LWRARY I 
 
 UNIVERr.lTY OF j 
 CALIFORNIA J 
 
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 ELECTEICITY 
 
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 W. E. STEAYENSON, M.D. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2008 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/electricityitsmaOOstearich 
 
ELECTRICITY 
 
 AND ITS MANNER OF WORKING IN THE 
 TREATMENT OF DISEASE 
 
 A THESIS 
 
 rOR THE 
 
 M.D. DEGREE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE 
 
 BY 
 
 W. E. STEAVENSON, M.D., M.E.C.P. 
 
 M.R.C.S.ENG., L.S.A. 
 
 HOLDER OF THE CAMBRIDGE CERTIFICATE IN SANITARY SCIENCE 
 
 NATURAL SCIENCE PRIZEMAN OF DOWNING COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 
 
 CASUALTY PHYSICIAN AND ELECTRICIAN TO ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL, LONDON; AND 
 
 PHYSICIAN TO THE ALEXANDRA HOSPITAL FOR CHILDREN; AND FOR WOMEN AND 
 
 CHILDREN TO THE ST GEORGE'S AND ST JAMES'S DISPENSARY 
 
 FORMERLY 
 
 HOUSE SURGEON AND HOUSE PHYSICIAN TO ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL; AND TO 
 
 THE HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN, GREAT ORMOND STREET 
 
 1884 
 
 TO WHICH IS APPENDED 
 AN INAUGURAL MEDICAL DISSERTATION ON 
 
 ELECTRICITY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 DEGBEE OF DOCTOE OF MEDICINE OF THE UNIVEESITY OF EDINBUEGH 
 
 WEITTEN IN LATIN BY 
 
 DE EOBEET STEAVENSON 
 
 1778 
 
 WITH A TRANSLATION BY THE 
 REV. FREDERICK ROBERT STEAVENSON, MA. 
 
 OF COLESBORNE, GLOUCESTERSHIRE 
 LATE CLASSICAL SCHOLAR OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGB 
 
 LONDON 
 J. & A. CHURCHILL 
 
 11, NEW BURLINGTON STREET 
 
 1884 
 
LOAN STACK 
 
 33-23 f^ 
 
AS THIS VOLUME 
 
 IS SOMEWHAT OP A FAMILY PRODUCTION 
 
 I HAVE DEDICATED IT 
 
 TO MY BROTHER 
 
 JOSEPH LEWIS STEAYENSON 
 
 OF 8HANT0CK HALL, BOVINGDON, HERTS. 
 
 CAPTAIN IsT BATTALION ROYAL IRISH FUSILIERS 
 
 (LATE 87th REGIMENT) 
 
 AND TO THE 
 
 EEV. ROBERT STEAYENSON 
 
 OF NEWTON HALL, STOCKSFIELD-ON-TYNE 
 GRANDSON OP THE LATE DR ROBERT STEAYENSON 
 
 W, K 8TEAVENS0N, 
 
 206 
 
ELECTEICITY 
 
 MANNER OF WORKING IN THE TREATMENT 
 OF DISEASE 
 
 I HAVE taken as a model for this thesis one 
 written more than a hundred years ago by an 
 ancestor for the M.D. degree of the University 
 of Edinburgh.* I have adopted the same title, 
 and will endeavour to show the advance made in 
 the application of electricity to medicine during 
 the past century. The thesis to which I refer 
 was one of the earliest dissertations upon medical 
 electricity written by an Englishman, and at the 
 time was a work of much repute. The whole 
 science of electricity in its application to medicine 
 has now changed. At the time when Dr Robert 
 Steavenson wrote only statical electricity was 
 
 * * Dissertatio Medica Inauguralis, de Electricitate et Opera- 
 tione eju« in Morbis Curandis.' Robertus Steavenson, A.M. 
 Britanniis ; Edinburgi, MDCCLXXViii. 
 
8 ELECTRICITY 
 
 known. Eight years later Galvani made his 
 wonderful discovery of the presence or production 
 of electric currents in the nerves of a frog,* and 
 five years later stillt made his discovery known. 
 This gave rise to the origin of galvanism. Forty 
 years J after this our great philosopher Faraday 
 discovered the secret of induction, which gave 
 rise to what is now called faradism. These two 
 forms of electricity are those which are now 
 most frequently employed in the treatment of 
 disease. 
 
 The little advance we have made in the applica- 
 tion of electricity to medicine is due to a variety 
 of causes, but chiefly to the expense and cumber- 
 someness of the necessary apparatus, the diflfi- 
 culties connected with its administration, and the 
 disrepute into which the science has fallen by 
 the use made of it by unscrupulous and ignorant 
 men. More quackery has gone on under the 
 names of electricity, odic force, animal magne- 
 tism, and similar phrases than perhaps in any 
 other department of medicine. The reason is 
 that electricity is a most powerful agent, and is 
 known to do good both by those who profess to 
 a knowledge of its action and by those who have 
 sought relief by its agency. The professors of 
 the art have generally been ignorant of its mode 
 • 1786. t 1791. I 1831. 
 
BLEOTEIOITY 9 
 
 of action and unable or unwilling to distinguish 
 the cases in which it should be used or the reverse, 
 and have exaggerated its marvellous and all- 
 heahng powers for their own pecuniary advantage. 
 Ignorance of the mode of action of electricity 
 would be excusable if acknowledged, for we are 
 still ignorant of the cause of many of the effects 
 it produces, but one of the characteristics of the 
 ignorant impostor is the glibness with which he 
 explains and attempts to demonstrate the mode of 
 action. 
 
 The former electrical treatment was of course 
 purely empirical, a mere matter of chance, and 
 intelligent medical and scientific men, appre- 
 ciating this, and knowing of no laws or prin- 
 ciples upon which the treatment could be applied, 
 ignored its use entirely; and the knowledge of 
 many of the wonderful effects derived by treat- 
 ment with electricity a hundred years ago has 
 now faded into oblivion and is unknown to the 
 practitioner of the present day. But the art 
 has been practised and preserved by quacks 
 with the result of much imposition on the public. 
 
 The latest accepted theory concerning the 
 nature of sound, heat, light, and electricity is 
 that they are all manifestations of motion — 
 vibrations of a subtle imponderable material, 
 called ether, which is supposed to pervade all 
 
10 ELECTRICITY 
 
 space and fill up the interstices left between the 
 constituent molecules of all matter. The mole- 
 cules of which all things are composed are of a 
 spheroidal form, and therefore, however small and 
 closely they may be packed, of necessity leave 
 interstices. 
 
 There is this difference in the production of 
 sound and that of heat, light, or electricity. The 
 vibration of elastic bodies only can produce the 
 sensation of sound, and these vibrations have to 
 be transmitted through some ponderaMe medium 
 such as air, gases, vapours, liquids, or solids. 
 The number of vibrations differs with the pitch. 
 The number of vibrations necessary for the pro- 
 duction of audible sound is much lower than the 
 number of vibrations of ether necessary to produce 
 heat, light, or electricity, and the range from the 
 deepest to the most acute sound is according to 
 Helmholtz from 30 to 38,000 vibrations per 
 second. The vibrations of elastic bodies pro- 
 ducing sound are transmitted to and produce a 
 vibratory motion in the ponderable molecules 
 composing matter, and these vibrations are com- 
 paratively slow. In the case of heat it is assumed 
 that the imponderable elastic ether, to which I 
 have before referred, is in a state of rapid 
 vibration, and that these vibrations, transmitted 
 to material objects, set their molecules into more 
 
ELEOTRTOTTY 1 1 
 
 rapid motion and thus increase their temperature. 
 When the motion of the particles of undulating 
 ether approaches a rapidity of several hundred of 
 millions of millions per second heat of various 
 intensity is produced ; when the number of undu- 
 lations increases up to about double the rate 
 which produces heat we have the various tints of 
 light which are capable of being appreciated by 
 the optic nerve. " The optic nerve is insensible 
 to a large number of vibrations. It can appre- 
 hend only those waves that form the visible 
 spectrum. If the rate of undulation be slower 
 than the red or faster than the violet, though 
 intense motion may pass through the humours of 
 the eye and fall upon the retina, yet we shall be 
 utterly unconscious of the fact, for the optic nerve 
 cannot take up and respond to the rate of vibra- 
 tions which exist beyond the visible spectrum in 
 both directions." (Granot.) 
 
 When lecturing before the Royal College of 
 Physicians in 1847 Dr Golding Bird alluded to 
 the possibility of electricity being dependent 
 upon ether assuming vibratory movements dif- 
 fering in amplitude and velocity from those pro- 
 ducing light, heat, and photographic effects. 
 Faraday upheld the molecular theory with regard 
 to electricity, that is, that it is due to certain 
 peculiar conditions of the molecules of bodies 
 
12 ELECTRICITY 
 
 that have been rubbed or heated or acted upon 
 by light; or of the ether which is believed to 
 almost surround these molecules. Since then 
 Prof. Clerk Maxwell has proposed the theory 
 that the phenomena of electric currents and 
 magnets are due to rotations, streams, or other 
 forms of movement in the particles of ether, 
 while light is due to vibrations of it to and fro. 
 In 1845 Faraday discovered that a ray of light 
 polarised in a certain plane can be rotated by 
 the action of a magnet so that the vibrations 
 are executed in a different plane. If iron 
 filings be magnetised they can be seen to rotate 
 and place themselves endways ; they then act as 
 a magnet until shaken up. ''There seems 
 indeed reason to think that magnets may be 
 merely made up of rotating portions of electri- 
 fied matter" (Prof. Silvanus Thompson). The 
 above theories of electricity and magnetism are 
 very different to the old notion of fluids. 
 
 Electricity, therefore, is not a substance, but an 
 induced condition of matter and a condition which 
 can be transferred from one body to another. 
 
 To say the least, the relations between sound, 
 heat, light, and electricity are so remarkable that 
 one can never be excited without calling into 
 existence one or all of the others. Heat produces 
 electrical currents and by galvanic action the 
 
ELECTRICITY 13 
 
 most intense degree of heat hitherto known has 
 been obtained. We are all at present conversant 
 with the luminous properties of electricity. One 
 of the most extraordinary relations between light 
 and electricity was discovered in 1875. The metal 
 selenium was found to change its electrical resist- 
 ance under the influence of light. When properly 
 prepared a sheet of selenium which offers a resist- 
 ance of 300 ohms in the dark when exposed to 
 the sunlight has a resistance of only 150 ohms. 
 The greater the light the greater the reduction of 
 resistance. This fact has led to the construction 
 of the pJwtojphone, by which sound is transmitted 
 to a distance by a beam of light. The sound of 
 the voice is made to throw into vibration a thin 
 mirror from which a beam of light is transmitted 
 to a receiver, at a distance, made of selenium 
 on which it falls with varying intensity, thus 
 affecting the selenium, which is connected in circuit 
 with a small battery and a Bell telephone in which 
 the sounds are reproduced by the vibrations of the 
 current. 
 
 It has been recently realised that all true solid 
 conductors of electricity must be opaque to light.* 
 
 But electricity will also produce sound. When 
 a strong electric current is passed through 
 
 * The above facts have been obtained from Prof. Silvanus 
 Thompson's work upon * Eleetricity and Magnetism/ 
 
14 ELECTRICITY 
 
 a rod of soft iron, a distinct sound is produced at 
 the closing and opening of the current. This 
 sound has been attributed to the vibratory motion 
 produced in the molecules of the iron by their 
 magnetisation and demagnetisation. 
 
 All physicians recognise the influence exerted 
 upon health and disease by heat, light, and 
 motion in the form of exercise, but very little 
 attention has been paid to the place which elec- 
 tricity occupies in regulating the action of the 
 vital processes. That it has a great influence upon 
 the maintenance of health and the production of 
 disease I shall try to prove by argument in a 
 subsequent part of my thesis, but I must first 
 apply myself to carrying out the task I have 
 undertaken, that is, to show briefly the advance 
 made in the application of electricity to medicine 
 during the last 100 years. We have now more 
 accurate means of measuring electricity and have 
 a more perfect knowledge of its action, but 
 although much has still to be learnt under this 
 head, we are altogether in a far better position 
 for employing its effects in the treatment of 
 disease. 
 
ELEOTRIOlTy 15 
 
 Concerning the Manner of its Application. 
 
 I have very little fresh information to add with 
 regard to the treatment by statical electricity. 
 The manner of its application is the same now as 
 was employed at the time Dr Steavenson wrote 
 his thesis and is therein fully described.* But 
 this mode of treatment was used for many years 
 after the introduction of galvanism and faradism 
 as the most preferable, and long lists of cases 
 were published in the ' Guy's Hospital Reports,' 
 by Addison,! Golding Bird, J and Sir Wm. Gull,§ 
 in which its use was followed by most satisfactory 
 results. But now it has fallen very much into 
 disuse, the constant and interrupted currents 
 having been found so greatly superior in the ease 
 with which they can be applied and also more 
 beneficial in the treatment or relief of diseases 
 dependent upon evident organic changes. But in 
 those diseases which are only functional, and in 
 certain abnormal conditions of the system {e.g. 
 hysteria, nerve-prostration), I think that possibly 
 statical electricity in the form of the positive 
 electric charge || will be found very useful. JSTow 
 
 * Op. cit., p. 5. 
 
 t ' Guy's Hosp. Reports,' 1837, No. 2. 
 
 + Ibid., 1841. § Ibid., 1852-53. 
 
 II This method, in the thesis of 1778, is called Insulation. 
 
16 ELEOTBIOiTt 
 
 that the electroscope will show clearly the electri- 
 cal condition of every patient, the indication for 
 such treatment becomes at once intelligible and 
 easy of application. 
 
 In the application of galvanism and faradism 
 the resistance offered by the skin to the penetra- 
 tion of the current has to be taken into considera- 
 tion. This resistance varies much in different 
 individuals and at different times in the same 
 individual, a warm moist skin conducting better 
 than a dry and cold one. The average resistance 
 offered by the skin has been stated to be equal to 
 about 2500 ohms or about 76 miles of copper wire 
 of one millimetre diameter. In the application of 
 electricity this resistance can be very much reduced 
 by well moistening the skin with warm water, and 
 better still with warm salt water ; saline solutions 
 conduct electricity much better than pure water. 
 Where the skin is thick, as on the hands and soles 
 of the feet, the resistance offered is much greater 
 than in other parts of the body. If we want 
 simply to influence the skin and do not want the 
 current to penetrate to the muscles or deeper 
 parts it is best to let the skin remain unmoistened. 
 The body when immersed in water, as in an elec- 
 tric bath, is a better conductor than the water 
 surrounding it, and a current of electricity sent 
 through the bath will penetrate and traverse the 
 
ELECTRICITY 17 
 
 human body, but if salt be added to the water, 
 the solution will then become the better conductor 
 and the current will traverse it and not enter the 
 body at all. 
 
 The weather also has a great effect upon the 
 resistance of the human body, possibly by its 
 effect on the condition of the skin. Lunatics, 
 whose skins are in some forms of mental disease 
 unnaturally harsh and dry, offer an extraordinary 
 amount of resistance to the passage of an electric 
 current. Very frequently patients say that the 
 degree of paralysis and the sensation in a paralysed 
 part are very much affected by changes in the 
 weather, as is also the resistance. In warm 
 weather or when a change takes place from cold 
 to warmer weather an improvement in the 
 paralysis is experienced ; and on the contrary 
 when a cold day supervenes on warmer weather 
 the paralysis is worse and the muscles feel stiff 
 and contracted. 
 
 When two electrodes are placed upon the body 
 and a current is passed of sufficient strength to 
 penetrate the skin, the current will pass from the 
 positive electrode to the negative one, but in its 
 passage it is diffused in the form of curves spread- 
 ing out until a point midway between the two 
 electrodes is reached, when it begins to converge 
 again towards the negative electrode. The 
 
 2 
 
18 ELECTRICITY 
 
 greatest intensity of the current traverses a direct 
 line between the two electrodes, but the farther 
 they are apart from one another the more the 
 current is weakened on account of its greater 
 diffusion. 
 
 To produce an effect upon an organ therefore 
 the more the current can be localised the greater 
 is the influence exerted. A weak and therefore 
 often painless current can be used if applied 
 locally, but if not so applied a much stronger 
 current would be required to produce the same 
 effect and one perhaps not able to be borne without 
 an anaesthetic. Many of the good results of elec- 
 tricity have been unattained and entirely dis- 
 believed in because the current has been passed 
 through the body in a haphazard way, often with 
 the patient only holding the handles of some kind 
 of electrical machine, which has produced most 
 uncomfortable sensations and sometimes pain, 
 with very little appreciable effect upon the organ 
 it was wished to influence and which possibly was 
 situated in some remote part of the body. 
 
 Different methods are employed in applying 
 galvanism and faradism according to the texture 
 it is wished to influence and also for the effect it 
 is desired to produce. 
 
 Duchenne, who almost exclusively used the in- 
 terrupted current, followed what is called " direct 
 
ELECTRICITY 19 
 
 faradisation; " that is, lie applied both electrodes 
 to the surface of the muscle he wished to influence. 
 If the electrodes were not large enough to cover 
 the whole surface of the muscle he applied them 
 successively to all parts of it. The ''indirect 
 method" which was proposed by Eemak and 
 carried out by Ziemssen, consists of placing one 
 electrode on an indifferent part of the body and 
 applying the other to the "motor point" of the 
 muscle it is wished to influence. 
 
 For diagnostic purposes, that is, for determining 
 the electro-contractility of a muscle, a combina- 
 tion of the two methods just mentioned is advisa- 
 ble, namely, placing one electrode on the " motor 
 point " and the other upon the muscle itself. 
 When it is wanted only to influence the skin one 
 moist electrode should be placed on an indifferent 
 part of the body and the other, a dry one, should 
 be applied lightly to the affected part, the skin 
 also remaining dry. 
 
 For general faradisation one electrode may 
 be placed on an indifferent part of the body, or 
 the feet placed on a metallic plate, and the whole 
 surface of the body sponged over with the other 
 electrode. 
 
 In the use of galvanism for treatment two 
 methods are followed; one the "stabile" when 
 both electrodes are kept perfectly stationary, the 
 
20 ELECTRICITY 
 
 current passing evenly between the two points ; 
 and the other the " mobile/' when usually the 
 negative electrode is moved over the limb or the 
 part it is wished to influence. In both methods 
 it is usual for one electrode to be placed on an in- 
 different part of the body. The most convenient 
 electrode for this purpose is an oval plate of pHable 
 metal such as tin with a layer of amadou to retain 
 the moisture, and all covered by a piece of wash- 
 leather or flannel with a waterproof back to pro- 
 tect the patient's clothes. 
 
 If the galvanic current be employed for stimu- 
 lating muscle to contract, as when for diagnostic 
 purposes it is required to ehcit the reaction of 
 degeneration or prove its absence, it must be 
 interrupted, for contractions only occur at the 
 moment of making or breaking the current. The 
 direction of the current is not of so much impor- 
 tance as the position of the poles. The greatest 
 chemical and thermal action taking place at 
 the negative pole and, in healthy muscle, the 
 strongest contraction also takes place at the point 
 of the application of the negative pole. 
 
