QC 
 
 964 
 
 JETEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 
 
 331 
 
 GREAT VALLEYS AND FOOTHILLS 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 FOR FROM FIFTEEN TO THIRTY-SIX YEARS. 
 
 Collavjd and compile i by Sergeant JAMES A. BARWICK, Observer Signal Corps, U. S. A. 
 am" Meteorologist to the -State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 STATE OFFICE . . . 
 
 SACRAMENTO: 
 
 . . . JAMKg J. AYEBS, SUPT. STATE PRINTING. 
 
 1886. 
 
4V* 
 
Kin il 
 
 METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY ^ 
 
 x^* AJ ,', J. v -^" 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GREAT VALLEYS AND FOOTHILLS 
 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 FOR FROM FIFTEEN TO THIRTY-SIX YEARS. 
 
 Collated and compiled by Sergeant JAMES A. BARWICK, Observer Signal Corps, U. S. A., 
 and Meteorologist to the State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 SACRAMENTO: 
 
 STATE OFFICE, JAMES J. AYERS, SUPT. STATE PRINTING. 
 
 1886. 
 

 Compliments of 
 
 SERGEANT' JAMES A. BARWICK, 
 
 Observer Signal Corps U. S. A., 
 
 AND METEOROLOGIST TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 
 
 Sacramento, California. 
 
 [PLEASE ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF THIS REPORT.] 
 
 473364 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Sacramento (Winter rainfall), from 1853 to 1886. .' 3 
 
 Sacramento (Spring rainfall), from 1853 to 1885 4 
 
 Sacramento (Summer rainfall), from 1853 to 1885. - 5 
 
 Sacramento (Autumn rainfall), from 1853 to 1885 - <> 
 
 Sacramento (season and yearly rainfall), from 1853 to 1886. 7 
 
 Sacramento (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter, and annual rainfall), from 1849 to 1886. 8 
 
 Sacramento (mean Winter temperature), from 1853 to 1886 9 
 
 Sacramento (mean Spring temperature), from 1853 to 1885-.. 10 
 
 Sacramento (mean Summer temperature), from 1853 to 1885. .. 11 
 
 Sacramento (mean Autumn temperature), from 1853 to 1885... 12 
 
 Sacramento (average annual and season temperatures), from 1853 to 1885... 13 
 
 Sacramento (barometer, humidity, temperature, etc.), from 1878 to 1885 14 
 
 Sacramento (barometer, humidity, temperature, etc., by seasons), from 1878 to 1885. 14-16 
 Sacramento (wind, direction and velocity ; clear, fair, cloudy, and rainy days for 
 
 each season of the year), from 1878 to 1885.. - 16-17 
 
 Sacramento (number of times wind blew from each point 'of the compass), from 
 
 1878 to 1885 , - 17-18 
 
 Sacramento (clear, fair, and cloudy days, and days on which rain fell), from 1878 to 
 
 1885 ---- 19 
 
 Sacramento, summary of the weather for each month of 1885 19-21 
 
 Sacramento, maximum velocity and direction of wind for each month of 1885, and 
 
 January, February, and March, 1886 21 
 
 Oakland, barometrical pressure for 1885 22 
 
 Oakland, temperature for 1885 22-23 
 
 Oakland, relative humidity for 1885 - 23 
 
 Oakland, monthly rainfall from 1873 to 1885 - 24 
 
 Oakland, monthly summary for 1885 24-26 
 
 Oakland, weather comparisons from 1876 to 1885 27 
 
 Salinas, mean temperature - 28 
 
 Salinas, highest temperature 28 
 
 Salinas, lowest temperature 29 
 
 To way, mean temperature . 29 
 
 Poway , highest temperature 30 
 
 Poway, lowest temperature . 30 
 
 San Diego, highest temperature - 31 
 
 San Diego, lowest temperature 31 
 
 Poway, rainfall from November, 1878, to March, 1886 . 31 
 
 San Diego, rainfall from November, 1871, to March, 1886. 32 
 
 San Bernardino, rainfall from July, 1870, to March, 1886 32 
 
 Los Angeles, rainfall from February, 1872, to March, 1886 33 
 
 Salinas, rainfall from July, 1872, to March, 1886 33 
 
 San Francisco, rainfall from July, 1849, to March, 1886 34 
 
 Oakland, rainfall from October, 1873, to March, 1886 35 
 
 Sacramento, rainfall from September, 1849, to April, 1886 36 
 
 2 
 
VI CONTENTS. 
 
 Folsom, rainfall from September, 1871, to March, 1886 
 
 Placerville, rainfall from October, 1879, to March, 1886 
 
 Georgetown, rainfall from November, 1872, to March, 1886. 
 
 Grass Valley, rainfall from January, 1873, to March, 1886 
 
 West Butte, rainfall from November, 1879, to March, 1886 
 
 Marysville, rainfall from September, 1882, to March, 1886... 
 
 Oro ville, rainfall from September, 1884, to March, 1886 
 
 Colusa, rainfall from January, 1881, to March, 1886 
 
 Princeton, rainfall from January, 1875, to March, 1886 
 
 Red Bluff, rainfall from July, 1877, to March, 1886 
 
 Yreka, rainfall from April, 1872, to March, 1886 
 
 Scott Valley, rainfall from August, 1859, to March, 1886 
 
 Santa Barbara, rainfall from 1870-71, to 1885-86 .' 44-4<i 
 
 Rainf all for twenty-six seasons at Scott Valley 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Yreka 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Weaverville 
 
 Rainfall for four seasons at Reed's Camp 
 
 Rainfall for eight seasons at Red Bluff 
 
 Rainfall for ten seasons at Princeton 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Colusa 
 
 Rainf ah 1 for six seasons at West Butte 
 
 Rainfall for three seasons at Marysville 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Grass Valley - - __..-. 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Georgetown --_ 
 
 Rainfall for eight seasons at Placerville 
 
 Rainfall for eighteen seasons at Shingle Springs 
 
 Rainfall for fourteen seasons at Folsom 
 
 Rainfall for thirty-six seasons at Sacramento 
 
 Rainfall for twelve seasons at Oakland. .. - 
 
 Rainfall for thirty-six seasons at San Francisco 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Salinas .' ., 
 
 Rainfall for six seasons at Visalia 
 
 Rainfall for thirteen seasons at Los Angeles 
 
 Rainfall for fourteen seasons atSan Diego 
 
 Rainfall for six seasons at Poway - 
 
 Rainfall from Fort Jones to Poway for January, 1886 
 
 Rainfall and average for January, 1886. By Lieutenant W. A. Glassf ord 
 
 Rainfall and average for February, 1886. By Lieutenant W. A. Glassford 
 
 Aiken, South Carolina, comparative temperatures 
 
 Atlanta, Georgia, comparative temperatures 
 
 Atlantic City, New Jersey, comparative temperatures 
 
 Algiers, comparative temperatures 
 
 Boston, Massachusetts, comparative temperatures _ 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland, comparative temperatures 
 
 Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean, comparative temperatures 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina, comparative temperatures 
 
 Charlotte, North Carolina, comparative temperatures 
 
 Cadi/, Spain, comparative temperatures 
 
 Cape Henry, Virginia, comparative temperatures 
 
 Cairo, Egypt, comparative temperatures 
 
 Cape May, New Jersey, comparative temperatures 
 
 <'li;itt;mooi.M, Tennessee, comparative temperatures 
 
CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, comparative temperatures . . 51 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, comparative temperatures - 51 
 
 Chicago, Illinois, comparative temperatures 51 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, comparative temperatures 51 
 
 Detroit, Michigan, comparative temperatures 51 
 
 Dubuque, Iowa, comparative temperatures 51 
 
 Des Moines, low'a, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Dodge City, Kansas, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Denver, Colorado, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 El Paso, Texas, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Florence, Italy, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Funchal, Madeira, comparative temperatures '52 
 
 Galveston, Texas, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Grand Haven, Michigan, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Havana, Cuba, comparative temperatures. 52 
 
 Indianapolis, Indiana, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Jerusalem, Palestine, comparative temperatures - 52 
 
 Jacksonville, Florida, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Key West Florida, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Knoxville, Tennessee, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky, comparative temperatures .. 52 
 
 Lisbon, Portugal, comparative temperatures.- 52 
 
 Los Angeles, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Little Rock, Arkansas, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Leavenworth, Kansas, comparative temperatures . . 52 
 
 Mexico City, Mexico, comparative temperatures 1 '52 
 
 Malta, comparative temperatures . 52 
 
 Men tone, France, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Mobile, Alabama, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Memphis, Tennessee, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Nassau, Bahama Islands, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Nice, Italy, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 New Haven, Connecticut, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 New York City, N ew York, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia, comparative temperatures - , 52 
 
 New Orleans, Louisiana, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 < hikland, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Pau, France, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Pensacola, Florida, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Prescott, Arizona, comparative temperatures . . 52 
 
 Rome, Italy, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Red Bluff, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 St. Michael's, Azores, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Santa Cruz, Canary Islands, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Sandy Hook, New York, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Savannah, Georgia, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Springfield, Illinois, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 St. Augustine, Florida, comparative temperatures . 52 
 
Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 I'AGK. 
 
 Santa Fe, New Mexico, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, comparative temperatures , 52 
 
 Sacramento, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 San Francisco, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Salinas, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Santa Barbara, California, comparative temperatures ... 52 
 
 San Diego, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Visalia, California, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Wilmington, North Carolina, comparative temperatures . _ 52 
 
 Washington City, District of Columbia, comparative temperatures. . .'. 52 
 
 Yankton, Dakota Territory, comparative temperatures - 52 
 
 Yuma, Arizona, comparative temperatures 52 
 
 Modifying effects the great deserts of California and Nevada have upon the tempera- 
 ture of the interior valleys of California. By the late B. B. Redding.: 5:i-55 
 
 Climate of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and the foothills. By the late 
 
 B. B. Redding 55-5S 
 
 Weather comparisons at San Diego 5H 
 
 Weather comparisons at Los Angeles. .. ._ 50 
 
 Weather comparisons at San Francisco 50 
 
 Weather comparisons at Sacramento. _._ 50 
 
 Weather comparisons at Red BlufF_ 60 
 
 Weather comparisons at Oroville 60-01 
 
 Storms of the Pacific Coast of America ... r 01-63 
 
 Northerly winds of California. By J. H. C. Bonte ({4-75 
 
 Climate of Jerusalem and Palestine. By Selah Merrill, United States Consul at 
 
 Jerusalem ._ 75-70 
 
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 GREAT VALLEYS AND FOOTHILLS OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 FOR FROM FIFTEEN TO THIRTY-SIX YEARS. 
 
 Collated and compiled by SERGEANT JAMES A. BARWICK, Observer Signal Corps U. S. A. 
 and Meteorologist to the State Board of Agriculture. 
 
 To the Secretary of the State Agricultural Society of. California: 
 
 SIR: I have the honor to submit the following meteorological report on 
 the climate of California, and more especially that of the great interior 
 valleys of this State. There will be found the rainfall by seasons, Spring, 
 Summer, Autumn, and Winter, for Sacramento, compiled from observations 
 taken by Dr. T. M. Logan, Dr. F. W. Hatch, and those of the United States 
 Signal Service, covering a period from 1853 to April 1, 1886. Also a gen- 
 eral review of the meteorological condition of Sacramento, as deduced from 
 Signal Service observations from July 1, 1877, to February 28, 1886; show- 
 ing the pressure of the atmosphere by seasons, the temperature, direction of 
 wind, velocity of wind, clear, fair, cloudy, and rainy days, and various other 
 data pertaining to the climatic conditions of the above named city. A 
 tabulated statement of rainfall by months, years, and seasons, from near 
 Fort Jones, in Scott Valley, Yreka, Red Bluff, Oroville, Marysville, Colusa, 
 Princeton, West Butte, Grass Valley, Placerville, Georgetown, Nicolaus, 
 Folsom City, Sacramento, Oakland, San Francisco, Salinas, Santa Barbara, 
 Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Poway; the above places 
 give the rainfall for from one to thirty-four years, making quite a fair aver- 
 age estimate of the precipitation from San Diego to Siskiyou, and from 
 the Sierras to the sea. A supplemental report of the rainfall for January, 
 1886, and for the season of 1885-6, up to February 1, for the above named 
 places. Also a tabulated statement of the average rainfall for January and 
 February for many years, and the rainfall for January and February, 1886. 
 The average seasonal rainfall up to March first, for many years, along with 
 the rainfall for this season, 1885-6, up to March first, for each Signal Ser- 
 vice Station, and for the stations of the Southern Pacific Railroad Com- 
 pany, voluntary observers, and Post Surgeons. This data was collated and 
 tabulated at the United States Signal Service Office, Division of the Pacific, 
 at San Francisco, Lieut, W. A. Glassford, United States Army, assistant 
 officer in charge. 
 
 A complete meteorological report and weather review of the climate of 
 Oakland for 1885, and comparison for ten years past, by J. B. Trembley, 
 M.D., Oakland. 
 
 An instructive and interesting article entitled, " Storms on the Pacific 
 Coast of North America," from the annual report of the Chief Signal Offi- 
 cer of the Army. 
 
 A portion of two articles by the late the Honorable B. B. Redding, and 
 
ofore 'published* in the report of the Agricultural Society of California, 
 for the years 1877 and 1878. 
 
 That published in 1877 bears more especially upon the "temperature 
 distributions of the interior valleys of this State, and the effects the great 
 deserts of California and Nevada have upon it;" and the one in 1878 on the 
 " climatic condition of the entire valley from Redding on the north to Sum- 
 ner on the south," in which will be found the essence, foundation, as it were, 
 of the climatic conditions of the great valleys and foothills in regard to the 
 cultivation of all kinds of fruits, both semi-tropical and otherwise; gives 
 information how to choose, in the foothills and valley, proper sites for 
 certain fruits, grains, etc. 
 
 A brief synopsis of the meteorological features of the following signal 
 service stations in the order named: San Diego, Los Angeles, San Fran- 
 cisco, Sacramento, and Red Bluff. A table of interesting matter, composed 
 of the most prominent places of California, and other portions of the United 
 States, and health resorts of Europe and Mexico, showing the mean annual 
 temperature, mean temperature for Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, 
 along with the highest arid lowest temperature for many years. This table 
 shows that California compares with other noted health resorts and promi- 
 nent places in a highly complimentary manner to this State. 
 
 The " North Winds of California," always an interesting study, have been 
 reproduced, being from the pen of the Rev. J. H. C. Bonte, Secretary of 
 the State University of California. 
 
 An excellent report on the climate of Palestine, and more particularly 
 Jerusalem, by Mr. Selah Merrill, United States Consul at the latter place. 
 That climate will be found to resemble our own in a great many respects, 
 especially at Colfax, which is nearly the same elevation as Jerusalem. It 
 is an article that will well repay a careful perusal. 
 
 The meteorological report of California for 1885 embodies all the most 
 salient points of the climate of this State that has been written and pub- 
 lished heretofore at various times and places, being a gathering of all 
 worthy articles known to the writer on the climatic peculiarities of this 
 State, making this report (1885) of especial value as a book of reference on 
 subjects relating to various conditions of a meteorological and climatological 
 nature. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 SERGEANT JAMES A. BARWICK, 
 
 Observer Signal Corps, United States Army, and Meteorologist to the State 
 Board of Agriculture. 
 
 SACRAMENTO, Cal., February 28, 1886. 
 
RAINFALL. TEMPERATURE, ETC, AT SACRAMENTO, CA 
 
 Sacramento is situated in north latitude, 38 35'; longitude west from 
 GreeS ',m 30'; above sea level, 30 feet; height of barometer cistern 
 above sea level, 64 feet. 
 
 RAINFALL FOR THE WINTER SEASONS. 
 
 The following tabulated statement shows the rainfall and number of days 
 that rain fell for each Winter month; also, the total rainfall and total num- 
 ber of days that rain fell during the entire Winter seasons^ the W n 
 seasons beginning with the Winter of 1852-3, and ending with the Winter 
 Tf 1885-6 " The'three Winter months composing f*^*? 
 crave the heaviest rainfall was during the Winter of 1861-2: 27.94 
 The driest Winter was that of 1863-4 : 3.09 inches: 
 
 WINTER OF 
 
 DECEMBER. 
 
 JANUARY. - FEBRUARY. 
 
 Total for 
 Winter 
 
 Months. 
 
 Total No. 
 Days for 
 Winter. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 No. of 
 Inches. Days . 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 1852 3 
 
 13.41 
 1.54 ! 
 1.15 ; 
 
 2.00 ; 
 
 2.40 ; 
 2.63 
 
 20 
 4 
 8 
 13 
 13 
 13 
 17 
 17 
 20 
 22 
 11 
 10 
 16 
 9 
 21 
 18 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 13 
 21 
 17 
 14 
 
 3.00 
 3.25 
 2.67 
 4.92 
 1.38 
 2.44 
 .96 
 2.31 
 2.67 
 15.04 
 1.73 
 1.08 
 4.78 
 7.70 
 3.44 
 6.04 
 4.79 
 1.37 
 2.08 
 4.04 
 1.23 
 5.20 
 8.70 
 4.99 
 2.77 
 9.26 
 3.18 
 1.64 
 6.14 
 1.89 
 2.23 
 3.43 
 2.16 
 7.95 
 
 136.46 
 
 12 
 6 
 15 
 16 
 14 
 21 
 19 
 15 
 10 
 20 
 
 >? 
 
 13 
 18 
 15 
 17 
 14 
 9 
 8 
 11 
 10 
 14 
 14 
 13 
 11 
 17 
 11 
 7 
 9 
 8 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 13 
 
 418 
 12.3 
 
 2.00 
 8.50 
 3.46 
 .69 
 4.80 
 2.46 
 3.91 
 .93 
 2.92 
 4.26 
 2.75 
 .19 
 .71 
 2.01 
 7.10 
 3.15 
 3.63 
 3.24 
 1.92 
 4.74 
 4.46 
 1.86 
 .55 
 3.75 
 1.04 
 8.04 
 3.88 
 1.83 
 5.06 
 2.40 
 1.11 
 4.46 
 .49 
 .29 
 
 6 
 14 
 7 
 6 
 17 
 13 
 18 
 14 
 9 
 11 
 11 
 2 
 
 6 
 11 
 9 
 9 
 5 
 11 
 11 
 18 
 17 
 9 
 2 
 
 10 
 9 
 17 
 9 
 10 
 13 
 6 
 3 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 
 18.41 
 13.29 
 7.28 
 7.61- 
 8.58 
 7.53 
 9.21 
 5.07 
 9.87 
 27.94 
 6.81 
 3.09 
 13.36 
 10.07 
 20.05 
 22.04 
 11.03 
 6.57 
 4.97 
 19.47 
 11.08 
 17.07 
 9.69 
 14.26 
 3.81 
 18.73 
 7.53 
 6.88 
 23.01 
 7.56 
 4.47 
 8.33 
 13.10 
 14.00 
 
 38 
 24 
 30 
 35 
 44 
 47 
 54 
 46 
 39 
 53 
 32 
 19 
 35 
 38 
 45 
 44 
 30 
 27 
 25 
 51 
 40 
 44 
 33 
 37 
 20 
 39 
 23 
 29 
 43 
 25 
 15 
 95 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 1853-4 
 
 1854 5 
 
 1855-6 
 
 1856-7 
 
 1857 8 
 
 1858 9 - -- 
 
 4.34 
 1.83 
 
 4.2H 
 8.64 
 2.33 ; 
 
 1.82 i 
 7.87 ! 
 .36 
 9.51 ; 
 12.85 . 
 
 1859 (iO 
 
 18(iO 1 
 
 1861 2 
 
 1862-3 - - - 
 
 1863 4 
 
 18(54 5 
 
 1865-6 
 
 1 866-7 
 
 1867 8 
 
 1868-9 
 
 2.61 i 
 
 ] i? I 
 
 10.49 ', 
 5.39 ! 
 10.01 
 .44 
 5,52 
 
 1869 70 - - 
 
 1870-1 
 
 1871 2 
 
 1872 3 -__..--- 
 
 1873-4 . 
 
 1874 5 
 
 1875-0 
 
 1 87(57 
 
 1877 8 -.'.--- 
 
 1.43 
 .47 
 3.41 
 11.81 
 3.27 
 1.13 
 
 5 
 3 
 12 
 21 
 11 
 8 
 6 
 11 
 10 
 
 430 
 
 1878 9 -- 
 
 1879-80 
 
 1880 1 
 
 1881 2 
 
 1882 3 
 
 1883-4 
 
 .44 
 10.45 
 
 1884 5 
 
 1H85-6 . ! 5.76 
 
 Totals 152.75 
 
 102.59 
 
 334 
 
 391.77 
 I 11.523 
 
 1,182 
 *64.8 
 
 Averages for 34 years - 
 
 . 4.493 
 
 12.6 
 
 4.014 
 
 3.017 
 
 9.8 
 
MEAN SPRING RAINFALL. 
 
 The table below will be found to contain the record of rainfall and 
 number of days rain fell during the Spring months and for the Spring 
 season. It informs us that the wettest Spring season was that of 1880 
 16.66 inches; and the driest was that of 1857 .68 of an inch; the mean 
 average for thirty-three years being 5.219 inches, showing a deficiency of 
 nearly 5 inches in the dry season of 1857, and an excess of over 11 inches 
 during the wet Spring of 1880, as compared with a thirty-three years average : 
 
 SPUING OF 
 
 MARCH. 
 
 APRIL. 
 
 MAY. 
 
 Total for 
 Spring 
 Months. 
 
 Total No. 
 Days for 
 
 Spriujr. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 1853 
 
 7.00 
 3.25 
 4.20 
 1.40 
 .68 
 2.88 
 1.64 
 5.11 
 3.32 
 2.80 
 2.36 
 1.39 
 .48 
 2.02 
 1.01 
 4.35 
 2.94 
 1.64 
 .69 
 1.94 
 .55 
 3.05 
 .80 
 4.15 
 56 
 
 8 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 10 
 13 
 14 
 17 
 7 
 15 
 10 
 12 
 7 
 11 
 (i 
 12 
 12 
 6 
 8 
 10 
 4 
 10 
 9 
 13 
 7 
 14 
 14 
 7 
 6 
 10 
 6 
 13 
 2 
 
 3.50 
 1.50 
 4.32 
 2.13 
 sprink. 
 1.21 
 .98 
 2.87 
 .48 
 .82 
 1.69 
 1.08 
 1.37 
 .48 
 1.80 
 2.31 
 1.24 
 2.12 
 1.45 
 .61 
 .51 
 .89 
 sprink. 
 1.10 
 .19 
 1.07 
 2.66 
 14.20 
 -1.64 
 1.99 
 .67 
 4.32 
 .68 
 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 1 
 3 
 6 
 8 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 9 
 4 
 3 
 6 
 7 
 9 
 5 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 4 
 10 
 3 
 10 
 7 
 3 
 12 
 15 
 (! 
 
 i 
 
 1.45 
 .21 
 1.15 
 1.84 
 sprink. 
 .20 
 1.04 
 2.49 
 .59 
 1.81 
 .36 
 .74 
 .46 
 2.25 
 .01 
 .27 
 .65 
 .27 
 . .76 
 .28 
 
 4 
 4 
 (i 
 4 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 10 
 3 
 9 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 5 
 3 
 
 11.95 
 4.9(> 
 9.67 
 5.37 
 .68 
 4.29 
 3.66 
 10.47 
 4.39 
 5.43 
 4.41 
 3.12 
 2.31 
 4.7,") 
 2.82 
 6.93 
 4.83 
 4.03 
 2.90 
 2.83 
 1.06 
 4.31 
 .80 
 5.40 
 1.39 
 4.33 
 8.84 
 1(5 66 
 3.01 
 6.12 
 7.22 
 12.52 
 .76 
 
 19 
 17 
 24 
 17 
 14 
 20 
 24 
 35 
 14 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 12 
 >>> 
 
 14 
 23 
 19 
 14 
 19 
 19 
 8 
 26 
 13 
 27 
 20 
 21 
 31 
 25 
 13 
 19 
 22 
 25 
 10 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 .... 
 
 1858 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 . 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 ... : 
 
 .37 
 sprink. 
 .15 
 .64 
 .17 
 1.30 
 .76 
 sprink. 
 .35 
 2.85 
 .06 
 sprink. 
 
 6 
 1 
 4 
 (i 
 4 
 5 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 9 
 3 
 1 
 
 1875 . 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 3.09 
 4.88 
 1.70 
 1.37 
 3.78 
 3.70 
 8.14 
 .08 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 A 
 
 1883 . 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 Totals 
 
 86.86 
 
 311 
 
 61.88 
 
 227 
 
 23.48 
 .711 
 
 126 
 
 172.22 
 
 664 
 
 Averages for 33 years . 
 
 2.632 
 
 9.4 
 
 1.875 
 
 6.9 
 
 3.8. 
 
 5.219 
 
 20.1 
 
\ 
 
 MEAN SUMMER RAINFALL. 
 
 In the recorded statement below will be found the rainfall for .each 
 month of our dry Summer season; also, the total for the season, as well as 
 the total number of days, etc., that rain fell. The average for the thirty- 
 three years past is .168 of an inch. The Summer season that gave the 
 most rainfall was that of 1884 1.45 inches. But five seasons of the thirty- 
 three gave none, those being 1859, 1863, 1867, 1878, and 1883: 
 
 SUMMER OF 
 
 Jt'XE. 
 
 JULY. 
 
 AUGUST. 
 
 Total for 
 Summer 
 Months. 
 
 Total No. 
 Days for 
 Summer. 
 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 '-he, 5 
 
 1853 
 
 sprink. j 1 
 .31 I '2 
 
 sprink. 
 
 2 
 
 
 sprink. 
 .31 
 .01 
 .03 
 .35 
 .11 
 
 1854 
 
 sprink. 1 
 
 1855 
 
 .01 
 .03 
 .35 
 .10 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 
 1856 
 
 1 
 
 1857 
 
 
 sprink. 1 
 sprink. 4 
 
 1858 -.. 
 
 .61 I 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 .02 
 .14 
 .01 
 
 2 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 .03 
 .55 
 
 
 
 .05 
 .69 
 .02 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 2 
 
 1861 
 
 3 
 
 
 1862 
 
 .01 1 
 
 1863 
 
 
 
 1864 
 
 .09 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 .08 6 
 
 .17 
 sprink. 
 .12 
 
 9 
 3 
 5 
 
 1865 
 
 sprink. 3 
 ' .02 3 
 
 1866 
 
 .10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 1867 
 
 
 
 1868 
 
 sprink. 
 .01 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 .02 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 1.10 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 sprink. 
 .01 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 :02 
 .02 
 sprink. 
 1.10 
 .23 
 .01 
 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 1 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 3 
 3 
 
 1869 
 
 
 
 
 
 1870 
 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 sprink. 1 
 
 1871 . - 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 .02 
 sprink. 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 . 
 
 
 
 1876 
 
 .21 
 sprink. 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 .02 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1877 
 
 .01 
 
 1 
 
 1878 . 
 
 1879 
 
 .13 
 
 1 
 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 
 ; 
 
 1 
 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 .13 
 
 sprink. 
 .50 
 .10 
 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 2 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 .50 
 .10 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 1883 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 1.45 
 .11 
 
 I 
 
 
 sprink. 
 none 
 
 1 
 
 1.45 
 .11 
 
 8 
 3 
 
 1885 
 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 4.59 
 
 47 .84 
 
 24 
 
 .11 
 
 19 
 
 5.54 
 
 90 
 
 Averages for 33 years. 
 
 .139 
 
 1.4 
 
 .026 
 
 0.7 
 
 .003 
 
 0.6 
 
 .168 
 
 2.7 
 
MEAN AUTUMNAL RAINFALL. 
 
 The table following shows the Autumnal rainfall by months and total for 
 the Fall season, both of rainfall and number of days rain fell, for the last 
 thirty-three years, the wettest being the Fall season of 1885 11.44 inches; 
 the driest being that of 1880 .05 of an inch: 
 
 FALL OF 
 
 SEPTEMBER. 
 Inches. D a y S 
 
 ( )( T< 
 
 Inches. 
 
 1!KI{. 
 
 No. of 
 Days. 
 
 XOVF 
 Inches. 
 
 MBEK. 
 
 No, of 
 Days. 
 
 Total for 
 Autumn 
 
 Months. 
 
 1 Total No. 
 Days tor 
 ; Autumn. 
 
 1853 . . ^ . 
 
 spriiik. 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 sprink. 
 1.01 
 
 1 
 11 
 
 1.50 
 .65 
 .75 
 .65 
 2.41 
 .15 
 6.48 
 .18 
 2.17 
 sprink. 
 1.49 
 6.72 
 2.43 
 2.43 
 3.81 
 .77 
 .85 
 .58 
 1.22 
 1.93 
 1.21 
 3.80 
 -6.20 
 .30 
 1.07 
 .51 
 2.05 
 .05 
 1.88 
 3.22 
 .61 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 10 
 10 
 11 
 15 
 . 5 
 12 
 2 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 8 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 6 
 8 
 4 
 5 
 9 
 10 
 1 
 7 
 3 
 8 
 2 
 4 
 7 
 3 
 
 1.50 
 1.66 
 
 .75 
 .85 
 3.06 
 3.16 
 6.50 
 1.15 
 2.17 
 .36 
 1.49 
 (5.84 
 2.99 
 2.43 
 3.82 
 .77 
 2.97 
 .60 
 1.43 
 2.15 
 1.52 
 6.11 
 6.64 
 3.75 
 1.80 
 1.35 
 2.93 
 .05 
 2.73 
 8.42 
 2.48 
 2.61 
 11.44 
 
 96.48 
 2.924 
 
 i 
 14 
 10 
 17 
 13 
 21 
 18 
 16 
 13 
 8 
 8 
 12 
 18 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 18 
 14 
 9 
 12 
 
 12 
 2 
 
 11 
 15 
 11 
 
 7 
 20 
 
 377 
 11.4 
 
 1854 . _ 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 .20 
 .65 
 3.01 
 
 6 
 3 
 5 
 
 1857 - 
 
 1858 
 
 sprink. 
 .02 
 .06 
 
 5 
 3 
 2 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 .91 
 sprink. 
 .36 
 
 9 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1861 
 
 1862 ! 
 
 
 1863 . 
 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 
 ' .08 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 4 
 
 1864 
 
 .12 
 
 .48 
 sprink. 
 
 2 
 5 
 1 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 
 
 .01 
 
 1 
 
 1868 
 
 
 
 1869 
 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 2.12 
 .02 
 .21 
 .22 
 .31 
 2.26 
 .44 
 3.45 
 .73 
 .55 
 .88 
 
 2 
 2 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 8 
 4 
 7 
 5 
 1 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 sprink. 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 .05 
 
 1 
 
 1875 - 
 
 1876 . 
 
 sprink. 
 
 1 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 .29 
 
 3 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 .30 
 .57 
 .90 
 
 .60 
 
 .08 
 
 2.96 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 3 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 .55 
 2.63 
 .97 
 2.01 
 .02 
 
 24.11 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 4 
 2 
 
 114 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 11.34 
 69.41 
 2.104 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 6.8 
 
 Totals 
 
 Averages for 33 years. 
 
 .090 
 
 1 2 
 
 .731 
 
 3.5 
 
YEARLY AND SEASONAL RAINFALL, ETC. 
 
 The instructive tabulated information below gives the rainfall annually 
 that is, from January to December of each year for thirty-three years. 
 Also, the rainfall by seasons, beginning with September first of one year 
 and ending with August thirty-first of the next year, the wettest season 
 being 1861-235.56 inches; the driest that of 1863-47.87 inches; the 
 wettest calendar year being 1880 31.99 inches; the driest being 1877 
 8.44 inches; the mean average seasonal rainfall for thirty-two years being 
 19.076 inches; the mean average for the year, or the mean annual average, 
 being 19.529 inches. The difference between the mean average rainfall, 
 calculating from January first to December thirty-first of each year, and 
 from September first of one year to August thirty-first of next year, is .453 
 of an inch in favor of the calendar year: 
 
 YKAH OF 
 
 Yearly Itaiu- 
 fall. 
 
 Total 
 No. of Days 
 Rain Fell. 
 
 Season of 
 
 Rainfall 
 Inches. 
 
 Total No. 
 of Days. 
 
 1853 
 
 1999 
 
 51 
 
 
 
 
 1854 . ... . 
 
 19.83 
 
 62 
 
 1853-54 
 
 20.06 
 
 51 
 
 1855 
 
 18.56 
 
 70 
 
 1854-55 
 
 18.62 
 
 69 
 
 1856 ! 
 
 14.26 
 
 70 
 
 1855-56 
 
 13.76 
 
 63 
 
 1857 
 
 12.91 
 
 74 
 
 1856-57 
 
 10.46 
 
 78 
 
 1858 
 
 16.80 
 
 99 
 
 1857-58 
 
 15.00 
 
 87 
 
 1859 
 
 16.86 
 
 97 
 
 1858-59 
 
 16.03 
 
 100 
 
 1860 
 
 1919 
 
 72 
 
 1859-60 
 
 22.09 
 
 101 
 
 1861 
 
 21.38 
 
 75 
 
 1860-61 
 
 16.10 
 
 76 
 
 1862 
 
 27.44 
 
 85 
 
 1861-62 
 
 35.56 
 
 100 
 
 1863 
 
 12.20 
 
 60 
 
 1862-63 
 
 1158 
 
 64 
 
 1864 
 
 19.27 
 
 67 
 
 1863-64 
 
 7.87 
 
 57 
 
 1865 
 
 11.15 
 
 61 
 
 1864-65 
 
 22.51 
 
 62 
 
 1866 
 
 26.52 
 
 86 
 
 1865-66 
 
 1793 
 
 83 
 
 1867 
 
 3003 
 
 63 
 
 1866-67 
 
 2530 
 
 72 
 
 1868 
 
 19.50 
 
 68 
 
 1867-68 
 
 32.79 
 
 78 
 
 1869 
 
 18.19 
 
 52 
 
 1868-69 
 
 16.64 
 
 58 
 
 1870 
 
 10.21 
 
 51 
 
 1869-70 
 
 13.57 
 
 52 
 
 1871 
 
 19.32 
 
 71 
 
 1870-71 
 
 847 
 
 53 
 
 1872 
 
 1917 
 
 70 
 
 1871-72 
 
 2405 
 
 83 
 
 1873 
 
 18.20 
 
 69 
 
 1872-73 
 
 14.21 
 
 60 
 
 1874 
 
 17.92 
 
 87 
 
 1873-74 
 
 2290 
 
 82 
 
 1875 
 
 2331 
 
 59 
 
 1874-75 
 
 1770 
 
 71 
 
 1876 
 
 1812 
 
 62 
 
 1875-76 
 
 2653 
 
 75- 
 
 1877 
 
 8.44 
 
 60 
 
 1876-77 
 
 8.96 
 
 54 
 
 1878 
 
 23.45 
 
 65 
 
 1877-78 
 
 24.86 
 
 72 
 
 1879 
 
 2237 
 
 78 
 
 1878-79 
 
 1785 
 
 64 
 
 1880 
 
 3199 
 
 66 
 
 1879 80 
 
 2647 
 
 67 
 
 1881 
 
 2071 
 
 60 
 
 1880-81 
 
 2657 
 
 61 
 
 1882 __ 
 
 18.06 
 
 58 
 
 1881-82 
 
 16.51 
 
 57 
 
 1883 . . . 
 
 13.48 
 
 , 46 
 
 1882-83 
 
 18.11 
 
 52 
 
 1884 
 
 3492 
 
 70 
 
 1883-84 
 
 24 78 
 
 68 
 
 1885 
 
 20.72 
 
 57 
 
 1884-85 
 
 16.58 
 
 58 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 1 28.12 
 
 53 
 
 Totals 
 
 644.47 
 
 2241 
 
 
 61042 
 
 2228 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages. . .. 
 
 19.529 
 
 *-67.9 
 
 
 1 19.076 
 
 69.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Mean for thirty-three years, 
 t Moan for thirty -two seasons. 
 % Up to April 1, 188G. 
 
RAINFALL FOR SPRING. SUMMER, AUTUMN, WINTER, AND TOTAL FOR EACH YEAR. 
 
 The following table gives the rainfall for each season of Spring, Sum- 
 mer, Autumn, and Winter; also the total rainfall for each year. The table 
 shows the annual rainfall for each year, beginning with the year 1850. 
 The rainfall for the Winter seasons begins with the Winter of 1849-50, and 
 ends with the Winter of 1885-86, making a total of thirty-seven Winters: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Rainfall 
 for 
 Spring. 
 
 Rainfall 
 for 
 Summer. 
 
 Rainfall 
 for 
 Autumn. 
 
 Rainfall 
 for 
 Winter. 
 
 Annual 
 Rainfall. 
 
 1849 
 
 
 
 4.00 
 
 
 *16 50 
 
 1850 
 
 1450 
 
 none 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 1780 
 
 1950 
 
 1851 
 
 371 
 
 none 
 
 332 
 
 100 
 
 15 10 
 
 1852 
 
 6.89 
 
 none 
 
 6.00 
 
 7.77 
 
 27.00 
 
 1853 
 
 11.95 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 1.50 
 
 18.41 
 
 19.99 
 
 1854 
 
 4.96 
 
 
 166 
 
 1329 
 
 1983 
 
 1855 
 
 9.67 
 
 .01 
 
 .75 
 
 7.28 
 
 18.5(5 
 
 1856 . .. 
 
 5.37 
 
 .03 
 
 .85 
 
 7.61 
 
 14.2(5 
 
 1857 
 
 .68 
 
 .35 
 
 3.08 
 
 8.58 
 
 12.91 
 
 1858 
 
 429 
 
 .11 
 
 3.16 
 
 7.53 
 
 16 80 
 
 1859 
 
 3.66 
 
 none 
 
 6.50 
 
 9.21 
 
 16.80 
 
 1860 
 
 10.47 
 
 .05 
 
 1.15 
 
 5.07 
 
 19.19 
 
 1861 
 
 4.39 
 
 .69 
 
 2.17 
 
 9.87 
 
 21.38 
 
 1862 
 
 5.43 
 
 .02 
 
 .36 
 
 2794 
 
 27.44 
 
 1863 
 
 4.41 
 
 none 
 
 1.49 
 
 6,81 
 
 12.20 
 
 1864 __ 
 
 3.12 
 
 .17 
 
 6.84 
 
 3.09 
 
 19.27 
 
 1865 
 
 2.31 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 2.99 
 
 13.36 
 
 11.15 
 
 1866 
 
 4.75 
 
 
 2.43 
 
 10.07 
 
 2(5.52 
 
 1867 
 
 2.82 
 
 none 
 
 3.82 
 
 20.05 
 
 30.03 
 
 1868 
 
 6.93 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 .77 
 
 22.04 
 
 19.50 
 
 1869 
 
 4.83 
 
 .01 
 
 2.97 
 
 11.03 
 
 18.19 
 
 1870 
 
 4.03 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 .60 
 
 6.57 
 
 10.21 
 
 1871 
 
 2.90 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 1.43 
 
 4.97 
 
 19.32 
 
 1872.--- 
 
 2.83 
 
 .02 
 
 2.15 
 
 19.47 
 
 19.17 
 
 1873 
 
 1.06 
 
 .02 
 
 1.52 
 
 11.08 
 
 18.20 
 
 1874 
 
 4.31 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 ail 
 
 17.07 
 
 17.92 
 
 1875 
 
 .80 
 
 
 6.64 
 
 9.69 
 
 23.31 
 
 1876 
 
 5.40 
 
 .23 
 
 3.75 
 
 14.2(5 
 
 18.12 
 
 1877.-- . - -.. 
 
 1.39 
 
 .01 
 
 1.80 
 
 3.81 
 
 8.44 
 
 1878 
 
 4.33 
 
 none 
 
 1.35 
 
 18.73 
 
 23.45 
 
 1879 
 
 8.84 
 
 .13 
 
 2.93 
 
 7.53 
 
 22.37 
 
 1880 
 
 16.66 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 .05 
 
 6.88 
 
 31.99 
 
 1881 -.. 
 
 3.01 
 
 
 2.73 
 
 23.01 
 
 20.71 
 
 1882 . 
 
 6.12 
 
 .10 
 
 (5.42 
 
 7.5(5 
 
 18.0(5 
 
 1883 - - 
 
 7.22 
 
 none 
 
 2.48 
 
 4.47 
 
 13.48 
 
 1884 
 
 12.52 
 
 1.45 
 
 2.61 
 
 8.33 
 
 34.92 
 
 1885 
 
 .76 
 
 .11 
 
 11.44 
 
 13.10 
 
 20.72 
 
 1886.. 
 
 
 
 
 14.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 197.32 
 
 5*4 
 
 109.80 
 
 418.04 
 
 707.07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 5.481 
 
 .154 
 
 2.968 
 
 11.298 
 
 19.641 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Rainfall for September, October, November, and December, 1849. 
 
MEAN WINTER TEMPERATURE. 
 
 The tabulated statement below shows the average temperature by months > 
 and for the season also. The Winter seasons, beginning with the season 
 of 1853-4, and ending with the one of 1885-6; also, showing a mean aver- 
 age for thirty-three years. Judging from the average temperature for each 
 season, we must conclude "that the season of 1879-80 was the coldest 
 44.5; the warmest being the season of 1881 51.0; the mean average of 
 thirty-two' years being 48.3: 
 
 WINTER SEASON OF 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 December. 
 
 Mean Temp.- 
 January. 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 February. 
 
 Mean Winter 
 Temperature. 
 
 1853-54 
 
 48.0 
 
 43.0 
 
 51.0 
 
 47.3 
 
 1854 55 
 
 47.9 
 
 43.7 
 
 525 
 
 48.0- 
 
 1855-56 
 
 46.0 
 
 48.0 
 
 52.6 
 
 48.9 
 
 1856-57 
 
 43.9 
 
 48.5 
 
 50.2 
 
 47.5 
 
 1857-58 
 
 47.4 
 
 450 
 
 52.2 
 
 48.2 
 
 1858-59 
 
 44.5 
 
 44.9 
 
 50.5 
 
 46.6 
 
 1859-60 
 
 43.5 
 
 46.2 
 
 49.8 
 
 46.5 
 
 1860-61 
 
 49.3 
 
 471 
 
 52.2 
 
 49.5 
 
 1861-62 
 
 509 
 
 464 
 
 475 
 
 483 
 
 1862-63 
 
 46.4 
 
 46.9 
 
 48.0 
 
 47.1 
 
 1863-64 
 
 46.5 
 
 49.2 
 
 53.6 
 
 498 
 
 1864-65 
 
 50.2 
 
 47.4 
 
 49.0 
 
 48.9 
 
 1865-66 
 
 44.1 
 
 46.5 
 
 63.5 
 
 51.4 
 
 1866-67 
 
 50.2 
 
 48.2 
 
 47.8 
 
 48.7 
 
 1867-68 
 
 468 
 
 470 
 
 50.5 
 
 481 
 
 1868-69 
 
 47.0 
 
 47.6 
 
 49.9 
 
 48.2 
 
 1869-70 
 
 46.5 
 
 486 
 
 51.1 
 
 48.7 
 
 1870-71 
 
 455 
 
 483 
 
 49.4 
 
 477 
 
 1871-72 
 
 48.7 
 
 48.5 
 
 53.3 
 
 50.2 
 
 1872-73 
 
 49.0 
 
 52.7 
 
 48.2 
 
 50.0 
 
 1873-74 
 
 47.7 
 
 457 
 
 493 
 
 476 
 
 1874-75 
 
 45.0 
 
 46.9 
 
 52.7 
 
 48.2 
 
 1875-76 
 
 48.0 
 
 48.8 
 
 50.2 
 
 49.0 
 
 1876-77 
 
 45.5 
 
 491 
 
 550 
 
 499 
 
 1877-78 
 
 48.6 
 
 49.7 
 
 51.3 
 
 49.9 
 
 1878-79.. 
 
 47.2 
 
 45.5 
 
 55.0 
 
 49.2 
 
 1879-80 
 
 440 
 
 435 
 
 460 
 
 44.5 
 
 1880-81 
 
 503 
 
 492 
 
 535 
 
 510 
 
 1881-82 
 
 46.2 
 
 45.1 
 
 46.3 
 
 45.9 
 
 1882-83 . . 
 
 48.2 
 
 419 
 
 46.0 
 
 45.4 
 
 1883-84 
 
 442 
 
 466 
 
 469 
 
 459 
 
 1884-85 
 
 48.8 
 
 47.1 
 
 54.0 
 
 50.0 
 
 1885-86 . 
 
 49.1 
 
 45.7 
 
 53.3 
 
 49.4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 1555 1 
 
 15485 
 
 16823 
 
 15955 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages for 33 years 
 
 471 
 
 469 
 
 51.0 
 
 483 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10 
 
 MEAN SPRING TEMPERATURE. 
 
 The table below will be found to contain the average temperature by 
 months for the Spring, also for the season. The warmest one, as indicated 
 by its average temperature, was 1853 62.9; the coldest, 1880 55.0; the 
 mean average Spring temperature being 59.5: 
 
 Mean Temp. ' Mean Temp. Mean Temp. Mean Spring 
 March. April. Max. Temperature. 
 
