i^N'JJiJ. I .1 i ^ Ul ,' <^' Health m: Zk^dSr^^^^cM^ i V^^ DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR BUREAU OF THE CENSUS E. DANA DURAND, Director aNiwRsr -or — THIRTEENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES TAKEN IN THE YEAR 1910 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS STATISTICS OF POPULATION, AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES AND MINING FOR THE UNITED STATES, THE STATES, AND PRINCIPAL CITIES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1913 ^VLhllG Kealth iib. '-^i PUBUO HEALTH ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS ""^^"^ DURING THE THIRTEENTH DECENNIAL CENSUS : 1909-1912 DIRECTOR E. DANA DURAND ASSISTANT DIRECTOR WILLIAM F. WILLOUGHBY : 1909-191 1 ROLAND P. FALKNER : : : : 1911-1912 CHIEF CLERK WILLIAM S. ROSSITER, 1909 : ALBERTUS H, BALDWIN, 1909-1910 VOLER V. VILES, I9I0-I9II : WILLIAM A. HATHAWAY, I9I1-I9I2 DIVISION OP POPULATION WILLIAM C. HUNT, Chief Statistician DIVISION OP AGRICULTURE LE GRAND POWERS, Chief Statistician JOHN LEE COULTER, Expert Special Agent on Agriculture RAY PALMER TEELE, EXPERT SPECIAL AGENT ON IRRIGATION DIVISION OF MANUFACTURES WILLIAM M. STEUART, Chief Statistician ISAAC A. HOURWICH, Expert Special Agent on Mining DIVISION OF VITAL STATISTICS CRESSY L, WILBUR, CHIEF STATISTICIAN DIVISION OF REVISION AND RESULTS JOSEPH A. HILL, Chief Statistician GEOGRAPHER CHARLES S. SLOANE iw67(}579 CONTENTS. SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS. Page. Introduction 15 POPULATION. 1. Number and Distribution of Inhabitants 21 2. Color ok Race, Nativity, Parentage; Sex; Population 21 Years of Age and Over; Males op Miutia Age 77 3. Age and Marital Condition 121 4. State of Birth of Native Population 169 5. Population of Foreign Birth and Foreign Parentage, by Country of Origin 187 6. The Foreign-Born Population — Date of Immigration 215 7. School Attendance and Illiteracy 219 8. Dwellings and Families " , 259 AGRICULTURE. 9. Farms and Farm Property , 265 10. Tenure, Mortgage Indebtedness, Color and NATrvmr of Farmers, and Size op Farms 285 11. Live Stock on Farms and Elsewhere 309 12. Live Stock Products, and Domestic Animals Sold or Slaughtered on Farms 343 13. Farm Crops — Acreage, Production, and Value 359 14. Irrigation and Irrigated Crops 422 MANUFACTURES. 15. Statistics for States, Cities, and Industries 437 MINES AND QUARRIES. 16. Mines and Quarries 541 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS. INTRODUCTION. Scope and character of the report Page. . 13 Organization of the Thirteenth Decennial Ceusus . Page. . 15 POPULATION. Chapter 1.— NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF INHABITANTS. Page. Population uf the United States and of states and territories. . 21 Area of enumeration in 1910 21 United States 21 Divisions and states 22 Rank according to population: 1790-1910 24 Apportionment of representation 26 Population for apportionment purposes: 1910 26 Number of members in the House of Representatives under each apportionment: 1789-1910 27 Area and density of population 28 Area 28 Population per square mile 28 Center of population 30 Population of counties 32 Urban and rural population 54 Proportion urban and rural 54 Increase in urban and rural population 55 Communities classified according to size 59 Proportion in the several classes of communities 59 Growth of the several classes of urban communities 60 Metropolitan districts 61 Population of individual cities 63 Page. Per cent of increase in total population, by states: 1900-1910. . 23 Population per square mile, by states: 1910 29 Center of population at each census: 1790-1910 31 Per cent urban in total population, by states: 1910 54 Per cent of increase in urban population, by states: 1900- 1910 58 Per cent of increase in rural population, by states: 1900-1910. . 58 Chapter 2.— COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, PARENT- AGE; SEX; POPULATION 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER; MALES OF MILITIA AGE. Color or race, nativity, and parentage of the total population . . 77 United States as a whole 77 General summary: 1910 and 1900 77 White and negro population 78 Indian, Chinese, and Japanese population 79 Black and mulatto population 79 Native and foreign-bom population 80 White population by nativity and parentage 80 Divisions and states 81 Population by color or race, nativity, and parentage. . ^ White population by nativity and parentage 88 Increase by color or race, nativity, and parentage 89 ^5) CONTENTS. Color or race, nativity, and parentage of the total population — Continued. Page. Urban and rural population 91 Principal cities 93 Classification by sex 97 United States as a whole 97 General summary: 1910 and 1900 97 Comparison with earlier censuses 97 Divisions and states 98 Urban and rural population 102 Principal cities 103 Population 21 years of age and over 106 All persons 21 years of age and over. 106 General simimary: 1910 106 Sex ratios, by divisions and states 106 Males 21 years of age and over 107 United States as a whole 107 Divisions and states 108 Urban and rural communities 112 Principal cities 113 Citizenship of foreign-bom whites 116 Females 21 years of age and over 117 Males of militia age (18 to 44 years) 119 DIAORAXS. Color or race, nativity, and parentage, by states: 1910 87 Color or race, nativity, and parentage, by divisions: 1910 and 1900 88 Color or race, nativity, and parentage, in lurban and rural com- munities, by divisions: 1910 91 Color or race, nativity, and parentage in cities of 100,000 inhab- itants or more: 1910 94 Number of males to 100 females in urban and rural communi- ties, by divisions: 1910 102 Ccdor or race, nativity, and parentage of males 21 years of age and over, by states: 1910 109 Color or race, nativity, and parentage of males 21 years of age and over in urban and rural communities, by divisions : 1910 . 112 MAPS. Percentage of negroes in the total population: 1910 84 Percentage of foreign-bom whites in the total population : 1910. 84 Percentage of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage in the total population: 1910 85 Percentage of foreign-bom whites and native whites of foreign or mixed parentage combined in the total population: 1910.. 85 Ratio of males to females in the total population: 1910 98 Chapter 3.— AGE AND MARITAL CONDITION. Age: United States as a whole 121 Classification by 5-year age periods: 1910 121 Classification by broader age periods: 1910 125 Comparison with previous censuses 127 Divisions and states 128 Geographic divisions 128 Urban and rural communities 129 Principal cities 130 Marital condition: United States as a whole 146 Age groups 147 Color or race, nativity, and parentage classes 148 Comparisons with previous censuses 151 Divisions and states 153 Total population, by divisions 153 Color or race, natiArity, and parentage classes, by divi- sions 153 States 155 Urban and rural communities 155 Principal cities 155 DIAGRAMS. p^g^ Distribution by age periods of total population: 1910 121 Distribution by age periods of the principal classes of the population: 1910: Native white of native parentage 124 Native white of foreign or mixed parentage 124 Foreign-born white 124 Negro 124 Distribution by age periods of native white and negro and of foreign-born population: 1910 125 Distribution by age periods of total population, by divisions: 1910 128 Distribution by age periods of urban and rural population, by divisions: 1910 129 Marital condition of population : 1910 147 Marital condition of principal classes of the population, by age periods: 1910 151 Marital condition of the total population 15 years of age and over, by divisions: 1910 153 Chapter 4.— STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. General extent of migration of native population within the United States 169 Interdivisional migration 170 Division of birth in relation to division of residence 173 Migration of native white and native negro population 174 Migration to the several divisions from other divisions and from foreign countries 174 Migration to the several states from other states and from for- eign countries 175 Interstate migration 176 State of birth in relation to state of residence 177 MAPS. Gain or loss in native population by interstate migration: 1910. 176 Percentage of population bom in each state living in other states: 1910 , 178 Percentage of native population living in each state bom in other states: 1910 178 DIAGRAMS. Distribution of total population of each state, by place of birth: 1910 177 Distribution of natives of each state, by place of residence : 1910 . 177 Migration of native population from and to each state: 1910. . 186 Chapter 5.— POPULATION OF FOREIGN BIRTH AND FOREIGN PARENTAGE, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. Definition of terms 187 Mother-tongue statistics 187 United States as a whole 188 Total foreign born, by country of birth: 1910 and 1900 .... 188 Comparison for censuses of 1860 to 1910 190 Immigration in relation to foreign-bom population 190 Foreign born, by sex 191 Foreign bora from Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Rus- sia, classified by mother tongue 192 Foreign white stock: 1900 and 1910 192 Divisions and states 195 Total foreign bom, by divisions 195 Foreign white stock, by divisions 198 Foreign bom and foreign white stock, by states 199 In urban and mral communities 199 In principal cities 200 DIAGRAMS. Foreign-born population, by principal countries of birth: 1910 and 1900 189 Per cent of the foreign-bom population bora in the principal countries: 1910 189 CONTENTS. Face. Per cent of the foreign-born population bom in the principal countries: 1900 189 Per cent of the foreign white stock, by principal countries of origin: 1910 192 Foreign white stock, by principal countries of origin : 1910 194 Chapter 6.— FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION— DATE OF IMMIGRATION. United States as a whole 215 Divisions and states 216 Urban and rural communities 217 Principal cities 218 Chaptkb 7.— school ATTENDANCE AND ILLITERACY. School attendance 219 United States as a whole: 1909-10 219 Persona attending school: Classified by color or race, nativity, and parentage. 219 Classified by sex 219 Classified by age groups 220 Percentage attending school : Classified by age groups 220 Classified by color or race, nativity, and parenti^e . 221 Classified by sex 222 Urban and rural population 222 Divisions and states: 1909-10 223 Number and percentage attending school , by age groups 223 Persons 6 to 20 years of age 223 Children 6 to 14 years of age 225 Persons 6 to 20 years of age, lU'ban and rural 226 Principal cities: 1909-10 231 Comparative summary: 1910 and 1900 236 United States as a whole 236 Divisions and states 236 Illiteracy 239 Population 10 years of age and over: United States as a whole 239 Number of illiterates 239 Percentage of illiteracy 239 Sex 240 Age groups 240 Urban and rural population 240 Divisions and states .' 242 Percentage of illiteracy 243 Sex 248 Urban and rural population 248 Principal cities 249 Cliildren from 10 to 14 years of age 254 United States as a whole 254 Divisions and states 254 Males 21 years of age and over 255 United States as a whole 255 Divisions and states 255 Principal cities 256 Percentage of illiteracy in the population 10 years of age and over: 1910 246,247 Total population 246 Native whites of native parentage 246 Foreign-bom whites 247 Negroes 247 Chapteb 8.— DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES. United States as a whole 259 Divisions and states 259 j Urban and rural communities 260 1 Principal cities 260 AGRICULTURE. Chapter 9.— FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY Page. United States as a whole: 1910 and 1900 265 Farms and farm land, by divisions and states: 1910 and 1900. . . 266 Geographic distribution of farms and farm land 266 Increases and decreases: 1900-1910 267 Percentage of land in farms and percentage improved 270 Average size of farms 271 Value of farm property, by divisions and states: 1910 and 1900. 274 Gec^raphic distribution of farm values 274 Increase in value of farm property 274 Average value of farm property per acre of land 278 Average value of farm property per farm 278 Farms and farm property: 1850 to 1910 , 281 United States as a whole 281 Geographic divisions 282 MAPS. Per cent land in farms forms of total land area, by counties: 1910 272 Per cent improved land in farms forms of total land area, by counties: 1910 273 Average value of land in farms per acre, by counties: 1910 — 275 Chapter 10.— TENURE, MORTGAGE INDEBTEDNESS, COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS, AND SIZE OF FARMS. Tenure of farms *. . . . 285 United States as a whole: 1910 and 1900 285 Geographic divisions 286 Main tenure classes: 1910 and 1900 286 Number of farms for all tenure groups: 1910 and 1900. 288 States: 1910 and 1900 289 Page. Farm mortgages 292 Number of farms mortgaged 292 Amount of mortgage debt 293 Statistics by states 295 Color and nativity of farmers 296 Number of native white, foreign-bom white, and colored farmers, by tenure: 1910 296 Number of farmers, classified by color: 1910 and 1900 298 Country of birth of white farmers: 1910 298 Color and tenure of farmers in the South: 1910 and 1900 299 Farms, classified by size 303 United States as a whole: 1910 and 1900 303 Geographic divisions 303 States: 1910 and 1900 306 DIAGRAMS. Number of farms, classified by character of tenure of operator: 1910. 289 Acreage of all land in farms, classified by character of tenure of operator: 1910 289 Number of farms operated by their owners, free and mortgaged : 1910 293 Number of farms, classified by color and nativity of operator: 1910 296 Chapter 11.— LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. All live stock on farms 309 Domestic animals on farms 310 Cattle on farms 313 United States as a whole 313 Divisions and states .- 314 8 CONTENTS. Pace- Horses, mules, and asses and burros on farms 319 United States as a whole 319 Divisions and states 320 Swine on farms 327 United States as a whole 327 Divisions and states 327 Sheep and goats on farms 329 United States as a whole 329 Divisions and states 330 Poultry on farms 334 Bees on farms 337 Domestic animals not on farms 337 Domestic animals on farms and not on farms 342 MAPS. All cattle on farms — Number, by states: April 15, 1910 318 Dairy cows on farms — Number, by states: April 15, 1910 318 All horses, mules, and asses and burros on farms — Number, by ' states: Aprill5, 1910 326 All swine on farms — Number, by states: April 15, 1910 326 All sheep on farms — Number, by states: April 15, 1910 331 All fowls on farms — Number, by states: April 15, 1910 335 Chapter 12.— LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS, AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS SOLD OR SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS. Dairy products 343 United States as a whole: 1909 and 1899 343 Divisions and states 344 Production of dairy products: 1909 and 1899 344 Sales of dairy products: 1909 and 1899 346 Wool and mohair 350 United States as a whole: 1909 and 1899 350 Divisions and states: 1909 and 1899 350 Mohair and goat hair: 1909 and 1899 351 Poultry and eggs 353 United States as a whole: 1909 and 1899 353 Divisions and states: 1909 and 1899 354 Honey and wax: 1909 and 1899 356 Domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms 356 United States as a whole: 1909 356 Divisions and states: 1909 357 Chapter 13.— FARM CROPS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Crops in general 359 United States as a whole 369 Acreage and value of all crops: 1909 and 1899 359 Relative importance of different crops: 1909 and 1899. 361 Relation of prices to increase in value: 1899 to 1909.. . 363 Increase of crop production and consumption: 1899 to 1909 364 Acreage of leading crops: 1879 to 1909 364 Divisions and states 364 Distribution of all crops, by divisions: 1909 and 1899. . 364 Relative importance of leading crops in the total pro- duction of each division, section, and state: 1909 365 Relative importance of the divisions and sections in the production of leading crops : 1909 368 Acreage and value of crops, by states: 1909 and 1899.. 369 Sale and purchase of feedable crops: 1909 371 Expenditures for labor and fertilizers on farms 372 Expenditures for labor: 1909 and 1899 372 Expenditures for fertilizers: 1909 and 1899 374 The cereals 374 Com 378 Wheat 380 P«ce. The cereals — Continued. Oats 382 Barley 386 Rye 386 Buckwheat 386 Emmer and spelt 387 Kafir com and milo maize. 387 Rice 387 Other grains and seeds 392 Dry edible beans and dry peas 392 Peanuts 393 Flaxseed 393 Grass seed and flower and vegetable seeds 394 Minor seeds with acreage reports 395 Hay and forage 396 Vegetables 398 Potatoes 398 Sweet potatoes and yams 399 Other vegetables 401 Tobacco 402 Cotton and cotton seed 404 Sugar crops 406 Sugar cane and products 406 Sorghum cane and sirup, sugar beets, and maple sugar and sirup 407 Sundry minor crops 408 Broom corn, hemp, hops, miscellaneous, and by-products. . 408 Fruits and nuts 409 Small fruits 409 Orchard fruits 410 Apples 411 Peaches and nectarines 412 Pears 412 Plums and prunes 413 Cherries 413 Apricots 414 Quinces 414 Grapes 414 Tropical and subtropical fruits 415 Oranges, lemons, pomeloes (grapefruit), other citrous fruits, figs, pineapples, and olives 415 Other tropical and subtropical fruits 416 All nuts 416 Almonds, pecans, and Persian or English walnuts 416 Flowers and plants, nursery products, and forest products 418 M.\PS. All farm crops — Value, by states: 1909 371 Acreage, by states: 1909: All cereals 376 Com 384 Wheat 384 Oats 385 Hay and forage 385 Cotton 405 Fruits and nuts— Value, by states: 1909 417 DIAGRAMS. Land area, distribution: April 15, 1910 362 Crop acreage: 1909 362 Improved land, distribution: 1909 362 Improved land, distribution: 1899 362 Value of all crops, distribution by crops: 1909 362 Value of all crops, distribution by divisions: 1909 362 Value of all crops, distribution by crops, by divisions: 1909 . . 366 CONTENTS. 9 Chapter 14.— IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. Page. The arid region 422 Summary 422 Farms and acreage irrigated 423 Number of farms irrigated 423 Acreage irrigated 423 Acreage irrigated in 1909, acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910, and acreage included in projects. . . 424 Acreage irrigated, classified by source of water supply 425 Irrigation works 426 Number of enterprises and number and length of ditches. . 426 Reservoirs, wells, and pumping plants 426 Face. Cost 427 Average cost per acre 427 Average cost per acre, by type of enterprise 428 Average cost per acre, by size groups 428 Operation and maintenance 429 Crops 429 Average yields per acre 430 Average values per acre 430 Comparison with preceding census 431 Irrigation for rice growing 431 Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas 432 Farms reporting 432 Acreage irrigate A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 'Includes population of Indian Territory for 1890 and 1900. PER CENT OF INCREASE IN TOTAL POPUL.\TION, BY STATES: 1900-1910. INCREASE. mil Less than 10 per cent. 10 to 20 per cent. W 20 to 30 per cent. El 30 to 50 per cent. ^§ 50 per cent and over. The heavy lines (—■) show geographic divisions. 24 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, AND OF SPECIFIED Table 5 DIVISION AND STATE. TJnlted States, excladlag outlying possessions Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hamx>shiFe. Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. . East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico. Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington . Oregon California... 1910 Population. Rank Outlying possessions enu- merated Alaska Hawaii Porto Rico MiUtary and naval ". 91,972,266 6,552,681 19,315,892 18,250,621 11,037,921 12,194,895 8,409,901 8,784,534 2,633,517 4,192,304 742,371 430,572 356,956 3,366,416 542,610 1,114,766 9,113,614 2,537,167 7,665,111 4,767,121 2,700,876 5,638,591 2,810,173 2,333,860 2,075,708 2,224,771 3,293,335 677,056 583,888 1,192,214 1,690,949 202,322 1,295,346 331,069 2,061,612 1,221,119 2,206,287 1,615,400 2,609,121 762,619 2,289,905 2,184,789 2,138,093 1,797,114 1,674,449 1,656,388 1,657,155 3,896,542 376,053 325,594 145,965 799,024 327,301 204,354 373,351 81, 875 1,141,990 672,765 2,377,549 1,429,886 64,356 191,909 1,118,012 56,608 VII I II IV III VI V IX VIII 1900 Population. Rank 76,994,675 6,592,017 15,454,678 15,985,581 10,347,423 10,443,480 7,547,757 6,532,290 1,674,657 2,416,692 694,466 411,588 343, 641 2,805,346 428,556 908,420 7,268,894 1,883,669 6,302,115 4,157,545 2,516,462 4,821,550 2,420,982 2,069,042 1,751,394 2,231,853 3,106,665 319, 146 401,570 1,066,300 1,470,496 184,735 1,188,044 278, 718 1,854,184 958,800 1,893,810 1,340,316 2,216,331 528,542 2,147,174 2,020,616 1,828,697 1,651,270 1,311,564 1,381,625 •790,391 3,048,710 243,329 161,772 92,531 539,700 195, 310 122,931 276, 749 42,335 618, 103 413,536 1,485,053 1,262,055 63,692 154,001 »« 953, 243 91,219 VII II I IV III V VI IX VIII 18901 26 23 »30 6 Population. Rank 63,947,714 4,700,749 12,706,220 13,478,305 8,932,112 8,857,922 6, 429, 154 4,740,983 1, 213, 935 1,888,334 661,086 376,530 332,422 2,238,947 346,506 746,268 6,003,174 1,444,933 6,268,113 3,672,329 2, 192, 404 3,826,352 2,093,890 1,693,330 1,310,283 1,912,297 2,679,185 190,983 348,600 1,062,656 1,428,108 168, 1,042, 230, 1,655, 762, 1,617, 1,151, 1,837, 391, 1,858,635 1,767,518 1,513,401 1,289,600 1,128,211 1,118,588 •258,657 2,235,527 142,924 88,548 62,555 413,249 160,282 88,243 210, 779 47,355 357,232 317,704 1,213,398 122,048 32,052 '89,990 II VII II I in IV V VI IX VIII 20 10 5 42 335 26 19 45 46 48 31 44 3 47 41 49 1880 Population. Rank 50,165,783 4,010,529 10,496,878 11,206,608 6,157,443 7,597,197 6,585,151 3,334,220 653, 119 1,114,578 648,936 346,991 332,286 1,783,085 276,531 622,700 5,082,871 1,131,116 4,282,891 3,198,062 1,978,301 3,077,871 1,636,937 1,315,497 780,773 1,624,616 2,168,380 * 135, 177 452,402 996,096 146, 934, 177, 1,612, 618, 1,399, 995, 1,642, 269, 1,648,690 1,642,359 1,262,505 1,131,597 802,526 939,946 VI II I IV III V VII IX VIII 1,691,749 39, 159 32,610 20,789 194,327 119,565 40,440 143,963 62,266 75, 116 174, 768 864,694 83,426 Population. Rank 38,658,371 3,487,924 8,810,806 9,124,517 3,850,594 5,853,610 4, 404, 445 2,029,905 315, 385 675, 125 626,915 318,300 330,551 1,467,351 217,353 637,454 4,382,759 906,096 3,621,961 2,666,260 1,680,637 2,539,891 1,184,059 1,054,670 439,706 1,194,020 1,721,295 n4,181 122,993 364,399 125,016 780,894 131,700 1,225,163 442,014 1,071,361 706,606 1, 184, 109 187,748 1,321,011 1,268,520 996,992 827,922 484. 471 726,915 VI II I V III IV VII IX VIII •33.426 818,579 20,596 14,999 9,118 39,864 91,874 9,658 86,786 42,491 23,956 90,923 660.247 1S60 Population. Rank 31,443,321 3, 135, 283 7,458,985 6,926,884 2,169,832 5,364,703 4,020,991 1,747,667 174,923 444,053 628,279 326,073 315,098 1,231,066 174,620 460,147 3,880,735 672,035 2,906,215 2,339,511 1,350,428 1,711,951 749, 113 775,881 172,023 674,913 1,182,012 «4,837 28,841 107,206 112,216 687,049 75,080 1,696,318 992,622 703,708 1,057,286 140,424 1,155,684 1,109,801 964,201 791,305 435,460 708,002 604,216 34,277 93,516 40,273 6,867 11,594 52,465 379,994 > Includes population (325,464) of Indian Territory and Indian reservations specially enumerated In 1890, but not Included In the general report on population In 1890. » Includes persons (6,100 la 1840 and 5,318 In 1830) on public ships In the service of the United States, not credited to any geographic division or state. « For 1890 the rank of South Dakota advances from 37 to 35 ar d that of Arizona from 48 to 47, when the population specially enumerated Is Included; and that of Oklahoma advances from 46 to 39, when the population of Indian Territory and Indian reservations specially enumerated Is Incluaed. * Population for that part of Dakota territory taken to form North Dakota: 1880, 36,909; 1870, 2,405; and for that part taken to form South Dakota: 1880, 98,268: 1870, 11,776. ' Dakota territory. • Includes population of Indian Territory: 1900, 392,060; 1890, 180,182. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF INHABITANTS. OUTLYING POSSESSIONS, WITH RANK ACCORDING TO POPULATION: 1790-1910. 25 1860 1840 18S0 1820 1810 1800 1790 Population. Rank. Population. Rank. Population. Rank. Population. Rank. Population. Rank. Population. Rank. Population. Rank. 1 28,191,876 « 17,069,463 > 12,866,020 1 9,638,463 7,239,881 6,808,483 3,989,214 2 3 2,728,116 5,898,735 4,523,260 880,335 4,679,090 3,363,271 940,251 72,927 105,891 V I III VII II IV VI IX VIII 2,234,822 4,526,260 2,924,728 428,814 3,925,299 2,575,445 449,985 V I III VII II IV VI 1,954,717 3,587,664 1,470,018 140,455 3,645,752 1,815,969 246,127 III II V vu I IV VI 1,660,071 2,699,846 792,719 66,586 3,061,063 1,190,480 167,680 Ill II V VII I IV VI 1,471,973 2,014,702 272,324 19,783 2,674,891 708,590 77,618 Ill II V VII I IV VI 1,233,011 1,402,565 61,006 Ill II V 1,009,408 958,632 II m 5 6 7 g 2,286,494 335,407 I IV 1,851,806 109,368 I IV q in 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 70 683,169 317,976 314,120 994,514 147,545 370,792 3,097,394 489,555 2,311,786 1,980,329 988,416 851,470 397,654 305,391 6,077 192,214 682,044 16 22 23 6 28 21 1 19 2 3 7 11 20 24 36 27 13 501,793 284,574 291,948 737,609 108,830 309,978 2,428,921 373,306 1,724,033 1,619,467 685,866 476, 183 212,267 30,945 13 22 21 8 24 20 1 18 2 3 10 14 23 30 399,466 209,328 280,662 610,408 97,199 297,675 1,918,608 320,823 1,348,233 937,903 343,031 157,446 31,639 12! 18 ; 17 of 1 23 j 16 ' 't! 4 13 i 20 27 298,336 244,161 235,981 623,287 83,059 276,248 1,372,812 277,676 1,049,468 681,434 147,178 66,211 8,896 12 16 16 7 20 14 1 13 3 6 18 24 27 228,705 214,460 217,895 472,040 76,931 261,942 959,049 245,562 810,091 230,760 24,520 12,282 4,762 14 16 15 5 17 9 2 12 3 13 21 24 25 151,719 183,858 164,465 422,845 69,122 261,002 689,051 211,149 602,366 46,366 5,641 14 11 13 5 16 8 3 10 2 18 21 96,640 141,885 85,425 378,787 68,825 237,946 340,120 184, 139 434,373 11 10 4 16 8 5 9 a 71 ?? 73 ?4 ?"; w 43,112 383,702 29 16 1 ?7 140,465 21 66,686 23 19,783 23 fH ?9 * TO 4 31 32 33 34 91,532 583,034 51,687 1,421,661 30 17 33 4 78,085 470,019 43,712 1,239,797 26 15 28 4 76,748 447,040 39,834 1,211,405 24 11 26 3 72,749 407,350 33,039 1,065,366 22 10 26 2 72,674 380,546 24,023 974,600 19 8 22 1 64,273 341,548 14,093 880,200 17 • 7 19 1 59,096 319,728 16 6 35 36 747,610 1 37 38 39 40 869,039 668,507 906,185 87,445 982,405 1,002,717 771,623 606,526 209,897 517,762 10 14 9 31 8 5 12 • 15 26 18 753,419 594,398 691,392 54,477 779,828 829,210 590,756 376,651 97,574 352,411 7 11 9 27 6 6 12 17 26 19 737,987 681,186 516,823 34,730 687,917 681,904 309,527 136,621 30,388 216,739 5 9 10 26 6 7 15 22 28 19 638,829 802,741 340,989 4 8 11 666,500 415,116 262,433 4 6 11 478,103 345,691 162,686 4 6 12 393,761 249,073 82,648 3 7 13 41 42 43 664,317 422,823 127,901 75,448 14,273 153,407 6 9 19 21 26 17 406,511 261,727 7 10 220,955 105,602 9 15 73,677 35,691 14 17 44 40,352 1,062 76,556 20 26 18 8,850 20 41 46 47 48 212,592 25 40 RO 61 52 :::;;;:::::;:::':::::; 63 61,647 32 M 55 11,380 36 Sft 57 * 58 13,294 92,597 34 29 6<) 60 6T 1 69 63 64 1 I ' The territory of Oklahoma in 1900 ranked 38 and Indian Territory 39. The rank for 1900 includes the population of Indian Territory with that of Oklahoma. • Alaska was specially enumerated under the law, but the population was not Included in the general report on population in 1880. • According to the census taken as of Dec. 28, 1890, under the direction of the Hawaiian Government. 10 According to the census of Porto Rico taken in 1899 under the direction of the War Department. " Persons in the military and naval service of the United States (including civilian employees, etc.) stationed abroad, not credited to any state or territory. 26 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Apportionment of representation. — Table 6 gives for 1910 the population of each state, exclusive of In- dians not taxed, who, according to the Constitution, are not to be included in the population forming the basis of the apportionment of representatives among the several states. The population of Arizona and New Mexico is not included in the main table but is added as an appendix. These territories had not yet become states when the apportionment act of 1911 was passed, though provision for their representation was made in the act. Now that they have been ad- mitted as states the total apportionment population of the states, exclusive of Indians not taxed, and not counting the District of Columbia, is 91,569,325. As the count of population is made primarily for the purpose of fixing the membership of the House of Representatives, under the provisions of section 2 of Article I of the Constitution, as modified by section 2 of Article XIV of the Amendments, a state- ment is given in Table 7 of the number of Representa- tives assigned to each of the states by the Constitution in 1789 and by the several apportionment acts from the formation of the Government to the present time. The dates of the apportionment acts and the ratio of population to each representative under said acts are also given on page 27. The membership of the House of Representatives was originally fixed at 65, under the provisions of section 2 of Article I of the Constitution. The apportionments of Representatives in Congress, under the first six censuses — 1790 to 1840, inclusive — were made by Congress, each by a separate act. The law for taking the census of 1850 (act of May 23, 1850, 9 Stat. L., 428), which was intended to be permanent, presented a rule of apportionment, fixed the number of members of the House at 233, and directed the Secretary of the Interior thereafter to make the apportionment. The apportionment under the census of 1860 was also made under this law, but Congress, on March 4, 1862, fixed the total number of members at 241, and the Secretary of the Interior apportioned the new quotas to the states. The apportionments from and after the census of 1870 were made by Congress, each by a separate act; hence it may be assumed that the power conferred on the Secretary of the Interior by the act of May 23, 1850, was repealed by implication. POPULATION FOR APPORTIONMENT PURPOSES: 1910. Table 6 Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho '. Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine , Maryland Massachusetts... Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey Total population: 1910 2,138,093 1,574,449 2,377,549 799,024 1,114,756 202,322 752,619 2,609,121 325,594 5,638,591 2,700,876 2,224,771 1,690,949 2,289,905 1,656,388 742,371 1,295,346 3,366,416 2,810,173 2,075,708 1,797,114 3,293,335 376,053 1,192,214 81,875 430,572 2,537,167 Indians not taxed: 1910 988 452 1,332 9,715 1,582 Population basis of apportion- ment. 2,138,093 1,574,449 2,376,561 798,572 1,114,756 202,322 752,619 2,609,121 323,440 5,638,591 2,700,876 2,224,771 1,690,949 2,289,905 1,656,388 742,371 1,295,346 3,366,416 2,810,173 2,074,376 1,797,114 3,293,335 366,338 1,192,214 80,293 430,572 2,537,167 New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Total for 46 states Arizona New Mexico Total, including Arizona and New Mexico *. District of Columbia Total for the United States Total population: 1910 9,113,614 2,206,287 577,056 4,767,121 1,657,165 672,765 7,665,111 542,610 1,515,400 583,888 2,184,789 3, 8%, 542 373,351 355,956 2,061,612 1,141,990 1,221,119 2,333,860 145,965 91,109,542 204, 354 327,301 91,641,197 331,069 91,972,266 Indians not taxed: 1910 4,680 "2,653' 8,212 1,487 1,856 1,007 1,307 37, 425 24,129 10,318 71,872 Population basis of apportion- ment. 9,108,934 2,206,287 574, 403 4,767,121 1,657,155 672,765 7,665,111 542,610 1,515,400 575,676 2,184,789 3,896,542 371,864 355,956 2,061,613 1,140,134 1,221,119 2,332,853 144,658 91,072,117 180,225 316,983 91,569,325 NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF INHABITANTS. 27 NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UNDER EACH APPORTIONMENT: 1789-1910. Table 7 g^^TE. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 « 1860* 1850 > • 1840 1880 1820 1810 1800 1790 1789 Total ander apportionment act 435 38e 6 356 / 325 7 298 1 241 g 234 S 223 6 240 213 181 6 141 1 105 65 Assigned to new states after apportionment act 10 »1 7 11 4 5 1 4 12 2 27 13 11 8 11 8 4 6 16 13 10 8 16 2 6 1 2 12 il 43 10 3 22 8 3 36 3 7 3 10 18 2 2 10 5 6 11 1 9 9 8 8 6 7 7 5 3 41 7 8 3 5 1 3 11 1 25 13 11 8 11 7 4 6 14 12 9 8 16 1 6 1 2 10 6 7 2 4 1 2 11 1 22 13 11 8 11 6 4 6 13 12 7 7 15 1 6 1 2 8 5 6 1 4 1 2 10 «1 20 13 11 7 11 6 4 6 12 11 5 7 14 ♦1 3 1 2 7 4 4 *1 4 1 2 9 3 3 2 2 1 <2 41 4 1 1 7 4 1 1 8 4 1 41 8 6 1 6 1 7 2 7 1 7 1 5 1 Florida . . 9 7 6 4 2 3 Illinois 19 13 9 3 10 6 5 6 11 9 3 6 13 14 11 6 1 9 5 5 5 10 6 2 5 9 9 11 2 7 10 42 3 7 1 3 41 41 Kentucky 10 4 6 6 11 4 «2 5 7 10 4 7 6 10 3 13 3 8 8 12 41 12 3 7 9 13 10 41 •7 9 13 6 2 Maryland 9 17 8 14 6 Massachosetta 8 Michigan Minnesota 4 5 2 2 1 1 41 Nebraska 1 1 3 7 «1 «1 3 5 Nevada 3 5 4 5 S 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 4 5 3 4 New Mexico .«. New York 37 10 2 21 «5 2 32 2 7 2 10 16 1 2 10 3 5 11 1 34 9 1 21 34 9 «1 21 33 8 31 7 33 8 34 9 40 13 34 13 27 13 17 12 10 10 6 North Carolina 5 Ohio 20 19 21 21 19 14 6 41 Oregon 2 30 2 7 2 10 13 «1 2 10 2 4 10 1 1 28 2 7 42 10 11 1 27 2 6 1 24 2 4 «1 25 2 6 Pennsylvania 24 2 7 28 2 9 26 2 9 23 2 9 18 2 8 13 2 6 8 1 South Carolina 5 South Dakota 10 6 8 4 10 2 11 42 13 9 6 3 41 Texas Utah Vermont 2 10 «1 4 9 M 3 9 3 11 3 13 4 15 5 21 5 22 6 23 4 22 2 19 10 Westyfrginia 3 8 6 3 42 Wyoming > Membership originally fixed at 283, but increased by act of May 30, 1872, to 292 (17 Stat. L., 192). « Membership increased from 233 to 241 by act of Mar. 4, 1862 (12 Stat. L.,353). ' Membership increased from 233 to 234 by act of July 30, 1852 (10 Stat. L., 25). 4 As5rfgned after apportionment. » Included in apportionment act In anticipation of becoming a state. 4 Included in the 20 members originally assigned to Massachusetts, but credited to Maine, after its admission as a state. Mar. 15, 1820 (3 Stat. L., 655). DATES OF APPORTIONMENT ACTS AND RATIO OF POPULATION TO EACH REPRESENTATIVE. CENSUS. Date of apportionment act. RaUo. CENSUS. Date of apportionment act. Ratio. 1910 Aug. 8, 1911 (37 Stat. L., 13) 211,877 194,182 173,901 151,911 131,425 127,381 93,423 1840 June 25, 1842 (5 Stat. L., 491) 70,680 1900 Jan. 16, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 733) 1830 May 22, 1832 (4 Stat. L., 516) 47,700 40,000 1890 Feb. 7, 1891 (26 Stat. L., 735) 1820 Mar. 7, 1822 (3 Stat. L., 651) 1880 Feb. 25, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 5) 1810 Dec. 21, 1811 (2 Stat. L., 669). . 35,000 1870 Feb. 2, 1872 (17 Stat. L., 28) 1800 Jan. 14, 1802 (2 Stat. L., 128) 33,000 1860 May 23, 1850 (9 Stat. L., 428-432) 1790 Apr. 14, 1792 (1 Stat. L., 253) 33,000 1850 MftyM, 1».Vl(9.C!t^t T. 4?»~^^'>} Constitution, 1789 30,000 28 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND DENSITY OF POPITIATION. Area. — ^At the First Census, in 1790, the United States comprised substantially the territory between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River except Florida, representing a gross area (land and water sur- face) of 892,135 square miles. The United States, with its outlying possessions, now comprises a gross area of 3,743,306 square miles, or more than four times the area in 1790. The successive accessions of territory were as follows: Table 8 ACCESSION. United States Area ofU.S. in 17901 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 .. Florida, 1819 Territory gained through Treaty with Spain, 1819 . Texas, 1845 Oregon, 1846 Mexican Cession, 1848 Gadsden Purchase, 1853 . . . Gross area In square miles. 3,026,789 892, 135 827, 987 58,666 13,435 389, 166 286,541 629, 189 29,670 ACCESSION. Oatlying possesdons Alaska, 1867 Hawaii, 1898 Philippine Islands, 1899... Porto Rico, 1899 Guam, 1899 Samoa, 1900 Panama Canal Zone, 1904. Gross area in square miles. 716,617 590,884 6,449 115,026 3,435 210 77 436 1 Includes the drainage basin of the Red River of the North, not a part of any acquisition, but previously considered a part of the Louisiana Purchase. The area in 1910, by states, was as follows: Table 9 United States. Texas California Montana New Mexico. Arizona Nevada Colorado Wyoming... Oregon UtSi Minnesota Idaho Kansas South Dakota.. Nebraska North Dakota.. Oklahoma Missouri Washington Georgia Florida Michigan Illinois Iowa Wisconsin Arkansas North Carolina. Alabama New York Louisiana Mississippi Pennsylvania.. Virginia Tennessee Ohio Kentucky Indiana Maine , South Carolina West Virginia Maryland Vermont New Hampshire Massachusetts New Jersey Connecticut Delaware Rhode Island District of Columbia . Rank AREA IN SQUAEE MILES. Gross. 3,026,789 265,896 158,297 146,997 122,634 113,956 110, 690 103,948 97,914 96,699 84,990 84,682 83,888 82, 158 77,615 77,520 70,837 70,057 69,420 69, 127 59,265 58,666 57, 980 56,605 56, 147 56,066 53,335 52,426 51,998 49, 204 48,506 46,865 45,126 42,627 42,022 41,040 40,598 36,354 33,040 30,989 24, 170 12, 327 9,564 9,341 8,266 8,224 4,965 2,370 1,248 70 Land. Water. » 2,973,890 262,398 155,652 146,201 122,503 113, 810 109,821 103,658 97,594 95,607 82,184 80,858 83,354 81, 774 76,868 76,808 70,183 69, 414 68,727 66,836 58,725 54,861 57,480 56,043 55,586 55,256 52,525 48, 740 51,279 47,654 45,409 46,362 44,832 40,262 41,687 40,740 40,181 36,045 29,895 30,495 24,022 9,941 9,124 9,031 8,039 7,514 4,820 1,965 1,067 60 62,899 3,498 2,645 796 131 146 869 290 320 1,092 2,806 3,824 534 384 747 712 654 643- 693 2,291 540 3,805 500 622 561 810 810 3,686 719 1,550 3,097 503 294 2,365 335 300 417 309 3,145 494 148 2,386 440 310 227 710 145 405 181 10 1 Does not include the water surface of the oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, or the Great Lakes, lying within the jurisdiction of the United States. Population per square mile. — Table 10 shows, for the United States, the total population, land area in square miles, and population per square mile of land area, at each census since 1790. Table ID CENSUS YEAR. Population of the United States. Land area in square miles. Popula- tion per square mile. 1910 91,972,266 75,994,575 62,947,714 50,155,783 38,558,371 31,443,321 23,191,876 17,069,453 12,866,020 9,638,453 7,239,881 5,308,483 3,929,214 2,973,890 2,974,159 2,973,965 2,973,965 2,973,965 2,973,965 2,944,337 1,753,588 1,753,588 1,753,588 1,685,865 867,980 867,980 30 9 1900 1890 21 2 1880 16 9 1870 1860 10 6 1850 7 9 1840 9 7 1830 7 3 1820 5 5 1810 4 3 1800 6 1 1790 4 5 According to the census of 1910, there were in the United States, on the average, 30.9 inhabitants to each square mile of land area, or nearly seven times the number per square mile shown for the much smaller area of 1790, and nearly three times the number shown for 1860. The decrease in the average number of inhabitants per square mile at the censuses of 1810 and 1850 was due in each case to large accessions of thinly populated territory during the preceding decade. The relative density of population of each state of the United States in 1910 is exhibited by the map on the opposite page, while Table 1 1 shows, for each geo- graphic division and state, the population and land area in 1910 and the population per square mile at each of the last three censuses. In the order of density of population the geographic divisions ranked as follows in 1910: Middle Atlantic, 193.2 inhabitants per square mile; New England, 105.7; East North Central, 74.3; East South Central, 46.8; South Atlantic, 45.3; West North Central, 22.8; West South Central, 20.4; Pacific, 13.2; Mountain, 3.1. Aside from the District of Columbia there were 10 states in which there was in 1910 a population per square mile of more than 100. These states, in the order of density of population, are as follows : Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Delaware, and IlUnois. There were 16 states which had, on the average, less than 18 inhabitants to the square mile. Eight of these states are in the Mountain division (comprising its entire area), 3 in the Pacific division (comprising its entire area), 3 in the West North Central division, 1 in the West South Central division, and 1 in the South Atlantic division. Among the outlying possessions Alaska had an aver- age density of only 0.1 per square mile; Hawaii, 29.8, about that of Arkansas; and Porto Rico, 325.5, or greater than that of any state of the United States except Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. AREA AND DENSITY. POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE, BY STATES: 1910. 29 POPULATION PER SQUARE MILE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890. Table 1 1 DIVISION AKD STATE. United States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic... East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire... . Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centeal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Population: 1»10 91,972,268 742,371 430,572 355,956 3,366,416 542,610 1,114,756 9,113,614 2,637,167 7,665,111 4,767,121 2,700,876 5,638,501 2,810,173 2,333,860 2,075,708 2,224,771 3,293,335 577,056 583,888 1,192,214 1,690,949 Land area In square miles: 1»10 2,978,890 61,976 100,000 245,564 510,804 269,071 179,509 429,746 850,125 318,095 29,895 9,031 9,124 8,039 1,067 4,820 47,654 7,514 44,832 40,740 36,045 56,043 57,480 55,256 55,586 68,727 70,183 76,868 76,808 81,774 POPULATION FEB SQUAB! MILX. 1910 80.9 105.7 193.2 74.3 22.8 45.3 46.8 20.4 3.1 13.2 24.8 47.7 39.0 418.8 508.5 231.3 191.2 337.7 171.0 117.0 74.9 100.6 48.9 42.2 25.7 40.0 47.9 8.2 7.6 15.5 20.7 1900 1S90 M.6 90.2 154.5 65.2 20.3 38.8 42.0 15.2 1.9 7.6 23.2 45.6 37.7 349.0 401.6 188.5 152.5 250.7 140.6 102.1 70.1 86.1 42.1 37.4 21.7 40.2 45.2 4.5 6.2 13.9 18.0 S1.S 75.8 127.1 54.9 17.6 32.9 35.8 11.0 1.4 5.9 22.1 41.7 36.4 278.5 323.8 154.8 126.0 192.3 117.3 90.1 61.1 68.3 36.4 30.6 16.2 34.4 39.0 2.7 4.5 13.8 17.5 DIVISION AND state. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia, Virginia West Virginia North Carolina ...... South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centbal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahomai Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacipic: Washington Oregon CaliJomia Population: 1910 202,322 1,295,346 331,069 2,061,612 1,221,119 2,206,287 1,515,400 2,609,121 752,619 2,289,905 2,184,789 2,138,093 1,797,114 1,574,449 1,656,388 1,657,155 3,896,542 376,053 325,594 145,965 799,024 327,301 204,354 373,351 81,875 1,141,990 672,765 2,377,549 Land area in square mUes: 1910 1,965 9,941 60 40,262 24,022 48,740 30,495 58,725 54,861 40,181 41,687 51,279 46,362 52,525 45,409 69,414 262,398 146,201 83,354 97,. 594 103,658 122,503 113,810 82,184 109,821 66,836 95,607 155,652 POPULATION PEE SQUABE UILE. 1910 103.0 130.3 5,517.8 51.2 60.8 45.3 49.7 44.4 13.7 57.0 52.4 41.7 38.8 30.0 36.5 23.9 14.8 2.0 3.9 1.5 7.7 2.7 1.8 4.5 0.7 17.1 7.0 15.3 1900 1890 94.0 119.5 4,645.3 46.1 39.9 38.9 44.0 37.7 9.6 53.4 48.5 35.7 33.6 25.0 30.4 11.4 11.6 1.7 1.9 0.9 5.2 1.6 1.1 3.4 0.4 7.8 4.3 9.6 85.7 104.9 3,972.3 41.1 31.8 33.2 37.7 31.3 7.1 46.3 42.4 29.5 27.8 21.5 24.6 3.7 8.5 1.0 1.1 0.6 4.0 1.3 0.8 2.6 0.4 5.3 3.3 7.8 " Includes Indian Territory for 1890 and 1900. 