QC 964 JETEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 331 GREAT VALLEYS AND FOOTHILLS CALIFORNIA FOR FROM FIFTEEN TO THIRTY-SIX YEARS. Collavjd and compile i by Sergeant JAMES A. BARWICK, Observer Signal Corps, U. S. A. am" Meteorologist to the -State Board of Agriculture. STATE OFFICE . . . SACRAMENTO: . . . JAMKg J. AYEBS, SUPT. STATE PRINTING. 1886. 4V* Kin il METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY ^ x^* AJ ,', J. v -^" OF THE GREAT VALLEYS AND FOOTHILLS CALIFORNIA, FOR FROM FIFTEEN TO THIRTY-SIX YEARS. Collated and compiled by Sergeant JAMES A. BARWICK, Observer Signal Corps, U. S. A., and Meteorologist to the State Board of Agriculture. SACRAMENTO: STATE OFFICE, JAMES J. AYERS, SUPT. STATE PRINTING. 1886. Compliments of SERGEANT' JAMES A. BARWICK, Observer Signal Corps U. S. A., AND METEOROLOGIST TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, Sacramento, California. [PLEASE ACKNOWLEDGE RECEIPT OF THIS REPORT.] 473364 CONTENTS. PAGE. Sacramento (Winter rainfall), from 1853 to 1886. .' 3 Sacramento (Spring rainfall), from 1853 to 1885 4 Sacramento (Summer rainfall), from 1853 to 1885. - 5 Sacramento (Autumn rainfall), from 1853 to 1885 - <> Sacramento (season and yearly rainfall), from 1853 to 1886. 7 Sacramento (Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter, and annual rainfall), from 1849 to 1886. 8 Sacramento (mean Winter temperature), from 1853 to 1886 9 Sacramento (mean Spring temperature), from 1853 to 1885-.. 10 Sacramento (mean Summer temperature), from 1853 to 1885. .. 11 Sacramento (mean Autumn temperature), from 1853 to 1885... 12 Sacramento (average annual and season temperatures), from 1853 to 1885... 13 Sacramento (barometer, humidity, temperature, etc.), from 1878 to 1885 14 Sacramento (barometer, humidity, temperature, etc., by seasons), from 1878 to 1885. 14-16 Sacramento (wind, direction and velocity ; clear, fair, cloudy, and rainy days for each season of the year), from 1878 to 1885.. - 16-17 Sacramento (number of times wind blew from each point 'of the compass), from 1878 to 1885 , - 17-18 Sacramento (clear, fair, and cloudy days, and days on which rain fell), from 1878 to 1885 ---- 19 Sacramento, summary of the weather for each month of 1885 19-21 Sacramento, maximum velocity and direction of wind for each month of 1885, and January, February, and March, 1886 21 Oakland, barometrical pressure for 1885 22 Oakland, temperature for 1885 22-23 Oakland, relative humidity for 1885 - 23 Oakland, monthly rainfall from 1873 to 1885 - 24 Oakland, monthly summary for 1885 24-26 Oakland, weather comparisons from 1876 to 1885 27 Salinas, mean temperature - 28 Salinas, highest temperature 28 Salinas, lowest temperature 29 To way, mean temperature . 29 Poway , highest temperature 30 Poway, lowest temperature . 30 San Diego, highest temperature - 31 San Diego, lowest temperature 31 Poway, rainfall from November, 1878, to March, 1886 . 31 San Diego, rainfall from November, 1871, to March, 1886. 32 San Bernardino, rainfall from July, 1870, to March, 1886 32 Los Angeles, rainfall from February, 1872, to March, 1886 33 Salinas, rainfall from July, 1872, to March, 1886 33 San Francisco, rainfall from July, 1849, to March, 1886 34 Oakland, rainfall from October, 1873, to March, 1886 35 Sacramento, rainfall from September, 1849, to April, 1886 36 2 VI CONTENTS. Folsom, rainfall from September, 1871, to March, 1886 Placerville, rainfall from October, 1879, to March, 1886 Georgetown, rainfall from November, 1872, to March, 1886. Grass Valley, rainfall from January, 1873, to March, 1886 West Butte, rainfall from November, 1879, to March, 1886 Marysville, rainfall from September, 1882, to March, 1886... Oro ville, rainfall from September, 1884, to March, 1886 Colusa, rainfall from January, 1881, to March, 1886 Princeton, rainfall from January, 1875, to March, 1886 Red Bluff, rainfall from July, 1877, to March, 1886 Yreka, rainfall from April, 1872, to March, 1886 Scott Valley, rainfall from August, 1859, to March, 1886 Santa Barbara, rainfall from 1870-71, to 1885-86 .' 44-4? 13 18 15 17 14 9 8 11 10 14 14 13 11 17 11 7 9 8 4 9 8 13 418 12.3 2.00 8.50 3.46 .69 4.80 2.46 3.91 .93 2.92 4.26 2.75 .19 .71 2.01 7.10 3.15 3.63 3.24 1.92 4.74 4.46 1.86 .55 3.75 1.04 8.04 3.88 1.83 5.06 2.40 1.11 4.46 .49 .29 6 14 7 6 17 13 18 14 9 11 11 2 6 11 9 9 5 11 11 18 17 9 2 10 9 17 9 10 13 6 3 10 6 5 18.41 13.29 7.28 7.61- 8.58 7.53 9.21 5.07 9.87 27.94 6.81 3.09 13.36 10.07 20.05 22.04 11.03 6.57 4.97 19.47 11.08 17.07 9.69 14.26 3.81 18.73 7.53 6.88 23.01 7.56 4.47 8.33 13.10 14.00 38 24 30 35 44 47 54 46 39 53 32 19 35 38 45 44 30 27 25 51 40 44 33 37 20 39 23 29 43 25 15 95 25 28 1853-4 1854 5 1855-6 1856-7 1857 8 1858 9 - -- 4.34 1.83 4.2H 8.64 2.33 ; 1.82 i 7.87 ! .36 9.51 ; 12.85 . 1859 (iO 18(iO 1 1861 2 1862-3 - - - 1863 4 18(54 5 1865-6 1 866-7 1867 8 1868-9 2.61 i ] i? I 10.49 ', 5.39 ! 10.01 .44 5,52 1869 70 - - 1870-1 1871 2 1872 3 -__..--- 1873-4 . 1874 5 1875-0 1 87(57 1877 8 -.'.--- 1.43 .47 3.41 11.81 3.27 1.13 5 3 12 21 11 8 6 11 10 430 1878 9 -- 1879-80 1880 1 1881 2 1882 3 1883-4 .44 10.45 1884 5 1H85-6 . ! 5.76 Totals 152.75 102.59 334 391.77 I 11.523 1,182 *64.8 Averages for 34 years - . 4.493 12.6 4.014 3.017 9.8 MEAN SPRING RAINFALL. The table below will be found to contain the record of rainfall and number of days rain fell during the Spring months and for the Spring season. It informs us that the wettest Spring season was that of 1880 16.66 inches; and the driest was that of 1857 .68 of an inch; the mean average for thirty-three years being 5.219 inches, showing a deficiency of nearly 5 inches in the dry season of 1857, and an excess of over 11 inches during the wet Spring of 1880, as compared with a thirty-three years average : SPUING OF MARCH. APRIL. MAY. Total for Spring Months. Total No. Days for Spriujr. Inches. No. of Days. Inches. No. of Days. Inches. No. of Days. 1853 7.00 3.25 4.20 1.40 .68 2.88 1.64 5.11 3.32 2.80 2.36 1.39 .48 2.02 1.01 4.35 2.94 1.64 .69 1.94 .55 3.05 .80 4.15 56 8 4 9 5 10 13 14 17 7 15 10 12 7 11 (i 12 12 6 8 10 4 10 9 13 7 14 14 7 6 10 6 13 2 3.50 1.50 4.32 2.13 sprink. 1.21 .98 2.87 .48 .82 1.69 1.08 1.37 .48 1.80 2.31 1.24 2.12 1.45 .61 .51 .89 sprink. 1.10 .19 1.07 2.66 14.20 -1.64 1.99 .67 4.32 .68 7 9 9 8 1 3 6 8 ^ 9 9 4 3 6 7 9 5 7 6 6 4 10 3 10 7 3 12 15 (! i 1.45 .21 1.15 1.84 sprink. .20 1.04 2.49 .59 1.81 .36 .74 .46 2.25 .01 .27 .65 .27 . .76 .28 4 4 (i 4 3 4 4 10 3 9 2 8 2 i 2 2 1 5 3 11.95 4.9(> 9.67 5.37 .68 4.29 3.66 10.47 4.39 5.43 4.41 3.12 2.31 4.7,") 2.82 6.93 4.83 4.03 2.90 2.83 1.06 4.31 .80 5.40 1.39 4.33 8.84 1(5 66 3.01 6.12 7.22 12.52 .76 19 17 24 17 14 20 24 35 14 33 21 24 12 >>> 14 23 19 14 19 19 8 26 13 27 20 21 31 25 13 19 22 25 10 1854 1855 1856 1857 .... 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 . 1871 1872 1873 1874 ... : .37 sprink. .15 .64 .17 1.30 .76 sprink. .35 2.85 .06 sprink. 6 1 4 (i 4 5 3 1 1 9 3 1 1875 . 1876 1877 1878 3.09 4.88 1.70 1.37 3.78 3.70 8.14 .08 1879 1880 1881 1882 A 1883 . 1884 1885 Totals 86.86 311 61.88 227 23.48 .711 126 172.22 664 Averages for 33 years . 2.632 9.4 1.875 6.9 3.8. 5.219 20.1 \ MEAN SUMMER RAINFALL. In the recorded statement below will be found the rainfall for .each month of our dry Summer season; also, the total for the season, as well as the total number of days, etc., that rain fell. The average for the thirty- three years past is .168 of an inch. The Summer season that gave the most rainfall was that of 1884 1.45 inches. But five seasons of the thirty- three gave none, those being 1859, 1863, 1867, 1878, and 1883: SUMMER OF Jt'XE. JULY. AUGUST. Total for Summer Months. Total No. Days for Summer. 3 3 1 1 3 7 Inches. No. of Days. Inches. No. of Days. '-he, 5 1853 sprink. j 1 .31 I '2 sprink. 2 sprink. .31 .01 .03 .35 .11 1854 sprink. 1 1855 .01 .03 .35 .10 1 1 2 2 1856 1 1857 sprink. 1 sprink. 4 1858 -.. .61 I 1859 1860 .02 .14 .01 2 4 1 .03 .55 .05 .69 .02 2 7 2 1861 3 1862 .01 1 1863 1864 .09 3 .08 6 .17 sprink. .12 9 3 5 1865 sprink. 3 ' .02 3 1866 .10 2 1867 1868 sprink. .01 sprink. sprink. .02 sprink. sprink. 1.10 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 . sprink. .01 sprink. sprink. :02 .02 sprink. 1.10 .23 .01 3 1 3 1 1 4 3 2 3 3 1869 1870 sprink. 1 sprink. 1 1871 . - 1872 1873 .02 sprink. 2 1 sprink. 1 1874 1875 . 1876 .21 sprink. 2 1 .02 sprink. 1 1 1877 .01 1 1878 . 1879 .13 1 sprink. sprink. sprink. sprink. ; 1 sprink. 1 .13 sprink. .50 .10 3 1 3 2 1880 1881 .50 .10 2 1 1882 1883 1884 1.45 .11 I sprink. none 1 1.45 .11 8 3 1885 sprink. 1 Totals 4.59 47 .84 24 .11 19 5.54 90 Averages for 33 years. .139 1.4 .026 0.7 .003 0.6 .168 2.7 MEAN AUTUMNAL RAINFALL. The table following shows the Autumnal rainfall by months and total for the Fall season, both of rainfall and number of days rain fell, for the last thirty-three years, the wettest being the Fall season of 1885 11.44 inches; the driest being that of 1880 .05 of an inch: FALL OF SEPTEMBER. Inches. D a y S ( )( T< Inches. 1!KI{. No. of Days. XOVF Inches. MBEK. No, of Days. Total for Autumn Months. 1 Total No. Days tor ; Autumn. 1853 . . ^ . spriiik. sprink. sprink. sprink. 1 1 1 1 sprink. 1.01 1 11 1.50 .65 .75 .65 2.41 .15 6.48 .18 2.17 sprink. 1.49 6.72 2.43 2.43 3.81 .77 .85 .58 1.22 1.93 1.21 3.80 -6.20 .30 1.07 .51 2.05 .05 1.88 3.22 .61 i 9 10 10 11 15 . 5 12 2 7 9 9 8 6 5 5 6 8 4 5 9 10 1 7 3 8 2 4 7 3 1.50 1.66 .75 .85 3.06 3.16 6.50 1.15 2.17 .36 1.49 (5.84 2.99 2.43 3.82 .77 2.97 .60 1.43 2.15 1.52 6.11 6.64 3.75 1.80 1.35 2.93 .05 2.73 8.42 2.48 2.61 11.44 96.48 2.924 i 14 10 17 13 21 18 16 13 8 8 12 18 9 5 8 8 10 8 9 18 14 9 12 12 2 11 15 11 7 20 377 11.4 1854 . _ 1855 1856 .20 .65 3.01 6 3 5 1857 - 1858 sprink. .02 .06 5 3 2 1859 1860 .91 sprink. .36 9 1 6 1861 1862 ! 1863 . sprink. sprink. ' .08 1 1 4 1864 .12 .48 sprink. 2 5 1 1865 1866 1867 .01 1 1868 1869 sprink. 1 2.12 .02 .21 .22 .31 2.26 .44 3.45 .73 .55 .88 2 2 1 9 4 8 4 7 5 1 1870 1871 sprink. sprink. 1 9 1872 1873 1874 .05 1 1875 - 1876 . sprink. 1 1877 1878 .29 3 1879 1880 1881 .30 .57 .90 .60 .08 2.96 1 9 2 3 1 39 .55 2.63 .97 2.01 .02 24.11 6 6 6 4 2 114 1882 1883 1884 1885 11.34 69.41 2.104 17 6.8 Totals Averages for 33 years. .090 1 2 .731 3.5 YEARLY AND SEASONAL RAINFALL, ETC. The instructive tabulated information below gives the rainfall annually that is, from January to December of each year for thirty-three years. Also, the rainfall by seasons, beginning with September first of one year and ending with August thirty-first of the next year, the wettest season being 1861-235.56 inches; the driest that of 1863-47.87 inches; the wettest calendar year being 1880 31.99 inches; the driest being 1877 8.44 inches; the mean average seasonal rainfall for thirty-two years being 19.076 inches; the mean average for the year, or the mean annual average, being 19.529 inches. The difference between the mean average rainfall, calculating from January first to December thirty-first of each year, and from September first of one year to August thirty-first of next year, is .453 of an inch in favor of the calendar year: YKAH OF Yearly Itaiu- fall. Total No. of Days Rain Fell. Season of Rainfall Inches. Total No. of Days. 1853 1999 51 1854 . ... . 19.83 62 1853-54 20.06 51 1855 18.56 70 1854-55 18.62 69 1856 ! 14.26 70 1855-56 13.76 63 1857 12.91 74 1856-57 10.46 78 1858 16.80 99 1857-58 15.00 87 1859 16.86 97 1858-59 16.03 100 1860 1919 72 1859-60 22.09 101 1861 21.38 75 1860-61 16.10 76 1862 27.44 85 1861-62 35.56 100 1863 12.20 60 1862-63 1158 64 1864 19.27 67 1863-64 7.87 57 1865 11.15 61 1864-65 22.51 62 1866 26.52 86 1865-66 1793 83 1867 3003 63 1866-67 2530 72 1868 19.50 68 1867-68 32.79 78 1869 18.19 52 1868-69 16.64 58 1870 10.21 51 1869-70 13.57 52 1871 19.32 71 1870-71 847 53 1872 1917 70 1871-72 2405 83 1873 18.20 69 1872-73 14.21 60 1874 17.92 87 1873-74 2290 82 1875 2331 59 1874-75 1770 71 1876 1812 62 1875-76 2653 75- 1877 8.44 60 1876-77 8.96 54 1878 23.45 65 1877-78 24.86 72 1879 2237 78 1878-79 1785 64 1880 3199 66 1879 80 2647 67 1881 2071 60 1880-81 2657 61 1882 __ 18.06 58 1881-82 16.51 57 1883 . . . 13.48 , 46 1882-83 18.11 52 1884 3492 70 1883-84 24 78 68 1885 20.72 57 1884-85 16.58 58 1885-86 1 28.12 53 Totals 644.47 2241 61042 2228 Averages. . .. 19.529 *-67.9 1 19.076 69.6 * Mean for thirty-three years, t Moan for thirty -two seasons. % Up to April 1, 188G. RAINFALL FOR SPRING. SUMMER, AUTUMN, WINTER, AND TOTAL FOR EACH YEAR. The following table gives the rainfall for each season of Spring, Sum- mer, Autumn, and Winter; also the total rainfall for each year. The table shows the annual rainfall for each year, beginning with the year 1850. The rainfall for the Winter seasons begins with the Winter of 1849-50, and ends with the Winter of 1885-86, making a total of thirty-seven Winters: YEAR. Rainfall for Spring. Rainfall for Summer. Rainfall for Autumn. Rainfall for Winter. Annual Rainfall. 1849 4.00 *16 50 1850 1450 none sprinkle 1780 1950 1851 371 none 332 100 15 10 1852 6.89 none 6.00 7.77 27.00 1853 11.95 sprinkle 1.50 18.41 19.99 1854 4.96 166 1329 1983 1855 9.67 .01 .75 7.28 18.5(5 1856 . .. 5.37 .03 .85 7.61 14.2(5 1857 .68 .35 3.08 8.58 12.91 1858 429 .11 3.16 7.53 16 80 1859 3.66 none 6.50 9.21 16.80 1860 10.47 .05 1.15 5.07 19.19 1861 4.39 .69 2.17 9.87 21.38 1862 5.43 .02 .36 2794 27.44 1863 4.41 none 1.49 6,81 12.20 1864 __ 3.12 .17 6.84 3.09 19.27 1865 2.31 sprinkle 2.99 13.36 11.15 1866 4.75 2.43 10.07 2(5.52 1867 2.82 none 3.82 20.05 30.03 1868 6.93 sprinkle .77 22.04 19.50 1869 4.83 .01 2.97 11.03 18.19 1870 4.03 sprinkle .60 6.57 10.21 1871 2.90 sprinkle 1.43 4.97 19.32 1872.--- 2.83 .02 2.15 19.47 19.17 1873 1.06 .02 1.52 11.08 18.20 1874 4.31 sprinkle ail 17.07 17.92 1875 .80 6.64 9.69 23.31 1876 5.40 .23 3.75 14.2(5 18.12 1877.-- . - -.. 1.39 .01 1.80 3.81 8.44 1878 4.33 none 1.35 18.73 23.45 1879 8.84 .13 2.93 7.53 22.37 1880 16.66 sprinkle .05 6.88 31.99 1881 -.. 3.01 2.73 23.01 20.71 1882 . 6.12 .10 (5.42 7.5(5 18.0(5 1883 - - 7.22 none 2.48 4.47 13.48 1884 12.52 1.45 2.61 8.33 34.92 1885 .76 .11 11.44 13.10 20.72 1886.. 14.00 Totals 197.32 5*4 109.80 418.04 707.07 Average 5.481 .154 2.968 11.298 19.641 * Rainfall for September, October, November, and December, 1849. MEAN WINTER TEMPERATURE. The tabulated statement below shows the average temperature by months > and for the season also. The Winter seasons, beginning with the season of 1853-4, and ending with the one of 1885-6; also, showing a mean aver- age for thirty-three years. Judging from the average temperature for each season, we must conclude "that the season of 1879-80 was the coldest 44.5; the warmest being the season of 1881 51.0; the mean average of thirty-two' years being 48.3: WINTER SEASON OF Mean Temp. December. Mean Temp.- January. Mean Temp. February. Mean Winter Temperature. 1853-54 48.0 43.0 51.0 47.3 1854 55 47.9 43.7 525 48.0- 1855-56 46.0 48.0 52.6 48.9 1856-57 43.9 48.5 50.2 47.5 1857-58 47.4 450 52.2 48.2 1858-59 44.5 44.9 50.5 46.6 1859-60 43.5 46.2 49.8 46.5 1860-61 49.3 471 52.2 49.5 1861-62 509 464 475 483 1862-63 46.4 46.9 48.0 47.1 1863-64 46.5 49.2 53.6 498 1864-65 50.2 47.4 49.0 48.9 1865-66 44.1 46.5 63.5 51.4 1866-67 50.2 48.2 47.8 48.7 1867-68 468 470 50.5 481 1868-69 47.0 47.6 49.9 48.2 1869-70 46.5 486 51.1 48.7 1870-71 455 483 49.4 477 1871-72 48.7 48.5 53.3 50.2 1872-73 49.0 52.7 48.2 50.0 1873-74 47.7 457 493 476 1874-75 45.0 46.9 52.7 48.2 1875-76 48.0 48.8 50.2 49.0 1876-77 45.5 491 550 499 1877-78 48.6 49.7 51.3 49.9 1878-79.. 47.2 45.5 55.0 49.2 1879-80 440 435 460 44.5 1880-81 503 492 535 510 1881-82 46.2 45.1 46.3 45.9 1882-83 . . 48.2 419 46.0 45.4 1883-84 442 466 469 459 1884-85 48.8 47.1 54.0 50.0 1885-86 . 49.1 45.7 53.3 49.4 Totals 1555 1 15485 16823 15955 Averages for 33 years 471 469 51.0 483 10 MEAN SPRING TEMPERATURE. The table below will be found to contain the average temperature by months for the Spring, also for the season. The warmest one, as indicated by its average temperature, was 1853 62.9; the coldest, 1880 55.0; the mean average Spring temperature being 59.5: Mean Temp. ' Mean Temp. Mean Temp. Mean Spring March. April. Max. Temperature. 1853 - - ... -_-_._--.---------.-- 59.8 53.0 54.8 57.0 5(i.4 53.7 51.5 53.3 55.0 53.6 57.6 56.1 53.6 54.2 50.7 55.0 53.6 53.0 56.0 56.8 56.8 52.9 58.7 54.6 59.0 58.7 57.4 48.8 55.5' 53.0 56.9 52.9 59.1 61.0 68. 60.0 62. 58.1 : 60. 58.8 , 63. 63.3 i (55. 59.8 i 65. 57.1 (53. 57. S 58. 60.6 (53. 58.0 (51. 59.5 (57. 62.1 ! (58. 59.3 70. (51.9 (53. 59.7 i (54. 60.1 64. 59.0 (54. 57.0 61. 59.2 ; 61. 57.6 (57. 60.0 ; 67. 59.5 <54. (53.0 (58. 59.5 65. 60.2 (54. 59.4 65. 60.3 (50. ,54.6 i (51. 60.8 (>4. 55.8 (54. 56.0 62. 56.7 (54. 60.6 65. > >2.9 1 . 58.3 2 57.7 ) 5JU) > 61.7 2 59.6 57.2 5 5(5.5 7 59.8 2 57.6 1 61.4 5 62.2 2 61.0 1 59.7 4 58.3 2 59.8 2 58.9 57.0 5 5S.9 (50.5 9 61 .(i 7 59.0 1 (53.3 7 i 59.9 5 1 61.2 5 60.5 2 59.3 i 55.0 8 (50.4 57.6 6 58.5 57.9 7 61.8 1854 1855 1856 1857 . 1858 . 1859 1860 1861. 1862 .- . 1863 - 1864 1865 1866 1867 . 1868 . -- .- . 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 ...- 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 ' .. 1883 1884 - - ..- 1885 Totals 1817.0 1 1956.3 2121. 7 1964.9 Averages for 33 years 55.1 i 59.3 64. 59.5 11 MEAN SUMMER TEMPERATURE. The average temperature in the following table is for the Summer months and for the Summer season, showing by their average temperature that 1866 was the warmest 74.8; and the coldest to have been 1880 69.1; the mean average for thirty-three years is 71.7; the season of 1866 being 2.9 above the mean average, and 1880 being 2.6 below the mean average for the past thirty-three years: SUMMER SEASON OF Mean Temp. June. Mean Temp. July. Mean Temp. August. Mean Summer Temperature. 1853 -.- - - 77.0 75.0 71.0 74.3 1854 67.0 80.6 69.5 72.4 1855 71.1 725 730 7 9 2 185(1 71.1 75.1 69.6 71.9 1857 -- -. _.- - 71.9 71.4 71.3 71.5 1858 69.4 70.8 706 70.3 1859 74.8 691 672 704 1860 V 656 732 735 708 1861 . 66.2 73.6 69.7 69.8 1862 69.3 732 750 725 1863 691 756 707 71 8 1864 71.1 74.8 74.7 73.5 1865 73.5 74.0 717 731 1866 72.2 762 760 74 8 1867 70.3 73.7 71.7 71.9 1868 _ . 69.5 73.8 71.2 715 1869 . 70.8 743 713 721 1870 693 718 726 71 2 1871 70.1 70.2 72.0 708 1872 69.2 714 731 716 1873 - 71 7 732 663 704 1874 702 728 709 713 1875 706 733 795 72 1 1876 . - 76.9 740 7^8 74 6 1877 725 750 729 735 1878 71.8 734 734 729 1879 72.1 718 74 7 729 1880 66 6 709 697 69 1 1881 660 71 1 68 9 (585 1882 68 1 734 719 71 1 1883 72.6 731 714 724 1884 658 712 7^5 698 1885 662 710 730 70 1 Totals _- . 53196 2414 5 23656 23666 Averages for 33 years 703 732 71 7 71 7 12 MEAN AUTUMN TEMPERATURE. The average temperature for the Fall season indicates the Fall of 1853 as being the warmest, 69.0; that of 1881 was the coldest, judging from the average temperature, 58.5. The average mean temperature for thirty-three years past, 61.5, showing the average of 1853 to have heen 7.5 above the mean average, and that of 1881 to have been 3.0 below the mean average temperature for the past thirty-three years: FALL SEASON OF Mean Temp. September. Mean Temp. October. Mean Temp. November. Mean Autumn Temperature. 1853 760 780 53 690 1854. .- 65.0 60.0 55.0 60.0 1855 68.0 63.0 50.6 60.5 1856 _ . ... 70.9 58.0 522 604 1857 67.9 61.5 532 609 1858 689 595 542 609 1859 65.9 63.3 54.0 61.1 I860 67.6 59.8 53.5 60.3 1861 67.8 59.9 53.6 604 1862 704 67.6 531 637 1863 690 628 527 615 1864 69.8 64.5 53.5 62.6 1865 . 68.8 63.1 56.9 62.9 1866 72.2 65.2 53.8 63.7 1867 68.8 62.7 54.8 62.1 1868 68.3 62.0 53.9 61.4 1869 69.9 63.1 54.0 62.3 1870 68.0 63.6 53.4 61.7 1871 67.4 62.2 50.2 59.9 1872 688 58.9 51.2 59.6 1873 - .-- 69.9 61.4 57.5 62.9 1874 - 70.7 61.7 53.9 82.1 1875 55.7 69.9 5(17 60.8 1876 70.1 63.5 53.3 62.3 1877 72.7 62.9 54.7 63.4 1878 69.0 62.9 55.5 62.5 1879 70.4 61.5 50.9 60.9 1880 68.0 62.1 49.7 59.9 1881 67.8 56.8 50.8 58.5 1882 68.4 58.4 49.5 58.8 1883 . .... 71.6 58.2 50.5 60.1 1884 64.8 59.9 55.3 60.0 1885 69.8 64.3 54.4 62.8 Totals 2268.3 2062.2 1759.5 2029.9 Averages for 33 years . 68.7 62.5 53.3 61.5 13 AVERAGE ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TEMPERATURES. The statement below shows the average temperature, for each year, for thirty-three years; for the Spring, Summer, and Autumn, for thirty-three years, and the average Winter temperature for thirty-two years. The coldest year, inferring from the average temperature, was that of 1880 57.5; the warmest was 1864 62.8; the mean average for the past thirty-three years being 60.2, showing the coldest to have been 2.7 below the mean average, while the warmest year being that of 1864, when it was 2.6 above the mean average for thirty-three years. By careful study of the following table, one is struck by the slight difference between the coldest and warm- est year, as compared with a thirty-three years average, generally not more than 3. That is, we might safely say that the average temperature of any year is not likely to vary more than 3 from 60, either way, between the hottest and coldest year, as compared with the mean average temperature for the past thirty-three years: YEAR. Mean Annual Temperature. Mean Spring Temperature. Mean Summer Temperature. Mean Autumn Temperature. Mean Winter Temperature. 1853 62.6 62.9 74.3 690 * 1854 59.5 58.3 724 600 473 1855 59.5 57.7 ' 72.2 60.5 48.0 1856 60.1 59.9 71.9 60.4 48.9 1857 . . 60.7 61.7 71.5 60.9 47.5 1858 59.5 59.6 703 609 482 1859 T 58.7 57.2 70.4 61.1 46.6 1860 59.0 56.5 70.8 603 46.5 1861 . 60.1 59.8 698 604 495 1862 622 576 725 637 483 1863 60.3 61.4 71.8 61.5 47.1 1864 .... 62.8 62.2 73.5 626 498 1865 61.0 610 731 629 489 1866 621 597 748 63 7 514 1867 599 583 71 9 62 1 487 1868 60.1 59.8 71.5 614 481 1869 .... 604 58.9 721 623 482 1870 . . 596 570 712 61 7 487 1871 596 589 708 599 47 7 1872 604 605 716 596 502 1873 607 616 704 629 500 1874 598 590 713 621 476 1875 . 625 633 72 1 608 482 1876 617 599 74 6 623 490 1877 61.2 612 735 634 499 1878 61.3 605 729 625 499 1879 .... 603 593 729 609 492 1880 . 57 5 550 69 1 599 44 5 1881 592 604 685 585 51 1882 58.5 576 711 588 459 1883 58.8 585 724 601 454 1884 ... 588 579 698 600 459 1885 . 612 61 8 701 628 500 1886 494 Totals. 1987.6 19649 23657 20299 15955 Averages + 602 595 71 7 61 5 1 48 3 * The Winter tables are for the Winters from 1852-3 to 1885-6, both inclusive. f Mean for thirty-three years. I Mean for thirty-three years. 14 The following table gives the average annual barometer, thermometer, and hygrometer, the maximum and minimum temperature. The hygro- metrical observations is the amount of moisture or relative humidity con- tained in the atmosphere; also the mean average for eight years: YEAR. Mean Annual Barometer. Mean Annual Relative Humidity. Mean Annual Temperature. Max. Yearly Temperature. Min. Yearly Temperature. 1878 29.946 62.2 61.3 100.5 Aug. 23.5 Dec. 1879 29.998 65.7 60.3 103.0 Aug. 25.0 Dec. 1880 30.025 i 64.6 57.7 98.0 July. 25.0 Jan. 1881 30.026 66.7 59.2 98.6 July. 31.9 Dec. 1882 30.030 66.0 58.2 99.8 Aug. 27.0 Dec. 1883 30.034 69.0 58.8 103.5 July. 22.0 fi an ; 1884 29.985 70.7 58.8 100.0 Aug. ( Feb. 21.0 Feb. 1885 29.982 67.8 61.2 105.0 Aug. 34.2 Jan. Totals 240.026 532.7 475.5 Highest, Lowest, { OK. f) -i QQ,X 01 o 1 004 Averages 30.003 66.6 59.5 August. February. The Winter tables following this statement show the average Winter pressure, temperature, and relative humidity, the highest and lowest tem- perature for the Winter seasons of 1877-8 to 1884-5, and the mean average for nine years: WINTER OF Mean Winter Barometer. Mean Winter Relative Humidity. Mean Winter Temperature. Max. Winter Temperature. Min. Winter Temperature. 1877-78 30.004 77.1 49.9 67.0- Dec. 27.0 Jan. 1878-79 30.120 68.3 49.2 73.5 Feb. 23.5 Dec. 1879-80 .- 30.163 77.2 44.5 64.0 Feb. 25.0 1 ! e ^' 1880-81 30.116 84.0 51.0 67.0 Feb. 35.0 Jan. 1881-82 30.169 76.4 45.9 62.8 Feb. 29.0 Dec. 1882 83 30.189 77.9 45.4 71.7-Feb. 22 Q ( Jan. 1883-84 30.120 83.0 45.9 71.0 Feb. 21.0 Feb. 1884-85 30.094 77.7 50.0 70.0 Feb. 27.0 Dec. 1885-86 -.-. 30.104 87.1 49.4 72.7 Feb. 27.5 Jan. Totals 271.079 708.7 431.2 Highest, Lowest, 73 5 1879 21 1884 Averages 30.120 78.8 47.9 February. February. 15 The average Spring pressure, relative humidity and temperature, the maximum and minimum Spring temperature, also the mean average for eight years past, will be found as follows: . SPRING OF Mean Spring Barometer. Mean Spring Relative Humidity. Mean Spring Temperature. Max. Spring Temperature. 'Min. Spring Temperature. 1878 29.933 67.1 60.5 91.0 May 40 March. 1879 30.046 68.4 59.3 91 May 38 o March 1880 30 O'il 66.2 55.0 86 May 29 March 1881 30.003 .68.4 60.4 88.8 May. 37 March. 1882 30.037 61.9 57.6 94.6 May 34 1 March 1883 . . 