 1853 - - ... -_-_._--.---------.-- 
 
 59.8 
 53.0 
 54.8 
 57.0 
 5(i.4 
 53.7 
 51.5 
 53.3 
 55.0 
 53.6 
 57.6 
 56.1 
 53.6 
 54.2 
 50.7 
 55.0 
 53.6 
 53.0 
 56.0 
 56.8 
 56.8 
 52.9 
 58.7 
 54.6 
 59.0 
 58.7 
 57.4 
 48.8 
 55.5' 
 53.0 
 56.9 
 52.9 
 59.1 
 
 61.0 68. 
 60.0 62. 
 58.1 : 60. 
 58.8 , 63. 
 63.3 i (55. 
 59.8 i 65. 
 57.1 (53. 
 57. S 58. 
 60.6 (53. 
 58.0 (51. 
 59.5 (57. 
 62.1 ! (58. 
 59.3 70. 
 (51.9 (53. 
 59.7 i (54. 
 60.1 64. 
 59.0 (54. 
 57.0 61. 
 59.2 ; 61. 
 57.6 (57. 
 60.0 ; 67. 
 59.5 <54. 
 (53.0 (58. 
 59.5 65. 
 60.2 (54. 
 59.4 65. 
 60.3 (50. 
 ,54.6 i (51. 
 60.8 (>4. 
 55.8 (54. 
 56.0 62. 
 56.7 (54. 
 60.6 65. 
 
 > >2.9 
 1 . 58.3 
 2 57.7 
 ) 5JU) 
 > 61.7 
 2 59.6 
 57.2 
 5 5(5.5 
 7 59.8 
 2 57.6 
 1 61.4 
 5 62.2 
 2 61.0 
 1 59.7 
 4 58.3 
 2 59.8 
 2 58.9 
 57.0 
 5 5S.9 
 (50.5 
 9 61 .(i 
 7 59.0 
 1 (53.3 
 7 i 59.9 
 5 1 61.2 
 5 60.5 
 2 59.3 
 i 55.0 
 8 (50.4 
 57.6 
 6 58.5 
 57.9 
 7 61.8 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 1856 
 
 1857 . 
 
 1858 . 
 
 1859 
 
 1860 
 
 1861. 
 
 1862 .- . 
 
 1863 - 
 
 1864 
 
 1865 
 
 1866 
 
 1867 . 
 
 1868 . -- .- . 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 
 1871 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 ...- 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 ' .. 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 - - ..- 
 
 1885 
 
 Totals 
 
 1817.0 1 1956.3 2121. 
 
 7 1964.9 
 
 Averages for 33 years 
 
 55.1 i 59.3 64. 
 
 59.5 
 
 
11 
 
 MEAN SUMMER TEMPERATURE. 
 
 The average temperature in the following table is for the Summer months 
 and for the Summer season, showing by their average temperature that 
 1866 was the warmest 74.8; and the coldest to have been 1880 69.1; 
 the mean average for thirty-three years is 71.7; the season of 1866 being 
 2.9 above the mean average, and 1880 being 2.6 below the mean average 
 for the past thirty-three years: 
 
 SUMMER SEASON OF 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 June. 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 July. 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 August. 
 
 Mean Summer 
 Temperature. 
 
 1853 -.- - - 
 
 77.0 
 
 75.0 
 
 71.0 
 
 74.3 
 
 1854 
 
 67.0 
 
 80.6 
 
 69.5 
 
 72.4 
 
 1855 
 
 71.1 
 
 725 
 
 730 
 
 7 9 2 
 
 185(1 
 
 71.1 
 
 75.1 
 
 69.6 
 
 71.9 
 
 1857 -- -. _.- - 
 
 71.9 
 
 71.4 
 
 71.3 
 
 71.5 
 
 1858 
 
 69.4 
 
 70.8 
 
 706 
 
 70.3 
 
 1859 
 
 74.8 
 
 691 
 
 672 
 
 704 
 
 1860 
 
 V 656 
 
 732 
 
 735 
 
 708 
 
 1861 . 
 
 66.2 
 
 73.6 
 
 69.7 
 
 69.8 
 
 1862 
 
 69.3 
 
 732 
 
 750 
 
 725 
 
 1863 
 
 691 
 
 756 
 
 707 
 
 71 8 
 
 1864 
 
 71.1 
 
 74.8 
 
 74.7 
 
 73.5 
 
 1865 
 
 73.5 
 
 74.0 
 
 717 
 
 731 
 
 1866 
 
 72.2 
 
 762 
 
 760 
 
 74 8 
 
 1867 
 
 70.3 
 
 73.7 
 
 71.7 
 
 71.9 
 
 1868 _ . 
 
 69.5 
 
 73.8 
 
 71.2 
 
 715 
 
 1869 . 
 
 70.8 
 
 743 
 
 713 
 
 721 
 
 1870 
 
 693 
 
 718 
 
 726 
 
 71 2 
 
 1871 
 
 70.1 
 
 70.2 
 
 72.0 
 
 708 
 
 1872 
 
 69.2 
 
 714 
 
 731 
 
 716 
 
 1873 - 
 
 71 7 
 
 732 
 
 663 
 
 704 
 
 1874 
 
 702 
 
 728 
 
 709 
 
 713 
 
 1875 
 
 706 
 
 733 
 
 795 
 
 72 1 
 
 1876 . - 
 
 76.9 
 
 740 
 
 7^8 
 
 74 6 
 
 1877 
 
 725 
 
 750 
 
 729 
 
 735 
 
 1878 
 
 71.8 
 
 734 
 
 734 
 
 729 
 
 1879 
 
 72.1 
 
 718 
 
 74 7 
 
 729 
 
 1880 
 
 66 6 
 
 709 
 
 697 
 
 69 1 
 
 1881 
 
 660 
 
 71 1 
 
 68 9 
 
 (585 
 
 1882 
 
 68 1 
 
 734 
 
 719 
 
 71 1 
 
 1883 
 
 72.6 
 
 731 
 
 714 
 
 724 
 
 1884 
 
 658 
 
 712 
 
 7^5 
 
 698 
 
 1885 
 
 662 
 
 710 
 
 730 
 
 70 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals _- . 
 
 53196 
 
 2414 5 
 
 23656 
 
 23666 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages for 33 years 
 
 703 
 
 732 
 
 71 7 
 
 71 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12 
 
 MEAN AUTUMN TEMPERATURE. 
 
 The average temperature for the Fall season indicates the Fall of 1853 
 as being the warmest, 69.0; that of 1881 was the coldest, judging from the 
 average temperature, 58.5. The average mean temperature for thirty-three 
 years past, 61.5, showing the average of 1853 to have heen 7.5 above the 
 mean average, and that of 1881 to have been 3.0 below the mean average 
 temperature for the past thirty-three years: 
 
 FALL SEASON OF 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 September. 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 October. 
 
 Mean Temp. 
 November. 
 
 Mean Autumn 
 Temperature. 
 
 1853 
 
 760 
 
 780 
 
 53 
 
 690 
 
 1854. .- 
 
 65.0 
 
 60.0 
 
 55.0 
 
 60.0 
 
 1855 
 
 68.0 
 
 63.0 
 
 50.6 
 
 60.5 
 
 1856 _ . ... 
 
 70.9 
 
 58.0 
 
 522 
 
 604 
 
 1857 
 
 67.9 
 
 61.5 
 
 532 
 
 609 
 
 1858 
 
 689 
 
 595 
 
 542 
 
 609 
 
 1859 
 
 65.9 
 
 63.3 
 
 54.0 
 
 61.1 
 
 I860 
 
 67.6 
 
 59.8 
 
 53.5 
 
 60.3 
 
 1861 
 
 67.8 
 
 59.9 
 
 53.6 
 
 604 
 
 1862 
 
 704 
 
 67.6 
 
 531 
 
 637 
 
 1863 
 
 690 
 
 628 
 
 527 
 
 615 
 
 1864 
 
 69.8 
 
 64.5 
 
 53.5 
 
 62.6 
 
 1865 . 
 
 68.8 
 
 63.1 
 
 56.9 
 
 62.9 
 
 1866 
 
 72.2 
 
 65.2 
 
 53.8 
 
 63.7 
 
 1867 
 
 68.8 
 
 62.7 
 
 54.8 
 
 62.1 
 
 1868 
 
 68.3 
 
 62.0 
 
 53.9 
 
 61.4 
 
 1869 
 
 69.9 
 
 63.1 
 
 54.0 
 
 62.3 
 
 1870 
 
 68.0 
 
 63.6 
 
 53.4 
 
 61.7 
 
 1871 
 
 67.4 
 
 62.2 
 
 50.2 
 
 59.9 
 
 1872 
 
 688 
 
 58.9 
 
 51.2 
 
 59.6 
 
 1873 - .-- 
 
 69.9 
 
 61.4 
 
 57.5 
 
 62.9 
 
 1874 - 
 
 70.7 
 
 61.7 
 
 53.9 
 
 82.1 
 
 1875 
 
 55.7 
 
 69.9 
 
 5(17 
 
 60.8 
 
 1876 
 
 70.1 
 
 63.5 
 
 53.3 
 
 62.3 
 
 1877 
 
 72.7 
 
 62.9 
 
 54.7 
 
 63.4 
 
 1878 
 
 69.0 
 
 62.9 
 
 55.5 
 
 62.5 
 
 1879 
 
 70.4 
 
 61.5 
 
 50.9 
 
 60.9 
 
 1880 
 
 68.0 
 
 62.1 
 
 49.7 
 
 59.9 
 
 1881 
 
 67.8 
 
 56.8 
 
 50.8 
 
 58.5 
 
 1882 
 
 68.4 
 
 58.4 
 
 49.5 
 
 58.8 
 
 1883 . .... 
 
 71.6 
 
 58.2 
 
 50.5 
 
 60.1 
 
 1884 
 
 64.8 
 
 59.9 
 
 55.3 
 
 60.0 
 
 1885 
 
 69.8 
 
 64.3 
 
 54.4 
 
 62.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 2268.3 
 
 2062.2 
 
 1759.5 
 
 2029.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages for 33 years . 
 
 68.7 
 
 62.5 
 
 53.3 
 
 61.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13 
 
 AVERAGE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURES. 
 
 The statement below shows the average temperature, for each year, for 
 thirty-three years; for the Spring, Summer, and Autumn, for thirty-three 
 years, and the average Winter temperature for thirty-two years. The coldest 
 year, inferring from the average temperature, was that of 1880 57.5; the 
 warmest was 1864 62.8; the mean average for the past thirty-three years 
 being 60.2, showing the coldest to have been 2.7 below the mean average, 
 while the warmest year being that of 1864, when it was 2.6 above the 
 mean average for thirty-three years. By careful study of the following 
 table, one is struck by the slight difference between the coldest and warm- 
 est year, as compared with a thirty-three years average, generally not more 
 than 3. That is, we might safely say that the average temperature of any 
 year is not likely to vary more than 3 from 60, either way, between the 
 hottest and coldest year, as compared with the mean average temperature 
 for the past thirty-three years: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Mean Annual 
 Temperature. 
 
 Mean Spring 
 Temperature. 
 
 Mean Summer 
 Temperature. 
 
 Mean Autumn 
 Temperature. 
 
 Mean Winter 
 Temperature. 
 
 1853 
 
 62.6 
 
 62.9 
 
 74.3 
 
 690 
 
 * 
 
 1854 
 
 59.5 
 
 58.3 
 
 724 
 
 600 
 
 473 
 
 1855 
 
 59.5 
 
 57.7 
 
 ' 72.2 
 
 60.5 
 
 48.0 
 
 1856 
 
 60.1 
 
 59.9 
 
 71.9 
 
 60.4 
 
 48.9 
 
 1857 . . 
 
 60.7 
 
 61.7 
 
 71.5 
 
 60.9 
 
 47.5 
 
 1858 
 
 59.5 
 
 59.6 
 
 703 
 
 609 
 
 482 
 
 1859 T 
 
 58.7 
 
 57.2 
 
 70.4 
 
 61.1 
 
 46.6 
 
 1860 
 
 59.0 
 
 56.5 
 
 70.8 
 
 603 
 
 46.5 
 
 1861 . 
 
 60.1 
 
 59.8 
 
 698 
 
 604 
 
 495 
 
 1862 
 
 622 
 
 576 
 
 725 
 
 637 
 
 483 
 
 1863 
 
 60.3 
 
 61.4 
 
 71.8 
 
 61.5 
 
 47.1 
 
 1864 .... 
 
 62.8 
 
 62.2 
 
 73.5 
 
 626 
 
 498 
 
 1865 
 
 61.0 
 
 610 
 
 731 
 
 629 
 
 489 
 
 1866 
 
 621 
 
 597 
 
 748 
 
 63 7 
 
 514 
 
 1867 
 
 599 
 
 583 
 
 71 9 
 
 62 1 
 
 487 
 
 1868 
 
 60.1 
 
 59.8 
 
 71.5 
 
 614 
 
 481 
 
 1869 .... 
 
 604 
 
 58.9 
 
 721 
 
 623 
 
 482 
 
 1870 . . 
 
 596 
 
 570 
 
 712 
 
 61 7 
 
 487 
 
 1871 
 
 596 
 
 589 
 
 708 
 
 599 
 
 47 7 
 
 1872 
 
 604 
 
 605 
 
 716 
 
 596 
 
 502 
 
 1873 
 
 607 
 
 616 
 
 704 
 
 629 
 
 500 
 
 1874 
 
 598 
 
 590 
 
 713 
 
 621 
 
 476 
 
 1875 . 
 
 625 
 
 633 
 
 72 1 
 
 608 
 
 482 
 
 1876 
 
 617 
 
 599 
 
 74 6 
 
 623 
 
 490 
 
 1877 
 
 61.2 
 
 612 
 
 735 
 
 634 
 
 499 
 
 1878 
 
 61.3 
 
 605 
 
 729 
 
 625 
 
 499 
 
 1879 .... 
 
 603 
 
 593 
 
 729 
 
 609 
 
 492 
 
 1880 . 
 
 57 5 
 
 550 
 
 69 1 
 
 599 
 
 44 5 
 
 1881 
 
 592 
 
 604 
 
 685 
 
 585 
 
 51 
 
 1882 
 
 58.5 
 
 576 
 
 711 
 
 588 
 
 459 
 
 1883 
 
 58.8 
 
 585 
 
 724 
 
 601 
 
 454 
 
 1884 ... 
 
 588 
 
 579 
 
 698 
 
 600 
 
 459 
 
 1885 . 
 
 612 
 
 61 8 
 
 701 
 
 628 
 
 500 
 
 1886 
 
 
 
 
 
 494 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals. 
 
 1987.6 
 
 19649 
 
 23657 
 
 20299 
 
 15955 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 + 602 
 
 595 
 
 71 7 
 
 61 5 
 
 1 48 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * The Winter tables are for the Winters from 1852-3 to 1885-6, both inclusive. 
 f Mean for thirty-three years. 
 I Mean for thirty-three years. 
 
14 
 
 The following table gives the average annual barometer, thermometer, 
 and hygrometer, the maximum and minimum temperature. The hygro- 
 metrical observations is the amount of moisture or relative humidity con- 
 tained in the atmosphere; also the mean average for eight years: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Mean Annual 
 Barometer. 
 
 Mean Annual 
 Relative 
 Humidity. 
 
 Mean Annual 
 Temperature. 
 
 Max. Yearly 
 Temperature. 
 
 Min. Yearly 
 Temperature. 
 
 1878 
 
 29.946 
 
 62.2 
 
 61.3 
 
 100.5 Aug. 
 
 23.5 Dec. 
 
 1879 
 
 29.998 
 
 65.7 
 
 60.3 
 
 103.0 Aug. 
 
 25.0 Dec. 
 
 1880 
 
 30.025 
 
 i 64.6 
 
 57.7 
 
 98.0 July. 
 
 25.0 Jan. 
 
 1881 
 
 30.026 
 
 66.7 
 
 59.2 
 
 98.6 July. 
 
 31.9 Dec. 
 
 1882 
 
 30.030 
 
 66.0 
 
 58.2 
 
 99.8 Aug. 
 
 27.0 Dec. 
 
 1883 
 
 30.034 
 
 69.0 
 
 58.8 
 
 103.5 July. 
 
 22.0 fi an ; 
 
 1884 
 
 29.985 
 
 70.7 
 
 58.8 
 
 100.0 Aug. 
 
 ( Feb. 
 21.0 Feb. 
 
 1885 
 
 29.982 
 
 67.8 
 
 61.2 
 
 105.0 Aug. 
 
 34.2 Jan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 240.026 
 
 532.7 
 
 475.5 
 
 Highest, 
 
 Lowest, 
 
 
 
 
 
 { OK. f) -i QQ,X 
 
 01 o 1 004 
 
 Averages 
 
 30.003 
 
 66.6 
 
 59.5 
 
 August. 
 
 February. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Winter tables following this statement show the average Winter 
 pressure, temperature, and relative humidity, the highest and lowest tem- 
 perature for the Winter seasons of 1877-8 to 1884-5, and the mean average 
 for nine years: 
 
 WINTER OF 
 
 Mean Winter 
 Barometer. 
 
 Mean Winter 
 Relative 
 Humidity. 
 
 Mean Winter 
 Temperature. 
 
 Max. Winter 
 Temperature. 
 
 Min. Winter 
 Temperature. 
 
 1877-78 
 
 30.004 
 
 77.1 
 
 49.9 
 
 67.0- Dec. 
 
 27.0 Jan. 
 
 1878-79 
 
 30.120 
 
 68.3 
 
 49.2 
 
 73.5 Feb. 
 
 23.5 Dec. 
 
 1879-80 .- 
 
 30.163 
 
 77.2 
 
 44.5 
 
 64.0 Feb. 
 
 25.0 1 ! e ^' 
 
 1880-81 
 
 30.116 
 
 84.0 
 
 51.0 
 
 67.0 Feb. 
 
 35.0 Jan. 
 
 1881-82 
 
 30.169 
 
 76.4 
 
 45.9 
 
 62.8 Feb. 
 
 29.0 Dec. 
 
 1882 83 
 
 30.189 
 
 77.9 
 
 45.4 
 
 71.7-Feb. 
 
 22 Q ( Jan. 
 
 1883-84 
 
 30.120 
 
 83.0 
 
 45.9 
 
 71.0 Feb. 
 
 21.0 Feb. 
 
 1884-85 
 
 30.094 
 
 77.7 
 
 50.0 
 
 70.0 Feb. 
 
 27.0 Dec. 
 
 1885-86 -.-. 
 
 30.104 
 
 87.1 
 
 49.4 
 
 72.7 Feb. 
 
 27.5 Jan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 271.079 
 
 708.7 
 
 431.2 
 
 Highest, 
 
 Lowest, 
 
 
 
 
 
 73 5 1879 
 
 21 1884 
 
 Averages 
 
 30.120 
 
 78.8 
 
 47.9 
 
 February. 
 
 February. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15 
 
 The average Spring pressure, relative humidity and temperature, the 
 maximum and minimum Spring temperature, also the mean average for 
 eight years past, will be found as follows: . 
 
 SPRING OF 
 
 Mean Spring 
 Barometer. 
 
 Mean Spring 
 Relative 
 Humidity. 
 
 Mean Spring 
 Temperature. 
 
 Max. Spring 
 Temperature. 
 
 'Min. Spring 
 Temperature. 
 
 1878 
 
 29.933 
 
 67.1 
 
 60.5 
 
 91.0 May 
 
 40 March. 
 
 1879 
 
 30.046 
 
 68.4 
 
 59.3 
 
 91 May 
 
 38 o March 
 
 1880 
 
 30 O'il 
 
 66.2 
 
 55.0 
 
 86 May 
 
 29 March 
 
 1881 
 
 30.003 
 
 .68.4 
 
 60.4 
 
 88.8 May. 
 
 37 March. 
 
 1882 
 
 30.037 
 
 61.9 
 
 57.6 
 
 94.6 May 
 
 34 1 March 
 
 1883 . . 
 
 30.009 
 
 68.9 
 
 58.5 
 
 98.0 May 
 
 39 8 April 
 
 1884 
 
 29918 
 
 733 
 
 579 
 
 85 May 
 
 390 Mirch 
 
 1885 
 
 29970 
 
 649 
 
 61 8 
 
 98 May 
 
 39 April 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 240.033 
 
 539.1 
 
 4710 
 
 Highest 
 
 Lowest 
 
 
 
 
 
 QQ f) -1 OQQ 
 
 on A 1 oon 
 
 Averages 
 
 30004 
 
 674 
 
 589 
 
 and 1885 
 
 March 
 
 
 
 
 
 in May. 
 
 
 The tabulated statement following indicates the average Summer pres- 
 sure, relative humidity and temperature, the maximum and minimum 
 Summer temperature, and the mean average for eight years: 
 
 SUMMER OF 
 
 Mean Summer 
 Barometer. 
 
 Mean Summer 
 Rel. Humidity. 
 
 Mean Summer 
 Temperature. 
 
 Max. Summer 
 Temperature. 
 
 Min. Summer 
 Temperature. 
 
 1878 
 
 29817 
 
 547 
 
 729 
 
 100 5 Aug 
 
 49 June 
 
 1879 
 
 29821 
 
 527 
 
 729 
 
 103 Aug 
 
 51 July 
 
 1880 
 
 29880 s 
 
 593 
 
 691 
 
 98 Julv 
 
 490 Aug' 
 
 1881 
 
 29903 
 
 563 
 
 685 
 
 986 July 
 
 48 June 
 
 1882 
 
 29898 
 
 570 
 
 71 1 
 
 998 Aug 
 
 51 June 
 
 1883 
 
 29 908 
 
 584 
 
 724 
 
 103 5 July 
 
 49 8 June 
 
 1884 
 
 29919 
 
 633 
 
 698 
 
 1000- Aug 
 
 52 9 June 
 
 1885 . 
 
 29870 
 
 558 
 
 70 1 
 
 1050 Aug 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 239.016 
 
 4575 
 
 5668 
 
 Highest 
 
 Lowest 
 
 
 
 
 
 JAKA 1 QOK 
 
 48 ft 1 881 
 
 Averages 
 
 29877 
 
 572 
 
 708 
 
 
 
 / 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The following table shows the average Autumn pressure, relative humid- 
 ity and temperature, the maximum and minimum Fall temperature, and 
 the mean averages for the past nine years: 
 
 FALL OF 
 
 Mean Fall 
 Barometer. 
 
 Mean Fall 
 Rel. Humidity. 
 
 Mean Fall 
 Temperature. 
 
 Max. Fall 
 Temperature. 
 
 Min. Fall ' 
 Temperature. 
 
 1877 
 
 29.973 
 29.991 
 30.000 
 30.035 
 30.026 
 30.024 
 30.011 
 30.000 
 29.927 
 
 54.3 
 54.4 
 
 65.2 
 54.9 
 58.4 
 69.6 
 68.8 
 69.1 
 66.3 
 
 63.4 
 
 62.5 
 60.9 
 59.9 
 58.5 
 58.8 
 60.1 
 60.0 
 62.8 
 
 88.0-Sept. 
 92.0 Sept. 
 98.0 Sept. 
 92.0 Sept. 
 93.0 Sept. 
 99.6 Sept. 
 101.0 Sept. 
 93.5 Sept. 
 98.5 Sept. 
 
 07 o fij n v 
 
 1878 
 
 34 Nov. 
 33.0 Nov. 
 27.0 Nov. 
 32.0 Nov. 
 34.0 Nov. 
 29.0 Nov. 
 37.7 Nov. 
 38.5 Nov. 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 , 
 
 1885 .... 
 
 Totals 
 
 269.987 
 
 561.0 
 
 546.9 
 
 Highest, 
 101.01883. 
 September. 
 
 Lowest, 
 27.01880. 
 November. 
 
 Averages 
 
 29.999 
 
 62.3 
 
 60.8 
 
 
16 
 
 The following table will be found to contain the average direction of the 
 wind, the total velocity, the rainfall, and the clear, fair, and cloudy days; 
 also, days rain fell during the Winter months from 1877-8 to 1885-6: 
 
 WINTER OF 
 
 M'n Winter 
 Direction. 
 
 Velocity 
 for Winter. 
 
 Rainfall 
 for Winter. 
 
 Clear Days. 
 
 Fair Days. 
 
 Cloudy 
 Days. 
 
 Davs Rain 
 Fell. 
 
 1877-78 
 
 S.E. 
 
 13.452 
 
 1874 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 36 
 
 39 
 
 1878-79 
 
 N. 
 
 12650 
 
 753 
 
 44 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 1879-80 
 
 S.E. 
 
 13.735 
 
 6.88 
 
 39 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 1880-81 
 
 S.E. 
 
 16.092 
 
 23.01 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 50 
 
 43 
 
 1881-82 
 
 N. 
 
 14.611 
 
 7.56 
 
 46 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 1882-83 
 
 S.E. 
 
 11.131 
 
 447 
 
 52 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 1883-84 
 
 S.E. 
 
 12294 
 
 833 
 
 47 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 1884-85 
 
 N.W. 
 
 16406 
 
 1310 
 
 40 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 1885-86 
 
 N.W. 
 
 13.889 
 
 14.00 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 124.260 
 
 103.62 
 
 350 
 
 240 
 
 223 
 
 252 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 SE 
 
 13807 
 
 11 51 
 
 389 
 
 267 
 
 248 
 
 280 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The average direction of the wind, total velocity, the rainfall, and num- 
 ber of clear, fair, and cloudy days, also number of days rain fell during 
 the Spring season, from 1878 to 1885, will be found in the following tabu- 
 lated statement: 
 
 SPRING OF 
 
 Mean Spr'g 
 Direction. 
 
 Velocity for 
 Spring. 
 
 Rainfall for 
 Spring. 
 
 Clear Days. 
 
 Fair Days. 
 
 Cloudy 
 Days. 
 
 Days Rain 
 Fell. 
 
 1878 . 
 
 s. 
 
 13.962 
 
 4.33 
 
 45 
 
 28 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 1879 
 
 S.E. 
 
 14.530 
 
 8.84 
 
 39 
 
 34 
 
 19 
 
 31 
 
 1880 
 
 S.E. 
 
 19653 
 
 1666 
 
 49 
 
 24 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 1881 
 
 S. 
 
 14.966 
 
 3.01 
 
 60 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 1882 
 
 N. 
 
 17.774 
 
 6.12 
 
 57 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 1883 -. 
 
 S. 
 
 15.825 
 
 7.22 
 
 54 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 1884 
 
 s.w. 
 
 18.168 
 
 12.52 
 
 46 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 1885 
 
 s.w. 
 
 16.670 
 
 .76 
 
 58 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 131 548 
 
 5946 
 
 408 
 
 204 
 
 124 
 
 164 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages - 
 
 s. 
 
 16.444 
 
 7.432 
 
 51.0 
 
 25.5 
 
 15.5 
 
 20.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The statistics following will be found to contain the mean direction of 
 the wind, total velocity, the rainfall, the number of clear, fair, and cloudy 
 days; also the number of days rain fell for the Summer season, from 1878 
 to 1885: 
 
 SUMMER OF 
 
 Mean Sum- 
 mer Direc- 
 tion. 
 
 Velocity for 
 Summer. 
 
 Rainfall for 
 Summer. 
 
 Clear Days. 
 
 Fair Days. 
 
 Cloudy 
 Days. 
 
 Days Rain 
 Fell. 
 
 1878 
 
 S 
 
 13303 
 
 
 83 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 s 
 
 13645 
 
 13 
 
 81 
 
 11 
 
 
 3 
 
 1880 
 
 s 
 
 16066 
 
 
 85 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 1881 
 
 s. 
 
 16 531 
 
 50 
 
 86 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1882. ... 
 
 s. 
 
 15449 
 
 10 
 
 87 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1883 
 
 s 
 
 15609 
 
 
 89 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 1884 
 
 s. 
 
 16518 
 
 145 
 
 77 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1885 
 
 s. 
 
 18474 
 
 11 
 
 81 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 125.595 
 
 2.29 
 
 669 
 
 58 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A vprpws 
 
 s 
 
 15flQQ 
 
 0311 
 
 83 fi 
 
 7.3 
 
 1.1 
 
 2.6 
 
17 
 
 The mean direction of the wind, the total velocity, the rainfall, and 
 number of clear, fair, and cloudy days; also the number of days rain fell, 
 for the Fall season from 1877 to 1885, will be found recorded in the follow- 
 ing table: 
 
 FALL OF 
 
 Mean Fall 
 Direction. 
 
 Velocity for 
 Fall. 
 
 Eainfall for 
 Fall. 
 
 Clear Days. 
 
 Fair Days. 
 
 Cloudy 
 Days. 
 
 Days Rain 
 
 Fell. 
 
 1877 
 
 s. 
 
 10.669 
 
 1.80 
 
 76 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 1878 
 
 N. 
 
 11.269 
 
 1.35 
 
 71 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1879 
 
 S. 
 
 10.492 
 
 2.93 
 
 59 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 1880 
 
 N. 
 
 11.518 
 
 .05 
 
 71 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1881 
 
 N. 
 
 12.993 
 
 2.73 
 
 73 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 1882 
 
 N.W. 
 
 12.213 
 
 6.42 
 
 61 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 1883 
 
 S. 
 
 10.771 
 
 2.48 
 
 67 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 1884 
 
 N. & S.E. 
 
 10.659 
 
 2.61 
 
 75 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1885 
 
 S.E. 
 
 14.214 
 
 11.44 
 
 51 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 104.798 
 
 31.81 
 
 604 
 
 147 
 
 68 ' 
 
 97 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 N. 
 
 11.644 
 
 3.534 
 
 67.1 
 
 16.3 
 
 7.6 
 
 10.8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The tabulated statement below shows the number of times the wind was 
 observed blowing from the different points of the compass for the Winter 
 seasons from 1877-8 to 1885-6 three observations daily: 
 
 WINTER OF 
 
 N. 
 
 N.B. 
 
 E. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 S. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 1877-78 
 
 66 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 69 
 
 54 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 26 
 
 1878-79 
 
 102 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 44 
 
 1879-80 
 
 41 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 77 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 47 
 
 23 
 
 1880-81 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 107 
 
 57 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 1881 T 82. 
 
 86 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 75 
 
 35 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 1882-83 
 
 54 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 66 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
 a 
 
 60 
 
 9 
 
 1883-84 
 
 63 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 75 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 1884-85 
 
 42 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 68 
 
 40 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 72 
 
 3 
 
 1885-86 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 82 
 
 36 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 88 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals . 
 
 511 
 
 73 
 
 97 
 
 660 
 
 363 
 
 153 
 
 51 
 
 360 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 56.8 
 
 8.1 
 
 10.8 
 
 73.3 
 
 40.3 
 
 17.0 
 
 5.7 
 
 40.0 
 
 18.3 
 
 The following table shows the number of times the wind was observed 
 blowing from the different points of the compass; also the number of calms 
 observed during the Spring season, from 1878 to 1885, and is as follows 
 from three daily observations: 
 
 SPRING OF 
 
 N. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 E. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 
 
 S.W. 
 
 W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 1878 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 48 
 
 89 
 
 54 
 
 11 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 1879 
 
 34 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 82 
 
 75 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 1880 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 6 
 
 45 
 
 4 
 
 1881 . 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 71 
 
 71 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 1882 
 
 71 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 55 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 1883 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 57 
 
 91 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 1884 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 1885 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 66 
 
 '88 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals ... 
 
 284 
 
 21 
 
 33 
 
 375 
 
 584 
 
 528 
 
 75 
 
 228 
 
 78 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 35.5 
 
 2.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 46.9 
 
 73.0 
 
 66.0 
 
 9.4 
 
 28.5 
 
 9.8 
 
18 
 
 The wind's direction for the Summer months from 1878 to 1885 will be 
 found to be as follows from three daily observations: 
 
 SUMMER OF 
 
 N. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 E. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 S. 
 
 s.w. 
 
 w. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 1878 . 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 161 
 
 47 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 1879 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 111 
 
 79 
 
 8 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 1880 
 
 14 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 46 
 
 109 
 
 64 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 1881 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 58 
 
 115 
 
 55 
 
 6 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 1882 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 56 
 
 135 
 
 41 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 Q 
 
 1883 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 127 
 
 50 
 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 1884 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 52 
 
 107 
 
 76 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 1885 . , 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 66 
 
 115 
 
 57 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 88 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 362 
 
 980 
 
 469 
 
 62 
 
 197 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 11.0 
 
 0.8 
 
 0.8 
 
 45.2 
 
 122.5 
 
 58.6 
 
 7.8 
 
 24.6 
 
 4.8 
 
 The table following shows the direction of wind during the Fall months, 
 from 1878 to 1885, both years included, three observations daily: 
 
 FALL OF 
 
 N. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 E. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 S. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 1877 
 
 59 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 78 
 
 29 
 
 9 
 
 31 
 
 33 
 
 1878 
 
 75 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 64 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 26 
 
 1879 
 
 45 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 41 
 
 66 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 29 
 
 1880 
 
 75 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 40 
 
 55 
 
 37 
 
 12 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 1881 - 
 
 81 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 46 
 
 46 
 
 35 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 1882 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 60 
 
 54 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 08 
 
 14 
 
 1883 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 62 
 
 66 
 
 29 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 13 
 
 1884 
 
 49 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 49 
 
 47 
 
 48 
 
 12 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 1885 .-.- 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 75 
 
 58 
 
 46 
 
 7 
 
 65 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 4*41 
 
 68 
 
 47 
 
 404 
 
 534 
 
 329 
 
 93 
 
 376 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 49.0 
 
 7.6 
 
 5.2 
 
 44.9 
 
 59.4 
 
 36.6 
 
 10.3 
 
 41.8 
 
 18.3- 
 
 The following data shows the number of times the wind was observed 
 blowing from the different points of the compass, and also the number of 
 calms occurring at the time of observations. The calculations are made 
 from three daily observations, making 1,095 observations during each year, 
 and 1,098 for 1880 and 1884, and is as follows: 
 
 YEAR OF 
 
 N. 
 
 N.E. 
 
 E. 
 
 S.E. 
 
 S. 
 
 S.W. 
 
 W. 
 
 N.W. 
 
 Calm. 
 
 1878... 
 
 194 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 151 
 
 364 
 
 155 
 
 36 
 
 84 
 
 88 
 
 1879 
 
 165 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 140 
 
 306 
 
 220 
 
 29 
 
 104 
 
 99 
 
 1880 :.. 
 
 162 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 239 
 
 259 
 
 172 
 
 34 
 
 147 
 
 28 
 
 1881 ... 
 
 217 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 232 
 
 280 
 
 176 
 
 30 
 
 72 
 
 52 
 
 1882 .. . 
 
 167 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 251 
 
 276 
 
 145 
 
 43 
 
 140 
 
 38 
 
 1883 -. 
 
 102 
 
 17 
 
 37 
 
 243 
 
 322 
 
 138 
 
 31 
 
 173 
 
 32 
 
 1884 
 
 149 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 220 
 
 267 
 
 213 
 
 38 
 
 132 
 
 39 
 
 1885 
 
 66 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 254 
 
 269 
 
 210 
 
 29 
 
 214 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 1222 
 
 150 
 
 163 
 
 1730 
 
 2343 
 
 1429 
 
 270 
 
 1,066 
 
 393 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 152.8 
 
 18.9 
 
 20.4 
 
 216.2 
 
 292.9 
 
 178.6 
 
 33.8 
 
 133.2 
 
 49.1 
 
19 
 
 The following table shows the total number of clear, fair, and cloudy 
 days; also, the number of days in which rain fell for each year, from 1878 
 to 1885: 
 
 YEAR OF 
 
 Clear Days. 
 
 Fair Days. 
 
 Cloudy Days. 
 
 Days on which 
 Kain Fell. 
 
 1878 
 
 225 
 
 81 
 
 59 
 
 67 
 
 1879 . 
 
 223 
 
 96 
 
 46 
 
 69 
 
 1880 
 
 244 
 
 62 
 
 60 
 
 58 
 
 1881 
 
 233 
 
 68 
 
 64 
 
 69 
 
 1882 
 
 251 
 
 71 
 
 43 
 
 62 
 
 1883 
 
 262 
 
 77 
 
 26 
 
 46 
 
 1884 . . - 
 
 239 
 
 69 
 
 58 
 
 69 
 
 1885 --- 
 
 228 
 
 88 
 
 49 
 
 57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 1,905 
 
 612 
 
 405 
 
 497 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Averages 
 
 238.1 
 
 76.5 
 
 50.6 
 
 62.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 WEATHER STATISTICS. 
 
 SHOWING THE MONTHLY RAINFALL, ETC., AT SACRAMENTO, FOR 1885, 
 AND JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH, 1866. 
 
 January, 1885 Mean temperature, normal; rainfall, 2.16 inches, which 
 is 1.61 inches less than the average precipitation for 35 years; frost was 
 deposited on six days; highest water in the river, 23.5 feet; lowest, 17 feet; 
 earthquake shock on the thirtieth. 
 
 February Mean temperature, 4 higher than the average for 33 years; 
 rainfall, .49 of an inch, being 2.44 inches below the average for many years; 
 killing frost twice, and light frost four times; highest river, 18 feet; lowest, 
 16.1 feet. 
 
 March The mean temperature was about 4 warmer than the average 
 for 33 years. This was the driest month of March known here since 1849. 
 The rainfall was but .08 of an inch, while the average of many years was 3 
 inches; highest river, 16 feet; lowest, 13.9 feet; partial eclipse of the sun 
 on the sixteenth. 
 
 April The mean temperature was 1.4 above the average for many years; 
 rainfall, .68 of an inch, which was 1.23 inches less than the average for 35 
 years; two earthquake shocks one on the third and one on the eleventh; 
 frost on four occasions: highest river, 15.2 feet; lowest, 13.5 feet; last frost 
 of Spring, April twentieth. 
 
 May The mean temperature was 1.5 above the average for 33 years; 
 rainfall, only a sprinkle, which was .74 of an inch below the average pre- 
 cipitation for many years; highest river, 13.9 feet; lowest, 11 feet. 
 
 June The mean temperature was 4.2 below the average for many years; 
 rainfall, very near the average, the latter being .13 of an inch, while the 
 rainfall for this month was .11 of an inch; solar halo on the twenty-fourth; 
 highest river, 11 feet; lowest, 9 feet. 
 
 July This was the windiest month on record, giving from 816 to 2,149 
 miles more wind than is usual for this month; mean temperature, 2.2 
 below the average of 33 years; average rainfall for many years, .03 of an 
 
20 
 
 inch; this month gave only a sprinkle; two solar halos, and two parhelias, 
 or sun dogs, on the ninth; highest river, 9 feet; lowest, 7.8 feet. 
 
 August Tire mean temperature was 1.4 above the average for 33 years; 
 the highest temperature recorded occurred this month, and was 105; rain- 
 fall, none, the average of many years being a sprinkle; highest river, 7.8 
 feet; lowest, 7.3 feet. 
 
 September The mean temperature was 1.2 warmer than the average 
 for 33 years; the average rainfall for many years is .11 of an inch; this 
 month gave .08 of an inch, or a very small amount below the mean; light- 
 ning on the fifth and sixth; highest river, 7.10 feet; lowest, 7.3 feet; solar 
 halo on the eighth. 
 
 October The mean temperature was 1.9 warmer than the average for 
 
 33 years; the average rainfall for many years was .72 of an inch, while 
 this month only gave .02 of an inch, which is .70 of an inch below the 
 average for many years; sheet and forked lightning on the sixth; solar 
 halo on the twelfth; coronae around the moon on the twenty-third; highest 
 river, 7.7 feet; lowest, 7.5 feet. 
 
 November The mean temperature was 1.1 greater than the average 
 for 33 years past; there was 2,705 miles more wind than usually sweeps 
 over this station during November; this month was warmer, and gave more 
 wind and a higher velocity, more rain, and more cloudy and rainy days 
 than are usual for the third month of the rainy season. There were 9.44 
 inches more rain than the average for 36 years; rainfall for the month, 
 11.34 inches the average for many years being only 1.90 inches; there 
 were three frosts; highest river, 21.2 feet; lowest, 7.5 feet; first frost of 
 Autumn, November twelfth. 
 
 December The mean temperature was 2.1 warmer than the average 
 of 33 years; the rainfall was 5.76 inches, which is 1.11 inches more than 
 the average precipitation of 36 years. There was a lunar halo on the 
 twenty-fourth, and five light frosts; highest river, 23.9; lowest, 17.2 feet. 
 
 We find by the above annual review that the mean temperature for each 
 month was above the average of many years, except June and July; these 
 months were below the average. 
 
 The mean temperature for the year 1885, is 61.2, while the average for 
 
 34 years is 60.2, showing the year 1885 to have been a warmer one than 
 usual. The rainfall from January to June was the least ever known to 
 have been precipitated, and the rainfall from September to December third 
 was the most ever precipitated, except in 1852, when 19.41 inches was 
 measured against 17.21 inches for 1885. 
 
 January, 1886 The mean temperature for January was 1.3 below the 
 average of many years; the rainfall was 7.95 inches, which is 4.18 inches 
 in excess of the average precipitation during the last 30 years. There 
 was killing frosts on nine days; and lightning in the northeast on the 
 twentieth, after the heaviest wind storm that has ever visited Sacramento. 
 Lightning, too, in January, is an unheard of thing for this vicinity. 
 
 The maximum velocity of wind was over forty -four miles per hour on the 
 twentieth, and on one occasion during the day five miles was made in five 
 minutes, which is at the rate of sixty miles per hour. 
 
 The highest river was 25.6 feet on the twenty-eighth; the lowest river 
 was 17.1 feet on the eighteenth. This was the highest water in the river 
 since February 4, 1881, when it reached 26.6 feet. First killing frost of 
 this season was on January second. 
 
 February, 1886 The mean temperature for February was 53.3, which 
 was 2.3 warmer than the average of many years. Average rainfall, 2.866 
 
21 
 
 inches, showing February to have been 2.576 inches below the average of 
 many years. A brilliant meteor passed to the west in the north on the 
 thirteenth; a hailstorm on the twenty-eighth. Highest water in the river, 
 25 feet, on the first; and the lowest, 14.8 feet, on the twenty-eighth. Peach 
 trees and other fruits in bloom as early as the fifteenth. 
 
 March, 1886 Mean temperature, 52.1, which is 3 cooler than the 
 average mean temperature for 33 years. The rainfall was 2.68 inches, 
 being a trifle less than the average of many years. Heavy hailstorm, 
 with thunder and lightning, on the fourth; lunar halos on the sixteenth 
 and twenty-first; light frosts on the nineteenth and twentieth. Highest 
 river, 19.5 feet, on the sixth and seventh; lowest river, 17.5 feet, on the 
 thirty-first. 
 
 WIND. 
 
 Gales of twenty-five miles per hour and over, for each month during 
 1885, and for January, February, and March, 1886, will be found as follows: 
 
 January, 1885 None- 
 
 February 12, 1885 N.W. 25 miles- 
 
 February 23, 1885 N.W. 31 miles- 
 
 March, 1885 None- 
 
 April, 1885 None- 
 
 May 12, 1885 S. 25 miles- 
 
 May 22, 1885 N.W. 30 miles- 
 
 June, 1885 : None- 
 
 July 2, 1885 S. 25 miles- 
 
 August, 1885 None- 
 
 September, 1885. None- 
 
 October, 1885 .-...None- 
 
 November 16, 1885 S.E. 27 miles- 
 
 November 17, 1885 S.E. 36 miles- 
 
 November 22, 1885 S.E. 32 miles- 
 
 November 24, 1885 S.E. 32 miles. 
 
 December 7, 1885 N.W. 25 miles. 
 
 January 1, 1886 _ ...N.W. 38 miles- 
 
 January 20, 1886 .' S.E. 44 miles. 
 
 January 21, 1886 , S. 28 miles- 
 
 January 22, 1886 S.E. 28 miles. 
 
 January 23, 1886 S.E. 30 miles. 
 
 Februarv 15, 1886 N.W. 32 miles. 
 
 February 26, 1886 S.W. 26 miles. 
 
 March 10,1886 ..N.W. 28 miles. 
 
 March 11,1886 N.W. 26 miles. 
 
 March 14,1886 N.W. 37 miles. 
 
 March 24,1886 ..N.W. 30 miles. 
 
 March 25, 1886 N.W. 27 miles. 
 
 March 27, 1886 ..N.W. 30 miles. 
 
 OAKLAND WEATHER-FOR THE YEAR 1885, AND GENERAL 
 COMPARISON OF WEATHER FROM 1876 TO 1885. 
 
 BY J. B. TREMBLEY, M.D. 
 
 Observations taken at 7 A. M., 2 p. M., and 9 p. M., of each day. Lati- 
 tude, 37 degrees 48 minutes 20 seconds north; longitude, 122 degrees 15 
 minutes 20 seconds west of Greenwich; height of barometer above the 
 sea, 24 feet. 
 
22 
 
 BAROMETRICAL PRESSURE. 
 
 Table showing the Mean, Highest, and Lowest Monthly Barometer, also the Monthly Range. 
 Barometer not corrected for Elevation or Temperature. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Mean 
 Monthly 
 Barometer. 
 