 What is called " central galvanisation " consists 
 in applying the negative electrode in succession to 
 the nervous centres, the brain, spinal cord, and 
 sympathetic in the neck ; the other electrode being 
 placed on the epigastrium or some other remote 
 
ELECTRICITY 21 
 
 part of the body. This method of electrisation is 
 generally employed when it is sought to influence 
 the whole nervous system, as in states of great 
 nervous depression or exhaustion after long ill- 
 nesses, or in cases of nervous insomnia. 
 
 I have omitted to mention the many applications 
 of electricity to surgery as not coming within the 
 scope of a medical thesis. 
 
 Concerning its Manner of Working. 
 
 A hundred years ago, when only statical 
 electricity was known, it was suspected that it 
 exercised some influence upon the human body 
 other than that of a stimulant.* The electrolytic 
 power of electricityt had not been discovered, 
 although to it, possibly, was due many of the for- 
 merly considered marvellous phenomena. The 
 fact that the galvanic current decomposed chemi- 
 cal compounds enabled Davy, in 1807, to isolate 
 several additional elements, such as sodium and 
 potassium. Since then numerous properties have 
 been detected as belonging to electricity. Those 
 affecting the human body have been divided into 
 
 * ♦ De Electricitate/ 1778, p. 13. 
 
 t In 1789 it was first discovered that water could be decom- 
 posed by passing through it a series of discharges of statical 
 electricity. 
 
22 ELEOTBIOITY 
 
 mechanical, physical, chemical, and physiological. 
 The first three affect both organic and inorganic 
 matter, but not in the same way, the presence of 
 life modifies the action; but the physiological 
 effects of electricity are peculiar to living beings, 
 and are simply modifications of the ordinary vital 
 processes. Electricity may increase, diminish, 
 arrest, or otherwise modify their action ; it affects 
 secretion and excretion, absorption, reflex action, 
 and nutrition. 
 
 The physiological action of the induced current 
 is almost nil. The duration of the transit of the 
 current is not sufficient to produce any of the 
 characteristic effects of the passage of a current 
 of electricity, and the currents are alternately in 
 a reverse direction. They only produce a mo- 
 mentary contraction of muscular tissue as is pro- 
 duced at every make and break of a constant 
 current. But the makes and breaks are so rapid 
 that the muscle has not time enough to relax 
 between each, and a prolonged tonic contraction 
 results as long as the application of the electricity 
 is continued, or until the muscle relaxes through 
 sheer exhaustion. 
 
 Although perhaps the induced current may re- 
 duce the amount of blood flowing to a part during 
 its application by causing contraction of the 
 muscular coats of the vessels, there is no doubt 
 
ELECTRICITY 23 
 
 that after the application has ceased a re-action 
 sets in and a warmth is experienced in the part of 
 the body operated upon through dilatation of the 
 vessels and the consequent freer supply of blood 
 to the part. But the physiological action of the 
 constant current is of a much more complex 
 nature, and is not yet thoroughly understood. 
 But it is probable that it does not produce relaxa- 
 tion of muscular contractions and therefore cannot 
 be said to have a distinctly opposite effect to the 
 induced current. There is no doubt it induces an 
 increased flow of blood to a part of the body in- 
 cluded in the circuit, especially at the neighbour- 
 hood of the application of the electrodes, and there 
 must be a corresponding dilatation of the vessels 
 to allow of this increased supply of blood. But 
 whether the dilatation of the vessels is due to a 
 relaxing influence the current has on their mus- 
 cular coats or the chemical changes produced in 
 the tissues supplied by those vessels and necessi- 
 tating a freer supply of blood is an undecided 
 question. 
 
 The constant current does produce contraction 
 of muscular tissue, just as the induced current 
 does, at every make and break, but the redness 
 of the part is produced if a moderate current as 
 regards strength is allowed to flow continuously 
 for a very short time, the previous or subsequent 
 
24 ELECTRICITY 
 
 making and breaking of the current appearing to 
 have no effect upon it. 
 
 It is probable that changes are induced in the 
 ultimate tissue cells of a part exposed to a con- 
 stant current of electricity analogous to the 
 chemical action produced in the electrolysis of 
 water. If the current is weak the process does 
 not go so far as splitting up the watery parts of the 
 cell into oxygen and hydrogen, but produces some 
 sort of activity in the cell not present there 
 before. It increases or alters the character of the 
 secretion of the cells composing secreting glands 
 as evidenced by the increase of saliva and metallic 
 taste in the mouth produced by the application of 
 a continuous current of electricity anywhere in 
 the neighbourhood of the salivary glands. This 
 probable increased cellular activity, the quickening 
 of the building up and destruction of cells never- 
 ceasingly going on in the living body, is sufficient 
 to account for the increased demand for blood 
 required for these changes, and the resulting 
 increased supply afforded by the dilatation of the 
 capillaries. The capillaries do not dilate by any 
 power possessed by the constant current to cause 
 muscular relaxation, but secondarily through 
 nervous influence excited by the demand produced 
 in the cells for more blood. The action of the 
 constant current upon muscular tissue, if anything 
 
ELECTRICITY 25 
 
 beyond, besides inducing these probable changes 
 in the ultimate muscular elements leading to 
 increased activity in the ultimate cells, increased 
 nutrition, and therefore increased tone (as it is 
 called), is probably to induce contraction rather 
 than relaxation. 
 
 In considering these changes in the cellular 
 elements of the body and in the blood supply the 
 osmotic power of electricity must not be for- 
 gotten. It has been found that if two fluids of 
 difierent densities be divided by a porous dia- 
 phragm and an electric current be made to pass 
 through them osmosis takes place in the direction 
 of the current. If the current passes from the 
 lighter to the denser fluid the natural osmotic 
 action is increased ; but if the current passes in 
 the reverse direction the osmotic action is reversed, 
 the denser fluid passing through the diaphragm 
 into the less dense. The osmotic power of elec- 
 tricity probably explains the influence of galva- 
 nism in causing the absorption of fluid effused into 
 joints or serous cavities when applied in such cases. 
 
 In a recent paper on the formation of uric acid 
 Dr Latham, the Downing Professor of Medicine 
 in this University, has sought to prove that the 
 presence of uric acid in the blood is due to the 
 imperfect metabolism of glycocine, which takes 
 place under certain conditions, one being an 
 
26 BLEOTRICITY 
 
 insufficient amount of exercise. When a proper 
 amount of exercise is taken the glycocine is trans- 
 formed into urea and normally eliminated by the 
 kidneys. He has also sought to prove that this 
 more-to-be-desired metabolisis is dependent upon 
 a due amount of nerve force, and that the produc- 
 tion of nerve force is encouraged by exercise. It 
 has also been proved that the contraction of 
 muscle produces electrical currents. After passing 
 on to describe the electrolysis of urea carried out 
 by Professor Dewar, also of this University, 
 Professor Latham makes the interesting remark 
 that "if there be any correspondence at all 
 between nerve force and the electrical current, 
 this experiment possesses great significance." 
 
 As a matter of fact we do not know what nerve 
 force is or what electricity is; they are both 
 possibly modifications of motion as has been 
 suggested is the case with heat and light. All we 
 know is that the only distinctly appreciable change 
 in a nerve during the passage of a nervous 
 impulse is an electrical one (Michael Foster). It 
 would be a happy result of the inquiries above 
 alluded to if in the future we should be able to 
 prevent gout by the application of electricity. 
 
 In many cases, it seems to me, the natural 
 nervous force or impulse, as it is called, is almost 
 wanting or very much reduced in strength. 
 
ELEOTRIOITY 27 
 
 Sucli cases occur after very severe and prostrating 
 illnesses, and also in persons wlio from some 
 cause or other, such as mental strain, anxiety, 
 grief, exhaustion from bodily exertion, and the 
 like, are brought down to a condition which is 
 called ''being below par." In some families this 
 condition of health, or non-health, seems to be 
 constitutional, many members being characterised 
 by an apathetic phlegmatic temperament, to 
 whom the performance of any of the active 
 vocations of life seems a trouble; they want 
 rousing and influencing by some unwonted stimu- 
 lus to make them take an interest in, or do, 
 anything. In many such people I have observed 
 conditions which have led me to suppose that the 
 natural nerve force or current is decreased in 
 amount. Although their electro -sensibility is not 
 impaired or the resistance they offer to electricity 
 increased, it requires a much stronger current 
 than usual to produce muscular contraction, and 
 therefore I should argue, that it requires a much 
 greater mental effort or a much greater excite- 
 ment for the production of electrical separation 
 (when artificial stimuli are not applied) to produce 
 muscular contraction or mental activity of any 
 sort. The normal amount of electrical separation 
 going on in the body is reduced in quantity, or 
 the centres for producing electrical separation (if 
 
28 ELECTRICITY 
 
 such exist) are not executing their function to the 
 full extent. I can suppose that such a centre for 
 electrical separation does exist and that it is most 
 likely situated in the medulla. I have noticed 
 this reduction in electrical excitability especially 
 to follow severe cases of typhoid fever while 
 patients are in that childish and semi-idiotic state 
 which not so very infrequently accompanies con- 
 valescence from that disease. And general gal- 
 vanisation quickly restores such persons to a 
 proper nervous and mental condition, gives them 
 courage and buoyancy of spirits, and generally 
 improves their nervous tone. But it is not neces- 
 sary to demonstrate the presence of an electric 
 centre in the human body to argue that electrical 
 separation does, and is continually taking place. 
 McKendrick, who denies the existence of such a 
 centre to all but a few fishes and animals, allows 
 that electrical separation takes place in the 
 muscles at the moment of contraction and in the 
 retina of the eye on the incidence of light, due in 
 his opinion to chemical changes. All the vital 
 processes of the body, the building up and de- 
 generation of the tissues, digestion and secretion, 
 are accompanied and carried out by the means of 
 chemical processes, and in this human laboratory is 
 it to be maintained that all these chemical re- 
 actions take place without the production of 
 
ELECTRICITY 29 
 
 electrical separation? On the other hand, in 
 reality, may not the body be looked upon as a 
 collection of innumerable small batteries continu- 
 ally splitting up electricity into its positive and 
 negative components ? 
 
 In living nerve there is always a natural nerve 
 current which can be detected by a galvanometer. 
 The only change we are at present cognisant of as 
 accompanying a nervous impulse is a negative 
 variation of this natural nerve current. It is not 
 dependent on the nature of the stimulus which 
 produces the nerve impulse, that is, it may be 
 chemical, mechanical, or electrical, or from one of 
 those modifications of motion known as sound, 
 light, or heat. Of the nature of the action of 
 organic or vital stimuli we know very little 
 (Michael Foster). The rate of travelling of the 
 negative variation along a nerve is 28 metres per 
 second and is identical with the rate of travelling, 
 of a nervous impulse. The negative variation 
 passes in the form of a wave. The whole wave 
 takes '0007 of a second to pass any given point 
 of a nerve. The length of the wave is 18 milli- 
 metres. Therefore a nervous impulse is a mole- 
 cular disturbance propagated along the nerve in 
 the form of a wave of the length of 18 millimetres 
 and possessing a velocity of 28 metres per second. 
 
 The experiments of physiologists of the present 
 
30 tlLECTEIOI'TY 
 
 day on the action of electricity upon nerves and 
 the natural nerve currents have been confined to 
 the action of dynamic electricity in the form of the 
 constant current or the interrupted current. I 
 can find no experiments as to the electrotonic 
 condition of nerves under the application of statical 
 electricity ; for example when a length of nerve 
 is charged positively. When a constant current 
 is passed we know that the normal nerve current 
 is increased about the region of the positive pole. 
 This corresponds to the observed action of a 
 positive charge in improving the general nervous 
 tone of the body. The negative charge produces 
 a condition of body as of utter prostration, 
 similar to that produced by blood-letting, and 
 similar to those conditions I have described as 
 accompanying great prostration from severe illness 
 or other causes when the-irritability or normal con- 
 dition of the nerves has deteriorated, the natural 
 nerve current diminished, or the nerves are in a 
 condition of permanent decreased excitability. 
 
 The relationship between electricity and nerve 
 force has given rise to much controversy. Sir 
 John Herschel* hints at this relationship and 
 supposes that the brain may be either the organ 
 of secretion or at least of the application of the 
 vis nervosa ; he remarks, " If the brain be an 
 
 • ' Discourses on the Study of Natui-al Philosophy/ 
 
EtiBCTRIOiTY • 31 
 
 electric pile constantly in action, it may be con- 
 ceived to discharge itself at regular intervals, 
 when the tension of the electricity reaches a certain 
 point along the nerves which communicate with 
 the heart and thus to excite the pulsations of that 
 organ." Dr Arnott also hinted at some such 
 cause being the active agent in keeping up the 
 regular pulsations of the heart. 
 
 Dr Golding Bird did not believe in the identity 
 of electricity and nerve force, but believed that as 
 electricity will excite magnetism in a bar of soft 
 iron so will electricity excite nerve force in the 
 brain or nervous cords. Drs Beard and Rockwell 
 in their work on ' Medical Electricity ' say that 
 " between the behaviour of electricity in animal 
 bodies (animal electricity), electricity in general 
 (statical and dynamical electricity) and magnetism 
 there are analogies so close and so consistent as 
 to warrant the view that all are but different mani- 
 festations of one force '^ Dr Yivian Poore says 
 that " the inference has been, by some, too hastily 
 drawn, that nerve force and electrical force are 
 identical. That the two forces are related in so 
 far that the one most readily excites the other 
 there can be no doubt, and that they are very 
 closely correlated there is every reason to believCj 
 but that they are not identical the following 
 reflections seem to show '- 
 
32 ELECTRICITY 
 
 " 1. The rapidity of the transmission differs — 
 that of electricity being estimated at 462,000,000 
 of feet per second, and that of nerve force at only 
 about 200 feet per second. 
 
 " 2. Nerve force is not conductible along a 
 metallic wire. 
 
 " 3. Cold diminishes the conducting power of 
 nerves for nerve force, whereas it increases the 
 conducting power of solids or fluids for elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 "4. The crushing or compression of a nerve 
 destroys its conductivity. It may be, however, 
 that the crushing of a nerve is analogous to the 
 breaking of the copper conductor in an insulated 
 telegraph wire." 
 
 To this it should be added that when a current 
 of electricity is passed along a nerve it only travels 
 at the same rate as nerve force. And the argu- 
 ment that a ligature placed upon a nerve arrests 
 the passage of a nerve impulse, and would not 
 arrest an electric current, is not altogether true, 
 for an electric current of low tension passed along 
 a nerve can be stopped by the application of a 
 ligature. 
 
 Dr Michael Foster dismisses this question by 
 asserting that " of the nature of the action of 
 organic or vital stimuli we know very little." 
 
 One of the most interesting facts connected with 
 
ELECTEICITY 33 
 
 the influence of electricity upon nerve force has 
 been shown by experiments carried out by Dr 
 Poore. He has proved that the passage of the 
 continuous current through muscles or the nerves 
 supplying them, increases their susceptibility to the 
 stimulus of the will, and also their endurance for 
 voluntary muscular action. He found that a 
 weight of seventeen ounces could be held out in 
 the hand at right angles to the body for double 
 the time when a constant current was passed 
 through the arm than when no electricity was 
 used. He also found that the force of voluntary 
 muscular action measured by the dynamometer 
 could be very greatly increased by the passage 
 through the arm of a galvanic current. It was 
 found that galvanism increased the force of the 
 squeeze of his own hand about eleven pounds. A 
 greater increase was obtained in experiments upon 
 other individuals. This property of the constant 
 current in restoring the excitability of exhausted 
 muscles has been called its refreshing effect. 
 
 We have of late years begun to recognise the 
 influence of the physical phenomena upon the 
 conditions of health and disease. We know that 
 the humidity of a locality as aff'ected by the subsoil 
 drainage has more influence upon the prevalence 
 of phthisis than any amount of hereditary predis- 
 position or abundance of bacilli ; that the baro- 
 
 3 
 
34 BLEOTBICITY 
 
 metric pressure influences the blood pressure ; 
 that electrical changes in the atmosphere, as on 
 the approach of a thunderstorm, influence strongly 
 many persons possessed of delicately strung 
 nerves ; that sound in the form of music has also 
 an influence upon the circulation, no doubt through 
 the vaso-motor system, but how that system is 
 afiected by music we do not at present understand. 
 We also know that the varying vibrations of ether 
 producing light of different colours have a great 
 influence in the treatment of the insane. How 
 these several influences act we are not as yet able 
 to explain. The difference produced in highly 
 sensitive or nervous people by sudden and marked 
 changes in the weather, especially sudden changes 
 of temperature to which this climate is so liable, 
 is due to the electric changes produced in the 
 individual. 
 
 It is a well-known and recognised fact that a 
 few hot days in succession so change the electrical 
 condition of the surface of the earth that a 
 thunderstorm is often necessary to restore 
 equilibrium. It is impossible for human beings 
 to remain at a position of zero with regard 
 to electrical potential when the potential of every 
 object around is varying. Induction alone would 
 produce electrical separation. It is fortunate for 
 us we live in a climate with the atmosphere so 
 
ELECTRICITY 35 
 
 charged with moisture that the varying electrical 
 conditions can be more easily equalised. If such 
 sudden changes of temperature took place in 
 countries with a dry atmosphere the inhabitants 
 would suffer considerably. Perhaps these climatic 
 conditions have more influence in producing the 
 peculiar characteristics of race than has been sup- 
 posed. The self-possession and undemonstrative 
 demeanour of an Englishman may be due to the 
 more ready equalisation of electrical disturbances, 
 and the excited and vivacious tendencies of the 
 denizens of more southern climes to an absence of 
 the chief means for restoring equilibrium. In 
 those parts of the earth where the air is very dry 
 the manifestations of animal electricity recorded 
 are almost incredible to the inhabitants of these 
 islands. Rubbing the feet a few times on the 
 carpet will enable an inhabitant of the Southern 
 States of America to light the gas by the spark 
 which will pass when he presents his finger to the 
 metal point of a gas burner ; and electrical displays 
 are produced by combing the hair, which a moist 
 atmosphere alone prevents us from perceiving in 
 this country. 
 
 There are good reasons for believing that the 
 electrical conditions of the atmosphere influence 
 health. I have deferred reading my thesis hoping 
 to have had more leisure or opportunity for ob- 
 
36 ELECTRICI'ft 
 
 servation and experiment. I hoped to have been 
 in possession of incontrovertible facts that electri- 
 cal conditions of the atmosphere do influence 
 health. I can now only argue from what has 
 already been written that it is likely that they do 
 so and show in what direction I hope to be able 
 to prosecute inquiry. I have therefore to resort 
 to the observations of others and can only draw 
 deductions from the facts which they detail. But 
 these facts in many instances bear out the state- 
 ments of eminent observers quoted in my former 
 thesis.* If they be compared with fche facts 
 recently discovered concerning atmospheric elec- 
 tricity and terrestial magnetism they will in many 
 instances be found to correspond. But this result 
 seems to me to be certain, that if differences in 
 the electrical condition of the earth do take place 
 and are continually taking place, a highly sensitive 
 organism such as the human body must participate 
 and take cognisance of these changes, and it is not 
 too much to suppose that these changes have some 
 influence upon health. 
 
 To put my proposition in another way. All 
 conditions of the atmosphere which have been 
 noticed to influence health prejudicially are 
 accompanied by a development or increase in the 
 amount of negative electricity. Before a thunder- 
 
 ♦ * Spasmodic Asthma,* 1879. 
 
