutellaria, 329. 
 
 Spirodela, 435. 
 
 Triticum, 511. 
 
 Sedum, 152. 
 
 Stacbys, 333. 
 
 Triticum, 503. 
 
 Selaginella, 537. 
 
 Statice, 346. 
 
 Trollius, 14. 
 
 Selinum, 175. 
 
 Statice, 345. 
 
 Tulipa, 418. 
 
 Selinum, 175. 
 
 Stellaria, 62. 
 
 Turffenia, 177. 
 
 Sempervivum, 154. 
 
 Stellarw, 64, 67. 
 
 Turritis, 29. 
 
 Senebiera, 39. 
 
 Stipa, 488. 
 
 Tussilago, 201. 
 
 Senecio, 212. 
 
 Stratiotes. 394. 
 
 Tussilago, 201. 
 
 Serrafalcus, 508. 
 
 Sturmia, 407, 484. 
 
 Typba,'432. 
 
 Serratula, 218. 
 
 Suada, 351. 
 
 Typhacese, 432. 
 
 Serratula, 216. 
 
 Subularia, 39. 
 
 Ulex, 86. 
 
 Seseli, 174. 
 
 Sympboricarpos, 185. 
 
 Ulmacese, 374. 
 
 Sesleria. 487. 
 
 Sympbytum, 294. 
 
 TJlmus, 374. 
 
 Setaria/483. 
 
 Tamariscacese, 142. 
 
 Umbelliferje, 160. 
 
 Sherardia, 185. 
 
 Tamarix, 143. 
 
 Urtica, 373. 
 
 Sibbaldia, 110. 
 
 Tamus, 393. 
 
 Urticaceae, 373. 
 
 Sibthorpia, 317. 
 
 Tanacetum, 212. 
 
 Utricularia, 338. 
 
 Sieglingia, 496. 
 
 Taraxacum, 228. 
 
 Vaccinium, 280. 
 
 Silaus, 174. 
 
 Taxus, 391. 
 
 Valeriana, 190. 
 
 Silene, 54. 
 
 Teesdalia, 37. 
 
 Valeriana, 190. 
 
 Siler. 176. 
 
 Telmatophace, 435. 
 
 Yalerianaceae, 190. 
 
 Silybum, 224. 
 
 Teucrium, 335. 
 
 Valerianella, 191. 
 
INDEX. 575 
 
 Verbiscum, 306. Vinca, 284. Weingaertneria, 493. 
 
 Verbena, 337. Viola, 43. Wolffia, 436. 
 
 Verbenaceae, 337. Violacese, 43. Woodsia, 523. 
 
 Veronica, 317. Viscum, 182. Xanthium, 270. 
 
 Viburnum, 184. Volvulus, 290. Zannichellia, 444. 
 
 Vieia, 98. Vulpia, 504. Zostera, 445. 
 
 Villarsia, 288. WaMeribergia, 274. 
 
INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 POPULAK ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 Abele, 387. 
 Aconite, 14. 
 Adder's-tongue, 533. 
 Agrimony, 109. 
 Alder, 389. 
 Alexanders, 180. 
 Alkanet, 294. 
 Allgood, 353. 
 Allseed, 82. 
 Alsike Clover, 94. 
 Anemone, 4. 
 Archangel, 332. 
 Arrow-grass, 414. 
 Arrow-head, 413. 
 Asarabacca, 366. 
 Ash, 283. 
 Aspen, 387. 
 Asphodel. 424. 
 Airens, 132. 
 Awl-wort, 39. 
 Bald-money, 174. 
 Balm, 329. 
 Balm, bastard, 330. 
 Balsam, 80. 
 Bane-berry, 15. 
 Barberry, 16. 
 Barley, 513. 
 Barren Strawberry, 
 
 112. 
 
 Barrenwort, 16. 
 Basil, 329. 
 Bastard Pimpernel, 
 
 344. 
 
 Bear's-foot, 14. 
 Bed-straw, 186. 
 Beech, 389. 
 Beet, 353. 
 