 Highest 
 Observed 
 Barometer 
 for the 
 Month. 
 
 Lowest 
 Observed 
 Barometer 
 for the 
 Month. 
 
 Eange 
 for the 
 Month. 
 
 January . 
 
 30.08 
 
 30.32 
 
 2980 
 
 52 
 
 February . -. 
 
 30.07 
 
 30.37 
 
 2985 
 
 52 
 
 March . - 
 
 30.03 
 
 3025 
 
 ^9 80 
 
 45 
 
 April 
 
 2993 
 
 3015 
 
 2996 
 
 59 
 
 May 
 
 2990 
 
 3005 
 
 2978 
 
 27 
 
 June 
 
 2996 
 
 30 11 
 
 29' 78 
 
 33 
 
 July 
 
 29.95 
 
 30.10 
 
 2985 
 
 25 
 
 August 
 
 29.85 
 
 2997 
 
 2972 
 
 25 
 
 September ... 
 
 2982 
 
 2998 
 
 2977 
 
 21 
 
 October 
 
 2993 
 
 3008 
 
 2972 
 
 26 
 
 November 
 
 2991 
 
 3020 
 
 9939 
 
 81 
 
 December 
 
 30.07 
 
 30.26 
 
 2962 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Means - .. ^ .. 
 
 29.96 
 
 3015 
 
 2975 
 
 42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BAROMETRICAL RECAPITULATION. 
 
 Mean barometer for the year. 20.96 
 
 Maximum barometer for the year, February 3, 9 A. M 30.37 
 
 Minimum barometer for the year, March 17, 7 P. M 29.39 
 
 Highest monthly range for the year .81 
 
 Lowest monthly range for the year ..- .21 
 
 Yearly range 1 .98 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Table showing the Mean Temperature of the Months, Warmest and Coldest Days; also the Maxi- 
 mum and Minimum Temperatures, the Greatest and Least Daily Variations, Monthly and 
 Mean Daily Range. 
 
 1885. 
 
 prf 
 
 S B 
 
 ^ H 
 
 l ~ l > (3 
 
 i! 
 
 K 
 S 
 
 .: 
 fl 
 
 IP 
 If 
 
 || 
 
 Maximum Tem- 
 perature _ . 
 
 Minimum Tem- 
 perature 
 
 Greatest Daily Va- 
 
 Least Daily Varia- 
 tion 
 
 Monthly Eange of 
 Temperature 
 
 Mean Daily Eange 
 of Temperature. 
 
 January 
 
 49.72 
 
 56.33 
 
 46.00 
 
 60 
 
 37 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 23 
 
 9.13 
 
 February 
 
 54.10 
 
 58.33 
 
 51.00 
 
 70 
 
 41 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 29 
 
 11.86 
 
 March 
 
 56.93 
 
 64.33 
 
 52.66 
 
 76 
 
 43 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 12.61 
 
 April 
 
 58.14 
 
 65.33 
 
 50.66 
 
 78 
 
 42 
 
 29 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 12.16 
 
 May 
 
 58.97 
 
 65.33 
 
 56.33 
 
 80 
 
 49 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 11.61 
 
 June 
 
 59.70 
 
 62.66 
 
 55.66 
 
 71 
 
 52 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 9.76 
 
 July . 
 
 63.05 
 
 68.66 
 
 60.66 
 
 84 
 
 57 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 12.06 
 
 August 
 
 6096 
 
 70.00 
 
 57.33 
 
 85 
 
 53 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 11.29 
 
 September 
 
 6188 
 
 6866 
 
 57.33 
 
 89 
 
 51 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 15.50 
 
 October 
 
 5987 
 
 6400 
 
 57.33 
 
 75 
 
 47 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 12.54 
 
 November 
 
 56.83 
 
 66.33 
 
 50.00 
 
 72 
 
 43 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 9.16 
 
 December 
 
 52.42 
 
 61.33 
 
 46.33 
 
 66 
 
 41 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 10.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Means 
 
 57.71 
 
 64.27 
 
 53.44 
 
 75.5 
 
 46.33 
 
 25.41 
 
 3.75 
 
 29.16 
 
 11.44 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF TEMPERATURE. 
 
 Mean temperature of the year 57.71 
 
 Mean temperature of the warmest day, August 2 70.00 
 
 Mean temperature of the coldest day, January 3 46.00 
 
 Maximum temperature for the year, September 21, 2 p. M - - 89.00 
 
 Minimum temperature for the year, January 29, 7 A. M. 37.00 
 
23 
 
 Greatest daily variation, September 21 -- 36.00 
 
 Least daily variation, December 21 
 
 Greatest monthly range, September . 
 
 Least monthly range, June - 19.00 
 
 Average daily range for the year. 11.44 
 
 Average monthly range for the year . 29.16 
 
 Yearly range of temperature.-- -- 52.00 
 
 SEASONS. 
 
 Mean temperature of Winter... -- 51.69 
 
 Mean temperature of Spring . 
 
 Mean temperature of Summer 
 
 Mean temperature of Autumn 59.52 
 
 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Spring months 2.04 
 
 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Summer months 3.35 
 
 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Autumn months 5.05 
 
 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Winter months. 4.38 
 
 Difference between the coldest and warmest months of the year 13.33 
 
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY. 
 
 Table showing the Relative Humidity, Precipitation, Weather, and Direction from which the Wind 
 Blew, from January 1, 1885, to December 31, 1885, inclusive. 
 
 1885. 
 
 32 
 
 S3 
 
 W 
 
 Rainfall 
 
 i! 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 rtf 
 
 if 
 |f 
 
 Number of 
 Morning 
 
 tl 
 
 < 
 
 * 
 
 !! 
 
 6 o 
 
 Wind 1,095 Observations. 
 
 02 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 $ 
 
 taj 
 
 N 
 
 
 M 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 
 g 
 
 sT 
 
 s 
 
 p* 
 B 
 
 4 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 
 5' 
 
 | 
 i 
 
 **. 
 
 j?Q 
 
 rl 
 
 2, 
 o 
 
 O* 
 
 d 
 
 <^ 
 
 $ 
 
 8 
 
 m 
 
 r* ** 
 
 I D 
 
 g 
 | o 
 
 1 3 
 
 ft. 
 $ 
 
 3 
 
 Eh 
 ^ 
 
 & 
 f 
 
 January 
 
 86.68 
 86.50 
 85.46 
 85.80 
 84.20 
 86.45 
 84.80 
 87.20 
 84.55 
 88.10 
 90.75. 
 93.50 
 
 1.92 
 
 .48 
 1.07 
 3.12 
 .10 
 .08 
 .02 
 .00 
 .05 
 .30 
 11.11 
 4.33 
 
 17 
 21 
 21 
 20 
 23 
 20 
 23 
 19 
 . 20 
 21 
 13 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 10 
 8 
 12 
 10 
 10 
 17 
 11 
 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 9 
 1 
 6 
 2 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 4 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 12 
 5 
 13 
 16 
 18 
 24 
 13 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 4 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 9 
 29 
 39 
 43 
 50 
 67 
 49 
 43 
 34 
 32 
 20 
 11 
 
 9 
 13 
 12 
 7 
 9 
 2 
 9 
 8 
 11 
 11 
 7 
 14 
 
 16 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 10 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 5 
 10 
 8 
 12 
 12 
 10 
 13 
 6 
 30 
 18 
 
 48 
 31 
 34 
 27 
 24 
 9 
 22 
 31 
 30 
 42 
 23 
 41 
 
 February 
 
 March 
 
 April -_ 
 
 Mav 
 
 June . 
 
 July .- 
 
 August 
 
 September 
 
 October 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Means and sums. 
 
 86.74 
 
 22.58 
 
 238 
 
 127 
 
 62 
 
 20 
 
 118 
 
 27 
 
 426 
 
 112 
 
 53 
 
 142 
 
 362 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR THE YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY- 
 FIVE. 
 
 Mean relative humidity for the year 86.74 
 
 Highest relative humidity during the year 100.00 
 
 Lowest relative humidity during the year, February 12, 2 p. M. 41.05 
 
 Greatest variation of humidity in 24 hours, September 29 43.08 
 
 Least variation of humidity in 24 hours, June 11 .08 
 
 Rainfall in inches during the calendar year .. 22.58 
 
 Rainfall in inches during the agricultural year, 1884-85 . 17.95 
 
 Rainfall in inches since July 1, 3885 (Bay Nursery) 15.81 
 
 Number of clear and fair days 238 
 
 Number of cloudy days 127 
 
 Number of days in which rain fell 62 
 
 Number of foggy mornings 20 
 
 Number of mornings overcast 118 
 
 Number of mornings that frost was seen L 27 
 
 Wind, direction from southwest and west 426 
 
 Wind, direction from northwest and north 112 
 
 Wind, direction from northeast and east... 53 
 
 Wind, direction from southeast and south 142 
 
 Calms 332 
 
24 
 
 MONTHLY RAINFALL. 
 
 As taken in Oakland by Mr. James Hutchison, of the Bay Nursery, for the Consecutive Years 
 
 Mentioned. 
 
 
 1873. 
 
 is 
 
 74. 
 
 18 
 
 75. 
 
 1876. 
 
 
 1877. 
 
 
 1878. 
 
 
 1879. 
 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 Quantity ... 
 
 
 5" 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 [ 
 
 Quantity 
 
 - . 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 ! 
 
 Quantity _- 
 
 ! 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ! 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .10 
 
 2 
 
 .18 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 9, 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .15 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 .57 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 October 
 
 .60 
 
 
 994 
 
 
 30 
 
 4.74 
 
 10 
 
 .45 
 
 4 
 
 1.85 
 
 2 
 
 .70 
 
 5 
 
 November ... 
 December 
 
 .60 
 1018 
 
 
 9.18 
 31 
 
 
 7.83 
 1 10 
 
 .25 
 
 2 
 
 1.62 
 175 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 .65 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 2.98 
 508 
 
 9 
 14 
 
 January 
 February 
 March 
 
 1874. 
 
 5.60 
 1.80 
 5.25 
 
 18 
 
 75. 
 
 6.15 
 .30 
 1 65 
 
 18 
 
 76. 
 
 5.28 
 1.87 
 155 
 
 1877. 
 
 4.19 
 1.42 
 .96 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 1878. 
 
 10.82 
 11.63 
 4.30 
 
 16 
 17 
 16 
 
 1879. 
 
 3.84 
 5.65 
 7.96 
 
 11 
 9 
 15 
 
 1880. 
 
 1.71 
 2.19 
 1.70 
 
 7 
 9 
 9 
 
 April 
 
 1.25 
 
 
 
 
 93 
 
 .22 
 
 5 
 
 1.18 
 
 6 
 
 1.17 
 
 1? 
 
 8.46 
 
 18 
 
 May 
 
 .75 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 45 
 
 .33 
 
 5 
 
 .40 
 
 2 
 
 1.39 
 
 7 
 
 1.04 
 
 5 
 
 June 
 
 
 
 1 64 
 
 
 94 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 .16 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amount 
 
 26.03 
 
 2 
 
 1.67 
 
 2 
 
 3.55 
 
 12.36 
 
 51 
 
 32.33 
 
 79 
 
 23.55 
 
 74 
 
 23.84 
 
 82 
 
 
 1880. 
 
 
 
 1881. 
 
 
 1882. 
 
 
 1883. 
 
 
 1884. 
 
 
 1885. 
 
 
 MONTHS. 
 
 Quantity _- 
 
 
 f 
 
 | 
 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 t 
 
 | 
 
 Quantity 
 
 | 
 
 Quantity 
 
 ! 
 
 Quantity _. 
 
 ! 
 
 Quantity __ 
 
 | 
 
 July 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 2 
 
 August 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .25 
 
 1 
 
 .00 
 
 
 
 September 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 1 
 
 .42 
 
 2 
 
 1.00 
 
 9 
 
 .35 
 
 2 
 
 .05 
 
 7, 
 
 October 
 
 .05 
 
 1 
 
 
 8? 
 
 7 
 
 2.65 
 
 9 
 
 1.03 
 
 7 
 
 2.80 
 
 4 
 
 .30 
 
 9, 
 
 November . . . 
 December ... 
 
 January 
 February 
 March 
 
 .35 
 
 12.57 
 
 1881. 
 
 10.48 
 3.95. 
 88 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 14 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 p 
 
 18* 
 
 ^ 
 S 
 
 4 
 
 .49 
 >.09 
 
 *2. 
 
 !.42 
 !.05 
 
 >o 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 
 4.33 
 1.14 
 
 1883. 
 
 1.95 
 .70 
 333 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 3 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 .90 
 1.15 
 
 1884. 
 
 3.81 
 5.25 
 
 859 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 9 
 10 
 11 
 
 .05 
 7.33 
 
 1885. 
 
 1.92 
 .48 
 107 
 
 3 
 13 
 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 
 11.11 
 4.33 
 
 1886. 
 
 6.77 
 .30 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 April 
 
 1 40 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 51 
 
 8 
 
 220 
 
 s 
 
 579 
 
 10 
 
 312 
 
 q 
 
 
 
 May 
 
 50 
 
 fi 
 
 
 15 
 
 s 
 
 350 
 
 H 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 June 
 
 1 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 303 
 
 10 
 
 08 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Amount. .. 
 
 31.24 
 
 65 
 
 1 
 
 $.13 
 
 66 
 
 20.22 
 
 64 
 
 31.10 
 
 78 
 
 17.95 
 
 54 
 
 * 22.88 
 
 ---- 
 
 Season of 1885-86, up to March 1, 1886. * Mean, twelve years, 23.89 inches. 
 
 The rainfall in California is rather phenomenal, and depending greatly 
 upon latitude and topography. The average difference of annual rainfall 
 in the State, extending from northwest to southeast, is a little over two 
 inches for every degree, being thirty-four inches at Crescent City, and ten 
 inches at San Diego. It is said to increase about one inch for every hun- 
 dred feet in elevation in ascending the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL SYNOPSIS FOR THE YEAR 1885. 
 
 January The weather was not unusual for the month rain and light 
 showers were quite prevalent during the first half, and hazy, frosty morn- 
 ings the last half. The morning of the twenty-sixth was very hazy, and a 
 
25 
 
 white, hard frost covered almost everything that was exposed out of doors. 
 At 1:30 A. M. two shocks of an earthquake were felt; the last seemed to be 
 rather a continuation of the first. A loud, rumbling noise or sound attended 
 the peculiar shaking or quaking motion, which apparently came from the 
 northeast, passing towards the southwest. The first shock was quite severe, 
 the rumbling sound, loud and sharp, gradually growing weaker, but rising 
 again in intensity as the second shock was felt, then stopping short, and 
 nothing more was heard of the earthquake's rumbling noise; windows set- 
 tled in their frames, and all pendent objects swayed to and fro for a few 
 moments. Another shock occurred at 8:56 p. M. The first sensation was 
 an impulsive movement, a jog, ending with a tremor or trembling; a dis- 
 tant rumbling sound was heard during the vibration, which appeared to 
 pass from northeast to southwest. Lunar halo, 9 p. M.; barometer, 30:10; 
 thermometer, 50 degrees; balance of month weather hazy, with slight rains 
 for several days. 
 
 February No unusual phenomena occurred during the month some 
 light showers and sprinkles of rain; frosty mornings; lunar and solar halos, 
 with a few beautiful luminous sun-risings and sun-settings. 
 
 March had her full amount of bluster, by raising a great dust quite a 
 number of times, with high winds -and light showers during the latter part 
 of the month. The fifth was very clear and pleasant in the morning; at 
 2:30 P. M. a gale of wind came up from the northeast, which filled the air 
 with clouds of dust; the thermometer ran up to summer heat, which, with 
 the dryness of the atmosphere, caused the most succulent plants to wilt for 
 several hours; evening very clear and pleasant. An eclipse of the sun, 
 which it was said to have been annular, occurred on the 16th; no oppor- 
 tunity was given to see it on account of a thick, dark overcast that remained 
 all day; during the time of the greatest obscuration of the sun the dark- 
 ness of night was very perceptible for a time; a chill was felt in the air; 
 the thermometer fell 4 degrees in temperature and gradually rose again 
 when the eclipse passed off. The forecasting of the weather in the public 
 mind that eclipses are followed by storms within forty-eight hours in 
 this case was verified, for a fine shower of rain fell on the 18th, which 
 broke the long continued drought for four or five weeks. 
 
 April was what might be called a rainy month; warm showers at fre- 
 quent intervals seemed to be the prevalent characteristic of the precipitation. 
 On the evening of the 8th, at 7:45 o'clock, there occurred one of the most 
 severe showers or storms that has been observed in Oakland for ten years 
 past. The rain fell in torrents, filling the streets and gutters with water; 
 vivid flashes of lightning illuminated the dark horizon every few minutes, 
 and loud peals of thunder crashed here and there, then rolled away in the 
 distance with muttering sounds. For one and a half hours this terrific 
 storm, swayed by different currents of wind, hung over Oakland with all 
 its fury, then passing away and leaving behind on its track brilliant flashes 
 of heat lightning that lighted up the huge cumulous clouds that carried 
 away the relics of the storm. No other meteorological phenomena occurred 
 during the month, unless it was a shower of rain and hail that fell at 5 
 p. M. on the 19th. Fine growing weather, with plenty of moisture, was the 
 marked feature in this vicinity. 
 
 May, June, and July were more than usually marked by many overcasts 
 or high fogs, lasting late in the morning and coming up early in the after- 
 noon. Very dry weather supervened on the April rains, which in many 
 places dried up and destroyed entire fields of grain, and injuring them 
 more or less in every locality in the State. 
 
26 
 
 August, September, and October were counterparts of the tbree preceding 
 months overcasts, drought, and disagreeable weather mornings and even- 
 ings were at their maximum for ten years. August, no rain. September, 
 one half an inch fell the day following an eclipse of the moon, which 
 occurred on the 23d, at 10 o'clock p. M., invisible on account of clouds and 
 overcast. Thermometer marked the maximum temperature of the year 
 on the 21st, at 2 o'clock p. M., 89. During October the precipitation was 
 only .30 of an inch; rather unusual, but not without precedent. 
 
 November The extremes appertaining to the weather culminated on the 
 beginning of this month. Solar and lunar halos preceded the rains, which 
 were very frequent, and gave a rainfall unprecedented in amount for 
 November. On the seventeenth a heavy rainfall prevailed, which poured 
 in torrents for a few hours in the early morning. Large portions of the sur- 
 face of the streets and vacant grounds were covered with water. Sewers 
 and gutters were overflowed; barometer fell to 29.39, lowest observed in 
 Oakland during the time of observation, ten years; showery during the day 
 and night, until about four o'clock p. M. of the eighteenth, when a peculiar 
 phenomenon occurred by the various air currents which came to and near 
 the surface of the earth. Dark, heavy clouds overcast nearly the whole 
 horizon, and near the surface of the earth, bounding the visible horizon all 
 round, a bank of black, dark clouds gave every appearance of a severe 
 storm. The upper currents of the atmosphere were moving in several direc- 
 tions; but at the surface, and coming over the eastern foothills, a high wind 
 blew from the northeast, passing over the city to the southwest a short dis- 
 tance, when it met a counter current which turned it upward in its course, 
 where it arose high in the air, dispelling the dark clouds, then turning 
 backward upon itself towards the northeast, and descending to the tops of 
 the foothills, covering them with a white, fleecy vapor, in striking contrast 
 with the dark rain clouds in the background. This current moved in a 
 circle of a short distance in diameter at a right angle to the surface of the 
 earth, like some great wheel, rising high enough to cut into and through 
 the dark storm-cloud overhead, dashing and breaking up all clouds it came 
 in contact with, into a white fog or foam. There were three atmospherical 
 currents prevailing at the same time one from the east, one from the south- 
 southwest, and one from the northwest. Clouds were passing in each of 
 these currents, in the direction to which they were moving, but it was very 
 difficult to account for the circular and vertical current that was seen, and 
 the violent phenomenon it produced for the short time it existed. The 
 great atmospherical currents, when they came in contact with it, disap- 
 peared for the time being in the vortex of the circular current, and were 
 lost in its rapid motion on its axis. The month was phenomenal in its great 
 amount of rainfall 11.11 inches. 
 
 December Nothing unusual occurred light frost, rain and growing 
 weather for vegetation. On the thirtieth, at 9:50 o'clock, a shock of an 
 earthquake was felt, lasting several seconds; vibrations from east to west, 
 half gyratory, then lifting. It was attended with a deep rumbling sound. 
 Pendent objects swayed to and fro, and loose windows rattled in their 
 casements. A heavy mist and light sprinkle of rain prevailed at the time; 
 p. M., clear, cool, and very pleasant. 
 
27 
 
 TABLE 
 
 Showing the Comparative Annual Meteorology of 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. 1883, 
 
 1884, and 1885. 
 
 
 1876. 
 
 1877. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Mean temperature of the year 
 Mean temperature of warmest day- 
 Mean temperature of coldest day _ 
 Maximum temperature for the 
 year 
 
 55.09 
 74. 
 36. 
 
 97. 
 
 56.29 
 76. 
 41.63 
 
 96. 
 
 55.28 
 69.33 
 37. 
 
 84. 
 
 55.11 
 75.33 
 33.66 
 
 93. 
 
 53.69 
 70.66 
 41. 
 
 89. 
 
 55.62 
 70. 
 42. 
 
 87. 
 
 54.49 
 69.33 
 35. 
 
 84. 
 
 54.66 
 84.66 
 32.33 
 
 103. 
 
 55.85 
 72.66 
 36. 
 
 88. 
 
 57.71 
 70. 
 46. 
 
 89. 
 
 Minimum temperature for the 
 year _ _ 
 
 30. 
 
 30. 
 
 27. 
 
 27. 
 
 29. 
 
 31. 
 
 30. 
 
 25. 
 
 28. 
 
 27. 
 
 Greatest daily variation of tem- 
 perature _ 
 
 33. 
 
 38. 
 
 33. 
 
 46. 
 
 36. 
 
 35. 
 
 31. 
 
 38. 
 
 30. 
 
 36. 
 
 Least daily variation of tempera- 
 ture 
 
 2. 
 
 1 
 
 2. 
 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 1. 
 
 1 
 
 00 
 
 Greatest monthly range of tem- 
 perature 
 
 49. 
 
 47. 
 
 46. 
 
 46. 
 
 48. 
 
 40. 
 
 42. 
 
 50. 
 
 45. 
 
 38 
 
 Least monthly range of tempera- 
 ture _ _ _ 
 
 19. 
 
 25. 
 
 23. 
 
 30. 
 
 28. 
 
 21. 
 
 19. 
 
 29. 
 
 19. 
 
 19 
 
 Average daily range of tempera- 
 ture for year __ _ _ 
 
 14.94 
 
 14.61 
 
 13.65 
 
 12.96 
 
 14.10 
 
 13.40 
 
 12.80 
 
 12.81 
 
 11.64 
 
 11.44 
 
 Average monthly range of tem- 
 perature for year _ 
 
 34.92 
 
 35.5 
 
 32.5 
 
 38. 
 
 34.91 
 
 32. 
 
 31.16 
 
 37.58 
 
 30. 
 
 29.16 
 
 Yearly range of temperature 
 
 67. 
 
 66. 
 
 57. 
 
 66. 
 
 60. 
 
 56. 
 
 54. 
 
 65. 
 
 60. 
 
 52 
 
 Mean relative humidity for year- 
 Highest relative humidity for year_ 
 Lowest relative humidity for year_ 
 Greatest variation humidity in 24 
 hours 
 
 83. 
 100. 
 40. 
 
 49.09 
 
 83.11 
 100. 
 34.40 
 
 5120 
 
 84.71 
 100. 
 38.60 
 
 45.06 
 
 85.29 
 100. 
 39. 
 
 58 
 
 83.70 
 100. 
 27. 
 
 5440 
 
 83.25 
 100. 
 29. 
 
 3740 
 
 82.57 
 100. 
 28.7 
 
 657 
 
 83.71 
 100. 
 33.9 
 
 488 
 
 85.39 
 100. 
 38.1 
 
 41 
 
 86.74 
 100. 
 41.5 
 
 43 8 
 
 Least variation humidity in 24 
 boon 
 
 .06 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 .30 
 
 20 
 
 .30 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 Rainfall in inches during the year_ 
 Rainfall in inches in agricultural 
 years, from July 1, 1876, to July 
 1, 1885 
 
 21.56 
 28.53 
 
 11.09 
 12.33 
 
 31.71 
 32.32 
 
 28.91 
 23.55 
 
 28.07 
 23.84 
 
 26.07 
 31.24 
 
 18.87 
 18.03 
 
 15.76 
 20.22 
 
 38.20 
 31.10 
 
 22.58 
 17 95 
 
 Number clear and fair days dur- 
 ing year 
 
 268 
 
 301 
 
 255 
 
 9(56 
 
 258 
 
 276 
 
 276 
 
 266 
 
 260 
 
 238 
 
 Number cloudy days during year_ 
 Number days in which rain fell- 
 Number foggy mornings 
 
 98 
 63 
 23 
 
 64 
 58 
 g 
 
 110 
 78 
 17 
 
 99 
 89 
 19 
 
 108 
 53 
 27 
 
 89 
 67 
 
 28 
 
 89 
 
 72 
 15 
 
 99 
 53 
 21 
 
 106 
 85 
 19 
 
 127 
 67 
 20 
 
 Number mornings overcast 
 
 51 
 
 44 
 
 64 
 
 63 
 
 86 
 
 52 
 
 77 
 
 105 
 
 77 
 
 118 
 
 Number mornings frost was seen 
 Wind, direction from S.W. and W._ 
 Wind, direction from N.W. and W._ 
 Wind, direction from N.E. and N._ 
 Wind, direction from S.E. and S.__ 
 Calms 
 
 35 
 
 342 
 210 
 34 
 163 
 340 
 
 35 
 
 364 
 150 
 63 
 150 
 368 
 
 36 
 311 
 
 173 
 45 
 164 
 402 
 
 46 
 355 
 150 
 50 
 126 
 372 
 
 62 
 346 
 136 
 59 
 172 
 385 
 
 47 
 402 
 136 
 58 
 138 
 331 
 
 50 
 345 
 150 
 53 
 143 
 404 
 
 58 
 428 
 119 
 29 
 91 
 438 
 
 38 
 
 382 
 128 
 62 
 151 
 375 
 
 27 
 426 
 112 
 53 
 142 
 362 
 
 Seasons. 
 Mean temperature of Spring 
 
 54.46 
 
 55 18 
 
 55 73 
 
 5615 
 
 52 97 
 
 5635 
 
 54 1? 
 
 54 63 
 
 55 59 
 
 58 08 
 
 Mean temperature of Summer 
 Mean temperature of Autumn 
 Mean temperature of Winter 
 Difference between the warmest 
 and coldest months of Spring 
 Difference between the warmest 
 and coldest months of Summer. 
 Difference between the warmest 
 and coldest months of Autumn. 
 Difference between the warmest 
 and coldest months of Winter 
 Difference between the warmest 
 and coldest mouths of the year__ 
 
 60.40 
 57.75 
 48.20 
 
 4.40 
 1.99 
 6.13 
 5.00 
 16.20 
 
 61.17 
 57.67 
 50.39 
 
 1.49 
 1.10 
 
 7.76 
 6.09 
 12.25 
 
 59.36 
 56.92 
 50.12 
 
 3.68 
 .35 
 5.93 
 1.28 
 13.06 
 
 60.07 
 57.73 
 47.60 
 
 .70 
 1.26 
 9.14 
 5.13 
 15.68 
 
 58.95 
 55.86 
 45.38 
 
 9.91 
 1.88 
 7.70 
 2.37 
 15.78 
 
 60.27 
 54.78 
 51.10 
 
 5.12 
 1.55 
 8.79 
 5.34 
 12.38 
 
 60.06 
 56.44 
 46.80 
 
 5.77 
 1.13 
 9.68 
 2.33 
 
 14.77 
 
 61.16 
 .54.25 
 46.20 
 
 5.60 
 2.78 
 10.64 
 5.98 
 19.26 
 
 61.89 
 57.07 
 47.38 
 
 6.16 
 2.60 
 3.99 
 1.56 
 16.38 
 
 61.23 
 59.52 
 51.69 
 
 2.04 
 3.25 
 5.05 
 4.38 
 13.33 
 
 FOR TEN YEARS. 
 
 Mean difference between the coldest and warmest months for ten years __ 19.67 
 
 Mean temperature for ten years ~~ !__"" 55.37 
 
 Mean barometer for ten years 29^94 
 
 Mean relative humidity for ten years II.II I_"II 84^24 
 
 Mean annual rainfall in inches for ten years .___ ._ 24.28 
 
28 
 
 SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. 
 
 Mean monthly temperature from May, 1872, to December, 1885; also, 
 average monthly and average yearly temperature: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Yearly 
 
 Av'rge. 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 
 61.3 
 
 634 
 
 624 
 
 606 
 
 596 
 
 564 
 
 522 
 
 478 
 
 *57 96 
 
 1873-... 
 
 51.9 
 
 47.6 
 
 48.1 
 
 
 
 
 60.3 
 
 63.5 
 
 61.1 
 
 57.0 
 
 55.2 
 
 49.6 
 
 t54.92 
 
 1874.... 
 
 49.1 
 
 49.6 
 
 49.2 
 
 55.0 
 
 57.7 
 
 59.8 
 
 62.8 
 
 61.7 
 
 59.8 
 
 58.6 
 
 53.5 
 
 46.0 
 
 55.24 
 
 1875.... 
 
 47.6 
 
 47.8 
 
 47.8 
 
 53.4 
 
 54.8 
 
 60.3 
 
 58.0 
 
 59.9 
 
 58.8 
 
 59.1 
 
 53.8 
 
 49.1 
 
 54.20 
 
 1876-... 
 
 45.4 
 
 47.8 
 
 49.4 
 
 52.3 
 
 54.4 
 
 58.1 
 
 51.9 
 
 58.4 
 
 59.0 
 
 57.1 
 
 51.8 
 
 46.3 
 
 52.66 
 
 1877 
 
 52.4 
 
 51.7 
 
 54.3 
 
 52.9 
 
 55.6 
 
 60.3 
 
 64.1 
 
 59.6 
 
 56.3 
 
 53.9 
 
 50.9 
 
 48.5 
 
 55.04 
 
 1878. 
 
 49.4 
 
 49.8 
 
 51.9 
 
 53.1 
 
 55.9 
 
 57.4 
 
 57.3 
 
 58.1 
 
 56.5 
 
 55.3 
 
 50.8 
 
 43.0 
 
 53.21 
 
 1879.-. 
 
 43.5 
 
 50.1 
 
 53.1 
 
 54.2 
 
 55.7 
 
 57.8 
 
 58.0 
 
 59.0 
 
 58.9 
 
 55.2 
 
 49.1 
 
 44.5 
 
 53.26 
 
 1880 
 
 42.6 
 
 41.9 
 
 44.7 
 
 51.4 
 
 55.0 
 
 51.4 
 
 58.6 
 
 58.1 
 
 59.3 
 
 54.1 
 
 45.7 
 
 50.8 
 
 ' 51.13 
 
 1881. 
 
 49.1 
 
 52.4 
 
 49.9 
 
 54.0 
 
 55.3 
 
 59.4 
 
 58.9 
 
 58.2 
 
 56.4 
 
 52.0 
 
 47.4 
 
 49.0 
 
 53.50 
 
 1882.--. 
 
 43.2 
 
 42.1 
 
 50.1 
 
 50.5 
 
 55.2 
 
 58.4 
 
 59.1 
 
 57.8 
 
 57.2 
 
 54.7 
 
 48.5 
 
 48.3 
 
 52.09 
 
 1883.-. 
 
 42.1 
 
 43.9 
 
 53.2 
 
 58.9 
 
 56.5 
 
 61.3 
 
 59.3 
 
 58.5 
 
 60.5 
 
 55.1 
 
 50.6 
 
 48.5 
 
 62.37 
 
 1884.-. 
 
 46.3 
 
 40.9 
 
 52.7 
 
 53.9 
 
 58.2 
 
 59.2 
 
 59.5 
 
 58.5 
 
 56.9 
 
 50.6 
 
 55.0 
 
 47.6 
 
 53.28 
 
 1885. 
 
 48.7 
 
 50.3 
 
 55.1 
 
 56.5 
 
 57.9 
 
 56.4 
 
 61.4 
 
 58.9 
 
 58.9 
 
 56.2 
 
 52.7 
 
 52.0 
 
 55.42 
 
 Totals . 
 
 611.3 
 
 615.9 
 
 659.5 
 
 646.1 
 
 733.5 
 
 763.2 
 
 831.6 
 
 830.8 
 
 819.2 
 
 776.3 
 
 717.2 
 
 671.5 
 
 764.28 
 
 Mont'ly 
 av'age. 
 
 47.03 
 
 47.38 
 
 50.73 
 
 53.84 
 
 56.42 
 
 58.71 
 
 59.40 
 
 59.34 
 
 58.51 
 
 55.45 
 
 51.23 
 
 47.96 
 
 54.59 
 
 * Average for eight months, 
 f Average for nine months. 
 
 SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. 
 
 Highest temperature at Salinas from May, 1872, to December, 1885: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept, 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 71 
 
 79 
 
 . 80 
 
 87 
 
 82 
 
 80 
 
 1873 .... 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 84 
 
 
 90 
 
 
 78 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 87 
 
 84 
 
 66 
 
 1874 
 
 66 
 
 66 
 
 70 
 
 70 
 
 82 
 
 79 
 
 77 
 
 76 
 
 88 
 
 85 
 
 75 
 
 73 
 
 1875 
 
 66 
 
 71 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 77 
 
 78 
 
 70 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 
 79 
 
 70 
 
 68 
 
 1876 
 
 62 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 
 79 
 
 68 
 
 79 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 76 
 
 1877 
 
 77 
 
 73 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 70 
 
 88 
 
 76 
 
 79 
 
 87 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 69 
 
 1878 
 
 67 
 
 63 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 76 
 
 85 
 
 78 
 
 80 
 
 1879 
 
 64 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 78 
 
 72 
 
 87 
 
 80 
 
 90 
 
 75 
 
 71 
 
 1880 
 
 70 
 
 64 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 87 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 70 
 
 1881 . . 
 
 68 
 
 7f> 
 
 78 
 
 76 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 86 
 
 70 
 
 78 
 
 70 
 
 74 
 
 72 
 
 1882 .- 
 
 65 
 
 66 
 
 76 
 
 70 
 
 72 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 74 
 
 81 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 1883 
 
 66 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 68 
 
 85 
 
 94 
 
 74 
 
 78 
 
 96 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 75 
 
 1884..,. 
 
 65 
 
 76 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 80 
 
 72 
 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 75 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 66 
 
 1885 
 
 70 
 
 75 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 76 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 76 
 
 82 
 
 72 
 
 72 
 
 74 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Highest . 
 
 76 
 
 81 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 86 
 
 87 
 
 98 
 
 90 
 
 84 
 
 80 
 
 and 
 Year 
 
 1873 
 
 1883 
 
 *1873 
 
 1885 
 
 1873 
 
 1883 
 
 1881 
 
 1879 
 
 1883 
 
 1879 
 
 1873 
 
 11872 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Same in 1888. 
 fSame in 1878. 
 
29 
 
 SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. 
 
 Lowest temperature from May, 1872, to December, 1885: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 April. 
 
 May. 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 47 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 1873 
 
 36 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 52 
 
 46 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 36 
 
 1874 
 
 31 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 43 
 
 45 
 
 50 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 33 
 
 23 
 
 1875 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 48 
 
 49 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 50 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 31 
 
 1876 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 42 
 
 35 
 
 31 
 
 1877 . .. 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 37 
 
 44 
 
 47 
 
 52 
 
 54 
 
 54 
 
 50 
 
 35 
 
 34 
 
 34 
 
 1878 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 48 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 1879 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 44 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 53 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 30 
 
 20 
 
 1880 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 32 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 49 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 45 
 
 41 
 
 28 
 
 38 
 
 1881 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 51 
 
 44 
 
 31 
 
 29 
 
 . 33 
 
 1882 '.. . ... 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 
 32 
 
 42 
 
 44 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 1883 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 50 
 
 38 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 1884 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 34 
 
 44 
 
 50 
 
 54 
 
 53 
 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 26 
 
 1885 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 36 
 
 41 
 
 50 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 57 
 
 46 
 
 38 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lowest 
 
 20 
 
 24 
 
 32 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 40 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 44 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 and 
 Year 
 
 1883 
 
 1883 
 
 *1875 
 
 1875 
 
 U876 
 
 1875 
 
 U876 
 
 1875 
 
 1881 
 
 1873 
 
 1880 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Same in 1876, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. 
 f Same in 1880 and 1882. 
 j Same in 1877. 
 ? Same in 1880. 
 
 POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 
 
 Mean monthly temperature at Poway, San Diego County, from Novem- 
 ber, 1878, to December, 1885; also, the average monthly and yearly tem- 
 peratures: 
 
 MONTH OF 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 Monthly 
 Averages. 
 
 January 
 
 
 47.2 
 
 46.3 
 
 49.7 
 
 45.9 
 
 50.1 
 
 50.5 
 
 49.4 
 
 48.44 
 
 February 
 
 
 52.4 
 
 44.3 
 
 54.0 
 
 46.8 
 
 51.4 
 
 53.0 
 
 520 
 
 5056 
 
 March 
 
 
 55.4 
 
 48.1 
 
 54.2 
 
 525 
 
 468 
 
 538 
 
 573 
 
 5259 
 
 April 
 
 
 567 
 
 552 
 
 607 
 
 54 8 
 
 566 
 
 566 
 
 601 
 
 5724 
 
 May 
 
 
 58.4 
 
 61.4 
 
 64.1 
 
 62.0 
 
 60.7 
 
 61.6 
 
 63.3 
 
 61.64 
 
 June 
 
 
 65.2 
 
 64.7 
 
 66.1 
 
 64.5 
 
 693 
 
 652 
 
 652 
 
 6574 
 
 July 
 
 
 68.8 
 
 650 
 
 716 
 
 685 
 
 711 
 
 697 
 
 708 
 
 6936 
 
 August 
 
 
 706 
 
 682 
 
 709 
 
 716 
 
 703 
 
 660 
 
 758 
 
 7049 
 
 September 
 
 
 67.5 
 
 61.0 
 
 69.4 
 
 67.9 
 
 70.6 
 
 65.0 
 
 69.3 
 
 67.24 
 
 October 
 
 
 60.7 
 
 60.5 
 
 61.7 
 
 606 
 
 593 
 
 595 
 
 634 
 
 6081 
 
 November 
 December 
 
 "53.8 
 46.1 
 
 52.6 
 51.2 
 
 53.6 
 53.4 
 
 54.4 
 51.3 
 
 54.7 
 53.6 
 
 55.8 
 54.7 
 
 54.6 
 50.0 
 
 57.7 
 53.6 
 
 55.90 
 51.74 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 706.7 
 
 681.7 
 
 728.1 
 
 7034 
 
 716.7 
 
 7055 
 
 7379 
 
 71175 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Yearly av'ges. 
 
 
 58.89 
 
 56.81 
 
 60.68 
 
 58.62 
 
 59.72 
 
 58.79 
 
 6149 
 
 5931 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30 
 
 POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 
 
 Highest temperature at Poway, San Diego County, California, from 
 November, 1878, to December, 1885: 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 January 
 
 
 79 
 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 86 
 
 76 
 
 71 
 
 February _. . . 
 
 
 85 
 
 87 
 
 85 
 
 77 
 
 82 
 
 82 
 
 81 
 
 March 
 
 
 78 
 
 73 
 
 87 
 
 80 
 
 80 
 
 71 
 
 87 
 
 April 
 
 
 86 
 
 79 
 
 92 
 
 80 
 
 86 
 
 74 
 
 88 
 
 May 
 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 90 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 79 
 
 80 
 
 June 
 
 
 110 
 
 86 
 
 89 
 
 84 
 
 97 
 
 101 
 
 90 
 
 July . . .- ... . 
 
 
 88 
 
 86 
 
 97 
 
 89 
 
 93 
 
 101 
 
 97 
 
 August 
 
 
 98 
 
 93 
 
 97 
 
 93 
 
 94 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 September 
 
 
 100 
 
 91 
 
 101 
 
 96 
 
 102 
 
 90 
 
 103 
 
 October 
 
 
 97 
 
 88 
 
 82 
 
 89 
 
 81 
 
 87 
 
 97 
 
 November 
 
 84 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 84 
 
 85 
 
 82 
 
 87 
 
 82 
 
 December 
 
 89 
 
 77 
 
 84 
 
 82 
 
 88 
 
 80 
 
 78 
 
 85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Highest 
 
 
 110 
 
 93 
 
 101 
 
 98 
 
 102 
 
 104 
 
 103 
 
 and 
 Month 
 
 
 June 
 
 *Mav 
 
 Sept 
 
 Sept 
 
 Sept 
 
 Allf 
 
 tAue 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Same for August. 
 fSame for September. 
 
 POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 
 
 Lowest temperature from November, 1878, to December, 1885: 
 
 MONTH. 
 
 1878. 
 
 1879. 
 
 1880. 
 
 1881. 
 
 1882. 
 
 1883. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1885. 
 
 January 
 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 February 
 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 35 
 
 33 
 
 28 
 
 33 
 
 32 
 
 March 
 
 
 36 
 
 32 
 
 . 39 
 
 38 
 
 45 
 
 40 
 
 37 
 
 April 
 
 
 42 
 
 43 
 
 53 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 43 
 
 46 
 
 May 
 
 
 49 
 
 47 
 
 55 
 
 50 
 
 49 
 
 52 
 
 52 
 
 June 
 
 
 55 
 
 53 
 
 56 
 
 54 
 
 58 
 
 56 
 
 55 
 
 July 
 
 
 57 
 
 54 
 
 56 
 
 58 
 
 62 
 
 59 
 
 60 
 
 August 
 
 
 54 
 
 52 
 
 58 
 
 60 
 
 61 
 
 59 
 
 63 
 
 September 
 
 
 51 
 
 51 
 
 54 
 
 47 
 
 56 
 
 53 
 
 57 
 
 October 
 
 
 38 
 
 42 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 42 
 
 41 
 
 41 
 
 November 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 32 
 
 31 
 
 34 
 
 36 
 
 33 
 
 38 
 
 December 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 34 
 
 21 
 
 32 
 
 35 
 
 30 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lowest 
 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 28 
 
 30 
 
 30 
 
 and 
 Month 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 *Jan. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Jan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Same for February. 
 
31 
 
 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Highest and lowest temperatures at San Diego, in each year, for thirteen 
 years: 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Highest, 
 Degrees. 
 
 Lowest, 
 Degrees. 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 Highest, 
 Degrees. 
 
 Lowest, 
 Degrees. 
 
 1872 
 
 87.0 
 
 37.0 
 
 1879 
 
 99.0 
 
 32.0 
 
 1873 
 
 85.0 
 
 37.0 
 
 1880 
 
 84.0 
 
 32.0 
 
 1874 
 
 900 
 
 39.0 
 
 1881 ._- 
 
 85.5 
 
 36.0 
 
 1875 
 
 880 
 
 380 
 
 1882 
 
 83.4 
 
 34.2 
 
 1876 
 
 880 
 
 390 
 
 1883 - 
 
 101.0 
 
 32.4 
 
 1877 
 
 94.0 
 
 40.0 
 
 1884 .-- 
 
 91.5 
 
 36.0 
 
 1878 
 
 100.0 
 
 35.4 
 
 1885 
 
 89.5 
 
 38.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 RECORD OF RAINFALL 
 
 FROM SAN DIEGO TO SISKIYOU AND FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO 
 
 PLACERVILLE. 
 
 The rainfall at Poway, San Diego County, was furnished by Adams 
 Chapin, voluntary observer of the United States Signal Service: 
 
 RAINFALL AT POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 
 
 I 
 
 January 
 
 C5 1 
 
 c" 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 CD 
 
 | 
 
 p 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Septembe 
 
 
 n 
 
 -< 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 c 5 
 
 For Seaso 
 
 Total for fc 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 ? 
 
 a, 
 
 | 
 
 o 
 
 1878 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 1.57 
 
 
 
 
 1879 
 
 2.88 
 
 1.50 
 
 none 
 
 1.20 
 
 .08 
 
 .20 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .30 
 
 2.75 
 
 4.72 
 
 13.73 
 
 1879-80 
 
 15.61 
 
 1880 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.54 
 
 1.76 
 
 3.10 
 
 .09 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 .16 
 
 none 
 
 .74 
 
 .30, 
 
 3.56 
 
 12.44 
 
 1880-81 
 
 10.43 
 
 1881 
 
 1.16 
 
 .60 
 
 2.86 
 
 1.14 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .04 
 
 .03 
 
 1.17 
 
 .20 
 
 .73 
 
 7.96 
 
 1881-82 
 
 13.39 
 
 1882 
 
 6.40 
 
 2.69 
 
 1.13 
 
 .90 
 
 .04 
 
 .09 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 .04 
 
 .29 
 
 .60 
 
 .27 
 
 12.46 
 
 1882-83 
 
 8.47 
 
 1883 
 
 .94 
 
 1.76 
 
 1.87 
 
 1.36 
 
 1.34 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.59 
 
 none 
 
 2.40 
 
 11.26 
 
 1883-84 
 
 29.45 
 
 1884 
 
 1.59 
 
 9.40 
 
 6.96 
 
 4.81 
 
 2.26 
 
 .44 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .24 
 
 .38 
 
 5.91 
 
 31.99 
 
 1884-85 
 
 10.69 
 
 1885 
 
 .72 
 
 .35 
 
 .34 
 
 2.05 
 
 .63 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 2.71 
 
 .90 
 
 7.83 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *10.78 
 
 1886 
 
 6.34 
 
 .77 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 21.16 
 
 18.61 
 
 14.92 
 
 14.66 
 
 4.47 
 
 .80 
 
 .06 
 
 .21 
 
 .07 
 
 4.39 
 
 6.96 1 
 
 20.06 
 
 97.67 
 
 
 88.04 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 2.645 
 
 2.326 
 
 2.131 
 
 2.094 
 
 .638 
 
 .114 
 
 .009 
 
 .030 
 
 .010 
 
 .627 
 
 .870 
 
 2.507 
 
 13.953 
 
 
 14.674 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Up to March 1,1886. 
 
