MEMORANDUM.
This electrical handbook is one of a series
of ten similar handbooks prepared under the aus-
pices of the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers by the local Reception Committees in the
Cities of Boston, New York, Schenectady, Montreal,
Niagara Falls, Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburg, Wash-
ington,, and Philadelphia. These are the stopping
places on tne circular to or o/^anized by the Institute
lor the reception and entertainment of its foreign guests
who visit the United States in connection with the
International Electrical Congress at St. Louis, Septem-
ber 12th to 17th, 1904. It is hoped in these hand-
books to present short historical sketches of the cities
visited and a rapid survey of the power plants and
important electrical industries along the route.
St. Louis. No. VV/V
LOCAL RECEPTION GOMMIHEE
BOSTON MASS.
THE ST. LOUIS
ELECTRICAL HANDBOOK
THE ST. LOUIS
ELECTRICAL
HANDBOOK
Being a Guide for Visitors from Abroad
Attending the International Electri-
cal Congress, St. Louis, Mo.
September, 1904
Published under the auspices of
^ The American Institute of
Electrical Engineers
1904
Copyright 1904 by the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
95 Liberty Street, Xew York
The Mason Press
Syracuse, New York
CONIENTS
PAGE
The City of St. Louis 3
International Electrical Congress 17
St. Louis Exposition 43
Historical 45
The Grounds 50
Interesting Facts about the Exposition ... 57
Features of the Exposition 59
The Cascades 65
Illumination of the Exposition 70
Transportation within the Grounds .... 75
Intercommunication on the Grounds ... 81
Power of the Exposition 87
Power for Intramural Railway 89
Lighting and Power -92
Steam. Gas and Fuels Building 95
Arrangement of Electrical Exhibits in the Pal-
ace of Electricity 100
Special Exhibit .... 107
New Applications of Electric Motors Ex-
hibited 117
Foreign Electrical Exhibit - . 122
Argentine — Belgium 122
Brazil — Canada — Denmark — France . 123
Germany 129
Great Britain 131
Italy— Japan 133
Mexico — Portugal 135
Electric Railways 137
St. Louis Transit Company 139
The St. Louis and Sujjurban Railway 151
East St. Louis and Suburban Railway . . .155
Electric Lighting and Power Stations .... 163
The Union Electric Light and Power Company i6g
via Contents
pac;e
The Ashley Street Plant 171
The Imperial Plant 194
Missouri Edison Station ""A" .... 201
Missouri Edison Station "'B'" . . . . 205
Present Distribution S\'stems .... 208
General Plan of Future Distribution . . 213
Direct-Current Series Arc Street Light-
ing 215
The Construction of Subways .... 218
Construction of Service Connections . 219
The Electric Plant of the Laclede Power
Company of St. Louis 227
The Electric Plant of the Laclede Gas
Light Compan}' 229
The Telephone in St. Louis 231
The Bell Telephone Company of Missouri . . 235
The Kinloch Telephone Company .... 247
Isolated Electrical Plants 253
Washington University 255
The Anheuser-Busch Brewery 260
The New Carleton Wholesale Building . . . 263
Electrical Manufacturing Plants . 267
The Wagner Electric Manufacturing Com-
pany 269
The Emerson Electric Manufacturing Com-
pany 275
The Moloney Electric Company 277
The Columbia Incandescent Lamp Company . 280
The U. S. Incandescent Lamp Company . . 284
THE CITY OF ST. LOUIS
77?^ City of St. Louis
ST. LOUIS is the fourth city of the United States in
population and manufactures, ranking after New
York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. Its estimated
population at the present time, based on the gov-
ernment census returns since 1840, is in the neighborhood
of 650,000. The city, by reason of its geographical loca-
tion, is the natural metropolis of the immense territory
of the Southwest, and its industrial development has gone
hand in hand with that of this important part of the coun-
try. The rapidly increasing settlement of this section,
due in part to the reclaiming of heretofore arid lands by
irrigation under government supervision, will, undoubt-
edly, act still further to mark the city as the Gateway of
the Southwest.
St. Louis is situated on the west bank of the Missis-
sippi River, about twenty miles below the mouth of the
Missouri River. It was founded on February 15, 1764,
by Pierre Ligueste Laclede as an Indian trading-post,
and was named in honor of Louis IX. of France. In the
following year the town was made the capital of Upper
Louisiana, under the governorship of Saii)t-Ange de
Rellerive, although the territory in which it was situated
had been ceded to Spain by the treaty concluded in Paris
in 1763. It remained under French control until No-
vember 2g. 1770, when the Spaniards, represented by Don
Pedro Pierras, took possession. In 1800, however, the
French again took possession, and retained it until shortly
after the consummation of the Louisiana Purchase under
President Jefferson. The formal transfer of the terri-
tory of Upper Louisiana took place in St. Louis on March
9, 1804. On November 9, 1809, the town was incorpo-
rated.
3
The St. Louis
Electrical Handbook 5
Since that time the development of the city has been
similar to that of other typically American municipalities.
For many years St. Louis was the headquarters of the
great fur trade of the Northwest, and was the starting
point of many of the exploring parties which were in-
strumental in opening up the vast territory west of the
Mississippi, notably the Lewis and Clark expedition and
that of Fremont. A city charter was granted in 1822.
^lissouri having been admitted to the Union in 1820, after
much stormy congressional legislation due to the slavery
question. In 1848 the city was visited by a terrible epi-
demic of cholera, and m 1849 fire destroyed nearly the
whole of the business district and the public buildings,
embraced in the district between the river and what is
now Fourth street At the outbreak of the Civil War the
city was in. a turbulent condition, the sympathies of its
citizens being about equally divided between the North
and South, due to its position midway between the two
^fictions; but the prompt action of Generals Nathaniel
Lyon and Frank P. Blair saved the city for the Union.
It was constantly occupied by troops and was a base of
supplies for the Federal army. The Western Sanitary
Commission had its headquarters here and a large mili-
tary hospital was also maintained. In 1875 the city was
separated from the county of St. Louis, the two now
having entirely independent governments.
At the present writing, the city covers an area of ap-
proximately sixty-two square miles, with a river front of
nineteen miles. In general plan it resembles a double
convex meni.scus, with the longer axis running north and
south, its eastern boundary being formed by a wide sweep
of the river. The principal business district occupies the
central eastern part of the city, the river front being given
up to factories, warehouses and railroad yards. The de-
pression of the Mill Creek Valley, running east and west
near the median line of the city, is used by the railroads
running to the south and southwest. The fine residence
district, for which St. Louis is particularly noted, is in
the western part of the city ; the great number and im-
posing appearance of the fine residences, the majority of
6 T h c St. L o 11 i s
which are set in spacious grouncis, makes this section one
of which the citizens may well be proud.
There are 2^ public parks in the city, with an aggre-
gate area of 2,183 acres. Forest Park, part of which is
now occupied bj- the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, is
the largest, with an area of 1,374 acres, and with the ex-
ception of Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, is the largest
city park in the United States. Tower Grove Park and
the Missouri Botanical Garden, in the southwestern part
The Court House
of the city, were both presented to the city by the late Mr.
Henry Shaw. The ^Missouri Botanical Garden, famil-
iarly known as Shaw's Garden, is recognized as the finest
botanical garden in the country.
There is at present no system of boulevards connect-
ing the various parks, but tentative plans for that pur-
pose have been prepared by the Kingshighway Boulevard
Commission; the principal object of this commission is
to map out a scheme for the improvement of Kingshigh-
way and its extension in both directions to the river.
St. Louis has long been noted for the excellence of its
public school system, which includes three high schools
Electrical Handbook
/
and 92 grade schools. I'he architectural beauty and the
hj'gienic appointments of all the more recent buildings
are worth}- of special mention. Higher education is pro-
vided bj' a number of institutions, of which Washington
University is the most important; a more detailed de-
scription of this University, which offers instruction in
all branches of learning except theology, will be found in
another part of this volume. Other institutions are : St.
Louis University (Roman Catholic, opened 1829) ; the
College of the Christian Brothers (Roman Catholic,
Residence Section — Portland PI.tcc
1849) ; Concordia Theological Seminary (Lutheran,
1839) ; Theological Seminary of the German Evangelical
Synod of North America (1850) ; the St. Louis College
(jf Physicians and Surgeons (1879) ; Homeopathic Med-
ical College of Missouri ; St. Louis College of Pharmacy,
and the St. Louis Training School for Nurses. There
are many scientific and technical organizations which
contribute to the advancement of learning and culture, of
which the St. Louis Academy of Science is widely known
for its valuable Transactions.
Before the advent of the railway, St. Louis was fa-
mous for its river traffic. The peculiar conditions en-
8 T h c S t . L II i s
countered in navigating the Mississippi and Missouri
Rivers, due to a shallow and shifting channel obstructed
by sand-bars, brought about the evolution of a type of
steamboat altogether unique; and even to-day, when the
increased railway facilities have caused the river trade
to shrink to a comparatively small volume, the Missis-
sippi boats are objects of the greatest interest to stran-
gers. It now appears probable that river traffic will again
assume an important place in the development of the city,
due to the government plans for the construction and
maintenance of a deep-water channel from the Great
^
L'liiun >;,,tii III
Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, via the Chicago Drainage
Canal and the Illinois River. At the present time, how-
ever, the commerce of the city is mainly handled by the
railroads. As a railroad centre St. Louis has a com-
manding position, twenty-four trunk lines terminating
here. All of them enter the Union Station, which is one
of the finest, and certainly the largest, railroad station
now in use in the United States. This station, and the
extensive terminal facilities connected with it, are con-
trolled by the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis.
This association controls the operation of the Eads and
Merchants' bridges over the Mississippi River, the for-
mer famous as the first steel arch bridge in the world.
It was designed and built by Captain James B. Eads, and
was finished in 1874 at a cost of $6,500,000. It is remark-
Electrical Handbook p
able for the great number of difficult engineering prob-
lems met and solved for the first time by Captain Eads
and his associates. It was in the construction of this
bridge that pneumatic caissons for sinking foundations
to bed-rock were first used.
Local transportation facilities are furnished by two
independent systems of electric railways, both of which
operate surface lines only. They are the St. Louis Tran-
sit Company and the St. Louis and Suburban Railway
Company, detailed descriptions of which will be found
under another heading. It may be said here, however,
that since the installation of the additional equipment
ordered by these companies for handling the Exposition
traffic the service has aroused universally favorable com-
ment on account of its high efficiency.
^lunicipal improvements are under the general super-
vision of the Board of Public Improvements, whose mem-
bers, appointed by the mayor, are the heads of the va-
rious branches of the public works, such as the water,
street, sewer, park, and harbor departments.
The city water supply is drawn from the Mississippi
river through an intake tower at the Chain of Rocks,
about eleven miles north of the Eads bridge, and is
pumped to a series of six settling basins, with a total
capacity of 170,000,000 gallons, by six compound, con-
densing, low-service engines with a combined capacity of
160,000,000 gallons per 24 hours. The basins are oper-
ated on the weir system of continuous sedimentation,
using sulphate of iron as a coagulant. The water is de-
livered through an ii-ft. masonry conduit, 3^ miles
long, to the Baden high-service station, whose engines
have a capacity of 80,000.000 gallons per 24 hours, thence
through a g-ft. conduit to the Bissell's Point high-service
station, which has a capacity of 110,000,000 gallons per
24 hours. The Baden station delivers water directly to
the mains at a pressure of 125 pounds, an overflow tower
being located at the Compton Hill reservoir; the latter is
in the southern part of the city and has a capacity of
60,000,000 gallons. The Bissell's Point station pumps to
two towers on a hill near by, and thence directly to the
10
The St. Louis
mains. The distribution system consists of about 700
miles of pipe of various sizes, in connection with which
there are about 7,800 fire-phigs and 4,800 meters.
The city sewers of all sizes have a total length of
562.055 miles, whose total cost to date, including main-
tenance, has been $1,3,413,052.80.
The streets of the city aggregate 881 miles in length,
of which 468 miles are variously improved with macadam,
lelford. novaculite, asphalt, bituminous macadam, gran-
The Merchants JJridge
ite, vitrified brick, and wood blocks ; in addition, there
are 124 miles of paved alleys. During the past year 35.27
miles of streets and 5.33 miles of alleys were paved, and
it is probable that during the current year a still greater
mileage will be constructed. Improved streets are
sprinkled by contract, and maintenance is done partly by
contract and partly by the city itself.
Street and alley lighting is done by contract, electric-
ity, gas and naphtha being used as illuminants. The
total number of miles of streets lighted is 672. Arc
lighting is confined to the district east of Jefferson ave-
nue, where there are 1,000 arc lamps of the direct-current.
Electrical Handbook
II
series, enclosed type, current being supplied from the
Tentli and St. Charles street plant of the Union Electric
Light and Power Company. The same company also
furnishes current for 8co 30 c-p. incandescent lamps. Gas
lighting is furnished for the residence districts by 14,000
mantle lamps at $6.81 per thousand hours. 250 Wehsbach
lam])s at $11 per thousand hours, and 1,400 gas lamps at
$37 P»-'i' lamp-year. Gas is furnished by the Laclede Gas
Light Company. In certain districts not piped for gas,
naphtha is used.
St. Louis being the metri)pi)lis of the .Mississippi Val-
ley, is deeply interested in all work concerned with the
improvement of the river and its tributaries. Here are
located the headquarters of the .Mississippi River Com-
mission, in charge of improvements from the mouth of
the Ohio River to the Head of Passes, near the Gulf of
Mexico, and of surveys, topographical, hydrographical and
hydrometrical, of the river from its head waters to the
Gulf. The United States Engineer Corps (of the .\rniy )
has charge of all work between the head w^aters and the
mouth of the Ohio, and of the snag-boat service from St.
Louis to Xatchez. I'roni llii- mouth of the .Missouri to
12
The St. Louis
that of the Ohio, the improvement consists of revetment
and contraction work, a low-water channel depth of eight
feet being maintained by hydraulic dredges. Examina-
tions, surveys, plans and estimates are now being made
by direction of Congress for a navigable waterway four-
teen feet deep from Lake Michigan via the Chicago
Drainage canal, the Illinois and Mississippi rivers to
St. Louis. This project is in charge of a board of army
engineers and the Mississippi River Commission.
Industrially, St. Louis has many claims to distinction.
Its proximity to the soft-coal fields of Illinois renders
fuel very cheap, thus making the city a natural manufac-
turing centre. It produces more smoking and plug to-
bacco than any other city in the world ; makes more
street and railway cars than any other city; is the world's
headquarters for the horse and mule trade, and has the
largest shoe factory. It has the largest drug house,
woodenware house, and hardware house in the United
States, is the greatest dry goods market west of the Alle-
ghenies, and leads in the manufacture of American-made
Electrical Handbook ij
chemicals. One of its breweries has the largest output
in the country and is one of the most interesting sights
of the city. The Cupples station is the largest private
freight station in the world, and is a unique solution of
the problem of handling freight without the use of teams ;
in this station is the most extensive single system of ele-
vators in America ; the medium for transmission is a
special hydraulic oil of very high fire test, which retains
its fluidity at a temperature considerably below zero de-
grees fahr., and which is operated at a pressure of 750
pounds per square inch.
In conclusion, the places of special interest in the city,
aside from the Exposition, may be summarized as fol-
lows : The new grounds and buildings of Washington
University ; the central western residence district ; the
Missouri Botanical Garden, or Shaw's Garden ; the An-
heuser-Busch brewery; the Cupples station; the Eads
bridge, and the terminal plant of the Terminal Railroad
Association, in the immediate neighborhood of the Union
station.
INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL
CONGRESS
International Electrical Congress
Sei'tember 12-17, 1904
ELECTRICAL Congresses held in the past have
had an important influence for good on the
world's progress in the knowledge of electricity
and magnetism. It is confidently believed that
the International Electrical Congress of 1904, to be held
during the continuance of the Louisiana Purchase Expo-
sition at St. Louis, will yield results at least as valuable
as have any of the congresses preceding.
The last International Electrical Congress was held
in Paris in 1900, in connection with the Universal Expo-
sition. The one preceding that was held at Chicago in
1893 during the Columbian Exposition. The Interna-
tional Electrical Congress of 1904 is held under the aus-
pices and at the invitation of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition.
It will comprise three distinct features :
1st. A Chamber of Delegates, appointed by the va-
rious governments, and essentially similar to the cham-
ber of government delegates at the International Elec-
trical Congresses of Chicago in 1893, and of Paris in 1900.
It would seem that sufficient material has been collected
since 1900, calling for international action, to warrant the
invitations extended to the various governments to ap-
point delegates, as they did to Chicago and Paris, to
attend the International Electrical Congress of St. Louis.
The delegates appointed up to August i, were as fol-
lows : Austro-Hungary, Prof. Charles Zipernovsky ;
Italy, Prof. Moise Ascoli, Prof. L. Lombardi, Ing. A.
IMaflfezzini ; Switzerland, Prof. Ferdinand Weber, Prof.
Francjois Louis Schule ; Norway and Sweden, Prof. G.
.Xrrhenius; Australian Colonics, John Hcsketh, Esq.;
Brazil. Scnor Jorge Ncwbcry ; India, J. C. Shields, Esq.;
17
i8
The St. Louis
Electrical Handbook iq
Mexico, Senor Rafael R. Arizpe ; United States, Prof.
H. S. Carhart, Dr. A. E. Kennelly, Prof. H. J. Ryan,
Prof. S. W. Stratton, Prof. Elihu Thomson.
jnd. The main body of the Congress, divided into
the following sections :
General Theory — Section A, Mathematical, Experi-
mental.
Applications — Section B, General Applications ; Sec-
tion C, Electrochemistry ; Section D, Electric Power
Transmission ; Section E, Electric Light and Distribu-
tion ; Section F, Electric Transportation; Section G,
Electric Communication; Section H, Electrotherapeu-
tics.
3rd. Conventions simultaneously held, in connection
with the Congress, by various electrical organizations in
the United States. It is proposed that each section of
the Congress may be able to hold its meeting under some
plan in conjunction with the organization or organiza-
tions devoted to the progress of the work selected by that
section. Steps were taken to enlist the support of the
various organizations, with a view to perfecting the de-
tails of co-operation in the work to be done. Prominent
among the organizations which will take part are :
The Institution of Electrical Engineers. Delegates —
Mr. R. Kaye Gray (pres.) ; Col. R. E. Crompton, C. B. ;
Prof. John Perry. F.R.S.; Dr. R. T. Glazebrook, F.R.S.;
Mr. H. E. Harrison, B. Sc, B. A.; Mr. W. Duddell. Hon.
Sec'y of Delegation.
La Societe Internationale des Electriciens.
Associazione Elettrotecnica Italiana. Delegates —
Prof. M. Ascoli (pres.) ; Prof. G. Grassi (vice-pres.) ;
Prof. L. Lombardi (vice-pres.) ; Ing. E. Jona
Oesterrichischcr Elcktrotechnischer Vercin. Dele-
gate — Dr. Heinrich Ritter von Kuh.
The Royal Society of Canada. Delegates — Prof. W.
Lash Miller, Prof. Howard T. Barnes.
The American Institute of Electrical luigincers, to
hold a simultaneous convention and joint sessions with
several sections. Delegates — Mr. Rali)h D. Mershon.
Prof. M. I. Pupin, Prof. C. P. Steinmctz.
20
The St. L o II i .
Electrical Handbook 21
The American Physical Society, to hold a simulta-
neous convention and joint session with Section A, 15th
September. Delegates — to be appointed.
The American Electrochemical Society, to hold a
simultaneous convention and joint sessions with Section
C, 13th and 15th September. Delegates — Prof. W. D.
Bancroft. Prof. H. S. Carhart (pres.). Dr. Louis Kahl-
enberg.
The National Electric Light x\ssociation. Delegates
— Mr. George Eastman, Mr. G. Ross Green, Dr. F. A. C.
Perrine.
The Association of Edison Illuminating Companies.
Delegates— :\Ir. W. C. L. Eglin, Mr. L. A. Ferguson, Mr.
Gerhard Goettling.
The International Association of ^Municipal Electri-
cians, to hold a simultaneous convention and joint meet-
ings with Section G. Delegates— ]\Ir. W. H. Bradt, Mr.
F. C. JNIason, Mr. Walter N. Petty.
The American Electro-Therapeutic Association, to
hold a simultaneous convention and joint meeting with
Section H, 15th September. Delegates — Dr. Russell
Herbert Boggs, Dr. Charles R. Dickson, Dr. James
Herdman.
The United States Navy Department has appointed
as Delegate to the Congress Lieutenant-Commander Jo-
seph L. Jayne.
The American Institute of Electrical Engineers ex-
tended an invitation to the Institution of Electrical En-
gineers of Great Britain to visit the L^nited States and to
hold a joint meeting in St. Louis in connection with the
International Electrical Congress. This invitation was
accepted by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and a
large number of its members, many accompanied by
ladies, have signified their intention to be of the party.
The joint meeting of the British Institution and the
American Institute will be held on Wednesday, Septem-
ber 14.
The Department of State, at Washington, acting'upon
requests sent from the Congress Committee on Organiza-
tion and from tiic President of the .American Institute of
22
The St. Louis
Electrical II a n d book .? ?
Electrical Engineers, forwarded through the Department
of Commerce and Lahor and tlie Bureau of Standards,
instructed the diplomatic ofhcers of the United States
abroad to extend invitations to the various foreign gov-
ernments to appoint official delegates to the Congress.
These instructions were sent out on December 17, 1903.
The list of delegates invited was in accordance with the
lists of those allotted to the various countries at the Con-
gress in Chicago in 1893 and at the Congress in Paris in
1900.
The proceedings of the Chamljer of Delegates are to
be conducted in a manner essentially similar to the meet-
ings of the chambers of government delegates at the In-
ternational Congresses of 1893 and 1900.
The Connnittee of Organization of the Congress is as
follows :
President — Elihu 'i'homson. past-president of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
J'iee-Prcsideuts — 'Sir. B. J. Arnold, president of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers ; Prof. H. S.
Carhart, president of the American Electrochemical So-
ciety; Prof. W. E. Goldsborough, chief Department of
Electricity, Louisiana Purcha.se Exposition ; Mr. Charles
I*". Scott, past-president of the .American Institute of
Electrical Engineers ; Dr. S. W. Stratton, Director of the
National Bureau of Standards of the United States.
General Secretary — Dr. A. E. Kennelly, past-president
of the American Institute of Electrical Engineer,s.
Treasurer — Mr. W. D. Weaver, editor of the "Elec-
trical World and Engineer."
Advisory Committee — Mr. 15. .\. P>ehrend, Mr. C. S.
Bradley, Mr. J. J. Carty. Mr. .\. 11. Cowles, Dr. R B.
Crocker, past-president A. I. E. E. ; Dr. Louis Duncan,
past-president A. I. E. E. ; Mr. R. A. I^'essenden, Mr. W.
J. Hammer, Mr. Carl Hering, past-president A. I. E. E. ;
Dr. C. P. Matthews, Mr. K. B. Miller, Dr. W. J. Morton,
Dr. E. L. Nichols, Prof. R. B. Owens. Dr. 1'. A. C. Per-
rine, Dr. M. I. Pupin, ^Mr. H. L. Doherty. Prof. J. W.
Richards, past-president of the .American Electrochem-
ical Society; Prof. H. J. Ryan. Mr. William Stanley. Dr.
24
The St. Louis
Electrical Ha)idbook
^D
C. P. Steinmetz, past-president A. I. E. E. ; Dr. L. B.
Stillwell, Air. Ralph D. Mershon, Mr. J. G. White, Mr. A.
J. Wurtz.
Invitations were extended to all persons who are in-
terested in electricity and its application to take part in
the Congress and to attend its meetings.
Nearly 2,000 acceptances were received up to August
I, ahout 1,400 subscriptions were in hand and about 1,300
membership certificates had been issued.
Special letters of invitation to the number of 350 were
issued on behalf of the Committee of Organization to
prominent electricians and electrical engineers, signed by
the president and general secretary of the committee,
requesting papers for the Congress in the various sec-
tions. Of these about an equal number each were sent
to foreign authors and to American authors. IMany ac-
ceptances have been received from both foreign and
American authors. A tentative limit of the number of
papers to be accepted was set by the committee at 150, but
a greater number than this were already promised early
in August. Of these, 103 papers were from Americans
and 63 from foreign authors. Sixty-four of these papers
were then in hand and were being printed in advance of
the meeting.
The proceedings of the Congress will be published in
several large volumes and a copy of each will be sent to
each member subscribing to the Congress More than
i,<Sco acceptances of membership had been received up to
the end of the first week in July.
Between September 12th and September 17th the
office of the secretary and of the treasurer will be at the
Coliseum, St. Louis, Mo.
The bureau oi information will be maintained in the
Coliseum during this time.
Delegates to the Congress of i()04 will arrive in St.
Louis from Chicago at noon on Sunday, September 11,
They will be received by Mr. W. V. N. Powelson. Mr. W.
A. Longman and the members of the St. Louis Reception
Committee. They will be taken to the newly-built Jef-
ferson Hotel, at Thirteenth street near Locust, where
26
The St. Lou
rooms have been reserved and where most of the dele-
gates will stop, ihe Jefferson is one of the newest and
finest of St. Louis's hotels, and is situated only a block
from the Coliseum and Music Hall, where the meetings
of the sections will begin on the 12th.
On Sunday evening an informal reception will be held
at the Jefiferson Hotel, at which all the local engineers,
their wives, and the many engineers and others who are
visiting the World's Fair will be presented.
The .\ustrian Building
On Monday at 9.30 a. m. the opening ceremonies of
the Congress will be held in the Music Hall of the Coli-
seum, at Olive and Thirteenth streets. This will per-
haps be the last event of any note to take place in this
building, which has been the scene of many interesting
gatherings of national importance. The building is about
to be torn down to make room for a public library, the
foundation of which is a million dollar donation by Mr.
Andrew Carnegie.
It was in this building that the late Democratic Na-
tional Convention was held at which. Judge Alton B.
Parker was named as a candidate for election in Novem-
ber, 1904. to the Presidency of the United States, in oppo-
Electrical Ha n d b o o k 2j
sition to President Theodore Roosevelt, the nominee of
the Republican party.
The building was erected for the St. Louis Exposition
of September. 1884. Ground was broken for it on Au-
gust 22, 1883. The building measures 438 feet in length
by 338 feet in width and it is 108 feet high. The Music
Hall is 2CX) feet long, 120 feet wide and 80 feet high. It
has a seating capacity of 4,000. During the recent Dem-
ocratic convention the Coliseum seated 12,400 persons.
After the opening ceremonies, the Congress will ad-
journ and the meetings of the eight sections will begin.
These meetings will be called to order at 11 a. m. They
will be held in the section rooms on the second floor of
the Coliseum. The meetings will adjourn at 1.30 p. m.
on IMonday, and on Tuesday, Thursday and Friday at i
p. m., so as to give time for the members to visit the Fair,
etc.
The eight sections, among which the work of the Con-
gress will be divided, and the officers of the sections are
as follows :
Section A — Subject: General Theory; Dr. E. L.
Nichols, Cornell University, chairman ; Prof. H. T.
Barnes, McGill University, secretary.
Section B — Subject: General Applications; Dr. C. P.
Steinmetz, Union College, chairman ; Dr. Samuel Shel-
don, Brooklyn, N. Y., secretary.
Section C — Subject: Electrochemistry; Prof. H. S.
Carhart, University of Michigan, chairman ; Mr. Carl
Hering, Philadelphia, Pa., secretary.
Section D — Subject : Electric Power Transmission ;
Mr. C. F. Scott, Pittsburg, Pa., chairman ; Dr. Louis Bell,
Boston, Mass., secretary.
Section E — Subject: Electric Light and Distribution;
Mr. J. W. Lieb. jr.. New York, chairman; Mr. Gano S.
Dunn, New York, secretary.
Section F — Subject: Electric Transportation; Dr.
Louis Duncan, Massachusetts Institute Technology,
chairman ; Mr. .\. H. .\rmstrong, Schenectady, X. Y..
secretary.
Section G — Subject: Electric Conununication : Mr. F.
28 The St. Louis
W. Jones, New York, chairman ; Mr. Bancroft Gherardi,
New York, secretary.
Section H — Subject: Electro-therapeutics; Dr. W. J.
Morton, New York, chairman ; Mr. W. J. Jenks, New
York, secretary.
The chairmen and secretaries (jf the various sections
are also honorary members of the Advisory Committee
of Organization.
The following are the preliminary programmes of the
different sections, giving the name of the author and the
title of his paper:
Scct!0)i A. — General Theory — Mathematical, Experi-
mental: Prof. Dr. Moise Ascoli, Systems of Electric
Units (A. E. L. paper) ; Prof. Dr. Paul Drude, Aletallic
Conduction from the Standpoint of Electronic Theory ;
Prof. Dr. W. Jaeger, Electrical Standards ; Prof. H.
Nagaoka, Magneto-Striction; Prof. J. S. Townsend, The
Theory of Ionization by Collision ; Prof. J. J. Thomson,
The Corpsucular Theory ; M. J. Violle, Secondary Stand-
ards of Light ; Prof. C. T. R. Wilson, F. R. S., Condensa-
tion Nuclei ; Prof. P. Zeeman, Recent Progress in Mag-
neto-Optics ; Dr. Carl Barus, Atmospheric Nuclei ; Prof.
Howard T. Barnes, The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
as Determined b}- Electrical Means (Roy. Soc, Canada,
paper) ; Dr. L. A. Bauer, The State of Our Knowledge
Regarding the Earth's Magnetism and the Recent Re-
markable ^Magnetic Storms ; Prof. D. B. Brace, Magneto-
Optics ; Prof. H. S. Carhart and Prof. G. W. Patterson,
Jr., The Absolute Value of the Electromotive Force of
the Clark and Weston Cells ; Prof. C. D. Child, The Elec-
tric Arc ; Dr. K. E. Guthe, Coherer Action ; Dr. A. E.
Kennelly, The Alternating Current Theory of Transmis-
sion-Speed over Submarine Telegraph Cables ; Prof. E.
Percival Lewis, The Electrical Conductivity of Gases ;
Prof. E. Louis Alore, Electrostriction ; Prof. J. C. Mc-
Lennan, Radio-activity of Mineral Oils and Natural
Gases ; Prof. E. F. Nichols, The Unobtained- Wave-
Lengths between the Longest Thermal and the Shortest
Electric Waves yet Measured ; Prof. E. L. Nichols,
Standards of Light; Dr. H. Pender, The ^^lagnetic Effect
Electrical Handbook 2<)
of Moving Charges; Prof. M. T. Pupin, Electrical Im-
pulses and Multiple Oscillators (A. I. E. E. paper) ; Dr.
E. B. Rosa and Mr. F. W. Grover, The Absolute ]\Ieas-
urement of Capacity and Inductance ; Prof. E. Ruther-
ford, Radioactive Change ; Prof. J. Trowbridge, Spectra
of Gases at High Temperatures ; Prof. A. G. Webster,
Report on Recent Developments in Electrical Theory ;
Prof. J. Zeleny, The Discharge from Points ; Dr. A. E.
Wolff, The So-called International Electric Units.
Section B. — General Al>l^lications: Prof. E. Arnold
and J. L. La Cour, The Commutation of D. C. and A. C.
Machines ; Dr. O. S. Bragstad, Theory and ^Method of
Operation of Repulsion Motors ; M. Andre Blondel, Cal-
culation and Tests of Alternators ; Col. R. E. Crompton,
Standardization of Dj^namo-Electric Machinery and Ap-
paratus; Profs. Drs. Elster and Geitel, Concerning Nat-
ural Radio-activity of the Atmosphere and the Earth;
Pterr Clarence Feldmann and Joseph Herzog, The Dis-
tribution of Voltage and Current in Closed Conducting
Networks ; M. Alexander Heyland, Recent Developments
in Compounded Alternators with Direct Excitation from
Alternating Currents; W. M. Mordey (title to be an-
nounced) ; M. A. Nodon, Rectifiers; Sir W. Preece,
Electricity in Ancient Egypt ; Prof. C. A. Adams, The
Leakage Reactance of Induction Motors ; Mr. C. Day,
Electric Motors in Shop Service ; ]\Ir. H. W. Fisher,
Sparking Distances Corresponding to Different Voltages ;
Prof. H. J. Ryan. The Design of Insulators;, Mr. D. B.
Rushmore, The Regulation of Alternators ; Prof. E. B.
Rosa. The Influence of Wave Shape upon Alternating-
Current Meter Indications; Dr. Clayton H. Sharp, The
Equipment of a Commercial Testing Laboratory; Prof.
H. B. Smith, Very High Voltage Transformers.
Section C. — Electrochemistry: Prof. Dr. S. Arrhe-
nius, Methods of Determining the Degree of Dissocia-
tion ; Geh. Reg. Prof. Dr. W. Borchers, Electrometal-
lurgy of Nickel; Sherard O. Cowper-Coles, Electrolytic
Methods for the Rapid Production of Copper Sheets and
Tubes; Dr. F. Dolezalck (subject to be announced) ; J.
Sigfried Edstrum, Electrical Extraction of Nitrogen from
?o The St. L o u is
the Air; Dr. H. Goldschmidt, Alumino-Thermics ; Prof.
Dr. F. Haber, Electrolytic Disturbances in the Earth ; Dr.
P. L. T. Herouh, Electrometalkirgy of Iron and Steel ;
Prof. Dr. Richard Lorenz, Electrolysis of Fused Salts;
Prof. Dr. W. Ostwald, Catalysis in Electrolysis; Mr. J.
Swinburne, Chlorine Smelting: Prof. W. D. Bancroft,
The Chemistry of Electroplating (A. E.-C. S. paper) ;
Mr. A. G. Betts and Dr. Edward F. Kern, The Lead
Voltameter; Prof. H. S. Carhart and Dr. C. A. Hulett,
The Preparation of Materials for Standard Cells and
their Construction (A. E.-C. S. paper) ; Thomas A. Edi-
son, Alkaline Batteries (by deputy) ; Dr. K. E. Guthe,
The Silver Voltameter; Mr. Carl Hering, The Units Em-
ployed in Electrochemistry ; Prof. L. Kahlenberg, The
Electrochemical Series of the Metals (A. E.-C. S. pa-
per) ; Prof. J. W. Richards, The Energy Absorbed in
Electrolysis ; Prof. T. W. Richards, The Relation of the
Theory of Compressible Atoms to Electrochemistry.
Section D. — Electric Pozcer Traiisinissioii : Sig. E.
Bignami, Electrical Transmission Plants in Switzerland;
H. M. Hobart, A Method of Designing Induction Mo-
tors ; Mons. Maurice Leblanc, Transmission of Alternat-
ing Currents over Lines Possessing Capacity ; Prof. G.
^lengarini. Utilization of Hydraulic Powers in Italy;
Prof. F. G. Baum, High-Potential Long-Distance Trans-
mission and Control ; F. O. Blackwell, The Tower-Sys-
tem of Line Construction ; H. W. Buck, The Use of
Aluminum as an Electrical Conductor; V. G. Converse,
High-Tension Insulators ; M. H. Gerry, Jr., The Con-
.struction and Insulation of High Tension Transmission
Lines; J. F. Kelly and A. C. Bunker, Some Difficulties of
High Tension Transmission and Methods of ^^litigating
Them; L. M. Hancock. The Bay-Counties Transmission
System ; R. L. Hayward, Some Practical Experiences in
the Operation of Many Power Houses in Parallel ; P. M.
Lincoln, Transmission and Distribution Problems Pecul-
iar to the Single-Phase Railway System ; Ralph D. ^^ler-
shon, The Maximum Distance to which Power can be
Economically Transmitted (A. I. E. E. paper) ; P. N.
Nunn, Pioneer Work of the Telluride Power Company;
/: I c c f r i c a I II a n d h o o h 5/
J. S. Peck. The High Tension Transformer in Long-Dis-
tance Power Transmission ; Dr. F. A. C. Perrine, Amer-
ican Practice in High Tension Line Construction and
Operation (X. E. L. A. paper) ; Dr. C. P. Steinmetz,
Theory of the Single-Phase ]\Iotors (A. I. E. E. paper).
Section E. — Electric Light and Distribution: Prof.
Andre Blondel, Impregnated Arc-Light Carbons and
Lamps ; Herr Max Deri, Single-Phase ^Motors ; Herr E.
de Fodor, Rates for Electricity Supply ; Sig. Ing. E. Jona,
Insulating Materials in High-Tension Cables (A. E. I.
paper) ; Prof. W. Kubier, Upon a Means for Compensat-
ing the Series-Connection of Induction Motors; Prof. L.
Lombardi. Stroboscopic Observations of the Arc (A. E.
I. paper) ; H. F. Parshall, The Yorkshire and Lancashire
Electric Power Companies; Prof. Auguste Rateau,
Steam Turbines ; Herr Karl Roderbourg, The Prussian
System of Electric Train Lighting; Sig. Ing Guido Se-
nienza. Commercial Limits of Electric Transmission with
Special Reference to Lighting Service ; Dr. G. Stern, The
Applicability of the Alternating Current for Distribution
in Large Cities; Prof. S. P. Thompson (subject to be
announced) ; Dr. W. Wedding. ^leasurements of the
Energy of Light and Heat Radiation from Electric Light
Sources ; Arthur Wright. Recent Improvements in Elec-
trolytic Meters ; B. A. Behrend. The Testing of Alter-
nating-Current Generators ; Alexander Dow, The Con-
tinuous-Current Distributing Systems of American Cit-
ies ; George Eastman. Protection and Control pf Large
High-Tension Distribution Systems (N. E. L. A. paper) ;
W. C. L. Eglin. Rotary Converters and Motor Generators
in Connection with the Transformation of High-Tension
A. C. to Low-Tension Street Current (Assn. Ed. Illg.
Co.'s paper) ; W. L. R. Emmet, The Effect of Steam
Turbines on Central Station Practice ; Louis A. Fergu-
son, Underground Electrical Construction (Assn. Ed.
Illg. Co.'s paper) ; Gerhardt Goettling, Storage Batteries
(Assn. Ed. Illg. Co.'s paper) ; G. Ross Green. American
Meter Practice (N. E. L. A. paper) : Caryl D. Haskins.
Metering Efficiency on Customers' Premises ; Henry N.
Potter. Xernst Lani])s ; Dr. C. P. Steinmetz. Luminous
^2 The St. Louis
Electric Arcs ; Philip Torchio, Distributing Systems from
the Standpoint of Theory and Practice ; Herbert A. Wag-
ner, Electric Transmission and Distribution for Subur-
ban Towns from a General Power Station.
Section F. — Electric Transportation: Ernst Daniel-
son, Theory of the Compensated Repulsion Motor; Philip
Dawson, Electrification of British Railways ; Herr F. J.
Eichberg, Single-Phase Electric Railways ; Prof. Dr. F.
Niethammer, Alternating vs. Direct Current Traction;
Prof. Dr. Rasch, The Buffer Machine in Railway Service
and Its ]\Iost Suitable Control ; A. H. Armstrong, The
Electrification of Steam Lines ; B. J. Arnold, Electric
Railways ; Louis Duncan, General Review of Railway
Work ; J. B. Entz, The Storage Battery in Electric Rail-
way Service ; R. A. Parke, Braking High-Speed Trains ;
W. B. Potter. Electric Railways ; F. J. Sprague, The
History and Development of the Electric Railway; L. B.
Stillwell, Notes on the Electrical Equipment of the Wil-
kesbarre & Hazleton Ry. Co. ; H. G. Stott, Central Sta-
tion Economics and Operation; W. J. Wilgus, Equipping
the Central Terminal.
Section G. — Electric Communication: Senor Don
Julio Cevera Baviera, Electric Communications in Spain;
Dr. J. A. Fleming, F. R. S., The Present State of Wire-
less Telegraphy ; John Hesketh, A New Danger to Lead-
Covered Aerial Telephone Cables ; Herr Joseph Hollos,
Simultaneous Telegraphy and Telephony; Saitaro Oi,
Telegraphy and Telephony in Japan ; V. Poulsen, System
for Producing Continuous Electrical Oscillations ; M. G.
de la Touanne, Theory of Telephone Exchange Develop-
ment ; J. C. Barclay, Printing Telegraph Systems ; Dr.
Lee De Forest, Wireless Telegraph Receivers ; Patrick
B. Delany, Rapid Telegraphy; Franz J. Dommerque, The
Telephone Problem in Large Cities ; Reginald A. Fessen-
den. Wireless Telegraphy ; Hammond V. Hayes, Loaded
Telephone Lines in Practice; J. C. Kelsey, Features of
the Dunbar Two-Strand Common-Battery Systems ; Dr.
A. E. Kennelly, High-Frequency Telephone-Circuit
Tests ; Kempster B. Miller, Problem : Automatic vs. Man-
ual Telephone Exchange; Dr. Louis M- Potts, Printing
Electrical Handbook ?j
Telegraphy; Col. Samuel Rcber, Military Use of the
Telephone, Telegraph and Cable ; Prof. George F. Sever,
Electrolysis of Underground Conductors ; L. W. Stanton,
Economical Features in Modern Telephone Engineering;
John Stone Stone, The Theory of Wireless Telegraphy.