30 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. CENTER OF P0PT7IATI0N. On the basis of the Thirteenth Census returns the center of population and the median point for the United States have been determined for April 15, 1910. In these calculations no account is taken of the territory and population of Alaska and of other outlying possessions. The center is often understood to be the point of in- tersection of a north and south Une which divides the population equally, with an east and west Une which likewise divides it equally. This point of intersection is, in a certain sense, a center of population; it is here, however, designated the median point to distinguish it from the point technically defined as the center. The character of these two points may be made clear through a physical analogy. The center of population may be said to represent the center of gravity of the population. If the surface of the United States be considered as a rigid plane without weight, capable of sustaining the population distributed thereon, individuals being assumed to be of equal weight, and each, therefore, to exert a pressure on any supporting pivotal point directly proportional to his distance from the point, the pivotal point on which the plane balances would, of course, be its center of gravity ; and this is the point referred to by the term "center of population," as used in this chapter. In determining the median point distance is not taken into account, and the location of the units of popu- lation is considered only in relation to the intersecting median lines — as being north or south of the median parallel and east or west of the median meridian. Extensive changes in the geographic distribution of the population may take place without affecting the median point, whereas the center of population re- sponds to the slightest population change in any sec- tion of the country. At the Thirteenth Census the center of population was in the following position: Latitude 39° 10' W N. Longitude 86° 32'' 20^' W. This point is in southern Indiana, in the western part of Bloomington city, Monroe County. During the last decade, 1900 to 1910, the center of population moved west 43' 26'', approximately 39 miles, while its northward movement was only 36", or approximately seven-tenths of a mile. The westward movement from 1900 to 1910 was nearly three times as great as that from 1890 to 1900, but was less than that for any decade between 1840 and 1890. The closeness with which the center of population throughout its westward movement has clung to the thirty-ninth parallel of latitude is remarkable. The total westward movement since 1790 is 557 miles. The following table and the map on the opposite page show the location of the center of population and its proximity to important towns at each suc- cessive Federal census, and its westward advance during each decade since 1790: Table 12 CENST7S TBAB. 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 LOCATION. North latitude. 39 16 30 39 16 6 39 11 30 39 6 42 38 57 54 39 2 38 59 39 24 39 12 39 4 8 39 11 56 39 9 36 39 10 12 West longitude. 76 11 12 76 56 30 77 37 12 78 33 79 16 54 80 18 81 19 82 48 48 83 35 42 84 39 40 85 32 53 85 48 54 86 32 20 AFPBOXIHATE LOCATION BT lUPOBTAKT TOWNS. 23 miles east of Baltimore, Md , 18 miles west of Baltimore, Md 40 miles northwest by west of Washington, D. C, 16 miles north of Woodstock, Va , 19 miles west-southwest of Moorefield, W. Va 16 miles south of Clarksburg, W. Va 23 miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va 20 miles south of Chillicothe, Ohio 48 miles east by north of Cincinnati, Ohio 8 miles west by south of Cincinnati, Ohio 20 miles east of Columbus, Ind 6 miles southeast of Columbus, Ind In the city of Bloomington, Ind MOVEMENT IN MILES DtTEING PEECEDINQ DECADE. From point to point in direct line. 40.6 36.9 50.5 40.4 55.0 54.8 80.6 44.1 58.1 48.6 14.6 39.0 Westward. 40.6 36.5 50.1 39.4 54.8 54.7 80.6 42.1 57.4 47.7 14.4 38.9 Northward. Southward. 0.5 5.3 6.7 9.0 4.7 3.5 L6 13.3 9.1 9.0 2.8 0.8 In connection with the location of the center of population of the United States it is of interest to note also the position of what may be termed the center of area — that is, the point on which the sur- face of the United States would balance if it were a plane of uniform weight per unit of area. This point is located in northern Kansas, 10 miles north of Smith Center, the county seat of Smith County, approximate latitude 39° 55', longitude 98° 50', and is therefore about three-fourths of a degree (51 miles) north and 12i degrees (657 miles) west of the center of popu- lation. This would be the center of population if the population were distributed evenly over the territory of the United States. In 1910 the median point was located at latitude 40° 6' 24" north and longitude 84° 59' 59" west, prac- tically the eighty-fifth meridian. Its location, there- fore, was 3 J miles south of Winchester, Randolph County, Ind.; its westward movement during the dec- ade was 7.5 miles, its northward movement 2.3 miles. 82 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. Tables 13 and 14 show the area and population in 1910 of each county or equivalent subdivision of the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; also the* population in 1900 and 1890, except for such counties as were organized subsequent to these censuses. Notes immediately following the tables indicate changes in counties which afifect the com- parability of the figures. {Text continued on page 54-) AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890. [In computing the increase from 1890 to 1900 for certain counties the population of Indian reservations in 1900 has been deducted from the total population of the county, in order to make that total comparable with the total for 1890, which does not include the population of Indian reservations.] [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Taltle 13 COUNTY. ALABAMA. Autauga. Baldwin. Barbour. Bibb Blount*.. Bullock... Butler Calhoun ». Chambers. Cherokee. . Chilton... Choctaw.. Clarke Clays Cleburne'. Coffee Colbert'... Conecuh.., Coosa Covington. Crenshaw. Cullman*.. Dale' Dallas Dekalb Elmore... Escambia. Etowah... Fayette... Franklin'. Geneva' Greene Hale Henry' Houston' Jackson Jefferson' Lamar Lauderdale.. Lawrence'... Lee Limestone... Lowndes Macon Madison Marengo Marion Marshall Mobile Monroe Montgomery. M(»rgan Perry Pickens Pike Randolph — Russell St. Clair Shelby Sumter Talladega'... Tallapoosa... Tuscaloosa... Walker' Washington.. Wilcox Winston Land area in square miles: 1910 61,279 584 1,595 912 634 649 610 763 630 588 677 729 932 1,216 614 678 618 849 655 1,042 618 763 563 957 786 622 957 542 643 647 678 635 646 660 579 1,140 1,135 601 694 700 632 696 739 614 811 966 743 602 1,226 1,012 801 587 737 875 671 690 656 645 806 908 755 763 1,346 777 1,087 896 630 POPXTLATION. 1910 2,138,093 20,038 18,178 32,728 22,791 21,456 30,196 29,030 39,115 36,056 20,226 23,187 18,483 30,987 21,006 13,385 26,119 24,802 21,433 16,634 32, 124 23,313 28,321 21,608 53,401 28,261 28,245 18,889 39,109 16,248 19,369 26,230 22,717 27,883 20,943 32,414 32,918 226, 476 17,487 30,936 21,984 32,867 26,880 31,894 26,049 47,041 39,923 17,495 28,553 80,854 27,155 82,178 33,781 31,222 25,055 30,815 24,659 25,937 20,715 26,949 28,699 37,921 31,034 47,559 37,013 14,454 33,810 12,855 1900 1,828,697 11,613,401 17,915 13, 194 35,152 18,498 23,119 31,944 25,761 34,874 32,554 21,096 16,522 18, 136 27,790 17,099 13,206 20,972 22,341 17,514 16,144 15,346 19,668 17,849 21,189 54,657 23,558 26,099 11,320 27,361 14,132 16,511 19,096 24, 182 31,011 36,147 30,508 140,420 16,084 26,559 20,124 31,826 22,387 35,651 23,126 43,702 38,315 14,494 23,289 62,740 23,666 72,047 28,820 31,783 24,402 29,172 21,647 27,083 19,425 23,684 32,710 35, 773 29,675 36,147 25,162 11,134 35,631 9,554 1890 13,330 8,941 34,898 13,824 21,927 27,063 21,641 33,835 26,319 20,459 14,549 17,526 22,624 15,765 13,218 12,170 20,189 14,594 15,906 7,536 15,425 13,439 17,225 49,350 21,106 21,732 8,666 21,926 12,823 10,681 10,690 22,007 27,501 24,847 28,026 88,501 14, 187 23, 739 20,725 28,694 21,201 31,550 18,439 38,119 33,095 11,347 18,935 51,587 18,990 56,172 24,089 29,332 22,470 24,423 17,219 24,093 17,353 20,886 29,574 29,346 25,460 30,352 16,078 7,935 30,816 6,552 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 16.9 11.9 37.8 23.2 -7.2 -5.5 18.0 12.7 19.0 12.2 3.1 10.8 23.7 -4.1 3.1 40.3 1.9 11.5 22.8 L4 24.5 11.0 22.4 3.0 109.3 18.5 58.7 2.0 -2.3 20.0 8.2 66.9 42.9 15.0 17.3 37.4 -6.1 -10.1 -42.1 7.9 61.3 8.7 16.5 9.2 3.3 20.1 -10.5 12.6 7.6 4.2 20.7 22.6 28.9 14.7 14.1 17.2 -1.8 2.7 5.6 13.9 -4.2 6.6 13.8 -12.3 6.0 4.6 31.6 47.1 29.8 -5.1 34.6 1890- 1900 20.8 34.4 47.6 0.7 33.8 5.4 13.6 3.5 22.8 8.5 -0.1 72.3 10.7 20.0 1.5 103.6 27.5 32.8 23.0 10.8 11.6 20.1 30.6 24.8 10.2 54.6 78.6 9.9 12.8 45.5 8.9 58.7 13.4 11.9 -2.9 10.9 5.6 ■13.0 25.4 14.6 15.8 27.7 23.0 21.6 24.6 28.3 19.6 8.4 8.6 19.4 25.7 12.4 11.9 13.4 10.6 21.9 16.6 19.1 56.5 40.3 15.6 45.8 Land area in square miles: 1910 AKIZOKA. Apache' Cochise Coconino' .. Gila Graham Maricopa Mohave Navajo' Pima' Phial Santa Cruz'. Yavapai'... Yuma ARKANSAS. Arkansas. Ashley Baxter. . . Benton... Boone Bradley Calhoun Carroll Chicot Clark Clav' Cleburne. . . Cleveland . . Columbia'. Conway Craighead.. Crawford'.. Crittenden. Cross Dallas Desha Drew Faulkner... Franklin'.. Fulton Garland Grant Greene ' Hempstead Hot Spring Howard ' Independence. Izard Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafayette' Lawrence Lee Lincoln Little River... Logan' Lonoke Madison Marlon Miller Mississippi'... Monroe Montgomery. . Nevada Newton Ouachita Perry Phillips Pike 113,810 11,379 6,170 18,238 4,683 6,508 8,891 13,390 10,300 9,605 6,380 1,229 8,150 9,987 62,625 1,000 940 586 876 608 659 629 641 607 882 654 696 603 785 563 687 693 682 619 679 747 847 651 606 625 631 637 661 727 613 602 762 683 634 903 675 625 592 601 671 546 726 794 836 646 623 792 603 891 620 846 733 652 692 601 POPULATION. 1910 204,364 9,196 34,591 8,130 16,348 23,999 34,488 3,773 11,471 22,818 9,045 6,766 15,996 7,733 1,674,449 16, 103 25,268 10,389 33,389 14,318 14,518 9,894 16,829 21,987 23,686 23.690 11,903 13,481 23,820 22,729 27,627 23,942 22,447 14,042 12,621 15,274 21,960 23,708 20,638 12, 193 27,271 9,425 23,852 28,285 15,022 16,898 24,776 14,561 23,501 52,734 19,698 13,741 20,001 24,252 15, 118 13,597 26,350 27,983 16,056 10,203 19,555 30,468 19,907 12,455 19,344 10,612 21,774 9,402 33,535 12,565 1900 3122,931 8,297 9,251 5,514 4,973 14, 162 20,457 3,426 8,829 14,689 7,779 4,545 13,799 4,145 1,311,664 1890 8,685 2,671 •1,128,211 12,973 19,734 9,298 31,611 16,396 9,651 8,539 18,848 14,528 21,289 15,886 9,628 11,620 22,077 19. 772 19,505 21,270 14,529 11,051 11,518 11,511 19,451 20,780 17,395 12,917 18. 773 7,671 16,979 24,101 12,748 14,076 22,557 13,506 18,383 40,972 17,448 10,594 16,491 19,409 13,389 13,731 20,563 22,544 19,864 11,377 17,558 16,384 16,816 9,444 16,609 12,538 20,892 7,294 26,561 10,301 4 88,243 4,281 6,938 2,021 5,670 10,986 1,444 12,673 4,251 11,432 13,295 8,527 27,716 15,816 7,972 7,267 17,288 11,419 20,997 12,200 7,884 11,362 19,893 19,459 12,025 21,714 13,940 7,693 9,296 10,324 17,352 18,342 19,934 10,984 15,328 7,786 12,908 22,796 11,603 13,789 21,961 13,038 15,179 40,881 16,758 7,700 12,984 18,886 10,255 8,903 20,774 19,263 17,402 10,390 14,714 11,635 15,336 7,923 14,832 9,950 17,033 5,538 25,341 8,537 PER CENT OP INCREASE. 1900- 1910 66.2 10.8 273.9 47.4 228.7 69.5 68.6 10.1 29.9 55.3 16.3 4a9 15.9 86.6 20.0 24.1 28.0 11.7 5.6 -12.7 50.4 15.9 -10.7 51.3 11.3 49.1 23.6 16.0 7.9 15.0 41.6 12.6 64.5 27.1 9.6 32.7 12.9 14.1 18.6 -5.6 45.3 22.9 40.6 17.4 17.8 20.0 9.8 7.8 27.8 28.7 12.9 29.7 21.3 25.0 12.9 -1.0 2&1 24.1 -19.2 -10.3 11.4 86.0 18.4 31.9 16.5 -15.4 4.2 28.9 26.3 22.0 1 State total includes population (384) specially enumerated in 1890, not dis- tributed by counties. ' For changes in boundaries, etc. , of counties, see page 53. * State total includes population (3,065) of San Carlos Indian Reservation, not returned by counties in 1900; returned in 1910 in Gila and Graham Counties. * State total includes population (28,623) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1890, not distributed by counties. ' See headnote to table. " State total includes population (32) specially enumerated in 1800, not dis- tributed by counties. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 33 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where baae is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. ARKANSAS— Con. Poinsett Polk Pope Prairie Pulasld Randolph St. Francis Saline Scott' Searcy Sebastian! Sevier" Sharp Stone Union Van Buren Washington , White Woodruff , YeU CAUFORmA. Alameda.. Alpine Amador.. Butte Calaveras. Colasai Contra Costa. Del Norte.... Eldorado. . . . Fresno* 01enn> Humboldt. Imperial'.. Inyo Kern Kings' Lake Lassen Los Angeles. Madera' Marin Mariposa... Mendocino. Merced .... Modoc Mono Monterey. Napa Nevada... Orange Placer Plumas Riverside'.. Sacramento. San Benito.. San Bernardino'. San Diego' San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo. San Mateo Santa Barbara... Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter... Tehama. Trinity.. Tulare'., Tuolumne. Ventura.... Yolo Yuba Land area in square miles: 1910 721 846 828 675 747 654 628 775 970 673 631 672 609 611 1,048 730 965 1,037 577 966 158,653 732 776 601 1,722 1,027 1,140 714 1,024 1,763 6,950 1,260 3,634 4,069 10,019 8,003 1,169 1,278 4,531 4,067 2,112 629 1,463 3,453 1,995 3,823 3,030 3,330 783 974 796 1,396 2,594 7,240 983 1,392 20,167 4,221 43 1,448 3,334 447 2,740 1,328 435 3,858 923 6,256 822 1,577 1,450 608 2,893 3,166 4,856 2,190 1,878 1,014 POPULATION. 1910 12,791 17, 216 24,527 13,853 86,751 18,987 22,548 16,657 14,302 14,825 52,278 16,616 11,688 8,946 30,723 13,509 33,889 28,574 20,049 26,323 2,877,549 246, 131 309 9,066 27,301 9,171 7,732 31,674 2,417 7,492 75,657 7,172 33,857 13,591 6,974 37,715 16,230 5,626 4,802 504,131 8,368 25,114 3,956 23,929 15,148 6,191 2,042 24,146 19,800 14,955 34,436 18,237 5,259 34,696 67,806 8,041 66,706 61,665 416,912 50,731 19,383 26,585 27,738 83,5.19 26,140 18,920 4,098 18,801 27,559 48,394 22,522 6,328 11,401 3,301 35,440 9,979 18,347 13,926 10,042 1900 7,025 18,352 21,715 11,875 63,179 17,156 17, 157 13,122 13,183 11,988 36,935 16,339 12,199 8,100 22,495 11,220 34,256 24,864 16,304 22,750 1,488,068 130, 197 509 11,116 17,117 11,200 7,364 18,046 2,408 8,986 37,862 5,150 27,104 4,377 16,480 9,871 6,017 4,511 170,298 6,364 15,702 4,720 20,465 9,215 5,076 2,167 19,380 16,451 17,789 19,696 15,786 4,657 17,897 45,915 6,633 27,929 35,090 342,782 35,452 16,637 12,094 18,934 60,216 21,512 17,318 4,017 16,962 24, 143 38,480 9,550 6,886 10,996 4,383 18,375 11,166 14,367 13,618 8,620 1890 4,272 9,283 19,458 11,374 47,329 14,485 13,543 11,311 12,635 9,664 33,200 10,072 10,418 7,043 14,977 8,567 32,024 22,946 14,009 18,015 1,818,89* 93,864 667 10,320 17,939 8,882 14,640 13,515 2,592 9,232 32,026 23,469 3,544 9,806 7,101 4,239 101,454 13,072 3,787 17,612 8,085 4,986 2,002 18,637 16,411 17,369 13,589 16, 101 4,933 40,339 6,412 25,497 34,987 298,997 28,629 16,072 10,087 15,754 48,005 19,270 12,133 5,051 12,163 20,946 32,721 10,040 5,469 9,916 3,719 24,574 6,082 10,071 12,684 9,636 PER CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 82.1 -6.2 12.9 16.7 37.3 10.7 31.4 26.9 8.5 23.7 41.6 1.7 -4.2 10.4 36.6 20.4 -1.1 14.9 23.0 15.7 60.1 89.0 -39.3 -18.3 59.6 -18.1 6.0 76.6 0.4 -16.6 99.8 39.3 24.9 59.3 128.9 64.4 -a 2 6.5 196.0 31.5 69.9 -16.2 16.9 64.4 22.0 -5.8 24.6 20.4 -15.9 74.8 16.6 12.9 93.9 47.7 21.2 103.0 75.7 21.6 43.1 16.6 119.8 46.5 38.7 21.5 9.3 2.0 10.8 14.1 25.8 135.8 7.5 3.7 -24.7 92.9 -10.6 27.7 2.3 16.5 1890- 1900 64 4 97.7 11.6 4.4 33.5 ia4 26.7 16.0 4.3 24.0 11.3 62.2 17.1 15.0 50.2 31.0 7.0 8.4 16.4 26.3 SS.4 38.7 -23.7 7.7 -4.6 26.1 -49.7 33.5 -7.1 -2.7 1&2 23.5 68.0 -15.3 6.4 67.9 20.1 24.6 •12.8 14.0 1.8 8.2 4.0 0.2 2.4 44.9 4.5 -6.6 13.8 3.4 9.5 •-2.0 14.6 23.8 3.5 19.9 20.2 25.4 11.6 42.7 -20.5 39.5 15.3 17.6 -4.9 7.6 10.9 17.9 1-25.8 83.6 42.7 7.4 -10.5 'For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 'State total includes population (5,26.S) ol Indian reservations specially enumerated in 1890, not distributed by counties. 72497°— 13 3 + COLOKADO Adams' Arapahoe ' Archuleta Baca Bent Boulder Chaffee' Cheyenne Clear Creek Conejos Coetllla Custer Delta Denver' Dolores Douglas Eagle ElPaso' Elbert Fremont' Garfield Gtlpln Grand Gunniaon Hinsdale' Huerfano Jackson' Jefferson' Kiowa Kit Carson La Plata Lake Larimer' Las Animas.... Lincoln Logan Mesa Mineral' Montezuma Montrose Morgan Otero Ouray Park' PhiUips Pitkin Prowers Pueblo Rio Blanco Rio Grande'... Routt Saguache' San Juan SanMlgueL.... Sedgwick Summit Teller' Washingtcm'... Weld Yuma' comrEOTicxrr Fairfield Hartford Litchfield Middlesex New Haven New London Tolland Windham DELAWARE.... Kent Newcastle Sussex DIST.COLTTMBIA. District of Columbia Land area in square miles: 1910 103,668 1,262 842 1,220 2,552 1,524 764 1,083 1,777 390 1,393 1,771 747 1,201 58 1,043 846 1,620 2,121 1,867 1,657 3,107 132 1,866 3,179 971 1,600 1,632 838 1,798 2,160 1,861 371 2,629 4,809 2,570 1,822 3,163 866 2,061 2,264 1,286 2,067 619 2,212 1,019 1,630 2,433 3,223 6,967 3,133 463 1,288 631 649 547 8,521 4,022 2,367 4,820 631 729 925 603 659 404 500 1,965 617 435 913 60 60 POPULATION. 1910 790,024 1900 589,700 8,892 10,263 3,302 2,516 5,043 30,330 7,622 3,687 5,001 11,285 6,498 1,947 13,688 213,381 642 3,192 2,985 43,321 6,331 18,181 10,144 4,131 1,862 6,897 646 13,320 1,013 14,231 7^483 10,812 10,600 25,270 33,643 5,917 9,549 22,197 1,239 6,029 10,291 9,577 20,201 3,514 2,492 3,179 4,566 9,520 62,223 2,332 6,663 7,561 4,160 3,063 4,700 3,061 2,003 14,351 6,002 39,177 8,499 1,114,756 245,322 250,182 70,260 46,637 337,282 91,253 26,459 48,361 802,888 32,721 123, 188 46,413 831,069 153,017 2,117 759 3,049 21,544 7,085 501 7,082 8,794 4,632 2,937 6,487 1,134 3,120 3,008 31,602 3,101 15,636 6,835 6,690 741 6,331 1,609 8,396 9,306 701 1,680 7,016 18,064 12,168 21,842 926 3,292 9,267 1,913 3,058 4,536 3,268 11,522 4,731 2,998 1,583 7,020 3,766 34,448 1,690 4,080 3,661 3,853 2,342 5,379 971 2,744 29,002 1,241 16,808 1,729 908,480 184,203 195,480 63,672 41,760 269,163 82,758 24,523 46,861 184,785 32,762 109,697 42,276 278,718 1890 « 418,848 132, 135 826 1,479 1,313 14,082 6,612 534 7,184 7,193 3,491 2,970 2,534 1,498 3,006 3,725 21,239 1,856 9,156 4,478 5,867 604 4,359 862 6,882 8,450 1,243 2,472 5,509 14,663 9,712 17,208 3,070 4,260 1,529 3,960 1,601 4,192 6,510 3,548 2,642 8,929 1,969 31,491 1,200 3,451 2,369 3,313 1,572 2,909 1,293 1,906 2,301 11,736 2,596 746,858 150,081 147, 180 53,542 39,524 209,058 76,634 25,081 45,158 168,498 32,664 97,182 38,647 830,398 331,069 1 278,718 I 230,392 PER CENT or INCREASE. 1900- 1910 48.0 -93.3 56.0 231.5 65.4 40.8 7.6 635.9 -29.4 28.3 18.7 -33.7 149.5 -43.4 2.3 -0.8 37.1 71.9 16.3 73.8 -38.3 161.3 10.6 -59.9 58.7 52.9 313.6 373.6 64.1 -41.3 107.7 54.0 539.0 190.1 139.5 -35.2 64.5 126.9 193.1 75.3 -25.7 -16.9 100.8 -35.0 152.8 51.6 38.0 60.9 106.5 8.0 30.8 -12.6 215.2 -27.0 -50.5 383.6 133.1 39L6 88.7 33.2 28.0 10.3 9.3 25.3 10.3 7.9 3.2 9.5 -0.1 12.3 9.8 18.8 » See headnote to table, page 32. * State total includes population (1,051) of Indian reservations specially enumerated in 1S90, not distributed by counties. 34 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTT. FLORIDA. Alachua.. Baker — Bradford. Brevard'. Calhoun.. Citrus Clay Columbia. Dade> DeSoto... Duval Escambia. Franldm.. Gadsden.. Hamilton. Hernando. Hillsl)oro.. Holmes... Jackson... Jefferson.. Lafayette. Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty.. Madison. Manatee. Marion... Monroe.. Nassau Orange Osceola Palm BeachJ. Pascoi Polki Putnam... St. John... St. Lucie 1. Santa Rosa. Sumter Suwanee Taylor Volusia Wakulla.... Walton Washington. GEORGIA Appling 1. Baker Baldwin. Banks... Bartow.. Ben Hill 1. Berrien i . . Bibb Brooks Bryan Bulloch J. Burke 1... Butts.... Calhoun.. Camden.. Campbell. Carroll Catoosa... Charlton . . Chatham.. Chattahoochee . Chattooga Cherokee Clarke' Clay Cla3^ni. Clinch.... Cx)bb Coileei... ColquiU. Land area in square miles: 1910 64,861 1,262 587 539 1,025 1,192 620 617 792 2,733 3,754 786 657 541 540 528 497 1,329 458 965 585 1,244 1,047 4,031 715 1,143 823 719 1,337 1,647 1,100 630 1,250 1,773 3,048 767 1,907 752 966 1,395 1,546 583 692 1,064 1,256 602 1,382 1,435 58,725 604 357 307 222 471 256 735 277 514 431 887 956 203 284 Tai 213 492 169 905 370 218 328 429 114 203 142 961 353 901 629 POPULATION. 1910 768,619 34,305 4,805 14,090 4,717 7,465 6,731 6,116 17,689 11,933 14,200 75,163 38,029 5,201 22, 198 11,825 4,997 78,374 11,557 29,821 17,210 6,710 9,509 6,294 19,427 10,361 4,700 16,919 9,550 26,941 21,563 10,525 19,107 5,507 5,577 7,502 24,148 13,096 13,208 4,076 14,897 6,696 18, 603 7,103 16,510 4,802 16,460 16,403 2,609,121 1900 12,318 7,973 18,354 11,244 25,388 11,863 22,772 56,646 23,832 6,702 26,464 27,268 13,624 11,334 7,690 10,874 30,855 7,184 4,722 79,690 5,686 13,608 16,661 23,273 8,960 10,453 8,424 28,397 21,953 19,789 628,542 32,245 4,516 10,295 5,158 5,iae 5,391 5,636 17,094 4,955 8,047 39,733 28,313 4,890 15,294 11,881 3,638 36,013 7,762 23,377 16, 195 4,987 7,467 3,071 19,887 8,603 2,956 15,446 4,663 24,403 18,006 9,654 11,374 3,444 6,054 12,472 11,641 9,166 10,293 6,187 14,654 3,999 10,003 5,149 9,346 10,154 2,216,331 12,336 6,704 17,768 10,545 20,823 19,440 50,473 18,606 6,122 21,377 30,166 12,805 9,274 7,669 9,518 26,576 6,823 3,592 71,239 6,790 12,952 15,243 17,708 8,668 8,732 24,664 16, 169 13,636 1890 391,422 22,934 3,333 7,516 3,401 1,681 2,394 5,154 12,877 861 4,944 26,800 20,188 3,308 11,894 8,507 2,476 14,941 4,336 17, 544 15,757 3,686 8,034 1,414 17, 752 6,586 1,462 14,316 2,895 20,796 18, 786 8,294 12,584 3,133 PEE CENT OF INCKEASE. 1900- 1910 42.4 1890- 1900 35.0 4,249 7,905 11,186 8,712 7,961 5,363 10,524 2,122 8,467 3,117 4,816 1,837,353 8,676 6,144 14,608 8,562 20,616 10,694 42,370 13,979 6,620 13, 712 28,501 10,566 8,438 6,178 9,115 22,301 5,431 3,335 67,740 4,902 11,202 16,412 16,186 7,817 6.4 6.4 36.9 -&5 45.5 24.9 &6 3.6 140.8 76.5 89.2 34.3 6.4 45.1 -0.5 37.4 117.6 48.9 27.6 6.3 34.5 27.3 104.9 -2.3 20.4 59.0 9.5 104.8 10.4 19.8 9.0 68.0 69.9 23.9 93.6 12.6 44.1 44.7 8.2 27.8 77.6 65.1 -6.7 76.1 61.6 17.7 -0.1 18.9 3.3 6.6 21.9 17.1 12.2 28.1 9.5 23.8 -9.6 6.4 22.2 0.3 14.2 16.1 23.4 31.5 11.9 -a 5 6.1 9.3 31.4 4.6 40.6 35.5 37.0 61.7 206.3 125.2 9.3 32.7 475.6 48.3 40.2 47.8 28.6 39.7 46.9 141.0 79.0 33.2 2.8 35.3 -7.1 117.2 12.0 30.6 103.6 7.9 61.1 17.3 -4.2 1&4 -9.6 9.9 42.5 67.8 4.1 5.2 29.3 16.4 38.3 88.6 18.1 65.2 94.1 58.0 20.6 42.2 9.1 21.6 23.2 1.0 81.8 19.1 33.1 10.9 55.9 6.8 21.2 9.9 24.1 4.4 19.2 7.2 7.7 23.4 18.1 16.6 -1.1 16.6 9.6 8,296 8.9 15.7 Pulaski 6,652 —3.5 31.3 Putnam 22,286 16.1 10.7 Quitman 10,483 36.8 54.2 Rabim 4,794 45.1 184.4 i Randolph > For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. GEORGIA— Con. Columbia. Coweta... Crawford.. Crispi Dade Dawson. . Decatur'. Dekalb.. Dodge... Dooly'... Dougherty . Douglas Early Echols Effingham. Elbert.... Emanuel '. Fannin . . . Fayette... Floyd Forsyth. . . Franklin'. Fulton'... Gilmer Glascock.. Glyim Gordon... Grady'... Greene Gwinnett. Habersham ' . Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard . . . Henry... Houston. Irwin ' . . . Jackson Jasper Jell Davis'. Jefferson . . . Jenkins ' . . . Johnson. Jones Laurens. Lee Liberty. Lincoln... Lowndes. . Lumpkin . McDuffie . Mcintosh. Macon Madison Marion Meriwether. Miller Milton Mitchell Monroe Montgomery ' Morgan Murray Muscogee... Newton Oconee Oglethorpe' Paulding. Pickens.. Pierce Pike Polk Land area in square miles: 1910 350 470 319 277 186 216 823 272 431 397 524 362 448 361 936 401 234 602 247 279 183 440 170 439 375 444 416 491 290 437 530 284 601 261 268 324 685 378 433 321 300 720 342 292 377 806 326 936 291 482 280 287 470 284 360 496 263 145 648 584 691 390 342 235 262 172 504 324 231 605 307 317 463 361 144 377 412 POPXTLATION. 1910 12,328 28,800 8,310 16,423 4,139 4,686 29,045 27,881 20,127 20,664 16,035 8,953 18, 122 3,309 9,971 24,126 25,140 12,574 10,966 36,736 11,940 17,894 177,733 9,237 4,669 15,720 16,861 18,457 18,512 28,824 10,134 25,730 19, 189 13,614 17,886 16,216 11,189 19,927 23,609 10,461 30,169 16,552 6,050 21,379 11,620 12,897 13, 103 35,501 11,679 12,924 8,714 24,436 5,444 10,325 6,442 16,016 16,851 9,147 26,180 7,986 7,239 22,114 20,460 19,638 19,717 9,763 36,227 18,449 11,104 18,680 14,124 9,041 10, 749 19, 495 20,203 22,835 13,876 4,694 6,662 18,841 1900 10,663 24,980 10,368 4,678 6,442 29,454 21, 112 13,975 26,567 13,679 8,745 14,828 3,209 8,334 19,729 21,279 11,214 10, 114 33,113 11,550 17,700 117,363 10,198 4,616 14,317 14, 119 1890 16,542 25,585 13,604 20,752 18,277 11,922 18,009 14,492 11,177 18,602 22,641 13,646 24,039 15,033 18,212 11,409 13,358 25,908 10,344 13,093 7,166 20,036 7,433 9,804 6,537 14,093 13,224 10,080 23,339 6,319 6,763 14, 767 20,682 16,359 16,813 8,623 29,836 16,734 8,602 17,881 12,969 8,641 8,100 18,761 17,856 18,489 13,436 4,701 6,285 16,847 11,281 22,354 9,315 5,707 5,612 19,949 17, 189 11,452 18,146 12,206 7,794 9,792 3,079 5,599 16,376 14, 703 8,724 8,728 28,391 11,155 14,670 84,655 9,074 3,720 13,420 12,758 PEE CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 15.7 15.3 -19.8 17,051 19,899 11,573 18,047 17,149 11,316 16,797 10,887 9,657 16,220 21,613 6,316 19, 176 13,879 17, 213 6,129 12,709 13, 747 9,074 12,887 6,146 16,102 6,867 8,789 6,478 13,183 11,024 7,728 20,740 4,276 6,208 10,906 19, 137 9.248 16,041 8,461 27, 761 14,310 7.713 16,951 11.948 8,182 6,379 10,300 14,945 16,569 14,842 4,471 5,606 16,267 -9.6 -13.9 -1.4 32.1 44.0 -22.6 17.2 2.4 22.2 3.1 19.6 22.3 18.1 12.1 8.4 10.9 3.4 1.1 51.4 -9.4 3.4 12.3 11.9 12.7 -25.5 24.0 6.0 13.4 -0.7 11.9 0.1 7.1 4.3 -23.3 26.6 10.1 13.0 -1.9 37.0 12.9 -1.3 21.8 22.0 -26.8 6.3 -1.5 6.6 27.4 -9.3 7.9 26.4 7.0 49.8 -1.1 20.0 24.7 13.2 21.4 10.2 29.1 4.6 4.6 32.7 3.9 13.1 23.5 3.3 -2.3 -11.6 11.8 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 35 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITEJ) STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 189{>— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COCOTY. OEORQIA— Con. Richmond. Rockdale.. Schley Screven'... Spalding... Stephens!. Stewart... Sumter... Talbot.... Taliaferro. Tattnall >. Tavlor... TeUalr... Terrell . . . Thomas'. Tift' Toombs'. Towns . . . Troup Turner'.. Twiggs. Union.. Upson.. Walker. Walton Ware Warren Washington. Wajme.... Webster . . White Whitfield. wncox'..., WUkes Wilkinson. Worth'..., IDAHO. Ada' Bannock'.. Bear Lake. Bingham'.. Blaine ' . . . . Boise Bonner'. Canyon', Cassia'.. Custer.... Elmore Fremont ' . Idaho Kootenai '. Latah Lemhi'.... Lincoln ' . . . Nez Perce '. Oneida Owyhee Shoshone'... Twin Falls'. Washington. ILLINOIS Adams Alexander. Bond Boone Brown Land area in square inlles: 1910 319 119 154 794 209 166 411 4S6 312 212 642 340 373 322 530 243 393 181 435 231 314 324 317 432 370 804 404 669 764 302 245 283 403 458 472 651 > 88, 854 1,136 3,179 942 4,116 6,120 3,469 3,129 1,283 2,611 4,589 2,665 6,006 11,012 2,043 1,128 4,867 3,283 3,844 2,655 7,888 2,579 1,888 2,871 56,048 842 226 .388 293 297 POPULATION. 1910 58,886 8,916 6,213 20,202 19,741 9,728 13,437 29,092 11,696 8,766 18,569 10,839 13,288 22,003 29,071 11,487 11,206 8,932 26,228 10,075 10,736 6,918 12,767 18,602 25,393 22,967 11,860 28,174 13,069 6,151 6,110 15,934 13,486 23,441 10,078 19,147 825,694 29,088 19,242 7,729 23,306 8,387 6,250 13,588 A 323 7,197 3,001 4,785 24,606 12,384 22,747 18,818 4,786 12,676 24,860 15,170 4,044 13,963 13,543 11, 101 6,638,591 64,588 22,741 17,075 15,481 10,397 1900 53,735 7,616 5,499 19,262 17,619 16,856 26,212 12, 197 7,912 20, 419 9,846 10,083 19,023 31,076 4,748 24,002 8,716 8,481 13,670 15,661 20,942 13,761 11,463 28,227 9,449 6,618 6,912 14,609 11,097 20,806 11,440 18,664 161,778 11,669 11,702 7,061 10,447 4,900 4,174 7,497 3,961 2,049 2,286 12,821 9,121 10,216 13,451 3,446 1,784 13, 748 8,933 3,804 11,950 6,882 4,821,660 67,058 19,384 16,078 15, 791 11,557 1890 45,194 6,813 5,443 14,424 13,117 15,682 22,107 13,268 7,291 10,253 8,666 6,477 14,603 26,154 4,064 20,723 8,196 7,749 12,188 13,282 17.467 8.811 10.957 25,237 7.485 6,695 6,151 12,916 7.980 18.081 10,781 10,048 6,057 13,675 3,342 3,143 2,176 1,870 2,965 4,108 9,173 1,916 2,847 6,819 2.021 6,382 3,836 >8,82e,862 61,888 16.563 14,650 12,203 11,951 PEE CENT OP INCKEASE. 190(N- 1910 9.6 18.6 -5.2 4.9 12.0 -15.3 1.1 11.0 18.6 -4.1 -8.0 10.8 8.5 -9.1 10.1 31.8 15.7 -6.6 -17.2 9.3 23.2 -18.4 -6.7 19.4 21.3 66.8 3.5 -0.2 38.3 -7.1 -13.6 9.8 21.5 12.3 -11.9 2.6 101.8 151.6 64.4 9.6 123.1 71.2 25.8 237.8 82.2 46.5 109.3 91.9 35.8 122.7 39.9 38.9 610.5 80.8 69.8 6.3 16.8 61.3 16.9 -3.7 17.3 6.2 -2.0 -10.0 1890- 1900 18.9 10.3 1.0 33.5 34.3 99.2 13.0 84.1 31.2 18.8 16.8 15.8 6.4 9.4 12.2 17.9 19.9 66.2 4.6 11.8 26.2 16.2 -3.9 12.3 39.1 15.4 6.1 85.7 82.7 38.1 16.4 «-3ao 24.9 22.2 208.7 n30.4 46.6 «54.6 382.9 31.0 88.2 122.0 ILLINOIS— Con. Bureau Calhoun.... Carroll Cass Champ^gn. Christian. Clark.... Clay Clinton. . Coles Cook Crawford Cumberland . Dekalb Dewltt Douglas... Dupage Edgar Edwards. . Efi&nghsan. Fayette.. Ford Franklin. Fulton. . . Oallatin.. Oreene Grundy. . . Hamilton. Hancock.. Hardin... Henderson . Henry Iroquois. . . Jackson Jasper Jefferson... Jersey Jo Daviess. Johnson. . . Kaae Kankakee , Kendall... Knox , La Salle... Lake 79.4 86.0 8.4 17.0 10.5 29.4 -3 3 Lawrenoe... Lee Livingston. . Logan McDonough. McHenry. McLean.. Macon Macoupin . Madison.. Marion.. Marshall. Mason... Massac... Menard.. Mercer Monroe Montgomery . Morgan Moultrie Ogle... Peoria. Perry.. Piatt.. Pike... Pope Pulaski... Putnam.. Randolph . Richland.. Land area In square miles: 1910 881 256 453 371 1,043 700 493 462 483 525 933 453 353 638 415 417 345 621 238 511 729 500 445 884 338 515 433 466 780 185 376 824 1,121 603 367 623 348 627 324 711 1,146 465 358 742 1,043 617 588 620 1,191 585 860 737 555 240 317 540 389 689 676 338 756 636 451 451 786 385 190 173 587 357 POPULATION. PER CENT OP INCREASE. 1910 43,975 8,610 18,035 17,372 51,829 34,694 23,517 18,661 22,832 34,517 2,405,233 26,281 14,281 33,457 18,906 19,591 33,432 27,336 10,049 20,055 28,075 17,096 25,943 49,549 14,628 22,363 24, 162 18,227 30,638 7,015 9,724 41,736 35,543 35,143 18, 157 29,111 13,954 22,657 14,331 91,862 40,752 10, 777 46,159 90,132 55,058 22,661 27,750 40,465 30,216 26,887 32,509 68,008 54,186 50,685 89,847 35,094 15,679 17,377 14,200 12,796 19,723 13,608 35,311 34,420 14,630 27,864 100,255 22,088 16,376 28,622 11,215 15,650 7,561 29,120 15,970 1900 41,112 8,917 18,963 17,222 47,622 32,790 24,033 19,553 19,824 34,146 1,838,735 19,240 16,124 31,756 18,972 19,097 28,196 28,273 10,345 20,465 28,065 18,359 19,675 46,201 16,836 23,402 24,136 20,197 32, 215 7,448 10,836 40,049 38,014 33,871 20,160 28,133 14,612 24,533 15,667 78,792 37,164 11,467 43,612 87,776 34,604 16,523 29,894 42,035 28,680 28,412 29,769 67,843 44,003 42,256 64,694 30,446 16,370 17,491 13,110 14,336 20,945 13,847 30,836 35,006 15,224 29,129 88,608 19,830 17,706 31,595 13,585 14,554 4,746 28,001 16,391 1890 1900- 1910 35,014 7.0 7,652 -3.4 18,320 -4.9 15,963 0.9 42,159 8.8 30,531 5.5 21,899 -2.1 16,772 -4.6 17,411 15.2 30,093 1.1 1,191,922 30.8 17,283 36.6 15,443 -11.4 27,066- 6.4 17,011 -0.3 17,669 2.6 22,651 18.6 26,787 -3.3 9,444 -2.9 19,358 -2.0 23,367 (•) 17,035 -6.9 17,138 31.9 43,110 7.2 14,935 -7.6 23,791 -4.4 21,024 0.1 17,800 -9.8 31,907 -4.9 7,234 -5.8 9,876 -10.3 33,338 4.2 35,167 -6.5 27,809 3.8 18,188 -9.9 22,590 3.5 14,810 -4.5 25,101 -7.6 15,013 -8.5 65,061 16.6 28,732 9.7 12,106 -6.0 38,752 5.8 80,798 2.7 24,236 59.6 14,693 37.1 26,187 -7.2 38,455 -3.7 25,489 5.4 27,467 -5.4 26,114 9.2 63,036 0.2 38,083 23.1 40,380 19.9 51,536 38.9 24,341 15.3 13,653 -4.2 16,067 -0.7 11,313 8.3 13,120 -10.7 18,545 -6.8 12,948 -2.4 30,003 14.5 32,636 -1.7 14,481 -3.9 28,710 -4.3 70,378 13.1 17,529 11.4 17,062 -7.5 31,000 -9.4 14,016 -17.4 11,355 7.5 4,730 59.3 25,049 4.0 16,019 -2.6 ' For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 'Includes land area (51 square miles) of that part of Yellowstone National Park in Idaho. No population reported. 3 State total includes population ( 4, 163) of Indian reservations si)ecially enumer- ated in 1890, not distributed by counties; also, population (6,798) of Alturas and Logan CountlCB, taken to form Blaine and Lincom Counties in 1895. * See headnote to table, page 32. ^ State total includes population (1) specially enumerated in 1890, not credited to, any county. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 86 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUMTY. IIXINOIS— Con. Rock Island . St. Clair Saline Sangamon... Schuyler.... Scott Shelby Stark Stephenson. Taiewell Union Vermilion. Wabash... Warren... Washington. Wayne White Whiteside... Will Williamson . Winnebs^o . Woodfordf . . IITDIAirA. Adams Allen Bartholomew. Benton Blackford Boone. Brown. Carroll. Cass... Clark.. Clay Clinton... Crawford. Daviess... Dearborn. Decatur. . . Dekalb... Delaware. Dubois... £lkhart... Fayette... Floyd Fountain. Franklin., Fulton.... Gibson... Grant Greene Hamilton. Hancock . Harrison ... Hendricks.. Henry Howard Huntington. Jackson.. Jasper... Jay Jenerson. Jennings. Johnson... Knox Kosciusko. L£«range.. Lake Laporte. . . Lawrence. Madison.. Marion Marshall.. Martin Miami Monroe Montgomery. Morgan Land area in square miles: 1910 424 663 399 876 432 249 772 290 559 647 403 921 220 546 561 733 507 679 844 449 529 528 36,045 337 661 407 408 168 427 324 377 416 375 361 408 303 433 313 378 370 392 427 462 216 148 395 394 367 486 423 543 399 307 408 397 297 386 518 562 375 364 383 322 610 541 387 492 595 456 450 397 441 339 381 416 501 406 POPUUtTION. 1910 70,404 119,870 30,204 91,024 14,852 10,067 31,693 10,098 36,821 34,027 21,856 77,996 14,913 23,313 18,759 25,697 23,052 34,507 84,371 45,098 63,153 20,506 8,700,876 21,840 93,386 24,813 12,688 15,820 24,673 7,975 17,970 36,368 30,260. 32,535 26,674 12,057 27,747 21,396 18,793 25,054 51,414 19,843 49,008 14, 415 30,293 20,439 15,336 16,879 30,137 51,426 36,873 27,026 19,030 20,232 20,840 29,758 33,177 28,982 24,727 13,044 24,961 20,483 14,203 20,394 39,183 27,936 15 148 45,797 30,625 65,224 263,661 24,175 12,950 29,350 23,426 29,296 21, 182 1900 55,249 86,685 21,685 71,593 16,129 10,455 32,126 10,186 34,933 33,221 22,610 65,635 12,583 23,163 19, 526 27,626 25,386 34,710 74,764 27,796 47,845 21,822 2,616,462 22,232 77,270 24,594 13,123 17,213 26,321 9,727 19,953 34,545 31,835 34,285 28,202 13,476 29,914 22,194 19,518 25,711 49,624 20,357 45,052 13,495 30, 118 21,446 16,388 17,453 30,099 64,693 28,530 29,914 19,189 21,702 21,292 25,088 28,575 28,901 26,633 14,292 26,818 22,913 15,757 20,223 32,746 29,109 15,284 37,892 38,386 25,729 70,470 197,227 25,119 14,711 28,344 20,873 29,388 20,457 1890 41,917 66,571 19,342 61,195 16,013 10,304 31,191 9,982 31,338 29,556 21,549 49,905 11.866 21,281 19,262 23,806 25,005 30,854 62,007 22,226 39,938 21,429 2,192,404 20,181 66,689 23,867 11,903 10,461 26,572 10,308 20,021 31,152 30,259 30,536 27,370 13,941 26,227 23,364 19,277 24,307 30,131 20,253 39,201 12,630 29,458 19,558 18,366 16,746 24,920 31,493 24,379 26,123 17,829 20,786 21, 498 23,879 26,186 27,644 24, 139 11,185 23,478 24,507 14,608 19,561 28,044 28,645 15,615 23,886 34,445 19,792 36,487 141, 156 23,818 13,973 25,823 17,673 28,025 18,643 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 27.4 38.3 39.3 27.1 -7.9 -3.7 -1.3 -0.9 5.4 2.4 -3.3 18.8 18.5 0.6 -3.9 -7.0 -9.2 -0.6 12.8 62.2 32.0 -6.0 7.8 -1.8 20.9 0.9 -3.3 -8.1 -6.3 -18.0 -9.9 5.3 -4.9 -5.1 -5.4 -10.5 -7.2 -3.6 -3.7 -2.6 3.6 -2.5 6.8 0.6 -4.7 -6.4 -3.3 0.1 -6.0 29.2 -9.7 -0.8 -2.1 18.6 16.1 0.3 -7.2 -8.7 0.8 19.7 -4.0 -0.9 118.7 19.3 19.0 -7.4 33.7 -3.8 -12.0 3.5 12.2 -0.3 3.5 1890- 1900 31.8 30.2 12.1 17.0 0.7 1.5 3.0 2.0 11.5 12.4 4.9 31.5 6.0 1.4 16.0 1.5 12.5 20.6 25.1 19.8 1.8 14.8 10.2 15.9 3.0 10.2 64.5 -0.9 -5.6 -0.3 10.9 5.2 12.3 3.0 -3.3 14.1 -5.0 1.3 5.8 64.7 0.5 14.9 2.2 9.7 -10.8 4.2 20.8 73.7 17.0 14.5 7.6 4.4 -1.0 5.1 9.1 4.5 10.3 27.8 14.2 -6.5 7.9 3.4 16.8 1.6 -2.1 58.6 11.4 30.0 93.1 39.7 5.5 5.3 9.8 18.1 4 9 9.7 ! INDIANA— Con. Newton. Noble... Ohio.... Orange.. Owen... Parke. . Perry . . Pike... Porter. Posey. . Pulaski . . . Putnam... Randolph. Ripley Rush St. Joseph. Scott Shelby Spencer Starke Steuben Sullivan Switzerland. Tippecanoe. Tipton Union Vanderburg. Vermilion... Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington. Wayne Wells. White.... Whitley. IOWA. Adair Adams Allamakee. Appanoose. Audubon.. Benton Blackhawk. Boone Bremer Buchanan... Buena Vista. Butler Calhoun Carroll Cass Cedar Cerro Gordo. Cherolcee Chickasaw.. Clarke Clay Clayton.. Clinton. . . Crawford. Dallas.... Davis Decatur Delaware... Des Moines. Dickinson... Dubuque. Emmet... Fayette . . . Floyd Franklhi.. Fremont.. Greene Onmdy. . . Guthrie... Hamilton. Land area in square inlles: 1910 405 417 85 407 393 447 384 338 415 402 432 483 447 448 409 460 190 407 403 305 305 460 222 503 260 162 233 254 409 425 368 392 519 411 365 607 338 05,586 573 427 639 513 443 712 565 669 434 567 571 677 668 571 564 670 667 673 497 428 663 762 691 715 689 601 533 571 409 376 601 393 724 495 578 507 574 601 696 570 POPULATION. 1910 10,504 24,009 4,329 17, 192 14,053 22,214 18,078 19,684 20,540 21,670 13,312 20,520 29,013 19,452 19,349 84,312 8,323 26,802 20,676 10,567 14,274 32,439 9.914 40,063 17,459 6,260 77,438 18,865 87,930 26,926 10,899 21,911 17,445 43,757 22,418 17,602 16,892 8,224,771 14,420 10,998 17,328 28,701 12,671 23,156 44,865 27,626 15,843 19,748 15,981 17, 119 17,090 20,117 19,047 17,765 25,011 16,741 15,375 10,736 12,766 25,576 45,394 20,041 23,628 13,315 16,347 17,888 36,145 8,137 57,450 9,816 27,919 17, 119 14,780 15,623 16,023 13,574 17,374 19,242 1900 10,448 23,533 4,724 16,854 15, 149 23,000 18, 778 20,486 19, 175 22,333 14,053 21,478 28,653 19,881 20,148 58,881 8,307 26, 491 22,407 10,431 15,219 26,005 11,840 38,659 19, 116 6,748 71, 769 15,252 62,035 28,236 11,371 22,329 19,409 38,970 23,449 19,138 17,328 2,231,853 16,192 13,601 18.711 25,927 13,626 25,177 32,399 28,200 16,305 21,427 16.975 17,955 18,569 20,319 21,274 19.371 20,672 16,570 17,037 12,440 13,401 27,750 43,832 21,685 23,068 15,620 18,115 19,185 3.'5,989 7,996 56,403 9,936 29,845 17,754 14,996 18,546 17,820 13,757 18,729 19,514 1890 23,359 4,955 14, 678 15,040 20,296 18,240 18,544 18,052 21,529 11,233 22,335 28,085 19,350 19,034 42,457 7,833 25,454 22,060 7,339 14,478 21,877 12,514 35,078 18, 157 7,006 59,809 13, 154 50,195 27, 126 10,955 21,161 18, 619 37,628 21,514 15,671 17,768 11,912,297 14,534 12,292 17,907 18,961 12,412 24, 178 24,219 23,772 14, 630 18,997 13,548 15,463 13,107 18,828 19,645 18,253 14,864 15,659 15,019 11,332 9,309 26,733 41,199 18,894 20,479 15,2.'58 15,643 17,349 35,324 4,328 49,848 4,274 23,141 15,424 12,871 16,842 15,797 13.215 17,380 15,319 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 0.5 2.0 -8.4 2.0 -7.2 -3.4 -3.7 -3.9 7.1 -3.0 -5.1 -4.5 1.3 -2.2 -4.0 43.2 0.2 1.2 -7.7 1.3 -6.2 24.7 -16.3 3.6 -8.7 -7.2 7.9 23.7 41.7 -4.6 -4.2 -1.9 -10.1 12.3 -4.4 -8.0 -2.6 -0.3 -10.9 -19.1 -7.4 10.7 -7.0 -8.0 38.5 -2.0 -2.8 -7.8 -5.9 -4.7 -8.0 -1.0 -10.5 -8.3 21.0 1.0 -9.8 -13.7 -4.7 -7.8 3.6 -7.6 2.5 -14.8 -9.8 -6.8 0.4 1.8 1.9 -1.2 -6.5 -3.6 -1.4 -15.8 -10.1 -1.3 -7.2 -1.4 « State total Includes population (401) of Indian reservations specially enumerated In 1890, not distributed by counties. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 37 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Aminns5ign(—) denotes decrease.] • Table 13— Cion. COUNTY. IOWA— Con. Hancock. Hardin... Harrison. Henry . . . Howard.. Humboldt.. Ida Iowa Jackson Jasper Jefferson. Johnson. . Jones Keokuk. . Kossuth.. Lee Linn Louisa... Lucas Lyon Madison.. Mahaska. Marion... Marshall. Mills Mitchell Monona Monroe Montgomery. Muscatine O'Brien. . . , Osceola Page Palo Alto.. Plymouth. Pocahontas Polk Pottawattamie. Poweshiek Ringgold Sao Soott... Shelby. Sioux.. Story.. Tama Taylor Union Van Buren. Wapello Warren Washington. Wayne Webster Winnebago.. Winneshiek. Woodbury.. Worth Wright KA3SSAS. Allen Anderson. Atchison.. Barber Barton Bourbon Brown Butler Chase , Chautauqua. Cherokee. . Cheyenne. Clark Clay Cloud Land area in square miles: 1910 570 560 601 427 468 431 430 583 632 730 431 610 560 678 973 511 700 396 432 582 563 568 563 572 438 463 686 432 424 432 395 531 561 856 576 582 942 580 540 574 449 589 760 567 720 534 427 477 428 570 559 524 714 864 399 575 81,774 POPULATION. 1910 12,731 20,921 23,162 18,640 12,920 12,182 11,296 18,409 21,258 27,034 15,951 25,914 19,050 21,160 21,971 36,702 60,720 12,855 13,462 14,624 15,621 29,860 22,995 30,279 15,811 13,435 16,633 25,429 16,6(M 29,505 17,262 8,956 24,002 13,845 23,129 14,806 110,438 55,832 19,589 12,904 10,555 60,000 16,552 25,248 24,063 22,156 16,312 16,616 15,020 37,743 18,194 19,925 16,184 34,629 11,914 21,729 67,616 9,950 17,951 1,690,949 27,640 13,829 28,107 9,916 17,876 24,007 21,314 23,058 7,527 11,429 38,162 4,248 4,093 15,251 18,388 1900 13,752 22,794 25,597 20,022 14,512 12,667 12,327 19,544 23,615 26,976 17,437 24,817 21,954 24,979 22,720 39,719 55,392 13,516 16,126 13,165 17,710 34,273 24,159 29,991 16,764 14,916 17,980 17,985 17,803 28,242 16,985 8,726 24,187 14,354 22,209 15,339 82,624 54,336 19,414 15,325 17,639 61,558 17,932 23,337 23,159 24,585 18,784 19,928 17,354 35,426 20,376 20,718 17,491 31,757 12,725 23,731 54,610 10,887 18,227 1,470,496 1890 7,621 19,003 21,356 18,895 11,182 9,836 10,705 18,270 22,771 24,943 15,184 23,082 20,233 23,862 13,120 37,715 46,303 11,873 14,563 8,680 15,977 28,805 23,058 25,842 14,648 13,299 14,515 13,666 15,848 24,504 13,060 6,674 21,341 9,318 19,568 9,663 65,410 47,430 18,394 13,566 14,522 43,164 17,611 18,370 18,127 21,051 16,384 16,900 16,253 30,426 18,269 18,468 15,670 21,682 7,325 22,528 55,632 9,247 12,057 <1,428,108 19,507 13,938 28,606 6,594 13,784 24,712 22,360 23,363 8,246 11,804 42,694 2,640 1,701 15,833 18,071 13,509 14,203 26,758 7,973 13, 172 28,575 20,319 24,055 8,233 12,297 27,770 4,401 2,357 16, 146 19,295 PEB CENT OF INCEEASE. 190fr- 1910 -7.4 -8.2 -9.6 -6.9 -11.0 -3.8 -8.4 -5.8 -10.0 0.2 -8.5 4.4 -13.2 -15.3 -3.3 -7.6 9.6 -4.9 -16.6 11.1 -11.8 -12 9 -4.8 1.0 -6.7 -9.9 -7.5 41.4 -6.7 4.6 1.6 2.6 -0.8 -3.6 4.1 -16 33.7 2.8 0.9 -15.8 -6.1 16.4 -7.7 &2 4.0 -9.9 -13.2 -lao -13.4 6.5 -10.7 -3.8 -7.6 9.0 -6.4 -8.4 23.8 -8.6 -1.5 16.0 -10.6 60.9 140.6 -3.7 1.8 1890- 1900 80.4 19.9 19.9 6.0 29.8 28.8 16.2 7.0 3.7 8.2 14.8 7.5 8.6 4.7 73.2 5.3 22.3 13.8 10.7 61.7 10.8 19.0 4.8 16.1 15.2 12.2 23.9 31.6 1Z3 16.3 aai 56.6 13.3 64.0 13.5 eae 26.3 14.6 6.6 13.0 21.6 19.4 1.8 27.0 27.8 >11.8 14.6 17.9 6.8 16.4 11.6 12.2 n.6 47.1 73.7 6.3 -1.8 17.7 61.2 8.0 4L7 44.4 -0.8 -1.9 -1.7 6.9 50.4 -17.3 29.7 4.6 -2.9 -13.5 -4.7 •6.3 -1.3 -2.9 -8.7 0.2 -3.2 -4.0 53.7 -40.0 -27.8 -1.9 -6.3 KANSAS-Con. Coflfey Comanche. Cowley Crawford.. Decatur. . . Dickinson. Doniphan. Douglas. . . Edwards.. Elk Ellis Ellsworth. Finney » . . Ford Franklin.. Geary... Oove Graham. Grant... Gray Greeley Greenwood. Hamilton.. Harper Harvey.... Haskell.... Hodgeman. Jackson Jefferson . . . Jewell Johnson.. , Kearny... Kingman. Kiowa Labette... Lane Leavenworth. Lincoln Linn Logan Lyon McPheraon. Marion Marshall... Meade Miami Mitchell Montgomery. Morris Morton Nemaha. Neosho.. Ness Norton... Osage.... Osborne Ottawa Pawnee Phillips Pottawatomie. Pratt Rawlins.. Reno Republic. Rice Rilev... Rooks.. Rush... Russell. Saline.. Scott Sedgwick. Seward . . . Shawnee . . Sheridan. . Land area in square miles: 1010 644 788 1,133 605 838 378 469 611 652 901 724 1,276 1,062 686 390 1,060 897 678 867 776 1,168 984 799 640 577 868 676 643 900 486 853 867 723 643 715 440 721 613 1,082 845 900 971 906 984 602 713 644 C96 718 716 580 1,079 876 718 894 712 742 887 829 726 1,064 1,242 704 707 604 890 719 895 720 714 994 643 544 896 POPULATION. 1910 16,205 3,281 31,790 51,178 8,976 24,361 14,422 24,724 7,033 10,128 12, 170 10,444 6,908 11,393 20,884 12,681 6,044 8,700 1,087 3,121 1,335 16,060 3,360 14,748 19,200 993 2,930 16,861 16,826 18,148 18,288 3,206 13,386 6,174 31,423 2,603 41,207 10,142 14,735 4,210 24,927 21,521 22,415 23,880 5,056 20,030 14,089 49,474 12,397 1,333 19,072 23,754 5,883 11,614 19,906 12,827 11,811 8,869 14,150 17,522 11,156 6,380 37,853 17,447 15,106 15,783 11,282 7,826 10,800 20,338 3,047 73,096 4,091 61,874 5,651 1900 16,643 1,619 30,156 38,809 9,234 21,816 15,079 25,096 3,682 11,443 8,626 9,626 3,469 5,497 21,354 10,744 2,441 5,173 422 1,264 493 16,196 1,426 10,310 17,591 457 2,032 17,117 17,533 19,420 18,104 1,107 10,663 2,366 27,387 1,563 40,940 9,886 16,689 1,962 25,074 21,421 20,676 24,365 1,581 21,641 14,647 29,039 11,967 304 20,376 19,254 4,535 11,325 23,669 11,844 11,182 5,084 14,442 18,470 7,085 5,241 29,027 18,248 14,745 13,828 7,960 6,134 8,489 17,076 1,098 44,037 822 53,727 3,819 1890 15,856 2,549 34,478 30,286 8,414 22,273 13,535 23,961 3,600 12,216 7,942 9,272 3,360 5,308 20,279 10,423 2,994 5,029 1,308 2,415 1,264 16,309 2,027 13,266 17,601 1,077 2,395 14,626 16,620 19,349 17,385 1,571 11,823 2,873 27,586 2,060 38,486 9,709 17,215 3,384 23,196 21,614 20,539 23,912 2,542 19,614 15,037 23,104 11,381 724 19,249 18,561 4,944 10,617 25,062 12,083 12,581 5,204 13,661 17,722 8,118 6,756 27,079 19,002 14, 451 13,183 8,018 5,204 7,333 17,442 1,262 43,626 1,503 49, 172 3,733 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 -8.6 102.7 5.4 31.9 -2.8 11.7 -4.4 -1.5 91.0 -11.5 41.1 8.5 99.1 107.3 -2.2 18.0 147.6 68.2 167.6 146.9 170.8 -0.8 135.6 43.0 9.1 117.3 44.2 -1.6 -9.7 -6.5 1.0 189.6 25.5 161.1 14.7 66.5 0.7 2.6 -11.7 116.1 -0.6 0.5 8.4 -2.0 219.7 -7.4 -3.8 70.4 3.6 338.5 -6.4 23.4 29.7 2.6 -15.9 8.3 5.6 74.3 -2.0 -5.1 57.5 21.7 30.4 -4.4 2.4 14.1 41.7 27.6 27.2 19.1 177.6 66.0 397.7 15.2 48.0 1 See headnote to table, page 32. 