ELECTRICITY 37 
 
 storm, when many people of a delicate nervous 
 temperament assert that they feel indescribable 
 "malaise" and oppression, the atmosphere in the 
 neighbourhood of the earth is negatively electri- 
 fied, and I have known ladies made to feel ex- 
 tremely ill when attending a lecture on electrixjity 
 accompanied by experiments when a large amount 
 of free electricity has been produced. The posi- 
 tive variety being more easily conducted away 
 there remains an undue amount of negative elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 In my thesis on Asthma for the M.B. degree I 
 hinted that possibly the varying electrical con- 
 ditions of the atmosphere might explain the 
 seemingly unaccountable conditions which in- 
 fluence and produce an attack of the disease.* 
 Since then the straggle for existence which young 
 physicians have to maintain has prevented me 
 devoting the time I could have wished to investi- 
 gate this theory further, nor am I able to discover 
 that very much additional knowledge has been 
 obtained by those who have had time to prosecute 
 investigation. " We know that the electrical 
 potentials of different places on and in the earth 
 differ considerably, sometimes to the extent of 
 
 * ' Spasmodic Asthma.' A thesis for the M.B. degree of the 
 University of Cambridge. By W. E. Steavenson. Cambridge : 
 Deighton, Bell & Co. 2nd edition, pp. 9-17. 
 
38 ELECTRICITt 
 
 several hundred volts."* "We obtain this in- 
 formation from the currents observed to flow 
 through wires joining parts of the earth widely 
 separated." t " Electrified masses of air moving 
 at no great distance from the earth's surface are 
 continually altering the distribution of electricity," 
 " which is, however, generally found to be nega- 
 tive on the earth's surface." 
 
 Sir William Thompson found that the potential 
 of the air varied very rapidly near the surface of 
 the earth. Thus he has observed a difference of 
 potential between the earth and the air nine feet 
 above it, equal to 430 volts in ordinary fair wea- 
 ther, and in breezes from the east J and north-east 
 as great a difference as this per foot of air. The 
 potential is perpetually fluctuating, even in fair 
 weather. *' The potential of the air appears to be 
 generally positive in fine weather, and negative 
 only during broken or rainy weather." 
 
 These recent observations point in addition to 
 the suggestions I have made in my former thesis 
 that the negative variety of electricity has a dele- 
 terious effect upon health.^ I believe I have 
 produced a fit of asthma by charging myself with 
 
 * The electricity produced by one Daniell's cell=l-08 volts, 
 t ' Electricity and Magnetism.' By Prof. Fleming Jenkin, 
 F.R.S. 
 X Thesis on * Spasmodic Asthma,' p. 16. 
 § P. 9, ibid. 
 
ELECTRICITY 39 
 
 negative electricity. This was the result of acci- 
 dent, as at the time I made the experiment I was 
 under the impression that I was charging myself 
 positively. The unpleasant result has not en- 
 couraged me to repeat the operation. Another 
 member of this University, who suffers from 
 asthma, tells me that he experienced a similar 
 result when charging himself with electricity in 
 the Cavendish Laboratory.* 
 
 In delicate individuals and persons of a nervous 
 temperament the changes of weather, and espe- 
 cially an east wind, are known by common obser- 
 vation to act prejudicially. I know that 
 attempts have been made to account for these 
 effects in other ways. The recent observations of 
 the daily variations of terrestial magnetismf 
 accord very closely with the electrical changes by 
 which I have tried to account for the periodicity 
 and the exacerbations of dyspnoea in asthma. J 
 
 * See also a case mentioned by Sir Thos. Watson in his lecture 
 on " Asthma " in the ' Principles and Practice of Physic,' in 
 which galvanism produced an attack of the disease. 
 
 t 'Electricity and Magnetism.' Prof. Silvanus Thompson, 
 p. 120, 4th edition, 1883. 
 
 X Yide * Spasmodic Asthma,' pp. 9, 10. 
 
40 
 
 BLECTBIOITT? 
 
 Diurnal variations 
 
 of positive 
 
 electricity in the 
 
 atmosphere. 
 
 Ganot. 
 
 Quetelet 
 
 at 
 Brussels. 
 
 Stewart 
 
 at 
 
 Kew. 
 
 Daily 
 variations 
 
 of the 
 barometer.* 
 
 Ist 
 minimum 
 
 1st 
 maximum 
 
 2nd 
 minimum 
 
 2nd 
 maximum 
 
 Before sunrise, 3 
 to 6 a.m. 
 
 11 a.m. 
 
 A few hours before 
 sunset, 3 p.m. 
 
 Sunset to 9 p.m. 
 
 Midnight 
 
 8 to 
 10 a.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 6 to 9 p.m. 
 
 8 to 
 10 a.m. 
 
 7 to 
 10p.m. 
 
 Lowest, 
 4 a.m. 
 
 Highest, 
 10 a.m. 
 
 Lowest, 
 4 p.m. 
 
 Highest, 
 10 p.m. 
 
 * The same in all latitudes, but difficult to detect in the tem- 
 perate zones as they occur in conjunction with accidental varia- 
 tions (Ganot). 
 
 In our climate the south-west winds, which are 
 usually warm and therefore light, cause a fall in 
 the barometer, and they are also usually charged 
 with moisture from evaporation from the vast 
 expanse of ocean they pass over and are therefore 
 charged with positive electricity. 
 
 The east and north-east winds are cold and dry 
 from passing over vast continents and are there- 
 fore denser, and cause a rise in the barometer and 
 are usually accompanied by an increase in the 
 negative electricity. 
 
 The predominance of positive electricity in foggy 
 weather is the cause I have assigned for the 
 
ELECTRICITY 41 
 
 immunity then experienced from attacks of pure 
 nervous asthma, though the ordinary dyspnoea 
 accompanying bronchitis and emphysema is often 
 increased. 
 
 When we consider that every vital process is 
 most Hkely accompanied by the production of free 
 electricity in our bodies, — that the incidence of 
 every ray of light upon the retina,* our every 
 act of thought, and certainly our every muscular 
 movement has been proved to produce electrical 
 currents ; is it possible that the varying electrical 
 conditions of the atmosphere can take place 
 without influencing our systems ? The electrical 
 separation taking place in the human body is of a 
 kind intended to counteract as much as possible the 
 changes likely to be induced by the atmospheric 
 electricity so that the normal functions of the body 
 may not be unduly interfered with or arrested. 
 
 Although the earth and inanimate objects upon 
 it are usually negatively electrified, human beings 
 in a state of health are almost invariably found to 
 be positive. When the body is insulated the elec- 
 trical condition is easily made manifest by the use 
 of a condensing electroscope. Dr Poore in his 
 work on ' Electricity in Medicine and Surgery ' 
 
 * Prof. McKendrick on * Animal Electricity,' before the 
 Britisli Association for the Advancement of Science, September, 
 
 1883. 
 
 4 
 
42 ELECTRICITY 
 
 says, "It is remarkable that hardly any two 
 persons are in the same condition electrically, and 
 nervous irritable people are said to exhibit a more 
 active electrical condition than persons of a phleg- 
 matic temperament." Dr Golding Bird in his 
 lectures before the Royal College of Physicians in 
 1847 attributes this existence of free electricity in 
 the human body chiefly to evaporation and respira- 
 tion and he sums up his observations on this 
 point under the three following heads. That 
 electricity exists in the human body : — 
 
 "1st. In a state of equilibrium, common to aU 
 forms of ponderable matter. 
 
 " 2nd. In a state of tension capable of acting on 
 the electrometer, giving to the whole body a gene- 
 rally positive condition, and arising in all proba- 
 bility from the disturbance of the normal electrical 
 equilibrium by the process of evaporation and re- 
 spiration. 
 
 " 3rd. In a state of current, a dynamic condition, 
 arising from the disturbance of equilibrium by the 
 union of carbon with oxygen in the capillary sys- 
 tem, and from other chemical processes going on 
 in the body ; such currents, although suspected 
 to be everywhere existing, having been actually 
 detected between the skin and mucous membrane, 
 the stomach and liver, and the interior and exte- 
 rior of muscular structures." 
 
ELECTRICITY 43 
 
 The good results derived from the use of stati- 
 cal electricity were probably misunderstood and 
 did not depend upon the shocks given to the sys- 
 tem of the individual but to the preliminary 
 charging of the patient with the electric fluid 
 which possibly counteracted the electric condition 
 on which the illness of the patient depended ; the 
 morbid condition depending on the presence of an 
 accumulation of negative electricity. As a matter 
 of fact most patients when charged were charged 
 positively. 
 
 Should I be able by future experiment to prove, 
 what I very much suspect to be the case, that 
 negative electricity exercises a baneful influence 
 upon health and that many of the conditions of 
 ill-health and depressed vital energy are associated 
 with the development or presence of an increased 
 amount of negative electricity in the human body, 
 the form of treatment by statical electricity will 
 again come into vogue and the electroscope will 
 become an indispensable adjunct to the many in- 
 struments now employed in physical diagnosis. 
 
1)^Koii>:rt Stkavknson 
 
 of NEWCA8TI^:E on TYIVK. 
 
 [ at Berwick 
 Born 1756.1 n. ^ Died 1828 
 
 ' -^ [-on-lweed. 
 
Arms as borne by Dr. ROBERT STEAVENSON, of Newcaftlcon- 
 Tyne. 
 
 Azure, on a bend Argent between two Lyons pallant Or, three Leopards' 
 heads Gules. 
 
 Granted unto John Stea'venfon of Stanton and Elton in the Peak, in the 
 - County of Derby, and to his Deicendants, by Sir Thomas St. George 
 Garter, and Sir John Dugdale Norroy, the 14th of Jinie, and 4th year 
 of the Reign of King James the Second, Anno Domini 1688. 
 
 See Lyfon's " Magna Britannia," Vol. V. Derbyfhire. London, 181 7. 
 "Families extinft, or removed out of the County liuce 1500." 
 
DISSERTATIO MEDICA 
 
 INAUGURALIS, 
 
 D E 
 
 Eledricitate et Operatione ejus in 
 Morbis Curandis. 
 
 Q^ U A M, 
 
 ANNUENTE SUMMO NUMINE, 
 
 Ex Audtoritate Reverendi admodum Viri, 
 
 D. GULIELMI ROBERTSON, S.S.T.P. 
 
 ACADEMIC EDINBURGEN2E Praefeai j 
 
 NEC N O N 
 
 Ampliffimi SENATUS ACAD EMI CI confenfu, 
 Et nobiliflimae FACULTATIS MEDICiE decreto, 
 
 Pro GRADU DOCTORATUS, 
 
 SUMMISQ^UE IN MEDICINA H0N0RIBU3 AC PRIVILEGIIS 
 RITE ET LEGITIME CONS E Q^UEN DIS J 
 
 Eruditorum examini fubjicit 
 
 ROBERTUS STEAVENSON, A.M. 
 Britannus. 
 
 Soc. Med. Sod. nee non 
 Soc. Phyf. Chir. Soc. Hon. 
 
 * Nil mortalibus arduum eft. 
 
 * Coelum ipfum petimus ftultitia : neque 
 
 * Per noftrum patimur fcelus 
 
 * Iracunda Jovem ponere F u l m i n a. 
 
 Q^ HoRAT. Carm. 
 
 Ad diem 24. Junii, hora locoque folitis. 
 
 E D I N B U R G I: 
 
 Apud BALFOUR et SMELLIE, 
 
 Academiae Typographos. 
 
 M,DCC,LXXVIII. 
 
Juveni ornatiffimo 
 
 GUALTERO OGILVY, 
 
 A R M I G E R O, 
 
 Filio natu maximo 
 Joannis Ogilvie de Innerquharity, 
 
 Equitis Aurati, 
 
 Omnibus, ob morum comitatem, 
 
 Illi, tarn ob familiaritatem, 
 
 Dum in Academia Andreapolitana 
 
 Philofophiae ftudio per triennium verfabantur, 
 
 Quam ob amicitiam 
 
 Qua libi inde devinxit, 
 
 Chariflimo ; 
 
 Nee non, 
 Senator! illuftriffimo 
 
 JACOBO WILKINSON, 
 
 A R M I G E R O, 
 
 In rebus publicis, 
 
 ^que ac privatis adminiftrandis, 
 
 Speftatiffimo, 
 
 Ob morum fuavitatem et elegantiam, 
 
 Ob vitae quinetiam probitatem, 
 
 Infigni ; 
 
 Denique, 
 Eruditiffimo 
 
 J O A N N I BURN, M. D. 
 
 Artem Appollinarem apud Bervicenfes, 
 
 Summo cum honore fuo, 
 
 Et civium falute, 
 
 Exercenti, 
 
 JEquc ob praecepta in re medica, 
 
 Dum, illo aufpice, aegros quamplurimos 
 
 Per triennium vifitabat, 
 
 Colendo Temper et venerando, 
 
 Ac ob confilium amicitiamque, 
 
 Quibus fe dignatus eft, 
 
 Dum in academia Edinenfi, 
 
 Per quadriennium ftudio medicinae incubuit ; 
 
 Hafce ftudiorum primitias 
 
 Laeto Animo dicat 
 
 A u c T o R. 
 
DISSERTATIO MEDICA 
 INAUGURALIS, 
 
 D E 
 
 Ele&icitate et Operatione ejus in 
 Morbis Curandis. 
 
 SI C U T genus humanum ex ftatu in- 
 culto et barbaro, ad morum comitatem 
 et urbanitatem progreditur fenfim, ita phi- 
 lofophia ex primo quafi diluculo ad perfec- 
 tionem procedit. Uno in feculo, cafus for- 
 tuitus vel ingenium profundum diverfis arti- 
 bus et fcientiis originem praebuit, feculorum 
 autem fequentium induftria et experientia 
 magnopere hafce excoluit. Tametfi non 
 nobis videtur, antiques recentioribus inge- 
 nio fecundos fuiffe, attamen hi fua experi- 
 
 A entia 
 
2 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 entia ad illorum Ingenium accedente, pluri- 
 mis fcientiae partibus, et praecipue phyficis, 
 illis longe praeeunt. 
 
 Scientia ita fenfim ad ftatum cultum per- 
 veniente, eleftricitas non nili in feculo prae- 
 ienti in lucem prolata erat ; quamvis enim 
 fcriptores antiqui corpora memorabant, quae 
 poll frid:ionem corpora leviora ad fe adtra- 
 hendi virtute praedita erant; nihilominus, 
 hoc ex fluido jam eledirico didlo pendere 
 omnino nefciebant. Fulgur, olim quafi Deo 
 ipli facrum, et mortalium impiorum flagel- 
 lum, ducebatur ; hodie autem per fyftema 
 mundanum quaquaverfum dilpergi, et aegris 
 lanitatem reddere, repertum eft ; ex fluido 
 enim pendet eleftrico, quod aeque e terra 
 excitari ac nubibus extrahi poteft, et per 
 quod unumquodque fulguris phaenomenon 
 imitari queat. 
 
 Phaenomena quidem plurima ex hoc flu- 
 ido originem ducere, quarum caufae -phi- 
 lofophis feculi prioris omnino erant ignotae, 
 jam recfte intelliguntur ; monftraverunt enim 
 noftri auroram borealem, terrae motus, tur- 
 bines. 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 3 
 
 bines, meteora, &c. a fluido eledtrico prorfus 
 pendere. Eleftricitas multa praebet phae- 
 nomena, quae ad animi obledlationem, quam 
 ad vitae commodum, aptiora fuiffent, nili 
 Franklin ingenio praeftantiffimas, fcientiam 
 ejus de ele6tricitatis viribis ad fulguris id:i- 
 bus periculo plenis obviam eundum, et Jalla- 
 bert fuam ad morbos fanandos faufte con- 
 verterant ; etfi autem plurimi cognofcuntur 
 eleftricitatis effeftus, nobis tamen affirmare 
 licet, multos adhuc tenebris involutes effe. 
 
 Quamvis eled:ricitatem inter remedia max- 
 ime poUentia hodie merito locum habere 
 conceditur, vires adhuc, per quas ex corpore 
 humano morbos toUit, baud fatis cognof- 
 cuntur ; quamobrem empirice quali utitur. 
 Statuimus igitur Modum Operandi ejus, 
 quam optime poffumus, explicare et de- 
 hinc Morbos enumerare in quibus curandis 
 maxima poUicetur : Imprimis autem 
 
 DE MODIS APPLICANDI, 
 
 pauca funt dicenda. Fluidum eledricum 
 plurimas poffidet qualitates maxime mira- 
 
 biles. 
 
4 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 bfles, quarum paucas attentione noftra prae- 
 cipue dignas enumeremus, quia rationis ap- 
 plicandi, et forfitan agendi explicationi, in- 
 ferviant. 
 
 \mOy Syftema terreftre undequaque per- 
 vadit, adeo ut corpora omnia certam poffi- 
 dent quantitatem quafi latentem, et hac fub 
 conditione, corpora fluido eledirico latiari, et 
 fluidum eledlricum aequilibrium et requiem 
 tenere, dicuntur. 
 
 2doy Friftione quorundam corporum, e. g. 
 cylindri vitrei, &c. aequilibrium et requies 
 turbantur, et tunc temp oris excitari fertur. 
 
 3//<!?, Ex corporibus quibufdam extrahi et 
 alibi deduci, in aliis accumulari et deniari, 
 et in omnibus fitus mutari, poteft : Dehinc 
 corpora, quoad fluidum eledtricum, in duas 
 dividuntur clafles, nempe, Excitantium, quae 
 Eledlricay et Deducentium, quae ConduBoreSy 
 appellantur. Ad claflem pofteriorem per- 
 tinent metalla, fluida vel humida, carbones 
 et terrae micaceae ; corpora fere omnia alia 
 inter eleftrica enumeranda funt. Porro, ob- 
 fervandum efl, corpora quae fluidum eledtri- 
 cum 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 5 
 
 cum excitant non id deducere, quam ob cau- 
 1am Non-conduBores, et ea quae ducunt 
 haud excitare, atque adeo Non-Ele5frica de- 
 fignantur. 
 
 4/^, Siquando aequilibrium turbatur, e. g. 
 fi in corpore quovis fluidum eledtricum ac- 
 cumulatur, five ex quovis tollitur, five in 
 cujulvis corporis parte vel fiiperficie una ac- 
 cumulatur et denfatur, dum ex altera ejuf- 
 dem fiiperficie auferatur, (quod in experi- 
 mento Lugdunenfi accidit) condudtore admo- 
 to, infinita et pene incredibili velocitate ae- 
 quilibrium renovatur. 
 
 5/0, Conftanter alios aliis anteponit con- 
 dudioribus, etfi longe ex curfii redlo deflec- 
 titur, e. g. carboni metalla, et fluidis ante- 
 ponit carbonem ; proximis autem itineribus, 
 (caeteris paribus) aequilibrium petit. 
 
 6tOy Subtilitate et mobilitate gaudet exi- 
 mia, adeo ut corpora ducentia facillime per- 
 vadit, atque EleBrtcis (e. g. vitro, &c.) infi- 
 det, quamvis haec non pervadit. 
 