32 
 
 SAN DIEGO, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. 
 
 This table runs from November 1, 1871, to March 1, 1886. The figures 
 are from the annual reports of the Chief Signal Officer. They show the 
 rainfall by calendar years and seasonal years; also, the totals and averages 
 by months: 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
 
 > 
 
 g 
 
 z 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 J? 
 
 H 
 
 ** 
 
 
 
 % 
 
 2 
 
 2. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 OR? 
 
 
 o 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 3" 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 ET 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 CB 
 
 
 
 D 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 p 
 
 cc 
 
 
 ? 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 o 1 
 
 H< 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 
 I 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.39 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 .99 
 
 1.63 
 
 .46 
 
 .26 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.41 
 
 5.05 
 
 1871-72 
 
 6.22 
 
 1873 
 
 .34 
 
 4.15 
 
 .11 
 
 .10 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.95 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .77 
 
 5.46 
 
 12.89 
 
 1872-73 
 
 8.10 
 
 1874 
 
 3.11 
 
 3.73 
 
 1.20 
 
 .35 
 
 .32 
 
 none 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 .04 
 
 .53 
 
 .88 
 
 .55 
 
 10.83 
 
 1873-74 
 
 15.06 
 
 1875 
 
 2.38 
 
 .37 
 
 .45 
 
 .12 
 
 .20 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 .21 
 
 .39 
 
 none 
 
 2.25 
 
 .41 
 
 6.80 
 
 1874-75 
 
 5.75 
 
 1876 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.44 
 
 1.78 
 
 .06 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 .03 
 
 .06 
 
 .03 
 
 .08 
 
 .04 
 
 .15 
 
 7.24 
 
 1875-76 
 
 9.99 
 
 1877_ 
 
 1.05 
 
 .23 
 
 1.44 
 
 .26 
 
 .43 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .81 
 
 .06 
 
 3.89 
 
 8.17 
 
 1876-77 
 
 3.71 
 
 1878 
 
 1.45 
 
 4.83 
 
 1.41 
 
 2.91 
 
 .58 
 
 .16 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .96 
 
 none 
 
 1.57 
 
 13.87 
 
 1877-78 
 
 16.10 
 
 1879 
 
 3.54 
 
 1.04 
 
 .10 
 
 .60 
 
 sprin 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .29 
 
 2.77 
 
 6.30 
 
 14.71 
 
 1878-79 
 
 7.88 
 
 1880 
 
 .61 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.43 
 
 1.34 
 
 .06 
 
 .06 
 
 .09 
 
 .32 
 
 none 
 
 .53 
 
 .28 
 
 4.15 
 
 10.37 
 
 1879-80 
 
 14.77 
 
 1881 
 
 .52 
 
 .45 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.35 
 
 .04 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 .04 
 
 .24 
 
 .12 
 
 .30 
 
 5.00 
 
 1880-81 
 
 9.26 
 
 1882 
 
 4.53 
 
 2.55 
 
 1.02 
 
 .45 
 
 .18 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 .41 
 
 .39 
 
 .13 
 
 9.74 
 
 1881-82 
 
 9.51 
 
 1883 
 
 1.09 
 
 .95 
 
 .41 
 
 .31 
 
 1.14 
 
 .08 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 2.01 
 
 .20 
 
 1.82 
 
 8.01 
 
 1882-83 
 
 4.92 
 
 1884 
 
 1.34 
 
 9.05 
 
 6.23 
 
 2.84 
 
 2.17 
 
 .31 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 .11 
 
 4.83 
 
 26.95 
 
 1883-84 
 
 25.97 
 
 1885 
 
 .35 
 
 .02 
 
 .78 
 
 1.20 
 
 .61 
 
 .06 
 
 sprin 
 
 .13 
 
 sprin 
 
 .31 
 
 1.56 
 
 .70 
 
 5.72 
 
 1884-85 
 
 8.16 
 
 1886 
 
 7.00 
 
 1.50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *11.07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 3077 
 
 3444 
 
 1870 
 
 12 15 
 
 5 91 
 
 93 
 
 24 
 
 2 86 
 
 58 
 
 617 
 
 1062 
 
 3306 
 
 145 35 
 
 
 145.40 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 AVges _ 
 
 1.698 
 
 2.296 
 
 1.335 
 
 .868 
 
 .422 
 
 .066 
 
 .017 
 
 .204 
 
 .041 
 
 .455 
 
 .708 
 
 2.204 
 
 10.382 
 
 
 
 10.386 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
 SAN BERNARDINO, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall at San Bernardino was furnished by Mr. Sidney P. Waite, of 
 the San Bernardino Water Company, and extends from July, 1870, to 
 March 1, 1886, and is as follows: 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 CH 
 
 CTQ 
 
 "1 
 
 g 
 
 o 
 g 
 
 ? 
 
 ? 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 YEAR. 
 
 I 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 i-i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 c 1 
 
 1870 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 02 
 
 09 
 
 3 11 
 
 89 
 
 
 
 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 6.91 
 none 
 
 2.21 
 2.20 
 
 .19 
 
 .37 
 
 .34 
 .79 
 
 .11 
 .06 
 
 .07 
 none 
 
 none 
 none 
 
 .04 
 .18 
 
 .13 
 
 .04 
 
 .60 
 none 
 
 .88 
 1.17 
 
 3.91 
 
 4.40 
 
 15.39 
 9.21 
 
 1870-71 
 1871-72 
 
 13.94 
 8.98 
 
 1873 
 
 6.50 
 
 1.25 
 
 .51 
 
 .84 
 
 .21 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.06 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 .74 
 
 5.73 
 
 16.87 
 
 1872-73 
 
 15.10 
 
 1874 
 
 5.51 
 
 8.76 
 
 1.08 
 
 .48 
 
 .42 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.20 
 
 23.21 
 
 1873-74 
 
 23.81 
 
 1875 _ _ 
 
 7.20 
 
 0.15 
 
 0.22 
 
 .07 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 7.50 
 
 .02 
 
 15.21 
 
 1874-75 
 
 13.65 
 
 1876 
 
 6.55 
 
 1.92 
 
 3.41 
 
 .44 
 
 .03 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .20 
 
 .40 
 
 none 
 
 12.98 
 
 1875-76 
 
 19.90 
 
 1877 . 
 
 3.50 
 
 4.03 
 
 .83 
 
 .26 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .86 
 
 .50 
 
 3.95 
 
 14.23 
 
 1870-77 
 
 9.52 
 
 1878 
 
 3.33 
 
 6.68 
 
 2.57 
 
 1.71 
 
 .66 
 
 .07 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .14 
 
 .05 
 
 4.70 
 
 20.00 
 
 1877-78 
 
 20.33 
 
 1879 
 
 3.59 
 
 1.00 
 
 .50 
 
 1.20 
 
 .24 
 
 .03 
 
 .11 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 .94 
 
 3.40 
 
 6.50 
 
 17.54 
 
 1878-79 
 
 11.54 
 
 1880 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.45 
 
 5.00 
 
 .04 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .14 
 
 .67 
 
 8.80 
 
 18.99 
 
 1879-80 
 
 20.36 
 
 1881 
 
 1.40 
 
 .36 
 
 1.66 
 
 .46 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .80 
 
 ,27 
 
 .50 
 
 5.41 
 
 1880-81 
 
 13.50 
 
 1882. 
 
 
 2.65 
 
 3.30 
 
 2.91 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .10 
 
 .15 
 
 .45 
 
 9.67 
 
 1881-82 
 
 11.54 
 
 1883 
 
 1.60 
 
 1.10 
 
 2.82 
 
 2.95 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .19 
 
 none 
 
 .53 
 
 .85 
 
 .09 
 
 2.63 
 
 12.76 
 
 1882-83 
 
 8.17 
 
 1884 
 
 1.63 
 
 12.20 
 
 9.95 
 
 5.68 
 
 3.17 
 
 .59 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .11 
 
 3.75 
 
 37.08 
 
 1883-84 
 
 37.51 
 
 1885. _ 
 
 2.79 
 
 .11 
 
 .28 
 
 1.89 
 
 1.69 
 
 .19 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .39 
 
 4.36 
 
 1.20 
 
 12.90 
 
 1884-85 
 
 10.81 
 
 1886 
 
 644 
 
 252 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 f!4.91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 59 62 
 
 48 47 
 
 29 14 
 
 25 02 
 
 6 99 
 
 98 
 
 37 
 
 1 30 
 
 83 
 
 6 94 
 
 95 28 
 
 49 63 
 
 241.45 
 
 
 239.66 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 M'nthly 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 726 
 
 3 029 
 
 1 943 
 
 1 668 
 
 466 
 
 065 
 
 023 
 
 081 
 
 052 
 
 434 
 
 1 580 
 
 3 102 
 
 16.097 
 
 
 15.977 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Twelve inches snow January 12. 1882. 
 
33 
 
 LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. 
 
 The following figures, from February, 1872, to June, 1877, are from the 
 records of .Mr. C. Duncommun, of Los Angeles; from July, 1877, to date, are 
 
 irom i 
 
 ,ne c 
 
 igna 
 
 1 Vll 
 
 ice r 
 
 Bcorc 
 
 IB 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 4H 
 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 > 
 
 g- 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 > 
 
 C? 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 
 
 H 
 
 cc 
 
 M 
 
 S3 
 
 | 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 "S 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 CD 
 
 f 
 
 03 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 CD 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 cf 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 2.25 
 
 .43 
 
 .97 
 
 .10 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .22 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 4.42 
 
 *8.39 
 
 1872-73 
 
 14.80 
 
 1873 
 
 2.08 
 
 7.19 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.06 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .74 
 
 5.74 
 
 16.86 
 
 1873-74 
 
 23.72 
 
 1874 
 
 5.51 
 
 9.77 
 
 1.09 
 
 .45 
 
 .42 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 1.81 
 
 1.89 
 
 .20 
 
 21.20 
 
 1874-75 
 
 21.67 
 
 1875. 
 
 17.22 
 
 .15 
 
 .22 
 
 .07 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 7.57 
 
 .82 
 
 26.10 
 
 1875-76 
 
 26.74 
 
 1876 
 
 6.54 
 
 7.92 
 
 3.41 
 
 .45 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .40 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 18.75 
 
 1876-77 
 
 5.28 
 
 1877. 
 
 3.48 
 
 .01 
 
 .83 
 
 .26 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .86 
 
 .45 
 
 3.93 
 
 10.12 
 
 1877-78 
 
 21.26 
 
 1878 
 
 3.33 
 
 7.68 
 
 2.57 
 
 1.71 
 
 .66 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .14 
 
 none 
 
 4.70 
 
 20.86 
 
 1878-79 
 
 11.35 
 
 1879 
 
 3.59 
 
 .97 
 
 .49 
 
 1.19 
 
 .24 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .93 
 
 3.44 
 
 6.53 
 
 17.41 
 
 1879-80 
 
 20.34 
 
 1880 
 
 1.33 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.45 
 
 5.06 
 
 .04 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .14 
 
 .67 
 
 8.40 
 
 18.65 
 
 1880-81 
 
 13.13 
 
 1881 
 
 1.43 
 
 .36 
 
 1.66 
 
 .46 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 .82 
 
 .27 
 
 .52- 
 
 5.53 
 
 1881-82 
 
 10.40 
 
 1882. 
 
 1.01 
 
 2.66 
 
 2.66 
 
 1.83 
 
 .63 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .05 
 
 1.82 
 
 .08 
 
 10.74 
 
 1882-83 
 
 12.11 
 
 1883 
 
 1.62 
 
 3.47 
 
 2.87 
 
 .15 
 
 2.02 
 
 .03 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.42 
 
 none 
 
 2.56 
 
 14.14 
 
 1883-84 
 
 38.26 
 
 1884 
 
 3.ir, 
 
 13.37 
 
 12.36 
 
 3.58 
 
 .39 
 
 1.39 
 
 .02 
 
 .02 
 
 sprin 
 
 .39 
 
 1.07 
 
 4.65 
 
 40.39 
 
 1884-85 
 
 9.25 
 
 1885 
 
 1.05 
 
 .01 
 
 .01 
 
 2.01 
 
 .06 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 .05 
 
 .30 
 
 5.55 
 
 1.65 
 
 10.69 
 
 1885-86 
 
 f!6.76 
 
 1886 
 
 7.80 
 
 1.4.1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1886-87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals __ 
 
 59.14 
 
 58.78 
 
 30.10 
 
 18.19 
 
 4.95 
 
 1.52 
 
 .02 
 
 1.30 
 
 .11 
 
 7.26 
 
 23.47 
 
 44.20 
 
 239.83 
 
 
 245.07 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 4.224 
 
 3.919 
 
 2.150 
 
 1.299 
 
 .354 
 
 .109 
 
 .001 
 
 .093 
 
 .008 
 
 .519 
 
 1.676 
 
 3.157 
 
 17.129 
 
 
 
 17.505 
 
 * Total for eleven months, 
 f Up to March 1,1886. 
 
 SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall of Salinas, Monterey County, was furnished by Dr. E. K. 
 Abbott, and extends from July, 1872, to March 1, 1886, showing the rain- 
 fall by months, years, and seasons also the averages: 
 
 ? 
 
 !H 
 
 g 
 
 tt 
 
 "5 
 
 M 
 
 4-| 
 
 CH 
 
 C 
 
 > 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 g 
 
 
 | 
 
 t i 
 a 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 << 
 
 en? 
 
 C 
 
 CD" 
 
 0, 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
 E 
 
 
 1 
 
 & 
 
 ! 
 
 q 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 1- 
 
 I 
 
 o 5 
 
 B 
 
 OQ 
 
 i 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 i 
 
 
 * 
 
 ~. 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 
 1872 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 02 
 
 02 
 
 6 80 
 
 
 1872-73 
 
 13 45 
 
 1873 
 
 3.40 
 
 2.40 
 
 .80 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .10 
 
 .10 
 
 .20 
 
 4.25 
 
 11.25 
 
 1873-74 
 
 11.17 
 
 1874 
 
 3.42 
 
 none 
 
 2.15 
 
 .95 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.42 
 
 none 
 
 9.77 
 
 187 
 
 4-75 
 
 8.59 
 
 1875 
 
 4.50 
 
 .15 
 
 .69 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 5.17 
 
 2.18 
 
 12.69 
 
 1875-76 
 
 21.69 
 
 1876 __ 
 
 6.16 
 
 3.55 
 
 4.52 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 .10 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 1.04 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 15.48 
 
 187 
 
 6-77 
 
 4.64 
 
 1877 
 
 2.54 
 
 .16 
 
 .30 
 
 .10 
 
 .40 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .12 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.39 
 
 7.01 
 
 1877-78 
 
 23.82 
 
 1878 
 
 7.05 
 
 8.77 
 
 2.57 
 
 1.92 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 .60 
 
 .20 
 
 .35 
 
 21.51 
 
 187 
 
 8-79 
 
 10.94 
 
 1879 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.81 
 
 1.85 
 
 1.69 
 
 .82 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.08 
 
 2.28 
 
 14.15 
 
 1879-80 
 
 13.22 
 
 1880 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.64 
 
 3.90 
 
 .46 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .57 
 
 5.56 
 
 14.94 
 
 188 
 
 n-8i 
 
 14.07 
 
 1881 
 
 3.32 
 
 2.32 
 
 1.26 
 
 .66 
 
 none 
 
 .38 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .10 
 
 .28 
 
 .67 
 
 1.24 
 
 10.23 
 
 1881-82 
 
 12.93 
 
 1882 
 
 1.78 
 
 2.31 
 
 4.86 
 
 1.01 
 
 .49 
 
 .19 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .38 
 
 1.43 
 
 .65 
 
 1.95 
 
 15.05 
 
 188 
 
 fl-83 
 
 11.79 
 
 1883 
 
 .91 
 
 .95 
 
 2.26 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.98 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .19 
 
 1.19 
 
 .25 
 
 .90 
 
 9.91 
 
 188 
 
 V84 
 
 20.43 
 
 1884. 
 
 1.71 
 
 4.49 
 
 5.09 
 
 3.05 
 
 .72 
 
 2.66 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 .11 
 
 1.79 
 
 .28 
 
 4.46 
 
 24.54 
 
 1884-85 
 
 9.30 
 
 1885 
 
 1.09 
 
 .05 
 
 .19 
 
 1.21 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .08 
 
 6.60 
 
 1.30 
 
 10.66 
 
 188 
 
 i-86 
 
 *14.57 
 
 1886 
 
 5.10 
 
 1.47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals __ 
 
 45.05 
 
 30.59 
 
 28.18 
 
 15.77 
 
 5.00 
 
 3.38 
 
 .10 
 
 .18 
 
 1.01 
 
 9.53 
 
 18.16 
 
 33.66 
 
 177.19 
 
 
 176.04 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 3.218 
 
 2.185 
 
 2.168 
 
 1.213 
 
 .385 
 
 .260 
 
 .007 
 
 .013 
 
 .072 
 
 .681 
 
 1.297 
 
 2.404 
 
 13.630 
 
 
 13.541 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
34 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 The rainfall from 1849 to 1875 in the following table were taken from 
 the report of the State Agricultural Society for 1874, and was furnished to 
 that society by Thomas Tennant. The rainfall from 1875 to date is com- 
 piled from the reports of the Chief Signal Officer: 
 
 p 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 | 
 
 f 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 
 N 
 
 D 
 
 EP 
 
 
 
 
 
 tM 
 
 I 
 
 <t> 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 i-t- 
 
 y 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 Q 
 
 
 1849 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 none 
 none 
 none 
 none 
 
 none 
 none 
 none 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .33 
 1.03 
 none 
 
 3.14 
 none 
 .21 
 
 .80 
 
 8.66 
 .92 
 2.12 
 5.31 
 
 6.20 
 1.05 
 7.10 
 13.20 
 
 
 
 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 
 8.34 
 
 .72 
 .58 
 
 1.77 
 .54 
 .14 
 
 4.53 
 1.94 
 6.68 
 
 .46 
 1.23 
 
 .26 
 
 none 
 .67 
 .32 
 
 none 
 none 
 none 
 
 17.40 
 15.56 
 27.29 
 
 1849-50 
 1850-51 
 1851-52 
 
 33.10 
 7.40 
 18.44 
 
 1853 
 
 3.92 
 
 1.42 
 
 4.86 
 
 5.37 
 
 .35 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .04 
 
 .46 
 
 .12 
 
 2.28 
 
 2.32 
 
 21.14 
 
 1852-53 
 
 35.26 
 
 1854. 
 
 3.88 
 
 8.04 
 
 3.51 
 
 3.12 
 
 .02 
 
 .08 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 .15 
 
 2.41 
 
 .34 
 
 .81 
 
 22.37 
 
 1853-54 
 
 23.87 
 
 1855 
 
 3.67 
 
 4.77 
 
 4.64 
 
 5.00 
 
 1.88 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .67 
 
 5.76 
 
 26.39 
 
 1854-55 
 
 23.68 
 
 1856 
 
 9.40 
 
 .50 
 
 1.60 
 
 2.94 
 
 .76 
 
 .03 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 .07 
 
 .45 
 
 2.79 
 
 3.75 
 
 22.31 
 
 1855-56 
 
 21.66 
 
 1857 
 
 2.45 
 
 8.59 
 
 .1.62 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 .93 
 
 3.01 
 
 4.14 
 
 20.93 
 
 1856-57 
 
 19.88 
 
 1858 
 
 4.36 
 
 1.83 
 
 5.55 
 
 1.55 
 
 .34 
 
 .05 
 
 .05 
 
 .16 
 
 none 
 
 2.74 
 
 .69 
 
 6.14 
 
 23.46 
 
 1857-58 
 
 21.81 
 
 1859 
 
 1.28 
 
 6.32 
 
 3.02 
 
 .27 
 
 1.55 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .03 
 
 .05 
 
 7.28 
 
 1.57 
 
 21.39 
 
 1858-59 
 
 22.22 
 
 1860 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.60 
 
 3.99 
 
 3.14 
 
 2.86 
 
 .09 
 
 .21 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .19 
 
 .58 
 
 6.16 
 
 20.46 
 
 1859-60 
 
 22.27 
 
 1861 
 
 2.47 
 
 3.72 
 
 4.08 
 
 .51 
 
 1.00 
 
 .08 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 4.10 
 
 9.54 
 
 25.52 
 
 1860-61 
 
 19.00 
 
 1862 
 
 24.36 
 
 7.53 
 
 2.20 
 
 .73 
 
 .74 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .40 
 
 .15 
 
 2.35 
 
 38.51 
 
 1861-62 
 
 49.27 
 
 1863 
 
 3.63 
 
 3.19 
 
 2.06 
 
 1.04 
 
 .26 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 2.55 
 
 1.80 
 
 14.56 
 
 1862-63 
 
 13.08 
 
 1864 
 
 1.83 
 
 none 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.57 
 
 .78 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .21 
 
 .01 
 
 .13 
 
 6.68 
 
 8.91 
 
 21.64 
 
 1863-64 
 
 10.08 
 
 1865 
 
 5.14 
 
 1.34 
 
 .74 
 
 .94 
 
 .63 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .24 
 
 .26 
 
 4.19 
 
 .58 
 
 14.06 
 
 1864-65 
 
 24.73 
 
 1866 
 
 10.88 
 
 2.12 
 
 3.04 
 
 .12 
 
 1.46 
 
 .04 
 
 hone 
 
 none 
 
 .11 
 
 none 
 
 3.35 
 
 15.16 
 
 36.28 
 
 1865-66 
 
 22.93 
 
 1867 
 
 5.16 
 
 7.20 
 
 1.58 
 
 2.36 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .04 
 
 .20 
 
 3.41 
 
 10.69 
 
 30.64 
 
 1866-67 
 
 34.92 
 
 1868 
 
 9.50 
 
 6.13 
 
 6.30 
 
 2.31 
 
 .03 
 
 .23 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .15 
 
 1.18 
 
 4.34 
 
 30.17 
 
 1867-68 
 
 38.84 
 
 1869 
 
 6.35 
 
 3.90 
 
 3.14 
 
 2.19 
 
 .08 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .12 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.19 
 
 4.31 
 
 22.59 
 
 1868-69 
 
 21.35 
 
 1870 
 
 3.89 
 
 4.78 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.53 
 
 .20 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 .43 
 
 3.38 
 
 16.24 
 
 1869-70 
 
 19.31 
 
 1871 
 
 3.07 
 
 3.76 
 
 1.29 
 
 1.93 
 
 .21 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none i .03 
 
 .11 
 
 3.72 
 
 16.74 
 
 30.86 
 
 1870-71 
 
 14.10 
 
 1872 
 
 4.22 
 
 6.97 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.10 
 
 .16 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 none .14 
 
 .21 
 
 2.62 
 
 7.25 
 
 24.33 
 
 1871-72 
 
 34.71 
 
 1873 
 
 2.17 
 
 4.24 
 
 .78 
 
 .52 
 
 .01 
 
 .08 
 
 .03 
 
 .15 none 
 
 .68 
 
 1.31 
 
 10.12 
 
 20.09 
 
 1872-73 
 
 18.02 
 
 1874 
 
 4.85 
 
 1.83 
 
 3.55 
 
 1.0* 
 
 .34 
 
 .08 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .83 
 
 2.73 
 
 5.92 
 
 .28 
 
 21.45 
 
 1873-74 
 
 23.98 
 
 1875 
 
 6.97 
 
 .20 
 
 1.08 
 
 .02 
 
 .11 
 
 1.01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .24 
 
 7.27 
 
 4.15 
 
 21.05 
 
 1874-75 
 
 19.15 
 
 1876 
 
 7.55 
 
 4.92 
 
 5.49 
 
 1.29 
 
 .24 
 
 .04 
 
 .01 
 
 .01 
 
 .38 
 
 3.36 
 
 25 
 
 none 
 
 23.54 
 
 1875-76 
 
 31.21 
 
 1877 
 
 4.32 
 
 1.18 
 
 1.08 
 
 .26 
 
 .18 
 
 .91 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .65 
 
 1.57 
 
 2.66 
 
 11.93 
 
 1876-77 
 
 11.04 
 
 1878 
 
 11.97 
 
 12.52 
 
 4.56 
 
 1.06 
 
 .16 
 
 .01 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 .55 
 
 1.27 
 
 .57 
 
 .58 
 
 33.26 
 
 1877-78 
 
 35.17 
 
 1879 
 
 3.52 
 
 4.90 
 
 8.75 
 
 1.89 
 
 2.35 
 
 .05 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 sprin 
 
 .78 
 
 4.03 
 
 4.46 
 
 30.76 
 
 1878-79 
 
 24.40 
 
 1880 
 
 2.23 
 
 1.87 
 
 2.08 
 
 10.06 
 
 1.12 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 .33 
 
 12.33 
 
 30.07 
 
 1879-80 
 
 26.63 
 
 1881 
 
 8.69 
 
 4.64 
 
 .90 
 
 2.00 
 
 .22 
 
 .69 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .25 
 
 .54 
 
 1.94 
 
 3.85 
 
 23.72 
 
 1880-81 
 
 29.86 
 
 1882 
 
 1.68 
 
 2.96 
 
 3.45 
 
 1.22 
 
 .21 
 
 .04 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .26 
 
 2.66 
 
 4.18 
 
 2.01 
 
 18.67 
 
 1881-82 
 
 16.14 
 
 1883 
 
 1.92 
 
 1.04 
 
 3.01 
 
 1.51 
 
 3.52 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .42 
 
 1.48 
 
 1.60 
 
 .92 
 
 15.43 
 
 1882-83 
 
 20.12 
 
 1884 
 
 3.94 
 
 6.65 
 
 8.24 
 
 6.33 
 
 .23 
 
 2.57 
 
 sprin 
 
 .04 
 
 .33 
 
 2.55 
 
 .26 
 
 7.68 
 
 38.82 
 
 1883-84 
 
 32.42 
 
 1885 
 
 2.53 
 
 .30 
 
 1.01 
 
 3.17 
 
 .04 
 
 .19 
 
 .06 
 
 sprin 
 
 .11 
 
 . .72 
 
 11.78 
 
 4.99 
 
 24.90 
 
 1884-85 
 
 18.12 
 
 1886 
 
 7.42 
 
 .24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 |25.26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 190.50 
 
 1 33 KK 
 
 115.51 
 
 70.04 
 
 23.08 
 
 5.59 
 
 .42 
 
 7.1 
 
 5.97 
 
 31.50 
 
 109.23 
 
 197.25 
 
 857.79 
 
 
 858.23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges 
 
 5.149 3.612 
 
 3.209 
 
 1.946 
 
 .641 
 
 .155 
 
 .011 
 
 .019 
 
 .161 
 
 .851 
 
 2.952 
 
 5.331 
 
 23.827 
 
 
 23.840 
 
 
 f Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
35 
 
 OAKLAND, ALAMEDA COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall record below was taken by Mr. James Hutchison, of the 
 Bay Nursery, Oakland. It shows the rainfall by months, by years, and 
 by seasons, along with the monthly totals and averages, extending from 
 October, 1873, to March 1, 1886: 
 
 H 
 
 H 
 
 N 
 
 g 
 
 > 
 
 g 
 
 _, 
 
 t, 
 
 > 
 
 z 
 
 
 
 53 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 02 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 <B 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 3 
 
 > 
 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 o> 
 
 2, 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 r 
 
 
 r 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .60 
 
 .60 
 
 10.18 
 
 
 
 
 1874 
 
 5.60 
 
 1.80 
 
 5.25 
 
 1.25 
 
 .75 
 
 none 
 
 noye 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 2.34 
 
 9.18 
 
 .31 
 
 26.48 
 
 1873-74 
 
 26.03 
 
 1875 
 
 6.15 
 
 .30 
 
 1.65 
 
 none 
 
 .10 
 
 1.64 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .30 
 
 7.83 
 
 4.10 
 
 22.07 
 
 1874-75 
 
 21.67 
 
 1876 
 
 5.28 
 
 4.87 
 
 4.55 
 
 .93 
 
 .45 
 
 .24 
 
 .10 
 
 none 
 
 .15 
 
 4.74 
 
 .25 
 
 none 
 
 21.56 
 
 1875-76 
 
 28.55 
 
 1877_ 
 
 4.19 
 
 1.42 
 
 .96 
 
 .22 
 
 .33 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .45 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.75 
 
 11.12 
 
 1876-77 
 
 12.36 
 
 1878 
 
 10.82 
 
 11.63 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.18 
 
 .40 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .57 
 
 1.85 
 
 .65 
 
 .31 
 
 31.71 
 
 1877-78 
 
 32.33 
 
 1879 _ 
 
 3.84 
 
 5.65 
 
 7.96 
 
 1.17 
 
 1.39 
 
 .16 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .70 
 
 2.98 
 
 5.06 
 
 28.91 
 
 1878-79 
 
 23.55 
 
 1880 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.19 
 
 1.70 
 
 8.46 
 
 1.04 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 .35 
 
 12.57 
 
 28.07 
 
 1879-80 
 
 23.84 
 
 1881 - 
 
 10.48 
 
 3.95 
 
 .88 
 
 1.40 
 
 .50 
 
 1.16 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .40 
 
 .82 
 
 1.49 
 
 5.09 
 
 26.17 
 
 1880-81 
 
 31.34 
 
 1882_ 
 
 2.42 
 
 2.05 
 
 4.20 
 
 1.51 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .42 
 
 2.65 
 
 4.33 
 
 1.14 
 
 18.87 
 
 1881-82 
 
 18.13 
 
 1883 _ 
 
 1.95 
 
 .70 
 
 3.33 
 
 2.20 
 
 3.50 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.03 
 
 .90 
 
 1.15 
 
 15.76 
 
 1882-83 
 
 20.22 
 
 1884 
 
 3.81 
 
 5.25 
 
 8.59 
 
 5.79 
 
 .55 
 
 3.03 
 
 none 
 
 .25 
 
 .35 
 
 2.80 
 
 .05 
 
 7.73 
 
 38.20 
 
 1883-84 
 
 31.10 
 
 1885. _ 
 
 1.92 
 
 .48 
 
 1.07 
 
 3.12 
 
 .10 
 
 .08 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 .30 
 
 11.11 
 
 4.33 
 
 22.58 
 
 1884-85 
 
 17.72 
 
 1886 
 
 677 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *2286 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 1 64 94 
 
 4059 
 
 4444 
 
 2723 
 
 926 
 
 631 
 
 30 
 
 25 
 
 2.94 
 
 18.63 
 
 41.34 
 
 53.72 
 
 291.50 
 
 
 286.84 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges . 
 
 4.995 
 
 3.122 
 
 3.703 
 
 2.269 
 
 .772 
 
 .526 
 
 .025 
 
 .021 
 
 .245 
 
 1.433 
 
 3.180 
 
 4.132 
 
 24.292 
 
 
 
 23.903 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
36 
 
 SACRAMENTO, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 
 
 The following table of rainfall at Sacramento, from September, 1849, to 
 December 31, 1885, was collated from the records of Dr. T. M. Logan, Dr. 
 F. W. Hatch, and those of the United States Signal Service office: 
 
 
 H 
 
 s_ 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 > 
 
 g 
 
 CH 
 
 CH 
 
 ^ 
 
 03 
 
 o 
 
 &4 
 
 y 
 
 1-3 oa 
 
 i i 
 
 
 g 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 *]3 
 
 f 
 
 
 ' 
 
 g 
 
 
 "a 
 
 g. 
 
 f 
 
 o 
 
 2. 
 
 CD 
 
 3 
 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 
 g. 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 1 
 
 '" 
 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 y 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 ? 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 HJ 
 
 ! 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 j 
 
 j 
 
 P 
 
 f 
 
 
 1849 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .25 
 
 1.50 
 
 2.25 
 
 12.50 
 
 
 1849-50 
 
 36.00 
 
 1850 
 
 4.50 
 
 .50 
 
 10.00 
 
 4.25 
 
 .25 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 19.50 
 
 1850-51 
 
 4/71 
 
 185 
 
 L 
 
 .65 
 
 .35 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.14 
 
 .69 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 nqne 
 
 1.00 
 
 .18 
 
 2.14 
 
 7.07 
 
 15.10 
 
 1851-52 
 
 17.98 
 
 1852 
 
 .58 
 
 .12 
 
 6.40 
 
 .19 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 6.00 
 
 13.41 
 
 27.00 
 
 1852-53 
 
 36.36 
 
 185 
 
 i 
 
 3.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 7.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.45 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 1.50 
 
 1.54 
 
 19.99 
 
 1853-54 
 
 20.06 
 
 185 
 
 *___ 
 
 3.25 
 
 8.50 
 
 3.25 
 
 1.50 
 
 .21 
 
 .31 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 1.01 
 
 .65 
 
 1.15 
 
 19.83 
 
 1854-55 
 
 18.62 
 
 1855 
 
 2.67 
 
 3.46 
 
 4.20 
 
 4.32 
 
 1.15 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .75 
 
 2.00 
 
 18.56 
 
 1855-56 
 
 13.76 
 
 185 
 
 5 
 
 4.92 
 
 .69 
 
 1.40 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.84 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .20 
 
 .65 
 
 2.40 
 
 14.26 
 
 1856-57 
 
 10.46 
 
 1857 
 
 1.38 
 
 4.80 
 
 .68 
 
 spriu 
 
 sprin 
 
 .35 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .66 
 
 2.41 
 
 2.63 
 
 12.91 
 
 1857-58 
 
 15.00 
 
 185 
 
 3 
 
 2.44 
 
 2.46 
 
 2.88 
 
 1.21 
 
 .20 
 
 .10 
 
 .01 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 3.01 
 
 .15 
 
 4.34 
 
 16.80 
 
 1858-59 
 
 16.03 
 
 185 
 
 L 
 
 .96 
 
 3.91 
 
 1.64 
 
 .98 
 
 1.04 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 6.48 
 
 1.83 
 
 16.86 
 
 1859-60 
 
 22.09 
 
 1860 
 
 2.31 
 
 .93 
 
 5.11 
 
 2.87 
 
 2.49 
 
 .02 
 
 .63 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 .91 
 
 .18 
 
 4.28 
 
 19.19 
 
 1860-61 
 
 16.10 
 
 186 
 
 1 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.92 
 
 3.32 
 
 .48 
 
 .59 
 
 .14 
 
 .55 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 2.17 
 
 8.64 ! 21.38 
 
 1861-62 
 
 35.56 
 
 186 
 
 i 
 
 15.04 
 
 4.26 
 
 2.80 
 
 .82 
 
 1.81 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 .36 
 
 sprin 
 
 2.:i:j 27.44 
 
 186263 
 
 11.58 
 
 1863 
 
 1.73 
 
 2.75 
 
 2.36 
 
 1.69 
 
 .36 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 1.49 
 
 1.82 i 12.20 
 
 1863-64 
 
 7.87 
 
 186- 
 
 1 
 
 1.08 
 
 .19 
 
 1.30 
 
 1.08 
 
 .74 
 
 .09 
 
 none 
 
 .08 
 
 sprin 
 
 .12 
 
 6.72 
 
 7.87 19.27 
 
 1864-65 
 
 22.51 
 
 1865 
 
 4.78 
 
 .71 
 
 .48 
 
 1.37 
 
 .46 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .08 
 
 .48 
 
 2.43 
 
 .36 
 
 11.15 
 
 1865-66 
 
 17.93 
 
 186 
 
 5 
 
 7.70 
 
 2.01 
 
 2.02 
 
 .48 
 
 2.25 
 
 .10 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 2.43 
 
 9.51 
 
 26.52 
 
 1866-67 
 
 25.30 
 
 1867 
 
 3.44 
 
 7.10 
 
 1.01 
 
 1.80 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 3.81 
 
 12.85 
 
 30.03 
 
 1867-68 
 
 32.79 
 
 186 
 
 *__._ 
 
 6.04 
 
 3.15 
 
 4.35 
 
 2.31 
 
 .27 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 hone 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .77 
 
 2.61 
 
 19.50 
 
 1868-69 
 
 16.64 
 
 186 
 
 )___ 
 
 4.79 
 
 3.63 
 
 2.94 
 
 1.24 
 
 .65 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 2.12 
 
 .85 
 
 1.96 
 
 18.19 
 
 1869-70 
 
 13.57 
 
 1870 
 
 1.37 
 
 3.24 
 
 1.64 
 
 2.12 
 
 .27 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .58 
 
 .97 
 
 10.21 
 
 1870-71 
 
 8.47 
 
 187 
 
 1 
 
 2.08 
 
 1.92 
 
 .69 
 
 1.45 
 
 .76 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .21 
 
 1.22 
 
 10.99 
 
 19.32 
 
 1871-72 
 
 24.05 
 
 1872 
 
 4.04 
 
 4.74 
 
 1.94 
 
 .61 
 
 .28 
 
 .02 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .22 
 
 1.93 
 
 5.39 
 
 19.17 
 
 1872-73 
 
 14.21 
 
 187 
 
 J 
 
 1.23 
 
 4.36 
 
 .55 
 
 .51 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .02 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .31 
 
 1.21 
 
 10.01 
 
 18.20 
 
 1873-74 
 
 22.90 
 
 187 
 
 1 
 
 5.20 
 
 1.86 
 
 3.05 
 
 .89 
 
 .37 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 2.26 
 
 3.80 
 
 .44 
 
 17.92 
 
 1874-75 
 
 17^70 
 
 1875 
 
 8.70 
 
 .55 
 
 .80 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 1.10 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .44 
 
 6.20 
 
 5.52 
 
 23.31 
 
 1875-76 
 
 26.53 
 
 187 
 
 5 
 
 4.99 
 
 3.75 
 
 4.15 
 
 1.10 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 .21 
 
 .02 
 
 sprin 
 
 3.45 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 18.12 
 
 1876-77 
 
 8.96 
 
 1877 
 
 2.77 
 
 1.04 
 
 .56 
 
 .19 
 
 .64 
 
 .01 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .73 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.43 
 
 8.44 
 
 1877-78 
 
 24.86 
 
 187 
 
 3 
 
 9.26 
 
 8.04 
 
 3.09 
 
 1.07 
 
 .17 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .29 
 
 .55 
 
 .51 
 
 .47 
 
 23.45 
 
 1878-79 
 
 17.85 
 
 187 
 
 J_'_- 
 
 3.18 
 
 3.88 
 
 4.88 
 
 2.66 
 
 1.30 
 
 .13 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .88 
 
 2.05 
 
 3.41 
 
 22.37 
 
 1879-80 
 
 26.47 
 
 1880 
 
 1.64 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.70 
 
 14.20 
 
 .76 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 11.81 
 
 31.99 
 
 1880-81 
 
 26.57 
 
 188 
 
 1 
 
 6.14 
 
 5.06 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.64 
 
 sprin 
 
 .50 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .30 
 
 .55 
 
 1.88 
 
 3.27 
 
 20.71 
 
 1881-82 
 
 16.51 
 
 1882 
 
 1.89 
 
 2.40 
 
 3.78 
 
 1.99 
 
 .35 
 
 .10 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .57 
 
 2.63 
 
 3.22 
 
 1.13 
 
 18.06 
 
 1882-83 
 
 18.11 
 
 188 
 
 i 
 
 2.23 
 
 1.11 
 
 3.70 
 
 .67 
 
 2.85 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .90 
 
 .97 
 
 .61 
 
 .44 
 
 13.48 
 
 1883-84 
 
 24.78 
 
 188 
 
 1 
 
 3.43 
 
 4.46 
 
 8.14 
 
 4.32 
 
 .06 
 
 1.45 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .60 
 
 2.01 
 
 none 
 
 10.45 
 
 34.92 
 
 1884-85 
 
 16.58 
 
 1885. 
 
 2.16 
 
 .49 
 
 .08 
 
 .68 
 
 sprin 
 
 .11 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .08 
 
 .02 
 
 11.34 
 
 5.76 
 
 20.72 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *28.12 
 
 188 
 
 5 
 
 7.95 
 
 .29 
 
 2.68 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 142.19 
 
 103.46 
 
 107.82 
 
 67.46 
 
 25.72 
 
 4.59 
 
 1.14 
 
 .11 
 
 4.21 
 
 25.80 
 
 79.80 
 
 172.19 
 
 707.07 
 
 
 705.47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 3.843 
 
 2.796 
 
 2.913 
 
 1.874 
 
 .714 
 
 .128 
 
 .032 
 
 .003 
 
 .114 
 
 .697 
 
 2.217 
 
 4.654 
 
 19.641 
 
 
 19.596 
 
 
 * Up to April 1, 1886. 
 
37 
 
 RAINFALL AT FOLSOM, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall data tabulated below is from Folsom, Sacramento County, 
 and was furnished by J. H. Sturgis, special River Observer of the United 
 States Signal Service at that point. The rainfall is from September, 1871,' 
 to March 1, 1886: 
 
 H 
 
 CH 
 
 bj 
 
 J 
 
 t* 
 
 g 
 
 5-1 
 
 CH 
 
 > 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 b 
 
 H 
 
 3= 
 
 X 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 p 
 g 
 
 1. 
 
 
 3 
 
 <~ 
 
 & 
 
 % 
 
 i 
 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 I 
 
 
 P 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 >-) 
 
 
 g 
 
 *-t 
 
 I 
 
 
 B 
 O 
 
 o 1 
 >-i 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 \ 
 
 i 
 
 ? 
 
 
 
 
 1871 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sprin 
 
 .55 
 
 1.95 
 
 13.12 
 
 
 1871-72 
 
 28.82 
 
 1872__ 
 
 5.50 
 
 4.72 
 
 1.60 
 
 .63 
 
 .75 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 .25 
 
 2.80 
 
 6.53 
 
 22.78 
 
 1872-73 
 
 15.70 
 
 1873 
 
 1.64 
 
 4.05 
 
 .34 
 
 .05 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 spnn 
 
 1.39 
 
 10.51 
 
 18.02 
 
 1873-74 
 
 24.45 
 
 1874 
 
 5.26 
 
 2.63 
 
 1.82 
 
 2.03 
 
 .81 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 1.66 
 
 5.19 
 
 .13 
 
 19.53 
 
 1874-75 
 
 15.70 
 
 1875 _ . 
 
 6.14 
 
 .04 
 
 1.24 
 
 sprin 
 
 .07 
 
 1.23 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .26 
 
 7.12 
 
 4.49 
 
 20.59 
 
 1875-76 
 
 30.53 
 
 1876 
 
 5.89 
 
 4.06 
 
 6.62 
 
 1.56 
 
 .24 
 
 sprin 
 
 .26 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 3.76 
 
 .25 
 
 none 
 
 22.67 
 
 1876-77 
 
 9.90 
 
 1877 __ 
 
 3.38 
 
 .68 
 
 .81 
 
 sprin 
 
 1.02 
 
 spriu 
 
 sprin 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .75 
 
 .54 
 
 1.34 
 
 8.52 
 
 1877-78 
 
 25.00 
 
 1878 _ 
 
 8.41 
 
 8.37 
 
 4.23 
 
 1.10 
 
 .26 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .12 
 
 .43 
 
 .62 
 
 .56 
 
 24.10 
 
 1878-79 
 
 21.91 
 
 1879 
 
 4.87 
 
 4.94 
 
 5.43 
 
 3.38 
 
 1.44 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 1.31 
 
 2.20 
 
 3.19 
 
 26.78 
 
 1879-80 
 
 25.09 
 
 1880 _ 
 
 151 
 
 2.13 
 
 1.40 
 
 11.39 
 
 2.06 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .10 
 
 9.85 
 
 28.44 
 
 1880-81 
 
 25.91 
 
 1881 _ . 
 
 6.70 
 
 6.07 
 
 1.38 
 
 1.13 
 
 sprin 
 
 .68 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .40 
 
 1.21 
 
 1.57 
 
 3.45 
 
 22.59 
 
 1881-82 
 
 18.28 
 
 1882 _ 
 
 2.38 
 
 3.01 
 
 3.82 
 
 2.51 
 
 .27 
 
 .06 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .68 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.95 
 
 .74 
 
 20.23 
 
 1882-83 
 
 22.32 
 
 1883. 
 