3 State total includes population (1,012) of Indian reservations specially enumerated in 1890, not distributed by counties; also population (881) of Garfield County, annexed to Finney County in 1893. * ) For changes m boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 38 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. . [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. EAKSAS— Con. Sherman Smith Stafford Stanton Stevens Simmer Thomas Trego Wabavmsee Wallace Washington , Wichita , Wilson Woodson Wyandotte KENTTTCKY... Adair AUen Anderson. Ballard... Barren — Bath Bell Boone Bourbon. Boyd Boyle Bracken Breathitt Breckinridge. BulUtt Butler Caldwell.. Calloway.. Campbell. Carlisle.... Carroll... Carter Casey Christian. Clark.... Clay Clhiton Crittenden.., Cumberland. Daviess Edmonson. Elliott EstUU Fayette Fleming... Floyd Franklin. Fulton... Gallatin.. Garrard.. Grant Graves. . . Grayson. Green Greenup. Hancock . Hardin... Harlan... Harrison. Hart Henderson. Henry Hickman . . Hopkins... Jackson Jefferson.. Jessamine. Johnson... Kenton . . . Knott I^and area in square miles: 1910 1,049 888 796 685 729 1,179 1,065 899 795 921 902 721 681 603 143 40,181 400 394 201 252 486 270 384 251 304 169 186 204 483 668 417 322 412 145 198 132 413 379 726 265 478 233 391 387 478 263 254 269 325 399 199 193 109 237 264 551 497 279 346 193 606 478 311 430 435 303 225 646 333 387 172 268 163 348 POPULATION. 1910 4,549 15,365 12, 510 1,034 2,453 30,654 5,455 5,398 12,721 2,759 20,229 2,006 19,810 9,450 100,068 2,289,906 16,503 14,882 10,146 12,690 25,293 13,988 28,447 9,420 17,462 23,444 14,668 10,308 17,540 21,034 9,487 15,805 14,063 19,867 59,369 9,048 8,110 21,966 15,479 38,845 17,987 17,789 8,153 13,296 9,846 41,020 10,469 9,814 12,273 47, 715 16,066 18,623 21,135 14, 114 4,697 11,894 10,581 33,539 19,958 11,871 18, 475 8,612 22,696 10,566 16,873 18,173 29,352 13,716 11,750 34,291 10, 734 262,920 12,613 17,482 70,356 10,791 1900 3,341 16,384 9,829 327 620 25,631 4,112 2,722 12,813 1,178 21,963 1,197 15, 621 10,022 73,227 2,147,174 14,888 14,657 10,061 10,761 23, 197 14,734 15, 701 11, 170 18,069 18,834 13,817 12, 137 14,322 20,534 9,602 15,896 14,510 17,633 64,223 10, 196 9,825 20,228 15, 144 37,962 16,694 15,364 7,871 15,191 8,962 38,667 10,080 10,387 11,669 42,071 17,074 16,552 20,852 11,546 5,163 12,042 13,239 33,204 19,878 12,255 15,432 8,914 22,937 9,838 ' 18,570 18,390 32.907 14,620 11,745 30,995 10,561 232,549 11,925 13,730 63,591 8,704 1890 5,261 15, 613 8,520 1,031 1,418 30, 271 6,538 2,535 11,720 2,468 22,894 1,827 15,286 9,021 54,407 1,868,635 13, 721 13, 692 10,610 8,390 21,490 12,813 10,312 12,246 16,976 14,033 12,948 12, 369 8,705 18,976 8,291 13,956 13,186 14,675 44,208 7,612 9,266 17,204 11,848 34,118 15, 434 12, 447 7,047 13, 119 8,462 33,120 8,006 9,214 10,836 36,698 16,078 11,256 21,267 10,005 4,611 11,138 12,671 28,534 18,688 11,463 11,911 9,214 21,304 6,197 16,914 16,439 29,536 14,164 11,637 23,505 8,261 188,598 11,248 11,027 54,161 6,438 PEE CENT OF INCSEASE. 1900- 1910 36.2 -6.2 27.3 216.2 295.6 19.6 32.7 98.3 -0.7 134.2 -7.9 67.6 26.8 -5.7 36.7 6.6 10.8 1.5 0.9 17.9 9.0 -5.1 81.2 -15.7 -3.4 24.5 6.2 -15.1 22.5 2.4 -1.2 -0.6 -3.1 12.7 9.5 -11.3 -17.5 8.6 2.2 2.3 7.7 15.8 3.6 -12.5 9.9 6.1 3.9 -5.6 5.2 13.4 -5.9 19.7 1.4 22.2 -9.0 -1.2 -20.1 1.0 0.4 -3.1 19.7 -4.5 -1.1 7.4 -9.1 -1.2 -10.8 -6.2 (») 10.6 1.6 13.1 5.8 27.3 10.6 24.0 1890- 1900 -36.5 4.9 15.4 -68.3 -56.3 -15.3 -25.7 7.4 9.3 -52.3 -4.1 -34.5 2.2 11.1 34.6 1S.5 8.5 7.0 -5.3 28.3 7.9 15.0 62.3 -8.8 6.4 34.2 6.7 -1.9 64.5 8.2 16.8 13.9 10.0 20.2 22.7 33.9 6.0 17.6 27.8 11.3 8.2 23.4 11.7 16.8 6.0 16.7 25.9 12.7 7.7 17.9 6.2 38.2 -2.0 15.4 12.0 8.1 4.6 16.4 6.4 6.9 29.6 -3.3 7.7 58.8 9.8 11.9 11.4 3.2 0.9 31.9 27.8 23.3 6.0 24.5 17.4 60.1 KENTXJCKy Con. Knox Larue Laurel Lawrence Lee Leslie Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston Logan Lyon McCracken McLean Madison Magoffin Marion Marshall Martin Mason Meade Menifee Mercer Metcalfe Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muhlenberg Nelson Nicholas Ohio Oldham Owen Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike PowelU Pulaski Robertson Rockcastle Rowan Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg Trimble Union Warren Washington Wayne Webster Whitley Wolfe Woodford LOUISIANA 3. Acadia Ascension. . . Assumption. Avoyelles . . . Bienville Bossier... Caddo.... Calcasieu. Caldwell . Cameron . Catahoula" Claiborne Concordia DeSoto East Baton Rouge. . Land area in square miles: 1010 366 288 447 422 199 373 355 491 338 392 643 277 239 263 446 302 346 327 227 227 301 203 263 303 441 198 365 472 411 208 584 180 367 216 279 335 779 181 779 109 310 272 329 216 186 279 367 428 154 325 530 299 690 344 686 230 195 45,409 647 291 484 847 3,650 631 1,501 718 778 714 87B 465 POPULATION. 1910 1,656,388 31,847 23,887 24,128 34, 102 21, 776 21,738 68,200 62,767 8,593 4,288 10,415 25,050 14,278 27,689 34,580 1900 17,372 10,764 17,592 19,612 7,988 6,753 9,172 17,868 17,069 11,354 25,994 9,319 28,733 12,448 26,607 12,006 16,290 13, 692 5,780 20,446 10,533 6,818 14,426 9,988 13,053 12,834 12,792 20,741 16,587 11,962 27,287 7,078 17,553 6,874 14,947 8,276 22,686 6,443 31,293 4,900 12,416 8,277 9,695 18,076 18,340 11,624 7,406 11,076 17,371 14,073 7,272 21,326 29,970 14, 182 14,892 20,097 26,015 8,764 13,134 1,381,625 23,483 24, 142 21,620 29,701 17,688 24,153 44, 499 30,428 6,917 3,962 16,361 23,029 13, 559 25,063 31,163 1890 13,762 9,433 13,747 17,702 6,205 3,964 6,920 14,803 15, %2 9,474 23,812 7,628 21,051 9,887 24,348 9,196 15,648 11,287 4,209 20,773 9,484 4,666 15,034 9,871 10,989 12,367 11,249 17,956 16,417 10,764 22,946 6,764 17,676 5,976 16,346 6,331 17,378 4,698 25, 731 4,684 9,841 6,129 8,136 16,546 16, 521 10,878 6,760 9,353 16,814 13,902 7,140 18,229 30,158 13,622 12,852 17,196 17,590 7,180 12,380 U,118,588 13,231 19,545 19,629 25. 112 14, 108 20,330 31,555 20,176 5,814 2,828 12,002 23,312 14, 871 19,860 26,922 PEE CENT OF INCSEASE. 1900- 1910 27.3 -0.6 13.0 2.3 19.3 32.9 15.8 -5.5 4.9 —6.4 -3.9 1.1 22.0 6.4 5.2 13.7 0.2 16.2 26.1 -9.0 -7.1 -9.8 -2.5 4.7 4.7 0.3 27.1 37.9 1.5 -11.3 1.3 2.4 -18.8 16.1 -19.8 36.0 39.6 -2.7 15.0 -15.9 16.6 14.0 12.0 -6.2 -1.6 -1.4 2.2 8.0 -5.1 3.3 -10.5 -6.8 2.0 -1.7 17.6 4.4 27.9 12.6 -4.3 19.9 35.6 -1.1 11.6 14.8 23.8 -10.0 30.8 106.3 24.2 8.5 -36.3 8.8 5.3 10.5 11.0 1 For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 63. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. > Subdivisions are designated as parishes. * State total includes population (1) specially enumerated In 1890, not credited to any parish. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 39 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A mhius sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. LOTTISIAWA— Con. East Carroll East Feliciana Franklin Grant Iberia Iberville Jaclcson Jefferson La Salle' Lafayette Lafourche Lincoln Livingston Madison Morehouse Natchitoches Orleans Ouachita Plaquemines Polnte Coupee Rapides Red River Richland Sabine St. Bernard St. Charles St. Helena St. James St. John the Baptist St. Landry St. Martin St. Mary St. Tammany Tangipahoa Tensas Terrebonne Union Vermilion Vernon Washington Webster West Baton Rouge.. West Carroll West Feliciana Winn MAIHE Androscoggin Aroostook Cumberland Franklhi Hancock Kennebec Elnox Lincoln Oxford Penobscot Piscataquis Sagadahoc Somerset Waldo Washington York MARYLAKD. Allegany Anne Arundel . Baltimore Baltimore city . Calvert Caroline . . . Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester. Land area in square miles: 1910 420 464 630 683 584 678 425 640 279 991 472 662 650 831 1,289 200 642 1,006 576 1,370 400 666 1,020 616 296 420 254 231 1,645 526 632 906 790 632 1,756 918 1,213 1,367 665 609 214 306 362 969 29,890 469 6,453 853 1,789 1,522 879 351 467 1,980 3,268 3,770 260 3,633 724 2,628 9,941 443 432 650 30 218 319 447 377 464 57e POPULATION. 1910 11,637 20,065 11,989 15,958 31,262 30,954 13,818 18,247 9,402 28,733 33,111 18,485 10,627 10,676 18,786 36,465 339,075 26,830 12,524 25,289 44,545 11,402 15,769 19,874 6,277 11,207 9,172 23,009 14,338 66,661 23,070 39,368 18,917 29,160 17,060 28,320 20,461 26,390 17,384 18,886 19,186 12,636 6,249 13,449 18,357 748,871 59,822 74,664 112,014 19, 119 35,575 62,863 28,981 18,216 36,256 86,285 19,887 18,574 36,301 23,383 42,905 68,526 1,295,346 62,411 39,553 122,349 668,485 10,326 19,216 33,934 23,769 16,386 28,669 1900 11,373 20,443 8,890 12,902 29,015 27,006 9,119 15,321 22,825 28,882 15,898 8,100 12,322 16,634 33,216 287,104 20,947 13,039 25,777 39,578 11,648 11,116 15,421 6,031 9,072 8,479 20,197 12,330 62,906 18,940 34,146 13,335 17,625 19,070 24,464 18,620 20,706 10,327 9,628 15,125 10,286 3,686 15,994 9,648 694,466 54,242 60,744 100,689 18,444 37,241 59,117 30,406 19,669 32,238 76,246 16,949 20,330 33,849 24,186 45,232 64,885 1,188,044 53,694 39,620 90,755 508,967 10,223 16,248 33,860 24,662 17,662 27,962 1890 12.362 17,903 6,900 8,270 20,997 21,848 7,463 13,221 15,966 22,095 14,763 6,760 14,135 16,786 25,836 242,039 17,985 12,641 19,613 27,642 11,318 10,230 9,390 4,326 7,737 8,062 15,715 11,360 40,260 14,884 22,416 10,160 12,655 16,647 20, 167 17,304 14,234 6,903 6,700 12,466 8,363 3,748 15,06:^ 7,082 661,086 48,968 49,589 90,949 17,053 37,312 57,012 31,473 21,996 30,586 72,865 16,134 19,452 32,627 27,759 44,482 62,829 1,042,890 41,671 34,094 72,909 434,439 9,860 13,903 32, 376 25,851 15, 191 24,843 PEE CKNT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 2.3 -1.9 34.9 23.7 7.7 14.6 51.6 19.1 25.9 14.6 16.3 31.2 -13.4 12.9 9.8 18.1 23.3 -3.9 -1.9 12.5 -L3 41.9 28.9 4.9 23.5 8.2 13.9 16.3 26.0 21.8 15.3 41.9 66.4 -10.6 16.8 10.4 27.5 68.3 96.2 26.8 22.9 69.6 -15.9 90.3 6.9 10.3 22.9 11.2 3.7 -4.5 6.3 -4.7 -7.4 12.6 11.9 17.3 -8.6 7.2 -3.3 -6.1 5.6 9.0 16.2 -0.2 34.8 9.7 1.0 18.3 0.2 -3.7 -7.2 2.5 1890- 1900 -8.0 14.2 28.8 56.0 38.2 23.6 22.4 15.9 43.0 30.7 7.8 40.4 -12.8 -0.9 28.6 18.6 16.6 4.0 3L4 43.2 2.0 8.7 64.2 16.3 17.3 6.2 28.6 8.6 31.4 27.3 62.3 3L3 39.3 14.6 21.3 7.0 46.6 74.9 43.7 21.3 23.0 -L7 6.2 36.2 5.0 10.8 22.6 10.7 8.2 -0.2 3.7 -3.4 -10.6 5.4 4.6 5.1 4.5 3.7 -12.9 L7 3.3 14.0 29.2 16.2 24.6 17.2 3.7 16.9 4.6 -4.6 16.3 12.6 KARYLAITD— Con. Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince Georges Queen Annes St. Marys Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester KASSACEnSETTS Barnstable. Berkshire.. Bristol Dukes Essex Franklin.... Hampden'.. Hampshire'. Mlddtesex'.. Nantucket.. Norfolk'... Plymouth. Suffolk'... Worcester. MICEIOAK. Alcona. AL Alpena.. Antrim. Arenac. Baraga. Barry.. Bay.... Benzie. Berrien Branch Calhoun Cass Charlevoix ' Cheboygan. . Chippewa... Clare Clinton Crawford Delta Dickinson ' Eaton Emmet'.., Genesee... Gladwin Gogebic Grand Traverse. Gratiot Hillsdale Houghton. Huron Ingham . . . Ionia Iosco Iron' Isabella Jackson Kalamazoo. Kalkaska.., Kent Keweenaw'. Lake Lapeer Leelanau'... Land area in square miles: 1910 663 685 442 250 282 621 482 366 371 331 268 469 371 496 8,089 409 966 567 107 497 697 636 585 832 51 410 676 61 1,556 S7,480 684 920 833 584 476 374 917 656 443 314 569 497 693 493 411 726 1,573 582 671 675 1,1^ 776 571 486 666 519 1,133 467 579 597 1,019 854 553 679 570 1,200 572 707 562 673 860 654 679 666 338 POPULATION. 1910 62,673 20,105 27,965 16,106 16,957 32,089 36,147 16,839 17,030 26,455 19,620 49,617 26,815 21,841 8,866,416 27,542 105,259 318,573 4,504 436,477 43,600 231,369 63,327 669,915 2,962 187,506 144,337 731,388 399,657 8,810,178 6,703 7,675 39,819 19,965 16,692 9,640 6,127 22,633 68,238 10,638 63,622 25,605 56,638 20,624 19, 157 17,872 24, 472 9,240 23,129 3,934 30,108 20,524 30,499 18,561 64,555 8,413 23,333 23,784 28,820 29,673 34,758 53,310 33,650 9,753 15,164 23,029 53,426 60,427 8,097 159, 145 7,156 4,939 26,033 10,608 1900 61,920 17,701 28,269 16,715 18,786 30,451 29,898 18,364 17, 182 25,923 20,342 45,133 22,852 20,865 2,805,346 27,826 95,667 252,029 4,561 357,030 41,209 175,603 68,820 565,696 3,006 151,639 113,985 611,417 346,958 8,480,988 5,691 6,868 38,812 18,254 16,568 9,821 4,320 22,514 62,378 9,685 49,165 27,811 49,315 20,876 13,956 15,516 21,338 8,360 25,136 2,943 23,881 17,890 31,668 15,931 41,804 6,564 16,738 20,479 29,889 29,865 66,063 34, 162 39,818 34,329 10,246 8,990 22,784 48,222 44,310 7,133 129,714 3,217 4,957 27,641 10,556 1890 49,512 14,213 28,993 16,269 17,471 27,185 26,080 18,461 15,819 24,155 19,736 39, 782 19,930 19,747 >8,888,947 29,172 81,108 186,465 4,369 299,995 38,610 135,713 61,859 431, 167 3,268 118,950 92,700 484,780 280,787 '8,098,890 6,409 1,238 38,961 15,581 10,413 6,683 3,036 23,783 56,412 5,237 41,285 26,791 43,501 20,953 9,686 11,986 12,019 7,558 26,509 2,962 15,330 PEE CENT OF INCSEASE. 1900- 1910 32,094 8,756 39,430 4,208 13,166 13,355 28,668 30,660 35,389 28,545 37,666 32,801 15,224 4,432 18,784 45,031 39,273 6,160 109,922 2,894 6,505 29,213 7,944 L5 13.6 -LI -3.6 -9.7 5.4 20.9 -8.3 -a 9 2.1 -3.5 9.9 17.3 4.7 20.0 -LO 10.0 26.4 -L2 22.3 6.8 3L8 7.7 18.4 -L6 23.7 26.6 19.6 15.2 16.1 0.2 30.8 2.6 0.4 -6.3 -L8 4L8 0.5 9.4 9.8 9.1 -7.9 14.8 13.4 -L2 -0.4 37.3 44.1 16.2 29.6 14.7 77.6 10.5 10.6 -8.0 -6.2 33.7 -0.6 26.1 66.8 14.7 -3.7 -L3 16.6 8L9 64.4 6.0 28.2 56.0 39.4 27.1 16.1 53.3 -3.6 —n fl 4.3 — 9.B 33.4 L7 33.9 -2.3 -4.8 68.7 1.1 10.8 36.4 13.5 22.7 122.4 -0.4 -5.8 0.5 > For changes In boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. » State total Includes population (4) specially enumerated in 1890, not credited to any county. » State total Includes population fl) specially enumerated In 1890, not credited to anv county; also, population (995) of Manitou and Isle Royal Counties, annexed to Charlevoix, Leelanau, and Keweenaw Counties in 1896 and 1897. 40 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. MICHIGAN— Con. Lenawee Livingston Luce Mackinac Macomb Manistee Marquette! Mason Mecosta Menominee' Midland Missaukee Monroe Montcalm Montmorency Muskegon Newaygo Oakland Oceana Ogemaw Ontonagon Osceola Oscoda Otsego..; Ottawa Presque Isle Roscommon Saginaw St. Clair St. Joseph Sanilac Schoolcraft Sliiawassee Tuscola Van Buren Washtenaw Wayne Wexford KINNESOTA. Aitkin.... Anoka Becker Beltrami 1. Benton . . . Big Stone.., Blue Earth. Brown Carlton Carver Cassi Chippewa. . . Chisago Qay Clearwater'. Cook Cottonwood. Crow Wingi. Dakota Dodge Douglas. . . Faribault. Fillmore.. Freeborn.. Goodhue.. Grant Hennepin. Houston . . Hubbard'. Isanti Itasca' Jackson Kanabec... Kandiyohi . Kittson'... Land area in square miles: 1910 743 568 920 1,044 472 562 1,870 494 571 1,056 529 582 573 724 661 504 851 886 543 580 1,333 577 676 528 565 678 538 828 710 503 976 1,207 657 827 617 704 620 577 80,858 1,830 459 1,349 3,822 405 491 762 612 867 376 2,104 591 427 1,043 1,019 1,498 640 1,057 599 440 648 719 868 735 767 553 565 570 958 442 2,730 702 534 801 1,111 POPXJLATIOK. 1010 47,907 17, 736 4,004 9,249 32,606 26,688 46,739 21,832 19,466 25,648 14,005 10,606 32,917 32,069 3,755 40,577 19,220 49,576 18,379 8,907 8,650 17,889 2,027 6,552 45,301 11,249 2,274 89,290 52,341 25,499 33,930 8,681 33,246 34,913 33,185 44,714 531,591 20,769 2,075,708 10,371 12,493 18,840 19,337 11,615 9,367 29,337 20,134 17,559 17,455 11,620 13,458 13,637 19,640 6,870 1,336 12,651 16,861 25,171 12,094 17,669 19.949 25,680 22,282 31,637 9,114 333,480 14,297 9,831 12,615 17,208 14,491 6,461 18,969 9.669 1900 48,406 19,664 2,983 7,703 33,244 27,856 41,239 18,885 20,693 27,046 14,439 9,308 32,754 32,754 3,234 37,036 17,673 44,792 16,644 7,765 6,197 17,859 1,468 6,175 39,667 8,821 1,787 81,222 55,228 23,889 35,055 7,889 33,806 35,890 33,274 47,761 348, 793 16,845 21,761,394 6,743 11,313 14,375 11,030 9,912 8,731 32,263 19,787 10,017 17,544 7,777 12,499 13,248 17,942 810 12,069 14,250 21,733 13,340 17,964 22,055 28,238 21.838 31, 137 8,935 228,340 15,400 6,578 11,676 4,573 14,793 4,614 18,416 7,889 1890 48,448 20,858 2,455 7,830 31,813 24,230 39,521 16,385 19,697 33,639 10,657 5,048 32,337 32,637 1,487 40,013 20,476 41,245 15,698 5,583 3,756 14,630 1,904 4,272 35,358 4,687 2,033 82,273 52,105 25,356 32,589 5,818 30,952 32,508 30,541 42,210 257,114 11,278 n,310,283 2,462 9,884 9,401 312 6,284 5,722 29,210 15,817 5,272 16,532 1,247 8,555 10,359 11,517 7,412 8,852 20,240 10,864 14,606 16,708 25,966 17,962 28,806 6,875 185,294 14,653 1,412 7,607 743 8,924 1,579 13,997 5,387 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 -1.0 —9.8 34.2 20.1 -1.9 -4.2 13.3 15.6 -5.9 -5.2 -3.0 13.9 0.5 -2.1 16.1 9.6 8.8 10.7 10.4 14.7 39.6 0.2 38.1 6.1 14.2 27.5 27.3 9.9 -5.2 6.7 -3.2 10.0 -1.8 -2.7 -0.3 -6.4 52.4 23.3 18. S 53.8 10.4 31.1 75.3 17.2 7.3 -9.1 1.8 75.3 -0.5 49.4 7.7 2.2 9.5 64.9 4.8 18.3 15.8 -9.3 -1.6 -9.5 -9.1 2.0 1.6 2.0 46.0 -7.2 49.5 8.1 276.3 -2.0 40.0 3.0 22.6 1890- 1900 -0.1 -5.7 21.5 -1.6 4.5 15.0 4.3 15.3 5.1 -19.6 35.5 84.4 1.3 0.4 117.5 —7.4 —13.7 8.6 6.0 39.1 65.0 22.1 —22.9 44.5 12.2 88.2 —12.1 —1.3 6.0 —5.8 7.6 35.6 9.4 10.4 8.9 13.2 35.7 49.4 88.3 173.9 14.5 52.9 « 2, 950. 3 57.7 52.6 10.5 25.1 <83.0 6.1 «332.7 46.1 27.9 65.8 62.8 61.0 7.4 22.8 23.0 32.0 8.7 21.6 8.1 30.0 23.2 5.1 365.9 63.6 ♦425.0 65.8 192.2 31.6 46.4 MINNESOTA- Con. Koochiching'... Lac qui Parle... I-ake Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon McLeod Mahnomen ' Marshall Martin Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman' Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington' Pine Pipestone Polk' Pope Ramsev Red Lake' Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau ' St. Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Steams Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine MISSISSIPPI.. Adams. Alcorn . . Amite.. Attala.. Benton. Bolivar Calhoun . . . Carroll Chickasaw. Choctaw... Claiborne.. Clarke Clay Coahoma.. Copiah Covington > . De Soto Forrest ' Franklin George' Land area In square miles: 1910 3,141 790 2,099 466 535 708 496 572 1,788 719 621 583 1,143 711 704 443 722 860 666 2,039 607 1,413 469 1,979 693 161 432 881 978 495 492 1,670 6,503 366 448 685 1,362 431 564 741 957 568 541 538 431 397 434 745 637 691 749 46,363 426 386 714 715 396 879 679 624 501 414 489 676 408 530 769 410 475 462 547 475 POPT7LATION. 1910 6,431 15,435 8,011 18,609 9,874 15,722 18,691 3,249 16,338 17,518 17.022 10,705 24,053 22,640 11,755 14,125 15,210 13,446 22,497 46,036 9,376 15,878 9,553 36.001 12,746 223,675 6,564 18,425 23,123 25,911 10,222 11,338 163,274 14,888 8,136 15,540 47,733 16,146 8,293 12,949 23,407 8,049 18,554 8,652 13,466 26,013 11,382 9,063 33,398 28,082 15,406 1,797,114 25,265 18,159 22,954 28.851 10,245 48,905 17,726 23,139 22,846 14,357 17,403 21,630 20,203 34,217 35,914 16,909 23,130 20,722 15,193 6,599 1900 14,289 4,654 20,234 8,966 14,591 19,595 15,698 16,936 17,753 8,066 22,891 22,335 11,911 14,774 14,932 15,045 23,119 45,375 11,546 9,264 35.429 12,577 170,554 12,195 17,261 23,693 26,080 9,668 6,994 82,932 15,147 7,281 16,862 44,464 16,524 8,721 13,503 22,214 7,573 18,924 7,921 14,760 27,808 11,496 8,080 35,686 29,157 14,602 1,661,270 30,111 14,987 20,708 26,248 10,510 35,427 16,512 22,116 19,892 13,036 20,787 17,741 19,563 26,293 34,395 13,076 24, 751 13,678 1890 10,382 1,299 19,057 5,691 9,501 17,026 9,130 9,403 15,456 2,845 13,325 18,019 6,692 13,382 7.958 10,618 19,806 34,232 4,052 5,132 30,192 10,032 139,796 9,386 17,099 23,968 6,817 44,862 13,831 5,908 15,199 34,844 13,232 5,251 10,161 12,930 4,516 16,972 4,053 13,313 25,992 7,746 4,346 33,797 24,164 9,864 1,289,600 16.8 PER CENT OP INCREASE. 190O- 1910 8.0 72.1 -8.0 10.1 7.8 -4.6 4.1 3.4 -4.1 32.7 5.1 1.4 -1.3 -4.4 L9 -10.6 -2.7 L5 37.5 3.1 L6 L3 31.1 -46.2 6.7 -2.4 -0.6 5.7 62.1 96.9 -1.7 11.7 -7.8 7.4 -2.3 -4.9 -4.1 5.4 6.3 -2.0 9.2 -8.8 -6.5 -1.0 12.2 -6.4 -3.7 5.5 26,031 13,115 18,198 22,213 10,585 29,980 14,688 18,773 19,891 10,847 14,516 15,826 18,607 18,342 30,233 8,299 24,183 10,424 -16.1 21.2 10.8 9.9 -2.5 38.0 7.4 4.6 14.9 10.1 -16.3 21.9 3.3 30.1 4.4 29.3 -6.5 IM ' For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. » State total includes population (3,486 in 1900) of White Earth Indian Reser- vation not returned by coxmties in 1900; returned in 1910 in Becker, Clearwater, and Mahnomen Coimties. •State total includes population (8,457) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1890, not distributed by counties. * See headnote to table, page 32. > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 41 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. MISSISSIPPI- Con. Greene I Grenada Hancock' Harrison Hinds Holmes... Issaquena. Itawamba. Jackson > . . Jasper Jefferson Jefferson Davis > . Jones Kemper Lafayette Lamar i Lauderdale . Lawrence ' . . Leake Lee Leflore... Lincoln . . Lowndes. Madison . , liarion'.. Marshall Monroe Montgomery. Neshoba Newton Noxubee Oktibbeha... Panola Pearl River « . Perry" Pike Pontotoc. Prentiss.. Quitman. Rankin.. Scott , Sharkey... Simpson.. Smith Sunflower. Tallahatchie. Tate Tippah Tishomingo.. Tunica Union Warren Washington. Wayne Webster Wilkinson. Winston... Yalobusha. Yazoo UISSOTTRI. Adair Andrew.. Atchison. Audrain . . Barry Barton.... Bates...., Benton . . . Bollinger. Boone. Buchanan. Butler Caldwell.. Callaway.. Camden... Land area In square miles: 1910 710 442 469 1,013 858 834 406 529 710 667 507 404 696 752 664 495 700 418 676 448 572 578 499 725 624 661 668 682 457 696 797 644 707 494 409 396 791 697 444 675 626 690 629 400 446 428 418 412 572 877 812 416 667 697 490 1,038 68,727 571 428 528 685 784 596 870 745 609 408 699 433 808 687 POPULATION. 1910 6,050 15,727 11,207 34,658 63,726 39,088 10,560 14,526 15,451 18,498 18,221 12,860 29,885 20,348 21,883 11,741 46.919 13,080 18,298 28,894 36,290 28,597 30,703 33,505 15,509 26,796 35,178 17,706 17,980 23,085 28,503 19,676 31,274 10,593 7,685 37,273 19,688 16,931 11.593 23,944 16,723 15,694 17,201 16,603 28,787 29,078 19,714 14,631 13,067 18,646 18,997 37,488 48, §33 14,709 14,853 18,075 17, 139 21,519 46,672 8,893,835 22,700 15,282 13,604 21,687 23,869 16, 747 25,869 14,881 14,576 30,533 93,020 20,624 14,605 24,400 11,582 1900 6,795 14,112 11,886 21,002 52,577 36,828 10,400 13,544 16,513 15,394 21,292 17,846 20,492 22,110 38,150 15,103 17,360 21,066 23,834 21,552 29,095 32,493 13,501 27,674 31,216 16,536 12,726 19,708 30,846 20,183 29,027 6,697 14,683 27,545 18,274 15,788 5,435 20,955 14,316 12,178 12,800 13,055 16,084 19,600 20,618 12,983 10,124 16,479 16,522 40,912 49,216 12,539 13,619 21,463 14,124 19,742 43,948 S,106,66< 21,728 17,332 16,501 21,160 25,532 18,253 30,141 16,556 14,650 28,642 121,838 16, 760 16,656 25,984 13,113 1890 3,906 14,974 8,318 12,481 39,279 30,970 12,318 11,708 11,251 14,786 18,947 8,333 17.961 20,553 20,661 12,318 14,803 20,040 16,860 17,012 27,047 27,321 0,632 26,043 30,730 14,450 11,146 16,625 27,338 17,604 26,977 2,957 6,404 21,203 14,940 13,679 3,286 17,922 11,740 8,382 10,138 10,635 0,384 14,361 19,253 12,951 9,302 12,158 15,606 33,164 40,414 9,817 12,060 17,592 12,089 16,629 36,394 >8,679,18< 17,417 16,000 15,533 22,074 22,943 18,604 32,223 14,973 13,121 26,043 70,100 10,164 16, 162 25.131 10,040 PEB CENT OP INCREASE. 1900- 1910 -11.0 11.4 -5.7 65.0 21.2 6.1 1.5 7.3 -6.4 20.2 -14.4 67.5 -0.7 -1.0 23.0 -13.4 5.4 31.6 62.3 32.7 5.5 3.1 15.5 -3.2 12.7 7.1 41.3 17.1 -7.6 -2.5 7.7 58.2 -47.7 35.3 7.7 7.2 113.3 14.3 16.8 28.9 34.4 27.2 79.0 48.4 -4.4 12.7 29.1 13.2 15.0 -8.4 -0.6 17.3 9.1 -16.7 21.3 9.0 6.2 CO 4.5 -11.8 -17.6 2.5 -6.5 -8.3 -14.2 -10.1 -0.5 6.6 -23.7 23.0 -12.3 -6.1 -11.7 1890- 1900 74.0 -6.8 42.9 68.3 33.9 18.9 -15.6 15.7 46.8 4.1 U4 114.2 14.1 7.6 38.6 22.6 17.3 0.6 41.3 20.3 7.6 18.0 41.6 6.3 L6 14.4 14.2 18.6 12.8 14.1 7.6 126.6 126.1 20.0 22.3 16.4 65.4 16.0 21.9 45.3 26.3 22.8 71.4 96.5 7.1 0.2 8.8 35.6 5.9 23.4 21.8 27.7 12.0 21.0 16.8 18.7 20.8 ICO 24.8 8.3 6.2 -4.1 11.3 -1.4 -6.6 10.6 11.7 10.0 73.8 65.0 0.0 3.4 30.6 mSSOTTRI- Con. Cape Girardeau. Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton . Christian. Clark.... Clav Clinton.., Cole Cooper... Crawford. Dade.... Dallas.... Davieis.. Dekalb.. Dent Douglas.. Dunklin. Franklin... Gasconade. Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison. Henry... Hickory.. Holt Howard.. Howell.. Iron Jackson. Jasp Jefl Johnson... Knox Laclede... Lalayette. Lawrence. Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston. McDonald . Macon . . . Madison. Maries. .. Marion . . Mercer... MiUer Misriosippi . . . Moniteau Monroe Montgomery . Morgan New Madrid . Newton Nodaway Oregon Ozark Pemiscot. Perry Pettia.... Phelps.. Pike.... Platte.. Polk.... Pulaski. Putnam . . . Ralls Randolph . Ray Reynolds. . Land area in square miles: 1910 580 703 506 721 498 768 653 498 402 423 558 747 501 543 664 425 746 804 630 879 614 400 667 433 721 744 407 446 468 016 663 610 635 681 831 614 763 612 600 504 607 626 631 627 809 409 520 436 453 693 413 410 666 614 614 662 622 871 778 503 746 456 462 686 670 653 415 641 642 617 481 401 666 828 POPULATION. 1910 27,621 23,098 5,504 22,973 16,080 23.503 15,832 12,811 20,302 15,297 21,967 20.311 13,576 15, 613 13,181 17,606 12,531 13,245 16,664 30,328 29,830 12.847 10,820 63,831 16, 744 20,466 27,242 8,741 14,639 15,653 21,065 8,503 283,522 89,673 27,878 26,297 12,403 17,363 30,154 26,683 15,514 17,033 25,263 19,453 13,639 30,868 11,273 10,088 30,672 12,336 16,717 14,667 14,375 18,304 16,604 12,863 19,488 27, 136 28,833 14,681 14,283 11,926 19,559 14,898 33,913 15,796 22,556 14,429 21,661 11,438 14,308 12,913 26,182 21,451 9,592 1900 24,315 26,455 6,706 23,636 16,923 26,826 16,939 15,383 18,903 17,363 20,578 22,532 12,959 18,125 13,903 21,325 14,418 12.986 16,802 21,700 30.581 12,298 20,554 52, 713 17,832 24,398 28,054 9,985 17,083 18,337 21,834 8,716 195, 193 84,018 25,712 27.843 13.479 16,523 31,679 31,662 16, 724 18,352 25,503 22,302 13,574 33,018 9,975 9,616 26,331 14,706 15,187 11,837 15,931 19,716 16,571 12, 175 11,280 27,001 32,938 13,906 14,096 12, 145 12,115 15, 134 32,438 14,194 25,744 16, 193 23,255 10,394 16,688 12,287 24,442 24,805 8,161 1890 > For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 22,060 25,742 4,659 23,301 15,620 26,254 14,017 15,126 19.856 17,138 17,281 22,707 11,961 17,526 12,647 20,456 14,539 12,149 14.111 15,085 28.056 11,706 19,018 48,616 17,876 21,033 28,235 9,453 15,409 17,371 18.618 9,119 160,510 60, .WO 22,484 28,132 13,501 14,701 30,184 26,228 15,935 18.346 24, 121 20,668 11,283 30,575 9,268 8,600 26,233 14,581 14, 162 10, 1.34 15,630 20,790 16,850 12,311 9,317 22,108 30,914 10,467 13,080 9,795 5,975 13,237 31,151 12,636 26,321 16,248 20,339 9,387 15,365 12,294 24,893 24,215 6,803 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 13.6 -12.7 -17.9 -2.8 -5.0 -12.4 -6.5 -16.7 7.4 -11.9 6.7 -9.9 4.8 -13.9 -6.2 -17.4 -13.1 2.0 -0.8 39.7 -2.5 4.5 -18.2 21.1 -6.1 -16.1 -2.9 -12.6 -14.9 -14.6 -3.5 -1.8 45.3 6.7 8.4 -6.6 -8.0 6.1 -4.8 -16.0 -7.2 -7.2 -1.0 -12.8 -0.3 -6.5 13.0 4.9 16.1 -16.1 10.1 23.0 -9.8 -7.2 -5.8 6.7 72.8 0.6 -12.6 6.6 LS -1.8 61.4 -1.6 4.6 1L3 -12.4 -10.9 -7.3 10.0 -14.3 5.1 7.1 -13.5 17.5 ' State total includes population (1) specially enumerated In 1800, not credited to any county. • Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 42 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] TablelS— C!on. COITNTT. MISSOTJRI- Con. Ripley St. Charles St.Clair St. Francois... St. Louis 8t. Louis city . . Ste. Genevieve . Saline Schuyler Scotland Boott Shannon.. Shelby.... Stoddard. Stone Sullivan. Taney... Texas Vernon.. Warren.. Washington . Wayne Webster Worth Wright MOKTANA. Beaverhead . . Brosidwater * Carbon < Cascade^ Chouteau <-.. Custer ■< Dawson< Deer Lodge*. Fergus Flathead^. . . . Gallatin Granite* Jefferson* Lewis and Clark * . Lincoln* Madison Meagher* Missoula* Park* Powell* RavaUi* Rosebud* Sanders* Silver Bow* Sweet Grass* Teton* VaUey* Yellowstone * kebrase:a. Adams. . . Antelope. Banner.., Blaine... Boone Boxbutte. Boyd* Brown Buflalo... Burt Butler. Cass... Cedar.. Chase.. Cherry. Land area In square miles: 1910 627 535 706 458 487 61 481 754 309 439 419 992 509 815 510 649 655 1,159 839 410 741 775 585 265 677 1146,201 4,719 1,194 2,438 3,384 15,972 13,156 13,231 749 9,078 6,070 2,513 1,637 1,650 3,465 3,530 4,581 3,766 4,243 2,675 2,559 2,447 9,663 2,859 2,918 7,581 13,515 5,729 76,808 565 872 742 711 692 1,076 535 1,235 945 475 583 538 735 899 5,979 POPULATION. 1910 13,099 24,695 16,412 35,738 82,417 687,029 10,607 29,448 9,062 11,869 22,372 11,443 14,864 27,807 11,559 18,598 9,134 21,458 28,827 9,123 13,378 15, 181 17,377 8,007 18,315 878,053 6,446 3,491 13,962 28,833 17,191 14,123 12,725 12,988 17,385 18,785 14,079 2,942 5,601 21,853 3,638 7,229 4,190 23,596 10,731 5,904 11,666 7,985 3,713 56,848 4,029 9,546 13,630 22,944 1,192,214 20,900 14,003 1,444 1,672 13,145 6,131 8,826 6,083 21,907 12,726 15,403 19,786 15, 191 3,613 10,414 1900 13,186 24,474 17,907 24,051 50,040 575,238 10,359 33,703 10,840 13,232 13,092 11,247 16, 167 24,669 20,282 10,127 22, 192 31,619 9,919 14,263 15,309 16,640 9,832 17,519 243,329 5,615 2,641 7,533 25,777 10,966 7,891 2,443 17,393 6,937 9,375 9,553 4,328 5,330 19, 171 7,695 2,526 13,964 7,341 7,822 47,635 3,086 5,080 4,355 6,212 1,066,300 18,840 11,344 1,114 603 11,689 5,572 7,332 3,470 20,254 13,040 15,703 21,330 12,467 2,559 6,541 1890 8,512 22,977 16,747 17,347 36,307 451,770 9,883 33,762 11,249 12,674 11,228 8,898 15,642 17,327 7,090 19,000 7,973 19,406 31,505 9,913 13,153 11,927 15, 177 8,738 14,484 » 142,924 4,655 8,755 4,741 5,308 2,056 15, 155 3,514 6,246 6,026 19,145 4,692 4,749 14,427 6,881 23,744 2,065 « 1,062,666 PER CENT OP INCREASE. 1900- 1910 -a 7 0.9 -8.3 48.6 64.7 19.4 2.4 -12.6 -16.4 -10.3 70.9 1.7 -8.1 12.7 16.9 -8.3 -9.8 -3.3 -8.8 -8.0 -6.2 -0.8 4.4 -18.6 4.5 64.S 14.8 32.2 85.3 11.9 56.8 79.0 420.9 -25.3 150.6 100.4 47.4 -32.0 5.1 14.0 -6.1 65.9 69.0 46.2 19.3 30.6 87.9 213.0 269.3 11.8 24,303 10,399 2,435 1,146 8,683 5,494 695 4,359 22,162 11,069 15,454 24,080 7,028 4,807 6,428 10.9 23.4 29.6 177.3 12.5 10.0 20.4 75.3 8.2 -2.4 -1.9 -7.2 21.8 41.2 59.2 1890- 1900 54.9 6.5 6.9 38.6 37.8 27.3 4.8 -0.2 -3.6 4.4 16.6 26.4 3.4 42.4 39.5 6.7 27.0 14.4 0.4 0.1 8.4 28.4 9.6 12.5 2L0 70.3 194.4 Moao S21.3 18.8 14.8 97.4 52.9 -11.5 0.1 64.0 -46.8 -l&O 6.7 100.6 200.8 0.3 -22.5 9.1 -54.3 -47.4 34.6 1.4 955.0 -20.4 -8.6 17.8 1.6 -11.4 77.4 -46.8 1.8 Cheyenne* 1,194 4,551 5,570 5,693 -18.3 -2.2 Clay 579 15,729 15,735 16,310 (') -3.5 CoUax 405 11,610 11,211 10,453 3.6 7.3 Cuming 577 13,782 14,584 12,265 -5.5 18,9 Custer 2,588 25,668 19,758 21,677 29.9 -8.9 ' Includes land area (181 square miles) of that part of Yellowstone National Park In Montana. No population reported. * State total includes population (2,660) of Crow Indian Reservation, not re- turned by counties in 1900; returned in 19)0 in Rosebud and Yellowstone Counties. » State total includes population (10,765) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1800, not distributed by counties. * For changes In boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. NEBHASEA- Con. Dakota* Dawes Dawson Deuel* Dixon , Dodge Douglas Dundy , FiUmore Franklin , Frontier. Furnas... Garden*... Garfield... Gosper Grant Greeley... HaU Hamilton. Harlan Hitchcock . Holt Hooker Howard Jefferson... Johnson Kearney.., Keith Keyapaha. Kimball... Knox Lancaster.. Lincoln Logan Loup McPherson*. Madison Merrick Morrill*. . Nance.... Nemaha. . Nuckolls. Otoe Pawnee. Perkins. Phelps.. Pierce... Platte... Polk Red willow.. Richardson. Rock Saline Sarpy Saunders Scotts Bluff. Seward Sheridan Sherman Sioux Stanton Thayer Thomas Thurston Valley Washington. Wayne... Webster. Wheeler., York NEVADA. Churchill... Clark* Douglas Elko Esmeralda. Land area in square miles: 1910 253 1,402 985 439 472 531 331 927 576 578 975 721 862 1,652 575 464 726 571 528 538 574 722 724 2,393 722 561 578 374 516 1,068 775 958 1,114 853 2,536 573 576 1,674 576 463 1,417 446 389 579 606 431 886 538 577 673 430 720 545 1,004 573 240 756 723 674 2,469 573 2,055 431 578 716 387 570 380 450 678 578 575 109,821 6,050 8,046 733 17,059 7,432 POPULATION. 1910 6,564 8,254 15,961 1,786 11,477 22,145 168,546 4,098 14,674 10,303 8,672 12,083 30,325 3,538 3,417 4,933 1,097 8,047 20,361 13,459 9,578 3,011 5,415 15,545 981 10,783 16,852 10, 187 9,106 3,692 3,452 1,942 18,358 73,793 15,684 1,521 2,188 2,470 19, 101 10,379 4,584 8,926 13,095 13,019 19,323 10,682 2,670 10,451 10,122 19,006 10,521 11,056 17,448 3,627 17,866 9,274 21,179 8,355 15,895 7,328 8,278 5,599 7,542 14,775 1,191 8,704 9,480 12,738 10,397 12,008 2,292 18,721 81,876 2,811 3,321 1,895 8,133 9,369 1900 6,286 6,215 12,214 2,630 10,535 22,298 140,590 2,434 15,087 9,455 8,781 12,373 30,051 2,127 6,301 763 5,691 17,206 13,330 9,370 2,708 4,409 12,224 432 10,343 15,196 11,197 9,866 1,951 3,076 758 14,343 64,836 11,416 960 1,306 517 16, 976 9,255 8,222 14,952 12,414 22,288 11,770 1,702 10, 772 8,446 17,747 42,336 1,534 5,688 1,972 1890 5,386 9,722 10, 129 2,893 8,084 19,260 158,008 4,012 16,022 7,693 8,497 9,840 36,344 1,659 4,816 458 4,869 16,513 14,096 8,158 3,953 5,799 13,672 426 9,430 14,850 10,333 9,061 2,556 3,920 959 8,582 76,395 10,441 1,378 1,662 401 13,669 8,768 5,773 12,930 11,417 25,403 10,340 4,364 9,869 4,864 15,437 10,542 9,604 19,614 2,809 18,252 10,817 8,837 17,574 3,083 20,097 9,080 22,085 2,552 15,690 6,033 6,875 21,577 1,888 16,140 8,687 6,550 2,055 6,959 14,325 6,399 2,452 4,619 12,738 628 6,517 7,339 13.086 517 3,176 7,092 11,869 9,862 11,619 1,362 18,205 6,169 11,210 1,683 17,279 8 47,366 703 1,551 4.794 2,148 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 4.4 32.8 30.7 -32.1 8.9 -0.7 19.9 68.4 -2.7 9.0 -2.4 -2.3 0.9 60.6 -6.9 43.8 41.4 18.3 1.0 2.2 11.2 22.8 27.2 127.1 4.3 10.9 -9.0 -7.7 .89.2 12.2 156.2 28.0 13.8 37.4 58.4 67.7 377.8 12.5 12.1 8.6 -12.4 4.9 -13.3 -10.1 51.0 -3.0 19.9 7.1 -0.2 15.1 -11.0 29.1 -2.1 2.1 -4.1 227.4 1.3 21.5 26.4 172.5 8.4 3.1 89.6 33.6 29.2 -2.7 5.4 3.3 68.3 2.8 93.4 23.5 43.0 375.1 s See headnote to table, page 32. 6 State total Includes population (3,746) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated In 1890, not distributed by counties; also population (91) of Arthur County, annexed to McPherson County between 1890 and 1900. ' A decrease of less than one-tenth o f 1 j^er cent. estate total includes population (1,594) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1890, not distributed by counties. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 43 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. WEVADA— Con Eureka Humboldt Lander Lincoln ' Lyon Nye Ormsby Storey Washoe White Pine jr. HAHPSHIKE Belknap Carroll Cheshire Coos Orafton Hillsborough Merrimack Rockingham Strafford Sullivan ITEW JEKSET Atlantic Bermn Burlington' ...... Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean» Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren ITEW MEXICO. Bernalillo' . Chaves' Colfox' Curry' Dona Aha' Eddy» .... Grant' Guadalupe ' Lincoln' .. Luna' MoEJnleyi Mora'.... Otero' ... Quay' ... Rio Arriba' Roosevelt' . San Juan ' . . San Miguel ' Sandoval' .. Santa Fe' .. Sierra Socorro' Taos Torrance' .. Union' Valencia' .. Land area in square miles: 1910 4,157 15,857 6,721 10,511 1,509 18,294 156 251 6,251 8,795 9,081 397 955 728 1,798 1,729 932 691 379 527 7,514 569 237 815 222 265 500 127 332 43 437 226 312 479 475 C37 196 343 305 529 103 362 1S8,603 1,214 9,408 3,798 1,406 3,821 6,923 7,428 3,987 4,779 2,976 6,506 2,571 6,689 2,905 POPULATION. 1910 1,830 6,825 1,786 3,489 3,568 7,513 3,415 3,045 17,434 7,441 480,572 21,309 16,316 30,659 30,753 41,652 126,072 53,336 52,188 38,951 19,337 8,637,167 71,804 138,002 66,565 142,029 19,745 55,153 512,886 37,368 537,231 33,560 125,657 114,426 94,734 74,704 21,318 215,902 26,999 38,820 26,781 140, 197 43, 187 327,301 23.606 16,850 16,460 11,443 12,893 12,400 14,813 10,927 7,822 3,913 12,963 12,611 7,069 14,912 1900 1,954 4,463 1,534 3,284 2,268 1,140 2,893 3,673 9,141 1,961 411,688 19,526 16,895 31,321 29,468 40,844 112,640 52,430 51,118 39,337 18,009 1,883,660 46,402 78,441 58,241 107,643 13,201 51,193 359,053 31,905 386,048 34,507 95,366 79,762 82,057 65,156 19,747 155,202 25,530 32,948 24,134 99,353 37,781 196,310 28,630 4,773 10,150 10,187 3,229 12,883 5,429 4,953 10,304 4,791 13,777 4,828 22,053 14,658 3,158 12,195 10,889 4,528 13,895 1890 3,275 3,434 2,266 2.466 1,987 1,290 4,883 8,806 6,437 1,721 376,680 20,321 18,124 29,579 23,211 37,217 93,247 49,436 49,660 38,442 17,304 1,444,038 28,836 47,226 58,528 87,687 11,268 45,438 266,096 28,640 275,126 35,355 79,978 61.764 69,128 54,101 15,974 105,046 25,161 28,311 22,259 72.467 36,553 9160,282 20,913 7,974 'o,'i9i 9,657 7,081 10,618 11,534 1,890 24,204 13,562 3,630 9,595 9,868 13,876 PEE CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 -6.3 52.9 16.4 6.2 57.3 550.0 18.0 -17.1 90.7 279.4 4.6 9.1 -3.4 -2.1 4.4 2.0 11.9 1.7 2.1 -1.0 7.4 84.7 54.9 75.9 14.3 31.9 49.6 7.7 42.8 17.1 39.2 -2.7 31.8 43.5 16.4 14.7 8.0 39.1 6.8 17.8 11.0 41.1 14.3 67.6 -17.5 253.0 62.2 26.6 284.0 15.0 101.3 57.9 22.4 47.5 20.7 76.1 4.0 0.8 12.0 21.0 10.3 151.9 -4.1 1890- 1900 -40.3 30.0 -32.3 »27.6 14.1 -11.6 -40.8 -58.3 »31.1 13.9 9.8 -3.9 -6.8 6.0 27.0 0.7 20.8 6.1 3.0 2.3 4.1 80.4 60.0 66.1 -0.6 22.8 17.2 12.7 40.2 11.4 40.3 -2.4 19.2 29.2 18.7 20.4 23.6 47.7 1.6 16.4 8.4 37.1 3.4 81.9 27.3 io.'s 33.4 -3.0 »12.3 «6ao -8.9 8.1 -13.0 27.1 10.3 0.1 1 For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. ' See headnote to table, page 32. ' State total includes population (6,689) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1890, not distributed by counties. NEW YORK . . . Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus. Cayuga Chautauqua. Chemung Chenango.... Clinton Columbia Cortland., Delaware. Dutchess., Erie Essex Franklin.. Fulton.... Genesee... Greene Hamilton. Herkimer.. Jefferson... Kings Lewis Lhingston. Madison Monroe Montgomery. Nassau' New York ' . Nl Oneida. Onondaga. Ontario..., Orange Orleans Oswego Putnam.. Queens > , Rensselaer Richmond... Rockland St. Lawrence. Saratoga Schenectady. Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben. Suffolk.. Sullivan. Tioga... Tompkins... Ulster Warren Washington. Wayne Westchester ' Wyoming Yates K. CAROLINA. Alamance. . Alexander. Alleghany. Anson Ashe , Beaufort... Bertie Bladen Brunswick. Buncombe. Land area in square miles: 1910 47,664 527 1,047 705 1,343 703 1,069 407 804 1,049 644 503 1,449 806 1,034 1,836 1,678 516 496 643 1,700 1,450 1,274 70 1,270 631 660 663 398 274 63 622 1,250 781 649 834 396 966 1,009 233 105 663 48 183 2,701 823 206 042 336 336 1,401 924 1.002 520 476 1,140 879 837 599 448 601 343 48,740 492 289 234 556 427 840 703 1,004 790 639 POPULATION. 1910 9,113,614 173,666 41,412 78,809 65,919 67,106 105,126 54,662 35,575 48,230 43,658 29,249 45,575 87,661 628,985 33,458 45,717 44,534 37,615 30,214 4,373 56,356 80,382 1,634,351 24,849 38,037 39,289 283,212 57,567 83,930 2,762,522 92,036 164, 157 200,298 52,286 116,001 32,000 71,664 47,216 14,665 284,041 122,276 85,969 46,873 89,006 61,917 88,235 23,855 14,004 26,972 83,362 96,138 33,808 25,624 33,647 91,700 32,223 47,778 60,179 283,055 31,880 18,642 2,206,287 1900 7,268,894 28,712 11,592 7,745 25,465 19,074 30,877 23,039 18,006 14,432 49,798 165,571 41,501 69,149 65,643 66,234 88,314 54,063 36,568 47,430 43,211 27,576 46,413 81,670 433,686 30,707 42,853 42,842 34,561 31,478 4,947 51,049 76, 748 1,166,582 27,427 37,059 40,545 217.854 47,488 55,448 2,050,600 74,961 132,800 168,735 49,605 103,859 30,164 70,881 48,939 13,787 152,999 121,697 67,021 38,298 89,083 61,080 46,852 26,854 15,811 28,114 82,822 77,582, 32,306 27,951 33,830 88,422 29,943 45,624 48,660 184,257 30,413 20,318 1,893,810 1890 <6,003,174 25,665 10,960 7,759 21,870 19,581 26,404 20,538 17,677 12,657 44,288 164,555 43,240 62,973 60,866 65,302 75,202 48,265 37, 776 46,437 46,172 28,657 45,496 77,879 322,981 33,052 38, 110 37,650 33,265 31,598 4,762 45,608 68,806 838,547 29,806 37,801 42,892 189,586 45,699 1,515,301 02, 491 122,922 146,247 48,453 97,850 30,803 71,883 50,861 14,849 128,059 124,511 51,093 35, 162 85,048 57,663 29,797 29,164 16,711 28,227 81,473 62,491 31,031 29,935 32,923 87,062 27,866 45,690 49,729 146,772 31,193 21,001 '1,617,649 PEE CENT OF INCEEASE. 1900- 1910 26.4 18,271 9,430 6,523 20,027 15,628 21,072 19,176 16,763 10,900 35,266 4.9 -0.2 14.0 0.4 1.3 19.0 1.1 -2.7 1.7 1.0 6.1 -L8 7.3 22.0 9.0 6.7 3.0 8.8 -4.0 -11.6 10.4 4.7 40.1 -0.4 2.6 -3.1 30.0 21.2 51.4 34.7 22.8 16.1 18.7 6.4 11.7 6.1 1.1 -3.6 6.4 85.6 0.5 28.3 22.4 -0.1 1.4 8&3 -11.2 -11.4 -4.1 0.7 23.0 4.6 -as -0.5 3.8 7.6 4.7 3.1 63.6 4.8 -8.2 16.6 11.9 5.8 -0.2 16.4 -2.6 16.9 12.2 1.9 14.0 12.4 « State total includes population (5,321) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1890, not distributed by counties. 6 State total includes population (2) specially enumerated in 1890 not credited to any county. 44 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Tabic 13— Con. COUNTY. N. CAROUNA- Con. Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell... Catawba. . Chatham'. Cherokee. . Chowan. . . Clay Cleveland... Columbus. . . Craven Cumberland. Currituck. Dare Davidson. Davie Duplin.... Durham Edgecombe. Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham... Granville. Greene Guilford.., Halifax Harnett Haywood.. Henderson. Hertford... Hyde Iredell... Jackson.. Johnston. Jones Lee» Lenoir Lincoln... McDowell. Macon Madison Martin Mecklenburg. Mitchell Montgomery. Moore> Nash New Hanover. Northampton . Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank. Pender Perquimans. Person Pitt Polk Randolph... Richmond*. Land area in square miles: 1910 534 390 512 220 573 696 454 165 220 488 933 660 1,013 292 377 569 258 783 291 509 376 468 371 359 298 503 252 676 595 546 358 341 494 C94 417 261 397 299 443 513 436 438 597 371 498 639 586 216 504 743 390 350 223 815 252 391 627 251 803 521 POPULATION. 1910 21,408 26,240 20,579 5,640 13,776 14,858 27,918 22,635 14,136 11,303 3,909 29,494 28,020 25,594 35,284 7,693 4,841 29,404 13,394 25,442 35,276 32,010 47,311 24,692 37,063 10,455 4,749 25,102 13,083 60,497 37,646 22,174 21,020 16,262 15,436 8,840 34,315 12,998 41,401 8,721 11,376 22,769 17,132 13,538 12,191 20,132 17,797 67,031 17,245 14,967 17,010 33,727 32,037 22,323 14,125 15,064 9,966 16,693 15.471 11,054 17,356 36,340 7,640 29,491 19,673 1900 17,699 22,456 15,694 5,474 11,811 15,028 22,133 23,912 11,860 10,258 4,532 25,078 21,274 24,160 29,249 6,529 4,757 23,403 12,115 22,405 26,233 26,591 35,261 25,116 27,903 10,413 4,343 23,263 12,038 39,074 30,793 15,988 16,222 14,104 14,294 9,278 29,064 11,853 32,250 8,226 18,639 15,498 12,567 12, 104 20,644 15,383 55,268 15,221 14,197 23,622 25,478 25, 785 21,150 11,940 14,690 8,045 13,660 13,381 10,091 16,685 30,889 7; 004 28,232 15,855 1890 14,939 18,142 12,298 5,667 '10,825 16,028 18,689 25,413 9,976 9,167 4,197 20,394 17,856 20,533 27,321 6,747 3,768 21,702 11,621 18,690 18,041 24, 113 28,434 21,090 17,764 10,252 3,313 24,484 10,039 28,052 28,908 13,700 13,346 12,589 13,851 8,903 25,462 9.512 27,239 7,403 14,879 12,586 10,939 10,102 17,805 15,221 42,673 12,807 11,239 20,479 20,707 24,026 21,242 10,303 14,948 7,146 10,748 12,514 9,293 15,151 25,519 5,902 2.=i,195 23,948 PER CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 21.0 16.9 31.1 3.0 16.6 -1.1 26.1 -5.3 19.2 10.2 -13.7 17.6 31.7 5.9 20.6 17.8 1.8 25.6 10.6 13.6 34.5 20.4 34.2 -1.7 32.8 0.4 9.3 7.9 8.7 54.8 22.3 38.7 29.6 15.3 8.0 -4.7 18.1 9.7 28.4 6.0 22.2 10.5 7.7 0.7 -2.5 15.7 21.3 13.3 5.4 -28.0 32.4 24.2 5. 5 1&3 2.5 23.9 22.2 15.6 9.5 4.0 17.6 9.1 4.5 24.1 2&7 1890- 1900 18.5 23.8 27.6 -3.4 9.1 -6.2 18.4 -5.9 18.9 11.9 8.0 23.0 19.1 17.7 7.1 -3.2 26.2 7.8 4.3 19.9 45.4 10.3 24.0 19.1 57.1 1.6 3L1 -5.0 19.9 39.3 6.5 16.7 21.5 12.0 3.2 4.2 14.1 24.6 18.4 11.1 25.3 23.1 14.9 19.8 15.9 1.1 29.5 ia8 26.3 15.3 2ao 7.3 -0 4 15.9 -1.7 12.6 27.1 6.9 8.6 mi 21.0 ia7 12.1 -3a 8 Robeson 1,051 51,945 40,371 31,483 2& 7 28.2 Rockingham 579 36,442 33,163 25,363 9.9 3a 8 Rowan 489 37,521 31,066 24,123 20.8 2a 8 Rutherford 544 28,385 25,101 18,770 13.1 3.^ 7 Sampson ' 922 29,982 26,380 ' 25,096 13.7 5.1 ' For changes In boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 5 State total includes population (8,264) of Indian reservations specially enu- rr.erated in 1890, not distributed by counties; population (875) of Buford and Flan- nery Counties, taken to form part of Williams County between 1800 and 1900; and population (563) of Church, Garfield, Stevens, and Wallace Counties, and old Het- tinger, Mountraille, Renville, Sheridan, and Williams Counties, annexed to Botti- neau, McLean, McHenry, Pierce, Ward, Stark, and Mercer Counties between 1890 and 1900. N. CAROLINA- Con. Scotland ' Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania. Tyrrell , Union Vance , Wake Warren Washington. Watauga — Wayne Wilkes. . Wilson.. Yadkin. Yancey. N. DAKOTA. Adams*.. . Barnes Benson . . . Billings'.. Bottineau ' Bowman". Burke ' . . . Burleigh.. Cass Cavalier... Dickey... Divide'.. Dunn'... Eddy.... Emmons. Foster Grand Forks. Griggs Hettinger ' . . . Kidder Lamoure... Logan McHenry ' . Mcintosh . . McKenzie'. McLean'... Mercer ' Morton Mountrail*. Nelson Oliver Pembina. Pierce'... Ramsey.. Ransom.. Renville ' . Richland.. Rolette... Sargent... Sheridan'. Stark'.... Steele Stutsman . Towner... Traill Walsh Ward'.... Wells Williams'. Land area in square miles: 1910 349 416 480 520 553 379 390 565 279 845 425 327 342 615 735 384 324 298 70,183 997 1,510 1,364 3,404 1,681 1,164 1,113 1,651 1,763 1,494 1,142 1,270 2,084 651 1,563 644 1,433 717 1,132 1,386 1,147 997 1,888 1,003 2,847 2,305 1,110 4,742 1,914 720 1,117 1.055 1,205 860 1,437 918 855 1,356 717 2,282 1,037 865 1,282 2,054 1,293 2,138 POPULATION. 