Section H. — Electrotherapeutics: Prof. M. Benedikt,
A Contribution to the Radiodiagnostics of Diseases of
the Head and of the Brain; Dr. J. Bergonie (subject to
be announced) ; M. le Docteur G. O'Farrill, Some Im-
provements in Generator Apparatus of High-Frequency
Currents; Prof. S. Schatzky, The Ionic Theory as Bio-
logical Basis for the Therapeutic Action of Electricity;
Prof. S. Schatzk}-, Experimental Researches on the
Treatment of Tuberculosis by Constant Current ; Dr. J.
Riviere, Physico-Therapy of Neurasthenia; Dr. Carl
Beck, Recent Advances in Roentgen-Ray Science; Dr. G.
G. Burdick, Radiations in Therapeutics ; Dr. Margaret
A. Cleaves, The Nature of the Changes Established in
Living Tissue by the Action of Oxidizable Metals at the
Anode ; Dr. Charles R. Dickson, Some Observations
Upon the Treatment of Lupus Vulgaris by Phototherapy,
Radiotherapy, and otherwise (A. E. T. A. paper) ; Dr.
Emil H. Grubbe, X-Rays and Radio-Active Substances
as Therapeutic Agents ; Dr. T. Proctor Hall, The Prin-
ciples of Electrotherapeutics ; Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Electro-
therapeutics ; Prof. Jacques Loeb, The Control of Life
Phenomena Ijj' Electrolytes ; Dr. John Williams Langley,
The Purification of Water for Drinking by Electricity ;
Dr. G. Betton Massey, The Cataphoric Diffusion of Me-
tallic Ions in the Destructive Sterilization of Cancer and
Tuberculous Deposits ; Dr. W. J. Morton, Artificial Fluor-
escence of the Human Organism as a ]\Ieans of Treat-
ing Disease; Dr. C. S. Neiswangcr, Static Electricity in
Chronic Nephritis; Dr. Clarence E. Skinner, A Large
Fibro-Sarcoma Treated by X-Radiance; Dr. William
Benham Snow, Static Electricity in Therapeutics.
On Tuesday the section meetings will begin at g a. m.,
and this also will be the rule for Thursday and Friday.
On Wednesday at lO a. m. the annual convention of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers will be form-
34
The St. Louis
alh- open at Festival Hall on the grounds of the Loui-
siana Purchase Exposition.
Festival Hall
Festival Hall, where this convention will be held, is
the great central figure piece of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition. It has a dome nearly as large as that of St.
Peter's at Rome. It is ornate in treatment but chaste in
The Brazilian Pavilion
spirit. Its height is emphasized by the terrace imme-
diately in its front and by the wide basin at the foot of
the slope. It is on the main axis of the grand court and
faces toward the principal entrance to the grounds. A
monumental archway, 65 feet high, richly decorated,
forms the main entrance to the hall. Over the archway
is a sculptured group typifying "The Triumph of Music
and Art,'" by Philip .Martiny. "Music"' and "Dance" are
allegorically represented in groups flanking the entrance.
All the decorative details of the building are suggestive
of music and the drama. Lyres, harps, Greek masks and
Electrical Handbook j 5
the names of composers of music are used both for orna-
mental effect and to express the festive ideas associated
with the structure. The main entrance is flanked on the
sides by colonnaded walls. The drum of the dome is
treated with a series of circular openings decorated archi-
tecturally in the same spirit as the rest of the building.
This may be said as to the panels into which the bell of
the dome is subdivided. This dome is 140 ft. in diam-
eter. That of St. Peter's at Rome is 144 ft. It is 400 ft.
from the ground to the highest point of St. Peter's dome,
while it is 250 ft. from the level of the grand court to the
top of the dome of Festival Hall. The diameter of the
building at its base is 192 ft. exclusive of the balustraded
terrace upon which it stands. The structure as a whole
covers more than two acres.
The auditorium is intended for the accommodation of
about 4,000 persons. It is arranged on the interior like
a theatre and finished like a permanent building. Its
many windows permit excellent lighting by day, and at
night the electric illumination both without and within is
a triumph of the electrician's skill. The architect of the
Hall of Festivals was Cass Gilbert of New York and St.
Paul. The design of the interior was prepared by Air.
Masqueray.
The plan of the central portion of the Exposition
grounds suggests the lines of a fan. The great exhibit
palaces are on avenues which radiate from a common
centre, and at this focal point, on the summit of a domi-
nating hill, stands the Hall of Festivals, in the centre of
a long, swinging colonnade, called the Colonnade of
States. This curved colonnade terminates at either end
in circular restaurant pavilions each 140 ft. high, sur-
mounted by domes and somewhat corresponding in ar-
chitectural treatment to Festival Hall. The colonnade,
which is 52 ft. high and over a quarter of a mile in length,
extends in semicircular form along the brow of a hill.
crowning the crest of a natural amphitheatre 70 ft. high.
In the rear of the colonnade and Festival Hall and par-
tially screened by them, though on a higher level, is the
Art Palace.
36
The St. Louis
The face of the hillside is a lawn. Descending from
the front of Festival Hall and the restaurant pavilions
there are three cascades. The water which gushes forth
from the central fountain spreads into a stream 50 ft.
wide as it pours over the first fall of 25 ft. It widens out
still more as one fall succeeds another until it is a stream
152 ft. wide when the Cascades reach the basin at the
foot of the slope.
The total fall is 95 ft. and the length of the central
The Chinese Building
cascade is about 300 ft. All three cascades fall into a
cascade basin 300 ft. wide which reflects the picture above
it and at night aids in enhancing the beauty of the electric
illumination. Nearly 90,000 gallons of water per minute
are discharged into this basin from the three cascades
when they are in full operation. The slope between the
cascades and in front of Festival Hall and the Colonnade
of States is made into a formal garden, adorned with
flowers and shrubs. The design of the Cascades and
Colonnade of States and the restaurant pavilions, with
the approaches and surrounding gardens, is the work of
Electrical Handbook 57
Emmanuel L. Masqueray, Chief of Design of the Expo-
sition.
The entire composition made up of the Cascade Gar-
dens, Festival Hall and the Colonnade of States has a
historic as well as an allegorical significance and is in-
tended to express the jubilation of a great nation over
the fact that the sway of liberty was extended by the
Louisiana Purchase from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
This idea is especially conveyed in the sculptural decora-
tions, which in a poetical manner portray the various
phases of the central theme.
From a distance the Fountain of Liberty, which stands
at the head of the central cascades, seems almost to form
a part of the archway by which entrance is afforded to
Festival Hall. Mr. Herman A. ]\lcXeil, who modeled the
statuary for these gardens, has succeeded in typifj'ing
in sculptural form the idea associated with such senti-
ments as Liberty, Patriotism, Freedom, Truth, Justice,
and Family.
The doorway of Festival Hall bears like a keystone
a composition by Charles J. Pike which suggests gaiety
and is composed of two flying figures supporting a lyre.
The groups entitled Music and Dance, on either side of
the entrance to the Hall of Festivals, present an inter-
esting contrast. Augustus Lukeman is the author of
Music. The group consists of five figures. In the upper
part of the composition is a figure of Orpheus playing
the lyre. Orpheus appears to be accompanying on his
lyre the voice of a beautiful woman who forms the fore-
most figure in the group and who represents vocal music
or opera. To her left is a female figure playing a Re-
naissance 'cello as an accompaniment to the voice. On
her right is a group of two figures. Pan playing the pipes
and a Bacchante playing a timbrel and leading a panther.
Opposite the group by Lukeman stands the compan-
ion group by Michel Tonetti, entitled Dance, which pre-
sents an admirable foil to the work of his fellow sculptor.
This group is full of life and movement and the figures
seem possessed by the fire of a joj^ous, unconstrained
spirit. .\ figure in the upper part of the group seems
3S
T Ji c St. Louis
Joseph Henry
Palace of Electricity
Electrical II a n d book 59
urging on the dancers and encouraging them to enjoy
life while it lasts. The various forms of the dance and
its national characteristics are represented by the differ-
ent figures. A faun dancing with a nymph, both being
strong-limbed and unconventional, present a contrast to
two other figures, a delicately proportioned girl and a
strong but finely cut man, portraying a more modern
type of dance. A girl in the centre of the group typifies
the grace of the dance.
The Colonnade of States, which closes the background
of this picture, is an effective portion of the composition
and affords opportunity for the use of statuary typifying
the twelve States and two territories formed from the
original Louisiana Purchase. Square pylons alternate
with the columns and the effect suggests somewhat the
majestic approach of St. Peter's at Rome. It may remind
some of the beautiful Peristyle at Chicago, while the
Cascade gardens with their sculpture may awaken a rec-
ollection of some famous European gardens. It is said
that the cascades at St. Cloud furnished the designer with
some suggestions.
The electrical illumination of the gardens. Cascades.
Colonnades, Festival Hall, the Cascade P)asin and the
I'"ountain increase the fairylike aspect of the scene at
night.
Around the central cascades, stairways descend on
both sides and swing away in opposite directions until
the level of the basin below is reached. Flanking the
waterways and between them and the stairways run a
series of groups of sculiiture which serve both to illus-
trate the theme and enhance the decorative effect of the
composition. The Fountain of Liberty, with its goddess
holding aloft a symbolic torch and its figures of Truth
and Justice, commands the scene from its lofty altitude.
From beneath springs the arch upon which the figures
rest which have for their ideals liberty. Truth and Jus-
tice. From the springing of the arch come forth men of
heroic proportions riding fish horses and on either side
heralds proclaim the advent of the goddess. .\t the base
of the arch and flanking the ramp which swings from its
40
T Ji c St. L u i s
Benjamin Franklin
Palace of Electricity
Electrical H a n d h o o h 41
sides are groups representing Patriotism and The Fam-
ily, these being at the foundation of the Anglo-Saxon
idea of liberty. Next beyond these groups, as one de-
scends to the Grand Basin, come two others, one repre-
senting the idea of Freedom and Physical Libert}- and
the other Liberty as it exists under the restraining insti-
tutions of civilization. A series of six groups of chil-
dren riding fishes add to the picturesque character of the
composition.
The side cascades, wJiose sculptural figures and
grt)ups are by Mr. Isadore Konti, are equal in impor-
tance to the central cascades. Mr. Konti's work for this
part of the Exposition is characteristicallj' decorative,
imaginative and graceful.
The side cascades are over 400 ft. in length and the
architect's plan provided for fifteen groups of sculpture
for each side. At the head of each cascade and in front
of the ornate pavilions which terminate the Colonnade
of States are fountains and the groups surmounting these
the sculptor calls respectively the Spirit of the Atlantic
and the Spirit of the Pacific. The fountain for the oppo-
site side is surmounted by a flying female figure with an
albatross, typifying the Spirit of the Pacific.
ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION
St. Loin's Exposition
HISTORICAL
THE Louisiana Purchase Exposition is the third
great international exhibition held in the L^nited
States, each illustrating a sentiment. Philadel-
phia in 1876 celebrated the centennial of the
Declaration of Independence ; Chicago in 1893 commem-
orated the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery
of America by Columbus ; while the third recognizes the
centenary of the acquisition, in 1803-1804, of the great
territory then known as Louisiana. Out of this territory
there have been formed twelve States and two Terri-
tories, — the State of Louisiana, which bears the original
name, and the eleven additional States of Arkansas, Col-
orado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, r^Iontana, Ne-
braska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming,
Indian Territory and Oklahoma.
The annexation of Louisiana has been declared to be-
an event in national history ranking in importance next
to the signing of the Declaration of Independence and
the adoption of the Constitution, for it not only removed
a constantly recurring cause for petty disputes between
the United States and several European nations, but
also cleared the way by which the LTnion was to take its
course westward to the Pacific.
The historical events which lirought alxnit the acqui-
sition of this territory are interesting. Previous to the
Purchase, the settlers in Kentucky, Tennessee, and on
the upper Ohio were in more or less constant friction
with the Spanish settlements and hostile Indians along
the western border ; on several occasions open warfare
was avoided only by the diplomacy of President Wash-
ington and President Adams. In 1801 the Western peo-
ple were intensely excited by rumors that Spain had
45
46
The St. Louis
secretly ceded Louisiana to France and that Napoleon,
then First Consul of the French Republic, was about to
take military possession of the land. President Jefiferson
appreciated that the time for action had come, and at
once opened negotiations with Napoleon for a peaceful
acquisition of the Louisiana tract. These negotiations
were consummated on April 30. 1803, by a treaty with
France, by which the United States acquired over 875.000
square miles of territory lying west of the Mississippi for
X-- --^
the sum of $15,000,000. It is interesting to remember
that this sum is scarcely one-third the amount that has
been spent on the buildings and grounds of the Exposi-
tion that has been built to commemorate the centennial of
the treaty.
The popular demand for a celebration of the centen-
nial was first formulated at a meeting of the Missouri
Historical Society in September, 1898, at which a ways
and means committee consisting of fifty citizens- was ap-
pointed. In December, 1898, the Governor of Missouri
invited the Governors of all the Louisiana Purchase
States to send delegates to a convention, which finally
Electrical H a n d b o o k 4/
met in St. Louis in January, 1899. The movement met
with hearty response from all of the States directly inter-
ested. St. Louis, as the chief city of the Louisiana Pur-
chase States, was asked to take the lead in making plans
for a world's exposition that would eclipse any other
similar enterprise. More than $4,000,000 in private sub-
scriptions was immediate!}' raised, the city of St. Louis
voted a municipal subscription of $5,000,000, and the
State of ]\Iissouri appropriated $1,000,000 for this pur-
pose.
In June, 1900, Congress voted to provide $5,000,000 on
condition that the city of St. Louis would raise $10,000,-
000. On March 3, 1901, it having been represented in the
Senate that St. Louis had fulfilled this condition, an act
of Congress appropriated $5,000,000 to the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition; this act was sent to President Mc-
Kinlej' for approval and became a law.
The initial fund of $15,000,000 for tho exhibit build-
ings and grounds represents the amount given lOi years
ago for the Louisiana territory ; at this rate the cost of
the territory was somewhat less than $15 per square mile.
Congress also appropriated about $3,000,000 for exhibits,
and still more recently advanced, as a loan. $4,600,000, to
complete the work. The diflferent States have appro-
priated about $7,000,000 for the State exhibits (Missouri
appropriating $1,000,000), and foreign governments more
than $5,000,000. The Pike and its accessories represent
an investment of $5,000,000, while exhibitors have ex-
pended from $1 to $5 per square foot on the 128 alcres of
exhibits.
About as much time intervened for the spending of
this amount as had been consumed in raising it. A vast
amount of exploitation work had to be done, — obtaining
liberal participation by home and foreign governments,
securing the most attractive and representative exhibits
from all countries, in many instances requiring favorable
action by slow-moving legislatures and ministerial bodies.
The work was pushed forward with vigor and appro-
priate grounds, buildings, and other equipment were pro-
vided. This work was done so efficientlv that President
48
The St. L ti i s
^^,,
Electrical Hand b o o k 49
Francis, the executive officer of the Exposition, com-
mended it in pubhc. He said : —
"This universal Exposition is more than an exhibition
of products, or even of processes ; it is more than a con-
gregation of the grades of civiHzation, as represented by
all races from the primitive to the cultured; it is even
more than a symposium of the thought of the thrones, of
the student and the moralist. It is all of these com-
bined, and the toute ensemble forms a distinct entity
whose impress on the present and influence on the future
are deep and lasting. It will have a place in history
more conspicuous than its projectors ever conceived.
I'^or more than a generation to come it will be a marker
in the accomplishments and progress of man. So thor-
oughl}^ does it represent the world's civilization that if
all man's other works were by some unspeakable catas-
trophe blotted out, the records here established by the
assembled nations would afford all necessary standards
for the rebuilding of our entire civilization."
"By bringing together sections and peoples hitherto
remote and unacquainted, and thereby promoting mutual
respect, it is a distinct step toward establishing that uni-
versal peace for which all right-minded people arc striv-
ing."
The following comparison clearly brings out the enor-
mous growth of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition over
previous noteworthy expositions : —
Illumi-
.Area
nation
,
Size
under roof
Kk'Ctric
.\cres
.\cres
Lights
Cost
St. Louis, 1904. . .
T,263
300
210,000
$50,000,000
Chicago, 1893. . . .
633
194
102,000
28,000,000
Paris, I goo
336
117
76.7-'0
22,000,000
i^>ufFalo, igoi
300
15
6,000,000
Philadelphia. 1876
236
62
^0 T h c St. L o 11 i s
THE GROUNDS
1"he site of the World's Fair is in the western part of
the city, aliout five miles west of the Mississippi River,
and contains, in a solid tract, 1,263.49 acres, that is ap-
proximately two miles east and west by one and one-
fourth miles north and south. Of this. 657 acres con-
sists of the western portion of Forest Park ( the largest
of the city parks), 545 acres west of the park is leased
from Washington University and other estates, and 61
acres north of the Park is leased for "The Pike." When
work was begun in December, igoi, this tract mainly
consisted of heavy rolling, forest-covered land, through
which meandered a sluggish, treacherous river known as
the Des Peres. There was from 75 to 125 feet variation
between the hills and sharp dales, while an artificial lake
occupied the sites of the ^Mining, Liberal Arts, and Man-
ufactures Buildings. To lower the hills and grade up
the valleys has required the moving of 2,000,000 cubic
yards of earth. The lake has been piled over and the
meandering River Des Peres has been confined within a
box flume 45 feet wide by 15 feet deep, over which is the
central promenade of the Exposition. While much of
the old virgin oak forest has had to be sacrificed, quite
large maples and elms have taken their place, as the
result of a new system of tree transplanting. Lagoons
114 miles long with 3^ to 5 feet depth of water encircle
the Electricity and Education Buildings and afford ac
cess by gondola and electric launches to the nine main
Iniildings that form the principal feature of the Exposi-
tion. These lagoons have an area of 750,000 square feet
and contain 20,000,000 gallons of water.
In order to avoid placing the main exhibit buildings
over the river channel, which pursued a tortuous route
through the site, a new channel was excavated and lined
with timber. This channel was made to traverse the
main streets between the buildings and shortened the
stream from 8,800 feet to a more direct route of 4.650
feet.
In addition to the main waterway of the River Des
Electrical Ha ii d b o o k
5^
Peres, which is about one mile long, twenty-five miles
of storm water drains have been constructed.
Numerous obstructions, in the way of trestle bridges,
short bends in the channel, etc., below the World's Fair
site in Forest Park, were removed in order to provide
sufficient area for storm water and to prevent overflow,
such as occurred in previous years.
A Trip on the Lagoons
All Storm water drains, including roof drains from
buildings, discharge into the main channel of the River
Des Peres, except downspouts from the east of the Alines
Building and from the Education and Electricity Build-
ings, the latter two-being situated on islands surrounded
by lagoons.
The lagoons are provided with eight feed pipes from
water mains of such capacity that the entire lake can be
filled in forty hours.
A filter plant at the southwest corner of the Mining
Building is designed to supply the loss from seepage and
52
The St. Louis
Electrical Handbook
53
evaporation and will be operated continuously during the
life of the Fair.
Arrowhead Lake, some 2,000 feet in length and vary-
ing in width from 100 feet to 250 feet, and 4 to 12 feet
deep, is used by water craft of the Philippine Village.
The Life Saving Lake, situated east of the Ceylon
Building, is used by the United States Govermiient
for life-saving exhibitions, the life-saving station being
situated at the east end of the lake. This lake is 480 feet
long, varies in width from 100 feet to 150 feet, and has a
depth of water of from 4 feet to 12 feet. It contains
about 3,600,000 gallons of water.
A system of overHows is installed, also a system of
end drains, so that the entire lake can be drained and
refilled with fri-sh water as often as required.
Smaller lakes are constinicted in the Philippine Res-
ervation, east of the Agriculture Building and LTnited
States Government Bird Cage, besides a number of small
lakes in the concessions district.
A system of sanitary sewers has been constructed to
discharge by gravity into two wells in the eastern end of
54
The St. Louis
I'M ^T!t '
E 1 c c t r i c a I H a n d h o o k ^j
the grounds, near the Mines Bnihling, from which sew-
age is pumped into the city sew^er mains, a distance of
3,650 feet, through a cast iron main.
Four electrically-driven centrifugal pumps of 18,000,-
000 gallons capacity have been installed for this service.
Two pumps are installed in each well and connected to
mains so that sewage can be pumped directly from the
main sewers or from the wells, as may be desired. One
or both wells can be cleaned while all four pumps are
running.
A handsome pavilion is erected over these wells, and
a room above the pumps is used as a motor room.
In addition to the cast iron main, the Exposition has
laid 62,000 feet of vitrified pipe mains for sanitary
sewers. This does not include pipe installed by the
various States, foreign governments and concessions,
which are required to install their own systems within
their grounds and connect them with the Exposition
mains.
A garbage crematory has been erected northwest of
the Philippine site, where combustible debris and gar-
bage are taken care of, the moist garbage being deposited
in cans at the buildings and removed at night. Com-
bustible street sweepings are also taken to the garbage
plant, being cared for in sacks made especially for this
purpose.
A total area of 5,800,000 square feet has been paved.
'I'his is covered with burnt ballast, gravel, macadam, as-
phalt and brick. Of this about 500,000 square feet have
been covered with brick, 800,000 square feet with asphalt
and the remainder with macadam, gravel and burnt
ballast. This area is equal to about 55 miles of road 25
feet wide.
56
The St. Louis
i''^'^ ^
%
Electrical Handbook j/
INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE
lte<^TION
f-".^*% .' ■ ■ ■ ' '■'-Ij:. -,,
Opens April 30th. Closes December ist.
Forty-four states participate.
Fifty foreign countries exhibit.
Exposition cost $50,000,000.
Wireless telephone station in operation.
Speech transmitted via electric light rays.
Edison's personal exhibit of inventions.
Complete assemblage of the world's races.
The widest boiler plate ever rolled.
A practical shoe factory in operation.
Mining Gulch, twelve acres in extent.
Queen Victoria's Jubilee presents.
Philippine exhibit cost $1,000,000.
Airship tournament, $200,000 in prizes.
Largest organ, 140 stops, 10,000 pipes.
Clock dial 112 feet across, largest on earth.
Native Alaska buildings, real totem poles.
Ainu hunters and fishers, Japan aborigines.
Stadium, seating capacity 27,000 persons.
Revival Olympic games of ancient Greece.
Iron statue of Vulcan 50 feet high.
Historical exhibit of Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
Locomotive tests throughout the season.
Liberty Bell in Pennsylvania Building.
Ice Plant, 300 tons capacity daily.
Giant Bird Cage, 300 feet long. ,
Rose Garden, ten acres in area.
Full-sized miKh-l t". S. war^Iiip.
Decorative sculpture cost $500,000.
Model Indian school, one hundred pupils.
5S
T li c St. Lou is
Electrical Handbook 59
FEATURES OF THE EXPOSFnOX
The main picture of the Exposition centres around
Festival Hall, which is 200 feet high, at the head of the
Grand Basin, an architectural masterpiece by Cass Gil-
bert. From this pour the three cascades, with ninety-
four feet fall, into the Grand Basin. A curved colon-
nade flanks each side of Festival Hall, terminating in
a restaurant pavilion at each end, with heroic .statues,
symbolizing the fourteen States of the Louisiana Pur-
chase, occupying intervening alcoves.
The Art Building, which is 450 by 830 feet, is just
south of Festival Hall, and this will be- the permanent
monument of the Exposition. It is constructed of brick,
stone and terra cotta, at a cost of $1,000,000; designed
by Cass Gilbert of St. Paul.
Radiating from the front of Festival Hall, and on a
plane some sixty feet lower, are the following main
buildings of the Exposition : —
To the extreme right and marking the eastern end of
the grounds is the Government Building, 250 by 800
feet and costing $450,000. It is a dignified, classic struc-
ture, designed by J. Knox Taylor of Washington, in
which all the different departments of the government
are represented. Huge guns are shown on the adjacent
terraces. The Fisheries Building, covering an area of
135 by 135 feet, adjoins on the south.
The Mining and Metallurgy Building, which is 525
by 750 feet and cost $500,000, was designed by Theo. C.
Link of St. Louis on unique lines, with towering obelisks.
It fronts the Government Building, and its twenty-five
acres of outside working exhibits lie in the adjoining
gulch that runs at the base of the Plateau of States.
The Liberal Arts Building, which is 525 by 750 feet,
covering nine acres and costing $450,000, was designed
by Barnett, Haynes & Barnctt of St. Louis. It is in
front of the Mining Building, with an intervening
sunken garden. In this building are the civil engineer-
ing exhibits.
West of the .Mining Building, and surrounded by the
6o
The St. Louis
Electrical Handbook 6i
lagoon, is the Education Building, which is 525 bj' 750
feet, costing $400,000. It is one of the purest and most
dignified designs in classic architecture on the grounds,
and was designed by Eames & Young of St. Louis.
The dimensions of the Manufactures Building are
525 by 1,200 feet, covering twelve acres. The building
cost $850,000. It lies between the Plaza of Orleans on
the east and the Grand, or Plaza of St. Louis, on the
west, has a most imposing entrance on the south side,
and was designed by Carrere & Hastings of New York.
Facing the west side of the Grand Basin, and sur-
rounded by the lagoon, is the Electricity Building, 525
by 750 feet, covering nine acres, costing $400,000, de-
signed by Walker & Kimball of Omaha.
West of the Electricity Building is ^lachinery liall,
525 by 1,100 feet, covering twelve acres, costing $600,000,
with its numerous towers, designed by Widmann, Walsh
& Boissellierc. Adjoining to the west is the boiler house,
a fire-proof structure covering two and one-half acres.
North of Machinery Hall, and fronting on the Pike,
is the Transportation Building, which is 525 by 1,300 feet,
covering fifteen acres, costing $700,000, designed by E.
L. Masqueray. This building forms the extreme western
end of the main group, or principal picture.
Fronting on the west side of Skinker Road are the
foreign government buildings, w'hile on a commanding
terrace are the dignified Tudor-Gothic granite buildings
of Washington University that have been leased for the
administration offices. As architectural studies of all
nationalities this group is most interesting.
South of the administration offices is the Forestry,
Fish and Game Building, 400 by 600 feet. Farther south.
on a rising slope, is the Agricultural Building, the largest
on the grounds, 500 by 1,600 feet, covering twenty acres
and costing $800,000. Adjoining it is the Horticultural
Building, 300 by 1,000 feet, costing $200,000, and the huge
Live Stock Pavilions, covering forty acres.
In the extreme western part of the grounds is the
Athletic Stadium, seating 27.000. and at Intramural Sta-
tion No. 7 is the Philippine exhibit, a most interesting
62
The St. Louis
Sn TTWS^
^li '''^ ii ^
Electrical Hand b o o k dj
and complete exhibit of our new colonies. It occupies
forty-two acres and cost over $i,ooo,coo.
The military camps, garbage crematory, barns, sto-
rage warehouses, etc., are in the southwestern corner of
the grounds.
In the southern part of the grounds is a renmant of
the fine old oak forest that covered the major portion of
the Exposition site three years ago.
In the southeastern portion of the Exposition is the
Plateau of States and the huge Inside Inn, 400 by 800,
accommodating 6,000 guests. The various State build-
ings present a variety of architectural studies and his-
toric reproductions, some of which are very attractive.
The State of Washington Building is noteworthy for the
eight Oregon pine timbers which enclose it. They meas-
ure 2 feet by 2 feet by no feet and are clear sticks of
timber. Opposite is the Aviary, or "Bird Cage," a huge
cage 300 feet long, occupied by a rich collection of birds.
Conspicuous by their height, and affording a fine
view of the Exposition and St. Louis, are the Observa-
tory Tower, 300 feet high, in the northeastern corner of
the grounds, and the Ferris Wheel, 250 feet in diameter,
on the Skinker Road, adjoining the boiler house in the
western part.
Fronting 4,000 feet along the north side of the grounds
and extending 2,000 feet along the Skinker Road is The
Pike, with its concessions and amusements. The Pike
in St. Louis is what the Midway was at the Columbian
Exposition in Chicago, only more so. Its dominating
spirit is appropriately indicated by the group of statuary
placed at its entrance, which represents a company of
cowboys "shooting up" a Western town. Here are
grouped in the widest profusion circuses, shows, delu-
sions, mechanical effects and fakes, constituting a world
of its own. Here are also gathered representatives of
nations and peoples from every corner of the inhabited
globe. It is safe to say that here the visitor will be sep-
arated from more of his money than he will care to com-
pute at the end of a week's visit, but it is also safe to say
that with the feeling of sadness at the flattened pocket-
64
The St. Louis
Electrical Hand b o o k 6j
book will come the cheerful recollection that he has re-
ceived his money's worth.
The Tyrolean Alps, at the main or Lindell entrance,
is especially noteworthy in its faithful and beautiful re-
production of an Alpine village. Among the other
amusement features to be found on the Pike may be
mentioned the following: "Irish Village," "Under and
Over the Sea," "Streets of Seville," "Hunting in the
Ozarks," "Hagenbeck's Animals," "Mysterious Asia,"
"r^Ioorish Palace," "Fair Japan," "Hereafter," "Glass-
weaving," "Paris," "Ancient Rome," "Creation," "Palais
du Costumes," "Infant Incubator," "Indian Congress and
Wild West Show," "Siberian Railroad," "Deep Sea
Divers," "Cairo," "Chinese Village," "Constantinople,"
"Esquimaux and Laplanders," "]\Iagic Whirlpool," "Clifif
Dwellers," "Battle Abbey," "Naval Exhibit," "Jim Key,"
an educated horse ; "Old Plantation," "Galveston Flood,"
"Hale's Fire Fighters," "New York to the North Pole,"
"Jerusalem," "Observation Wheel," "Miniature Rail-
way," "Poultry Farm," "Transvaal Spectacle," "Colo-
rado Gold Mine," "Shoot the Chutes," "Scenic Railway"
and "Temple of Mirth."
THE CASCADES
The Cascades descending the gentle slope between the
Festival Hall and the Grand Basin form the leading
monumental feature of the Exposition, and must be seen
to be appreciated in all their beauty. The water for their
use is pumped from the Grand Basin and it is expected
that the lagoons will be kept fresh by the circulation thus
produced in them, as well as by aeration in its frequently-
broken fall down the steps. At the top of the hill in
front of Festival Hall and at each of the pagodas, there
is a fountain, that in the centre being the largest.
The width of the central cascade at the top is about
40 ft., which increases to 160 ft. at the foot. There is a
total descent of about 90 ft., including a sheer fall of 21
ft. into the basin. The cascade is made of three sheets
of water separated by two curved division walls. Wide
66
The St. L u ! s
West Founlain, i he Cascades
Electrical H a n d b o o k 6/
curved promenades witli series of shallow steps border
both of its sides. The two side cascades resemble it in
general features, but are much smaller and have only
single sheets of water about i8 ft. wide at the top and 50
ft. at the foot. They are also bordered on each side by
low steps, which, unlike those of the central cascade, are
carried by a bridge across the lower part of the fall. Be-
yond this bridge there is a wide curved basin in which the
water comes to rest before it passes through an under-
ground conduit to an elliptical basin about 60 ft. long on
the opposite side of the main promenade. From this
basin the water flows through a concealed outlet into the
Grand Basin. The central cascade is designed for a flow
of 5i,coo gal. per minute; provision is made for eighteen
i^-in. jets and ten i-in. jets, which are delivered to it
from the sides and bases. The two side cascades are
each designed for about half the central flow. The water
from the lagoons returns through a wooden flume in the
Grand Basin to the pump room under the platform of the
east cascade, where the hj^draulic and the electric plants
are installed. There are three Worthington centrifugal
pumps, 1 1 1/2 ft. high, with 40-in. suction and 36-in. dis-
charge pipes. They are operated by 25-cycle, three-
phase Westinghouse induction motors of 2,000 h.p. capac-
ity, which are said to be the largest of that kind yet built.
The pumps discharge into a ioo,ooo-gaI. steel tank hav-
ing an air cushion maintained bj^ a special air pump at
a pressure of about 60 pounds per square inch to provide
a uniform flow and force the water to the upi)er lountain.
Provision is made for draining each of the basins in the
fountains and cascades, if necessary, and for draining the
Grand Basin and lagoons through outfalls to the water-
way if desirable.
When the Cascades pumping plant was designed, it
was estimated that it would have a capacity of 90,000 gal.
a minute. As a matter of fact the actual flow of water
has never been measured, but the important fact remains
that the capacitj- of the plant is 5,400,000 gal. an hour,
said to be twice the total consuni])tion of water by tiie
city of St. Louis.
68
The St. Louis
The induction motors are direct connected to the
Worthington centrifugal pumps and each unit may work
independently. The motors are remarkable for their
high efficiency and for the high voltage at which they
operate. They are wound for three-phase, 6,600 volts,
3,000 alternations, corresponding to a synchronous speed
of 375 rev. per min.. the actual speed being about 365
revolutions. The primary winding consists of machine-
wound heavy insulated coils put into half closed slots in
Electric Fountain, Tyrolean Alps
the laminations. The secondary is also phase-wound,
but for a- lower voltage, the ends of the winding going to
three collector rings, and from them to the starting rheo-
stat.
^Motors of such capacity must be started with great
care if the generating plant is not to be affected. In this
case, the pumps are kept ready for work and filled with
water, being connected to the city water mains in order
that they might be filled at any time should they in some
way be emptied. As the Cascades run ever}- day and in
the evening at regular hours, the attendants at the West-
Electrical Handbook
6q
inghouse Exposition service plant in [Machinery Hall
know the time of starting the motors, keep the voltage
at abont 4.500, and after the motors have been started the
voltage on the generators is graduallj- raised to 6,600.
The starting rheostat consists of many grid-tj-pe resist-
ances placed on shelves where they are well ventilated.
They are pnt into circuit by means of large oil-immersed
controllers operated by hand. These controllers, because
of the exceptional size of the motors, have an unusually
large number of steps. The starting has been done since
IW
m
r^
Missouri State Building i
the opening of the Exposition without accident.'^, and is
performed very smoothly, the starting current being
raised up gradual!)" from about one-half of the normal
current.
The switchl)oard is provided with high tension oil-
immersed automatic circuit-breakers, and with Westing-
house ammeters and voltmeters for each phase. Inte-
grating and indicating wattmeters are provided at the
outgoing ends of the cables at the main switchboard of
the generating plant in Machinery Hall. The motors
operate under cxcei)tii)nally heavy conditions in a very
/ The St. L o II i s
humid place witli a floor at the level of the lagoons. To
protect the motors against moisture it has been consid-
ered necessary to circulate direct current through the
windings during a considerable part of the time when
they are out of service.
TLLUMIX.\TIOX OF THE EXPOSITION
The spectacular effects which make one exposition
more notable than its predecessor are due largely to elec-
tric lighting. Electrical engineers have learned much
Plaza at St. Louis by Xiglit
about illuminating effects from expositions, for nowhere
else are presented the problems of brilliantly lighting
such great areas, both indoors and out. After much dis-
cussion and experiment it has been decided that the most
satisfactory way of illuminating grounds and buildings
is by the use of incandescent lamps alone. By spacing
the lamps at short intervals the effect is a line of light
marking each architectural outline. Inside the buildings
the conditions are wholly different, for the. light must
be such that visitors can examine minute details and read
inscriptions anywhere. Arc lights of high candle-power
with suitable reflectors give the best results. The success
Electrical Ha ii d hook
71
of the illuniinatioii is due in large measure to the efforts
of Henry Rustin. formerly chief electrical and mechan-
ical engineer of the Exposition.
The magnitude of the lighting scheme at St. Louis is
most impressive, for the grounds, a mile wide and two
miles in length, must be made conspicuous by the illumi-
nations at night. To make this illumination brilliant and
impressive, efforts were concentrated at the architec-
tural centre of the Exposition ; this includes the struc-
tures surrounding the Cascade gardens, the Grand Basin
riic Lagoon by Xiylit
and the Plaza of St. Louis, Festival Hall, and the Colon-
nade of States. Upon these are distributed 20,oco incan-
descent lamps. This portion of the lighting scheme is
partially experimental, efforts being made to get combi-
nations of color that will give various rainbow effects.
On the inside of tlie pillars forming the Colonnade are
vertical lines of lamps, each unit consisting of three
incandescent lights, the first having a clear bulb, the sec-
ond a ruby, and the third an emerald tint. This enables
many color effects to be obtained, as all the lights of one
color can be turned on or any combination of them can
J 2 The St. L I) u I s
be blended. This is obtained I)y arranging the colored
lamps upon different circuits.
The current supply is from a three-phase system, sep-
arate feeders extending to each color of light with a com-
mon neutral for all three. Water rheostats are arranged
in each circuit so that the effect of the lights gradually
increasing in brilliancy up to full power can be obtained.
With these different combinations set programs are ar-
ranged for the edification of the evening visitors.
For the decorative lighting, incandescent lamps of
small candle-power are most effective from both an
economic and a spectacular standpoint. No arc lamps
for decorative lighting have been used at the Exposition,
for the contrast between the white light of the arc and
the red of the incandescent is not pleasing. As may be
noted from the illustration, the eastern fagade of the
Electricity Building is exceedingly beautiful with every
outline marked with rows of incandescent lamps. About
12.000 lamps have been placed each on the Palaces of
Education and Electricity, about 20,oco on Machinery
Hall. 17,000 on Varied Industries Building, and 10.000
upon Transportation Building. Incandescent lamps of
8 c-p. have been used almost without exception. About
a half million incandescent lamps will be used during the
entire season for exterior illumination.
Search-lights are stationed on the roofs of the prin-
cipal buildings and will play from one interesting feature
to another. At the present time the largest search-light
in the world surmounts the dome of the Women's Maga-
zine Building; the great beam of light from it is conspic-
uous over all the grounds and the city of St. Louis.
The arc-lighting plant is used to light the interior of
the buildings, the seven miles of stockade enclosing the
grounds, and the Pike. Two thousand arc lamps were
needed to carry out this plan. After carefully consider-
ing the requirements it was decided to adopt the series
alternating-current enclosed arc lamp system operating at
60 cycles and 2,300 volts. The current supply is from a
6oo-kw. alternator direct connected to a Willans type of
engine operating at 277 rev. per min. The regulating
Electrical Handbook j^
device of series alternating system is a constant-current
transformer having its primary winding connected di-
rectly to the 2,300 volt alternator. These transformers
are cooled by a natural draft of air which is directed by a
light casing that also protects the moving parts.
he Pike"
The installation in Machinery Hall consists of eight-
een transformers of this type, each with a capacity of 62
kw. ; each transformer supplies 100 arc lamps taking a
constant current of 6.6 amperes. Each transformer is
provided with a switchboard panel equipped with the
necessary controlling and measuring apparatus. All
74
The St. Lou
wires of every description are under ground, and these
are carried in conduits of pump log-ducts which are
simply boarded in the trenches, except under the lagoons,
where they are enclosed in cement. The lighting mains
consist of lead-covered cables.
All the arc lamps used on the E.xposition grounds are
of the series alternating-current type. This lamp oper-
ates on the differential principle with shunt and series
magnets which move two laminated armatures connected
Palace of Electricity Illuminated
through a lever to a carbon clutch. The shunt and series
magnets work in opposition and tend to oppose any
change in the arc pressure. By means of a sliding weight
adjustment for the impressed pressure can be made; this
helps the series magnet to strike the arc at the proper
pressure. A small starting resistance is provided, and a
mechanical cut-out is arranged to operate in case of open
circuit in the lamp. Vibrations of the armature core due
to the alternating current are absorbed by a small leaf
spring in each armature. Each of these lamps take 6.6
amperes at /2 volts, or 430 watts.
E I c c t r i c a 1 H a n d b o o k /j
TRAXSPORTATIOX WITHIX THE GROUNDS
New problems of transportation arise as the inter-
national expositions grow in extent ; these have been met
at St. Louis in several ways. The first and most impor-
tant means of transportation about the grounds is by the
Intramural railway, a double-track, overhead-trolley,
electric railway running around the edge of the main
Exposition enclosure and designed to give visitors a
convenient means of reaching every section of the Expo-
sition grounds. For a considerable portion of its route
the Intramural skirts the enclosure of. the Exposition.