 2.11 
 
 .80 
 
 5.46 
 
 1.10 
 
 4.57 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.82 
 
 1.41 
 
 .81 
 
 .92 
 
 19.00 
 
 1883-84 
 
 31.02 
 
 1884 . 
 
 3.88 
 
 5.92 
 
 8.14 
 
 5.32 
 
 1.16 
 
 1.64 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 .64 
 
 2.02 
 
 none 
 
 9.13 
 
 37.85 
 
 1884-85 
 
 16.60 
 
 1885 
 
 1.91 
 
 .84 
 
 .15 
 
 1.68 
 
 sprin 
 
 91 
 
 .02 
 
 sprin 
 
 .21 
 
 sprin 
 
 10.91 
 
 4.88 
 
 20.81 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *24.50 
 
 1886 
 
 7 60 
 
 90 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 67 18 
 
 4916 
 
 4244 
 
 31 88 
 
 1268 
 
 3.94 
 
 .29 
 
 .03 
 
 3.87 
 
 16.32 
 
 39.40 
 
 68.84 
 
 311.91 
 
 
 311.23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 4.479 
 
 3.277 
 
 3.031 
 
 2.277 
 
 .906 
 
 .281 
 
 .021 
 
 .002 
 
 .258 
 
 1.088 
 
 2.627 
 
 4.589 
 
 22.279 
 
 
 
 22.231 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
 PLACERVILLE, EL DORADO COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall record at Placerville, El Dorado County, was furnished by 
 Samuel Hale, Superintendent of the El Dorado Water and Deep Gravel 
 Mining Company, and covers a period of seven years and two months, 
 from 1879 to March 1, 1886. Records were also kept from February, 1874, 
 to February, 1877. The total for those years was, for eleven months in 
 1874, 33.23 inches; 1875, 44.84 inches; 1876, 39.21 inches; January and 
 February, 1877, gave 11.05 inches: 
 
 W 
 
 I 
 
 o" 
 
 I 
 
 w 
 
 1 
 
 CH 
 1 
 
 a^ 
 
 i< 
 
 a 
 "2 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 g 
 
 HJ 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 1 
 
 c? 
 
 8, 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 p 
 
 j 
 
 p 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3.47 
 
 5.28 
 
 7.53 
 
 
 1879-80 
 
 59.60 
 
 1880 
 
 4.38 
 
 5.81 
 
 4.66 
 
 17.52 
 
 3.95 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .35 
 
 .58 
 
 16.94 
 
 54.19 
 
 1880-81 
 
 48.04 
 
 1881 
 
 15.53 
 
 7.01 
 
 3.38 
 
 2.36 
 
 spnn 
 
 1.89 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 1.08 
 
 2.80 
 
 2.87 
 
 7.70 
 
 44.62 
 
 1881-82 
 
 42.46 
 
 1882 __ 
 
 6.71 
 
 5.15 
 
 9.30 
 
 5.53 
 
 1.19 
 
 .13 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .93 
 
 5.72 
 
 4.94 
 
 1.98 
 
 41.58 
 
 1882-83 
 
 36.56 
 
 1883 
 
 3.74 
 
 2.58 
 
 6.88 
 
 3.54 
 
 6.25 
 
 none 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 1.67 
 
 3.38 
 
 1.67 
 
 2.63 
 
 32.34 
 
 1883-84 
 
 57.39 
 
 1884 
 
 6.06 
 
 11.56 
 
 14.46 
 
 11.82 
 
 1.60 
 
 2.51 
 
 sprin 
 
 .03 
 
 .85 
 
 2.47 
 
 .10 
 
 22.65 
 
 74.11 
 
 1884-85 
 
 36.53 
 
 1885 
 
 4.15 
 
 .97 
 
 .33 
 
 3.32 
 
 .27 
 
 1.42 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .55 
 
 none 
 
 15.97 
 
 5.22 
 
 32.20 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *35.92 
 
 1886 
 
 13 03 
 
 1.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 53.60 
 
 34.23 
 
 39.01 
 
 44.09 
 
 13.26 
 
 5.95 
 
 sprin 
 
 .03 
 
 5.08 
 
 18.19 
 
 31.41 
 
 64.65 
 
 279.04 
 
 
 273.58 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges 
 
 7.657 
 
 4.890 
 
 6.502 
 
 7.348 
 
 2.21T) 
 
 .992 
 
 sprin 
 
 .005 
 
 .847 
 
 2.599 
 
 4.489 
 
 9.236 
 
 46.501 
 
 
 45.597 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
38 
 
 GEORGETOWN, EL DORADO COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall at Georgetown, El Dorado County, was furnished by C. M. 
 Fitzgerald, of the California Water and Mining Company, and extends 
 from November, 1872, to March 1, 1886: 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 ! 
 
 P 
 
 e 
 
 B 
 
 | 
 
 J> 
 
 cc 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
 f 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 dD 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 c 5 
 
 ! 
 
 S> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 j 
 
 ! 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 3 
 
 1872.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.30 
 
 18.72 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 4.08 
 
 13.05 
 
 3.05 
 
 3.11 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .61 
 
 .55 
 
 16.60 
 
 41.20 
 
 1872-73 
 
 46.46 
 
 1874 
 
 16.66 
 
 8.03 
 
 13.87 
 
 5.80 
 
 1.32 
 
 .20 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 3.86 
 
 14.60 
 
 1.24 
 
 65.58 
 
 1873-74 
 
 63.64 
 
 1875 
 
 17.87 
 
 .04 
 
 5.07 
 
 .31 
 
 2.03 
 
 2.06 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.90 
 
 24.12 
 
 10.85 
 
 64.25 
 
 1874-75 
 
 47.08 
 
 1876 
 
 13.09 
 
 9.97 
 
 14.54 
 
 4.78 
 
 1.22 
 
 none 
 
 .77 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 11.47 
 
 .80 
 
 none 
 
 56.64 
 
 1875-76 
 
 81.24 
 
 1877 
 
 12.44 
 
 2.14 
 
 7.78 
 
 1.74 
 
 3.87 
 
 .24 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.03 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.97 
 
 35.51 
 
 1876-77 
 
 40.48 
 
 1878 
 
 16.21 
 
 22.78 
 
 10.92 
 
 2.99 
 
 .99 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .66 
 
 2.56 
 
 2.66 
 
 .48 
 
 60.37 
 
 1877-78 
 
 61.31 
 
 1879 
 
 11.24 
 
 12.41 
 
 17.57 
 
 9.65 
 
 3.39 
 
 .34 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 3.85 
 
 6.25 
 
 11.73 
 
 76.43 
 
 1878-79 
 
 60.96 
 
 1880 
 
 5.47 
 
 6.00 
 
 5.50 
 
 25.63 
 
 5.97 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 .37 
 
 22.67 
 
 71.79 
 
 1879-80 
 
 70.40 
 
 1881 
 
 20.83 
 
 12.85 
 
 3.84 
 
 2.40 
 
 .40 
 
 2.28 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 2.02 
 
 4.23 
 
 3.30 
 
 10.32 
 
 62.47 
 
 1880-81 
 
 65.82 
 
 1882 
 
 8.59 
 
 5.88 
 
 10.44 
 
 7.11 
 
 2.06 
 
 .18 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .16 
 
 7.75 
 
 7.00 
 
 3.31 
 
 52.48 
 
 1881-82 
 
 54.13 
 
 1883 
 
 4.70 
 
 3.08 
 
 8.73 
 
 3.87 
 
 7.34 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.60 
 
 4.10 
 
 1.94 
 
 3.50 
 
 38.86 
 
 1882-83 
 
 45.94 
 
 1884 
 
 7.53 
 
 13.80 
 
 19.94 
 
 15.07 
 
 1.52 
 
 3.65 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 .80 
 
 3.54 
 
 .03 
 
 33.73 
 
 99.62 
 
 1883-84 
 
 72.66 
 
 1885 
 
 4.37 
 
 .82 
 
 .24 
 
 3.98 
 
 .19 
 
 2.28 
 
 .03 
 
 none 
 
 1.16 
 
 none 
 
 20.77 
 
 7.03 
 
 40.87 
 
 1884-85 
 
 50.01 
 
 1886 
 
 18 32 
 
 1 16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 *48 44 
 
 Totals 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 161.40 
 
 112.01 
 
 12149 
 
 86.44 
 
 3042 
 
 11.35 
 
 .83 
 
 .01 
 
 640 
 
 45 08 
 
 90 99 
 
 42 15 
 
 766 07 
 
 
 760 13 
 
 Av'ges. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 58.472 
 
 11.529 
 
 8.001 
 
 9.345 
 
 6.649 
 
 2.340 
 
 .873 
 
 .064 
 
 .001 
 
 .492 
 
 3.468 
 
 6.499 
 
 L0.154 
 
 58.928 
 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 
 
 GRASS VALLEY, NEVADA COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall that goes to make up the following table for Nevada County 
 was taken at Grass Valley by Mr. Loutzenheiser. It covers a period of 
 twelve years, from 1873 to 1885, inclusive: 
 
 H 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 o 
 
 P 
 
 % 
 
 
 > 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 o 1 
 
 b 
 
 sf ~ 
 
 4 
 
 fi 
 
 i 
 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 ^ 
 
 a 
 
 fiT 
 
 < 
 
 % 
 
 - 
 
 1 
 
 g^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 E 
 
 
 q 
 
 
 jj 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 ? 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 C* 
 
 B 
 O 
 
 o 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 i 
 
 ! 
 
 I 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 B 
 
 1873 
 
 4.01 
 
 12.50 1.39 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.56 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .83 
 
 2.99 
 
 19.01 
 
 45.61 
 
 1872-73 
 
 40.00 
 
 1874 
 
 13.71 
 
 
 .;; 
 
 11.71 3.76 
 
 1.05 
 
 .10 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 ne 
 
 none 
 
 2.95 
 
 15.91 
 
 1.08 
 
 57.20 
 
 1873-74 
 
 60.09 
 
 1875 
 
 15.56 
 
 1 
 
 39 
 
 4.14 1 .29 
 
 1.18 
 
 2.28 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 ne 
 
 none 
 
 .97 
 
 16.99 
 
 7.44 
 
 50.24 
 
 1874-75 
 
 44.78 
 
 1876 
 
 12.01 
 
 10.75 
 
 12.47 
 
 2.80 
 
 1.23 
 
 .65 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 8.72 
 
 .62 
 
 none 
 
 49.31 
 
 1875-76 i 65.31 
 
 1877 
 
 10.18 
 
 2 
 
 .44 
 
 4.79 
 
 1.14 
 
 1.40 
 
 .74 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 lie 
 
 none 
 
 1.21 
 
 3.78 
 
 1.74 
 
 27.42 
 
 1876-77 
 
 30.09 
 
 1878. 
 
 15.74 
 
 17.76 
 
 10.18 
 
 2.78 
 
 .59 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .68 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.54 
 
 .75 
 
 53.11 
 
 1877-78 
 
 53.78 
 
 1879 
 
 10.72 
 
 11 
 
 .51 
 
 18.07 
 
 7.08 
 
 3.08 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 
 (IS 
 
 none 
 
 2.79 
 
 6.54 
 
 8.86 
 
 69.03 
 
 1878-79 
 
 56.82 
 
 1880 
 
 6.40 
 
 4 
 
 .S3 
 
 4.07 
 
 23-.31 
 
 6.23 
 
 .09 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 ne 
 
 none 
 
 .04 
 
 .30 
 
 22.69 
 
 67.96 
 
 1879-80 
 
 63.20 
 
 1881 
 
 19.20 
 
 8.50 
 
 3.33 
 
 1.85 
 
 .05 
 
 1.50 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.25 
 
 3.71 
 
 3.52 
 
 8.21 
 
 51.12 
 
 1880-81 
 
 57.46 
 
 1882 
 
 6.03 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 7.96 
 
 5.27 
 
 1.18 
 
 .50 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 ne 
 
 1.88 
 
 7.88 
 
 4.78 
 
 2.83 
 
 44.61 
 
 1881-82 
 
 43.93 
 
 1883 
 
 3.05 
 
 2 
 
 .!; 
 
 9.25 
 
 2.38 
 
 5.77 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 ne 
 
 1.44 
 
 3.03 
 
 1.48 
 
 2.31 
 
 31.68 
 
 1882-83 
 
 40.70 
 
 1884 
 
 7.80 
 
 10.27 
 
 13.98 
 
 10.98 
 
 1.00 
 
 2.30 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .98 
 
 3.30 
 
 .05 
 
 28.39 
 
 79.05 
 
 1883-84 
 
 54.59 
 
 1885 
 
 3.65 
 
 1 
 
 .19 
 
 .83 
 
 3.17 
 
 .16 
 
 .90 
 
 none 
 
 no 
 
 ne 
 
 2.65 
 
 none 
 
 19.27 
 
 6.36 
 
 38.75 
 
 1884-85 
 
 43.19 
 
 1886 
 
 12.40 
 
 1 
 
 .43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 *42.11 
 
 Totals. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 _ . _ | 
 
 140.46 
 
 99.34 
 
 102.17 67.13 
 
 25.48 
 
 9.36 
 
 none 
 
 .08 
 
 8.94 
 
 37.52 1 78.77 
 
 109.67 j 665.09 
 
 653 94 
 
 Av'ges 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 10.033 
 
 7.096 
 
 7.859 
 
 5.164 
 
 1.960 
 
 .720 
 
 none 
 
 .006 
 
 .688 
 
 2.886 6.059 
 
 8.436 
 
 51.161 
 
 
 50303 
 
 
 *Upto March 1,1886. 
 
39 
 
 WEST BUTTE, SUTTER COUNTY. 
 
 The report of rainfall at West Butte, Sutter County, was furnished by A. 
 S. Noyes, and covers a period of six years and two months, from November. 
 1879, to December, 1885, inclusive: 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 g 
 
 
 
 CR 
 
 c 
 
 f 
 
 f 
 
 3 
 
 | 
 
 2 
 
 re 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 E 
 
 
 J 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r . 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 o 5 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 I 
 
 1879 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2.38 
 
 225 
 
 
 1879-80 
 
 13.25 
 
 1880 
 
 .62 
 
 .75 
 
 .75 
 
 5.88 
 
 .62 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 5.38 
 
 14.00 
 
 1880-81 
 
 12.20 
 
 1881 
 
 3.69 
 
 1.38 
 
 .75 
 
 1.00 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .31 
 
 1.12 
 
 .38 
 
 2.00 
 
 10.63 
 
 1881-82 
 
 12.26 
 
 1882 
 
 1.88 
 
 2.31 
 
 2.57 
 
 1.19 
 
 .50 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .25 
 
 .88 
 
 2.62 
 
 .25 
 
 12.45 
 
 1882-83 
 
 12.44 
 
 1883 
 
 .75 
 
 .19 
 
 3.06 
 
 .88 
 
 3.56 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .62 
 
 .81 
 
 none 
 
 .19 
 
 10.06 
 
 1883-84 
 
 19.80 
 
 1884_ 
 
 3.81 
 
 2.12 
 
 6.50 
 
 3.75 
 
 .25 
 
 1.75 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .57 
 
 i.no 
 
 none 
 
 4.94 
 
 24.69 
 
 1884-85 
 
 12.13 
 
 1885 
 
 2.00 
 
 .50 
 
 .37 
 
 2.12 
 
 .18 
 
 .45 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 .56 
 
 7.45 
 
 3.65 
 
 17.46 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *17.29 
 
 1886 
 
 475 
 
 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 17 50 
 
 7 95 
 
 1400 
 
 1482 
 
 511 
 
 2 20 
 
 
 
 1 93 
 
 437 
 
 12 83 
 
 18 66 
 
 89 29 
 
 
 82 08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges 
 
 2.500 
 
 1.136 
 
 2.333 
 
 2.470 
 
 .852 
 
 .367 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .322 
 
 .728 
 
 1.833 
 
 2.666 
 
 14.882 
 
 
 13.680 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 *Up to March I, 1886. 
 
 MARYSVILLE, YUBA COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall from Marysville covers a period of three years, and was fur- 
 nished by J. S. Dallam, Special River Observer for the United States Sig- 
 nal Service at that point: 
 
 
 R 1 
 
 * 
 
 tt 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 (H 
 a 
 
 CH 
 
 > 
 
 % 
 
 g 
 
 g 
 
 t) 
 
 H 
 
 | 
 
 c 
 
 P 
 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 3. 
 
 ^ 
 
 g 
 
 CT 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 < 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 cr 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 K{ 
 
 o 
 
 o 5 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 ! 
 
 | 
 
 f 
 
 
 8 
 
 1882 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 99 
 
 242 
 
 2 84 
 
 1 31 
 
 
 1882-83 
 
 2012 
 
 1883 
 
 1.64 
 
 .61 
 
 3.72 
 
 .98 
 
 5.61 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .53 
 
 1.29 
 
 .94 
 
 .54 
 
 15.86 
 
 1883-84 
 
 23.47 
 
 1884 
 
 3.93 
 
 3.84 
 
 6.04 
 
 4.14 
 
 .16 
 
 2.06 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .48 
 
 2.32 
 
 .03 
 
 7.64 
 
 30.64 
 
 1884-85 
 
 13.84 
 
 1885 
 
 1.82 
 
 .43 
 
 .27 
 
 .61 
 
 .02 
 
 .22 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 9.90 
 
 4.87 
 
 18.44 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *21.28 
 
 1886 ___ 
 
 5.73 
 
 .48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals. 
 
 13.12 
 
 5.36 
 
 10.03 
 
 5.73 
 
 5.79 
 
 2.28 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 2.30 
 
 6.03 
 
 13.71 
 
 14.36 
 
 64.94 
 
 
 
 57.43 
 
 Av'ges. 
 
 3.280 
 
 1.340 
 
 3.343 
 
 1.910 
 
 1.930 
 
 .760 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .575 
 
 1.508 
 
 3.428 
 
 3.765 
 
 21.647 
 
 
 
 19.143 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
 OROVILLE. 
 
 The rainfall for Oroville was furnished by Mr. Hiram Arents, Signal 
 vice Observer at that place, from September, 1884, to January, 1886: 
 
 Ser- 
 
 1 
 
 -l 
 JO 
 
 <^ 
 
 *4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 v 
 2. 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 CH 
 
 5 
 
 CB 
 
 g 
 
 <|T 
 
 August _ 
 
 September 
 
 1 
 
 November 
 
 December 
 
 Total for Year__ 
 
 Season of 
 
 j Total for Season. 
 
 1884 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 27 
 
 208 
 
 05 
 
 9 33 
 
 *13 73 
 
 
 
 1885 
 1886 _ 
 
 2.10 
 6.13 
 
 .73 
 .36 
 
 .25 
 
 1.64 
 
 .65 
 
 .39 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 .20 
 
 sprin 
 
 11.27 
 
 5.53 
 
 22.76 
 
 1884-85 
 1885-86 
 
 19.13 
 |2349 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals . 
 
 8.23 
 
 1.09 
 
 .25 
 
 1.64 
 
 .65 
 
 .39 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 2.47 
 
 2.08 
 
 11.32 
 
 14.86 
 
 22.76 
 
 
 
 19.13 
 
 Av'ges. 
 
 4.115 
 
 .545 
 
 .250 
 
 1.640 
 
 .650 
 
 .390 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 1.235 
 
 1.040 
 
 5.660 
 
 7.430 
 
 22.760 
 
 
 19.130 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Total for September, October, November, and December, 1884. f Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
40 
 
 COLUSA, COLUSA COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall, etc., from Colusa, Colusa County, was furnished by J. D. 
 McNary, Special River Observer at that point. The table gives the rain- 
 fall by seasons from 1872-73 to March 1, 1886, and by months only from 
 1881 to date: 
 
 H 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 tt 
 
 > 
 
 g 
 
 B 
 
 jg 
 
 > 
 
 $ 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 | 
 
 H 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 g. 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 E 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 % 
 
 | 
 
 
 f 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 I 
 
 5 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 ! 
 
 9 
 
 G 
 
 I 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 j-i 
 
 f 
 
 B 
 
 1872 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1872-73 
 
 33 46 
 
 1874 _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1873-74 
 
 11.28 
 
 1875 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 874-75 
 
 1902 
 
 1876 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1875-76 
 
 19 79 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1876-77 
 
 920 
 
 1878 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1877-78 
 
 33 34 
 
 1879 __ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1878-79 
 
 13.98 
 
 1880_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1879-80 
 
 19 21 
 
 1881 
 
 3.70 
 
 2.27 
 
 .60 
 
 1.42 
 
 .34 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.19 
 
 none 
 
 .43 
 
 2.51 
 
 12.46 
 
 1880-81 
 
 16.96 
 
 1882 
 
 1.51 
 
 2.56 
 
 2.50 
 
 1.27 
 
 .04 
 
 .65 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .23 
 
 1.19 
 
 1.73 
 
 .69 
 
 12.37 
 
 1881-82 
 
 22.62 
 
 1883 
 
 1.07 
 
 .37 
 
 2.36 
 
 .79 
 
 3.23 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .68 
 
 .68 
 
 .11 
 
 .10 
 
 9,39 
 
 1882-83 
 
 11.66 
 
 1884 
 
 4.82 
 
 2.30 
 
 5.70 
 
 2.97 
 
 .12 
 
 2.88 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .59 
 
 1.06 
 
 none 
 
 5.30 
 
 25.74 
 
 1883-84 
 
 29.75 
 
 1885 
 
 2.04 
 
 .58 
 
 .35 
 
 1.22 
 
 none 
 
 .55 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .79 
 
 7.69 
 
 3.98 
 
 17.22 
 
 1884-85 
 
 11.69 
 
 1886 
 
 457 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *17 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals __ 
 
 17.71 
 
 8.28 
 
 11.51 
 
 7.67 
 
 3.73 
 
 4.08 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 2.71 
 
 3.72 
 
 9.96 
 
 12.58 
 
 77.18 
 
 
 251.16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges 
 
 2.952 
 
 1.380 
 
 2302 
 
 1 534 
 
 746 
 
 816 
 
 
 
 5 42 
 
 744 
 
 1 992 
 
 2 516 
 
 15 436 
 
 
 19 320 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
 PRINCETON, COLUSA COUNTY. 
 
 The record of rainfall at Princeton, Colusa County, was furnished by 
 David Bently, voluntary observer of the Signal Service, United States Army, 
 and covers a period of eleven years and two months, from 1875 to March 
 1, 1886: 
 
 J 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 * 
 
 t 
 
 1-1 
 c 
 
 JH 
 
 te 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 bl 
 
 b 
 
 3 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 
 E 
 
 | 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 vT 
 
 1 
 
 1r 
 
 o' 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 B 
 
 c 1 
 
 B 
 
 2, 
 
 c"' 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 p 
 
 
 !"* 
 
 ! 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ^D 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 j 
 
 
 [ 
 
 ] 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i' 
 
 
 I 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 
 B 
 
 1875 
 
 4.30 
 
 .15 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 .05 
 
 1.75 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .75 
 
 1.95 
 
 1.85 
 
 11.10 
 
 1875-76 
 
 17.18 
 
 1876___ 
 
 2.53 
 
 4.40 
 
 3.50 
 
 1.05 
 
 .15 
 
 .05 
 
 .90 
 
 .05 
 
 .15 
 
 4.60 
 
 .40 
 
 none 
 
 17.78 
 
 1876-77 
 
 10.20 
 
 1877_ _ 
 
 1.65 
 
 1.75 
 
 .85 
 
 none 
 
 .20 
 
 .30 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .98 
 
 1.63 
 
 1.48 
 
 9.14 
 
 1877-78 
 
 27.12 
 
 1878. _ 
 
 10.43 
 
 7.64 
 
 2.28 
 
 1.01 
 
 .65 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.02 
 
 .20 
 
 .50 
 
 .96 
 
 .13 
 
 24.82 
 
 1878-79 
 
 10.73 
 
 1879. _ 
 
 1.83 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.44 
 
 1.61 
 
 1.10 
 
 .12 
 
 none 
 
 .13 
 
 none 
 
 .07 
 
 1.91 
 
 2.81 
 
 13.73 
 
 1879-80 
 
 13.27 
 
 1880_ _ 
 
 .95 
 
 .90 
 
 .95 
 
 4.93 
 
 .75 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .10 
 
 6.85 
 
 15.43 
 
 1880-81 
 
 15.54 
 
 1881 
 
 4.30 
 
 1.78 
 
 .83 
 
 1.15 
 
 .10 
 
 .43 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .60 
 
 .60 
 
 .22 
 
 2.51 
 
 12.52 
 
 1881-82 
 
 11.09 
 
 1882 
 
 1.21 
 
 2.54 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.08 
 
 .28 
 
 .52 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 1.71 
 
 2.42 
 
 .62 
 
 12.09 
 
 1882-83 
 
 12.05 
 
 1883 
 
 .65 
 
 .23 
 
 2.35 
 
 1.07 
 
 2.82 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .58 
 
 .64 
 
 .10 
 
 .14 
 
 8.58 
 
 1883-84 
 
 17.78 
 
 1884 
 
 4.03 
 
 2.35 
 
 5.06 
 
 2.71 
 
 .05 
 
 2.12 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.10 
 
 none 
 
 6.03 
 
 24.58 
 
 1884-85 
 
 12.19 
 
 1885 
 
 1.66 
 
 .57 
 
 .21 
 
 .98 
 
 .36 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .12 
 
 .60 
 
 7.21 
 
 4.78 
 
 16.64 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *16.79 
 
 1886 
 
 3.91 
 
 .17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals __ 
 
 37.45 
 
 24.19 
 
 20.30 
 
 15.59 
 
 6.51 
 
 5.44 
 
 1.20 
 
 1.20 
 
 2.96 
 
 11.55 
 
 16.90 
 
 27.20 
 
 166.41 
 
 
 147.15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 3.121 
 
 2.016 
 
 1.845 
 
 1,417 
 
 .592 
 
 .495 
 
 .109 
 
 .109 
 
 .269 
 
 1.050 
 
 1.536 
 
 2.473 
 
 15.128 
 
 
 14.715 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
41 
 
 RED BLUFF, TEHAMA COUNTY. 
 
 This table is made up from the Signal Service records, and shows the 
 total rainfall for each calendar year from 1878 to December 31, 1885, and 
 the rainfall by seasons from 1877-78 to March 1, 1886; also the totals 
 for each month, with the averages from the opening of the Signal Office 
 on July 1, 1877, to date: 
 
 K< 
 
 CH 
 
 S 
 
 ~ 
 
 ~ 
 
 j^ 
 
 CH 
 
 CH 
 
 j^ 
 
 02 
 
 Q 
 
 M 
 
 H 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 | 
 
 P 
 
 3 
 
 | 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 (= 
 
 i. 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 a 
 
 
 P 
 
 d 
 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 OQ 
 
 g 
 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
 
 B 
 
 i 
 
 
 sq 
 
 5 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 s* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 1877 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 05 
 
 ,03 
 
 none 
 
 1.35 
 
 3.13 
 
 3.98 
 
 
 
 
 1878 _ _ 
 
 20.71 
 
 16.66 
 
 4.16 
 
 2.21 
 
 .89 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .42 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.66 
 
 .69 
 
 48.96 
 
 1877-78 
 
 53.09 
 
 1879 
 
 3.18 
 
 3.67 
 
 5.39 
 
 2.12 
 
 2.18 
 
 .30 
 
 .04 
 
 .28 
 
 sprin 
 
 .48 
 
 6.05 
 
 9.95 
 
 33.64 
 
 1878-79 
 
 21.49 
 
 1880 - 
 
 2.01 
 
 1.66 
 
 1.70 
 
 7.05 
 
 1.04 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .08 
 
 ,14 
 
 12.85 
 
 26.53 
 
 1879-80 
 
 29.94 
 
 1881 
 
 9.40 
 
 2.79 
 
 .51 
 
 1.83 
 
 .79 
 
 .51 
 
 sprin 
 
 none 
 
 1.07 
 
 1.61 
 
 .73 
 
 5.69 
 
 24.93 
 
 1880-81 
 
 28.90 
 
 1882 
 
 2.81 
 
 3.94 
 
 2.67 
 
 2.12 
 
 .33 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .49 
 
 2.80 
 
 5.07 
 
 1.44 
 
 21.82 
 
 1881-82 
 
 21.12 
 
 1883 ' 
 
 .87 
 
 .39 
 
 2.60 
 
 1.96 
 
 2.96 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.04 
 
 2.68 
 
 .74 
 
 .52 
 
 13.76 
 
 1882-83 
 
 .18.58 
 
 1884 
 
 3.55 
 
 2.21 
 
 7.81 
 
 4.31 
 
 .18 
 
 .97 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .36 
 
 .90 
 
 .04 
 
 7.73 
 
 28.06 
 
 1883-84 
 
 24.01 
 
 1885 
 
 1.84 
 
 1.19 
 
 sprin 
 
 .62 
 
 .64 
 
 1.37 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 2.91 
 
 .10 
 
 17.05 
 
 3.90 
 
 29.67 
 
 1884-85 
 
 14.74 
 
 1886 
 
 4 80 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *28.94 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 49 17 
 
 3-7 (59 
 
 24 84 
 
 22 22 
 
 9 01 
 
 330 
 
 14 
 
 31 
 
 629 
 
 11 56 
 
 34.61 
 
 46.75 
 
 227.37 
 
 
 211.87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 A v 
 
 5 463 
 
 3 632 
 
 3 105 
 
 2 778 
 
 1 126 
 
 412 
 
 016 
 
 034 
 
 699 
 
 1284 
 
 3846 
 
 5194 
 
 28.421 
 
 
 26.484 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
 YREKA, SISKIYOU COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall data extending from April, 1872, to December, 1884, was 
 furnished by the late Mr. L. Autenreith, of Yreka. The record for 1885, 
 January and February, 1886, are from Mr. C. H. Pyle, of Yreka: 
 
 M 
 
 CH 
 
 * 
 
 g 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 CH 
 C 
 
 CH 
 
 C 
 
 V 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 !z! 
 
 t) 
 
 H 
 
 t 
 
 9 
 
 P 
 
 P 
 
 op 
 
 3 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 O 
 
 
 crq 
 
 *% 
 
 g" 
 
 I 
 
 
 3- 
 
 | 
 
 5- 
 
 
 1 
 
 ci 
 
 t? 
 
 *-"* 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 (ST 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 p 
 
 jr 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 P 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 0* 
 
 o 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 i 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1872 
 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 44 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 25 
 
 1 55 
 
 143 
 
 3.72 
 
 
 
 
 1873. II 
 
 1.28 
 
 1.77 
 
 .40 
 
 .90 
 
 .60 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .44 
 
 .55 
 
 1.17 
 
 2.20 
 
 9.31 
 
 1872-73 
 
 11.90 
 
 1874 - _ 
 
 3.78 
 
 1.62 
 
 1.49 
 
 .74 
 
 .34 
 
 .44 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 1.29 
 
 2.16 
 
 none 
 
 11.86 
 
 1873-74 
 
 12.77 
 
 1875_ _ 
 
 4.35 
 
 .19 
 
 1.23 
 
 .17 
 
 .51 
 
 .30 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 Hone 
 
 3.34 
 
 5.29 
 
 6.07 
 
 21.52 
 
 1874-75 
 
 19.27 
 
 1876_ _ 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.93 
 
 2.07 
 
 .42 
 
 .65 
 
 .20 
 
 .32 
 
 .19 
 
 .90 
 
 3.05 
 
 .43 
 
 .26 
 
 12.42 
 
 1875-76 
 
 22.48 
 
 1877 
 
 1.20 
 
 3.24 
 
 1.48 
 
 .74 
 
 1.56 
 
 .65 
 
 .18 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .20 
 
 3.64 
 
 .95 
 
 13.84 
 
 1876-77 
 
 13.69 
 
 1878_ _ 
 
 6.12 
 
 3.91 
 
 2.80 
 
 .37 
 
 .56 
 
 none 
 
 .35 
 
 .40 
 
 .45 
 
 .25 
 
 1.15 
 
 .45 
 
 16.81 
 
 1877-78 
 
 19.30 
 
 1879 
 
 1.53 
 
 1.41 
 
 3.96 
 
 1.56 
 
 1.42 
 
 .39 
 
 .22 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 .77 
 
 2.32 
 
 723 
 
 20.96 
 
 1878-79 
 
 T2.94 
 
 1880 
 
 2.43 
 
 .61 
 
 1.20 
 
 2.23 
 
 .41 
 
 none 
 
 .15 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .13 
 
 .10 
 
 2.42 
 
 9.68 
 
 1879-80 
 
 17.35 
 
 1881 
 
 11.78 
 
 2.58 
 
 .19 
 
 1.48 
 
 none 
 
 1.65 
 
 .59 
 
 .26 
 
 .30 
 
 3.24 
 
 .68 
 
 1.60 
 
 23.35 
 
 1880-81 
 
 20.18 
 
 1882 
 
 1.81 
 
 1.96 
 
 .42 
 
 '1.20 
 
 1.02 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .90 
 
 1.88 
 
 1.89 
 
 2.09 
 
 13.17 
 
 1881-82 
 
 1223 
 
 1883_ 
 
 1.38 
 
 .47 
 
 .53 
 
 1.26 
 
 1.76 
 
 none 
 
 .33 
 
 .25 
 
 .33 
 
 1.35 
 
 .66 
 
 2.95 
 
 11.27 
 
 1882-83 
 
 12.74 
 
 1884 . 
 
 2.10 
 
 1.20 
 
 2.44 
 
 1.41 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.78 
 
 1.33 
 
 .51 
 
 .33 
 
 none 
 
 .79 
 
 6.19 
 
 29.48 
 
 1883-84 
 
 17.46 
 
 1885 __ 
 
 1.16 
 
 2.94 
 
 none 
 
 1.12 
 
 3.65 
 
 1.66 
 
 .58 
 
 none 
 
 .49 
 
 .29 
 
 6.98 
 
 2.10 
 
 20.97 
 
 1884-85 
 
 18.42 
 
 1886 
 
 403 
 
 .91 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *14.80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 44 95 
 
 2474 
 
 18 21 
 
 12 84 
 
 1432 
 
 7 07 
 
 4 26 
 
 1 76 
 
 439 
 
 17 89 
 
 28 69 
 
 38 23 
 
 20464 
 
 
 201.73 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 211 
 
 1 767 
 
 1 401 
 
 917 
 
 1 023 
 
 505 
 
 326 
 
 126 
 
 .314 
 
 1 278 
 
 2.049 
 
 2 731 
 
 15742 
 
 
 15.515 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
42 
 
 SCOTT VALLEY, SISKIYOU COUNTY. 
 
 The rainfall for Scott Valley, Siskiyou County, was tabulated from the 
 observations taken by Mr. Isaac Titcomb, of Scott Valley, near Fort Jones: 
 
 ? 
 
 SB 
 
 C" 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 a 
 
 g 
 
 d 
 crq 
 
 in 
 o 
 
 
 
 fc| 
 
 | 
 
 g 
 
 1 
 
 g 
 
 
 i 
 
 I 
 
 jr 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 o 
 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 if 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 ; 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 B 
 
 o 
 j 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 | 
 
 r 
 
 | 
 
 1 
 
 1859 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .50 
 
 .87 
 
 1.00 
 
 4.33 
 
 .75 
 
 
 1859-60 
 
 20.28 
 
 1860 
 
 2.59 
 
 1.26 
 
 4.12 
 
 .75 
 
 2.00 
 
 .50 
 
 1.62 
 
 .24 
 
 .49 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.00 
 
 5.74 
 
 23.52 
 
 1860-61 
 
 20.65 
 
 1861 __ 
 
 1.12 
 
 2.50 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.00 
 
 .54 
 
 .30 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .51 
 
 11.56 
 
 10.63 
 
 32.66 
 
 1861-62 
 
 40.96 
 
 1862 
 
 9.29 
 
 3.75 
 
 1.32 
 
 2.00 
 
 1.00 
 
 .80 
 
 .10 
 
 none 
 
 .02 
 
 .15 
 
 .12 
 
 1.90 
 
 20.45 
 
 1862-63 
 
 15.72 
 
 1863 
 
 4.75 
 
 1.75 
 
 2.45 
 
 2.00 
 
 .40 
 
 1.93 
 
 .25 
 
 .09 
 
 .40 
 
 .25 
 
 1.85 
 
 6.17 
 
 22.29 
 
 1863-64 
 
 15.60 
 
 1864 __ 
 
 2.07 
 
 .43 
 
 .82 
 
 2.70 
 
 .51 
 
 .31 
 
 none 
 
 .03 
 
 .04 
 
 .31 
 
 6.00 
 
 12.75 
 
 26.57 
 
 1864-65 
 
 26.77 
 
 1865 
 
 1.87 
 
 2.40 
 
 1.30 
 
 .32 
 
 .05 
 
 .75 
 
 .35 
 
 .02 
 
 1.15 
 
 1.33 
 
 9.79 
 
 1.21 
 
 20.54 
 
 1865-66 
 
 35.65 
 
 1866 ___ 
 
 6.59 
 
 3.50 
 
 9.20 
 
 .02 
 
 1.72 
 
 .62 
 
 .50 
 
 .47 
 
 none 
 
 .08 
 
 2.51 
 
 11.75 
 
 36.96 
 
 1866-67 
 
 28.38 
 
 1867 
 
 9.12 
 
 2.02 
 
 .64 
 
 1.34 
 
 .44 
 
 .01 
 
 none 
 
 .26 
 
 .40 
 
 .88 
 
 1.75 
 
 9.68 
 
 26.54 
 
 1867-68 
 
 23.61 
 
 1868 
 
 3.06 
 
 1.50 
 
 3.70 
 
 .1.14 
 
 .18 
 
 1.06 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .06 
 
 .50 
 
 .77 
 
 2.80 
 
 14.77 
 
 1868-69 
 
 18.29 
 
 1869 __ 
 
 5.76 
 
 1.13 
 
 1.32 
 
 3.61 
 
 1.52 
 
 .69 
 
 .13 
 
 none 
 
 1.00 
 
 .01 
 
 3.04 
 
 3.56 
 
 21.77 
 
 1869-70 
 
 19.87 
 
 1870 
 
 5.00 
 
 2.91 
 
 1.73 
 
 1.37 
 
 1.12 
 
 .13 
 
 none 
 
 none 
 
 .01 
 
 .02 
 
 1.00 
 
 3.50 
 
 16.79 
 
 1870-71 
 
 13.91 
 
 1871 
 
 1.86 
 
 2.47 
 
 1.62 
 
 2.27 
 
 .55 
 
 .26 
 
 .35 
 
 none 
 
 .37 
 
 .05 
 
 1.62 
 
 7.68 
 
 19.10 
 
 1871-72 
 
 22.87 
 
 1872 
 
 4.18 
 
 6.94 
 
 1.40 
 
 .34 
 
 .25 
 
 .03 
 
 .01 
 
 .01 
 
 .41 
 
 .16 
 
 2.67 
 
 338 
 
 19.78 
 
 1872-73 
 
 13.84 
 
 1873 __. 
 
 1.33 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.05 
 
 1.50 
 
 .27 
 
 .03 
 
 .03 
 
 .05 
 
 .37 
 
 .94 
 
 1.71 
 
 4.49 
 
 14.77 
 
 1873-74 
 
 21.79 
 
 1874 __ 
 
 6.38 
 
 1.80 
 
 3.65 
 
 1.55 
 
 .71 
 
 .13 
 
 .01 
 
 .09 
 
 none 
 
 1.55 
 
 4.33 
 
 .43 
 
 20.63 
 
 1874-75 
 
 13.09 
 
 1875 
 
 3.13 
 
 .17 
 
 1.79 
 
 .35 
 
 .75 
 
 .12 
 
 .38 
 
 .05 
 
 none 
 
 4.45 
 
 7.31 
 
 7.33 
 
 25.83 
 
 1875-76 
 
 31.09 
 
 1876 
 
 2.26 
 
 3.33 
 
 3.94 
 
 .71 
 
 1.19 
 
 .18 
 
 .34 
 
 1.00 
 
 1.02 
 
 3.75 
 
 .54 
 
 .01 
 
 18.27 
 
 1876-77 
 
 18.90 
 
 1877 
 
 1.71 
 
 4.23 
 
 3.10 
 
 1.23 
 
 1.48 
 
 .71 
 
 .12 
 
 .02 
 
 .01 
 
 .45 
 
 .67 
 
 1.62 
 
 15.35 
 
 1877-78 
 
 23.36 
 
 1878 ___ 
 
 9.72 
 
 6.53 
 
 3.74 
 
 .27 
 
 .20 
 
 .12 
 
 .01 
 
 .06 
 
 .36 
 
 2.81 
 
 2.16 
 
 1.14 
 
 27.12 
 
 1878-79 
 
 26.42 
 
 1879 __ 
 
 3.25 
 
 3.54 
 
 8.39 
 
 2.66 
 
 1.40 
 
 .27 
 
 .38 
 
 .47 
 
 .11 
 
 .81 
 
 4.64 
 
 4.58 
 
 30.50 
 
 1879-80 
 
 33.30 
 
 1880 
 
 10.62 
 
 2.32 
 
 2.65 
 
 5.39 
 
 1.32 
 
 .02 
 
 .37 
 
 .07 
 
 none 
 
 .18 
 
 .32 
 
 6.76 
 
 30.02 
 
 1880-81 
 
 31.54 
 
 1881 
 
 13.95 
 
 6.53 
 
 .79 
 
 1.19 
 
 .17 
 
 1.04 
 
 .54 
 
 .04 
 
 .76 
 
 3.53 
 
 2.40 
 
 4.60 
 
 35.54 
 
 1881-82 
 
 30.03 
 
 1882 
 
 4.48 
 
 5.69 
 
 2.22 
 
 2.45 
 
 1.29 
 
 08 
 
 2.49 
 
 none 
 
 1.44 
 
 2.86 
 
 2.72 
 
 3.75 
 
 29.47 
 
 1882-83 
 
 22.27 
 
 1883 
 
 2.58 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.11 
 
 3.25 
 
 2.65 
 
 none 
 
 .40 
 
 .63 
 
 .66 
 
 2.41 
 
 1.11 
 
 4.75 
 
 21.06 
 
 1883-84 
 
 27.63 
 
 1884 __. 
 
 4.28 
 
 3.14 
 
 3.45 
 
 3.06 
 
 1.65 
 
 .87 
 
 1.62 
 
 .01 
 
 .60 
 
 1.04 
 
 .16 
 
 8.18 
 
 28.06 
 
 1884-85 
 
 22.03 
 
 1885 
 
 2.50 
 
 3.49 
 
 .11 
 
 1.98 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.40 
 
 1.16 
 
 .01 
 
 .83 
 
 .53 
 
 10.24 
 
 3.26 
 
 26.91 
 
 1885-86 
 
 *23.40 
 
 1886 
 
 7.22 
 
 1.32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 130.67 
 
 79.20 
 
 68. ir 46.45 
 
 24.76 
 
 12.36 
 
 11.16 
 
 4.72 
 
 11.38 
 
 32.78 
 
 87.32 
 
 132.40 
 
 625.27 
 
 
 617.85 
 
 Av'ges _ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4.840 
 
 2.933 
 
 2.620 
 
 1.787 
 
 .952 
 
 .475 
 
 .429 
 
 .175 
 
 .421 
 
 1.214 3.234 
 
 4.937 
 
 24.049 
 
 23.763 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 * Up to March 1, 1886. 
 
 RAINFALL BY SEASONS FROM POWAY TO FORT JONES. 
 
 fc 
 
 The following table shows the rainfall by seasons making a brief sum- 
 mary of the rainfall at twenty-two different points in this State, extending 
 from San Diego to Siskiyou, and from San Francisco to Georgetown: 
 
43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 [ ] 1C t) CO' OO' O5 O O 
 
 og 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 3 
 5* 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -> 
 
 -^ 
 
 2 o ^ cs P-^ tj oc t- o>4 ic <R en rH q 
 oo io ic o co co t-^ *' o> en * jc co rH 
 
 '"' 
 
 
 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^CO'i-HtdiCr-4i OC.OC3CNCOC355O 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 3s^^^ i i : 
 
 CO 
 1C 
 
 1C 
 
 co' 
 co' 
 
 
 j S^S* 00 | ! ! 
 
 Salinas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ippl|l!||ll3 
 
 I 
 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 C 
 J 
 
 r-' y. 
 
 cs 
 ? 
 
 !_- 
 
 ? 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 t- O !> OC 
 
 oa q &\ c 
 
 d 
 c 
 
 s 
 
 
 ? 
 
 o 
 
 ? 
 