30.009 68.9 58.5 98.0 May 39 8 April 1884 29918 733 579 85 May 390 Mirch 1885 29970 649 61 8 98 May 39 April Totals 240.033 539.1 4710 Highest Lowest QQ f) -1 OQQ on A 1 oon Averages 30004 674 589 and 1885 March in May. The tabulated statement following indicates the average Summer pres- sure, relative humidity and temperature, the maximum and minimum Summer temperature, and the mean average for eight years: SUMMER OF Mean Summer Barometer. Mean Summer Rel. Humidity. Mean Summer Temperature. Max. Summer Temperature. Min. Summer Temperature. 1878 29817 547 729 100 5 Aug 49 June 1879 29821 527 729 103 Aug 51 July 1880 29880 s 593 691 98 Julv 490 Aug' 1881 29903 563 685 986 July 48 June 1882 29898 570 71 1 998 Aug 51 June 1883 29 908 584 724 103 5 July 49 8 June 1884 29919 633 698 1000- Aug 52 9 June 1885 . 29870 558 70 1 1050 Aug Totals 239.016 4575 5668 Highest Lowest JAKA 1 QOK 48 ft 1 881 Averages 29877 572 708 / The following table shows the average Autumn pressure, relative humid- ity and temperature, the maximum and minimum Fall temperature, and the mean averages for the past nine years: FALL OF Mean Fall Barometer. Mean Fall Rel. Humidity. Mean Fall Temperature. Max. Fall Temperature. Min. Fall ' Temperature. 1877 29.973 29.991 30.000 30.035 30.026 30.024 30.011 30.000 29.927 54.3 54.4 65.2 54.9 58.4 69.6 68.8 69.1 66.3 63.4 62.5 60.9 59.9 58.5 58.8 60.1 60.0 62.8 88.0-Sept. 92.0 Sept. 98.0 Sept. 92.0 Sept. 93.0 Sept. 99.6 Sept. 101.0 Sept. 93.5 Sept. 98.5 Sept. 07 o fij n v 1878 34 Nov. 33.0 Nov. 27.0 Nov. 32.0 Nov. 34.0 Nov. 29.0 Nov. 37.7 Nov. 38.5 Nov. 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 , 1885 .... Totals 269.987 561.0 546.9 Highest, 101.01883. September. Lowest, 27.01880. November. Averages 29.999 62.3 60.8 16 The following table will be found to contain the average direction of the wind, the total velocity, the rainfall, and the clear, fair, and cloudy days; also, days rain fell during the Winter months from 1877-8 to 1885-6: WINTER OF M'n Winter Direction. Velocity for Winter. Rainfall for Winter. Clear Days. Fair Days. Cloudy Days. Davs Rain Fell. 1877-78 S.E. 13.452 1874 26 28 36 39 1878-79 N. 12650 753 44 31 15 23 1879-80 S.E. 13.735 6.88 39 17 35 29 1880-81 S.E. 16.092 23.01 14 26 50 43 1881-82 N. 14.611 7.56 46 26 18 25 1882-83 S.E. 11.131 447 52 30 8 15 1883-84 S.E. 12294 833 47 25 19 25 1884-85 N.W. 16406 1310 40 28 23 25 1885-86 N.W. 13.889 14.00 42 29 19 28 Totals 124.260 103.62 350 240 223 252 Averages SE 13807 11 51 389 267 248 280 The average direction of the wind, total velocity, the rainfall, and num- ber of clear, fair, and cloudy days, also number of days rain fell during the Spring season, from 1878 to 1885, will be found in the following tabu- lated statement: SPRING OF Mean Spr'g Direction. Velocity for Spring. Rainfall for Spring. Clear Days. Fair Days. Cloudy Days. Days Rain Fell. 1878 . s. 13.962 4.33 45 28 19 21 1879 S.E. 14.530 8.84 39 34 19 31 1880 S.E. 19653 1666 49 24 19 25 1881 S. 14.966 3.01 60 22 10 12 1882 N. 17.774 6.12 57 19 16 19 1883 -. S. 15.825 7.22 54 26 12 21 1884 s.w. 18.168 12.52 46 23 23 25 1885 s.w. 16.670 .76 58 28 6 10 Totals 131 548 5946 408 204 124 164 Averages - s. 16.444 7.432 51.0 25.5 15.5 20.5 The statistics following will be found to contain the mean direction of the wind, total velocity, the rainfall, the number of clear, fair, and cloudy days; also the number of days rain fell for the Summer season, from 1878 to 1885: SUMMER OF Mean Sum- mer Direc- tion. Velocity for Summer. Rainfall for Summer. Clear Days. Fair Days. Cloudy Days. Days Rain Fell. 1878 S 13303 83 9 1879 s 13645 13 81 11 3 1880 s 16066 85 7 2 1881 s. 16 531 50 86 5 1 3 1882. ... s. 15449 10 87 4 1 3 1883 s 15609 89 3 1884 s. 16518 145 77 9 6 7 1885 s. 18474 11 81 10 1 3 Totals 125.595 2.29 669 58 9 21 A vprpws s 15flQQ 0311 83 fi 7.3 1.1 2.6 17 The mean direction of the wind, the total velocity, the rainfall, and number of clear, fair, and cloudy days; also the number of days rain fell, for the Fall season from 1877 to 1885, will be found recorded in the follow- ing table: FALL OF Mean Fall Direction. Velocity for Fall. Eainfall for Fall. Clear Days. Fair Days. Cloudy Days. Days Rain Fell. 1877 s. 10.669 1.80 76 6 9 12 1878 N. 11.269 1.35 71 16 4 7 1879 S. 10.492 2.93 59 20 12 12 1880 N. 11.518 .05 71 14 6 2 1881 N. 12.993 2.73 73 15 3 11 1882 N.W. 12.213 6.42 61 22 8 15 1883 S. 10.771 2.48 67 18 6 11 1884 N. & S.E. 10.659 2.61 75 13 3 7 1885 S.E. 14.214 11.44 51 23 17 20 Totals 104.798 31.81 604 147 68 ' 97 Averages N. 11.644 3.534 67.1 16.3 7.6 10.8 The tabulated statement below shows the number of times the wind was observed blowing from the different points of the compass for the Winter seasons from 1877-8 to 1885-6 three observations daily: WINTER OF N. N.B. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. Calm. 1877-78 66 7 15 69 54 19 3 11 26 1878-79 102 4 5 41 41 18 4 11 44 1879-80 41 13 19 77 30 17 6 47 23 1880-81 50 5 7 107 57 15 2 19 8 1881 T 82. 86 9 8 75 35 18 7 12 20 1882-83 54 8 16 66 33 14 a 60 9 1883-84 63 11 15 75 37 8 8 40 15 1884-85 42 6 8 68 40 21 9 72 3 1885-86 7 10 4 82 36 23 3 88 17 Totals . 511 73 97 660 363 153 51 360 165 Averages 56.8 8.1 10.8 73.3 40.3 17.0 5.7 40.0 18.3 The following table shows the number of times the wind was observed blowing from the different points of the compass; also the number of calms observed during the Spring season, from 1878 to 1885, and is as follows from three daily observations: SPRING OF N. N.E. E. S.E. S.W. W. N.W. Calm. 1878 30 2 3 48 89 54 11 23 16 1879 34 3 1 29 82 75 13 16 23 1880 31 4 6 61 59 60 6 45 4 1881 . 50 4 4 42 71 71 10 14 10 1882 71 1 52 56 55 7 21 13 1883 13 3 8 57 91 50 9 42 3 1884 29 9 7 51 70 75 11 27 3 1885 26 3 3 35 66 '88 8 40 6 Totals ... 284 21 33 375 584 528 75 228 78 Averages 35.5 2.6 4.1 46.9 73.0 66.0 9.4 28.5 9.8 18 The wind's direction for the Summer months from 1878 to 1885 will be found to be as follows from three daily observations: SUMMER OF N. N.E. E. S.E. S. s.w. w. N.W. Calm. 1878 . 13 1 25 161 47 6 15 8 1879 24 1 5 111 79 8 37 11 1880 14 o 1 46 109 64 10 30 2 1881 21 1 58 115 55 6 16 4 1882 3 1 2 56 135 41 9 23 Q 1883 6 54 127 50 9 29 1 1884 2 3 52 107 76 8 24 4 1885 . , 5 2 66 115 57 6 23 2 Totals 88 6 6 362 980 469 62 197 38 Averages 11.0 0.8 0.8 45.2 122.5 58.6 7.8 24.6 4.8 The table following shows the direction of wind during the Fall months, from 1878 to 1885, both years included, three observations daily: FALL OF N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. Calm. 1877 59 10 5 19 78 29 9 31 33 1878 75 5 3 12 64 36 15 37 26 1879 45 9 9 41 66 42 4 28 29 1880 75 7 7 40 55 37 12 30 10 1881 - 81 10 2 46 46 35 8 28 17 1882 19 8 5 60 54 27 20 08 14 1883 30 4 10 62 66 29 6 53 13 1884 49 7 3 49 47 48 12 38 20 1885 .-.- 8 8 3 75 58 46 7 65 3 Totals 4*41 68 47 404 534 329 93 376 165 Averages 49.0 7.6 5.2 44.9 59.4 36.6 10.3 41.8 18.3- The following data shows the number of times the wind was observed blowing from the different points of the compass, and also the number of calms occurring at the time of observations. The calculations are made from three daily observations, making 1,095 observations during each year, and 1,098 for 1880 and 1884, and is as follows: YEAR OF N. N.E. E. S.E. S. S.W. W. N.W. Calm. 1878... 194 11 12 151 364 155 36 84 88 1879 165 18 14 140 306 220 29 104 99 1880 :.. 162 24 33 239 259 172 34 147 28 1881 ... 217 24 12 232 280 176 30 72 52 1882 .. . 167 14 21 251 276 145 43 140 38 1883 -. 102 17 37 243 322 138 31 173 32 1884 149 18 22 220 267 213 38 132 39 1885 66 24 12 254 269 210 29 214 17 Totals 1222 150 163 1730 2343 1429 270 1,066 393 Averages 152.8 18.9 20.4 216.2 292.9 178.6 33.8 133.2 49.1 19 The following table shows the total number of clear, fair, and cloudy days; also, the number of days in which rain fell for each year, from 1878 to 1885: YEAR OF Clear Days. Fair Days. Cloudy Days. Days on which Kain Fell. 1878 225 81 59 67 1879 . 223 96 46 69 1880 244 62 60 58 1881 233 68 64 69 1882 251 71 43 62 1883 262 77 26 46 1884 . . - 239 69 58 69 1885 --- 228 88 49 57 Totals 1,905 612 405 497 Averages 238.1 76.5 50.6 62.1 WEATHER STATISTICS. SHOWING THE MONTHLY RAINFALL, ETC., AT SACRAMENTO, FOR 1885, AND JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH, 1866. January, 1885 Mean temperature, normal; rainfall, 2.16 inches, which is 1.61 inches less than the average precipitation for 35 years; frost was deposited on six days; highest water in the river, 23.5 feet; lowest, 17 feet; earthquake shock on the thirtieth. February Mean temperature, 4 higher than the average for 33 years; rainfall, .49 of an inch, being 2.44 inches below the average for many years; killing frost twice, and light frost four times; highest river, 18 feet; lowest, 16.1 feet. March The mean temperature was about 4 warmer than the average for 33 years. This was the driest month of March known here since 1849. The rainfall was but .08 of an inch, while the average of many years was 3 inches; highest river, 16 feet; lowest, 13.9 feet; partial eclipse of the sun on the sixteenth. April The mean temperature was 1.4 above the average for many years; rainfall, .68 of an inch, which was 1.23 inches less than the average for 35 years; two earthquake shocks one on the third and one on the eleventh; frost on four occasions: highest river, 15.2 feet; lowest, 13.5 feet; last frost of Spring, April twentieth. May The mean temperature was 1.5 above the average for 33 years; rainfall, only a sprinkle, which was .74 of an inch below the average pre- cipitation for many years; highest river, 13.9 feet; lowest, 11 feet. June The mean temperature was 4.2 below the average for many years; rainfall, very near the average, the latter being .13 of an inch, while the rainfall for this month was .11 of an inch; solar halo on the twenty-fourth; highest river, 11 feet; lowest, 9 feet. July This was the windiest month on record, giving from 816 to 2,149 miles more wind than is usual for this month; mean temperature, 2.2 below the average of 33 years; average rainfall for many years, .03 of an 20 inch; this month gave only a sprinkle; two solar halos, and two parhelias, or sun dogs, on the ninth; highest river, 9 feet; lowest, 7.8 feet. August Tire mean temperature was 1.4 above the average for 33 years; the highest temperature recorded occurred this month, and was 105; rain- fall, none, the average of many years being a sprinkle; highest river, 7.8 feet; lowest, 7.3 feet. September The mean temperature was 1.2 warmer than the average for 33 years; the average rainfall for many years is .11 of an inch; this month gave .08 of an inch, or a very small amount below the mean; light- ning on the fifth and sixth; highest river, 7.10 feet; lowest, 7.3 feet; solar halo on the eighth. October The mean temperature was 1.9 warmer than the average for 33 years; the average rainfall for many years was .72 of an inch, while this month only gave .02 of an inch, which is .70 of an inch below the average for many years; sheet and forked lightning on the sixth; solar halo on the twelfth; coronae around the moon on the twenty-third; highest river, 7.7 feet; lowest, 7.5 feet. November The mean temperature was 1.1 greater than the average for 33 years past; there was 2,705 miles more wind than usually sweeps over this station during November; this month was warmer, and gave more wind and a higher velocity, more rain, and more cloudy and rainy days than are usual for the third month of the rainy season. There were 9.44 inches more rain than the average for 36 years; rainfall for the month, 11.34 inches the average for many years being only 1.90 inches; there were three frosts; highest river, 21.2 feet; lowest, 7.5 feet; first frost of Autumn, November twelfth. December The mean temperature was 2.1 warmer than the average of 33 years; the rainfall was 5.76 inches, which is 1.11 inches more than the average precipitation of 36 years. There was a lunar halo on the twenty-fourth, and five light frosts; highest river, 23.9; lowest, 17.2 feet. We find by the above annual review that the mean temperature for each month was above the average of many years, except June and July; these months were below the average. The mean temperature for the year 1885, is 61.2, while the average for 34 years is 60.2, showing the year 1885 to have been a warmer one than usual. The rainfall from January to June was the least ever known to have been precipitated, and the rainfall from September to December third was the most ever precipitated, except in 1852, when 19.41 inches was measured against 17.21 inches for 1885. January, 1886 The mean temperature for January was 1.3 below the average of many years; the rainfall was 7.95 inches, which is 4.18 inches in excess of the average precipitation during the last 30 years. There was killing frosts on nine days; and lightning in the northeast on the twentieth, after the heaviest wind storm that has ever visited Sacramento. Lightning, too, in January, is an unheard of thing for this vicinity. The maximum velocity of wind was over forty -four miles per hour on the twentieth, and on one occasion during the day five miles was made in five minutes, which is at the rate of sixty miles per hour. The highest river was 25.6 feet on the twenty-eighth; the lowest river was 17.1 feet on the eighteenth. This was the highest water in the river since February 4, 1881, when it reached 26.6 feet. First killing frost of this season was on January second. February, 1886 The mean temperature for February was 53.3, which was 2.3 warmer than the average of many years. Average rainfall, 2.866 21 inches, showing February to have been 2.576 inches below the average of many years. A brilliant meteor passed to the west in the north on the thirteenth; a hailstorm on the twenty-eighth. Highest water in the river, 25 feet, on the first; and the lowest, 14.8 feet, on the twenty-eighth. Peach trees and other fruits in bloom as early as the fifteenth. March, 1886 Mean temperature, 52.1, which is 3 cooler than the average mean temperature for 33 years. The rainfall was 2.68 inches, being a trifle less than the average of many years. Heavy hailstorm, with thunder and lightning, on the fourth; lunar halos on the sixteenth and twenty-first; light frosts on the nineteenth and twentieth. Highest river, 19.5 feet, on the sixth and seventh; lowest river, 17.5 feet, on the thirty-first. WIND. Gales of twenty-five miles per hour and over, for each month during 1885, and for January, February, and March, 1886, will be found as follows: January, 1885 None- February 12, 1885 N.W. 25 miles- February 23, 1885 N.W. 31 miles- March, 1885 None- April, 1885 None- May 12, 1885 S. 25 miles- May 22, 1885 N.W. 30 miles- June, 1885 : None- July 2, 1885 S. 25 miles- August, 1885 None- September, 1885. None- October, 1885 .-...None- November 16, 1885 S.E. 27 miles- November 17, 1885 S.E. 36 miles- November 22, 1885 S.E. 32 miles- November 24, 1885 S.E. 32 miles. December 7, 1885 N.W. 25 miles. January 1, 1886 _ ...N.W. 38 miles- January 20, 1886 .' S.E. 44 miles. January 21, 1886 , S. 28 miles- January 22, 1886 S.E. 28 miles. January 23, 1886 S.E. 30 miles. Februarv 15, 1886 N.W. 32 miles. February 26, 1886 S.W. 26 miles. March 10,1886 ..N.W. 28 miles. March 11,1886 N.W. 26 miles. March 14,1886 N.W. 37 miles. March 24,1886 ..N.W. 30 miles. March 25, 1886 N.W. 27 miles. March 27, 1886 ..N.W. 30 miles. OAKLAND WEATHER-FOR THE YEAR 1885, AND GENERAL COMPARISON OF WEATHER FROM 1876 TO 1885. BY J. B. TREMBLEY, M.D. Observations taken at 7 A. M., 2 p. M., and 9 p. M., of each day. Lati- tude, 37 degrees 48 minutes 20 seconds north; longitude, 122 degrees 15 minutes 20 seconds west of Greenwich; height of barometer above the sea, 24 feet. 22 BAROMETRICAL PRESSURE. Table showing the Mean, Highest, and Lowest Monthly Barometer, also the Monthly Range. Barometer not corrected for Elevation or Temperature. 1885. Mean Monthly Barometer. Highest Observed Barometer for the Month. Lowest Observed Barometer for the Month. Eange for the Month. January . 30.08 30.32 2980 52 February . -. 30.07 30.37 2985 52 March . - 30.03 3025 ^9 80 45 April 2993 3015 2996 59 May 2990 3005 2978 27 June 2996 30 11 29' 78 33 July 29.95 30.10 2985 25 August 29.85 2997 2972 25 September ... 2982 2998 2977 21 October 2993 3008 2972 26 November 2991 3020 9939 81 December 30.07 30.26 2962 64 Means - .. ^ .. 29.96 3015 2975 42 BAROMETRICAL RECAPITULATION. Mean barometer for the year. 20.96 Maximum barometer for the year, February 3, 9 A. M 30.37 Minimum barometer for the year, March 17, 7 P. M 29.39 Highest monthly range for the year .81 Lowest monthly range for the year ..- .21 Yearly range 1 .98 TEMPERATURE. Table showing the Mean Temperature of the Months, Warmest and Coldest Days; also the Maxi- mum and Minimum Temperatures, the Greatest and Least Daily Variations, Monthly and Mean Daily Range. 1885. prf S B ^ H l ~ l > (3 i! K S .: fl IP If || Maximum Tem- perature _ . Minimum Tem- perature Greatest Daily Va- Least Daily Varia- tion Monthly Eange of Temperature Mean Daily Eange of Temperature. January 49.72 56.33 46.00 60 37 20 2 23 9.13 February 54.10 58.33 51.00 70 41 25 2 29 11.86 March 56.93 64.33 52.66 76 43 28 3 33 12.61 April 58.14 65.33 50.66 78 42 29 6 36 12.16 May 58.97 65.33 56.33 80 49 27 7 31 11.61 June 59.70 62.66 55.66 71 52 15 4 19 9.76 July . 63.05 68.66 60.66 84 57 26 5 27 12.06 August 6096 70.00 57.33 85 53 28 4 32 11.29 September 6188 6866 57.33 89 51 36 5 38 15.50 October 5987 6400 57.33 75 47 28 6 28 12.54 November 56.83 66.33 50.00 72 43 26 1 29 9.16 December 52.42 61.33 46.33 66 41 17 25 10.68 Means 57.71 64.27 53.44 75.5 46.33 25.41 3.75 29.16 11.44 RECAPITULATION OF TEMPERATURE. Mean temperature of the year 57.71 Mean temperature of the warmest day, August 2 70.00 Mean temperature of the coldest day, January 3 46.00 Maximum temperature for the year, September 21, 2 p. M - - 89.00 Minimum temperature for the year, January 29, 7 A. M. 37.00 23 Greatest daily variation, September 21 -- 36.00 Least daily variation, December 21 Greatest monthly range, September . Least monthly range, June - 19.00 Average daily range for the year. 11.44 Average monthly range for the year . 29.16 Yearly range of temperature.-- -- 52.00 SEASONS. Mean temperature of Winter... -- 51.69 Mean temperature of Spring . Mean temperature of Summer Mean temperature of Autumn 59.52 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Spring months 2.04 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Summer months 3.35 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Autumn months 5.05 Difference between the coldest and warmest of Winter months. 4.38 Difference between the coldest and warmest months of the year 13.33 RELATIVE HUMIDITY. Table showing the Relative Humidity, Precipitation, Weather, and Direction from which the Wind Blew, from January 1, 1885, to December 31, 1885, inclusive. 1885. 32 S3 W Rainfall i! 3 1 rtf if |f Number of Morning tl < * !! 6 o Wind 1,095 Observations. 02 3 * $ taj N M 1 CO g sT s p* B 4 w 5' | i **. j?Q rl 2, o O* d <^ $ 8 m r* ** I D g | o 1 3 ft. $ 3 Eh ^ & f January 86.68 86.50 85.46 85.80 84.20 86.45 84.80 87.20 84.55 88.10 90.75. 93.50 1.92 .48 1.07 3.12 .10 .08 .02 .00 .05 .30 11.11 4.33 17 21 21 20 23 20 23 19 . 20 21 13 20 14 7 10 10 8 10 8 12 10 10 17 11 7 3 5 9 1 6 2 2 2 17 8 6 4 2 1 4 1 2 1 2 12 5 13 16 18 24 13 12 2 8 4 1 1 3 10 9 29 39 43 50 67 49 43 34 32 20 11 9 13 12 7 9 2 9 8 11 11 7 14 16 4 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 10 9 11 7 5 10 8 12 12 10 13 6 30 18 48 31 34 27 24 9 22 31 30 42 23 41 February March April -_ Mav June . July .- August September October November December Means and sums. 86.74 22.58 238 127 62 20 118 27 426 112 53 142 362 RECAPITULATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR THE YEAR EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY- FIVE. Mean relative humidity for the year 86.74 Highest relative humidity during the year 100.00 Lowest relative humidity during the year, February 12, 2 p. M. 41.05 Greatest variation of humidity in 24 hours, September 29 43.08 Least variation of humidity in 24 hours, June 11 .08 Rainfall in inches during the calendar year .. 22.58 Rainfall in inches during the agricultural year, 1884-85 . 17.95 Rainfall in inches since July 1, 3885 (Bay Nursery) 15.81 Number of clear and fair days 238 Number of cloudy days 127 Number of days in which rain fell 62 Number of foggy mornings 20 Number of mornings overcast 118 Number of mornings that frost was seen L 27 Wind, direction from southwest and west 426 Wind, direction from northwest and north 112 Wind, direction from northeast and east... 53 Wind, direction from southeast and south 142 Calms 332 24 MONTHLY RAINFALL. As taken in Oakland by Mr. James Hutchison, of the Bay Nursery, for the Consecutive Years Mentioned. 1873. is 74. 18 75. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. MONTHS. Quantity ... 5" 4 4 [ Quantity - . ! i ^ ! Quantity _- ! Quantity ! July .10 2 .18 2 2 9, August 1 3 2 September .15 5 .57 3 2 October .60 994 30 4.74 10 .45 4 1.85 2 .70 5 November ... December .60 1018 9.18 31 7.83 1 10 .25 2 1.62 175 8 8 .65 31 3 6 2.98 508 9 14 January February March 1874. 5.60 1.80 5.25 18 75. 6.15 .30 1 65 18 76. 5.28 1.87 155 1877. 4.19 1.42 .96 9 5 7 1878. 10.82 11.63 4.30 16 17 16 1879. 3.84 5.65 7.96 11 9 15 1880. 1.71 2.19 1.70 7 9 9 April 1.25 93 .22 5 1.18 6 1.17 1? 8.46 18 May .75 10 45 .33 5 .40 2 1.39 7 1.04 5 June 1 64 94 5 .16 1 Amount 26.03 2 1.67 2 3.55 12.36 51 32.33 79 23.55 74 23.84 82 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. MONTHS. Quantity _- f | > 1 t | Quantity | Quantity ! Quantity _. ! Quantity __ | July 2 02 2 August .25 1 .00 September 40 1 .42 2 1.00 9 .35 2 .05 7, October .05 1 8? 7 2.65 9 1.03 7 2.80 4 .30 9, November . . . December ... January February March .35 12.57 1881. 10.48 3.95. 88 2 18 11 14 s 1 p 18* ^ S 4 .49 >.09 *2. !.42 !.05 >o 5 10 9 10 11 4.33 1.14 1883. 1.95 .70 333 7 9 3 5 8 .90 1.15 1884. 3.81 5.25 859 3 6 9 10 11 .05 7.33 1885. 1.92 .48 107 3 13 7 3 5 11.11 4.33 1886. 6.77 .30 17 8 April 1 40 8 1 51 8 220 s 579 10 312 q May 50 fi 15 s 350 H 55 5 10 1 June 1 16 2 2 303 10 08 6 Amount. .. 31.24 65 1 $.13 66 20.22 64 31.10 78 17.95 54 * 22.88 ---- Season of 1885-86, up to March 1, 1886. * Mean, twelve years, 23.89 inches. The rainfall in California is rather phenomenal, and depending greatly upon latitude and topography. The average difference of annual rainfall in the State, extending from northwest to southeast, is a little over two inches for every degree, being thirty-four inches at Crescent City, and ten inches at San Diego. It is said to increase about one inch for every hun- dred feet in elevation in ascending the Sierra Nevada. MONTHLY METEOROLOGICAL SYNOPSIS FOR THE YEAR 1885. January The weather was not unusual for the month rain and light showers were quite prevalent during the first half, and hazy, frosty morn- ings the last half. The morning of the twenty-sixth was very hazy, and a 25 white, hard frost covered almost everything that was exposed out of doors. At 1:30 A. M. two shocks of an earthquake were felt; the last seemed to be rather a continuation of the first. A loud, rumbling noise or sound attended the peculiar shaking or quaking motion, which apparently came from the northeast, passing towards the southwest. The first shock was quite severe, the rumbling sound, loud and sharp, gradually growing weaker, but rising again in intensity as the second shock was felt, then stopping short, and nothing more was heard of the earthquake's rumbling noise; windows set- tled in their frames, and all pendent objects swayed to and fro for a few moments. Another shock occurred at 8:56 p. M. The first sensation was an impulsive movement, a jog, ending with a tremor or trembling; a dis- tant rumbling sound was heard during the vibration, which appeared to pass from northeast to southwest. Lunar halo, 9 p. M.; barometer, 30:10; thermometer, 50 degrees; balance of month weather hazy, with slight rains for several days. February No unusual phenomena occurred during the month some light showers and sprinkles of rain; frosty mornings; lunar and solar halos, with a few beautiful luminous sun-risings and sun-settings. March had her full amount of bluster, by raising a great dust quite a number of times, with high winds -and light showers during the latter part of the month. The fifth was very clear and pleasant in the morning; at 2:30 P. M. a gale of wind came up from the northeast, which filled the air with clouds of dust; the thermometer ran up to summer heat, which, with the dryness of the atmosphere, caused the most succulent plants to wilt for several hours; evening very clear and pleasant. An eclipse of the sun, which it was said to have been annular, occurred on the 16th; no oppor- tunity was given to see it on account of a thick, dark overcast that remained all day; during the time of the greatest obscuration of the sun the dark- ness of night was very perceptible for a time; a chill was felt in the air; the thermometer fell 4 degrees in temperature and gradually rose again when the eclipse passed off. The forecasting of the weather in the public mind that eclipses are followed by storms within forty-eight hours in this case was verified, for a fine shower of rain fell on the 18th, which broke the long continued drought for four or five weeks. April was what might be called a rainy month; warm showers at fre- quent intervals seemed to be the prevalent characteristic of the precipitation. On the evening of the 8th, at 7:45 o'clock, there occurred one of the most severe showers or storms that has been observed in Oakland for ten years past. The rain fell in torrents, filling the streets and gutters with water; vivid flashes of lightning illuminated the dark horizon every few minutes, and loud peals of thunder crashed here and there, then rolled away in the distance with muttering sounds. For one and a half hours this terrific storm, swayed by different currents of wind, hung over Oakland with all its fury, then passing away and leaving behind on its track brilliant flashes of heat lightning that lighted up the huge cumulous clouds that carried away the relics of the storm. No other meteorological phenomena occurred during the month, unless it was a shower of rain and hail that fell at 5 p. M. on the 19th. Fine growing weather, with plenty of moisture, was the marked feature in this vicinity. May, June, and July were more than usually marked by many overcasts or high fogs, lasting late in the morning and coming up early in the after- noon. Very dry weather supervened on the April rains, which in many places dried up and destroyed entire fields of grain, and injuring them more or less in every locality in the State. 