Two miles of its course are directly through the heart of
one of the most interesting portions of the grounds, and
for about one mile it runs through the fine oak forest of
Forest Park. The total length measured as single track
is 12.^6 miles, in addition to which there is 0.75 mile of
storage track for Intramural cars. The length of single
track trestle is 1.19 miles. The road runs partly on the
surface and partly on trestle work, following the topog-
raph}^ of the grounds. The right of way is fenced, and
stops are made only at regular stations. Its terminals
are located inside the grounds, respectively east and west
of the Lindell or main entrance, these being about 600 ft.
apart, leaving a broad avenue between, so that the
road does not deface the fine central view of the "main
picture." The <:eniiinal stations of the road are simple
dead-end stations, each containing two stub tracks, so
that cars may arrive and depart without conflict. There
are 17 stations on the Intramural route, consisting of
covered platforms with turnstile exits; the same platform
is used for loading and unloading. Tickets are sold at
the stations and passcngor> pay their fare before enter-
ing, passing to the loading platforms through turnstiles.
Wherever there are hills along the route the stations
have been placed at the top, so that the passengers are
saved ranch of the fatigue of climbing hills.
In the operation of the road it is the intention to give
frequent service rather than to run cars at high speed.
It is believed that visitors will use the Intramural as a
76
/
T Ji c St. Lou
I s
means of obtaining a general, or as it were, a sky-line
survey of the Exposition as a whole, and will desire to
travel at a rate of speed sufficiently slow to enable them
to enjoy each building and special feature along the
route. It is also believed that visitors will find a trip
around the Intrannn\'il a pleasant means of resting from
the fatigue of walking through the buildings and grounds.
For these reasons cars will be run on a five-minute head-
Ava\\ or less, and will require about 42 minutes to make
Thf 1 ntraniural Car-
the circuit from terminal to terminal. \\'hen traffic is
comparatively light, cars will be run singly, but when
travel is heavy they will be operated in two or three-car
trains, as the traffic may require. The fare from any
station to any other station is 10 cents.
The rails are 65 lb. A. S. C. E. standard T-section.
The road is standard-gauge and cinder ballasted. Cen-
tre-pole construction was adopted except where the road
runs through the woodland. There are 51 closed cars
and seven 14-bench open cars, it being the intention to
use the open cars only on days of very heavy traffic. The
cars measure 34 ft. over body, with 5-ft. platforms, mak-
E I e c f r i c a I H a ii d b o o k JJ
ing 44 ft. over all. Eacli car has seating capacity for 52
passengers. The closed cars are fitted with necessary
train control apparatus with four motors to each car.
Both platforms are vestibuled and are protected b\- fold-
ing gates. There are no car steps, as the loading and
imloading platforms at the stations are built to come flush
with the car platforms.
Repair and storage shops for the Intramural cars
have lieen built in the extreme southwest corner of the
grounds. The shops are temporary in character and are
fitted with pits and the small tools required for making
light repairs. No heavy repair work will be attempted.
Power for the Intramural road is supplied from a group
of 600-volt generating units of accepted railway types
located in Machinery Hall.
A trip which is even more enjoyable and instructive
is one on an electric automobile through the main thor-
oughfares of the Exposition. This is the first exposi-
tion at which such a service has been rendered. The
generous patronage received indicates that it meets an
actual want. The regular route covers the centre of the
Exposition and a visit to each of the exhibit palaces. At
intervals a stop is made and the chauffeur describes the
various points of interest. A fare of 25 cents is charged.
If the visitor wishes the exclusive use of a vehicle he
can hire a cab or brougham at a rate of $4 per hour and
take his friends to any part of the grounds. There is but
one forbidden roadway, which is between the Louisiana
Purchase Monument and the Grand Basin ; over this no
vehicles can pass. The company also has a number of
large automobiles running from the princijjal hotels in
the city into the Exposition grounds. The fare for this
ride is 50 cents. Arrangements are also made to meet
parties or delegations at the trains and convey them to
the grounds or to the Inside Inn. A special gate into the
grounds is provided for the automobiles. The automo-
bile service begins at 8 a. m. and continues until i o'clock
at night. In order to reduce the fire hazard, all gasoline
automobiles are excluded from the grounds, which leaves,
the field exclusively to storage-battery vehicles.
78
The St. Lo
U 1 s
The Automobile Company lias made an excellent rec-
ord, as not one accident of any kind has occurred with
their vehicles. This is due largely to a rigid system of
inspection to keep the automobiles in good condition, and
to the careful instruction of all its operators. Each can-
didate must be an experienced chauffeur and before tak-
ing charge of a vehicle is tutored by an inspector with
reference to the care and operation of the automobile and
also regarding the facts and figures about the Exposition
which will be of interest to his passengers. There is no
prescribed speed regulation, because fast driving would
Seeing the Fair by Automobile
defeat the purpose of the trip, which is to give the pas-
sengers a chance to comprehend the beautiful surround-
ings. The automobiles seldom if ever exceed eight miles
an hour.
The company has built a garage and charging station
at the east end of the ^lodel Cit}^ and near the De Forest
Tower. Three 50-h.p. gas engines are belted to iio-volt
generators to supply the current. The leads extend to
the charging plugs along one side of the building where
fifty-five batteries can be charged at a time. Another
charging station is downtown at the corner of Thirteenth
and Locust streets. There are two batteries for each
Electrical Hand b o o k jq
automobile so that each can be kept in continuous service,
one battery being charged while the other is in service.
The batter}' is carried beneath the bodj' of the automo-
bile and when it is released the vehicle is run over a lift
which is level with the floor. .\ wheel truck is pushed
over the lift and under the battery. It is raised to receive
the battery and when lowered is moved to a charging
plug. There are four of these lifts, operated hy Ingersol-
Sargant oil pumps driven by electric motors. Six bat-
teries can be removed and replaced every ten minutes.
The charging generators are kept at i lo volts and the
current charge to each battery is regulated h\ a rheostat.
As there is an attendant at the generators and at the bat-
teries all the time, no automatic over-charge or release is
employed. The batteries receive charges once a day.
which is sufficient for a 25-mile run. Once a week each
battery is discharged under the observation of an expert
and readings are taken every five minutes. Any neces-
sary repairs or renewals are made at this time. When
fully charged the density of the electrolyte is kept at 1,300,
which falls to about 1,250 at end of normal discharge.
The plates for these batteries are shipped direct from
the supply house and assembled and the connections
burned together at the station. Wooden separators are
employed, as they seem to give better results than rul)bor.
All batteries have 42 Exide cells, with from nine to nine-
teen W. V. plates, depending upon the size of the vehicle.
The motors operate at eighty volts and twenty to thirty-
five ampere capacit\-. with series-parallel control.
After a circuit of the grounds in an automobile has
been made during the day, the visitor will find great
pleasure in a launch trip about the lagoons during the
evening. The most beautiful effect imaginable is during
the illumination when the myriad lights on the buildings
are reflected in the waters of the Grand Basiin and la-
goons. A journey of two and one-half miles can be
made through the Grand Basin, across the base of the
Cascades, around the palaces of Electricity, Education,
and past the Machinery. Varied Industries. Manufac-
tures. Mining, and German Buildings. During the day-
T he St. L o II i s
time the launches are covered witli awnings, in the even-
ing the awnings are removed. The Launch and Gondola
Concession Companj' has 31 electric, 5 gasoline launches
and 15 gondolas. The gasoline launches are made in
fantastic designs representing swans, peacocks, dragons,
etc. The gondolas are imported direct from Venice and
the singing Venetian gondoliers who accompany them
have been selected both for their voice and skill with the
oars. The launches are 30 feet in length and seven beam
and draw thirty inches of water when loaded. About 40
Charging Station, Electric Launches
passengers can be carried. The fare for the trip is 25
cents. The electric boats travel at the rate of four and
one-half miles per hour and make the circuit in about a
half hour.
The launches are equipped with Willard storage bat-
teries. Each contains 44 cells of 140 ampere-hour capac-
ity, the positive plates having the new tj^pe envelope,
which gives excellent results by preventing to a great
extent the shedding of active material. E^ch battery
is divided into two parts and by means of a series paral-
lel controller gives three speeds forward and two on
reverse. The motors are of 2 horse power, compound
E I c c t r i c a I H a ii d book 8i
wound, four-pole, with hall thrust and axle bearings. On
account of the slack water and the lagoons being shel-
tered from the winds a boat will run one hundred miles
on a charge. At present they are in service from five to
six hours a day.
TXTERCOMMUXICATIOX OX THE GROUXDS
The best examples ever shown of temporary installa-
tions of telegraph, telephone and fire alarm systems are
those throughout the World's Fair grounds. The latest
and most modern equipment is used, and the whole in-
stallation would be a credit to any city. This result has
been through the combined efforts of the electrical man-
ufacturers, the operating telephone and telegraph com-
panies and the World's Fair officials. The central sta-
tions and most of the apparatus are located in the Elec-
tricity Building, where the exhibit and commercial fea-
tures can be combined to best advantage.
The rate of improvement in telephone apparatus to
the layman's mind is judged by his daily contact with the
receiver and transmitter. He has no conception of the
many engineering difficulties overcome until he has the
opportunity to inspect a central exchange and the ap-
paratus therein. X"o better opportunity will be afforded
for this than a visit to the operating telephone exchanges
in the Electricity Building.
Telephones are freely distributed for the use of both
exhibitors and the public, and, by means of the connec-
tion through the St. Louis exchanges, one can converse
from one exhibit to another, to any building on the Fair
grounds, to any place in the city or as far east as the
Atlantic and west to the Rocky Mountains. Telegrams,
cablegrams and even aerograms can l)c sent from the
telegraph stations within the building to any part of the
world. Although these facilities are in universal use,
yet but very few understand the operations necessary to
give such service, so that the diflferent operating com-
panies have demonstrators to explain the workings of
the apparatus and systems.
6"-'
T h c St. L o u i
The Exposition grounds are tlireaded with under-
ground cables, connecting the separate departments of
the Exposition, the greater portion of the exhibitors and
most of the State and foreign buildings. The independ-
ent telephone service is handled b}^ the Kinloch Company
through the exchange of the Kellogg Switchboard and
Supply Company, which is exhibiting a full lamp, full
nuiltiple, common battery board of i.2CO lines, but equip-
ped for an ultimate capacity of 3.600 lines. Current is
supplied by a power plant and its complement of bat-
teries and generators on the floor of the exhibit. The
«F"
Kinloch Telephone Central, Palace of Electricity
cables, terminals, relays and distributing frames are sub-
ject to inspection.
Besides the exchange switchboard, there is an 1,800-
line section of switchboard which is an exact duplicate
of the sections of those at Buflfalo, Cleveland and Los
Angeles, three of the largest installations, all of which
are in successful operation. Each piece of apparatus
used in the construction of telephones and switchboards
is shown in the minutest detail. All the several styles of
telephones have been erected and their uses, made plain.
r^Iachines for insulating copper wire are in full operation
with skilled mechanics in attendance. A visit and care-
Electrical H a n d h o o k 8^
ful inspection of the Kellogg exhil)it is of interest for
everyone.
The American Telephone & Telegraph Company oc-
cupies 3.C0O square feet adjoining the Western Electric
Company in the Electricity Building. Here is located
the complete equipment of a standard Bell exchange in
active operation. Service is rendered to all subscribers
on the Exposition grounds, and connection is made to all
exchanges in the United States reached by long-distance
lines. The switchboard has an ultimate capacity of 9.600
lines, 9,600 multiple jacks and 600 trunks, but the Expo-
sition service requires only 1.500 lines, which are brought
into the exchange through an extensive underground
plant. There are nine operating positions, the one in the
west end handling all incoming calls from other offices of
the St. Louis exchange and from long-distance points,
while the others answer the calls of subscribers connected
with this board, each operator being capable of handling
a maximum of sixty lines. When a subscriber makes a
call a small electric lamp is lighted near the lower part
of the board. Associated with each lamp is an answer-
ing jack by means of which the operator plugs in on the
subscriber's line and takes the call. Just above the small
electric lamps are the jacks for trunk lines to outlying
exchanges. Through these trunk lines the operators
complete connection with parties called for by subscrib-
ers connected with the exchange. In the upper portion
of the board are the multiple jacks by means of which
parties calling for subscribers connected with this ex-
change are placed in communication with them. At the
left of the board and on the same platform is a complete
power plant, including a motor-generator charging set,
storage battery, ringing generator and power board: also
a line relay rack and an intermediate distributing board.
In addition to the contract stations about the grounds,
there are a large number of slot-pay stations at conven-
ient locations in the buildings, where any visitor can
secure local and long-distance connections at the regular
rates. Besides a corps of operators at the exchange,
there are several demonstrators who explain to visitors
<S'7
The St. Louis
tlic operations and telephone connections. The exchange
and exhibit is under the direction of Air. Henry W.
Pope.
The Automatic Electric Company combines with its
exhibit a service throughout the Electricity Building.
At convenient locations in the building and throughout
the offices of the department are located automatic tele-
phones. By this means the chief and superintendents
can keep in close communication with the stenographers,
assistants, clerks, ianitors and guards.
The Bell Telephone E.xchange, Palace of l-'.lrctiuit>
The exhibit includes two complete working automatic
exchanges of 10,000 type, each with 100 stations installed.
These two exchanges, now giving service throughout the
Electricity Building, are connected together by a system
of trunks, similar to that generally used in manual tele-
phone practice to connect branch exchanges to each
other and to the main exchange. The selection of
trunks, however, is done automatically, and not through
human agency, as is the case in manually-operated switch-
boards where a call originating in one exchange must
pass through the hands of two operators to secure con-
nection with a telephone in another; a method which,
since the number asked for must be repeated by the
Electric a I H a it d b u o k 8f,
original to the secondary operator, of necessity- consumes
time. This method has the added disadvantages that it
offers double opportunity for errors to occur, and re-
quires that the subscriber's memf)ry be burdened by the
use of names prefixed to the numbers to designate va-
rious exchanges. The automatic system requires the use
of no name prefixes, and the subscriber need not be
aware that he is calling through more than one exchange,
since the director}- contains only numerical designations.
In all cases three or four rotations of the calling dial will
secure instantaneous and direct communication with the
telephone desired.
'J'he telephones exhibited are of three types, the wall,
the desk and the pedestal. This last may be used as a
substitute for a desk telephone. It is movable, like the
latter. l)ut instead of resting on the subscriber's desk it
stands beside it at his elbow. All of these telephones are
fitted with the regulation calling dial, a circular metal
piece, on whose periphery are ten finger holes numbered
from I to o. This dial is fixed on an axis at its centre,
and as the finger is placed consecutively in the holes
corresponding to the digits of the numbers desired, and
the dial turned once for each digit, electrical impulses are
conveyed to the switches at the central office, setting
them in operation and bringing through them the proper
connections.
A toll lioard of ten stations is also in service, demon-
strating the manner in which toll connections are given
to users of automatic telephones. The rest of the appa-
ratus disi)layed is of the same general character as that
which may be seen in connection with any ui)-to-date
telei)hone exchange, save the "tell-tale' board. This is
simply a device for the instantaneous location of trouble.
wherever it may arise, and consists of a number of lanqis
mounted on a slate slab together with a magneto bell.
In case of trouble tliis magneto liell rings, calling the
attention of the attendant, and a lamp glows, by the
position of which on the board, the location of the trouble
can be inst.antaneously ascertained and pronii)tl\' recti-
fied.
86
The St. Louis
The Western Union 'J'elegraph Company's main
World's Fair office in the Electricity Building represents
a model, up-to-date working telegraph office. There are
three light oak sextette tables equipped with quadruplex,
duplex, repeaters, automatic Wheatstones, etc. There is
also a ticker service supplying New York stock quota-
tions and New York. Chicago and St. Louis grain reports.
Twenty-two wires leading from this office to the main
down-town office give direct connection with the larger
cities. Branch offices on the grounds are located at the
Inside Inn. New York State. Missouri State, Govern-
The Automatic I elephone Switchboard
ment, Mines and Metallurgy. Manufactures. Agricultural,
Admini-Stration, and Press Buildings, The Stadium. Phil-
ippine Village and in the Siberian R. R. Station on the
"Pike." These offices are connected with the Electricity
Building by loops, and placed on the different through
circuits. Add to these the three offices of the Asso-
ciated Press and the four commission houses in the
grounds, and it is apparent that visitors to the Fair
command telegraph facilities unexcelled.
A large globe above the main office of the Postal
Telegraph-Cable Company shows how. with its Pacific
and Atlantic cable connections, the company circles the
Electrical Ha n d b o o k 8/
earth. The equipment of this office is modern in every
particular and shows the standard types of apparatus
adopted by the Postal Company. At the rear of the
space there are six Holtzer-Cabot motor-generators, each
giving twenty-five amperes and forty volts for supplying
power. There is also a complete switchboard with all
the instruments and switches for regulation. Three
quadruplex sets are in operation. On the tables are bas-
ket resonators and typewriting machines.
The branch offices work through the common and
polar sides of these sets with the St. Louis offices, thus
making substantially two wires of every single one be-
tween the Fair and the city.
Branch offices throughout the grounds are located at
the Administration Building, Press Building, Inside Inn,
New York State Building, Manufactures, Mines and
Metallurgy, The Pike, Illinois State Building, the Agri-
cultural Palace, the Philippine Reservation and the Gov-
ernment Building. In this way visitors are accommo-
dated anywhere on the grounds.
Besides this, a money order department has been
established, and visitors who become unexpectedly
"broke" have found this service very convenient.
POWER FOR THE EXPOSITION
With the exception of a few isolated plants built for
private use by some of the individual concessionaires, all
the power required in the entire enclosure constituting
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition for lighting, pump-
ing and the operation of various motors, including the
Intramural Railway, is developed in Machinery Hall and
its annex, the Steam, Gas and Fuels Building. The
generating apparatus, although all housed in ]ilachinery
Hall, is divided into two separate power plants. One is
known as the Exhibitor's power plant, and is made up
entirely of apparatus entered as exhibits by more than
ninety engineering firms, including many of the leading
manufacturing concerns of the United States as well as
several from foreign countries. The total generating
S8
The St. L oil i .
a> 0) ^
ai i; o
S = 3
32 =
OS =
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o
1-3
§
1
1 :
1 '
1 T
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^
Electrical H a n d b o o k 8g
capacity of the Exhibitors" power plant amounts to
40,oco h.p.. with an output of about J5.OCO kw. of elec-
trical energy at normal load.
In addition to the plant supplied by exhibitors, there
is the Exposition power plant, made up of machinery
leased by the Exposition Company as a service plant for
furnishing power during the pre-Exposition period as
well as during the time the Fair is open. The Exposi-
tion power plant, which was furnished by the Westing-
house Companies, has a capacity of 8,000 kw. The
commanding size of the four large electrical generating
units, each of 2,000-kw. capacity, appeals to practically
all visitors to the Fair. These generators operate at
a speed of 83^ revolutions per minute and deliver a
25-cycle current at 6.600 volts. It is interesting to note
the advantage in floor space economy of direct-connected
generators. The space occupied by the smallest of the
belt-driven generating units at the Chicago exposition
was about 65 by 2~ feet, and the units at St. Louis, which
arc almost three times the capacity, are direct driven and
the over-all space occupied by each, including the 36 and
75 ''}■ 54-inch Westinghouse-Corliss vertical cross-com-
pound engines, is only about 55 by 15 feet and 2>-^2 feet
in height, the flywheel being 23 feet in diameter.
The total space devoted to the service electric plant
in Machinery Hall, with the exciter units, condensers,
cooling towers and 35-panel switchboard, is i6,26o square
feet. The entire plant was designed and equipped by
Westinghouse. Church, Kerr & Co.. and all the motive
power apparatus was furnished by the Westinghouse
Machine Company.
Power for I.\tr.\mlr.\i. K.\m.w.\v
The Intramural Railway plant constitutes one of the
systems of the Exhibitors' jiower plant. The generating
units for the Intramural are divided into two groups.
'i"he first consists of three steam engines and a water
wheel, each driving 550-volt, direct-current generators
furnished by the Crocker-Wheeler Company. The four
pc
The St. Louis
Electrical Ha n d b o o k Qi
generating units in question were furnished by the fol-
lowing exhibitors : —
The Lane & Bodley Company exhibits a 900-h.p.
cross-compound engine, with cylinders 20 and 40 inches
by 54-inch stroke, direct connected to a 600-kw. generator
making 85 rev. per min.
A 750-h.p. single-cylinder ]\Iurray-Corliss engine,
with 26-inch cylinder and 48-inch stroke, was furnished
by the Murray Iron Works, this being direct connected
to a 500-kw. generator operating at 100 rev. per min.
The other engine of the group is from the Harrisburg
Foundry and Machine Works. It is the Fleming type,
four-valve, tandem-compound, with cylinders 15 and
4oy2 inches with 26-inch stroke, with a reheater between
the high and low pressure cylinders, and running at 150
rev. per min. This engine is direct connected to a 400-
kw. generator.
A unique feature of this installation is a tangential
water wheel exhibited by the Abner Doble Company of
San Francisco. This wheel develops 160 h.p. at 700 rev.
per min. and is direct connected to a loo-kw. generator.
Water for driving the wheel is furnished at a pressure
of 300 pounds per square inch, by a triple expansion con-
densing pump from the Jeansville Iron Works.
The second group of the Intramural plant consists of
a 1,400-h.p. cross-compound Buckeye engine with cyl-
inders 26^ and 50 inches and 4S-inch stroke, direct con-
nected to a 900-kw. generator operating at 100 rev. per
min., together with two Brown-Corliss vertical cross-
compound engines, with cylinders 18 and 36 inches and
36-inch stroke, running at 135 rev. per min., each direct
connected to a 500-kw\ generator. All the generators of
this group were also furnished by the Crocker-Wheeler
Company.
The Wheeler Condenser and Engineering Company
furnished for this group an Admiralty type of surface
condenser with pumps complete. This condenser also
takes care of tiit e\haus<: steam from a Greenwald 600-
h.p. cross-compound engine, which is direct connected
to a Fort Wayne Electric Works 400-kw., 250-volt, direct-
p^ T h c S f . L o u i s
current generator used on lighting load. The Green-
wald engine has cylinders i8 and 36 inches and 42-inch
stroke, and operates at 100 rev. per min. The Walker
Electric Company of Philadelphia furnished the complete
switchboard installation for the entire system.
The generation of power for the Intramural involves
no special engineering features except those arising from
the fact that power is secured from so many different
classes of units. The switchboard is a typical railway
board with the usual machine and feeder panels. Direct
current is generated at 550-575 volts and passes out over
aerial feeders. Inasmuch as the power plant is approxi-
mately in the centre of the Intramural line, which takes
the form of an irregular circular belt, the problem of
feeder distribution was a comparatively simple one, the
chief requirement being to provide sufficient carrying
capacity in copper for the heavy traffic anticipated.
Lighting and Power
The largest individual unit forms part of a three-
phase, 25-cycle, 6,600-volt system situated in the central
block of r^Iachinery Hall. This consists of an Allis-
Chalmers 5,000-h.p. vertical and horizontal compound
engine, direct connected to a Bullock 3,500-kw. alter-
nator: the engine is of the Manhattan type with hori-
zontal high pressure cylinder and vertical low pressure
cylinder, both working on the same crank ; the cylinders
are 44 and 94 inches in diameter, stroke 60-inch and rev.
per min. 75. The exhaust steam is taken care of by a
barometric tube condenser furnished by the Alberger
Condenser Company. A vertical All)erger engine drives
both the vacuum and circulating pumps, the latter being
a rotary pump made by the Connersville Blower Com-
pany. That part of the water required for boiler feed is
delivered to the cold wells by a De Laval motor-driven
centrifugal pump.
A. L. Ide & Sons installed a 300-h.p. Ideal engine,
direct connected to a Bullock 200-kw., 250-volt, direct-
current generator, part ol the current produced being
Electrical Ha ii </ b o o k
93
used for exciting tlie 3.500-k\v. alternator, the remainder
passing through a Bullock balancer and being used for
driving the variable speed motors of machine tools
shown by various exhibitors in Machinery Hall.
The next system is one delivering a three-phase. 25-
cycle, 6,600-volt current. It consists of a 1.500-h.p.
Rateau turbine direct connected to a Bullock i,ooo-k\v.
alternator making 1,500 rev. per min., and a 2,250-h.p.
vertical cross-compound engine with cylinders 34 and 68
inches by 54 inches direct connected to a National Elec-
\\ illan>-.St;in1ey I 'nit for .\rc I.ightiiiK
trie i,5C0-kw. alternator operating at S^ rev. per min.
Both the turbine and vertical engine are exhibited by the
Hooven-Owens-Rent.schler Company of Hamilton, Ohio.
The Stilwell-Bierce & Smith-Vaile Company of Day-
ton. ()lii<), furnished two condensers with pumps; one
for the turbine, designed to maintain a vacuum of 28
inches, and the other, for vertical engine, to carry a
vacuum of 26 inches.
In connection with the arc lighting system there is a
comj)lete installation consisting of boilers, engines, con-
denser and pmnps from the Societe .-Knonyme des Etab-
lisscments Delaunay P>elle\ille, of Paris, with a generator
-p^ T h c S t . L o 11 { s
from the Societe I'Eclairage Electrique, also of Paris; a
complete installation of engine, condenser, pumps and
generator from the Societe Alsacienne de Construction
Mecaniques, of Mulhouse, Germany, and Belfort, France;
also a complete engine installation made hy the engineer-
ing firm of C. H. Bradley Jr. & Co.. of Pittsburg, 'ilie
Belleville exhibit consists of three marine type boilers of
500 h.p. each, a 1,500-h.p. engine, a condensor com-
plete with pumps, and a i,ooo-kw., 2,400-volt, three-
phase, 50-cycle alternator. The ^Nlulhouse engine is of
the horizontal tandem-compound type, with cylinders
600 mm. and 1. 100 mm. in diameter and stroke 1.300 mm.,
developing i.ooo h.p. at 94 rev. per min. The generator
from the Belfort branch of the same company is of 700
kw. capacit)% and delivers a 2,300-volt, three-phase. 50-
cycle current.
The Bradley installation consists of a i.ooo-h.p.
Willans central valve engine, direct connected to a Stan-
ley 600-kw., three-phase. 6o-cycIe, 2,300-volt alternator;
a 50-h.p. Willans engine direct connected to a Northern
Electric 30-kw., iio-volt, direct-current generator; a
Worthington surface condenser with Worthington cir-
culating pump driven by a Northern Electric 25-h.p.
motor, and a Blake twin air pump.
The General Electric Company is exhibiting a 2,000-
kw. Curtis turbo set complete, the condenser and pumps
])eing supplied by H. R. Worthington of New York.
This turbine will operate at 750 rev. per min. and has a
capacity for short periods of 100 per cent, overload; the
current delivered will be three-phase. 25-cycle, 6,600
volts.
Greenwood & Batley. of Leeds. England, are exhibit-
ing a De Laval turbine of 225 h.p.. operating generators
nf 150 kw. capacity, 500-volt. direct current. The gen-
erators are four-pole type, two in number.
The Bufifalo Forge Company is operating a 175-h.p.
horizontal tandem-compound engine, direct connected to
a Stanley 132-kw.. 2.400-volt, two-phase, 60-cycle alter-
nator, for which the Northern Electrical ^^lanufacturing
Company furnished the exciting set.
Electrical Handbook g^
The Skinner Engine Company furnished a 200-h.p.
engine, direct connected to a Warren i50-k\v.. 2,300-
volt, single-phase, 6o-cycle alternator, the Wagner Elec-
tric Manufacturing Company providing the exciting set.
The American Engine Company has a 200-h.p. engine,
direct connected to a i25-k\v., iio-volt, direct-current
generator of its own make. Above the power plant are
two electric cranes for erecting and dismantling the ma-
chinery. The Shaw Electric Crane Company installed
a 60-ton electric traveling crane, and Pawling & Har-
nischfeger a 50-ton electric traveling crane, with lo-ton
auxiliary hoist.
Ste.\m, G.\s .\nd Fuels Buildixg
A separate fireproof building is provided for the in-
stallation of boilers, gas generating plants, briquette ma-
chinerj' and other apparatus for use in connection with
boilers and fuels. Steam is furnished to the contract
jilant by sixteen Babcock & Wilcox boilers, set in two
groups of eight units each. Each grou.j) is provided with
a short steel stack and induced draft i)roduced by twelve-
bladed steel plate fans fourteen feet in diameter and six
feet wide, two fans to each stack, direct connected to
small horizontal Buffalo Forge Company engines. The
plant has its own boiler-feed pumps, which take the
water fmm the city mains through a large Cochrane
()])en heater and senfl it tn tlu- boilers. The Babcock &
Wilcox boilers have a total heating surface of 5,028
square feet, and are served by Roney stokers. The me-
chanical draft system is controlled by a regulating valve
which varies the speed of the fan to meet the fluctuations
of pressure.
There are four cooling towers, each consisting of a
rectangular brick stack 52 feet in height, containing ten
tiers of wooden gratings, occupying 20 feet of the height.
A space of i2'/4 feet below the gratings provides for the
fans, and a space of 20 feet above the gratings conveys
the vapor above the roofs of the adjacent buildings.
Draft is supplied to each tower by four 120-inch Seymour
■96
T li c St. L o H is
fans, arranged in two ])airs. each driven by a single
shaft. All sixteen fans are belted to a jackshaft with a
Neptune waterproof belt. The jackshaft is carried by
brackets attached to the building wall and driven by an
i8 and 20 by 16-inch Westinghouse standard coni])ound
engine, the strain of the main belt being taken up by a
structural steel tower built independent of the main wall.
Injection water for the condensers and water for the
cooling towers is handled by a battery of three 24-inch
Worthington turbine centrifugal pumps, one being
Constant Cm rent Transformers
normally used for the two condensers and one for the
towers, while the third is held in reserve. These pumps
are driven by 18 and 30 by 16-inch Westinghouse en-
gines and operate under a head of 43 feet, including
suction. Each unit has a capacity of 17,000 gallons per
minute. The governors may be adjusted while the en-
gines are running, by means of hand-wheels at the ends
of the engine shafts, so that the water circulated may be
proportioned to the load. The Exhibitors' boiler plant
has a rated capacity of more than 15,000 Rh.p., this
being provided by a number of different varieties, but all
of the water-tube type, ihe largest installation is that
Electrical Ha ii d b o o I:
97
made bj- the Aultman & Taylor Machinery Co., which
furnished sixteen horizontal and three vertical Cahall
boilers with a total rating of over 8.000 h.p. The hori-
zontal boilers are installed in batteries of two each ; two
of these batteries are designed for a steam pressure of
225 pounds per square inch and supply steam for the
operation of the turbines, the steam being delivered at
throttles with pressure of 185 pounds. The remaining
boilers carry .steam at 175 pounds per square inch, this
•~ i itmirt ii ft i
^
600 h.p. Steam Turbine
being delivered to engines in Machinery Hail at 150
pounds.
The Aultman & Taylor Company i)rovided chain-
grate stokers in connection with all Cahall boilers. The
Heine Safety Boiler Company has an installation con-
sisting of eight 400-h.p. Heine boilers, for which the
Green Engineering Company provided the mechanical
stokers. 'J"he boilers provided by the Belleville Com-
pany of Paris, to furnish steam for the Belleville engine,
are three in number, of the Belleville marine type. J. &
A. Niclausse, of Paris, are exhi1)iting two of their ma-
rine boilers, each of about 400 h.p. Tlu' Buffalo Forge
98
The St. Louis
Company furnished a complete induced draft installation
for all the last mentioned boiler exhibits.
The Clonbrock Steam Boiler Company provided two
Climax boilers, marine type, one of 300 and the other of
Entrance to Service Plant
250 h.p. ; the Dusseldorf-Ratinger-Rohrenkesselfabrik
(formerly Durr & Co.), of Dusseldorf, Germany, a 500-
h.p. marine type boiler; and the Schuette-Kessel-Kon-
sortium, of Geestemuende, German3% a 500-h.p. Conti
marine boiler.
Electrical Handbook
99
loo The St. Lou is
ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRICAL EXHIBFrS IN
THE PALACE OF ELEC'iRICITY
The exhibits in the Palace of Electricity have been
secured and arranged under the direction of W. E.
Goldsborough, chief of the Electrical Department.
The accompanying ground plan indicates the manner
in which the aisles and sections have been laid out in
the building. All the exhibit space is on the ground
floor, with ample head room ; in fact, over the centre
sections the roof is eighty feet above the floor. Over
blocks I and 2 is a gallery 22 feet wide by 250 feet
in length, which is divided and furnished as offices
for the department, jury, committee and the Exposi-
tion Electricity Club rooms. Beneath the gallery are
the main offices of the Postal and Western Union Tele-
graph companies, through which the news is sent from
the exposition, and also the booths of the technical press.
High-speed telegraph systems are shown in operation by
Patrick B. Delany and Walter P. Phillips, while a trans-
mitting typewriter applied to telegraph work is exhibited
by Charles E. Yetman. The Gray telautograph, or writ-
ing telegraph, reproducing at a distance drawings or
writings, also exhibited here, is a very ingenious appli-
cation of electricit}' to the transmission of intelligence.
A fine collection of electrotherapeutic exhibits occu-
pies the eastern end of block 4. Near the centre of this
block is located the substation that contains the trans-
formers, switchboards and rotarj' converters through
which the high potential alternating current is received
from the service power plant and transformed to a lower
voltage or converted into direct current for distribution
through the building. This machinery was furnished
largely by the General Electric and Westinghouse Elec-
tric and Manufacturing companies. Adjoining the sta-
tion the latter company has one of the largest exhibits in
the building, embracing varied types of electrical machin-
ery and apparatus. Across aisle B are the electric rail-
way trucks and locomotives of Burnham, Williams & Co.
Along the north side of block 3 the Standard I'ndcr-
Electrical Handbook
lOI
ground Cable Company and the McRoy Clay Works have
installed a model conduit system, such as is used in the
best city construction, showing the method of placing
cables in conduits. A vcr} conspicuous object is a
Burdett-Rovvntree electric dumb waiter running from the
floor to the roof above the block. Its operation is auto-
matic, starting or stopping in response to a push button.
Over blocks 3 to 17, along the west side of the build-
ing, is the craneway with a span of 57 feet sVi inches.
Turbo-tienerator Rotor
Upon this is a four-motor, 30-ton electric traveling crane,
furnished by Pawling & Harnischfeger. A 20-h.p.,
220-volt motor gives a horizontal speed of 250 feet per
minute; an 8-h.p. motor gives a trolley transverse speed
of 150 feet. The main hoist is equipped with a 30-h.p.
motor with a speed of 25 feet, and the auxiliary hoist
with a 15-h.p. motor, and has a travel of from 30 to go
feet per minute. The crane has pmved very serviceable
in the installation of exhibits, and will be used in hand-
ling heavy machinery when exhibits are dismantled.
With one exception the heavy exhibits arc installed
under or adjf)ining the craneway.
In the northwest quarter of the building are several
J 0.2 T h e S t . L u i s
displays of electric-railway equipment. The Westing-
house single-phase railway system and the electric air-
brake apparatus of the National Electric Company are
shown.
Block 9 is equally divided between the Fort Wayne
Electric Works and the Wagner Electric Manufacturing
Company, both having working exhibits. The Fort
Wayne display consists of a line of direct-current ma-
chiner\'. transformers, fan motors, wattmeters and a
series arc-light system. The Wagner space contains a
variety of single-phase alternating current power-motors
running under different conditions ; motor-generator sets
charging a storage battery, static transformers and indi-
cating switchboard instruments.
The remaining space adjoining the court is occupied
by the Bullock Electric Company, and contains one of
the notable machinery exhibits. Power at 6,6oo volts
alternating is received and transformed to 340 volts for
a rotary converter to supply 500 volts direct current for
operating street railway apparatus. Other motor-gen-
erators and balancing sets furnish current for the multi-
voltage system, as applied to speed control of machine
tools.
In section 14 the Northern Electrical Manufacturing
Company has a most complete demonstration of the
adaptation of the electric motor to many forms of indus-
trial machines. In this exhibit the manufacturing of
motor parts is carried on to show the convenience and
increased efficiency of motor drive for tools.
All of block 17, under the craneway, is taken up by
the Western Electric Company. Near its centre is a
large lOO-kw. motor-generator set, which, with a com-
pensator, furnishes no and 220-volt direct current
throughout the exhibit. There are several direct-con-
nected marine sets, transformers and regulating appa-
ratus. On the opposite side is a series alternating arc
light equipment with ornamental lamps and stands.
There are two collective exhibits, one supervised by
the Wesco Supply Company of St. Louis, in block 8, and
another by the Ewing-]\Ierkle Company of St. Louis in
Electrical Handbook
103
block 14. In the former a large Warren synchronous
motor drives a Triumph generator supplying power for
the motors and apparatus in operation. In the second
exhibit the Commercial Electric Company has a number
of direct-current motors of from i^ to 35 li.p., and a
30-k\v., three-bearing generator, direct connected to a
gas engine, furnishes power to these items.
The western entrance embraces two large spaces,
\\hich are occupied by iuii(|ue exhibits. Morris & Palt-
Historical Collection of Incandescent Lamps
ridge show stereopticons, lanterns, projectors and auto-
matic electric curtain-hoists in operation. O])posite is
the electroplating exhibit of the Jlall Gold and Silver
Plating Works. The different processes of plating and
finishing of plated wares are shown in a most attractive
manner.
The Mould Storage Battery and Gould Coupler Com-
l)anies h;i\e a fine combination exhibit in section 16,
which will include motor-generator sets and rotary trans-
formers, arranged so that many ingenious applications of
l)atterics to different lines of work can be illustrated.
An interesting item is a motor-(lri\ en unipolar dynamo,
104
The St. L u is
charging two immense cells at from 3,000 to 5,000 am-
peres at about five volts.
The northern half of block 16 is devoted to the ar-
tistic exhibit of Japan, 'iliis electrical apparatus was
designed and made by Japanese, most of whom received
their education and training in this country.
The Italian space, occupying block 18, is especially
worthy of notice on account of the scientific and elec-
trical measuring instruments it contains.
A model central station storage liattery plant, in a
Edison Historical Exhibit
fire and acid-proof enclosure, is shown by the Electric
Storage Battery Company. A conspicuous feature is an
immense map of the United States, showing the location
of between 1,600 and 1,700 plants installed by this com-
pany, the railway, lighting, telephone and isolated instal-
lations being indicated by dififerent colored lamps.
In section 19, three 75-foot towers by the De Forest
Wireless Telegraph Company support the antennae from
which wireless messages are sent and received from
other stations in the building and to the large station in
the Model City. Within the same block is the exhibit of
the American Electric and Novelty Manufacturing Com-
Electrical Hand b o o k
^05
pany, the booth being conspicuous from the Hghting
effects of 600 colored lamps.
Two telephone operating exchanges are located in the
south side of the building, both enclosed by handsome
booth';. I'hat ]iart of block 17 not covered by the crane
is occujjied by the exchange of the American Telephone
lllltchi^oll \\ 11 ele>> I'clcljliouc, Cuiiit I'alacc of I'llectricily
and Telegraph Company. 'I'his connects with the local
and long-distance lines of the Bell Company, so that
there is direct communication from the building to all
parts of the grounds and city and all points reached by
telephone lines. In block 24, the exchange of the Kel-
logg Switchboard and Sui)])ly Company gives a similar
io6
The St. Louis
service through its connection with the Kinloch sj'stem
of St. Louis. Recent developments in automatic and
semi-automatic telephone systems are shown in a thor-
ough manner by the Automatic Electric and the Faller
Automatic Telephone Exchange companies, and an in-
structive historical collection of telephone apparatus is
shown by H. F. Wasson in block 25.
The Hutchison Acoustic Company exhibits the
"dcousticon" and "massacon," giving daily exhibitions
of deaf mutes being made to hear and taught to speak
10,000 h.p. Generator and Oil lireak Switches
through their instrumentality. M. R. Hutchison also
demonstrates a wonderful adaptation of the wireless tele-
phone. Around the court of the Electricity Building is
a circuit of wires connected to a booth in block 21. Be-
fore a telephone transmitter in the booth music will l)c
played. In the court no sound of this is heard until a
pocket telephone receiver, without an}' wire connection,
is placed to the ear, and then the music becomes audible.
At any point in the court music can be heard by the aid
of the receiver.
Two beautiful booths in block 25 are those of the
Holophane Glass Company and the Weston Electric In-
strument Company, the latter showing a full line of
Electrical Handbook lo/
standardized electrical instruments. The brilliant illu-
mination of the Holophane exhibit is most conspicuous,
as I, GOO incandescent lamps cover the exterior and inte-
rior of the handsome structure.
The laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards,
covering a space of 2;^ by 200 feet, contain over $50,000
worth of instruments for testing every kind of electrical
machine and apparatus. About twenty Government ex-
perts are connected with the laboratories to conduct tests
and investigations. No preceding exposition has ever
had such facilities for making complete records or for
assisting the juries in making their awards.
The largest individual exhibit is that of the General
Electric Company, embracing block 28, and covering a.
quarter of an acre of floor space. The great variety of-
electrical apparatus manufactured by this company is
shown in operation. The Edison exhibits are in blocks
26 and 27, and include the iron-nickel storage battery and
a historical collection of great merit.