 Bell flower, 272, 274. 
 Bent, 489, 490. 
 Betony, 334. 
 
 Bilberry, 280. 
 Bindweed, 289. 
 Birch, 388. 
 Bird-Cherry, 107. 
 Bird's-foot, 103. 
 Bird's-foot Trefoil, 
 
 96. 
 
 Bird's-nest, 404. 
 Bird's-nest, yellow, 
 
 282. 
 
 Birthwort, 366. 
 Bitter-Cress, 29. 
 Bitter-sweet, 299. 
 Black Alder, 83. 
 Black Bindweed, 363. 
 Black Bryony, 393. 
 Black grass, 487. 
 Black Saltwort, 343. 
 Blackthorn, 107. 
 Bladder Campion, 55. 
 Bladder-fern, 527. 
 Bladderwort, 338. 
 Blinks, 149. 
 Blue-bell, 423. 
 Bluebottle, 219. 
 Bog-Asphodel, 424. 
 Bog-Myrtle, 388. 
 Bog- rush, 448. 
 Borage, 294. 
 Box, 367. 
 Bracken, 531. 
 Brakes, 531. 
 Bramble, 113. 
 Brandy-bottle, 17. 
 Brooklime, 318. 
 Brook-weed, 344. 
 Broom, 87. 
 Broom -rape, 301. 
 Bryony, black, 393. 
 Bryony, red, 148. 
 
 Buckbean, 288. 
 Buckthorn, 83. 
 Buck-wheat, 364. 
 Bugle, 336. 
 Bugloss, 294. 
 Bugloss, Viper's, 295. 
 Bullace, 107. 
 Bulrush, 451. 
 Burdock, 216. 
 Burnet, 108, 109. 
 Bur net-Saxifrage, 170. 
 Bur-reed, 432. 
 Butcher's Broom, 4 16. 
 Butterbur, 201. 
 Butterwort, 337. 
 Cabbage, 32. 
 Calamint, 328. 
 Campion, 56. 
 Canary-grass, 484. 
 Candytuft, 37. 
 Caper-Spurge, 370. 
 Caraway, 169. 
 Carrot, 176. 
 Catchfly, 54. 
 Cat-Mint, 330. 
 Cat's-ear, 225. 
 Cat's-foot, 207. 
 Cat's-tail grass, 485. 
 Celandine, 20. 
 Celery, 168. 
 Centaury, 285. 
 Chamomile, 208, 210. 
 Charlock, 33. 
 Charlock, jointed, 40. 
 Cherry, 107. 
 Chervil, 178. 
 Chestnut, 389. 
 Chickweed, 62. 
 Chickweed, great, 64. 
 Chicory, 225. 
 
04 i 
 
 Chives, 422. 
 Cicely, 179. 
 Cinque-foil, 111, 112. 
 Clary, 327. 
 Cleavers, 187. 
 Cloudberry, 131. 
 Clover, 91. 
 Club-moss, 535. 
 Club-rush, 449. 
 Cock's-foot grass, 
 
 504. 
 
 Cock's-head, 104. 
 Coltsfoot, 201. 
 Columbine, 15. 
 Comfrey, 294. 
 Coralwort, 30. 
 Coriander, 180. 
 Corn-Cockle, 57. 
 Corn-Marigold, 210. 
 Corn Eose, 18. 
 Corn-salad, 191. 
 Cotton-grass, 453. 
 Cotton Thistle, 220. 
 Cotton-weed, 210. 
 Couch-grass, 511. 
 Cowbane, 167. 
 Cowberry, 280. 
 Cow-parsnep, 176. 
 Cowslip, 341. 
 Cow- wheat, 311. 
 Crab -tree, 140. 
 Cranberry, 280, 281. 
 Crane's bill, 76. 
 Crested Hair-grass, 
 
 496. 
 
 Crosswort, 186. 
 Crowberry, 367. 
 Crowfoot, 5, 10, 12, 
 
 13.. 
 