26 August, September, and October were counterparts of the tbree preceding months overcasts, drought, and disagreeable weather mornings and even- ings were at their maximum for ten years. August, no rain. September, one half an inch fell the day following an eclipse of the moon, which occurred on the 23d, at 10 o'clock p. M., invisible on account of clouds and overcast. Thermometer marked the maximum temperature of the year on the 21st, at 2 o'clock p. M., 89. During October the precipitation was only .30 of an inch; rather unusual, but not without precedent. November The extremes appertaining to the weather culminated on the beginning of this month. Solar and lunar halos preceded the rains, which were very frequent, and gave a rainfall unprecedented in amount for November. On the seventeenth a heavy rainfall prevailed, which poured in torrents for a few hours in the early morning. Large portions of the sur- face of the streets and vacant grounds were covered with water. Sewers and gutters were overflowed; barometer fell to 29.39, lowest observed in Oakland during the time of observation, ten years; showery during the day and night, until about four o'clock p. M. of the eighteenth, when a peculiar phenomenon occurred by the various air currents which came to and near the surface of the earth. Dark, heavy clouds overcast nearly the whole horizon, and near the surface of the earth, bounding the visible horizon all round, a bank of black, dark clouds gave every appearance of a severe storm. The upper currents of the atmosphere were moving in several direc- tions; but at the surface, and coming over the eastern foothills, a high wind blew from the northeast, passing over the city to the southwest a short dis- tance, when it met a counter current which turned it upward in its course, where it arose high in the air, dispelling the dark clouds, then turning backward upon itself towards the northeast, and descending to the tops of the foothills, covering them with a white, fleecy vapor, in striking contrast with the dark rain clouds in the background. This current moved in a circle of a short distance in diameter at a right angle to the surface of the earth, like some great wheel, rising high enough to cut into and through the dark storm-cloud overhead, dashing and breaking up all clouds it came in contact with, into a white fog or foam. There were three atmospherical currents prevailing at the same time one from the east, one from the south- southwest, and one from the northwest. Clouds were passing in each of these currents, in the direction to which they were moving, but it was very difficult to account for the circular and vertical current that was seen, and the violent phenomenon it produced for the short time it existed. The great atmospherical currents, when they came in contact with it, disap- peared for the time being in the vortex of the circular current, and were lost in its rapid motion on its axis. The month was phenomenal in its great amount of rainfall 11.11 inches. December Nothing unusual occurred light frost, rain and growing weather for vegetation. On the thirtieth, at 9:50 o'clock, a shock of an earthquake was felt, lasting several seconds; vibrations from east to west, half gyratory, then lifting. It was attended with a deep rumbling sound. Pendent objects swayed to and fro, and loose windows rattled in their casements. A heavy mist and light sprinkle of rain prevailed at the time; p. M., clear, cool, and very pleasant. 27 TABLE Showing the Comparative Annual Meteorology of 1876, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882. 1883, 1884, and 1885. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. Mean temperature of the year Mean temperature of warmest day- Mean temperature of coldest day _ Maximum temperature for the year 55.09 74. 36. 97. 56.29 76. 41.63 96. 55.28 69.33 37. 84. 55.11 75.33 33.66 93. 53.69 70.66 41. 89. 55.62 70. 42. 87. 54.49 69.33 35. 84. 54.66 84.66 32.33 103. 55.85 72.66 36. 88. 57.71 70. 46. 89. Minimum temperature for the year _ _ 30. 30. 27. 27. 29. 31. 30. 25. 28. 27. Greatest daily variation of tem- perature _ 33. 38. 33. 46. 36. 35. 31. 38. 30. 36. Least daily variation of tempera- ture 2. 1 2. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1 00 Greatest monthly range of tem- perature 49. 47. 46. 46. 48. 40. 42. 50. 45. 38 Least monthly range of tempera- ture _ _ _ 19. 25. 23. 30. 28. 21. 19. 29. 19. 19 Average daily range of tempera- ture for year __ _ _ 14.94 14.61 13.65 12.96 14.10 13.40 12.80 12.81 11.64 11.44 Average monthly range of tem- perature for year _ 34.92 35.5 32.5 38. 34.91 32. 31.16 37.58 30. 29.16 Yearly range of temperature 67. 66. 57. 66. 60. 56. 54. 65. 60. 52 Mean relative humidity for year- Highest relative humidity for year_ Lowest relative humidity for year_ Greatest variation humidity in 24 hours 83. 100. 40. 49.09 83.11 100. 34.40 5120 84.71 100. 38.60 45.06 85.29 100. 39. 58 83.70 100. 27. 5440 83.25 100. 29. 3740 82.57 100. 28.7 657 83.71 100. 33.9 488 85.39 100. 38.1 41 86.74 100. 41.5 43 8 Least variation humidity in 24 boon .06 .01 .02 .30 20 .30 4 3 3 g Rainfall in inches during the year_ Rainfall in inches in agricultural years, from July 1, 1876, to July 1, 1885 21.56 28.53 11.09 12.33 31.71 32.32 28.91 23.55 28.07 23.84 26.07 31.24 18.87 18.03 15.76 20.22 38.20 31.10 22.58 17 95 Number clear and fair days dur- ing year 268 301 255 9(56 258 276 276 266 260 238 Number cloudy days during year_ Number days in which rain fell- Number foggy mornings 98 63 23 64 58 g 110 78 17 99 89 19 108 53 27 89 67 28 89 72 15 99 53 21 106 85 19 127 67 20 Number mornings overcast 51 44 64 63 86 52 77 105 77 118 Number mornings frost was seen Wind, direction from S.W. and W._ Wind, direction from N.W. and W._ Wind, direction from N.E. and N._ Wind, direction from S.E. and S.__ Calms 35 342 210 34 163 340 35 364 150 63 150 368 36 311 173 45 164 402 46 355 150 50 126 372 62 346 136 59 172 385 47 402 136 58 138 331 50 345 150 53 143 404 58 428 119 29 91 438 38 382 128 62 151 375 27 426 112 53 142 362 Seasons. Mean temperature of Spring 54.46 55 18 55 73 5615 52 97 5635 54 1? 54 63 55 59 58 08 Mean temperature of Summer Mean temperature of Autumn Mean temperature of Winter Difference between the warmest and coldest months of Spring Difference between the warmest and coldest months of Summer. Difference between the warmest and coldest months of Autumn. Difference between the warmest and coldest months of Winter Difference between the warmest and coldest mouths of the year__ 60.40 57.75 48.20 4.40 1.99 6.13 5.00 16.20 61.17 57.67 50.39 1.49 1.10 7.76 6.09 12.25 59.36 56.92 50.12 3.68 .35 5.93 1.28 13.06 60.07 57.73 47.60 .70 1.26 9.14 5.13 15.68 58.95 55.86 45.38 9.91 1.88 7.70 2.37 15.78 60.27 54.78 51.10 5.12 1.55 8.79 5.34 12.38 60.06 56.44 46.80 5.77 1.13 9.68 2.33 14.77 61.16 .54.25 46.20 5.60 2.78 10.64 5.98 19.26 61.89 57.07 47.38 6.16 2.60 3.99 1.56 16.38 61.23 59.52 51.69 2.04 3.25 5.05 4.38 13.33 FOR TEN YEARS. Mean difference between the coldest and warmest months for ten years __ 19.67 Mean temperature for ten years ~~ !__"" 55.37 Mean barometer for ten years 29^94 Mean relative humidity for ten years II.II I_"II 84^24 Mean annual rainfall in inches for ten years .___ ._ 24.28 28 SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. Mean monthly temperature from May, 1872, to December, 1885; also, average monthly and average yearly temperature: YEAR. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Yearly Av'rge. 1872 61.3 634 624 606 596 564 522 478 *57 96 1873-... 51.9 47.6 48.1 60.3 63.5 61.1 57.0 55.2 49.6 t54.92 1874.... 49.1 49.6 49.2 55.0 57.7 59.8 62.8 61.7 59.8 58.6 53.5 46.0 55.24 1875.... 47.6 47.8 47.8 53.4 54.8 60.3 58.0 59.9 58.8 59.1 53.8 49.1 54.20 1876-... 45.4 47.8 49.4 52.3 54.4 58.1 51.9 58.4 59.0 57.1 51.8 46.3 52.66 1877 52.4 51.7 54.3 52.9 55.6 60.3 64.1 59.6 56.3 53.9 50.9 48.5 55.04 1878. 49.4 49.8 51.9 53.1 55.9 57.4 57.3 58.1 56.5 55.3 50.8 43.0 53.21 1879.-. 43.5 50.1 53.1 54.2 55.7 57.8 58.0 59.0 58.9 55.2 49.1 44.5 53.26 1880 42.6 41.9 44.7 51.4 55.0 51.4 58.6 58.1 59.3 54.1 45.7 50.8 ' 51.13 1881. 49.1 52.4 49.9 54.0 55.3 59.4 58.9 58.2 56.4 52.0 47.4 49.0 53.50 1882.--. 43.2 42.1 50.1 50.5 55.2 58.4 59.1 57.8 57.2 54.7 48.5 48.3 52.09 1883.-. 42.1 43.9 53.2 58.9 56.5 61.3 59.3 58.5 60.5 55.1 50.6 48.5 62.37 1884.-. 46.3 40.9 52.7 53.9 58.2 59.2 59.5 58.5 56.9 50.6 55.0 47.6 53.28 1885. 48.7 50.3 55.1 56.5 57.9 56.4 61.4 58.9 58.9 56.2 52.7 52.0 55.42 Totals . 611.3 615.9 659.5 646.1 733.5 763.2 831.6 830.8 819.2 776.3 717.2 671.5 764.28 Mont'ly av'age. 47.03 47.38 50.73 53.84 56.42 58.71 59.40 59.34 58.51 55.45 51.23 47.96 54.59 * Average for eight months, f Average for nine months. SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. Highest temperature at Salinas from May, 1872, to December, 1885: YEAR. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov. Dec. 1872 84 90 71 79 . 80 87 82 80 1873 .... 76 70 84 90 78 79 76 87 84 66 1874 66 66 70 70 82 79 77 76 88 85 75 73 1875 66 71 78 80 77 78 70 76 77 79 70 68 1876 62 69 73 79 68 79 76 75 82 76 81 76 1877 77 73 70 64 70 88 76 79 87 79 78 69 1878 67 63 74 72 70 71 70 71 76 85 78 80 1879 64 72 80 70 75 78 72 87 80 90 75 71 1880 70 64 65 64 87 76 72 70 71 86 83 70 1881 . . 68 7f> 78 76 73 74 86 70 78 70 74 72 1882 .- 65 66 76 70 72 71 72 73 74 81 75 76 1883 66 81 84 68 85 94 74 78 96 76 75 75 1884..,. 65 76 72 72 80 72 75 76 75 84 80 66 1885 70 75 82 82 76 73 73 76 82 72 72 74 Highest . 76 81 84 82 90 94 86 87 98 90 84 80 and Year 1873 1883 *1873 1885 1873 1883 1881 1879 1883 1879 1873 11872 *Same in 1888. fSame in 1878. 29 SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. Lowest temperature from May, 1872, to December, 1885: YEAR. Jan. Feb. Mar. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1872 47 54 56 52 47 36 32 22 1873 36 30 36 53 52 46 30 35 36 1874 31 32 33 43 45 50 52 52 48 46 33 23 1875 28 32 32 33 48 49 52 51 50 39 38 31 1876 30 30 32 40 44 40 51 52 51 42 35 31 1877 . .. 21 25 37 44 47 52 54 54 50 35 34 34 1878 30 28 37 41 48 51 51 52 50 42 30 26 1879 26 29 32 44 45 52 52 53 50 42 30 20 1880 25 25 32 41 44 49 52 52 45 41 28 38 1881 32 36 32 45 45 52 52 51 44 31 29 . 33 1882 '.. . ... 22 28 32 42 44 53 53 52 50 40 30 28 1883 20 24 44 40 45 53 54 52 50 38 29 32 1884 30 25 34 44 50 54 53 54 45 37 40 26 1885 33 32 36 41 50 51 54 57 46 38 30 32 Lowest 20 24 32 33 44 40 51 51 44 30 28 20 and Year 1883 1883 *1875 1875 U876 1875 U876 1875 1881 1873 1880 1879 * Same in 1876, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882. f Same in 1880 and 1882. j Same in 1877. ? Same in 1880. POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Mean monthly temperature at Poway, San Diego County, from Novem- ber, 1878, to December, 1885; also, the average monthly and yearly tem- peratures: MONTH OF 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. Monthly Averages. January 47.2 46.3 49.7 45.9 50.1 50.5 49.4 48.44 February 52.4 44.3 54.0 46.8 51.4 53.0 520 5056 March 55.4 48.1 54.2 525 468 538 573 5259 April 567 552 607 54 8 566 566 601 5724 May 58.4 61.4 64.1 62.0 60.7 61.6 63.3 61.64 June 65.2 64.7 66.1 64.5 693 652 652 6574 July 68.8 650 716 685 711 697 708 6936 August 706 682 709 716 703 660 758 7049 September 67.5 61.0 69.4 67.9 70.6 65.0 69.3 67.24 October 60.7 60.5 61.7 606 593 595 634 6081 November December "53.8 46.1 52.6 51.2 53.6 53.4 54.4 51.3 54.7 53.6 55.8 54.7 54.6 50.0 57.7 53.6 55.90 51.74 Totals 706.7 681.7 728.1 7034 716.7 7055 7379 71175 Yearly av'ges. 58.89 56.81 60.68 58.62 59.72 58.79 6149 5931 30 POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Highest temperature at Poway, San Diego County, California, from November, 1878, to December, 1885: MONTH. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. January 79 78 73 75 86 76 71 February _. . . 85 87 85 77 82 82 81 March 78 73 87 80 80 71 87 April 86 79 92 80 86 74 88 May 98 93 90 80 93 79 80 June 110 86 89 84 97 101 90 July . . .- ... . 88 86 97 89 93 101 97 August 98 93 97 93 94 104 103 September 100 91 101 96 102 90 103 October 97 88 82 89 81 87 97 November 84 84 85 84 85 82 87 82 December 89 77 84 82 88 80 78 85 Highest 110 93 101 98 102 104 103 and Month June *Mav Sept Sept Sept Allf tAue * Same for August. fSame for September. POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. Lowest temperature from November, 1878, to December, 1885: MONTH. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. January 25 26 32 27 28 31 30 February 29 29 35 33 28 33 32 March 36 32 . 39 38 45 40 37 April 42 43 53 42 45 43 46 May 49 47 55 50 49 52 52 June 55 53 56 54 58 56 55 July 57 54 56 58 62 59 60 August 54 52 58 60 61 59 63 September 51 51 54 47 56 53 57 October 38 42 42 41 42 41 41 November 25 30 32 31 34 36 33 38 December 21 28 34 21 32 35 30 35 Lowest 25 26 21 27 28 30 30 and Month Jan. Jan. Dec. Jan. *Jan. Dec. Jan. * Same for February. 31 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. Highest and lowest temperatures at San Diego, in each year, for thirteen years: YEAR. Highest, Degrees. Lowest, Degrees. YEAR. Highest, Degrees. Lowest, Degrees. 1872 87.0 37.0 1879 99.0 32.0 1873 85.0 37.0 1880 84.0 32.0 1874 900 39.0 1881 ._- 85.5 36.0 1875 880 380 1882 83.4 34.2 1876 880 390 1883 - 101.0 32.4 1877 94.0 40.0 1884 .-- 91.5 36.0 1878 100.0 35.4 1885 89.5 38.2 RECORD OF RAINFALL FROM SAN DIEGO TO SISKIYOU AND FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO PLACERVILLE. The rainfall at Poway, San Diego County, was furnished by Adams Chapin, voluntary observer of the United States Signal Service: RAINFALL AT POWAY, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. I January C5 1 c" B i 1 f CD | p 1 1 Septembe n -< 1 1 c 5 For Seaso Total for fc , j 3 , H a I i I j i i ? a, | o 1878 _ .02 1.57 1879 2.88 1.50 none 1.20 .08 .20 none none none .30 2.75 4.72 13.73 1879-80 15.61 1880 1.13 1.54 1.76 3.10 .09 none .06 .16 none .74 .30, 3.56 12.44 1880-81 10.43 1881 1.16 .60 2.86 1.14 .03 none none .04 .03 1.17 .20 .73 7.96 1881-82 13.39 1882 6.40 2.69 1.13 .90 .04 .09 none .01 .04 .29 .60 .27 12.46 1882-83 8.47 1883 .94 1.76 1.87 1.36 1.34 none none none none 1.59 none 2.40 11.26 1883-84 29.45 1884 1.59 9.40 6.96 4.81 2.26 .44 none none none .24 .38 5.91 31.99 1884-85 10.69 1885 .72 .35 .34 2.05 .63 .07 none none none .06 2.71 .90 7.83 1885-86 *10.78 1886 6.34 .77 Totals 21.16 18.61 14.92 14.66 4.47 .80 .06 .21 .07 4.39 6.96 1 20.06 97.67 88.04 Av'ges _ 2.645 2.326 2.131 2.094 .638 .114 .009 .030 .010 .627 .870 2.507 13.953 14.674 ' *Up to March 1,1886. 32 SAN DIEGO, SAN DIEGO COUNTY. This table runs from November 1, 1871, to March 1, 1886. The figures are from the annual reports of the Chief Signal Officer. They show the rainfall by calendar years and seasonal years; also, the totals and averages by months: ! I 1 % > g z a g I H J? H ** % 2 2. ^ ^ OR? o 5 3" & ET 1 CB D 3 3 p cc ? i 1 * 1 1 o 1 H< O i I j i i ! 1 I 1871 1.19 1.39 1872 .99 1.63 .46 .26 .12 none none .18 none none none 1.41 5.05 1871-72 6.22 1873 .34 4.15 .11 .10 .01 none none 1.95 none none .77 5.46 12.89 1872-73 8.10 1874 3.11 3.73 1.20 .35 .32 none .12 none .04 .53 .88 .55 10.83 1873-74 15.06 1875 2.38 .37 .45 .12 .20 .02 none .21 .39 none 2.25 .41 6.80 1874-75 5.75 1876 2.47 2.44 1.78 .06 .05 .05 .03 .06 .03 .08 .04 .15 7.24 1875-76 9.99 1877_ 1.05 .23 1.44 .26 .43 none none none none .81 .06 3.89 8.17 1876-77 3.71 1878 1.45 4.83 1.41 2.91 .58 .16 none none none .96 none 1.57 13.87 1877-78 16.10 1879 3.54 1.04 .10 .60 sprin .07 none none none .29 2.77 6.30 14.71 1878-79 7.88 1880 .61 1.50 1.43 1.34 .06 .06 .09 .32 none .53 .28 4.15 10.37 1879-80 14.77 1881 .52 .45 1.88 1.35 .04 .05 none .01 .04 .24 .12 .30 5.00 1880-81 9.26 1882 4.53 2.55 1.02 .45 .18 .07 none none .01 .41 .39 .13 9.74 1881-82 9.51 1883 1.09 .95 .41 .31 1.14 .08 none none none 2.01 .20 1.82 8.01 1882-83 4.92 1884 1.34 9.05 6.23 2.84 2.17 .31 none none .07 none .11 4.83 26.95 1883-84 25.97 1885 .35 .02 .78 1.20 .61 .06 sprin .13 sprin .31 1.56 .70 5.72 1884-85 8.16 1886 7.00 1.50 1885-86 *11.07 Totals 3077 3444 1870 12 15 5 91 93 24 2 86 58 617 1062 3306 145 35 145.40 AVges _ 1.698 2.296 1.335 .868 .422 .066 .017 .204 .041 .455 .708 2.204 10.382 10.386 * Up to March 1, 1886. SAN BERNARDINO, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. The rainfall at San Bernardino was furnished by Mr. Sidney P. Waite, of the San Bernardino Water Company, and extends from July, 1870, to March 1, 1886, and is as follows: 1 g | 1 g CH CTQ "1 g o g ? ? 1 1 YEAR. I | 1 1 i-i 1 1 1 3 O c 1 1870 02 09 3 11 89 1871 1872 6.91 none 2.21 2.20 .19 .37 .34 .79 .11 .06 .07 none none none .04 .18 .13 .04 .60 none .88 1.17 3.91 4.40 15.39 9.21 1870-71 1871-72 13.94 8.98 1873 6.50 1.25 .51 .84 .21 none none 1.06 .02 .01 .74 5.73 16.87 1872-73 15.10 1874 5.51 8.76 1.08 .48 .42 none none none .06 1.82 1.88 2.20 23.21 1873-74 23.81 1875 _ _ 7.20 0.15 0.22 .07 .05 none none none none none 7.50 .02 15.21 1874-75 13.65 1876 6.55 1.92 3.41 .44 .03 .03 none none none .20 .40 none 12.98 1875-76 19.90 1877 . 3.50 4.03 .83 .26 .30 none none none none .86 .50 3.95 14.23 1870-77 9.52 1878 3.33 6.68 2.57 1.71 .66 .07 .07 none .02 .14 .05 4.70 20.00 1877-78 20.33 1879 3.59 1.00 .50 1.20 .24 .03 .11 .02 .01 .94 3.40 6.50 17.54 1878-79 11.54 1880 1.56 1.33 1.45 5.00 .04 none none none none .14 .67 8.80 18.99 1879-80 20.36 1881 1.40 .36 1.66 .46 .01 none none none none .80 ,27 .50 5.41 1880-81 13.50 1882. 2.65 3.30 2.91 none none none none none .10 .15 .45 9.67 1881-82 11.54 1883 1.60 1.10 2.82 2.95 none none .19 none .53 .85 .09 2.63 12.76 1882-83 8.17 1884 1.63 12.20 9.95 5.68 3.17 .59 none none none none .11 3.75 37.08 1883-84 37.51 1885. _ 2.79 .11 .28 1.89 1.69 .19 none none none .39 4.36 1.20 12.90 1884-85 10.81 1886 644 252 1885-86 f!4.91 Totals 59 62 48 47 29 14 25 02 6 99 98 37 1 30 83 6 94 95 28 49 63 241.45 239.66 M'nthly 3 726 3 029 1 943 1 668 466 065 023 081 052 434 1 580 3 102 16.097 15.977 * Twelve inches snow January 12. 1882. 33 LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES COUNTY. The following figures, from February, 1872, to June, 1877, are from the records of .Mr. C. Duncommun, of Los Angeles; from July, 1877, to date, are irom i ,ne c igna 1 Vll ice r Bcorc IB H 4H a g > g- H M > C? o a H cc M S3 | I 1 i 1 "S * a CD f 03 1 CD B B 1 8 3 P 1 cf 1 3 o | \ | 1 1872 2.25 .43 .97 .10 none none .22 none none none 4.42 *8.39 1872-73 14.80 1873 2.08 7.19 .05 none none none none 1.06 none none .74 5.74 16.86 1873-74 23.72 1874 5.51 9.77 1.09 .45 .42 none none none .06 1.81 1.89 .20 21.20 1874-75 21.67 1875. 17.22 .15 .22 .07 .05 none none none none none 7.57 .82 26.10 1875-76 26.74 1876 6.54 7.92 3.41 .45 .03 none none none none .40 none none 18.75 1876-77 5.28 1877. 3.48 .01 .83 .26 .30 none none none none .86 .45 3.93 10.12 1877-78 21.26 1878 3.33 7.68 2.57 1.71 .66 .07 none none none .14 none 4.70 20.86 1878-79 11.35 1879 3.59 .97 .49 1.19 .24 .03 none none none .93 3.44 6.53 17.41 1879-80 20.34 1880 1.33 1.56 1.45 5.06 .04 none sprin sprin none .14 .67 8.40 18.65 1880-81 13.13 1881 1.43 .36 1.66 .46 .01 none none sprin sprin .82 .27 .52- 5.53 1881-82 10.40 1882. 1.01 2.66 2.66 1.83 .63 sprin none none sprin .05 1.82 .08 10.74 1882-83 12.11 1883 1.62 3.47 2.87 .15 2.02 .03 sprin none none 1.42 none 2.56 14.14 1883-84 38.26 1884 3.ir, 13.37 12.36 3.58 .39 1.39 .02 .02 sprin .39 1.07 4.65 40.39 1884-85 9.25 1885 1.05 .01 .01 2.01 .06 sprin sprin sprin .05 .30 5.55 1.65 10.69 1885-86 f!6.76 1886 7.80 1.4.1 1886-87 Totals __ 59.14 58.78 30.10 18.19 4.95 1.52 .02 1.30 .11 7.26 23.47 44.20 239.83 245.07 Av'ges _ 4.224 3.919 2.150 1.299 .354 .109 .001 .093 .008 .519 1.676 3.157 17.129 17.505 * Total for eleven months, f Up to March 1,1886. SALINAS, MONTEREY COUNTY. The rainfall of Salinas, Monterey County, was furnished by Dr. E. K. Abbott, and extends from July, 1872, to March 1, 1886, showing the rain- fall by months, years, and seasons also the averages: ? !H g tt "5 M 4-| CH C > | a e g | t i a 5 3 5 << en? C CD" 0, CD CD E 1 & ! q 1 i 3 1- I o 5 B OQ i [ ^ i * ~. H i i i : ! ! r 1872 ' 01 02 02 6 80 1872-73 13 45 1873 3.40 2.40 .80 none none none none none .10 .10 .20 4.25 11.25 1873-74 11.17 1874 3.42 none 2.15 .95 none none none none none 1.83 1.42 none 9.77 187 4-75 8.59 1875 4.50 .15 .69 none none none none none none none 5.17 2.18 12.69 1875-76 21.69 1876 __ 6.16 3.55 4.52 none .01 none .10 none .05 1.04 .05 none 15.48 187 6-77 4.64 1877 2.54 .16 .30 .10 .40 none none none none .12 1.00 2.39 7.01 1877-78 23.82 1878 7.05 8.77 2.57 1.92 none none none none .05 .60 .20 .35 21.51 187 8-79 10.94 1879 2.42 2.81 1.85 1.69 .82 .15 none none none 1.05 1.08 2.28 14.15 1879-80 13.22 1880 1.65 1.16 1.64 3.90 .46 none none none none none .57 5.56 14.94 188 n-8i 14.07 1881 3.32 2.32 1.26 .66 none .38 none none .10 .28 .67 1.24 10.23 1881-82 12.93 1882 1.78 2.31 4.86 1.01 .49 .19 none none .38 1.43 .65 1.95 15.05 188 fl-83 11.79 1883 .91 .95 2.26 1.28 1.98 none none none .19 1.19 .25 .90 9.91 188 V84 20.43 1884. 1.71 4.49 5.09 3.05 .72 2.66 none .18 .11 1.79 .28 4.46 24.54 1884-85 9.30 1885 1.09 .05 .19 1.21 .12 none none none .02 .08 6.60 1.30 10.66 188 i-86 *14.57 1886 5.10 1.47 Totals __ 45.05 30.59 28.18 15.77 5.00 3.38 .10 .18 1.01 9.53 18.16 33.66 177.19 176.04 Av'ges _ 3.218 2.185 2.168 1.213 .385 .260 .007 .013 .072 .681 1.297 2.404 13.630 13.541 * Up to March 1, 1886. 34 SAN FRANCISCO. The rainfall from 1849 to 1875 in the following table were taken from the report of the State Agricultural Society for 1874, and was furnished to that society by Thomas Tennant. The rainfall from 1875 to date is com- piled from the reports of the Chief Signal Officer: p I 1 | i 1 1 | 1 I | f H 1 B N D EP tM I a 2 i-t- y ; | f * 1 Q 1849 none none none none none none none none none .33 1.03 none 3.14 none .21 .80 8.66 .92 2.12 5.31 6.20 1.05 7.10 13.20 1850 1851 1852 8.34 .72 .58 1.77 .54 .14 4.53 1.94 6.68 .46 1.23 .26 none .67 .32 none none none 17.40 15.56 27.29 1849-50 1850-51 1851-52 33.10 7.40 18.44 1853 3.92 1.42 4.86 5.37 .35 none none .04 .46 .12 2.28 2.32 21.14 1852-53 35.26 1854. 