SPECIAL EXHIBITS
The special exhibits showing the great progress since
the Columbian Exposition are chiefly in the Palace of
Electricity, where they are classified under five groups :
machines for generating and using electricity, electro-
chemistry, electric lighting, telegraphy and telephony
and the various other applications of electricity. The
large generators, direct connected to engines, are placed
in the Palace of Machinery on account of the proximity
to the boiler house. Among the prime movers the Cur-
tis steam turbine with an electric generator designed in
connection therewith represents a recent development.
The General Electric Company exhibits a 3,000-h.p.
turbo-alternator unit consisting of a Curtis steam tur-
bine direct connected to an alternating current generator.
'I'he condenser for the turbine is in the base of the ma-
chine and thus the entire outfit occupies the smallest pos-
sible amount of floor si)acc, not more than ordinarily
required for a generator. In power station e(|uipment
f()8 The S f . L o It is
Soo,ooo-Volt Transformer
Electrical H a ii d h o o h lop
the exhibits consist of very comprehensive lines of
switchboards, with instruments and switches of types
which are all of recent development. This is especially
true of the oil break switches, which will safely break a
circuit of 60,000 volts.
The distribution of power over long distances is one
of the most important fields of usefulness for electricity.
Jo do this economically very high potential currents are
necessary. While ten years ago 10,000 volts was consid-
ered excessive, to-day lines of 50,000 volts potential are
in commercial service. Even this is not the limit, for
experiments arc still being carried on and some of the
most fruitful will doubtless be those at the World's Fair.
C. H. Thordarson has in operation a transformer
which raises the potential from 120 to 500.000 volts. It
has a regulator in the primary circuit which gives a sec-
ondary potential from zero to 504,000 volts. A series of
alternating current induction experiments are being
made with 60 and i20-c\'cle current. The transformer
has a maximum capacity of 20 kw. and is primarily in-
tended for testing and laboratorj' purposes.
The successful production of a single-phase alternat-
ing current motor constitutes one of the most important
electrical developments of the past two years. The pos-
sibilities for the application of electricity to broader
fields of railway service opened up by this achievement
are not easily realized. The Westinghouse exhibit will
contain two such motors mounted and in operation on a
truck, with induction regulators, a large auto trans-
former, air operated switches, a master controller, and
the usual air brake cciuipment.
'i'he single-phase railway system, as illustrated in the
Westinghouse exhibit, is not revolutionary, but simply
an improvement over the old. I'or example : — With an
existing direct current .system it is possible to use the
same generators and the same line and transformers,
changing only the e(|uipment of the cars. Moreover,
cars e(iuip])ed with alternating current motors can be
operated over districts in which the cars are operated
with direct current motors.
no
The St. L H i s
The mercury arc rectifier is shown in operation. In
the General Electric exhibit it is receiving an alternating
current which is converted into a direct current driving
a 714-h.p. motor.
One of the features of the lighting exhibits is the
display of Cooper-Hewitt mercury vapor lamps in the
Palace of Electricity. About two dozen tubes are used
for the illumination of the Westinghouse exhibit service
plant and for a special demonstration in the Westing-
house auditorium. Over the auditorium \\<v]i is a mer-
\\ c.-.liiiy:liiju>c-rai>uiis .-^tcaiii Turbine
cury vapor tube eight feet long ; and in the Palace of
Electricity, in the Westinghouse exhibit, is a tube of
similar size. The Cooper-Hewitt lamp is used by the
Official Photographic Company for portrait work in its
booths on the Plaza, by the Official Pass photographers
for all pass portraits taken on the grounds and in the
postal photo booths in the Tyrolean Alps. In the West-
inghouse auditorium three exhibitions are given daily of
an interesting series of biograph and mutoscope pictures
of scenes in and around the Westinghouse works in
Pittsburg, in which are included the first interior moving
pictures ever taken. These pictures were obtained by
Electrical Handbook iii
means of the Cooper-Hewitt lamp and are the most
striking demonstrations that have j'et been made of the
lamp's actinic efficiency. By its use it was possible to
take pictures at a speed of 900 a minute, or 15 a second,
in the blackest forge rooms and foundries.
It is asserted that actual tests have shown this lamp
to be less fatiguing to the eyes than any other artificial
light ; that it is the most economical light, and that its
absoluteh' even illumination makes it particularly pleas-
ing to draftsmen, machinists and stenographers, and in
all places where the question of color does not come into
consideration. The Cooper-Hewitt lamp is simple in
construction, with no mechanism to get out of order and
no carbons to trim or replace. The lamps are shown on
exhibition as designed for use for general illumination,
photography and photo-engraving, with simple printing
outfits for photographers. In many of the Pike shows
the lamps are used for illumination in places where their
peculiar greenish light affords entertainment and amuse-
ment.
The General Electric Company also exhibits mercury
vapor arc lamps, which are here shown for the first time
in any exposition ; also a new arc lamp, using magnetite
instead of carbon. This lamp has a very marked in-
crease in efficiency over the carbon burning lamps, and
is especially suitable for street lighting. It is also worthy
of note that the entire system of arc lighting used by the
Exposition has lx?en developed since the World's Fair
at Chicago. This is known as the series alternating
street lighting .system, using enclosed arc lamps for
lighting the interior of the buildings, the outlying parts
of the grounds and the Pike.
The first public exhibition of Nernst lamps in any
considerable number was at the Pan-American Exposi-
tion in 1901. To-day the new lamp is an important fea-
ture in the lighting of the Exposition. The most impor-
tant installation of Nernst lamps is in the Fine Arts
Building, where over 6,000 glowers are used. For this
purpose the pure white light of the Nernst lamp has ef-
fectively solved the problem of the illumination of the
112
T h c St. L o II I s
works of art. The Westinghousc exhibits in the Palaces
of Electricity, Machinery and Transportation are all
brilliantly lighted by the Nernst lamp, and special dem-
onstrations of its strength are given daily in the West-
inghouse auditorium by comparison with incandescent
light globes. The handsome Illinois State Building is
lighted by Nernst lamps and the National Cash Register
Company uses them in its various exhibits.
The peculiar advantages claimed for the Nernst
lamps may be summarized briefly as high efficiency.
Xernst and Cooper-IIewitt Lamps
beautiful quality and perfect distribution of light, absence
of shadows of the lamp itself, its steadiness, and the fact
that the glassware is removable for cleaning, as there is
no vacuum. It is but slightly affected in candle power
by variations in the line voltage and is free from notice-
able pulsations, even on alternating circuits of low fre-
quency.
The exhibit of the Cnited States Incandescent Lamp
Company is located in the southwest corner of the build-
ing. In the space occupied by this company can be seen
the various steps and processes in the manufacture of an
incandescent lamp, 'i'hese are carried on in such a man-
E I c c t r i col H a ii d b o o k
1^3
ner that, starting with tlie squirting of the filament, one
can see, by walking entirely around the exhibit, each step
in the proper order.
The De Forest Wireless Telegraph Company has ex-
tensive exhibits in the Electricity and Government Build-
ings, including a 300-ft. tower and a 250-ft. mast for
sending commercial messages to Springfield and Chicago.
E.xhibits are also made by Marconi and Ducretet.
The exhibit of a radiophone transmitting and receiv-
ing station, made jointly by the American Telephone and
Westinghouse Theatre Lighted by Xernst Lamps
Telegraph Company and the General Electric Company,
is proving one of the most attractive exhibits in the Pal-
ace of Electricity. The radiophone is a combination of
an arc light, reflectors, and a selenium cell. By these
means speech is transmitted to distant points without the
use of wires or other such intervening medium, the trans-
lation taking place by a beam of light furnished by the
arc. and projected in a slender beam by a parabolic re-
flector.
In the court of the Electricity Building the Electra
Water Purifier Company is exhibiting the Kune process
of purifying water by electricity, for commercial pur-
114
T he St. L II i
poses. The electric purifier has a capacity of 500 gallons
of purified water per hour, the power consumption being
15 amperes at 15 volts.
On the map of the grounds, between pages 48-49, the
numerals indicatr sniiu- iirincipal jjoints of engineering
The Radiophone I^eceiving Station
interest. No. i locates Festival Hall, which has the larg-
est dome in the world, 144.50 feet in diameter; top of
dome 274 feet above the Grand Basin. In the audito-
rium of Festival Hall concerts of all descriptions will be
given during the Eposition. No. 2 shows the Cascade
pumping station, which is located under the east cascade
and contains three 2.000-h.p. induction motors, direct
E I c c t r i c a I II a ii d b o o k
115
connected to centrifugal pumps, each set having a capac-
ity of 30,000 gal. a minute, working against a head of 100
feet. No. 3 indicates the power plant. Machinery Hall,
which includes excellent examples of every kind of prime
mover connected to generators of all types. The largest
item is the Bullock-Allis-Chalmers 3,500-kw. engine-
generator. The Steam, Gas and Fuels Building is lo-
cated by No. 4. This building, constructed of cinder
concrete, contains a large installation of Babcock &
Wilcox boilers, in addition to a large number of other
The I'irst I^lectric Locomotive
boilers, both foreign ;uid domestic, (las generating aj)-
paratus is also being exhibited in tlu' west end.
No. 3 shows the \)v l'"oresl wireless telegraph ma.st,
which forms a i)art of the high-i)ower, long distance
transmitting and receiving station of the De Forest
Wireless Telegraph Companj'. It consists of a single
mast 2CO feet high, with a 50-foot outrigger at the top,
from which hang the aerial wires. The Ferris Wheel
(No. 6) was the mechanical wonder of the World's Co-
lumbian Exposition of 1H93. No. 7 locates the German
outdoor railway exhibit, which consists of several thou-
sand feet of track, etpiipped with operating, signaling.
ii6
The St. L o II i .
and block devices in use on the government railroads of
Germany.
Pennsylvania locomotive testing laboratory (No. 8)
is equipped for working tests on locomotives of any size
or type. A most comprehensive series of tests will be
made during the Exposition. The locomotive drivers are
supported by wheels attached to water brakes, while the
Wireless Telegraph Tower
drawbar pull is measured by a delicate yet very powerful
dynamometer. Outdoor mining exhibit (No. 9), in the
gulch south of the ]\Iines and Metallurgy Building,
shows working mines, stamp mills, concentrators, etc.
De Forest observation tower (No. 10) is a steel struc-
ture 300 feet high. In addition to being equipped with
a complete De Forest wireless telegraph installation, it is
provided with electric express elevators, by means of
which visitors can ascend to the platform at the top, from
which a view of the Exposition and St. Louis can be
Electrical Ha n d b o o k 117
obtained. No. 11 locates the general offices of the Elec-
trical Department, also offices of the telegraph companies
and technical press. The electric raihvaj- test track (No.
12) is a stretch of track located north of the Transpor-
tation and \'aried Industries Buildings, equipped for
making tests upon electric railway equipment of both
direct and alternating type.
NEW APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
ENHIBITED
The use of electric motors for all power purposes has
expanded so rapidly that it has been difficult even for
those directly interested to keep in touch with the latest
developments. The ingenious application'^ of motors to
tools and machinery resulted mainly from the efforts of
electrical engineers and manufacturers, and, until re-
cently, this has been done without the co-operation of
tool makers. Objections were raised to changing designs
and patterns so that the motors might be most advan-
tageously placed for driving purposes. Later with chain.
gear or direct connection, the driving power was so in-
creased that the machinery had to be altered and
strengthened, and in this way the motors have become
more nearly an integral part of the tools. In the Elec-
tricity Building the electrical manufacturers are exhib-
iting the most recent adaptation of their motors to tools
and machines. Wherever power is required, whether it
be for a sewing machine or for pumps taking 2,000 h.p.,
the motors have been perfectly designed for their work.
In fact, it might be said the display of electrical appa-
ratus is in all parts of the Exposition ; for the work,
whether in the exhibit palaces, the mining gulch, the
cascades or on the Pike, is done by means of electric
motors. The widening adaptation of electric motors to
every kind of tool developed such varying condi-
tion.s that the electrical engineer had to make the motor
a mo.st versatile machine. Examples of machine tools
driven by electric motors may be found in the local shops
of any industrial centre, but a number of new ideas in
/7c
The St. L
motor drive have been recently developed, and advan-
tage has been taken of the World's Fair to show inge-
nious adaptations of motive power.
The line of motor-driven machine tools exhibited by
James Clark Jr. & Company represents a new departure
in the application of motors to machine tool drive. In-
stead of attaching a motor to a machine through a com-
bination of belts, gearing or speed boxes, a special va-
riable speed motor is embodied in the design of the
De Forest Wireless Telegraph .\pparatus
machine itself. The symmetrical appearance and ease
of operation fully demonstrates the advanced step in
machine tool design taken hy the makers of these ma-
chines. The location of the driving motor on the head
of a radial drill allows the power to be applied direct to
the spindle without loss ; it is simple and compact as can
be made and all parts needing attention are accessible for
examination and adjustment. The motor frame is cast
into the head of the machine and is directly geared to the
spindle. It has a multipolar field, iron clad armature,
self-feeding carbon brushes and self-oiling bearings. It
is made with two commutators in order to get a wide
Electrical H a it d b o o k up
speed regulation with high efficiency on any speed. The
motor has nine speeds, which, in connection with the back
gears, give eighteen spindle speeds, from 14 to 250 rev.
per niin. in geometrical progression.
A small electric breast drill is another product of this
company. The tool is designed for drilling many small
holes in large pieces, replacing hand or small pneumatic
drills. Power can be applied wherever there is an in-
candescent lamp socket. There are two sizes wound
either for no or 220 volt-^, direct current. No. i will
drill holes in iron up to -'s inch diameter and requires %
h.p. The drill weighs fifteen pounds. No. 2 takes one-
si.xth h.p., weighs twenty-two pounds and will drill a hole
^4 inch in diameter. All of these motor drills are in full
operation in the southwest corner of the Electricity
Building.
In the past the planer has been one of the least effi-
cient metal working tools. With the belt drive only a
single cutting speed has been provided, this speed in
general being too low for cutting cast iron at maximum
efficiency and too high for cutting steel without very
rapid depreciation of the tool. With the motor drive in
connection with clutches, this condition has been relieved
somewhat by the introduction of change gears between
the clutch, which imparts the cutting motion, and the
driving shaft of the planer, thus rendering available two
or three cutting speeds. This arrangement, however, is
more or less complicated and expensive, requires consid-
erable time for adjustment of the gears, and in general
does not provide a sufficient range of cutting speeds.
The Electric Controller and Supply Company has
developed a direct-connected motor drive which gives a
number of cutting speeds, and these are instantly avail-
able by a simple operation of the controller. By this
means the cutting speed may be instantly and accurately
adjusted for securing ma.ximum cutting efficiencj' with
any material which is to be worked. The planer is direct
driven by a variable speed motor without the use of belts
or clutches, the motor being, wherever possible, directly
coupled to the cross shaft of the planer. By means of
120 The St. Louis
a reversing switch, operated by dogs adjustably mounted
on the platen of the planer, and an automatic controller,
the motion of the driving motor is reversed at either end
of the stroke. An operating controller is provided, by
means of which the speed of the motor, in the cutting
direction, may be accurately regulated. The automatic
controller is so arranged that on the cutting motion, at
each stroke, the table on the planer will 1)e automatically
accelerated to a speed determined liy the operating con-
troller, and, on the return, the table will in general be
accelerated to maximum speed, as it is, of course, desir-
able that the table be returned as rapidly as possible on
the idle stroke.
Where desirable, however, as in the case of planers
which cut in both directions, the controller may be so ar-
ranged that the speed in either direction may be varied
at will. The operation of the controller is such that the
driving motor will reverse and accelerate the platen of
the planer just as rapidly as is consistent with the power
of the motor. The maximum current which can flow to
the motor is absolutely limited, so that there is no spark-
ing or undue mechanical straining at the instant of re-
versal. The platen may be reversed by hand through the
operation of a shifter attached to the reversing switch.
When the shifter is brought to the central position, the
platen is instantly stopped. The operating controller is
provided with a notched dial which plainly shows the
cutting speed, and the automatic controller requires no
attention whatever from the operator.
In the exhibit space of the Electric Controller and
Supply Company a Pond planer is driven by a West-
inghouse motor, and shows the operation of cutting iron
and steel surfaces.
The ever-increasing magnitude of the power plants,
now being constructed, requires steam" and water valves
of large proportions, too big to be operated conveniently
by hand. Hydraulic, pneumatic and steam-operated
valves have by experience been proven unsatisfactory for
all purposes and pressures, but with the steadily increas-
ing application of electricity to all kinds of machinery, a
Electrical Handbook 121
large demand has arisen for valves to be operated by
electric motors.
The merits of the electric motor as a means of sup-
plying power for a multitude of purposes have led the
Chapman Valve Manufacturing Company to adopt this
method of operating valves and sluice-gates. This de-
velopment practically solves the problem of the rapid
handling of large gate-valves, under ordinary conditions
and especially in cases of emergency.
In the designing of such apparatus, the conditions
governing the application of the electric motor to the
valves were found to differ entirely from the application
to all other machinery, inasmuch as the travel is, of
course, limited to the size of the valve opening. The
problem presented was overcome by the use of a motor
especially adapted for the purpose and a lost motion
device enabling it to attain practically a run-away speed,
as it is series wound. Valves of this class are especially
suited for water, steam and oil lines, and for low pres-
sure work, such as exhaust and condenser piping, pump-
suctions and discharge sewerage, and irrigation systems.
They are also extensively used on the receiver piping of
compound and triple-expansion engines, and are rapidly
coming into use as throttle valves on steam turbine units.
If emergency closing or opening is desired it is only nec-
essary to push any one of the numerous buttons, located
at different points. The valve will close, and automatic-
ally cut off the current. This apparatus may be seen in
operation at the General Electric Company's exhibit.
Space 28, Palace of Electricity.
The single-phase motors of the Wagner Electric
Company are filling a field which has been hitherto un-
occupied, for they can be used in places where a supply
of either single or polyphase current is available. This
motor is applicable except where frequent starting and
stopping or where wide speed variation is desired. It is
of the induction type and can be operated upon a single-
phase alternating current circuit, or upon one phase of a
polypliase circuit. A single pair of wires furnishes power
to this motor, and if the voltage is to be reduced but one
122 The St. Louis
transformer is used. No starting box or any other aux-
iliary device is required. The attendant simply closes
the main line switch, and the motor takes care of itself.
This one feature alone is of great convenience, as the
switch may be located at any desired point, however dis-
tant from the motor, and the same satisfactory starting
results be secured. For hydraulic work, the circuit may
be opened and closed by an automatic float or pressure
switch. While running up to speed, the armature con-
nections are such as to place the commutator in service,
it being short-circuited through the brushes bearing upon
it. On attaining full speed, the automatic governor
comes into play, short-circuiting every commutator bar
and simultaneously lifting off the carbon brushes. When
it is very essential to hold down the starting current, an
ordinary rheostat may be used to cut down the pressure
at starting. It is possible for these motors to be wound
to provide any degree of starting torque necessary.
Where the conditions of starting are particularly severe,
calling for as much as 50 to 75 per cent, in excess of full
load torque, such torque can be provided by special
winding without affecting the full load running efficiency
of the motor. The motors are being used very success-
fully for pumping w'ork. linotype machines, constant
speed shop drive, blowers, church organs, and like serv-
ice. Among other applications shown in the Electricity
Building is one with the motor geared to a triplex pump
with water tank and a float for automatically starting and
stopping.
FOREIGN ELECTRICAL EXHIBITS
Argentine
This country has a small exhibit in the Electricity
Building. This exhibit includes telegraph instruments,
carbon and lightning-arresters ; there are also maps and
diagrams showing the development of the telephone
and telegraph systems.
Belgium
In the Belgium national pavilion are some very
Electrical Ha n d b a o k 12^
artistic electroliers, storage-batteries, telephone and
telegraph apparatus, and many photographs of elec-
trical works in that industrial country.
Brazil
Brazil's exhibit is devoted largely to the telegraph
and fire-alarm systems used by the Brazilian govern-
ment. Insulators, and telegraph and telephone ap-
])aratus are also exhibited.
Can.\da
The Ontario Power Co. of Niagara Falls has a
[mn model of the great electrohydraulic plant uciw
building on the Canadian side of the falls.
DeNiMAKK
The principal exhibit from Denmark consists of
primary batteries. An extensive display will be
made by Hellesens ICnke & V. Ludvigsen of Copen-
hagen.
France
France occupies an area of approximately- 25,000
square feet, just east of the main entrance to the
Palace of Flectricity. this being the largest section
allotted to a foreign country.
In response to the request for representative ma-
chines for use in the Exhibitors' Power Plant, France
contributes two generating sets, second in size onlj-
to the Allis-Chalmers-Bullock 3,500-kw. unit. These
two machines are the finest types of two widely-
different classes of luiropean jiractice. one being a
low speed horizontal set somewhat similar to .Ameri-
can machines of this size, while the high-speed ver-
tical machine is an excellent sample of a type re-
cently developed abrf>ad. but as yet unknown in
large sizes in this country.
The fornur. l)uiU by the Societe Alsacienne de
Constructions Mecani<iues, con.;ists of a 3-phase al-
ternator, constructed at the shops in Belfort. France;
this machine is direct connected tf> a horizontal tan-
124
T h c S t . L o 11 is
deni engine, 1)uilt at tlie Mulhcnisc shops (Alsace) of
the same company. This engine is rated 1,000 h.p.
at 94 rev. per min. The steam pressure is 150 lb. per
square inch. The generator is of the fly-wheel
revolving-field type, generating 3-phase current at
2,300 volts, 50 cycles.
The second set has been contributed by tlie So-
ciete Delatmaj'-Helleville and the Societe I'Eclairage
IClectrique, of which the former are the engine build-
ers, the latter constructing the generator. The en-
gine is a triple-expansion vertical high-speed ma-
General Electric Exhibit
chine, rated at 1,500-h.p., normal speed 330 rev. per
min., and taking steam at the comparatively high
pressure of 250 pounds per square inch. A charac-
teristic feature of the engine is the system of forc-
ing oil circulation through the shaft and bearings by
means of a geared pump.
In addition to its exhibit in the power-plant the
Societe Alsacienne de Constructions Mecaniques
shows different types of machines of different sizes in
the Palace of Electricity, among which the most
noticeable, perhaps, is a type of multiple-speed alter-
nating-current motor. The patents for this machine
E I c c t r i c a I H a n </ h o o k 12 j
are owned by this comiiany. An alternating-current
booster and other machines for special purposes are
shown.
The Societe Gramme, which has stood preemi-
nent among the electrical manufacturers since the
very earliest days in history, makes one of the most
interesting and valuable exhibits. This company is
now building the most modern types of generators.
As a special feature of its historical exhibit, this
company shows the first dynamo built in Europe by
Zenobc Gramme, in 1869. The evidution of the gen-
erator from this first crude machine to the latest
types is also shown by a carefully-arranged series.
The exhibit includes several of the companj^'s latest
multi-speed direct-current motors, as well as a new
and improved magneto, designed for automobile use.
Electric cables and wires are exhibited by the
Cie des Trefileries du Havre, Francois & Grellon,
Societe des Telephones, Geoffroy & Delore, as well
as Gramont and the Societe Francaise des Cables
Elect Berthoud Borel, which manufactures the so-
called peripheral cables.
Special carbons for dynamo brushes, batteries,
microphones, etc., are exhibited by J. .\. Berne: the
Conipagnie Francaise de Charbons pour 1" Elect ricite.
which also makes a fine display of carbons for light-
ing purposes.
Dynamo brushes and brush-holder mechanisms
are exhibited by Mr. Bourdreaux, who w-ill also show
a patented safety-nut which is meeting with great
success in electrical and mechanical construction
abroad.
The Dolter system of surface contact for electric
railways is exhibited, contact-pieces being shtnvn as-
sembled and in sections. A sample model illustrates
the working of this ingenious system. Among the
new and genuine inventions shown should be men-
tioned an ingenious fuse, which is renewed by press-
ing a button. This has been tested under adverse
126
The St. L o II i s
circumstances with satisfactory results. A new form
of permanent wire connector is also shown.
The electrochemical display consists largely of
primary and secondary batteries. Several new
French types of the latter deserve the attention of
engineers. Provision will be made for tests on these
batteries. At least two are shown for which very
broad claims are made.
The arc-lamp section includes standard devices
and novelties. Among these the most recent and
California State Building
interesting creation is the Blondel tlame lamp, whicli
is meeting with great success in France. The excel-
lent regulation obtained from the regular commercial
types exhibited by Bardon, Vigreux & Brillie and
others may be somewhat of a revelation to those un-
accustomed to the niceties of the regulation which
prevails in French arc lighting.
The most effective demonstration of French taste
in artistic lighting is offered by the magnificent dis-
play of bronzes and brasses shown by Milde, Guinier
& Boulanger, who are famed the world over for
Electrical Handbook i2'j
artistic electroliers and fixtures. A striking and
spectacular display is made by Paz & Silva, the well-
known pioneers in the line of signs and other meth-
ods of decorative lighting. Weissmann has recently
brought out the so-called "electric pearl" system of
lighting, which is very artistic.
It is to be regretted that no projectors arc ex-
hibited. However, drawings and photographs of tin:
best works of Henry Lepaute make an attractive ex-
hibit; he also shows a line of electric clocks. The
Compagnie Generale de Electricite, one of the largest
manufacturers of French incandescent lamps and
electric supplies of all kinds, insulators, etc., make;-
a ciimplete and interesting display. Another well-
known exhibitor of suppilies, possessing equal a'-
tractiveness, is the Appareillage Grivolas.
Parville and the Societe de Folembray exhibit in-
sulators for both high and low-pressure, telephone
and telegraph work. The French government, whicli
controls the telephone and telegraph system of
France, makes a display of the apparatus in common
use, among which the Baudot and Picard are well
known types. A number of others which have been
officially adopted by the French government, w'll
demonstrate the excellent qualities of the French ap-
paratus. A. Darras, who also manufactures ap-
paratus for the government, exhibits telephone ap-
paratus and several relays for special purposes, while
the Societe Indie des Telephones, which supplies
nearly 90 per cent, of the telephones used in France,
exhibits a quantity of its apparatus.
The Ducretet physical electrical apparatus and
space-telegraph sets will attract considerable atten-
tion, especially as the list will be in working order.
I'rance will ai)pear at licr best in the scctiou
wliicli inchides electrical measuring instruments, as
tile i)r<)ductions of Depres d'Arsonval and Carpen-
tier & Richard are of world-wide reputation. The
Richard exhibit is especially broad-guage. as measur-
ing apparatus 'A all classes demonstrative of his in-
1 21
The St. L
O II I s
ventive genius will he shown. Chanvin, Arnoux,
Rene are equally w^ell-known manufacturers of port-
ahle instruments, indicating such high quality that
the}' may be seen in a number of installations in this
country. The French exhibit would not be com-
plete without the Blondel oscillograph; one of these
direct from the laboratory of Blondel will be shown
in use in his exhibit.
Pennsylvania State Building
The Sartiaux Mors signalling system, now in use
on the Northern Railway of France, together with
the Rochefort system of telegraphy, will be exhibited
by the Societe Mors. A special type of transformer
for high-pressure, high-frecjuency work, together
with wireless apparatus, will be shown by the same
Rochefort, who has brought out some interesting
types of apparatus. Mr. Ancel will exhibit systems
of space telegraphy and telephony, and will also
show striking applications of radium. All together,
there will be nearly lOO exhibitors in the French
section.
Electrical Handbook i^p
Germany
The section allotted to German}^ has been largelj^
devoted to electrochemistry. An exhibit has been
developed with characteristic attention to detail that
shows the progress which German chemistry and
electrochemistry have made in the last 150 years.
The arrangement of the exhibit is made with a view
to comparison, for in walking from one end to the
other one can trace the development of one of the
most important sciences, which has, since the era
oi electrical research, passed from the laboratory
stage to a commercial basis. To-day the field of
electrochemistry is one of the most important from
the commercial viewpoint as well as from that of
the scientist and electrician.
A fact worthy of note is that the exhibit contains
nothing but purely German inventions and products.
This portion of the exhibit was made without any
idea of commercial gain, but simply from an educa-
tional and scientific standpoint.
Entering the German pavilion from the south, one
finds at his right the laboratory of an alchemist of
the fifteenth century. This laboratory is equipped
with relics loaned by the "Germanischcn IMuseiim,"
in Nuremberg, Germany. In tlie next room the
development of inorganic chemistry begins. The
most important exhibits are by Professor Hempel
of the Technical High School of Dresden and Pro-
fessor Bunte of Carlsruhe, who show some very
fine apparatus for analyses of gases. The Royal
Prussian Porcelain Works of Berlin contributes a
very fine collection of ap])aratus for chemical !al)()ra-
tories, electrochemical purposes, and the electrical
industries. In the same section are shown the sample
apparatus of Schott-Genossen, Jena.
There are also installed some work benches for
qualitative and (|uantitative analyses, put up accord-
ing to the specifications of the First Chemical Insti-
tute in Berlin. On one of these tables, which is nine
feet long, is shown the develo])ment of apjiaratus for
/?0
The St. L o II i s
measuring the density of vapors, according t(j Pro-
fessor Viktor Meyer, who shows original apparatus
of high value. Another table shows a series of ap-
paratus for ineasuring molecular weights.
In the section for pyrochcmistry a very interest-
ing collectiiin of chemical apparatus is shown, which
are made from platinum and quartz; these are the
first appliances ever made out of quartz.
A section which will interest every electrical en-
gineer contains the apparatus for the demonstration
New York State Building
of the welding process of Theodore Goldschmidt of
Essen. Schmidt & Haensch of Berlin exhibit a col-
lection of apparatus for spectral analyses. There are
also shown some original compositions leading to
the discovery of germanium made by Clemens
Winkel.
There follows a section of apparatus for the in-
vestigation of steel and iron, and a dark room for
demonstrating the properties of radioactive sub-
stances.
Siemens & Halske exhibit modern apparatus for
the manufacture of ozone by electricity. As th.is
Electrical Handbook i^i
application of electricity is one of the very latest,
it will be of great interest to see the results which
have been attained by this prominent German firm.
On the right side of the entrance, just opposite
the laboratory of the alchmist, is shown a reproduc-
tion of the laboratory of the well-known chemist.
Professor Liebig, for analj'tical chemistrj^ as he used
it in 1835 at the University of Giessen. In viewing
this laboratory the visitor is struck by the simplicity
of the equipment; it is astonishing how this man
could accomplish things of such great scientific value
with such a primitively-equipped laboratory.
Hugo Bremer of Neheim exhibits his new sys-
tem of arc-lamps — the so-called Bremer lamps — the
patents of which have been acquired by the West-
inghouse Electric & Mfg. Company, Pittsburg. In
these lamps a special kind of carbon is used. These
carbons are impregnated with chemicals, ]ia\ing the
effect of increasing very largely the amount of light
produced b}- these lamps. The lamps are much
more efficient than the ordinary arc-lamp, the current
consumed being about 50 per cent. less. Thi^ light
has also a peculiar color, which is more agreeable
to the eye than the white-blue light of the enclosed
arc-lamps. Mr. Bremer has built up a new system
of arc-lamps, which have given very satisfactory
service in Europe.
Great Britain
With the exception of dynamo clectric' machinery,
the British exhibit consists of apparatus used in al-
most every branch of the industry, exhibited by
varifuis makers to illustrate in a measure the ad-
vance made in recent years in testing, measuring,
calibrating, and recording electric ])lienoinena both
in the laboratory and in actual work.
The space allotted to Great Britain, comprising
seven thousand square feet, to the right of the main
entrance of the Palace of Electricity, is fronted by
imposing and dignified facjades. Nearly all of the
1^2 T h c St. L o II i s
instruments exhibited have been tested at and have
received certificates from the National Physical Lab-
oratory and the laboratories of Lord Kelvin and Dr.
Muirhead, tlie latter dealing especially with sub-
marine-telegraph instruments. The General Post
Office exhibits a set of instruments illustrating the
progress made in the transmission of telegraphic
messages from 1883 to the present time.
An interesting working exhibit is a model of F. B.
Behr's mono-railway, a high-speed car authorized by
act of Parliament for the railway between Manches-
ter and Liverpool, a distance of 70 miles. This car
is designed to run at a speed of no miles an hour;
the entire distance will be covered without a stop;
the road is practically straight, the sharpest curves
having a radius of 1,500 feet.
The Consolidated Electrical Company makes a
fine display of switchboard apparatus. Messrs.
Sherard and Cowper-Coles exhibit samples of elec-
trochemically made reflectors and copper tubes, and
also samples of electroplating. Various lamps,
X-ray and high-frequency apparatus, will be ex-
hibited by A. C. Cossor, while Muirhead & Co. show
an extensive line of submarine telegraph apparatus
with the latest Kelvin syphon recorders. The Cam-
bridge Scientific Instrument Company has a repre-
sentative exhibit consisting of oscillographs, and va-
rious electric recorders for laboratory use. Poten-
tiometer sets, accurate to a remarkable degree, are
exhibited by R. C. Crompton & Co. Elliott Brothers
have a line exhibit of switchboard instruments of all
kinds and types, while Nalder Brothers and Everett
& Edgecumb also exhibit on the same line. The
India Rubber and Gutta Percha Company, whicli is
known all over the world for its cable work, is show-
ing an e.xtensive collection. This company has sup-
plied cables for various American and other cable
companies. Mr. Darton exhibits a lo-in. induction
coil, one of the finest instruments of its kind shown
in the Electricity Building. Lord Kelvin and James
Electrical Ha it d b o a k jj ?
White, whose reputation is world-wide, exhibit a
typical line, wdiich covers all of the linest instruments
they manufacture. Nalder Brothers and P. Paul are
showing some extremel}^ accurate testing and labora-
tory instruments, while the Synchronome Company
has a full line of its electricallj'-operated clocks.
Italy
A notable part of the Italian exhibit is a historical
collection of the early apparatus made by Volta, Pa-
cinotti. Belli, and Farraris. The indicating, record-
ing, and integrating instruments made by Olivetti
& Co. of Milan are perhaps, the best of this kind.
Wires and cables exhibited bj- Pirelli of Milan, car-
bons by the Societa Italiana deU'Flectrocarbonium,
of Rome. occup3' the remainder of the space. Photo-
graphs and diagrams of typical central stations and
electric installations illustrate the progress made by
electricity' in Itah'.
Japan
While Jajjan has been represented at previous ex-
l)ositions in the Department of Electricity, the St.
Louis Exposition is the first one in which it has
shown electrical machinery of Japanese design and
construction. Its exhibit, located in the southwest
corner of the Palace of Electricity, contains several
articles quite advanced in design and w'orkmanship.
Probably the greatest interest will be attracted
by the 150,000-volt testing transformer, designed by
Mr. lijima and built at the Shibaura Engineering
Works in Tokio. This same company will also ex-
hibit a direct-current generator. While this is not
of large size, still it shows that the Japanese are
actually and successfully taking up the building of
generators and similar classes of machinery.
The largest exhibitor is the Oki Company of
Tokio, its exhibit including a Morse ink writer, a
double-current key, several Tervi! telei)hone trans-
mitters, a transmitter designed by Iwata, desk tele-
134
T li c St. Louis
On the Lagoon
Electrical Handbook 755
phones, self-restoring annunciators, and switch-
boards. This company also makes cables for vari-
ous uses, and wires for use in telephone work. It
will show single- and double-core telephone cables,
three- and five-core cables and subscriber's receiving
cords. Its exhibit of electrical instruments will in-
clude a Wheatstone bridge, tangent galvanometer,
differential, and astatic galvanometer, etc.
Tanaka & Co. of Tokio will show electromedical
instrunu-nts. The Japan Electrical Association of
Tokio exhibits a talkie showing the status of elec-
trical industry in Japan, while the Kioto City Coun-
cil sends plans and ])hotographs of a canal route
with water-power electric plan. Several models of
hydraulic electric power station in lyo, as well as
])hotographs of the same installation, will lie ex-
hibited by Saiga Tokichi.
AIemco
The Mexican display consists largely of photo-
graphs and plans of the water-power plants, electric
railwaj's, and the telephone and telegraph systems
throughout the country.
PORTl'G.VL
Virgilio ^Mackado, of Lisbon, exhibits a case of
books which he has written upon different electrical
subjects.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS
St. Loin's Trdiisit Company
Historical
THE first horse railway in the city of St. Louis was
l)nilt in tlie year 1859 on Olive street between
h'onrth and Seventeenth streets. Between 1859
and 1870 man}- horse railway lines were con-
structed in different parts of the city. The first cable
railway was built in 1885 and opened for traffic in 1886.
It is now the St. Louis & Suburban Railway, and, at the
time of its construction, terminated at Vandeventer and
Franklin avenues, connecting at that point with the nar-
row gauge steam line which ran out a distance of eight-
een miles through Cabanne and Normandy to Florissant.
In the years between 1886 and 1890 the Olive street.
Franklin avenue and Broadway lines were equipped to
operate by cal)le power. Experiments with electric
power were begun in 1887. when the Julien Electric Com-
pany of New York built a storage battery car which ran
spasmodically on Washington avenue. In 1888 the Short
Electric Railway Company installed an experimental line
on South Broadway for the St. Louis Railroad Company.
The first cxperinunts made by this company were at-
tempts to operate cars in series, using a Brush arc-light
dynamo to furnish jiower. This method was abandoned
and the multiple system was experimented with. No
practicable result.s were reached and the experiments
were abandoned in 1890, when the St. Louis Railroad
Company converted this line into a cable road. The first
permits to use the overhead trolley system in St. Louis
were granted in April, 1889, and authorized its use on
Chouteau avenue west of Jefferson, on Finney avenue
west of Vandeventer and also on the California avenue
division .south of Chouteau avenue. It was not until
April, 1890, that permission was granted by the city au-
139
140
The St. Louis
tlioritics for tlicse lines to l)e extended into the business
portion of the city. In Marcli. 1S90. the tirst electric
cars in the city were commercially operated by the over-
head trolley, and between 1890 and 1S96 all of the exist-
ing horse railways were electrically equipped. The cable
roads began changing their lines to electric railways in
1895 and the last of them were changed in 1900, making
the entire traction system of the city overhead trolley.
Up to 1899 there were ten independent operating com-
panies in the city. In that year all of the city transpor-
Standard Car
tation companies were consolidated into two, one the St.
Louis Transit Company and the other the St. Louis &
Suburban Railway, which is the present condition.
The traction development in St. Louis has been par-
ticularly interesting from a historical point of view, as it
was here that manj^ of the problems of heavy city electric
transportation were first worked out. This was due
partly to the fact that St. Louis was early in the electric
railway field, and partly because of the keen competition
for business between the various independent railroad
companies. The early experiments with the storage bat-
tery and the series system have already been mentioned.
It was here that the first development of the double truck
Electrical Ha n d b o o k
141
car for city use took place, and it was here that the first
direct-coupled generators for railway power plants were
installed in the Cass avenue plant in 1893. St. Louis was
the first to use 60-ft. rails for track, and the first city to
use cast-welded joints.
General Lay-Out
The various lines of the city may be roughly divided
into trunk lines radiating from the business portion of
the city as a centre, and cross-town lines wdiich intersect
\..Ttlieni I
the trunk lines at right angles. As transfers are freely
granted, this makes an admirable system for the trans-
portation of passengers from one point in the city to an-
other for one fare. ihe layout is complicated by the
fact that the streets are not always parallel, and contain
frequent oflf-sets on account of the various additions
which have been made to the city from time to time.
Many of the principal streets have followed the general
lines of the country roads, whose location was deter-
mined by the topography of the ground. The city is
hilly and well drained, many of the streets having grades
of 6 and 7 j)er cent.
1/^2
The St. Louis
Track
The original horse-car track was built with Hat rails
laid on wooden stringers, the girder rail coming into use
just before the time of the electric developments. For a
long time the standard rail was 7 in. high with a step
head, but within the last year quite a good deal of grooved
rail 7 in. and 9 in. in height has been laid. Considerable
track, especially old track, has been cast-welded.
Cars
The original cars used on the electric railways were
single truck, closed body, aljout 18 ft. or 20 ft. in length,
Interior of Compressed Air Station
with two-motor equipments. The advantages of the
large double-truck car were early discovered, however,
and all the cars now in service are of this type. Some of
these have been made by splicing together two of the
single-truck cars. The latest type is a double-truck car
with a body 33 ft. in length by 9 ft. in width, supplied
with cross seats seating forty-eight people. The cars are
run single ended, with a small platform for the motor-
man on the front end and a large platform 7 ft. in length
Electrical Handbook
143
on the rear end. They are equipped with four 40-h.p.
motors and weigh about 40,000 lb. empty. All of the
cars belonging to the St. Louis Transit Company are now
being equipped with air brakes operating on the storage
system. An electric-driven air compressor station is
established on each line or at junctions where several
lines terminate or intersect. These air compre^^sors fur-
nish air at 300 lb. pressure. Each car is equipped with
two tanks, one a reservoir tank holding air at 300 lb.
rii I'owcr Station
pressure, connected by means of a reducing valve to a
service tank holding air at 45 lb., at which pressure it is
used in the air cvlindcrs.