 Cuckoo-pint, 434. 
 Cudweed, 205. 
 Currant, 155. 
 Cushion-pink, 56. 
 Cut-grass, 488. 
 Daffodil, 411. 
 Daisy, 203. 
 Dames' Violet, 30. 
 Dandelion, 228. 
 Danewort, 182. 
 Darnel, 514. 
 Dead-nettle, 331. 
 
 Deadly Nightshade, 
 299 
 
 Devil's-bit, 193. 
 
 Dewberry, 130. 
 
 Dittander, 39. 
 
 Dock, 357. 
 
 Dodder, 290. 
 
 Dog's-tail grass, 504. 
 
 Doe-wood, 181. 
 
 Dove's-foot, 78. 
 
 Dropwort, 108. 
 
 Duckweed, 435. 
 
 Dutch Clover, 94. 
 
 Dwale, 299. 
 
 Dyer's-weed, 87. 
 
 Elder, 182. 
 
 Elecampane, 204. 
 
 Elm, 374. 
 
 Enchanter's Night- 
 shade, 147. 
 
 Eryngo, 167. 
 
 Evening Primrose, 
 146. 
 
 Eye-bright, 313. 
 
 Fat Hen, 352. 
 
 Feather-grass, 488. 
 
 Felwort, 287. 
 
 Fennel, 173. 
 
 Fern, Bladder, 527. 
 
 Fern, Holly, 526. 
 
 Fern, Lady, 528. 
 
 Fern, Male, 524. 
 
 Fern, Marsh, 524. 
 
 Fern, Mountain, 524. 
 
 Fescue -grass, 504. 
 
 Feverfew, 209. 
 
 Figwort, 309. 
 
 Filmy Fern, 532. 
 
 Fiorin-grass, 491. 
 
 Fir, 392. 
 
 Flag, 408. 
 
 Flax, 81. 
 
 Flax-seed, 82. 
 
 Flea-bane, 202. 
 
 Flixweed, 31. 
 
 Flote-grass. 501. 
 
 Flowering-fern, 532. 
 
 Flowering-rush, 414. 
 
 Fluellin, 308. 
 
 Fool's Parsley, 173. 
 
 Forget-me-not, 296. 
 
 Foxglove, 307. 
 Fox-tail grass, 486. 
 Fritillary, 418. 
 Frog-bit, 394. 
 Fumitory, 20, 21. 
 Furze, 86. 
 Gale, 388. 
 Galingale, 447. 
 Garlic, 420. 
 Gean, 107. 
 Gentian, 287. 
 Gipsy-wort, 326. 
 Gladdon, 409. 
 Glasswort, 354. 
 Globe-flower, 14. 
 Goafs-beard, 226. 
 Gold-of-pleasure, 36. 
 Golden-rod, 203. 
 Golden Samphire, 204. 
 Golden Saxifrage, 159. 
 Goldilocks, 12, 203. 
 Gooseberry, 154. 
 Goose-foot, 354. 
 Goose-grass, 187. 
 Gorse, 86. 
 Gout-weed, 169. 
 Grape-Hyacinth, 423. 
 Grass-wrack, 445. 
 Gromwoll, 296. 
 Ground-Ivy, 330. 
 Ground-Pine, 337. 
 Groundsel, 213. 
 Guelder-rose, 184. 
 Hairbell, 373, 
 Hair-grass, 492. 
 Hammersedge, 472. 
 Hard fern, 531. 
 Hare's-ear, 171. 
 Hare's-foot, 92. 
 Hare's-tail grass, 491. 
 Hart's-tongue, 530. 
 Hartwort. 176. 
 Hautboy Strawberry, 
 
 113. 
 
 Hawkbit, 226. 
 Hawk's-beard, 230. 
 Hawkweed, 232. 
 Hawthorn, 139. 
 Hazel, 390. 
 Heartsease, 46. 
 Heath, 278, 279. 
 