3.88 8.04 3.51 3.12 .02 .08 none .01 .15 2.41 .34 .81 22.37 1853-54 23.87 1855 3.67 4.77 4.64 5.00 1.88 none none none none none .67 5.76 26.39 1854-55 23.68 1856 9.40 .50 1.60 2.94 .76 .03 .02 none .07 .45 2.79 3.75 22.31 1855-56 21.66 1857 2.45 8.59 .1.62 none .02 .12 none .05 none .93 3.01 4.14 20.93 1856-57 19.88 1858 4.36 1.83 5.55 1.55 .34 .05 .05 .16 none 2.74 .69 6.14 23.46 1857-58 21.81 1859 1.28 6.32 3.02 .27 1.55 none none .02 .03 .05 7.28 1.57 21.39 1858-59 22.22 1860 1.64 1.60 3.99 3.14 2.86 .09 .21 none none .19 .58 6.16 20.46 1859-60 22.27 1861 2.47 3.72 4.08 .51 1.00 .08 none none .02 none 4.10 9.54 25.52 1860-61 19.00 1862 24.36 7.53 2.20 .73 .74 .05 none none none .40 .15 2.35 38.51 1861-62 49.27 1863 3.63 3.19 2.06 1.04 .26 none none none .03 none 2.55 1.80 14.56 1862-63 13.08 1864 1.83 none 1.52 1.57 .78 none none .21 .01 .13 6.68 8.91 21.64 1863-64 10.08 1865 5.14 1.34 .74 .94 .63 none none none .24 .26 4.19 .58 14.06 1864-65 24.73 1866 10.88 2.12 3.04 .12 1.46 .04 hone none .11 none 3.35 15.16 36.28 1865-66 22.93 1867 5.16 7.20 1.58 2.36 none none none none .04 .20 3.41 10.69 30.64 1866-67 34.92 1868 9.50 6.13 6.30 2.31 .03 .23 none none none .15 1.18 4.34 30.17 1867-68 38.84 1869 6.35 3.90 3.14 2.19 .08 .02 none none .12 1.29 1.19 4.31 22.59 1868-69 21.35 1870 3.89 4.78 2.00 1.53 .20 none none none .03 none .43 3.38 16.24 1869-70 19.31 1871 3.07 3.76 1.29 1.93 .21 none none none i .03 .11 3.72 16.74 30.86 1870-71 14.10 1872 4.22 6.97 1.64 1.10 .16 .02 none none .14 .21 2.62 7.25 24.33 1871-72 34.71 1873 2.17 4.24 .78 .52 .01 .08 .03 .15 none .68 1.31 10.12 20.09 1872-73 18.02 1874 4.85 1.83 3.55 1.0* .34 .08 none none .83 2.73 5.92 .28 21.45 1873-74 23.98 1875 6.97 .20 1.08 .02 .11 1.01 none none none .24 7.27 4.15 21.05 1874-75 19.15 1876 7.55 4.92 5.49 1.29 .24 .04 .01 .01 .38 3.36 25 none 23.54 1875-76 31.21 1877 4.32 1.18 1.08 .26 .18 .91 .02 none none .65 1.57 2.66 11.93 1876-77 11.04 1878 11.97 12.52 4.56 1.06 .16 .01 .01 none .55 1.27 .57 .58 33.26 1877-78 35.17 1879 3.52 4.90 8.75 1.89 2.35 .05 .01 .02 sprin .78 4.03 4.46 30.76 1878-79 24.40 1880 2.23 1.87 2.08 10.06 1.12 none none none none .05 .33 12.33 30.07 1879-80 26.63 1881 8.69 4.64 .90 2.00 .22 .69 none none .25 .54 1.94 3.85 23.72 1880-81 29.86 1882 1.68 2.96 3.45 1.22 .21 .04 none none .26 2.66 4.18 2.01 18.67 1881-82 16.14 1883 1.92 1.04 3.01 1.51 3.52 .01 none none .42 1.48 1.60 .92 15.43 1882-83 20.12 1884 3.94 6.65 8.24 6.33 .23 2.57 sprin .04 .33 2.55 .26 7.68 38.82 1883-84 32.42 1885 2.53 .30 1.01 3.17 .04 .19 .06 sprin .11 . .72 11.78 4.99 24.90 1884-85 18.12 1886 7.42 .24 1885-86 |25.26 Totals 190.50 1 33 KK 115.51 70.04 23.08 5.59 .42 7.1 5.97 31.50 109.23 197.25 857.79 858.23 Av'ges 5.149 3.612 3.209 1.946 .641 .155 .011 .019 .161 .851 2.952 5.331 23.827 23.840 f Up to March 1, 1886. 35 OAKLAND, ALAMEDA COUNTY. The rainfall record below was taken by Mr. James Hutchison, of the Bay Nursery, Oakland. It shows the rainfall by months, by years, and by seasons, along with the monthly totals and averages, extending from October, 1873, to March 1, 1886: H H N g > g _, t, > z 53 M H 02 H 1 | 1 i 3 ' i i 1 i 2 1 o> 2, t i ! | 1 ; 8 r r 1873 .60 .60 10.18 1874 5.60 1.80 5.25 1.25 .75 none noye none none 2.34 9.18 .31 26.48 1873-74 26.03 1875 6.15 .30 1.65 none .10 1.64 none none none .30 7.83 4.10 22.07 1874-75 21.67 1876 5.28 4.87 4.55 .93 .45 .24 .10 none .15 4.74 .25 none 21.56 1875-76 28.55 1877_ 4.19 1.42 .96 .22 .33 none .18 none none .45 1.62 1.75 11.12 1876-77 12.36 1878 10.82 11.63 4.30 1.18 .40 none none none .57 1.85 .65 .31 31.71 1877-78 32.33 1879 _ 3.84 5.65 7.96 1.17 1.39 .16 none none none .70 2.98 5.06 28.91 1878-79 23.55 1880 1.71 2.19 1.70 8.46 1.04 none none none none .05 .35 12.57 28.07 1879-80 23.84 1881 - 10.48 3.95 .88 1.40 .50 1.16 none none .40 .82 1.49 5.09 26.17 1880-81 31.34 1882_ 2.42 2.05 4.20 1.51 .15 none none none .42 2.65 4.33 1.14 18.87 1881-82 18.13 1883 _ 1.95 .70 3.33 2.20 3.50 none none none 1.00 1.03 .90 1.15 15.76 1882-83 20.22 1884 3.81 5.25 8.59 5.79 .55 3.03 none .25 .35 2.80 .05 7.73 38.20 1883-84 31.10 1885. _ 1.92 .48 1.07 3.12 .10 .08 .02 none .05 .30 11.11 4.33 22.58 1884-85 17.72 1886 677 30 1885-86 *2286 Totals 1 64 94 4059 4444 2723 926 631 30 25 2.94 18.63 41.34 53.72 291.50 286.84 Av'ges . 4.995 3.122 3.703 2.269 .772 .526 .025 .021 .245 1.433 3.180 4.132 24.292 23.903 * Up to March 1, 1886. 36 SACRAMENTO, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The following table of rainfall at Sacramento, from September, 1849, to December 31, 1885, was collated from the records of Dr. T. M. Logan, Dr. F. W. Hatch, and those of the United States Signal Service office: H s_ g > g CH CH ^ 03 o &4 y 1-3 oa i i g i 1 S *]3 f ' g "a g. f o 2. CD 3 f 1 g. - ' 1 '" 1 | y 8 , ? ! 1 HJ ! 1 3 o i 1 | [ i j j P f 1849 .25 1.50 2.25 12.50 1849-50 36.00 1850 4.50 .50 10.00 4.25 .25 none none none none none sprin sprin 19.50 1850-51 4/71 185 L .65 .35 1.88 1.14 .69 none none nqne 1.00 .18 2.14 7.07 15.10 1851-52 17.98 1852 .58 .12 6.40 .19 .30 none none none sprin none 6.00 13.41 27.00 1852-53 36.36 185 i 3.00 2.00 7.00 3.50 1.45 sprin sprin none sprin sprin 1.50 1.54 19.99 1853-54 20.06 185 *___ 3.25 8.50 3.25 1.50 .21 .31 none sprin sprin 1.01 .65 1.15 19.83 1854-55 18.62 1855 2.67 3.46 4.20 4.32 1.15 .01 none none sprin none .75 2.00 18.56 1855-56 13.76 185 5 4.92 .69 1.40 2.13 1.84 .03 none none sprin .20 .65 2.40 14.26 1856-57 10.46 1857 1.38 4.80 .68 spriu sprin .35 none sprin none .66 2.41 2.63 12.91 1857-58 15.00 185 3 2.44 2.46 2.88 1.21 .20 .10 .01 sprin sprin 3.01 .15 4.34 16.80 1858-59 16.03 185 L .96 3.91 1.64 .98 1.04 none none none .02 none 6.48 1.83 16.86 1859-60 22.09 1860 2.31 .93 5.11 2.87 2.49 .02 .63 none .06 .91 .18 4.28 19.19 1860-61 16.10 186 1 2.67 2.92 3.32 .48 .59 .14 .55 none none sprin 2.17 8.64 ! 21.38 1861-62 35.56 186 i 15.04 4.26 2.80 .82 1.81 .01 none .01 none .36 sprin 2.:i:j 27.44 186263 11.58 1863 1.73 2.75 2.36 1.69 .36 none none none sprin none 1.49 1.82 i 12.20 1863-64 7.87 186- 1 1.08 .19 1.30 1.08 .74 .09 none .08 sprin .12 6.72 7.87 19.27 1864-65 22.51 1865 4.78 .71 .48 1.37 .46 none sprin none .08 .48 2.43 .36 11.15 1865-66 17.93 186 5 7.70 2.01 2.02 .48 2.25 .10 .02 none none sprin 2.43 9.51 26.52 1866-67 25.30 1867 3.44 7.10 1.01 1.80 .01 none none none .01 none 3.81 12.85 30.03 1867-68 32.79 186 *__._ 6.04 3.15 4.35 2.31 .27 sprin none hone none none .77 2.61 19.50 1868-69 16.64 186 )___ 4.79 3.63 2.94 1.24 .65 .01 none none sprin 2.12 .85 1.96 18.19 1869-70 13.57 1870 1.37 3.24 1.64 2.12 .27 sprin sprin sprin none .02 .58 .97 10.21 1870-71 8.47 187 1 2.08 1.92 .69 1.45 .76 sprin none none sprin .21 1.22 10.99 19.32 1871-72 24.05 1872 4.04 4.74 1.94 .61 .28 .02 none none sprin .22 1.93 5.39 19.17 1872-73 14.21 187 J 1.23 4.36 .55 .51 none sprin .02 sprin none .31 1.21 10.01 18.20 1873-74 22.90 187 1 5.20 1.86 3.05 .89 .37 sprin sprin none .05 2.26 3.80 .44 17.92 1874-75 17^70 1875 8.70 .55 .80 sprin sprin 1.10 none none none .44 6.20 5.52 23.31 1875-76 26.53 187 5 4.99 3.75 4.15 1.10 .15 none .21 .02 sprin 3.45 .30 none 18.12 1876-77 8.96 1877 2.77 1.04 .56 .19 .64 .01 sprin sprin none .73 1.07 1.43 8.44 1877-78 24.86 187 3 9.26 8.04 3.09 1.07 .17 none none none .29 .55 .51 .47 23.45 1878-79 17.85 187 J_'_- 3.18 3.88 4.88 2.66 1.30 .13 sprin sprin none .88 2.05 3.41 22.37 1879-80 26.47 1880 1.64 1.83 1.70 14.20 .76 none sprin none none none .05 11.81 31.99 1880-81 26.57 188 1 6.14 5.06 1.37 1.64 sprin .50 sprin none .30 .55 1.88 3.27 20.71 1881-82 16.51 1882 1.89 2.40 3.78 1.99 .35 .10 sprin none .57 2.63 3.22 1.13 18.06 1882-83 18.11 188 i 2.23 1.11 3.70 .67 2.85 none none none .90 .97 .61 .44 13.48 1883-84 24.78 188 1 3.43 4.46 8.14 4.32 .06 1.45 none sprin .60 2.01 none 10.45 34.92 1884-85 16.58 1885. 2.16 .49 .08 .68 sprin .11 sprin none .08 .02 11.34 5.76 20.72 1885-86 *28.12 188 5 7.95 .29 2.68 Totals __ 142.19 103.46 107.82 67.46 25.72 4.59 1.14 .11 4.21 25.80 79.80 172.19 707.07 705.47 Av'ges _ 3.843 2.796 2.913 1.874 .714 .128 .032 .003 .114 .697 2.217 4.654 19.641 19.596 * Up to April 1, 1886. 37 RAINFALL AT FOLSOM, SACRAMENTO COUNTY. The rainfall data tabulated below is from Folsom, Sacramento County, and was furnished by J. H. Sturgis, special River Observer of the United States Signal Service at that point. The rainfall is from September, 1871,' to March 1, 1886: H CH bj J t* g 5-1 CH > 05 M b H 3= X 8 p g 1. 3 <~ & % i g 1 g I P 1 1 >-) g *-t I B O o 1 >-i j 1 i \ i ? 1871 sprin .55 1.95 13.12 1871-72 28.82 1872__ 5.50 4.72 1.60 .63 .75 sprin none sprin sprin .25 2.80 6.53 22.78 1872-73 15.70 1873 1.64 4.05 .34 .05 .03 none .01 sprin sprin spnn 1.39 10.51 18.02 1873-74 24.45 1874 5.26 2.63 1.82 2.03 .81 sprin sprin none sprin 1.66 5.19 .13 19.53 1874-75 15.70 1875 _ . 6.14 .04 1.24 sprin .07 1.23 none none none .26 7.12 4.49 20.59 1875-76 30.53 1876 5.89 4.06 6.62 1.56 .24 sprin .26 .03 none 3.76 .25 none 22.67 1876-77 9.90 1877 __ 3.38 .68 .81 sprin 1.02 spriu sprin sprin none .75 .54 1.34 8.52 1877-78 25.00 1878 _ 8.41 8.37 4.23 1.10 .26 none none sprin .12 .43 .62 .56 24.10 1878-79 21.91 1879 4.87 4.94 5.43 3.38 1.44 .12 none sprin none 1.31 2.20 3.19 26.78 1879-80 25.09 1880 _ 151 2.13 1.40 11.39 2.06 none sprin none none sprin .10 9.85 28.44 1880-81 25.91 1881 _ . 6.70 6.07 1.38 1.13 sprin .68 none none .40 1.21 1.57 3.45 22.59 1881-82 18.28 1882 _ 2.38 3.01 3.82 2.51 .27 .06 sprin none .68 2.81 3.95 .74 20.23 1882-83 22.32 1883. 2.11 .80 5.46 1.10 4.57 none none none 1.82 1.41 .81 .92 19.00 1883-84 31.02 1884 . 3.88 5.92 8.14 5.32 1.16 1.64 none sprin .64 2.02 none 9.13 37.85 1884-85 16.60 1885 1.91 .84 .15 1.68 sprin 91 .02 sprin .21 sprin 10.91 4.88 20.81 1885-86 *24.50 1886 7 60 90 Totals 67 18 4916 4244 31 88 1268 3.94 .29 .03 3.87 16.32 39.40 68.84 311.91 311.23 Av'ges _ 4.479 3.277 3.031 2.277 .906 .281 .021 .002 .258 1.088 2.627 4.589 22.279 22.231 * Up to March 1, 1886. PLACERVILLE, EL DORADO COUNTY. The rainfall record at Placerville, El Dorado County, was furnished by Samuel Hale, Superintendent of the El Dorado Water and Deep Gravel Mining Company, and covers a period of seven years and two months, from 1879 to March 1, 1886. Records were also kept from February, 1874, to February, 1877. The total for those years was, for eleven months in 1874, 33.23 inches; 1875, 44.84 inches; 1876, 39.21 inches; January and February, 1877, gave 11.05 inches: W I o" I w 1 CH 1 a^ i< a "2 1 f 1 | 1 1 1 1 i f g HJ 1 B 1 c? 8, I i I p j p 1879 3.47 5.28 7.53 1879-80 59.60 1880 4.38 5.81 4.66 17.52 3.95 none none none none .35 .58 16.94 54.19 1880-81 48.04 1881 15.53 7.01 3.38 2.36 spnn 1.89 sprin none 1.08 2.80 2.87 7.70 44.62 1881-82 42.46 1882 __ 6.71 5.15 9.30 5.53 1.19 .13 sprin none .93 5.72 4.94 1.98 41.58 1882-83 36.56 1883 3.74 2.58 6.88 3.54 6.25 none sprin none 1.67 3.38 1.67 2.63 32.34 1883-84 57.39 1884 6.06 11.56 14.46 11.82 1.60 2.51 sprin .03 .85 2.47 .10 22.65 74.11 1884-85 36.53 1885 4.15 .97 .33 3.32 .27 1.42 none none .55 none 15.97 5.22 32.20 1885-86 *35.92 1886 13 03 1.15 Totals 53.60 34.23 39.01 44.09 13.26 5.95 sprin .03 5.08 18.19 31.41 64.65 279.04 273.58 Av'ges 7.657 4.890 6.502 7.348 2.21T) .992 sprin .005 .847 2.599 4.489 9.236 46.501 45.597 * Up to March 1, 1886. 38 GEORGETOWN, EL DORADO COUNTY. The rainfall at Georgetown, El Dorado County, was furnished by C. M. Fitzgerald, of the California Water and Mining Company, and extends from November, 1872, to March 1, 1886: i 5 1 * ! P e B | J> cc | 1 | 1 I 1 f 1 * I 1 dD 1 1 c 5 ! S> ] i ! i I j ! i j 3 1872.. 4.30 18.72 1873 4.08 13.05 3.05 3.11 .12 none .03 none none .61 .55 16.60 41.20 1872-73 46.46 1874 16.66 8.03 13.87 5.80 1.32 .20 none none none 3.86 14.60 1.24 65.58 1873-74 63.64 1875 17.87 .04 5.07 .31 2.03 2.06 none none none 1.90 24.12 10.85 64.25 1874-75 47.08 1876 13.09 9.97 14.54 4.78 1.22 none .77 none none 11.47 .80 none 56.64 1875-76 81.24 1877 12.44 2.14 7.78 1.74 3.87 .24 none none none 1.03 4.30 1.97 35.51 1876-77 40.48 1878 16.21 22.78 10.92 2.99 .99 .12 none none .66 2.56 2.66 .48 60.37 1877-78 61.31 1879 11.24 12.41 17.57 9.65 3.39 .34 none none none 3.85 6.25 11.73 76.43 1878-79 60.96 1880 5.47 6.00 5.50 25.63 5.97 none none none none .18 .37 22.67 71.79 1879-80 70.40 1881 20.83 12.85 3.84 2.40 .40 2.28 none none 2.02 4.23 3.30 10.32 62.47 1880-81 65.82 1882 8.59 5.88 10.44 7.11 2.06 .18 none none .16 7.75 7.00 3.31 52.48 1881-82 54.13 1883 4.70 3.08 8.73 3.87 7.34 none none none 1.60 4.10 1.94 3.50 38.86 1882-83 45.94 1884 7.53 13.80 19.94 15.07 1.52 3.65 none .01 .80 3.54 .03 33.73 99.62 1883-84 72.66 1885 4.37 .82 .24 3.98 .19 2.28 .03 none 1.16 none 20.77 7.03 40.87 1884-85 50.01 1886 18 32 1 16 1885-86 *48 44 Totals 161.40 112.01 12149 86.44 3042 11.35 .83 .01 640 45 08 90 99 42 15 766 07 760 13 Av'ges. 58.472 11.529 8.001 9.345 6.649 2.340 .873 .064 .001 .492 3.468 6.499 L0.154 58.928 * Up to March 1, GRASS VALLEY, NEVADA COUNTY. The rainfall that goes to make up the following table for Nevada County was taken at Grass Valley by Mr. Loutzenheiser. It covers a period of twelve years, from 1873 to 1885, inclusive: H | P o P % > | o 1 b sf ~ 4 fi i " B ^ a fiT < % - 1 g^ 1 E q jj & i 1 ? s 1 5 C* B O o 1 i , i ! I 1 | | I i B 1873 4.01 12.50 1.39 2.32 2.56 none none none none .83 2.99 19.01 45.61 1872-73 40.00 1874 13.71 .;; 11.71 3.76 1.05 .10 none no ne none 2.95 15.91 1.08 57.20 1873-74 60.09 1875 15.56 1 39 4.14 1 .29 1.18 2.28 none no ne none .97 16.99 7.44 50.24 1874-75 44.78 1876 12.01 10.75 12.47 2.80 1.23 .65 none none .06 8.72 .62 none 49.31 1875-76 i 65.31 1877 10.18 2 .44 4.79 1.14 1.40 .74 none no lie none 1.21 3.78 1.74 27.42 1876-77 30.09 1878. 15.74 17.76 10.18 2.78 .59 none none none .68 2.09 2.54 .75 53.11 1877-78 53.78 1879 10.72 11 .51 18.07 7.08 3.08 .30 none (IS none 2.79 6.54 8.86 69.03 1878-79 56.82 1880 6.40 4 .S3 4.07 23-.31 6.23 .09 none no ne none .04 .30 22.69 67.96 1879-80 63.20 1881 19.20 8.50 3.33 1.85 .05 1.50 none none 1.25 3.71 3.52 8.21 51.12 1880-81 57.46 1882 6.03 6 30 7.96 5.27 1.18 .50 none no ne 1.88 7.88 4.78 2.83 44.61 1881-82 43.93 1883 3.05 2 .!; 9.25 2.38 5.77 none none no ne 1.44 3.03 1.48 2.31 31.68 1882-83 40.70 1884 7.80 10.27 13.98 10.98 1.00 2.30 none none .98 3.30 .05 28.39 79.05 1883-84 54.59 1885 3.65 1 .19 .83 3.17 .16 .90 none no ne 2.65 none 19.27 6.36 38.75 1884-85 43.19 1886 12.40 1 .43 1885-86 *42.11 Totals. _ . _ | 140.46 99.34 102.17 67.13 25.48 9.36 none .08 8.94 37.52 1 78.77 109.67 j 665.09 653 94 Av'ges 10.033 7.096 7.859 5.164 1.960 .720 none .006 .688 2.886 6.059 8.436 51.161 50303 *Upto March 1,1886. 39 WEST BUTTE, SUTTER COUNTY. The report of rainfall at West Butte, Sutter County, was furnished by A. S. Noyes, and covers a period of six years and two months, from November. 1879, to December, 1885, inclusive: I 1 g 1 I i | 5 8 g CR c f f 3 | 2 re 3 1 1 3 E J | r . i I 1 o 5 o | \ \ \ 1 I 1879 2.38 225 1879-80 13.25 1880 .62 .75 .75 5.88 .62 none none none none none none 5.38 14.00 1880-81 12.20 1881 3.69 1.38 .75 1.00 none none none none .31 1.12 .38 2.00 10.63 1881-82 12.26 1882 1.88 2.31 2.57 1.19 .50 none none none .25 .88 2.62 .25 12.45 1882-83 12.44 1883 .75 .19 3.06 .88 3.56 none none none .62 .81 none .19 10.06 1883-84 19.80 1884_ 3.81 2.12 6.50 3.75 .25 1.75 none none .57 i.no none 4.94 24.69 1884-85 12.13 1885 2.00 .50 .37 2.12 .18 .45 none none .18 .56 7.45 3.65 17.46 1885-86 *17.29 1886 475 70 Totals 17 50 7 95 1400 1482 511 2 20 1 93 437 12 83 18 66 89 29 82 08 Av'ges 2.500 1.136 2.333 2.470 .852 .367 none none .322 .728 1.833 2.666 14.882 13.680 *Up to March I, 1886. MARYSVILLE, YUBA COUNTY. The rainfall from Marysville covers a period of three years, and was fur- nished by J. S. Dallam, Special River Observer for the United States Sig- nal Service at that point: R 1 * tt > 3 (H a CH > % g g t) H | c P I I 3. ^ g CT S I < g t i P J 1 cr I 1 1 3 1 K{ o o 5 | i ! | f 8 1882 99 242 2 84 1 31 1882-83 2012 1883 1.64 .61 3.72 .98 5.61 none none none .53 1.29 .94 .54 15.86 1883-84 23.47 1884 3.93 3.84 6.04 4.14 .16 2.06 none none .48 2.32 .03 7.64 30.64 1884-85 13.84 1885 1.82 .43 .27 .61 .02 .22 none none .30 none 9.90 4.87 18.44 1885-86 *21.28 1886 ___ 5.73 .48 Totals. 13.12 5.36 10.03 5.73 5.79 2.28 none none 2.30 6.03 13.71 14.36 64.94 57.43 Av'ges. 3.280 1.340 3.343 1.910 1.930 .760 none none .575 1.508 3.428 3.765 21.647 19.143 * Up to March 1, 1886. OROVILLE. The rainfall for Oroville was furnished by Mr. Hiram Arents, Signal vice Observer at that place, from September, 1884, to January, 1886: Ser- 1 -l JO <^ *4 1 K 1 > v 2. | 1 CH 5 CB g <|T August _ September 1 November December Total for Year__ Season of j Total for Season. 1884 _ 2 27 208 05 9 33 *13 73 1885 1886 _ 2.10 6.13 .73 .36 .25 1.64 .65 .39 sprin none .20 sprin 11.27 5.53 22.76 1884-85 1885-86 19.13 |2349 Totals . 8.23 1.09 .25 1.64 .65 .39 sprin none 2.47 2.08 11.32 14.86 22.76 19.13 Av'ges. 4.115 .545 .250 1.640 .650 .390 sprin none 1.235 1.040 5.660 7.430 22.760 19.130 * Total for September, October, November, and December, 1884. f Up to March 1, 1886. 40 COLUSA, COLUSA COUNTY. The rainfall, etc., from Colusa, Colusa County, was furnished by J. D. McNary, Special River Observer at that point. The table gives the rain- fall by seasons from 1872-73 to March 1, 1886, and by months only from 1881 to date: H 1 tt > g B jg > $ O o H | H * i i g. ^ .1 ^ 1 i 1 2 E i % | f 3 * I 5 1 ! j ! 9 G I ! ! ! j-i f B 1872 . 1873 1872-73 33 46 1874 _ 1873-74 11.28 1875 1 874-75 1902 1876 1875-76 19 79 1877 1876-77 920 1878 1877-78 33 34 1879 __ 1878-79 13.98 1880_ 1879-80 19 21 1881 3.70 2.27 .60 1.42 .34 none none none 1.19 none .43 2.51 12.46 1880-81 16.96 1882 1.51 2.56 2.50 1.27 .04 .65 none none .23 1.19 1.73 .69 12.37 1881-82 22.62 1883 1.07 .37 2.36 .79 3.23 none none none .68 .68 .11 .10 9,39 1882-83 11.66 1884 4.82 2.30 5.70 2.97 .12 2.88 none none .59 1.06 none 5.30 25.74 1883-84 29.75 1885 2.04 .58 .35 1.22 none .55 none none .02 .79 7.69 3.98 17.22 1884-85 11.69 1886 457 20 1885-86 *17 25 Totals __ 17.71 8.28 11.51 7.67 3.73 4.08 none none 2.71 3.72 9.96 12.58 77.18 251.16 Av'ges 2.952 1.380 2302 1 534 746 816 5 42 744 1 992 2 516 15 436 19 320 * Up to March 1, 1886. PRINCETON, COLUSA COUNTY. The record of rainfall at Princeton, Colusa County, was furnished by David Bently, voluntary observer of the Signal Service, United States Army, and covers a period of eleven years and two months, from 1875 to March 1, 1886: J P M * t 1-1 c JH te f bl b 3 n H E | 3 1 5 c vT 1 1r o' a | i r 5 1 ^ [ 1 1 1 B c 1 B 2, c"' 1 ! p !"* ! ^ ^D i j [ ] 1 i | ! 1 i' I | 1 B 1875 4.30 .15 .30 none .05 1.75 none none none .75 1.95 1.85 11.10 1875-76 17.18 1876___ 2.53 4.40 3.50 1.05 .15 .05 .90 .05 .15 4.60 .40 none 17.78 1876-77 10.20 1877_ _ 1.65 1.75 .85 none .20 .30 .30 none none .98 1.63 1.48 9.14 1877-78 27.12 1878. _ 10.43 7.64 2.28 1.01 .65 none none 1.02 .20 .50 .96 .13 24.82 1878-79 10.73 1879. _ 1.83 1.71 2.44 1.61 1.10 .12 none .13 none .07 1.91 2.81 13.73 1879-80 13.27 1880_ _ .95 .90 .95 4.93 .75 none none none none none .10 6.85 15.43 1880-81 15.54 1881 4.30 1.78 .83 1.15 .10 .43 none none .60 .60 .22 2.51 12.52 1881-82 11.09 1882 1.21 2.54 1.53 1.08 .28 .52 none none .18 1.71 2.42 .62 12.09 1882-83 12.05 1883 .65 .23 2.35 1.07 2.82 none none none .58 .64 .10 .14 8.58 1883-84 17.78 1884 4.03 2.35 5.06 2.71 .05 2.12 none none 1.13 1.10 none 6.03 24.58 1884-85 12.19 1885 1.66 .57 .21 .98 .36 .15 none none .12 .60 7.21 4.78 16.64 1885-86 *16.79 1886 3.91 .17 Totals __ 37.45 24.19 20.30 15.59 6.51 5.44 1.20 1.20 2.96 11.55 16.90 27.20 166.41 147.15 Av'ges _ 3.121 2.016 1.845 1,417 .592 .495 .109 .109 .269 1.050 1.536 2.473 15.128 14.715 * Up to March 1, 1886. 41 RED BLUFF, TEHAMA COUNTY. This table is made up from the Signal Service records, and shows the total rainfall for each calendar year from 1878 to December 31, 1885, and the rainfall by seasons from 1877-78 to March 1, 1886; also the totals for each month, with the averages from the opening of the Signal Office on July 1, 1877, to date: K< CH S ~ ~ j^ CH CH j^ 02 Q M H M H | P 3 | 3 1 1 r (= i. o i I i a P d H OQ g B i B i sq 5 j I ^ 1 s* ] r i H i ' i i i P 1877 05 ,03 none 1.35 3.13 3.98 1878 _ _ 20.71 16.66 4.16 2.21 .89 none none none .42 1.56 1.66 .69 48.96 1877-78 53.09 1879 3.18 3.67 5.39 2.12 2.18 .30 .04 .28 sprin .48 6.05 9.95 33.64 1878-79 21.49 1880 - 2.01 1.66 1.70 7.05 1.04 none none none none .08 ,14 12.85 26.53 1879-80 29.94 1881 9.40 2.79 .51 1.83 .79 .51 sprin none 1.07 1.61 .73 5.69 24.93 1880-81 28.90 1882 2.81 3.94 2.67 2.12 .33 .15 none none .49 2.80 5.07 1.44 21.82 1881-82 21.12 1883 ' .87 .39 2.60 1.96 2.96 none none none 1.04 2.68 .74 .52 13.76 1882-83 .18.58 1884 3.55 2.21 7.81 4.31 .18 .97 none none .36 .90 .04 7.73 28.06 1883-84 24.01 1885 1.84 1.19 sprin .62 .64 1.37 .05 none 2.91 .10 17.05 3.90 29.67 1884-85 14.74 1886 4 80 18 1885-86 *28.94 Totals 49 17 3-7 (59 24 84 22 22 9 01 330 14 31 629 11 56 34.61 46.75 227.37 211.87 A v 5 463 3 632 3 105 2 778 1 126 412 016 034 699 1284 3846 5194 28.421 26.484 * Up to March 1, 1886. YREKA, SISKIYOU COUNTY. The rainfall data extending from April, 1872, to December, 1884, was furnished by the late Mr. L. Autenreith, of Yreka. The record for 1885, January and February, 1886, are from Mr. C. H. Pyle, of Yreka: M CH * g t CH C CH C V i !z! t) H t 9 P P op 3 ^ 1 O crq *% g" I 3- | 5- 1 ci t? *-"* i 2 (ST 3 p jr I P r 1 0* o | i i | 1 1872 24 44 14 25 1 55 143 3.72 1873. II 1.28 1.77 .40 .90 .60 none none none .44 .55 1.17 2.20 9.31 1872-73 11.90 1874 - _ 3.78 1.62 1.49 .74 .34 .44 none none none 1.29 2.16 none 11.86 1873-74 12.77 1875_ _ 4.35 .19 1.23 .17 .51 .30 .07 none Hone 3.34 5.29 6.07 21.52 1874-75 19.27 1876_ _ 2.00 1.93 2.07 .42 .65 .20 .32 .19 .90 3.05 .43 .26 12.42 1875-76 22.48 1877 1.20 3.24 1.48 .74 1.56 .65 .18 none none .20 3.64 .95 13.84 1876-77 13.69 1878_ _ 6.12 3.91 2.80 .37 .56 none .35 .40 .45 .25 1.15 .45 16.81 1877-78 19.30 1879 1.53 1.41 3.96 1.56 1.42 .39 .22 .15 none .77 2.32 723 20.96 1878-79 T2.94 1880 2.43 .61 1.20 2.23 .41 none .15 none none .13 .10 2.42 9.68 1879-80 17.35 1881 11.78 2.58 .19 1.48 none 1.65 .59 .26 .30 3.24 .68 1.60 23.35 1880-81 20.18 1882 1.81 1.96 .42 '1.20 1.02 none none none .90 1.88 1.89 2.09 13.17 1881-82 1223 1883_ 1.38 .47 .53 1.26 1.76 none .33 .25 .33 1.35 .66 2.95 11.27 1882-83 12.74 1884 . 2.10 1.20 2.44 1.41 1.40 1.78 1.33 .51 .33 none .79 6.19 29.48 1883-84 17.46 1885 __ 1.16 2.94 none 1.12 3.65 1.66 .58 none .49 .29 6.98 2.10 20.97 1884-85 18.42 1886 403 .91 1885-86 *14.80 Totals 44 95 2474 18 21 12 84 1432 7 07 4 26 1 76 439 17 89 28 69 38 23 20464 201.73 3 211 1 767 1 401 917 1 023 505 326 126 .314 1 278 2.049 2 731 15742 15.515 * Up to March 1, 1886. 42 SCOTT VALLEY, SISKIYOU COUNTY. The rainfall for Scott Valley, Siskiyou County, was tabulated from the observations taken by Mr. Isaac Titcomb, of Scott Valley, near Fort Jones: ? SB C" S 1 g a g d crq in o fc| | g 1 g i I jr * i o e 1 if 1 1 ^ J ; 5 ! r 1 I B o j o ! | | | | | r | 1 1859 .50 .87 1.00 4.33 .75 1859-60 20.28 1860 2.59 1.26 4.12 .75 2.00 .50 1.62 .24 .49 2.22 2.00 5.74 23.52 1860-61 20.65 1861 __ 1.12 2.50 2.50 3.00 .54 .30 none none none .51 11.56 10.63 32.66 1861-62 40.96 1862 9.29 3.75 1.32 2.00 1.00 .80 .10 none .02 .15 .12 1.90 20.45 1862-63 15.72 1863 4.75 1.75 2.45 2.00 .40 1.93 .25 .09 .40 .25 1.85 6.17 22.29 1863-64 15.60 1864 __ 2.07 .43 .82 2.70 .51 .31 none .03 .04 .31 6.00 12.75 26.57 1864-65 26.77 1865 1.87 2.40 1.30 .32 .05 .75 .35 .02 1.15 1.33 9.79 1.21 20.54 1865-66 35.65 1866 ___ 6.59 3.50 9.20 .02 1.72 .62 .50 .47 none .08 2.51 11.75 36.96 1866-67 28.38 1867 9.12 2.02 .64 1.34 .44 .01 none .26 .40 .88 1.75 9.68 26.54 1867-68 23.61 1868 3.06 1.50 3.70 .1.14 .18 1.06 none none .06 .50 .77 2.80 14.77 1868-69 18.29 1869 __ 5.76 1.13 1.32 3.61 1.52 .69 .13 none 1.00 .01 3.04 3.56 21.77 1869-70 19.87 1870 5.00 2.91 1.73 1.37 1.12 .13 none none .01 .02 1.00 3.50 16.79 1870-71 13.91 1871 1.86 2.47 1.62 2.27 .55 .26 .35 none .37 .05 1.62 7.68 19.10 1871-72 22.87 1872 4.18 6.94 1.40 .34 .25 .03 .01 .01 .41 .16 2.67 338 19.78 1872-73 13.84 1873 __. 1.33 3.00 1.05 1.50 .27 .03 .03 .05 .37 .94 1.71 4.49 14.77 1873-74 21.79 1874 __ 6.38 1.80 3.65 1.55 .71 .13 .01 .09 none 1.55 4.33 .43 20.63 1874-75 13.09 1875 3.13 .17 1.79 .35 .75 .12 .38 .05 none 4.45 7.31 7.33 25.83 1875-76 31.09 1876 2.26 3.33 3.94 .71 1.19 .18 .34 1.00 1.02 3.75 .54 .01 18.27 1876-77 18.90 1877 1.71 4.23 3.10 1.23 1.48 .71 .12 .02 .01 .45 .67 1.62 15.35 1877-78 23.36 1878 ___ 9.72 6.53 3.74 .27 .20 .12 .01 .06 .36 2.81 2.16 1.14 27.12 1878-79 26.42 1879 __ 3.25 3.54 8.39 2.66 1.40 .27 .38 .47 .11 .81 4.64 4.58 30.50 1879-80 33.30 1880 10.62 2.32 2.65 5.39 1.32 .02 .37 .07 none .18 .32 6.76 30.02 1880-81 31.54 1881 13.95 6.53 .79 1.19 .17 1.04 .54 .04 .76 3.53 2.40 4.60 35.54 1881-82 30.03 1882 4.48 5.69 2.22 2.45 1.29 08 2.49 none 1.44 2.86 2.72 3.75 29.47 1882-83 22.27 1883 2.58 1.51 1.11 3.25 2.65 none .40 .63 .66 2.41 1.11 4.75 21.06 1883-84 27.63 1884 __. 