Power Plants
Both direct and alternating current is used. The di-
rect current is furnished from four plants belonging to
the Transit Company, and the alternating current partly
from a plant belonging to the company and partly by a
lighting company. The alternating current is transmit-
ted at 6,600 volts and 25 cycles to substations whose out-
144
The St. L
It I s
put is 6oo-volt direct current. Both overhead and un-
derground feeders are used in the alternating current
distribution. The underground feeders are triplex,
paper covered and lead armored. One of the substations
is equipped with a large storage battery. The general
policy of the railway company is toward an increased
use of alternating distribution. The equipment of the
plants and substations is as follows :
Central Station, Park and Vandcvcntcr avenues.
Engines: Three 20 and 40 by 30-in. tandem-com-
pound, non-condensing Porter-Allen engines, 150 rev.
Central Substation
per min., direct connected to 600-kw. generators. Four
36 and 70 by 60-in. cross-compound Fulton Iron Works
condensing engines, 75 rev. per min., direct connected to
2,2S0-kw. Westinghouse generators. Two 2>" and 62 by
60-in. Fulton Iron Works cross-compound condensing
engines, 75 rev. per min., direct connected to 1,500-kw.
Westinghouse generators.
Boilers: Sixteen 400-h.p. O'Brien water-tube boilers,
equipped with Green traveling chain grate stokers and
Elect)- i c a I H a ii d b o o I:
145
Hoppes purifiers. All heaters in this station are of the
Excelsior type. Eight 325-h.p. Stirling boilers. Six 400-
h.p. Stirling boilers, equipped with Hawley down-draft
dJj
Section — Central Substation
furnace and Ho])pes purifiers. Coal and ashes handled
by McCaslin conveyor.
Condensers: Two Worthingtnn jet condensers.
Twelve cooling towers. Two i -million, duplex, triple-
146
The St. L o II
expansion Epping-Carpentcr pumps,
pumps. Three dry-vacuum pumps.
Six centrifugal
A'orthcni Station. Broad7\.'a\' and .Salishttry streets.
Engines: Two 36 and 70 by 60-in. cross-compound
condensing engines, built by Fulton Iron Works, 75 rev.
per min., direct connected to 2,250-kw. G. E. generators.
Two 28 and 56 by 60-in. cross-compound condensing en-
Intt-rior Central Substation
gines, 75 rev. per niiu.. 1)iiilt ])y I'ulton Iron Works, direct
connected to i.2CO-k\v. ihrce-phase G. E. generators, 6,600
volts, 25 cycles.
Boilers: Sixteen 400-h.p. O'Brien water-tube boil-
ers, equipped with Green traveling chain grate stokers.
Hoppes purifiers and Excelsior open heaters.
Condensers: Two Wheeler surface condensers, 10,-
000 sq. ft. cooling surface, with two Conover air pumps
and two Knowles circulating pumps ; also four cooling
towers on roof of building; coal and ashes are handled
by McCaslin conveyor. Epping-Carpenter feed pumps.
Electrical Hand b o o k
147
148
The St. L
Gcycr Arcnuc Station. Jcifcrson and Gcycr avenues.
Engines: One 36 by 48-in. Allis engine, direct con-
nected to 800-kw. G. E. generator. One 28 by 54-in.
Hamilton Corliss, belted to 500-k\v. Westinghouse gen-
erator. One 36 by 60-in. Allis twin, direct connected to
1,500-kw. G. E. generator. Two 22 by 60-in. Porter-
Allen engines, direct connected to 400-kw. G. E. gen-
erators. One 38 by 60-in. Allis engine, direct connected
to 1,050-kw. G. E. generator. One 36 by 60-in. Rankin-
Fritch, direct connected to 8oo-kw. G. E. generator. One
Central Suhstatiun
22 by 42-in. Allis twin, direct connected to 6oo-kw. West-
ern Electric booster.
Boilers: Seven 500-h.p. Heine. Four 300-h.p. Bab-
cock and Wilcox. Two 250-h.p. O'Brien. Nine 250-h.p.
Heine. Twelve of these boilers are equipped with down-
draft furnaces and the remainder are straight fired ; feed
water heaters are of the Cochrane type and switchboard
of the G. E. type.
Cass Avenue Station, Spring avenue and N. Market street.
Engines: Three 34 by 60-in. Allis engines, 94 rev. per
min., direct connected to G. E. 800-kw. generators. One
18 Ijy 36-in. Allis, 150 rev. per min., direct connected to
150-kw. G. E. generator.
Boilers: Sixteen 200-h.p. tulndar boilers with Haw-
Electrical Handbook
N9
ley down-draft furnaces. One old type link-belt ash
conveyor.
Central Substation, ijii Locust street.
One 3,ooo-k\v. Electric Storage Battery Company sto-
rage battery. Seven i,ooo-kw. General Electric rotaries.
Two 252-k\v. General Electric boosters and complete
(. uniprcsscil .\ii' St:ili<'ii
direct-current and altcrnalinii-current switchboards with
transformers, etc., of General h'Jcctric type.
Delmar Substation, neliiiar and DeBalivierc avenues.
Four 6oo-kw. and one i,ooo-kw. rotary converters,
with necessary alternating-current and direct-current
switchboards, transformers, etc., of G. E. type.
Rki'.mk Shops
At Park and V'andeventer avenues are located the
shops for the rejjairs of trucks, motors and electric equip-
1^0 The St. L u i 3
ment, and at Jefferson avenue and Gravois road the shops
for car repairs. The company does all of its own repair-
ing, and at the Park avenue shops there is quite an ex-
tensive installation of machinery and appliances for gen-
eral repairs and also for the manufacture of the double
truck with which the company is equipping its new cars.
The following are the .statistics of operation of the
St. Louis Transit Company for the year ending Decem-
ber 31, 1903 :
Gross earnings from operation $7,259,460
Total number of passengers carried 210.238,108
Total car miles run 32,535,626
Total miles of track 358.65
Miles of public highway occupied 185.38
Miles of right of way occupied 22.61
Percentage of revenue passengers using •
transfers 40.2^
The St. Louis and Suburban Railway
THE St. Loi'is and Suburban Railway had its
origin in the Central Railroad Company, organ-
ized in July, 1872. The road at that time was
defined as five miles long, extending from a point
150 feet north of Olive street at Grand avenue. Nothing
was done towards the actual construction of tliis road,
and in August of the same 3'ear the name was changed to
the St. Louis and I'lorissant Railroad and built to Kien-
lan avenue. A year later the line was extended fifteen
miles to what w'as then called St. Ferdinand, now Floris-
sant. This road was Iniilt narrow gauge, and steam cars
were operated upon it until i<S82, at which time it was
sold to the St. Louis, Crevecoeur and St. Charles Rail-
road Companj-, which road owned and o])erated it until
1884, when it was sold to the St. Louis Cable and West-
ern.
The St. Louis Cable and Western was the first street
car company to operate a car line in the city of St. Louis
by other motive power than horses. The St. Louis Cable
and Western held a franchise authorizing it to build an
underground cable railway from Sixth and Locust to
Vandeventer and .Morgan streets. In 1891 the St. Louis
and Suburban purchased the rights and properties of the
combined roads and converted them from steam and
cable to electric. Since 1891 the St. Louis, Brentwood
and Clayton Railroad, the St. Louis and Meramec River
Railroad, and the Brentwood, Kirkwood and Forest Park
Raihva\' have been built and added to the Suburban Rail-
way system. .\ few extensions have been built in the
county and some cross-town lines added in later years.
As the original company, now part of the Suburban
system, operated under a steam railroad charter and
owiu'd its right of way, the present company operates its
151
15^
The St. Lou
1 s
cars for the most part over private right of way. There
is but one line to the business portion of the city, and all
other divisions run into this main line at various junc-
tons west of Vandeventer avenue.
The original cable track was a small girder-rail laid
on iron yokes, and the narrow gauge was a 35-lb. iron
T-rail laid on wood ties. In converting the cable line to
electric, it was necessary to remove the iron yokes and
cable conduit, and for a long period the rails consisted of
girder rails 5 in. high set on chairs and laid on wood ties,
OSob-3t/}T/OA^ O Fo\^£/?-ST-/R-rioN
Electrical Handbook
153
but within the last j-ear all the lines on city streets have
been reconstructed with girder rail 9 in. high, or with
girder rail 6 in. high. The rails on the right of way were
40- and 35-lb. T-rail ; these have been removed and
standard 80-lb. T-rail laid within the city limits. In the
count}- on private right of way 60-lb. standard T-rail is
used, with the exception of ten miles where the old orig-
inal 35-lb. T is still in use.
Power Pl.\nt
The system has but one plant at which power is gen-
erated. Both direct and alternating current are used.
Standard Car
This power plant is located at De Hodiamont on the
Wabash Railroad, and is equipped as follows :
Boiler Plant: Fifteen O'Brien safety water-tube
boilers with a rated capacity of 550 h.p. each, Jones un-
derfeed stokers, and coal- and ash-handling machinery.
Pozi'cr Plant: Two 32 in. by 60 in. simple Hamilton-
Corliss engines, 80 rev. per min., direct connected to 800-
kw. direct-current generators; one 31 in. by 72 in. simple
Hamilton-Corliss engine, 68 rev. per min., belted to two
300-kw. direct-current generators ; two 30 in. by 50 in.
by 60 in. compound Aliis-Chalmcrs engines, 75 rev. per
min., direct connected to 1,200-kw. alternating-current
generators ; one 30 in. by 56 in. by 60 in. compound Ful-
ton Iron Works engine, 75 rev. per min., direct connected
to 1,200-kw. alternating-current generators; one 30 in. by
48 in. simple Allis-Chalmcrs engine, 80 rev. per min.,
direct connected to 800-kw. direct-current generator.
1^4 T he St. L o n i s
Sixteenth Street Transforming Station: Three 600-
kw. rotary transformers.
Brentzi'ood Transforming Station: Two 6oo-k\v. ro-
tary transformers.
The direct current is used for the Hnes in the vicinity
of the power station and is distributed l)y overhead feed-
ers. The alternating current is transmitted at 6,600 volts
and 25 cycles to the above named substations, whose out-
put is 550 volts direct current.
Cars
But two types of cars are used on the system ; they
are known as large and small cars. Both types are
equipped with the St. Louis Car Company's No. 47 truck.
The large cars are 46 ft. 8 in. long over all, 9 ft. 2 in.
wide, weight 48,000 lb., with a seating capacity of 52 pas-
sengers. These cars are equipped with four General
Electric No. 67 motors or four Westinghou.se No. 49
motors and air-brakes. The small cars are 38 ft. long
over all, 9 ft. 1.5 in. wide, weight 34,000 lb., with a seat-
ing capacity of 40 passengers. These cars are equipped
with four Westinghouse No. 49 motors or two General
Electric No. 57 motors and air-brakes. The repair and
paint shops for motors, cars, truck and electrical equip-
ment are located at De Hodiamont.
The following are the statistics of operation of the
St. Louis and Suburban Railway Company for the year
ending December 31. 1903:
Gross earnings from operation $963,806.96
Total number of passengers carried 19.931,178
Total car-miles run 5oi5o36
Total miles of track 95
Miles of public highway occupied 46.5
Miles of right of way occupied 48.5
Percentage of transfers 12.1%
East St, Louis Q^ Suburban Railway
Ax important factor in the wonderful growth
of East St. Louis has been the electric rail-
way system which had its beginning in 1890.
This system has extended steadily, not only
to all parts of the city, but also to the surrounding
towns. The East St. Louis & Suburban Railway
Co. now controls and operates the ft)llowing lines,
which were formerly independent:
1. The East St. Louis Electric Railway Co., which
began operating its cars in East St. Louis in 1890,
with current furnished from its own pow-er station.
2. The St. Louis & East St. Louis Electric Rail-
wa}- Co., which began operating across the Eads
bridge in 1890. This company had its o»\-n power
station at the east pier of the bridge.
3. The St. Louis & Belleville Electric Railway
Co., built in 1896 and 1897. This company operates
over a private right of way between East St. Louis
and Belleville. It also owned the lines in Belleville.
Its power station was located on the bluflfs, one mile
east of Edgemont. This line is now operated as a
coal road with electric locomotives.
4. The ICast St. Louis & Suburban R'ailwa}- Co.,
which in 1897 constructed its double-track road be-
tween East St. Louis and Belleville along the Belle-
ville Turnpike. Its power station was situated at
Edgemont.
5. The Collinsville, Caseyville & East St. Louis
Electric Railway Co., which built its line in 1899,
between Collinsville and Edgemont. This line was
supplied with power by the St. Louis & Belleville
Electric Railway Co.
6. The Mississii)pi Valle\' Traction Co., which
156
T li c S t . Lou is
built a line from East St. Louis to Collinsville in
1901; this was later extended from Collinsville to
Edwardsville. Its power station was located one
mile west of Cc^llinsville.
7. The St. Louis, O'Fallon & Lebanon Electric
Railroad Co., which in 1903 built a line from Edge-
mont to O'Fallon and Lebanon. It is supplied with
power from a sub-station. Its road-bed, trestles,
and bridges were constructed with a view of sup-
Power House
porting heavy freight traffic. The ma.\imum grade
is 1.5 per cent, compensated for curvature. The
maximum curvature is 10 degrees. The bridge over
Silver Creek is a deck-plate girder, and that over the
Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, near
O'Fallon, is a through plate girder bridge.
8. Subsequently, the property of the Citizens
Electric Light & Power Co., including power house,
was acquired.
At the present time the entire sj'stem of the East
St. Louis & Suburban Railwav Co. includes iiT miles
E I c c t r i c a I H a n d b o o k i^/
of track. One branch of the suburban line extends
east from East St. Louis to Edgemont, another
branch runs northeast to Collinsville, while a north
and south line between Edgemont and Collinsville
completes a triangular loop. From Edgemont a
l)ranch extends southeast to Belleville, another
branch runs from French Village, just north of Edge-
mont, east to Lebanon and a third branch extends
from Collinsville north to Edwardsville.
Belleville, a city of about 20,000 people, is the
center of a rich coal and agricultural region. Its
manufactures now cover a wide range of products
which contribute largely to the business of the rail-
way. This city has been the county seat of St. Clair
county since 1814 and was the home of three of the
governors of the state of Illinois.
Collinsville is a progressive city of about 7,000
population and is growing rapidly. It lies in a large
coal-mining district and contains numerous manufac-
turing industries. O'Fallon is now a thriving town
and illustrates the value of an electric railway to
a small community, as since the advent of electric
cars the growth in jm >pnlatinn and amount of build-
ing has been marked. The dial mines at this place
constitute one of its Icadiiii; industries. Leijauon
has a population of 3,000, and forms the present
eastern terminus of the line.
Edwardsville is the northern terminus of the line
and is a rapidly-growing city. It is a place of much
historical interest, being the home of Governor Ed-
wards, the first territorial governf)r of Illinois, for
whom the place was named.
In order to generate power for the various prcjp-
erties to the best advantage, a power station was
erected in i^ast St. Louis, with sub-stat'ions properly
distrilmted; the live smaller stations used before the
consolidation were ahauiloned. 'i'lu- new power sta-
tion is located l)etween the two belt railroads, and
on tlie electric lines to Belleville. Fuel is received
over tj-.e com])any's coal road, wliich is here con-
I5S
The St. L o II i s
nected with Ixith hell railroads, and which in turn
connect with all steam roads entering ICast St.
Louis.
The dimensions oi the power station, which is a
brick structure, are 207 ft. 6 in. by 1 15 ft. The founda-
tion walls are of concrete, resting on piles. All
engine and boiler foundations, built also of concrete,
are on piles. Steel roof-trusses carry the gravel
roof and the coal-bunkers above the boilers. The
greater portion of the current generated at this sta-
Interior of Power House
tion is used in the city railway service of East St.
Louis, with a centre of distribution a little more
than a mile distant.
The low cf)St cti coal and the absence of a cheap
water supply made the use of simple non-condensing
engines necessary. The coal used is nut, pea, and
slack, w'hich is handled from the mines in the com-
pany's bottom-dump cars. These discharge their
contents into a steel hopper over the conveyor. This
conveyor is of the overlapping bucket type, with
18 by 24 in. buckets, delivering the coal to steel
bunkers htdding two car-loads each, over the boilers.
The ash is taken from the pits beneath the boilers
by the same conveyor, and emptied into a hopper
Electrical Handbook i ^o
overhead, from which it is discharged into the coal
cars by gravity.
The boiler mom contains live i.ooo-h.p. batteries
of Heine water-tube boilers. In order to obtain
enough grate surface, owing to the grade of coal
used, it was necessary to set two 250-h.p. boilers
side bj' side to form each half of the battery, instead
of using the single 500-h.p. units. Demand for large
grate-surface prompted the construction for this
plant of the first traveling link-grates 12 ft. in width.
The engine-room, which is served by a 35ton
crane, contains five engines direct connected to their
generators, three motor-generat(ir sets, one syn-
chronous converter, besides one motor-driven and
two steam-driven exciters. The direct current at
550 volts, sui^plying the city trolley lines, is fur-
nished b}- a i,()00-kw. generator, driven by a twin
Corliss engine, having cylinders 34 in. in diameter
by 60 in. stroke, and hj- two 4_'5-kw. generators, each
direct connected to a 22 bj' 42 in. Corliss engine.
The 300-kw. sj-nchronous converter also stands ready
to convert 13.200-volt alternating current into 550-
volt direct current, on demand.
The current for the suburban lines is generated at
13,200 volts having 25 cycles. Two 750-kw., 3-
phase revolving-field alternators supply this current.
Each alternator is keyed to the shaft of a Corliss
engine, running at 94 rev. per niin. The alternators
are operated in parallel witlmut ditVicult}-.
The blue Vermont marble switchboards occupy
the south end of the engine room. The lower board
is used for the 550-volt direct-current railway and
for the control of the 13,200-volt, 25-cycle alternating
current. The alternating currtMit is distributed to
the three sul)-stations now in operation through oil
switches. Behind each of these oil switches the
line may be again opened by means of knife switches.
This double-switch arrangement was carried out
through the whole of the 13,200-volt system.
The upper switchboard is set on a gallery sup-
i6o
The St. L 11 is
ported by a 36-in. plate girder. It is used for the
centred of the 2,300-volt lighting current, the arc
circuits and 550-volt direct-current power circuits.
The sub-stations are located as shown on the
accompanying map. Those near Maryville and
O'Fallon each contain two 200-kw. synchronous con-
verters, and seven 75-kw. oil-cooled transformers,
with reserve space for another set. The sub-station
on the bluffs east of Edgemont contains at present
two 300-kw. synchronous converters with 125-kw.
oil-cooled transformers. It also has reserve space.
Switchboard
The arc and incandescent lighting for East St.
Louis is done from the main power station by means
of motor-generator sets. As this lighting load is
comparatively small it is handled by taking 550-vo!t
current from the railway bus-bars and changing it
to 2,300-volt, 60-cycle alternating current, by means
of motor-generator sets. There are two of these
sets in the station, governed by a Tyrrill regulator,
each being of 420-kw. capacity. The 550-volt oower
circuit is changed from grounded to metallic circuit
in the same way, through the medium of a 300-kw.
set. The arc lighting is done through three 100-
light constant-current transformers.
The bare high pressure lines and insulated sub-
Electrical Handbook
i6i
urban ked-wires are of aluminum on glass insulators.
White cedar poles are used throughout. The trolley
wire is mainly of the No. oo figure 8 type, hung from
brackets on suburban lines, and No. oo round in East
St. Louis.
A feature of interest in connection with the sys-
tem of the East St. Louis & Suburban Railway Co.
is its telephone system which covers the whole of the
city and suburban lines. Arrangements are made
Substation
for attaching portable telephones to the poles at
about every i,6oo ft. ICach suburban car carries its
own portable telephone as well as a pole list, so
that in case of accident communication can be quick-
ly iuid with shops or the superintendent. Tlie tcle-
])lione list contains the names aiul numbers for botli
tlu- ])ri\ate line, the I'.ell teleplioiu-s, and tlie Kin-
loch telei)honc> of tlu- various offices and stations
on llir road and of tlie company's physicians which
are to be called in case of accident. The poles on
all the sidjurban divisions are consecutively num-
bered and on the back of the telephone list is given
the number of each jjole to which telephones maj'
l62
The St. Louis
be attached. Ry means of this system a car on
any part of the lines can immediately communicate
with all of the shops, stations, and ofifices of the
company.
The cars in the city service seat 36, passengers.
They are of the closed type, with 26 ft. bodies, each
having two G. E. No. 67 motors on Brill trucks.
Twelve bench open cars are in service during the
summer.
Interurban Car
The suburban cars are supplied with four G. E.
No. •,/ motors, and are equipped with air-brakes.
They have a seating capacity for 60 people. The
bodies are 40 ft. long and platforms are 5 ft. wide.
These are mounted on St. Louis Car Co.'s No. 2^ B
trucks.
The freight traffic on the line Ijetween East St.
Louis and Belleville is handled by two 50-ton elec-
tric locomotives, each equipped with four i6o-h.p.
motors and air-brakes.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND
POWER STATIONS
Electt^ic Lighting and Power Stations
THE beginning of electric lighting in the cit.v of St.
Louis was in the fall of 1878. when Carl Heisler,
electrical engineer, brought from Paris two
small Gramme dynamos. One of these was the
generator, the other its exciter. The generator had a
stationary armature and revolving field, and produced
alternating current. This apparatus was erected by ^Ir.
Heisler. assisted by Mr. William Wurdack, at P'aust's
Restaurant at the corner of Broadway and Elm street.
A small boiler and engine were set up to drive this
apparatus, but as these were insufficient for the purpose
the service furnished was intermittent and unsatisfac-
tory. The plant, however, was run for several months.
The lamps consisted of JablochkofF candles, there being
twelve candles set on three stands, with four candles con-
nected to each.
When this service proved unsatisfactory, the Gramme
machine was replaced by a Hochhausen arc machine. An
arc-light was suspended at the corner of Broadway and
Elm street, and the first street lighting in this city began.
On account of its novelty, this arc-light attracted great
crowds, who assembled to watch its operation. The arc-
light was of foreign manufacture and was imported by
Mr. Adolphus Busch. who was associated with Mr. Faust
in this first plant. After operating this lamp for several
weeks for street lighting, the little plant was moved and
set up in the old Polytechnic Building, corner of Seventh
and Market streets. The lamp was hung in the library
and was operated at this place for a much longer period.
The operation of the lamp was crude and uncertain and
it was found necessary to attach a string to the upper
carbon, carry it over a pulley and have a small boy sta-
tioned always within reach to pull the carbons apart when
16.:;
i66 T he St. L o II i s
ihey came together and the lamp mechanism failed to
separate them agani and strike the arc.
Following this first attempt at electric lighting, the
Brush Company of Cleveland, Ohio, established an elec-
tric lighting plant at the southwest corner of Seventh
and Walnut streets. This plant consisted of six Brush
arc dynamos driven by two Watertown high-speed en-
gines. The lamps consisted of both single carbon and
double carbon lamps of the Brush type. There were also
some incandescent lamps run in series with the arc-lamps
on the Brush multiple-series system. The output of this
plant was used for commercial lighting only.
After the establishment of this Brush plant followed
the organization of the St. Louis Illuminating Company
by Carl Heisler in 1884. This plant was located at Third
and Gratiot streets and consisted of eight Heisler, 5-am-
pere alternating-current generators, driven by Fitchburg,
Buckeye, and Russell engines. The first four-valve type
of engine manufactured by the Russell Company was
installed in this plant. These dynamos each had a ca-
pacity of 550 thirty candle-power incandescent lamps,
which w>:re used for commercial lighting.
In the year 1889 the Missouri Electric Light & Power
Companj' was organized by Guido Pantaleoni. The
plant, built under the supervision of Mr. Herbert A.
Wagner, electrical engineer, was started in August, 1889,
and comprises the plant known at the present time as
Station A of the Union Electric Light & Power Com-
pany. This plant started with a capacity of 10.000 six-
teen candle-power lamps, which increased to 20,000 at the
end of the first six months. From this promising begin-
ning the success of electric lighting in this citj' was as-
sured.
About the time that the Missouri Electric Light &
Power Company was organized, the Municipal Electric
Light & Power Company was formed to carry out the
city lighting contract that had been awarded to Charles
Sutter. In 1893 the Edison Illumijiating Company of
St. Louis was organized and acquired the property of
the ^lunicipal Electric Light and Power Company.
Electrical Handbook i6j
This company was operated as an independent light-
ing company until 1897, ^vhen the Missouri-Edison
Electric Company was organized for the purpose of con-
solidating the electric lighting and power interests of
the city. This new company absorbed the Missouri
Electric Light & Power Company, the Municipal Electric
Light & Power Company, and the St. Louis Electric
Light & Power Company, the latter being a smaller or-
ganization which had built up considerable business in
tlie supply of commercial series arc lighting and electric
power with 220-volt direct current. The plants of these
three companies in 1893 comprised the following equip-
ment •
The ^lissouri Electric Light & Power Company, 4,100
h.p. of steam engines and 40,000 16 c-p lamp capacity in
generators.
The Edison Illuminating Company of St. Louis had
a total capacity of 4,800 h.p. in engines and 12,000 16 c-p.
capacity in alternating-current generators and 4,500 arc
lamp capacity in arc machines ; also 28o-kw'. capacity in
500-volt power generators.
The St. Louis Electric Light & Power Company had
an engine capacitj- of 1,100 h.p., alternating-current gen-
erator capacity of 3,600 16 c-p. lamps and 420 lamp capac-
ity in arc-lighting machines ; also power generators of a
total capacity of 440 kw.
The latter station was operated only for a short pe-
riod after the consolidation until arrangements could be
made for transferring its load to larger stations.
In 1897 the Imperial Electric Light, Heat & Power
Company was organized to operate under a franchise
obtained covering the new underground district of the
city. This plant was designed for serving the under-
ground district, which comprises the principal business
part of the city. The plant was located approximately
in the centre of the underground district, at Tenth and
St. Charles streets, and the 220-440 volt direct-current
system of distribution was adopted. This ])lant was ab-
sorbed aI)out a year ago by the Union Electric Light &
i68 T Ji c St. L o u i s
Power Compau}-, and is now known as their Imperial
Plant.
The development of the electric lighting and power
business in St. Louis has been similar to that in other
American cities where smaller plants have been consoli-
dated and larger ones rebuilt to replace them. In some
respects, however, pioneer work has been done in this
city by the engineers in charge of the designing of these
properties. In 1893 the Edison Illuminating Company of
St. Louis was operating the largest series arc lighting
station in the world. This system was afterwards
changed by Herbert A. Wagner to a series alternating-
current system by making slight changes in the arc-
lamps themselves, and connecting them through a regu-
lator and a step-up transformer, giving variable second-
ary so that the current could be maintained constant by
the switchboard attendant. By changing over the entire
system in this way, the small arc-light machines were
replaced and all of the arc-lamps operated from the large
alternating-current units.
When, in 1897, the city ordinances required all wires
throughout the business district to be put underground,
the Missouri-Edison Electric Company put down a com-
plete network of underground mains operating at 1 10-220
volts, on a three-wire alternating-current system, fed by
large transformers placed in manholes at street intersec-
tions. These transformers were supplied at 1,100 volts
pressure through duplex underground cables. This was
the largest single-phase underground distribution at-
tempted in this country and attracted a great deal of
attention on account of the original lines on w'hich it was
laid out. Its practicability and efficiency have been
proved by its successful operation.
The plant of the Imperial Company was also the first
attempt in this country to install a high-pressure 220-440
direct-current system on an extensive scale. The growth
in output from this plant, as shown in a later article, has
demonstrated the practical engineering and commercial
success of this design.
world's *v^fR (
The Union Electric Light and
Company
THE Uxiox Electric Light and Power Company
was incorporated in 1903, being a combination
into one company of the ^lissouri-Edison Com-
pany, the Imperial Electric Light, Heat and
Power Company, the Seckner Contracting Company and
the Citizens' Electric Light and Power Company.
Through its ownership of the physical property and
franchise rights of these companies, the Union Company
acquired all the principal generating stations, together
with nearly all the underground conduit used for electric
light and power purposes in the city of St. Louis. At
the present time the Lfnion Company owns and is oper-
ating four generating stations as follows :
'Jhe Ashley Street jilant at Ashley street and the Mis-
sissippi river ;
Tlic Imperial plant at Tenth and St. Charles streets,
The Missouri-Edison Station "A" at Twentieth and
Locust streets.
The Missouri-Edison Station '"P." at Xineteenth and
Gratiot streets.
The Ashley Street plant is not yet fully completed,
there being installed ready for operation but 12,000 kw.
of engine-driven generating capacity. There remain to
be installed two 2,000-kw. and four 5,000-kw. turbine
units of the Curtiss type. Before January i, 1905, there
will be installed 36,000 kw. at the Ashley Street plant,
24,000 of which will be turbine driven.
The combined capacity of the Imperial and the Mis-
souri-Edison plants, which arc older, is 11,000 kw. It is
the intention to convert such of these plants as are suit-
ably located into substations, operating the steam ma-
chiiury during the winter peak only.
169
lyo
The St. L
^
Electrical H a ii d b o o k lyi
'Ihe Union Company will furnish to tlie St. Louis
Transit Company from its Ashley Street plant eighteen
hours per day. 9,000 k\v. of 6,600-volt, 3-phase, 25-
cycle energy. In addition to this business the Union
Company has at present a connected load as follows :
Direct-current motors 9.300 h.p.
Alternating-current motors 1,000 "
Alternating-current arc-lamps 3.500
Direct-current arc-lamp'-- 4.100
Series direct-current arcs, city lighting 1,000
Incandescent lamps in 16 c-p. equivalent. .. . 590,000
The Union Company has fully covered all the terri-
tory within the city limits with either its underground or
its overhead systems of distrilnition. The extent and
character of its distributing circuits are as follows:
I'XDERCROUND
Trench feet conduit 490,085 feet
Duct feet conduit 2,tS63,i33 "
Laterals 154,616 "
Cables 250 miles
OVERHE.M)
Poles 10,000
Overhead wire 550 miles
THE ASHLEY STREET PLANT
The BciLDixG
The new central station of the Union Electric Light
and Power Company known as the Ashley Street plant,
is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi river at
the foot of Ashley street, aljout half a mile from the
centre of the business district. The building consists of
an engine room 319 feet lo1ig, 78 feet wide, and 84 feet
high, adjoining a bf>iler room 31Q feet long, 96 feet wide,
and 117 feet high, the boiler room being on the river side
and the length of the building being parallel to the river.
The foundations of tlu' building are of concrete, resting
in every instance ujion the solid mck, which is of a hard
white limestone form.'ition. The concrete foundations.
172
T li c St. Louis
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Electrical Handbook
173-
where the foundation walls are high, are strengthened by
steel framing. The foundation wall for the boiler room
on the river side is 60 feet high and 32^ feet long, and its
base rests upon the solid rock at a depth of 10 feet below
the low-water stage, a depth of 48 feet below the high-
water stage' and a depth of 25 feet below the average
stage of the [Mississippi river.
The superstructure is of brick, terra cotta, and steel
construction, the steel resting on top of the foundation
walls. The building is most ornate both externally and
internally. The exterior is largely of terra cotta and the
form of architecture is Roman. The general impression
is a series of Ionic pilasters joined by round Roman
arches and surmounted by a cornice all in terra cotta.
The remainder of the external surface is of gray St.
Louis pressed brick.
The interior of the engine room is of white enamel
pressed brick except at the engine-room floor, where for
a height of 12 feet the white enamel brick is replaced by
a brick of brown enamel. The insides of the boiler-
room walls are faced with gray pressed brick. The en-
gines rest on concrete foundations 24 feet high resting on
the solid rock.
174
The St. L u i .
Electrical Handbook 1/3
The switchboard is located at the south end of the
building and is contained on five galleries. The columns
and the fronts of these galleries are in white enameled
terra cotta and conform in general architectural design
to the exterior of the building. Adjoining the engine
room is an annex six stories high, 58 feet long, and 14
feet wide. The basement of this annex contains the oil-
filtering tanks and the mezzanine floor the exciter sto-
rage-battery. The upper four floors contain the offices,
shower and tub bathrooms, wash-basins, lockers, closets,
etc.. for the use of the operating force.
The boiler room structure has a basement 20 feet
high, two boiler rooms one over the other, 24 feet and 18
feet high respectively, and above this a io,oco ton coal
bunker 42 feet high surmounted by a roof in the form of
a series of monitors joined by portions of flat concrete
roof.
Adjoining the northeast corner of the boiler room on
the river side is a coal- and ash-handling tower ;i;i feet
square and 93 feet high from the top of the building
foundation to the track for the revolving hoist tower.
The coal tower is built of steel and brick, and corre-
sponds to the main building in architectural treatment.
The railroad switches pass through arched openings on
the level of the foundations.
The floors, roofs, coal-bunkers, and ash-bins are con-
structed of concrete arches on I-beams, using the Roeb-
ling system of !=teel reinforcement.
Engines: There are installed five engines built by
the Allis-Chalmers Company, direct connected to
3-phase. 25-cj'cle, alternating-current generators built by
the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company.
There are two 1.500-kw. units and three 3.000-kw. units.
The engines are of the vertical Reynolds-Corliss type
with steam and exhaust valves placed in the cylinder
heads. The generators are mounted between the two
cylinders and adjacent to large fly-wheels, the weight of
the fly-wheels being 155.000 pounds for the i.5CO-kw.
units and 310.000 pounds for the 3.ocio-kw. units. The
principal dimensions of the engines arc as follows :
ij6 The St. L o n is
3,000 kw. 1,500 kw.
High-pressure cylinder .... 46 in. diani. 32 in. diam.
Low-pressure cylinder 94 in. " (14 in.
Stroke 60 in. 60 in.
Revolutions per minute .... 75 75
Steam pressure i8o lb. 180 lb.
Each engine is provided with a receiver between the
high- and low-pressure cylinders, having a volume of 1.5
times the low-pressure cylinder. The cylinders are not
jacketed and there is no reheating in the receivers. The
bed-plates are of vertical pattern cast with oil receptacles.
The bearings are water jacketed and babbitt lined. The
cross-head slides are also water jacketed. The frames
are of the circular "sweep up"' type and bored to form
cross-head guides. The galleries are of cast iron, brack-
eted and carried by the main frame having brass hand-
rails with polished steel stanchions.
For the 3.000-kw. engines the cross-head and crank-
pins are 14 in. by 14 in. The crank-shaft is 37 in. in
diameter, hollow and made of open-hearth steel, fluid-
compressed, oil-tempered, hydraulically-forged. The
cranks are counterbalanced. The connecting-rods are of
open-hearth steel with bolted-strap crank ends. The
pistons are fitted with bull-rings which cover the entire
face. The piston-rods are secured to the cross-heads by
thread and jamb nuts for equalizing clearance spaces.
An auxiliary governor is provided and controls a but-
terfly throttle-valve. When the engine speed reaches the
predetermined maximum the auxiliary governor trips the
butterfly valve and shuts off steam. The engines are
designed for the generators to run in parallel and regu-
late within 2% from no load to 5o7c overload. The
normal load for these engines is considered 4,600 i.h.p.,
but the engines arc built to carry continuously a load of
7,000 i.h.p.
The 1,500-kw. units are similar in all respects to the
3,oco-kw. units, but of reduced dimensions, and the shafts
are solid. The engines are provided with permanent
indicator motions. The weight of the larger engine is
1,200,000 pounds and the smaller engine 600,000 pounds.
/{ I c c t r i c a I H a ii d b o o k lyy
The floor space reciuired for the 3,oco-k\v. units is 31 feet
))\- 46 feet and for the i.5C'0-k\v. units 25 feet by 38.5 feet,
riie five engine-units, aggregating u.ooo k\v., with
their condensing apparatus and exciters, occupy a floor
space in the engine room 204 feet l)y 78 feet. Two 2,000-
k\v. turbines have been installed in part of this area and
occupy, with their au.xiliary apparatus, a floor space of
17 feet by 20 feet each, just east of the 1,500-kw. engine
units.
Boilers: There are installed at the present time 2(i
intcrnally-th-ed boilers of the marine type, and contracts
have been awarded for 2 additional boilers of this type
and 40 additional boilers of the water.-tube type. The
marine boilers are ii ft. 6 in. in diameter and 24 ft. over
all. Each boiler contains two 44-in. and one 50-in. cor-
rugated suspension-type furnace 7 ft. 6 in. long. These
furnaces terminate at the rear into a combustion cham-
ber. Leading from this chamber there is a bank of fire-
tubes each 3.5 in. in diameter and 1 1 ft. long. The tubes
are spaced 4.73 in. on centers. The total number of
tubes to each boiler is 408, of which 70 are used as stay-
tubes. Each furnace is provided with an automatic
stoker of the Jones underfeed tyiie. These stokers are
capable of l)urning in each boiler a minimum of 2.800 lb.
of coal i)er hour tuider a 2 oz. air jjressure ; and when
coal in this amount is burned each boiler evaporates
2i,oco lb. of water jier hour from and at 212 degrees fahr.
These underfeed stokers require forced draft, the air
being blown from opposite sides directly into the coal in
a horizontal jet. induced draft is also used to keej) up
the circulation of ga.ses through the long economizer
pas.sages.
I'^our 9 ft. 6 in. diameter fans driven by single-cylinder
engines form the forced-draught equii)ment for the first
installation of 26 boilers. The furnaces of the upper-
deck boilers are to be su]ii)lied 1)\' individual niotor-
dri\'en blower^. Two 13 ft. (i in. fans drivi-n 1)_\- double
cylinder simple engines are used for induceil draft on
the economizer lines.
rif>iii_ii: All steam ])i])ing ;ni(l lii,uh-i)ri ssure water
178
7" // c St. L 11 is
piping is of boiler tubing, with semi-steel flanges of the
tongue-and-groove type shrunk on and riveted. The
joints are packed with sheet-rubber gaskets. '!"hc circu-
lating-water piping and the main exhaust-header are of
riveted-plate piping, with cast flanges riveted on. The
central feature of the steam piping is the 24-in. steam-
header adjacent to the dividing wall between engine and
boiler-rooms and e(|ual in length to the space occupied
bj' the 26 marine boilers. The boilers are connected in
Marine lioiler— .\shley Street Plant
pairs, one on either side of the central alley running the
entire length of the boiler room. Each pair of boilers
discharges steam through goose-neck bends into a com-
mon pipe parallel to the axis of the boiler and which
enters the steam-header opposite the pair of boilers, there
being a connection into the steam-header for each pair.
Opposite each engine a connection is taken ofif from
the steam-header which, after passing through a steam
separator, goes to the engines. The exhaust-pipe from
each engine has a connection to the condenser and to the
atmospheric exhaust-header which runs along the engine-
room wall in the basement on the side opposite the steam-
Electrical H a n d b o o k i/g
header. An auxiliary steam-header for supplying the
auxiliary machinery runs underneath the hoiler-room
floor and has a connection erected to each boiler.
The high-pressure piping for the additional boiler
equipment is to be extra-heavy pipe with special extra-
heavy screwed flanges. The low-pressure piping is to
be standard weight with standard fittings. The atmos-
pheric exhaust-pipes are to be spiral riveted.
The plans for the steam piping, feed-water piping,
etc., for the additional equipment of 40 boilers, have not
been entirely completed at this writing.
Condensing System: The five engine-units are
equipped with Wheeler surface condensers each contain-
ing ii.oco square feet of condensing surface for the
3,000-kw. units and 5,500 square feet for the 1,500-kw.
units. Each condenser has a bucket air-pump driven by
a vertical simple engine. The two 2,000-kw. turbine
units are equipped with Wheeler condensers, each having
8.000 square feet condensing surface, suspended by means
of car-spring hangers from the floor-beams under the
turbines. Each of these condensers has a motor-driven
Edwards air-pump. The four 5,ooo-k\v. turbine units
are each equipped with a 20,000 sq. ft. Worthington sur-
face condenser. Each of these has a rotative steam dry-
vacuum pump and a motor-driven centrifugal wet-
vacuum pump. The air pumps all discharge into a large
hot well, from which the water is pumped into Hoppes
open heaters.
Condensing water is supplied by five large centrifugal
pumps, three having ,^0 in. and two 45 in. discharge open-
ings. The three 30 in. pumps, which were a part of the
original installation, are located in the boiler-room base-
ment. They are driven by four-valve, vertical, throt-
tling engines. These pumps supply the engine-units and
the 2,000-kw. turbines. The two 45-in. ])umps which are
to be located in the engine-room will supply the 5,000-
kw. turbine condensers. Each of these is driven by an
18 in. by 38 in. by 42 in. steeple-compound Corliss con-
densing engine. The i)ump impellers arc designed to act
as fly-wheels for the engines and are mounted on the
i8o
T he St. L o II
Electrical Ha n d b o o k
i8i
engine-shafts. Each of the 45-in. pumps ha^ a capacitj'
of 70,000,000 gal. of water per day against a head of 40
ft. running at ico rev. per min.