 2 
 
 s 
 
 ~ 
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 - 
 
 -+ 
 
 CO CO' C> r4 rH 1C -*' SO C5 SO O Ol' 00 "C 
 rHOjT-HCOi-HCO(N<M<NrH(MCOr-H(M 
 
 1 
 
 o 
 
 co' 
 
 (M 
 
 Oakland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ICOt^iCCOCOiC^^COCNIOfNCO 
 
 i q 2 S ^ ^' el S 2 ^' S - ^ ^ 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 S 
 
 
 f 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 cb 
 00 
 
 rH 
 
 8 
 
 o o o co t- 
 _ O rH 1C 1C CO 
 
 
 * 
 
 s 
 
 s 
 
 g 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 f? 
 
 y^ 
 
 TC 
 
 OC 
 
 3lglllSisl3 
 
 1 
 
 05 
 
 
 
 
 rH(M CO 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 Folsom City 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c2^^^|i85?53Sg?|| 
 
 co 
 " 
 
 1 
 
 Shingle Springs 
 
 
 
 7" 
 i- 
 
 o t 
 
 iq ic 
 01 1- 
 
 co -* 
 
 S 
 
 O 
 C 
 
 li 
 
 CT 
 
 r 
 
 5 
 
 g.l 
 
 'X CC 
 'M C- 
 
 i 
 
 t- 
 
 Illll 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ; : i i i !g 
 i i i i i i is. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Placerville 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ill 
 
 q 
 
 1 
 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 OOfM^COO^OOrHOCOO^ 
 
 CO 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 S^g^C8^i8S;8l2g58 
 
 Grass Valley 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Marysville 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 ! o co co -- 
 
 1 | CM Ol rH (M 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 
 West Butte 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | co' CM' oi c-i cs oi t^ 
 
 q 
 gg 
 
 1 
 
 Colusa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 3 
 
 Ol~-CMCOC5GMC5COOt*CCCM 
 
 !O 
 
 i 
 
 OJ 
 
 
 Princeton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i^ d t-^ d co' ic r- :>i t^ <M' so 
 
 s 
 
 J- 
 
 a 
 
 Red Bluff. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Reed's Camp 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1111 i 1 
 
 SO 
 
 1 
 
 <N 
 t- 
 
 Weaverville 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 :s^ 
 
 g 
 
 5 
 
 |i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 i? 
 
 1- 
 
 r 
 
 
 CO 
 
 1C 
 
 Yreka _ __ _ 
 
 O<MCOC5<Nl-O<M;Nt~00^< 
 
 s 
 
 iC 
 
 Scott Valley 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 111 
 
 i 
 
 1- 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 g 
 
 ?8 s 
 
 3 
 
 g 
 
 :/ 
 
 x 
 
 cr 
 
 ? 
 
 r- 
 
 S3 
 
 71 r- 
 C-l i- 
 
 s 
 
 r- 
 
 co I-H cc -~ --~ :t ~ 7-i t~ oi co 
 
 rHCOrH(MMC?COCO(N(M!M!>l 
 
 t- 
 
 SO 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 n 
 
 H 
 
 I 
 
 Q 
 
 ; ; 
 
 k 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | | 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 II 
 
 x. r 
 
 3 
 '; 
 
 | | | | | I I I I 
 
 H < 
 
 1 
 
 O ~ 
 
 dt li 
 i* ir 
 x y 
 
 "85-1581 
 "15-9681 
 
 1859-60- 
 1860-61- 
 1861-62- 
 isr,9 M 
 
 1803-64- 
 i Sfi4_ftr, 
 
 'Slt'SJo 1 
 
 S CO CO =C 
 00 CO CO 00 OC 
 
 
44 
 
 RAINFALL NEAR SANTA BARBARA. 
 
 The climatic conditions of Southern California not being so well known 
 as the same conditions are in the central and northern portions of our State, 
 I take pleasure in appending a letter from Mr. Ellwood Cooper, living at 
 Ellwood, near Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, written to General 
 W. B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, Washington City, D. C., 
 as giving accurate data on the varying condition of the weather since 1870. 
 The letter is as follows: 
 
 SANTA BARBARA, Cal., December 12, 1885. 
 Brigadier General Hazen, Washington, D. C.: 
 
 DEAR SIR: My last report to your department was partially published in the weather 
 review of April" 1884. [The same will be found appended to this letter. SERGEANT BAR- 
 WICK.] That report gave the rainfall from 1870 to and including that of the Winter of 
 1883-84. The rainfall of 1884 and 1885 was 12.56 inches; 9.12 inches falling from October 
 eighth to December thirty-first, and 3.86 inches falling from January first to May. 
 
 From my letter containing the information given in the report, as stated above, I laid 
 down the theory that during the Winters when we had heavy rains before January first, 
 we were likely to have light rains after January first. In support of this I called your 
 attention to the Winters of 1871-2, 1878-9, and 1880-1. I have now to add the rainfall of the 
 past Winter, demonstrating the same condition as the three Winters above alluded to. I 
 also wrote in said communication that during the Spring of 1884 we. had a series of 
 warm south winds, which caused the unprecedented rainfall of that season, and that 
 since my sojourn in the country, from 1870 down to that time, that the wind had not 
 blown one single hour steadily from that quarter. In my theories there laid down and ( ?) 
 the statement that by close observation we could, to a certain extent, foretell the probable 
 rainfall each Winter. I now beg to call your attention to the storm of November last, 
 commencing the fifteenth and ending the night of the twenty -fourth. There is no record 
 of so much rain falling in any year, since records have been kept, in the month of Novem- 
 ber. A very warm wind blew from the southeast (more southerly than easterly), and 
 part of the time due south, the wind on two different days and nights amounting to a 
 gale; many of my fruit trees were uprooted, some broken square .off above the ground. 
 This storni commenced apparently without any preparation. In Los Angeles County, 20 
 miles from the sea, there were no violent winds. I am therefore convinced that there 
 must have been a strong wind blowing from the Gulf of California some time previous to 
 the commencement of the storm here. 
 
 Our usual southeast storms cross the country north of Fort Yuma, giving at San Diego 
 about one third as much rain as at Santa Barbara. The storm of November just passed, 
 the greatest amount of rain was condensed between the first and second ranges of moun- 
 tains. At the base of the Sierra Madre there were 7 inches ; at Newhall, 9 inches ; in the 
 Ajai Valley, 15 inches; in the Santa Inez Valley, back of Santa Barbara, 19 inches; and at 
 San Luis Obispo, 22 to 24 inches. On the night of the 17th, 9 inches of rain fell in a few 
 hours at the latter place; in the town of Los Angeles, 6 inches; Santa Barbara, 9 inches; 
 at Ellwood (my home), 10 inches; at the south base of the Santa Inez Range, Glen Annie, 
 there were 14 inches; while at the base, on the north side, there were 19 inches. This 
 warm wind, blowing from the mouth of the Gulf of California, was kept westward of the 
 high range on the peninsula, and carried directly over the first ranges from San Pedro to 
 Point Conception. On reaching the second ranges, was met by the cold northwest trades, 
 condensed, and hence the greatest precipitation in the valleys back from the coast. In 
 the Paso Robles country there was not much rain, probably (from the reports), about 4 
 inches. We have had up to date, since October 15, 10.37 inches of rain; and, according to 
 my theory, we must not expect very much more after January first. I do not predict/but 
 the fact that every Winter since 1870 that gave us 8 inches or more before January first. 
 gave but little after January first. This very strong probability should put farmers and 
 fruit growers on their guard, and they should lose no time in preparing for such an alter- 
 native. 
 
 I have the honor to be, your obedient servant, 
 
 ELLWOOD COOPER. 
 
 Since the receipt of the above, Mr. Cooper has furnished General Hazen 
 the following summary: 
 
 The review of the rainfall for 1870 to date establishes thus far one 
 unvarying rule, and that is, that in all our rain season, when there has 
 been more than half our Winter average of rain before January first, we 
 
45 
 
 have had less after January first, in the ratio or proportion as the amount 
 before was greater. For example: 
 
 , 
 
 
 PRECIPITATION. 
 
 
 
 Before January 1. 
 
 After January 1. 
 
 Total for Season. 
 
 1871-72 - 
 
 8.50 inches. 
 
 7.44 inches. 
 
 15.88 inches. 
 
 1878-79 
 
 8.12 inches. 
 
 6.38 inches. 
 
 14.50 inches. 
 
 1880-81 
 
 13.50 inches. 
 
 3.06 inches. 
 
 16.56 inches. 
 
 1884 85 
 
 9.12 inches. 
 
 3.44 inches. 
 
 12.56 inches. 
 
 1885 
 
 13 44 inches. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 While I do not pretend to know or to predict how much more rain we 
 will have before the end of Spring, the above table should warn every 
 farmer and fruit grower of the necessity of preparing their w r ork with the 
 expectation of having but little more. The season thus far for the cultiva- 
 tor is the best we have had in sixteen years, and any failure in crops will 
 be the result of neglect on the part of the farmer. 
 
 SANTA BARBARA, California, December 31, 1885. 
 
 The following is the report spoken of in Mr. Cooper's letter that he had 
 furnished in April, 1884. The table has been brought down to December 
 31. 1885: 
 
 SEASON OF 
 
 PRECIPITATION. 
 
 
 Before January 1. 
 
 After January 1. 
 
 Total for Season. 
 
 1870-71 
 
 3.00 inches. 
 
 6.00 inches. 
 
 9.00 inches. 
 
 1871 72 
 
 8 50 inches 
 
 7 38 inches 
 
 15 88 inches 
 
 1872-73 
 
 4.19 inches. 
 
 7 31 inches 
 
 11 50 inches 
 
 1873-74 
 
 5 75 inches 
 
 9 75 inches 
 
 15 50 inches 
 
 1874-75 
 
 4.25 inches. 
 
 16.69 inches. 
 
 20.94 inches. 
 
 1875-76 
 
 6.75 inches. 
 
 15.88 inches 
 
 22 63 inches 
 
 1876-77 .. 
 
 63 inches 
 
 6 50 inches 
 
 7 13 inches 
 
 1877-78 
 
 5 75 inches 
 
 27 25 inches 
 
 33 00 inches 
 
 1878-79 
 
 8 12 inches 
 
 6 38 inches 
 
 14 50 inches 
 
 1879-80 
 
 6.37 inches. 
 
 21 94 inches 
 
 28.31 inches 
 
 1880-81 
 
 13 50 inches 
 
 3 06 inches 
 
 16 56 inches 
 
 1881-82 
 
 3 3fi inches 
 
 1094 inches 
 
 14 50 inches 
 
 1882-83 
 
 1 31 inches 
 
 1] 88 inches 
 
 13 19 inches 
 
 1883-84 
 
 3 81 inches 
 
 29 25 inches 
 
 33 06 inches 
 
 1884-85 
 
 9 12 inches 
 
 3 44 inches 
 
 12 56 inches 
 
 1885-86 
 
 13 44 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Totals 
 
 84 61 inches 
 
 183 65 inches 
 
 268 26 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average for fifteen seasons 
 
 5 641 inches 
 
 12 243 inches 
 
 17 884 inches 
 
 
 
 
 
 The above table shows that less than one third of the average Winter pre- 
 cipitation occurs before January first, and more than two thirds after 
 that date. In six of the years covered by the above record the rainfall 
 after March first was two inches; in one year it was one inch; in one year 
 there was no rainfall after February; and in five years the rains extended 
 into April and early May. The annual precipitation for California, as 
 shown by the Smithsonian charts, does not indicate the favorable or unfa- 
 5 
 
46 
 
 vorable conditions for the production of crops, for the reason that it gives 
 the annual rainfall from January first to December thirty-first, while the 
 result depends upon the rainfall from October to April; that is, the 
 Autumn, Winter, and Spring rains determine the success or failure of the 
 crops. For example, during the Winter of 1876-7 the rainfall after 
 January first was 6.50 inches, and in November and December of the 
 same year it was 5.75 inches, giving a total of 12.25 inches, or a sufficient 
 amount to insure a fair average crop, while in that year the crops were 
 almost a total failure throughout the State. The rainy season of 1883-4 
 has differed from any of the preceding years. The rains began at the most 
 favorable season the last of October and in early December 3.81 inches 
 falling before the close of the year. The people of California were never 
 more apprehensive of an impending drought than during January, 1884. 
 Business interests suffered seriously in consequence of the prevalence of 
 this opinion. Many theories were published indicating that the year 1884 
 would be. one of drought; tables were deduced showing such a probability 
 decades of dry years coming at certain periods, of which this was to be 
 one. Still there never has been a year in which so much rain has fallen 
 after January first as has been the case in this (1884) year. The precipi- 
 tation for that part of the rainy season preceding January first, compared 
 with the average corresponding season, shows a deficiency of 1.70 inches, 
 while that of the succeeding months exhibits the unusually large excess of 
 17.64 inches, and the total amount exceeds the largest precipitation of any 
 previous year of the record. 
 
 ELLWOOD COOPER. 
 SANTA BARBARA, California. 
 
 RAINFALL FROM FORT JONES, ON THE NORTH, TO POWAY, ON THE SOUTH, 
 
 FOR JANUARY, 1886. 
 
 The following tabulated statement gives the rainfall for January, 1886, 
 for each place named, together with the total rainfall for this season 
 (1885-6) up to February 1, and the rainfall for last season (1884-5) up to 
 an equal date (February 1, 1885), viz.: 
 
 LOCALITIES. 
 
 Rainfall for 
 Jan., 1886. 
 
 Rainfall for 
 Season to 
 Feb. 1, 1886. 
 
 Rainfall for last 
 Season to an 
 equal date. 
 
 Scott Valley, Siskiyou County 
 
 7.22 
 4.03 
 4.80 
 6.13 
 5.73 
 4.57 
 3.91 
 12.40 
 13.08 
 18.32 
 4.75 
 5.32 
 7.60 
 7.95 
 8.12 
 7.42 
 5.10 
 7.80 
 7.00 
 6.34 
 
 22.08 
 13.89 
 28.76 
 23.13 
 20.80 
 17.05 
 16.62 
 40.68 
 34.82 
 47.28 
 16.59 
 19.69 
 23.60 
 25.15 
 23.93 
 25.02 
 13.10 
 15.35 
 9.57 
 10.01 
 
 12.48 
 8.47 
 10.87 
 No data. 
 12.25 
 3.99 
 9.92 
 36.37 
 30.22 
 42.47 
 8.51 
 No data. 
 13.70 
 15.22 
 13.10 
 13.35 
 7.73 
 7.16 
 5.36 
 7.25 
 
 Yreka, Siskiyou County - - 
 
 Red Bluff Tehama County 
 
 Oroville, Butte County 
 
 Marysville Yuba County 
 
 Colusa, Colusa County 
 
 Princeton, Colusa County 
 
 Grass Valley, Nevada County _ 
 
 Placerville, El Dorado County 
 
 Georgetown, El Dorado County 
 
 West Butte, Sutter County 
 
 Nicolaus, Sutter County 
 
 Folsom City, Sacramento County 
 
 Sacramento, Sacramento County 
 
 Oakland, Alameda County. 
 
 San Francisco, San Francisco Countv 
 
 Salinas, Monterey County _. . . 
 
 Los Angeles, Los Angeles County 
 
 San Diego, San Diego County 
 
 Poway> San Diego County 
 
 
47 
 
 -RAINFALL FOR JANUARY, 1886, AND FOR THE SEASON OF 1885-6, UP TO 
 
 FEBRUARY FIRST. 
 
 SIGNAL SEKVICE, UNITED STATES ARMY, DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC, * 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, February 1, 1886. j 
 
 Table showing the average January and seasonal rainfall, as obtained from a series of 
 years, with the rainfall for the season and month ending January 31, 1886: 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Average, 
 January. 
 
 January, 
 
 Average, 
 Season. 
 
 Total 
 Season, 
 1885-86. 
 
 Red Bluff... 5.55 
 
 Tehama -- 2.93 
 
 Chico 4.10 
 
 Orland 4.72 
 
 Willows 1.96 
 
 Williams 2.72 
 
 Marysville 3.27 
 
 Dunnigan 3.26 
 
 Woodland 3.11 
 
 Suisun 4.16 
 
 Davisville.. 3.23 
 
 South Vallejo.. 3.10 
 
 Martinez...' 2.57 
 
 Napa _.- 5.44 
 
 Calistoga 7.48 
 
 Antioch 2.11 
 
 lone - 2.86 
 
 Oakland 3.84 
 
 Niles 2.99 
 
 Pleasanton 3.20 
 
 Livermore 2.52 
 
 Tracy 1.68 
 
 Lathrop -. 2.02 
 
 Gait 2.57 
 
 Brighton 2.73 
 
 Sacramento 3.74 
 
 San Francisco .- ..- 4.83 
 
 San Mateo 4.07 
 
 Menlo Park... 2.42 
 
 San Jose. 2.55 
 
 Gilroy 4.49 
 
 Holli'ster 2.46 
 
 Pajaro 4.03 
 
 Monterey 2.15 
 
 Salinas 3.01 
 
 Soledad. ...! 2.14 
 
 Santa Cruz 4.77 
 
 Modesto ... 1.70 
 
 Turlock 1.15 
 
 Merced 234 
 
 Borden 1.33 
 
 Fresno 1.29 
 
 Kingsburg 1.07 
 
 Goshen 0.98 
 
 Lemoore 1.66 
 
 Tulare 1.41 
 
 Delano 0.79 
 
 Sumner 0.95 
 
 Caliente 1.34 
 
 Keene 1.68 
 
 Tehachapi 1.46 
 
 Mojave 0.70 
 
 Ravenna 1.35 
 
 Newhall 1.97 
 
 San Fernando .._ 2.02 
 
 San Luis Obispo 4.61 
 
 Los Angeles 2.07 
 
 Anaheim 1.37 
 
 Spadra 2.91 
 
 Mammoth 0.17 
 
 San Diego _ 1.70 
 
 4.80 
 4.83 
 4.44 
 4.00 
 3.37 
 3.83 
 4.76 
 8.37 
 4.83 
 8.10 
 5.29 
 6.39 
 5.39 
 8.09 
 9.39 
 4.54 
 5.15 
 6.77 
 6.15 
 4.25 
 4.50 
 3.15 
 3.41 
 5.17 
 5.49 
 7.95 
 7.42 
 6.20 
 4.97 
 3.59 
 6.09 
 3.93 
 6.05 
 3.09 
 5.18 
 2.44 
 7.60 
 2.73 
 2.52 
 2.64 
 3.38 
 2.38 
 2.04 
 1.71 
 3.21 
 1.41 
 0.55 
 0.85 
 1.36 
 2.14 
 1.28 
 3.45 
 5.28 
 5.22 
 6.70 
 5.80 
 7.80 
 4.62 
 1.94 
 0.57 
 7.00 
 
 16.62 
 9.52 
 
 12.07 
 9.20 
 7.08 
 7.17 
 9.98 
 9.15 
 8.60 
 
 12.32 
 9.61 
 8.69 
 8.30 
 
 12.08 
 
 18.78 
 6.27 
 8.91 
 
 10.39 
 9.53 
 8.48 
 7.57 
 5.15 
 5.60 
 7.37 
 7.42 
 
 12.11 
 
 14.28 
 
 10.54 
 7.60 
 6.44 
 
 11.16 
 6.35 
 
 10.32 
 7.39 
 7.01 
 4.67 
 
 13.59 
 5.49 
 4.86 
 6.06 
 4.27 
 4.42 
 4.57 
 3.77 
 5.58 
 3.30 
 2.61 
 2.43 
 4.34 
 5.37 
 4.31 
 2.54 
 5.16 
 6.75 
 6.46 
 
 12.14 
 7.82 
 4.61 
 6.33 
 1.41 
 5.80 
 
 28.77 
 
 17.73 
 
 19.42 
 
 16.66 
 
 14.62 
 
 14.22 
 
 16.94 
 
 24.09 
 
 17.78 
 
 23.18 
 
 17.77 
 
 19.06 
 
 17.79 
 
 21.61 
 
 31.20 
 
 11.60 
 
 15.77 
 
 20.36 
 
 17.20 
 
 13.80 
 
 12.69 
 
 9.60 
 
 10.86 
 
 13.06 
 
 15.59 
 
 25.15 
 
 25.08 
 
 15.57 
 
 13.47 
 
 13.15 
 
 15.31 
 
 10.23 
 
 18.22 
 
 11.55 
 
 12.89 
 
 9.88 
 
 21.00 
 
 8.63 
 
 10.25 
 
 9.54 
 
 13.00 
 
 12.26 
 
 10.80 
 
 7.43 
 
 12.62 
 
 6.31 
 
 5.85 
 
 4.10 
 
 6.67 
 
 6.67 
 
 5.86 
 
 4.86 
 
 11.45 
 
 16.48 
 
 15.81 
 
 22.49 
 
 15.35 
 
 8.71 
 
 10.15 
 
 2.20 
 
 9.69 
 
48 
 
 A RAINFALL TABLE FOR CALIFORNIA, 
 
 AT ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIVE DIFFERENT POINTS. 
 
 The following is a report of the average rainfall for February for from 
 one to thirty-seven years, and the total rainfall for February, 1886; also, 
 the average precipitation of many seasons, up to and including the last 
 day of February, along with the total rainfall for the present season up to 
 March first. The data shows that considerable more rain has fallen this 
 season than the average amount due for many seasons up to an equal 
 date, with the exception of nine stations in the following table. Those 
 places are Point Reyes, average 13.04 inches, and for this season only 
 12.40 inches; Pigeon Point, average 10.45 inches, and for the present sea- 
 son 10.35 inches; Mojave, average 4.15 inches, and for this season only 
 3.61 inches; Keeler, average 2 inches, this season, 1.97 inches; Keene, 
 average 8.55 inches, and for this season 7.19 inches; Bishops Creek, aver- 
 age .58 of an inch, this season .24 of an inch; Point Conception, average 
 8.10 inches, and for this season 5.26 inches; Colton, average 6.25 inches, 
 and for this season 5.62 inches; Westport, average 38.71 inches, for this 
 season 37.82 inches. 
 
 The records from which these tables were compiled are those of the South- 
 ern Pacific Railway, voluntary observers, Post Surgeons, and Signal Service 
 Stations, which give a good and comparable recofd of the rainfall of this 
 State, from latitude 32 to 42, and from the sea level to an altitude of from 
 7,000 to 8,000 feet. 
 
 The tabulated matter was prepared at the Signal Service headquarters of 
 the Pacific Coast, at San Francisco, by Lieut. W. A. Glassford, U. S. A., 
 assistant officer in charge. The stations in this table are numbered ac- 
 cording to their geographical position in the State, Crescent City being the 
 extreme northernmost point and San Diego the most southern; the sta- 
 tions or places of observation following each other in their proper order 
 from north to south: 
 
 No. 
 
 PLACES. 
 
 No. of Febs. 
 Computed 
 in Av'ge. 
 
 * Average 
 for past 
 Februarys. 
 
 February, 
 1886. 
 
 * Average 
 for 
 
 Season. 
 
 Total for 
 
 Season, 
 1885-86. 
 
 1 
 
 Crescent City 
 
 4 
 
 11.00 
 
 8.19 
 
 69.40 
 
 90.39 
 
 ? 
 
 Yreka 
 
 13 
 
 1.83 
 
 .91 
 
 11.89 
 
 15.38 
 
 % 
 
 Fort Jones 
 
 26 
 
 3.00 
 
 1.32 
 
 18.21 
 
 24.57 
 
 4 
 
 Fort Bidwell 
 
 29 
 
 2.37 
 
 1.22 
 
 13.43 
 
 18.64 
 
 6 
 
 Orleans 
 
 
 
 2.41 
 
 
 4&B8 
 
 7 
 
 Fort Gaston 
 
 21 
 
 8.27 
 
 5.29 
 
 40.72 
 
 57.80 
 
 8 
 
 Hurnboldt Lighthouse 
 
 6 
 
 4.92 
 
 1.97 
 
 23.79 
 
 31.58 
 
 9 
 
 Cape Mendocino 
 
 3 
 
 2.06 
 
 1.37 
 
 13.06 
 
 19.87 
 
 10 
 
 Weaverville 
 
 11 
 
 6.20 
 
 .80 
 
 31.67 
 
 33.40 
 
 U 
 
 Delta 
 
 1, 
 
 
 50 
 
 
 53.37 
 
 V? 
 
 Redding 
 
 11 
 
 4.55 
 
 
 25.77 
 
 31.20 
 
 1S 
 
 Anderson 
 
 
 
 .38 
 
 
 28.13 
 
 14 
 
 Red Bluff 
 
 8 
 
 4.06 
 
 .18 
 
 20.60 
 
 29.00 
 
 15 
 
 Tehama 
 
 15 
 
 2.28 
 
 .00 
 
 11.68 
 
 17.98 
 
 16 
 
 Chico 
 
 15 
 
 3.62 
 
 .75 
 
 15.71 
 
 20.17 
 
 17 
 
 Oroville 
 
 1 
 
 .73 
 
 .36 
 
 19.74 
 
 22.53 
 
 18 
 
 Orland 
 
 2 
 
 1.08 
 
 .50 
 
 10.98 
 
 17.61 
 
 19 
 
 Willows 
 
 7 
 
 1.16 
 
 t 
 
 8.50 
 
 15.29 
 
 90 
 
 Princeton 
 
 11 
 
 2.18 
 
 .17 
 
 10.85 
 
 16.79 
 
 1 
 
 Little Stony 
 
 
 
 00 
 
 
 20.79 
 
 ?,?, 
 
 Fout's Snrines .. 
 
 
 
 .02 
 
 
 23.79 
 
49 
 
 No. 
 
 PLACES. 
 
 No. of Febs. 
 Computed 
 in Av'ge. 
 
 *Average 
 for past 
 Februarys. 
 
 TO, 
 
 *&Hrage 
 8n 
 
 . 
 
 Totel fo# 
 
 23 
 24 
 25 
 26 
 27 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 35 
 36 
 37 
 38 
 39 
 40 
 41 
 42 
 43 
 44 
 45 
 45* 
 46" 
 47 
 48 
 49 
 50 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 55 
 56 
 57 
 58 
 59 
 60 
 61 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 
 65 
 66 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 70 
 71 
 71* 
 
 f 
 
 73 
 74 
 
 75 
 76 
 77 
 78 
 79 
 80 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 
 Colusa - 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 tj 
 i 
 2 
 
 15 
 13 
 6 
 
 1.62 
 1.69 
 3.79 
 3.53 
 3.53 
 2.34 
 7.53 
 1.20 
 
 .20 
 .00 
 1.35 
 1.19 
 .30 
 .34 
 1.43 
 .70 
 .49 
 .00 
 1.97 
 .34 
 .00 
 .34 
 1.16 
 1.15 
 .69 
 .90 
 .29 
 .00 
 .07 
 .00 
 .00 
 .20 
 .00 
 .00 
 .07 
 t 
 .00 
 .00 
 .13 
 .28 
 .28 
 .79 
 .12 
 .15 
 .10 
 .00 
 .24 
 .00 
 .41 
 .05 
 
 .00 
 .03 
 .00 
 .00 
 .05 
 .01 
 .35 
 .41 
 .07 
 .75 
 .10 
 .08 
 .30 
 .63 
 .29 
 .24 
 .26 
 .35 
 .37 
 .94 
 .62 
 1.12 
 134 
 
 10.36 
 8.98 
 38.71 
 19.44 
 29.84 
 12.32 
 35.57 
 9.25 
 
 17.25 
 14.22 
 
 37.82 
 36.09 
 37.12 
 17.28 
 42.11 
 17.29 
 20.18 
 18.46 
 46.85 
 35.04 
 25.57 
 19.49 
 48.47 
 35.92 
 28.02 
 24.52 
 2539 
 13.93 
 15.66 
 24.09 
 17.43 
 18.00 
 23.18 
 19.06 
 20.98 
 31.20 
 21.61 
 21.62 
 12.40 
 30.57 
 37.00 
 23.78 
 24.23 
 21.30 
 20.50 
 21.34 
 25.32 
 14.76 
 19.92 
 17.84 
 
 8.84 
 13.17 
 12.90 
 11.60 
 11.72 
 10.99 
 10.99 
 13.33 
 15.84 
 24.53 
 8.54 
 10.33 
 20.66 
 17.85 
 14.09 
 12.93 
 20.17 
 15.92 
 13.84 
 17.42 
 10.35 
 14.27 
 32.65 
 15.63 
 23.16 
 
 Williams -- 
 
 Westport 
 
 
 
 Marys ville 
 
 Grass Vallev - 
 
 West Butte 
 
 
 
 8 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 15 
 13 
 6 
 19 
 14 
 37 
 8 
 8 
 9 
 9 
 14 
 14 
 9 
 29 
 13 
 9 
 14 
 7 
 10 
 2 
 7 
 16 
 20 
 31 
 12 
 36 
 7 
 5 
 8 
 
 7 
 6 
 6 
 9 
 15 
 8 
 15 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 15 
 
 8 
 15 
 
 2.32 
 9.20 
 6.81 
 5.09 
 2.89 
 8.53 
 5.51 
 3.87 
 3.45 
 2.87 
 2.38 
 2.82 
 1.84 
 2.45 
 2.14 
 2.71 
 2.41 
 2.18 
 4.75 
 3.45 
 3.61 
 2.63 
 5.92 
 4.22 
 3.01 
 2.68 
 3.00 
 3.21 
 2.06 
 3.71 
 2.19 
 2.43 
 2.56 
 
 .95 
 1.22 
 1.38 
 1.40 
 2.13 
 1.99 
 6.22 
 2.56 
 3.18 
 5.18 
 1.22 
 1.42 
 3.56 
 2.76 
 3.01 
 2.34 
 2.72 
 2.65 
 1.71 
 2.61 
 2.11 
 1.93 
 
 11.29 
 33.82 
 30.91 
 23.40 
 14.05 
 40.97 
 30.35 
 24.76 
 16.50 
 14.39 
 10.14 
 10.59 
 11.53 
 11.22 
 11.89 
 15.30 
 11.42 
 11.24 
 23.67 
 15.79 
 16.92 
 13.04 
 27.77 
 30.10 
 17.31 
 16.12 
 13.41 
 14.64 
 11.81 
 18.35 
 11.70 
 12.69 
 11.17 
 
 5.33 
 
 7.40 
 8.27 
 7.67 
 9.54 
 7.75 
 6.62 
 10.11 
 12.34 
 20.34 
 6.76 
 6.48 
 14.27 
 12.50 
 11.60 
 10.01 
 16.0f> 
 13.36 
 9.63 
 14.57 
 10.45 
 8.45 
 
 Emigrant Gap 
 
 Coif ax 
 
 
 
 Georgetown 
 
 Placerville 
 
 Shingle Springs 
 
 
 Sacramento - 
 
 Gait 
 
 Brighton 
 
 Dunnigan (Yolo County) 
 
 Woodland. - - 
 
 Davisville 
 
 Suisun 
 
 South Vallejo 
 
 Benicia Barracks 
 
 Calistoga 
 
 Napa 
 
 Petaluma - - 
 
 Point Reyes 
 
 San Rafael 
 
 Ross Valley 
 
 Point Benito 
 
 Angel Island, 
 
 Alcatraz Island 
 
 Presidio 
 
 Fort Mason - 
 
 San Francisco 
 
 Goat Island - 
 
 Farrallone Island Lighthouse 
 
 Martinez 
 
 East Brother Island (opposite San 
 Quentin Penitentiary). 
 
 Brentwood 
 
 Byron __ . _ 
 
 Antioch 
 
 Stockton 
 
 Lathrop 
 
 Tracy 
 
 Farmington 
 
 lone 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Modesto 
 
 Turlock . . 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Niles 
 
 Pleasanton 
 Livermore 
 
 8 
 15 
 7 
 12 
 
 7 
 7 
 7 
 12 
 
 Point Montara Lighthouse 
 
 San Mateo 
 
 Menlo Park 
 
 Ano Nue vo Lighthouse 
 
 Pigeon Point. 
 
 San Jos6 
 
 Los Gatos 
 
 Gilroy 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 2.99 
 .19 
 
 .32 
 
 .80 
 
 14.28 
 19.27 
 
 Aptos . . 
 
50 
 
 No. 
 
 87 
 88 
 89 
 90 
 9X 
 92 
 93 
 94 
 95 
 98 
 97 
 98 
 99 
 100 
 101 
 102 
 103 
 104 
 105 
 106 
 107 
 108 
 109 
 110 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 114 
 115 
 116 
 117 
 118 
 119 
 120 
 121 
 122 
 123 
 124 
 125 
 126 
 127 
 128 
 129 
 130 
 131 
 132 
 
 PLACES. 
 
 No. of Febs. 
 Computed 
 in Av'ge. 
 
 * Average 
 for past 
 Februarys. 
 
 February, 
 
 188(5. 
 
 * Average 
 for 
 Season. 
 
 Total for 
 Season, 
 
 1885-86. 
 
 Santa Cruz - - 
 
 8 
 12 
 14 
 10 
 
 8 
 7 
 12 
 
 4.12 
 
 2.85 
 1.31 
 1.62 
 1.21 
 1.35 
 1.81 
 
 .80 
 .47 
 .10 
 .08 
 .58 
 .24 
 .22 
 30 
 
 18.03 
 13.33 
 7.39 
 6.13 
 5.75 
 7.06 
 8.28 
 
 21.80 
 18.09 
 
 9.64 
 13.68 
 12.84 
 11.04 
 10.45 
 2 9 60 
 
 Pajaro 
 
 Merced. 
 
 Borden 
 
 Fresno 
 
 Kingsburg 
 
 Holfister 
 
 Erie 
 
 Salinas 
 
 12 
 5 
 3 
 12 
 2 
 2 
 
 2.26 
 2.24 
 1.04 
 1.47 
 
 .00 
 .62 
 
 1.16 
 1.14 
 1.10 
 .93 
 .00 
 .10 
 47 
 
 9.44 
 9.79 
 7.18 
 6.12 
 .58 
 2.00 
 
 14.05 
 12.69 
 12.50 
 10.81 
 .24 
 1.97 
 9.08 
 7.89 
 6.51 
 12.75 
 23.29 
 (5.25 
 4.30 
 7.56 
 7.19 
 6.06 
 3.61 
 13.23 
 5.26 
 16.79 
 11.58 
 17.17 
 15.81 
 18.02 
 16.76 
 10.85 
 9.54 
 12.78 
 21.52 
 22.90 
 5.62 
 6.73 
 14.91 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Chualar ._ 
 
 Soledad 
 
 Bishops Creek 
 
 Keeler . 
 
 Traver 
 
 Gosheii . _- 
 
 8 
 11 
 7 
 16 
 10 
 10 
 10 
 8 
 9 
 7 
 
 1.35 
 1.26 
 1.17 
 3.81 
 1.18 
 .78 
 2.04 
 3.14 
 2.83 
 1.51 
 
 .43 
 .15 
 .20 
 .81 
 20 
 .20 
 .66 
 .64 
 .20 
 .00 
 .97 
 1.22 
 1.04 
 .11 
 .69 
 .00 
 1.21 
 1.41 
 .45 
 .82 
 1.83 
 1.27 
 
 5.22 
 4.56 
 li.fto 
 16.05 
 3.79 
 3.20 
 6.40 
 8.55 
 7.15 
 4.15 
 
 Tulare 
 
 Lemoore 
 
 San Luis Obispo 
 
 Delano 
 
 Sumner 
 
 Caliente 
 
 Keene 
 
 Tehachapi 
 
 Mo j ave 
 
 Santa Maria 
 
 Point Conception 
 
 7 
 11 
 6 
 9 
 8 
 3 
 7 
 11 
 8 
 
 4.18 
 3.83 
 2.33 
 2.89 
 3.20 
 4.83 
 3.76 
 2.36 
 2.59 
 
 8.10 
 12.63 
 8.05 
 9.96 
 10.18 
 14.16 
 12.17 
 8.93 
 7.56 
 
 San Buenaventura 
 
 Ravenna 
 
 Newhall ... 
 
 San Fernando 
 
 Cahuenga Valley 
 
 Los Angeles 
 
 Spadra 
 
 Anaheim - - _ 
 
 Orange 
 
 Santa Monica. 
 
 . 1 
 
 .02 
 .91 
 2.44 
 173 
 
 14.80 
 
 Cucamonga 
 
 Colton 
 
 9 
 
 .40 
 
 6.25 
 
 San Gorgonio 
 
 San Bernardino 
 
 15 
 8 
 8 
 10 
 7 
 14 
 
 2.87 
 .57 
 .34 
 .57 
 2.55 
 2.42 
 
 2.52 
 
 11.79 
 
 2.18 
 1.97 
 2 22 
 9.26 
 8.16 
 
 Indio 
 
 Mammoth Tank 
 
 .20 
 
 .08 
 .77 
 1.51 
 
 2.40 
 3.71 
 
 10.78 
 11.20 
 
 Yuma 
 
 Poway _ . _. 
 
 San Diego 
 
 
 * February, 1886, is not computed in the average, 
 f Inappreciable. 
 
51 
 
 SPRING, SUMMER, FALL, AND WINTER. 
 
 COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE TABLES FOR CALIFORNIA, OTHER POR- 
 TIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, AND HEALTH RESORTS IN 
 EUROPE AND MEXICO. 
 
 The following interesting comparative temperature tables show the mean 
 average temperature for Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter; also, the aver- 
 age yearly temperature, and the highest and lowest temperature at various 
 celebrated health resorts and other places of note in the United States, 
 Mexico, and Europe. It is quite remarkable that out of 63 stations in 
 various parts of the United States that gives the highest temperature, there 
 are 43 that have a maximum of 100 and over, going to show that there are 
 very few places in the United States but what have at times a very high tem- 
 perature, well up in the nineties, and very often over 100. In the column of 
 lowest temperature a dash thus (-) 'before a figure, indicates below zero. 
 It will be seen that 33 out of 63 stations (that show -the lowest tempera- 
 ture) have a minimum below zero. . Cities very much farther south 
 Sacramento or Red Bluff show a very much lower temperature, as witness 
 Santa Fe, which has a temperature as low a,s 13 below zero;. Aiken, South 
 Carolina, down to 3 above; Atlanta, Georgia, 3 above; Chattanooga, 3 
 above; Knoxville, Tennessee, 1.4 below zero; Prescott, Arizona, 18 below 
 zero; Jacksonville, Florida, 19; Jerusalem, the Holy City, 25 above. It 
 proves beyond a doubt that California can stand a comparison with places 
 very much farther south than in the Upper Sacramento Valley and central 
 part of the State. The columns of mean temperature for the different sea- 
 sons of the year are also valuable for ready reference, and proof of the 
 salubrity of the California climate. These tables are drawn from records 
 of many years (and not from one single year), making them very much 
 more valuable as reference tables: 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Average Spring 
 Temperature-- 
 
 Average Summei 
 Temperature.. 
 
 Average Fall 
 Temperature. 
 
 Average Winter 
 Temperature.. 
 
 rt 
 
 i 
 
 Lowest Temper- 
 ature. ... 
 
 Average Annual 
 Temperature- _ 
 
 Aiken South Carolina 
 
 61.3 
 
 774 
 
 620 
 
 458 
 
 102 
 
 3 
 
 61 6 
 
 Atlanta Georgia 
 
 613 
 
 769 
 
 619 
 
 464 
 
 98 
 
 1 
 
 61 8 
 
 Atlantic City, New Jersey 
 
 47.3 
 
 70.4 
 
 56.1 
 
 33.8 
 
 99 
 
 _7 
 
 519 
 
 Algiers 
 
 66.0 
 
 770 
 
 600 
 
 55.0 
 
 no rec 
 
 no rec 
 
 645 
 
 Boston Massachusetts 
 
 449 
 
 691 
 
 511 
 
 281 
 
 101 
 
 13 
 
 483 
 
 Baltimore Maryland 
 
 518 
 
 748 
 
 569 
 
 360 
 
 101 
 
 6 
 
 556 
 
 Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean 
 
 63.7 
 
 75.2 
 
 71.9 
 
 58.8 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec 
 
 674 
 
 Charleston, South Carolina 
 
 64.9 
 
 81.2 
 
 66.7 
 
 50.9 
 
 104 
 
 13 
 
 660 
 
 Charlotte, North Carolina 
 
 595 
 
 777 
 
 612 
 
 434 
 
 101 
 
 5 
 
 606 
 
 Cadiz, Spain 
 
 599 
 
 704 
 
 653 
 
 529 
 
 no rec 
 
 no rec 
 
 621 
 
 Cape Henry Virginia 
 
 55 1 
 
 760 
 
 622 
 
 423 
 
 103 
 
 7 
 
 589 
 
 Cairo, Egypt 
 
 73.6 
 
 85.1 
 
 71.5 
 
 58.5 
 
 no rec 
 
 no rec 
 
 722 
 
 Cape May, New Jersey 
 
 49.0 
 
 71.7 
 
 576 
 
 356 
 
 91 
 
 1 
 
 536 
 
 Chattanooga, Tennessee 
 
 60.1 
 
 766 
 
 610 
 
 444 
 
 101 
 
 3 
 
 606 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 546 
 
 761 
 
 566 
 
 363 
 
 104 
 
 10 
 
 559 
 
 Columbus Ohio 
 
 512 
 
 730 
 
 544 
 
 393 
 
 103 
 
 20 
 
 528 
 
 Chicago, Illinois 
 
 46.0 
 
 70.0 
 
 51.4 
 
 278 
 
 99 
 
 -23 
 
 48 8 
 
 Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory... 
 Detroit Michigan 
 
 40.3 
 434 
 
 61.8 
 689 
 
 44.3 
 514 
 
 23.2 
 26 3 
 
 101 
 
 100 
 
 -38 
 24 
 
 44.3 
 
 48 
 
 Dubuaue. Iowa .. 
 
 45.1 
 
 69.6 
 
 48.7 
 
 17.5 
 
 101 
 
 -31 
 
 48.2 
 
52 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 Average Spring 
 Temperature.. 
 
 Average Slimmer 
 Temperature 
 
 Average Fall 
 Temperature 
 
 Average Winter 
 Temperature 
 
 Highest Tem- 
 perature 
 
 Lowest Temper- 
 ature. 
 
 A venigo Annual 
 Temperature.. 
 
 Des Moines Iowa 
 
 46.8 
 
 70.3 
 
 49.0 
 
 17.3 
 
 103 
 
 -20 
 
 48.9 
 
 Dodge City Kansas 
 
 529 
 
 753 
 
 535 
 
 306 
 
 108 
 
 9Q 
 
 530 
 
 Denver, Colorado 
 
 47.6 
 
 69.8 
 
 49.3 
 
 29.9 
 
 105 
 
 -29 
 
 49.2 
 
 El Paso, Texas 
 
 62.9 
 
 80.9 
 
 60.7 
 
 45.0 
 
 113 
 
 -5 
 
 63.3 
 
 Florence, Italy .. 
 
 56.0 
 
 74.0 
 
 60.7 
 
 44.3 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 58.8 
 
 Funchal, Madeira 
 
 64.6 
 
 70.9 
 
 70.2 
 
 62.9 
 
 no rec. 
 
 110 rec. 
 
 67.2 
 
 Galveston Texas 
 
 69.9 
 
 83.5 
 
 71.3 
 
 55.4 
 
 99 
 
 18 
 
 701 
 
 Grand Haven, Michigan ._, 
 
 40.8 
 
 64.7 
 
 48.5 
 
 24.1 
 
 92 
 
 -24 
 
 47.0 
 
 Havana, Cuba 
 
 76.2 
 
 81.3 
 
 78.1 
 
 73.0 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 77.2 
 
 Indianapolis Indiana 
 
 501 
 
 723 
 
 543 
 
 290 
 
 101 
 
 22 
 
 532 
 
 Jerusalem, Palestine 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 94 
 
 25 
 
 62.8 
 
 Jacksonville Florida 
 
 69.0 
 
 81.5 
 
 69.8 
 
 56.6 
 
 104 
 
 19 
 
 693 
 
 Key West, Florida. 
 
 76.8 
 
 83.9 
 
 78.9 
 
 70.8 
 
 97 
 
 44 
 
 77.6 
 
 Knoxville, Tennessee 
 
 57.3 
 
 75.0 
 
 57.4 
 
 39.7 
 
 100 
 
 -14 
 
 57.3 
 
 Louisville, Kentucky _ 
 
 55.7 
 
 76.8 
 
 57.2 
 
 37.3 
 
 105 
 
 -10 
 
 56.8 
 
 Lisbon, Portugal 
 
 60.0 
 
 -71.0 
 
 62.0 
 
 53.0 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 61.5 
 
 Los Angeles California 
 
 58.4 
 
 67.6 
 
 62.7 
 
 53.5 
 
 108 
 
 28 
 
 60 fT"" 
 
 Little Rock, Arkansas 
 
 . 62.6 
 
 '79.0 
 
 62.7 
 
 45.9 
 
 102 
 
 6 
 
 62.5 
 
 Leavenworth Kansas 
 
 52.2 
 
 735 
 
 535 
 
 263 
 
 107 
 
 29 
 
 534 
 
 Mexico City, Mexico 
 
 63.4 
 
 65.2 
 
 60.1 
 
 53.6 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 60.6 
 
 Malta 
 
 62.8 
 
 78.2 
 
 71.0 
 
 57.5 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 67.4 
 
 Mentone France 
 
 60.0 
 
 73.0 
 
 56.6 
 
 49.5 
 
 no rec 
 
 no rec. 
 