4.28 3.14 3.45 3.06 1.65 .87 1.62 .01 .60 1.04 .16 8.18 28.06 1884-85 22.03 1885 2.50 3.49 .11 1.98 1.40 1.40 1.16 .01 .83 .53 10.24 3.26 26.91 1885-86 *23.40 1886 7.22 1.32 Totals _ 130.67 79.20 68. ir 46.45 24.76 12.36 11.16 4.72 11.38 32.78 87.32 132.40 625.27 617.85 Av'ges _ 4.840 2.933 2.620 1.787 .952 .475 .429 .175 .421 1.214 3.234 4.937 24.049 23.763 i * Up to March 1, 1886. RAINFALL BY SEASONS FROM POWAY TO FORT JONES. fc The following table shows the rainfall by seasons making a brief sum- mary of the rainfall at twenty-two different points in this State, extending from San Diego to Siskiyou, and from San Francisco to Georgetown: 43 [ ] 1C t) CO' OO' O5 O O og 3 2 3 O a 3 5* - -> -^ 2 o ^ cs P-^ tj oc t- o>4 ic en * jc co rH '"' Los Angeles ^CO'i-HtdiCr-4i OC.OC3CNCOC355O 1 1 i 3s^^^ i i : CO 1C 1C co' co' j S^S* 00 | ! ! Salinas Ippl|l!||ll3 I San Francisco C J r-' y. cs ? !_- ? 8 11 t- O !> OC oa q &\ c d c s ? o ? 2 s ~ ? ^ - -+ CO CO' C> r4 rH 1C -*' SO C5 SO O Ol' 00 "C rHOjT-HCOi-HCO(Ni t^ l t- SO 1 i n H I Q ; ; k 11 i ; | | 1 ^ 5 II x. r 3 '; | | | | | I I I I H < 1 O ~ dt li i* ir x y "85-1581 "15-9681 1859-60- 1860-61- 1861-62- isr,9 M 1803-64- i Sfi4_ftr, 'Slt'SJo 1 S CO CO =C 00 CO CO 00 OC 44 RAINFALL NEAR SANTA BARBARA. The climatic conditions of Southern California not being so well known as the same conditions are in the central and northern portions of our State, I take pleasure in appending a letter from Mr. Ellwood Cooper, living at Ellwood, near Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara County, written to General W. B. Hazen, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, Washington City, D. C., as giving accurate data on the varying condition of the weather since 1870. The letter is as follows: SANTA BARBARA, Cal., December 12, 1885. Brigadier General Hazen, Washington, D. C.: DEAR SIR: My last report to your department was partially published in the weather review of April" 1884. [The same will be found appended to this letter. SERGEANT BAR- WICK.] That report gave the rainfall from 1870 to and including that of the Winter of 1883-84. The rainfall of 1884 and 1885 was 12.56 inches; 9.12 inches falling from October eighth to December thirty-first, and 3.86 inches falling from January first to May. From my letter containing the information given in the report, as stated above, I laid down the theory that during the Winters when we had heavy rains before January first, we were likely to have light rains after January first. In support of this I called your attention to the Winters of 1871-2, 1878-9, and 1880-1. I have now to add the rainfall of the past Winter, demonstrating the same condition as the three Winters above alluded to. I also wrote in said communication that during the Spring of 1884 we. had a series of warm south winds, which caused the unprecedented rainfall of that season, and that since my sojourn in the country, from 1870 down to that time, that the wind had not blown one single hour steadily from that quarter. In my theories there laid down and ( ?) the statement that by close observation we could, to a certain extent, foretell the probable rainfall each Winter. I now beg to call your attention to the storm of November last, commencing the fifteenth and ending the night of the twenty -fourth. There is no record of so much rain falling in any year, since records have been kept, in the month of Novem- ber. A very warm wind blew from the southeast (more southerly than easterly), and part of the time due south, the wind on two different days and nights amounting to a gale; many of my fruit trees were uprooted, some broken square .off above the ground. This storni commenced apparently without any preparation. In Los Angeles County, 20 miles from the sea, there were no violent winds. I am therefore convinced that there must have been a strong wind blowing from the Gulf of California some time previous to the commencement of the storm here. Our usual southeast storms cross the country north of Fort Yuma, giving at San Diego about one third as much rain as at Santa Barbara. The storm of November just passed, the greatest amount of rain was condensed between the first and second ranges of moun- tains. At the base of the Sierra Madre there were 7 inches ; at Newhall, 9 inches ; in the Ajai Valley, 15 inches; in the Santa Inez Valley, back of Santa Barbara, 19 inches; and at San Luis Obispo, 22 to 24 inches. On the night of the 17th, 9 inches of rain fell in a few hours at the latter place; in the town of Los Angeles, 6 inches; Santa Barbara, 9 inches; at Ellwood (my home), 10 inches; at the south base of the Santa Inez Range, Glen Annie, there were 14 inches; while at the base, on the north side, there were 19 inches. This warm wind, blowing from the mouth of the Gulf of California, was kept westward of the high range on the peninsula, and carried directly over the first ranges from San Pedro to Point Conception. On reaching the second ranges, was met by the cold northwest trades, condensed, and hence the greatest precipitation in the valleys back from the coast. In the Paso Robles country there was not much rain, probably (from the reports), about 4 inches. We have had up to date, since October 15, 10.37 inches of rain; and, according to my theory, we must not expect very much more after January first. I do not predict/but the fact that every Winter since 1870 that gave us 8 inches or more before January first. gave but little after January first. This very strong probability should put farmers and fruit growers on their guard, and they should lose no time in preparing for such an alter- native. I have the honor to be, your obedient servant, ELLWOOD COOPER. Since the receipt of the above, Mr. Cooper has furnished General Hazen the following summary: The review of the rainfall for 1870 to date establishes thus far one unvarying rule, and that is, that in all our rain season, when there has been more than half our Winter average of rain before January first, we 45 have had less after January first, in the ratio or proportion as the amount before was greater. For example: , PRECIPITATION. Before January 1. After January 1. Total for Season. 1871-72 - 8.50 inches. 7.44 inches. 15.88 inches. 1878-79 8.12 inches. 6.38 inches. 14.50 inches. 1880-81 13.50 inches. 3.06 inches. 16.56 inches. 1884 85 9.12 inches. 3.44 inches. 12.56 inches. 1885 13 44 inches. While I do not pretend to know or to predict how much more rain we will have before the end of Spring, the above table should warn every farmer and fruit grower of the necessity of preparing their w r ork with the expectation of having but little more. The season thus far for the cultiva- tor is the best we have had in sixteen years, and any failure in crops will be the result of neglect on the part of the farmer. SANTA BARBARA, California, December 31, 1885. The following is the report spoken of in Mr. Cooper's letter that he had furnished in April, 1884. The table has been brought down to December 31. 1885: SEASON OF PRECIPITATION. Before January 1. After January 1. Total for Season. 1870-71 3.00 inches. 6.00 inches. 9.00 inches. 1871 72 8 50 inches 7 38 inches 15 88 inches 1872-73 4.19 inches. 7 31 inches 11 50 inches 1873-74 5 75 inches 9 75 inches 15 50 inches 1874-75 4.25 inches. 16.69 inches. 20.94 inches. 1875-76 6.75 inches. 15.88 inches 22 63 inches 1876-77 .. 63 inches 6 50 inches 7 13 inches 1877-78 5 75 inches 27 25 inches 33 00 inches 1878-79 8 12 inches 6 38 inches 14 50 inches 1879-80 6.37 inches. 21 94 inches 28.31 inches 1880-81 13 50 inches 3 06 inches 16 56 inches 1881-82 3 3fi inches 1094 inches 14 50 inches 1882-83 1 31 inches 1] 88 inches 13 19 inches 1883-84 3 81 inches 29 25 inches 33 06 inches 1884-85 9 12 inches 3 44 inches 12 56 inches 1885-86 13 44 inches Totals 84 61 inches 183 65 inches 268 26 inches Average for fifteen seasons 5 641 inches 12 243 inches 17 884 inches The above table shows that less than one third of the average Winter pre- cipitation occurs before January first, and more than two thirds after that date. In six of the years covered by the above record the rainfall after March first was two inches; in one year it was one inch; in one year there was no rainfall after February; and in five years the rains extended into April and early May. The annual precipitation for California, as shown by the Smithsonian charts, does not indicate the favorable or unfa- 5 46 vorable conditions for the production of crops, for the reason that it gives the annual rainfall from January first to December thirty-first, while the result depends upon the rainfall from October to April; that is, the Autumn, Winter, and Spring rains determine the success or failure of the crops. For example, during the Winter of 1876-7 the rainfall after January first was 6.50 inches, and in November and December of the same year it was 5.75 inches, giving a total of 12.25 inches, or a sufficient amount to insure a fair average crop, while in that year the crops were almost a total failure throughout the State. The rainy season of 1883-4 has differed from any of the preceding years. The rains began at the most favorable season the last of October and in early December 3.81 inches falling before the close of the year. The people of California were never more apprehensive of an impending drought than during January, 1884. Business interests suffered seriously in consequence of the prevalence of this opinion. Many theories were published indicating that the year 1884 would be. one of drought; tables were deduced showing such a probability decades of dry years coming at certain periods, of which this was to be one. Still there never has been a year in which so much rain has fallen after January first as has been the case in this (1884) year. The precipi- tation for that part of the rainy season preceding January first, compared with the average corresponding season, shows a deficiency of 1.70 inches, while that of the succeeding months exhibits the unusually large excess of 17.64 inches, and the total amount exceeds the largest precipitation of any previous year of the record. ELLWOOD COOPER. SANTA BARBARA, California. RAINFALL FROM FORT JONES, ON THE NORTH, TO POWAY, ON THE SOUTH, FOR JANUARY, 1886. The following tabulated statement gives the rainfall for January, 1886, for each place named, together with the total rainfall for this season (1885-6) up to February 1, and the rainfall for last season (1884-5) up to an equal date (February 1, 1885), viz.: LOCALITIES. Rainfall for Jan., 1886. Rainfall for Season to Feb. 1, 1886. Rainfall for last Season to an equal date. Scott Valley, Siskiyou County 7.22 4.03 4.80 6.13 5.73 4.57 3.91 12.40 13.08 18.32 4.75 5.32 7.60 7.95 8.12 7.42 5.10 7.80 7.00 6.34 22.08 13.89 28.76 23.13 20.80 17.05 16.62 40.68 34.82 47.28 16.59 19.69 23.60 25.15 23.93 25.02 13.10 15.35 9.57 10.01 12.48 8.47 10.87 No data. 12.25 3.99 9.92 36.37 30.22 42.47 8.51 No data. 13.70 15.22 13.10 13.35 7.73 7.16 5.36 7.25 Yreka, Siskiyou County - - Red Bluff Tehama County Oroville, Butte County Marysville Yuba County Colusa, Colusa County Princeton, Colusa County Grass Valley, Nevada County _ Placerville, El Dorado County Georgetown, El Dorado County West Butte, Sutter County Nicolaus, Sutter County Folsom City, Sacramento County Sacramento, Sacramento County Oakland, Alameda County. San Francisco, San Francisco Countv Salinas, Monterey County _. . . Los Angeles, Los Angeles County San Diego, San Diego County Poway> San Diego County 47 -RAINFALL FOR JANUARY, 1886, AND FOR THE SEASON OF 1885-6, UP TO FEBRUARY FIRST. SIGNAL SEKVICE, UNITED STATES ARMY, DIVISION OF THE PACIFIC, * SAN FRANCISCO, February 1, 1886. j Table showing the average January and seasonal rainfall, as obtained from a series of years, with the rainfall for the season and month ending January 31, 1886: STATIONS. Average, January. January, Average, Season. Total Season, 1885-86. Red Bluff... 5.55 Tehama -- 2.93 Chico 4.10 Orland 4.72 Willows 1.96 Williams 2.72 Marysville 3.27 Dunnigan 3.26 Woodland 3.11 Suisun 4.16 Davisville.. 3.23 South Vallejo.. 3.10 Martinez...' 2.57 Napa _.- 5.44 Calistoga 7.48 Antioch 2.11 lone - 2.86 Oakland 3.84 Niles 2.99 Pleasanton 3.20 Livermore 2.52 Tracy 1.68 Lathrop -. 2.02 Gait 2.57 Brighton 2.73 Sacramento 3.74 San Francisco .- ..- 4.83 San Mateo 4.07 Menlo Park... 2.42 San Jose. 2.55 Gilroy 4.49 Holli'ster 2.46 Pajaro 4.03 Monterey 2.15 Salinas 3.01 Soledad. ...! 2.14 Santa Cruz 4.77 Modesto ... 1.70 Turlock 1.15 Merced 234 Borden 1.33 Fresno 1.29 Kingsburg 1.07 Goshen 0.98 Lemoore 1.66 Tulare 1.41 Delano 0.79 Sumner 0.95 Caliente 1.34 Keene 1.68 Tehachapi 1.46 Mojave 0.70 Ravenna 1.35 Newhall 1.97 San Fernando .._ 2.02 San Luis Obispo 4.61 Los Angeles 2.07 Anaheim 1.37 Spadra 2.91 Mammoth 0.17 San Diego _ 1.70 4.80 4.83 4.44 4.00 3.37 3.83 4.76 8.37 4.83 8.10 5.29 6.39 5.39 8.09 9.39 4.54 5.15 6.77 6.15 4.25 4.50 3.15 3.41 5.17 5.49 7.95 7.42 6.20 4.97 3.59 6.09 3.93 6.05 3.09 5.18 2.44 7.60 2.73 2.52 2.64 3.38 2.38 2.04 1.71 3.21 1.41 0.55 0.85 1.36 2.14 1.28 3.45 5.28 5.22 6.70 5.80 7.80 4.62 1.94 0.57 7.00 16.62 9.52 12.07 9.20 7.08 7.17 9.98 9.15 8.60 12.32 9.61 8.69 8.30 12.08 18.78 6.27 8.91 10.39 9.53 8.48 7.57 5.15 5.60 7.37 7.42 12.11 14.28 10.54 7.60 6.44 11.16 6.35 10.32 7.39 7.01 4.67 13.59 5.49 4.86 6.06 4.27 4.42 4.57 3.77 5.58 3.30 2.61 2.43 4.34 5.37 4.31 2.54 5.16 6.75 6.46 12.14 7.82 4.61 6.33 1.41 5.80 28.77 17.73 19.42 16.66 14.62 14.22 16.94 24.09 17.78 23.18 17.77 19.06 17.79 21.61 31.20 11.60 15.77 20.36 17.20 13.80 12.69 9.60 10.86 13.06 15.59 25.15 25.08 15.57 13.47 13.15 15.31 10.23 18.22 11.55 12.89 9.88 21.00 8.63 10.25 9.54 13.00 12.26 10.80 7.43 12.62 6.31 5.85 4.10 6.67 6.67 5.86 4.86 11.45 16.48 15.81 22.49 15.35 8.71 10.15 2.20 9.69 48 A RAINFALL TABLE FOR CALIFORNIA, AT ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIVE DIFFERENT POINTS. The following is a report of the average rainfall for February for from one to thirty-seven years, and the total rainfall for February, 1886; also, the average precipitation of many seasons, up to and including the last day of February, along with the total rainfall for the present season up to March first. The data shows that considerable more rain has fallen this season than the average amount due for many seasons up to an equal date, with the exception of nine stations in the following table. Those places are Point Reyes, average 13.04 inches, and for this season only 12.40 inches; Pigeon Point, average 10.45 inches, and for the present sea- son 10.35 inches; Mojave, average 4.15 inches, and for this season only 3.61 inches; Keeler, average 2 inches, this season, 1.97 inches; Keene, average 8.55 inches, and for this season 7.19 inches; Bishops Creek, aver- age .58 of an inch, this season .24 of an inch; Point Conception, average 8.10 inches, and for this season 5.26 inches; Colton, average 6.25 inches, and for this season 5.62 inches; Westport, average 38.71 inches, for this season 37.82 inches. The records from which these tables were compiled are those of the South- ern Pacific Railway, voluntary observers, Post Surgeons, and Signal Service Stations, which give a good and comparable recofd of the rainfall of this State, from latitude 32 to 42, and from the sea level to an altitude of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. The tabulated matter was prepared at the Signal Service headquarters of the Pacific Coast, at San Francisco, by Lieut. W. A. Glassford, U. S. A., assistant officer in charge. The stations in this table are numbered ac- cording to their geographical position in the State, Crescent City being the extreme northernmost point and San Diego the most southern; the sta- tions or places of observation following each other in their proper order from north to south: No. PLACES. No. of Febs. Computed in Av'ge. * Average for past Februarys. February, 1886. * Average for Season. Total for Season, 1885-86. 1 Crescent City 4 11.00 8.19 69.40 90.39 ? Yreka 13 1.83 .91 11.89 15.38 % Fort Jones 26 3.00 1.32 18.21 24.57 4 Fort Bidwell 29 2.37 1.22 13.43 18.64 6 Orleans 2.41 4&B8 7 Fort Gaston 21 8.27 5.29 40.72 57.80 8 Hurnboldt Lighthouse 6 4.92 1.97 23.79 31.58 9 Cape Mendocino 3 2.06 1.37 13.06 19.87 10 Weaverville 11 6.20 .80 31.67 33.40 U Delta 1, 50 53.37 V? Redding 11 4.55 25.77 31.20 1S Anderson .38 28.13 14 Red Bluff 8 4.06 .18 20.60 29.00 15 Tehama 15 2.28 .00 11.68 17.98 16 Chico 15 3.62 .75 15.71 20.17 17 Oroville 1 .73 .36 19.74 22.53 18 Orland 2 1.08 .50 10.98 17.61 19 Willows 7 1.16 t 8.50 15.29 90 Princeton 11 2.18 .17 10.85 16.79 1 Little Stony 00 20.79 ?,?, Fout's Snrines .. .02 23.79 49 No. PLACES. No. of Febs. Computed in Av'ge. *Average for past Februarys. TO, *&Hrage 8n . Totel fo# 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 45* 46" 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 71* f 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Colusa - 5 8 1 tj i 2 15 13 6 1.62 1.69 3.79 3.53 3.53 2.34 7.53 1.20 .20 .00 1.35 1.19 .30 .34 1.43 .70 .49 .00 1.97 .34 .00 .34 1.16 1.15 .69 .90 .29 .00 .07 .00 .00 .20 .00 .00 .07 t .00 .00 .13 .28 .28 .79 .12 .15 .10 .00 .24 .00 .41 .05 .00 .03 .00 .00 .05 .01 .35 .41 .07 .75 .10 .08 .30 .63 .29 .24 .26 .35 .37 .94 .62 1.12 134 10.36 8.98 38.71 19.44 29.84 12.32 35.57 9.25 17.25 14.22 37.82 36.09 37.12 17.28 42.11 17.29 20.18 18.46 46.85 35.04 25.57 19.49 48.47 35.92 28.02 24.52 2539 13.93 15.66 24.09 17.43 18.00 23.18 19.06 20.98 31.20 21.61 21.62 12.40 30.57 37.00 23.78 24.23 21.30 20.50 21.34 25.32 14.76 19.92 17.84 8.84 13.17 12.90 11.60 11.72 10.99 10.99 13.33 15.84 24.53 8.54 10.33 20.66 17.85 14.09 12.93 20.17 15.92 13.84 17.42 10.35 14.27 32.65 15.63 23.16 Williams -- Westport Marys ville Grass Vallev - West Butte 8 15 15 15 15 13 6 19 14 37 8 8 9 9 14 14 9 29 13 9 14 7 10 2 7 16 20 31 12 36 7 5 8 7 6 6 9 15 8 15 8 8 8 15 8 15 2.32 9.20 6.81 5.09 2.89 8.53 5.51 3.87 3.45 2.87 2.38 2.82 1.84 2.45 2.14 2.71 2.41 2.18 4.75 3.45 3.61 2.63 5.92 4.22 3.01 2.68 3.00 3.21 2.06 3.71 2.19 2.43 2.56 .95 1.22 1.38 1.40 2.13 1.99 6.22 2.56 3.18 5.18 1.22 1.42 3.56 2.76 3.01 2.34 2.72 2.65 1.71 2.61 2.11 1.93 11.29 33.82 30.91 23.40 14.05 40.97 30.35 24.76 16.50 14.39 10.14 10.59 11.53 11.22 11.89 15.30 11.42 11.24 23.67 15.79 16.92 13.04 27.77 30.10 17.31 16.12 13.41 14.64 11.81 18.35 11.70 12.69 11.17 5.33 7.40 8.27 7.67 9.54 7.75 6.62 10.11 12.34 20.34 6.76 6.48 14.27 12.50 11.60 10.01 16.0f> 13.36 9.63 14.57 10.45 8.45 Emigrant Gap Coif ax Georgetown Placerville Shingle Springs Sacramento - Gait Brighton Dunnigan (Yolo County) Woodland. - - Davisville Suisun South Vallejo Benicia Barracks Calistoga Napa Petaluma - - Point Reyes San Rafael Ross Valley Point Benito Angel Island, Alcatraz Island Presidio Fort Mason - San Francisco Goat Island - Farrallone Island Lighthouse Martinez East Brother Island (opposite San Quentin Penitentiary). Brentwood Byron __ . _ Antioch Stockton Lathrop Tracy Farmington lone Jackson Modesto Turlock . . Oakland Niles Pleasanton Livermore 8 15 7 12 7 7 7 12 Point Montara Lighthouse San Mateo Menlo Park Ano Nue vo Lighthouse Pigeon Point. San Jos6 Los Gatos Gilroy 12 1 2.99 .19 .32 .80 14.28 19.27 Aptos . . 50 No. 87 88 89 90 9X 92 93 94 95 98 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 PLACES. No. of Febs. Computed in Av'ge. * Average for past Februarys. February, 188(5. * Average for Season. Total for Season, 1885-86. Santa Cruz - - 8 12 14 10 8 7 12 4.12 2.85 1.31 1.62 1.21 1.35 1.81 .80 .47 .10 .08 .58 .24 .22 30 18.03 13.33 7.39 6.13 5.75 7.06 8.28 21.80 18.09 9.64 13.68 12.84 11.04 10.45 2 9 60 Pajaro Merced. Borden Fresno Kingsburg Holfister Erie Salinas 12 5 3 12 2 2 2.26 2.24 1.04 1.47 .00 .62 1.16 1.14 1.10 .93 .00 .10 47 9.44 9.79 7.18 6.12 .58 2.00 14.05 12.69 12.50 10.81 .24 1.97 9.08 7.89 6.51 12.75 23.29 (5.25 4.30 7.56 7.19 6.06 3.61 13.23 5.26 16.79 11.58 17.17 15.81 18.02 16.76 10.85 9.54 12.78 21.52 22.90 5.62 6.73 14.91 Monterey Chualar ._ Soledad Bishops Creek Keeler . Traver Gosheii . _- 8 11 7 16 10 10 10 8 9 7 1.35 1.26 1.17 3.81 1.18 .78 2.04 3.14 2.83 1.51 .43 .15 .20 .81 20 .20 .66 .64 .20 .00 .97 1.22 1.04 .11 .69 .00 1.21 1.41 .45 .82 1.83 1.27 5.22 4.56 li.fto 16.05 3.79 3.20 6.40 8.55 7.15 4.15 Tulare Lemoore San Luis Obispo Delano Sumner Caliente Keene Tehachapi Mo j ave Santa Maria Point Conception 7 11 6 9 8 3 7 11 8 4.18 3.83 2.33 2.89 3.20 4.83 3.76 2.36 2.59 8.10 12.63 8.05 9.96 10.18 14.16 12.17 8.93 7.56 San Buenaventura Ravenna Newhall ... San Fernando Cahuenga Valley Los Angeles Spadra Anaheim - - _ Orange Santa Monica. . 1 .02 .91 2.44 173 14.80 Cucamonga Colton 9 .40 6.25 San Gorgonio San Bernardino 15 8 8 10 7 14 2.87 .57 .34 .57 2.55 2.42 2.52 11.79 2.18 1.97 2 22 9.26 8.16 Indio Mammoth Tank .20 .08 .77 1.51 2.40 3.71 10.78 11.20 Yuma Poway _ . _. San Diego * February, 1886, is not computed in the average, f Inappreciable. 51 SPRING, SUMMER, FALL, AND WINTER. COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE TABLES FOR CALIFORNIA, OTHER POR- TIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, AND HEALTH RESORTS IN EUROPE AND MEXICO. The following interesting comparative temperature tables show the mean average temperature for Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter; also, the aver- age yearly temperature, and the highest and lowest temperature at various celebrated health resorts and other places of note in the United States, Mexico, and Europe. It is quite remarkable that out of 63 stations in various parts of the United States that gives the highest temperature, there are 43 that have a maximum of 100 and over, going to show that there are very few places in the United States but what have at times a very high tem- perature, well up in the nineties, and very often over 100. In the column of lowest temperature a dash thus (-) 'before a figure, indicates below zero. It will be seen that 33 out of 63 stations (that show -the lowest tempera- ture) have a minimum below zero. . Cities very much farther south Sacramento or Red Bluff show a very much lower temperature, as witness Santa Fe, which has a temperature as low a,s 13 below zero;. Aiken, South Carolina, down to 3 above; Atlanta, Georgia, 3 above; Chattanooga, 3 above; Knoxville, Tennessee, 1.4 below zero; Prescott, Arizona, 18 below zero; Jacksonville, Florida, 19; Jerusalem, the Holy City, 25 above. It proves beyond a doubt that California can stand a comparison with places very much farther south than in the Upper Sacramento Valley and central part of the State. The columns of mean temperature for the different sea- sons of the year are also valuable for ready reference, and proof of the salubrity of the California climate. These tables are drawn from records of many years (and not from one single year), making them very much more valuable as reference tables: STATIONS. Average Spring Temperature-- Average Summei Temperature.. Average Fall Temperature. Average Winter Temperature.. rt i Lowest Temper- ature. ... Average Annual Temperature- _ Aiken South Carolina 61.3 774 620 458 102 3 61 6 Atlanta Georgia 613 769 619 464 98 1 61 8 Atlantic City, New Jersey 47.3 70.4 56.1 33.8 99 _7 519 Algiers 66.0 770 600 55.0 no rec no rec 645 Boston Massachusetts 449 691 511 281 101 13 483 Baltimore Maryland 518 748 569 360 101 6 556 Bermuda, Atlantic Ocean 63.7 75.2 71.9 58.8 no rec. no rec 674 Charleston, South Carolina 64.9 81.2 66.7 50.9 104 13 660 Charlotte, North Carolina 595 777 612 434 101 5 606 Cadiz, Spain 599 704 653 529 no rec no rec 621 Cape Henry Virginia 55 1 760 622 423 103 7 589 Cairo, Egypt 73.6 85.1 71.5 58.5 no rec no rec 722 Cape May, New Jersey 49.0 71.7 576 356 91 1 536 Chattanooga, Tennessee 60.1 766 610 444 101 3 606 Cincinnati, Ohio 546 761 566 363 104 10 559 Columbus Ohio 512 730 544 393 103 20 528 Chicago, Illinois 46.0 70.0 51.4 278 99 -23 48 8 Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory... Detroit Michigan 40.3 434 61.8 689 44.3 514 23.2 26 3 101 100 -38 24 44.3 48 Dubuaue. Iowa .. 45.1 69.6 48.7 17.5 101 -31 48.2 52 STATIONS. Average Spring Temperature.. Average Slimmer Temperature Average Fall Temperature Average Winter Temperature Highest Tem- perature Lowest Temper- ature. A venigo Annual Temperature.. Des Moines Iowa 46.8 70.3 49.0 17.3 103 -20 48.9 Dodge City Kansas 529 753 535 306 108 9Q 530 Denver, Colorado 47.6 69.8 49.3 29.9 105 -29 49.2 El Paso, Texas 62.9 80.9 60.7 45.0 113 -5 63.3 Florence, Italy .. 56.0 74.0 60.7 44.3 no rec. no rec. 58.8 Funchal, Madeira 64.6 70.9 70.2 62.9 no rec. 110 rec. 67.2 Galveston Texas 69.9 83.5 71.3 55.4 99 18 701 Grand Haven, Michigan ._, 40.8 64.7 48.5 24.1 92 -24 47.0 Havana, Cuba 76.2 81.3 78.1 73.0 no rec. no rec. 77.2 Indianapolis Indiana 501 723 543 290 101 22 532 Jerusalem, Palestine no rec. no rec. no rec. no rec. 94 25 62.8 Jacksonville Florida 69.0 81.5 69.8 56.6 104 19 693 Key West, Florida. 