An idea of the piping of the circulating suction-
supply and discharge-pipes may be gained from the
sketch. Fig. i. It will be seen from this diagram that
all of the pumps take their suction from two steel and
concrete chambers located deep down in the foundation
of the coal-tower. Plan and elevation sections of these
chambers are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. These chambers
each have a reinforced steel-plate screen well opening out
i—
I^X-.
jv" "V^^ ■
! i
at the top of the foundation. Each of these steel wells
has two screens which may be used at the level of either
of the two gates, and may be raised to the top for clean-
ing. It is proposed to use the upper sluice gate at times
of high water to avoid drawing in the mud and sand
which is carried in suspension in greater quantities at
the lower levels.
The ends of the suction ])ipes are five feet below the
low-water line: the centres of the pumps are 13 feet
above low water; the highest point in the circulating
pipe-lines is 40 feet above, and the ends of the discharge
pipes are 6 feet below this line, so that at times of ex-
treme low water the pumps have to work against a head
fif f)nlv about ten feet more than the friction head after
l82
The St. Louis
the siphon has been estabhshed. It will be noted on the
plan Fig. i that there is a 30'-in. by-pass from the dis-
charge-header to each suction-chamber. These are to
be used for clearing the chambers of rubbish or ice.
Oiling System : A gravity oiling system is used. Oil
is supplied to the engine-i)earings from three storage
tanks which are set on a platform between the engine-
room trusses 50 feet above the engine-shafts. Two tanks
are for engine-oil and one for cylinder-oil. Engine-oi3
runs by gravity from these tanks to pressure oil-cups
located on the bearings, and the cylinder-oil runs by
gravity to Richardson oil-pumps located on the high- and
low-pressure cylinder of each engine. After the engine-
oil has gone through the bearings of each engine it re-
turns by gravity to two Turner oil-filters. These
filters are situated in the basement of the engine-room
annex. After the oil passes through the filters it runs
into a reservoir, from which small steam-pumps supply
Electrical Ha ii d book i8^
the tanks located on the engine-room roof-trusses. Both
cylinder- and engine-oils are pumped from the basement
to the supply tanks and each tank is supplied with an
overtlow which runs back to the storage tanks. The
overflow connections are arranged so that it will be vis-
ible at a glance if the supply tanks on the engine-room
trusses are receiving the required quantity of oil to feed
the systems. Both cylinder- and engine-oil are run from
the supply tanks on the engine-room trusses to the three
30-in. centrifugal circulating pump engines and six fan
engines located in the boiler-room basement. As these
engines are located below the filter tanks, the waste-oil
is returned to the filters by a 1.5 in. motor-driven cen-
trifugal pump which is arranged to pump automatically.
Coal- and Ash-Handling Al^f^aratus: As shown in
Figs. 4 and 5, the plant is designed to have a railroad
track run alongside the boiler-room at the river side.
Coal may be brought to the plant by rail or by barge. At
the northeast corner of the boiler-room a coal- and ash-
tower is designed to be built over the railroad. The
upper part of the tower rests on a turntable and is capa-
ble of revolving in either direction. This part of the
tower contains all the turning, hoisting, and cracking
apparatus, these being steam-driven. The revolving
tower is equipped with a 50-foot boom and the hoisting
of coal is accomplished by a two-rope grab-bucket.
'i'he vertical hoist of the coal is 107 feet and the bucket
makes three round trips per minute, taking 1,500 lb. of
coal per trip. The coal is thrown from the bucket into
a hopper and passes b%- gravity into two crackers, and
from the crackers by gravity into a lower hopper, from
which the coal passes through valves into automatic side-
dumping four-ton cable cars. The cable for these cars
is engine-driven. The cars pass from the coal-tower
down one side of the 10,000 ton overhead coal-bunker
and back on the other side, making the circuit hack to the
tower and automaticallj' dropping the coal at whatever
point desired. The gauge of the cable road is 20.5
inches.
From the overhead bunker the coal is fed bv down-
184 The St. Louis
spouts directly into the nicclianical stokers, uhicli are of
the Jones underfeed type. Each furnace is provided
with an individual spout.
From each furnace ash-spouts descend into an ash-
hopper, there heing an ash-hopper for each pair of boil-
ers installed. These hoppers are immediately under the
lower boiler-room floor and are fitted with ash-valves at
the bottom, through which the ashes pass into ash cars
running on an industrial railway in the basement. These
cars run to two elevators at the northeast corner of the
basement and are elevated to the level of the top of the
ash-tank which forms the lower part of the coal-tower,
and are run from the elevator over the ash-tank and
dumped into it. The ashes from this tank pass through
valves by gravity into the empty coal cars or out into
barges.
Snwkc-Stacks: For the 26 boilers alreadj- installed
2 brick stacks have been provided, resting on concrete
foundations carried down to bed rock. These stacks are
14 fcei mside diameter at the top and 200 feet high above
the foundation.
The balance of the Iioilers which remain to be deliv-
ered under contract and which were not contemplated in
the original design of the boiler room, will be provided
with metal stacks, ten in all. each 10 feet in diameter and
140 feet high above the grates of the upper-deck boilers.
Economizers: Two large sets of economizers of the
Green type are provided, one set for each 13 boilers of
the original installation. Each set consists of nine banks
of 20 sections, each section having fourteen 12-foot tubes.
Each set is guaranteed to raise 170.000 lb. of water per
hour 130 degrees fahr. with flue-gases entering at 500
degrees fahr. and water entering at ico to no degrees
fahr.
Traveling Crane: The engine-room is equipped with
a large traveling crane supported by a girder on each
side of the engine-room attached by brackets to the steel
colnmns of the engine-room walls. The crane sweeps
the entire space covered by engines, generators, and aux-
iliary apparatus. Tt has four motors operated by alter-
Electrical Handbook i8=,
nating current at 200 volts, 25 cycles. It has a capacity of
50 tons with a speed of 10 feet per minute at the main
hoist, and a capacity of 10 tons with a speed of 30 feet
per minute at the auxiliary hoist. The bridge travel is
2C0 ft. per minute and the trolley travel 100 ft. per min-
ute. The maximum travel of the hook is 76 ft., the span
76 ft. and the weight 130.OCO 11).
Engine-Driven Generators: '1-hese are standard
Westinghouse apparatus with three-phase. 2^ cycle, 6.6co
volts stationary armature with the revolving field fed at
ICO volts direct current. The armature frame is so
mounted as to permit motion in a horizontal direction
sutlicicnt to uncover the field poles.
I'ollowing IS a tal)le showing the guarantees for the
performance of these machines:
1,500 kw. 3,000 kvv.
Excitation at full load :
100% power-factor. . 200 amperes at 260 amperes at
100 volts 100 volts
Regulation, no load Xo
full load :
100% power-factor. . 8% 8%
Efficiency. 100% power-
factor :
Yi load 91-5 94-25
Va load 94- 95-5
Full load 95- 95-5
Temperature rise, 90-
100% power-factor :
Full load 24 hrs 40 cent. 40 cent.
25% overload 24 hrs. 50 " 50 "
50% overload i hr. . 60 " 60 "
Steam '/'iirhi)ies: I he .\^hley Street i)lant will con-
tain four 5,cco-kw. and two 2,000-kw. turbine units of
the vertical Curtis tyjie. both turbine and generator being
built by the General Electric Comi)any.
As stated al)ove, the 2.000-kw. units are placed in the
south end of the engine-room opposite the 1,500-kw.
engine-unit ■<. The four 5,oco-kw. turbines are to be
I'So
T he St. L o 11 i s
placed in the north end of the engine-room, and, togetlier
with their condensing apparatus and air-pumps, will oc-
cupy a floor space 90 ft. bj- 54 ft. as compared with 204 ft.
by 78 ft. for i2,oco kw. of engine-driven capacity.
Szcitchboard: 'ihe switchboard is built to accommo-
date eleven generating units, consisting of three 3,000-kw.
Fig. ;— .Switchboard — Ashley Street Plant
and two 1.500-kw. engine-type W'estinghouse generators,
four 5,oco-k\v. and two 2,oco-kw. Curtis turbine units,
with all auxiliary and exciting apparatus and 31 high-
pressure feeders.
The switchboard apparatus occupies a series of gal-
leries across the south end of the engine-room. There
are five of these, designated as mezzanine floor, first
(engine-room) floor, second, third, and fourth floors.
Electrical Handbook 18/
All galleries, with the exception of the first floor, have
railings on the side facing the engine-room.
The generator oil-switches and generator bus-bars,
together with all generator and feeder-control apparatus,,
are located on the fourth floor. On the third floor are
located the generator disconnecting switches and the
main bus-bars. The second floor contains the feeder
hook selector-switches and the non-automatic feeder oil-
switches ; also the generator field-rheostats. The first
floor contains the automatic feeder oil-switches and the
auxiliarj- low-pressure control panels. On the mezza-
nine floor are located the auxiliary transformers, bus-
bars, oil switches, and secondary switches. This ar-
rangement can be readily followed out by consulting
Fig. 6, which shows a cross-secti(in through the switch-
board galleries.
The switchboard apparatus and instruments are of the
Westinghouse make. The oil-switch and bus-bar cham-
bers are built of gray pressed brick with Alberene stone
barriers. On the two upper galleries the selector and
generator cables are carried in a system of brick and
slate ducts covered !)}• a false floor of slate plates. The
instrument and control wires are enclosed in iron-pipe
conduit throughout.
On the fourth floor the generator instrument posts
are located in the line of the railing and serve as stanch-
ions for the railings. Each generator instrument post
carries a power-factor meter, two alternatmg-current
ammeters, an indicating wattmeter and a field ammeter.
The .station post, which occupies a central position, con-
tains three voltmeters, one for each set of bus-bars and
one for the generator, two synchroscopes and a direct-
current voltmeter.
The generator control pedestals are set just back of
the instrument posts and in line with tluni. so that the
operator can see generator and instruments when work-
ing the control-switches. These control pedestals, which
are 16 in. square and 4 ft. 10 in. high, are constructed of
cast iron and marble and each has mounted on it the
following a]iparatus:
i88 The St. Louis
Three oil-switch controllers,
Field-switch controller.
Field-rheostat controller.
Voltmeter receptacle.
Synchronizing receptacle.
Signal switch.
Seven telltale and signal lamps.
A view of the instrument posts and control pedestals is
shown in the cut P^ig. 7.
Back of and facing the control pedestals is a blue
Vermont switchboard, 44 ft. long, on which is mounted
the control apparatus and instruments for 31 high-pres-
sure feeders, generator wattmeters and station ground-
detectors. Each feeder has one ammeter, a power-factor
meter, an integrating wattmeter, two oil-switch controll-
ers, two mechanical switch indicators, two indicating
lamps and a time-limit relay.
Referring to diagram Fig. 8. it will be seen that the
generator cables lead first through the main oil-switch to
the generator bus-bar and thence through selector oil-
switches and disconnecting switches to one of the two
sets of main bus-bars. The main generator switch is
first closed and the machine is synchronized over one of
the selector switches. An electrical interlocking connec-
tion makes it impossible to operate the selector switch
other than the one over which it is being synchronized.
The bus-bar selection for a feeder is made by means
of interlocking hook-switches. From these the feeder
passes through a non-automatic oil-switch on the second
floor, then through an automatic oil-switch on the first
floor and out underground under the mezzanine floor.
These oil-switches and generator switches are Type C
size.
One set of selector and feeder switches is used to
supply the auxiliary high-pressure bus-bars which are
located on the mezzanine floor. To these bars two sets
of three loo-kw. transformers are connected through
Type E oil-switches, for supplying current to the auxil-
iary alternating-current low-pressure bus-bars at 2CO
volts.
7: I c c t r i c a I H a ii d b o a k
i8g
The auxiliary and exciter switcliboanl which is lo-
cated at the front of tlie first-floor arallerv facing the
mmmmmm
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engine-room is hnilt of bine W'rmont niarhie jianels and
is 41 ft. long.
On the east panels of this switchboard arc mounted
the alternating-current JOO-volt switches and instru-
ments, sui)|)lying current fur the exciter motors, crane,
igo The St. Louis
and other auxiliary apparatU'^. 'Die west end is devoted
to the exciters, battery, direct-current lighting and con-
trol circuits, and on the last six panels are mounted the
electrically-operated field switches for the generators.
One cable is led from each of the field switches up to the
second floor to the electrically-controlled field rheostat.
The five rheostats for the engine-driven generators are
of the standard Westinghouse make and the six turbine
generator rheostats are standard General Electric.
Tn addition to the two loo-kw. engine-driven exciter
units there are two lOO-kw. Westinghouse exciters direct
connected to induction motors. An Electric Storage
Battery Company battery of "8 cells, type G 39, is used
on the exciter l)us-l)ars. This battery is connected di-
rectly across the bus-bars with an end-cell switch and is
•charged by means of a Western Electric shunt booster
driven by a iJ5-volt direct-current motor.
The exciter bus-bars, which also supply current for
station lighting and for the electrically-operated valves,
are operated at a pressure of 125 volts. There are six
high-pressure and se\'en low-pressure valves operated by
direct-current motors.
The auxiliary apparatus in addition to the two exciter
units which is to I)e driven by 3-phase 200-volt induc-
tion motors are : the 50-ton crane described, with the
mechanical equipment ; two lo-li.p. motors driving the
scrapers on the Green economizers ; two 30-h.p. motors
driving Edwards triplex air pumps for the condensers of
the 2,000-kw. turbines ; tw(~i 30-h.p. motors driving 10 in.
centrifugal sump pumps; four 15-h.p. motors driving
Worthington centrifugal air-pumps for the condensers
of the 5,000-kw. turbines, and a number of smaller mo-
tors, driving pumps, tools, etc.
The building is lighted throughout l)y incandescent
lamps placed in rows along the galleries and relieved by
clusters on the pilasters.
The cables leading from the generators to the switch-
board are rubber-insulated and have lead sheaths up to
the points where they go under the false floors. All the
high-pressure wiring about the switchboard structure
Electrical Handbook
IQI
1(^2 The St. Louis
and under the false floors is rnbber-covcred, protected
with tire-proiit hraid. The high-pressure cables from the
four smaller generators are three-conductor ; those from
the seven large machines are single-conductor. The
cables from the engine-driven units arc carried out to the
west side of the engine-room through ducts built into
the engine foundations. They then enter a vitrified con-
duit run which is built on the mezzanine floor along the
west wall and swings over to the switchboard gallery col-
umns in a long radius curve suspended from the floor-
beams above. The cables for the 5,COO-kw. turbine units
and for the storage-battery occupy the lower ducts of
this run. The generator leads leave this conduit at the
columns and run up to the fourth gallery in deep flutings
made in the backs of the terra cotta which encases the
columns.
The cables from the exciter units and the 2,000-kw.
turbines which are located on the east side of the engine-
room are pulled into a vertical row of vitrified ducts laid
along the face of the east wall covered by a brick wains-
coting.
Ihe low pressure au.xiliary cables are all lead covered
and are carried on hangers made of oak and channel-
irons up to the points where they enter the vitrified con-
duit runs.
The main feeder-caliles are carried from the floor-
tubes under the oil-switches on glass insulators mounted
on lines of special oak cross-arms suspended from the
floor-beams of the first floor. At the south wall these
cables pass into the brass bells of the three-conductor,
lead-covered, outgoing feeder-cables. These cables are
carried down the wall on iron supports through the mez-
zanine floor and are then carried horizontally to the
ducts leading out to the manholes. The accompanying
sketch. I-^ig. g. shows the method of fanning out the cables
on the south wall under the first floor and the arrange-
ment of manholes and conduits which has been adopted
to lead the feeders out from the plant. These cables are
carried out in two groups, which are kept in separate
Electrical Handbook
193
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diict-runs and in separate manholes after leaving the
plant.
The two manholes at the south end of the plant and
fonr others in the immediate vicinity, which are sub-
merged at times by extreme high water, are made water-
proof and are provided with water-tight inner covers.
These manholes are connected by a system of drains to
a sump which has a 6-in. suction-pipe leading to a pump
in the plant.
Exciters: Four loo-kw. exciter sets have been pro-
vided, two of them driven by 25-cycle, 3-phase, 200-
volt induction motors, and two by single-cylinder, ver-
tical Buckeye engines. These units deliver current to
the exciter bus-bars at 125 volts.
THE IMPERIAL PLANT
Building
The plant is located at the southeast corner of Tenth
and St. Charles streets, on a lot having a frontage of
235 ft. on St. Charles street by 85 ft. 2.3 in. on Tenth
street and 98 feet on the east line. An exterior view of
the building is shown in Fig. i. Fig. 2 gives a sec-
tional view of the building, and Fig. 3 a plan of the
engine and dynamo room.
The main building is of dark red brick, three stories
high above the basement and of the same dimensions as
the lot above the street level. The second story is omit-
ted everywhere except over the main office, thus giving a
clear height in the engine and boiler rooms of 30 ft. The
third story, which is 15 ft. high, is devoted to store rooms,
testing department, etc. The entire structure is fire-
proof. All floors are of cinder concrete carried on cor-
rugated iron arches sprung between I beams. The roof
is of book tile with composition gravel covering. En-
gine and boiler rooms extend the entire length of the
building, and are separated by a division wall having fire
doors at all openings. Beneath the engine room are the
storage batteries, extending partly under the sidewalk.
Beneath the boiler room is space for coal storage, ash
Electrical II a ii d b o o k
195
handling, and the location of condensing apparatus and
piping. Ihe floor of the engine room is laid with hex-
agonal tile, and the walls for 6 ft. above the floor are
wainscoted with marble. On part of the lot just east of
the brick building is erected a temporary building of
wood and corrugated iron sheltering a 1,500-kw. West-
inghouse unit and the city arc lighting plant.
Boilers: There are four 445 h.p. and eight 360 h.p.
t.... i <:»■>' Suiiu.\ ui rt-
Heine boilers. Each boiler has a guaranteed efficiency
of 70 per cent, of the calorific value of the coal at any
load between rating and 20 per cent, above. This is
equivalent to evaporating 7.JI pounds of water per pound
of Mount Olive Illinois nut coal of 10,600 B.t.u. The
boilers are designed for a working pressure of 175 pounds
per square inch, and were tested under a hydrostatic
pressure of 250 jxhukN. I'lu- entrainnient is guaranteed
1(^6
The St. Louis
to be less than i per cent, at rating, and not more than
1.5 per cent, at one-third above rating.
Chimneys: The boilers are served by three steel
stacks, two 7 ft. and one 8 ft. inside diameter, 140 ft. high
above street level. They are self-supporting and un-
lined. The bases are supported upon and rigidly bolted
to massive brick foundations 14 ft. deep, and which are
solid except for the ash-car passage which extends
through them.
Coal and Asli Handling: Coal is dumped from wag-
ons through openings in the alley wall of the boiler room
on the floor directlv in front of the boilers, which are
Enaime Rooh
fired by hand. The ash handling plant is of simple and
economical design, and consists of a system of cars,
tracks, elevator and overhead ash-bins. The cinders and
ash from the lower grates drop directly into a metallic
ash-hopper under each boiler. Running east and west
immediately under these hoppers there is a narrow gauge
track. The ash is dumped from these hoppers into small
cars, which are pushed by hand along the track to an
elevator, on which the cars are raised. The ash is then
dumped into an overhead ash-bin, from which it runs by
gravity into the wagons in the alley.
Steam Engines: There are two engines (Fig 6) of
Electrical Handbook ipy
the Williams vertical two-cylinder, cross-compound, con-
densing, automatic cut-off pattern, built by William Tod
& Co. of Youngstown, Ohio, and designed for direct con-
nection to the dynamos by means of the "Arnold Sys-
tem." The east engine. No. i, is of 750 i.h.p., and is de-
signed for driving one 500-k\v. generator. Engine No.
2 has double the capacity, and is similar in design to No.
I. Both are designed to run at 150 rev. per min.
Their dimensions are :
Engine No. i — Cylinders, 18 in. and 40 in. by 30 in.
Engine No. 2 — Cylinders, 26 in. and 57 in. by 30 in.
A 1.500 h.p. engine, designed and built by the Lake
Erie Engineering Works, Buffalo, N. Y., has been in-
stalled, direct connected to two 500-kw. generators. Di-
mensions of cylinders. 23 in. and 48 in. by 36 in. ; speed,
120 rev. per min.
Another 2,250 h.p. cross-compound horizontal engine,
built by the Fulton Iron Works of this city, has been
installed for operating a i. 500-kw. Westinghouse gen-
erator. Dimensions of cylinders, 34 in. and 56 in. by
54 in. ; speed, 80 rev. per min.
Condensers, Ptitnps and Cooling Toicer: The con-
densing plant consists of one Worthington surface con-
denser, one Worthington cooling tower, two air pumps
and two circulating pumps of the rotary type. The rated
capacity of the plant is 33,750 lb. of steam per hour, but it
will take care of overloads up to 49,500 lb. per hour with
but slight reduction in vacuum. It is guaranteed to pro-
duce a vacuum of not less than 22 in. at above rating and
under the worst conditions of service ; 25 in. under fair
and average conditions, and 26 in. under the best. The
condenser has 34,000 square feet of brass tube cooling
surface.
The cooling tower, located on the roof, is 18 ft. in
diameter, 29 ft. high and its filling or cooling surface is
composed of galvanized iron pipe cylinders. It has du-
l)!icatc fans located on opposite ends of the same shaft
drawing air into the tower. These fans are driven by a
belted motor in pent house on top of the building.
There are two air pumps, one of sufficient capacity to
/p<§ The St. Louis
handle the water for the 1,500 h.p. engine, and the other
of sufficient capacity for 750 h.p. engine, and two inde-
pendent rotary circulating pumps of the same capacities.
These pumps are driven by direct-geared motors, so de-
signed that the speed may be varied at least S3 i-3 P"-'''
cent.
It will be noted from the capacity of condensing appa-
ratus installed that a large part of the plant is now run-
ning non-condensing.
Power Traiisiiiissioii System: The two Williams en-
gines and three generators are connected by means of
the Arnold system of power transmission (see Fig. 6).
consisting of quills and internal shafts with double bear-
ings, connected by magnetic clutclies. The arrangement
was intended to make it possible to drive any one, two or
all three of the 500-kw. generators, and either one or both
of the boosters, from the large engine in case of accident
to the small engine. Two generators and one booster
may also be handled by the small engine in case of acci-
dent to the large one.
The generators are connected to the engines by means
of magnetic couplings, so arranged that either interme-
diate generator of booster may be disconnected from one
engine and connected to the other while all are in motion.
When it is desired to start up a generator, it is brought
up to speed as a motor and then connected to the engine
by the magnetic clutches.
Pipe Work: The entire high pressure system is de-
signed to operate under a working pressure of 175 pounds
per square inch, and was tested to 250 pounds hydro-
static pressure. All fittings are extra heavy. All pipe
above three inches in diameter has flanged couplings and
fittings. All valves on live steam pipes and on
the feed water connections under boiler pressure are
bronze seated. All valves above 10 inches in diameter
are by-passed. The cylinder jackets, reheaters, sepa-
rators, steam headers and the entire pipe system is
drained by means of the Holley system. There is a com-
bined hot well and oil filter located between the con-
denser and boiler feed pumps. All the pipes are cov-
Electrical Handbook ipp
ered with magnesia. Each engine has a Cochran sepa-
rating receiver located near the main throttle valve. Oil
extractors are located between exhaust pipe and con-
densers. A suitable blow-off tank is provided and con-
nected to boiler furnaces, oil extractors and other hot-
water drains, with suitable discharge to catch-basin,
which in turn overflows to sewer.
Ciciicrators and Boosters: There are three 500-volt,
constant potential, electric generators, built by the Sie-
mens & Halskc r'lectric Compan\- of America, of the
internal iron-clad armature type. L'hey are designed spe-
cially to suit the system of power transmission adopted.
The field frames of the generators may be slid parallel
with the shaft a sufficient distance for reaching the arma-
ture for repairs. The capacity of each generator is 500
kw. at 5J5 volts when operated at 150 rev. per min.
There are two separately excited shunt-wound boost-
ers, each of 50 kw. capacity at 150 rev. per min., and
capable of carrying 500 amperes and delivering any volt-
age from zero to 130 volts. The boosters are of the same
general con.struction and design as the generators, except
that the field frames are divided vertically. There are
also two 30-kw. Western Electric boosters direct con-
nected to a soo-volt motor.
There are two 500-kw., 500-volt Siemens & Halske
generators operating at 120 rev. per min. and driven by
the Erie engine. These dynamos are similar in design
to those already described except that their rating is more
liberal and they have greater overload capacities. The
generator driven by the Fulton engine is a shunt wound
1. 500-kw., 500-volt Westinghouse machine, designed to
run at 80 rev. per min.
Rotary Converters: There are two 500-kw. West-
inghouse rotary converters which deliver direct current
at 500 volts to the main bus-bars, running in parallel with
the steam driven generators. These rotaries are supplied
with 3-phase, i5-cycle current at 6,600 volts from the
Ashley Street plant. This voltage is stepped down
through three 187-kw. air-cooled transformers for each
200 The Si. L o II i s
machine. Two 50-k\v. induction regulators and two
blowers are installed in connection with this apparatus.
C"//_v Lighting Station: In the temporary building
east of the main engine room are installed six sets of
series arc lighting apparatus. Each set consists of a 200
h.p., 500-volt Western Electric Company motor driving
two no-light 6.8 ampere Western Electric Company
series, direct-current, arc lighting machines.
S%i.'itchhoard: The switchboard at the Imperial plant
is divided into five separate parts ; the main board, the
auxiliary board, the arc motor board, series arc lighting
board, and the 6,600-volt alternating-current board.
The main board is provided with two sets of bus-
bars for the 250-500 volt direct current distribution. It
consists of twenty panels of two-inch black enameled
slate as follows : Four panels for the rotary converters ;
six panels for the generators ; two booster panels ; two
battery panels, and six feeder panels.
The auxiliary board contains switches and apparatus
for operating the auxiliary motors. (In this connection
it might be stated that the plant was designed to have all
pumping apparatus motor driven, but, with the exception
of the air pumps and cooling tower, all of this apparatus
has been replaced with steam driven apparatus.)
The arc motor board consists of three marble panels
containing apparatus and instruments for starting and
controlling the six 200 h.p. Western Electric Company
motors.
The series arc lighting switchboard consists of three
marble panels containing instruments and plug and cord
switches for twelve series arc lighting machines and
twelve city lighting circuits.
The 6,600-volt switchboard consists of three panels
having the necessary oil switches and instruments for
one 2,000-kw. incoming feeder and for the two sets of
air cooled transformers for tw^o 500-kw. Westinghouse
rotaries.
Storage Battery: There are 296 cells of the Electric
Storage Battery Company's accumulators, each contain-
ing fourteen positive ]\Ianchester-type plates and fifteen
E I c c t r i c a I H a n d b o o k 201
negative chloride plates. These are contained in lead-
lined wooden tanks which are supported on large porce-
lain insulators. The capacity of this battery is 2,000 am-
pere hours at a discharge rate of 250 amperes, and it is
capable of maintaining a niaxinnun discharge rate of
i,coo amperes for one hour. It is guaranteed to give a
discharge of 500 kw. for one hour without a drop in
pressure below 1.7 volts per cell.
The battery as mentioned above is located in the base-
ment, partly under the engine room, partly under the
sidewalk.
The growth of this plant is indicated by the ma.ximum
output as given below, for the end of the first, second,
and fifth year of its operation. The following tabulation
gives also the average output for 24 hours and the load
factor, or the percentage that the average output is to the
ma.ximum :
Average
Maximum
Load
Factor
T.o.-id 1st year..
2,200 amperes
5,600 amperes
40%
Ijiad 2(1 year. .
6.350
13,000 "
50%
Load 5th year..
11,000 "
21,000 "
52%
MISSOURI EDISON ST.ATION "A"
This station was the one originally built by the ^lis-
souri I'^lectric Light & Power Company, 'ihe building is.
135 ft. by 155 ft., being divided longitudinally into two
rooms, one 152 ft. by 63 ft., containing engine and gen-
erator plant and switchboard; the other, 152 ft. by 67 ft.,
CDUtainiug the boiler i)laut. The construction is of brick
and stone, with ircm and slate roof. The building is one
story, and 35 feel high.
The generating apparatus of this station consists of
three 1,200 h.p. three-cylinder compdiuid engines, built by
the Lake Erie luigineering Works, direct coupled to
three (Sco-kw. alternating-current generators, built by
tlic Westiughduse I'.kelric and .Manufacturing Com-
pany; one 20 in. and 36 in. by 18 in. Westinghouse com-
pound engine direct connected to a Westinghouse dy-
2o2 The St. Louis
namo, i.ioo volts, 136 amperes, 212 rev. per min. ;
three 120 li.p. Westinghouse compound engines direct
connected to two 75-k\v. Westinghouse 125- volt direct-
current generators and one ioo-k\v. General Electric 125-
volt direct-current generator, all three being used for
exciters. The steam is generated by fourteen 208 h.p.
and four 235 h.p. Babcock & Wilcox boilers.
Generators: The 8oo-kw. generators are designed
to operate at 180 rev. per min. and deliver current at a
pressure of from 1,100 to 1,300 volts at a frequency of 60
cycles. They are of the stationary field type, being sim-
ilar in design to the modern direct-current railway gen-
erator of large size, the commutator, of course, 1)eing re-
placed by collector rings. The winding is so designed
that these machines may be used either single-phase or
two-phase as desired, the entire amount of copper being
utilized in circuit when operated in either way. The rat-
ing of these generators is based on their single-phase
capacity, but a large margin for overload was provided
in their design, and they are regularly operated for sev-
eral hours per day during the winter months at an output
of 1,200 kw. each. With this load the rise in temperature
of all parts of the machines is hardly appreciable.
The armatures are ten feet in diameter and weigh
about 80,000 pounds, providing ample fly-wheel capacity
within themselves without any additional wheel. The
mechanical features of each of these generators are so
arranged that the entire field frame may be moved in a
direction longitudinally with the shaft, by means of suit-
able screws, to a position where the armature is com-
pletely uncovered for inspection and repairs and where
field coils may he removed from the pole pieces with ease.
Engines: 1 he engines, being provided with three
cylinders, distribute the power through three cranks
placed at angles of 120 degrees.
The regulation of the engines is effected by governors
of the shaft type, but of special design. Connected to the
rocker arm operating the high pressure admission valves
on each engine is a double acting air compression cylin-
der. This acts as an inertia balance to arrest the motion
]^ I c c f r 1 c a I Handbook 20^
of the valve at the end of each stroke, storing up energy,
which is dehvered to the valve again on beginning the
new stroke. The two ends of this compression cylinder
are connected to each other through a by-pass pipe and
hand valve, by means of which the amount of compres-
sion can be controlled at will. The effect of this inertia
balance is to relieve the governor of a great deal of the
pressure which would be thrown upon it at certain por-
tions of each revolution. By varying the amount of re-
lief to the governor afforded in this way, by means of the
by-pass valve, the speed of the engine may be varied
between 5 and 10 per cent.
Exciters: The exciters are of the type of direct-
coupled, direct-current, multipolar generators l)uilt by
the Westinghouse and General Electric companies. Each
is of a capacity sufficient to e.xcite the fields of all the
generators in the station, two relays, or spare generators,
therefore, being ready at all times in case of accident.
Boilers and Smokestacks: The boilers are of the
Babcock & Wilcox type, and are operated at 150 lb. pres-
sure. The furnaces are designed for hand-firing.
The products of combustion are led through under-
ground flues to two steel smokestacks, one 150 ft. high
by ID ft. in diameter, and the other 135 ft. high by 8 ft. in
diameter. These stacks are bolted at the base to con-
crete foundations.
Szvitchboard: The switchboard is built of white Ital-
ian marble and is 58 ft. long and 16 ft. high. It is
constructed with two floors at different levels^ and a lib-
eral basement is provided for cables, rheostats and feeder
regulators. The upper portion of the board provides
room for 56 feeders and the lower portion will accommo-
date all the apparatus for regulating and controlling six
generators. The lio.nrd is so designed that all generators
are oi)erate(l independently and the feeders grouped at
will on any generator desired. The utmost flexibility of
operation is thereby provided for. The feeders may be
switched at will from any one of the generator busses to
any other, without interrupting the current for more
than a fraetion;tl ])art of a second.
204 The St. L o II i s
Each feeder is provided, in addition to its switch, witli
an ammeter, voltmeter and potential regulator. Each
potential regulator consists of a regulating transformer,
which is made by means of suitable sw'itching devices to
add more or less of its secondary potential to that of the
feeder. Each regulator is hung under and supported by
the upper floor of the switchboard and is provided with a
switch dial controlled by a wheel on the front of the
board within reach from the main station floor. By
means of these switch dials the pressure of each feeder
may be independently raised or lowered iS per cent.,
making a total possible independent variation of 36 per
cent.
The entire regulation of both feeders and generators
is accomplished from the main floor of the engine room,
the second floor of the switchboard being used only when
feeder switches are to be thrown. A gallery is provided
at a third level along the rear of the switchboard, from
which feeder fuses, lightning arresters, ammeters, and
voltmeters are accessible.
In addition to an indicating wattmeter, each generator
is provided with a Thomson recording wattmeter, and
by means of these recording wattmeters the entire station
output is recorded. No feeder is operated nor regulation
attempted without the use of pressure wires. All the
indicating instruments were made by the Wagner Elec-
tric ^lanufacturing Company and are of their horizontal
scale illuminated dial type, made dead beat by the use of
oil in which their mechanism moves and is retarded by
suitable aluminum vanes.
This switchboard was constructed from the designs of
the lighting company's engineers. The greater part of
the current used for alternating-current incandescent
lighting, constant potential arc lighting and alternating-
current motors is distributed through this switchboard.
Tie lines of large capacity connect the switchboard of
this station with that of station "B."
Opening from the basement under the switchboard
and extending at a still lower level is the main cable ter-
minal vault or tunnel through which all cables are led
Electrical H a ii d b o o k 20^
troiii the underground conduits to the switchboard. This
vault is 50 ft. long. 9 ft. wide and 7.5 ft. high. Along its
side are arranged adjustable cable racks, by which all
cables are supported and carried to their proper position
on other racks provided under the switchboard, which in
turn carry them to their respective panels.
^IISSOURI EDISON STATION "B"
This station was originally built I)y the Municipal
Electric Light and Power Company. Since the property
was acquired by the Edison Illuminating Company, both
the building and steam apparatus have been almost en-
tirely remodeled and a very large amount of new ma-
chinery has been installed. The main building, contain-
ing the engine room, is 105 ft. long by 96 ft. wide, and
was originally constructed with four stories. Most of
the second floor, which contained shafting and clutch
pulleys has been removed, thereby increasing the height
of the engine room to -'8.5 ft. Across the street from
this building is another, 108 ft. long by 57 ft. wide, con-
taining the boiler plant. The extreme height of this
building is 60 ft. In this are placed sixteen 350 h.p.
Heine water tube boilers. The floor of this boiler room is
23 ft. below the street level, and connecting it with the
engine room across the street is a large room excavated
under the street, with floor at the same level as the boiler
room proper. This room is 50 ft. long by 50 ft. wide
and in it are located the heaters and the main .steam and
exhaust pipe lines running from the boiler room to the
basement of the engine room. The street above is sup-
ported by iron columns and I-beams.
In the engine room are located one 2,000 h.p. cross-
compound 1 laniiit()n-Ci)rli>s engine, directly connected to
a i,300-k\v. single -phase generator l)uilt by the General
Electric Company; one 1.2CO h.]). cross-compound Ham-
ilton-Corliss engine, directly connected to an 800-kw.
alternating-current generator built by the General Elec-
tric Company; one 1.2CK) h.p. simple Hamilton-Corliss
2o6 The St. Louis
engine, direct connected to an 8oo-kw. (ieneral Electric
alternating-current generator; one 750 h.p. simple Ham-
ilton-Corliss engine, direct connected to a 500-k\v., 500-
volt, direct-current General Electric generator; two 300
h.p. Westinghouse compound engines belted to two 200-
kw., 500-volt, direct-current generators. Three 125 h.p.
Westinghouse compound engines direct connected to
three loo-kw., 125-volt. direct-current General Electric
generators used for exciters are also located on the en-
gine room floor.
Along one wall of the engine room, 18 ft. from the
floor, is the main switchl)oard, supported from the wall
and partly hung from the girders overhead. The fourth
floor is used for repair shops and storage.
Steam Piping: All of the steam piping in this station
is placed under the main floor in suitable basement pas-
sages between the engine foundations. A duplicate steam
pipe system provides each engine with a double steam
connection.
Boilers: The boilers are placed in batteries of four
boilers each and are connected by steel flues, lined with
fire brick, to a single steel smokestack. The furnaces are
all arranged for hand firing.
Smol^estaclc: The smokestack is of steel construc-
tion, lined with fire brick to a point 60 ft. above the fur-
nace grates. It is 13 ft. in diameter and 204 ft. high.
The base is bolted to massive foundations surrounded
with concrete, covering it to a depth of about 6 ft. This
smokestack successfully withstood the severe tornado
which visited St. Louis about seven years ago, although
it was well inside of the edge of the path of the storm,
and most of the buildings surrounding it were unroofed
and more or less completely demolished. A massive
brick smokestack at a street railway power house, less
than half a mile distant, was lifted bodily from its foun-
dations by this same storm and dropped a shapeless pile
of bricks within 20 feet of its former location.
Coal Handling: Above the boilers a large coal-bin is
built, occupying the entire width and length of the build-
ing. This bin is constructed of steel, supported on I-
E I c c f r i c a I H a ii d b o o k 2oy
beams and columns, the sides being sufficiently inclined
to deliver the coal to a central position, from whence it
descends through iron chutes to the l)oiler room floor.
Coal is delivered to this storage bin from wagons in the
alley running along the other side of the Iniilding. The
ash is elevated by conveyors to overhead bins, whence it
can be dumped into cars.
Electrical Generators: The alternating-current gen-
erators in this station at the time of their construction
were the largest alternating-current generators ever
built, and the largest in output, with the exception of the
generators at Niagara Falls, which, however, run at
much higher speed. Their capacity, when operated
single-phase, is i,ooo kw.
In addition to the single-phase winding, another
winding was provided in which current is generated dif-
fering in phase 90 degrees from the main winding. This
quarter-phase winding can be connected so that the gen-
erators may be operated on the so-called monocyclic sys-
tem. The generators are now operated at 1,200 volts on
single-phase only, as the company has adopted the single-
phase system as most suitable for its general distribution
of current for light and power.
The armatures of these generators are constructed
without polar projections, the copper bars forming the
winding being embedded in slots. They are 16 ft. in di-
ameter and weigh 100,000 lb. each. There are 80 field
poles and the shaft is 11 in. in diameter, this enormous
mass being provided to take the place of the fly-
wheel and to give the engines a very uniform angular
velocity. A large margin for overloading was allowed
in the design of these machines. The frequency adopted
by the company for its entire system is 60 cycles, and the
armatures revolve at go rev. per min.
Located near these generators are three loo-kw. ex-
citer generators, directly connected to compound engines.
These exciter generators are of the General Electric type
of multipolar direct-current dynamos and deliver current
at a pressure of 125 volts.
Sicilclihoard : .\s in station "A," the main switch-
2o8 The St. Louis
board is so located along one of the walls of the engine
room that it forms a gallery above the engines and gen-
erators. From its floor every part of the engine room
can be seen and signals exchanged between engine tend-
ers and switchboard operatives.
The switchboard is constructed of white Italian
marble, mounted in panels on an iron framework. The
flooring is all made of black slate, as in the switchboard
at station "A." The central part of the board is occupied
by switches, regulating devices and instruments for the
alternating-current generators and exciters ; on either
side are the feeder panels containing the necessary
switches, regulating devices, and instruments for each
feeder. Beyond these feeder panels, at one end of the
board, are located the switches, devices, and instruments
necessarj' for controlling all the 500-volt generators and
feeders. Each alternating-current feeder takes up a
space on the switchboard panels i ft. in width and 6.5 ft.
in height.
Presext Distributiox Systems
Alternating Current: The present underground al-
ternating current distribution system of the Union Elec-
tric Light & Power Company, supplied from the Mis-
souri-Edison plants, consists of 1.150-volt primary feed-
ers with pressure wires, feeding transformers which are
located in the manholes. All manholes in the joint sub-
way were constructed with square covers in order to
admit of the installation and removal of these transform-
ers. The underground transformers are all oil-cooled
and are rated at no kw. each, each transformer being
supplied by an 1.150-volt primary feeder of 150,000 cir.
mils cross section. The secondaries of these transform-
ers are connected by three 1,000,000 cir. mils lead-covered
cables to the bus-bars of large cast iron junction boxes,
also situated in the manholes; these junction boxes sup-
plying three-wire secondary cables and Edison tubing.