573 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Heath-grass, 496. 
 Hedge Mustard, 30. 
 Hedge Parsley, 176. 
 Hellebore, 14. 
 Helleborine, 405. 
 Hemlock, 179. 
 Hemp-Agrimony,201 . 
 Hemp-nettle, 332. 
 Henbane, 300. 
 Henbit, 331. 
 Hen's foot, 177. 
 Herb Paris, 393. 
 High -taper, 306. 
 Holly, 282. 
 Holly Fern, 526. 
 Holy grass, 485. 
 Honewort, 169. 
 Honeysuckle, 184. 
 Hop, 374. 
 Horehound, 335. 
 Horehound,white,335 
 Hornbeam, 390. 
 Horned Pond weed, 
 
 444. 
 
 Horned Poppy, 19. 
 Hornwort, 371. 
 Horsebane, 173. 
 Horse-radish, 36. 
 Horseshoe Vetch, 103. 
 Horsetail, 515. 
 Hound's-tongue, 293. 
 Houseleek, 154. 
 Hyacinth, Grape, 423. 
 Ivy, 181. 
 
 Jack-by- the-Hedge, 31 
 Jacob's Ladder, 289. 
 Juniper, 391. 
 Knapweed, 218. 
 Knapwell, 68. 
 Knotberry, 131. 
 Knot-grass, 363. 
 Lady Fern, 528. 
 Lady's Finger, 97. 
 Lady's Mantle, 109. 
 Lady's Slipper, 407. 
 Lady's Smock, 30. 
 Lady's Tresses, 404. 
 Lamb's Lettuce, 191. 
 Lamb's Tongue, 348. 
 Larkspur, 15. 
 Leopard's bane, 212. 
 
 Lettuce, 227. 
 Lily, 418. 
 
 LilyoftheValley,415.' 
 Lime-tree, 71. 
 Ling, 277. 
 Liquorice, 98. 
 Live-long, 152. 
 Lizard Orchis, 401. 
 London Pride, 156. 
 London Rocket, 31. 
 Loosestrife, 342. 
 Loosestrife, purple, 
 
 142. 
 
 Lop-grass, 510. 
 Louse-wort, 312. 
 Lovage, 174. 
 Lucerne, 89. 
 Lungwort, 295. 
 Madder. 185, 189. 
 Madwort, 293. 
 Maiden-hair, 531. 
 Male Fern, 524. 
 Mallow, 69. 
 Maple, 75. 
 Mare's tail, 148. 
 Marjoram, 327. 
 Marram, 489. 
 Ma rsh-Cinquef oil , 
 
 112. 
 
 Marsh Fern, 524. 
 Marsh-Mallow, 70. 
 Marsh -Marigold, 13. 
 Masterwort, 175. 
 Matfellon, 219. 
 Mat-grass, 488. 
 Meadow-grass, 497. 
 Meadow-Rue, 3, 4. 
 Meadow-Saffron, 423. 
 Meadow-sweet, 108. 
 Medick, 89. 
 Medlar, 140. 
 Melic, 496. 
 Melilot, 90. 
 Mercury, 353, 370. 
 Mezereon, 3()5. 
 Mignonette, 41. 
 Milk-Thistle, 224. 
 Milk-vetch, 97. 
 Milkwort, 48. 
 Millefoil, 208. 
 Millet-grass, 488. 
 
 Mint, 324. 
 
 Mistletoe, 182. 
 
 Moneywort, 343. 
 
 Monk's-hood, 15. 
 
 Monk's-Ehubarb, 360. 
 
 Moonwort, 533. 
 
 Moor-grass, 487. 
 
 Moschatel, 182. 
 
 Motherwort, 332. 
 
 Mountain-Ash, 140. 
 
 Mountain Fern, 524. 
 
 Mountain-Sorrel,360. 
 
 Mouse-ear, 64. 
 
 Mousetail, 5. 
 
 Mudwort, 310. 
 
 Mugwort, 211. 
 
 Mullein, 306. 
 
 Musk-Mallow, 69. 
 
 Mustard, 32. 
 
 Navel wort, 154. 
 
 Needle Whin, 87. 
 
 Nettle, 373. 
 
 Nettle, Dead, 331. 
 
 Nightshade, 299. 
 