1910 15,363 19,909 20,151 29, 705 10,403 7,191 5,219 33,277 19,425 63,229 20,266 11,062 13,556 35,698 30,282 28,269 15,428 12,072 677,066 5,407 18,066 12,681 10,186 17,295 4,668 9,064 13,087 33,935 15,659 9,839 6,015 5,302 4,800 9,796 5,313 27,888 6,274 6,557 5,962 10,724 6,168 17,627 7,251 5,720 14,496 4,747 25,289 8,491 10,140 3,577 14,749 9,740 15,199 10,345 7,840 19,659 9,558 9,202 8,103 12,504 7,616 18,189 8,963 12,545 19,491 25,281 11,814 14,234 1900 12,553 15,220 19,866 25;. 515 8,401 6,620 4,980 27,156 16,684 54,626 19,151 10,608 13,417 31,356 26,872 23,596 14,oa3 11,464 319,146 13, 159 8,320 975 7,532 6,081 28,625 12,580 6,061 3,330 4,349 3,770 24,459 4,744 1,754 6,048 1,625 5,253 4,818 4,791 1,778 < 10, 277 7,316 990 17,869 4,765 9,198 6,919 17,387 7,995 6,039 7,621 5,888 9,143 6,491 13,107 20,288 7,961 8,310 1,530 1S90 12, 136 17,199 19,281 6, .577 5,881 4,225 21,259 17,581 49,207 19,360 10,200 10,611 26,100 22,675 18,644 13,790 9,490 2190,983 7,045 2,460 170 2,893 4,247 19,613 6,471 5,573 159 1,377 1,971 1,210 18,357 2,817 1,211 3,187 597 1,584 3,248 3 428 65,239 4,293 464 14,334 905 4,418 5,393 10,751 2,427 5,076 2,304 3,777 5,266 1,450 10,217 16,587 1,681 1,212 PEB CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 22.4 30.8 1.4 16.4 23.8 a6 4.8 22.5 16.4 15.7 5.8 4.3 1.0 13.8 12.7 19.8 9.6 5.3 80.8 37.3 52.4 944.7 129.6 115.2 18.6 24.5 62.3 44.1 125.2 40.9 14.0 32.3 239.9 77.3 279.6 235.6 50.5 202.6 167.0 146.1 38.6 261.3 -17.5 104.4 65.2 49.5 13.1 19.5 62.4 64.1 29.3 98.9 38.1 -4.3 -3.9 217.6 42.2 83a3 » See headnote to table, page 32. < Includes population (2,208) of part of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, not returned by coimties in 1900. „ . „ ■ 5 Includes population (511) of Fort Yates and Standing Rock Indian Agency. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 45 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. PEE CENT OP INCREASE. COtJNTY. Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCBEASB. COUNTY. 1910 1900 1890 1900- 1910 1890- 1900 1910 1900 1890 1900- 1910 1890- 1900 OHIO 40,740 4,767,121 4,157,646 18.672,829 li.7 18.2 OHIO— Con. Licking 669 451 497 342 497 427 409 435 412 460 408 448 455 402 403 664 399 270 413 399 490 428 621 416 482 603 668 413 623 660 413 666 408 633 655 446 406 412 413 630 657 411 612 406 55,590 30,084 76,037 192,728 19,902 116,151 33,971 23,598 25,594 27,536 45,047 24,244 163,703 16,097 16,815 57,488 18,601 22,360 22,730 35,396 26,158 15,723 30,307 23,834 29,972 47,667 40,069 35,171 48,463 42,421 24,663 122,987 108,253 52,766 67,035 21,871 29.119 13,096 24,497 45,422 38,058 25,198 46,330 20,760 47,070 30,420 54,857 153,559 20,590 70,134 28,678 21,958 28,620 28,021 43,105 27,0§1 130,146 17,905 17,879 53,185 19,466 22,213 27,528 31,841 27,016 18,172 29,246 23,713 32,525 44,289 40,940 34,311 40.981 41,163 24,625 94,747 71,715 46,591 53,751 22,342 30,394 15,330 25,584 48,245 37,870 24,953 51,. 555 21,125 43,279 27,386 40,295 102,296 20,057 55,979 24,727 21,742 29,813 27,220 39,754 25,175 100,852 19,143 18,120 51,210 20,753 21,974 25,932 31,151 ' 26,959 17,482 27,868 23,421 30,188 38,072 39,454 30,617 35,377 40,869 24,707 84,170 54,089 42,373 46,618 22,860 29,671 16,045 25,468 42,380 39,005 24,897 44,392 21,722 18.1 -LI 38.6 25.5 -3.3 "65.6 18.5 7.5 -10.6 -L7 4.5 -10.3 25.8 -10.1 -6.0 8.1 -4.4 0.7 -17.4 11.2 -3.2 -13.5 3.6 0.5 -7.8 7.6 -2.1 2.5 18.3 3.1 0.2 29.8 50.9 13.3 6.1 -2.1 -4.2 -14.6 -4.2 -5.9 0.6 1.0 -10.1 -L7 Adams 546 406 421 723 487 397 530 4S1 462 387 421 407 466 411 634 658 409 463 586 406 445 256 496 413 517 406 419 416 416 618 407 635 473 401 414 649 411 418 494 404 407 513 241 443 24,755 66,680 22,975 60,547 47,798 31,246 76,856 24,832 70,271 15,761 26,351 66,435 29,551 23,680 76,619 30,121 34,036 637,425 42,933 24,498 27,182 38,327 39,201 21,744 221,567 23,914 25,746 14,670 29,733 42,716 460,732 87,860 30,407 19,076 26,119 28,711 23,050 17,909 34,206 30,791 65,423 30,181 22,927 39,488 26,328 47,976 21,184 51,448 38,730 31,192 60,875 28,237 66,870 16,811 26,642 68,939 31,010 24,202 68,660 29,337 33,915 439,120 42,532 26,387 26,401 37,650 34,259 21,725 164,460 22,801 27,918 14,744 31,613 34,425 409,479 41,993 31,187 20,486 27,282 30,982 24,398 19,511 32,330 34,248 44,357 27,768 21,680 39,534 26,093 40,644 22,223 43,656 35,194 28,100 57,413 29,899 48,597 17,666 26,980 52,277 33,553 24,240 69,029 26,703 31,927 309,970 42,961 25,760 27,189 35,462 33,939 22,309 124,087 22,023 27,005 13,489 29,820 28,645 374,573 42,563 28,939 20,830 25,060 29,048 22.658 21,139 31,949 28,408 39,415 27,600 18,235 39,556 -6.0 17.9 8.5 15.7 23.4 0.2 26.3 -12.1 23.0 -6.2 -1.1 12.7 -0.5 -2.2 11.7 2.7 0.4 45.2 0.9 -7.2 3.0 1.8 14.4 0.1 34.7 4.9 -7.8 -0.5 -5.9 24.1 12.5 -9.8 -2.6 -6.9 -7.9 -7.3 -3.1 -8.2 5.8 -10.1 47.5 8.7 5.8 -0.1 0.9 18.0 -4.7 17.9 10.0 11.0 6.0 -5.6 17.0 -4.3 -1.3 12.7 -5.8 -0.2 16.2 9.9 6.2 41.7 -1.0 2.4 -2.9 6.2 0.9 -2.6 32.5 3.6 3.4 9.3 6.0 20.2 9.3 -1.3 7.8 -1.7 8.8 6.7 7.7 -7.7 1.2 ao.6 12.6 0.6 18.9 -0.1 8.8 Allen Logan 11.1 Lorain 36.1 Lucas 50.1 Madison 2.7 Auglaize Mahnning 25.3 Belmont Marion. .7 16.0 Brown Medina 1.0 Butler Meigs —4.0 Carroll Mercer 2.9 Champaign Miami 8.4 Clark ..:.......:.;; Monroe 7,4 Clermont Montgomery Morgan 29.0 Clinton —6.6 Col "m Nana, . . Morrow -1.3 Coshocton Muskingum. 3.9 Crawford Noble -6.2 Cuyahoga Ottawa 1.1 Darke Paulding 6.2 Defiance Perry.. 7 2.2 Delaware Pickaway 0.3 Erie Pike 3.9 Fairfield Portage 4.9 Fayette Preble 1.2 Frantlln Piitufini 7.7 Fulton Rtehland 16.3 Gallia Ross 3.8 Geauga Sandusky 12.1 Greene Scioto. . .'. 15.8 Guernsey Seneca 0.7 Hamilton Shelby -0.3 Hancock Stark. 12.8 Hardin fliitnmlt 32.6 Harrison Trumbull 10.0 Henry Tuscarawas 15.3 Highland Union —2.3 HnnHng. , Van Wert 2.4 Holmes VUiton —4.6 Huron Warren 0.6 Jackson Washington Wayne 13.8 Jefterson -2.9 WlUlams 0.2 Lake Wood 16.1 Wyandot -2.7 OKLAHOMA. Adah:' Alfalfa'.... Atoka' Beaver' Beckham'.. Blaine' Bryan' ■Caddo' Canadian'.. Carter' Cherokee'.. Choctaw'. . . Cimarron'.. Cleveland... Coal' Comanche'. Craig' Creek!- •Custer' Delaware'. . Dewey' Ellis' Garfield' . . . Oarvin' Grady* Land area in square miles: 1910 69,414 M4 867 997 1,813 917 931 928 1,377 891 831 791 790 1,849 554 525 1,726 757 962 998 794 989 1,218 1,061 821 1,024 FOFXnjLTION. 1910 1,657,166 10,636 18,138 13,808 13,631 19,699 17,960 29,854 35,085 23,501 25,368 16,778 21,862 4,553 18,843 15,817 41,489 17,404 26,223 23,231 11,469 14,132 15,375 33,050 26,545 30,309 1907 > 1,414.177 9,115 16,070 12, 113 13,364 17,758 17,227 27,865 30,241 20,110 26,402 14,274 17,340 5,927 18,460 15,585 31,738 14,955 18,365 18,478 9,876 13,329 13,978 28,300 22,787 23,420 1900 > 790,391 3,051 10,658 1890 < 268, 667 2,674 15,981 16,388 12,264 8,819 '22,076' 7,158 6,606 PES cxNT or INCBKASK. 1907- 1910 17.2 16.6 12.9 14.0 2.0 10.9 4.3 7.1 18.0 16.9 -4.0 17.5 26.1 -23.2 2.1 1.5 3a7 16.4 42.8 25.7 16.1 6.0 10.0 16.8 16.5 29.4 1900- 1910 109.7 34&8 08.5 *47.'i 15.0 6a2 '49.'7 OKLAHOMA —Con. Grant' Greer* 994 644 648 1,033 616 856 778 767 658 934 890 1,179 735 1,614 959 739 496 662 1,897 661 937 419 676 424 814 Harmon* Harper* Haskell' Hughes' Jackson' Jefferson' Johnston' Kay Kingfisher Kiowa' Lattmer' Le Flore' Lincoln' Logan Love' McClahis McCurtaIn'... Mcintosh'..... Major' MarshaU' Mayes' Murray' Muskogee' Land area in square miles: 1010 POPITLATION. 1910 18,760 16,449 11,328 8,189 18,875 24,040 23,737 17,430 16,734 26,999 18,825 27,526 11,321 29,127 34,779 31,740 10,236 15,659 20,681 20,961 15,248 11,619 13,596 12,744 62,743 1907 17,638 23,624 8,089 16,865 19,946 17,087 1.3,439 18,672 24,757 18,010 22,247 9,340 24,678 37,293 30,711 11, 134 12,888 13,198 17,975 14,307 13,144 11,064 11,948 37,467 1900 17,273 17,922 22,530 18,501 1890 PER CENT or INCREASE. 1907- 1910 5,338 8,332 27,007 26,563 12,770 6.4 -30.4 1900- 1910 &6 -a 2 L2 11.9 20.5 38.9 29.7 -10.4 9.1 1&8 4.6 1.8 23.7 21.2 18.0 -6.7 28.8 3.4 19.6 -8.1 21.5 56.7 16.6 6.6 -11.6 22.9 6.7 40.8 « state total includes population (13) specially enumerated In 1890, not distrib- •nted by counties. » Special censusof Oklahoma and Indian Territory, taken as of July 1, 1907, by order of the President. 3 State total Includes population (13,873) of Kaw, Kiowa, Comanche and Apache, Osage, and Wichita Indian Reservations; population (2,173) of Day -County, part taken to form part of Ellis County In 1907 and part annexed to Roger MMIs Countv since 1900; and population (392,060) of Indian Territory, not returned by coimtfes in 1900. * State total includes population (16,641) of that part of Oklahoma, and popu- lation (180,182) of Indian Territory, specially enumerated in 1890, not distributed by coimties. ' For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 46 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] TaWelS— Cton. Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCBEASE. COUNTT. Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1910 1907 1900 1890 1907- 1910 1900- 1910 1910 1907 1900 1890 1907- 1910 1900- 1910 OKLAHOMA- Con. 734 586 623 717 679 2,277 477 584 678 1,370 728 793 1,430 14,945 14,223 19,905 85,232 21,115 20,101 15,713 17,332 23,735 47,650 24,331 43,595 10,118 14,198 10,453 15,595 55,849 14,362 15,332 12,827 17,112 22,022 37,677 23,057 43,272 8,295 14,015 5.3 36.1 28.2 52.6 47.0 31.1 22.5 1.3 7.8 26.5 5.5 0.7 22.0 6.6 '"'mg '"'"46.'2 13.5 ""'65.'i OKLAHOMA- COB. Roger Mills' ... Rogers' Seminole' Sequoyah' Stephens' Texas' l,'l35 730 633 693 897 2,065 733 565 545 425 1,006 1,255 1,233 12,861 17,736 19,964 25,005 22,262 14,249 18,650 34,995 22,086 17,484 25,034 17,567 16, 592 13,239 15,485 14,687 22,499 20, 148 16,448 12,869 21,693 19,529 12,813 22,007 15,517 14,595 6,190 -2.9 14.5 35.9 11.1 10.4 -13.4 44.9 61.3 13.1 36.5 13.8 13.2 13.7 107 8 25,915 11,742 Okmulgee"...... Ottawa ! Tillman' Tulsa' i2,366 20,909 Payne ' 7,215 Wagoner' Washington'... Washita' Woods' Woodward ' Pittsburg I 15,001 34,975 7,469 66.9 Pottawatomie ' . . 26,412 -49.8 Pushmataha i 122.1 OREGON Baker' Benton' Clackamas.. Clatsop Columbia... Coos Crook' Curry Douglas Gilliam' Grant' Harney Hood River' Jackson Josephine . . . Klamath Lake Lane Lincoln' Linn Malheur Marion Morrow Multnomah. Polk Sherman'... Tillamook'.. Umatilla Union' Wallowa'... Wasco' Washington. Wheeler' Yamhill PENNSYLVANIA. Adams Allegheny.. Armstrong. Beaver Bedford.... Berks Blair Bradford. Bucks. . . Butler... Land area in square miles: 1910 96,607 3,060 688 1,864 821 662 1,628 7,778 1,498 4,922 1,201 4,520 9,933 543 2,836 1,751 5,999 7,920 4,612 1,008 2,243 1,194 2,025 451 709 836 1,125 3.173 2,087 3,145 2,343 731 1,704 714 44,832 528 725 653 429 1,026 865 534 1,145 608 790 POPULATION. 1910 672,765 18,076 10,663 29,931 16,106 10,580 17,969 9,315 2,044 19,674 3,701 5,607 4,059 8,016 25,756 9,567 8,554 4,658 33,783 5,587 22,662 8,601 39,780 4,357 226,261 13,469 4,242 6,266 20,309 16, 191 8,364 16,336 21,522 2,484 18,285 7,666,111 34,319 1,018,463 67,880 78,353 38,879 183,222 108,858 54,526 76,530 72,689 1900 413,636 15,597 6,706 19,668 12,765 6,237 10,324 3,964 1,868 14,566 3,201 5,948 2,598 13,698 7,617 3,970 2,847 19,604 3,575 18,603 4,203 27,713 4,151 103, 167 9,923 3,477 4,471 18,049 16,070 5,638 13,199 14,467 2,443 13,420 6,302,116 34,496 776,058 52,551 56,432 39,468 159,615 85,099 59,403 71,190 66,962 Cambria 717 166,131 104,837 66,375 58."5 Cameron 392 7,644 7,048 7,238 8.5 Carbon 406 52,846 44,510 38,624 18.7 Center 1,146 43,424 42,894 43,269 1.2 Chester 777 109,213 96,695 89,377 14.1 • For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 63. 2 State total includes population (3,937) of Indian reservations specially merated in 1890, not distributed by counties. * See headnote to table, page 32. 1890 2 317,704 6,764 8,650 15,233 10,016 6,191 8,874 3,244 1,709 11,864 3,600 5,080 2,569 11,455 4,878 2,444 2,604 16, 198 16,265 2,601 22,934 4,206 74,884 7,858 1,792 2,932 13,381 12,044 3,661 9,183 11,972 10,692 6,268,113 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 15.9 69.0 52.3 26.2 69.6 74.0 135.0 9.4 35.1 15.6 -5.7 56.2 88.0 27.3 115.5 63.6 72.3 56.3 21.8 104.6 43.6 5.0 119.3 36.7 22.0 40.1 12.5 0.8 51.0 23.8 48.8 1.7 36.3 21.6 33,486 651, 959 46,747 50,077 38,644 137,327 70,866 69,233 70,615 55,339 -0.5 31.4 29.2 38.8 -1.5 14.8 27.9 -8.2 7.5 27.6 1890- 1900 30.2 130.6 -22.5 29.0 27.4 20.2 16.3 35.1 9.3 22.8 -11.1 17.1 1.5 19.6 54.1 '16.0 9.3 29.0 14.4 61.6 20.8 -1.3 37.8 824.3 94.0 62.5 824.4 33.4 51.3 340.7 20.8 »23.2 19.9 3.0 40.4 12.4 12.7 2.1 16.2 20.1 0.3 0.8 2.9 57.9 -2.6 15.2 -0.9 7.1 PENNSYLVANIA -Con. Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland . Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette.. Forest... Franklin. Fulton... Greene... Huntingdon. Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna. Lancaster. Lawrence. Lebanon.. Lehigh Luzerne... Lycoming. Mx;Kean . . , Mercer MiflBin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland. . . Perry Philadelphia. Pike Potter Schuylkill.... Snyder Somerset , Sullivan Susquehanna. Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington. Wayne Westmoreland. Wyoming York Land area in square miles: 1910 601 1,142 878 479 1,038 528 521 185 806 781 795 423 751 402 574 918 829 666 392 451 941 360 360 344 892 1,220 987 700 398 623 484 130 372 454 564 133 641 1,071 777 311 1,034 458 824 1,142 305 661 902 862 739 1,039 397 903 POPULATION. 1910 36,638 93,768 31,645 48,467 61,566 54,479 136, 152 117,906 35,871 115,617 167, 449 9,436 59,775 9,703 28,882 38,304 66,210 63,090 16,013 259,570 167,029 70,032 59,565 118,832 343, 186 80,813 47,868 77,699 27,786 22,941 169,690 14,868 127, 667 111,420 24,136 1,649,008 8,033 29,729 207,894 16,800 67,717 11,293 37,746 42,829 16,249 56,369 39,673 143,680 29,236 231,304 16,609 136, 406 1900 1890 34,283 80,614 29,197 39,896 63,643 50,344 114,443 94,762 32,903 98,473 110,412 11,039 54,902 9,924 28,281 34,650 42,556 59, 113 16,054 193,831 159,241 67,042 63,827 93,893 257, 121 76,663 61,343 57,387 23,160 21, 161 138,995 16,526 99,687 90,911 26,263 1,293.697 8,766 30,621 172, 927 17,304 49,461 12, 134 40,043 49,086 17,592 49,648 38,946 92,181 30,171 160, 175 17,162 116,413 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 36,802 69,565 28,686 36,832 65,324 47,271 96,977 74,683 22,239 86,074 80,006 8,482 51,433 10, 137 28,935 35,751 42, 176 44,005 16,665 142,088 149,095 37,517 48, 131 76,631 201,203 70,579 46,863 55,744 19,996 20,111 123,290 15,645 84,220 74, 698 26,276 1,046,964 9,412 22,778 154, 163 17,651 37,317 11,620 40,093 62,313 17,820 46,640 37,585 71,155 31,010 112,819 15,891 99,489 I 6.9 16.3 8.0 21.5 -3.3 8.2 19.0 24.4 9.0 17.3 61.7 -14.5 8.9 -2.2 2.1 10.6 55.6 6.7 -6.6 33.9 4.9 22.8 10.7 26.6 33.6 6.8 -6.8 35.4 20.0 8.4 22.0 -4.2 28.1 22.6 -8.1 19.7 -8.4 -2.9 20.2 -2.9 36.9 -6.9 -5.7 -12.7 -7.6 13.5 1.6 55.9 -3.1 44.4 -9.6 17.2 1890- 1900 -6.8 15.9 1.& 8.3 -2.6 6.5 18.0 26.9 48.0 14.4 38.0 30.1 6.7 -2.1 -2.» -3.1 0.9> 34.3 -3.6 36.4 6.8 52.0 11.8 22.5 27. a 7.2 9.6 2.9 15.8 5.2- 12.7 -0.8 18.4 21.7 23. ft -6.9 34.4 12.2- -2.0 32.5. 4.4 -0.1 -6.2- -1.3 6.4 »3.4 29. & -2.7 42.0 7.9 17. C * State total includes population (99) of Indian reservations specially enumerated in 1890, not distributed by counties. ' A decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. ^RARY. 47 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES :» 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued OF- [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes deqreasr.) \ j TTTTit' '•'T A Table 13— Con. COUNTY. BHODE ISLAKD. Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington S. CAROLHrA. Abbeville'. Aiken Anderson . . Bamberg' . Barnwell'.. Beaufort Berkeley'... Calhoun' Charleston'. Cherokee'... Chester Chesterfield. Clarendon... Colleton'.... Darlington'. Dillon' Dorchester'. Edgefield'.. Fairfield.... Florence'... Georgetown. Greenville. . . Greenwood'. Hampton... Hocry Eershawi.. Lancaster.. Laurens Lee' Lexington' . Marion! Marlboro Newberry'... Oconee Orangeburg'. Pickens Richland Saluda' Spartanburg' Sumter' Union' Williamsburg > York' 80TTTH DAKOTA. Armstrong . . Aurora Beadle Beimett' Bonhomme . Brookings.. Brown Brule Buffalo... Butte' Campbell. Charles Mix. Clark Clav Codington.., Corson' Custer... Davison. Day Deuel... Dewey.. Land area in square miles: 1910 1,067 24 174 114 430 325 80,495 678 1,100 758 371 890 920 1,238 391 685 373 692 837 717 1,333 605 471 613 700 792 607 761 £08 958 1,158 673 515 690 407 833 529 619 601 650 1,131 529 611 435 765 674 492 1,006 651 76,868 1,419 719 1,250 1,291 573 791 1,760 837 479 2,289 774 1,134 974 403 701 2,526 1,573 432 1,061 632 1,907 POPULATION. 1910 542,610 17,602 36,378 39,335 424,353 24,942 1,615,400 34,804 41,849 69,568 18,544 34,209 30,355 23,487 16,634 88,594 26,179 29,425 26,301 32,188 35,390 36,027 22,615 17,891 28,281 29,442 35,671 22,270 68,377 34,225 26,126 26,995 27,094 26,650 41,550 25,318 32,040 20,596 31,189 34,586 27,337 55,893 25,422 55,143 20,943 83,465 38,472 29,911 37,626 47,718 683,888 647 6,143 15,776 «96 11,061 14,178 25,867 6,451 1,589 4,993 5,244 14,899 10,901 8,711 14,092 2,929 4,458 11,625 14,372 7,768 1,145 1900 428,566 13,144 29,976 32,599 328,683 24, 154 1,840,316 1,161,140 1890 346,506 11,428 26,754 28,562 255,123 23,649 33,400 39,032 66,728 17,296 35,604 35,495 30,454 88,006 21,359 28,616 20,401 28,184 33,452 32,388 16,294 25,478 29,425 28,474 22,846 53,490 28,343 23,738 23,364 24,606 24,311 37,382 27,284 35,181 27,639 30,182 23,634 59,663 19,375 45,589 18,966 66,560 51.237 26,601 31,686 41,684 * 401,570 8 4,011 8,081 10,379 12,561 15,286 5,401 1,790 2,907 4,527 6,942 9,316 8,770 46,854 31,822 43,606 44,613 34,119 65,428 59,903 26,660 18,468 23,233 40,293 29,134 PEB CENT OF mCBEASE. 1900- 1910 26.6 33.9 21.4 20.7 29.1 3.3 13.1 4.2 7.2 24.8 7.2 -3.6 -14.5 -22.9 0.7 22.6 2.8 28.9 14.2 5.8 11.2 49,259 28,699 25,027 20,857 44,310 20,641 19,266 22,361 20,761 31,610 22,181 29,976 23,500 26,434 18,687 49,393 16,389 36,821 55,386 43.605 25,363 27,777 38,831 '348,600 34 5,045 9,586 9,057 10,132 16,855 6,737 993 1,037 3,510 4,178 6,728 7,509 7,037 2,728 7,483 12,254 6,656 4,891 5,449 9,168 4,574 (•) 9.8 11.0 0.1 25.3 -2.5 27.8 20.8 5.8 15.6 9.7 9.6 11.1 17.5 -41.6 12.8 14.6 15.7 -6.3 31.2 21.0 10.4 27.3 -24.9 17.3 18.8 14.6 45.4 53.2 95.2 6.6 12.9 69.2 19.4 -11.2 71.8 16.8 75.3 57.0 -6.5 60.7 1890- 1900 24.0 15.0 12.0 14.2 28.8 2.1 16.4 -28.7 22.7 27.6 4.0 -45.1 46.9 7.3 10.5 21.3 -17.0 11.2 -48.3 2.9 13.8 9.5 20.7 15.6 21.3 10.4 17.1 18.3 22.9 17.4 17.6 14.2 26.5 20.8 18.2 23.8 18.4 17.5 0.5 14.1 7.3 15.2 -20.5 -15.7 14.6 24.0 - 9.3 -19.8 '*-32.8 180.3 29.0 103.4 3.2 24.1 24.6 63.4 55.4 17.3 16.7 -44.2 37.3 33.7 45.5 > For changes In boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. * State total includes population (9,216) of Cheyenne River and Rosebud In- dian Reservations and part of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, not returned by coimtles In 1900. » State total includes population (19,792) specially enumerated in 1890, not distributed by counties; also population (1,351) of Choteau, Ewing Harding, Martin, Delano, Scobey, Jackson, Ziebach, Nowlin, Pratt, Presho, ancl old Todd Counties, annexed to Butte, Meade, Stanley, Lyman, Gregory, and Pennington Counties between 1890 and 1900. * Exclusive of population of part in Pino ^idge Indian Reservation, not re- tuised by counties. SOUTH DAKOTA —Con. Douglas Edmunds Fall River Faulk Grant Gregory'. Hamlin.. Hand.... Hanson.. Harding'. Hughes Hutchinson. Hyde Jerauld Kingsbury.. Lake Lawrence... Lincoln Lyman ' . . . . MxK^k McPherson. Marshall... Meade'...., MeUette'.. Miner Minnehaha. Moodv Pennington I. ?erkins> otter Roberts Sanborn. Schnasse. Shannon. Spink Stanley'. Sterling.. Sully... Todd'. Tripp'. Turner. Unfon'. Walworth Washabaugh Washington Yankton Pine Ridge Indian Reservation' TENNESSEE. Anderson . Bedford... Benton Bledsoe... Blount Bradley... Campbell.. Cannon . . . Carroll Carter Cheatham. Chester Claiborne.. Clay...... Cocke Coflfee Crockett Cumberland. Davidson Decatur Dekalb... Diclcson.. Dyer Fayette . . Fentress. Land area in square miles: 1910 435 1,158 1,766 1.018 691 1,032 520 1,426 432 2,682 769 817 866 531 814 562 797 674 2,626 573 1,167 889 3,491 1,228 668 81$ 627 2,792 2,914 898 1,111 676 836 964 1,511 4,156 249 1,068 1,279 1,629 617 462 742 1,146 1,167 623 («) 41,687 337 514 456 391 571 336 464 268 619 363 314 313 468 264 427 443 267 655 611 311 549 500 618 486 POPULATION. 1910 6,400 7,654 7,763 6,716 10,303 13,061 7,475 7,870 6,237 4,228 6,271 12,319 3,307 6,120 12,560 10,711 19,694 12,712 10,848 9,589 6,791 8,021 12,640 1,700 7,661 29,631 8,695 12,463 11,348 4,466 14,897 6,607 292 (•) 16,981 14,975 252 2,462 2,164 8,323 13,840 10,670 6,488 (•) (•) 13,135 6,607 8,184,789 1900 5,012 4,916 3,641 3,547 9,103 2,211 6,945 4,625 4,947 3,684 11,897 1,492 2,798 9,866 9,137 17,897 12,161 2,632 8,689 6,327 5,942 4,907 17,717 22,667 12,462 6,329 20,809 16,336 27,387 10,825 23,971 19,838 10,540 9,090 23,504 9,009 19,399 15,625 16,076 9,327 149,478 10,093 15,434 19,955 27, 721 30,257 7,446 5,864 23,926 8,326 6,610 2,988 12,216 4,464 9,487 1.341 (•) 1,715 1890 4,600 4,399 4,478 4,062 6,814 295 4,625 6,546 4,267 5,044 10,469 1,860 3,605 8,562 7,508 11,673 9,143 233 6,448 6,940 4,644 4,640 5,165 21,879 5,941 6,640 13,175 11,153 3,839 8 12,649 6,827 2,020,616 17,C34 23,845 11,888 6,626 19,206 16.759 17,317 12, 121 24,250 16,688 10,112 9,896 20,696 8,421 19, 163 15,574 15,867 8,311 122,816 10,439 16,460 18,635 23, 776 29,701 6,106 2,910 1,997 4,610 10,581 1,028 96 2,412 PEE CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 27.7 56.7 119.2 89.3 13.2 490.7 25.7 73.9 26.1 70.2 3.5 121.6 83.0 27.3 17.2 10.0 4.6 312.2 10.4 7.3 35.0 167.6 30.6 23.8 4.4 122.0 49.6 21.9 48.0 10,256 9, 130 2,153 C) 40 10, 444 1,767,618 15, 128 24,739 11,230 6,134 17,589 13,607 13,486 12, 197 23,630 13,389 8,845 9,069 15, 103 7,260 16,523 13,827 15,146 5,376 108,174 8,995 15,650 13,045 19,878 28,878 5,226 68.5 1,016.7 43.6 5.0 -4.3 69.0 3.8 -3.2 8.1 0.5 -4.9 4.7 -4.6 3.7 58.2 -10.7 -1.2 18.9 4.2 -8.1 13.6 7.0 1.3 0.3 1.3 12.2 21.7 -3.3 -6.2 7.1 16.6 1.9 21.9 ' See headnote to table, page 32. • Not returned separately. ' For 1910 comprises the imorganized counties of Shannon and Washington, and parts of Bennett and Washabaugh, for which the population was not returned separately. 8 Total land area within the limits of Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, 4,374 square miles, comprising Shannon, Washington, ana parts of Bennett and Wash- abaugh Counties, included under the respective coimties. 48 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. TENNESSEE— Con. Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger .• Greene Grundy Hamblen . . Hamilton.. Hancock . . . Hardeman. Hardin Hawkins . . Haywood . . Henderson. Henry Hickman • . . Houston Humphreys. Jackson James Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale'. Lawrence. Lewis ' Lincoln . . . Loudon . . . McMinn.. McNalry. Macon . . . Madison. Marion . . Marsliall. Maury Meigs Monroe Montgomery. Moore Morgan., Obion... Overton. Perryi.. Pickett.. Polk Putnam... Rhea Roane Robertson. Rutherford. Scott , Sequatchie. . Sevier , Shelby , Smith , Stewart SuUivan... Sumner Tipton.... Trousdale. Unicoi Union Van Buren.. Warren Washington. Waynei Weakley.... White Williamson. Wilson TEXAS. Anderson . . Andrews ' . Angelina. . . Aransas Archer Land area in square miles: 1910 576 633 628 307 613 375 158 409 228 607 582 482 508 536 626 570 197 451 301 165 312 294 504 122 456 611 286 587 219 432 588 286 552 504 378 582 199 673 516 141 529 552 446 487 162 432 404 365 388 455 614 550 264 587 801 296 449 436 558 442 106 201 235 293 423 325 749 580 363 586 613 262,898 938 1,566 940 240 872 POPULATION. 1910 20,491 41,630 32,629 13,888 31,083 8,322 13,650 89,267 10,778 23,011 17,521 23,587 25,910 17,030 25,434 16,527 6,224 13,908 15,036 5,210 17,755 13,191 94,187 8,704 21,105 17,569 6,033 25,908 13,612 21,046 16,356 14,559 39,357 18,820 16,872 40,456 6,131 20,716 33,672 4,800 11,458 29,946 15,854 8,815 5,087 14, 116 20,023 15,410 22,860 25,466 33,199 12,947 4,202 22,296 191,439 18,548 14,860 28,120 25,621 29,459 5,874 7,201 11, 414 2,784 16,534 28,968 12,062 31,929 15,420 24,213 25,394 8,896,642 29,660 975 17,705 2,106 6,525 1900 20,392 39,408 33,035 15,512 30,596 7,802 12,728 61,695 11,147 22,976 19,246 24,267 25, 189 18,117 24,208 16,367 6,476 13,398 15,039 5,407 18,590 10,589 74,302 7,368 21,971 15,402 4,455 26,304 10,838 19,163 17,760 12,881 36,333 17,281 18,763 42,703 7,491 18,585 36,017 5,706 9,587 28,286 13,353 8,800 5,366 11,357 16,890 14,318 22,738 25,029 33,543 11,077 3,326 22,021 153,557 19,026 15,224 24,935 26,072 29,273 6,004 5,851 12,894 3,126 16,410 22,604 12,936 32,546 14, 167 26,429 27,078 8,048,710 28,015 87 13, 481 1,716 2,508 1890 18,929 35,859 34,957 13,196 26,614 6,345 11,418 53,482 10,342 21,029 17,608 22,246 23,558 16,336 21,070 14,499 5,390 11,720 13,325 4,903 16,478 8,858 59,557 5,304 18,756 12,286 2,555 27,382 9,273 17,890 15,510 10,878 30,497 15,411 18,906 38,112 6,930 15,329 29,697 5,975 7,639 27,273 12,039 7,785 4,736 8,361 13,683 12,647 17,418 20,078 35,097 9,794 3,027 18,761 112,740 18,404 12, 193 20,879 23,668 24,271 5,850 4,619 11,450 2,863 14,413 20,354 11,471 28.955 12,348 26,321 27,148 < 2,286,627 20,923 24 6,306 1,824 2,101 PEE CENT OF INCKEASE. 1900- 1910 0.5 5.6 -1.2 -10.5 1.6 6.7 7.2 44.7 -3.3 0.2 -9.0 -2.8 2.9 -6.0 5.1 1.0 -3.9 3.8 (') -3.6 -4.5 24.6 26.8 18.1 -3.9 14.1 35.4 -1.5 26.6 9.8 -7.9 13.0 8.3 8.9 -10.1 -6.3 -18.2 11.5 -6.5 -15.9 19.5 5.9 18.7 0.2 -5.2 24.3 18.5 7.6 0.5 1.7 -1.0 16.9 26.3 1.2 24.7 -2.5 -2.4 12.8 -L7 0.6 -2.2 23.1 -1L5 -10.9 0.8 28.2 -6.8 -1.9 8.9 -8.4 -6.2 27.8 6.8 3L3 22.7 160.2 1890- 1900 7.7 9.9 -5.6 17.6 15.0 23.0 11.5 15.4 7.8 9.3 8.7 9.1 6.9 10.9 14.9 12.9 20.1 14.3 12.9 10.3 12.8 19.5 24.8 38.9 17.1 25.4 74.4 -3.9 16.0 7.1 14.5 18.4 19.1 12.1 -0.8 12.0 8.1 21.2 21.3 -4.6 25.5 3.7 10.9 13.0 13.3 35.8 23.4 13.2 30.5 24.7 -4.4 13.1 9.9 17.4 36.2 3.4 24.9 19.4 10.2 20.6 2.6 26.7 12.6 9.2 13.9 11.1 12.8 12.4 14.7 0.4 -0.3 86.4 33.9 113.8 -5.9 19.4 TEXAS— Con. Armstrong . Atascosa... Austin Bailey Bandera... Bastrop. Baylor.. Bee Bell Bexar. . . Blanco... Borden . . Bosque.. Bowie . . . Brazoria. Brazos Brewster'. Briscoe Brown Burleson.. Burnet... Caldwell. Calhoun.. Callahan . Cameron. Camp Carson.... Cass Castro Cliaml)er8. Cherokee. ChUdress. Clay Cocliran.. Coke Coleman Collin CoUings worth. Colorado Comal Comanche. Concho Cooke Coryell Cottle Crane Crockett. Crosby... Dallam.. Dailas.... Dawson' ... De Witt.... Deaf Smith. Delta Denton Dickens. . Dimmit.. Donley... Duval Eastland. Ector Edwards. El Paso.. Ellis Erath.... Falls Fannin Fayette Fisher Floyd Foard' Fort Bend. Franklin... Freestone . . Frio Gaines'... Galveston. Garza ' . . . Gillespie.. Glasscock. Land area in square iniles: 1910 903 1,358 728 1,030 867 880 856 1,083 1,263 750 895 975 873 1,340 597 , 6,935 903 956 684 974 511 563 854 2,434 207 893 951 896 618 1,049 733 1,158 869 931 1,290 972 669 948 918 902 1,085 1,012 878 3,215 870 1,532 869 903 879 1,549 261 952 881 1,360 906 1,825 926 892 2,352 9,331 975 1,083 745 838 968 886 1,011 612 792 289 882 1,124 1,540 395 870 1,109 POPULATION. 1910 2,682 10,004 17,699 312 4,921 25,344 8,411 12,090 49, 186 119,676 4,311 1,386 19,013 34,827 13,299 18,919 5,220 2,162 22,935 18,687 10,755 24,237 3,635 12,973 27,158 9,551 2,127 27,587 1,850 4,234 29,038 9,538 17,043 65 6,412 22,618 49,021 6,224 18,897 8,434 27,186 6,654 26,603 21,703 4,396 331 1,296 1,765 4,001 136,748 2,320 23,501 3,942 14,566 31,268 3,092 3,460 6,284 8,964 23,421 1,178 3,768 52,599 53,629 32,095 36,649 44,801 29,796 12,596 4,638 6,726 18,168 9,331 20,667 8,896 1,255 44,479 1,995 9,447 1,143 1900 1,206 7,143 20,676 4 5,332 26,845 3,052 7,720 45,535 69,422 4,703 776 17,390 26,676 14,861 18,850 2,356 1,253 16,019 18,367 10,528 21,765 2.395 8,768 16,096 9,146 469 22,841 400 3,046 25, IM 2.138 9,231 25 3,430 10.077 50,087 1,233 22,203 7,008 23,009 1,427 27,494 21,308 1,002 51 1,591 788 146 82,726 37 21,311 843 15,249 28,318 1,151 1,106 2,756 8.483 17,971 381 3,108 24,886 50,059 29,966 33,342 51,793 36.542 3,708 2,020 1,568 16,538 8,674 18,910 4,200 65 44,116 185 8,229 286 1890 944 6,459 17,859 3,795 20,736 2,595 3,720 33,377 49,266 4.649 222 14,224 20,267 11,606 16,650 710 11, 421 13,001 10, 747 15,769 815 5,457 14,424 6,624 366 22,564 9 2,241 22,975 1,175 7,503 2,ose 6,112 36,736 357 19,512 6,398 15,608 1,065 24,696 16,873 240 15 194 346 112 67,042 29 14,307 179 9,117 21,289 295 1,049 1,056 7.598 10,373 224 1,970 15,678 31,774 21,594 20,706 38,709 31,481 2,996 529 10,586 6,481 16,987 3,112 68 31,476 14 7,056 208 PEB CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 122.6 40.1 -14.4 -7.7 -5.6 175.6 56.6 8.0 72.4 -8.3 78.6 9.3 30.6 -10.5 0.3 121.6 72.6 43.2 1.7 2.2 11.4 51.8 48.0 68.7 4.4 353.6 20.8 362.5 30.0 16.4 346.1 84.6 86.9 124.6 -2.1 323.7 -14.9 20.3 18.2 366.3 -3.2 1.9 338.7 -18.5 124.0 2,640.4 64.1 10.3 367.6 -4.5 10.4 168.6 212.8 91.7 5.7 30.3 209.2 21.2 in. 4 7.1 7.1 6.9 -13.6 -18.5 239.7 129.6 265.2 9.9 7.6 8.7 111.8 0.8 978.4 14.8 299.7 ' For changes in boundaries, etc.. of counties, see page 53. > A decrease of less than one-tentn of 1 per cent. * State total includes population (4) specially enumerated in 1890, not credited to any county; also population (3,067) of Buchel, Foley, and Encinal Counties^ annexed to Brewster and Webb Counties between 1890 and 1900. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 49 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. TEXAS— Con OoUad Gonzales Oray> Grayson Gregg Grimes Guadalupe Hale Hall Hamilton Hansford Hardeman' Hardin Harris Harrison Hartley Haskell Hays Hemphill Henclerson Hldal?o Hill.. Hockley Hood Hopkins Houston Howard Hunt Hutchinson' Irion Jack Jackson Jasper Jen Davis Jefterson Johnson Jones Karnes Kaufman Kendall Kent Kerr Kbnble King Kinney Knox' La Salle Lamar Lamb ' Lampasas Lavaca Lee Leon Liberty Limestone Lipscomb Live Oak Llano Loving Lubbock Lynn i McCuUoch McLennan McMuIlen Madison Marlon Martin Mason Matagorda Maverick Medina Menard Midland... Milam Mills MltcheU Montague Montgomery . . . . Moore Morris Land area in \ square miles: 1910 799 1,020 899 942 312 812 703 1,036 901 833 761 862 1,654 872 1,507 923 623 873 946 2,276 966 867 405 813 1,231 998 962 893 978 2,263 920 740 922 G92 834 598 875 1,197 1,301 867 1,312 862 1,561 945 1,022 740 950 562 1,101 1,160 974 888 1,116 971 753 1,073 1,049 1,302 495 391 904 969 1,136 1,251 1,353 914 929 1,017 921 259 POPULATIOK. 1910 9,909 28,055 3,405 65,996 14,140 21,205 24,913 7,566 8,279 15,315 935 11,213 12,947 115,693 37, '243 1,298 16,249 15,518 3,170 20,131 13,728 46,760 137 10,008 31,038 29,564 8,881 48,116 892 1,283 11,817 6,471 14,000 1,678 38,182 34,460 24,299 14,942 35,323 4,617 2,655 5,505 3,261 810 3,401 9,625 4,747 46,544 540 9,532 26,418 13, 132 16,583 10,686 34,621 2,634 3,442 6,520 249 3,624 1,713 13,405 73,250 l.Oyl 10,318 10,472 1,549 5,683 13,594 5,151 13,415 2,707 3,404 36, 780 9,694 25,123 15,679 561 10,439 1900 8,310 28,882 480 63,661 12,343 26,106 21,385 1,680 1,670 13,520 167 3,634 5,049 63,786 31,878 377 2,637 14, 142 815 19,970 6,837 41,355 44 9,146 27,960 25,452 2,528 47,295 303 848 10,224 6,094 7,138 1,150 14,239 33,819 7,053 8,681 33,376 4,103 4,980 2,503 490 2,447 2,322 2,303 48,627 31 8,625 28,121 14,595 18,072 8.102 32, 573 790 2,268 7,301 33 293 17 3,960 59,772 1,024 10,432 10,754 332 5,573 6,097 4,066 7,783 2,011 1.741 39,666 7,851 2,855 24,800 17,067 209 8,220 1890 5,910 18, 016 203 53,211 9,402 21,312 15,217 721 703 9,313 133 3,904 3,956 37,249 26,721 252 1,665 11,352 519 12,285 6,534 27,583 7,614 20,572 19,360 1,210 31,885 58 870 9,740 3,281 5,592 1,394 5,857 22,313 3,797 3,637 21,598 3,826 324 4,462 2,243 173 3,781 1,134 2,139 37,302 4 7,584 21,887 11,952 13,841 4,230 21,678 632 2,055 6,772 3 33 24 3,217 39,204 1,038 8,512 10,862 264 5,180 3,985 3,698 5,730 1,215 1,033 24,773 5,493 2,059 18,863 11,765 15 6,580 PEE CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 19.2 -2.9 609.4 3.7 14.6 -18.8 16.5 350.4 395.7 13.3 459.9 206.6 156.4 81.4 16.8 244.3 616.2 9.7 289.0 0.8 100.8 13.1 9.4 11.0 16.2 261.3 1.7 194.4 61.3 15.6 6.2 96.1 46.9 168.2 1.9 244.5 72.1 6.8 10.1 195.3 10.5 30.3 66.3 39.0 314.5 106.1 -4.3 10.6 -6.1 -10.0 -8.2 31.9 6.3 233.4 51.8 -10.7 1,136.9 238.5 22.5 6.5 -1.1 -2.6 366.6 2.0 123.0 26.7 72.4 34.6 99.0 -7.3 23.5 213.7 1.3 -8.1 168.4 27.0 1890- 1900 40.6 60.3 136.5 19.6 31.3 22.5 40.5 133.0 137.6 45.2 26.6 -6.9 27.6 71.2 19.3 49.6 68.4 24.6 67.0 62.6 4.6 49.9 20.1 36.9 31.5 106.9 48.3 -2.6 5.0 85.7 27.6 -17.6 143.1 61.6 86.8 138.7 64.6 7.2 177.5 11.6 11.6 183.2 -36.3 104.8 7.7 30.4 23.1 62.5 -1.3 22.6 -1.0 25.8 7.6 53.0 10.0 35.8 65.5 68.5 60.1 42.9 38.7 31.5 45.1 TEXAS— Con. j Motley Nacogdoches . Navarro Newton Nolan 13.7 28.5 22.1 30.6 91.5 60.3 25.0 10.4 7.8 24.9 Nueces Ochiltree . . Oldham.... Orange Pajo I'into. Panola... Parker... Parmer » Pecos'... Polk Potter... Presidio. Rains... Randall. Reagan ' . Red River. Reeves Refugio Roberts Robertson. Rockwall Runnels Rusk Sabine San Augustine. San Jacinto. . San Patricio. San Saba ... Schleicher'.. Scurry Shackelford. Shelby Sherman.... Smith Somervell. . . Starr Stephens.. Sterilng'.. Stonewall. Sutton SwLsher. Tarrant. Taylor.. Terrell'. Terry'.. Throckmorton. Titus Tom Green' Travis Trinity Tyler Upshur... Upton'.... Uvalde Val Verde. Van Zandt. Victoria.... Walker Waller Ward Washington. Webb' Wharton Wheeler Wichita Wilbarger. . . Williamson. Wilson Winkler' ... Wise Wood Yoakum ' Young Zapata Za valla Land area in square miles: 1910 1,030 1,059 1,060 889 880 2,276 891 1,543 363 958 842 875 902 4,134 1,217 934 3,812 267 937 1,071 1,039 2,781 740 882 872 149 1,083 983 589 622 602 676 1,116 1,387 887 947 833 936 920 184 2,675 925 948 852 1,621 903 908 2,635 870 879 398 1,454 1,004 716 908 600 1,195 1,589 3,083 831 890 791 619 827 628 3,219 1,112 895 604 928 1,129 813 844 863 657 879 875 1,288 1,348 POPULATION. 1910 2,396 27,406 47,070 10,850 11,999 21,955 1,602 812 9,528 19,506 20,424 26,331 1,555 2,071 17,459 12,424 5,218 6,787 3,312 392 28,564 4,392 2,814 950 27,454 8,072 20,858 26,946 8,582 11,264 9,542 7,307 11,245 1,893 10,924 4,201 26,423 1,376 41,746 3,931 13,151 7,960 1.493 5,320 1,569 4,012 108,572 20,293 1,430 1,474 4,563 16,422 17,882 55,620 12,768 10,250 19,960 501 11,233 8,613 25,651 14,990 16,061 12,138 2,389 25,561 22,503 21,123 5,258 16,094 12,000 42,228 17,066 442 26,450 23,417 602 13,657 3,809 1,889 1900 1,257 24,663 43,374 7,282 2,611 10,439 267 349 5,905 12,291 21,404 25,823 34 2,360 14,447 1,820 3,673 6,127 963 29,893 1,847 1,641 620 31,480 8,531 5,379 26,099 6,394 8,434 10,277 2,372 7,569 515 4,158 2,461 20,452 104 37,370 3,498 11,469 6,466 1,127 2,183 1,727 1,227 52,376 10,499 48 1,750 12,292 6,804 47,380 10, 976 11,899 16,286 48 4,647 5,263 25,481 13,678 15,813 14,240 1,451 32,931 21,851 16,942 636 5,806 5,759 38.072 13,961 60 27, 116 21,048 26 6,540 4,760 792 1890 139 15,984 26,373 4,650 1,573 8,093 198 270 4,770 8,320 14,328 21,682 7 1,320 10,332 849 1,698 3,909 187 21,452 1,247 1,239 326 26,506 5,972 3,193 18,559 4,969 6,688 7,360 1,312 6,641 155 1,415 2,012 14,365 .34 28,324 3,41^ 10,749 4,926 1,024 658 100 41,142 6,957 21 g«2 8,190 5,152 36,322 7,048 10, 877 12,695 62 3,804 2,874 16,225 8,737 12,874 10,888 77 29,161 14,842 7,584 778 4,831 7,092 25,909 10,655 18 24, 134 13,932 4 5,049 3,562 1,097 PER CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 90.6 11.1 8.5 49.0 359.6 110.3 500.0 132.7 01.4 58.7 -4.6 2.0 -12.2 20.8 582.6 42.1 10.8 243.9 -4.4 137.8 71.5 53.2 -12.8 -5.4 287.8 3.2 34.2 33.6 -7.2 208.1 48.6 267.6 162.7 70.7 29.2 1,223.1 11.7 12.4 14.7 23.4 32.5 143.7 -9.1 227.0 107.3 150.4 160.7 33.6 162.8 17.4 16.3 -13.9 22.7 141.7 63.7 0.7 9.6 1.6 -14.8 64.6 -22.4 3.0 24.7 726.7 177.2 108.4 10.9 22.2 -2.6 11.3 108.8 -20.0 138.6 29.5 3.3.6 -27.8 72497^—13- -4 + ' For changes in boandaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. 50 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COXTNTT. Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. 1910 1900 1890 PER CENT OF INCBEASE. 1900- 1910 1890- 1900 Land area in square mUes: 1910 POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1910 1900 1890 1900- 1910 UTAH. Beaver... Boxelder. Cache Carbons- Davis 82,184 373,351 276,749 1 210,779 34.9 31.3 Emery*. . Garfielda. Grands... Iron Juab Kane'... MUlard., Morgan. Piute 2.. Eich.... Bait Lake. San Juan.. Sanpete'.. Sevier' Summit. Tooele... Uinta... Utah'... Wasatch Washington. Wayne' Weber VERMONT. Addison Bennington. Caledonia'.. Chittenden- Essex Franklin... Grand Isle. Lamoille... Orange Orleans Butland Washington'. Windham.... Windsor VIRGINIA. Accomac Albemarle Alexandria Alexandria city . Alleghany' Amelia Amherst Appomattox. Augusta'.... Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt. . . Bristol city . BrunswicK.. Buchanan Buckingnam , Buena Vista city'. Campbell' Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Charlottesville city. Chesterfield aarke Clifton Forge city'. Craig Culpeper Cimiberland 2,660 5,444 1,164 1,487 275 4,453 5,234 3,692 3,256 3,410 4,215 6,604 626 763 1,027 756 7,761 1,564 1,978 1,862 6,849 6,235 2,034 4,354 2,465 2,476 541 9.124 756 661 618 643 638 652 83 436 676 911 719 795 40,262 502 750 31 1 457 371 470 342 1,003 645 791 360 548 2 557 614 684 3 562 529 468 188 496 1 471 171 1 333 384 293 4,717 13,894 23,062 8,624 10,191 6,750 3,660 1,595 3,933 10,702 1,652 6,118 2,467 1,734 1,883 131,426 2,377 16,704 9,775 8,200 7,924 7,050 37,942 8,920 6,123 1,749 36,179 366,966 3,613 10,009 18,139 5,004 7,996 4,657 3,400 1,149 3,546 10,082 1,811 5,678 2,045 1,954 1,946 77,725 1,023 16,313 8,451 9,439 7,361 6,458 32,456 4,736 4,612 1,907 26,239 843,641 3,340 7,642 15,509 6,751 5,076 2,457 541 2,683 5,582 1,685 4,033 1,780 2,842 1,527 58,457 365 13,146 6,199 7,733 3,700 2,762 23,768 3,695 4,009 20,010 21,378 26,031 42,447 7,384 29,866 3,761 12,585 18,703 23,337 48,139 41,702 26,932 33,681 2,061,612 21,912 21,705 24,381 39,600 8,056 30,198 4,462 12,289 19,313 22,024 44,209 36,607 26,660 32,225 a,864,184 22,723 832,422 22,277 20,448 23,436 35,389 9,511 29,755 3,843 12,831 19,575 22,101 45,397 29,606 26,547 31,706 4,666,980 30.6 38.8 27.1 72.3 27.5 44.9 7.6 38.8 10.9 6.1 -8.8 7.7 20.6 -11.3 -3.2 69.1 132.4 2.4 15.7 -13.1 7.6 9.2 16.9 88.3 11.1 -&3 39.4 3.6 -&7 -1.6 6.8 7.2 -8.3 -LI -15.7 2.4 -3.2 6.0 8.9 13.9 LO 4.6 11.2 36,650 29,871 10,231 15.329 14,173 8,720 18,932 8,904 32,445 6,538 29,549 5,154 17,727 6,247 19,244 12,334 15,204 3,245 23,043 16,596 21,116 6,253 15,785 6,765 21,299 7,468 5,748 4,711 13, 472 9,195 32,570 28,473 6,430 14,528 16,330 9,037 17,864 9,662 32,370 5,595 30,356 5,497 17,161 4,579 18,217 9,692 15,266 2,388 23,256 16,709 19,303 5,040 15,343 6,449 18,804 7,927 27,277 26,788 4,258 14,339 9,283 17,551 9,589 30,030 4,587 31,213 5,129 14,854 2,902 17,245 5,867 14,383 21,378 16,681 15,497 5,066 15,077 5,591 16,965 8,071 4,293 14,123 8,996 3,835 13,233 12.5 4.9 59.1 5.5 -13.2 -3.5 6.0 -7.8 0.2 16.9 -2.7 -6.2 3.3 36.4 6.6 27.3 -0.4 35.9 -0.9 -0.7 9.4 4.2 2.9 4.9 13.3 -6.8 9.7 -4.6 2.2 8.2 31.0 17.0 18.4 -8.3 38.4 112.4 32.2 80.6 7.6 40.8 14.9 -3L2 27.4 33.0 813&4 24.1 36.3 22.1 98.9 880.7 36.6 «27.0 16.0 n.i 8.4 -L6 6.1 4.0 1L9 -15.3 L6 16.1 -4.2 -1.3 -0.3 -2.6 23.6 0.4 L6 12.0 19.4 6.3 51.0 1.3 75.9 -0.3 L8 0.8 7.8 22.0 -2.7 7.2 15.5 67.8 6.6 65.2 6.1 0.2 24.6 -0.5 1.8 15.3 10.8 -L8 11.9 6.7 -5.1 VIRGINIA— Con. Danville city '. Dickenson Dinwiddie Elizabeth City. Essex Fairfax... Fauquier.. Floyd Fluvanna. Franklin.. Frederick Fredericksburg city. Giles Gloucester Goochland , Grayson Greene Greensville. Halifax Hanover... Henrico' Henry Highland Isle of Wight. James City.. King and Queen. King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun. Louisa Lunenburg Lvnchburg city ». . . MTadison Mathews Mecklenburg. Middlesex. Montgomery' Nansemou' ryj d.. Nelson New Kent Newport News city* Norfolk' Norfolk city' Northampton Northumberland. Nottoway. Patrick Petersburg city . . . Pittsylvania' Portsmouth city'. Powhatan Prince Edward. Prince George. . . Prince William. Princess Anne.. Pulaski , Radford city' Rappahannock. . Richmond Richmond city ' . Roanoke' Roanoke city ' Rockbridge'.. Rockingham.. Russell Scott 3 325 618 64 258 417 666 376 286 697 434 1 369 223 287 425 165 307 814 612 266 444 422 314 164 320 180 263 130 446 619 616 430 5 324 94 669 146 396 423 473 191 2 404 7 239 205 310 369 322 486 3 1,012 3 273 356 294 345 279 333 6 274 204 11 300 5 613 876 496 543 610 435 604 412 274 19,020 9,199 15,442 21,225 9,105 20,536 22,526 14,092 8,323 26,480 12,787 5,874 11,623 12,477 9,237 19,856 6,937 11,890 40,044 17,200 23,437 18,459 5,317 14,929 6,338 9,576 6,378 8,547 9,752 23,840 21, 167 16,578 12,780 29,494 10,056 8,922 28,956 8,852 17,268 26,886 16,821 4,682 20,205 52,744 67,452 16,672 10,777 13,462 13,486 14,147 17,195 24,127 50,709 33,190 6,099 14,266 7,848 12,026 11,526 17,246 4,202 8,044 7,415 127,028 19,623 34,874 21,171 34,903 23,474 23,814 20,942 20,326 26,302 9,935 8,070 » State total includes population (2,874) of Indian reservations specially enumer- ated in 1890, not distributed by counties. * For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 63. > Bee headnote to table, page 32. Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania .... Stafford * State total includes population (9,715 in 1900 and 9,246 in 1890)of Manchester city, made Independent of Chesterfield County in 1874, annexed to Richmond city, April 15, 1910. 16,520 7,747 15,374 19,400 9,701 18,580 23,374 15,388 9,050 25,953 13,239 5,068 10,793 12,832 9,519 16,853 6,214 9,758 37,197 17,618 30,062 19,265 5,647 13,102 5,732 9,265 6,918 8,380 8,949 19,856 21,948 16,517 11,705 18,891 10,216 8,239 26,551 8,220 15,852 23,078 16,075 4,865 19,635 50,780 46,624 13,770 9,846 12,366 12,571 13,794 15,403 21,810 46,894 17,427 6,824 15,045 7,752 11,112 11,192 14,609 3,344 8,843 7,088 85,050 15,837 21, 495 21,799 33,527 18,031 22,694 20,253 17,121 22,848 9,239 8,097 10,305 5,077 13,515 16,168 10,047 16,655 22,590 14,405 9,508 24,985 12,684 4,528 9,090 11,653 9,958 14,394 5,622 8,230 34,424 17,402 22,006 18,208 5,352 11,313 5,643 9,669 6,641 9,605 7,191 18,216 23,274 16,997 11,372 19,709 10,225 7,584 25,359 7,458 17,742 19,692 15,336 5,611 28,899 34,871 10,313 7,8§fe 11,582 12,814 13,092 14,147 22,680 49,636 13,268 6,791 14,694 7,872 9,805 9,510 12,790 8,678 7,146 81,388 13,942 16,159 23,062 31,299 16,126 21,694 19,671 13.360 20,078 9,705 7,362 15.1 18.7 0.4 9.1 -6.1 10.5 -3.6 -8.4 -8.0 2.0 -3.4 15.9 7.7 -2.8 -3.0 17.8 11.6 21.8 7.7 -2.4 -22.0 -4.2 -5.8 13.9 10.6 3.4 -7.8 2.0 9.0 20.1 -3.6 0.4 9.2 56.1 -1.6 8.3 9.1 7.7 8.9 16.6 4.6 -3.8 2.9 3.9 44.7 21.1 9.5 8.9 7.3 2.6 11.6 10.6 8.1 90.5 -10.6 -5.2 1.2 8.2 3.0 18.1 25.7 -9.0 4.6 50.1 23.9 62.2 -2.9 4.1 30.2 4.9 3.4 18.7 15.1 7.5 -0.3 POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 51 AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. < [Per cent not sbown where base Is leas than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13 -Con. COUNTY. VIKGIinA— Con Staunton clty»... Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Warwick • Washington Westmoreland Winchester city. . Wise Wythe York WASHnraxoN . Adams Asotin Benton > Chehaiis Chelan' Clallam Clarke Columbia Cowlitz Douglas' Fcrry« Franklin Garfield Grant' Island Jefferson King Kitsap Kittitas' KUddtot' Lewis Lincoln Mason Okanogan ' PaciOc Pierce San Juan Skagit Skamania Snohomish Spokane Stevens ' Thurston Wahkiakum Walla WaUa Whatcom Whitman Yakima' WEST vmonriA. Barbour.. Berkeley. Boone Braxton.. Brooke... Cabell Calhoun Clay Doddridge. Fayette Gilmer Grant Greenbrier. Hampshire. Hancock... Land area in square miles: 1910 3 278 515 531 216 67 602 252 1 420 479 136 66,836 1,912 606 1,671 1,927 2,900 1,726 634 858 1,153 1,787 2,220 1,206 694 2,720 208 1,747 2,111 371 2,3S 1,826 2,369 2,302 930 5,221 1,701 178 1,774 1,685 2,064 1,756 3,866 709 267 1,265 2,082 2,108 5,059 24,022 348 325 606 517 261 286 332 317 667 331 461 998 648 83 574 416 461 211 860 POPULATION. 