This system is very complete, and has service on prac-
tically every street in the underground district. The
pressure wires for the feeders in this system are con-
Electrical Ha it d b o o k 2op
nected to the bus-bars in the junction boxes, so that
transformer drop is included with feeder drop, and
standard pressure can be maintained at the junction
boxes b}' means of booster transformers located in the
station on each feeder. These feeders are fused in the
station, and the secondary feeders from the transformers
to the bus-bars in the junction box are also fused, so that
in the event of trouble on either feeder or transformer
otiicr transformers on the system are protected. The
neutral of the secondary- system is not fused and is
grounded. The outside wires within any section are all
connected into a network through fuses in the junction
boxes. The feeders are supplied from single-phase ma-
chines. Under this system the underground district is
divided up into a number of sections, so that any one
section will at no time exceed the safe load of its gener-
ator. The Missouri-Edison alternating equipment was
the first large installation of its kind in the United States.
Due to angular variation in speed, it has never been
found practicable to run the generators in parallel.
This same general system is used for the supply of
alternating current outside of the underground district.
The entire city is generally well covered with a sj'stem of
1.150-volt mains, except that portion lying north of Cass
and Easton avenues. The mains are divided up into
separate networks, each of which is supplied at the most
advantageous point by a feeder ; pressure wires being
taken back from the feeder end at primary pressure. In
districts where the customers are located sufficiently
close together to make it profital)lc. the primary mains
are paralleled by three-wire secondary mains, which are
sui)plicd at intervals by transformers hung on the poles.
The transformers vary in size from 5 to 25 kw. Before
transformers are installed, the probable maximum and
average loads are carefully calculated, and the calcula-
tions arc later checked by installing a Wright discount
meter on the primary nf tiie transfdrnuT. Readings are
taken of these discount meters three or four times a year,
as the seasons change. Ihis enables the size transformer
to be installed on any particular secondary to be very
210 The St. Louis
accurately gauged. The labor of reading these discount
meters is performed by emergency men on Sundays or at
other times when the weather is good and their services
are not required at their regular duties.
The pressure on overhead feeders is maintained at
standard at feeder end by means of the pressure wires,
which are led back to the station, and by booster trans-
formers installed in the station.
Feeders are connected to the network of the mains at
the feeding point through single-pole knife switches in-
stalled on the pole. Protection against dead short-cir-
cuits or grounds is obtained by fusing feeders in the
station. Each main branch of the network is controlled
by single-pole switches installed on the poles, so that in
the event of trouble on a network the trouble-man by
going to the feeder end can tell at once whether trouble
is on the feeder or on the network, and by opening the
switches installed on the branches can locate the branch
in trouble. This allows the greater portion of the circuit
to be kept in operation while trouble is being located and
remedied. These circuits are all single-phase, and derive
their power from single-phase machines, which are not
operated in parallel for the reasons above mentioned.
When the load increases or decreases, feeders are trans-
ferred from one bus to another by means of oil transfer
switches and plug selector switches, each generator hav-
ing a separate bus.
Direct Current: The direct-current distribution sys-
tem of the Union Electric Light & Power Company is
a three-wire Edison system, operating at a pressure of
235-470 volts at the feeder ends. This system also quite
completely covers the underground district and very gen-
erally covers a section outside of the underground dis-
trict at a radius of from 2.25 to 3 miles from the Tenth
and St. Charles streets, or Imperial station. The entire
system is a network, practically without fuses up to the
customers' installation. This system was also the first
large high voltage three-wire system in the United
States. In the underground district, this system consists
of three conductor lead-covered main cables joined to-
Electrical H a n d b o o k 211
gether at intersecting points through cast iron junction
boxes located in the manholes. Copper catches are used
in these junction boxes having a cross section sufficiently
large that a cable in trouble will generally burn itself
clear before melting the catch. Feeders are connected to
the junction boxes through catches of such a cross sec-
tion that they will not melt out under any circumstances ;
trouble on feeders being cleared entirely by burning.
The neutral in the main cables is the same size as the
outside wires. The mains vary in size from No. 2 B.&S.
to 250,000 cir. mils. Feeders are 500,000 cir. mils and
1,500,000 cir. mils, having neutrals of 000 B.&S. and 500,-
000 cir. mils respectively. Two 500,000 cir. mils feeders
are made up with a 000 B.&S. neutral into a three-con-
ductor cable, having pressure wires in the interstices.
The 1,500,000 cir. mils feeders are single conductor and
are supplied with a separate three-conductor pressure
cable. In the underground district, most of the feeders
are 1.500,000 cir. mils and are not supplied with separate
neutrals leading back to the station, the feeder neutral
system being a network of 500,000 cir. mils single-con-
ductor cables. Rubber insulation has been used exclu-
sively for the three-conductor main cables, and both
rubber and paper have been used with equal satisfaction
for the feeders.
The Imperial station being located within the under-
ground district, feeders reaching out into the overhead
district are carried underground for a portion of the dis-
tance. These feeders are carried through conduit to the
limit of the underground district and there led up the
side of a terminal pole, on which is located the terminal
head and lightning arresters. Five hundred thousand
cir. mils weather-proof wire is used U) continue feeders
in the overhead district. 'I'hese feeders are cut into the
network of mains, at the most advantageous points, sol-
idly, and have neither catches or fuses in circuits. The
pressure wires arc carried on the same insulators that
carry the feeder cables.
The Imperial station being located in almost the exact
centre of its load, enables it to distribute current over
212 The St. Louis
this large area with two sets of bus-bars, at the same time
maintaining very close regulation ; the regulation within
the underground district being at all times within 2 per
cent, above or below standard pressure, and on all the
feeders reaching out into the overhead district, the varia-
tion at no time exceeding 5 per cent, and being generally
within 3 per cent. The regulation on this system is
aided by a storage battery having a capacity of 500 kw.
hours at the one-hour rate, battery being located in the
Imperial station.
On account of the generalh- untried condition of high-
voltage lighting apparatus, it was considered advisable
when this sy.stem was first put in operation, about six
years ago, to connect all customers two-wire, balancing
one customer against another. This practice was con-
tinued for two or three years, when three-wire connec-
tions were adopted to aid in keeping the load balanced.
Newly W'ired buildings, or buildings in which the wiring
is thoroughly overhauled and put in good order, are con-
nected three-wire throughout, the same as on any three-
wire system. Considerable trouble was experienced in
the beginning in obtaining incandescent lamps which
would not short-circuit or explode and burn up the socket
and cord. This trouble has been almost entirely elim-
inated, instances of lamps short-circuiting at the present
time being extremely rare. Difficulty was also at first
experienced in obtaining arc lamps which gave a satis-
factory white light and at the same time did not consume
an abnormal amount of current. The first lamps in-
stalled were 2^^-ampere lamps using J/^-inch carbons.
These lamps drew an arc an inch and three-quarters long
and produced a very unpleasant light. Lamps consuming
y/i amperes and with the length of arc somewhat short-
ened, using Yz-'inch. carbons, were soon substituted, and
gave perfect satisfaction to the customer, but were ineffi-
cient. These lamps were later rebuilt to use ^-inch car-
bons and the current reduced to 2^ amperes, this lamp
now being the standard single burning direct. current arc
lamp of the company. Lamps burning two in series and
taking from 5 to 5^2 amperes have been installed in large
Electrical Handbook 21^
numbers wherever the number of lamps taken by a cus-
tomer warranted using lamps of this character. These
lamps, of course, are just as efficient as d.\\y direct-cur-
rent, low-voltage lamp.
With new customers formerly supplied from a low-
voltage system it has generally been found that the only
changes necessary in order to fit the installation for 235-
470 volts has been to change cut-outs, switches and sock-
ets. At first thought this would appear to be a heavy
expense for a company to incur. It has been found,
however, that the labor cost of doing this work was sur-
prisingly low, due to keeping a force of men thoroughly
familiar with the requirements and expert in making the
changes.
Almost every conceivable class of service has been
connected to the direct-current lines; installations having
a connected kilowatt capacity as high as 600 being at
present supplied.
It was feared in the beginning that fires might be
started by introducing the higher voltage on old wiring.
Experience has shown, however, that fires which can be
traced to the introduction of this voltage into buildings
are extremely rare, and that where such has been the
case a fire would probably have resulted had any other
system been installed. The reason for this is probably
due to the fact that a slight ground or short-circuit is
immediately developed and the fuses blown on the high-
voltage system, smouldering or slow burning grounds
being unknown. The neutral of the entire system is
well grounded in the station.
General Pl.\n of Futike Distribl'tion
The consolidation of the Citizens' Electric Lighting
& Power Company, the Imperial Electric Light, Heat &
Power Company, and the Missouri-Edison Electric Com-
pany into the Union Electric Light & Power Company
gives the latter company three separate and distinct dis-
tribution systems, at present supplied from the Missouri-
Edison stations and the Imperial station. These distri-
bution systems will be rearranged so that the new Ashley
214 The St. Louis
Street plant of the Union Company may supply current
to them through substations advantageously. In the un-
derground district the three-wire secondary alternating-
current mains of the Missouri-Edison Company parallel
the three-wire direct-current mains of the Imperial Com-
pany. The cross section of copper installed in these
mains within the underground district is more than suf-
ficient to supply the district at 125-250 volts direct cur-
rent. The feeders used by the Imperial Company for its
direct-current system are admirably adapted for rear-
rangement, to be supplied from additional substations
and from two of the old generating stations which are to
be converted into substations. The 500-volt motors now
being supplied from the 500-volt power distribution sys-
tem of the Missouri-Edison Company and from the
three-wire system of the Imperial Company will be
changed to 250 volts as rapidly as seems expedient.
Motors which are not changed over will be supplied from
the Missouri-Edison two-wire 500-volt mains, which will
be left intact. The operation of the present steam gen-
erating equipment in stations A and B of the Missouri-
Edison Company will be discontinued, and Station A
will be converted into a substation to be supplied with
current from the new Ashley Street plant. The gener-
ating equipment in the Imperial station will probably be
changed over to a lower voltage and held in reserve and
to assist at the peak. Three additional substations, two
located down-town close to Broadway and one about one-
half mile west of the present underground district, will
be built and will be supplied with current from the new
Ashley Street plant. The two new down-town substa-
tions will be equipped with motor generators, and will
transform current from the Ashley Street plant into 250-
volt current for the low tension direct-current system.
The substation to be located at Station A will contain
rotary transforming apparatus for the low tension direct
current and frequency changers to supply current to the
present alternating-current underground distribution sys-
tem until it is changed over, and to such overhead lines
as can conveniently be brought into this station. The
Electrical Ha n d b o o k 21 ^
new substation located west of the underground district
will at first contain only alternating-current transforming
apparatus and will be used as a distribution station for
current supplied to the sections of the city outside of the
underground district. The direct-current low tension
distribution system will be practically confined to the
present underground district, and the present 1,150-volt
alternating-current distribution system overhead will be
changed to 2.300 volts. Conduits are already laid and
cables installed for the transmission lines from the new
Ashley Street plant to all of the substations above men-
tioned.
In addition to the substations of the Union Company,
the new Ashley Street plant will also supply current to
street railway substations of the St. Louis Transit Com-
pany, located at Delmar and De Baliviere avenues and
Seventeenth and Locust streets, which are already con-
structed and in partial operation.
Direct-Current Series Arc Street Lighting
In addition to the other sy.stems which are now in
operation in the joint subway, there is a constant current,
series, direct-current arc system supplying street lights.
In this system single-conductor No. 8 rubber and lead-
covered calile is used, except in those cases where circuits
are carried from the station through the underground
district to supply lamps outside of the underground dis-
trict, in which case twelve-conductor rubber and lead-
covered cable is used. This cable is led to a terminal
l)ole and thence t(j a lerniiiial head and bo.^ from which
the wires are led to lightning arresters and circuits
placed on cross-arms. Each underground circuit consists
of from 105 to 108 lamps, each taking 4S0 watts at the arc
at 6.8 amperes. In the underground district connections
arc made to the lamps from manholes to iron arc-lamp
poles erected at the corners of the streets by means of
laying an iron pii>e between the manhole and the hollow
base of the jjok-. I'wo single-cimductor cables are drawn
through tliis pipe and terminate in hard rubber bushings
about iX in. above the ground. Connection between the
2l6
The S f . L o u is
lead-covered cable and a flexible duplex cable leading up
tbrough the pole is made in this hard rubljer 1)ushing,
which is filled with paraffine. This flexible duplex cable
is led up through the pole to a point about lO ft. from the
ground, where it leaves the pole through a rain-drip cast-
City Street Lamp :in'l Iron I'dK
ing and wood bushing and is carried up to the lamp.
The lamp is supported on a flexible galvanized iron rope
leading over pulleys in the mast-arm and the pole to a
windlass in the base. Short-circuiting switches located
in the base of the poles were tried at first, but were aban-
doned on account of insulation trouble, lamp, changing
being effected at present by placing jumpers across the
wires just below the lamp. The lamps are insulated from
Electrical Handbook 2iy
the ground by a special insulated hanger, which is located
between a short cross-arm and a hook on the end of the
rope. This cross-arm holds the wires while the lamp is
being changed. When this system was first put in opera-
tion great trouble was experienced from static potential
on the lines, especially on the underground circuits. Va-
rious schemes were tried to eliminate this static poten-
tial. The method finally adopted, and which is entirely
successful, was as follows : Each lamp was equipped
with two small carbon blocks separated by a thin piece of
perforated mica held in position by two clips insulated
from each other and connected to the terminals of the
lamp. At the station end of the circuits a rotating switch
driven by a small motor was installed, which alternately
connects each side of the circuit to the ungrounded pole
of a Leyden jar condenser. Static potential from the
circuit is used to charge this condenser, and the rotating
switch, after charging the condenser, short-circuits it be-
fore connecting the next circuit. It has been found that
by discharging each circuit through the condenser two of
three times a minute, all static potential can be removed
from the lines. The function of the carbon blocks in-
stalled in the lamps is to transmit the static potential that
accumulates in a particular lamp, or series of lamps,
through the various lamps and back to the static arrester
installed in the station. It was feared, when this scheme
for eliminating static potential was first adopted, that the
carbon blocks would short-circuit the lamps. This has
been the case in rare instances, but in general it has been
found that the carbon blocks do not require attention
before the lamp requires changing for general overhaul-
ing.
While the arc circuits are not in use in daylight hours,
each circuit is connected to a 235-volt direct-current
lighting circuit through test lamps in such a manner that
open circuits, grounds, and live crosses can be imme-
diately detected by the switchboard operator. This sys-
tem of continuous test has been of great value in giving
immediate notice of trouble, so that the remedy could be
applied before the schedule time for starting the lights.
2i8 The St. Louis
The Construction of Subways
Prior to iSg8, practically all wires in St. Louis were
carried on poles. In i8y8 all wires in a district about
seven-eighths of a mile wide and one and three-fourths
miles long, in the central portion of the city, were placed
underground, in accordance with an ordinance known as
the Keyes bill, which was passed in 1896. This ordi-
nance directed that wires of companies supplying current
for electric light or power should be on one side of the
street, and designated this the high-tension subway. The
opposite side was reserved for conduits of companies
using wire for the transmission of messages; subways of
these companies were called low-tension subways. The
ordinance required companies using wires classed as
high tension to place their conduits in the same trench
and to occupy the same manholes. This created a joint
subway, which contains quite a variety of distributing
systems.
The construction of high-tension subways in St. Louis
has been about equally divided between vitrified clay,
multi-duct conduit of the ]\IcRoy type, laid with three
inches of concrete surrounding the conduit, and cement-
lined, iron pipe conduit furnished by the National Con-
duit and Cable Company, laid with i in. of concrete
between ducts and 3 in. of concrete on each side of a
conduit section.
The joint high-tension subway was constructed en-
tirely of the latter type of conduit. All conduits have
been laid to drain to manholes, and the manholes, when-
ever possible, have been connected to sewers.
The manholes of the joint high-tension subway are
constructed of hard red brick laid on a concrete founda-
tion, with walls 13 in. thick. The tops of the manholes
are arched brick supported by I-beams which carry the
cover frame. These manholes are ventilated by a grat-
ing cast in the cover. In some of the individual systems
it has been found necessary to ventilate manholes by
drilling i-in. holes through the covers.
In the individual conduit laid by the Citizens' Electric
Electrical Handbook 21^
Lighting and Power Company and the Union Electric
Light and Power Company, AIcRoy multi-duct section
has been used throughout, laid with 3 in. of concrete
surrounding the conduit. The manholes are constructed
of vitrified brick laid on a foundation of concrete, with
walls 13 in. thick. Where manholes are less than 5 ft.
square, the walls are racked at the top and the cast-iron
cover frame forms the roof of the manhole. Where
manholes are larger than 5 ft. square, concrete tops sup-
ported by I-beams carrying the cover frames have been
adopted. Round cast-steel covers 30 in. in diameter have
been used on this work throughout.
In the manholes of the joint high-tension subway
ca.st-iron cable racks are bolted to the walls at conven-
ient places. In the individual manholes of the Citizens'
and Union companies i-in. iron pipes have been laid in
the vitrified brick walls, in which cast-iron pins are in-
serted carrying wooden spools on which to rack the
cables.
Protection from Manhole Fires: Cables are pro-
tected from manhole fires by being wrapped with 3-16
Sisal rope, the turns of rope being about 14, in. apart.
The cable wrapping is then covered with Portland ce-
ment mortar, mixed one part cement to one part sand.
It has been found that this covering resists any ordinary
manhole fire, and as long as the cable is not moved it is
practically indestructible. Where it is necessary to move
the cable a part of the cement covering cracks ofif. This,
however, can be replaced at very small expense.
C()X.ST1<LC'TI()N OF SeKVIC K CoNNECTIOXS
Underground : Except for about 42,000 feet of Edi-
son tubing, the underground mains consist of three-
conductor, lead-covered cables. The service connections
from Edison tubing are taken off in the usual way. The
Edison tubing, however, is laid in only a few of the most
important streets, and is at present useil entirely in con-
nection with the underground three-wire secondary al-
ternating-current distribution system. The joint subway
was constructed with large manholes at street intersec-
220 The St. Louis
tions in which there was ample room for transformers
and junction boxes of the various companies. Between
manholes at street and alley intersections, at intervals of
from 30 ft. to 75 ft., 3 by 3 service connection boxes
or handholes w-ere constructed to include the first, or
possibly the second, row of ducts in the conduit. Main
cables are drawn through ducts entering these service
boxes or handholes and service connections are made by
laying a 3-in. pipe between the service box and the cus-
tomer's basement. Through this iron pipe a lead-cov-
ered cable is drawn and is joined to the main service
cable by means of a cast-iron box filled with an insulating
compound. As a large proportion of the service connec-
tion pipes or laterals were installed W'hen the subway was
constructed, this method of taking ofif service connections
from the distribution system had the advantage of avoid-
ing, to a large extent, tearing up the streets and alleys,
and has the further advantage that if trouble occurs on
the service connection cable or on the main cable, it is
not necessary to take up the street to repair the damage,
as the cable can be drawn out and a new one drawn in
between the service box and the customer's premises or
between the service box and the manhole.
The cast-iron service connection boxes referred to
above are constructed \vith three or more outlets, two
outlets always being used for the main cable, which
passes straight through the box. The box is turtle-
shaped and divided through the middle, the joint being
ground, and the box being provided with bolts and lugs
for holding it together after being placed in position
around the cables. A brass plug is provided on one side,
through which an insulating compound is inserted. A
tight joint between the lead sheath of the cable and the
box is obtained by wrapping friction tape around the
cable to the required thickness.
The service connection cable terminates in the cus-
tomer's basement at a fusible knife switch, which is
usually located on the meter board. The- customer's
wiring is brought to this switch, the meter loop being
installed by the customer.
Electrical Ha )i d b o u k 321
Ovcrlicad : Overhead construction in St. Louis is
fairly well standardized, eight-pin lo-ft. cross-arms being
used almost exclusively. The standard cross-arms of the
Union Electric Light and Power Company are made 10 ft.
over all. bored for VA-m. pins. Pole pins are 40 in.
centre to centre, and balance of pins 12 in. on centres.
Galvanized braces and bolts are used throughout.
In the portions of the city where overhead wires are
still permitted, the city authorities have endeavored, as
far as possible, to reserve one side of the street for poles
of electric light and power companies, the other side for
telephone and telegraph companies. This rule, however,
has not been adhered to in all cases. Tt is generally cus-
tomary in St. Louis for the electric light and power com-
panies and the telephone companies to exchange space
on their poles, in most cases charging a nominal rental
of 60 cents per annum per cross-arm attached.
The telephone companies gain their poles 18 in. centre
to centre. This brings the cross-arms so close together
that it has been necessary to adopt some other method
beisdes that of buck-arming, or taking the wires directly
from pins where service connections are taken from over-
head lines. A cross-arm from which a service connec-
tion is to be taken is supplied with two or three-point
spreaders, as the case may require, which carry the
service wires across the arm to the extreme end. from
which point good clearance can be obtained. The ab-
sence of buck-arming, or wires leading from pins, greatly
improves the appearance of line work, in addition to
making the poles safer for the men to climb.
Recent High-Tcnsion Overhead Construction: Six-
thousand-six-hundred-volt, 3-phase, 25-cycle power trans-
mission lines having a cross section of 211,000 cir. mils
have l)een constructed for the transmission of power
generated in the new Ashley Street plant of the Union
Electric Light and Power Company.
Four overhead circuits, each about four miles long,
were constructed for the purpose of supplying current to
the Delmar substation of the St. Louis Transit Company
222
The S f . L o n i s
and to the World's Fair. Jhese circuits are extensions
of underground circuits, each about three miles long,
and begin at Garrison and Franklin avenue and end at
De Baliviere and De Giverville avenues. For about one-
half of the distance they are constructed on three sepa-
erminal Poles— (iarrison and Franklin .Avenues
rate pole lines running through more or less crooked
alleys, which made it necessary to adopt a peculiar type
of construction in order to hold the corners and to pre-
vent the entire run giving way in case a corner pole
should fail. The spans on these lines are -exceedingly
long for this class of work, varying from no to 150 ft.
The lines were constructed on telephone poles, telephone
Electrical Handbook
--J
wires having been lowered down to provide space in the
top gains for the transmission lines. Triangular con-
struction was adopted wherever it was possible to obtain
the necessary clearance for wires.
The wires are strung on standard yellow pine cross-
arms, with pin holes so arranged as to provide ample
space for a man to climb the poles without coming in
contact with the lines — the pole pins being 45 in. on
centres. Standard iJ/S-in. locust pins and triple petticoat
glass insulators are used, except at corner and terminal
poles, where iVS-in. drop-forged pins with glass insu-
lators are used. Where the angle made by a corner is
more than 135 degrees, double arms with iron pins and
glass insulators are used. On each side of the corner
pole, terminal pole construction was adopted, so that in
the event the corner pole should fail the wares would
simply slack off between the corner pole and the first
pole on each side.
Terminal pole construction consists of double cross-
arms mortised to receive four-pin oak buck-arms each
55 in. long with pins u and 22 in. on centres. The oak
arms are also mortised to fit the yellow pine double
arms, and are further held securely in place by a 5^-in.
galvanized bolt through each arm. Drop-forged iron
pins and triple petticoat glass insulators are used, to
which the occo wire is attached by means of No. 4 B. & S.
solid ties soldered to the 0000 wire. The terminal pole is
held in position against the strain of the wires by ^-in.
galvanized stranded guys attached to eye-bolts passing
through the double cross-arms; the guys either being led
back to an anchored guy-stub, or to other poles in the
run. If the terminal pole is at the end of an underground
line, the underground cable is led up the side of the pole
to a point about 12 ft. above the ground through a 3V2-in.
pipe. Above this i)oint it is cleated to the side of the
pole and terminates in an end-bell under a wooden hood
above the double cross-arms on which the overhead
transmission line terminates. The wires from the end-
bell to the transmission line are led out through the open
bottom of the hood, over the end bell, the opening being
22/^
The St. Louis
sufficiently large to provide proper clearance. Above
this hood are erected the lightning arresters, line connec-
tion to which is taken off about 6 or 8 ft. out in the span
and ahead of the reactance coil which is inserted between
this connection and the cable terminals, 'i'he reactance
Corner Construction — Lake and Mcl'herson .\venues
coil is made by twisting the coco conductor fifteen times
around a split wood bushing ij/ in. in diameter, which is
placed over the line just ahead of where it is attached to
the pins on the oak buck-arms. The general construc-
tion is well shown in the illustration, though the pole
from which the photograph was taken is not complete,
no platforms having been provided for the men to work
on. Platforms are provided so that there is plenty of
E I c c t r i c a I H a n d b u u k
-\')
room for a man to work on one circuit on one side of the
pole with the other circuit in operation, without heing in
any danger of coming in contact with live wires. Each
terminal pole provides space for two circuits. When a
line consists of more than two circuits, additional ter-
minal poles have to be provided for each pair of circuits.
Where a right-angle corner is turned, as shown in
the illustration, a type of construction has been adopted
^msr-
Tfrminal 1
which effectually keeps the lines in position, at the same
time relieving the insulators of undue strain, and pre-
venting the line coming down in the event of an insu-
lator or pin breaking. The small extension arms shown
in the illustration are sections of oak arms 22^2 in. long
bored for two VA-m. drop-forged iron pins 12. in. on
centres and furnished with wrought-iron device securely
bolted to the oak. Before being bolted to the oak this
device is passed through an eye-Ixilt which extends
through the double arm. .After the wire is in i)osition
and has been drawn uji tu grade. No. 4 solid copper ties
are soldered to the conductor around each glass insu-
lator, after which the nut on the eye-bolt is screwed up
so as to relieve the strain between the insulators on the
226 The St. Louis
double cross-arms and the insulators on the oak exten-
sion arm.
The corner poles shown in the illustration are 50-ft.
poles with 7-in. top, set 8 ft. in the ground, and with
gains 18 in. centre to centre.
The lines on which the above described construction
has been adopted were built during the past year and
have withstood a number of verj- severe storms and have
not yet caused any trouble nor required any repairs.
All guys used on this class of work are double insu-
lated with mica strain insulators insulating the guys in
such a manner as to protect linemen working on either
pole to which the guy is attached.
The Electric Plant of the Laclede
Power Company of St. Louis
THIS cnnipany started its inisincss in 1890,
supph-ing- pnwor to small consumers located
in the central part of the city. It adopted
the 500-volt, direct-current system of distri-
bution, and operated twenty-four hours per day. It
supplied power only, until Maj', 1900, when it com-
pleted a new and modern power house and began
serving light as well as power. To accomplish this
result, chloride-accumulators were installed in a sidi-
station in the centre of its business district, making
a neutral wire with a pressure midway between the
pressures of the conductors of the two-wire 500-volt
power system. A third wire was used as a neutral
on the overhead pole lines, and the lead sheath of
the duplex cables was used as a neutral in the under-
ground district. This gave a direct-current three-
wire system, and the pressure was changed slightly,
so as tf) give 240 vnlts on each side of the lighting
circuit and 480 volts between the outside wires of the
power circuit. This sj'Stem has proved entirely sat-
isfactory for all kinds of service.
The equipment at the power station, which is lo-
cated on the river adjacent ti> tiie business district,
consists of direct-current, 500-vnlt, ci )mpound-\vound,
railway generators, direct connected to cross-com-
pound Corliss engines, carrying [75 lb. steam pres-
sure.
Increased service is being provided for by vertical
Curtis turbo-alternators, 3-phase, 60-cycle, 2,300-
volt, to operate at the same steam pressure with 200
degrees of superheat and 27-in. vaciuim. The circu-
lating water will be taken from the Mississippi river
228 The St. Louis
with submerged discharge and circulated l)y means
i)f centrifugal pumps driven l)y compound recipro-
cating engines, which with the other auxiliaries, will
exhaust into open feed water heaters. The feed
water will then pass through economizers and be
raised to a temperature of about 300 degrees fahr.
Tlie 60 cycle, 2.300 volts will be carried to syn-
chronous converters located in sub-stations, and be
supplied to the three-wire network.
The company is owned exclusively in St. Louis
and has an authorized capitalization of $2,000,000,
a part of which has not yet, however, been paid in.
It is in the unique position financially of having no
lionded or other debt. Its stockholders, therefore,
own the property subject to no encumbrance what-
ever. This condition is almost without parallel in
the hist(»ry of large central-station e(|uipnients.
The Eleclric Tlaiit of the Laclede
Gas Light Company
THE electric plant of The Laclede Gas Light
Company is located at Mound street and
Levee. It was built and began operation in
May, 1890. l-"rom this plant, light and power
for commercial iiurposes are furnished to the dif-
ferent i)arts of the city, the lighting being conlined
cliietly to the northern half of the city. The light-
ing circuits are all alternating current, the primary
distribution being at 2,200 volts with the secondary
at 100 volts and 220 volts. The power circuits are
all direct current, the distribution being at 550 volts.
The power house equipment has a total capacity
of 2.400 kilowatts. The boilers are of the water-
tube type, with fuel economizers and forced draft.
Illinois slack coal is used for fuel. The engines are
all compound and are operated condensing. Water
for the surface condensers is pumped from the Mis-
sissippi river.
The switchboard is of marble, eiiuiitped with oil-
break switches and the necessary complement of in-
struments. The distribution is both overlu ad and
underground. Then' are in the o\erluad district
approximately lOO miles of pole lines, and in the
underground district 200,000 ft. of duct.
229
THE TELEPHONE IN ST. LOUIS
The Telephone in St. Louis
11" is a fact of considerable interest that one of the
first telephone exchanges in the United States went
into commercial service in St. Louis on May i, 1878.
Yet, in spite of this early start, local development
has not kept pace with that of other smaller cities, par-
ticularly some of those of the Far West, for at the pres-
ent time the total number of subscribers of the two com-
panies is somewhat below the normal for a city of the size
of St. Louis. A marked improvement has, however,
manifested itself rtceutly. especially in the last two years,
while the mmiber of subscribers per hundred of popula-
tion has increased 230 per cent, since January, 1901. A
study of the subjoined table shows clearly the present
healthy rate of growth and indicates that in the near
future the city will take its proper rank in the telephone
f^eld:
Date
January, 1898
l-'ebruary, 1899
January, 1900
1 90 1
1902
1903
1904
July, 1904
Popula-
tion*
542,000
556,000
569,000
583,000
597,000
612,000
626,000
636,000
Subscribers
liell
4.639
6.155
7.655
10,329
13.931
20,000
Kinloch
Subscribers per
hundred of
popuIation^
I'ell Kinloch
4,000
5.433
5.999
7.355
8.483
10.000
14,000
1.06
1.28
1.69
2.22
3-14
0.72
0.96
'.03
1-^3
1-39
1.60
2.20
*The figures for the population are liased upon a curve prepared
by Mr^ Roljert Moore. I'ast- President of the American Society of
Civil linRineers, for a paper on "The Vital Statistics of St, Louis."
A review of the local situation may perhaps be made
to best advantage by separate consideration of the two
com])anies, the Bell Telephone Company of .Missouri and
the Kinloch Telephone Company, beginning with the for-
uur. since it was first in the field.
^?,^
The "Bell Telephone Company of
Missouri
T]1E pioneer wurk of this company presents many
features of interest, and is typical of the evohi-
tion that has transformed the telephone in a
single gcneraticju from a scientific toy to an in-
strument of enormous industrial importance.
The original exchange, which was located at 417 Olive
street, had, at the time of its opening, four subscribers.
A magneto system was employed, and receiver and trans-
mitter were practically identical, the Blake transmitter
not having been invented at that time. Somewhat later
the Law system of horizontal multiple switchboard with
local battery was adopted, and the system was extended
l)y the addition of branch exchanges. In May, 1884,
".Main" exchange was located at 417 Olive street, "Lef-
fingwell" on Leffingwell (Twenty-eighth street), between
Washington avenue and Locust street, "Cass" on Twejfth
street and Cass avenue, "Rutger" on Third and Rutger
streets, and "East" in East St. Louis, in what was then
called Flanagan's Hotel. In July of the same year an-
other exchange was opened in Carondelet, the southern
part of the city. All of these exchanges were equipped
with the Law system, except Leffingwell, where a mag-
neto system was still retained; the distribution, as a
whole, foreshadowed that now in use. During the win-
ter of 1885-6 the cupola of the Main exchange was de-
stroyed by fire, whereupon a new Main was installed at
I*"ourth and Pine streets, with a capacity of i.Soo sub-
scribers. The board was enlarged from time to time
until about 4/)00 lines were connected, when all of the
br.'inch exchanges were ab.'indoned. all traffic being
li.'Miilled ;it Main. In i8(;_^, however, the jirowth of the
-'35
'?(5
T Ji c St. Louis
Electrical Hand h a o k
^37
system required the addition of branch offices, and others
have since been added as necessity has demanded.
The original Law boards were quite small according
to modern standards, having been only large enough to
accommodate four operators, three for local work and
one for incoming calls. The board was so arranged that
all local subscribers" lines terminated near its centre, the
rest of the board being provided with a series of brass
strips spaced about one-quarter inch apart, and provided
witli nunu-rous iioles, wliicli were used partly for local
and partlj' for incoming and outgoing trunk connections.
A subscriber desiring a local connection had first to push
a button which connected his set to a call circuit con-
stantly held by the operator, and then to call his own
number as well as that of the station wanted. The op-
erator, in turn, acknowledged the receipt of the call by
tapping caller's bell, ;ui(l, after rinf,'ing tlie bell nf sub-
scriber wanted, plugged both lines to one of the i)rass
strips. In case of a call for a non-local subscriber, the
operator would use a call button to the particular ex-
^?^
T Ji c St. Lou is
O
■^ -naCr-^s*^ :
s^>^- >
IPPI
Electrical H a n d h u o k 3^g
change in which the called line terminated, after which
the method outlined above was followed.
After the abandonment of the branch offices, which,
of course, did away with trunking, the service was con-
siderably improved, and the system reached its greatest
perfection. It is hardly necessary to state, however, that
even at its best it could not compare in efficiency with the
present standard ; for example, trouble on a single call
line affected all subscribers using that wire, and leakage
from power circuits rendered the service very poor over
all lines near the leak. Another prolific cause of trouble
was the battery at the subscribers' stations.
Following the reintroduction of branch exchanges in
1893, Messrs. Durant, Shaw and Dean perfected and in-
stalled a trunking system called the Columbia trunk sys-
tem, or the Dean common battery system. This was
operated betw'een Main and the Lindell exchange, at that
•time located at 3456 Lindell avenue. The trunk lines,
connected in multiple at every fourth or fifth position on
the l)oar(l. were proxidcd with signal lamps at corre-
s])()n(ling intervals, which remained lighted while the
line was busy, so that all operators could see whether a
line was in use or not. An operator at ]\Iain receiving a
call for Lindell would connect to an unused trunk, there-
by lighting a lamp at Lindell on that line; Lindell oper-
ator. i)icking up the corresponding cord, would ask num-
ber and then plug to the proper jack, thereby putting out
the signal lamp. After the Main subscril^er called oflf,
.Main ojjcrator would strip the connection, thus putting
out all lamps at Main on this trunk and at the same time
again lighting the lamp at Lindell, whereupon Lindell
operator would strip connections, and again extinguish
the lani]). .Mxuit llii-- time alsn. a few subscribers were
provided with metallic circuits, winch were operated at
a toll board distinct from the main one.
During this jieriod of the growth of the system, the
subject of putting all wires underground in the business
district began to be seriously considered. After much
hampering legislation, a Subway Commission was ap-
jxiintcd by the .Mayor in Xovember. iSg3, to consider the
2^0
The St. L o II i .
Cable Head
Electrical Ha n d h o o k 241
matter thoroughly. An ordinance was finally adopted on
September 8, 1896, which regulated the construction and
operation of underground conduits in the city, and is
still in force. It provided, in brief, that no wires, tubes
or cables, conducting or transmitting electricitj', should
be placed above the surface of the street, alley or public
place in the district of the city bounded on the east by the
Mississippi River, on the west by the west line of Twenty-
second street, on the north by the north line of Wash
street, and on the south by the south line of Spruce
street, and its prolongation to the west line of Twenty-
second street, after December 31, 1898. It further pro-
vided that poles might be placed in the alleys for pur-
poses of distribution, provided that plans had been ap-
proved and permits had been issued by the Board of
Public Improvements. The construction of the conduits
of the Bell company was started on April 19, 1897, and
four months later, on August 17, cables were drawn
through the ducts. At the present time the conduit sys-
tem is much more extensive, as trunk line conduits have
been built to all of the branch exchanges, even those sit-
uated far out in the residence, or overhead, district.
Twelfth street divides the underground territory into
east and west districts. In the latter, terminal poles
carrying the runs are located at tiie entrances of alleys
intersecting the streets. The cables on leaving the man-
holes are led through 3-in. iron pipes to the terminal
poles and terminate in a cable head. The various cir-
cuits are then di.stributed to the subscribers by short
overhead lines. East of Twelfth street, in the purely
business district, the underground construction has been
rigidly adhered to. From the street manhole, distribut-
ing ducts are run through the alleys, each being provided
with a manhole at its centre and one at the end where the
cable is dead-ended. The cable head is located in the
manhole in the centre of the alley, and along the duct, at
intervals determined by tiie requirements, junction sec-
tions are inserted, from which the single pair lead-cov-
ered cables are led through 3-in. iron pipe into the base-
ment of the building in which the subscriber is located.
2/^2
The St. Louis
In office buildings containing a large number of sub-
scribers an entire cable enters the basement and termi-
nates in a cable head. The distribution tile used in these
short lateral runs is of the Johnston type. It is made in
2-ft. lengths, and consists of two through ducts for single
pair cables, one enclosed cable duct, and a shallow chan-
nel above the latter, which is provided for the purpose of
admitting a device for drawing in the single pairs. The
L'nderground Constructn m
junction sections are like the distributing tile, but have in
addition a 3-in. side opening for lateral connections.
All the main runs consist in general of sM-i"- hollow
l)rick tile 18 in. long, of octagonal exterior, made of
sewer pipe clay, glazed inside and out, made by Evens
and Howard of St. Louis. This pipe was laid 5^
in. between centres, the intervening space being filled
in with cement mortar ; successive rows being sep-
arated vertically by a half-inch layer. The abutting
joints, broken horizontally and vertically, were encased
in cement mortar consisting of one part of cement and
two parts of sand. The mandril used for aligning the
Electrical H a ii d b o o k
-^43
joints and keeping the ducts clear consisted of a cylin-
drical piece of wood three feet long, provided with a
washer at its inner end and a hook at its outer end. The
best American Portland cement was used. The concrete
foundations for the conduits varied in depth from 4 to
6 inches, according to the number of laj'ers of duct. The
sides and top of the conduit were covered with irom
3 to 4 inches of concrete mixed in the proportion of one
part of cement, three of sand and six of broken stone.
I'Llectric Caljle-Draw ine .\iitomol)ile
Only a short length of multiple duct was laid at the time
of the original construction, and none has been built
since. The ducts in the short length in use consist of
four rectangular compartments, 3^ in. wide by 4 in.
deep, with i-in. walls. It is made in 2- ft. lengths and is
intended only for places where multiples of four were
used, since the roof of one layer is formed by the bottom
of the one above ; a close fit is insured by a tongue-and-
groove joint. The top is closed by an arched sheet of
No. 22 mild steel, bent to lap over the sides. The stand-
ard manhole is 5 ft. cube with (;-in. brick walls, concrete
bottoms, a 6-in. clay tile sewer with a ■)4 S iron trap, anci
244
The St. L u n is
a grated cover when necessary. The roof is of concrete
lO in. thick, u itli an opening for a 24-in. hy 30-in. self-
locking cast steel cover, either of tlie solid or ventilated
pattern, and provided with dirt pans beneath. The larg-
est manhole is the main vault under the street on the west
side of the Telephone Building, where the Main exchange
is located. It is 24 ft. by i^v, ft. by 8 ft., with 17-in. brick
Electrical Handbook 24^
walls, a i-in. air space being left on the inside course to
render the manhole moisture proof. The roof consists
of 17 in. of concrete, supported by 12-in. steel I beams.
The original contrivance used for drawing the large
lead-covered cables through the ducts consisted of a
small 31/2-h.p. steam engine mounted on a low wagon and
connected to a capstan. \\'ith this arrangement a speed
of 25 ft. of cable per minute was easily attained, but it has
recently been abandoned in favor of an electric automo-
bile carrying an electrically-driven capstan.