 Nightshade, Enchant- 
 er's, 147. 
 
 Nipplewort, 224. 
 
 Nit-grass, 492. 
 
 Oak, 389. 
 
 Oat, 494. 
 
 Oat-grass, 495. 
 
 Orache, 354. 
 
 Orchis, 398, 401, 402, 
 403. 
 
 Orpine, 152. 
 
 Osier, 380. 
 
 Ox-eye, 210. 
 
 Oxlip, 341. 
 
 Ox-tongue, 227. 
 
 Pieony, 15. 
 
 Paigle, 341. 
 
 Pansy, 46. 
 
 Parsley, 168. 
 
 Parsley Piert, 110. 
 
 Parsnep, 176. 
 
 Pasque-flower, 4, 
 
 Pea, Sea, 102. 
 
 Pear-tree, 140. 
 
 Pearl wort, o7. 
 
 Pellitory, 373. 
 
 Penny Cress, 36. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 571) 
 
 Penny-royal, 326. 
 Pennywort, 166. 
 Peppermint, 325. 
 Pep per wort, 38. 
 Periwinkle, 284. 
 Pheasant's eye, 5. 
 Pig-nut, 170. 
 Pilewort, 12. 
 Pillwort, 534. 
 Pimpernel, 343. 
 Pink, 52. 
 Pipewort, 431. 
 Plantain, 347. 
 Ploughman's Spike- 
 nard, 204. 
 Plum, 107. 
 Polypody, 521. 
 Pond-weed, 436, 444. 
 Poplar, 387. 
 Poppy, 18, 19. 
 Prickwood, 82. 
 Primrose, 341. 
 Privet, 283. 
 Purslane, Sea, 356. 
 Purslane, Water, 142. 
 Quaking-grass, 503. 
 Quill-wort, 535. 
 Quinancy-wort, 186. 
 Radish, 40. 
 Ragged Robin, 57. 
 Ragwort, 212. 
 Rampions, 274. 
 Ramsons, 422. 
 Red Bryony, 148. 
 Red Rattle, 312, 
 Reed, 489. 
 Reed-grass, 484. 
 Reed-mace, 432. 
 Rest-harrow, 88. 
 Ribwort, 348. 
 Rock-brake, 521. 
 Rock-cress, 28. 
 Rock-rose, 42. 
 Rocket, 27. 
 Rose, 133. 
 Rose-bay, 144. 
 Rose-root, 152. 
 Rowan-tree, 140. 
 Rupturewort, 150. 
 Rush, 424. 
 Rusty back, 530. 
 
 Rye-grass, 513. 
 Sage, 326. 
 Sainfoin, 104. 
 St. John's wort, 72. 
 St. Patrick's Cabbage, 
 
 156. 
 
 Sallow, 380. 
 Salsify, 227. 
 Saltwort, 351. 
 Samphire, 174. 
 Sand-spurrey, 67. 
 Sand wort, 61. 
 Sanicle, 166. 
 Sauce-alone, 31. 
 Saw-wort, 218. 
 Saxifrage, 156. 
 Scabious, 193, 272. 
 Scorpion-grass, 296. 
 Scotch Fir, 392. 
 Scottish Asphodel,424 
 Scottish Lovage, 174. 
 Scurvy-grass, 35. 
 Sea-Elite, 351. 
 Sea-Buckthorn, 364. 
 Sea-heath, 48. 
 Sea-Holly, 167. 
 Sea-Kale, 40. 
 Sea-Lavender, 345. 
 Sea-Pea, 102. 
 Sea-Purslane, 356. 
 Sea-Raddish, 41. 
 Sea-Rocket, 40. 
 Sedge, 448. 
 Self-heal, 330. 
 Service-tree, 140, 141. 
 Setterwort, 14. 
 Sheep's Fescue Grass, 
 
 505. 
 Shepherd's Needle, 
 
 178. 
 