76.8 83.9 78.9 70.8 97 44 77.6 Knoxville, Tennessee 57.3 75.0 57.4 39.7 100 -14 57.3 Louisville, Kentucky _ 55.7 76.8 57.2 37.3 105 -10 56.8 Lisbon, Portugal 60.0 -71.0 62.0 53.0 no rec. no rec. 61.5 Los Angeles California 58.4 67.6 62.7 53.5 108 28 60 fT"" Little Rock, Arkansas . 62.6 '79.0 62.7 45.9 102 6 62.5 Leavenworth Kansas 52.2 735 535 263 107 29 534 Mexico City, Mexico 63.4 65.2 60.1 53.6 no rec. no rec. 60.6 Malta 62.8 78.2 71.0 57.5 no rec. no rec. 67.4 Mentone France 60.0 73.0 56.6 49.5 no rec no rec. 59.8 Mobile, Alabama 67.2 81.4 67.6 52.6 101 14 67.1 Memphis, Tennessee ~ '61.4 79.5 60.6 42.8 102 2 61.1 Milwaukee Wisconsin 421 671 480 233 98 9 5 45 1 Nassau, Bahama Islands 77.7 86.0 80.3 70.7 no rec. no rec. 78.7 Nice Italy 56.2 72.3 616 47.9 no rec. no rec. 59.5 New Haven, Connecticut 46.5 70.5 52.8 29.6 100 -4 50.0 New York City, New York . 47.6 71.6 54.5 31.5 100 -6 51.2 Norfolk, Virginia 57.0 77.5 60.5 41.9 102 6 59.2 New Orleans, Louisiana 68.9 81.9 69.7 55.9 97 20 69.2 Omaha, Nebraska 49.4 74.2 505 24.6 105 -25 49.7 Oakland, California 55.0 60.7 56.4 48.4 103 25 55.1 Pau, France . 54.1 70.7 57.4 41.9 no rec. no rec. 56.0 Pensacola, Florida 67.9 80.6 69.3 56.3 97 15 68.5 Prescott Arizona 507 700 52 1 355 103 18 523 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 50.5 73.9 55.3 33.2 102 -5 53.2 . Rome, Italy 57.6 72.2 64.0 48.9 no rec. no rec. 60.7 Red Bluff, California _ 60.0 80.2 63.5 47.0 110 ^hfr (i7 St Michaels Azores 612 683 623 578 no rec no rec (!''> 4 Santa Cruz, Canary Islands 68.9 76.7 74.2 64.6 no rec. no rec. 71.1 Sandy Hook New Jersey 47.4 72.0 56.1 32.6 101 -6 52.0 Savannah, Georgia 66.7 81.3 66.8 52.7 105 15 66.9 St. Louis, Missouri 54.8 76.8 55.9 34.1 106 -17 55.4 Springfield, Illinois ._ 52.5 74.2 54.7 32.0 101 -14 53.2 St. Paul, Minnesota 43.8 69.5 46.2 17.4 100 -39 44.0 St. Augustine, Florida 68.7 80.4 71.9 58.2 no rec. no rec. 69.8 Sante Fe, New Mexico 50.1 70.5 51.3 30.3 97 -13 47.9 Salt Lake City, Utah Territory... Sacramento, California ... 49.2 59.5 72.6 71.7 51.6 61.5 31.4 48.3 101 105 -20 21 51.1 60.2 San Francisco, California 54.6 58.4 58.2 51.4 95 34 55.7 Salinas, California 53.2 58.6 52.1 50.8 83 28 53.7 Santa Barbara, California 594 67.7 63.1 54.3 102 31 6i.i San Diego, California 58.1 66.7 62.7 54.4 101 32 60.5 Visalia, California 59.4 80.8 60.3 45.4 109 A8 60.9 Vera Cruz, Mexico. 77.0 81.9 78.3 70.9 96 61 77.0 Wilmington, North Carolina Washington City, D. C. 61.9 53.0 78.7 75.5 63.7 56.5 47.8 34.9 103 104 10 -14 63.0 55.0 Yankton, Dakota Territory 43.3 69.8 46.6 14.5 103 -34 45.7 Yuma, Arizona 70.5 89.9 72.3 66.2 118 22 72.3 53 THE MODIFYING EFFECTS THE GREAT DESERTS OF CALIFORNIA AND NEVADA HAVE UPON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE INTERIOR VALLEYS OF THE STATE. The causes that produce the peculiar climatic conditions in the. way of temperature distribution in the great interior valleys of California, are well and ably set forth in an article by the late lamented the Honorable B. B. Redding, and is a portion of a very interesting paper published by the State Agricultural Society in 1877, and is as follows: In addition to the effects due to latitude, to the Pacific Ocean and its Japan Gulf Stream, the temperature of the State is materially modified by the Colorado, Mohave, and Nevada Deserts, lying south and east of this State. These great reservoirs daily absorbing and daily radiating heat on the south and east, the Gulf Stream giving up its heat on the northwest, together combine to send the isothermal lines nearly as far north as they are in the western part of Europe. Redding, at the northern end of the Sacramento Valley, latitude, 40 35', longitude, 122 22', elevation, 558 feet, has a mean annual temperature of 64, within 2' as warm as Charleston, South Carolina, 8 further south; the latter city having a mean of 66. Red Bluff, latitude, 40 10', longitude, 122 15', elevation, 307 feet, has an annual mean temperature of 66, the same as Charleston. Chico, in latitude 39 40', has a mean temperature of 62, or but 4 less than Charleston. Coming south through the center of the Sacramento Valley from Red- ding on the north, to Sumner on the extreme south, the mean annual tem- perature of the various successive stations show the effect of the radiation of heat in this valley, and the influence of the wind from the cool gulf stream where it flows through the Golden Gate and up the Sacramento River. The mean annual temperature for the places named will show it very plainly: Eedding has an annual mean temperature of ..64 1' Red Bluff has an annual mean temperature of 66 I 1 ' Chico has an annual mean temperature of 62 5' Marysville has an annual mean temperature of 63 6' Sacramento has an annual mean temperature of 60 5' Stockton has an annual mean temperature of... _.62 0' Modesto has an annual mean temperature of 63 7' Merced has an annual mean temperature of 63 2' Borden has an annual mean temperature of 66 4' Tulare has an annual mean temperature of 64 1' Delano has an annual mean temperature of 68 6' Sumner has an annual mean temperature of 68 3' It will be seen by the mean yearly average that Sacramento is the cool- est place in the valley, the temperature increasing both north and south from this point. The breeze from the ocean in the Summer follows up the river and reaches Sacramento each day about 5 p. M., and thus reduces the mean of its temperature. It may be from the same influence that its rain- fall is increased above the next stations north and south. The reduction of temperature at Sacramento by the air from the ocean passing through the Golden Gate and up the Sacramento River was noted and commented on by the Rev. J. H. C. Bonte, in his discourse on the northerly winds of 54 the great central valley of California. He said: "These winds are most virulent and desiccating in the extreme north and the extreme south ends of the valley; the atmosphere from the Golden Gate and the bays seem to modify the wind ordinarily in the center of the valley.'' The tables of temperature above confirm his inference. Tulare is 4 cooler for the year than the next station south, and 2 cooler than the next station north, which may be referred to the influence of the cold air from the high mountains at whose base it is situated, and to the evaporation from Tulare Lake. Another effect of these deserts is to create a daily sea breeze from the southwest return trade winds that prevail on the coast as surface winds during the Summer months. Each day, after the sun rises over these great deserts, they become heated and increase the temperature of the air over their surface; this air rises, and as the whole current of cool air is from the ocean on the west, it rushes in to fill the vacancy. A gentle southwest wind may be blowing on the coast at night or in the morning; by eleven or twelve o'clock, the full force of the sun's rays is felt in the Nevada Desert the gentle breeze has increased to a brisk wind, and con- tinues until evening, after the setting sun has withdrawn his rays and the desert has radiated its heat into space. The gentle southwest wind resumes its sway until the next day, when, from the same cause, the high wind is again repeated. Dr. Gibbons, in an article on the climate of San Fran- cisco, says: "Whatever may be the direction of the wind in the forenoon, in the Spring, Summer, and Autumn months it almost invariably works round towards the west in the afternoon. So constant is this phenomenon that in the seven months from April to October, inclusive, there were but three days in which it missed, and those three days were all rainy, with the wind from the south or southwest." He adds: " I cannot discover that in any other spot on the globe the wind blows from one octant one hundred and eighty-six days and from the opposite octant only six days in the year." The mean Summer temperature at Wadsworth and Brown's Station, on the Nevada Desert, on the line of the Central Pacific Railroad, is 80.8, and for Brown's, 78.1. The Summer temperature at Fort Mohave is 92.6, and at Fort Yuma, 92.7. The mean temperature of the Mohave Desert for July is 93.1. Tort Yuma is about five hundred miles south-southeast from Wadsworth. The country intervening is entirely desert. The indraught of westerly winds from the Pacific in Summer does not appear to be alone sufficient to satisfy the demands of the heat of these great deserts. Lieutenant Wheeler states that on the Mohave Desert " southeast winds are by far the most prevalent in the Summer time." He adds: "It is also easily observed that the clouds and Summer rains come from that direction." From this it would appear that the deserts create an indraught from the Gulf of California, as well as from the Pacific Ocean. I have shown that we are in the latitude of the southwest return trade winds, and that their force is augmented by the effects of the radiation of heat from the deserts on our eastern border. The configuration of the immediate coast near San Francisco, from Point San Pedro to Point Reyes, and the open Golden Gate, cause an increased quantity of this daily sea breeze to pass by and over this city. This increased wind and accom- panying fog, coming directly from over the cool Japan Gulf Stream, so lowers the Summer temperature of this city that, as has been shown by Dr. Gib- bons and the records of the Smithsonian Institute, there is no other place in the whole territory of the United States, of the same elevation, that has so low a mean temperature; the mean Summer temperature at the Golden Gate being 56. Another cause affecting the climate of California is in the 55 fact that the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains reach the coast of Alaska, and bend like a great arm around its western and southern shores, thus shutting off or deflecting the polar winds that otherwise would flow down over Oregon and California. The cold winds that reach this State are usually from the northwest, and have had their temperature raised by passing over the Japan Gulf Stream before that gulf stream has been reduced to the temperature we find it while passing our coast. It has been shown that this northwest wind precipitates its moisture by becoming reduced in temperature where it meets the coast of Alaska, British Colum- bia, and Washington Territory. It passes inland, following the Cascade Mountains where they leave the coast. As it comes south it is heated by coming into warmer latitudes, its capacity to take up moisture is increased, but it finds none in its course to take up. The Cascades, which are a continuation of the Sierra Nevada, direct it into the SACRAMENTO VALLEY, Where it meets still greater heat, which the more increases its capacity for containing moisture. It therefore possesses all the desiccating qualities for which it has become famous. Of course its influence as a desiccating wind is only felt in the interior, away from the influence of the ocean. The foregoing are some of the principal causes that give to this portion of the Pacific Coast its peculiar climate. The causes of variation in rainfall, temperature, and course of the wind in localities, can be ascertained by a series of local and general observations, lasting for a sufficient period to warrant conclusions from the mean obtained. Such observations, if taken and condensed, would be of value to the farmer, to the merchant, and, in fact, add to the prosperity of every inhabitant of the State. CLIMATE OF THE SACRAMENTO AND SAN JOAQUIN VALLEYS AND THE FOOTHILLS. The climate of the Sacramento Valley and foothills being of great interest just at present and since the holding of the Citrus Fair, January 11, 1886, I thought it a very appropriate time to reprint a portion of an article by the late lamented the Honorable B. B. Redding, published in the State Agricultural Society's Report for 1878. The subject spoken of above is on the general climatic condition of the Sacramento Valley and foothills, from Redding on the north to Sumner on the south, and is as follows: From Redding, in the northern end, to Sumner, at its southern extrem- ity, is a distance of three hundred and fifty miles. The mean annual average temperature of Redding is 64. The lowest point to which the thermometer has fallen since a record has been kept was. 27, in December, 1876. [In all probability it fell lower than that since the above article was written, for in 1883 it fell to 19 at Red Bluff. SERGEANT BARWICK.] Sumner, at the southern end of the valley, has an annual average tempera- ture of 68, and an average rainfall of four inches. The lowest point to which the thermometer has fallen at this place was also 27, on the same day, in December, 1876. [In December, 1883 (since the above was writ- 56 ten) , the temperature fell to 25, according to the railroad weather reports. SERGEANT BARWICK.] There is a remarkable uniformity in the climate throughout the Sacramento Valley. In it, a difference of 5 of latitude, between 35 30' and 40 30', only lowers the annual average temperature 4.15. The difference of the annual average temperature between corre- sponding degrees of latitude in the Atlantic States, at an equal distance from the ocean, is more than 8. It has been found that the foothills of the Sierra, up to a height of about twenty-five hundred feet, have apparently the same temperature as places in the valley having the same latitude. It has also been found that with increased elevation there is an increase of rainfall over those places in the valley having the same latitude, as, for illustration, Sacramento, with an elevation above the sea of 30 feet, has an annual average temperature of 60.48, and an average fall of rain of between eighteen and nineteen inches, while Coif ax, with an elevation of two thousand four hundred and twenty-one feet, has an annual average temperature of 60.50, and an average annual rainfall of from forty-two to forty-three inches. This uniformity of temperature and increase of rain- fall appears to be the law throughout the whole extent of the foothills of the Sierra, with this variation as relates to temperature, viz.: as latitude is decreased the temperature of the valley is continued to a proportionally greater elevation. To illustrate, approximately: if the temperature of .Redding, at the northern end of the valley, is continued up the foothills to a height of two thousand feet, then the temperature of Sacramento, in the center of the valley, would be continued up to two thousand five hundred feet, and that of Sumner, in the extreme southern end of the valley, up to three thousand feet. The increase of rainfall on the foothills in the lati- tude of Sacramento, due to elevation, is about one inch to each one hun- dred feet. South from Sacramento the proportion decreases until, at Sumner, the increase due to elevation is but half an inch to each one hun- dred feet. This is shown by the record kept at Fort Tejon, in the Tehachapi Mountains near Sumner, at an elevation of three thousand two hundred and forty teet, where the annual rainfall is between nineteen and twenty inches. There is no record kept at any point in the hills above Redding, but probably in this latitude the increase due to elevation is about one and a half (1^) inches to each hundred feet. The increase of precipitation on the hills at the northern end of the valley gives greater density to the for- ests, and permits them to grow at lower elevations than in the southern end of the valley. At the same time the difference in temperature is so small that the character of the vegetation of the hills at each end of the valley is not dissimilar. The trees found in the vicinity of Redding, at the northern end of the valley, below an elevation of five hundred feet, are not found at the southern end until we pass Caliente, at an elevation of one thousand three hundred feet. It would seem that the temperature of the valley prevails up the Sierra to an elevation that equals the height of the COAST RANGE OF MOUNTAINS. If a line were drawn parallel to the surface of the ocean from the top of the Coast Range, east, until it met the flanks of the Sierra, it would mark a level on the Sierra below which the temperature would not materially differ from that in the SACRAMENTO VALLEY. This fact is probably to be ascribed to the prevailing southwest return trade winds which blow over the State from the ocean for more than three 57 hundred days in the year. Passing the summits of the Coast Range, but small portions descend into the valley; the remainder reach the sides of the Sierra at about the level of the summits they have passed. ARBOREAL VEGETATION. At the northern end of the valley, at an elevation of five hundred feet above the sea, the most of the California oaks are found; of pines, only the nut or digger pine; the buckeye and chemisal. This is the characteristic arboreal vegetation throughout all these three hundred and fifty miles. Its presence everywhere shows increased rainfall over the valley, and similar- ity of temperature to that of the valley. Our pasture oak is found at lower elevations in the valley, but always on moist land or near river courses, proving that it demands, in addition to temperature, the increased moist- ure. In the southern end of the valley this vegetation prevails at higher elevations, because it there finds the proper temperature and moisture. Wherever, on the foothills, any of the trees named constitute the prepon- derant arboreal vegetation, it is an evidence that the temperature is the same as that of the valley, and plants that can be successfully grown in the valley can be grown to as high an elevation on the hills as these trees abound. If one tree were to be taken as the evidence of this uniformity of temperature, it would be the Sabin's (the nut or Digger) pine. It is never seen in the valley or on the hills below an elevation of about four hundred feet. It is not found at a higher elevation than that in which the temper- ature is the same as that of the valley. It is never found in groves, but singly, among other trees, yet it prevails throughout these three hundred and fifty miles of foothills. While the vegetation is more dense on the hills at the northern end of the valley, due to increased precipitation, there are also local differences where there is similarity of soil due to exposure. Throughout all the lower hills, the greatest number of trees is found on gently sloping eastern, northeastern, and northern hillsides, which necessa- rily are more moist and cool. The southern aspects contain less trees, because exposed to the direct rays of the sun and to the full force of the prevailing winds. CROPS SUITABLE FOR CULTIVATION. Every agricultural product that can be grown in the valleys, including the semi-tropical fruits, can be grown with equal facility in these foothills. Ordinarily the land has to be cleared of the trees found upon it, and cul- tivation must be continuous, for on the whole western face of the Sierra the native trees, when cut or burned down, are rapidly replaced by a new growth of the same kind. These lands are found to have all of the requisites for the successful growth of orchards. Fruit trees thrive better upon them than on the lands of the valley. None of the many theories advanced as to the cause of the treeless condition of many plains and prairies having ample rainfall, seem to be entirely satisfactory, but experience has demonstrated that orchards grow best and thrive with less artificial aid on lands that in a natural condition are covered with trees. The increasing exports of small fruits, such as strawberries, blackberries, and raspberries, from the vicinity of Newcastle and Auburn, and their superior size and quality, prove that this region is better adapted to their culture than any place yet found on the level lands of the valley. The peaches of Coloma have a State reputation for flavor and size. The apples of Nevada and George- town, are equal in size, taste, and keeping qualities to the best imported from Oregon. 58 OROVILLE ORANGES. The Oroville oranges have been pronounced equal to the best from Los Angeles. The vine grows with luxuriance, and bears abundantly wherever it has been planted throughout all this region. " The wines of Coloma have more than a local reputation. Persons com- petent to judge assert that wine from grapes grown on the foothills is free from the earthy taste that characterizes much of the wine of the flat land of the valleys. They also express the belief that if ever wine is to be made in California as light as that from the Rhine, and as free from alcohol, the grapes will be grown in the higher elevation of the foothills, where snow falls and remains on the ground a few weeks each season. It is said that the long Summers and great heat of the valleys develop the saccharine matter in the grape, which by fermentation is converted into alcohol." I will annex to this excellent article of Mr. Redding's on the climate and capabilities of the Sacramento Valley and foothills, a table of mean temperatures, maximum and minimum temperatures, clear, fair, and cloudy days, average cloudiness, and rainfall for the four seasons of the year, taken from the annual report of the Chief Signal Officer for the year 1884. These seasonal means, etc., are calculated from observations of from seven to ten years, and give a better average than if they were only for one year. The headings of the tables will explain themselves and are as follows: SAN DIEGO. Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: SAN DIEGO. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Average Highest, Lowest, and Annual. Mean temperature . 58.1 66.7 62.7 54.4 Annu- Maximum temperature. .. Minimum temperature . . . Clear days 99.0 38.0 269 94.0 51.0 243 101.0 38.0 380 82.6 32.0 335 al average temperature, 60.5. .. Highest temperature, 101.0. Lowest temperature, 32.0. Annu- Fair days 367 48.2 36.5 33.7 al number clear days, 122.7. Annu- Cloudv days 284 195 16.5 23.0 al number fair days, 155.1. Annu- Average cloudiness, in tenths 48 46 37 41 al number cloudy days, 87.4. Annual aver- Kainfall.. 1.91 .30 1.24 6.06 age cloudiness, in tenths, 4.3. Annual average rainfall, 9.51. 59 LOS ANGELES. Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: Los ANGELES. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Averages, Highest, Lowest, and Annual Totals. 584 67.6 62.7 53.5 Annu- Maximum temperature .- Minimum temperature. .. 100.0 35.3 362 106.0 47.0 34.9 108.0 34.2 52.3 88.2 28.0 47.9 al average temperature, 60.6. ..Highest temperature, 108.0. Lowest temperature, 28.0. _ Annual 351 506 3^5 266 number clear days, 171.3. Annual 'Cloudy days 207 6.5 6.2 15.7 number fair days, 144.8. . Annual Average cloudiness, in tenths 4.3 3.4 2.5 3.4 number cloudy days, 49.1. ...Annual aver- Eainfall -- 4.28 .02 1.57 8.86 age cloudiness, in tenths, 3.4. Annual average rainfall, 14.73. SAN FRANCISCO. Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: SAN FRANCISCO. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Annual Averages, Highest, Lowest, and Annual Total. Mean, temperature 546 584 582 514 Annu- Maximum temperature. .. Minimum temperature 'Clear davs 86.0 39.0 392 95.2 48.0 237 92.0 41.0 300 70.5 34.0 347 al average temperature, 55.6. . . . Highest temperature, 95.2. Lowest temperature, 34.0. Annual Fair days 32.9 46.8 34.9 29.5 number clear days, 127.6. Annual Cloudy days 199 215 261 260 number fair days, 144.1. Annual Average cloudiness, in tenths . . _ _ . 4.1 42 3.1 4.6 number cloudy days, 93.5. Annual aver- Rainfall 539 18 398 1408 age cloudiness, in tenths, 4.0. Annual average rainfall 23 63. SACRAMENTO. Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, .and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: SACRAMENTO. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Annual Averages, Highest, Lowest, and Annual Totals. Mean temperature 59.5 717 615 483 Annual Maximum temperature. .. Minimum temperature Clear days... 98.0 29.0 50.7 105.0 48.0 85.1 101.0 27.0 68.2 73.5 21.0 38.0 average temperature, 60.2. . . . Highest temperature, 105.0. Lowest temperature, 21.0. . Annual Fair days 25.5 62 158 26.4 number of clear days, 242.0. Annual Cloudy days 158 07 70 258 number of fair days, 73.9. Annual Average cloudiness, in tenths 3.2 0.7 18 4.2 number of cloudy days, 49.3. Annual aver- Rainfall 5.22 17 292 1152 age cloudiness, in tenths, 2.5. Annual average rainfall, 19.83. 60 RED BLUFF. Mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature, clear, fair, and cloudy days, average cloudiness, in tenths, and rainfall, by seasons: KED BLUFF. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Winter. Annual Average, Highest, Lowest, and Annual Totals. Mean temperature 600 80.2 63.5 47.0 Annual Maximum temperature. .. Minimum temperature 101.4 28.0 110.5 47.0 106.0 26.0 80.0 19.0 average temperature, 62.3. .. Highest temperature, 110.5. Lowest temperature, 19. Clear days 43.2 80.6 65.3 37.0 . Annual Fair days 297 103 16.6 27.2 number of clear days, 226.1. Annual Cloudy days 191 1 1 91 260 number of fair days, 83.8. Annual Average cloudiness, in tenths 38 1.0 2.1 4.5 number of cloudy days, 55.3. Average an- Rainfall 7.08 .21 4.44 17.12 nual cloudiness, in tenths, 2.8. Annual average rainfall, 28.85. OROVILLE, CALIFORNIA. The following table of mean temperature, maximum and minimum tem- peratures, clear, fair, foggy, cloudy, and rainy days, and the rainfall for each month of the year 1885, at Oroville, California, was furnished by Mr. Hiram Arents, Voluntary Observer of the Signal Service, U. S. Army, viz.: >$ y* S| .1 | M Cj 1 9 03 Q O* 2 fed . 1885. a til 3 H a *S 11 B B 3 i i 1 OD 1 q 1 & V; | VS tt B | R. 1 & Ig 72^ ! & PP ! > T3 1 1 1 to I I < ! ! ! 431 603 54 2 522 74 34 6 2.10 February 482 671 621 59.2 70 38 3 .73 March 53 1 722 701 682 86 46 1 .25 April 57.5 72.0 65.1 64.7 84 42 13 6 1 11 9 1.64 May 61.3 79.3 73.0 72.1 93 52 24 3 4 3 .65 June 62.2 80.1 74.2 73.0 90 57 21 4 5 2 .69 Julv 67.2 88.1 81.1 78.8 90 60 31 1 sprk'l August 70.0 92.0 83.1 82.1 105 63 25 4 2 none September ... October 65.0 59.1 86.0 81.0 76.7 69.2 76.1 69.2 97 04 56 52 25 21 2 4 3 6 1 1 .20 sprk'l November 53.0 62.2 56.1 57.1 74 42 7 2 2 21 18 11.27 December 47.2 61.2 52.0 53.0 75 37 15 1 3 15 9 5.53 Annual aver- ages... 57.24 75.12 68.07 67.16 86.75 48.25 *182 28 *6 *(i7 54 23.06 * Total number of days for nine months only. 61 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT FOR JANUARY, 1884, 1885, 1886, AT OROVILLE,- CALIFORNIA. By H. ARENTS, Voluntary Observer, Signal Service, U. S. A. January, 1884. Mean temperature for this month was 50.45; the low- est temperature was 35 on the 18th; highest on the 5th, 70. Maximum temperature for the month was 54.04; minimum, 42.17; but one frost this month, and very light, on the 18th. January, 1885. Mean temperature, 52.23; the highest recorded for the month occurred on the 25th, 74; lowest on the 24th, 34. The minimum temperature as recorded for the month at 6:30 A. M., 43.09; maximum recorded at 2 p. M., 60.26, and at 8:30 p. M., 54.19; light frost on the 24th. January, 1886. Mean temperature, 48.18; the highest was recorded on the 27th, 66; lowest on the 6th, 29. Minimum for the month, recorded at 6:30 A. M., was 42.18; maximum, at 2 p. M., 54.14; and at 8:30 p. M., 48.22. From the above comparison, last month was the coldest of the three mentioned. January, 1884, was 2.15, and January, 1885, 4.07 higher tem- perature than 1886. On the 1st of January a cold wave passed over California and continued fourteen days. During this cold spell the thermometer for each morning at 6:30 A. M. was standing on the 1st, 4th, 5th, 8th, 10th, 12th, at 32; on 2d, 7th, 31; 3d, 34; 6th, 29; llth, 40. Ten of these days ice formed from a sixteenth to quarter of an inch in thickness. In the orchard and nursery of Gardella Bros., of Oroville, out of one thousand yearlings and five hundred three-year-old Lott's seedling orange trees, not one of them was injured by this severe test, notwithstanding every morning they were heavily coated with white frost. Mean barometer for this month was 30-02.50; the extreme was, on the 2d, 30.36; and 29.42 on the 18th. Pre- vailing wind was southeast; 15 days southeast; 12 northwest; 2 west and 2 east; 15 days cloudy; 11 clear; 2 fair; 3 foggy. It rained on the 13th, 14th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 22d, 23d, 25th, 26th, and sprinkled on the 12th; rainfall for the month 5.17 inches. From July 1st to December 31st, rainfall was 17 inches; total to February, 22.17 inches. From July 1st to December 31, 1884, the -rainfall was 13.73 inches, and January, 1885, 2.10 inches. Total last season to date, 15.83 inches. Excess of the present sea- son over last, 6.34 inches. STORMS ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF AMERICA. [From the Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer.] The storms of the Pacific Coast most resemble those of western Europe, than the storms which frequent the eastern coast of the United States. The latter move littorally, and follow a northerly and easterly course under the thermo-dynamic influence of the .Gulf Stream and the mechanical agency of the great southwest equatorial current of atmosphere, which remarkably coincides with the oceanic Gulf Stream. 6 62 But on the Pacific side of our continent, the storm-controlling forces act in a direction from west to east, especially upon the coasts of CALIFORNIA, Oregon, and Washington. The warm Kuro Siwo, or Japan stream of the great ocean, after reaching the middle latitudes, on the way to the Aleu- tian Islands, is superficially brought under the propelling power of the westerly or anti-trade winds, and a large drift of this Pacific Gulf Stream is borne eastward as a decidedly marked warm stratum of surface water, and strikes upon the western shores of America nearly at right angles. This agency, as well as that of the general atmospheric movement on our Pacific Coast, serves to give character and direction to the storms and cyclones which reach it, no doubt, from the western Pacific Ocean. From San Diego to the Straits of Juan De Fuca, from December to April, the storms of the PACIFIC COAST Set in, with southeasterly winds, veering as the storm center progresses, to southwesterly. The closing winds from the north of west are very severe, and, as they blow onto the lee shore, are to be apprehended by vessels, even though in port. Instances are not wanting in which vessels have been sunk in the Pacific ports of America by these gales from the west. These southeasterly gales are more frequent and violent north of San Diego, and thence along the coast to BRITISH COLUMBIA. This can be easily understood from the fact, as established by Blodget, that the humidity and rainfall of the region stretching from San Francisco northward to Vancouver Island are nearly three times as great as of that south of San Francisco. Unless forced by other causes to deviate from the regions of greatest humidity, we know storms seek or are drawn into such regions for their necessary supply of aqueous vapor. On the Pacific Coast there are no other known agencies which would cause such deviation. It follows, therefore, that the ports of SAN FRANCISCO, And Portland, Oregon, and the waters of the adjacent sounds, are more endangered by storms than San Diego or those points along the coast between San Diego and San Francisco. In Summer the latter port is so far south of the usual storm track that it is comparatively safe ; but it is otherwise from December to April. The northeasterly wind, which on the Atlantic seaboard is often a violent premonitor of a storm, on the California coast and northward does not precede, but follows the cyclone in its closing northwest quadrant, and is usually of moderate force. After striking the Pacific Coast the storm will generally advance with but little diminution of cyclonic intensity, but with diminished progressive motion, in a direction east-northeast. The violence of the storm will not cease till the center has passed beyond the COAST RANGE MOUNTAINS. The great upper current or stratum of warm and moist equatorial atmos- phere, which in England has been observed to move in a southwest direction, 63 is on our Pacific Coast less meridianal in its course, and pushes more toward the east, especially north of the parallel of 48 north latitude, where it is favored in this more easterly direction by the orographic features of the continent, which are less elevated and bold than they are south of this parallel. Vessels sailing south from San Diego to Mexican ports are peculiarly exposed from June to November from severe gales, beginning generally at southeast or southwest. These southeast gales may be looked for in still greater severity and frequency, especially during Winter and the equinoctial seasons, all the way from San Diego to the Straits of JUAN DE FUCA, And attended with thick, rainy weather. Vessels sailing northward to San Diego from Mexican and southerly ports, should they encounter a gale moving up the coast, should stand off for the starboard tack, thus getting the eastward winds of the cyclone, which removes the danger of going ashore. RECURVATION OF STOtfM-PATHS IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC. Mr. William C. Redfield, on cyclones on the Western Pacific, says: Most of the cyclones which I have last described, however, must have been recurvated in a more advanced position in the Pacific Ocean,- and in their subsequent northeasterly progress they would fall almost perpendicularly upon the coasts of the two Californias, or the more northern Territories. Thus, instead of sweeping a great length of these coasts successively, as happens on our Atlantic border, these cyclones appear more like local storms, and can not be traced consecutively on the coast line. At the point of intersection with the coast, the first and main portion of the gale will be felt from the southeast, on the center path, or more southerly in the right hand quadrants; and near the coast the northeasterly or reflex winds of the cyclone, pertaining to its first left hand quadrant, will not be strongly developed. From Cape San Lucas, 23, to San Diego, 32 north latitude, the coast is subject to violent gales from the southeast from November to April, and that they are more frequent as we go toward San Diego. Before their recurvation these cyclones are likely to have passed westward in lower latitudes than those which fall on the Mexican Coast. From San Diego to San Francisco the coast is subject to southeasterly gales, like those of the coast of Lower California, but they are more frequent here, and blow with greater force. These gales last from twelve hours to two days, and are accompanied by heavy rain, which lasts till the wind changes, which it often does very suddenly, and blows as hard for a few hours from the northwest, when the clouds clear off and fine weather again succeeds. This is a clear description of the phenomena of cyclones, as shown on their center paths, while moving in a northeasterly course. From San Francisco to the Straits of Juan De Fuca, hard gales from all'' points of the compass may be looked for at all seasons. These begin^en- erally from southeast to southwest, bringing thick rainy weather with them. After blowing from these quarters for some hours, they fly round to the northward, by the west, with little if any warning, and blow even harder than before. These dhanges show the observer to have been in the right hand quadrants of the gale, as most often will happen, and are but counterparts of the changes met with in the cyclones encountered in the same latitude in the north Atlantic. 64 THE NORTHERLY WINDS OF CALIFORNIA. By J. H. C. BONTE, Secretary of the University of California. A frank and fair discussion of the northerly winds of California is much needed. The first necessary step in this investigation is a correct knowl- edge of the topography of the valley in which these winds prevail. TOPOGRAPHY. The great central valley of California, known under the names of Sac- ramento and San Joaquin, heads at Redding in the north, and extends to Tehachapi Pass, in the south a distance of four hundred and fifty miles, with an average width of about forty-five miles. The Sierra Nevada Range of mountains bound this valley on the east with a continuous wall, which has an average elevation of about six thou- sand feet, and an average width of about eighty miles. This range is well timbered from the foothills to the summit. It has a heavy Winter snow- fall, which remains on the highest points during the whole year, and feeds the valley rivers during the Summer. There is no Summer rainfall on this or any other mountain range in California. The valley is bounded on the west by the Coast Range mountains, a range with but one gap that at San Francisco which is about half way between the north and the south end of the valley. The average elevation of this range is about two thousand five hundred feet, and its average breadth about forty miles. This range is poorly timbered on its eastern slope, is rarely covered with snow, and then only for a very short time. The winds of the Pacific Ocean pile up great fog banks on the western slope now and then, keeping the air on the ocean side moderately cool. These two ranges are united at the north end of the valley by other ranges, which are thus described by Rev. E. L. Greene: " There are sev- eral mountain ranges in the north end of the State running in different directions. The Siskiyou Range, which is largely in the State of Oregon, runs mostly east and west, and averages about eight thousand feet in alti- tude. From Mount Shasta, running in a northwesterly direction, is a high range, separating Shasta Valley from the lava beds. Another high range runs from the southwest base of Mount Shasta in a westerly direction. Between these more conspicuous ranges are lower ranges, cutting up the whole region in a succession of mountains and valleys. The mountains, on their northwest slopes, are here and there densely timbered, at an eleva- tion of three thousand and four thousand feet. Below three thousand feet, the southward and eastward slopes are naked, or clothed only with chap- arral. The country is not well watered: the rivers dry up in June. The soil is in many places of volcanic origin. The lava beds contain some small lakes; the larger Klamath lakes are on their borders. The eleva- tion of the lava beds is over two thousand feet." George M. Gray, Chief Engineer of the Southern Pacific Railroad, informs me that the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Range are united at the south end of the valley by a continuous range of mountains running east and west. This cross range, at Tehachapi Pass, reaches an elevation of over four thousand feet. It is poorly timbered, and the sur- 65 face is principally covered with decomposed granite. This great valley is separated from the Bays of San Francisco and San Pablo by the Diablo Range, which extends from the Straits of Carquinez in a southeasterly direction about one hundred and fifty miles, where it terminates in low ridges running out into the San Joaquin plain. This range has an average elevation of about two thousand feet, an average width of about twenty miles, and is poorly timbered; indeed, almost nude. Livermore Pass, in this range, has an elevation of six hundred and eighty-six feet, and Pacheco Pass, one thousand four hundred and seventy feet. The trend of the valley, and all its walls, is southeasterly. THIS LONG VALLEY, THUS WALLED IN, Is veined by several considerable streams: the Sacramento, Pitt, Feather, Yuba, American, Cosumnes, Mokelumne, Calaveras, San Joaquin, Kings, White, and the Kern, all of which come out of the Sierra Nevada Moun- tains. The two great rivers, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, head in opposite directions, but approach and unite at Suisun Bay, through which they empty into the Straits of Carquinez at San Pablo Bay. The Coast Range mountains contribute but little water to this valley, save in the Winter. The south end of the valley contains two or three small lakes, and several of the rivers are fringed by inconsiderable marshes. The valley is nearly level throughout its length, and has an elevation of about two hundred feet. This even surface is broken only by the Marysville Buttes, which rise abruptly out of the plain. This is a range of volcanic hills about six miles wide and twelve in length, with three peaks. The valley is generally bare of native trees, though the oak grows to some extent throughout. The substratum of the valley is a deposit of gravel and sand, with a depth of about two thousand feet. The surface soil is sand and dissolved volcanic material, mixed with vegetable mold. This great underlying bed of sand and gravel is always thoroughly saturated with water to within a few feet of the surface. The Winter rains saturate the surface soil until the two moistures meet; but the Spring and Summer evaporation dries the soil to an average depth of about two feet, leaving the upper surface cracked, dry, and hard, drying every kind of vegetation that does not extend its roots to the moisture below, or receive water from irrigation. The soil at the south end of the valley is very largely composed of sand, gravel, and hardpan, substances capable of absorbing and containing vast accumulations of heat. We have now before us a general view of the topography of the valley in which the northerly winds move. In studying the meteorology of this valley, we would naturally expect the ratification of the valley atmosphere to draw in the cold air from the Pacific Ocean, through the Golden Gate, the Diablo passes, and the Straits of Carquinez. But the Diablo Range, the narrowness of the Golden Gate and the Straits of Carquinez, and the elevation of the Diablo passes, seem to prevent the extensive and ready influx of ocean air, until certain contingencies occur, which enable the ocean winds to overcome these obstacles. In the mean- time, the only winds that visit the valley are the northwestern winds, of which we are now writing. These northern winds are felt throughout the valley, and to some extent in San Francisco, and in Napa Valley. As a 66 general rule, they are more virulent in the extreme north and the extreme south end of the Sacramento (and San Joaquin) Valleys. The atmosphere from the Golden Gate, and the three bays, seems to modify the wind, ordinarily, in the center of the valley. The general course of these currents of heated air is, of course, determined by the trend of the valley and its walls. Without attempting an accurate statement of the periodic recurrence of these winds, we may say that the ordinary current returns about once in two weeks. Hot blasts occur about ten times during the year, while the extremely vicious blasts occur only once in six or eight years. We are, however, without data for the settlement of these points, unless we can find the needed information in the meteorological records of the Central Pacific Railroad Company. Their continuance is from one to thirteen days, and the average about three days. Ordinarily, the wind ceases at night, and is followed by a slight breeze from the south, though frequently the movement continues all night with considerable force. Counter currents are not generally noticeable during the prevalence of the north wind. THE ORIGIN AND CAUSE OF THE NORTHERLY WINDS. In discussing this point, we must distinguish between the cause of these winds and the cause of their disagreeable characteristics. If we are to regard the northern winds as special or local winds, we must first seek for local causes. Wind is, of course, a certain quantity of air set in motion by a change of equilibrium, and this loss of equilibrium is produced by the rari- fication of the atmosphere. The sun's rays penetrate the atmosphere at the south end of the valley, and being incapable of returning to celestial space through the same medium, they leave their heat in the sand and decom- posed granite, where it is entrapped and stored. This accumulated heat rarifies the air, which ascends and creates a practical vacuum at the south end of the valley. The contiguous air to the northward then rushes in to restore the equilibrium, while the heat in the soil creeps northward until the whole surface of the valley becomes heated, when we have a practical vacuum four hundred and fifty miles long, with an average width of forty- five miles. The air north of the Sacramento end of the valley then rushes into this long vacuum, which is more perfect at the south end, and the result is our northerly winds. Considering the northers as local winds, this is the only explanation that science has to offer as to their origin and cause. But, as the science of meteorology advances, we are led to look for more general causes causes connected with the general circulation of wind currents. For a long time the cold southwest winds of France were attributed to local causes, but more thorough investigation of barometric pressures in Spain, France, and Italy, during the prevalence of that wind, established the fact that it belonged to a broader system of circulation. And it is probable that more extended observations of barometric pressures will con- nect our northers with a wider system of atmospheric circulation. As having a possible bearing upon this point, we note the fact that the north- westerly winds of this valley are sometimes almost simultaneous with the northwesterly winds of the regions about Santa Barbara. Hittell, in his " Resources of California," gives an account of two such nearly coincident currents occurring at Stockton and Santa Barbara in June, 1859. It is also to be noted that, in the Winter season, the southeast wind, which brings on rain, is preceded by the northerly wind, carrying southward the rain clouds at a very high altitude. Further discussion on this point must OF TF 67 (UNIT be postponed until we can accumulate facts, for theories without facts only confuse. s\\ CHARACTERISTIC S\ OF THE NORTHERS. t The northers are cool in the Winter and early Spring; hot and dry during the Summer and Fall; a very wet Winter, however, postpones the high temperature until about the middle of June. Second The speed of movement is sometimes very great, approximating the rapidity of a gale. Third The evaporating power is very considerable at all seasons, though greatest in the Summer and Fall. According to my own observation the north wind will sometimes evap- orate from a glass "goblet a full inch of water in twenty-four hours, while a south wind of equal force will not evaporate to an appreciable extent. Fourth The atmosphere during the prevalence of a Summer and Fall north wind is usually free from clouds, though now and then a very few thin streaks of cirrus clouds are visible. The presence of distinct clouds in any quarter is always prophetic of a subsidence of the northers. THE BAD EFFECTS OF THE NORTH WIND. I desire to put upon record a brief statement of some of the evil effects of the north wind, hoping that subsequent and more careful investigation may enable me to modify these statements. First The effect of prevailing northers upon the vegetable economy. These evil effects are more noticeable in Spring time when everything is tender and full of sap, and less observable in the Fall when the fibers have become tough. A heavy Winter rainfall which saturates the earth suffi- ciently to postpone complete evaporation, protects vegetation until it is strong enough to defend itself, for water seems to neutralize the wind's evil power. After a dry Winter the north wind becomes extremely prejudicial to some forms of vegetation. These evil results are, however, modified by protecting houses, hills, fences, and trees. Dr. Harkness reports that the officers of the United States Army, at the Presidio, succeeded in protecting their gardens by very simple fences; a defense which would prove insufficient further north, away from water. Yet it happens that the side of a tree next to the wind is injured, while the opposite side remains unharmed. But I prefer to give the language of practical observers, remarking that the facts now to be mentioned occurred only during the severest blasts. Mr. Hoagland Apples are sometimes baked or burnt on the trees before they ripen, on the side toward the wind. This spot becomes hard, and a dry rot sets in. The rest of the apple ripens, but this spot remains hard and woody. Josiah Johnson In April, 1859, twenty miles south of Sacramento, near the confluence of the Cosumnes and Sacramento Rivers, the north wind continued nine days. Young rose and sycamore leaves were blackened and charred, curling up like burnt paper. A few days ago, and during a north wind, I plucked from my yard some flowers usually very fragrant, and found them to be void of their usual perfume. I took them into the house away from the wind, and their fragrance returned at once. This experi- ment has been frequently repeated, with the same uniform result. The leaves of the acacia tree, which close up only at night, close up soon after the beginning of a north wind. Thomas Sayles, for twenty-five years a practical nurseryman, twelve 68 years of which was spent in California I have known the young sprouts on cherry and peach trees to be killed perfectly dead in two hours. I have seen this frequently. Evergreen toes, when taken up, and while the roots are well bagged and watered, are often killed before reaching a near market, even in an ordinary north wind. The effect is the same as fire. I have known apple trees ten years old to be killed by a few days of north wind. It cuts down young orange trees like fire or frost; and we dread the north wind more than we do frost. Colonel Wilson, of Nord The north wind nearly destroyed the grain crop in 1875. William Gwynne I saw in 1851, Mr. Harbeson's wheat field in Yolo County, which was then in the milk, wholly blighted in three days. Miss Brewster I have seen the sulphur colored rose, when in vigorous bloom, turn black in three quarters of an hour; a blanket covering furnished no protection whatever. Gelatinous water flowers are not noticeably affected. Hyacinths lose their fragrance in the north wind. General Cadwalader Potatoes are not seriously injured while the ground is moist; but later in the season, if not irrigated, they are seriously dam- aged. Walnut trees are sometimes burnt on the north side from branch to root. EFFECT ON THE ANIMAL ECONOMY. Cows give fully one third less milk during the prevalence of a north wind. Horses have no travel in them during a north wind, and seem to lack breath, and require double the usual effort to do their ordinary work. The north wind frequently kills young turkeys and chickens. In a very few hours they sicken, begin to droop, and die. Careful people cover them during a north wind. Cattle always become thirsty, nervous, and restless. Mr. Bassett Birds generally cease to chirp and sing; seem to be feverish, and lose their appetite. They bunch up as in cold weather, and refuse to bathe. These effects are as noticeable when the north wind is cold as when it is hot. Setting hens become nervous on the nest, and get off more frequently than at any other time. The nose of the setter dog grows dry and warm, and they will not take the scent. William Gwynne In 1851 I was traveling in Yolo County during a north wind, and saw little birds fall dead from the trees. I took one almost dead to a spring under a shade of grapevines, bathed and fanned it until it came to life. It would not move from the shade. General Cadwalader Coveys of birds are sometimes killed. All ani- mals seek the wells and springs during the north wind. Sheep sheared during the north wind lose greatly in weight. \ EFFECT ON MAN. Dr. Harkness Healthy and strong individuals feel an inconvenience, an agitation, a heaviness difficult to express; the muscular system is more sluggish; individuals afflicted with rheumatism feel their pains renewed; neuralgias increase in intensity or their paroxysms reappear; men are cross-grained and quarrelsome; fights are of frequent occurrence, and our landladies are seldom found in their usual amiable mood. In general, our patients afflicted with chronic or acute affections feel an aggravation of their principal symptoms; they are more fatigued, more agitated, and their febrile state is increased, while, without being able to give any reason for it, they are often gloomy and despondent. Urinary secretion contains an excess of solid ingredients, and is diminished in quantity. The func- tions of the brain are also disturbed by the same morbific influence, result- ing in slight headache and 'drowsiness, with marked disinclination for either mental or physical action. 