1910 10,604 9,715 13,664 24,940 8,589 6,041 32,830 9,313 5,864 34,162 20,372 7,757 1,141,990 10.920 5,831 7,937 35,590 15,104 6,756 26,115 7,042 12,561 9,227 4,800 6,153 4,199 8,698 4,704 8,337 284,638 17,647 18,561 10,180 32,127 17,539 5,156 12,887 12,532 120,812 3,603 29,241 2,887 69,209 139,404 25,297 17,581 3,285 31,931 49,511 33,280 41,709 1,221,119 15,858 21,999 10,331 23,023 11,098 46,686 11,258 10,233 12,672 51,903 11,379 7,838 24,833 11,694 10,465 9,163 48,381 20,956 1.5,889 81,457 190U 7,289 8,469 12,082 23,384 8,837 4,888 28,995 9,243 5,161 19,653 20,437 7,482 518,103 4,840 3,366 15,124 3,931 6,603 13, 419 7,128 7,877 4,926 4,662 486 3,918 1,870 6,712 110,053 6,767 9,704 6,407 15, 157 11,969 3,810 4,689 5,983 65,615 2,928 14,272 1,688 23,950 57,542 10,543 9,927 2,819 18,680 24, 116 25,360 13,462 868,800 Hardy Harrison Jackson Jefferson ECanawha > For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page S3. » State total includes population (7,842) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated in 1890, not distributed by counties, s See headnote to table, page 32. 14,198 19,469 8,194 18,904 7,219 29,252 10,266 8,248 13,689 31,987 11.762 7; 275 20,683 11,806 6,693 8,449 27,690 22.987 15,935 54,696 1890 6,975 8,256 11,100 19,899 8,280 6,650 26,118 8,399 5,196 9,345 18,019 7,596 *857,282 2,098 1,580 9,249 2,771 11,709 6,709 6,917 3,161 3,897 "i,'787 8,368 63,989 4,624 8,777 6,167 11,499 9,312 2,826 1,467 4,358 60,940 2,072 8,747 774 8,514 37,487 4,341 9,675 2,626 12,224 18,591 19,109 4,429 762,794 12,702 18,702 6,885 13,928 6,660 23,595 8.155 4,659 12,183 20,542 9,746 6,802 18,034 11,419 6,414 7,567 21,919 19,021 15,553 42,756 PEE CENT OF INCEEASE. 1900- 1910 45.5 14.7 13.1 6.7 -2.8 23.6 13.2 0.8 13.6 73.8 -0.3 3.7 120.4 125.6 73.2 135.3 284.2 2a6 94.6 -1.2 60.6 87.3 6i2 9603 7.2 1890- 1900 16L6 4&0 158.6 16a 8 91.3 5&9 112.0 46.5 35l3 174 8 109.5 117.6 23.1 104.9 71.0 147.2 142.3 139.9 77.1 16.5 7a 9 105.3 31.2 209.8 27.4 11.7 13.0 26.1 21.8 53.7 59.6 9.7 24.1 -7.4 62.3 -3.3 7.7 2ai -a 9 56.4 &5 74.7 -8 8 -a 3 48 9 4.5 2.6 8.8 17.5 6.7 -26.5 11.0 lao -0.7 110.3 13.4 -1.5 4S.0 13a 7 113.0 »61.4 •87.2 14.6 6.2 33.1 6&8 -30 2 ae 46 •-32.2 »71. 8 *43.3 10 6 24.0 3L8 2&5 34.8 » 170. 3 37.3 9.0 41.3 •60.0 118.1 •176.8 63.6 «129.3 2.6 11.6 52.8 »27.8 32.7 «153.8 26.7 11.8 4.1 19.0 35.7 8.4 24.0 25.9 77.0 12.4 65.7 2a7 7.0 14.7 3.4 4.3 11.7 2a 3 20.9 2.5 27.9 WEST VIHGmZA —Con. Lewis , Lincoln , Loran' McDowell Marion Marshall. Mason Mercer... Mineral.. Mingo'.. . Monongalia. Monroe Morgan Nich'olas Ohio Pendleton.. Pleasants. . . Pocahontas. Preston Putnam Raleigh... Randolph. Ritchie.... Roane Summers.. Taylor. . Tucker.. Tyler... Unshur. Wayne.. Webster... Wetzel.... Wirt Wood Wyoming. wiscoirsnr . Adams Ashland'. Barron Bayfield: . Brown Buffalo Burnett Calumet... Chippewa'. Clark Columbia. Crawford.. Dane Dodge.... Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire... Florence Fond du Lac. Forest' Grant Green Green Lake. Iowa Iron'.... Jackson . . Jefferson. Juneau... Kenosha. Kewaunee. Lacrosse.. Lafayette.. Langlade . . Lincoln Manitowoc. Marathon . . Marinette . . Marquette . Milwaukee . Land area in square miles: 1910 393 418 438 533 315 310 476 419 349 416 368 457 233 680 107 699 132 904 660 336 607 1,036 463 622 360 176 406 260 361 617 683 867 218 364 602 66,256 684 1,082 886 1,603 687 860 324 1,039 1,218 778 679 1,202 897 469 1,337 869 638 497 726 1,400 1,169 693 360 781 792 990 652 802 282 337 481 642 875 902 602 1,554 1,415 457 235 POPULATION. 1910 18,281 20,491 14,476 47,856 42,794 32,388 23,019 38,371 16,674 19,431 24,334 13,055 7,848 17,699 57,572 9,349 8,074 14,740 26,341 18,587 25,633 26,028 17,875 21,543 18,420 16,554 18,675 16,211 16,629 24,081 9,680 23,855 9,047 38,001 10,392 2,388,860 1900 8,604 21,965 29,114 15,987 64,098 16,006 9,026 16,701 32,103 30,074 31,129 16,288 77,435 47, 436 18,711 47,422 25,260 32, 721 3,381 61, 610 6,782 39,007 21,641 15,491 22,497 8,306 17,075 34,306 19,569 32,929 16,784 43,996 20,075 17,062 19,064 44,978 55,054 33,812 10,741 433, 187 16,980 15,434 6,955 18,747 32,430 26,444 24,142 23,023 12,883 11,359 19,049 13,130 7,294 11,403 48,024 9,167 9,345 8,572 22,727 17,330 12,436 17,670 18,901 19,852 16,265 14,978 13,433 18,252 14,690 23,619 8,862 22,880 10,284 34,452 8,380 1890 15,895 11,246 11,101 7,300 20,721 20,735 22,8()3 16,002 12,08.5 15,705 12,429 6,744 9,309 41,557 8,711 7,539 6,814 20,355 14,342 9,597 11,633 16,621 15,303 13,117 12,147 6,459 11,962 12,714 18,652 4,783 16,841 9,411 28,612 6.247 2,069,042 41,693,830 9,141 20,176 23,677 14,392 46,359 16,765 7,478 17,078 33,037 25,848 31, 121 17,286 69,435 46,631 17,583 36,335 25,043 31,692 3,197 47,589 1,396 38,881 22, 719 15,797 23,114 6,616 17,466 34,789 20,629 21,707 17,212 42,997 20,959 12,553 16,269 42,261 43,256 30,822 10,509 330,017 6,889 20,063 15,416 7,390 39,164 16,997 4,393 16,639 25,143 17,708 28,350 15,987 69,578 44,984 15,682 13,468 22,664 30,673 2,604 44,088 1,012 30,651 22,732 15,163 22,117 PEB CENT or INCEEASE. 1900- 1910 7.7 32.8 108.1 155.3 32.0 22.5 -4.7 6&7 29.4 71.1 27.7 -a 6 7.6 55.2 19.9 2.0 -lao 72.0 15.9 7.3 106.1 47.3 -5.4 85 13.2 ia5 39.0 -11.2 13.2 2.0 9.2 4.3 -12.0 ia3 24.0 12.8 15,797 33,530 17, 121 15,581 16,153 38,801 20,265 9,465 12,008 37,831 30,369 20,304 9,676 236, 101 -5.9 8.9 23.0 11.1 16.7 -4.6 20.7 -2.2 -2.8 16.3 (») -6.8 11.6 1.7 6.4 30.5 a 9 3.2 6.8 8.4 386.8 a 3 -4.7 -1.9 -2.7 26.6 -2.2 -1.4 -6.1 51.7 -2.6 2.3 -4.2 36.9 17.2 6.4 27.3 9.7 2.2 31.3 * State total includes population (6,450) of Indian reservations specially enu- merated In 1890, not distributed by counties. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 52 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. AREA AND POPULATION OF COUNTIES AND EQUIVALENT SUBDIVISIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: 1910, 1900 AND 1890— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 13— Con. COUNTY. WISCONSIN Con. Monroe Oconto Oneida' Outagamie Ozaukee Pepfai Pierce Polk Portage Price Racine Richland Rock Rusk> St. Croix Sauk Sawyer Shawano Sheboygan Taylor Trempealeau Vernon VUass Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. 1910 937 1,118 901 646 233 236 563 935 812 1,279 324 590 716 925 735 842 1,320 1,158 521 991 748 821 28,881 25,657 11,433 49,102 17,123 7,577 22,079 21,367 30,945 13,795 57,424 18,809 55,538 11,160 25,910 32,86", 6,227 31,884 54,888 13,641 22,928 28,116 6,019 1900 28,103 20,874 8.875 46,247 16,363 7,905 23,943 17,8ri 29,483 9,106 45,644 19,483 51,203 26,830 33,006 3,593 27,475 50,345 11,262 23,114 28,351 4,929 1890 23,211 15,009 5,010 38,690 14,943 6,932 20,385 12,968 24,798 5,258 36,268 19, 121 43,220 23,139 30,575 1,97/ 19,236 42,489 6,731 18,920 25,111 PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1900- 1910 2.8 22.9 28,8 6.2 4.6 -4.1 -7.8 20.0 5.0 51.5 25.8 -3.5 8.5 -3.4 -0.4 73.3 16.0 9.0 21.1 -0.8 -0.8 22.1 1890- 1900 21.1 137.5 77.1 116.9 9.5 14.0 17.5 37.3 18.9 73.2 25.9 1.9 18.5 16.0 8.0 137.6 »34.4 18.5 67.3 22.2 12.9 WISCONSIN- Con. Walworth Washburn Washington Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago Wood WYOMmG... Albany Bighorn' Carbon' Converse Crook' Fremont' Johnson' Laramie Natrona' Park' Sheridan Sweetwater Uinta Weston' Yellowstone Nat.Pk.* Land area in square miles: 1910 560 835 431 549 759 646 459 809 97,694 4,401 6,768 8,029 6,740 5,441 12,659 4,175 6,992 5,353 5,420 2,575 10,500 11,044 4,593 2,904 POPULATION. 1910 29,614 8,196 23,784 37,100 32,782 18,886 62,110 30,583 146,966 11,574 8.886 11,282 6,294 6,492 11,822 3,453 26, 127 4,766 4,909 16,324 11,575 16,982 4,960 519 1900 29,2.59 5,521 23,589 35,229 31,615 15,972 58,225 25,865 92,631 13,084 4,328 9,589 3,337 3,137 5,357 2,361 20,181 1,785 5,122 8,455 12,223 3,203 369 1890 27,860 2,926 22,751 33,270 26, 794 13,507 50,097 18, 127 3 62,555 PER CENT op INCREASE. 1900- 1910 1.2 48.5 0.8 5.3 3.7 18.2 6.7 18.2 67.7 8,865 6,857 2,738 2,338 2,463 2,357 16, 777 1,094 1,972 4,941 7,414 2,422 467 -11.5 105.3 17.7 88.6 106.9 120.7 46.3 29.5 167.0 218.7 36.9 38.9 54.9 40.7 1890- 1900 5.0 88.7 3.7 5.9 18.0 18.2 16.2 42.7 47.9 47.6 39.8 21.9 34.2 »37.9 0.2 20.3 63.2 159.7 7L1 64.9 32.2 -21.0 1 See headnote to table, page 32. * Geographically located within the limits of Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana; « For changes in boundaries, etc., of counties, see page 53. total population returned in Wyoming. » State total includes population (1,850) of Indian reservations si)ecially enumerated in 1890, not distributed by counties. AREA AND POPULATION OF SUBDIVISIONS OF ALASKA IN 1910, HAWAII IN 1910, 1900, AND 1890, AND PORTO RICO IN 1910 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] • Table 14 RECORDER'S DISTRICT. 1910 recorder's district. 1910 RECORDER'S DISTRICT. 1910 AT^ASEAi (area in sq. miles, 590,884). . 64,366 ALASKA— Conthiued. Third Judicial District 20,078 ALASKA— Continued. Fourth Judicial District FiBST Judicial District 15,216 16, 711 Chandalar district 5,854 3,520 2,210 1,980 1,652 12,351 1,083 4,502 677 553 1,779 271 623 1,692 2,448 19 103 210 1,303 4,815 368 Ketchikan district Circle district 799 Sitka district ■. Eagle district 543 Fairbanks district 7, 675 Fort Gibbon district 858 Fortymile district 341 Second Judicial District Hot Springs district 372 68 3,924 686 543 308 2,201 S,711 2,262 1,007 293 1,127 £,»5B 455 Kuskokwim district (part of) 491 Fairhaven Sistricit [For total, see judicial district 2.] [For total, see judicial district 2.] Mount McKiiiley district 232 Kubkokwim district (part of) Total/or Kwkokwim district injudi- 785 Ophir district 562 Otter district 1,234 Rampart district 370 St. iuchael district (part of) 1,128 St. Lawrence Island district [For total, see judicial district 2.] Tanana district St. Michael district (part of ) Total for St. Michael district injudi- 430 » The population of Alaska in 1900 was 63,592 and in 1890, 32,052; from 1900 to 1910 the increase was 764, or 1.2 i>er cent; from 1890 to 1900 it was 31,540, or 98.4 per cent. Table 14— Continued. Land area in square miles: 1910 POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCREASE. 1»10 1900 1890 1900- 1910 1890- 1900 TTAWATTl 6,449 191,909 ; 164,001 '89,990 24.6 71.1 Hawaii i . . 4,015 600 11 641 1,182 55,382 i 46,843 82,028 ! 58,504 785 1,177 23,952 20,734 29,762 i 26.743 26,754 31,194 18.2 40.2 -33.3 15.5 11.3 75.1 Honolulu 1 87.5 JB:auali. 11.859 •20,183 74.8 Haul*. . 32.5 > County organization went into eflect in 1905; comparison for 1890 and 1900 made from population of island groups. ' Figures derived from the census taken as of Dec. 28, 1890, under +he direction of the Hawaiian Government. • Includes population, not returned separately, of territory taken to form Kalawao County in 1905. POPULATION OF COUNTIES. 53 AREA AND POPULATION OF SUBDIVISIONS OF ALASKA IN 1910, HAWAII IN 1910, 1900, AND 1890, AND PORTO RIOO IN 1910 AND 1899— Continued. [A minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease.] Table 14— Continued. MUNICIPAL DISTRICT. PORTO RICO (area, sq. miles, 3,435) Adjuntas Aguada Aguadilla Aeuas Buenas Aibonlto Anasco Arecibo Arroyo Barceloneta Barranquitas Barros Bayamon Cabo Rojo Caguas Camuy Carolina Cayey Ciales Cldra Coamo Comerlo Corozal POPXTLATION. 1910 1,118,012 16,954 11,587 21,419 8, 292 10,815 14,407 42,429 6,940 11,644 10,503 15,028 29,986 19,562 27,160 11,342 15,327 17, ni 18,398 10,595 17,129 11,170 12,978 1899 963,243 19, 484 10,581 17,830 7,977 8,596 13,311 36,910 4,867 9,357 8,103 14,845 19,940 16,154 19,857 10,887 11,965 14,442 18.115 7,552 15,144 8.249 11,508 Percent of increase: 1899- 1910 17.3 -lao 9.5 2ai 3.9 25.8 &2 15.0 42.6 24.4 29l6 1.2 sa4 ! 21.1 I 36.8 I i 4.2: 2ai ' 22.6 L6 4X3 131 35.4 12.8 innnciFAi. district. PORTO RICO— Con. Culebrai Dorado Fajardo Ouayama Guayanllla Gurabo Hat^Uo Humacaoi Isabela , JuanaDiaz Junoos Lajas Lares Las Marias Loiza , Manatl , Maricao Maunabo Mayague*> Moca Morovis Naguabo N'aranjito POPUUITION. 1910 1899 1,315 704 4,886 3,804 21,135 16,782 17,379 12,749 10,354 9,540 11,139 8,700 10,630 10,449 . 26,678 22,915 16,852 14,888 29,157 27,896 11,692 8,429 11,071 8,789 22,650 20,883 10,046 11,279 13,317 12,522 17,240 13,989 7,158 8,312 7,106 6,221 42,429 38,915 13,640 12,410 12,446 11,309 14,365 10,873 8,876 8,101 Percent of increase: 1899- 1910 28.4 25.9 36.3 &5 28.0 : 1.7 I 16.4 I ia2 I 4.5 \ 38.7 i 26.0 i &5 ' -lao i &3 I 23.2 I -13.9 14.2 ftO 9.9 lai 32.1 9.6 KUKICIPAL DISTRICT. PORTO RICO Con. PatlUas Penuelas Ponce Quebradillas Rincon Rio Grande RioPledras Sabana Grande.. Salinas '. . . San German San Juan San Lorenzo San Sebastian . . . Santa Isabel ToaAJta..: ToaBaja Trujillo Alto.... Utuado Vega Alta VegaBaja Vieques' Yabucoa Yauco POPULATION. 1910 1899 14,448 11,991 63,444 8,152 7,275 13,948 18,880 11,523 11,403 22,143 48, 716 14,278 18,904 6,959 9,127 6,254 6,345 41,054 8,134 12,831 10,425 17,338 31,504 11,163 12,129 55,477 7,432 6,641 12,365 13,760 10,560 5,731 20,246 32,048 13,433 16, 412 4,858 7,908 4,030 5,683 43,8(0 6,107 10,305 » 5,938 13,905 27,119 Percent of increase: 1899- 1910 29.4 -1.1 14.4 9.7 9.5 12.8 37.2 9.1 99:0 9.4 62.0 6.3 15.2 43.2 15.4 55.2 11.6 -6.4 33.2 24.5 75. « 24.7 16.2 1 For changes in boundaries, etc., of munlolpalitiee, see note below. * Excludes population (704) of the island of Cuiebra, organized as Municipality of Culebra since 1899. KOTES REGARDINO CHAITGES IK COXTNTT BOUNDARIES. Alabama— fflOO-/fl/0.- Organized, Houston; gain in area, Cullman; loss in area, Blount, Dale, Geneva, Henry; both gain and loss, Calhoun, Cleburne. 1890-1900: Gain in area, Clay, Franklin, Walker; loss in area, Jefferson, Lawrence, Talladega; both gain and loss, Colbert. XKoa^K— 1890-1900: Organized, Coconino, Navajo, Santa Gnu; loss in area, Apache, Pima, Yavapai. Arkansas— f90O-Id/(7.- Gain in area, Lafayette, Logan, Mississippi, Sebastian; loss in area, Columbia, Scott. 1890-1900: Gain in area. Clay, Crawford, Sevier; loss in area, Franklin, Greene, Howard. CxuroRNiA— 1900-1910: Organized, Imperial; gain in area, Kings; loss in area, Frespo, San Di^o. 1890-1900: Organized, Glenn, Kings, Madera, Riverside; loss in area, Colusa, Fresno, San Bernardino, San Diego, Tulare. Colorado — 1900-1910: Organized, Adams, Denver, Jackson; gain In area. Park, Washington, Yuma; loss in area, Arapahoe, Denver, Jefferson, Larimer; both gain and loss, Adams. 1890-1900: Organized, Mineral, Teller; loss in area, Chaffee, El Paso, Hinsdale, Rio Grande, Saguache; Doth gain and loss, Fremont. Florida — 1900-1910: Organized, Palm Beach, St. Lucie; loss In area, Brevard, Dade. 1890-1900: Gain in area, Polk; loss in area, Pasco. Georgia— /900-/9/0.- Organized, Ben Hill, Crisp, Grady, Jeff Davis, Jenkins, Stephens, Tift, Toombs, Turner; gain in area, Clarke, Fulton; loss in area, Appling, Berrien, Bulloch, Burke, Clayton, Coffee, Decatur, Dooly, Emanuel, Franklin, Habersham, Irwin, Montgomery, Oglethorpe, Screven, Tattnall, Thomas, Wilcox, Worth. iDKiio— 1900-1910: Organized, Bonner, Twin Falls; gain in area. Fremont, Nez Perce; loss in area, Bingham, Cassia, Kootenai, Shoshone. 1890-1900: Organized, Bannock, Blaine, Canyon, Fremont, Lincoln; loss in area, Ada, Bingham, Lemhi. Kansas — 1890-1900: Gain in area, Finney. Kentucky— iSflO-fSOO.- Gain in area, Powell; loss in area, Estill. Louislana— i900-/9i0.- Organized, La Salle; loss in area, Catahoula. Massachusetts— /900-W/a- Gain in are.-!, Hampden, Norfolk; loss in area, Hampshire; both gain and loss, Middlesex, Suffolk. Michigan— /890-/900." Organized, Dickinson; gain in area, Emmet, Keweenaw, Leelanau; loss in area, Marquette, Menominee; both gain and loss, Charlevoix, Iron. Minnesota— ;900-f970.- Organized, Clearwater, Koochiching, Mahnomen, Pen- nington; loss in area, Beltrami, Itasca, Norman. Red Lake. 1890-1900: Organized, Red Lake, Roseau; gain in area, Crow Wing, Hubbard; loss in area, Cass, Kittson, Polk. Mississippi— /500-/5/0." Organized, Forrest, George, Jefferson Davis, Lamar; loss In area, Covington, Greene, Hancock, Jackson, Lawrence, Marion, Perry; both gain and loss. Pearl River. 1890-1900: Organized, Pearl River; loss in area, Hancock, Marlon. Montana— ^900-/9/0.- Organized, Lincoln, PoweU, Rosebud, Sanders; loss in area, Custer^Flathead, Missoula, Silver Bow; both gain and loss. Deer Lodge. 1890-1900: Organized, Broaawater, Carbon, Flathead, Granite, Ravalli, Sweet Grass, Teton, Valley; gain in area. Cascade, Flathead, Lewis and Clark; loss in area, Chouteau, Dawson, Deer Lodge, Jefferson, Meagher, Missoula, Park, Yellowstone. Nebraska — 1900-1910: Organized, Garden, Morrill; gain in area, Dakota; loss in area, Cheyenne, Deuel. 1890-1900: Organized, Boyd; gain in area, McPherson. ySzyxvA— 1900-1910: Organized, Clark; loss in area, Lincoln. Nfw Jersey — 1890-1900: Gain In area, Ocean; loss In area, Burlington. New VLexico— 1900-1910: Organized, Curry, Guadalupe, Luna, McKinley, Quay, Roosevelt, Sandoval, Torrance; loss in area, Bernalillo, Chaves, Dona Ana, Grant, Guadalupe (old), Lincoln, Quay, Roosevelt, San Juan, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Socorro, Union, Valencia; both gain and loss, Rio Arriba. 1890-1900: Organized, Chaves, Eddy. Guadalupe (old), Otero, Union; gain in area, Bernalillo; loss in area, Colfax, Dona Ana, Lincoln, Mora, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Socorro. New Youk— 1890-1900: Organized, Nassau; gain in area. New York; loss in area, Queens, Westchester. North Carolina— 1900-1910: Organized, Lee, Scotland; loss in area, Chatham, Moore, Richmond. North Dakota— 19OO-19I0: Organized, Adams, Bowman, Burke, Divide, Dunn, Hettinger, McKenzle, Mountrail, Renville, Sheridan; loss in area, Billings, McLean, Mercer, Stark, Ward^iiilams. 1890-1900: Organized, Williams; gain In area, Bill- ings, Bottineau, McUenry, McLean, Mercer, Pierce, Stark, Ward; loss in area, Dunn, Hettinger, Renville, Sheridan, Williams. Oklahoh A— Most of the counties were organized in 1907. Among the few existing in 1890 there was no change till after 1900. There has been no later change in Cleveland, Kingfisher, Logan, and Oklahoma, but since 1900 Cana'iian has gamed in area, Beaver and Payne have lost, while Oreer has had both gains and losses. The counties organized between 18iX) and 1900 were formed from Indian reserva- tions. Of these counties the following remain unchanged: Dewey, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, and Pottawatomie; there hiis been a gain in area in Blaine, Custer, Kay, Noble, Pawnee, and Washita, and both gains and losses in Roger Mills, Woods, and Woodward. For comparison of the special enumeration of 1907 with that of 1910 It may be noted that Harmon was organized in 1909; there was a loss of area in Beckham and both gain and loss In Greer. OnEQoy— 1900-1910: Organized, Hood River; gain in area, Baker; loss in area. Union, Wasco. 1890-1900: Organized, Lincoln, Wheeler; gain In area, Sherman, Wallowa; loss in area, Benton, Crook, Gilliam, Grant, Tillamook, Union, Wadco. South Carolina— f500-79lO.- Organized, Calhoun, Dillon, Lee; gain in area, Florence, Newberry; loss in area, Berkeley, Darlington, Kershaw, Lexington, Marlon, Sumter, Williamsburg; both gain and loss, Orangeburg. 1890-1900: Organ- ized, Bamberg, Cherolcee, Dorchester, Greenwood, Saluda; gain in area, Charleston, Florence; loss in area, .\bbeville, Barnwell, Berkeley, Colleton, Darlington, Edge- field, Spartanburg, Union, York. South Dakota— /90O-/9/0.- Organized, Corson, Harding, Perkins, Tripp; loss In area, Butte, Union; formed, Bennett, Mellette, Todd. 1890-1900: Gain in area, Butte, Gregory, Lyman, Meade, Pennington, Stanley. Tennessee— /fl00-/5/0.- Gain in area. Perry; loss in area, Lauderdale, Wayne. 1890-1900: Gain In area, Lewis; loss in area, Hickman, Wayne. TiEX AS— 1900-1910: Organized, Andrews, Dawson, Gaines, Garza, Gray, Hutchin- son, Lamb, Lynn, Parmer, Reagan, Schleicher, Terrell, Terry, Upton. Winkler, Yoakum; loss in area, Pecos, Tom Green. 1890-1900: Organized, Foard, Sterling; gain In area, Brewster, Webb; loss in area, Hardeman, Knox, Tom Green. Vtas.— 1900-1910: Gain In area, Sevier; loss In area, Piute. 1890-1900: Organized, Carbon, Grand, Wayne; gain in area, Garfield, Utah; loss in area, Emery, Kane, Piute, Sanpete. Vermont— fSflO-fflOO.- Gain in area, Caledonia; loss in area, Washington. VmoxsiA— 1900-1910: Organized and made independent of county, Clifton Forge city; gain In area, Danville city, Lynchburg eitv, Norfolk city, Portsmouth city, Richmond city, Staunton city; loss In area, Alleghany, Augusta. Campbell, Hen- rico, Manchester city, Norfolk, Pittsylvania. 1890-1900: Organized and made inde- pendent of county, Buena Vista city, Newport News city, Radford city; gain in area; Danville city, Portsmouth city. Roanoke city; loss in area, Montgomery, Norfolk, Pittsylvania, Roanoke, Rockbridge, Warwick. Washington— J900-/9;o.- Organized, Benton, Grant; loss In area, Douglas, Klickitat, Yakima. 1890-1900: Organized, Chelan, Ferry; loss in area, Kittitas, Okanogan, Stevens. West 'ViRQmiA—1890-1900: Organized, Mingo; loss in area, Logan. Wiacovsm— 1900-1910: Organized, Rusk; gain in area, Oneida; loss in area, Chippewa, Forest; both gain and loss, Vilas. 1890-1900: Organized, Iron, Vilas; loss in area, Ashland, Forest; both gain and loss, Oneida. Wyoming — 1900-1910: Organized, Park; loss In area. Bighorn. 1890-1900: Organ- ized, Bighorn, Natrona, Weston; loss in area. Carbon, Crook, Fremont, Johnson. Porto Hico— 1899-1910: Municipality organized, Culebra; gain in area, Humacao, Mayaguez; loss in area, Vieques. 54 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION. The Census Bureau classifies as urban population that residing in cities and other incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more, including New England towns of that population. In most sections of the country all or practically all densely populated areas of this size are set off from rural territory and incor- porated as municipalities (variously known as cities, towns, villages, boroughs, etc.)- In New England, however, this is often not the case. Many of the towns consist in part of distinctly rural territory and in part of densely populated areas which are not incorporated separately and for which it is impossible to make sepa- rate population returns. For this reason it has been necessary in the New England states to include with the urban population residing in incorporated cities the population also of all towns having 2,500 inhabit- ants or more. The urban areas in New England, as classified by the census, therefore, include some popu- lation which, in other sections of the United States, would be segregated as rural. Urban population being thus defined^ the remain- der of the country is classed as rural, consisting (except in New England) of all unincorporated terri- tory and of incorporated places of less than 2,500 inhabitants. The comparisons of the urban and rural population in 1910 with that at earlier enumerations may be made either with respect to the varying proportions of the two classes at successive enumerations or with respect to the increase between enumerations. In order to contrast the proportion of the total population living in urban or rural territory at the census of 1910 with the proportion urban or rural at the preceding census, it is necessary to classify the territor}'' according to the conditions as they existed at each census. In this comparison a place having less than 2,500 inhabit- ants in 1900 and over 2,500 in 1910 is classed with the rural territory for 1900 and with the urban for 1910. On the other hand, in order to present fairly the contrast between urban and rural communities, as regards their rate of growth, it is necessary to con- sider the changes in population which have occurred from one decennial census to another in exactly the same territory. PER CENT URBAN IN TOTAL POPULATION, BY STATES: 1910. Proportion nrban and rural. — The proportion of the total population living in urban and in rural territory at the censuses of 1910, 1900, 1890, and 1880, respec- tively, for the United States as a whole, is shown in Table 15, on the opposite page. This table shows a steady and rapid increase in the proportion of urban population. While the in- crease in the percentage of urban population from 1900 to 1910 was appreciably greater than from 1890 to 1900, it was not so great as from 1880 to 1890. URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION. 55 Table 15 POPXJLATION or THE UNITED STATES. CLASS. 1910 1900 1890 1880 Total, nomber . . . 91,972,266 42,623,383 49,348,883 100.0 46.3 53.7 76,994,576 30,797,185 45,197,390 100.0 40.5 59.5 62,947,714 22,720,223 40,227,491 100.0 36.1 63.9 60,166,783 14,772,438 Rural Total, per cent. . . 35,383,345 100.0 29.5 Rural. 70.5 The map on page 54 shows the percentage of urban population in 1910 for each of the states. Table 18 (p. 56) shows, by divisions and states, urban and rural population, and the per cent urban and rural, at the censuses of 1910, 1900, and 1890, re- spectively. As shown by this table, the proportions of the total population living in urban and rural ter- ritory vary greatly in different sections of the country. In the New England division more than four-fiftlis of the population in 1910 hved in urban territory, as defined by the Census Bureau. Were it possible to de- termine the urban population in this division on the same basis as for the rest of the country, the proportion would probably be somewhat less than three-fourtlis. Urban population constituted more than seven-tenths of the total in the Middle Atlantic division and more than one-half in the East North Central and Pacific divisions. The lowest proportion of urban population •k found in the South — 25.4 per cent in the South Atlantic division, 18.7 in the East South Central, and 22.3 in the West South Central. In the North (comprising the first four geographic divisions) the urban population numbered 32,669,705, and the rural 23,087,410, the per cent urban Jaeing 58.6. In the South (comprising the next three divi- sions) the urban population was 6,623,838, and the ru- ral 22,765,492, the proportion urban being 22.5 per cent. In the West (comprising the last two divisions) , with 3,229,840 urban and 3,495,981 rural, the per- centage urban was 48.8. In each of the nine geographic divisions the pro- portion of the population living in urban communities was larger in 1910 than in 1900, and larger in 1900 than in 1890. The proportion increased with excep- tional rapidity from 1900 to 1910 in the Pacific division, where cities have shown a remarkable growth. The per cent distribution of the total, urban, and rural population, respectively, of the United States in 1910 among the geographic divisions is as follows: Table 16 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Total. Urban. Rural. United States 100.0 7.1 21.0 19.8 12.7 13.3 9.1 9.0 2.9 4.6 100.0 12.8 32.2 22.6 9.1 7.3 3.7 4.6 2.2 5.6 100.0 2.2 Middle Atlantic 11.3 East North Central 17.6 West North Central 15.7 South Atlantic 18.4 East South Central 13.9 West South Central 13.8 3 4 Pacific 3.7 Incretise in urban and rural population. — In order to compare the rate of growth in urban and rural com- munities, it is necessary in each case, as previously explained, to consider the changes in population which have occurred in the same territory from one decennial census to another. For this purpose communities are classed as urban or rural according to their population in 1910, and the population of the places as thus clas- sified is then determined for 1900 for purposes of comparison. The increase from 1900 to 1910 in urban and rural population on this basis is shown, for the United States, in the following table: Table 17 POPULATION IN incbease: 1900-1910 1910 1900 Number. Per cent. Total population 91,972,266 42,623,383 49,348,883 76,994,676 31,609,645 44,384,930 16,977,691 11,013,738 4,963,953 21.0 34.8 Rural territory in 1910 11.3 The rate of increase for the population of urban areas was over three times that for the population living in rural territory. Of the total increase in the population of the United States during the past decade (15,977,691), seven-tenths was in urban territory and only three- tenths in rural territory. Table 19 (p. 57) shows, by divisions and states, the aggregate population in 1910 and 1900 of the territory which is classed as urban and rural in 1910, and the increase or decrease during the decade. (See also maps on page 58.) The largest percentages of increase in urban popu- lation between 1900 and 1910 were reported for the Pacific, West South Central, and Mountain divisions, in the order named, these percentages being 101.8, 68.5, and 64.7, respectively. These same divisions also showed higher rates of increase in rural population than any of the others, though the increase in rural population was much less rapid than that in urban population, being for these divisions 46.4, 27.1, and 53.4 per cent, respectively. The New England di- vision, on the other hand, showed the smallest percent- age of increase in urban population, namely, 21.5 per cent. For this division there was a slight de- crease in rural population during the last decade. The five other geographic divisions differed little from one another in the percentages of increase in urban population, the rates ranging from 28.2 per cent for the West North Central division to 33.1 per cent for the Middle Atlantic division. They showed greater contrasts in the growth of rural population. In the South Atlantic division the increase in rural popula- tion was 12.3 per cent; in the Middle Atlantic, West North Central, and East South Central divisions it was between 5 and 10 per cent, and in the East North Central division there was a slight decrease in rural population. 56 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. ■ URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910, 1900, AND 1890. Table 18 DIVISION AND STATE. United States GEOGKApmc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey. Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia, Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma! Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California 1910 Urban population. 42,623,383 5,455,345 13,723,373 9,017,271 3,873,716 3,092,153 1, 574,229 1,957,456 947,511 2,382,329 381,443 255,099 168,943 3,125,367 524,654 999,839 7,185,494 1,907,210 4,630,669 2,665,143 1,143,835 3,476,929 1,327,044 1,004,320 850,294 680,054 1,398,817 63,236 76,673 310,852 493,790 97,085 658, 192 331,069 476,529 228,242 318,474 224,832 538,650 219,080 555,442 441,045 370,431 207,311 202,681 496,516 320,155 938,104 133,420 69,898 43,221 404,840 46,571 63,260 172,934 13,367 605,530 307,060 1,469,739 Rural iwpulation. 49,348,883 1,097,336 5,592,519 8,633,350 7,764,205 9,102,742 6,836,672 6,827,078 1,686,006 1,809,975 360,928 175,473 187,013 241,049 17,956 114,917 1,928,120 629,957 3,034,442 2,101,978 1,557,041 2,161,662 1,483,129 1,329,540 1,225,414 1,544,717 1,894,518 513,820 507,215 881,362 1,197,159 105,237 637,154 1,585,083 992,877 1,887,813 1,290,568 2,070,471 533,539 1,734,463 1,743,744 1,767,662 1,589,803 1,371,768 1,159,872 1,337,000 2,958,438 242,633 255,696 102,744 394,184 280,730 141,094 200,417 68,508 536,460 365,705 907,810 1900 Urban population. 30,797,185 4,470,179 10,075,883 7,219,975 2,946,544 2,232,032 1,131,056 1,057,197 541,363 1,122,356 337,390 226,269 139,180 2,567,098 407,647 792,595 5,298,111 1,329,162 3,448,610 1,998,382 862,689 2,616,368 952,323 790,213 598,100 572,386 1,128,104 23,413 40,936 252,702 330,903 85,717 591,206 278,718 340,067 125,465 186,790 171,256 346,382 107,031 467,668 326,639 216,714 120,035 111,733 366,288 58,417 520,759 84,554 10,003 26,657 260,651 27,381 19,495 106,427 7,195 211,477 133, 180 777,699 Rural population. 45,197,390 1,121,838 5,378,795 8,765,606 7,400,879 8,210,848 6,416,701 5,475,093 1,133,294 1,294,336 357,076 185,319 204,461 238,248 20,909 115,825 1,970,783 554,507 2,853,505 2, 159, 163 1,653,773 2,205,182 1,468,659 1,278,829 1,153,294 1,659,467 1,978,561 295,733 360,634 813,598 1,139,592 99,018 596,838 1,514,117 833,335 1,707,020 1,169,060 1,869,949 421,511 1,679,506 1,693,977 1,611,983 1,431,235 1,199,831 1,015,337 731,974 2,627,951 168,776 151,769 65,874 279,049 167,929 103,436 171,322 35,140 306,626 280,356 707,354 1890 Urban population. 22,720,223 3,561,763 7,333,772 5,097,181 2,308,819 1,728,019 817,308 715,999 355,627 801,735 298,604 192,479 117,063 2,003,854 326,602 623, 161 3,899,737 876,638 2,557,397 1,504,390 590,039 1,710,172 730,294 562,286 443,049 405,764 856,966 10,643 28,555 • 291,641 272,201 71,067 495,702 230,392 282,721 81,305 115,759 116,183 257, 472 77,358 356,713 238,394 152,235 69,966 73,159 283,845 9,484 349,611 38,787 Rural population. 40,227,491 21,484 185,905 9,970 8,302 75,155 16,024 127, 178 85,093 589,464 1,138,986 5,372,448 8,381,124 6,623,293 7,129,903 5,611,846 4,024,984 858,308 1,086,699 362,482 184,051 215,359 236,093 18,904 123,097 2,103,437 668,295 2,700,716 2,167,939 1,602,365 2,116,180 1,363,596 1,131,044 867,234 1,606,633 1,822,219 180,340 320,045 771,016 1,156,907 97,426 646,688 1,373,259 681,429 1,502,190 1,034,960 1,579,881 314,064 1,601,922 1,629,124 1,361,166 1,219,634 1,055,052 834,743 249, 173 1,886,016 104, 137 88,548 41,071 227,344 150,312 79,941 136,624 31,331 230,054 232,611 623,934 1910 Perct. urban. 46.3 83.3 71.0 52.7 33.3 25.4 18.7 22.3 36.0 56.8 51.4 69.2 47.5 92.8 96.7 89.7 78.8 75.2 60.4 65.9 42.4 61.7 47.2 43.0 41.0 30.6 42.5 11.0 13.1 26.1 29.2 48.0 60.8 100.0 23.1 18.7 14.4 14.8 20.6 29.1 24.3 20.2 17.3 11.5 12.9 30.0 19.3 24.1 35.5 21.5 29.6 50.7 14.2 31.0 46.3 16.3 63.0 45.6 61.8 Per ct. rural. 53.7 36.7 29,0 47.3 66.7 74.6 81.3 77.7 64.0 43.2 48.6 40.8 52.5 7.2 3.3 10.3 21.2 24.8 39.6 44.1 57.6 38.3 52.8 67.0 69.0 69.4 67.5 89.0 86.9 73.9 70.8 62.0 49.2 76.9 81.3 85.6 85.2 79.4 70.9 75.7 79.8 82.7 88.5 87.1 70.0 80.7 76.9 64.5 78.5 70.4 49.3 .86.8 69.0 63.7 83 7 47.0 64.4 38.2 1900 Perct. urban. 40.5 79.9 66.2 46.2 28.6 21.4 16.0 16.2 32.3 46.4 48.6 55.0 40.5 91.5 95.1 87.2 72.9 70.6 54.7 48.1 34.3 64.3 39.3 38.2 34.1 25.6 36.3 7.3 10.2 23.7 22.5 46.4 49.8 100.0 18.3 13.1 9.9 12.8 15.6 20.3 21.8 16.2 11.9 7.7 8.5 26.5 7.4 17.1 34.7 6.2 28.8 48.3 14.0 16.9 38.1 17.0 40.8 32.2 62.4 Perct, rural. 59.5 20.1 34.8 64.8 71.5 78.6 86.0 83.8 67.7 53.6 51.4 45.0 69.6 8.5 4.9 12.8 27.1 29.4 45.3 61.9 65.7 45.7 60.7 61.8 65.9 74.4 63.7 92.7 89.8 76.3 77.6 53.6 60.2 81.7 86.9 90.1 87.2 84.4 79.7 78.2 83.8 88.1 92.3 91.5 73.5 92.6 82.9 66.3 93.8 71.2 61.7 86.0 84.1 61.9 83.0 69.2 67.8 47.6 1890 Per ct. urban. 36.1 75.8 57.7 37.8 25.8 19.5 12.7 15.1 29.3 42.5 45.2 51.1 35.2 89.5 94.6 83.5 66.0 60.7 41.0 26.9 44.7 34.9 33.2 33.8 21.2 32.0 6.6 8.2 27.4 19.1 42.2 47.6 100.0 17.1 10.7 7.2 10.1 14.0 19.8 19.2 13.5 10.1 6.4 6.5 25.4 3.7 15.6 27.1 34.3 46.0 6.2 9.4 36.7 33.8 36.6 26.8 48.6 I Includes population of Indian Territory for 1890 and 1000. URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION. 57 INCREASE IN POPULATION OP URBAN AND RURAL TERRITORY, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1900-1910. Table 19 Division AND STATE. TTnited states Qeooraphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri , North Dakota , South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina , Georgia , Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee , Alabama Mississippi , West South Central: Arkansas Louisiapa Oklahoma' Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAaFic: Washington Oregon California territory tniBAN IN 1910. Population in- 1910 42,628,888 5,455,345 13,723,373 9,617,271 3,873,716 3,092,153 1,574,229 1,957,456 947,511 2,382,329 381,443 255,099 168,943 3,125,367 524,654 999,839 7,186,494 1,907,210 4,630,669 2,665,143 1,143,835 3,476,929 1,327,044 ^1,004,320 850,294 680,054 1,398,817 63,236 76,673 310,852 493,790 97,085 658,192 331,069 476,529 228,242 318,474 224,832 538,650 219,060 555,442 441,045 370,431 207,311 202,681 496,516 320,155 938,104 133,420 69,898 43,221 404,840 46,671 63,260 172,934 13,367 605,530 307,060 1,469,739 81,609,645 4,489,531 10,307,717 7,348,011 3,022,664 2,337,717 1,186,290 1,161,736 575,332 1,180,647 339,564 226,007 148,406 2,569,494 411,679 794,381 6,352,283 1,363,653 3,591,781 2,027,462 876,294 2,666,333 966,826 811,096 613,595 567,267 1,143,431 33,362 47,945 261,853 355,211 85,717 593,133 278,718 354,861 137,464 208,215 177,270 376,052 126,287 483,233 335,722 237,670 129,665 131,719 380,997 89,148 559,872 89,476 22,107 33,626 269,662 26,484 21,409 108,168 4,600 227,614 142,840 810, 193 Increase: 1900-1910 Number. 11,013,788 965,814 3,415,656 2,269,260 861,052 764,436 387,939 795,720 372,179 1,201,682 41,879 29,092 20,537 655,873 112,975 205,458 1,833,211 643,557 1,038,888 637,681 267,541 810,596 360,218 193,224 236,699 112,787 256,386 29,874 28,728 48,999 138,579 11,368 65,059 52,351 121,668 90,778 110,259 47,662 162,598 92,793 72,209 105,323 132,761 77,646 70,962 115,519 231,007 378,232 43,944 47,791 9,696 135,178 20,087 41,851 64,766 8,867 377,916 164,220 669,646 Per cent. 34.8 21.5 33.1 30.9 28.2 32.3 32.7 68.5 64.7 101.8 12.3 12.9 13.8 21.6 27.4 26.9 34.3 39.9 28.9 31.5 30.5 30.4 37.3 23.8 38.6 19.9 22.3 89.6 59.9 18.7 39.0 13.3 11.0 18.8 34.3 66.0 53.0 26.8 43.2 73.5 14.9 31.4 55.9 59.9 53.9 30.3 259.1 67.6 49.1 216.2 28.9 60.1 76.8 195.5 69.9 197.0 166.0 115.0 81.4 territory rural IN 1910. Population in- 1910 48,848,883 1,097,336 6,592,519 8,633,350 7,764,206 9,102,742 6,836,672 6,827,078 1,686,006 1,809,976 360,928 176,473 187,013 241,049 17,956 114,917 1,928,120 629,957 3,034,442 2,101,978 1,657,041 2,161,662 1,483,129 1,329,540 1,226,414 1,644,717 1,894,618 513,820 507,216 881,362 1,197,159 106,237 637,154 1,585,083 992,877 1,887,813 1,290,568 2,070,471 533,539 1,734,463 1,743,744 1,767,662 1,589,803 1,371,768 1,169,872 1,337,000 2,968,438 242,633 255,696 102,744 394,184 280,730 141,094 200,417 68,608 536,460 365,705 907,810 1900 44,884,930 1,102,486 5,146,961 8,637,570 7,324,759 8,105,763 6,361,362 5,370,669 1,099,325 1,236,045 364,902 185,681 195,235 235,862 16,877 114,039 1,916,611 620,016 2,710,334 2,130,083 1,640,168 2,155,217 1,454,156 1,257,946 1,137,799 1,664,586 1,963,234 286,784 353,628 804,447 1,115,284 99,018 694,911 1,499,323 821,336 1,685,595 1,163,046 1,840,279 402,255 1,663,941 1,684,779 1,691,027 1,421,605 1,179,960 1,000,628 701,243 2,488,838 153,853 139,665 69,006 270,038 168,826 101,522 168,681 37,836 290,489 270,696 674,860 Increase: 11900-1910 Number. 4,963,953 -6,150 445,558 -4,220 439,446 996,979 474,320 1,456,409 686,681 673,930 6,026 -10,108 -8,222 6,197 1,079 878 11,509 109,941 324,106 -28,106 -83,127 6,445 28,973 71,594 87,615 -119,869 -68,716 228,036 153,590 76,915 81,876 6,219 42,243 85,760 171,541 202,218 127,522 230,192 131,284 70,622 58,966 176,635 168,198 191,808 159,244 635,757 469,600 88,780 116,031 43,739 124,146 111,904 39,672 31,836 30,673 246,971 96,009 232,950 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 2 A decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. » Includes population of Indian Territ«ry for 1900. 58 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCREASE IN URBAN POPULATION, BY STATES: 1900-1910. PER CENT OF INCREASE IN RURAL POPULATION, BY STATES: 1900-1910. COMMUNITIES CLASSIFIED BY SIZE. 59 There was in every state between 1900 and 1910 an increase in urban population, but in six states — namely, New Hampshire, Vermont, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, and Missouri — there was a decrease in rural population. In all but two states — Montana and Wyoming — the urban population increased faster than the rural population, and generally at a much more rapid rate. The decrease or slow increase in the rural population throughout large areas is in no sense due to lack of agricultural prosperity. On the contrary, in almost all such areas there has been a remarkable increase in the value of farm property. The maps on the opposite page show the rates of increase or decrease in urban and in rural population since 1900 for each state. COMMTTBTITIES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE. Proportion in the several classes of commanities. — In addition to classifying the population according to the broad grouping into urban and rural, a further analysis may be made on the basis of a more detailed size classification. The following table shows, for the United States, the number of places constituting each of the specified classes of cities at the censuses of 1910, 1900, and 1890, the combined population of each group, and the percentage which each group represents of the total population of the country. Table 20 CLAS3 OF PLACES. Total population of the United States . TTrban territory Places of 1,000,000 Inhabitants or more.. . Places of 600,000 to 1,000,000 Inhabitants. Places of 250,000 to 600,000 Inhabitants. . . Places of 100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants... Places of 50,000 to 100,000 Inhabitants Places of 25,000 to 50,000 inhabitants Places of 10,000 to 25,000 inhabitants Places of 5,000 to 10,000 Inhabitants Places of 2,500 to 5,000 Inhabitants Sural territory Incorporated places of less than 2,500 inhabitants, other rural territory IMO Number of places. 18,408 3 6 11 81 60 120 372 620 1,172 11,784 Population. 01,972,266 688,888 501,174 010,667 040,839 840,458 178,915 062,763 609,208 364,703 106,666 48,848,888 8, 118, 825 41,230,068 1900 Number of places. > 1,891 3 3 9 23 41 82 285 476 960 8,802 Population. 75,094,575 80,797,186 6,429,474 1,045,087 2,861,296 3,272,490 2,760,477 2,785,667 4,400,000 3,278,518 3,354,276 46,197,890 6,247,645 38,040,745 1890 Number of places. > 1,607 3 1 7 17 30 67 232 359 791 6,466 Population. 62,047,714 720,228 662,115 806,343 447,608 ,781,894 027,560 298,766 ,487,139 495,594 , 713, 196 40,827,491 4,719,835 35,507,666 PEE CENT OK TOTAL POPULATION. 1910 46.3 9.2 3.3 4.3 6.3 4.5 4.4 6.1 4.7 4.5 68.7 8.8 44.8 1900 100.0 40.8 8.5 2.2 3.8 4.3 3.6 3.7 5.8 4.3 4.4 69.6 8.2 51.3 1S90 100.0 36.1 5.8 1.3 3.9 4.4 3.2 3.7 5.6 4.0 4.3 63.9 7.6 56.4 > The total number of cities of certain classes for the United States as a whole, and for certain geoeraphlo divisions. Is less than the sum of the numbers shown for the individual states of the country or of the division, for the reason that three cities cacii lie in two adjoining states, namely, BrLstol (Virginia- Tennessee), Texarkana < Arkansas-Texas), and Union City (Indiana-Ohio), and are therefore counted twice. Moreover, one of these cities— Bristol— lies in two different geographic divisions (South Atlantic and East South Central). Each of these cities consists of two incorporated municipalities, but each is, from the statistical standpoint, one city, and should be classed according to its total population. In each case that part of the population lying in each state, whatever its number, is credited to the group of cities to which, according to the total population, the city belongs. According to total population, Bristol fell in 1910 in the class of cities of 10,000-25,000; in 1900 and in 1890, in the class 5,000-10,000; Texarkana fell in 1910 and 1900 in the class of 10,000-25,000, and in 1890 In the class 5,000-10,000; and Union City fell at each census from 1890 to 1910 in the class of 2,500-^5,000. In addition to the 46.3 per cent of the total popu- lation which in 1910 resided in communities classed by the Census Bureau as urban, 8.8 per cent resided in incorporated places of less than 2,500 inhabitants, making in all 55.1 per cent residing under conditions more or less urban in character. Nearly one-tenth (9.2 per cent) of the total popu- lation in 1910 resided in the three cities (New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia) which had more than 1,000,000 inhabitants each. If 100,000 inliabitants be taken as the dividing line between large and medium-sized cities, it is seen that 22.1 per cent of the population resided in such large cities. Of the total population, 8.9 per cent resided in cities of medium size, ranging from 25,000 to 100,000 inhab- itants, whUe the smaU urban communities of from 2,500 to 25,000 inhabitants contained 15.3 per cent. Comparing the percentages for the three censuses, it is seen that each of the several groups of communi- ties classed as urban comprised a larger percentage of the population of the country in 1910 than in 1900, and that, with two exceptions, each class in 1900 com- prised a larger percentage of the total population than in 1890. The population of each class of cities in the several divisions in 1910 is shown in Table 22 from which the percentages in Table 21 are derived. Very great differ- ences appear among the several geographic divisions with respect to the distribution of the urban popula- tion among communities of different sizes. Table 21 PEE CENT OF POPULATION IN 1910 LTVINO IN— DIVISION. Cities of— Rural 100,000 or more. 25,000 to 100,000. 10,000 to 25,000. 5,000 to 10,000. 2,500 to 5,000. dis- tricts. United States 22.1 24.5 44.6 20.1 13.5 9.6 7.1 3.9 8.1 34.2 9.0 25.0 10.9 8.5 6.9 6.8 3.4 7.2 8.8 6.4 6.1 14.3 7.0 7.6 3.9 3.6 2.6 4.0 5.5 7.3 4.7 11.3 4.5 6.0 4.3 3.3 2.7 2.6 6.6 3.2 4.6 8.2 4.1 4.5 4.7 3.0 2.8 4.5 7.0 5.7 63.7 16.7 Middle Atlantic 29.0 East North Central West North Central 47.3 66.7 South Atlantic 74.6 East South Central 81.3 West South Central 77.7 C4.0 Pacific 43.2 60 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION Table 22 United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central.. Mountain Pacific CITIES HAVING IN 1910 A POPULATION OF- 100.090 or more. Number of places. 