 Shepherd's Purse. 39. 
 Shepherd's Rod, 193. 
 Shore-weed, 349. 
 Silver-weed, 111. 
 Skull-cap, 329. 
 Sloe, 107. 
 Small-reed, 489. 
 Snakeweed, 360. 
 Snapdragon, 307. 
 Sneezewort, 207. 
 Snowdrop, 411. 
 
 Snowflake, 411. 
 Soapwort, 54. 
 Soft-grass, 492. 
 Solomon's Seal, 415. 
 Sorrel, 360. 
 Sorrel, Mountain, 360. 
 Sorrel, Wood, 80. 
 Sowbane, 352. 
 Sow-bread, 342. 
 Sowthistle, 229. 
 Spear wort, 11. 
 Speedwell, 318. 
 Spindle-tree, 82. 
 Spleen-wort, 528, 529. 
 Spurge, 367. 
 Spurrey, 60. 68. 
 Squill, 419, 
 Star of Bethlehem, 
 
 418. 
 
 Star- thistle, 220. 
 Starwort, 202. 
 Stitchwort, 62. 
 Stock, 26. 
 Stonecrop, 152. 
 Stonewort, 168. 
 Storksbill, 79. 
 Strapwort, 150. 
 Strawberry, 112, 113. 
 Strawberry-tree, 277. 
 Succory, 225. 
 Sulphurwort, 174. 
 Sundew, 47. 
 Sweet Briar, 136. 
 Sweet Cicely, 179, 
 Sweet Flag, 434. 
 Swine's Cress, 39. 
 Swine's Succory, 224. 
 Sycamore, 75. 
 Tamarisk, 143. 
 Tansy, 212. 
 Tares, 98. 
 Tassel-Pond weed. 
 
 444. 
 
 Teasel, 192. 
 Thistle, 220,221,224. 
 Thorn-apple, 300. 
 Thorough-wax, 171. 
 Thrift, 346. 
 Thyme, 327. 
 Timothy-grass, 485. 
 Toad-flax, 308. 
 
580 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Toothwort, 303. 
 Traveller's Joy, 3. 
 Tree-mallow, 71. 
 Trefoil, 92, 96. 
 Tulip, 418. 
 Turk's-cap Lily, 418. 
 Tutsan, 72. 
 Tway-blade, 404. 
 Valerian, 190. 
 Vernal-grass, 484. 
 Vervain, 337. 
 Vetch 98. 
 Vetchling, 101. 
 Violet, 43. 
 
 Viper's Bugloss, 295. 
 Wallflower, 26. 
 \V all-Mustard, 33. 
 Wall-Pepper, 153. 
 Wall-Rue, 530. 
 Water- Avens, 133. 
 Water-Cress, 26. 
 
 Water- Drop wort, 171. 
 Water-Fennel, 6. 
 Water-Hemlock, 167. 
 "Water- Lily, 17. 
 Water-Milfoil, 147. 
 Water-Pepper. 302. 
 Water-Plantain, 413. 
 Water-Soldier, 394. 
 Water-Starwort, 371. 
 Water-Thyme, 394. 
 Water-Violet, 340. 
 Waterwort, 50. 
 Way -bread, 348. 
 Wayfaring tree, 184. 
 Weld, 41. 
 Welsh Poppy, 19. 
 Wheat-grass, 511. 
 Whin, 86, 87. 
 White Bottle, 55. 
 \Vhitlow-grass, 34. 
 
 Whortleberry, 280. 
 Willow, 376. 
 Willow Herb, 143. 
 Wind-flower, 5. 
 Wind-grass, 490. 
 Winter-green, 281. 
 Woad, 40. 
 Woodbine, 184. 
 Woodruff, 186. 
 Wood-Rush, 429. 
 Wood-Sage, 33(>. 
 Wood-Sorrel, 80. 
 Worm-seed, 31. 
 Wormwood, 211. 
 Woundwort, 333. 
 Yarrow, 207. 
 Yellow Rattle, 312. 
 Y'eliow wort, 285. 
 Yew, 391. 
 Yorkshire Fog, 492. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Printed by TAYLOR and FRANCIS, Eed Lion Court, Fleet Street. 
 
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