 Exhifce proprietatibuseledlricitatis ad cor- 
 pus humanumtres fiant applicandi modi, quo- 
 rum 
 
6 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 rum uno, qui Infulatio vocatur, fluidurti eledlri- 
 cum excitatum interventu elecflrici, quo minus 
 adcorporacircumjacentiatranfiret,prohibetur, 
 unde neceffario in corpus humanum cumu- 
 latur. Dum haec perficitur operatio, flui- 
 dum eledlricum corporis latebras unafquaf- 
 que intimas pervadit, et ad aerem externum 
 gradatim celeritate pluri vel minore, pro hu- 
 miditate ficcitateve aeris, per porum unum- 
 quemque evolat, et fluida fecum ducit. Hic- 
 ce modus applicandi, fluidi eledlrici excitati 
 qualitates nativas exhibet, peripirationem 
 afFatim adauget, cordis et arteriarum pulfa- 
 tiones quodammodo accelerat, fudorem faepe 
 elicit, et fecretiones univerias promovet. 
 
 Si corpori infulato et fluido eledirico ex- 
 citato plus jufto onerato Condudlor fubito ap- 
 plicatur, fluidum redundans ilium maxima 
 petit velocitate, et (dummodo accuminatus 
 non fit) forma fcintillae luminofae vix cor- 
 pus relinquit, atque parti dolorem et ru- 
 borem per impulfum fuum infligit ; vel fi 
 condudlori infulato et fluido onerato corpo- 
 ris humani pars quaevis applicatur, fcintil- 
 
 1am 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 7 
 
 lam et idum accipit. Horum modorum 
 prior eofdem pene ac infulatio edit effedtus, 
 ftimulo topico mechanico conjundios, pofte- 
 rior vix alium praeter ftimulum praebet to- 
 picum mechanicum. Si igitur efFedlus ge- 
 nerales aeque ac ftimulum topicum defide- 
 ramus. Scintilla aegro infulato extrahenda eft ; 
 fin autem ftimulum topicum folum volumus. 
 Scintilla^ ei non infulato, danda. 
 
 Si fluidum in fiiperficiem unam corporis 
 * ele5lrici per fe ' difti, e. g. laminae vitreae 
 vel phyalae accumulatur et denfatur, ex al- 
 tera fiiperficie copia aequali pellitur; elec- 
 trica enim non nifi nativam poflunt tenere 
 fluidi quantitatem, quamvis locus vel diftri- 
 butio ipfius mutari queat ; in fuperficie una 
 igitur dic»remus fluidum, in altera, materi- 
 am praeponderare. Quamprimum autem 
 communicatio unam inter alteramque fiiper- 
 ficiem applicatione condudloris conftituitur, 
 aequilibrium velocitate plure aut minore, pro 
 ratione fiiperficiei eleftrici, condenfationis 
 fluidi, et conduftoris perfecftionis, et impulfii 
 forti revocatur, velocitas enim et impulfiis 
 
 fluidi 
 
8 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 fluidi eleftrici, aeque ac aliorum fluidorum 
 vi refiliendi gaudentium, denfatione augetur. 
 Dum fluidum eledtricum in fuperficiem al- 
 teram phyalae vel laminae vitreae cumulatur, 
 Onerari fertur, et li corpus humanum (quod 
 fluidum eledlricum non nifi ope humorum 
 ducit) communicationemt unam inter alte- 
 ramque fuperficiem inftituet, aequilibrium 
 per corpus renovatur, corpus iftum accipit 
 accerrimum vel SuccuJ/ionem, et phyala Explo- 
 di fertur. Huic nomen Succujfus imponitur, 
 et fluidum hoc applicandi modo fyflema 
 partim tantum, maxima autem pervadit ve- 
 locitate ; itinere enim reftiflimo aequilibrium 
 et diffufionem petit aequabilem. 
 
 Quoad igitur eledlricitatis ad corpus ap- 
 plicationem, Infulatio plurimis in morbis 
 fine periculo, et multis commodo, adhiberi 
 potefl: ; Succufliis paucis tantum et in hifce 
 fumma laepe prudentia. Scintillae quam Suc- 
 cuflTus magis, quam Infulatio minus, frequen- 
 ter admittendae funt. 
 
 Dum conduftorum acuminatorum dotem, 
 fcilicet fluidum eleftricum cumulatum filen- 
 
 ter 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 9 
 
 ter et fine fcintilla e corporibus fubito extra- 
 hendi, in animo verfabam, quarta applicandi 
 forma, quae commodum poUicetur, mihi per- 
 venit in mentem, quae, ut ab aliis diftingua- 
 tur, Penicilla nominarem. Pundla fluidum 
 excitatum avide attrahere apprime notum eft; 
 fi igitur corpori humano infulato, et fluido 
 elecftrico plus jure onerato, admoveatur con- 
 duftor cufpidatus, fluidum exuberans, fine 
 impulfii, fimul fine dolore, hac ex parte for- 
 ma penicilli luminofi extrahetur ; unde co- 
 pia et velocitas fluidi per partem quamcun- 
 que placuimus tranfeuntis multum augean- 
 tur, et fi fpatium per quod fluidum eftugit 
 amplificaremus, tantum neceflarium erit mu- 
 crones numero augere. Nulla adhuc feci ex- 
 perimenta, quamvis mihi eft in animo quae- 
 dam ad hoc fpedlantia inftituere ; probabile 
 enim mihi videtur, quod ad tumores Schir- 
 rhodeos folvendos, in quibus fuppurationem 
 omnino praecaveremus, admodum utile fo- 
 ret ; forfan etiam in quibufdam Phlegmafiis 
 commodo adminiftrari pofl^et. 
 
 B Antequam 
 
lo DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 Antequam huicce diflertationis parti fi- 
 nem imponamus, obfervandum eft, medicos 
 eleftricitatis exhibitionem raro lat diligenter 
 profequi ; baud enim oblivifci debemus, quod, 
 etfi eleftricitas morbos quofdam fubito et 
 quafi incantatione toUit, in aliis tamen diu- 
 turna eft utenda perfeverantia ; et, quamvis 
 poft fpatium bimeftre vel trimeftre nullum 
 ex ilia aeger accepiflet commodum, nequa- 
 quam tamen defperandus eft fticceffus ; mor- 
 bos enim baud aliter curandos poft fex etiam 
 menfes fuftulit*. ' Shenftone ' autem dixit 
 
 * patience is a panacaea ; but where is it to 
 
 * be found, and who can fwallow it.' 
 
 DE MODO OPERANDI. 
 
 Ex animadverfionibus hifce de applicandi 
 modis, nobis conjicere liceat, elecSlricitatis o- 
 perationem diverlam, fecundum applicationis 
 diflimilitudinem, fore ; et revera compertum 
 habemus, fuccuflionem nimiam eodem ac 
 idlus vehementes modo vitam prorfus ex- 
 
 tinxifle, 
 
 * De Haen ratio medendi. 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. ii 
 
 tinxiffe, applicationes autem leniores mem- 
 bra torpida et quaii mortua ad vitam revo- 
 caffe. 
 
 De Modo Operandi in duas abiere partes 
 vifi docfli, quarum altera vult eledlricitatem 
 pro ftimulo fimpliciter agere, altera autem 
 plurimis argumentis ftabilire conata eft flui- 
 dum elecSricum in corporibus viventibus fen- 
 fationem et motum perficere, vel idem cum 
 Fluido Nerveo effe*; et dehinc, fluidum elec- 
 tricum paralyfin toUere, vis nerveae copiam 
 augendo, et itinere fuo impedimenta mo- 
 vendo, crediderunt. 
 
 De priori autem opinione prius loquen- 
 dum eft ; et ut illius in veritatem accurate 
 inquiremus, ftimulantium, ut et eled:ricitatis, 
 quibufdam in morbis effeftus fpedlemus. 
 
 Stimulantia in fibram nerveam vel fenti- 
 entem tantum agunt, quod ex nervi fenfibi- 
 litate et quarundam fenfationum intoUeran- 
 tia accidit ; et dehinc mufculorum, praecipue 
 fanguinis circulationi infervientium, contrac- 
 tiones aeque frequentia ac vi adaugent ; nul- 
 lum ergo, nifi quoad ob acrimoniam corru- 
 
 gant 
 
 * Defliais a Montpellier. 
 
12 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 gant vel rodunt, efFedtum in fibram non fen- 
 tientem primarium edunt. 
 
 Eledlricitas, e contra, Paralyfi medetur ; 
 vires autem ejus ftimulantes hoc in exemplo 
 phaenomena haud explicabunt ; nervum 
 enim neque fenfiitione nee motu gauden- 
 tern, et idcirco ftimulo non excitandum, fuf- 
 citat, et hujufce fenfibilitatem et vires re- 
 dintegrat. 
 
 EledtricitasAmenorrhoeam amovet,et flu- 
 orem menftruum fexus lequioris, fanitati 
 maxime neceflarium, faepiffime reftituit, eo 
 ut Franklin, qui multoties eledlricitate hoc in 
 morbo ufus eft, affirmat illam raro expefta- 
 tionem fuam fefelliffe. Stimulantibus au- 
 tem fortiffimis laepe iaep;us pertinaciter re- 
 fiftit Amenorrhoea, et medicorum conamina 
 deludit ; lie, vinum et exercitium cordis et 
 arteriarum pullationes, magis quam eleftri- 
 tas, accelerant ; fi ergo hujulce efFed:us fti- 
 mulo folo penderent, vinum, &c. magis ad 
 hoc pollerent propofitum ; fed experientia 
 hanc non ratam facit confecutionem. 
 
 Tumores 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 13 
 
 Tumores * fcirrhodei fluido eledlrico in- 
 terdum folvuntur, nequaquam autem per 
 vim ftimulantem ; ex ftimulo enim fuppura- 
 tio potius timenda foret, et revera fcintillae 
 eleftricae, quae manifefte ftimulant, fuppu- 
 rationem properant. 
 
 •fCalculorum per ureteres tranlitum acce- 
 lerat eledlricitas ; ftimulantia autem potius 
 impedirent ; quicquid enim ureteres irritat, 
 fpafmos inducit, et ureteris lumen anguflum 
 reddit, atque idcirco hoc in morbo nobis vi- 
 tanda foret. 
 
 JEledirizatio calvitiem amovet, et capillo- 
 rum incrementum promovet, quae vi ftimu- 
 lanti haud tribuenda liint. 
 
 Dehinc nobis concludere fas eife videtur, 
 quod, etfi vim ftimulantem mechanicam ex 
 momento ipfius pedentem, Elediricitati cer- 
 to in modo applicatae haud recufemus ; qua- 
 litates tamen aliae in calculum operationis 
 fiiae font accipiendae, ut, Praxeos rationem 
 praefinire, Indicationes idoneas ftatuere, et 
 
 quibus 
 
 * Med. Comment, v. 4. p. 82. 
 
 t Wefley's defideratum. 
 
 J Carmichael tentamen, p. 33. 
 
14 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 quibus in morbis commodum ab illius ufu 
 expecftandum eft praedicare, queamus. 
 
 Cum ergo monftravimus, banc theoriam 
 eledlricitatis effedtuum horum explication! 
 imparem efle, fententiam a Deihais editam 
 perfcrutemur, et argumenta ad opinionem 
 fuam confirmandum allata confideremus. 
 
 \mOy Dicit, coUifiones fluida inter et fo- 
 lida animalium fluidum elediricum in corpo- 
 re fponte latentemexcitare,et hoc manifeftum 
 efle redditum per id quod animalium crinibus 
 obtinet ; fi enim eorum capilli in tenebris 
 fricantur, fluidum eledlricum ex hifce eviden- 
 ter effugere. Obfervandum eft autem, hoc 
 non a poteftate pendere animalibus viventi- 
 bus peculiari, verum ab eledtrici (nempe 
 crinum animalium) fricftione excitatum efl^e. 
 
 2^(?, Aflirmat nervos, prae aliis fyftematis 
 partibus, fluidum eleftricum ducere ; quia, fi 
 canem viventem, poftea quod grandem de- 
 nudaveris et fecueris nervum, eleftrizares, 
 radii luminofi ex nervo jaculantur. Hoc i- 
 terum non ex intima nervi fabrica, verum 
 humiditate qua obtegitur, et ex acuminato- 
 
 rum 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 15 
 
 rum viribus nuper memoratis, pendet. Ner- 
 vi eledricitatem imperfedle tantum ducunt*. 
 
 ^tio, Exiftimat fluidum eledlricum, vel 
 (quod fecundum ilium idem eft) nerveum ad 
 cerebrum, Tadlus fenfationem ad communi- 
 candum non redire, verum ad corpus quod 
 tangimus tranfire. Huic autem refponde- 
 mus, quod corpora aequali copia fluidi elec- 
 trici gaudentia iibi invicem eled:ricitatem 
 non communicant ; fluidum autem eledtri- 
 cum inter corpora elediricis non disjundla 
 aeque diflfunditur, et hac fub conditione, 
 nulla elediricitatis oftendit figna ; rebus igi- 
 tur fie fefe habentibus, neque corpus no- 
 ftrum nee vicina fentire poflemus. 
 
 Porro, obfervandum eft, quod energia ner- 
 vea, aeque fi conduBore, ae fi eleBrico nervus 
 ligatur, prorfus dirimitur. Argumentum, 
 denique, quod banc theoriam ex toto fubver- 
 tit adhuc reftat ; nam, fi hoc obtineret, et ex 
 fyftemate vivente fluidum elediricum extra- 
 
 heremus 
 
 * Ab experimentis compertum habeo, nervos liccos 
 haud omnino, recentes autem facile, fluidum eleftricum 
 ducere, quamvis vix aeque ac corpus integrum. 
 
i6 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 heremus nativum, vim nerveam etiam tol- 
 leremus, et, fi partim vim nerveam pro ra- 
 ta parte minueremus, res autem neutiquam 
 ita ftfc habet. 
 
 Hifce ergo repudiatis, rationem Operatio- 
 nis eleftricitatis timide et diffidentur attinga- 
 mus, et ideam noftram hac de quaeftione in 
 medium proferamus : Imprimis autem quaf- 
 dam fluidi eledlrici qualitates, quae nobis 
 actionem fuam in corpus humanum invefti- 
 gantibus auxilium ferant, enumerabimus. 
 
 Nemo eleftricitatis peritus ignorat, flui- 
 dum eleftricum excitatum, fluidorum per 
 tubulos Capillares tranfeuntium velocitatem 
 plurimum augere ; dehinc plantarum fuccos 
 et incrementum promovet. Per fubtilitatem 
 et tenuitatem eximiam fyftematis humani 
 vafa etiam minima pervadit; quapropter cre- 
 deremus, fluidum eleftricum, cum per fyfte- 
 ma copiofe tranlit, fluidorum per-va£ mi- 
 nima progredientium velocitatem adaugere, 
 abfque cordis et arteriarum auxilio. Nos 
 non fallit haec opinio; eleftrizatio enim fim- 
 
 plex 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE, 17 
 
 plex vel infulatio* perfpirationem pluri- 
 mum auget, et fudorem copiofum interdum 
 elicit, etli cordis et arteriarum pulfationes 
 vix accelerat. 
 
 Ex hifce fluidi eledirici excitati qualitati- 
 bus, nempe, fubtilitate eximia, per quam cor- 
 pora ducentia pervadit, velocitate immenfa, 
 qua inter corpora femet uniformiter diiFun- 
 dere proclivis eft, poteftate qua fluidorum 
 per vala etiam minima tranlitum accelerat, 
 et poftremo, ex proprietate per quam fluida 
 Eleftricum Fluidum ducunt,Operationis fuae 
 in Morbis Curandis explicationem conabi- 
 mur. 
 
 Ut inveftigationem banc ritu meliori pro- 
 fequamur, atque ut Theoria noftra clariori 
 luce appareat, quaedam de indole et cauia 
 proxima morbi pertinaciffimi, (nempe Para- 
 lyfeos), in quo fublevando eled:ricitatis vires 
 experientia apprime fanciuntur, in medium 
 proferamus neceffe eft. 
 
 Paralyfis pro ortu fuo duas agnofcit cau- 
 fas proximas diffimiles, fcilicet, fyftematis 
 
 C nervei 
 
 * Abbe Nollet, Phil. Tranf. V. lo. 384. 
 
i8 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 nervei Compreffionem, et ftatum qui Collap- 
 fus vocatur. Eledtricitas Paralyfin ex collap- 
 fu pendentem tantum tollit ; at, in plerifque 
 ex compreffione originem ducentibus, nocet; 
 coUapfus igitur naturam, vel nervorum in- 
 dolem, ex quo pendet Paralyfis ' ex coUap- 
 
 * fu didla/ praecipue indagabimus. 
 
 Omnibus patet, languinis circulationem, 
 et vaforum fanguiferorum tenlionem, ad 
 Vim nerveam in fyftemate vivente gignen- 
 dam et fervandam, aeque effe neceflarias ; 
 quapropter cerebrum vaforum numero, et 
 forfan horum divifione et diftributione inti- 
 ma, prae caeteris longe eminet vifceribus. 
 Fibrillae porro nerveae ubique vafculis mini- 
 mis fuppeditantur languiferis, et, fecundum 
 anatomia peritiffimum Monro feniorem, 
 
 * ' The nervous cords have fuch numerous 
 ' blood-veffels, that after their arteries only 
 
 * are injecfted, the whole cord is tinged with 
 
 * the colour of the injedted liquor.' 
 
 Nervos vafis fanguiferis energiam fuam 
 prorfusdebere,quotidiana monet experientia ; 
 
 fie, 
 
 • On the nerves. 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 19 
 
 fic,vaforum tenfione per Haemorrhagiam fub- 
 lata, ianguinis per cerebrum et nervos circu- 
 latio imminuitur, et vis nervea aequalem 
 patitur diminutionem ; ulterius progrediente 
 fanguinis effuiione, nervi vi fua privantur, 
 et, fi fanguinis iter per artum qualemcunque 
 impeditur, hoc membrum vim nerveam a- 
 mittit, et paralyfi brevi corripitur. 
 
 Vim nerveam, e contra, ad vaforum adlio- 
 nes aeque necellariam effe fervandas, nemo 
 negabit. Vis autem mufcularis vel nervea 
 arteriarum, per vafa intervallo longiffimo ex 
 corde diffita, fanguinis circuitum praefertim 
 promovet ; haec enim ferme nullum ex cor- 
 de accipiunt auxilium ; quaproper, li fibrae 
 eorum mufculares vi nervea privantur, cir- 
 culationem fuftinere non poiTunt : Dehinc, 
 in quibufdam paralyticis brachio laefo deor- 
 fum pendente ad carpum Arteriarum Pulfa- 
 tiones deprehendes, quae, furfum ad perpen- 
 diculum brachio elevato, prorfus evanefcunt ; 
 et in omnibus fere qui hoc morbo tenentur 
 arteriarum radialium puliationes in brachio 
 paralytico, quam in fano vel alibi, debiliores 
 
 fentiuntur. 
 
20 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 lentiuntur. Quamvis igitur cordis vis inte- 
 gra manet, fanguis in vala membrorum pa- 
 ralyli laborantium minutiora haud propelli- 
 tur, et vaia coUabefcunt. 
 