7 I add the testimony of Dr. J.' S. Cameron, of Red Bluff: The north wind produces a feeling of depression and nervous irritability; the lean and spare made people being less susceptible than persons of a corpulent habit. The first effect consists in a feeling of tightness in the respiratory organs, often associated with headache ; a dryness of the skin ; thirst, and a diminution of the excretions. The majority are made pale. by the hot winds of Summer time; the eye will generally show signs of congestion, and the after effect usually increases the determination of blood to the sur- face. Irritability is coincident with the north wind, caused, no doubt, by the general atmospheric disturbance. The north wind causes an increase in the amount of liquids drank. The hair becomes dry and crispy because of evaporation. Consumptives are made very much worse; they are very much prostrated by it, and in fact must leave the valley during the prev- alence of the north winds. All diseases of the respiratory organs, except J^" asthma, are made worse. Neuralgia is also usually aggravated. The prev- alence of a north wind of long duration in the Winter and early Spring is uniformly accompanied with or succeeded by an epidemic of pneumonia; the one in January, 1873, having produced over sixty cases in Red Bluff; the mortality, however, was small. Rheumatism may, in some cases, be benefited, but I have no recollection of any case where it was; but unques- tionably it is less prevalent during the continuance of the north wind. Those who suffer from asthma are singularly free from it, but I attribute this to the fact that the climate of Red Bluff is a specific for the cure of that disease. Dr. Allendorf, of Red Bluff The complexion during a north wind is apt to become ^sallow, rough, and dry; some become very pale, others ruddy. The hair becomes dry and rough, and the wind has a burning and blind- ing effect on the eyes; also produces headaches and sleeplessness. The young do not seem to suffer as much in proportion as those of forty years and over, but all dread and dislike it. The north wind has a very percep- tible effect on persons, especially after middle life. In those exposed there is a sense of lassitude, pain of the joints and limbs, disinclination to exer- tion, restlessness. The secretions of the mucous membranes are much decreased. There is in man a shrinkage of weight as great as one pound per day. A considerable number of intelligent persons have, by frequent experiments, come to the conclusion that the human body loses by evapo- ration, during a strong north wind, from one to two pounds per day. But this point needs more careful investigation. . The late lamented Dr. Ed. M. Curtis (Sacramento), a man distinguished for his correct and close habits of observation, gave me, shortly before his death, the results of his observations on the effects of the north winds on his own person. He suffered for years, and finally died of consumption. He said that the north winds were to him exceedingly enjoyable, and that he felt better during a north wind than at any other time. While engaged in studying this subject, I have found well people who claim that they feel a happy exhilaration during the prevalence of the north wind. Among these are persons of every variety of temperament. Nevertheless, it is a.n established fact that many disagreeable results come from our north winds; and the question arises whether we can account for these disagreeable char- acteristics and bad effects of this so called "poison wind." 70 HYPOTHESES. Hypotheses are imaginative efforts to overcome difficulties, and their use is fully justified by experience. First It is claimed that the heat and dryness of the north wind are communicated to it by the dry plains and stubble fields of the Sacramento Valley; and in support of this hypothesis it is said that the north wind does not become peculiarly vicious until after harvest. The objection to this hypothesis lies in the supposed fact, probably true, that the north wind is more vicious just where it first touches the Sacramento Valley than after- wards, and that its exasperating qualities decrease as the current moves southward. As my personal observations of this wind have been confined to Sacramento and the Bay of San Francisco, I am not able to determine the question at issue. One thing, however, is certain: I have received descriptions of the evil effects of the north wind as far south as Stockton , which could not be surpassed by any similar occurrences at the north end of the valley. But no matter how much truth this hypothesis may con- tain, it does not explain the cause of the exasperating characteristics of the north wind as felt at the extreme north end of the valley. Second Dr. Cameron states another hypothesis: "The heat of the north wind in Summer time seems to be communicated to it from the lava beds of Northern California, as I am informed that above Yreka they begin to be pleasant winds, even in the hottest Summer months." The Rev. Ed. L. Green, of Yreka, says: "We have north winds, though no high winds from that quarter. They are cold, bringing frosty nights, sometimes even in June. Later, after the warm weather sets in, they effect an agreeable change in the temperature. We have no wind here corresponding to the dry, disagreeable north wind that blows down the Sacramento Valley." As Yreka lies due west of the lava beds, so as not to be influenced from that direction, the second hypothesis may yet be established. Third A third hypothesis is offered. In this it is claimed that the wind which sets into the Gulf of California passes up through the arid plains of Arizona northward, curving westerly and then south, entering the head of our great valley; and that the heat and other disagreeable quali- ties of the north wind are derived from the plains of Arizona and interven- ing deserts. Of this hypothesis it is sufficient to say that we are not yet in the possession of established facts with which to sustain it in a scientific manner. Fourth I think we will make better progress by separating the subject of causation, and by simply considering, first of all, the cause of the dry- ness of the north wind, without any reference to its other disagreeable char- acteristics. The dryness of this wind is partially explained by the fact that it passes over lava beds and dry mountains. Indeed, during the Sum- mer all the mountains of California, even where they are not denuded, are gigantic dust heaps. Fifth It is probable, however, that the northerly winds have their origin in the far western Pacific Ocean, and it is claimed by observing travelers, that they are exceedingly dry in Summer time, far out from our coast. Sixth But all dry winds are not necessarily evil in their effects. We have, then, to account for their disagreeable and pernicious qualities. And for this purpose we resort to a sixth hypothesis, which depends for its sup- port chiefly on the dryness of the north wind. For the sake of convenience, we call this the electrical hypothesis. Electricity is capable of being massed, condensed, rarified, and also of discharging itself. It exists in 71 positive and negative forms, in every object upon the earth; and negative electricity is just as active and efficacious for all practical purposes as the positive. The earth is practically an infinite reservoir of both electricities; though by comparison the earth may be supposed to contain, on. the whole, negative, while the atmosphere is charged with positive. When the nor- mal relations between the earth and the air are undisturbed, there exists an easy, natural, and imperceptible interchange of electricities, which pre- serves the general equilibrium. The north wind, being the most perfect insulator and best non-conductor, necessarily insulates the earth. In this condition, the earth no longer receives electricity from the air, for this dry wind can neither give nor receive. The result is, that the surface of the earth, and everything upon it, is excessively charged with an imprisoned electricity. It is believed that this hypothesis is founded upon well estab- lished and clearly defined principles. But common sense requires some- thing more, and demands other proof of the presence of electricity at these times. Dr. H. W. Harkness remarks in his essay upon this subject: "We feel in a north wind, sometimes, as when we receive a moderate shock from an electro-magnetic battery." Dr. W. R. Cluness I have frequently noticed, after riding in the north wind, that my hair became dry and stood out. Running a comb through produced the electric snaps. Matthew Cooke I have, after driving in a prevailing north wind, put my finger to the belt of my driving-wheel, which drew from my finger nails a steady blaze two inches in length. Mr. Hoyt During the north wind the tails of my horses sometimes stand out fan-like. The use of the comb and brush produced the electric snap. It is evident, therefore, both from these simple facts and the principles of electricity, that during a north wind everything connected with the earth is insulated and heavily charged with electricity. It has, however, been claimed in support of the theory, that the north wind imparts electricity from itself, and from the upper regions; that a stove insulated from the earth by vitrified bricks w r as so heavily charged with electricity as to impart a very heavy shock to one who attempted to handle the stove. But in opposition to this, it must be admitted that the original instance referred to was never examined ; that all similar experiments have failed to produce this result, and that the proposition is highly improbable. We may, however, imagine a stove placed in a very damp place, where there is damp air sufficient to conduct electricity to the stove from the ground ; but we can hardly imagine that the stove receives electricity from the north wind, though the friction might generate it. If I have established this member of my hypothesis, namely, that during a north wind every object is insulated and heavily charged with electricity from the earth, we are prepared with a reliable explanation of many of the results of the north wind. We put the statement in several forms: Tyndall says: " When an elec- tric current encounters resistance, heat is developed. This heat is some- times so intense as to reduce metals to a state of vapor." This being true, the excess of electricity in plants and animals which always seeks to rees- tablish its equilibrium meets with resistance in the north wind at the sur- face of the object and hence an extraordinary degree of heat. Again: It is supposed that a non-excited body contains an equal amount of negative and positive electricity. Ordinarily this is the condition of objects on the surface of the earth, and the result is a neutral state. But friction decom- 72 poses these two into one or the other of the two elements, and the result is action. Now, then, the north wind finds the animal and vegetable economy charged with negative and positive electricities in a neutral state, and the friction of the wind decomposes the two elements, producing a marked disturbance of electricity, and this disturbance is quite sufficient to account for all these effects of the north wind that are not accounted for by the simple dryness of the air. But we must add the further fact that there exists an electric current in all animals and vegetables; that there is a current perpetually circulating between the internal and external portion of the muscles of the animal. This animal electricity, no doubt, derives its source from chemical action, constantly in progress, in connection with the vital processes. But this chemical process must, more or less, be interfered with by the disturb- ances produced by the north wind. This fact alone will account for very many of the evil results of the north wind, both in the vegetable and animal economy. To say the least, this hypothesis accounts for the intense heat and the nervousness felt by those who are susceptible to this malady. It will also account for the exhilara- tion felt by others. Seventh We venture still another hypothesis: The science of chemistry has demonstrated the existence, in the air, of chemical elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, aqueous vapor, carbonic acid, ammonia, iodine, and ozone, elements that are perfectly harmless in their normal combinations. But the north wind may enforce different combinations, productive of great temporary discomfort to man. Future and more thorough investi- gation may find in this hypothesis a suggestion of considerable value. The discoloration of the sulphur-colored rose is suggestive of some chemical action in the north wind. Several other hypotheses might be offered, but those already named are sufficient for our present purpose. ECONOMIC VALUE OF THE NORTH WIND. Heretofore, in this discussion, we have assumed only the harmfulness of the north winds. But are they wholly valueless? Have we a right to assume that these natural currents are only evil, and evil continually? The constant circulation going on in the atmosphere renders impossible the entire consumption of any substances necessary to maintain the life of organized matter such as oxygen, aqueous vapors, etc. and it also pre- vents any dangerous accumulation of deleterious matter such as carbonic acid. The existence of animated nature is intimately connected with this circulation. Thorough investigation will establish the fact beyond a ques- tion that the north winds are of inestimable value to the great central val- ley of California. And I am confident that the ordinary estimate of the north wind by the people of this valley is an exaggeration of its disagree- able qualities. The majority of well people cannot tell by their own feel- ings, without external observation, whether the wind, at a particular time, is from the north or the south. I have often heard men of well disciplined minds, who considered themselves particular victims of the north wind, complain bitterly of a north wind when the wind was directly from the south. Fully one half of the misery attributed to the north wind is purely imaginary, or the result of indigestion or indolence, or the simple result that follows all atmospheric disturbances. The people of this great valley have, in an unconscious and imitative manner, agreed to consider them- selves miserable during a north wind. The psychology of this morbid 73 condition would be of interest, but lies beyond the line of our present discussion. For the purpose of opening the subject for further 'consideration, I now offer a series of suggestive propositions, and if, in the statement of these, I make some use of the imagination, it must be remembered that science regards a legitimate use of that faculty as of preeminent value. Knowing that any exuberance of the imagination in this connection will meet with remorseless punishment, I shall restrain this faculty within just limits. First The peculiar, dry, and moderately exhilarating climate of this great central valley is a result of the northerly winds. Without this evap- orating power, the valley, its atmosphere and its very walls, would drip with perpetual moisture; pernicious fogs would cloud the sun and conceal the valley, with no possibility of escape from these walls; and the result would be a humid, relaxing climate, susceptible of that high degree of heat not marked by the thermometer, but felt by the system. Then eighty degrees of heat would be the equivalent of one hundred under present circumstances. Second Without the north winds, and with the increase of moist heat, the vegetation now cultivated, and so highly prized, would be overlapped, overwhelmed with gross tropical growths. The exceeding fertility of the soil would crowd and cram the soil with excessive growth. It is not diffi- cult to see the force of this proposition, in view of the well known fact that judicious and careful irrigation and culture will, even now, produce a forest of fruit trees, of vines and plants, within a period of five years. As mat- ters now stand, we can select and cultivate any or all of the products of the various zones. Between our present happy condition and the wretchedness of a purely tropical state, lies our only defender the north wind. Third As a natural and necessary sequence to our first two propositions, there comes the third the north wind, by its desiccating power, is a pre- ventive of disease. By the north wind, excessive growth, and therefore excessive decay, and therefore excessive malaria, and therefore disease all are prevented. Without the north wind, ague and the virulent fevers would prevail universally and dt all times. It is also within the range of possibil- ity that we are indebted to this agency for our comparative exemption from sunstroke and hydrophobia ; at least, it is proved that sunstroke occurs only after very wet Winters. It is but reasonable to believe that this desiccating power, which prevents and dissipates the noxious exhalations of animal matter, defends us against all those diseases that are propagated by poi- sonous pus. Fourth The north wind possesses curative powers. This proposition is rendered probable by the curative effects of similar winds in other countries. The harmattan wind of Africa, which possesses the same characteristic as our north wind, is preeminently curative. Intermittent fever is cured by the first breath of that wind, and remittent and epidemic fevers disappear as by enchantment, while infection of all kinds, including the artificial infection of vaccine virus, fail during the prevalence of that wind. The natural presumptions of the case favor the truthfulness of this proposition. I am satisfied that surgical treatment in this valley is rendered more easy than in moist climates. If so, it is because of the curative qualities of our dry climate, which is the natural product of our north winds. The treatment of disease by electricity is a department of medical science which is yet in its infancy, with all the probabilities in its favor. It seems plain to me, admitting the value of medical electricity, that Nature, in this valley, is already administering this curative agency, in a manner already explained in our fifth hypothesis. It seems probable, in view of that 74 explanation, that the medical faculty has it within reach to control the natural results of the presence of an excess of electric fluids. If the excess of electricity comes from the earth, and not from the air, the amount of electricity in each patient may be controlled by still further insulation and discharge. This further insulation from the earth may be accomplished by glass under the posts of the bedsteads of the bedridden, or by encasement of those who move about in silk underclothing. I am told by Dr. Hark- ness that the last expedient is frequently resorted to in similar winds of India. The medical fraternity are under obligations to humanity that ought to lead them to important results in this direction. Fifth The north winds, following the rainy season, by drying and bak- ing the soil, dissolve and pulverize its particles, thus freeing its inherent productive powers. A similar result is produced in colder climates by the alternations of rain, frost, and heat. This line of investigation is com- mended to intelligent agriculturists. Sixth The short, dry, seedy grass upon which our farmers rely during the Summer and early Fall, and which is so quickly destroyed by moisture, is cured and preserved by our north winds. This short grass, at the proper moment, is seized by the north wind and quickly cured; and cured in a way that preserves all its nutritive qualities from evaporation. Seventh Fineness of fiber and concentrative nutriment is imparted to all our vegetable growth by the north wind. And it is possible that the grape and strawberry may receive their delicate flavor from the same source. At least we are sure of this: that without the north wind exceeding gross- ness would characterize all our vegetation. Eighth The north wind, while it sometimes destroys, often brings our cereals to a rich and profitable maturity; imparting to the berry a solidity and flintiness that enables it to resist the damaging effects of moisture. How far wheat is indebted to the north wind for its glutin and thinness of husk I am not able to say, but I believe, from the few facts in my posses- sion, that it performs a kindly office in this direction. I am convinced that the absence of the north wind, and the inevitable increase of moisture, would give us mere bigness of berry, to the sacrifice of flavor. Without the north wind our grain would naturally continue to grow a month longer, during which time it could only increase in size. And, as there is a circu- lation of electrical currents in all fruit, vegetables, and grain, it may yet be found that the electric disturbances produced by the north winds are extremely favorable to all our crops. The north wind protects our crops from destruction by animal and vegetable parasites. Our comparative exemption from the ravages of weevil doubtless arises from the desiccating power of the north wind, and perhaps, in part, from the electric conditions. The most common