 59.8 
 
 Mobile, Alabama 
 
 67.2 
 
 81.4 
 
 67.6 
 
 52.6 
 
 101 
 
 14 
 
 67.1 
 
 Memphis, Tennessee ~ 
 
 '61.4 
 
 79.5 
 
 60.6 
 
 42.8 
 
 102 
 
 2 
 
 61.1 
 
 Milwaukee Wisconsin 
 
 421 
 
 671 
 
 480 
 
 233 
 
 98 
 
 9 5 
 
 45 1 
 
 Nassau, Bahama Islands 
 
 77.7 
 
 86.0 
 
 80.3 
 
 70.7 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 78.7 
 
 Nice Italy 
 
 56.2 
 
 72.3 
 
 616 
 
 47.9 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 59.5 
 
 New Haven, Connecticut 
 
 46.5 
 
 70.5 
 
 52.8 
 
 29.6 
 
 100 
 
 -4 
 
 50.0 
 
 New York City, New York . 
 
 47.6 
 
 71.6 
 
 54.5 
 
 31.5 
 
 100 
 
 -6 
 
 51.2 
 
 Norfolk, Virginia 
 
 57.0 
 
 77.5 
 
 60.5 
 
 41.9 
 
 102 
 
 6 
 
 59.2 
 
 New Orleans, Louisiana 
 
 68.9 
 
 81.9 
 
 69.7 
 
 55.9 
 
 97 
 
 20 
 
 69.2 
 
 Omaha, Nebraska 
 
 49.4 
 
 74.2 
 
 505 
 
 24.6 
 
 105 
 
 -25 
 
 49.7 
 
 Oakland, California 
 
 55.0 
 
 60.7 
 
 56.4 
 
 48.4 
 
 103 
 
 25 
 
 55.1 
 
 Pau, France . 
 
 54.1 
 
 70.7 
 
 57.4 
 
 41.9 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 56.0 
 
 Pensacola, Florida 
 
 67.9 
 
 80.6 
 
 69.3 
 
 56.3 
 
 97 
 
 15 
 
 68.5 
 
 Prescott Arizona 
 
 507 
 
 700 
 
 52 1 
 
 355 
 
 103 
 
 18 
 
 523 
 
 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
 
 50.5 
 
 73.9 
 
 55.3 
 
 33.2 
 
 102 
 
 -5 
 
 53.2 . 
 
 Rome, Italy 
 
 57.6 
 
 72.2 
 
 64.0 
 
 48.9 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 60.7 
 
 Red Bluff, California _ 
 
 60.0 
 
 80.2 
 
 63.5 
 
 47.0 
 
 110 
 
 ^hfr 
 
 (i7 
 
 St Michaels Azores 
 
 612 
 
 683 
 
 623 
 
 578 
 
 no rec 
 
 no rec 
 
 (!''> 4 
 
 Santa Cruz, Canary Islands 
 
 68.9 
 
 76.7 
 
 74.2 
 
 64.6 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 71.1 
 
 Sandy Hook New Jersey 
 
 47.4 
 
 72.0 
 
 56.1 
 
 32.6 
 
 101 
 
 -6 
 
 52.0 
 
 Savannah, Georgia 
 
 66.7 
 
 81.3 
 
 66.8 
 
 52.7 
 
 105 
 
 15 
 
 66.9 
 
 St. Louis, Missouri 
 
 54.8 
 
 76.8 
 
 55.9 
 
 34.1 
 
 106 
 
 -17 
 
 55.4 
 
 Springfield, Illinois ._ 
 
 52.5 
 
 74.2 
 
 54.7 
 
 32.0 
 
 101 
 
 -14 
 
 53.2 
 
 St. Paul, Minnesota 
 
 43.8 
 
 69.5 
 
 46.2 
 
 17.4 
 
 100 
 
 -39 
 
 44.0 
 
 St. Augustine, Florida 
 
 68.7 
 
 80.4 
 
 71.9 
 
 58.2 
 
 no rec. 
 
 no rec. 
 
 69.8 
 
 Sante Fe, New Mexico 
 
 50.1 
 
 70.5 
 
 51.3 
 
 30.3 
 
 97 
 
 -13 
 
 47.9 
 
 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory... 
 Sacramento, California ... 
 
 49.2 
 59.5 
 
 72.6 
 71.7 
 
 51.6 
 61.5 
 
 31.4 
 48.3 
 
 101 
 105 
 
 -20 
 21 
 
 51.1 
 
 60.2 
 
 San Francisco, California 
 
 54.6 
 
 58.4 
 
 58.2 
 
 51.4 
 
 95 
 
 34 
 
 55.7 
 
 Salinas, California 
 
 53.2 
 
 58.6 
 
 52.1 
 
 50.8 
 
 83 
 
 28 
 
 53.7 
 
 Santa Barbara, California 
 
 594 
 
 67.7 
 
 63.1 
 
 54.3 
 
 102 
 
 31 
 
 6i.i 
 
 San Diego, California 
 
 58.1 
 
 66.7 
 
 62.7 
 
 54.4 
 
 101 
 
 32 
 
 60.5 
 
 Visalia, California 
 
 59.4 
 
 80.8 
 
 60.3 
 
 45.4 
 
 109 
 
 A8 
 
 60.9 
 
 Vera Cruz, Mexico. 
 
 77.0 
 
 81.9 
 
 78.3 
 
 70.9 
 
 96 
 
 61 
 
 77.0 
 
 Wilmington, North Carolina 
 Washington City, D. C. 
 
 61.9 
 53.0 
 
 78.7 
 75.5 
 
 63.7 
 56.5 
 
 47.8 
 34.9 
 
 103 
 104 
 
 10 
 -14 
 
 63.0 
 
 55.0 
 
 Yankton, Dakota Territory 
 
 43.3 
 
 69.8 
 
 46.6 
 
 14.5 
 
 103 
 
 -34 
 
 45.7 
 
 Yuma, Arizona 
 
 70.5 
 
 89.9 
 
 72.3 
 
 66.2 
 
 118 
 
 22 
 
 72.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
53 
 
 THE MODIFYING EFFECTS 
 
 THE GREAT DESERTS OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA HAVE UPON THE 
 TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERIOR VALLEYS OF THE STATE. 
 
 The causes that produce the peculiar climatic conditions in the. way of 
 temperature distribution in the great interior valleys of California, are well 
 and ably set forth in an article by the late lamented the Honorable B. B. 
 Redding, and is a portion of a very interesting paper published by the State 
 Agricultural Society in 1877, and is as follows: 
 
 In addition to the effects due to latitude, to the Pacific Ocean and its 
 Japan Gulf Stream, the temperature of the State is materially modified by 
 the Colorado, Mohave, and Nevada Deserts, lying south and east of this 
 State. These great reservoirs daily absorbing and daily radiating heat on 
 the south and east, the Gulf Stream giving up its heat on the northwest, 
 together combine to send the isothermal lines nearly as far north as they 
 are in the western part of Europe. Redding, at the northern end of the 
 Sacramento Valley, latitude, 40 35', longitude, 122 22', elevation, 558 feet, 
 has a mean annual temperature of 64, within 2' as warm as Charleston, 
 South Carolina, 8 further south; the latter city having a mean of 66. Red 
 Bluff, latitude, 40 10', longitude, 122 15', elevation, 307 feet, has an annual 
 mean temperature of 66, the same as Charleston. Chico, in latitude 39 
 40', has a mean temperature of 62, or but 4 less than Charleston. 
 
 Coming south through the center of the Sacramento Valley from Red- 
 ding on the north, to Sumner on the extreme south, the mean annual tem- 
 perature of the various successive stations show the effect of the radiation 
 of heat in this valley, and the influence of the wind from the cool gulf 
 stream where it flows through the Golden Gate and up the Sacramento 
 River. 
 
 The mean annual temperature for the places named will show it very 
 plainly: 
 
 Eedding has an annual mean temperature of ..64 1' 
 
 Red Bluff has an annual mean temperature of 66 I 1 ' 
 
 Chico has an annual mean temperature of 62 5' 
 
 Marysville has an annual mean temperature of 63 6' 
 
 Sacramento has an annual mean temperature of 60 5' 
 
 Stockton has an annual mean temperature of... _.62 0' 
 
 Modesto has an annual mean temperature of 63 7' 
 
 Merced has an annual mean temperature of 63 2' 
 
 Borden has an annual mean temperature of 66 4' 
 
 Tulare has an annual mean temperature of 64 1' 
 
 Delano has an annual mean temperature of 68 6' 
 
 Sumner has an annual mean temperature of 68 3' 
 
 It will be seen by the mean yearly average that Sacramento is the cool- 
 est place in the valley, the temperature increasing both north and south 
 from this point. The breeze from the ocean in the Summer follows up the 
 river and reaches Sacramento each day about 5 p. M., and thus reduces the 
 mean of its temperature. It may be from the same influence that its rain- 
 fall is increased above the next stations north and south. The reduction 
 of temperature at Sacramento by the air from the ocean passing through 
 the Golden Gate and up the Sacramento River was noted and commented 
 on by the Rev. J. H. C. Bonte, in his discourse on the northerly winds of 
 
54 
 
 the great central valley of California. He said: "These winds are most 
 virulent and desiccating in the extreme north and the extreme south ends 
 of the valley; the atmosphere from the Golden Gate and the bays seem to 
 modify the wind ordinarily in the center of the valley.'' 
 
 The tables of temperature above confirm his inference. Tulare is 4 
 cooler for the year than the next station south, and 2 cooler than the next 
 station north, which may be referred to the influence of the cold air from 
 the high mountains at whose base it is situated, and to the evaporation 
 from Tulare Lake. Another effect of these deserts is to create a daily sea 
 breeze from the southwest return trade winds that prevail on the coast as 
 surface winds during the Summer months. Each day, after the sun rises 
 over these great deserts, they become heated and increase the temperature 
 of the air over their surface; this air rises, and as the whole current of cool 
 air is from the ocean on the west, it rushes in to fill the vacancy. A gentle 
 southwest wind may be blowing on the coast at night or in the morning; 
 by eleven or twelve o'clock, the full force of the sun's rays is felt in the 
 Nevada Desert the gentle breeze has increased to a brisk wind, and con- 
 tinues until evening, after the setting sun has withdrawn his rays and the 
 desert has radiated its heat into space. The gentle southwest wind resumes 
 its sway until the next day, when, from the same cause, the high wind is 
 again repeated. Dr. Gibbons, in an article on the climate of San Fran- 
 cisco, says: "Whatever may be the direction of the wind in the forenoon, 
 in the Spring, Summer, and Autumn months it almost invariably works 
 round towards the west in the afternoon. So constant is this phenomenon 
 that in the seven months from April to October, inclusive, there were but 
 three days in which it missed, and those three days were all rainy, with 
 the wind from the south or southwest." He adds: " I cannot discover that 
 in any other spot on the globe the wind blows from one octant one hundred 
 and eighty-six days and from the opposite octant only six days in the year." 
 
 The mean Summer temperature at Wadsworth and Brown's Station, on 
 the Nevada Desert, on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, is 80.8, and 
 for Brown's, 78.1. The Summer temperature at Fort Mohave is 92.6, and 
 at Fort Yuma, 92.7. The mean temperature of the Mohave Desert for 
 July is 93.1. Tort Yuma is about five hundred miles south-southeast 
 from Wadsworth. The country intervening is entirely desert. 
 
 The indraught of westerly winds from the Pacific in Summer does not 
 appear to be alone sufficient to satisfy the demands of the heat of these 
 great deserts. Lieutenant Wheeler states that on the Mohave Desert 
 " southeast winds are by far the most prevalent in the Summer time." He 
 adds: "It is also easily observed that the clouds and Summer rains come 
 from that direction." From this it would appear that the deserts create 
 an indraught from the Gulf of California, as well as from the Pacific Ocean. 
 I have shown that we are in the latitude of the southwest return trade 
 winds, and that their force is augmented by the effects of the radiation of 
 heat from the deserts on our eastern border. The configuration of the 
 immediate coast near San Francisco, from Point San Pedro to Point Reyes, 
 and the open Golden Gate, cause an increased quantity of this daily sea 
 breeze to pass by and over this city. This increased wind and accom- 
 panying fog, coming directly from over the cool Japan Gulf Stream, so lowers 
 the Summer temperature of this city that, as has been shown by Dr. Gib- 
 bons and the records of the Smithsonian Institute, there is no other place 
 in the whole territory of the United States, of the same elevation, that has 
 so low a mean temperature; the mean Summer temperature at the Golden 
 Gate being 56. Another cause affecting the climate of California is in the 
 
55 
 
 fact that the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains reach the coast of 
 Alaska, and bend like a great arm around its western and southern shores, 
 thus shutting off or deflecting the polar winds that otherwise would flow 
 down over Oregon and California. The cold winds that reach this State 
 are usually from the northwest, and have had their temperature raised by 
 passing over the Japan Gulf Stream before that gulf stream has been 
 reduced to the temperature we find it while passing our coast. It has been 
 shown that this northwest wind precipitates its moisture by becoming 
 reduced in temperature where it meets the coast of Alaska, British Colum- 
 bia, and Washington Territory. It passes inland, following the Cascade 
 Mountains where they leave the coast. As it comes south it is heated by 
 coming into warmer latitudes, its capacity to take up moisture is increased, 
 but it finds none in its course to take up. The Cascades, which are a 
 continuation of the Sierra Nevada, direct it into the 
 
 SACRAMENTO VALLEY, 
 
 Where it meets still greater heat, which the more increases its capacity for 
 containing moisture. It therefore possesses all the desiccating qualities 
 for which it has become famous. Of course its influence as a desiccating 
 wind is only felt in the interior, away from the influence of the ocean. 
 The foregoing are some of the principal causes that give to this portion of 
 the Pacific Coast its peculiar climate. The causes of variation in rainfall, 
 temperature, and course of the wind in localities, can be ascertained by a 
 series of local and general observations, lasting for a sufficient period to 
 warrant conclusions from the mean obtained. Such observations, if taken 
 and condensed, would be of value to the farmer, to the merchant, and, in 
 fact, add to the prosperity of every inhabitant of the State. 
 
 CLIMATE OF THE SACRAMENTO AND SAN JOAQUIN VALLEYS 
 AND THE FOOTHILLS. 
 
 The climate of the Sacramento Valley and foothills being of great interest 
 just at present and since the holding of the Citrus Fair, January 11, 1886, 
 I thought it a very appropriate time to reprint a portion of an article by 
 the late lamented the Honorable B. B. Redding, published in the State 
 Agricultural Society's Report for 1878. The subject spoken of above is on 
 the general climatic condition of the Sacramento Valley and foothills, 
 from Redding on the north to Sumner on the south, and is as follows: 
 
 From Redding, in the northern end, to Sumner, at its southern extrem- 
 ity, is a distance of three hundred and fifty miles. The mean annual 
 average temperature of Redding is 64. The lowest point to which the 
 thermometer has fallen since a record has been kept was. 27, in December, 
 1876. [In all probability it fell lower than that since the above article 
 was written, for in 1883 it fell to 19 at Red Bluff. SERGEANT BARWICK.] 
 Sumner, at the southern end of the valley, has an annual average tempera- 
 ture of 68, and an average rainfall of four inches. The lowest point to 
 which the thermometer has fallen at this place was also 27, on the same 
 day, in December, 1876. [In December, 1883 (since the above was writ- 
 
56 
 
 ten) , the temperature fell to 25, according to the railroad weather reports. 
 SERGEANT BARWICK.] There is a remarkable uniformity in the climate 
 throughout the Sacramento Valley. In it, a difference of 5 of latitude, 
 between 35 30' and 40 30', only lowers the annual average temperature 
 4.15. The difference of the annual average temperature between corre- 
 sponding degrees of latitude in the Atlantic States, at an equal distance 
 from the ocean, is more than 8. It has been found that the foothills of 
 the Sierra, up to a height of about twenty-five hundred feet, have apparently 
 the same temperature as places in the valley having the same latitude. It 
 has also been found that with increased elevation there is an increase of 
 rainfall over those places in the valley having the same latitude, as, for 
 illustration, Sacramento, with an elevation above the sea of 30 feet, has an 
 annual average temperature of 60.48, and an average fall of rain of 
 between eighteen and nineteen inches, while Coif ax, with an elevation of 
 two thousand four hundred and twenty-one feet, has an annual average 
 temperature of 60.50, and an average annual rainfall of from forty-two to 
 forty-three inches. This uniformity of temperature and increase of rain- 
 fall appears to be the law throughout the whole extent of the foothills of 
 the Sierra, with this variation as relates to temperature, viz.: as latitude is 
 decreased the temperature of the valley is continued to a proportionally 
 greater elevation. To illustrate, approximately: if the temperature of 
 .Redding, at the northern end of the valley, is continued up the foothills to 
 a height of two thousand feet, then the temperature of Sacramento, in the 
 center of the valley, would be continued up to two thousand five hundred 
 feet, and that of Sumner, in the extreme southern end of the valley, up to 
 three thousand feet. The increase of rainfall on the foothills in the lati- 
 tude of Sacramento, due to elevation, is about one inch to each one hun- 
 dred feet. South from Sacramento the proportion decreases until, at 
 Sumner, the increase due to elevation is but half an inch to each one hun- 
 dred feet. This is shown by the record kept at Fort Tejon, in the Tehachapi 
 Mountains near Sumner, at an elevation of three thousand two hundred 
 and forty teet, where the annual rainfall is between nineteen and twenty 
 inches. There is no record kept at any point in the hills above Redding, 
 but probably in this latitude the increase due to elevation is about one and 
 a half (1^) inches to each hundred feet. The increase of precipitation on 
 the hills at the northern end of the valley gives greater density to the for- 
 ests, and permits them to grow at lower elevations than in the southern 
 end of the valley. At the same time the difference in temperature is so 
 small that the character of the vegetation of the hills at each end of the 
 valley is not dissimilar. The trees found in the vicinity of Redding, at 
 the northern end of the valley, below an elevation of five hundred feet, are 
 not found at the southern end until we pass Caliente, at an elevation of 
 one thousand three hundred feet. It would seem that the temperature of 
 the valley prevails up the Sierra to an elevation that equals the height of the 
 
 COAST RANGE OF MOUNTAINS. 
 
 If a line were drawn parallel to the surface of the ocean from the top of 
 the Coast Range, east, until it met the flanks of the Sierra, it would mark a 
 level on the Sierra below which the temperature would not materially differ 
 from that in the 
 
 SACRAMENTO VALLEY. 
 
 This fact is probably to be ascribed to the prevailing southwest return 
 trade winds which blow over the State from the ocean for more than three 
 
57 
 
 hundred days in the year. Passing the summits of the Coast Range, but 
 small portions descend into the valley; the remainder reach the sides of 
 the Sierra at about the level of the summits they have passed. 
 
 ARBOREAL VEGETATION. 
 
 At the northern end of the valley, at an elevation of five hundred feet 
 above the sea, the most of the California oaks are found; of pines, only the 
 nut or digger pine; the buckeye and chemisal. This is the characteristic 
 arboreal vegetation throughout all these three hundred and fifty miles. Its 
 presence everywhere shows increased rainfall over the valley, and similar- 
 ity of temperature to that of the valley. Our pasture oak is found at lower 
 elevations in the valley, but always on moist land or near river courses, 
 proving that it demands, in addition to temperature, the increased moist- 
 ure. In the southern end of the valley this vegetation prevails at higher 
 elevations, because it there finds the proper temperature and moisture. 
 Wherever, on the foothills, any of the trees named constitute the prepon- 
 derant arboreal vegetation, it is an evidence that the temperature is the 
 same as that of the valley, and plants that can be successfully grown in 
 the valley can be grown to as high an elevation on the hills as these trees 
 abound. If one tree were to be taken as the evidence of this uniformity of 
 temperature, it would be the Sabin's (the nut or Digger) pine. It is never 
 seen in the valley or on the hills below an elevation of about four hundred 
 feet. It is not found at a higher elevation than that in which the temper- 
 ature is the same as that of the valley. It is never found in groves, but 
 singly, among other trees, yet it prevails throughout these three hundred 
 and fifty miles of foothills. While the vegetation is more dense on the hills 
 at the northern end of the valley, due to increased precipitation, there are 
 also local differences where there is similarity of soil due to exposure. 
 Throughout all the lower hills, the greatest number of trees is found on 
 gently sloping eastern, northeastern, and northern hillsides, which necessa- 
 rily are more moist and cool. The southern aspects contain less trees, 
 because exposed to the direct rays of the sun and to the full force of the 
 prevailing winds. 
 
 CROPS SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION. 
 
 Every agricultural product that can be grown in the valleys, including 
 the semi-tropical fruits, can be grown with equal facility in these foothills. 
 Ordinarily the land has to be cleared of the trees found upon it, and cul- 
 tivation must be continuous, for on the whole western face of the Sierra the 
 native trees, when cut or burned down, are rapidly replaced by a new growth 
 of the same kind. These lands are found to have all of the requisites for 
 the successful growth of orchards. Fruit trees thrive better upon them than 
 on the lands of the valley. None of the many theories advanced as to the 
 cause of the treeless condition of many plains and prairies having ample 
 rainfall, seem to be entirely satisfactory, but experience has demonstrated 
 that orchards grow best and thrive with less artificial aid on lands that in 
 a natural condition are covered with trees. The increasing exports of 
 small fruits, such as strawberries, blackberries, and raspberries, from the 
 vicinity of Newcastle and Auburn, and their superior size and quality, 
 prove that this region is better adapted to their culture than any place yet 
 found on the level lands of the valley. The peaches of Coloma have a 
 State reputation for flavor and size. The apples of Nevada and George- 
 town, are equal in size, taste, and keeping qualities to the best imported 
 from Oregon. 
 
58 
 
 OROVILLE ORANGES. 
 
 The Oroville oranges have been pronounced equal to the best from Los 
 Angeles. 
 
 The vine grows with luxuriance, and bears abundantly wherever it has 
 been planted throughout all this region. 
 
 " The wines of Coloma have more than a local reputation. Persons com- 
 petent to judge assert that wine from grapes grown on the foothills is free 
 from the earthy taste that characterizes much of the wine of the flat land 
 of the valleys. They also express the belief that if ever wine is to be made 
 in California as light as that from the Rhine, and as free from alcohol, the 
 grapes will be grown in the higher elevation of the foothills, where snow 
 falls and remains on the ground a few weeks each season. It is said that 
 the long Summers and great heat of the valleys develop the saccharine 
 matter in the grape, which by fermentation is converted into alcohol." 
 
 I will annex to this excellent article of Mr. Redding's on the climate 
 and capabilities of the Sacramento Valley and foothills, a table of mean 
 temperatures, maximum and minimum temperatures, clear, fair, and 
 cloudy days, average cloudiness, and rainfall for the four seasons of the 
 year, taken from the annual report of the Chief Signal Officer for the year 
 1884. These seasonal means, etc., are calculated from observations of from 
 seven to ten years, and give a better average than if they were only for 
 one year. The headings of the tables will explain themselves and are as 
 follows: 
 
 SAN DIEGO. 
 
 Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, 
 and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: 
 
 SAN DIEGO. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Average Highest, Lowest, and 
 Annual. 
 
 Mean temperature . 
 
 58.1 
 
 66.7 
 
 62.7 
 
 54.4 
 
 Annu- 
 
 Maximum temperature. .. 
 Minimum temperature . . . 
 Clear days 
 
 99.0 
 
 38.0 
 269 
 
 94.0 
 51.0 
 243 
 
 101.0 
 38.0 
 380 
 
 82.6 
 32.0 
 335 
 
 al average temperature, 60.5. 
 .. Highest temperature, 101.0. 
 Lowest temperature, 32.0. 
 Annu- 
 
 Fair days 
 
 367 
 
 48.2 
 
 36.5 
 
 33.7 
 
 al number clear days, 122.7. 
 Annu- 
 
 Cloudv days 
 
 284 
 
 195 
 
 16.5 
 
 23.0 
 
 al number fair days, 155.1. 
 Annu- 
 
 Average cloudiness, in 
 tenths 
 
 48 
 
 46 
 
 37 
 
 41 
 
 al number cloudy days, 87.4. 
 Annual aver- 
 
 Kainfall.. 
 
 1.91 
 
 .30 
 
 1.24 
 
 6.06 
 
 age cloudiness, in tenths, 4.3. 
 Annual average rainfall, 9.51. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
59 
 
 LOS ANGELES. 
 
 Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, 
 and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: 
 
 Los ANGELES. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Averages, Highest, Lowest, and 
 Annual Totals. 
 
 
 584 
 
 67.6 
 
 62.7 
 
 53.5 
 
 Annu- 
 
 Maximum temperature .- 
 Minimum temperature. .. 
 
 100.0 
 35.3 
 362 
 
 106.0 
 47.0 
 34.9 
 
 108.0 
 34.2 
 52.3 
 
 88.2 
 28.0 
 47.9 
 
 al average temperature, 60.6. 
 ..Highest temperature, 108.0. 
 Lowest temperature, 28.0. 
 _ Annual 
 
 
 351 
 
 506 
 
 3^5 
 
 266 
 
 number clear days, 171.3. 
 Annual 
 
 'Cloudy days 
 
 207 
 
 6.5 
 
 6.2 
 
 15.7 
 
 number fair days, 144.8. 
 . Annual 
 
 Average cloudiness, in 
 tenths 
 
 4.3 
 
 3.4 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.4 
 
 number cloudy days, 49.1. 
 ...Annual aver- 
 
 Eainfall -- 
 
 4.28 
 
 .02 
 
 1.57 
 
 8.86 
 
 age cloudiness, in tenths, 3.4. 
 Annual average rainfall, 14.73. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, 
 and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Annual Averages, Highest, Lowest, 
 and Annual Total. 
 
 Mean, temperature 
 
 546 
 
 584 
 
 582 
 
 514 
 
 Annu- 
 
 Maximum temperature. .. 
 Minimum temperature 
 'Clear davs 
 
 86.0 
 39.0 
 392 
 
 95.2 
 48.0 
 237 
 
 92.0 
 41.0 
 300 
 
 70.5 
 34.0 
 347 
 
 al average temperature, 55.6. 
 . . . Highest temperature, 95.2. 
 Lowest temperature, 34.0. 
 Annual 
 
 Fair days 
 
 32.9 
 
 46.8 
 
 34.9 
 
 29.5 
 
 number clear days, 127.6. 
 Annual 
 
 Cloudy days 
 
 199 
 
 215 
 
 261 
 
 260 
 
 number fair days, 144.1. 
 Annual 
 
 Average cloudiness, in 
 tenths . . _ _ . 
 
 4.1 
 
 42 
 
 3.1 
 
 4.6 
 
 number cloudy days, 93.5. 
 Annual aver- 
 
 Rainfall 
 
 539 
 
 18 
 
 398 
 
 1408 
 
 age cloudiness, in tenths, 4.0. 
 Annual average rainfall 23 63. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SACRAMENTO. 
 
 Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, 
 .and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: 
 
 SACRAMENTO. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Annual Averages, Highest, Lowest, 
 and Annual Totals. 
 
 Mean temperature 
 
 59.5 
 
 717 
 
 615 
 
 483 
 
 Annual 
 
 Maximum temperature. .. 
 Minimum temperature 
 Clear days... 
 
 98.0 
 29.0 
 50.7 
 
 105.0 
 
 48.0 
 85.1 
 
 101.0 
 27.0 
 68.2 
 
 73.5 
 21.0 
 38.0 
 
 average temperature, 60.2. 
 . . . Highest temperature, 105.0. 
 Lowest temperature, 21.0. 
 . Annual 
 
 Fair days 
 
 25.5 
 
 62 
 
 158 
 
 26.4 
 
 number of clear days, 242.0. 
 Annual 
 
 Cloudy days 
 
 158 
 
 07 
 
 70 
 
 258 
 
 number of fair days, 73.9. 
 Annual 
 
 Average cloudiness, in 
 tenths 
 
 3.2 
 
 0.7 
 
 18 
 
 4.2 
 
 number of cloudy days, 49.3. 
 Annual aver- 
 
 Rainfall 
 
 5.22 
 
 17 
 
 292 
 
 1152 
 
 age cloudiness, in tenths, 2.5. 
 Annual average rainfall, 19.83. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
60 
 
 RED BLUFF. 
 
 Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, 
 and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: 
 
 KED BLUFF. 
 
 Spring. 
 
 Summer. 
 
 Autumn. 
 
 Winter. 
 
 Annual Average, Highest, Lowest, 
 and Annual Totals. 
 
 Mean temperature 
 
 600 
 
 80.2 
 
 63.5 
 
 47.0 
 
 Annual 
 
 Maximum temperature. .. 
 Minimum temperature 
 
 101.4 
 
 28.0 
 
 110.5 
 47.0 
 
 106.0 
 26.0 
 
 80.0 
 19.0 
 
 average temperature, 62.3. 
 .. Highest temperature, 110.5. 
 Lowest temperature, 19. 
 
 Clear days 
 
 43.2 
 
 80.6 
 
 65.3 
 
 37.0 
 
 . Annual 
 
 Fair days 
 
 297 
 
 103 
 
 16.6 
 
 27.2 
 
 number of clear days, 226.1. 
 Annual 
 
 Cloudy days 
 
 191 
 
 1 1 
 
 91 
 
 260 
 
 number of fair days, 83.8. 
 Annual 
 
 Average cloudiness, in 
 tenths 
 
 38 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.1 
 
 4.5 
 
 number of cloudy days, 55.3. 
 Average an- 
 
 Rainfall 
 
 7.08 
 
 .21 
 
 4.44 
 
 17.12 
 
 nual cloudiness, in tenths, 2.8. 
 Annual average rainfall, 28.85. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OROVILLE, CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The following table of mean temperature, maximum and minimum tem- 
 peratures, clear, fair, foggy, cloudy, and rainy days, and the rainfall for 
 each month of the year 1885, at Oroville, California, was furnished by Mr. 
 Hiram Arents, Voluntary Observer of the Signal Service, U. S. Army, viz.: 
 
 
 >$ 
 
 y* 
 
 S| 
 
 .1 
 
 | 
 
 M 
 
 Cj 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 03 
 
 Q 
 
 O* 
 2 
 
 fed 
 
 . 
 
 
 1885. 
 
 a 
 
 til 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 
 a 
 
 *S 
 
 11 
 
 B 
 
 B 
 
 3 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 OD 
 
 1 
 
 q 
 
 1 
 
 & 
 V; 
 
 | 
 
 VS 
 
 tt 
 
 B 
 
 | 
 
 
 R. 
 
 1 
 
 & 
 
 Ig 
 
 72^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 & 
 
 PP 
 
 ! > 
 
 
 
 T3 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 to 
 
 I 
 
 I < 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 ! 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 431 
 
 603 
 
 54 2 
 
 522 
 
 74 
 
 34 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2.10 
 
 February 
 
 482 
 
 671 
 
 621 
 
 59.2 
 
 70 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 .73 
 
 March 
 
 53 1 
 
 722 
 
 701 
 
 682 
 
 86 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 .25 
 
 April 
 
 57.5 
 
 72.0 
 
 65.1 
 
 64.7 
 
 84 
 
 42 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 1.64 
 
 May 
 
 61.3 
 
 79.3 
 
 73.0 
 
 72.1 
 
 93 
 
 52 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 .65 
 
 June 
 
 62.2 
 
 80.1 
 
 74.2 
 
 73.0 
 
 90 
 
 57 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 .69 
 
 Julv 
 
 67.2 
 
 88.1 
 
 81.1 
 
 78.8 
 
 90 
 
 60 
 
 31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 sprk'l 
 
 August 
 
 70.0 
 
 92.0 
 
 83.1 
 
 82.1 
 
 105 
 
 63 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 none 
 
 September ... 
 October 
 
 65.0 
 59.1 
 
 86.0 
 81.0 
 
 76.7 
 69.2 
 
 76.1 
 69.2 
 
 97 
 04 
 
 56 
 
 52 
 
 25 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .20 
 
 sprk'l 
 
 November 
 
 53.0 
 
 62.2 
 
 56.1 
 
 57.1 
 
 74 
 
 42 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 11.27 
 
 December 
 
 47.2 
 
 61.2 
 
 52.0 
 
 53.0 
 
 75 
 
 37 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 5.53 
 
 Annual aver- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ages... 
 
 57.24 
 
 75.12 
 
 68.07 
 
 67.16 
 
 86.75 
 
 48.25 
 
 *182 
 
 28 
 
 *6 
 
 *(i7 
 
 54 
 
 23.06 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Total number of days for nine months only. 
 
61 
 
 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR JANUARY, 1884, 1885, 1886, AT 
 OROVILLE,- CALIFORNIA. 
 
 By H. ARENTS, Voluntary Observer, Signal Service, U. S. A. 
 
 January, 1884. Mean temperature for this month was 50.45; the low- 
 est temperature was 35 on the 18th; highest on the 5th, 70. Maximum 
 temperature for the month was 54.04; minimum, 42.17; but one frost this 
 month, and very light, on the 18th. 
 
 January, 1885. Mean temperature, 52.23; the highest recorded for the 
 month occurred on the 25th, 74; lowest on the 24th, 34. The minimum 
 temperature as recorded for the month at 6:30 A. M., 43.09; maximum 
 recorded at 2 p. M., 60.26, and at 8:30 p. M., 54.19; light frost on the 24th. 
 
 January, 1886. Mean temperature, 48.18; the highest was recorded on 
 the 27th, 66; lowest on the 6th, 29. Minimum for the month, recorded 
 at 6:30 A. M., was 42.18; maximum, at 2 p. M., 54.14; and at 8:30 p. M., 
 48.22. From the above comparison, last month was the coldest of the three 
 mentioned. January, 1884, was 2.15, and January, 1885, 4.07 higher tem- 
 perature than 1886. 
 
 On the 1st of January a cold wave passed over California and continued 
 fourteen days. During this cold spell the thermometer for each morning 
 at 6:30 A. M. was standing on the 1st, 4th, 5th, 8th, 10th, 12th, at 32; on 
 2d, 7th, 31; 3d, 34; 6th, 29; llth, 40. Ten of these days ice formed 
 from a sixteenth to quarter of an inch in thickness. In the orchard and 
 nursery of Gardella Bros., of Oroville, out of one thousand yearlings and 
 five hundred three-year-old Lott's seedling orange trees, not one of them was 
 injured by this severe test, notwithstanding every morning they were 
 heavily coated with white frost. Mean barometer for this month was 
 30-02.50; the extreme was, on the 2d, 30.36; and 29.42 on the 18th. Pre- 
 vailing wind was southeast; 15 days southeast; 12 northwest; 2 west and 
 2 east; 15 days cloudy; 11 clear; 2 fair; 3 foggy. It rained on the 13th, 
 14th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, 23d, 25th, 26th, and sprinkled on the 
 12th; rainfall for the month 5.17 inches. From July 1st to December 31st, 
 rainfall was 17 inches; total to February, 22.17 inches. From July 1st to 
 December 31, 1884, the -rainfall was 13.73 inches, and January, 1885, 2.10 
 inches. Total last season to date, 15.83 inches. Excess of the present sea- 
 son over last, 6.34 inches. 
 
 STORMS ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA. 
 
 [From the Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer.] 
 
 The storms of the Pacific Coast most resemble those of western Europe, 
 than the storms which frequent the eastern coast of the United States. 
 The latter move littorally, and follow a northerly and easterly course under 
 the thermo-dynamic influence of the .Gulf Stream and the mechanical 
 agency of the great southwest equatorial current of atmosphere, which 
 remarkably coincides with the oceanic Gulf Stream. 
 6 
 
62 
 
 But on the Pacific side of our continent, the storm-controlling forces act 
 in a direction from west to east, especially upon the coasts of 
 
 CALIFORNIA, 
 
 Oregon, and Washington. The warm Kuro Siwo, or Japan stream of the 
 great ocean, after reaching the middle latitudes, on the way to the Aleu- 
 tian Islands, is superficially brought under the propelling power of the 
 westerly or anti-trade winds, and a large drift of this Pacific Gulf Stream 
 is borne eastward as a decidedly marked warm stratum of surface water, 
 and strikes upon the western shores of America nearly at right angles. 
 This agency, as well as that of the general atmospheric movement on our 
 Pacific Coast, serves to give character and direction to the storms and 
 cyclones which reach it, no doubt, from the western Pacific Ocean. 
 
 From San Diego to the Straits of Juan De Fuca, from December to April, 
 the storms of the 
 
 PACIFIC COAST 
 
 Set in, with southeasterly winds, veering as the storm center progresses, to 
 southwesterly. The closing winds from the north of west are very severe, 
 and, as they blow onto the lee shore, are to be apprehended by vessels, 
 even though in port. Instances are not wanting in which vessels have been 
 sunk in the Pacific ports of America by these gales from the west. These 
 southeasterly gales are more frequent and violent north of San Diego, and 
 thence along the coast to 
 
 BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
 
 This can be easily understood from the fact, as established by Blodget, 
 that the humidity and rainfall of the region stretching from San Francisco 
 northward to Vancouver Island are nearly three times as great as of that 
 south of San Francisco. Unless forced by other causes to deviate from the 
 regions of greatest humidity, we know storms seek or are drawn into such 
 regions for their necessary supply of aqueous vapor. On the Pacific Coast 
 there are no other known agencies which would cause such deviation. It 
 follows, therefore, that the ports of 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, 
 
 And Portland, Oregon, and the waters of the adjacent sounds, are more 
 endangered by storms than San Diego or those points along the coast 
 between San Diego and San Francisco. In Summer the latter port is so 
 far south of the usual storm track that it is comparatively safe ; but it is 
 otherwise from December to April. The northeasterly wind, which on the 
 Atlantic seaboard is often a violent premonitor of a storm, on the California 
 coast and northward does not precede, but follows the cyclone in its closing 
 northwest quadrant, and is usually of moderate force. 
 
 After striking the Pacific Coast the storm will generally advance with 
 but little diminution of cyclonic intensity, but with diminished progressive 
 motion, in a direction east-northeast. The violence of the storm will not 
 cease till the center has passed beyond the 
 
 COAST RANGE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 The great upper current or stratum of warm and moist equatorial atmos- 
 phere, which in England has been observed to move in a southwest direction, 
 
63 
 
 is on our Pacific Coast less meridianal in its course, and pushes more 
 toward the east, especially north of the parallel of 48 north latitude, 
 where it is favored in this more easterly direction by the orographic features 
 of the continent, which are less elevated and bold than they are south of 
 this parallel. Vessels sailing south from San Diego to Mexican ports are 
 peculiarly exposed from June to November from severe gales, beginning 
 generally at southeast or southwest. These southeast gales may be looked 
 for in still greater severity and frequency, especially during Winter and the 
 equinoctial seasons, all the way from San Diego to the Straits of 
 
 JUAN DE FUCA, 
 
 And attended with thick, rainy weather. Vessels sailing northward to San 
 Diego from Mexican and southerly ports, should they encounter a gale 
 moving up the coast, should stand off for the starboard tack, thus getting 
 the eastward winds of the cyclone, which removes the danger of going 
 ashore. 
 
 RECURVATION OF STOtfM-PATHS IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC. 
 
 Mr. William C. Redfield, on cyclones on the Western Pacific, says: 
 Most of the cyclones which I have last described, however, must have been 
 recurvated in a more advanced position in the Pacific Ocean,- and in their 
 subsequent northeasterly progress they would fall almost perpendicularly 
 upon the coasts of the two Californias, or the more northern Territories. 
 Thus, instead of sweeping a great length of these coasts successively, as 
 happens on our Atlantic border, these cyclones appear more like local 
 storms, and can not be traced consecutively on the coast line. At the point 
 of intersection with the coast, the first and main portion of the gale will be 
 felt from the southeast, on the center path, or more southerly in the right 
 hand quadrants; and near the coast the northeasterly or reflex winds of 
 the cyclone, pertaining to its first left hand quadrant, will not be strongly 
 developed. 
 
 From Cape San Lucas, 23, to San Diego, 32 north latitude, the coast is 
 subject to violent gales from the southeast from November to April, and 
 that they are more frequent as we go toward San Diego. Before their 
 recurvation these cyclones are likely to have passed westward in lower 
 latitudes than those which fall on the Mexican Coast. 
 
 From San Diego to San Francisco the coast is subject to southeasterly 
 gales, like those of the coast of Lower California, but they are more 
 frequent here, and blow with greater force. These gales last from twelve 
 hours to two days, and are accompanied by heavy rain, which lasts till the 
 wind changes, which it often does very suddenly, and blows as hard for a 
 few hours from the northwest, when the clouds clear off and fine weather 
 again succeeds. This is a clear description of the phenomena of cyclones, 
 as shown on their center paths, while moving in a northeasterly course. 
 
 From San Francisco to the Straits of Juan De Fuca, hard gales from all'' 
 points of the compass may be looked for at all seasons. These begin^en- 
 erally from southeast to southwest, bringing thick rainy weather with 
 them. After blowing from these quarters for some hours, they fly round 
 to the northward, by the west, with little if any warning, and blow even 
 harder than before. These dhanges show the observer to have been in 
 the right hand quadrants of the gale, as most often will happen, and are 
 but counterparts of the changes met with in the cyclones encountered in 
 the same latitude in the north Atlantic. 
 
64 
 
 THE NORTHERLY WINDS OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 By J. H. C. BONTE, Secretary of the University of California. 
 
 A frank and fair discussion of the northerly winds of California is much 
 needed. The first necessary step in this investigation is a correct knowl- 
 edge of the topography of the valley in which these winds prevail. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 The great central valley of California, known under the names of Sac- 
 ramento and San Joaquin, heads at Redding in the north, and extends to 
 Tehachapi Pass, in the south a distance of four hundred and fifty miles, 
 with an average width of about forty-five miles. 
 
 The Sierra Nevada Range of mountains bound this valley on the east 
 with a continuous wall, which has an average elevation of about six thou- 
 sand feet, and an average width of about eighty miles. This range is well 
 timbered from the foothills to the summit. It has a heavy Winter snow- 
 fall, which remains on the highest points during the whole year, and feeds 
 the valley rivers during the Summer. There is no Summer rainfall on 
 this or any other mountain range in California. 
 
 The valley is bounded on the west by the Coast Range mountains, a 
 range with but one gap that at San Francisco which is about half way 
 between the north and the south end of the valley. The average elevation 
 of this range is about two thousand five hundred feet, and its average 
 breadth about forty miles. This range is poorly timbered on its eastern 
 slope, is rarely covered with snow, and then only for a very short time. 
 The winds of the Pacific Ocean pile up great fog banks on the western 
 slope now and then, keeping the air on the ocean side moderately cool. 
 
 These two ranges are united at the north end of the valley by other 
 ranges, which are thus described by Rev. E. L. Greene: " There are sev- 
 eral mountain ranges in the north end of the State running in different 
 directions. The Siskiyou Range, which is largely in the State of Oregon, 
 runs mostly east and west, and averages about eight thousand feet in alti- 
 tude. From Mount Shasta, running in a northwesterly direction, is a high 
 range, separating Shasta Valley from the lava beds. Another high range 
 runs from the southwest base of Mount Shasta in a westerly direction. 
 Between these more conspicuous ranges are lower ranges, cutting up the 
 whole region in a succession of mountains and valleys. The mountains, 
 on their northwest slopes, are here and there densely timbered, at an eleva- 
 tion of three thousand and four thousand feet. Below three thousand feet, 
 the southward and eastward slopes are naked, or clothed only with chap- 
 arral. The country is not well watered: the rivers dry up in June. The 
 soil is in many places of volcanic origin. The lava beds contain some 
 small lakes; the larger Klamath lakes are on their borders. The eleva- 
 tion of the lava beds is over two thousand feet." 
 
 George M. Gray, Chief Engineer of the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
 informs me that the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Range are 
 united at the south end of the valley by a continuous range of mountains 
 running east and west. This cross range, at Tehachapi Pass, reaches an 
 elevation of over four thousand feet. It is poorly timbered, and the sur- 
 
65 
 
 face is principally covered with decomposed granite. This great valley is 
 separated from the Bays of San Francisco and San Pablo by the Diablo 
 Range, which extends from the Straits of Carquinez in a southeasterly 
 direction about one hundred and fifty miles, where it terminates in low 
 ridges running out into the San Joaquin plain. This range has an average 
 elevation of about two thousand feet, an average width of about twenty 
 miles, and is poorly timbered; indeed, almost nude. 
 
 Livermore Pass, in this range, has an elevation of six hundred and 
 eighty-six feet, and Pacheco Pass, one thousand four hundred and seventy 
 feet. 
 
 The trend of the valley, and all its walls, is southeasterly. 
 
 THIS LONG VALLEY, THUS WALLED IN, 
 
 Is veined by several considerable streams: the Sacramento, Pitt, Feather, 
 Yuba, American, Cosumnes, Mokelumne, Calaveras, San Joaquin, Kings, 
 White, and the Kern, all of which come out of the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
 tains. The two great rivers, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, head 
 in opposite directions, but approach and unite at Suisun Bay, through 
 which they empty into the Straits of Carquinez at San Pablo Bay. The 
 Coast Range mountains contribute but little water to this valley, save in 
 the Winter. The south end of the valley contains two or three small lakes, 
 and several of the rivers are fringed by inconsiderable marshes. The 
 valley is nearly level throughout its length, and has an elevation of about 
 two hundred feet. This even surface is broken only by the Marysville 
 Buttes, which rise abruptly out of the plain. This is a range of volcanic 
 hills about six miles wide and twelve in length, with three peaks. The 
 valley is generally bare of native trees, though the oak grows to some 
 extent throughout. The substratum of the valley is a deposit of gravel 
 and sand, with a depth of about two thousand feet. The surface soil is 
 sand and dissolved volcanic material, mixed with vegetable mold. This 
 great underlying bed of sand and gravel is always thoroughly saturated 
 with water to within a few feet of the surface. The Winter rains saturate 
 the surface soil until the two moistures meet; but the Spring and Summer 
 evaporation dries the soil to an average depth of about two feet, leaving 
 the upper surface cracked, dry, and hard, drying every kind of vegetation 
 that does not extend its roots to the moisture below, or receive water from 
 irrigation. 
 