 Quacunque de caula paralyfis originem 
 ducit, pars morbo vexata vi nervea orbatur, 
 et motus mufcularis tollitur ; dehinc fangui- 
 nis per membra morbida circuitus plurimum 
 debilitatur, et in vafis capillaribus, * praeci- 
 * pue nervorum paralyticorum/ imminui- 
 tur, vel prorfus deficit. Tametfi caufa quae 
 primo paralyfi originem praebuit amoveatur, 
 (fcilicet cerebri vel nervorum compreffio), pa- 
 ralyfis nihilominus haud raro permanet, et 
 deinceps ex collapfii pendere fertur ; ex lae- 
 fione autem organica, vel partium nervos 
 confl:ituentium non confliat ; eled:ricitate,enim 
 laepe fubito amovetur, quae nervorum dila- 
 cerationes fanare non fiibito potefl: ; collapfiis 
 igitur Caufa Continens aliunde efl: petenda. 
 
 Sanguinis circulationem et vaforum ten- 
 fionem, in cerebro praefertim et nervis, ad 
 fenfationem et motum conficiendum necef- 
 farias efle ; circulationem quinetiam et vafo- 
 rum 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 21 
 
 rum tenfionem in nervis paralyfi laboranti- 
 bus penitus deficere, nuper monftravimus. 
 Quamvis igitur caufa paralyfeos primaria tol- 
 litur, adeo ut nervos quo minus munere fuo 
 fungantur non amplius impedit, nervis ve- 
 runtamen aliquid deeft, fine quo munera 
 perficere nequeunt, nempe, fluidorum in va- 
 iis fibi propriis circulatio, quae autem non 
 redintegratur, vi nervea deficiente. Circu- 
 lationis igitur defedtus in vafis nervorum 
 propriis, paralyfeos ex coUapfu caufam proxi- 
 mam conftituere videtur. 
 
 Plurima morborum phaenomena fenten- 
 tiae noftrae verifimilitudinem fuppeditant ; 
 e. g. * artus ex quibus haemorrhagia pro- 
 fufa evafit debiles interdum, vel etiam para- 
 lytici, permanfere, licet fyflema generale fa- 
 nitatem et vires priftinas recuperaverit. 
 Rheumatifmus chronicus, artuum exte- 
 nuatione concomitatus, ex vaforum debi- 
 litate et circulationis defedlu manifefto 
 pendens, paralyfi ex collapfu affinis eft, et 
 
 hunc 
 
 * Med. Comment, vol. 3. p. 202. 
 
22 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 hunc in morbum laepe terminat ; nervi enim 
 energiam ex vaforum fuorum tenfione im- 
 minuta amittunt, et haec, tenfionem poft 
 Haemorrhagiam, &c. propter vim nerveam 
 imminutam, non recuperant. 
 
 Si, rationem per quam natura efFedius fe- 
 dantium vel fyftema nerveum debilitantium 
 nocivos praecavet, animo contemplemur, 
 Theoria noftra probabilitati adhuc confentanea 
 videbitur. Caufae debilitantes (licut contagi- 
 um, &c.) fyftemati applicatae, fi fortiffimae 
 fiint, vitam fubito dirimere pofTunt ; fi autem 
 non tantopere pollent, cerebri et nervorum 
 energiam imminuunt, quae energia vix nifi 
 per febrem vel vaforum adlionem crefcentem 
 renovatur ; unde jure fufpicamus, cerebrum 
 per fe, fine vaforum aufta acSione, energiam 
 fuam reficere non poffe. Quaedam praeterea, 
 ni fallor, apud auftores narrantur exempla 
 paralyticorum ex morbo febre fuperveniente 
 folutorum,et paralyfis *a collapfu didta/ cau- 
 fis ex fedantibus (ficut venenis, &c.) faepe 
 oritur. Iterum, fiquando paralyticus ex elec- 
 
 tricitate 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 23 
 
 tricitate commodum accipit, prima valetudi- 
 nis figna membrorum morbo detentorum 
 molis incrementum cito confequitur, quod 
 nutritionis acceffioni, quam fluidorum per 
 artus circulantium augmini, non tantopere 
 tribuamus. 
 
 Ex hifce et plurimis aliis obfervationibus, 
 nequaquam ambigi videtur, quin nervi ex 
 vafibus fibi propriis aliquid, aeque ac cere- 
 bro, energiae fuae neceflarium accipiunt, 
 fine quo munere fuo fungi non pofTunt. 
 
 Cum fyftema fanguiferum et nerveum in 
 fefe mutuo agunt, et pro energia invicem 
 alii aliis nituntur, fi utriufvis energia abole- 
 tur, alterius etiam definere oportet ; neque 
 cujulvis vires reftitui pofTunt, donee omnia 
 quae reaftioni obflant fublata fint, et motus 
 vel aftio in fyflemate alterutro inchoatus 
 fuerit. Nervi autem, fine quodam accepto 
 ex vafis fanguiferis auxilio, operationes fuas 
 nee incipere, neque inceptas fervare, pofTunt ; 
 quamvis enim ex Cerebro aliquid fenfationi 
 ac motui ut rite perficiantur necefTarium, ex 
 Vafis etiam fanguiferis fibimet propriis hifce 
 
 func- 
 
24 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 funcStionibus aeque neceffarium aliquid acci- 
 piunt. Vafa e contra energia nervea orba- 
 ta fluida per fe propellere non valent ; ner- 
 vi idcirco a valis id cujus indigent non ob- 
 tinent. 
 
 Eledlricitas (licut fupra obfervavimus) 
 qualitate fruitur peculiari fluida per tubulos, 
 et praecipue capillares, celeriter devehendi : 
 Cum ergo fluidum eled:ricum excitatum cor- 
 poris vala minima pervadit, fluida per vafa 
 minima fecum properat, et eorum lumina 
 amplificat ; haec iterum elafticitate praedita 
 fimplici contrahunt. Hifce reiteratis, va- 
 forum aftiones et fluidorum circuitus reno- 
 vantur, nervi ex vafis quicquid egent ad e- 
 nergiam fuam recuperandam accipiunt. 
 Energia nervea, eo modo renovata, fibris 
 vaforum mufcularibus impertitur, quae ite- 
 rum circulationem per fluidum elecSlricum 
 inceptam fervant, atque ita vis nervea fl:a- 
 bilitur et paralyfis amovetur. 
 
 Si energia nervea tam per vala nervorum, 
 quam cerebri corticem, quaquaverfum ingre- 
 
 dientia 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 25 
 
 dientia fecernltur, ficut* MONRO celeberri- 
 mus ' ferme procul dubio' comprobavit, 
 dod:rina noftra eo clarior reddetur ; nam, li 
 circulatio per nervos paralyfi affed:os (quod 
 monftrare conati fumus) prorfus vel ferme 
 impeditur, energia nervea nequaquam fecer- 
 ni poteft ; quamprimum autem Eledlricitate 
 circulatio renovatur, energia nervea iterum 
 fecernitur, qua rurfus circulatio ferva- 
 tur. 
 
 \mo^ Nonne pendet morbi repentina liib- 
 levatio, quae ab Eled:ricitatis ufu paralyti- 
 cis interdum accidit, ex languine fluidum 
 per eleftricum ad nervos proved:o ? Non- 
 ne etiam fenfus et motus abolitio, faepe 
 poft Eledtricitatem praemature defertam e- 
 veniens, a circuitu rurfus deficiente pendet, 
 propter energiam nerveam haud ufque adeo 
 renovatam ut vaforum adiones fuftentare 
 queat ? 
 
 ^doy Nonne pendet artuum paralytico- 
 
 rum incrementum magnitudinis velox, quod 
 
 D dum 
 
 * Praele6liones anat. 
 
26 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 dum aeger utitur Eleftricitate locum habet, 
 ex fluidis in vafa artuum capillaria per flui- 
 dum elediricum devedlis ? Nonne igitur ar- 
 tuum paralyticorum decrementum ex flui- 
 dorum circulantium inopia et vaforum col- 
 lapfii, plus quam ex vero nutriment! defedlu, 
 pendet ? Quod, fi conceditur, argumentum 
 hoc, Nutritionem per nervos perfici verifi- 
 mile faciens, funditus fubvertit. 
 
 Eledlricitas fluorem menftruum cito, inter- 
 dum etiam dum eledtrizatur aegra, adigit, 
 quod nifi accidit Leucorrhoea levis primo 
 allicitur,et pofthac menftrua erumpunt. Hoc 
 iifdem pendet ex principiis, nempe, fluido- 
 rum in vafis minimis acceleratione et fecum 
 tranflatione, eo modo fluidum eleftricum 
 vaforum Uteri, ex quibus profluit fluor men- 
 ftruus, lumina extendit. Forfan quibufdam 
 in exemplis fluidum eledlricum, aeque vafo- 
 rum ac uteri ipfius, Ipafmos folvit ; cum au- 
 tem flrudturae qua mufculus i^it contrahere 
 pollet, nofmet prorfus ignaros fatemur, ope- 
 rationem fuam in Ipafmis folvendis nequa- 
 quam explicare aggrediemur. 
 
 Eodem 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 27 
 
 Eodem modo Calculorum ex ureteribus 
 propullio exponitur. Calvitiem quinetiam 
 amovet, fluidorum, per glandulas crines fe- 
 cernentes, vel crinum bulbos, circulationem 
 promovendo. 
 
 Obfervationibus de Eleftricitatis in morbis 
 tollendis Operatione peradlis, de Morbis in 
 quibus cum utilitate jam adhibita fuit, et de 
 hifce quibus tempore future Theoria noftra 
 folamen pollicetur, nunc dicendum eft ; et 
 imprimis, 
 
 DE FEBRIBUS. 
 
 Eleftricitas Febres curavit Intermitten- 
 tes*; Wefley tertianas et quotidianas, et-f* 
 Lindhoult quartanam pertinaciffimam, elec- 
 trizatione amovebant. Intermittentes ex 
 cerebri energia imminuta pendent, et quic- 
 quid fyftematis tonum fuppeditat vel reficit, 
 paroxyfmos impedit, morbumque amovet ; 
 
 dehinc 
 
 * Defideratum. 
 
 t Memoire fur maux gueris par eleft. vide Med. Com. 
 V. I. p. 372. 
 
28 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 dehinc verilimile videtur, eleftricitatem mor- 
 bum fufFerre fluidorum circuitum per vala 
 cerebri et nervorum promovendo, atque ita 
 energiam nerveam renovando. Nonne eo- 
 dem modo Febres Continuas,praecipue Ner- 
 vofas did:as, fubito tolleret ? Infulatio faltem 
 tuto hifce adhiberi poffet. 
 
 t C YNANCHEN TONSILLAREM ab- 
 ftulit ; hie, mehercule, quodammodo ftimulo 
 topico folamen retulit; Icintillae enim ex par- 
 tibus vicinis extradiae erant,et fat compertum 
 habemus, ftimulos, parti inflammatione vexa- 
 tae proximae applicatos, inflammationem 
 imminuere ; forfan autem aliquid commodi 
 ex fluidi eledtrici fubtilitate emanabat, Ipatio 
 enim temporis minimo morbum abripiebat. 
 
 RHEUMATISMUS CHRONICUS maxi- 
 mum ab eledtricitate accepit auxilium. Ex va- 
 riishujufcemorbiphaenomeniSjproCaulaPro- 
 xima,circulationis in valis minimis defeftum 
 et horum irritabilitatem, cum majorum debi- 
 litate, agnofcere nobis videtur. Eo ut hancce 
 
 ideam 
 
 t Fergufon's introd. p. 125. 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 29 
 
 ideam probabilem reddamus, caufas remo- 
 tas,fymptomata, fequelas,et morbi medelam, 
 Ipecftemus. 
 
 Pro Caufa Remota vaforum partis affedae 
 aftiones pernimium et diu audlas, quod in 
 Rheumatifmo locum habet acuto, vel diftorti- 
 onibus articulorum fubitis, vel contufionibus. 
 Rheum. Chron. plerumque fatetur; mufculo- 
 rum- autem exercitatio nimis diu protracfla, 
 vel conatus vehementes horum debilitatem 
 inferunt ; debilitas quinetiam irritabilitate 
 faepe comitatur, praecipue poll Phlegmafiam. 
 
 Symptomata funt pallor et frigiditas 
 partium morbo detentarum, quae circula- , 
 tionem debilem oftendunt ; corporis enim 
 calor ad fanguinis circuit um palam alligatur 
 arftiffimo nexu. Partium \v2s\xvcv Jiccitas^ 
 etii corpus alibi fudore manat, languinem 
 in vafa minima non propelli demonftrat. 
 Articulorum rigor, crepitatio et dolor, fi quan- 
 do moventur crura, fynoviae vel liquorum 
 jundturas lubricantium inopiam indicant. 
 Artuum extenuatio eadem ex caula (nempe 
 circuitus in vafis minoribus defeftu) pendet. 
 
 Dolores 
 
30 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 Dolores laevi quibus aegri, port temperiem 
 vel aeris gravitatem fubito mutatam excru- 
 ciantur, vaforum irritabilitatem monftrant, ob 
 quam diftenfiones vel contraftiones folito 
 majores aegre ferunt. 
 
 Sequelae funt jundlurae immobilitas, vel 
 interdum anchylofis, ex cartilaginum aboli- 
 tione, et paralyfis ex collapfu, caulas olim 
 deiignatas agnolcens. 
 
 Medela efficitur per medicamenta, i mo, quae 
 fyftematis tonum revocant, et eo modo irri- 
 tabilitatem amovent ; horum exempla funt 
 cortex Peruvianus et balneum frigidum. 2doy 
 Quae fanguinis per vafa circuitum promo- 
 vent, dehinc rigorem, &c. tollunt ; inter haec 
 funt ftimulantia,fria:io quae fluidorum circu- 
 lationem mechanice promovet,et exercitium. 
 Dehinc coUigimus, fluidum eleftricum Rheu- 
 matifmum fublevare Chronicum, fanguinis 
 per vafa debilitata circuitum promovendo, 
 eo modo vim nerveam et mufcularem reno- 
 vando. Nonne Penicilla in rheumatifmo 
 acuto commodo, praecipue poft venaefec- 
 tionem, adhiberi poffent ? 
 
 AMENTIA 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 31 
 
 AMENTIA Phrenitidem interdum fequi- 
 tur, et ex circuitus, in vafis cerebri inflam- 
 matione praegrefla debilitatis imminutione, 
 quibufdam in exemplis pendere videtur. Hie 
 a priori expedlemus infulationem, circuitum 
 promovendo per vafa minora, et forfan fcin- 
 tillas vel penicilla partibus cerebro vicinis ab- 
 ftrafta, prodefle. 
 
 PARALYSIS. 
 
 De eleftricitatis utilitate hoc in morbo 
 alibi locuti fumus ; et ab antedicSis fpei locus 
 eft, fi paralyfis ex collapfu pendebat, eleftri- 
 citatem utilem fore. De Haen*, qui maxi- 
 ma fedulitate et conftantia, ac qui eleftriza- 
 tione fimplici vel infulatione plurimum ufus 
 eft, plurima fucceflus refert exempla ; a-f 
 Saunders quinque narrantur paralyfeos cafus 
 per eleftricitatem curati, qui aliis nullum 
 acceperunt remediis folamen, et JBrydone 
 mulieri, quae per fex menfes Hemiplegia de- 
 
 tenta 
 
 * Ratio Medendi. f Medical Commentaries, vol. 3. 
 { Whytt's Works. 
 
32 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 tenta fuerat, fanitatem intra triduum reddidit. 
 D YS P EP S I A a ven t riculi mufculor um debi- 
 litate, et energia imminuta ex confeffopendet; 
 eleftricitate ergo forfan levari poteft ; infu- 
 latio fecretiones promovet, unde Digeftionem 
 liquoris gaftrici copiam augendo adjuvaret. 
 Cum nexus perlpirationem inter et cibi ap- 
 petentiam arftiffimus locum habet *, eo ut 
 quicquid perlpirationem promovet, cibi de- 
 fiderium plerumque acuit, eleftricitatem 
 limplicem vel infulationem Anorexiam a- 
 movere, perlpirationem cum promovet, 
 ftatuamus ; et -f-L'Abbe NoUet, qui juvenes 
 per horas quinque limul eleftrizavit, cibi 
 eorum appetentiam acui oblervavit ; JFer- 
 gufon, denique, gaftrodyniam per fucculTus 
 eleftricos amovebat. 
 
 Cum fluorem menftruum excitat, forlan 
 etiam CHLOROSI prodelTet. 
 
 SPASMI eledtricitatis ufu faepe folvuntur; 
 cum autem olim obfervavimus nofmet, quali 
 
 llruftura 
 
 * Cullcn's Firft Lines, p. 33. Sydenhami Opera, 125, 6. 
 f Prieftlcy on Elcftricity, 137. J Introdudion. 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 33 
 
 ftrudtura mufculo fcih contrahendi vires fup- 
 peditantur, prorfus ignorare, pauca tantum 
 proferemus exempla Ipafmorum elediricitate 
 folutorum, et morbum unum alterumve fub- 
 jungemus, in quibus, a priori, eledricitatis 
 ex ufu commodum expeftemus. 
 
 TETANUS et TRISMUS inter fpafmos 
 imprimis,aeque ob periculum quod aegro mi- 
 nitatur, ac ob pertinacitatem qua remediis ob- 
 ftant valentiffimis, recenferi merentur. Dr 
 Watfon tetanum ex puella feptem annos, et 
 Dr Spry trifmum ex altera od:odecim annos 
 nata, eled:ricitate fuftulit. 
 
 *De Haen CHOREAM St VITI elediri- 
 citate faepe curavit ; "f-Lindhoult epilepfiam, et 
 JWeiley hyfteriam fuftulit. Ex hifce operae 
 pretium fore duco virium eledtricorum in 
 §ASTHMATE SPASMODICO,inPertuffi, 
 Colica, et Hydrophobia periculum facere. 
 
 E Experimenta 
 
 * Ratio Medendi. f Medical Commentaries, vol. i. 373. 
 X Defideratum. 
 
 § Mulier quae febre intermittente irregulari laborabat, 
 afthmate correpta erat : Illuft. Dr HOPE eleaHcitatem 
 
 adhiberi 
 
34 DE ELECTRICITATE. 
 
 Experimenta plurima elediricitatem aerem 
 atmofphaericum in fixabilem convertere of- 
 tendunt, hoc a phlogifton, e quo conftat, vel 
 faltem quod copiofe continet, pendet : De- 
 hinc probabile videtur, quod Tympanitidis et 
 Emphyfematis curationem plurimum adju- 
 varet, aeris abforptionem promovendo ; in 
 ftatu enim aeris fixabilis folum per vafa lac- 
 tea abforberi aer videtur. Infulatio vel pe- 
 nicilla diu adhibita commodum hie pollicetur. 
 Forfan analarcam amoveret, et rachitidi pro- 
 deffet. * Contrafturam faepiffime abftulit, 
 fluidorum lubricantium et fynoviae fecre- 
 tionem promovendo. 
 
 AMENORRHOEAM viribus eleftricis 
 fere femper vinci, olim obfervavimus. 
 
 Gutta 
 
 adhiberi juffit, quae afthma fubito amovebat, et intermit- 
 tentis ftadium frigidum inducebat. Paroxymo finite, 
 afthma iterum fuperveniCDat, atque fecundo eleftricitate 
 fugato intermittentis paroxyfmus redibat. Haec fuccef- 
 fu pari facpius reiterata erant. Edin. Infirmary regifter, 
 1771. 
 
 ♦ Lindhoult, Medical Commentaries, vol. 3. 371. 
 Jallabert, p. 7, on Eledricity, &c. 
 