60 population. 20,302,138 1,606,984 8,599,877 4,761,966 1,575,668 1,172,021 339,075 213,381 1,435,094 26,000 to 100,000. Number of places. 179 34 44 38 17 16 7 12 5 6 Aggregate population. 8,241,678 1,637,987 2,110,782 1,553,809 801,931 712,387 289,285 636,814 230,995 267,688 10,000 to 25,000. Number of places 1872 61 91 88 33 27 15 27 12 19 Aggregate population. 5,609,208 936,553 1,349,807 1,396,143 455,439 444,714 220,364 354, 582 144,593 307,013 5,000 to 10,000. Number of places. 106 130 154 71 58 33 33 25 19 Aggregate population. 4,364,703 738,450 875, 771 1,086,197 498, 769 397,081 229,933 229,386 174,020 135,096 2,500 to 6,000. Number of places » 1,172 153 223 232 156 105 67 117 54 65 Aggregate population. 4,106,656 535,371 787, 136 819, 156 541,919 365,950 236,565 397,599 184,522 237,438 RURAL DISTRICTS- POPULATION. 49,348,883 1,097,336 5,592,519 8,633,350 7,764,205 9,102,742 6,835,672 6,827,078 1,686,006 1,809,975 > See footnote to table on page 59. Growth of the several classes of urban communities. — In comparing the growth of the several classes of urban communities from 1900 to 1910, each commu- nity is grouped, for both censuses, according to its population in 1910, so as to avoid the disturbing effect of the passage of communities from one group to another. The population shown for 1900 represents, so far as it could be ascertained, the population within the boundaries of the communities as constituted in 1910. The comparison for the United States as a whole is presented in Table 23. With one exception, there was in 1910 no very great difference in the rates of growth of the several classes of urban communities. There are two groups in which the increase in popu- lation between 1900 and 1910 was somewhat more than 40 per cent, namely, cities of from 100,000 to 250,000 inhabitants and those of from 50,000 to 100,000. For all but one of the other groups the in- crease was between 30 and 40 per cent. The remain- ing group — that comprising five cities having in 1910 from 500,0f00 to 1,000,000 inhabitants— showed an increase during the decade of barely 20 per cent. Table 23 CLASS OF PLACES. Num- ber of pla(»s in 1910. AGGREGATE POPULATION IN— increase: 1900-1910 1910 1900 Number. Per cent. TTnited States 91,972,266 76,994,675 15,977,691 21 O Territory urban in 1910 . 12,402 42,623,383 31,609,645 11,013,738 34.8 Places of— 1,000,000 or more 500,000 tcl,000,000... 260,000 to 500,000 100,000 to 250,000 50,000 to 100,000 25,000 to 50,000 10,000 to 25,000 5,000 to 10,000 2,500 to 5,000 3 6 11 31 59 120 372 629 1,172 8,501,174 3,010,667 3,949,839 4,840,458 4,178,915 4,062,763 5,609,208 4,364,703 4,105,656 6,429,474 2,501,226 2,932.040 3,421,849 2,948,511 3,028,007 4,153,442 3,194,278 .•i.noo.sis 2,071,700 509,441 1,017,799 1,418,609 1,230,404 1,034,756 1,455,766 1,170,425 1,104,838 j 4,963,963 32.2 20.4 34.7 41.5 41,7 34.2 35,0 36.6 36.8 Hemainder of country. . 49,348,883 44.884.930 11.2 ' > See footnote to table on page 59. Table 24 presents a comparison of the increase, between 1900 and 1910, in the population of different classes of urban communities and of rural territory in each of the nine geographic divisions of the United States. The number of classes of urban communities shown in Table 24 has been reduced to three by con- soHdating some of the minor groups shown in the table immediately preceding. Table 24 CITIES OF 100,000 OR MORE IN 1910. CITIES OF 25,000 TO 100,000 m 1910. CITIES OF 2,500 TO 25,000 IN 1910. TERRITORY RURAL IN 1910. DIVISION. Num- ber. Aggregate population. Per cent of in- crease. Num- ber. Aggregate'population. Per cent of in- crease. Num- ber. Aggregate population. Per cent of in- crease. Population. Per cent 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 ofin- crease.i United States.... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . West North Central . South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central . 60 8 11 10 6 4 4 1 1 6 20,302,138 1,606,984 8,599,877 4,761,960 1,575,658 1,172,021 698,082 339,075 213,381 1,435,094 15,284,589 1,325,651 6,575,912 3,600,614 1,208,321 974, 643 444,444 287, 104 140,472 727,428 32.8 21.2 30.8 32.3' 30,4 20.3 34.6 18.1 51.9 97.3 179 34 44 38 17 16 7 12 5 6 8,241,678 1,637,987 2, 110, 782 1,553,809 801,931 712,387 289,286 636,814 230,995 267,688 5,976,518 1,269,941 1,574,958 1,127,923 640,520 516,427 237,257 331,409 149, 556 128,527 37.9 29,0 34.0 37.8 25.2 37.9 21.9 92.2 64.6 108.3 «2,173 320 444 474 260 190 115 177 91 103 14,079,567 2,210,374 3,012 714 3,301,496 1,496,127 1,207,745 686,862 981,567 503, 135 679.547 10,348,538 1,893,939 2,156,847 2, 619, 474 1,173,823 846,647 504,589 543,223 286,304 324, 692 36.1 16.7 39,7 26.0 27.5 42.7 36.1 80.7 76.4 109.3 49,348,883 1,097,336 5,592,519 8,633,350 7,764,205 9,102,742 6,835,672 6,827,078 1,686,006 1,809,975 44,384,930 1,102,486 6,146,961 8,637,670 7,324,759 8,105,763 6,361,352 5,370,669 1,099,326 1,236.045 11.2 -0.& 8.7 <1« 12.3 7.& 27.1 63.4 Pacifle 46.4 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. * See footnote to table on page 59. > A decrease of less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN DISTRICTS. 61 METROPOLITAN DISTEICTS. In its general tables dealing with the population of cities, the Bureau of the Census must necessarily deal with political units, or, in other words, with the popula- tion contained within the municipal boundaries of each city. It is a familiar fact that, in some cases, the municipal boundaries give only an inadequate idea of the population grouped about one urban center. In the case of many cities there are suburban districts with a dense population outside the city limits, which, in a certain sense, are as truly a part of the city as the districts which are under the municipal government. It seems desirable, therefore, to show the magnitude of each of the principal population centers taken as a whole. Statistics have been compiled for each city in the United States with a population of 200,000 inhabit- ants or more, which, in addition to the population within the city limits, show the population in adjoining communities which may be considered as intimately associated with the urban center. Such districts are designated as "metropolitan districts." In laying out such metropolitan districts the popu- lation is first determined for all civil divisions (that is, cities, towns, boroughs, townships, precincts, etc.) lo- cated within 10 miles of the city boundaries. Divisions which lie partly within and partly without the 10-mile limit are included if either one-half of their total popu- lation or one-half of their total area comes within that limit. State boundaries are disregarded, so that in some cases the metropolitan district lies partly in two states. From the territory lying within the limits thus determined there have been deducted all divisions which have a population of less than about 150 or 200 inhabitants per square mile. Where the density of population is less, the division may be considered as rural rather than urban in character, and as not prop- erly a part of the metropolitan district. There are a few exceptions to this rule where a minor civil division has been included within the metropolitan district, even though it had a lower density than that just stated, because that division was completely or almost surrounded by other civil divisions having a density which would require them to be included. The exception in such cases seems justified in order to avoid undue irregularity in the shape of the districts, or gaps lying wholly within their area. Since a strict application of the rules for determining the metropolitan district of Boston would give an area almost identical with the area of the "industrial dis- trict" of Boston, as laid out in a previous census bulletin (1909), the latter area is for convenience of comparison considered as the metropolitan district. The same is true of New York City, except that Nas- sau County, which was not included in the industrial district, has been added to the metropolitan district. In the case of the other industrial districts shown in the bulletin mentioned, the areas were so different from the metropolitan districts, as determined by the appUcation of the rule here described, that no attempt was made to secure conformity. Table 25 on the next page shows for 1910 and 1900 the population of 25 metropolitan districts as defined by the Census Bureau, distinguishing the population lying within the city proper from that outside the city. The cities are arranged in the order of the aggregate population of the metropolitan district. It will be noted that two cities of more than 200,000 inhabitants — Newark and Jersey City — do not appear in the table, for the reason that they are included within the metropolitan district of New York. The importance of the suburbs of great cities is con- spicuously indicated by the combined statistics for the 25 metropohtan districts, which appear at the begin- ning of the table. The combined population of the metropolitan districts in 1910 was 22,088,331, of which 17,099,904 represents the population of the central cities and 4,988,427 that of the suburban areas, the latter being equal to nearly 30 per cent of the population of the cities proper. The figure of 17,099,904 rep- resents the population of 28 cities, since there are three metropolitan districts in each of which there are two cities of such large population that both are treated as the central cities of the district, namely, Alinne- apolis and St. Paul; Kansas City, Kans., and Kansas City, Mo.; and San Francisco and Oakland. The table shows further that the population of the metropohtan districts lying outside of the central cities increased between 1900 and 1910 somewhat more rapidly than that within their boundaries, the increase for the suburban districts being 43 per cent and for the cities proper 33.2 per cent. The table emphasizes the weU-known fact that the cities of the country have quite a different rank when their suburbs are taken into accoimt from that which they hold when only the population within the city boundaries proper is considered. 62 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF METROPOLITAN DISTRICTS : 1910 AND 1900. Table 25 aHES OF 200,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE. Area in acres: 1910 Total for 25 metropolitan districts In central cities (28 cities) Outside central cities NEW YORK. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside CHICAGO. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside PHILADELPHIA. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside BOSTON. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside PITTSBXTRGH. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside ST. LOUIS. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside SAN FEANaSCO-OAKLAND. Metropolitan district In city proper (San Francisco), In city proper ( Oakland) Outside BALTIMORE. Metropolitan district , In city proper Outside , CLEVELAND. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside CINCINNATI. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside MINNEAPOLIS-.ST. PAUL. Metropolitan d istrict In city proper (Minneapolis).. In city proper (St. Paul) Outside DETROIT. Metropolitan d istrict In city proper Outside 4,717,632.8 1.185,795.8 3,531,736.4 616,927.6 183,555.0 433,372.6 409,086.7 118,433.1 290,653.6 437,732.5 83,340.0 354,392.5 335,904.7 26,289.0 309,615.7 405,880.1 26,510.7 379,369.4 197,993.4 39,276.3 158,717.1 289,380.8 29,760.0 29,248.0 230,372.8 184,659.8 19,290.2 165,369.6 103,173.6 29,208.8 73,964.8 111,771.7 31,893.3 79,878.4 94,539.0 32,069.0 33,390.0 29,080.0 96,553.8 26,102.6 70,451.2 Population. 1910 22,088.331 17,099,904 4,988,427 6,474,568 4,766,883 1,707,685 2,446,921 2,185,283 261,638 1,972,342 1,549,008 423,334 1,520,470 670,585 849,885 1,042,855 533,905 508,950 828,733 687,029 141,704 686,873 416,912 150, 174 119,787 658,715 558,485 100,230 613,270 560,663 62,607 663,804 363,591 200,213 626,256 301,408 214, 744 10,104 500,982 465,766 35,216 1900 Per cent of in- crease: 1900- 1910 16,322,800 12,833,201 3,489,599 4,607,804 3,437,202 1,170,602 1,837,987 1,698,575 139,412 1,623,149 1,293,697 329,452 1,249,504 560,892 688,612 792,968 451,512 341,456 649,711 575,238 74,473 473,073 342,782 66,960 63,331 677,670 508,957 68,713 420,020 381,768 38,252 495,979 325,902 170,077 372,009 202,718 163,065 6,226 318,967 285,704 33,263 35.3 33.2 43.0 40.5 38.7 45.9 33.1 28.7 87.7 21.5 19.7 28.5 21.7 19.6 23.4 31.5 18.2 49.1 27.6 19.4 90.3 45.2 21.6 124.3 89.1 14.0 9.7 45.9 46.0 46.9 37.5 13.7 11.6 17.7 41.5 48.7 31.7 62.3 67.1 63.0 6.9 Metropolitan district . In city proper Outside ailES OF 200,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE. Area in acres: 1910 LOS ANGELES. Metropolitan district. In city proper Outside MILWAUKEE. Metropolitan district. In city proper Outside PROVIDENCE. Metropolitan district. In city proper... Outside WASHINGTON. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside NEW ORLEANS. Metropolitan district. In city proper... Outside KANSAS CTTY (MO. AND KANS.) Metropolitan district In city proper (Kans. City , Mo.). Incityproper(Kans.Clty,Kans.) Outside LOXnSVILLE. Metropolitan district. In city proper Outside BOCHESTEB. Metropolitan district. . . In city proper Outside Metropolitan district . In city proper Outside INDIANAPOLIS. Meti opolitan district. In city proper Outside Metropolitan district. In city proper Outside PORTLAND, OREQ. Metropolitan district In city proper Outside 132, 413. 4 24,791.0 107,622.4 252,826.8 63,480.0 189,346.8 112,339.4 14,585.8 97,753.6 126,469.4 11,352.2 115,117.2 190,389.2 38,408.4 151,980.8 137,760.0 125,440.0 12,320.0 62,030.6 37,443.0 10,940.0 13,647.6 141,504.9 13,229.7 128,276.2 119,506.7 12,876.3 106,630.4 41,151.6 35,750.0 6,401.6 27,850.4 21,130.4 6,720.0 46,148.0 37,028.0 9,120.0 43,638.2 30,975.0 12,663.2 Population. 1910 1900 488,661 423,715 64,946 438,226 319,198 119,028 427,175 373,857 53,318 395,972 224,326 171,646 367,869 331,069 36,800 348,109 339,075 9,034 340,446 248,381 82,331 9,734 286,158 223,928 62,230 248,512 218,149 30.363 239,269 237,194 2,075 237,783 233,650 4,133 219,314 213,381 5,933 215,048 207,214 7,834 394,031 352,387 41,644 123,062 102,479 20,583 324,963 285,315 39,648 306, 110 175,597 130,513 305,684 278,718 294,615 287,104 7,511 228,"235 163,752 61,418 13,065 259,856 204,731 55,125 185,409 162,608 22,801 80,885 80,671 214 173,632 169,164 4,468 135,809 133,859 1,950 91,668 90,426 1,242 Per cent of in- crease:' 1900- 1910 24.0 20.2 66.0 256.1 211.5 478.3 31.5 31.0 34.5 29.4 27.8 31.6 20.3 18.8 36.6 18.2 18.1 20.3 49.2 51.7 60.1 -25.5 10.1 9.4 12.0 34.0 34.2 33.2 195.8 194.0 36.9 38.1 -7.6 61.6 69.4 204.3 134.6 129.2 530.8 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Note. — The following statement gives the name and population of each munic- ipality of 5,000 inhabitants or more falling within each metropolitan district, except the central city itself. New York district.— New Yorii: Yonkers city, 79,803; Mount Vernon city, 30,919; New Rochelle city, 28,807; Mamaroneck village, 5,699. New Jersey: Newark city,347,469; Jersey City, 207,779; Paterson city, 125,600; Elizabeth city, 73,409; Hoboken city, 70,324; Bayonne city, 55,545; Passaic city, 54,773; West Hobo- ken town, 35,403; East Orange city, 34,371; Perth Amboy city, 32,121; Orange city, 29,030; Montclair town, 21,550; Union town, 21,023; Kearny town, 18,(>59; Bloomfleld town, 15,070; Harrison town, 14,498; Hackensack town, 14,050; West New York town, 13,500; Irvington town, 11.877; Englewood city, 9,924; Rahway city, 9,337; Rutherford borough, 7,045; South Orange village, 6,014; Nutiey town, 6,009; Roosevelt borough, 5,780; Guttenberg town, 5,647. Chicago district.— Illinois: Evanston citv, 24,978; Oak Park village, 19,444; Cicero town, 14,557; Chicago Heights city, 14,525; Blue Island village, 8,043; Mav- wood village, 8,033; Harvey city, 7,227; Forest Park village, 0,594; Berwyn city, 5,841; La Grange village, 5,282. Indiana: Hammond city, 20,925; East Chicago city, 19,098; Gary city, 16,802; Whiting city, 6,587. Philadelphia district. — Pennsylvania: Chester city, 38,537; Norristown borough, 27,875; Bristol borough, 9,256; Conshohocken borough, 7,480; Darby borough, 0,305. New Jersey: Camden city, 94,538; Gloucester city, 9,462; Burlington city, 8,336. JJo»to7Kli«trjct.— Cambridge city, 104,839; Lynn citv, 89,336; Somerville city, 77,230; Maiden city, 44,404; Salem city, 43.697; Newton city, 39,806; Everett city, 33,484; Quincy city, 32,642; Chelsea city, 32,452; Waltham city, 27,834: Brook- line town, 27,792; Medlord city, 23,150; Revere town, 18,219; Peabody town, 15,721; M:elrose city, 15,715; Hyde Park town, 15,507: Woburn city, 15,308; Framingham town, 12,948; w'eymouth town, 12,895; Watertown town, 12,875; Wakefield town, 11,404; Ariington town, 11,187; Winthrop town, 10,132; Na- tick town, 9,m>; Winchester town, 9,309; Dedham town, 9,284; Braintree town, 8,060; Saugus town, 8,047; Norwood town, 8,014; Milton town, 7^924; Marblehead town, 7, 338; Stoneham town,7,090; Swampscott town, 6, 204; Bel- mont town, 5,642; Wellesley town, 5,413; Needham town, 5,026. Pittsburgh district.- McKeesport city, 42,694; Braddock borough, 19,357; Wilkins- burg borough, 18,924; Homestead borough, 18,713; Duquesne borough, 15,727; McKees Rocks borough, 14,702; North Braddock borough, 11,824; Carnegie borough, 10,009; Sharpsburg borough, 8,163; Jeanette borough, 8,077; Millvale 1)orough, 7,861; New Kensington borough, 7,707; Tarentum borough, 7,414; Swissvale borough, 7,381; Bellevue borough, 6,323; Wilmerding borough, 6,133; Carrick borough, 6,117; Rankin borougn, 6,042; Etna borough, 5,830; ICnoxville borough, 5,651; St. Clair borough, 5,640; East Pittsburgh borough, 5,615; Glassport borough, 5,540; Coraopolis bOTOUgh, 5,252; Munhall borough, 5,185. St. Louis district. — Missouri: Wellston city, 7,312; Webster Groves city, 7,080. Illinois: East St. Louis city, 58^547; Granite city, 9,903; Madison village, 5,046. San Francisco-Oakland district.- Berkeley city, 40,434; Alameda city, 23,383; Richmond city, 6,802; San Rafael city, 5.934. Cleveland district. — Lakewood city, 15,181; East Cleveland city, 9,179; Newburgb city, 5.813. Cincinnati district. — Ohio: Norwood city, 16,185; Madisonville city, 5,193; St. Bernard city, 5,002. Kentucky: Covington city, 63,270; Newiwrt city, 30,309; Dayton city, 6,979; Bellevue city, 6,683. Detroit district.— Wyandotte city, 8,287. Buffalo district.— Lackawanna city, 14,549; North Tonawanda city, 11,955; Tona- wanda city, 8,290. Los A ngelea district.— Pasadena city, 30,291 ; Long Beach city, 17,809; Santa Monica city, 7,847; Alhambra city, 5,021. Milwaukee district.— West Allls city, 6,645; South Milwaukee city, 6,092. Providerux district.— Pawtucket city, 51,622; Warwick town, 26,629; Central Falls city, 22,754; Cranston city, 21,107; East Providence town, 15,808; Cumber- land town, 10,107; Lincoln town, 9.825: Johnston town, 5.935; North Provi- dence town, 5,407. Washington district.— Alexandria city (Va.), 15,329. Kansas City {Mo. and Kans.) district.— Rosedale city (Kans.), 6,960. Louisville district.— Indiana: New Albany city, 20,629; Jeflersonville city, 10,412. POPULATION OF CITIES. 63 POPTJIATION OF INDIVIDUAL CITIES. The statistics of population for individual cities and other incorporated places having, in 1910, 2,500 inhabitants or more are given in this section. Table 27 shows the population of cities having, in 1910, 25,000 inhabitants or more as reported at the censuses of 1910, 1900, and 1890, with the per cent of mcrease from 1900 to 1910 and from 1890 to 1900. Table 28 (pp. 65 to 75) shows the population of incor- porated places and New England to%vns having, in 1910, 2,500 inhabitants or more, alphabetically arranged by- states, as reported at the last three Federal censuses, namely, those of 1910, 1900, and 1890. In using the figures given in these tables, it should be remembered that, in some instances, the growth of a city or other incorporated place may have been due in part to annexation of suburban territory. Except in the cases of New York City, Pittsburgh, and a few other similar consolidations mentioned in footnotes to these tables, no allowance has been made for such annexations. Of the 225 cities of 25,000 inhabitants or more for which comparative figures for the two decades are given, 153 showed a greater absolute increase in the decade 1900 to 1910 than in the preceding decade, and 114 of these showed also a higher percentage of increase. As regards rates of increase from 1900 to 1910, the cities having at least 25,000 inhabitants are distrib- uted as shown in the following table: '''qr**' rate of increase: '"' 1900-1910 United States. Northern states. Southern states. Western states. Total 2S9 22 17 29 54 47 42 15 3 167 4 9 22 46 39 36 9 2 44 9 7 3 6 6 6 6 1 18 Over 100 per cent 9 70 to 100 per cent 1 50 to 70 per cent 4 30 to 50 percent 2 20 to 30 per cent 2 10 to 20 per cent Under 10 per cent Decrease POPULATION OF CITIES HAVING, IN 1910, 25,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE, WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE: 1890-1910. Table 27 Alabama Birmingham. Mobile Montgomery . Arkansai Little Rock. CalUomia Berkeley Los Angeles Oakland Pasadena Sacramento San Diego San Francisco San Jose Colorado Colorado Springs. Denver Pueblo Connecticut Bridgeport * Hartford 2 Meriden town.... Meriden city . New Britain 2 New Havens Norwich town Stamford town . . . Stamford city Waterburys Delaware Wilmington District of Columbia Washington s Florida Jacksonville. Tampa Georgia Atlanta. . . Augusta. . . Macon Savannah. POPULATION. 1910 132,685 51,521 38,136 45,941 40,434 319, 198 150, 174 30,291 44,696 39,578 416,912 28,946 29,078 213,381 44,395 102, 98, 32, 27, 43, 133, 87,411 331,069 57,699 37, 782 154,839 41,040 40,665 65,064 1900 38,415 38,469 30,346 38,307 13,214 102,479 66,960 9,117 29,282 17,700 342,782 21,500 21,085 133,859 28,157 70,996 79,850 28,695 H,296 25,998 108,027 24,637 18,839 15,997 45,859 76,508 278, 718 28,429 15,839 89,872 39,441 23,272 54,244 1890 26,178 31,076 21,883 25,874 6,101 50,395 48,682 4,882 26,386 16, 159 298,997 « 18,060 11,140 106,713 24,558 48,866 53,230 25,423 21,652 16,519 81,298 23,048 15,700 28,646 61,431 230,392 17,201 5,532 65,533 33,300 22,746 43, 189 PEB CENT or mCBEASE.I 190fr- 1910 245.4 33.9 25.7 19.9 206. 211. 124. 232. 52. 123. 21. 34. 37.9 59.4 57.7 14.3 18.8 103.0 ,138.5 72.3 4.1 74.7 19.9 189fr- 1900 46.7 23.8 38.7 48.1 159.0 103.4 37.5 86.7 11.0 9.5 14.6 19.0 89.3 25.4 14.7 45.3 50.0 12.9 It. 2 57.4 32.9 6.9 20.0 60.1 24.5 21.0 65.3 186.3 37.1 18.4 2.3 25.6 niinolB Aurora Bloomington . . Chicago Danville Decatur East St. Louis. Elgin JoUet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana Evansville... Fort Wajme. Indianapolis. South Bend. Terre Haute. Iowa Cedar Rapids. Clinton Council Bluffs. Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Kansas Kansas City. Topeka Wlohlta Kentucky Covington . Lexington. Louisville. Newport . . Louisiana New Orleans . Shreveport . . . Maine Lewiston . Portland. Maryland Baltimore. POPULATION. PER CENT OF INCREASE .1 1910 29,807 25,768 2,185,283 27,871 31,140 58,547 25,976 34,670 66,950 36,587 45,401 51,678 69,647 63,933 233,650 53,684 68,157 32,811 25,577 29,292 43,028 86,368 38,494 47,828 26,693 82,331 43,684 52,450 53,270 35,099 223,928 30,309 339,075 28,015 26,247 68,571 558,485 1900 24,147 23,286 1,698,576 16,354 20,754 29,655 22,433 29,353 56,100 36,252 31,051 34, 159 59,007 45, 115 169,164 35,999 36,673 25,656 22,698 25,802 35,254 62, 139 36,297 33,111 12,580 61,418 33,608 24,671 42,938 26,369 204,731 28,301 287,104 16,013 23,761 50,145 508,957 1890 19,688 20,484 ,099,850 11,491 16,841 15, 169 17,823 23,264 41,024 31,494 23,584 24,963 60,756 35,393 105,436 21,819 30,217 18,020 13,619 21,474 26,872 50,093 30,311 37,806 6,674 38,316 31,007 23,853 37,371 21,567 161,129 24,918 242,039 11,979 21,701 36,425 434,439 1900- 1910 23.4 10.7 28.7 70.4 60.0 97.4 15.8 18.1 19.3 0.9 46.2 51.3 18.0 41.7 38.1 49.1 58.6 27.9 12.7 13.5 22.1 39.0 6.1 44.4 112.2 60.1 30.0 112.6 24.1 33.1 9.4 7.1 18.1 76.0 10.6 16.8 9.7 1890- 1900 22.6 13.7 54.4 42.3 23.2 95.5 25.9 26.2 36.7 15.1 31.7 36.8 16.3 27.5 60.4 65.0 21.4 42.4 66.7 20.2 31.2 24.0 19.7 -12.4 88.6 34.2 8.4 3.4 14.9 22.3 27.1 13.6 18.6 33.7 9.5 37.7 17.2 « A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. ' Town and city now coextensive. ' Population is for the District of Columbia, with which the city is coextensive. 64 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF CITIES HAVING, IN 1910, 25,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE, WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE: 1890-1910— Continued . Table 27— Continued. taTT. POPULATION. 1910 Massachusetts Boston Brockton Brookline town Cambridge Chelsea Chicopee Everett Fall River Fitchburg Haverhill. Holyoke Lawrence Lowell Lynn Maiden New Bedford Newton Plttsfield Qulncy Salem SomerviUe Springfield Taunton Waltham Worcester Michigan Battle Creek BayCity Detroit Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing Saginaw Minnesota Duluth Minneapolis St. Paul Missouri Joplin Kansas City St. Joseph St. Louis Springfield Montana Butte I^ebraska Lincoln Omaha South Omaha BTew Hampshire Manchester Nashua New Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange EUzabeth Holx>ken Jersey City Newark , Orange , Passaic Paterson Perth Amboy , Trenton West Hoboken town , New York Albany Amsterdam Auburn BinghamtoH Buffalo Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mount Vernon , New Rochelle New York 2 Manhattan Borough , Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough QueeTis Borough , Richmond Borough •A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease, 670,585 56,878 27, 792 104,839 32,452 25,401 33,484 119,295 37,826 44,115 57, 730 85,892 106,294 89,336 44,404 96,652 39,806 32, 121 32,642 43,697 77,236 88,926 34,259 27,834 145,986 25,267 45, 166 465, 766 38,550 112,571 31,433 39,437 31,229 50,510 78,466 301,408 214, 744 32,073 248,381 77,403 687,029 35,201 39,165 43,973 124,096 26,259 70,063 26,005 46,150 55,545 94,538 34,371 73,409 70,324 267,779 347,469 29,630 54,773 125,600 32, 121 96,815 35,403 100, 253 31,267 34,668 48,443 423, 715 37, 176 31,297 25,908 30,919 28,867 4,766,883 Z, 33 1,543 430,980 1,634,351 m,04t 85,969 1900 560,892 40,063 19,935 91,886 34,072 19, 167 24,336 104,863 31,531 37, 175 45,712 62,559 94,969 68,513 33,664 62,442 33,587 21,766 23,899 35,956 61,643 62,059 31,036 23,481 118,421 18,563 27,628 285, 704 13,103 87,565 25, 180 24,404 16,485 42,345 52,969 202, 718 163,065 26,023 163, 752 102,979 575,238 23,267 30,470 40, 169 102,555 26,001 56,987 23,898 27,838 32, 722 75,935 21,506 52, 130 59,364 206,433 246,070 24,141 27, 777 105, 171 17,699 73,307 23,094 94, 151 20,929 30,345 39,647 352,387 35, 672 22,892 24,535 21,228 14,720 3, 437, 202 1,850,093 S00,507 1,166,682 152,999 67,021 1890 448,477 27,294 12,103 70,028 27,909 14,050 11,068 74,398 22,037 27,412 35,637 44,654 77,696 55, 727 23,031 40, 733 24,379 17,281 16, 723 30,801 40, 152 44,179 25,448 18, 707 84,655 13,197 27,839 205,876 9,803 60,278 20, 798 17,853 13, 102 46,322 33, 115 164, 738 133, 156 9,943 132, 716 52,324 451,770 21,850 10, 723 55, 154 140, 452 8,062 44, 126 19,311 13,055 19,033 58,313 37,764 43,648 163,003 181,830 18,844 13,028 78,347 9,512 57,458 94 17 25 35 255 30 16 21 10 9 2,507 ,547 ,050 ,693 PER CENT OF INCREASE.! 190O- 1910 19.6 42.0 39.4 14.1 -4.8 32.5 37.6 13.8 20.0 18.7 26.3 37.3 11.9 30.4 31.9 54.8 18.5 47.6 36.6 21.5 25.3 43.3 10.4 18.5 23.3 36.1 63.5 68.0 194.2 28.6 24.8 61.6 89.4 19.3 48.1 48.7 31.7 23.2 51.7 -24.8 19.4 51.3 28.5 9.5 21.0 1.0 69.7 24.5 59.8 40.8 18.5 29.7 41.2 22.7 97.2 19.4 81.5 32.1 53.3 6.5 49.4 14.2 22.2 20.2 4.2 36.7 5.6 45.7 96.1 38.7 26.0 114.9 40.1 1890- 1900 25.1 46.8 64.7 31.2 22.1 36.4 119.9 40.9 43.1 35.6 28.3 40.1 22.2 22.9 46.2 53.3 37.8 26.0 42.9 16.7 53.5 40.5 22.0 25.5 39.9 40.7 -0.8 38.8 33.7 45.3 21.1 36.7 25.8 -8.6 60.0 23.1 22.5 161.7 23.4 96.8 27.3 6.5 184.2 -27.2 -27.0 222.5 29.1 23.8 113.2 71.9 30.2 38.0 36.0 26.6 35.3 28.1 113.2 34.2 86.1 27.6 -0.8 20.7 17.4 13.3 37.8 15.5 42.7 15.4 96.0 62.5 37.1 28.4 125.5 39.1 75.8 29.7 New York— Con. Newburgh Niagara Falls. Poughkeepsie. Rochester Schenectady.. Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington. Ohio Akron Canton Cincinnati. . . Cleveland Columbus Dayton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield.. Toledo Youngstown. Zanesville Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City. Oregon Portland. Pennsylvania AUentown. Altoona. .. Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lanca.ster McKeesport Newcastle Norristown borough. . Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton Shenandoah borough . Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Bhode Island Newport Pawtucket Providence Warwick town. Woonsocket South Carolina Charleston. Columbia.. Tennessee Chattanooga. Knoxville. . . Memphis Nashville Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth.. .^. Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco POPULATION. 1910 27,805 30, 445 27,936 218, 149 72, 826 137, 249 76,813 74, 419 26, 730 79, 803 34, 014 25,748 69,067 50,217 363, 591 560,663 181,511 116,577 35,279 30,508 28,883 25, 404 46,921 168, 497 79, 066 28, 026 25,278 64, 205 207, 214 51,913 52, 127 38,537 28,523 66, 525 64,186 25, 452 55, 482 47, 227 42,694 36,280 27,875 ,549,008 633,905 96,071 129, 867 25, 774 67,105 31,860 44,750 27,149 51,622 224,326 26.629 38, 125 58,833 26,319 44,604 36,346 131,105 110,364 29,860 92,104 39,279 73,312 36,981 78,800 96, 614 26,425 1900 24,943 19, 457 24,029 162,608 31,682 108, 374 60, 651 56, 383 21,696 47, 931 18.091 20,976 42,728 30,667 325,902 381,768 125, 560 85,333 23,914 21, 723 16,028 18,157 38,253 131,822 44, 885 23,538 4,254 10,037 90,426 35, 416 38,973 33,988 25,238 52, 733 50,167 14,230 35,936 41,459 34,227 28.339 22, 265 1,293,697 3 4.51, 512 78,961 102, 026 20, 321 51,721 28, 757 33,708 22,441 39,231 175, 597 21.316 28,204 55,807 21,108 30, 154 32,637 102,320 80,865 1890 23,087 22, 206 133,896 19, 902 88, 143 60,956 44,007 14, 725 32,033 11,557 20,056 27,601 26, 189 296,908 261,353 88,150 61,220 17, 565 15, 981 4,863 14,270 31,895 81,434 33,220 21,009 4,151 46,385 25, 228 30,337 20,226 14,481 40,634 39,385 11,872 21,805 32,011 20, 741 11,600 19, 791 1,046,964 8 343, 904 58,661 75,215 15,944 37,718 27, 132 20, 793 19, 457 27,633 132,1^6 17, 761 20, 830 54,955 15,353 29,100 22,535 64, 495 76,168 22,258 14, 575 42,638 38,067 15,906 10,338 26,688 33,076 37, 789 •29,084 44,633 27,557 53,321 37,673 20,686 14,445 ' Population of New York and its boroughs as now constituted. ' Includes population of Allegheny: 1900, 129,896; 1890, 105,287. POPULATION OF CITIES. 65 POPULATION OF CITIES HAVING, IN 1910, 25,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE, WITH PER CENT OF INCREASE: 1890-1910— Continued . Table 37 — Continued. POPXJLATION. 1910 1900 1890 PER CENT or INCREASE.! 190O- 1910 1890- 1900 POPULATION. 1910 1900 1S90 PER CENT OF INCREASE.' 190O- 1910 1890- 1900 Vtali Ogden Salt Lake City Virg^inla Lynchburg Norfolk Portsmouth Richmond Roanoke Washingrton Seattle Spokane T^tooma 25,580 92,777 29,494 67,452 33,190 127,628 34,874 237,194 104,402 83,743 16,313 53,531 18,891 46,624 17,427 85,050 21,495 80,671 36,848 37,714 14,889 44,843 19,709 34,871 13,268 81,388 16,159 42,837 19,922 36,006 56.8 73.3 56.1 44.7 90.5 50.1 62.2 194.0 183.3 122.0 9.6 19.4 -4.2 33.7 31.3 4.5 33.0 88.3 85.0 4.7 West Virgrlnia Huntington , Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse , Madison , Milwaukee Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Supenor 31.161 41,641 25,236 30,417 25,531 373,857 33,062 38,002 26.398 40,384 11,923 38,878 18,684 28,895 19, 164 285,315 28,284 29,102 22,962 31,091 10,108 34,522 25 13, 204 22 2V 16 11 161.4 7.1 35.1 5.3 33.2 31.0 16.9 30.6 15.0 29.9 18.0 12.6 106.0 15.2 42.7 39.5 23.9 38.5 40.4 150.6 ' A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890. (Tbls table includes all incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28 OTY, TOWN, VILLAQE, OH BOROUGH. Alabama Alabama City town..., Anniston city Attalla town Bessemer city , Birmingham city , Decatur city.. Dothancity.. Eufaula city. . Florence city. Gadsden city. Oirard city Greenville city... Huntsville town. Jasper town Lanett town Mobile city , Montgomery city . , New Decatur city . Opelikacitv , PhenixCity Selmacity Sheffield city.. Talladega city. Troy city Tuscaloosa city Tuscumbia city Tnskegee town Union Springs town. Aiisona Bisbeecity... Clifton cit^... Douglas city.. Globe city Nogales town. Phoenix city . Prescottcity.. Tucson city... Yuma town.. Arkansas Argentacity Arkadelphiacity. Batesville city. . . . Blytheville town. Camden city Conway city El Dorado city Eureka Springs city. Fayette ville city Fordycecity 1910 4,313 12,794 2,513 10,864 132,686 4,228 7,016 4,259 6,689 10,557 4,214 3,377 7,611 2,509 3,820 51,521 38,136 6,118 4,734 4,555 13,649 4,865 5,854 4,961 8,407 3,324 2,803 4,055 9,019 4,874 6,437 7,083 3,514 11,134 5,092 13, 193 2,914 11,138 2,745 3,399 3,849 3,995 2,794 4,202 3,228 4,471 2,794 1900 2,276 9,695 1,692 6,358 36,416 3,114 3,275 4,532 6,478 4,282 3,840 3,162 8,068 1,661 2,909 38,469 30,346 4,437 4,245 4,163 8,713 3,3.33 5,05fi 4,097 5,094 2,348 2,170 2,634 1,761 5,544 3,559 7,531 2,739 2,327 302 2,840 2,003 1,009 3,572 4,061 1,710 1890 9,998 1,254 4,644 26,178 2,765 247 4,394 6,012 2,901 2,806 7,905 780 777 31,076 21,883 3,565 3,703 3,700 7,622 2,731 2,063 3,449 4,215 2,491 1,803 2,049 1,194 3,152 1,759 5,150 2,455 2,150 2,571 1,207 455 3,706 2,942 980 arr, town, tiuaoe, OR BOROUGH. Arkanta*— Con. Fort Smith city.. Uelenacity Hope city Uot Springs city. Jonesboro city. . . LlttW Rock city. Malvern town... Mariannacity... Mcna town Newport town... Panumuldcity., Pine Bluff city. Prescott town . . Rogers town.... RussellvUiecity. Stuttgart city.... Texarkana city '. Van Burenclty.. California Alameda city Alhambracity.., .\naheim town.. Bakersfield city. Berkeley city Chico city Coalinga city Coltoncity Corona city Emeryville town. Eureka city Fresno city Glendalecity Grass Valley city . Hanfordcity Hay ward town.. Lodicity Long Beach city. Los Angeles city. MarysviUecity.. Merced city Mill Valley town. Modesto city Monrovia city Monterey city Napa city Nevada City Oakland city Ocean Park city. Ontario city 1910 2.3,975 8,772 3,639 14,434 7,123 45,941 2,778 4,810 3,953 3,557 6,248 15,102 2,705 2,820 2,936 2,740 5,655 3,878 23,383 5,021 2,628 12,727 40,434 3,750 4,199 3,980 3,540 2,613 11,845 24,892 2,746 4,520 4,829 2,746 2,697 17,809 319, 198 5,430 3,102 2,551 4,034 3,576 4,923 5,791 2,689 150, 174 3,119 4,274 1900 11,687 6,650 1,644 0,973 4,608 38,307 1,682 1,707 3,423 2,866 3,324 11,496 2,005 2,158 1,832 1,258 4,914 2,673 16,464 1,456 4,836 13,214 2,640 1,285 1,434 1,016 7,327 12,470 4,719 2,929 1,965 2,252 102,479 3,497 2,024 1,205 1,748 4,036 3,250 66,960 1890 11,311 6,189 1,937 8,086 2,066 25,874 1,520 1,126 1,671 1,666 9,952 1,287 1,265 1,321 1,165 3,528 2,291 11,165 1,273 2,626 5,101 2,894 1,315 '"'228 4,858 10,818 942 1,419 664 50,395 3,991 2,009 2,402 907 1,662 4,395 2,524 48,682 683 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OR BOROUGH. California— Con. Orange city Orovillecity... Oxnard city... Palo Alto city. Pasadena city. Petalumacity.. Pomona city... Portervlllecity. Red Bluff city.. Redding city... Redlandscity Redondo Beach city. Richmond city Riverside city Roseville city Sacramento city Salinas city San Bernardino city. San Diego city San Francisco city... San Jose city San Leandro city San Luis Obispo city. San Mateo city San Rafael city Santa Ana city Santa Barbara city . . . Santa Clara town Santa Cniz city Santa Monica city Santa Rosa city South Pasadena city. Stockton city Tulare city Vallejo city Ventura city VLsaliacity Watsonville city. Whittier city Woodland city.. Colorado Alamosa town Boulder city Canon City Colorado City Colorado Springs city. . 1910 2,920 3,859 2,555 4,486 30,291 5,880 10,207 2,696 3,530 3,572 10,449 2,935 6,802 15,212 2,606 44,696 3,736 12,779 39,578 416,912 28,946 3,471 5,157 4,384 5,934 8,429 11,659 4,348 11,146 7,847 7,817 4,649 23,253 2,758 11,340 2,945 4,550 4,446 4,550 3,187 3,013 9,539 5,162 4,333 29,078 1900 1,216 1,658 9,117 3,871 5,526 2,760 2,946 4,797 855 7,973 29,282 3,304 6,150 17,700 342,782 21,500 2,253 3,021 1,832 3,879 4,933 6,587 3,650 5,6.59 3,057 6,673 1,001 17,506 2,216 7,965 2,470 3,085 3,528 1,590 2,886 1,141 6,150 3,776 2,914 21,085 1 Joint population of Texarkana city .MUler County, Ark., and Texarkana city, Bowie County, Tex.: 1910, 15,445; 1900, 10,170; 1890, 6,380. 72497°— 13 5 + 1890 866 4,882 3,692 3,634 2,608 1,821 1,904 603 4,683 26,386 2,339 4,012 16, 159 298,997 18,060 '2,' 995 "3,' 290 3,628 5,864 2,891 5,596 1,580 5,220 623 14,424 2,697 6,343 2,320 2,885 2,149 585 3,069 973 3,330 2,825 1,788 11,140 66 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [This table includes all incorporated places having 2,500 Inhabitants or more In 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28— Con. CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Colorado — Con. Cripple Creek city Denver city Durango city Englewood city Florence city Fort Collins city Fort Morgan city Grand Junction city. . . Greeley city La Junta city Lamar town Lead^rilie city Longmont city Loveland city Monte Vista town Montrose city Pueblo city Rocky Ford city Salidaclty Sterling city Trinidad city Victor city Cojmecticat Ansonia city Berlin town Bethel town Beth el borough Branford town Branford borough Bridgeport city Bristol town Bristol borotigh Canton town Danbury town Davhury city Danielson borough (see KUlingly town). Darien town Derbycity Bast Hai'tford town. . . East Windsor town Enfield town Essex town Fairfield town Farmington town Glastonbury town Greenwich town Greenwich borough... Griswold town Jewett City borotigh.. Groton town Guilford town Hamden town Hartford city Huntington town Shelton borough Jewett City borough (see Griswold town). Killingly town Danielson borough . . . Litchfield town Manchester town Meriden town Meriden city Middletown town Middletown city Milford town Montville town Naugatuck borough. . . New Britain city New Canaan town New Haven city New London city New Milford town Newtown town Norwalk town Norwalk city South Norwalk city. . . Norwich town Norwich city 1910 6,206 213,381 4,686 2,983 2,712 8,210 2,800 7,754 8,179 4,154 2,977 7,508 4,256 3,651 2,544 3,254 44,395 3,230 4,425 3,044 10,204 3,162 15,152 3,728 3,792 SMI 6,047 1,660 102,054 13,502 9,m 2,732 23,502 W,es4 3,946 8,991 8,138 3,362 9,719 2,745 6,134 3,478 4,796 16,483 S,886 4,233 S,02S 6,495 3,001 5,850 98,915 6,546 4,507 6,564 S,9S4 3,005 13,641 32,066 S7,Se5 20,749 11,861 4,366 2,804 12,722 43,916 3,667 133,605 19,659 6,010 3,012 24,211 e,9Bl 8,968 28,219 W,S67 1900 10, 147 133,859 3,317 3,728 3,053 634 3,503 3,023 2,513 12,455 2,201 1,091 556 1,217 28,157 2,018 3,722 998 5,345 4,986 12,681 3,448 3,327 S,B61 5,706 70,996 9,643 6,268 2,678 19,474 ie,6S7 3,116 7,930 6,406 3,158 2,530 4,489 3,331 4,268 12,172 3,490 e,tH 6,962 2,785 4,626 79,850 5,572 Z,8S7 6,835 2,82S 3,214 10,601 28,695 17,486 9,689 3,783 2,395 10,541 25,998 2,968 108,027 17,548 4,804 3,276 19,932 6,126 6,591 24,637 17,m 1890 106,713 2,726 2,011 488 2,030 2,395 1,439 566 10,384 1,543 780 1,330 24,558 408 2,586 640 5,523 2,600 3,401 S,SSS 4,460 48,866 7,382 2,500 19,473 16,662 2,276 4,456 2,890 7,199 2,035 3,868 3,179 3,467 10,131 3,113 1,9S4 6,639 2,780 3,882 63,230 4,006 1,968 7,027 3,304 8,222 25,423 21,66$ 15,205 9,013 3,811 2,344 16,619 2,701 81,298 13, 767 3,917 3,639 17,747 23,048 16,166 CITY, TOWK, VILLAGE, OE BOEOUGH. Connecticut— Con. Orange town West Haven borough. Plainfield town Plainville town Plymouth town Portland town Putnam town Putnam city Ridgefleld town Rockville city (sec Ver- non town). Salisbury town Seymour town Shelton borough (see Huntington town). Simsbury town Southington town Southington borough . South Norwalk city (see Norwalk town). Sprague town Stafford town Stafford Springs bor- ough Stamford toym Stamford dtp Stontngton town Stratford town Suffield town Thomaston town Thomjison town Torrington town Torrington borough. Vernon town Rockville city Wallingford town Walling ford borough. Waterbury city Waterford town Watertown town West Hartford town. . . West Haven borough (see Orange town). Westport town Wethersfield town Willimantic city (see Windham town). Winchester town Winsted borough Windham town Willimantic city Windsor town Windsor Locks town. . Winsted borough (see Winchester town). Delaware Dover town Milford town New Castle city.. Wilmington city. District of Columbia Washington city i Florida Apalachicola city Bartow town Day tona city De Land city Fernandina city Gainesville city. . , Jacksonville city. Key West city Lake City Lakeland town... Live Oak city. Miami city Ocala city Orlando city... Palatkacity... 1910 11,272 8,643 6,719 2,882 5,021 3,425 7,280 6,637 3,118 3,522 4,786 2,537 6,516 3,714 2,551 6,233 3,069 28,836 26,138 9,154 6,712 3,841 3,533 4,804 16,840 16,483 9,087 7,977 11,155 8,690 73,141 3,097 3,850 4,808 4,259 3,148 8,679 7,764 12,604 11,230 4,178 3,716 3,720 2,603 3,361 87,411 331,069 3,065 2,662 3,082 2,812 3,482 6,183 57,699 19,946 5,032 3,719 3,460 6,471 4,370 3,894 3,779 6,995 6,247 4,821 2,189 2,828 3,866 7,348 6,667 2,626 3,489 3,541 2,094 6,890 3,411 1,339 4,297 2,460 18,839 16,997 8,640 3,667 3,521 3,300 6,442 12,463 8,360 8,483 7,287 9,001 6,737 45,859 2,904 3,100 3,186 4,017 2,637 7,763 6,804 10,137 8,937 3,614 3,062 3,329 2,600 3,380 76,608 278,718 3,077 1,983 1,690 1,449 3,245 3,633 28,429 17,114 4,013 1,180 1,650 1,681 3,380 2,481 3,301 1890 4,537 4,582 1,993 2,147 4,687 6,612 2,235 3,420 3,300 1,874 6,601 1,106 4,636 2,353 15,700 7,184 2,608 3,169 3,278 6,680 6,048 4,283 8,808 9,772 6,684 4,230 28,646 2,661 2,323 1,930 3,715 2,271 6,183 4,846 10,032 8,648 2,954 2,768 3,061 2,565 4,010 61,431 230,392 2,727 1,386 771 1,113 2,803 2,790 17,201 18,080 2,020 652 687 2,904 2,856 3,039 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Florida— Con. Pensacola city Quincy city St. Augustine city. . St. Petersburg town Sanford city Tallahassee city Tampa city West Tampa city. . . Georgia Albany city Americus city Athens city Atlanta city Augusta city Bainbridge city Barnesville city. . . . Brunswick city CarroUton town Cartersville city Cedartown town Columbus city Cordele city Covington city Cuthbert town Daltoncity Dawson city Douglas city Dublin city East Point town Elberton city Fitzgerald city Fort Valley town... Gainesville city Grifllncity Hawkinsville city. . La Grange city Macon city Marietta city Milledgeville city . . . Monroe city Moultrie town Newnan city Quitman city Rome city Sandersville city . . . Savannah city.- Statesboro city Summerville town. . Thomas ville town . . Toccoa town Valdosta city Washington city . . . Waycrosscity Waynesboro town . . Idaho Boise city Caldwell city Coeur d' Alene city . . Idaho Fails city Lewistoncity Moscow city Nampacity Poca telle city Sandpolnt city Twin Falls city Wallace city Weisercity Illinois Alton city Anna city Aurora city Averyyille village . . Batavia city Beardstown city Belleville city Bel videre city Benton city Berwyn city 1910 22,982 3,204 6,494 4,127 "3,670 6,018 37,782 8,258 8,190 8,063 14,913 154,839 41,040 4,217 3,068 10, 182 3,297 4,067 3,561 20,554 5,883 2,697 3,210 5,324 3,827 3,550 6,795 3,682 6,483 6,795 2,697 6,925 7,478 3,420 5,587 40,666 5,949 4,386 3,029 3,349 5,648 3,915 12,099 2,641 65,064 2,529 4,361 6,727 3,120 7,656 3,065 14,486 2,729 17,358 3,543 7,291 4,827 6,043 3,670 4,205 9,110 2,993 5,258 3,000 2,600 17,628 2,809 29,807 2,668 4,436 6,107 21,122 7,253 2,675 5,841 1900 17,747 847 4,272 1,575 1,460 2,981 15,839 2,355 4,606 7,674 10,245 89,872 39,441 2,641 3,036 9,081 1,998 3,135 2,823 17,614 3,473 2,062 2,641 4,315 2,926 617 2,987 1,315 3,834 1,817 2,022 4,382 6,867 2,103 4,274 23,272 4,446 4,219 1,846 2,221 3,654 2,281 7,291 2,023 64,244 1,197 3,245 6,322 2,176 6,613 3.300 6,919 2,030 5,957 997 508 1,262 2,425 2,484 799 4,046 2,265 1,364 14,210 2,618 24, 147 1,573 3,871 4,827 17,484 6,937 1,341 1 Coextensive with District of Columbia. POPULATION OF CITIES. 