In the meantime, while these improvements were
being made in the distributing system, the exchanges
themselves were undergoing a transformation. The
"Sidney" exchange, at Eleventh and Sidney streets, was
opened for service on May 15, 1897. Tt was the first
modern common battery board in St. Louis. In Janu-
ary, i(S9(S, the new Main exchange, in the Telephone
Building at Tenth and Olive streets, was put into opera-
tion. It had a common batterj-, multiple switchboard,
and was the second one of the kind to be installed in this
country. It was the largest board manufactured at that
time, with a capacity of 5,600 multiple jacks. This office
has since been equipped with an incoming trunk board of
9.600 lines capacity, and a complete new power and sto-
rage battery plant, 'i'he power plant has a total capacity
of 36 kw., and the storage battery consists of two sets of
Chloride Accumulators, of 22 volts each, and with a dis-
charge rate of 400 amperes for eight hours. With the
additional equipment ordered, this exchange will be one
of the largest outside of New York City.
The present system of the P»ell Telephone Company of
Missouri consists of eight exchanges, viz. : "Main," at
Tenth and Olive streets ; "Beaumont," at Twenty-seventh
and Locust streets; "Lindell," at 3844 Olive street; "For-
est," at 5144 Delmar avenue; "Grand," at 1625 South
Grand avenue ; "Sidney," at Eleventh and Sidney streets ;
"South," at 6817 Minnesota avenue, and " lyler," at Elev-
enth and Chambers streets. There is also an exchange
at 105 Collinsville avenue. East St. Louis. 111., which is
called "East" or "Bridge." In general, all exchanges are
246
The St. Louis
equipped with common battery relay type of switch-
boards; the later exchanges, such as Beaumont, Grand
and Forest, have a capacity of 9,600 lines each, and are
t}'pical examples of the best modern telephonic engineer-
ing. The underground conduit system occupies forty
Electric Cable-Drawing Automobile
miles of streets and alleys, and contains about 27,000
miles of wire ; this is arranged in cables varying in size
from I to 480 pair. There are also 200 miles of pole line,
carrying approximately 20,000 miles of wire, of which
about 75 per cent, is aerial cable. The toll line system
consists of about 3,000 miles of line wire.
The Kinloch Telephone Company
Ox Dcceniher 5, i8g6, just three months after the
adoption of the city ordinance regulating the
construction and operation of underground
conduits, the Kinloch Telephone Company was
organized, and has almost from its inception enjoyed the
distinction of being the largest '"independent" telephone
system in the country.
After its incorporation the company lost but little time
in iiutting its plans into execution. The construction of
Main Exchange— "A" iJivision
the underground system was begun on March 7, 1897,
some time ahead of any of the other wire-using com-
panies. The conduit was finished in four months, and
by April of the following year the underground work was
complete. Simultaneously, about 12,000 poles were set in
the outlying districts, and cables and wires were strung
for the overhead lines. ihis construction was rcniark-
247
248
T h c St. Lo It
able for the exceptionally straight poles and the perfect
alignment.
In the underground district there are three principal
lines of conduit running north and south on Seventh,
Ninth and Eleventh streets. West of Eleventh street the
alleys take the runs east and west. East of Seventh
street, in the business district, the conduits are on alter-
nate streets running east and west, distributing from
cable heads on poles in the alleys or from terminal heads
located in the basements of office buildings.
Rear \'iew of Svvitchljoard — Delniar .Station
The company used a multiple-duct vitrified clay con-
duit manufactured by John T. McRoy of Chicago. This
tile was laid in two, three, four and six-duct sections, the
last two sizes preponderating. The duct is in 6-ft.
lengths and is of hard burned shale with an exterior and
interior salt glazing, the cross-section being rectangular
with rounded corners. Joints between adjacent sections
were made with steel dowel pins 14 in. in diameter and
6 in. long, the dowel hole running through the entire
length of the duct to permit of joints between pieces cut
from the standard size. The joints were covered with
Electrical Handbook
249
wet burlap and plastered with a coating of cement mor-
tar.
The manholes were built in three sizes — y,/^ by y/2
ft., 4 by 4 ft., and 5 by 5 ft., with head room of 6 ft. and
i2-m. concrete floors. The smallest size has a corbeling
top, supporting a cast iron frame and circular cover 36 in.
in diameter. The larger manholes have i8-in. walls half
way up and 13-in. walls the rest of the way. The roof is
of concrete supported on 6-in. by 2-in. I beams.
The main exchange is located on the tenth floor of
the Century Building, a fire-proof office building on the
Delmar Exchange
northwest corner oi Tenth and Olive streets. All under-
ground cables enter the building through a vault in the
northeast corner of the basement, and pass to the oper-
ating room above througli a shaft i_'0 ft. long and 8 ft.
by 10 ft. in cross-section.
The original board consists of a four-division mul-
tiple switchboard having an ultimate capacity of 20,000
lines. It was built by the Kellogg Company of Chicago.
and is the only one of its kind in operation. The orig-
inal system contemplated the construction of the main
exchange only, the intention l)eing to do away with all
250
The St. Lou is
Di-tiiluitniL' Room— Delmar Exchange
ower Room— Deiniar lixchange
Electrical Handbook 2^1
branch offices and the incidental trunking. The system
has since been changed, however, and at present there are
three branch offices scattered about the city and the im-
mediate vicinity. It is claimed that the main board
handles at the present time a greater daily number of
connections than any other exchange of equal size in
the United States, and that the storage battery used in
connection with it has the largest capacity of any used
for telephone purposes in the world.
The three exchanges at present in operation in addi-
tion to the Main exchange are : "Delmar," at Delmar and
Newstead avenues, with a capacity of 7,200 lines and a
22-volt common battery switchboard ; "Victor," at Ann
and Indiana avenues, with a capacity of 7,200 and a
44-volt common battery switchboard ; "St. Clair," at
I-"itih and Missouri avenues. East St. Louis, 111., with a
capacity of 5,000 lines and a _i4-\olt common battery
switchboard.
The outside equipment consists of 21,000 miles of wire
and cable, partly of aerial and partly of underground
construction. There are 3C0 miles of pole line and 228
duct miles of conduit. The cables very in size from i to
400 pair.
ISOLATED
ELECTRICAL PLANTS
W^ashington University
TIIE new grounds and buildings of Washington
University, situated within the boundaries of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, constitute one of
the finest university phmts in the United States,
and furnish an admirable example of what may be done
by careful and consistent designing. Of the eleven build-
ings now completed, seven had been erected before the
University Ha
constructional work of the Fair had been started, and
were to have been occupied by the University in the fall
of 1902 ; but early in that year, because of nuitually ad-
vantageous reasons, the University leased the property to
the Exposition Company for the period of the Fair, re-
maining in the meantime in temporary quarters. Since
that time ff)ur more buildings have been completed.
Tiu' University was founded nn I'ebruary jj, 185^^. at
j>56 The St. L o 11 i s
thf instance of Waynian Crow, Esq., a Slate Senator,
under the name of the EHot Seminary, in honor of the
Rev. WiUiam G. EHot, of St. Louis, but its name was
afterwards changed to the Washington Institute, and
later to the Washington University, in deference to the
wishes of Dr. EHot.
The charter granted by the State Legishiture is per-
petual and is of a most broad and liberal order, no lim-
itations being imposed except that there shall be no in-
Library
struction of a partisan or sectarian nature. At the pres-
ent time, the University includes the following depart-
ments : the Undergraduate Department, consisting of the
College and the School of Engineering and Architecture;
the Henry Shaw School of Botany, maintained in con-
nection with the Missouri Botanical Garden ; the St.
Louis Law School ; the Medical Department ; the Mis-
souri Dental College, and the St. Louis School of Fine
Arts. The University also controls three preparatory
schools, the Smith Academy and the Manual Training
School for boys, and the ^lary Institute for girls.
The University is a private corporation, receiving no
Electrical Ha n d b o o k
O/
Slate aid, except that its property is exempt from taxa-
tion. Its grounds and buildings and endowment fund
are wholly derived •from the <k)nations of public-spirited
citizens.
The new grounds on the World's Fair site cover an
area of no acres, and are approximately three-fourths of
a mile deep bj- one-fourth of a mile wide. The prevail-
ing style of architecture throughout the entire group is
Tudor-Gothic ; all the l)uildings are of fire-proof con-
'\a^^<%^.
imiitLisi nils, : nJTiii SH
Liggett Hall — Dormitory
struction, and are built of red Missouri granite with Bed-
ford linicstnne trimmings. They are all heated and
lighted from a central power plant, and are arranged in
quadrangles, only one of which, however, is complete at
the present time.
The power house, located at the foot of the hill on the
north side of the grounds and on a spur track of the
'Frisco-Rock Island Railroad, contains seven 66-in. by
i8-ft. fire tube boilers, which furnish steam for three
Ideal single-cylinder, non-condensing engines, each direct
connected to a go-kw., two-phase alternator. The alter-
nators are of the Genera! Flectric. form D, compensated
■:)^
The St. L o II i s
field type, and supply 6o-cyck' current at 600 volts per
phase. 'JMie power house is connected with the four
buildings of the first quadrangle (University, Busch,
Library, and Cupples Hall No. i), and with Eads Hall,
Cupples Hall No. 2 and the Cupples Engineering Labo-
ratory, by an underground tunnel, 7 ft. wide l)y 7 ft. high
at the centre, and about 1,900 ft. long. In this tunnel are
carried the power and lighting circuits and the steam
pipes for heating. Provision has been made for future
Interior of Power House
extension of this tunnel to other outlying buildings, but
at present steam is carried to the two dormitories bj^ a
pipe laid in a brick duct, the power and lighting current
being transmitted by overhead lines. The gymnasium,
at the extreme western end of the grounds, has an inde-
pendent heating system.
All of the buildings are heated and ventilated by the
low-pressure indirect system, using the exhaust steam
from the engines, and, if necessary, live steam taken
through a reducing valve. The warm air is forced
through the buildings by Sturtevant fans, driven by Gen-
eral Electric two-phase induction motors. 1"hc motors
are of the squirrel-cage type with autotransformer start-
Electrical H a n d b o o h 2f^Q
ing compensators, and vary in size from 5 h.p. to 15 h.p.,
taking current directly from the line. Air is forced into
all recftation and lecture rooms at the rate of 2,000 cu. ft.
per hour per person. Temperature regulation is eflfected
by the Johnson system of thermostats.
All of the buildings are electrically lighted, a bank of
two General Electric, type H, oil-cooled transformers
being installed in the basement of each one of them. The
banks vary in size from 5 k\v. in the engine room to 50
k\v. in I'niversity Hall (Administration Building). Both
power and lighting circuits are wired on the three-wire,
two-phase system. This was due to the fact that an out-
side connection to a three-wire, single-phase system from
a neighboring county power house was provided for
lighting the dormitories at night and during the summer
months when the University plant might be shut down.
No troul)lc from unbalanced phase regulation has been
encountered, the plant having been running to its full
capacity since the opening of the Fair, with frequent over-
loads of 50 per cent. The overload is due to the fact that
the Exposition authorities have temporarily added two
arc-light transformers, each of 62 kw. capacity, for illu-
minating the grounds.
Tnunediately after the close of the Fair the buildings
will be occupied by the Undergraduate Department (the
College and the School of Engineering and Architec-
ture). The plans adopted s'ome time ago contemplate an
extensive equipment for instruction in the various
l)ranches of engineering, all of which will be of the most
modern description. '
The Aiiheuser-Busch Brewety
TllM brewing of malt liquors is one of the
chief industries of St. L(nHS. The plant of
the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association,
the largest brewery in the world, is located
here. This fine property has been for many years
one of the most interesting sights of the city. The
main office of the works is at Ninth and Pestalozzi
streets, and may be reached by the south-bound
Broadw^aj' (Fifth street) and the Cass avenue trol-
ley car. The plant covers 125 acres, extending east-
ward to the river front, and is completely ecjuipped
for the manufacture of all auxiliaries necessary for
marketing its product; for example, kegs, barrels,
boxes, and bottles.
From an engineering standpoint the plant pre-
sents many features of interest. It has its own
power house, refrigerating plant, water-works, and
mechanical filter plant, — all these are on a scale
that compare with municipal installations in many
large towns. There is also a complete system
of switching tracks connecting the various build-
ings, aggregating six miles of track, operated by
five steam locomotives. An idea of the magnitude
of the works may perhaps be obtained from the fol-
lowing data:
Number of employees, 5,000; daily capacity of
brew-house, 6,000 barrels; bottling works, 800,000
bottles; inalt-h-oiise, 9,000 bushels; storage elevators,
1,250,000 bushels; stock-house, 450,000 barrels; the
steam power plant has a rated capacity of 7,750 h. p.;
electric light plant. 4,000 h. p., and the ice and
refrigerating plant has a daily capacity of 3.300
tons. The total output for the year 1903 was 1,201,-
762 barrels.
260
Electrical Handbook 261
The boiler houses, of which there are seven in all,
contain a total of 10,125 boiler horse power, distrib-
uted as follows:
Boiler-house No. i. 11 boilers. 450 h.p. each. 4-950 h.p.
Boiler-house No. 2, 5 boilers, one of 650 h.p.
one of 500 h.p.
three of 400 h.p.
2.350 h.p.
Boiler-house No. 3. 5 boilers. 300 h.p. each. 1,500 h.p.
Boiler-house No. 4, 2 boilers, 200 h.p. each, 400 h.p.
Boiler-house No. 5, 3 boilers, 200 h.p. each, 600 h.p.
Boiler-house No. 6, 2 boilers, 125 h.p. each, 250 h.p.
Boiler-house No. 7, 1 boiler, 75 liP- 75 hp-
10,125 h.p.
Five of the boilers of No. i, and all of those of
No. 2, are equipped with Hawley down-draft grates,
all of the other boilers having plain grates. Boiler-
houses Nos. I, 2 and 3 have brick stacks 275 feet, 2C0
feet, and 200 feet high, respectively, while those of
Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 are smaller, varying from 60 to 80
feet in height.
The refrigerating plant supplies a large amount
of ice for the local market as well as all ice and
refrigeration required in the cold-storage vaults of
the brewery itself. The refrigerating machines, all
of the De la Vergne type, are located in two plants.
No. I and No. 2. No. i contains seven machines,
ranging in capacit\- from "^ to 500 tons, while No.
2 has one machine of 470 tons capacity.
The electric light and power plant contains two
500-kw., 220-volt, direct-current generators, each
direct connected to cSoo h.p.. compound condensing
engines. At the jjresent time there are being in-
stalled two 200-kw.. 220-voit, direct-current gen-
erators, each direct connected to a 300 h.]). De Laval
steam turbine.
The water-works, located near the river front,
contain tliree W'orthington triplex electric pumps.
262 The St. Louis
each of j.ooo.ooo gallims capacity; and a centrifu-
gal pump is now in course of erection. The water
is partially clarified in two steel settling tanks,
each 75 ft. in diameter and 20 ft. high, and is stoied
in a settling reservoir of 1,000,000 gallons capacity.
There is also a mechanical filter plant consisting
()f twelve 14-ft. filters.
At Main and Dorcas streets is located the bottle-
glass factory of tlie A. Busch Glass Manufactur-
ing Company, which contains the largest tank-
furnace in tile world: it is a 20-ring regenerative
furnace, with a capacity of 50 tons in 24 hours. At
Belleville. 111., 15 miles from St. Louis, is the bottle
factory proper; this is ecjuipped with three continu-
ous tank-furnaces of 2>2 rings. The capacity is 82
tons in 24 hours, or the equivalent of 164.000 bottles.
The plant, as a whole, is a model self-contained
unit, and is well worth visiting.
77?^ New Carleton IV holes ale Build-
ing
THE modern fire-proof building designed for con-
ducting the business of a wholesale dry goods
company in the most efficient and economical
manner has passed through various stages of
development, until it has become closely associated with
electrical engineering, since all the operations required
for ventilating and lighting the building and handling
the goods are accomplished by means of electric power.
The building recently erected in St. Louis at the north-
east corner of Twelfth street and Washington avenue
for the Carleton Dry Goods Company is a good example
of the latest practice in this class of building. The en-
gines driving the dynamos and the boiler-feed pumps are
the only steam-driven units in the plant. All other
machinery and appliances are operated by electric motors.
The building itself comprises ten stories, a basement
extending under the entire building, and a sub-basement
occupying about one-fourth of the area. The total floor
space is 217.500 sq. ft., or about 5 acres. Space was con-
sidered of sufficient value to warrant placing all machin-
ery in the sub-basement. The building is of fireproof
construction throughout with steel framework enclosed
in concrete fire-proofing, and all floors are made of solid
concrete with corrugated iron bars for reinforcement.
The building is faced with brick, with tile trimmings,
ilu- first flof)r is 17 ft. high and the other floors and
basement are each approximately 12 ft. high.
The mechanical and electrical e(|uipment of the build-
ing consists of a boiler and heating plant, dynamos and
engines, a storage battery, and the electric elevator
plant.
'ihe boiler jjlant consists of three 165 h.p. safety
264 T li c St. L u is
\vater-tul)e boilers. Ilic furnaces are of the smokeless
down-draft type, as recjuired by the city ordinances.
This type of furnace is somewhat more efficient than the
common furnace, and when properly handled and not
forced is smokeless. The boilers are designed and tested
for 225 lb. pressure and are operated at 130 lb. gauge
pressure.
The system of high-pressure pipe work connecting
these boilers with the engines is all supplied with e.xtra-
heavy valves and fittings put together with copper gas-
kets, secureh' supjiorted to the walls and ceiling of the
room.
The building is heated throughout all the upper stories
bj' means of radiators connected to a one-pipe down-feed
system.
The basement and first floor are heated and ventilated
by the hot-blast system, providing heat in winter and
ventilation in summer. There is an air-shaft extending
from the top of the building to the sub-basement located
at one side of the stairway. In the sub-basement this
air-duct runs beneath the basement floor into the room
provided for the heating and ventilating system. There
is also a by-pass on the first floor by which air can be
taken from the first fl(5or during extremely cold weather
and returned to the fan, thus avoiding the necessity of
heating air at zero temperature. The air passes over
coils of one-inch pipe through which exhaust-steam is
circulated and is then draw-n through a large fan driven
by a 15 h.p electric motor and then forced through a
system of ducts laid beneath the basement floor to dif-
ferent risers distributed around the building, through
which it is carried up to registers located in the first
story. During the summer this fan is run without any
steam in the heating coils, and furnishes pure air for
ventilating purposes.
In connection with this heating and ventilating plant
there is provided an air-washing system which cleanse.s
and purifies all of the air before it passes through the
fan and enters the heating system. This air-washing
apparatus consists of a system of small spray-heads
Electrical H a ii d b o o k 26 j
located within a spray-chaml)er wliich provides a shower
of finely divided water through which all the air passes
This water collects in a pan at the bottom and is drawn
off by a pump which forces it again through the spray-
heads, the same water being used over and over again
until it is so dirty that it needs to be replaced. After the
air passes through the spray-chamber it passes over a
system of baffle-plates, consisting of galvanized-iron slats
l)laced like the slats of a window-shutter, one behind the
other, so that the air in passing through them comes in
contact with the surface of the slats; these slats take up
all the water, leaving the air perfectly dry.
The dynamos and engines consist of three loo-kw.
units. The engine-cylinders are compounded and the
dynamos are direct connected. The cables connecting
the switchboard with the dynamos are lead covered and
placed in tile ducts concealed beneath the engine-room
floor.
The switchboard is of marble approximately 15 ft.
long and 7 ft. high. There are 8 panels on the board.
The first three are dynamo panels, one for each unit.
The fourth panel contains all the switches for the differ-
ent lighting circuits throughout the building; one switch
and its corresponding feeder carrying the lights upon two
floors. The next three panels contain the instruments,
switches, etc.. necessary with the battery and booster ap-
paratus. The last panel contains the switches and cir-
cuit-breakers for the 10 elevators in this building.
'i"he storage-battery is located in a room by itself ju.--t
north of the engine-room. This room has a vitrified-tile
floor. I'here is an opening in the wall, connecting with
the space around the smoke-stack, which provides for
ventilation so that the acid fumes which are given off
when the battery is charged — especially when it is over-
charged — make their escajjc witlmut jiassing through the
engine-room. The liattery consists of one hundred and
forty _'00 ami)ere cells and has a capacity of 46 kw. on one
hour's discharge. In connection with this battery there
is a duplicate motor-driven booster set, consisting of two
motors each driving a specially-wound generator. These
266 T h c S t . Li) II I s
boosters are used either for charging the Ijattery or for
controlling the load on the engines when the elevators
are in operation.
The batter.v is so connected by means of the regulat-
ing booster that it takes the fluctuations of load produced
by the elevators so that the variation on the engine is
less than 50 li.p., and one engine will therefore carry the
entire elevator load throughout the day. In addition,
this engine will furnish the lights required during the
day. and also furnish power for about 30 h.p. of motors
driving heating and ventilating fans, cash-carrier system,
pumps, etc. This leads to decided economy in the use of
coal in the plant. The storage-battery also serves an
important function in providing for light at night, mak-
ing it unnecessary to operate the plant after business
hours. The building was not piped at all for gas, entire
dependence being placed upon the storage-battery.
The electric-elevator plant consists of three high-
speed passenger elevators, operating at a speed of 400 ft.
per minute, and five large freight elevators carrying
3.C00 lbs. at a speed of 275 ft. per minute. In addition
there are two one-story lifts operating from the basement
to the first storj- only. Each carries a load of 4.000 lbs.
at a speed of 100 ft. per minute.
The building is lighted throughout by standard en-
closed arc-lamps, provided with porcelain shade reflect-
ors. The arc-lamps are hung on pendent fi.xtures. and
near each lamp is a push-button switch, suspended from
the ceiling, by which it may be controlled. The lamps
are also connected so that they can be controlled two on
a circuit from a central panel or switchboard nenr the
elevator shaft.
The wiring of the liuilding is in iron conduit through-
out except the feeders which run open in the elevator
shaft. All circuit connections, terminals, etc., are located
on a fireproof marble tablet and the entire tablet enclosed
by a fireproof cabinet with door provided with lock and
ke^^
ELECTRICAL
MANUFACTURING PLANTS
The Wagner Electric Manufactur-
ing Company
IN the line of electrical nianufacturing, the largest
individual enterprise in St. Louis is the plant of
the Wagner Electric Manufacturing Company,,
located at 2013-21 Locust street. This company
began its mercantile career in i8gi in a $10,000 cor-
poration for the manufacture of alternating-current
desk fan-motors. The founders of the company con-
templated a very small enterprise only, but by rapid
stages the business expanded to its present condition
of being one of the recognized leading electrical
interests of the United States.
The products of the Wagner company are at
present practically con fined to four specialties —
single-phase alternating-current power motors; static
transformers; switchboard instruments, and direct
ctirrent motors and generators.
From an engineering point of view the most in-
teresting product of the company' is its single-phase
alternating-current power motor. European engi-
neers will be especially interested in this motor, as its
wide adoption in American practice is a distinct de-
parture from the prevailing European practice. It
is unusual on the Continent to install single-phase
motors where ])olyphase current supplj- is available.
In the United States exactly the ojiposite practice
holds; single-phase motors are frequently installed'
on polyphase systems, in fact, to-day all of the best
po]y])hase stations of .America are large tisers of
single-phase motors, the jjrevailing sizes varying
from 0.5 h.p. to 40 h.p.
The Wagner company's form of motor is built
under the patents of Professor ]•",. Arnold, as com-
269
270
The St. Lou i s
billed with a mimln-r of important subsidiary patents.
The method of construction and operation is as
follows:
Mechanically the motor con>ists of a stationary
primary, or inducing member, with a revolving sec-
ondary. The primary member for standard constant-
speed motors, is wound with so-called "pancake"
coils, the wire being threaded through partially-
closed slots. The secondary corresponds to tlie
Fig. I
well-known direct-current armature, except that a
vertical rather than a horizontal commutator is used.
The rotor also carries mounted closely upon the
shaft a centrifugal governor mechanism by means
of which the commutator may be completely short-
circuited through a series of small links when the
speed of rotation is such as to throw this governor
into action. The same centrifugal operation also
serves either to entirely remove the carbon brushes
from the commutator, or to remove the tension from
the brushes. In electrical performance, two sets of
Electrical Handbook 2/i
C^ -
2^2
The St. L II is
working connections arc utilized, one for starting
and the other for running. In tlie starting condi-
tion the secondary member is short circuited through
the carbon brushes, these brushes being shifted to
such angular displacement as to start the motor on
the repulsion principle. Under these starting condi-
tions, the motor quickly attains synchronous speed,
at which point the centrifugal governor comes into
action, short circuiting the commutator, and remov-
ing the brushes. In this condition the rotor cor-
K
—
if "
V"',
Phmx
.„
1
i)
1
"
*'•
"J.
1 ;
i
^
- , , |*^;^n
^
i.
-r^
't— -lii--
/
^
^
^
.^^
9
/
1 /
f
'
)^
?
//
/^
1
^
">
/
/
,
/
» 1
%
1
1 2
se
W*-.
Qy
""
_
F.g. 3
responds substantially to the rotor of a polyphase
motor.
The external appearance of the Wagner motor
is illustrated in Fig. i; the internal construction in
Fig. 2; running characteristics for a lO-h.p. motor
in Fig. 3, and starting characteristics in Fig. 4.
In explanation of Fig. 4 it maj' be stated that the
Wagner form of motor is capable of being started
either In' the direct application of supply voltage to
the motor terminals, or by the introduction of a non-
inductive starting rheostat in the stator circuit.
The torciue and current characteristics for the former
Electrical H a )i d b o o k
27S
starting condition are shown by the dotted lines in
Fig. 4, while the corresponding characteristics for
the latter condition are shown in the solid lines on
the diagram. It is the practice of the majority of
American central stations to apply motors of S h.p.
or less capacity without a starting rheostat, while
for larger motors the rheostat is used.
The factors contributing to the successful intro-
duction of the single-phase motor are the simplicity
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Starting Tests m'idelon VVacn^r
H. P. Single' Phase aI C.IWIot'or b
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of line construction, and aliility tn serve power con-
sumers from lighting circuits through a single step-
down transformer and a single integrating wattmeter.
Under llu- cunlrid df individual feeder regulators,
serxice regulatinu is nnt seriimsh' imi)aired by giving
single-phase motur service frnm llie lighting system;
and nut only in outlying. l)ut in cnuccntratcd dis-
tricts, the American central stations are finding the
single-phase motor a profitable means for the devel-
opment of day load.
The transformers manufactured by the W'agncr
2j/^ The St. Louis
Companj- arc of the single-phase U'pe. The shell
form of construction is employed throughout all
sizes.
In the remaining lines of manufacture, the prod-
ucts of the Wagner Company correspond to the
usual standard forms f)f construction, the distinguish-
ing characteristics being in details largely.
The Wagner Electric Manufacturing Company's
general offices are located at the works of the com-
pany. A comprehensive display of the products of
the company may be seen in Electricity Building, on
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Grounds.
The Emerson Electric Manufactur-
ing Company
MaXIFACTLKEKS of AlTERXATIXG AXl) DlRErT-ClRKEXT
Motors of Small Sizes
THIS company was organized in 1890 by Judge
J. W. Emerson, A. W. !Meston, and C. R.
Meston. The company brought out in 1891
the first successful alternating-current fan-
motor designed for use on high-frequency circuits.
This was a brush and commutator magnetic motor.
Many of them are still in successful operation on this
kind of current.
About 1895 the use of 60-cycle current l)ecame
quite general and the company took up the manufac-
ture of induction motors to operate at this low fre-
quencj-. In 1897 they also designed the first direct-
connected slow-speed alternating-current ceiling fan-
motor. This motor at once became the standard,
and has remained the standard ceiling fan-motor for
the alternating current up to the present time.
The success of this motor has changed the lay-
ing out of central station fan circuits. Before the
introduction of this fan it was considered necessary
to run separate ceiling fan circuits from a direct-
current machine, and handle these fan circuits as
power circuits; now the practice is to run all fans,
both desk and ceiling, from the lighting circuits, and
thus render double wiring unnecessary. Many sta-
tions have discontinued their high-pressure direct-
current fan circuits entirely on this account.
This companj^ manufactures a varied line of
single-phase alternating-current power motors of tlie
induction type, from the smallest size (about 1-50
2j6 The St. Lou is
h. p.) up to and including Yz h. p. They also manu-
facture single-phase alternating-current motors with
brushes and Cdmmutator from i h. p. to 2.5 h, p.
During the past two years they have commenced
manufacturing direct-current motors of practically
the same sizes as the alternating current. This com-
pany makes about 400 dififerent kinds of motors
under i h. p. in size.
In 1903 this company built a new factor\- front-
ing 108 ft. on Washington avenue, 150 ft. on Tvventy-
tirst street and 108 ft. on St. Charles street. This is
a heavy, slow-combustion building, with si.K stories
and basement. The basement contains the heavy
work, such as punching, and also a heavy stock of
castings. The first floor is the general office, sample
room, and shipping department. The second floor
is the drafting room and machine shop. The third
floor has the time-keeping and production office and
stock room. The fourth floor is the assembling
room. At the present time the fifth and sixth floors
are rented out on a short lease.
The light and power for the entire building is
supplied by a power plant located at one end of the
basement. The plant contains two 50-kw., 500-volt
generators, driven bj- high-speed four-ported en-
closed engines. The lighting is on the three-wire
system at 225-450 volts, the balance being provided
by a lo-kw. balancer set. This balancer also fur-
nislies current at 250 volts for testing small motors.
All machinery used throughout the entire factory,
as well as the elevators, are operated by electric
motors.
The Moloney Electric Company
THE Moluney I-llectric Company was organized
in Jnly, 1898. fi»r the manufacture of alter-
nating-current transformers. It occupied at
the outset one small room of about 1.200
sq. ft. of floor space; later on the growth of the busi-
ness necessitated removal to a new three-storj^ brick
building at Seventh and Hickory streets, containing
T'^l^
35.000 s<i. ft. of tloor space. This building is ligiit
and airy, and the shops are provided with a modern
etpiipment for the economical manufacture of its
product. The machine tools are electrically driven,
current being supplied from the street mains, and
the building is electrically lighted throughout.
The standard Moloney transformer is of the
277
278
T he St. L t) u is
Cdrc type, and is made to meet all ciininiercial rc-
(|uirenu-nts as tu ca])acit3' and N'oltage, though a
large portion of the output consists of special types
to meet particular conditions. The new plant has
been specially designed for the manufacture nf high-
voltage transformers.
The core consists of high-grade sheet steel, cut
into rectangular strips: these are assembled so that
joints are broken in alternate layers. The secondary
is wound next to the core and is insulated from it
so as to withstand a break-down test of 3,000 volts.
In the smaller transformers the winding is composed
of round wire, while in the mediimi and large sizes,
square or rectangular copper strip is used. In sizes
of over 2.5-kw. capacity, the winding is equally di-
vided between the two legs of the core. A low cur-
rent density is used, thus insuring small copper loss
and close regulation.
The primary winding is placed outside the sec-
ondary coils, the insulation between the two consist-
ing of a cylindrical shield of mica and varnished
cloth. For high-voltage transformers, working at
6.600 volts or higher, a grounded metal shield is
E 1 c c t r i col H a n d h o o k
279
placed between the ])rimar3' and secondary for the
protection of the latter in ease of the development of
a fault in the insulation. Standard transformers de-
signed for 2,300 primary volts are subjected to a shop
break-down test of 12,000 v(dts between primary and
secondary windings; this potential is proportionally
increased for higher working voltages.
The primary coils are wound over the instilating
shield which separates them from the secondary and
the insulation between layers extends three-fourths
of an inch beyond the last turn of each layer. The
])rimary coil is subdivided in transformers of large
size So as to limit the electromotive force between
layers.
After assembling, all transformers arc tested for
iron and copper losses and regulation, and the pri-
mary coils of 2,000-volt transformers are tested by
the application of a pressure of 6,000 volts for five
minutes.
The Columbia Incaiidescent Lamp
Company
THE manufacture of incandescent lamps in Amer-
ica has assumed tremendous proportions since
the beginning of incandescent Hghting 25 years
ago. It is estimated at the present time that
there are used annually in this country about 40,000,000
incandescent lamps. It has never been possible to deter-
mine the exact number, but the figures do not seem to be
very far away from those given.
When incandescent lamps were first introduced the
selling price was from $1.00 to $1.25 each. At present
the process of manufacture has been developed to such an
extent that the cost is reduced to from 16 to 18 cents
each.
The old forms of commercial incandescent lamps were
not markedly different from those in use now, although
in the past 10 or 15 years there have been a number of
developments along particular lines, giving a peculiar
appearance to some of the lamps. Some lamps were
manufactured with a flat instead of a spherical bottom
at the end opposite the base. Others were exhausted at
the neck of the lamp instead of at the bottom of the bulb.
Other lamps were made flat on one side, — all of these
peculiarly shaped lamps have given way to the pear-
shaped bulb now generally used.
The incandescent lamps as made in America include
in addition to the 16 and 2>- c-p. lamps which burn on
circuits of no and 220 volts, battery lamps which are
operated from an ordinary primary battery, and lamps
which run as low as i or 2 c-p. These are made in va-
rious shapes, including spherical bulbs, pear-shaped bulbs
and decorative bulbs of the various sorts. The realm of
incandescent lamps is further increased by various forms
Electrical Ha n d h o o k 281
wliich are made for use in medical and surgical work.
The sizes vary from a small bulb having a diameter of,
say, one-eighth of an inch to lamps as high as 150 c-p.
The larger sizes, however, are rarely used, though they
maj- be obtained from some sources. Some of the de-
signs of the decorative lamps are very prettj' and add
materially to the illuminating effect where decoration is
desired.
There are also added to the styles of lamps those hav-
ing frosted bulbs and reflector lamps, the latter being a
relatixely recent innfi\atii)n. I lusr latter very fre-
quently have the lower half of the lamp bulb frosted,
while over the upper half fits closely a prismatic glass
reflector, or an aluminum cap with a tinned or silvered
surface which increases the illuminating power of the
lamp. It is claimed that an ordinary 16 c-p. lamp burn-
ing at no volts will increase its illuminating power prac-
tically to double its ordinary light.
In the manufacture of incandescent lamps the greatest
care is necessary that all of the parts are carefully made
and carefully assembled. The glass composing the bulb
must lie of the best quality for the work. The filaments,
282 T he St. Lou i s
which most manutacturers make for themselves, receive
very careful attention, and in the process of sealing-in
the filaments and exhausting the lamps a high degree of
workmanslii]) is re(|uired. In America the lamps must
not only give 16 c-p., but they must as well maintain
their initial candle-power for periods running from 600
to 8co hours. The demand for good incandescent serv-
ice and the competition between the manufacturers is so
keen that this is ;in important feature.
In the manufacture of incandescent lamps the fila-
ment, which is the life of the lamp, receives a great deal
of attention. 'I'he majority of lamp manufacturers now
use cellulose filaments. These are drawn through glass
dies, carbonized, and flashed in a hydrocarbon-vapor, se-
curing a result that has given the best work. The differ-
ent manufacturers use filaments of various shapes. Very
frequently the length and the particular shape of the fila-
ment is used by the manufacturer as a selling-point for
his lamps. Some users of lamps affect to disregard the
shape of the filament so long as the photometric test
gives a 16 spherical candle-power. It has been found
that the lamp with a generous filament distributed in the
bulb in an advantageous way will give good lighting
service.
In the manufacture of the Columbia incandescent
lamps every precaution is taken to make a completely
successful product in every respect. The company was
organized in July. i88g, and incorporated in 1890, with
J. H. Rhotehamel, president ; W. H. Welch, vice-presi-
dent, and E. J. Keist, secretary and treasurer. The com-
pany began business at 515 Elm street, St. Louis, with an
output of about 50 lamps per day. The latter part of the
year of their incorporation the factory and offices were
moved to igi2 Olive street, where the manufacturing
capacity was douliled and the output increased to 100
lamps per day. For twelve years the company continued
at that address, turning out a splendid quality of incan-
descent lamp and making a special feature of careful in-
spection over every step of the manufacture of each lamp.
Towards the end of 1902 the company changed its
Electrical Han d h o o k sS^
location to its present quarters at 21 15-ji 17-2119 Locust
street, St. Louis, thus moving into a new and modern
factory building where everj- facility is afforded for the
making of a good lamp. The company has been fore-
most in all that is good and progressive in the making of
an incandescent lamp, and is now turning out so many
lamps that there is probably only one other manufac-
turer in America that exceeds it in annual output. The
policy of the company directs that the lamps must be per-
fect in every respect, that they shall stand up under hard
and long continued use, and that their quality must be
maintained. As a result of this policy, rigidly adhered to
through all the years of the manufacture, the business of
the companj- has e.xtended into every part of the United
States of America, into Canada and into Mexico, in ad-
dition to which a very consideral)le foreign trade has
been secured.
In 1891 Mr. W. O. Garrison was elected vice-presi-
dent of the company and Mr. A. C. Garrison secretary
and treasurer. In i8g8 the original president of the com-
pany died and Mr. \\'. O. Garrison was elected as his
successor.
The company has kept pace with the increasing and
varied demand for lamps by manufacturing almost every
conceivable shape and size, including not only a full line
in standard voltages and for high-voltage circuits, from
200 to 250 volts, but also special lamps for railroad car
lighting on low voltage, on storage-batteries, as well as
for the axle-lighting system. In the high-voltage lamps
export orders from England and Scotland h&ve grown to
immense- proportions. The manufacturing establishment
is thoroughly equipped and is complete in everj' detail.
The company has been notably active and successful
in the fifteen years of its existence. This success is due
chietly to the fidelity- of its officers and its employees, the
heads of the various departments being men of large
experience in their respective lines of work and having
remained with the company for long periods of time.
The United States Incandescent
L^anip Company
THE U. S. Incaxdescext Lamt Company, located
at 201-203 South Jefferson avenue, was organized
in 1898. Their principal business has been done
with the leading electrical supply houses through-
out the United States.
This company manufactures all standard-type lamps
from 45 to 260 volts, and with candle-power range from
2 to 150 candles. Daily capacity is 5,000 lamps. This
company has a working exhibit in the Palace of Electric-
ity at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it being the
first public exhibition of all processes emploj'ed in the
manufacture of incandescent lamps. These processes are
in general familiar to all electrical engineers, but partic-
ular interest will be centred in the method employed to
obtain a vacuum, known as the chemical process. The
company also exhibits a method of manufacturing cellu-
lose.
The cellulose is made from absorbent cotton and is
dissolved in a chloride of zinc solution to the consistency
of glucose, and is then squirted through a glass die and
falls into a vessel of alcohol. This vessel revolves at the
same rate of speed as that at which the cellulose is
squirted, this action being necessary to keep the cellulose
from being drav^^n. The cellulose is then dried, formed
as desired, and carbonized in the well-known manner.
It is then treated in a vacuum chamber into which gases
are admitted, giving the filament a carbon deposit of
great density, and making it of uniform cross-section ;
then it is mounted on a stem by a graphite cement which
holds it firmly to the platinum leading-in wires.
The stem is made of glass tubing flanged to fit the
neck of the bulb at one end and the copper leading-in
284
Electrical H a )i d b o o k
2S-
wires at the point at which the phitinum wires are
joined to the copper, are pressed into the glass, making
a perfect seal at the other end.
The glass bulb is first cleansed and then a glass tube
is attached to the bottom of the bulb, thus furnishing the
means for obtaining the vacuum, as well as for use by the
operators in handling the bulb while performing the op-
eration of removing the neck preparatory to sealing-in
the stem.
The stem to which the filament is attached is then
.Squirting Cellulose Filament
hermetically scaled in the bulb. This, like all other
glass-working operations, is performed by revolving the
glass so as to heat it uniformly in a gas glass-blower's
fire; this operation is usually done by mechanical means,
thus insuring uniform heating.
Then comes the most important process of all, the
obtaining of the vacuum in the bulb. The process em-
ployed is known as the "chemical." It consists first in
introducing into tlie glass tube, at the bottom of the bulb,
a chemical which at a low temperature volatalizes, produc-
ing a vajjor which tmites with gases generated or freed
'86
T li c St. Lou i s
from llie tilanK-m and graphite joints wiien tlic- filanu-nt
is snhmitted to intense incandescence during the time tlie
lamps are attached to the vacuum-pump. The gases so
formed appear in the bulb in the form of a blue haze
and when comliined with the vapor generated by heating
the chemical in the tube are condensed and deposited on
the inner surface of the bull). The tube is then "sealed-
off," leaving the small tip at the bottom of the lamp.
The lamp is tested to determine the vacuum. Each lamp
is then tested by a photometer to determine its exact
Chemical N'aciium ^l■occ^s
voltage and current consumption at the desired candle-
power.
The base for making contact is then attached by
means of a water-proof cement, and the leading-in wires
soldered thereto, thus completing the lamp. Each lamp
is inspected at each step in its manufacture, and all im-
perfect ones rejected.
Many of the processes above enumerated are patented
but employed by the best manufacturers under license.
The principal difference between all high-grade lamps
of a given rating consists solely in the variations in
voltage and current consumption.
TH
2S
S2
A5
THE LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Santa Barbara
1
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW.
Series 9482
UC SOUTHERN REG'C-;-:
A 000 570 621 3