DE ELECTRICITATE. 35 
 
 •f- Gutta ferena. Odontalgia, Dyfecoea, 
 Schirrus, et plurimi alii morbi, eledtricitate 
 fublati fuerunt. 
 
 * Decipimur fpecie re6li, brevis efle laboro, 
 
 * Obfcurus fio : Seftantem gravia nervi 
 ' Deficiunt animique. 
 
 Horat. de arte Poetica. 
 
 t Hey feptem narrat cafus aegrorum ex amaurofi 
 eledlricitatis ufu folutorum. Lond. Med. Obf. vol. 5. 
 p. I. 25. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
TRANSLATION 
 
 BY 
 
 REV. F. K. STEAYENSON 
 
AN INAUGURAL MEDICAL DISSERTATION 
 
 UPON 
 
 ELECTRICITY, AND ITS MANNER OF WORKING 
 IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE: 
 
 WHICH 
 
 BY THE FAVOUE OF THE SUPEEME BEIBTG, 
 AND BY THE AUTHOEITY OF THE VEEY EEVEEEND 
 
 D. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, D. D. 
 
 PEINCIPAL OF THE TNIVEESITY OF EDINBUEGH; 
 
 AND ALSO 
 
 WITH THE CONSENT OF THE MOST HONOEABLE 8ENATUS ACADEMICUS, 
 
 AND BY THE DECEEE OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED FACULTY OF 
 
 MEDICINE, 
 
 FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR, 
 
 AND THE HIGHEST HONOUES AND PEIVILEGES IN MEDICINE 
 EIGHTLY AND DULY APPEETAINING THEEETO ; 
 
 ROBERT STEAYENSON, an English M.A. 
 
 FELLOW OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY AND ALSO 
 HON. FELLOW OF THE SOCIETY OF PHYSICIANS AND SUEGEONS. 
 
 SUBMITS TO THE CONSIDERATION OF THE LEARNED. 
 
 * ** Nought is too high for the daring of mortals. 
 Heaven's very self in our folly we storm. 
 Never is Jove, through our guilty aspiring, 
 Suffered to lay down the bolt we provoke." 
 
 Odes of Hoeacb. 
 
 On the 24th day of June at the usual houe and place. 
 
 EDINBURGH: 
 BALFOUR AND SMELLIE, 
 
 PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 1778. 
 * Lord Lytton's ' Horace.* 
 
To that most accomplished young man 
 
 WALTER OaiLVY, Esq.,^ 
 
 Eldest son of 
 
 Sir John Ogilvy of Innerquharity, Bart., 
 
 Who was beloved by all 
 
 On account of his courtesy, 
 
 And especially by him, owing to the close friendship 
 
 Which bound them together 
 
 While they pursued the study of Philosophy 
 
 For three years at St. Andrew's University ; 
 
 Also 
 
 To the most distinguished Senator, 
 
 JAMES WILKINSON, Esq., 
 
 Who is equally esteemed 
 
 Whether in the management of 
 
 Public or private affairs. 
 
 And noted not only for the grace of his manners. 
 
 But also for the uprightness of his life ; 
 
 And, lastly, 
 
 To the most learned 
 
 JOHN BURN, M.D., 
 
 Who practises 
 
 Apollo's art at Berwick 
 
 With the greatest credit to himself 
 
 And benefit to his fellow-townsmen. 
 
 Who is ever deserving of respect and honour 
 
 Both on account of the medical knowledge 
 
 Derived from him 
 
 While for three years under his guidance 
 
 He visited very many patients, 
 
 And also on account of 
 
 The advice and friendship 
 
 With which he honoured him 
 
 Whilst for four years he applied himself 
 
 To the study of Medicine 
 
 In the University of Edinburgh, 
 
 THE AUTHOR 
 
 Gladly Dedicates these firstfruits 
 
 Of his studies. 
 
AN INAUGURAL 
 MEDICAL DISSERTATTON 
 
 ON 
 
 ELECTRICITY AND ITS MANNER OF WORKING 
 IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASE. 
 
 Just as man advances slowly and by degrees 
 from the rude state of barbarism to cultivation 
 and civilisation, so philosophy moves on from 
 the first faint glimmer of dawn to the perfect 
 light of day. In one century, some chance 
 circumstance or some profound intellect gives 
 birth to various arts and sciences, and the 
 industry and experience of succeeding cen- 
 turies brings them to a high state of perfec- 
 tion. Though, in my opinion, the ancients were 
 by no means inferior to the moderns in intellect, 
 still the moderns by adding their experience 
 
5i ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 to the others' knowledge, have far outstripped 
 them in very many departments of science, and 
 especially in Physics. 
 
 As science advanced thus gradually to a 
 state of cultivation, electricity was brought 
 into prominent notice only within the present 
 century. For though the ancient writers used 
 to speak of bodies which after friction were 
 endued with the power of attracting lighter 
 bodies to themselves, they were nevertheless 
 entirely ignorant that this power depended 
 upon a fluid now called the "electric" fluid. 
 The lightning was formerly considered to be 
 sacred to God Himself, and the scourge of 
 impious men ; but to-day it is well known to 
 be distributed throughout the mundane system, 
 and to bring healing to the diseased ; for it is 
 produced by the electric fluid, which may be 
 drawn from the earth and clouds alike, and 
 can simulate every appearance of the light- 
 ning. 
 
 It is now well known that this fluid produces 
 very many phenomena, which the philosophers 
 of the last century were altogether unable to ac- 
 count for. For our " savants " have proved that 
 the Aurora Borealis, earthquakes, whirlwinds, 
 
ON ELECTRIOTTT. ^ 
 
 meteors, &c., are produced entirely by the 
 electric fluid. 
 
 Electricity furnishes us with many pheno- 
 mena, which would have been better calculated 
 to amuse and interest the mind than to add to 
 the comforts of life, if that most talented man 
 Franklin, and Jallabert, had not happily and 
 successfully turned their knowledge of the 
 powers of electricity, the one to combating 
 the danger of lightning- strokes, the other to 
 the cure of disease. Still though very many of 
 the effects of electricity are well understood, 
 we may boldly assert that many are as yet 
 enveloped in obscurity. 
 
 Although it is conceded that electricity holds 
 a place among the most efficacious remedies of 
 the day, the forces by which it removes dis- 
 ease from the human body are not thoroughly 
 understood ; and so it is used somewhat empiri- 
 cally. I have determined therefore to explain, as 
 well as I possibly can, its Modus Operandi, and 
 then to enumerate the diseases in the cure of 
 which it is most likely to prove efficacious. In 
 the first place, however, a few words must be 
 said about the 
 
 WAYS OF APPLYING IT. 
 
 The electric fluid possesses very many ex- 
 tremely wonderful qualities, a few of which I will 
 
4 ON BLECTRIOITY. 
 
 mention as especially worthy of our attention, 
 because they help to explain the method of its 
 application, and perhaps of its action. 
 
 1st. It pervades the terrestrial system in 
 every part, so that all bodies have a certain 
 quantity as it were concealed in them ; and 
 thus it is that bodies are said to be charged 
 with electric fluid, and the electric fluid is said 
 to be in equilibrium and at rest. 
 
 2nd. The equilibrium and the rest are dis- 
 turbed by the friction of certain bodies, e,g. a 
 glass cylinder, &c., and then it is said to be in 
 motion. 
 
 8rd. It can be drawn out of some bodies and 
 conveyed elsewhere, in others it can be accu- 
 mulated and intensified, and in all its position 
 can be shifted. Hence with reference to the elec- 
 tric fluid, bodies are divided into two classes, 
 viz. the Exciting, which are called electric^ and 
 the Conveying, which are called Conductors, 
 To the latter class belong metals, fluids or moist 
 substances, charcoal, and vitreous substances ; 
 nearly all other bodies are reckoned among 
 the electric. Moreover, it must be observed 
 that substances which excite the electric fluid 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 5 
 
 do not attract it, and for that reason they are 
 called non-conductors, and those which attract 
 do not excite, and therefore they are called 
 non-electric. 
 
 4th. Whenever equilibrium is disturbed, e.g, 
 if the electric fluid is accumulated in any 
 substance, or is taken away from any sub- 
 stance, or is accumulated and intensified in 
 one part or surface of any substance, whilst it 
 is taken away from the other surface (which 
 happens in the experiment of the Leyden jar) 
 immediately on the application of a conductor, 
 equilibrium is restored with infinite and almost 
 incredible speed. 
 
 5th. It invariably prefers some conductors 
 to others, though it should have to go a long 
 way out of the direct course; for instance, it 
 prefers metals to charcoal, and charcoal to 
 fluids ; but, cceteris paribus, it seeks equilibrium 
 by the nearest way. 
 
 6th. It is possessed of an extraordinary 
 power of penetration and mobility, so that it 
 very readily passes through conductors, and 
 fastens upon electric substances {e.g, on glass, 
 &c.), though it does not pass through them. 
 
 As a consequence of these properties of 
 electricity there are three methods of apply- 
 ing it to the human body, by one of which, 
 
6 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 namely Insulation, the electric fluid, aroused 
 by the application of an electric substance, is 
 prevented from passing to surrounding bodies, 
 and therefore necessarily becomes accumulated 
 in the human body. Whilst this operation is 
 being performed, the electric fluid penetrates 
 all the inmost recesses of the body, and gra- 
 dually, with greater or less speed, according to 
 the humidity or dryness of the air, passes 
 through each pore to the outer air, and takes 
 fluid substances with it. This method of 
 application shows the natural qualities of the 
 electric fluid when excited, largely increases 
 the perspiration, somewhat quickens the action 
 of the heart and arteries, often produces sweat- 
 ing, and promotes all the secretions. 
 
 If to a body which has been insulated and 
 unduly charged with electric fluid which has 
 been excited, a Conductor is suddenly ap- 
 plied, the superabundant fluid makes for it 
 with the greatest speed, and (if the conductor 
 be not a sharpened one) with difficulty leaves 
 the body in the form of a luminous spark, and 
 gives pain and a redness to the part by the 
 shock ; or if any part of the human body is 
 applied to a conductor which is insulated 
 and charged with fluid it receives the spark 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 7 
 
 and the shock. The former of these methods 
 produces almost the same effects as Insulation, 
 combined with a local and mechanical stimulus, 
 the latter does little more than give a local and 
 mechanical stimulus. If therefore we wish to 
 affect the body generally as well as to give a 
 local stimulus, the sparh must be drawn from 
 the patient after he has been insulated ; but if 
 on the other hand we only wish to give a local 
 stimulus, the spark must be applied to him 
 without his being insulated. 
 
 If the fluid is accumulated and intensified 
 upon one surface of a body called " naturally 
 electric,^^ e.g, a sheet of glass or a glass phial, 
 it is driven from the other surface in an equal 
 degree, for electric bodies can only contain 
 their natural quantity of the fluid, though its 
 position or distribution can be altered ; there- 
 fore we should say that on one surface the fluid, 
 on the other the solid part predominated. But 
 directly a communication is established be- 
 tween the two surfaces by the application of a 
 conductor, equilibrium is restored with greater 
 or less speed according to the nature of 
 the surface, the condensation of the electric 
 fluid, and the perfectness of the conductor, 
 and it is restored with a sharp shock, for 
 the speed and shock of the electric fluid 
 
8 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 is increased by condensation, like those of 
 other fluids which possess the power of resi- 
 lience. Whilst the electric fluid is accumulated 
 upon one surface of the glass phial or sheet of 
 glass, it is said to be Charged, and if a human 
 body (which does not conduct the electric fluid 
 except by the aid of moisture) should establish 
 a communication between the two surfaces, 
 equilibrium is restored through the body, the 
 body receives a very sharp shock or Shaking, 
 and the phial is said to be Discharged. This is 
 called a Shock, and under this method of apply- 
 ing the fluid it pervades only a part of the 
 system, but it pervades that part with the 
 greatest speed, for it endeavours to attain 
 equilibrium and an equal diffusion by the most 
 direct way. 
 
 As regards then the application of electricity 
 to the body. Insulation may be used in very 
 many diseases without danger, and in many 
 with advantage : Shock in only a few, and in 
 these often with the greatest prudence. Sparks 
 more frequently than Shock, less frequently 
 than Insulation, may be allowed to be used. 
 
 Whilst I was thinking over the property 
 of sharpened conductors, that is their power 
 of suddenly drawing the electric fluid 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 9 
 
 which has become accumulated out of bodies 
 silently and without a spark, a fourth method 
 of applying it, which promises to be advan- 
 tageous, occurred to my mind, and which, to 
 distinguish it from the others, I would call 
 the Pencil Method, It is very well known 
 that pointed instruments strongly attract the 
 fluid when once excited; if therefore to an 
 insulated human body, unduly charged with 
 electric fluid, a pointed conductor be applied, 
 the superabundant fluid will be drawn out, 
 without a shock and at the same time without 
 causing pain, from this part in the form of a 
 luminous pencil; whereby the volume and 
 speed of the fluid as it passes through what- 
 ever part we desire may be greatly increased, 
 and if we enlarge the space through which 
 the fluid makes its escape, it will only be neces- 
 sary to increase the number of the points. I 
 have at present made no experiments, though 
 I have it in my mind to set some on foot in 
 connection with this ; for it seems probable to 
 me that it might be very useful in dispersing 
 scirrhous tumours, in which we should seek to 
 prevent suppuration above all things ; it might 
 be applied with advantage perhaps even in 
 some forms of Inflammation. 
 
10 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Before we briDg this part of the dissertation 
 to a close, it must be observed, that doctors 
 seldom persevere in the use of electricity with 
 sufficient diligence ; for we ought not to forget 
 that, though electricity removes some diseases 
 all at once and as if by magic, still in others it 
 must be used with long patience ; and though 
 the patient may have received no benefit from 
 it after two or three months' use, still success 
 is by no means to be despaired of ; for it has 
 removed, even after six months, diseases which 
 could not be cured otherwise.''^ But Shenstone 
 said, " Patience is a panacea ; but where is it to 
 be found, and who can swallow it ? '' 
 
 ON ITS MODE OF ACTION. 
 
 From these remarks on the modes of its 
 application, we may conclude that the action of 
 electricity will be different according to the 
 difference of its application ; and we have it on 
 record as a well-known fact, that an excessive 
 shock just like violent blows has entirely de- 
 stroyed life, while gentler applications have 
 
 * De Haen, * Science of Medicine.' 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 11 
 
 restored to life the torpid and half-dead 
 limbs. 
 
 With respect to its Mode of Action learned 
 men are divided into two parties, one of which 
 will have it that electricity acts simply as a 
 stimulus, while the other endeavours to prove 
 by many arguments that the electric fluid is the 
 cause of sensation and motion in living bodies, 
 in other words that it is the same as the Nervous 
 Fluid ;* and hence, they believe that the electric 
 fluid cures paralysis, by increasing the quantity 
 of nerve force, and removing impediments in 
 its course. 
 
 We must first speak of the former of these 
 opinions ; and in order that we may inquire 
 properly into its truth, let us look at the effects 
 of stimulants such as electricity, upon certain 
 diseases. 
 
 Stimulants act only upon the nerve or sen- 
 tient fibres, a fact which is due to the sensi- 
 tiveness of the nerve and its intolerance of 
 certain sensations; and hence they increase 
 both in frequency and force the contractions of 
 the muscles, especially of those which are con- 
 nected with the circulation of the blood ; there- 
 fore they produce no effect in the first instance 
 
 * Deshais, ' Extracts from Montpellier.' 
 
 2 
 
12 ON ELECTEICITr. 
 
 upon the non-sentient fibres, except in so far 
 as they draw them into wrinkles or furrows by 
 their pungency. 
 
 Electricity, on the other hand, is good for 
 Paralysis ; but its stimulating powers will not 
 explain the phenomena in this case; for it 
 arouses a nerve which has neither sensation nor 
 power of motion, and therefore not capable of 
 stimulation, and of this nerve it restores the 
 sensitiveness and powers. 
 
 Electricity removes Amenorrhoea, and very 
 frequently has re-established the monthly dis- 
 charge of the weaker sex which is so essential 
 to their health, so much so that Franklin, who 
 has made use of electricity many times in this 
 complaint, declares that it has seldom belied 
 his expectations. But Amenorrhoea very often 
 obstinately resists the most powerful stimulants, 
 and baffles the efforts of the doctors ; thus wine 
 and exercise quicken the action of the heart and 
 arteries more than electricity does ; if therefore 
 effects of this kind depended upon stimulus alone, 
 wine, &c., would be better calculated to bring 
 about the desired result, but experience does 
 not confirm this. 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 13 
 
 Scirrhous tumours* are sometimes dispersed 
 by the electric fluid, but not at all by its stimu- 
 lating power ; for suppuration would have to be 
 feared as the result of a stimulus, and as a 
 matter of fact electric sparks which chiefly 
 stimulate do hasten on suppuration. 
 
 Electricity accelerates the passage of cal- 
 culit through the ureters, whereas stimulants 
 would rather hinder it, for whatever irritates 
 the ureters brings on spasms and narrows the 
 calibre of the ureter and therefore would be 
 avoided by us in treating that disease. 
 
 The application of electricity removes bald- 
 ness { and promotes the growth of the hair, 
 efifects which can scarcely be attributed to any 
 stimulating power. 
 
 Hence it seems just for us to conclude that 
 although we may not deny to electricity when 
 applied in a certain manner, a mechanical 
 stimulating power, which is the result of its 
 own momentum, still other properties must 
 be taken into the calculation of its mode of 
 action, in order that we may be able to deter- 
 mine the lines upon which it works, to lay 
 down adequate indications of its working, 
 
 * ' Med. Comment./ v. 4, p. 82. 
 
 t '.Wesley's Desideratum.' 
 
 t * Oarmichael, Tentamen/ p. 33. 
 
14 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 and to say beforehand in what diseases benefit 
 is to be expected from its use. 
 
 Since therefore we have shown, that this 
 theory about electricity is insufficient to explain 
 these effects, let us carefully examine the 
 opinion put forth by Deshais, and consider the 
 arguments which he brings forward in support 
 of his opinion. 
 
 1st. He says, that the striking together of 
 fluids and solids excites the electric fluid which 
 naturally lies latent in the bodies of animals, 
 and that this is made clear by ' a certain 
 property of the furs of animals; for if their 
 hairs be rubbed in the dark, the electric fluid is 
 clearly seen passing from them. But it must 
 be observed that this does not depend on any 
 power peculiar to living animals, but that it is 
 excited by the friction of an electric body (to 
 wit the fur of animals). 
 
 2nd. He declares that the nerves conduct the 
 electric fluid in preference to other parts of the 
 system; because, if you apply electricity to 
 a living dog, after you have laid bare and 
 cut the great nerve, luminous rays are thrown 
 forth from the nerve. This again depends 
 not on the inner substance of the nerve, 
 but on the moisture by which it is con- 
 cealed, and on the powers of sharpened 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 15 
 
 instruments which we mentioned just now. 
 The nerves act as conductors of electricity but 
 imperfectly.* 
 
 3rd. He thinks that the electric fluid or (what 
 according to him is the same thing) the nerve fluid 
 does not return to the brain to communicate 
 the sensation of Touch, but passes to the body 
 which we touch. But to this we answer, that 
 bodies which possess an equal quantity of the 
 electric fluid do not pass their electricity the 
 one to the other, but the electric fluid is equally 
 spread among bodies which are in contact with 
 electric substances, and under these conditions 
 shows no signs of electricity; therefore, when 
 matters are thus, we can neither feel our own 
 body nor neighbouring bodies. 
 