 The soil at the south end of the valley is very largely composed of sand, 
 gravel, and hardpan, substances capable of absorbing and containing vast 
 accumulations of heat. 
 
 We have now before us a general view of the topography of the valley 
 in which the northerly winds move. 
 
 In studying the meteorology of this valley, we would naturally expect 
 the ratification of the valley atmosphere to draw in the cold air from the 
 Pacific Ocean, through the Golden Gate, the Diablo passes, and the Straits 
 of Carquinez. 
 
 But the Diablo Range, the narrowness of the Golden Gate and the Straits 
 of Carquinez, and the elevation of the Diablo passes, seem to prevent the 
 extensive and ready influx of ocean air, until certain contingencies occur, 
 which enable the ocean winds to overcome these obstacles. In the mean- 
 time, the only winds that visit the valley are the northwestern winds, of 
 which we are now writing. These northern winds are felt throughout the 
 valley, and to some extent in San Francisco, and in Napa Valley. As a 
 
66 
 
 general rule, they are more virulent in the extreme north and the extreme 
 south end of the Sacramento (and San Joaquin) Valleys. 
 
 The atmosphere from the Golden Gate, and the three bays, seems to 
 modify the wind, ordinarily, in the center of the valley. The general course 
 of these currents of heated air is, of course, determined by the trend of the 
 valley and its walls. 
 
 Without attempting an accurate statement of the periodic recurrence of 
 these winds, we may say that the ordinary current returns about once in 
 two weeks. Hot blasts occur about ten times during the year, while the 
 extremely vicious blasts occur only once in six or eight years. We are, 
 however, without data for the settlement of these points, unless we can find 
 the needed information in the meteorological records of the Central Pacific 
 Railroad Company. Their continuance is from one to thirteen days, 
 and the average about three days. Ordinarily, the wind ceases at night, 
 and is followed by a slight breeze from the south, though frequently the 
 movement continues all night with considerable force. Counter currents 
 are not generally noticeable during the prevalence of the north wind. 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND CAUSE OF THE NORTHERLY WINDS. 
 
 In discussing this point, we must distinguish between the cause of these 
 winds and the cause of their disagreeable characteristics. If we are to 
 regard the northern winds as special or local winds, we must first seek for 
 local causes. Wind is, of course, a certain quantity of air set in motion by a 
 change of equilibrium, and this loss of equilibrium is produced by the rari- 
 fication of the atmosphere. The sun's rays penetrate the atmosphere at the 
 south end of the valley, and being incapable of returning to celestial space 
 through the same medium, they leave their heat in the sand and decom- 
 posed granite, where it is entrapped and stored. This accumulated heat 
 rarifies the air, which ascends and creates a practical vacuum at the south 
 end of the valley. The contiguous air to the northward then rushes in to 
 restore the equilibrium, while the heat in the soil creeps northward until 
 the whole surface of the valley becomes heated, when we have a practical 
 vacuum four hundred and fifty miles long, with an average width of forty- 
 five miles. The air north of the Sacramento end of the valley then rushes 
 into this long vacuum, which is more perfect at the south end, and the 
 result is our northerly winds. Considering the northers as local winds, this 
 is the only explanation that science has to offer as to their origin and cause. 
 But, as the science of meteorology advances, we are led to look for more 
 general causes causes connected with the general circulation of wind 
 currents. 
 
 For a long time the cold southwest winds of France were attributed to 
 local causes, but more thorough investigation of barometric pressures in 
 Spain, France, and Italy, during the prevalence of that wind, established 
 the fact that it belonged to a broader system of circulation. And it is 
 probable that more extended observations of barometric pressures will con- 
 nect our northers with a wider system of atmospheric circulation. As 
 having a possible bearing upon this point, we note the fact that the north- 
 westerly winds of this valley are sometimes almost simultaneous with the 
 northwesterly winds of the regions about Santa Barbara. Hittell, in his 
 " Resources of California," gives an account of two such nearly coincident 
 currents occurring at Stockton and Santa Barbara in June, 1859. It is 
 also to be noted that, in the Winter season, the southeast wind, which 
 brings on rain, is preceded by the northerly wind, carrying southward the 
 rain clouds at a very high altitude. Further discussion on this point must 
 
OF TF 
 
 67 (UNIT 
 
 be postponed until we can accumulate facts, for theories without facts only 
 confuse. s\\ 
 
 CHARACTERISTIC S\ OF THE NORTHERS. 
 
 t The northers are cool in the Winter and early Spring; hot and 
 dry during the Summer and Fall; a very wet Winter, however, postpones 
 the high temperature until about the middle of June. 
 
 Second The speed of movement is sometimes very great, approximating 
 the rapidity of a gale. 
 
 Third The evaporating power is very considerable at all seasons, though 
 greatest in the Summer and Fall. 
 
 According to my own observation the north wind will sometimes evap- 
 orate from a glass "goblet a full inch of water in twenty-four hours, while a 
 south wind of equal force will not evaporate to an appreciable extent. 
 
 Fourth The atmosphere during the prevalence of a Summer and Fall 
 north wind is usually free from clouds, though now and then a very few 
 thin streaks of cirrus clouds are visible. The presence of distinct clouds 
 in any quarter is always prophetic of a subsidence of the northers. 
 
 THE BAD EFFECTS OF THE NORTH WIND. 
 
 I desire to put upon record a brief statement of some of the evil effects 
 of the north wind, hoping that subsequent and more careful investigation 
 may enable me to modify these statements. 
 
 First The effect of prevailing northers upon the vegetable economy. 
 These evil effects are more noticeable in Spring time when everything is 
 tender and full of sap, and less observable in the Fall when the fibers have 
 become tough. A heavy Winter rainfall which saturates the earth suffi- 
 ciently to postpone complete evaporation, protects vegetation until it is 
 strong enough to defend itself, for water seems to neutralize the wind's evil 
 power. After a dry Winter the north wind becomes extremely prejudicial 
 to some forms of vegetation. These evil results are, however, modified by 
 protecting houses, hills, fences, and trees. 
 
 Dr. Harkness reports that the officers of the United States Army, at the 
 Presidio, succeeded in protecting their gardens by very simple fences; a 
 defense which would prove insufficient further north, away from water. 
 Yet it happens that the side of a tree next to the wind is injured, while the 
 opposite side remains unharmed. But I prefer to give the language of 
 practical observers, remarking that the facts now to be mentioned occurred 
 only during the severest blasts. 
 
 Mr. Hoagland Apples are sometimes baked or burnt on the trees before 
 they ripen, on the side toward the wind. This spot becomes hard, and a 
 dry rot sets in. The rest of the apple ripens, but this spot remains hard 
 and woody. 
 
 Josiah Johnson In April, 1859, twenty miles south of Sacramento, near 
 the confluence of the Cosumnes and Sacramento Rivers, the north wind 
 continued nine days. Young rose and sycamore leaves were blackened and 
 charred, curling up like burnt paper. A few days ago, and during a north 
 wind, I plucked from my yard some flowers usually very fragrant, and 
 found them to be void of their usual perfume. I took them into the house 
 away from the wind, and their fragrance returned at once. This experi- 
 ment has been frequently repeated, with the same uniform result. The 
 leaves of the acacia tree, which close up only at night, close up soon after 
 the beginning of a north wind. 
 
 Thomas Sayles, for twenty-five years a practical nurseryman, twelve 
 
68 
 
 years of which was spent in California I have known the young sprouts 
 on cherry and peach trees to be killed perfectly dead in two hours. I have 
 seen this frequently. Evergreen toes, when taken up, and while the roots 
 are well bagged and watered, are often killed before reaching a near 
 market, even in an ordinary north wind. The effect is the same as fire. I 
 have known apple trees ten years old to be killed by a few days of north 
 wind. It cuts down young orange trees like fire or frost; and we dread 
 the north wind more than we do frost. 
 
 Colonel Wilson, of Nord The north wind nearly destroyed the grain 
 crop in 1875. 
 
 William Gwynne I saw in 1851, Mr. Harbeson's wheat field in Yolo 
 County, which was then in the milk, wholly blighted in three days. 
 
 Miss Brewster I have seen the sulphur colored rose, when in vigorous 
 bloom, turn black in three quarters of an hour; a blanket covering furnished 
 no protection whatever. Gelatinous water flowers are not noticeably affected. 
 Hyacinths lose their fragrance in the north wind. 
 
 General Cadwalader Potatoes are not seriously injured while the ground 
 is moist; but later in the season, if not irrigated, they are seriously dam- 
 aged. Walnut trees are sometimes burnt on the north side from branch to 
 root. 
 
 EFFECT ON THE ANIMAL ECONOMY. 
 
 Cows give fully one third less milk during the prevalence of a north 
 wind. Horses have no travel in them during a north wind, and seem to 
 lack breath, and require double the usual effort to do their ordinary work. 
 The north wind frequently kills young turkeys and chickens. In a very 
 few hours they sicken, begin to droop, and die. Careful people cover them 
 during a north wind. Cattle always become thirsty, nervous, and restless. 
 
 Mr. Bassett Birds generally cease to chirp and sing; seem to be feverish, 
 and lose their appetite. They bunch up as in cold weather, and refuse to 
 bathe. These effects are as noticeable when the north wind is cold as 
 when it is hot. Setting hens become nervous on the nest, and get off more 
 frequently than at any other time. The nose of the setter dog grows dry 
 and warm, and they will not take the scent. 
 
 William Gwynne In 1851 I was traveling in Yolo County during a 
 north wind, and saw little birds fall dead from the trees. I took one 
 almost dead to a spring under a shade of grapevines, bathed and fanned 
 it until it came to life. It would not move from the shade. 
 
 General Cadwalader Coveys of birds are sometimes killed. All ani- 
 mals seek the wells and springs during the north wind. Sheep sheared 
 during the north wind lose greatly in weight. 
 
 \ 
 
 EFFECT ON MAN. 
 
 Dr. Harkness Healthy and strong individuals feel an inconvenience, 
 an agitation, a heaviness difficult to express; the muscular system is more 
 sluggish; individuals afflicted with rheumatism feel their pains renewed; 
 neuralgias increase in intensity or their paroxysms reappear; men are 
 cross-grained and quarrelsome; fights are of frequent occurrence, and our 
 landladies are seldom found in their usual amiable mood. In general, our 
 patients afflicted with chronic or acute affections feel an aggravation of 
 their principal symptoms; they are more fatigued, more agitated, and 
 their febrile state is increased, while, without being able to give any reason 
 for it, they are often gloomy and despondent. Urinary secretion contains 
 an excess of solid ingredients, and is diminished in quantity. The func- 
 
tions of the brain are also disturbed by the same morbific influence, result- 
 ing in slight headache and 'drowsiness, with marked disinclination for 
 either mental or physical action. 7 
 
 I add the testimony of Dr. J.' S. Cameron, of Red Bluff: The north 
 wind produces a feeling of depression and nervous irritability; the lean 
 and spare made people being less susceptible than persons of a corpulent 
 habit. The first effect consists in a feeling of tightness in the respiratory 
 organs, often associated with headache ; a dryness of the skin ; thirst, and 
 a diminution of the excretions. The majority are made pale. by the hot 
 winds of Summer time; the eye will generally show signs of congestion, 
 and the after effect usually increases the determination of blood to the sur- 
 face. Irritability is coincident with the north wind, caused, no doubt, by 
 the general atmospheric disturbance. The north wind causes an increase 
 in the amount of liquids drank. The hair becomes dry and crispy because 
 of evaporation. Consumptives are made very much worse; they are very 
 much prostrated by it, and in fact must leave the valley during the prev- 
 alence of the north winds. All diseases of the respiratory organs, except J^" 
 asthma, are made worse. Neuralgia is also usually aggravated. The prev- 
 alence of a north wind of long duration in the Winter and early Spring 
 is uniformly accompanied with or succeeded by an epidemic of pneumonia; 
 the one in January, 1873, having produced over sixty cases in Red Bluff; 
 the mortality, however, was small. Rheumatism may, in some cases, be 
 benefited, but I have no recollection of any case where it was; but unques- 
 tionably it is less prevalent during the continuance of the north wind. 
 Those who suffer from asthma are singularly free from it, but I attribute 
 this to the fact that the climate of Red Bluff is a specific for the cure of 
 that disease. 
 
 Dr. Allendorf, of Red Bluff The complexion during a north wind is apt 
 to become ^sallow, rough, and dry; some become very pale, others ruddy. 
 The hair becomes dry and rough, and the wind has a burning and blind- 
 ing effect on the eyes; also produces headaches and sleeplessness. The 
 young do not seem to suffer as much in proportion as those of forty years 
 and over, but all dread and dislike it. The north wind has a very percep- 
 tible effect on persons, especially after middle life. In those exposed there 
 is a sense of lassitude, pain of the joints and limbs, disinclination to exer- 
 tion, restlessness. The secretions of the mucous membranes are much 
 decreased. There is in man a shrinkage of weight as great as one pound 
 per day. A considerable number of intelligent persons have, by frequent 
 experiments, come to the conclusion that the human body loses by evapo- 
 ration, during a strong north wind, from one to two pounds per day. But 
 this point needs more careful investigation. . 
 
 The late lamented Dr. Ed. M. Curtis (Sacramento), a man distinguished 
 for his correct and close habits of observation, gave me, shortly before his 
 death, the results of his observations on the effects of the north winds on 
 his own person. He suffered for years, and finally died of consumption. 
 He said that the north winds were to him exceedingly enjoyable, and that 
 he felt better during a north wind than at any other time. While engaged 
 in studying this subject, I have found well people who claim that they feel 
 a happy exhilaration during the prevalence of the north wind. Among 
 these are persons of every variety of temperament. Nevertheless, it is a.n 
 established fact that many disagreeable results come from our north winds; 
 and the question arises whether we can account for these disagreeable char- 
 acteristics and bad effects of this so called "poison wind." 
 
70 
 
 HYPOTHESES. 
 
 Hypotheses are imaginative efforts to overcome difficulties, and their use 
 is fully justified by experience. 
 
 First It is claimed that the heat and dryness of the north wind are 
 communicated to it by the dry plains and stubble fields of the Sacramento 
 Valley; and in support of this hypothesis it is said that the north wind 
 does not become peculiarly vicious until after harvest. The objection to 
 this hypothesis lies in the supposed fact, probably true, that the north wind 
 is more vicious just where it first touches the Sacramento Valley than after- 
 wards, and that its exasperating qualities decrease as the current moves 
 southward. As my personal observations of this wind have been confined 
 to Sacramento and the Bay of San Francisco, I am not able to determine 
 the question at issue. One thing, however, is certain: I have received 
 descriptions of the evil effects of the north wind as far south as Stockton , 
 which could not be surpassed by any similar occurrences at the north end 
 of the valley. But no matter how much truth this hypothesis may con- 
 tain, it does not explain the cause of the exasperating characteristics of 
 the north wind as felt at the extreme north end of the valley. 
 
 Second Dr. Cameron states another hypothesis: "The heat of the north 
 wind in Summer time seems to be communicated to it from the lava beds 
 of Northern California, as I am informed that above Yreka they begin to 
 be pleasant winds, even in the hottest Summer months." The Rev. Ed. L. 
 Green, of Yreka, says: "We have north winds, though no high winds from 
 that quarter. They are cold, bringing frosty nights, sometimes even in 
 June. Later, after the warm weather sets in, they effect an agreeable 
 change in the temperature. We have no wind here corresponding to the 
 dry, disagreeable north wind that blows down the Sacramento Valley." 
 As Yreka lies due west of the lava beds, so as not to be influenced from 
 that direction, the second hypothesis may yet be established. 
 
 Third A third hypothesis is offered. In this it is claimed that the 
 wind which sets into the Gulf of California passes up through the arid 
 plains of Arizona northward, curving westerly and then south, entering the 
 head of our great valley; and that the heat and other disagreeable quali- 
 ties of the north wind are derived from the plains of Arizona and interven- 
 ing deserts. Of this hypothesis it is sufficient to say that we are not yet 
 in the possession of established facts with which to sustain it in a scientific 
 manner. 
 
 Fourth I think we will make better progress by separating the subject 
 of causation, and by simply considering, first of all, the cause of the dry- 
 ness of the north wind, without any reference to its other disagreeable char- 
 acteristics. The dryness of this wind is partially explained by the fact 
 that it passes over lava beds and dry mountains. Indeed, during the Sum- 
 mer all the mountains of California, even where they are not denuded, are 
 gigantic dust heaps. 
 
 Fifth It is probable, however, that the northerly winds have their origin 
 in the far western Pacific Ocean, and it is claimed by observing travelers, 
 that they are exceedingly dry in Summer time, far out from our coast. 
 
 Sixth But all dry winds are not necessarily evil in their effects. We 
 have, then, to account for their disagreeable and pernicious qualities. And 
 for this purpose we resort to a sixth hypothesis, which depends for its sup- 
 port chiefly on the dryness of the north wind. For the sake of convenience, 
 we call this the electrical hypothesis. Electricity is capable of being 
 massed, condensed, rarified, and also of discharging itself. It exists in 
 
71 
 
 positive and negative forms, in every object upon the earth; and negative 
 electricity is just as active and efficacious for all practical purposes as the 
 positive. The earth is practically an infinite reservoir of both electricities; 
 though by comparison the earth may be supposed to contain, on. the whole, 
 negative, while the atmosphere is charged with positive. When the nor- 
 mal relations between the earth and the air are undisturbed, there exists 
 an easy, natural, and imperceptible interchange of electricities, which pre- 
 serves the general equilibrium. The north wind, being the most perfect 
 insulator and best non-conductor, necessarily insulates the earth. In this 
 condition, the earth no longer receives electricity from the air, for this dry 
 wind can neither give nor receive. The result is, that the surface of the 
 earth, and everything upon it, is excessively charged with an imprisoned 
 electricity. It is believed that this hypothesis is founded upon well estab- 
 lished and clearly defined principles. But common sense requires some- 
 thing more, and demands other proof of the presence of electricity at these 
 times. 
 
 Dr. H. W. Harkness remarks in his essay upon this subject: "We feel 
 in a north wind, sometimes, as when we receive a moderate shock from an 
 electro-magnetic battery." 
 
 Dr. W. R. Cluness I have frequently noticed, after riding in the north 
 wind, that my hair became dry and stood out. Running a comb through 
 produced the electric snaps. 
 
 Matthew Cooke I have, after driving in a prevailing north wind, put 
 my finger to the belt of my driving-wheel, which drew from my finger nails 
 a steady blaze two inches in length. 
 
 Mr. Hoyt During the north wind the tails of my horses sometimes 
 stand out fan-like. The use of the comb and brush produced the electric 
 snap. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, both from these simple facts and the principles 
 of electricity, that during a north wind everything connected with the earth 
 is insulated and heavily charged with electricity. It has, however, been 
 claimed in support of the theory, that the north wind imparts electricity 
 from itself, and from the upper regions; that a stove insulated from the 
 earth by vitrified bricks w r as so heavily charged with electricity as to 
 impart a very heavy shock to one who attempted to handle the stove. 
 
 But in opposition to this, it must be admitted that the original instance 
 referred to was never examined ; that all similar experiments have failed 
 to produce this result, and that the proposition is highly improbable. We 
 may, however, imagine a stove placed in a very damp place, where there 
 is damp air sufficient to conduct electricity to the stove from the ground ; 
 but we can hardly imagine that the stove receives electricity from the 
 north wind, though the friction might generate it. If I have established 
 this member of my hypothesis, namely, that during a north wind every 
 object is insulated and heavily charged with electricity from the earth, we 
 are prepared with a reliable explanation of many of the results of the north 
 wind. 
 
 We put the statement in several forms: Tyndall says: " When an elec- 
 tric current encounters resistance, heat is developed. This heat is some- 
 times so intense as to reduce metals to a state of vapor." This being true, 
 the excess of electricity in plants and animals which always seeks to rees- 
 tablish its equilibrium meets with resistance in the north wind at the sur- 
 face of the object and hence an extraordinary degree of heat. Again: It 
 is supposed that a non-excited body contains an equal amount of negative 
 and positive electricity. Ordinarily this is the condition of objects on the 
 surface of the earth, and the result is a neutral state. But friction decom- 
 
72 
 
 poses these two into one or the other of the two elements, and the result is 
 action. 
 
 Now, then, the north wind finds the animal and vegetable economy 
 charged with negative and positive electricities in a neutral state, and the 
 friction of the wind decomposes the two elements, producing a marked 
 disturbance of electricity, and this disturbance is quite sufficient to account 
 for all these effects of the north wind that are not accounted for by the 
 simple dryness of the air. 
 
 But we must add the further fact that there exists an electric current in 
 all animals and vegetables; that there is a current perpetually circulating 
 between the internal and external portion of the muscles of the animal. 
 This animal electricity, no doubt, derives its source from chemical action, 
 constantly in progress, in connection with the vital processes. But this 
 chemical process must, more or less, be interfered with by the disturb- 
 ances produced by the north wind. 
 
 This fact alone will account for very many of the evil results of the north 
 wind, both in the vegetable and animal economy. To say the least, this 
 hypothesis accounts for the intense heat and the nervousness felt by those 
 who are susceptible to this malady. It will also account for the exhilara- 
 tion felt by others. 
 
 Seventh We venture still another hypothesis: The science of chemistry 
 has demonstrated the existence, in the air, of chemical elements, such as 
 oxygen, nitrogen, aqueous vapor, carbonic acid, ammonia, iodine, and 
 ozone, elements that are perfectly harmless in their normal combinations. 
 
 But the north wind may enforce different combinations, productive of 
 great temporary discomfort to man. Future and more thorough investi- 
 gation may find in this hypothesis a suggestion of considerable value. 
 The discoloration of the sulphur-colored rose is suggestive of some chemical 
 action in the north wind. Several other hypotheses might be offered, but 
 those already named are sufficient for our present purpose. 
 
 ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE NORTH WIND. 
 
 Heretofore, in this discussion, we have assumed only the harmfulness of 
 the north winds. But are they wholly valueless? Have we a right to 
 assume that these natural currents are only evil, and evil continually? 
 The constant circulation going on in the atmosphere renders impossible 
 the entire consumption of any substances necessary to maintain the life of 
 organized matter such as oxygen, aqueous vapors, etc. and it also pre- 
 vents any dangerous accumulation of deleterious matter such as carbonic 
 acid. The existence of animated nature is intimately connected with this 
 circulation. Thorough investigation will establish the fact beyond a ques- 
 tion that the north winds are of inestimable value to the great central val- 
 ley of California. And I am confident that the ordinary estimate of the 
 north wind by the people of this valley is an exaggeration of its disagree- 
 able qualities. The majority of well people cannot tell by their own feel- 
 ings, without external observation, whether the wind, at a particular time, 
 is from the north or the south. I have often heard men of well disciplined 
 minds, who considered themselves particular victims of the north wind, 
 complain bitterly of a north wind when the wind was directly from the 
 south. Fully one half of the misery attributed to the north wind is purely 
 imaginary, or the result of indigestion or indolence, or the simple result 
 that follows all atmospheric disturbances. The people of this great valley 
 have, in an unconscious and imitative manner, agreed to consider them- 
 selves miserable during a north wind. The psychology of this morbid 
 
73 
 
 condition would be of interest, but lies beyond the line of our present 
 discussion. 
 
 For the purpose of opening the subject for further 'consideration, I now 
 offer a series of suggestive propositions, and if, in the statement of these, I 
 make some use of the imagination, it must be remembered that science 
 regards a legitimate use of that faculty as of preeminent value. Knowing 
 that any exuberance of the imagination in this connection will meet with 
 remorseless punishment, I shall restrain this faculty within just limits. 
 
 First The peculiar, dry, and moderately exhilarating climate of this 
 great central valley is a result of the northerly winds. Without this evap- 
 orating power, the valley, its atmosphere and its very walls, would drip 
 with perpetual moisture; pernicious fogs would cloud the sun and conceal 
 the valley, with no possibility of escape from these walls; and the result 
 would be a humid, relaxing climate, susceptible of that high degree of heat 
 not marked by the thermometer, but felt by the system. Then eighty 
 degrees of heat would be the equivalent of one hundred under present 
 circumstances. 
 
 Second Without the north winds, and with the increase of moist heat, 
 the vegetation now cultivated, and so highly prized, would be overlapped, 
 overwhelmed with gross tropical growths. The exceeding fertility of the 
 soil would crowd and cram the soil with excessive growth. It is not diffi- 
 cult to see the force of this proposition, in view of the well known fact that 
 judicious and careful irrigation and culture will, even now, produce a forest 
 of fruit trees, of vines and plants, within a period of five years. As mat- 
 ters now stand, we can select and cultivate any or all of the products of the 
 various zones. Between our present happy condition and the wretchedness 
 of a purely tropical state, lies our only defender the north wind. 
 
 Third As a natural and necessary sequence to our first two propositions, 
 there comes the third the north wind, by its desiccating power, is a pre- 
 ventive of disease. By the north wind, excessive growth, and therefore 
 excessive decay, and therefore excessive malaria, and therefore disease all 
 are prevented. Without the north wind, ague and the virulent fevers would 
 prevail universally and dt all times. It is also within the range of possibil- 
 ity that we are indebted to this agency for our comparative exemption from 
 sunstroke and hydrophobia ; at least, it is proved that sunstroke occurs only 
 after very wet Winters. It is but reasonable to believe that this desiccating 
 power, which prevents and dissipates the noxious exhalations of animal 
 matter, defends us against all those diseases that are propagated by poi- 
 sonous pus. 
 
 Fourth The north wind possesses curative powers. This proposition is 
 rendered probable by the curative effects of similar winds in other countries. 
 The harmattan wind of Africa, which possesses the same characteristic as 
 our north wind, is preeminently curative. Intermittent fever is cured by 
 the first breath of that wind, and remittent and epidemic fevers disappear 
 as by enchantment, while infection of all kinds, including the artificial 
 infection of vaccine virus, fail during the prevalence of that wind. The 
 natural presumptions of the case favor the truthfulness of this proposition. 
 I am satisfied that surgical treatment in this valley is rendered more easy 
 than in moist climates. If so, it is because of the curative qualities of our 
 dry climate, which is the natural product of our north winds. 
 
 The treatment of disease by electricity is a department of medical science 
 which is yet in its infancy, with all the probabilities in its favor. It seems 
 plain to me, admitting the value of medical electricity, that Nature, in this 
 valley, is already administering this curative agency, in a manner already 
 explained in our fifth hypothesis. It seems probable, in view of that 
 
74 
 
 explanation, that the medical faculty has it within reach to control the 
 natural results of the presence of an excess of electric fluids. If the excess 
 of electricity comes from the earth, and not from the air, the amount of 
 electricity in each patient may be controlled by still further insulation and 
 discharge. This further insulation from the earth may be accomplished by 
 glass under the posts of the bedsteads of the bedridden, or by encasement 
 of those who move about in silk underclothing. I am told by Dr. Hark- 
 ness that the last expedient is frequently resorted to in similar winds of 
 India. The medical fraternity are under obligations to humanity that 
 ought to lead them to important results in this direction. 
 
 Fifth The north winds, following the rainy season, by drying and bak- 
 ing the soil, dissolve and pulverize its particles, thus freeing its inherent 
 productive powers. A similar result is produced in colder climates by the 
 alternations of rain, frost, and heat. This line of investigation is com- 
 mended to intelligent agriculturists. 
 
 Sixth The short, dry, seedy grass upon which our farmers rely during 
 the Summer and early Fall, and which is so quickly destroyed by moisture, 
 is cured and preserved by our north winds. This short grass, at the proper 
 moment, is seized by the north wind and quickly cured; and cured in a 
 way that preserves all its nutritive qualities from evaporation. 
 
 Seventh Fineness of fiber and concentrative nutriment is imparted to 
 all our vegetable growth by the north wind. And it is possible that the 
 grape and strawberry may receive their delicate flavor from the same source. 
 At least we are sure of this: that without the north wind exceeding gross- 
 ness would characterize all our vegetation. 
 
 Eighth The north wind, while it sometimes destroys, often brings our 
 cereals to a rich and profitable maturity; imparting to the berry a solidity 
 and flintiness that enables it to resist the damaging effects of moisture. 
 How far wheat is indebted to the north wind for its glutin and thinness of 
 husk I am not able to say, but I believe, from the few facts in my posses- 
 sion, that it performs a kindly office in this direction. I am convinced 
 that the absence of the north wind, and the inevitable increase of moisture, 
 would give us mere bigness of berry, to the sacrifice of flavor. Without 
 the north wind our grain would naturally continue to grow a month longer, 
 during which time it could only increase in size. And, as there is a circu- 
 lation of electrical currents in all fruit, vegetables, and grain, it may yet 
 be found that the electric disturbances produced by the north winds are 
 extremely favorable to all our crops. The north wind protects our crops 
 from destruction by animal and vegetable parasites. Our comparative 
 exemption from the ravages of weevil doubtless arises from the desiccating 
 power of the north wind, and perhaps, in part, from the electric conditions. 
 The most common <enemy of the vegetable economy is the fungi. Fruit 
 trees are injured by microscopical fungi; potatoes, onions, lettuce, vines, 
 hops, peas, cabbage, and turnips, each have their inimical fungi. In moist 
 climates the grain crop is smitten with red-rust, mildew, smut, and per- 
 haps other fungi. The conditions favorable to the growth of fungi are 
 moderate, but continuous moisture, a close damp atmosphere, shady situa- 
 tions, and neither extreme of heat nor cold. The family of fungi, then, 
 cannot prevail to any great extent in our great central valley, because of 
 the north wind ; and we are defended against their ravages by the so called 
 "poison wind." A gentleman of high scentific attainments, who has made 
 the study of fungi a specialty, informs me that this great central valley, as 
 a matter of fact, is almost destitute of these growths. This proposition is, 
 then, reasonably well established, though we may now and then, owing to 
 exceptional moisture, have a little rust in our wheat. 
 
75 
 
 Ninth The economical value of the north wind is discernible in its 
 power to preserve the various materials useful and necessary in our civili- 
 zation. The dry air and its intense drying influence must necessarily per- 
 form an important office in preserving from rapid decay fences, barns, 
 houses, railroad ties; and I am confident that the same influence must 
 protect iron in every form from destructive rusts. Facts sufficient to estab- 
 lish this proposition are doubtless within our reach. 
 
 Tenth The desiccating power of the north wind, which enables us to 
 give all wood a thorough seasoning, will lead of necessity to the establish- 
 ment of extensive manufactories of wood throughout the valleys. At pres- 
 ent this is as much a prophecy as a proposition. 
 
 Eleventh The wind now under discussion facilitates practical telegraphy, 
 by giving, what is rarely attained elsewhere, a perfect insulation. Upon 
 this subject all practical operators are agreed. 
 
 Twelfth It is within the power of ingenuity and industry to control and 
 utilize these winds. 
 
 We have already discovered that vegetation can be measurably protected 
 by trees, houses, fences, and water. When this valley becomes fully set- 
 tled, and the great farms are broken up into small homesteads; when there 
 shall be fifty thousand houses, orchards, and forests where there are now 
 ten; and when a judicious system of irrigation shall be adopted throughout 
 this great central valley, then the vicious qualities of the north wind will 
 cease altogether. Indeed we only fear that the future development of the 
 valley may deprive us of even the advantages derived from this wind. The 
 results of the Suez Canal are suggestive in this direction. Formerly rain 
 was unknown on that part of the Red Sea, but since the building of the 
 Suez Canal showers have fallen regularly about once a fortnight. The 
 result has been to start vegetation, even on the Asiatic side, in the most 
 wonderful manner, and if things go on as they have begun the sands of the 
 isthmus will be covered with forests in another half century. 
 
 From all I can learn the north winds have lost much of their violence 
 during the past twenty-five years. If so, we may assume that the develop- 
 ment of the country has already begun to change the character of these 
 winds. 
 
 PALESTINE CLIMATE VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 SIROCCOS WHICH PRODUCE MORE ILLS THAN ALL THE NORTH WINDS OF 
 
 CALIFORNIA THE RAINY SEASON AND THE DRY 
 
 SEASON IN THE HOLY LAND. 
 
 An interesting report of the climate of Palestine, by Mr. Selah Merrill, 
 United States Consul at Jerusalem. The following extract will be found 
 very interesting reading for Californians: 
 
 SEASONS IN PALESTINE. 
 
 There are in Palestine two seasons, a rainy season and a dry one. The 
 shortest rainy season in twenty-two years has" been one hundred and 
 
76 
 
 twenty-six days, and the longest two hundred and twenty-one days, while 
 the mean duration of each season has been one hundred and eighty-eight 
 days. On the other hand, the shortest dry season for the same period was 
 one hundred and thirty-four days, and the longest two hundred and eleven 
 days, while the mean duration of each was one hundred and seventy-seven 
 days. 
 
 COMMENCEMENT OF THE RAIN. 
 
 The time of the commencement of the rain is uncertain, and varies 
 many weeks between the two extremes. In September the people .begin to 
 talk about rain, and to look for the token of it, but rain very seldom falls 
 during that month, and further, that in eleven of the twenty-two years 
 under consideration no rain fell in October. When rain does not fall until 
 the middle or last of November, great anxiety and distress are caused by 
 the delay. In four of the twenty-two years there was a slight fall of rain 
 in September, but rain during this month is to be considered as exceptional. 
 
 THE EARLY, MIDDLE, AND LATTER RAINS. 
 
 Every one is familiar with the terms the "early" and the "latter" rains, 
 which refer to parts of the rainy season. The rainy season, however, is 
 really divided into three parts, and it is during the middle one of these 
 periods that the most rain falls. It is very seldom that many days of 
 rainy weather occur in succession, but whether the rainy periods are of one 
 or several days' duration, they are sure to be followed by one or many days 
 of fine weather, and these fine days of the Winter and early Spring months 
 are some of the most enjoyable that the climate of Palestine affords. The 
 "early "rains are depended upon to moisten the earth and fit it for the 
 reception of seed, and hence it is a general signal for the commencement 
 of plowing. The middle, or heavy Winter rains, furnish the real water 
 supply of the year. The earth is then saturated, springs are replenished, 
 and cisterns are filled with water. The " latter " rains, which fall in gentle 
 showers, are indispensable to the perfection of the grain. However copious 
 may have been the Winter rains, unless the "latter" rain falls, the harvest 
 is wholly or in part a failure ; hence this is looked for by the farmers espe- 
 cially, and by all the people of the land as well, with peculiar anxiety. 
 
 CONNECTION OF WIND WITH RAIN. 
 
 Most of the rain storms come from a westerly direction. Of those noted 
 during a period of twenty-two years, forty-nine were from the northwest, 
 one hundred and six from the west, and two hundred and thirty-eight were 
 from the southwest. On one hundred and forty-nine occasions, however, 
 an easterly wind immediately preceded the change which ushered in the 
 storm. Not infrequently the direction of the wind changes during the 
 storm; if it passes to the north the rain ceases. A change from any 
 quarter to the southwest usually indicates a continuance of the rain. 
 
 SNOW, EARTHQUAKES, TEMPERATURE. 
 
 On three hundred and sixty-nine occasions the temperature of the air 
 became lower as the rain fell; on ninety occasions it rose slightly, and on 
 forty-seven occasions it remained stationary, or nearly so, until the rain 
 ceased. During twenty-two years eight seasons have passed without snow, 
 against fourteen seasons when snow has fallen. In general snow falls in 
 
77 
 
 small quantities and soon melts, but occasionally there is a heavy fall, that 
 for instance for the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth of December, 1879, 
 which was extremely heavy, measuring seventeen inches on a level. 
 
 Most of the earthquakes that have been noted occurred during the rainy 
 season; eighty occurred during actual storms, and four of these during 
 snow storms. It is interesting to observe further, that in nearly every 
 instance they have been preceded or followed by an easterly wind. 
 
 JERUSALEM'S ELEVATION. 
 
 The elevation of the city of Jerusalem is 2,600 feet above the level of the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and the mean height of the barometer during twenty- 
 one years was 27.40 inches. The highest reading during this period was 
 27.82 inches; the lowest reading 26.97 inches, the range being .63. 
 
 COLD, HEAT, AND FROST. 
 
 The coldest month in Jerusalem is February, the mean temperature 
 during the last twenty-two years being 47.9. It rises month by month 
 until August, when the mean temperature has been 76, and then sinks 
 again month by month until the following February; the mean annual 
 temperature during this period being 62.8. The hottest days in the year 
 do not occur in August, but usually in May, June, and September. The 
 lowest temperature in twenty-two years was twenty-five, on January 20, 
 1864. A minimum of thirty and thirty-two has been reached in February 
 and October, and once in April. These cases are, however, notable excep- 
 tions. 
 
 In Jerusalem frost occurs five or six nights in the course of a Winter, 
 but ice is rarely ever formed. 
 
 STORMY WINDS. 
 
 A peculiar feature of the climate of Palestine is its stormy winds. Its 
 physical conformation has doubtless something to do with this. It is a 
 ridge of rugged mountains, running north and south, which drops to a broad 
 maritime plain on the west, and on the east to a deep chasm sunk into 
 the earth to a depth of thirteen hundred feet below the level of the Med- 
 iterranean Sea, beyond which chasm (which is the Jordan River Valley) 
 another ridge of mountains rises abruptly to a height equal to or greater 
 than that of the western ridge, and beyond this, in turn, a vast table land 
 stretches eastward to the Euphrates, and southward into Arabia. Both 
 the inhabitants of the country and its crops are largely affected by the 
 prevailing winds. The north wind is cold, the south warm, the east dry, 
 the west is moist. North and northwesterly winds prevail most in the 
 Summer months, when they are cool and refreshing, moderately dry, and 
 accompanied by a few or no clouds. The north winds of Winter are cold 
 and sharp. Their coolness and sharpness, even in Summer, are apt to 
 produce sore throat, fever, and dysentery. 
 
 Without the strong westerly winds of Summer, the climate of Jerusalem 
 would be unbearable. Occasionally these winds do not blow for several 
 days in succession, and at such times the heat becomes very great. As 
 a rule this strong westerly breeze comes up every afternoon. It is felt at 
 Jaffa, and at other places on the coast, as early as nine or ten o'clock in 
 the morning, but it does not reach Jerusalem until from two to four o'clock 
 in the afternoon. Generally it subsides about sunset, but rises again dur- 
 7 
 
78 
 
 ing the evening, and sometimes continues through a greater part of the 
 night. Consequently, however hot the day may have been in Jerusalem, 
 the nights during the Summer season are almost always cool. Thus, this 
 wind, although often strong, disagreeable, and filling the air with clouds of 
 dust, is a great blessing to the inhabitants; but at the same time it makes 
 it very necessary for them to take precautions to protect themselves from 
 its influence at night. Easterly winds are rare in Summer, while they are 
 common in each of the other seasons. The average for sixteen years has 
 been three days of easterly winds for each month from June to September, 
 and eleven days for each month from October to May, inclusive. 
 
 EAST WIND AND SIROCCO. 
 
 The east wind in Winter is usually accompanied by a clear blue sky, 
 and is dry, stimulating, and if not too strong, very agreeable. In the 
 warmer months it is unpleasant and depressing from its great heat and 
 dryness, and the occasional haze and dust which occasionally accompanies 
 it. The southeast winds are those which are popularly termed "Siroccos," 
 and which are most disagreeable. " The worst kind of sirocco," says Dr. 
 Chaplin, "dries the mucous membrane of the air passages, producing a 
 kind of inflammation resulting in catarrh and sore throat; it induces great 
 lassitude, incapacitating for mental as well as bodily exertion, in those 
 who walk or work in it; headache, with the sense of constriction, as if a 
 cord were tied around the temples, oppression of the chest, burning of the 
 palms of the hands and soles of the feet, accelerated pulse, thirst, and 
 sometimes fever. It dries and cracks furniture, loosening the joints of 
 tables and chairs, curls the covers of books, and pictures hung in frames, 
 parches vegetation, and sometimes withers whole fields of young grain. 
 Its force is not usually great, but sometimes severe storms of wind and fine 
 dust are experienced, the hot air burning like a blast from an oven, and 
 the sand cutting the face of the traveler who has the misfortune to en- 
 counter it. This kind of air has a peculiar smell, not unlike that of the 
 neighborhood of a burning brick kiln. Sometimes the most remarkable 
 whirlwinds are produced, especially in the western plain near the hills, by 
 the meeting of a strong east or southeast wind with a wind from the west 
 or north. Clouds of sand fly about in all directions, now taking the traveler 
 in front, now behind, and now on the side, and the gusts of wind are so 
 violent as to blow weak persons from their horses, and overturn baggage 
 animals. The cold siroccos of Winter often blow with much force, and 
 when it comes from a few degrees north of east, it is so cold and piercing 
 as sometimes to kill those who are exposed to it without sufficient clothing, 
 instances of which occurred in 1867." 
 
 It is an old and popular saying with the people of the country that a 
 sirocco always lasts three days, but they have been known to last for twenty 
 and even thirty days. 
 
 SCARCITY OF CLOUDS. 
 
 A noticeable feature of Palestine is its cloudless skies. There has been 
 an average of one hundred and forty days in each year for sixteen years 
 which were cloudless at 9 A. M. Still during a large part of the year, clouds 
 are present, and they affect the climate in various ways, but chiefly by 
 moistening the atmosphere and by producing a shade which moderates the 
 otherwise intense heat of the season. The smallest amount of clouds dur- 
 ing the year is in the months of July and August. 
 
79 
 
 DEPOSITION OF DEW. 
 
 During the Winter months dew falls in the ordinary way, and hence 
 needs no special notice; but in the Summer months, when the whole coun- 
 try is arid, and there is no water to evaporate, the copious dews are brought 
 entirely by the westerly winds from the sea. If no westerly breeze, or but 
 a slight one springs up towards evening, there is no dew. The heavy dews 
 of Summer, which modify the climate so remarkably, differ from ordinary 
 dew in the manner of their deposition, being in great part precipitated in 
 the air ki the form of mist before being deposited on the earth. On Summer 
 evenings a few clouds are commonly to be seen in the western horizon soon 
 after sunset. Later in the evening they increase in number, become lower 
 and looser, and sweep past at no great elevation, and often with considera- 
 ble velocity. Towards midnight, or later, they become still more abundant 
 and still lower, brushing the tops of the hills as they pass, and depositing 
 much of their moisture upon them, although dew may fall, even in Sum- 
 mer, in the usual way on clear nights; the surest sign of a copious deposi- 
 tion is the. appearance of clouds with a westerly wind after sunset. Dew is 
 most copious in the Spring, and in September and October, except during 
 sirocco weather, when there is none. 
 
 Clouds and a westerly wind at sunset and afterwards, are not, however, 
 always indications of a very damp night. It is the continuation of the west- 
 erly wind during the night that brings abundance of dew. Often at day- 
 break the sky is obscured by a heavy mist, and the ground is wet as if rain 
 had fallen. When the sun begins to act upon this mist, large masses of 
 white clouds are formed, which, however, soon disappear before the great 
 heat, leaving overhead only the usual blue sky of Summer. 
 
 UNHEALTHY PERIOD OF THE YEAR. 
 
 \ 
 
 The unhealthy period of the year, the period in which the climatic dis- 
 eases of the country, such as ophthalmia, fevers, and dysentery, are most 
 prevalent, extends from May to October, inclusive. Six things strongly 
 characterize this period: (1) almost entire absence of rain; (2) low atmos- 
 pheric pressure, with small range; (3) high temperature, with great daily 
 range; (4) great dryness of the atmosphere; (5) a very small amount of 
 cloud; and (6) except at the beginning and end of this period, a minimum 
 of easterly winds. While I have been completing this report the cholera 
 has broken out in Egypt, and a strict quarantine has been established in 
 all the Syrian ports. In this connection, therefore, it may be of interest to 
 add a note respecting the climate of Jerusalem in October, 1865, when the 
 cholera raged in this city with considerable violence. The period from the 
 seventh to the twenty-fourth of that month was one of great and oppressive 
 heat. During the whole eighteen days the sky was cloudless, but over- 
 spread with a thin haze. The wind was from northwest, north, and east, 
 but so light as to be considered a calm, except on the fifteenth and six- 
 teenth, when there was a light breeze from the east. The highest temper- 
 ature was ninety-four degrees, and on eleven days it rose to at least ninety 
 degrees. During the period the mean of the maximum temperature was 
 89.1, and of the minimum temperature 65.8; the mean temperature for 
 the period being 77.4 degrees. This high temperature, together with the 
 calm, close, hazy atmosphere, was supposed to have some influence in 
 spreading the cholera. 
 
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