67 POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Ck)ntinued. {This table Includes all incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the town8hii>s, precincts, districts, etc. , of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910. ] Table 28— Con. CITY, TOWN, VILLAQE, OK BOROUGH. CllllOlS — Con. Bloomington city Blue Island village. . . Bridgeport city Bushnellcity Cairo city Canton city Carbondalecity. Carlinvillecity. . Carmicity Cartervllle city. . Centraliacity... Champaign city. Charleston city.. Chester city Chicago city Chicago Heights city. Cicero town Clinton city Coaiaty Collinsvllle city Danville city Decatnr city Dekalb city Dixon city Downers Qrove village Duquoincity East Moline city. . . East St. Louis city. Edwardsville city . . Efflngliam city Eldorado city. Elgin city Evanstoncity. Fairburycity. Flora city Forest Park village. Freeportclty Galena city Oalesburg city Geneseo city Granite city Greenville city . . Harrisburgcity. Harvard city . . . Harvey city Havana city Herrin city Highland city Highland Park city. Hillsboro city Hoopestoncity.. Jacksonville city . Jerseyrille city. . , Johnston city... Joliet city Kankakee city Kewanee city La Grange village. La Salle city , Lake Forest city . . Lawrenceville city. Lincoln city Litchfield city Lockport city Macomb city Madison village. Marion city Marseilles city.. Marshall city... Mattoon city . . . Maywood villa^ Melrose Park village. . . Mendota city MetropoUs city Moline city 1910 25,768 8,043 10 5i 3 2 2 9 12 5 2 ,186, 14 14 5 2 7 27 31 8 7 2 5 2 58 5, 3 3, 26 24 2 2 23,286 6,114 487 2,490 12,566 6,664 3,318 3,502 2,939 1,749 6,721 9,098 6,488 2,832 1,608,676 6,100 16,310 4,452 2,607 4,021 16,354 20,754 5,904 7,917 2,103 4,363 29,665 4,167 3,774 1,446 22,433 19,260 2,187 2,311 4,086 13,268 6,005 18,607 3,366 3,122 2,504 2,202 2,602 6,395 3,268 1,559 1,970 2,806 1,937 3,823 15,078 3,617 787 29,363 13,695 8,382 3,969 10,446 2,215 1,300 8,962 5,918 2,669 6,375 1,979 2,510 2.669 2,077 9,622 4,532 2,592 3,736 4,069 17,248 1890 20,484 3,329 474 2,314 10,324 6,604 2,382 3,293 2,786 4,763 5,839 4, 1.35 2,708 1,099,860 10,204 2,698 1,672 3,498 11,491 16,841 2,579 6,161 960 4,062 16,169 3,661 3,260 17,823 2,324 1,606 10,189 6,635 15,284 3,182 1,868 1,723 1,967 2,525 1,857 2,163 1,911 12,935 3,207 23,264 9,025 4,569 2,314 9,855 1,203 865 6,725 5,811 2,449 4,052 1,338 2,210 1,900 6,833 3,642 3,573 12,000 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OR BOROUGH. nunois— Con. Monmouth city Morgan Park village. Morris city Mound City Mount Carmel city. . Mount Olive village. Mount Vernon city . . Murphysboro city. . . Napervnlle city Normal town North Chicago city. Oak Park village. . . Olney city Ottawa city Panacity Paris city... Paxton city . Pekincity. . Peoria city.. Peru city Petersburg city.. . Pinckneyville city. Pontiacdty Portland city Princeton city Quincy city Robinson city Roohelle city Rock Falls city.. Rock Island city. Rockford city.. St. Charles city. Salem city Sandwich city. . Savanna city... Shelby ville city... Sparta city Spring Valley city. Springfield city... Staunton city Steriingclty Streator city Sullivan city... Sycamore city.. Taylorvilleclty. Upper Alton city. Urbana city Vandaliacity Venice city Virden city Waukegan city West H ammond village Westville village Wheaton city White Hall city Wilmette village.. Winnetka village. Woodstock city . . . ZionCity Indiana Alexandria city. Anderson city.., Angola city Attica city Auburn city Aurora city Bedford city Bicknell town Bloomington city. Blufl ton city Boonvillecity... Brazil city Ciarks ville town. Clinton city Columbia City . . 1910 9,128 3,694 4,563 2,837 6,934 3,601 8,007 7,485 3,449 4,024 3,306 19,444 5,011 9,536 6,055 7,664 2,912 9,897 66,950 7,984 2,687 2,722 6,090 3,194 4,131 36,687 3,863 2,732 2,657 24,336 46,401 4,046 2,669 2,657 3,691 3,590 3,081 7,035 61,678 5,048 7,467 14,253 2,621 3,926 6,446 2,918 8,246 2,974 3,718 4,000 16,069 4,948 2,607 3,423 2,854 4,943 3,168 4,331 4,789 5,096 22,4"'6 2,610 3,335 3,919 4,410 8,716 2,794 8,838 4,987 3,934 9,340 2,743 6,229 3,448 7,460 2,329 4,273 2,705 4,311 2,935 5,216 6,463 2,629 3,795 1,150 4,260 10,688 5,6.30 6,105 3,036 8,420 56,100 6,863 2,807 2,357 4,266 4,023 36,262 1,683 2,073 2,176 19,493 31,051 2,675 1,642 2,520 3,326 3,646 2,041 6,214 34,160 2,786 6,300 14,079 2,399 3,653 4,248 2,373 5,728 2,666 2,450 2,280 9,426 2,935 1,605 2,346 2,030 2,300 1,833 2,502 7,221 20,178 2,141 3,006 3,396 3,646 6,116 6,460 4,479 2,849 7,786 2,370 2,918 2,975 1890 5,936 1,027 3,653 3,376 1,986 3,233 3,880 2,210 3,459 3,831 9,985 6,077 4,996 2,187 6,347 41,024 6,550 2,342 1,298 2,784 3,396 31,494 1,387 1,780 1,900 13,634 23,584 1,690 1,493 2,616 3,097 3,162 1,979 3,837 24,963 2,209 6,824 11,414 1,468 2,987 2,829 1,803 3,511 2,144 932 1,610 4,916 1,622 1,961 1,458 1,079 1,683 715 10,741 1,840 2,320 2,415 3,929 3,351 4,018 3,589 1,881 5,905 1,692 1,365 3,027 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Indiana— Con. Columbus city ConnersvUle city. . . . Crawfordsviile city . Crown Point town.. Decatur city Dunkirk city East Chicago city. Elkhart city Elwoodcity Evans ville city... Fairmount town., Fort Wayne city. Frankfort city Franklin city Garrett city Gary city Gas City Goshen city Qreencastlecity. Greenfield city... Greensburgcity.. Hammond city... Hartford City Huntington city. . Indianapolis city. Jason villo town.. . Jefferson ville city. Kendallvillecity., Kokomocity Lafayette city Laporte City Lawreiiceburg city . I^banoncity Linton city Ix>gansport city Madison city Marion city Martinsville city. Michigan City... Mishawakacity.. Mitchell city Montpelierclty Mount Vernon city. Munciecity New Albany city. . . New Castle city: . . . Noblesville city North Vernon city. Peru city Plymouth city Portland city. . . Princeton city.. Richmond city. Rochester city. . Roc kport city.. Rush ville city... Seymour city Shelby ville city.. South Bend ciiy. Sullivan city Tell City Terre Haute city. Tipton city Union City > Valparaiso city... Vincennes city. . . Wabash city Warsaw city Washington city. West Lafayette town . . West Terre Haute town Whiting city Winchester city Iowa Albiacity Algonacity Ames city Anamosa city. Atlantic city.. 1910 8,813 7,738 9,371 2,526 4,471 3,031 19,098 19,282 11,028 69,647 2,506 63,933 8,634 4,502 4,140 16,802 3,224 8,514 3,790 4,448 6,420 20,926 6,187 10,272 233,660 3,295 10,412 4,981 17,010 20,081 10,625 3,930 6,474 6,906 10,050 6,034 19,359 4,629 19,827 11,886 3,438 2,786 5,563 24,005 20,629 9,446 5,073 2,916 10,910 3,838 6,130 6,448 22,324 3,364 2,736 4,926 6,305 9,600 63,684 4,115 3,369 68,157 4,075 3,209 6,987 14,896 8,687 4,430 7,854 3,867 3,083 6,587 4,2C6 4,969 2,908 4,223 2,983 4,560 1900 8,130 6,836 6,649 2,336 4,142 3,187 3,411 15,184 12,950 69,007 3,205 45,116 7,100 4,005 3,910 3,622 7,810 3,661 4,489 5,034 12,376 6,912 9,491 169, 164 10,774 3,354 K),609 18,116 7,113 4,326 4,4<>5 3,071 16,204 7,835 17,337 4,038 14,850 6,560 1,772 3,405 6,132 20,942 20,628 3,406 4,792 2,823 8,463 3,666 4,798 6,041 18,226 3,421 2,882 4,541 6,445 7,169 35,999 3,118 2,680 36,673 3,764 2,716 6,280 10,249 8,618 3,987 8,551 2,302 651 3,983 3,706 2,889 2,911 2,422 2,891 5,046 1 Joint population of Union City, Randolph County, Ind., and Union City village, Darke County, Ohio: 1910, 4,804; 1900, 3,998; 1890, 3,974. 68 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [This table inoludes all incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more In 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the towDships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or morein 1910.] Table 28— Con. CITT, TOWN, ATILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Iowa— Con. Belle Plaine city Boone city Burlington city Carroll city Cedar Falls city Cedar Rapids city. . Centerville city Chariton city Charles City Cherokee city Clarindacity Clinton city Colfax city Council Bluffs city. . Orescocity Ores ton city Davenport city Decorahcity Denison city Des Moines city Dubuque city Eagle Grove city Estherville city Fairfield city Fort Dodge city Fort Madison city . . Glenwood city Grinnellcity Hampton city Harlan city Independence city. . Indianola city Iowa City Iowa Falls city Keokuk city Knoxville city Le Mars city Mancliestcr city Maq^uoketa city Marion city Marshalltowncity . . Mason City Missouri Valley city . Mount Pleasant city Muscatine city Mystic town Newton city Oel wein city Oskaloosa city Ottumwacity Pella city Perry city Red Oak city Sheldon city Shenandoah city Sioux City Spencer city Valley Junction city Vinton city Washington city Waterloo city Waverlycity Webster City Winterset city Kansas Abilene city Anthony city Arkansas City Atchison city Beloitcity Caney citjr Chanute city Cherryvale city Clay Center city Coney ville city Columbus city Concordia city Council Grove city.. Dodge city Eldorado city Emporia citjr Fort Scott city Fredonia city Frontenac city Galena city 1910 3,121 10,347 24,324 3,546 5,012 32,811 6,936 3,794 5,892 4,884 3,832 25,577 2,524 29,292 2,658 6,924 43,028 3,592 3,133 86,368 38, 494 3,387 3,404 4,970 15,543 8,900 4,052 5,036 2,617 2,570 3,517 3,283 10,091 2,797 14,008 3.190 4,157 2,758 3,570 4,400 13,374 11,230 3,187 3,874 16, 178 2,663 4,616 6,028 9,466 22.012 3.021 4,630 4,830 2,941 4.976 47,828 3.005 2,573 3,336 4,380 26,693 3,205 5,208 2,818 4,118 2,069 7,508 16,429 3,082 3,597 9,272 4,304 3,4,38 12,687 3,064 4,415 2,545 3,214 3,129 9,058 10,463 3,040 3,396 6,096 1900 3,283 880 201 882 319 3,507 1,179 6,140 15,722 2,359 887 4,208 3,472 3,069 4,953 2,310 3,401 2,205 1,942 3,466 8,223 10,322 1,650 1,805 10,155 1890 2,623 6,520 22,565 2,448 3,459 18,020 3,668 3,122 2,802 3,441 3,262 13,619 957 21.474 2,018 7,200 26,872 2,801 1,782 50,093 30,311 1,881 1,475 3,391 4,871 7,901 1,890 3; 332 2,067 1,765 3,163 2,254 7,016 1,796 14, 101 2,632 4,036 2,344 3,077 3,094 8,914 4,007 2,797 3,997 11,454 875 2,504 830 6,558 14,001 2,408 2,880 3,321 1,478 2,440 37,806 1,813 2,865 3,235 6,674 2,346 2,829 2,281 3,547 1,806 8,347 13,963 2,455 542 2,826 2,104 2,802 2,282 2,160 3,184 2,211 1,763 3,339 7,551 11,946 1,515 600 2,496 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOEOXJQH. Kansas— Con. Garden city Great Bend city Herington city Hiawatha city Holtoncity Hortoncity Humboldt city Hutchinson city Independence city. . . lola city Junction city Kansas City Kingman city Lamed city Lawrence city Leavenworth city . . . McPherson city Manhattan city Neodesha city Newton city Olathecity Osawatomie city Ottawa city Paolacity Parsons city Pittsburg city Pratt city Rosedale city Salinacity Topekacity Wellington city Wichita city .*. . . Winfleldcity Kentucky Ashland city Bellevuecity Bowling Green city.. Catlettsburg city Central City town . . . Corbin town Covington city Cynthiana city Danville city Dayton city Earlington city Frankfort city Franklin city Fulton town Georgetown town Harrodsburg city Henderson city Hickman town Hopkinsville city Lelianoncity Lexington city Louisville city Ludlow town Madisonville city Mayfleldcity Maysvillecity Middlesboro city Morganfleld city Mount Sterling city.. Newport city Nicholasville city Owensboro city Paducah city Paris city Princeton town Richmond city Russellville city Shelby ville city Somerset city Winchester city Louisiana Abbeville town Alexandria city Baton Rouge city Covington town Crowley city Donaldsonville town Franklin town Hammond town Houma town Jennings town 1910 3,171 4,622 3,273 2,974 2,842 3,600 2,548 16,364 10,480 9,032 5,598 82,331 2,570 2,911 12,374 19,363 3,546 5,722 2,872 7,862 3,272 4,046 7,650 3,207 12,463 14,755 3,302 5,960 43,684 7,034 52,450 6,700 6,683 9,173 3,520 2,545 2,589 53,270 3,603 5,420 6,979 3,931 10,465 3,063 2,575 4,533 3,147 11,452 2,736 9,419 3,077 35,099 223,928 4,163 4,966 5,916 6,141 7,305 2,725 3,932 30,309 2,935 16,011 22,760 6,859 3,015 5,340 3,111 3,412 4,491 7,156 2,907 11,213 14,897 2,601 5,099 4,090 3,857 2.942 6,024 3,925 1900 1,590 2,470 1,607 2,829 3,082 3,398 1,402 9,379 4,851 5,791 4,695 51,418 1,785 1,583 10,862 20,735 2,996 3,438 1,772 6,208 3,451 4,191 6,934 3,144 7,682 10, 112 1,213 3,270 6,074 33,608 4,245 24,671 5,554 6,800 6,332 8,226 3,081 1,348 1,644 42,938 3,257 4,285 6,104 3,012 9,487 2,166 2,860 3,823 2,876 10,272 1,589 7,280 3,043 26,369 204,731 3,334 3,628 4,081 6.423 4,162 2,046 3,561 28,301 2,393 13, 189 19,446 4,603 2,556 4,653 2,591 3,016 3,384 5,964 1,536 5.648 11.269 l,2a5 4,214 4,105 2,692 1,511 3,212 1,539 1890 1,490 2,450 1,353 2,486 2,727 3,316 1,361 8,682 3,127 1,706 4,502 38,316 2,390 1,861 9,997 19,768 3,172 3,004 1,528 5,605 3,294 2,662 6,248 2,943 6,736 6,697 1,418 2,276 6,149 31,007 4,391 23,853 5,184 4,195 3,163 7,803 1,374 1,144 37,371 3,016 3,766 4,204 1,748 7,892 2,324 1,818 3,230 8,835 1,652 6,833 2,816 21,567 161, 129 2,469 2.212 2,909 5,358 3,271 1,094 3,629 24,918 2.157 9,837 12.797 4.218 1,857 5.073 2,253 2,679 2,625 4,519 637 2,861 10, 478 976 420 3,121 2,127 692 1,280 412 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Louisiana— Con . Kentwood town Lafayette town Lake Charles city Minden town Monroe city Morgan City Natchitoches town New Iberia city New Orleans city Opelousas town Patterson town Plaquemine town Ruston town Shreveport city Thibodaux town Winnfleld town Maine Auburn city Augusta city Bangor city Bath city Bellast city Biddeford city Brewer city Bridgton town Brunswick town Brunswick village.. Calais city Camden town CaritKJU town Chelsea town Dexter town East Livermore town. Eastport city Eden town Ellsworth city Fairfield town Fairfield village Farmington town Fort Fairfield town... Fort Kent town Gardiner city Gorbam town Hallowell city Houlton town Jay town Kennebunk town Kittery town Lewiston city Lisbon town Lubectown Madison town Millinocket town Milo town Norway town Old Town city Orono to\\Ti Paris town Pittsfield town Portland city Presque Isle town Presque Isle village Rockland city Rumford town Rumford Falls village Saco city Sanford town Skowhegan town South Berwick town South Portland city. Van Buren town Waldoboro town Waterville city Westbrook city Winslow town York town Maryland Annapolis city Baltimore city Brunswick town Cambridge town Chestertown town. . . 1910 3,609 6,392 11,449 3,002 10,209 5,477 2,632 7,499 339,075 4,623 2,998 4,955 3,377 28,015 3,824 2,925 15,064 13,211 24,803 9,396 4,618 17,079 5,667 2,660 6,621 6,116 3,015 5,377 3,216 3,530 2,641 4,961 4,441 3,649 4,435 2,80t 3,210 4,381 3,710 5,311 2,822 2,864 6,846 2,987 3,099 3,533 26,247 4,116 3,363 3,379 3,368 2,656 3,002 6,317 3,555 3,436 2,891 68,571 5,179 S,9SS 8,174 6,777 6,583 9,049 5,341 2,935 7,471 3,065 2,656 11,458 8,281 2,709 2,802 8,609 558,486 3,721 6,407 2,736 1900 1,313 3,314 6,680 1,561 5,428 2,332 2,388 6,815 287,104 «,951 3,690 1,324 16,013 3,253 12,951 11,683 21,850 10,477 4,615 16,145 4,835 2,868 6,806 B,mO 7,655 2,826 4,758 3,092 2,941 2,129 5,311 4,379 4,297 3.878 S,$S8 3,288 4,181 2,528 5,501 2,540 2,714 4,686 2,758 3,228 2,872 23,761 3,603 3,005 2,764 1,150 2,902 5,763 3,257 3,225 2,891 60,145 3,804 1,S66 8,150 3,770 S,596 6,122 6,078 6,180 3,188 6,287 1,878 3,145 9,477 7,283 2,277 2,668 8,525 508,957 2,471 6,747 3,008 POPULATION OF CITIES. 69 POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [This table includes all incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in Kew England which had a papulation of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28-Con. CITY, TOWN, VILLAOE, OR BOROUGH. Maryland — Cx)n. Crisfield town Cumberland city Easton town Frederick city Frostburg town Hagerstown city Havre de Grace city . . . Salisbury town Western port town Westminster city Massachnsetts Abington town Adams town A gawam town Amesbury town Amherst town Andover town Arlington town Athol town Attleborough town Ayertown Barnstable town Barretown Belmont town Beverly city Billerica town Blackstone town Boston city Braintree town Brldgewater town Brockton city Brookline town Cambridge city Canton town Chelmsford town Chelsea city Chicopeecity Clinton town Cohasset town Concord town Dalton town Danvers town Dart mouth town Dedham town Dracut town Dudley town East Bridgewater town Easthanspton town Easton town Everett city Fairhaven town Fall River city Falmouth town Fitchburg city Foxborough town Framingham town Franklin town Gardner town Gloucester city Grafton town Great Barrington town Greenfield town Hardwick town Haverhill city Hingham town Holbrook town Holliston town Holyoke city Hudson town Hyde Park town Ipswich town Lawrence city I./eetown Leicester town Lenox town Leominster town Lexington town LowelTcity Ludlow town Lynn city Maiden city 1910 3,468 21,839 3,083 10, 411 6,028 16,507 4,212 6,690 2,702 3,295 5,455 13,026 3,501 9,894 5,112 7,301 11,187 8,536 16, 216 2,797 4,676 2,957 5,542 18,650 2,789 5,648 670,585 8,066 7,688 56,878 27,792 104,839 4,797 5,010 32, 452 25,401 13,075 2,585 6,421 3,568 9,407 4,378 9,284 3,461 4,267 3,363 8,524 5,139 33,484 5,^22 :>19,295 3,? 44 37,826 3,863 12,948 5,641 14,699 24,398 5,705 5,926 10, 427 3,524 44,115 4,965 2,816 2,711 57,730 6,743 15,507 5,777 86,892 4,106 3,237 3,060 17,580 4,918 106,294 4,948 89,336 44, 404 1900 3,166 17,128 3,074 9,296 5,274 13,591 3,423 4,277 1,998 3,199 4,489 11,134 2,636 9,473 5,028 6,813 8,603 7,061 11,335 2,446 4,364 2,059 3,929 13,884 2,775 5,721 560,892 5,981 6,806 40,063 19,935 91,886 4,584 3,984 34,072 19,167 13,667 2,759 5,652 3,014 8,642 3,669 7,457 3,253 :,553 3,025 5,603 4,837 24,336 3,667 104,863 3,500 31,531 3,266 11,302 6,017 10,813 26,121 4,869 5,854 7,927 3,203 37,175 5,059 2,229 2,598 46,712 6,454 13,244 4,658 62,559 3,596 3,416 2,942 12,392 3,831 94,969 3,636 68,513 33,664 1890 1,565 12,729 2,939 8,193 3,804 10,118 3,244 2,905 1,526 2,903 4,260 9,213 2,352 9,798 4,512 6,142 6,629 6,319 7,677 2,148 4,023 2,239 2,098 10,821 2,380 6,138 448,477 4,848 4,249 27,294 12,103 70,028 4,538 2,696 27,909 14,060 10,424 2,448 4,427 2,885 7,464 3,122 7,123 1,996 2,'J44 2,911 4,305 4,493 11,068 2,919 74,398 2,567 22,037 2,933 9,239 4,831 8,424 24,651 6,002 4,612 5,252 2,922 27,412 4,564 2,474 2,619 35,637 4,670 10, 193 4,439 44,654 3,785 3,120 2,889 7,269 3,197 77,696 1,939 55, 727 23,031 aXY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOKOUGH. Massachusetts— Con. Manchester town Mansfield town Marblehead town Marlborough city Maynard town Medfield town Medford city Medway town Melrose city Methuen town Middleborough town . , Milford town Millburj' town Milton town MonsoB town Montague town Nantucket town Natick town Needham town New Bedford city Newburyport city Newton city North Adams city . North Andover town . North Attleborough town North Brookfleld town Northampton city Northbridge town Norton town Norwood town Orange town Oxford town Palmer town Peabody town Pepperell town Plttsfield city Plymouth town Provincetown town. . . Qulncyclty Randolph town Reading town Revere town Rockland town Rockport town Salem city Saugustown Somerset town Somerville city Southbridge town South Iladley town... Spencer town Springfield city Stoneham town Stoughton town Sutton town Swampscott town Taunton city Templeton town Tewk.sbury town Uxbridge town Wakefield town Walpole town Walthamcity Ware town Wareham to\ 'n , Warren town Watertown town WelKter town Weliesley town West Springfield town. Westborough town Westfield town West ford town Westport town Weymouth town Whitman town Williamstown town . . . Winchendon town Winchester town Winthrop town Woburn city Worcester city 1910 2,673 5,183 7,338 14,579 6,390 3,466 23,150 2,696 16,715 11,448 8,214 13,055 4,740 7,924 4,768 6,866 2,962 9,866 5,026 96,652 14,9<9 39,806 22,019 6,529 9,662 3,076 19,431 8,807 2,544 8,014 6,282 3,361 8,610 16,721 2,953 32, 121 12,141 4,369 32,642 4,301 6,818 18,219 6,928 4,211 43,697 8,047 2,798 77,236 12,692 4,894 6,740 88,926 7,090 6,316 3,078 6,204 34,259 3,756 3,750 4,671 11,404 4,892 27,834 8,774 4,102 4,188 12,875 11,509 6,413 9,224 6,446 16,044 2,851 2,928 12,895 7,292 3,708 5,678 9,309 10, 132 15,308 145,986 1900 2,622 4,006 7,682 13,609 3,142 2,926 18,244 2,761 12,962 7,612 6,885 11,376 4,460 6,578 3,402 6,150 3,006 9,488 4,016 62,442 14,478 33,587 24,200 4,243 7,253 4,587 18,643 7,036 1,826 5,480 6,620 2,677 7,801 11,523 3,701 21,766 9,592 4,247 23,899 3,993 4,969 10,395 5,327 4,592 35,966 5,084 2,241 61,643 10,026 4,526 7,627 62,059 6,197 5,442 3,328 4,548 31,036 3,489 3,683 3,599 9,290 3,672 23,481 8,263 3,432 4,417 9,706 8,804 5,072 7,105 5,400 12,310 2,624 2,890 11,324 6,155 5,013 5,001 7,248 6,058 14,254 118,421 1890 1,789 3,432 8,202 13,805 2,700 1,493 11,079 2,985 8,619 4,814 6,065 8,780 4,428 4,278 3,650 6,296 3,268 9,118 3,035 40,733 13,947 24,379 16,074 3,742 6,727 3,871 14,990 4,603 1,785 3,733 4,668 2,616 6,520 10, 158 3,127 17,281 7,314 4,642 16,723 3,946 4,088 5,668 5,213 4,087 30,801 3,673 2,106 40,162 7,655 4,261 8,747 44,179 6, 155 4,852 3,180 3,198 25,448 2,999 2,515 3,408 6,982 2,604 18, 707 7,329 3,451 4,681 7,073 7,031 3,600 6,077 5,196 9,805 2,250 2,599 10,866 4,441 4,221 4,390 4,861 2,726 13, 499 84,655 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OK BOROUGH. Michigan Adrian city. Albion city.. Allegan city. Alma city... Alpena city. Ann Arbor city Battle Creek city... Bay City Beldingcity Benton Harbor city. Bessemer city Big Rapids city Boynocity Cadillac city Charlotte city Cheboygan city.. Cold water city... Crystal Falls city. Detroit city Dowagiaccity East Jordan village. Escanaba city Flint city Gladstone city Grand Haven city. . Grand Ledge city. . . Grand Rapids city.. Greenville city Hamtramck village. Hancock city Hastings city Highland Park village Hillsdale city Holland city Houghton village Ionia city Iron Mountain city . . . Ironwood city Ishpeming city Jackson city Kalamazoo city . Lansing city Lapeer city Laurium village. Ludingtoncity.. Manistee city. .. Manistique city . Marine City Maraucttecity.. Marsnallcity... Menominee city Midland city Monroe city Mount Clemens city. Mount Pleasant city. Munising village. Muskegon city... Negauneecity... Kilcscity Norway city Onaway city.. Otsego village. Owossocity... Petoskey city. Pontiaccity... Port Huron city Red Jacket village. . . River Rouge village. Saginaw city St. Clair city St. Johns city St. Joseph city Sault Ste. Marie city. South Haven city . . . Sturgiscity Three Rivers city. Traverse City Wyandotte city . . , Ypsilanti city 1910 10,763 5,833 3,419 2,757 12,706 14,817 25,267 45,166 4,119 9,185 4,583 4,519 6,218 8,376 4,886 6,869 5,945 3,775 465, 766 6,088 2,516 13, 194 38,650 4,211 6,856 2,893 112,571 4,045 3,559 8.981 4,383 4,120 5,001 10,490 5,113 5,030 9,216 12,821 12,448 31,433 39,437 31,229 3,946 8,537 9,132 12, .381 4, 722 ;-,770 11,603 4,236 10,507 2,527 6,893 7,707 3,972 2,952 24,062 8,460 5,156 4,974 2,702 2,812 9,639 4,778 14,532 18,863 4,211 4,163 50,510 2,633 3,154 5,936 12,615 3,577 3,635 6,072 12,115 8,287 6,230 1900 9,654 4,519 2,667 2,047 11,802 14,509 18,563 27,628 3,282 6,562 3,911 4,686 912 5,997 4,092 6,489 6,216 3,231 285,704 4,151 1,205 9,549 13, 103 3,380 4,743 2,161 87,566 3,381 4,060 3,172 427 4,161 7,790 3,359 5,209 9,242 9,705 13,255 25,180 24,404 16,485 3,297 5,643 7,166 14,260 4,126 3,829 10,0.'>8 4,370 12,818 2, .363 5,0-13 6,676 3,662 2,014 20,818 6,936 4,287 4,170 1,204 2,073 8,696 6,285 9,769 ig,!^ 4,068 1,748 42,345 2,543 3,388 5,166 10,638 4,009 2,465 3,550 9,407 5,183 7,378 70 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. (This table includes all incorporated places having 2,500 Inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, dfatriots, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which Iiad a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28— Cort OTY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OB BOROUGH. Uianesota Albert Lea city Alexandria city Anoka city Austin city Bemidji city Brainerd city Chisholm village Cloquetcity Crookston city Detroit city Duluthcity East Grand Forks city Ely city Eveleth city Fairmont city Faribault city Fergus Falls city Hastings city Hibbing village Lake City Little Falls city Luveme city Mankato city Melrose city Minneapolis city Montevideo city Moorhead city New Ulm city Northfield city Owatonna city Red Wing city Richfield village Rochester city St. Cloud city St. Paul city St. Peter city South St. Paul city... Staples city Stillwater city Tliief River Falls city. Two Harbors city Virginia city Wabasha city Waseca city West Minneapolis vil- lage West St. Paul city.... Willmarcity Winona city Mississippi Aberdeen city Bay St. Louis city Biloxicity Brookhaven city Canton city Clarksdale city Collins city Columbus city Corinth city Greenville city Greenwood city Grenada city Gulfport city Hattiesburg city Jackson city Laurel city McComb city Meridian city Moss Point city Natchez city Okolona city Pascagoula city Stark ville city Tupelo city Vicksburg city WatOT Valley city West Point city Winona city Yazoo city Missouri Aurora city Boon ville city Brookfield city Butler city •Cameron city 1910 6,192 3,001 3,972 6,960 5,099 8,526 7,684 7,031 7,559 2,807 78,466 2,533 3,572 7,036 2,958 9,001 6,887 3,983 8,832 3,142 6,078 2,540 10,365 2,591 301,408 3,056 4,840 6,648 3,265 5,658 9,048 2,673 7,844 10,600 214, 744 4,176 4,510 2,558 10, 198 3,714 4,990 10,473 2,622 3,054 3,022 2,660 4,135 18,583 3,708 3,388 8,049 5,293 3,929 4,079 2,581 8,988 5,020 9,610 5,836 2,814 6,386 11,733 21,262 8,465 6,237 23,285 3,054 11,791 2,584 3,379 2,698 3,881 20,814 4,275 4,864 2,512 6,796 4,148 4,252 6,749 2,894 2,980 1900 4,500 2,681 3,769 6,474 2,183 7,524 3,072 6,359 52,969 2,077 3,717 2,752 3,040 7,868 6,072 3,811 2,481 2,744 6,774 2,223 10,699 1,768 202,718 2,146 3,730 5,403 3,210 5,661 7,525 6,843 8,6a3 163,065 4,302 2,322 1,504 12,318 1,819 3,278 2,962 2,528 3,103 1,648 1,830 3,409 19,714 3,434 2,872 5,467 2,678 3,404 1,773 6,484 3,661 7,642 3,026 2,568 1,060 4,175 7,816 3,193 4,477 14,050 12,210 2,177 708 1,986 2,118 14,834 3,813 3,193 2,455 4,944 6,191 4,377 5,484 3,158 2,979 1S90 3,305 2,118 4,262 3,901 6,703 2,530 3,457 33,115 795 901 1,205 6,520 3,772 3,705 2,128 2,354 1,466 8,838 780 164,738 1,437 2,088 3,741 2,659 3,849 6,294 5,321 7,686 133, 156 3,671 2,242 585 11,260 191 2,487 2,482 1,596 1,825 18,208 3,449 1,974 3,234 2,142 2,131 781 4,669 2,111 6,658 1,065 2,416 1,172 5,920 2,383 10,624 10, 101 2,099 1,725 1,477 13,373 2,832 2,762 1,648 3,286 3,482 4,141 4,547 2,812 2,917 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OB BOROUGH. Missouri— Con. Cape Girardeau city.. Carrollton city Carterville city Carthage city CaruthersviUe city Charleston city Cliillicothe city Clinton city Columbia city De Soto city Eldorado Springs city, Excelsior Springs city, Farmington city Fayette city Festuscity Flat River city Fredericktown city. . . Fulton city Hannibal city Higginsville city Independence city Jefferson City Joplin city Kansas City Kennett city Kirksville city Kirk wood city . , Lexington city Liberty city Louisiana city Macon city Maple wood city Marceline city Marshall city Maryville city Mexico city Moberly city Monette city Neosho city Nevada city Poplar Bluflcity Rich Hill city Richmond city St. Charles city St. Joseph city St. Louis city Sedaliacity Sikeston city Slater city Springfield city Trenton city Warrensburg city Wash ington city Webb City Webster Groves city. . Wellston city West Plains city Montana Anaconda city Billings city Bofeman city Butte city Deer Lodge city Great Falls city Havre town Helena city Kalispel city Lewistown city Livingston city Miles City Missoula city Red Lodge city Nebraska Alliance city Auburn city Aurora city Beatrice city Benson city Blair city Chadron city Columbus city Fairbury city Falls City 1910 8,475 3,452 4,539 9,483 3,655 3,144 6,265 4,992 9,662 4,721 2,503 3,900 2,613 2,586 2,556 6,112 2,632 5,228 18,341 2,628 9,859 11,850 32,073 248,381 3,033 6,347 4,171 6,242 2,980 4,454 3,584 4,976 3,920 4,869 4,762 5,939 10,923 4,177 3,661 7,176 6,916 2,755 3,664 9,437 77,403 687,029 17,822 3,327 3,238 35,201 6,656 4,689 3,670 11,817 7,080 7,312 2,914 10, 134 10,031 5,107 39,165 2,570 13,948 3,624 12,515 5,549 2,992 5,359 4,697 12,869 4,860 3,105 2,729 2,630 9,356 3,170 2,584 2,687 6,014 5,294 3,265 1900 4,815 3,854 4,445 9,416 2,315 1,893 6,905 5,061 5,651 5,611 2,137 1,881 1,778 2,717 1,256 1,677 4,883 12,780 2,791 6,974 9,664 26,023 163,752 1,509 5,966 2,825 4,190 2,407 6,131 4,068 2,638 5,086 4,577 5,099 8,012 3,115 2,725 7,461 4,321 4,053 3,478 7,982 102,979 575,238 15,231 1,077 2,502 23,267 5,396 4,724 3,015 9,201 1,895 2,902 9,453 3,221 3,419 30,470 1,324 14,930 1,033 10,770 2,626 1,096 2,778 1,938 4,366 2,152 2,535 2,664 1,921 7,875 510 2,970 1,665 3,522 3,140 3,022 1890 4,297 3,878 2,884 7,981 230 1,381 5,717 4,737 4,000 3,960 1,543 2,034 1,394 2,247 1,335 917 4,314 12,857 2,342 6,380 6,742 9,943 132,716 302 3,510 1,777 4,537 2,558 5,090 3,371 1,977 4,297 4,037 4,789 8,215 1,699 2,198 7,262 2,187 4,008 2,895 6,161 52,324 451,770 14,068 636 2,400 21,850 5,039 4,706 2,725 5,043 1,783 2,091 3,975 836 2,143 10,723 1,463 3,979 13,834 2,850 956 3,426 624 829 1,537 1,862 13,836 2,069 1,867 3,134 2,630 2,102 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OB BOROUGH. Nebraska— Con. Fremont city Grand Island city. . . Hastings city Havelock village Holdregecity Kearney city Lincoln city McCook city Nebraska Cfity Norfolk city North Platte city. . . Omaha city Plattsmouth city . . . South Omaha city. . UniversityPlace village Wymore city York city Nevada Reno city Sparks city New Hampshire Berlin city Claremont town Concord city Conway town Derry town Dover city Exeter town Farmington town Franklin city Goffstown town Haverhill town Keene city Laconia city Lancaster town I^ebanon town Littleton to^vn Littleton village Manchester city MUford town Nashua city Newmarket town Newport town Pembroke town Portsmouth city Rochester city Somers worth city Walpole town Now Jersey Asbury Park city Atlantic City Bayonne city Bloomfleld town Boonton town Borden town city Boundbrook borough. Bridgeton city Burlington city Camden city Carlstadt borough Cliflfside Park borough Collingswood borough Dover town East Newark borough East Orange city East Rutherford bor- ough Edge water borough. . . Elizabeth city Englewood city Flemington village Fort Lee borough Freehold town Garfield borough Glen Ridge borough. . . Gloucester city Guttenberg town Hackensack town Haokettstown town.. . Haddonfield borough . Haledou borough Hammonton town Harrison town Hawthorne borough. . Hoboken city 1910 8,718 10,326 9,338 2,680 3,030 6,202 43,973 3,765 5,488 6,025 4,793 124,096 4,287 26,259 3,200 2,613 6,235 10,867 2,500 11,780 7,529 21,497 3,413 5,123 13,247 4,897 2,621 6,132 2,579 3,498 10,068 10,183 3,054 5,718 4,069 5,059 70,063 3,939 26,005 3,348 3,765 3,062 11,269 8,868 6,704 2,668 10, 150 46,150 55,545 15,070 4,930 4,250 3,970 14,209 8,336 94,538 3,807 3,394 4,795 7,468 3,163 34,371 4,275 2,665 73,409 9,924 2,693 4,472 3,233 10,213 3,260 9,462 5,647 14,050 2,715 4,142 2,560 5,088 14,498 3,400 70,324 1900 7,241 7,554 7,188 1,480 3,007 5,634 40,169 2,445 7,380 3,883 3,640 102,655 4,964 26,001 1,130 2,626 5,132 4,600 19,632 3, 154 3,583 13,207 4,922 2,265 5,846 2,528 3,414 9,165 8,042 3,190 4,965 4,066 56,987 3,739 23,898 2,892 3,126 3,183 10,637 8,466 7,023 2,693 4,148 27,838 32,722 9,668 3,901 4,110 2,622 13,913 7,392 75,935 2,574 968 1,633 5,938 2,500 21,506 2,640 1,006 52,130 6,253 2,145 2,934 3,504 1,960 6,840 3,825 9,443 2,474 2,776 3,481 10,596 2,096 69,364 POPULATION. OF CITIES. 71 POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. IThls table includes all incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been upturned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28— Con. CITY, TX>WS, VILLAGE, OK BOKOUGH. ITew Jersey— Con. Irvington town . . . Jersey City Kearny town Keyport borough . Lam oertville city . Little Ferry borough. Lodi borough Long Branch city — Madison borough Millvillecity Montclalr town Morristown town New Brunswick city . Newark city Newton town North Plainfield bor- ough Nutley town Orange city Passaic citv Patersoncity Perth Amboy city . . Phillipsburgtown.. Plainfield city Pleasantville borough. . Princeton borough . . Prospect Park borough. Rahway city Raritan town Red Bank Iwrough. Ridgewood village. . Roosevelt borough — Roselle borough Roselle Park borough . Rutherford borough. . Salem city Secaucus borough Somerville Ixjrough . . . South Amboy city South Orange village. . South River borough. . Summit city Tenafly borough . . Trenton city Union town Vineland borough. 1910 WalUngton borough. . . Washington borough. . West Hoboken town . . West New York town . West Orange town Westfleld town Wharton borough Woodbury city New Mexico Albuquerque city Clovis city Las Graces town Las Vegas city (East Las Vegas P.O.) Las Vegas town Raton city Roswell city Santa Fe city SUverCity Tucumcari city Wew York Albany city Albion village Amityville village . . Amsterdam city Auburn city Babylon village Baldwinsville village. . . Ballston Spa village. Batavia village Bath village Bingham ton city . . . Brockport village . . . Buffalo city Canandaigua village Can as tola village 11,877 267,779 18,659 3,554 4,657 2,541 4,138 13,298 4,658 12, 451 21,550 12,507 23,388 347,469 4,467 6,117 6,009 29,630 64,773 125,600 32, 121 13,903 20,550 4,390 5,136 2,719 9,337 3,672 7,398 5,416 5,786 2,725 3,138 7,045 6,614 4,740 5,060 7,007 6,014 4,772 7,600 2,766 96,815 21,023 5,282 3,448 3,567 35,403 13,560 10,980 6,420 2,983 4,642 11,020 3,256 3,836 3,765 3,179 4,639 6,172 5,072 3,217 2,526 100,253 5,016 2,517 31.267 34,668 2,600 3,099 4,138 n,613 3,884 48,443 3,579 423,715 7,217 3,247 1900 5,255 206,433 10,896 3,413 4,637 1.240 1,917 8,872 3,754 10,583 13,962 11,207 20,006 246,070 4,376 5,009 24,141 27,777 105, 171 17,699 10,052 16,369 2,182 3,899 7,935 3,244 6,428 2,686 1,652 4,411 5,811 1,626 4,843 6,349 4,608 2,792 5,302 1,746 73,307 15, 187 4,370 1,812 3,580 23,094 5,267 C,889 2,069 4,087 6,238 3,552 2,767 3,540 2,049 5,603 2,735 94,161 4,477 2,038 20,929 30,345 2,157 2,992 3,923 9,180 4,994 39, R47 3,S38 352,387 6,151 3,030 1890 163,003 3,411 4,142 781 998 7,231 2,469 10,002 8,166 18,603 181,830 3,003 18,844 13,028 78,347 9,612 8,644 11,267 3,422 7,105 2,666 4,145 1,047 2,293 6,616 3,861 4,330 3,106 1,796 1,046 57,458 10,643 3,822 2,831 3,911 3,785 2,312 2,385 1,255 343 6,186 2,102 94,923 4,586 2,293 17,336 25,858 3,040 3,527 7,221 3,261 35,005 3,742 255,664 5,868 2,774 CITY, TOWN, VILLAOE, OB BOBOVGB. 1910 New York— Con. Canton village... Carthage village. CatskiU village.. Clyde village Cohoes city Cold Springs village. Corning city Cornwall village Cortland city Dansville village — Depew village Dobbs Ferry village. Dolgcville village . . . Dunkirk city East Aurora village . EastSyracusevlllage... Ellen ville village Elmlraeity Elmira Heights village Fairport village FishkiU Landing vil- lage Fort Edward village . . Fort Plain village Frankfort village Fredonia village Freeport village Fulton city Geneva city Glens Falls city Gloversvlllecify 20,642 3,081 4,128 3,920 4,737 3,069 Goshen village Gouvemeur village. . .. Granville village Green Island vtllage. . . . Greenport village Hastings-upon-Hudson village Haverstraw village. Hempstead village.. Herkimer village . . . Homer village Hoosick Falls village. . . Homellcity Hudson city H udson Falls village . . . Ilion village Ithaca city Jamestown city Johnstown city Kingston city Lackawanna city . . Lancaster village . . Leroy village Lestershire village. Little Falls city.... Lockportcity Lowville village Lyons village Malone village Mamaroneclc village. Massena village Matteawan village Mechanicville village . Medina villape Mlddletown city Mount KJsco village. . Mount Morris village . Mount Vernon city... New Rochelle city New York City * Manhattan Borough. Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough... Richmond Borough.. Queens Borough Newark village Newburgh city Niagara Falls city North Tarryto^vn vil- lage NorthTonawanda city. Norwich village 2,701 3,563 5,296 2,695 24,709 2,549 13,730 2,658 11,504 3,938 3,921 3,455 2,685 17,221 2,781 3,274 3,114 37, 176 2,732 3,112 3,902 3,762 2,762 3,303 5,286 4,836 10,480 12,446 15,243 1900 4,662 6,669 4,964 7,620 2,606 5,532 13,617 11,417 6,180 6,688 14,802 31,297 10,447 25,908 14,649 4,364 3,771 3,775 12,273 17,970 2,940 4,460 6,467 6,699 2,951 6,727 6,634 5,683 15,313 2y802 2,782 30,919 28,867 4,766,883 i,SSl,Bii 430,980 1,634,851 85,969 S84,041 6,227 27,805 30,445 5,421 11,955 7,422 2,757 2,895 5,484 2,507 23,910 2,067 11,061 1,966 9,014 3,633 3,879 2,888 1,915 11,616 2,366 2,509 2,879 35,672 1,763 2,489 3,673 3,621 2,444 2,664 4,127 2,612 >8,206 10,433 12,613 18,349 2,826 3,680 2,700 4,770 2,366 2,002 5,035 3,582 6,556 2,381 5,671 11.018 0,628 4,473 6,138 13, 136 22,802 10,130 24,635 1890 3,750 3,144 3,111 10,381 16,681 2,352 4,300 5,935 2,032 5,807 4,695 4,716 14,522 1,346 2,410 21,228 14,720 3,437,202 1,850,093 200,507 1,166,582 67,021 152,999 4,578 24,943 19,457 4,241 9,069 5,766 2,580 2,278 4,920 2,638 22,509 8,550 7C0 8,590 3,758 9,416 1,582 2,231 2,881 30,893 CITY, TOWN, VILLAOE, OB BOBOUGH. 2,552 3,617 2,864 2,291 3,399 > 6,036 7,667 0,500 13,864 2,907 3,458 4,463 1,466 5,070 4,831 7,014 10,006 9,970 2,895 4,057 11,079 16,038 7,768 21,261 1,602 2,743 8,783 16,038 2.511 4,475 4,986 1,049 4,278 2,679 4,492 11,977 1,095 2,286 10,830 9,057 2,507,414 1,441,216 88,908 838,547 61,693 87,050 3,698 23,087 3,179 4,793 5,212 New York— Con. Nyack village Ogdensburg city.... . Oleanclty ?S. Oneida city Oneonta city Ossining village... OswBKOcity Owego village I'atchogue village. PeeksMll village.. Penn Yan village Perry village Plattsburg city Port Chester village. Port Jer vis city Potsdam village Poughkeepsie city Rensselaer city Rochester city RockviUe Center vll- Rome city , Rye village Sag Harbor village... St. Johnsville village. Salamanca village. . . Saranac Lake village . Saratoga Springs vil- lage Saugerties village Schenectady city Scotia village 1910 1900 Seneca Falls village... Sidney village Silver Creek village. . . Solvay village Southampton village. Suffem village Syracu.se city Tarrytown village. Tonawanda dty. . . Troy city Tuckahoe village Tupper Lake village.. Uticacity Walden village Walton village Wapptngers Falls vil- lage Warsaw village Waterford village Waterloo village Watertown city Watervllct dty. . . Watkins village.. Waverly village.. Wells ville village. Westfleld village White Plains village.. Whitehall village Yonkers city North Carolina Ashevilleclty... BeUiaven town. Burlington city. Charlotte dty... Concord city Durham city Edenton town Elizabeth City town.. Fayetteville town Gas tenia town Goldsboro dty Graham town Greensboro city Greenville town Henderson town Henderson ville town. Hickory town High Point city Kinston town Lenoir town 4,619 15,933 14,743 8,317 9,491 11,480 23,368 4,633 3,824 15,245 4,597 4,388 11,138 12,809 9,564 4,036 27,936 10,711 218, 149 3,667 20,497 3,964 3,408 2,536 5,792 4,983 12,693 3,920 72,826 2,957 6,588 2,507 2,512 5,139 2,500 2,663 137,249 6,600 8,290 76,813 2,722 3,067 74,419 4,004 3,103 3,195 3,206 3,245 3,931 26,730 15,074 2,817 4,855 4,382 2,985 15,949 4,917 79,803 18,762 2,863 4,808 34,014 8,715 18,241 2,789 8,412 7,045 5,759 6,107 2,504 15,895 4,101 4,503 2,818 3,716 9,525 6,005 3,364 4,275 12,633 0,462 6,364 7,147 7,039 22,199 5,039 2,926 10,358 4,650 2,763 8,434 7,440 9,385 3,843 24,029 7,466 162,608 1,884 15,343 1,969 1,873 4,251 2,694 12,409 3,697 31,682 6,510 2,331 1,044 3,403 2,280 1,610 108,374 4,770 7,421 60,651 56,383 3,147 2,811 3,504 3,048 3,146 4,256 21,606 14,321 2,943 4,465 3,556 2,430 7,899 4,377 47,931 14,694 383 3,692 18,091 7,910 6,679 3,046 6,348 4,670 4,610 5,877 2,052 10,035 2,565 3,746 1,917 2,535 4,163 4,106 1,296 Includespopulation of Oswego Falls village: 1900,2,925; 1890,1,821. ' Population of New York and its boroughs as now constituted. 72 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [This table includes all incoriwrated places having 2^500 inhabitants or more In 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.J Table 28— Con. CTTY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OB BOROUGH. North Carolina — Con. Lexington town Monroe city Mooresville town Morgan ton town Mount Airy town Newbem city .- Oxford town Raleigh city Reidsville town Rocky Mount town Salem town Salisbury dty Shelby town States ville city Tarboro town Thomas ville town Washington city Wilmington city Wilson town Winston city North Dakota Bismarck city Devils Lake city Dickinson city Fargo city Grand Forks city Jamestown city Mandancity Minot city Valley City Williston city Ohio Akron city Alliance city Ashland city Ashtabula city Athens city Barberton eitjr Barnes ville village Bellairecity Bellefontaine city Bellevue city Berea village Bowling Green city Bridgeport village Bryan village Bucyrus city Byesville village Cambridge city Canal Dover city Canton city Carthage village Celina village Chicago Junction vil- lage ChilUco the city Cincinnati city Circleville city Cleveland city Cleveland Heights vil- lage Clyde village Columbus dty Conneaut dty Coshocton city CrestUne village Crooks ville village Cuyahoga Falls village. Dayton city Defiance city Delaware city Delphos city Dennison vills^e East Clevelanddty East Li verijool city East Palestine village.. East Yoimgstown vil- lage Eaton village Elmwood Place village 1910 4,163 4,082 3,400 2,712 3,844 9,961 3,018 19,218 4,828 8,051 6,533 7,163 3,127 4,509 4,129 3,877 6,211 25,748 6,717 17,167 5,443 5,157 3,678 14,331 12,478 4,36» 3,873 6,188 4,606 3,124 69,067 15,083 6,795 18,266 5,463 9,410 4,233 12,946 8,238 6,209 2,609 6,222 3,974 3,641 8,122 3,156 11,327 6,621 60,217 3,618 3,493 2,950 14,508 363,591 6,744 560,663 2,955 2,815 181,511 8,319 9,603 3,807 3,028 4,020 116,577 7,327 9,076 5,038 4,008 9,179 20,387 3,537 4,972 3,187 3,423 1900 1,234 2,427 1,533 1,938 3,680 9,090 2,059 13,643 3,262 2,937 3,642 6,277 1,874 3,141 2,499 751 4,842 20,976 3,525 10,008 3,319 1,729 2,076 9,589 7,652 2,853 1,658 1,277 2,446 763 42,728 8,974 4,087 12,949 3,066 4,354 3,721 9,912 6,649 4,101 2,510 5,067 3,%3 3,131 6,560 1,267 8,241 5,422 30,667 2,559 2,815 2,348 1^976 325,902 6,991 381,768 2,515 125,560 7,133 6,473 3,282 835 3,186 85,333 7,579 7,940 4,517 3,763 2,757 16,485 2,493 3,155 2,632 1880 1,440 1,866 886 1,557 1,768 7,843 2,907 12,678 2,969 816 2,711 4,418 1,394 2,318 1,924 590 3,545 20,056 2,126 8,018 2,186 846 897 5,664 4,979 2,2% 1,328 575 1,089 295 27,601 7,607 3,566 8,338 2,620 3,207 9,934 4,245 3,0S2 2,533 3,467 3,369 3,068 5,974 789 4,361 3,470 26,189 2,257 2,702 1,299 11,288 296,908 6,556 261,353 2,327 88,150 3,241 3,672 2,911 2,614 61,220 7,694 8,224 4,516 2,925 10,956 1,816 2,934 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OB BOBOUGH. Ohio — Con. Elyriacity Findlaycity Fostoriacity Franklin ^'illage. Fremont city Gallon city Gallipoliscity Girard village Glouster village... Greenfield village. Greenville city... Hamilton city... Hartwell village. Hillsboro village. Iron ton city Jackson city ... Kent -village Kenton city Lakewood city . Lancaster city.. Lebanon village . . Leetonia village. . Lima city Lisbon village Lockland village. Logan village Ix)ndon village . . . Lorain city Madison ville city . Mansfield city Marietta city .. ." Marion city , Martins Ferry city. Marysville xallage. . Massillon city , Medina village Miamisburg village Middleport village Middletown city Mingo Junction village. Montpel ier village Mount Vernon city Napoleon village Nelsonville city New Comerstown vil- New Lexington village. New Philadelphia city. Newark city Newburgh city Nilescity North Baltimore vil- Norwalkcity... Norwood city... Oberlin village., Orrville village. Painesville city Piquacity Pomeroy vill^e Port Clinton village. Portsmouth city Ravenna city Reading village... Rockport village. St. Bernard city., St. Marys city Salem city Sandusky city Shelby village Sidney city , Springfield city. . , Steubenville city . Struthers village.. Tiffin city Toledo city Toronto village... Troy city Uhrichsvi He village . . . Upper Sandusky vil- lage Urbana city Van Wert city 1910 14,825 14,858 9,597 2,659 9,939 7,214 5,560 3,736 2,527 4,228 6,237 35,279 2,823 4,296 13,147 5,468 4,488 7,185 15,181 13,093 2,698 2,665 30,508 3,084 3,439 4,850 3,530 .28,883 5,193 20,768 12,923 18,232 9,133 3,576 13,879 2,734 4,271 3,194 13, 152 4,049 2,759 9,087 4,007 6,082 2,943 2,569 8,512 25,404 5,813 8,361 2,503 7,858 16,185 4,365 3,101 5,601 13,388 4,023 3,007 23,481 5,310 3,985 3,179 5,002 6,732 8,943 19,989 4,903 6,607 46,921 22,891 3,370 11,894 168,497 4,271 6,122 4,761 3,779 7,739 7,157 1900 5,501 23,914 1,833 4,536 11,868 4,672 4,541 6,862 3,365 8,991 2,867 2,744 21,723 3,330 2,695 3,480 3,511 16,028 3,140 17,640 13,348 11,862 7,760 3,048 11,944 2,232 3,941 2,799 9,215 2,954 1,869 6,633 3,639 5,421 2,669 1,701 6,213 18,157 5,909 7,468 3,661 7,074 6,480 4,082 1,901 5,024 12,172 4,639 2,450 17,870 4,003 3,076 2,038 3,384 5,359 7,581' 19,664 4,685 5,688 38,253 14,349 10,989 131,822 3,526 5,881 4,582 3,355 6,808 6,422 1890 ,611 ,553 ,070 ,729 ,141 ,326 ,498 2,460 6,473 17,565 1,507 3,620 10,939 4,320 3,501 6,667 7,655 3,050 2,826 15,981 2,278 2,474 3,119 3,313 4,863 2,214 13,473 8,273 8,327 6,250 2,810 10,092 2,073 3,962 3,211 7,681 1,856 1,293 6,027 2,764 4,558 1,251 1,470 4,456 14,270 4,289 2,857 7,195 4,376 1,766 4,755 9,090 4,726 2,049 12,394 3,417 1,779 3,000 6,780 18,471 1,977 4,850 31,895 13,394 10,801 81,434 2,536 4,494 3,842 3,572 6,510 6,512 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OB BOBOUGH. Ohio— Con. Wadsworth village Wapakoneta city Warren city Washington Court House city Wauseon village Wellston city Wellsville city Wilmington village. . Woodsfleld village... Woostercity Xeniacity Youngstown city . Zanesville city Oklahoma 1 Ada city Altuscity Alva city Anadarko city. Ardmore city. . Bartlesvillecity. Blackwellcity... Chickasha city. . . Claremorecity... Clinton city Coalgate city . Durantcity.. El Reno city. Elk City Enid city Frederick city... Guthrie city Hartshome city . Hobartcity Hugo city Kingfisher city . Krebscity Lawtoncity McAlestercity.. Mangum city. . . Miami city Muskogee city . . . Norman city Nowata city Oklahoma City. Okmulgee dty Pauls Valley city. Pawhuska city . . . Perry city Poncaclty Purcellcity... Sapulpacity.. Shawnee city. Stillwater city.. Sulphur city Tahlequah city. Tulsa city Vinita city Wagoner city. . . Waurikacity... Woodward city. Oregon Albany city Ashland city Astoria city Baker City Corvalliscity Eugene city Grants Pass city Klamath Falls town. La Grande city Marshfield town Medford city . . . Oregon City Pendleton city. Portland city. . . Roseburgcity.. St. Johns-city.. Salem city The Dalles city. 1910 3,073 6,349 11,081 7,277 2,660 6,875 7,769 4,491 2,502 6,136 8,706 79,066 28,026 4,349 4,821 3,688 3,439 8,618 6,181 3,266 10,320 2,866 2,781 3,255 5,330 7,872 3,165 13,799 3,027 11,654 2,963 3,845 4,582 2,538 2,884 7,788 12,954 3,667 2,907 25,278 3,724 3,672 64,205 4,176 2,689 2,776 3,133 2,521 2,740 8,283 12,474 3,444 3,684 2,891 18,182 4,082 4,018 2,928 2,696 4,275 5,020 9,599 6,742 4,552 9,009 3,897 2,758 4,843 2,980 8,840 4,287 4,460 207,214 4,738 4,872 14,094 4,880 1900 1,764 3,915 8,629 6,751 2,148 8,045 6,146 3,613 1,801 6,063 8,696 44,885 23,538 3,257 1,927 2,800 2,190 8,759 4,216 2,644 7,862 2,064 1,278 2,921 4,510 5,370 2,195 10,087 2,036 11,652 2,435 3,136 2,676 2,214 1,508 5,562 8,144 2,672 1,893 14,418 3,040 2,223 32,452 2,322 2,157 3,408 2,881 2,529 2,553 4,259 10,955 2,677 2,935 1,916 7,298 3,157 2,950 696 2,018 3,149 2,634 8,381 6,663 1,819 3,236 2,290 447 2.991 1,391 1,791 3,494 4,406 90,426 1,690 4,258 3,542 • Figures for census of 1910, special census of 1907, and census of 1900 used. POPULATION OF CITIES. 