 Moreover, it must be observed, that the 
 nervous energy is altogether destroyed, whether 
 the nerve be bound up in a conductor or 
 an electric substance. In fine, the argu- 
 ment which totally overthrows this theory 
 still remains; for if this theory were to be 
 accepted as true, and we were to draw the 
 natural electric fluid out of the living system, 
 
 * I have found by experiments that dry and withered nerves 
 do not perfectly conduct the electric fluid, but that nerves in full 
 vigour do so easily, though scarcely so well as the whole body 
 
16 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 we should also destroy the nerve power, and if 
 we partially diminish the nerve power according 
 to a certain proportion the case becomes alto- 
 gether different. 
 
 Having therefore rejected these theories, let 
 us cautiously and with diffidence take in hand 
 the method in which electricity works, and bring 
 forward our own idea on this subject ; but in 
 the first place let us enumerate certain pro- 
 perties of the electric fluid which may help us 
 in our investigations into its action upon the 
 human body. 
 
 No one who knows anything about electricity 
 is ignorant of the fact that the electric fluid 
 when excited very greatly increases the speed 
 of the fluids passing through hair-like tubes, 
 and hence it promotes the flow of sap and the 
 growth of plants. Owing to its extreme fine- 
 ness and delicacy it pervades even the smallest 
 vessels of the human system, wherefore we 
 may believe that the electric fluid, passing as 
 it does freely throughout the whole system, 
 increases the speed of the fluids which pass 
 through the smallest vessels, independently 
 of the help of the heart and arteries. This 
 opinion does not escape our notice ; for 
 the application of electricity pure and simple 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 17 
 
 or insulation* very greatly increases the per- 
 spiration, and sometimes induces copious sweat- 
 ing, though it scarcely accelerates at all the 
 action of the heart and arteries. 
 
 Having stated these properties of the electric 
 fluid when excited, that is, its extreme fineness, 
 by which it spreads through bodies which are 
 conductors, its vast speed, with which it is 
 prone to diffuse itself uniformly amongst bodies, 
 the power with which it accelerates the passage 
 of fluids even through the smallest vessels, and 
 lastly the property owing to which fluids con- 
 duct the Electric Fluid, and starting with these 
 as our basis we will endeavour to explain its 
 Action in the Curing of Disease. 
 
 In order that we may prosecute this investiga- 
 tion the better, and our Theory may stand forth 
 in a clearer light, it is necessary to state certain 
 things concerning the nature and proximate 
 cause of that most obstinate disease. Paralysis, 
 in the relief of which the powers of electricity 
 have by experience been found largely useful. 
 
 There are two acknowledged but dissimilar 
 proximate causes which lead to paralysis, 
 viz. Compression of the nervous system and 
 
 * Abbe Nollet, 'Phil. Trans.,' v. 10, 384. 
 
18 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 the condition which is called Collapse. Elec- 
 tricity only removes the Paralysis which follows 
 upon collapse ; and is hurtful in most cases of 
 that disease which result from compression ; 
 we shall therefore especially investigate the 
 nature of the collapse, or the condition of the 
 nerves from which Paralysis " from collapse " 
 results. 
 
 It is evident to all that the circulation of the 
 blood and the tone of the sanguiferous vessels 
 are equally necessary for creating and main- 
 taining nerve force in the living system; for 
 which reason the brain far surpasses all the 
 other viscera in the number of its vessels and 
 probably in their minute division and distribu- 
 tion. Moreover the nerve-fibres are supplied 
 in all directions with very minute vessels, and 
 according to that eminent anatomist the elder 
 Monro* " The nervous cords have such nume- 
 rous blood-vessels, that after their arteries only 
 are injected, the whole cord is tinged with the 
 colour of the injected liquor." 
 
 Daily experience tells us that the nerves 
 owe all their energy to their blood-vessels ; 
 
 * ' On the Nerves.' 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 19 
 
 thus, when the tone of the vessels has been 
 lost owing to HaGmorrhage, the circulation of 
 the blood through the brain and nerves is 
 impaired, and the nerve force sustains a corre- 
 sponding loss; if the loss of the blood con- 
 tinues, the nerves lose their power, and if the 
 flow of the blood through any limb is impeded 
 that member loses its nerve power, and be- 
 comes paralysed for a time. 
 
 No one will deny, on the other hand, that 
 nerve power is necessary for maintaining the 
 action of the vessels. The muscular or nerve 
 power of the arteries is the chief thing which 
 promotes the flow of the blood through the 
 vessels the furthest remote from the heart ; for 
 they receive scarcely any help from the heart 
 itself; wherefore if their muscular fibres be 
 deprived of nerve power, they cannot keep up 
 the circulation : Hence in some paralytics you 
 will detect the pulsation of the arteries to the 
 wrist while the affected arm is hanging down, 
 but when the arm is raised to the perpendicular 
 it altogether disappears ; and in almost all who 
 are suffering from this disease the pulsations of 
 the radial arteries are found to be more feeble 
 in the paralysed limb than in the sound one or 
 elsewhere. 
 
20 ON ELEOTmOITY. 
 
 Wherefore although the power of the heart 
 remains unimpaired, the blood is not sent into 
 the smaller vessels of the limbs of paralytics, 
 and accordingly the vessels collapse. 
 
 From whatever cause paralysis springs, the 
 affected part is deprived of nerve power and 
 muscular motion is lost; hence the flow of 
 blood through the dead limbs is very greatly 
 weakened, and in the capillary vessels, espe- 
 cially of the paralysed nerves, it is impaired or 
 fails altogether. Still though the cause which 
 first gave rise to the paralysis be removed (viz. 
 compression of the brain or nerves) the para- 
 lysis itself nevertheless not unfrequently re- 
 mains, and then it is said to be the conse- 
 quence of collapse, whether arising from some 
 organic injury, or injury of the parts which 
 regulate the nerves, it is not certain ; for it is 
 often removed all at once by electricity, which 
 cannot all at once heal the laceration of the 
 nerves ; wherefore we must look elsewhere for 
 the moving cause of collapse. 
 
 We pointed out a little time ago that the 
 circulation of the blood and tone of the vessels, 
 especially in the brain and nerves, are neces- 
 sary for producing sensation and motion ; and 
 that the circulation and tone of the vessels 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 2] 
 
 is altogether wanting in paralysed nerves. 
 Though therefore the primary cause of para- 
 lysis be removed, so that it no longer prevents 
 the nerves from performing their proper func- 
 tions, still something is wanting to the nerves 
 without which they cannot perform their func- 
 tions, viz. a circulation of fluids in their own 
 vessels which is not restored as long as the 
 nerve force is wanting. The want therefore of 
 circulation in the vessels of the nerves them- 
 selves, appears to constitute the proximate cause 
 of paralysis from collapse. 
 
 Yery many phenomena of diseases present to 
 our minds the appearance of reality, e. g. *limbs 
 from which excessive haemorrhage has taken 
 place have sometimes remained weak, or even 
 paralysed, although the general system has 
 recovered its health and former strength. 
 Chronic rheumatism, accompanied by wasting 
 of the limbs, and resulting from weakness 
 of the vessels and evident want of circulation, 
 is closely akin to paralysis from collapse, and 
 
 * ' Med. Comment./ vol. 3, p. 202. 
 
22 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 often ends in that disease ; for the nerves lose 
 their energy owing to the tone of their vessels 
 being impaired, and these do not recover their 
 tone after haemorrhage, &c., owing to the nerve 
 power being impaired. 
 
 If we consider the way in which nature 
 guards against the harmful eflPects of things 
 which lower or weaken the nervous system, our 
 Theory will still seem consistent with proba- 
 bility. Weakening causes (like contagion, &c.), 
 when appHed to the system, if they are very 
 intense, are able to kill outright ; but if they 
 are not so powerful as that, they impair the 
 energy of the brain and nerves, which energy 
 is with difficulty restored except by fever and 
 the increased action of the vessels ; whence we 
 may justly suspect that the brain alone, without 
 the increased action of the vessels, cannot 
 restore its own energy. And more than 
 this, there are, unless I am mistaken, some 
 examples recorded by medical writers of para- 
 lytics being cured of their disease on fever 
 supervening, and paralysis from collapse 
 often arises from lowering causes (such as 
 poisons, &c.). Again, whenever a paralytic 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 23 
 
 receives benefit from electricity, increase in 
 size quickly follows the first signs of returning 
 health in the members affected by the disease, 
 an increase which we are to attribute not so 
 much to an accession of nourishment as to an 
 increase of the fluids circulating through the 
 limbs. 
 
 From these and many other observations 
 there seems to be no doubt that the nerves 
 receive something from their own vessels, 
 equally with the brain, which is essential to 
 their energy, and without which they cannot 
 discharge their proper functions. 
 
 Since the arterial and nervous systems act 
 and re-act on one another, and in turns strive 
 for energy, if the energy of either is destroyed 
 the energy of the other must also cease ; 
 neither can the powers of either be restored, 
 until everything which hinders a re-action has 
 been removed, and motion or action has been 
 set on foot in one of the two systems. For 
 the nerves, are able neither to commence 
 their work, nor to keep it up when once 
 begun, without some help from the blood- 
 vessels ; for although they receive from the 
 brain something which is required for the 
 proper development of sensation and motion, 
 they receive also from their own blood-vessels 
 
24 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 sometliiiig which, is equally essential to these 
 functions. The vessels on the other hand if 
 deprived of nervous energy are not able to 
 send fluids through themselves ; so the nerves 
 do not obtain from the vessels that of which 
 the latter are in want. 
 
 Electricity (as we have observed above) pos- 
 sesses the peculiar property of swiftly convey- 
 ing fluids through small tubes, and especially 
 through capillary tubes. When therefore the 
 excited electric fluid pervades the smallest 
 vessels of the body, it accelerates the passage 
 of fluids through the smallest vessels, and en- 
 larges their openings ; which again contract 
 owing to their mere elasticity. And on this 
 being repeated, the action of the vessels and 
 the circulation of the fluids are restored, and 
 the nerves receive from the vessels whatever 
 they need for recovering their own energy. 
 The nervous energy, thus restored, is imparted 
 to the muscular fibres of the vessels, which 
 keep up the circulation again set on foot by the 
 electric fluid, and thus nerve power is estab- 
 lished and paralysis is removed. 
 
 If nervous energy is discerned as much by 
 
 •the vessels of the nerves, as by those which 
 
 enter the cortex of the brain in every direction 
 
• 
 ON ELECTRICITY. 25 
 
 as that most eminent man *Monro proves 
 almost without a doubt, our theory will become 
 all the clearer ; for, if the circulation is alto- 
 gether or almost stopped (as we have en- 
 deavoured to show) owing to paralysed nerves, 
 the nervous energy can by no means be dis- 
 cerned ; but as soon as the circulation is 
 restored by electricity, the nervous energy is 
 again discerned, and by it the circulation is a 
 second time kept up. 
 
 1st. Does not the sudden relief from their 
 complaint, which paralytics sometimes expe- 
 rience owing to the use of electricity depend 
 upon the blood which has been imparted to the 
 nerves by the electric fluid ? And does not 
 also the failure of the power of feeling and 
 motion, which often occurs when electricity has 
 been prematurely abandoned, result from the 
 circulation once more being wanting, owing to 
 the nervous energy not being sufficiently re- 
 stored to maintain the action of the vessels ? 
 
 2nd. Does not the rapid increase in size 
 of the paralysed limbs, which occurs whilst 
 
 * ' Lectures on Anatomy.' 
 
26 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 the patient uses electricity depend upon the 
 fluids which are carried by the electric fluid into 
 the capillary vessels of the limbs ? And there- 
 fore does not the decrease of the paralysed 
 limbs depend upon the want of circulating fluids 
 and the collapse of the vessels, rather than upon 
 real want of nourishment? And if this be 
 conceded, it altogether overthrows this argu- 
 ment which hints that nutrition is accomplished 
 by the nerves. 
 
 Electricity quickly brings on the menstrual 
 flow, sometimes even whilst the patient is being 
 electrified, and if this does not take place, slight 
 leucorrhcea is first induced, and afterwards the 
 menstrual flow breaks forth. This depends 
 upon the same principles, that is, the electric 
 fluid by accelerating the fluids in the smallest 
 vessels and carrying them with it, enlarges the 
 openings of the vessels of the womb so that the 
 menstrual fluid flows out of them. Perhaps in 
 some cases the electric fluid relieves the spasms 
 both of the vessels and of the womb itself ; but 
 since we confess that we are altogether ignorant 
 of the mechanism by which muscle is able to 
 contract itself, we shall in vain endeavour to 
 explain its action in relieving spasms. 
 
OK ELECTRICITY. 27 
 
 In the same way the expulsion of calculi 
 from the ureters is explained. It also removes 
 baldness, by promoting the circulation of fluids 
 through the glands which divide the hair, or the 
 roots of the hair. 
 
 Having completed our observations upon the 
 action of electricity in curing diseases, we must 
 now speak of the diseases in which it has already 
 been used with advantage, and of those in which 
 our theory promises that it will bring relief 
 in the future ; and first, 
 
 ON FEVERS. 
 
 Electricity has cured Intermittent Fevers ;* 
 Wesley got rid of tertian and quartan fevers, 
 andt Lindhoult most obstinate quartan fever 
 by the use of electricity. Intermittent fevers 
 result from the energy of the brain being im- 
 paired and whatever supplies or restores tone 
 to the system, stops the paroxysms, and removes 
 the disease ; whence it seems probable that elec- 
 
 * * The Desideratum.' 
 
 t " Notes upon Diseases cured by Electricity." See * Med. 
 Com./ V. 1, p. 372. 
 
 3 
 
28 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 tricity removes disease by promoting the circu- 
 lation of fluids through the vessels of the brain 
 and nerves, and so by renewing the nervous 
 energy. Would it not in the same way remove 
 all at once continued fevers, especially those 
 called nervous fevers? Insulation at least 
 might be safely applied in the case of these. 
 
 It has removed *Quinsey ; in this case, indeed, 
 it gave relief by a kind of local stimulus ; for 
 sparks were extracted from the neighbouring 
 parts, and we know as a well ascertained fact, 
 that stimuli applied to a part near to an in- 
 flammation, lessen the inflammation ; but per- 
 haps some relief resulted from the penetrating 
 property of the electric fluid, for it spirited the 
 disease away in the shortest space of time. 
 
 Cheonic Rheumatism has received the greatest 
 assistance from electricity. It seems reasonable 
 to conclude from various phenomena of this 
 disease that its proximate cause is a failure of 
 the circulation in the smallest vessels and an 
 irritability of these, together with a weakness 
 of the larger vessels. 
 
 * Ferguson's ' Introd.,' p. 126. 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 29 
 
 And to show that this is a probable idea, let us 
 consider the remote causes, the symptoms, the 
 sequelse, and the means of curing the disease. 
 
 It is generally allowed that the Remote 
 Cause of Chronic Rheumatism is the excessive 
 and overstrained action of the vessels in the 
 part affected, which often happens in Acute 
 Rheumatism or in sudden distortions of the 
 joints or in contusions ; a too long protracted 
 strain upon the muscles, or violent exertions 
 bring on weakness ; and the weakness is often 
 accompanied by irritability, especially after 
 Inflammation. 
 
 The symptoms are pallor and coldness of the 
 parts affected by the disease, which show that 
 the circulation is weak ; for the heat of the 
 body is evidently closely connected with the 
 circulation of the blood. A dryness of these 
 parts, when the rest of the body is bathed in 
 perspiration, shows that the blood is not sent 
 into the smallest vessels. Stiffness of the 
 joints, a creaking sound and pain, whenever 
 the legs are moved indicate a want of synovial 
 fluid or of the fluids which lubricate the joints. 
 Wasting of the limbs depends upon the same 
 cause (viz. a defective circulation in the smaller 
 vessels). 
 
30 ON ELEOTEIOITT. 
 
 The sharp pains by which invalids are tor- 
 tured after a sudden change in the temperature 
 or the density of the atmosphere show the irri- 
 tabihty of the blood-vessels, which causes them 
 to be distressed by an unusual distention or 
 contraction. 
 
 The sequelas are a fixed joint, or sometimes 
 anchylosis, arising from the obHteration of the 
 cartilages, and paralysis from collapse which 
 arises from the causes already mentioned. 
 
 A cure is effected by medicines which in the 
 first place, restore the tone of the system and 
 thus do away with the irritability; such as Peru- 
 vian bark and cold baths. 2ndly, which promote 
 the circulation of the blood through the veins 
 and thus do away with the stiffness, &c. ; among 
 these are stimulants, friction which mechani- 
 cally promotes the circulation of the fluids, and 
 exercise. Hence we conclude that the electric 
 fluid relieves Chronic Rheumatism by pro- 
 moting the circulation of the blood through 
 the enfeebled blood-vessels, and thus renewing 
 the nervous and muscular force. Could not 
 the Pencils be applied with advantage in acute 
 rheumatism, especially after blood-letting ? 
 
ON ELECTEICITY. 31 
 
 Loss of reason sometimes follows Delirium, 
 and seems to arise in some cases from the 
 impairing of the circulation in the vessels of 
 the brain which have been weakened by the 
 preceding inflammation. In this case we may- 
 expect a priori that insulation may be of service 
 by promoting the flow of the blood through the 
 smaller vessels, and perhaps benefit may be 
 derived from electric sparks or the pencils 
 acting on the parts which are near to the 
 brain. 
 
 PARALYSIS. 
 
 We have spoken elsewhere of the usefulness 
 of electricity in this disease ; and from what 
 has already been said there is room to hope 
 that electricity will be of service, if the para- 
 lysis is caused by collapse. De Haen,* who 
 has made the greatest use of electricity pure 
 and simple and also of insulation with the 
 utmost care and perseverance, relates very 
 many instances of success ; five cases of para- 
 lysis being cured by electricity are related by 
 Saunders,t cases which derived no benefit from 
 other remedies, and BrydoneJ restored to health 
 in three days a woman who had been affected 
 with hemiplegia for six months. 
 
 * ' Ratio Medendi/ f ' Medical Commentaries/ vol. 3. 
 + Whytt's Works. 
 
32 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Dyspepsia confessedly arises from weakness 
 of tlie muscles of the stomach and from im- 
 paired vital power and so it may possibly be 
 relieved by electricity ; insulation increases the 
 secretions, and so it might help Digestion by 
 increasing the quantity of the gastric juice. 
 Since there is the closest connection between 
 perspiration and the desire for food,* so that 
 whatever increases the perspiration generally 
 sharpens the appetite, we may say for certain 
 that either simple electricity or insulation when 
 it increases perspiration removes anorexia ; 
 and t TAbbe Nollet, who applied electricity to 
 young men for five hours at a stretch noticed 
 that their appetites were sharpened ; and Fer- 
 guson}: cured pain in the stomach by electric 
 shocks. 
 
 Since it promotes the menstrual discharge, 
 perhaps it might prove of service even in 
 Chlorosis. 
 
 Spasms are often relieved by the use of elec- 
 tricity ; but since we have observed on a former 
 
 * * Cullen's First Lines,' p. 33, Sydenham's Works, 125-6. 
 t Priestley, * On Electricity,' 137. J Introduction. 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 33 
 
 occasion that we are altogether ignorant of the 
 mechanism by which the power of contraction 
 is afforded to the muscles, we will bring forward 
 only a few examples of spasms being relieved 
 by electricity, and add one or two diseases, in 
 which, a priori, we may expect benefit from the 
 use of electricity. 
 
 Tetanus andTEiSMUS deserve to be mentioned 
 first among spasms, both on account of the 
 danger with which they threaten the patient, 
 and also on account of the obstinacy with which 
 they withstand the most powerful remedies. Dr. 
 Watson cured of tetanus a girl seven years old, 
 and Dr. Spry of trismus another girl eighteen 
 years old by electricity. . 
 
 * De Haen often cured St. Vitus' Dance by 
 electricity;! Lindhoult cured epilepsy, and 
 f Wesley hysteria. Therefore I think it would 
 be worth while to make trial of the powers of 
 electricity in § Spasmodic Asthma, in Whooping- 
 cough, in Colic, and Hydrophobia. 
 
 * * Ratio Medendi.' f * Medical Commentaries,' vol. 1, 373. 
 
 X 'Desideratum.' 
 
 § A woman who was suffering from an irregular attack of 
 intermittent fever, was seized witli asthma ; the eminent Dr. 
 Hope ordered electricity to be applied, which suddenly cured 
 
34 ON ELECTRICITY. 
 
 Yerj many experiments show that electricity 
 changes atmospheric air into fixed air, this arises 
 from the phlogiston* of which it consists, or at 
 least which it very largely contains : Hence it 
 seems probable that it might be of the greatest 
 service in the cure of Tympanites and Emphy- 
 sema, by promoting the absorption of the air ; 
 for air seems to be absorbed through the lacteal 
 glands only in the form of fixed air. Insulation 
 or a lengthened application of the pencils 
 promises relief in this case. Perhaps it might 
 remove anasarca and be of service in rickets. 
 It very often prevents! contraction by promot- 
 ing the secretion of the lubricating and synovial 
 fluids. 
 
 We have remarked before that Amenorrhcea 
 is very often overcome by the powers of elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 the asthma and brought on the cold stage of the intermittent 
 fever. When the paroxysm was over the asthma again re- 
 turned, and when it had a second time been driven away by 
 the electricity, the paroxysm of intermittent fever returned. 
 This was repeated in alternate succession several times. 
 • Edin. Infirmary Register,' 1771. 
 
 * A name formerly given to what was supposed to be pure 
 fire fixed in combustible bodies. 
 
 t Lindhoult, 'Medical Commentaries,' vol. 3, 371. 
 
 Jallabert, p. 7, ' On Electricity,' &c. 
 
ON ELECTRICITY. 35 
 
 *Bliiiduess, Toothache, Deafness, Cancer, 
 and very many other diseases have been re- 
 moved by electricity. 
 
 " Correctness' shade deceives us, in our aim 
 
 " To be concise, we grow obscure again : 
 
 " And lie who strives great smoothness to acquire, 
 
 " May round his verses, but will lose their fire. 
 
 Horace, Ars Poetica. 
 
 * Hey mentions seven cases of patients being cured of 
 amaurosis by the use of electricity. *Lond. Med. Obs,,' vol. 5, 
 pp. 1, 25. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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12 
 
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 Its Etiology and Treatment ; with special 
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 Clinical Lectures. By Sir Henry 
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INDEX. 
 
 Acton's Reproductive Organs, 14 
 
 Adams (W.) on Clubfoot, 11 
 
 on Contraction of the Fingers, 1 1 
 
 on Curvature of the Spine, 11 
 
 Alexander's Displacements of the Uterus, 6 
 Allan on Fever Nursing, 7 
 
 Allbutt's Visceral Neuroses, 9 
 
 Allingham on Diseases of the Rectum, 14 
 
 Anatomical Remembrancer, 3 
 
 Anderson (McC.) on Eczema, 13 
 
 Aveling on the Chamberlens and Midwifery Forceps, 6 
 
 on the Influence of Posture on Women, 6 
 
 Balfour's Diseases of the Heart and Aorta, 8 
 Balkwill's Mechanical Dentistry, 12 
 
 Barnes (E. G.) How to Arrest Infectious Diseases, 4 
 Barnes (R.) on Obstetric Operations, 5 
 
 on Diseases of Women, 5 
 
 Beale's Microscope in Medicine, 8 
 
 Slight Ailments, 8 
 
 Bellamy's Surgical Anatomy, 3 
 
 Bennet (J. H.) on the Mediterranean, 10 
 
 ^on Pulmonary Consumption, 10 
 
 on Nutrition, 10 
 
 Bentley and Trimen's Medicinal Plants, 7 
 Bentley's Manual of Botany, 7 
 Structural Botany, 7 
 
 Systematic Botany, 7 
 
 Bigg (R. H.) on the Orthopragms of Spine, 1 1 
 
 Binz's Elements of Therapeutics, 7 
 
 Black on the Urinary Organs, 14 
 
 Braune's Topographical Anatomy, 3 
 
 Brodhurst's Anchylosis, 11 
 
 ■ Curvatures, Sec, of the Spine, 11 
 
 Orthopaedic .Surgery, 11 • 
 
 Bryant's Practice of Surgery, 11 
 
 Bucknill and Tuke's Psychological Medicine, 5 
 Bulkley's Eczema, 13 
 Burdett's Cottage Hospitals, 5 
 
 Pay Hospitals, 5 
 
 Burnett on the Ear, 12 
 
 Burton's Midwifery for Midwives, 5 
 Butlin's Malignant Disease of the Larynx, 13 
 
 Sarcoma and Carcinoma, 13 
 
 Buzzard's Diseases of the Nervous System, 9 
 Carpenter's Human Physiology, 4 
 
 Carter (H. V.) on Spirillum Fever, 8 
 
 Carter (W.) on Renal and Urinary Diseases, 14 
 
 Cayley's Typhoid Fever, 8 
 
 Charteris' Practice of Medicine, 8 
 
 Clark's Outlines of Surgery, 10 
 
 Clay's (C.) Obstetric Surgery, 6 
 
 Clouston's Lectures on Mental Diseases, 5 
 
 Cobbold on Parasites, 13 
 
 Coles' Dental Mechanics, 12 
 
 Deformities of the Mouth, 12 
 
 Cooper's Syphilis and Pseudo-Syphilis, 14 
 Coulson on Diseases of the Bladder, 14 
 Courty's Diseases of the Uterus, Ovaries, Sec, 6 
 Cripps' Cancer of the Rectum, 14 
 
 ;— Diseases of the Rectum and Anus, 14 
 
 Cullingworth's Manual of Nursing, 7 
 
 ; ; — Short Manual for Monthly Nurses, 7 
 
 Curling's Diseases of the Testis, 13 
 Dalby's Diseases and Injuries of the Ear, 12 
 Dalton's Human Physiology, 4 
 Day on Diseases of Children, 7 
 
 on Headaches, 9 
 
 Dobell's Lectures on Winter Cough, 8 
 
 Loss of Weight, &c., 8 
 
 Mont Dor6 Cure, 8 
 
 Domville's Manual for Nurses, 7 
 Druitt's Surgeon's Vade-Mecum, 11 
 Duncan on Diseases of Women, 5 
 
 _ on Sterility in Woman, 5 
 
 Dunglison's Medical Dictionary, 14 
 Eade on Diphtheria, 12 
 
 Ellis's Manual for Mothers, 6 
 
 of the Diseases of Children, 6 
 
 Emmet's Gynaecology, 6 
 
 Fayrer's Climate and Fevers of India, 7 
 
 Tropical Dysentery and Diarrhoea, 7 
 
 Fenwick's Chronic Atrophy of the Stomach, 8 
 
 Medical Diagnosis, 8 
 
 Outlines of Medical Treatment, 8 
 
 Fergusson's Practical Surgery, 10 
 Flint on Clinical Medicine, 8 
 
 on Phthisis, 8 
 
 Flower's Diagrams of the Nerves, 4 
 
 Foster's Clinical Medicine, 8 
 
 Fox's (C. B.) Examinations of Water, Air, and Food, 4 
 
 Fox's (T.) Atlas of Skin Diseases, 13 
 
 Frey's Histology and Histo-Chemistrj', 4 
 
 Galabin's Diseases of Women, 6 
 
 Gamgee's Treatment of Wounds and Fractures, 1 1 
 
 Gay on Haemorrhoidal Disorder, 14 
 
 Godlee's Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3 
 
 Gorgas' Dental Medicine, 13 
 
 Gowers' Diseases of the Spinal Cord, 9 
 
 Epilepsy, 9 
 
 ISIedical Ophthalmoscopy, 9 
 
 ;— Pseudo-Hypertrophic Muscular Paralysis, 9 
 
 Granville on Nerve Vibration and Excitation, 9 
 Habershon's Diseases of the Abdomen, 9 
 ; Stomach, 9 
 
 Pneumogastric Nerve, 9 
 
 Hamilton's Nervous Diseases, 9 
 Hardwicke's Medical Education, 14 
 Harley on Diseases of the Liver, 9 
 Harris on Lithotomy, 14 
 Harrison's Lithotomy, Lithotrity, &c., 14 
 
 Surgical Disorders of the Urinary Organs, 14 
 
 Hartridge's Refraction of the Eye, 12 
 Heath's Injuries and Diseases of the Jaws, 10 
 
 Minor Surgery and Bandaging, 10 
 
 Operative Surgery, 10 
 
 Practical Anatomy, 3 
 
 Surgical Diagnosis, 10 
 
 Higgens' Ophthalmic Out-patient Practice, 11 
 Hillis' Leprosy in British Guiana, 13 
 Holden's Dissections, 3 
 Human Osteology, 3 
 
 Landmarks, 3 
 
 Holmes' (G.) Guide to Use of Laryngoscope, 12 
 
 Vocal Physiology and Hygiene, 12 
 
 Hood on Gout, Rheumatism, Szc, 9 
 Hooper's Physician's Vade-Mecum, 8 
 Horton's Tropical Diseases, 8 
 Hutchinson's Clinical Surgery, 11 
 
 Pedigree of Disease, 11 
 
 Rare Diseases of the Skin, 13 
 
 Huth's Marriage of Near Kin, 4 
 
 Hyde's Diseases of the Skin, 13 
 
 Ireland's Idiocy and Imbecility, 5 
 
 James (P.) on Sore Throat, 12 
 
 Jones' (C. H.) Functional Nervous Disorders, 9 
 
 Jones (C. H.) and .Sieveking's Pathological Anatomy, 4 
 
 Jones' (H. McN.) Aural Surgery, 12 
 
 Atlas of Diseases of Membrana Tj'mpani, 12 
 
 Spinal Curvatures, 1 1 
 
 Jones' (T. W.) Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery, 12 
 
 Jordan's Surgical Enquiries, 10 
 
 Lancereaux's Atlas of Pathological Anatomy, 4 
 
 Lee (H.) on Syphilis, 14 
 
 Leared on Imperfect Digestion, 9 
 
 Lewis (Bevan) on the Human Brain, 4 
 
 Liveing's Megrim, Sick Headache, &c., 10 
 
 Macdonald's (A.) Chronic Disease of the Heart, 6 
 
 Macdonald's (J. D.) Examination of Water and Air, 4 
 
 Mackenzie on Diphtheria, 12 
 
 on Diseases of the Throat and Nose, 12 
 
 Maclise's Dislocations and Fractures, lo 
 
 Surgical Anatomy, 3 
 
 MacMunn's Spectroscope in Medicine, 8 
 Macnab's Medical Account Books, 14 
 Madden's Principal Health-Resorts, 10 
 Mann's Manual of Psychological Medicine, 5 
 Marcet's Southern and Swiss Health-Resorts, ro 
 Marsden's Certain Forms of Cancer, 13 
 Mason on Hare-Lip and Cleft Palate, 12 
 
 on Surgery of the Face, 12 
 
 Mayne's Medical Vocabulary, 14 
 
 Notes on Poisons, 7 
 
 Therapeutical Remembrancer, 7 
 
 Moore's Family Medicine for India, 7 
 
 Health-Resorts for Tropical Invalids, 7 
 
 Morris' (H.) Anatomy of the Joints, 3 
 
 Mouat and Snell on Hospitals, 5 
 
 Nettleship's Diseases of the Eye, 12 
 
 Nunn's Cancer of the Breast, 13 
 
 Ogston's Medical Jurisprudence, 4 
 
 Oppert's Hospitals, Infirmaries, Dispensaries, S:c., 5 
 
 Osborn on Diseases of the Testis, 14 
 
 on Hydrocele, 14 
 
 [Conttnited on the next pa^e 
 
I N DEX — continued. 
 
 Owen's Materia Medica, 7 
 Page's Injuries of the Spine, 11 
 Parkes' Practical Hygiene, 5 
 Pavy on Diabetes, 9 
 
 on Food and Dietetics, g 
 
 Pharmacopoeia of the London Hospital, -j 
 Phillips' Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 7 
 Pollock on Rheumatism, 9 
 
 Porritt's Intra-Thoracic EflFusion, 8 
 Pridham on Asthma, 9 
 Purcell on Cancer, 13 
 Quinby's Notes on Dental Practice, 13 
 Ralfe's Morbid Conditions of the Urine, 14 
 Ramsbotham's Obstetrics, 6 
 Raye's Ambulance Handbook, 10 
 Reynolds' (J. J.) Diseases of Women, 6 
 
 Notes on Midwifery, 6 
 
 Rivington's Rupture of the Urinary Bladder, 14 
 Roberts' (C.) Manual of Anthropometry, 5 
 
 Detection of Colour- Blindness, 5 
 
 Roberts' (D. Lloyd) Practice of Midwifery, 5 
 Ross's Diseases of the Nervous System, 9 
 Roth on Dress : Its Sanitary Aspect, 4 
 Routh's Infant Feeding, 7 
 Royle and Harley's Materia Medica, 7 
 Sanderson's Physiological Handbook, 4 
 Sansom's Diseases of the Heart, 9 
 Savage on the Female Pelvic Organs, 6 
 Sayre's Orthopaedic Surgery, 11 
 Schroeder's Manual of Midwifery, 6 
 Sewill's Dental Anatomy, 12 
 Sheppard on Madness, 5 
 Sibson's Medical Anatomy, 3 
 Sieveking's Life Assurance, 14 
 Smith's (E.) Clinical Studies, 6 
 Disease in Children, 6 
 
 Wasting Diseases of Infants and Children, 6 
 
 Smith's (Henry) Surgery of the Rectum, 14 
 
 Smith's (Heywood) Dysmenorrhoea, 6 
 
 Smith (Priestley) on Glaucoma, 12 
 
 Snell's Electro- Magnet in Ophthalmic Surgery, 11 
 
 Snow's Clinical Notes on Cancer, 13 
 
 Southam's Regional Surgerj', 10 
 
 Sparks on the Riviera, 10 
 
 Squire's Companion to the Pharmacopoeia, 7 
 
 Pharmacopoeias of London Hospitals, 7 
 
 Starkweather on the Law of Sex, 4 
 
 Stilld and Maisch's National Dispensatory, 7 
 
 Stimson on Fractures, 11 
 
 Stocken's Dental Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 13 
 
 Swain's Surgical Emergencies, 10 
 
 Swayne's Obstetric Aphorisms, 6 
 Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence, 4 
 
 Poisons in relation to Medical Jurisprudence, 
 
 Teale's Dangers to Health, 4 
 Thompson's (Sir H.) Calculous Disease, 13 
 
 Diseases of the Prostate, 13 
 
 Diseases of the Urinary Organs, 13 
 
 Lithotomy and Lithotrity, 13 
 
 Surgery of the Urinary Organs, 13 
 
 Tumours of the Bladder, 13 
 
 Thompson's (Dr. H.) Clinical Lectures, 8 
 Thorowgood on Asthma, 9 
 
 ; on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 7 
 
 Thudichum's Pathology of the Urine, 14 
 Tibbits' Medical and Surgical Electricity, 10 
 
 Map of Motor Points, 10 
 
 Tidy and Woodman's Forensic Medicine, 4 
 Tilt's Change of Life, 6 
 
 Uterine Therapeutics, 6 
 
 Tomes' (C. S.) Dental Anatomy, 12 
 Tomes' (J. and C. S.) Dental Surgery, 12 
 Tosswill's Diseases and Injuries of the Eye, 11 
 Tuke's Influence of the Mind upon the Body, 5 
 
 Sleep-Walking and Hypnotism, 5 
 
 Van Buren on the Genilo-Urinary Organs, 14 
 Vintras on the Mineral Waters, &c., of France, 10 
 Virchow's Post-mortem Examinations, 4 
 Wagstaffe's Human Osteology, 3 
 
 Walker's Ophthalmology, 11 
 
 Waring's Indian Bazaar Medicines, 7 
 
 Warner's Guide to Medical Case-Taking, 8 
 
 Warren's Hernia and Rupture, 11 
 
 Waters' (A, T. H.) Diseases of the Chest, 8 
 
 Waters (J. H.) on Fits, g 
 
 Wells (Spencer) on Ovarian and Uterine Tumours, 6 
 
 West and Duncan's Diseases of Women, 6 
 
 West (S.) How to Examine the Chest, 8 
 
 Whistler's Syphilis of the Larynx, 12 
 
 Whittaker's Primer on the Urine, 14 
 
 Wilks' Diseases of the Nervous System, 9 
 
 Wilks and Moxon's Pathological Anatomy, 4 
 
 Wilson's (Sir E.) Anatomists' Vade-Mecum, 3 
 
 Lectures on Dermatology-, 13 
 
 Wilson's (G.) Handbook of Hygiene, 5 
 
 Healthy Life and Dwellings, 5 
 
 Wilson's (W. S.) Ocean as a Health-Resort, 10 
 Wolfe's Diseases and Injuries of the Eye, 11 
 Yeo's (G. F.) Manual of Physiology, 4 
 
 Yeo's (J. B.) Contagiousness of Pulmonary Consump- 
 tion, 8 
 Zander Institute Mechanical Exercises, 10 
 
 The following Catalogues issued by J. & A. Churchill will be forwarded 
 post free on application : — 
 
 A. J. 8)- A. ChurchiWs General List of about 650 works on Anatomy^ 
 Physiology^ Hygiene^ Midwifery^ Materia Medica^ Medicine^ Surgery^ Chemistry., 
 Botajiy, "^c, |r., luith a complete hidex to their Subjects., for easy 7-eference. 
 N.B.— This List includes B, C, & D. 
 
 B. Selection from J. <§- A. ChurchiWs General List., comprising all recent 
 Works published by them on the Art and Science of Medicine. 
 
 C. J. Sf A. ChurchiWs Catalogue of Text Books specially arranged for Students. 
 
 D. A selected and descriptive List of J. 8f A. ChurchiWs Works on 
 Chemistry., Materia Medica., Pharmacy., Botany., Photography., Zoology., the 
 Mic?'oscope^ and other branches of Science. 
 
 E. The Half-yearly List of New Works and New Editions published by 
 J. ^' A. Churchill durijig the previous six months., together with particulars of 
 the Periodicals issued from their House. 
 
 [Sent in January and July of each year to every Medical Practitioner in the United 
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 able, notwitJistanding the absence of international copyiHght., to conduct 
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