73 POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [This table includes all incorporated places liaving 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townships, precincts, districts, etc. , ot which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28— C!on. CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. FennsylTania AUentown city Altoonacity Ambler borough — Ambridge borough . Ajwllo borough Archbald borough Ashland borough Ashley borough Aspinwall borough Athens borough 7,194 6,865 5,601 2,592 3,796 Austin borough Avalon borough Avoca borougn Bangor borough Bamesboro borough. . . 2,941 4,317 4,634 5,369 3,635 Beaver borough Beaver Falls borough.. Bellefonte borough Bellevue borougn Berwick borough 3,456 12,191 4,145 6,323 5,357 Bethlehem borough. . . , Birdsboro borough Blairsville borough Blakeley borough Bloomsburg town Brackenridge borough, Braddock borough Bradford city Bridgeport borough.... Bristol borough Brook ville borough Butler borough Canonsburg borough... Carbondate city Carlisle borougn Carnegie borough — Carrick borougn Catasauqua borough. Chambersburg borough Charleroi borough . . Chester city Clairton borough . . . Clarion borough Clearfield borough . . Clifton Heights borough Coaldale borough . . . Coatesville borough. Columbia borough. . Conncllsville borough. . Conshohocken borough Coplay borough Coraopolls borough Corry city Coudersport borough . . Crafton borough CurwensviUe borough . Danville borough. . . Darby borough Derry borougn Dickson City borough. . Donora borough Dorranceton borough. . Downingtown borough Doylestown borough . . Dubois borough Dunmore borough . . Duquesne borough Duryea borough East Conemaugh bor- ough East Mauch Chunk borough East Pittsburgh bor- ough East Stroudsburg bor- ough Easton city Edge wood borough. . . Edwardsville borough. Elizabethtown borough Ellwood City borough. Emaus borough Emporium borough Ephrata borough . . . 1910 51,913 52,127 2,649 5,205 3,006 12,837 2,930 3,572 5,345 7,413 3,134 19,357 14,544 3,860 9,256 3,003 20,728 3,891 17,040 10,303 10,009 6,117 5,250 11,800 9,615 38,537 3,326 2,612 6,861 3,155 5,164 11,084 11,454 12,845 7,480 2,670 6,252 5,991 3,100 4,583 2,549 7,517 6,305 2,954 9,331 8,174 4,046 3,326 3,304 12,623 17,615 15,727 7,487 5,046 3,548 5,615 3,330 28,523 2,596 8,407 2,587 3,902 3,501 2,916 3,192 1 Includes • Includes > Includes 1900 35,416 38,973 1,884 2,924 5,396 6,438 4,046 1,231 3,749 2,300 2,130 3,487 4,106 1,482 2> 10, 4 3, 3, '10, 2, 3, 3, 6, 15,654 15,029 3,097 7,104 2,472 10,853 2,714 13,636 9,626 7,330 3,963 8,864 5,930 33,988 2,004 5,061 2,330 6,721 12,316 7,160 5,762 1,581 2,555 5,369 3,217 1,927 1,937 8,042 3,429 2,347 4,948 2,211 2,133 3,034 9,375 12,583 9,036 2,883 1890 25,228 30,337 1,073 2,156 4,032 7,346 3,192 3,274 1,679 804 3,031 2,609 8,661 10,614 2,661 6,663 2,478 8,734 2,113 10,833 7,620 3,704 7,863 20,226 2,164 2,248 1,820 3,680 10,599 5,629 5,470 880 962 5,677 1,630 1,664 7,998 2,972 1,968 3,110 586 1,920 2,519 6,149 8,315 1,158 2,772 1,819 14,481 616 3,284 1,218 883 2,147 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OR BOROUGH. Pennsylvania — Con. Erie city Etna borough Exeter borough Ford Cjty borough. . Forest City borough. Frackville borough . . Franklin city Freedom borough . . . Freeland borough . . . Galeton borougn GalUtzin borough Gettysburg borough. Gilberton borough. . . Girardville borough . Glassport borough. . . Greater Punxsutaw- ney borough Greensburg borough . . Greenville borough . . . Grove City borough. . Hanover bMwigh Harrisburg city HazlBt4,194 4,202 3,674 1,160 3,746 39,385 11,872 2,975 7,911 2,816 5,729 1,963 2,428 3,296 1,609 2,650 1,853 21,805 2,944 2,381 3,095 1,723 32,011 4,004 1,868 3,589 14,664 1,921 2,959 3,248 3,273 7,358 2,398 2,450 1,698 20,741 11,286 4,101 1,695 9,520 3,691 2,736 1,847 5,080 3,809 5,317 2,075 3,504 1,494 4,096 8,' 254 3,652 810 10,044 1,318 aTY, TOWN, VTLLAOE, OR BOROUGH. Pennsylvania— Con. New Brighton borough New Castle city New Kensington bor- ough New Philadelphia bor- ough Nomstown borough . . . North Braddock bor- ough North East borough . . . Northampton borough. Northumoerland bor- ough Oakmont borough Oil City Old Forge borough Olyphant borougn Parkesburg borough . . . Parnassus Dorough Parsons borough Patton borougn Pen Argyl borough . Perkasie borough. . . Philadelphia city... Philip.sburg borough. . . Phoenix ville borough. . Pitcaim borough Pittsburgh city Pittstoncity Plymouth borough. . . Port Carbon borough . Portage borough Pottstown borough . . . Pottsville borougn — Quakerto^vn borough . Rankin borough Reading city Renovo borough , ReynoldsvUle borough. Ridgway borough Rochester borough Royorsford borough . . . St. Clair borough * St. Clair borough <• St. Marys borough — Sayre borough Schuylkill Haven bor- ough Scottdale borough Scranton city Sewickley borough Sham ok in borough Sharon borough Sharpsburg borough . . . Sharpsville borou^. . . Shenandoah borough . . Shijjpensburg borough. Slatington borough . . . Somerset borough South Bethlehem bor- ough South Brownsville bor- ough South Fork borough. . . South Sharon borough. South Williamsport borough Spangler borough Spring City borough. . Steellon borough Stroudsburg borough . Summit Hill borough. Sunbury borough 1910 Susquehanna borough.! Swissvale borough Swoyer^ille borough. . 1 Tarn aqua borough ' Tarentum borough ! Taylor borough Throop borough i Titusville city Towanda borough Turtle Creek borough . . 8,329 36,280 7,707 2,512 27,875 11,824 2,672 8,729 3,517 3,436 15,667 11,324 8,605 2,522 2,578 4,338 3,907 3,967 2,779 1,549,008 3.585 10,743 4,975 633,905 16,267 16,996 2,678 2,964 15,599 20,230 3,801 6,042 96.071 4,621 3,189 5,408 5,903 3.073 5,640 6,455 6,346 6,426 4,747 5,456 129,867 4,479 19,588 15,270 8,153 3,634 25, 774 3,457 4,454 2,612 19,973 3,943 4,592 10,190 3,734 2,700 2,880 14,246 4,379 4,209 13,770 3,478 7,381 5,396 9.462 7,414 9.060 5,133 8,533 4,281 4,995 1900 6,820 28,339 4,665 1,326 22,265 6,535 2,068 2,748 2,323 13,264 5,630 6,180 1,788 1,791 2,529 2,651 2,784 1,803 1,293,697 3,266 9,196 2,601 '451,512 12,566 13,649 2,168 816 13, 696 15, 710 3,014 3,775 78,961 4,082 3,435 3,515 4,688 2,607 4,295 5,243 3,654 4,261 102,026 3,568 18,202 8,916 6,842 2,970 20,321 3,228 3,773 1,834 13,241 1,805 2,635 3,328 1,616 2.666 12,086 3,450 2,986 9,810 3,813 1,716 2,264 7.267 5,472 4,215 2,204 8,244 4,663 3,262 * Allegheny County. » Schuylkill County. 74 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. (This table includes all incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from tbfl townships, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28— Con. CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Pennsylvania— Con. Tyrone borough Union City borough. . . Union town borough. . Vandergrift borough . . Vandergrift Heights borough Verona borough Warren borough , Washington borough. . Waynesboro borough. . Waynesburg borough . . Weatherly borough — Wellsboro twrough West Berwick borough. West Chester borough . West Hazleton borough West Homestead bor- ough West Newton borough. West Pittston borough. Wickboro borough Wilkes-Barre city Wilkinsburg borough.. Williamsport city Wiiliamstown borough Wihnerdtng borough . . Windber borough Winton borough Wyoming borough York city Khode Island Bristol town BurrUlville town . Central Falls city. Coventry town . . . Cranston city Cumberland town East Greenwich town . . East Providence town. Johnston town Lincoln town Newport city North Kingstown town North Providence town North Smithfleldtown. Pawtucket city Portsmouth town . . Providence city Scituate town Smithfleld town South Kingstown town Tiverton town... Warren town Warwick town . . . Westerly town . . . Woonsocketcity. South Carolina Abbeville city Aiken city Anderson city Bennettsville town. Camden city Charleston city. Cheraw town . . . Chester city Clinton town . . . Columbia city.. Darlington town. Easley town Florence city Gaffneytown Georgetown city. Greenville city... Greenwood town. Laurens town Marion town Newberry town. . Orangeburg city. . Rock Hill city. . . . Spartanburg city . Sum t.er city Union town 1910 7,176 3,684 13,344 3,876 3,438 2,849 11,080 18, 778 7,199 3,545 2,501 3,183 5,512 11,767 4,715 3,009 2,880 6,848 2,775 67,105 18,924 31,860 2,904 6.133 8.013 5,280 3,010 44,750 8,565 7,878 22,754 5,848 21, 107 10, 107 3,420 15,808 5,935 9,825 27,149 4,048 6,407 2,699 51, 622 2,681 224,326 3,493 2,739 5,176 4,032 6,585 26,629 8,696 38,125 4.459 3,911 9,654 2,646 3,569 58,833 2,873 4,754 3,272 26,319 3,789 2,983 7,057 4,767 5,530 15,741 6.614 4,818 3,844 5,028 5,906 7,216 17,517 8,109 5,623 1900 6,847 3,104 7,344 2,076 1,910 1,904 8,043 7,670 5,396 2,544 2,471 2,964 9,524 2,516 2,467 5,846 61,721 11,886 28,757 2,934 4,179 3,425 1,909 33,708 6,901 6,317 18, 167 5,279 13,343 8,925 2,775 12, 138 4,305 8,937 22,441 4,194 3,016 2,422 39,231 2,105 176,597 3,361 2,107 4,972 2,977 5,108 21,316 7,541 28,204 3,028 903 4,647 3.937 4,138 11,860 4,824 4,029 1.831 4,607 4,465 5,485 11,395 5,673 6,400 1890 4,705 2,261 6,359 1,477 4,332 7,063 3,811 2,101 2,961 2,961 8,028 931 2,285 3,906 37, 718 4,662 27,132 2,324 419 1,797 1,794 20,793 5,478 5,492 5,068 8,099 8,090 3,127 8,422 9,778 20,355 19,457 4,193 2,084 3,173 27,633 1,949 132, 146 3,174 2,500 4,823 2,837 4,489 17,761 6,813 20,830 3,766 1,696 3,414 2,362 5,498 3,018 1,929 978 2,441 3,533 56,807 54,955 1,151 976 4,075 2,703 1,869 1,021 21,108 15,353 2,389 421 3,395 1,631 2,895 8,607 1,326 2,245 1,640 3,020 2,964 2,744 6,544 3,805 1,609 QTY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OR BOROUGH. South Dakota Aberdeen city. . Brookings city.. Deadwoodcity. Huron city Lead city Madison city. Mitchell city.. Pierre city Rapid City ... Redfleld city Sioux Falls city. Watertown city. Yankton city Tennessee Bristol town * Browns^TUe city.. Chattanooga city. Clarlcsvillecity... Cleveland city Columbia city Covington town. . . Dyersburg city Fayette ville town. Franklin to^pi Harrimancity Humboldt town Jackson city Johnson City town. Knoxville city La FoUettecity... Lebanon town Lenoir City town. Memphis city Morristown town. Murtreesboro city. Nashville city Paris city Park City town ... Pulaski town Rockwood town. . Shelby ville town. Tullahoraa town.. Union City town. Texas Abilene city Amarillo city. . . Austin city Ballinger city... Bay City town. Beaumont city Beeville city Beltoncity Big Spring city Bonhamcity Bowie city Brady city Brenham city Brownsville city Brown wood city Bryan city Calvert town Cameron city Childress city Cleburne city Coleman city Comanche town Commerce city Corpus Christi city. Corsicana city Crockett town Cuero town Dalhart city Dallas city Denisoncity Denton city Dublin city Eagle Pass town El Paso city Enniscity Fort Worth city Gainesville city Galveston city Georgetown city Gonzales city 1910 10,753 2,971 3,653 5,791 8,392 3,137 6,615 3,656 3,854 3,060 14,094 7,010 3,787 7,148 2,882 44,604 8,548 5,549 6,754 2,990 4,149 3,439 2,924 3,061 3,446 15,779 8,502 36,346 2,816 3,659 3,392 131,105 4,007 4,679 110,364 3,881 6,126 2,928 3,660 2,869 3,049 4,389 9,204 9,957 29,860 3,636 3,156 1900 4,087 2,346 3,498 2,793 6,210 2,650 4,055 2,306 1,342 1,015 10,266 3,352 4,125 5,271 2.645 30,154 9,431 3,868 6,052 2,787 3,647 2,708 2,180 3,442 2,866 14,511 4,646 32,637 366 1,956 1890 102,320 2,973 3,999 80,865 2,018 2,838 2,899 2,236 2,684 3,407 3,411 1,442 22,258 1,128 9,427 3,700 '5,'642 2,600 6,968 6,306 3,965 3,589 3,322 3,341 692 7,493 1,362 2,070 1,800 4,703 9,313 2,612 3,422 42,638 11,807 4,187 2,370 15,906 4,919 26,688 7,874 37, 789 2,790 4,297 3,182 1,518 2,366 3,038 2,581 1,736 2,217 3,235 2,128 796 10,177 2,672 3,670 3,324 2,516 29,100 7,924 2,863 5,370 1,067 2,009 2,410 2,250 716 1,837 10,039 4,161 22,535 1,883 64,495 1,999 3,739 76,168 1,917 2,274 2,305 1,823 2,439 3,441 3,194 482 14,575 3,296 3,000 '3,'36i 1,486 5,209 6,134 2,176 2,979 2,632 1,608 3,278 906 1,226 810 4,387 6,285 1,445 2,442 38,067 10,958 2,668 2,025 10,338 2,171 23,070 6,594 29,084 2.447 1,641 CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OR BOROUGH. Texas— Con. Greenville city Hillsboro city Houston city Houston Heights town, Jacksonville city Jefferson city... Laredo city Lockhart town. Longyiewcity.. Lufldn town Mc Kinney city. Mar lin city Marshall city... Mart town Mexia town Mineral Wells city.. . Mount Pleasant city. Nacogdoches city Navasota town New Braunfels city.. Orange city , Palestine city Paris city , Plain view town. . Port Arthur city. Quanah city , San Angelo city , San Antonio city . : . . , San Marcos town Seguin town Sherman city Smithville city Snyder town , Stamford city Stephen ville city Sulphur Springs city. Sweetwater town Taylor city Teaguecity , Temple city Terrell city Texarkana city » , Tyler city , Uvalde town Vernon town , Victoria city Waco city Waxahachie town Weatherford city Wichita Falls city Yoakum town Utah American Fork city. Bingham town Brigham city Eureka city LehiCity Logan city Murray city Nephicity Ogden City Park city Provocity Richfield city Salt Lake City Spanish Fork city. . . SpringviUe city Tooele city Vermont Barrecity Barre town Barton town Bennin^on town Bennington village . Brandon town Brattleboro town Brattlehoro village . Burlington city Colchester town Winooski village Derby town Essex town Fair Haven town Fair Haven village. . Hard wick town 1910 8,850 6,115 78,800 6,984 2,875 2,515 14,855 2,945 5,155 2,749 4,714 3,878 11,452 2,939 2,694 3,950 3,137 3,369 3,284 3,165 6,527 10,482 11,269 2,829 7,663 3,127 10,321 96,614 4,071 3,116 12,412 3,167 2,514 3,902 2,561 5,151 4,176 5,314 3,288 10,993 7,050 9,790 10,400 3,998 3,195 3,673 26,425 6,205 6,074 8,200 4,657 2,797 2,881 3,686 3,416 2,964 7,522 4,057 2,759 25,580 3,439 8,925 2,559 92, 777 3,464 3,356 2,753 10,734 4,194 3,346 8,698 6,SU 2,712 7,541 6,617 20,468 6,450 3,639 2,714 3,095 !,5BJi. 3,201 1900 6,860 5,346 44,633 800 1,568 2,850 13,429 2,306 3,591 1,527 4,342 3,092 7,855 2,393 2,048 1,827 3,857 2,097 3,835 8,297 9,358 1,651 53,321 2,292 2,421 10,243 2,577 1,902 3,635 670 4,211 7,065 6,330 5,256 8,069 1,889 1,993 4,010 20,686 4,215 4,786 2,480 3,499 2,732 2,859 3,085 2,719 6,451 2,208 16,313 3,759 6,185 1,969 53,531 2,735 3,422 1,200 8,448 3,346 2,790 8,033 6,666 2,759 6,640 6,S97 18,640 5,352 5,785 3,274 2,203 2,999 2,466 > Joint population « Joint population of Bristol town, Sullivan County, Tenn., and Bristol city, Va.: 1910, 13,395; 1900, 9,850; 1890. 6,226. of Texarkana city, MiUer County, Ark., and Texarkana dty, Bowie County, Tex.: 1910, 15,445; 1900, 10,170; 1890, 6,380. POPULATION OF CITIES. 75 POPULATION OF PLACES HAVING, IN 1910, 2,500 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910, 1900, AND 1890— Continued. [This table includes all Incorporated places having 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1910, so far as they have been returned by the census enumerators separate from the townshii>s, precincts, districts, etc., of which they form a part. It also includes all towns in New England which had a population of 2,500 or more in 1910.] Table 28— Ck)n. CITY, TOWN, VILLAGE, OE BOROUGH. Vermont — Con. Hartford town Lyndon town Middlebury town Montpelier city Momstown town Newport town Newport village Northlield town Poultney town Proctor town Proctor village Randolph town Richford town Rockingham town Bellows FalU village Rutland city St. Albans city St. Johnsbury town . . . St. Johnsbury village Springfield town Springfield village . . Swanton town Waterbury town West Rutland town. . Woodstock town Virginia Alexandria city Bedford City town Big Stone Gap town. . Bristol city ' Buena Vista city Charlottesville city . . . Clifton Forge city Covington town Danville city FarmviUe town Fredericksburg city . . Hampton city Harrisonburg town . . . Lexington town Lynchburg city Marion town Martinsville town Newport News city. . . Norfolk city Petersburg city Portsmouth city Pulaski town Radford city Richmond city Roanoke city Salem town South Boston town. . . Staunton city Suffolk town Williamsburg city Winchester city Wytheville town Washln^oa Aberdeen city Anacortes city BelUngham city ' Bremerton city Centraiia city 1910 4,179 3,204 2,848 7,856 2,652 3,684 3,226 3,644 2,871 . t,7S6 3,191 2,907 6,207 4,885 13,546 6,381 8,098 e,69S 4,784 S,iSO 3,628 3,273 3,427 2,545 15,329 2,508 2,590 6,247 3,245 6,765 5,748 4,234 19,020 2,971 5,874 5,505 4,879 2,931 29,494 2,727 3,368 20,205 67,4.52 24,127 33,190 4,807 4,202 127,628 34,874 3,849 3,516 10,604 7,008 2,714 5,864 3,054 13,660 4,168 24,298 2,993 7,311 1900 3,817 2,956 3,045 6,266 2,583 3,113 1,874 2,855 3,108 2,136 t,ots 3,141 2,421 5,809 i,SS7 11,499 6,239 7,010 5,666 3,432 t,040 3,745 2,810 2,914 2,557 14,528 2,416 1,617 4,579 2,388 6,449 >3,579 2,950 16,520 2,471 5,068 2,764 3,521 3,203 18,891 2,045 2,384 19,635 46,624 21,810 17,427 2,813 3,344 85,050 21,495 3,412 1,851 7,289 3,827 2,044 5,161 3,003 3,747 1,476 11,062 1,600 1890 3,740 2,619 2,793 4,160 2,411 3,047 1,7S0 2,628 3,031 1,758 3,232 2,196 4,579 S,O0g 6,567 S,SS7 2,881 I.BIS 3,231 2,232 3,680 2,545 14,339 2,897 2,902 1,044 5,591 1,792 704 10,305 2,404 4,528 2,513 2,792 3,059 19,709 1,651 34,871 22,680 13,268 2,112 2,000 81,388 16,159 3,279 1,789 6,975 3,354 1,831 5,196 2,570 1,638 1,131 8,135 2,026 CITY, TOWN, VILLAOE, OB BOROUGH. Washington— Con Chehalis city CleElum city Colfax city Ellensburg city Everett city Hillyard city Hoquiam city North Yakima city. Olympia city Port Townsend city Pullman city Puyallupcity Ren ton town Roslyn town Seattle city Snohomish city South Bend city Spokane city Tacoma city Vancouver city Walla Walla city... Wenatchee city West Virginia Benwood city Bluefield city Charles Town Charleston city Chester city Clarksburg city Davis town Elkinscity Fairmont city Grafton city Hin ton city Huntington city Keyser town McMechen city Mannington city . . . Martinsburg city . . . Morgantown city . . . Mounds ville city . . . Parkersburg city . . . Princeton city Richwood town Sistersville city Wellsburgcity Wheeling city Williamson city Wisconsin Antigocity Appleton city Ashland city Baraboo city Beaver Dam city . . . Beloit city Berlin city Burlington city Chipi)ewa Falfs city Columbus city Cudahy city De Pere city Eau Claire city Edgerton city Fond du Lac city . . 1910 4,507 2,749 2,783 4,209 24,814 3,276 8,171 14,082 6,996 4,181 2,602 4,544 2,740 3,126 237,194 3,244 3,023 104,402 .« 831743 9,300 19,364 4,050 4,976 11,188 2,662 22,990 3,184 9,201 2,615 5,260 9,711 7,663 3,050 31,101 3,705 2,921 2,072 10,008 9,150 8,913 17,842 .3,027 3,061 2,684 4,189 41,641 3,561 7,196 16,773 11,594 6,324 6,758 15,125 4,636 3,212 8,893 2,523 3,091 4,477 18,310 2,513 18,797 1900 1,775 2,121 1,737 7,838 2,608 3,154 3,863 3,443 1,308 1,884 2,780 80,671 2,101 711 36,848 37,714 3,120 10,049 451 4,511 4,644 2,392 11,099 4,050 2,391 2,010 5,655 5,050 3,703 11,923 2,530 1,405 1,081 7,604 1,896 5,362 11,703 2,979 2,588 38,878 5,145 15,085 13,074 5,751 5,128 10,436 4,489 2,526 8,094 2,349 1,360 4,038 17,517 2,192 15, 110 1890 1,309 1,649 2,768 1,302 1,535 4,698 4,558 1,732 'i,'484 42,837 1,993 19,922 36,006 3,545 4,709 2,934 1,775 2,287 6,742 3,008 918 737 1,023 3,159 2,670 10,108 2,165 427 908 7,220 1,011 2,088 8,408 469 2,235 34,522 4,424 11,869 9,956 4,605 4,222 6,315 4,149 2,043 8,670 1,977 3,625 17,415 1,595 12,024 CITY, TOWN, TILLAGE, OB BOBOUGH. Wisconsin — Con. Fort Atkinson city Grand Rapids city Green Bay city Hartford city Hudson city Janesville city Jefferson city Kaukauna city Kenosha city La Crosse city Lake Geneva city Madison city Manitowoc city Marinette city MarshSeld city Menasha city Menoraonie city Merrill city Milwaukee city Mineral Point city Monroe city Neenah city New London city Oconomowoc city Oconto city Oshkosh city PlattevUle city Plymouth city Port Washington city Portage city Prairie du Chien city. Racine city Reedsburg city Rhinelander city Rice Lake city Richland Center city . Ripon city Shawano city Sheboygan city South Milwaukee city Sparta city Stanley city Stevens Pomt city Stoughton city Sturgeon Bay city Superior city Tomah city Tomahawk city Two Rivers city Washburn city Watertown city Waukesha city Waupaca city Waupun city Wausau city Wauwatosa city West Allis city Whitewater city Wyoming Casper town Cheyenne city Evanston town Laramie city Rawlins city Rock Springs city Sheridan city 1910 3,877 6,521 25,236 2,982 2,810 13,894 2,582 4,717 21,371 30,417 3,079 25,531 13,027 14,610 5,783 6,081 5,036 8,689 373,857 2,925 4,410 5,734 3,383 3,054 5,629 33,062 4,452 3,094 3,792 5,440 3,149 38,002 2,615 5,637 3,968 2,652 3,739 2,923 26,398 6,092 3,973 2,675 8,692 4,761 4,262 40,384 3,419 2,907 4,850 3,830 8,829 8,740 2,789 3,362 16,560 3,346 0,645 3,224 2,639 11,320 2,583 8,237 4,256 5,778 8,408 1900 3,043 4,493 18,684 1,632 3,259 13,185 2,584 5,115 11,606 28,895 2,585 19,164 11,786 . 16,195 6,240 5,589 5,655 8,537 285,315 2,991 3,927 5,954 2,742 2,880 5,646 3,340 2,257 3,010 5,469 3,232 29,102 2,225 4,998 3,002 2,321 3,818 1,863 22,962 3,392 3,555 2,387 9,524 3,431 3,372 31,091 2,840 2,291 3,784 8,437 7,419 2,912 3,185 12,354 2,842 3,405 14,087 2,110 8,207 2,317 4,363 1,559 1 Joint population of Bristol town, Sullivan County, Tenn., and Bristol dty, Va.: 1910, 13,395; 1900, 9,850; 1890, ( s Includes population (367) of West Clifton Forge town. ' Fairhaven and New Whatcom cities consolidated under the name of BelUngham city in 1903. Chapter 2. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, PARENTAGE, AND SEX. Introdaction. — This chapter, dealing with the com- position of the population, gives in condensed form statistics relative to color or race, nativity, parentage, and sex, as returned at the Thirteenth Decennial Census, taken as of April 15, 1910, with comparative figures for prior censuses. Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions are not included. The classification by color or race distinguishes six groups, namely, white, negro, Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and "All other" (consisting principally of Hindus and Koreans) . On account of their compara- tively small number, the four last-named groups are combined in some of the tables. The white population is divided into four groups: (1) Native, native parentage — that is, having both parents bom in the United States; (2) native, foreign parentage — having both parents bom in foreign countries; (3) native, mixed parentage — having one parent native and the other foreign bom; (4) foreign born. In many of the tables native whites of foreign parentage and of mixed parentage are combined. This double classification by color or race, and by nativity and parentage, results in five principal classes of the population — the native whites of native parentage, the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, the foreign-born whites, the negroes, and all others. The last named group is frequently omit- ted from the tables, as it is neither numerous nor important. Following in each case this classification according to color or race, nativity, and parentage, statistics are presented in the first section of this chapter for the total population; in the second section for the total population distinguished by sex; in the third section for the population 21 years of age and over, also dis- tinguished by sex; and in the fourth section for the male population of militia age (18 to 44 years, inclu- sive). In connection with the population 21 years of age and over, much greater detail is given regarding males than regarding females, and statistics are also presented relative to the naturaUzation of the foreign- born white males. TOTAL POPULATION BY COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE. UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. General summary : 1910 and 1900. — ^Table 1 shows the number of persons of each color or race at the last two censuses, the total number of native and foreign-born inhabitants, and the number of whites distributed according to nativity and parentage. Table 1 CLASS OF POPULATION. mncBEB. increase:* 1900-1910 PEE CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. 1910 1 1900 Number. Per cent. 1910 1000 Total population . . White 91,972,266 81,731,957 9,827,763 412,546 265,683 71,531 72,157 3,175 78,456,380 13,515,886 81,731,957 68,386,412 49,488,575 12,916,311 5,981,526 13,345,545 75,994,576 66,809,196 8,833,994 351,385 237,196 89,863 24,326 16,977,691 14,922,761 993,769 61,161 28,487 -18,332 47,831 3,175 12,803,081 3,174,610 14,922,761 11,791,033 8,539,213 2,284,031 967,789 3,131,728 21.0 22.3 11.2 17.4 12.0 -20.4 196.6 19.5 3a7 22.3 20.8 20.9 21.5 19.3 30.7 100.0 8a9 10.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 (') 85.3 14.7 88.9 74.4 53.8 14.0 6.5 14.5 100.0 87.9 11 6 Other colored races Indian 0.5 0.3 1 (») All other 65,653,299 10,341,276 66,809,196 50,595,379 40,949,362 10,632,280 5,013,737 10,213,817 86.4 13.6 87.9 74.5 53.9 14.0 6.6 13 4 Total foreign born Total white Native Native parentage — Foreign parentage. . . Mixed parentage Foreign born I A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. ' I.«ss than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Of the population of the United States in 1910, 81,731,957, or 88.9 per cent, were whites; 9,827,763, or 10.7 per cent, were negroes; and 412,546, or four- tenths of 1 per cent, were other colored races. Of the total population, 78,456,380, or 85.3 per cent, were native and 13,515,886, or 14.7 per cent, foreign bom, the latter consisting chiefly of whites. The native white population numbered 68,386,412, and constituted 83.7 per cent of the white population and 74.4 per cent of the total population of the country. The 13,345,545 foreign-bom wliites constituted 16.3 per cent of the white population and 14.5 per cent of the total population. Native whites of native parentage in 1910 numbered 49,488,575, constituting 60.5 per cent of the white population and 53.8 per cent of the total population. Native whites of foreign parentage formed 15.8 per cent of the white population and those of mixed parentage 7.3 per cent, the corresponding percent- ages based on the total population being 14 and 6.5, respectively. Of the total increase of 15,977,691 in the population of the country between 1900 and 1910, the whites con- tributed 14,922,761, the negroes 993,769, and other races 61,161. The increase in the native population was 12,803,081, and that in the foreign bom, 3,174,610, or about one-fifth of the total increase. The percentage of increase for the whites, 22.3, was a little less than twice as high as that for the negroes, 11.2. This difference is partly due, however, to the direct or indirect effect of immigration upon the increase of the white population. The native white (77) 78 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. popnkUaon inGmsed 20^ per cent and ihe fonag/k- bom wiute 30.7 per ctaai. There was reiy little differ- ence in the rates of increase for the three parentage groups of the native white population. Bj reason of these differences in the rates of in- oease of the sereral dasses of population there was aome ehaaage between 1900 and 1910 in the relatiTe importance of the different groups. Whites consti- tuted 88.9 per cent of the total popnlaticHi in 1910, as compared with 87.9 per cent in 1900. Nathre whites, however, constituted a sl^tlj smaller pro- portion of the total in the later jear than in the earlier, while fore^^-bom whites formed 14. .5 per coit of the total in 1910, as compared with 13.4 per cent 10 years before. It diould be borne in mind that the increase in the white groups, from one census to another, n^resente more than the natural growth by excess of births over deaths. The increase of n^roes and Indians, since their number is only sl^htfy affected by immigration or emigration, is essentially a natural increase. The increase in the several white groups, however, is mate- rially affected, directly or indirectly, by immigration, which greatly exceeds cm^ration. Hie total number of whites is swelled directly by immigration; the number of native whites by the children bom of imm%rants after their arrival in this country; and the nomber of native idiites of native parentage by the childrai of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. Additions to the number of native whites of foreign parentage, of course, consist wholly of the children of the fore^n bom, while the additions to the native whites of mixed parentage are the children of inter- maniageB between the foreign bom and the native. It is possible, however, to estimate approximately the natural increase of the white popidation by sub- tracting from the total white population enumerated in 1910 the number of foreign-bom whites who had immigrated to the country after 1900. The remainder, wbeaa. compared with the white population enumerated in 1900, may be accepted as indicating approximately the growth in the white population apart from immi- gration, or, in other words, the natural increase of the white population between 1900 and 1910. The num- ber of foreign-bom whites enumerated in 1910 who had arrived in this country subsequently to January 1, 1901, was almost exactly 5,000,000. Subtracting this from the total white population enumerated in 1910 the remainder is about 76,730,000, which, as compared with the white population in 1900, 66,809,196, repre- sents a difference of about 9,920,000, or 14.8 per cent. ^ To be strictly accurate one dionld subtract the nombCT of children enumerated in 1910 who were bom in this country ai the immigrants who came in after 1900; this number, however, is un- known, and is at least partially ofbet by the number ot surviving white persons (also unknown) enumerated in 1900 who emigrated frtan the United States before April 15, 1910, and the survrring children bom of such em%rants. Moreover, one should deduct tiie ■nriron (mimber imknovii) of the immigrants who arrived in this c uualiw betwcoi June 1, 1900, the date of the Twelfth Census, and 1. MOl. This may someiviiat exceed the naiorm] increaseu however, because certain minor factors have not been takminto acoofont in this computation;^ it is probable diai the l^ne rate of natural increase for the aggregate ^dute population was not far firom 14 per cent, aad that this percentage may be fiaiify compared with the rate of increase in the negro population, 11.2 per cent. Wkite aad magn piitiililiw —The number of whites and n^roes in tlie total population of the United States at each cenaas from 1790 to 1910 is given in Table 2. Fza czsr of total. WO* ua».7.'. vaolZ'. mm.... 17W.... White. ti.9H.Sli m,te,TU 0.«B,4BS %9m,4Ba 7,: a;a»^aM ii,T3k.9a 4B.m,Kt n,sea,9m 7.tm.-m ijn,tas a.trt,i Kegro. m %,-m.mi and an otber. OXOi ■»,9H Ind., sr.» sr.i M.3 SLt •!.• SL« ■LI 8ft.7 Hi? n.« XL* 1X1 1X.T M.1 15^7 1&8 3&1 18.4 19.0 18.9 1^3 a4 as a« as as a« aa jmm. %mmtj0mmUmimtn%. The census of 1860 was the first at which TndiAng were distinguished from the other classes. Not, how- ever, until the census of 1890 was any enumeration made of the Indians on reservations or "living in tribal relations," so that statistics for the group in vdiich they are included in the table are not com- parable further back than 1890. The distinction of white and colored is the only one which has been carried through all the 13 censuses. There is some doubt whether the small number of taxed Indians were counted with the white or with the colored prior to 1860. The proportion of whites in the total population, which was approximately four-fifths in 1790, has in- creased at each succeeding census, except for an insig- nificant decrease in 1810 as compared with 1800. The apparently lower percentage in 1880, as com- pared with 1870, is undoubtedly erroneous, being due to the faulty census of 1870, which is known to have been generally deficient in the Southern states. The number of omissions in these states in 1870 is estimated to have been 747,915 whites and 512,163 negroes, aggr^ating 1,260,078. (See Reports of the Eleventh Census, Population, Part I, pp. xi, xii, and xvi.) Assuming these estimates to be correct, the white population in 1870 represented 86.2 per cent of the total and the negro 13.5. During the first 40 years of the period covered by the table, the proportions of whites and n^roes did not change materially, although the total population more than trebled. Thereafter the proportion of COLOR OR RACS; HATTVTTY, AND PARENTAGE. 79 fT|'*iffj' — froi 1830 to 88u9 per cc^ m 19111. and iiiilitii, m tte tioB for cadi decade froM 1790 to 1910. per cnt iM tibe nl« from 1»0 to 1900 daiii^ oillier Ike pmee£i^ or Ike SkIi ahrapfc rhigii m Hm ^wvtfc of ft Um pnpiiiitMil ^ndi m mat aftseted bf tion aeeai ^giy ifauh oMeand mtmoifl iorae tibo Aat tte iimoinilMi of bkrmb m 1890 the I Tlio oddHinn to tte total viiite popolfttioa 1900-4910 warn nMMiiliialiij g^^emba I and indeed caoeeeded liie total vhito popoiaiiflB of flie eomatxj m 1840. The ia- I i r Mii ill fhr iirpn ptuwil a tiiM , hain if i ^ wm Vw ttiin OailraBi 1900 to 1900 and vaa flHch lew than that Crmb 1970 to 1880 aa baeed OB the nteDM. decadea 1800-1970 and 1970-4899, dw to the dfliaeiiTe cnaaMnlaaB of the pnpalatina in 1970, bo eoireeted to cj ou ec pun d with the fwtimafad pepoiatioa of 1870, die iBCRMe of megrom fraaa 1870 to 1880 1900 to 1910. A ■■■■■! iwg the laiiiiialie for 1870 to be ap p muu - matd^ eonoet, each decade anee 1790 haa dbofvn Hor the irinte popdhtioa an ahaofarte c^ hnger than that for the deeade iiiiianliiliij piwjeiling, wood tibe per- cmtaer of iniififi lor the white popolatiaa haa ex- eeeded that for tibe ocgiD popufatioa in evcfy deeade ■nee 1790 ezieept 1800-1810. In the 50 yeaa 1860- 1910 tibe white popiilalionmcreaaed203j6 per oent and the negro popolatiaa 121^ per cent. A eomparieon of the drcwinia l ntes of inocaae in the white popolatimi fran 1790 to 1910 reveals tfaieecleaiiT defined periods. From 1790 to 1860 the rate was hig^ and i rwiaifrali ty nmfomi, y aryii^ little bam 3-5 per cent, llien it lefl €iS abcwptlf and for three decades, from 1860 to 1890 (aec^ting the esti- mated figures for 1870), was dose to 27 per eent. The third period dates from 1890, the pereentsge of increase bong 21.2 from 1890 to 1900 and 22.3 front 1900 to 1910. Widi Rapeet to the rate of inereaae of the negroes, three similar periods also i^pear. tiie second, how e v e r , brgiiiiiiiig in 1830 and Ihe third in 1880. Acc mdii^ to the retorns the rste from 1880 to 1890 was tcit much lower than Ihe estimated rste from' 1870 to 1880, and -^nTUde of Tndianw, Qrinose, and fitom 1860 to 1910. TaMe4 CKKBVt TZaZ_ I3^HL QaOBK. iWftOBIt. Iff* IB tB * 71.331 ; 71 07 ^ma'-^m 5ci «: laiM ".zi SlS S'l" s.3n "^ 4MB H,W» j- TmBans in bihan Territasr and on Indian arenot IneiBded in the totals for 1860, 1870, and 1880, bst are incfaded in the totals for 1890, 1900, and 19ia Saee 1890 the Lufianpopwlatinn haa mcreased dightif , althooi^ a ai«ht decRMe is indicated fn- the decade 1800-1900; the dnneBe popolataoi de- wh3e dbe Japaaen mirmwti n:pdfy daaag of the toao decades and in 1910 a^htlj ootnnm- bered the fhine a ii . There were also cnnmerBted in 1910 other noBwhite races, eoorialing, for the sweater part, of Hindns and Kneans, to the nomher of 3,175. anlatto f ufalelJM —Table 5 gires a of the negro popolalaon as blade or mn- ktto for the aerenJ censnaes at which this distinrtann has been 7.777,C7 mi m» ima ITS n.s Xo date are srailable for 1880 or 1900. Of the 9327,703 negroes enumerated in 1910, 7,777,077 were retained as Uack and 2,050,686 as molatto. Inl850tibepercenti^^of nmlattoes was 11.2. It had advanced but little in 1870, bdi^ only 12 per cent, bat sinee 1870 the propo r ti on of nmlattoes in the total negro popolalion ^ipearB to have increased venr mate- rially, readme 15.2 per eoit in 1890 and 20.9 per cent in 1910. Gaonderalde aneettaintf neeeasarilT attachfe U> Ihiii I le wi ilii ■Ih s i. Imiwi hi, hiiik IIm atnim ji nf lliii distraelifan made depends largdy upoa the jod^ment and care of tiie enmneratocB. Moreover, the fact that the definition of tibe tenn "mulatto'' adopted at difFer- ent rfn s ni W B haa not been entirdj umfonn mar affect the o ompar ab ffit y Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. 84 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION PERCENTAGE OF NEGROES IN THE TOTAL POPULATION: 1910. PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITES IN THE TOTAL POPULATION: 1910. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE. 85 PERCENTAGE OF NATIVE WHITES OF FOREIGN OR MIXED PARENTAGE IN THE TOTAL POPULATION: 1910. PERCENTAGE OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITES AND NATIVE WHITES OF FOREIGN OR MIXED PARENTAGE COMBINED IN THE TOTAL POPULATION: 1910. 86 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE— PER CENT DISTRIBUTION , BY DIVISIONS AND STATES : 1910 AND 1900. TaMe 14 DIViaiON AND STATE. TTnlted States GEOGEApmc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. MountBin Pacific New Enqland: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey ' Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia , North Carolina South Carolina , Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma' Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacihc: Washington Oregon California PER CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. White. 1910 1900 88.9 97.7 98.2 97.5 66.2 68.4 76.5 95.7 96.0 99.7 99.8 99.5 98.8 98.1 9^6 98.4 96.4 97.4 97.6 97.7 98.0 99.1 99.4 99.2 99.3 95.2 98.8 96.6 99.0 96.7 84.6 82.0 71.3 67.4 94.7 68.0 44.8 54.9 58.9 88.6 78.3 57.5 43.7 71.8 56.8 87.2 82.2 95.9 98.0 96.1 98.0 93.1 83.9 98.2 90.7 97.1 97.4 95.0 87.9 98.8 97.8 98.3 97.3 64.2 66.8 73.0 94.3 94.9 99.7 99.8 99.7 98.7 97.8 98.2 98.4 96.2 97.5 97.7 97.7 98.2 99.1 99.5 99.2 99.4 94.8 97.7 94.8 99.1 96.3 83.4 80.2 68.7 64.3 95.5 66.7 41.6 63.3 56.3 86.7 76.2 54.7 41.3 72.0 52.8 84.8 79.6 93.0 95.5 96.2 98.0 92.3 76.6 98.5 83.6 95.8 95.4 94.5 Negro. 1910 1900 10.7 1.0 2.2 1.6 2.1 33.7 31.5 22.6 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.5 3.5 2.5 2.3 2.2 1.9 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.7 4.8 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.2 15.4 17.9 28.5 32.6 5.3 31.6 55.2 45.1 41.0 11.4 21.7 42.5 56.2 28.1 43.1 8.3 17.7 0.5 0.2 1.5 1.4 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.9 11.6 1.1 2.1 1.6 2.3 35.7 33.1 25.9 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.1 2.1 1.7 1.4 3.7 2.5 2.3 2.3 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 5.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 3.5 16.6 19.8 31.1 35.6 4.5 33.0 58.4 46.7 43.7 13.3 23.8 45.2 58.5 28.0 47.1 7.0 20.4 0.6 0.2 1.0 1.6 0.8 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.7 Indian, Chi- nese, Japa- nese, and all other. 1910 1900 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 (0 0.9 3.5 3.3 0.1 (') C) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (1) (0 (1) 0.3 0.4 0.5 (0 (1) 1.1 3.3 0.4 0.2 (') (') 0.1 0) (0 0.4 C) (1) (1) 0) 0.1 (>) 0.1 4.5 0) 3.6 1.8 2.3 0.5 6.4 15.1 1.5 8.7 2.3 2.4 4.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 (I) 1.0 4.7 4.5 0.1 (■) (') 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 (0 0) C) 0.3 0.4 0.5 (0 (') 2.2 5.1 0.3 0.1 0) 0) 0.2 (') « 0.3 (') (') 0.1 (0 (') (') 0.2 (I) 0.1 8.2 (') 6.4 4.3 2.7 0.4 6.9 22.9 1.3 16.1 3.7 4.3 4.8 Native white. Total. 1910 1900 71.2 72.8 81.4 83.7 63.8 67.4 72.5 79.1 75.4 84.8 77.4 85.5 67.5 65.3 69.1 68.4 70.5 78.7 85.1 91.8 76.7 77.9 77.5 73.0 87.0 88.2 71.7 79.3 84.2 88.7 76.0 74.0 64.0 66.1 90.1 67.7 44.4 54.3 54.4 86.8 77.5 56.6 43.2 70.8 63.7 84.8 76.1 71.5 85.6 77.6 82.2 86.1 61.0 81.2 68.7 76.0 82.1 73.3 74.5 73.1 76.4 81.9 82.5 62.2 65.7 69.0 77.1 75.4 86.3 78.4 86.7 68.8 66.6 72.1 72.5 73.4 81.9 86.6 92.1 78.2 76.8 74.5 70.3 85.7 87.8 62.4 72.8 82.5 87.7 75.9 72.3 61.7 63.3 93.1 66.5 41.2 52.8 52.6 84.4 75.4 54.0 40.8 70.9 49.1 82.2 73.8 67.4 82.0 78.3 81.3 85.5 57.4 79.4 63.4 76.1 82.4 73.1 Native parentage. 1910 1900 53.8 39.9 43.8 53.4 56.1 60.2 64.8 65.7 55.7 60.3 66.7 53.5 64.4 32.8 29.6 35.5 35.4 39.8 55.1 63.6 78.9 46.1 43.6 32.7 27.7 58.6 72.5 28.2 42.1 53.9 71.4 63.2 59.2 50.4 64.3 85.3 67.3 43.7 53.3 49.7 81.4 75.7 55.1 42.1 68.4 46.9 79.1 66.8 43.1 62.5 55.3 59.6 78.1 40.4 46.0 43.1 51.3 62.0 46.6 53.9 44.9 47.9 53.1 64.7 68.5 62.6 61.7 51.1 48.2 71.0 58.9 66.6 36.8 33.8 41.0 39.2 43.8 69.2 63.8 77.6 47.1 42.4 28.3 24.3 66.6 71.0 20.6 33.9 61.9 63.9 67.2 48.1 61.5 88.0 66.0 40.3 51.6 48.1 77.9 73.3 62.3 39.6 68.4 41.3 76.1 64.3 38.2 55.6 51.9 57.7 76.3 36.5 37.6 35.7 61.2 61.9 43.4 Foreign or mixed par. 1910 1900 20.5 31.3 28.9 28.0 27.6 3.6 2.6 6.9 23.4 25.1 18.2 23.9 21.1 34.8 35.9 33.6 33.0 30.7 23.6 21.6 13.0 30.6 34.3 44.8 45.3 28.4 15.7 43.5 37.2 30.4 17.3 12.8 14.8 13.6 1.8 4.7 0.4 0.7 1.0 4.8 5.4 1.8 1.6 1.1 2.3 6.8 6.7 9.3 28.4 23.1 22.3 22.7 8.0 20.6 35.2 25.6 24.7 20.1 26.7 28.2 28.5 28.8 27.8 3.7 3.0 7.3 26.1 27.1 15.3 19.5 21.2 32.0 32.7 31.1 33.2 29.6 22.7 22.9 14.6 31.1 34.4 46.2 46.0 29.2 16.9 41.8 38.9 30.6 18.8 12.0 15.1 13.6 1.8 5.1 0.4 0.9 1.1 4.5 6.5 2.0 1.6 1.3 2.5 7.8 6.1 9.5 29.2 26.4 26.6 23.6 9.2 20.9 41.8 27.7 24.9 20.5 29.7 Foreign-bom white. 1910 1900 27.7 25.0 16.8 13.9 2.4 1.0 4.0 16.6 20.5 14.8 22.4 14.0 31.2 32.8 29.5 29.9 26.9 18.8 12.5 5.9 21.3 21.2 22.0 26.2 12.3 7.0 27.1 17.2 14.8 8.0 8.0 7.4 1.3 4.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 4.6 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.6 1.1 3.1 2.4 6.2 24.4 12.4 18.6 16.9 6.9 22.9 17.0 22.0 21.1 15.3 21.8 13.4 25.7 21.4 16.4 14.8 2.0 1.2 4.0 17.2 19.6 13.4 21.4 13.0 29.9 31.2 26.1 26.0 22.8 15.6 11.0 5.6 20.0 22.3 24.9 28.8 13.7 6.9 35.3 22.0 16.6 8.6 7.4 7.8 7.0 1.0 2.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 3.6 2.3 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.1 3.8 2.6 5.8 25.6 13.6 17.9 16.8 6.8 18.2 19.1 20.3 19.7 13.0 21.3 Total native (all races). 1910 1900 85.3 72.1 74.9 83.2 86.1 97.6 99.0 96.0 82.8 77.2 85.1 77.5 86.0 68.6 67.0 70.4 74.0 81.2 87.4 94.1 78.6 78.7 78.0 73.8 87.7 93.0 72.9 82.7 85.2 92.0 91.4 91.9 92.5 98.7 95.3 99.7 99.6 99.4 94.6 98.2 99.1 99.1 99.5 96.8 97.6 93.8 74.8 86.9 80.1 83.8 92.9* 76.1 82.4 75.9 77.6 83.2 75.3 86.4 74.2 78.6 83.6 86.2 97.9 98.8 95.9 82.0 77.5 86.6 78.6 87.0 69.8 68.6 73.8 73.9 77.1 84.4 89.0 94.4 79.9 77.6 75.1 71.1 86.3 93.0 64.6 78.0 83.4 91.4 92.6 92.1 92.8 99.0 97.7 99.8 99.6 99.4 95.5 97.7 99.1 99.2 99.5 98.9 96.2 97.4 94.1 72.4 84.8 81.2 83.1 93.0 80.3 80.6 76,2 78.6 84.1 75.3 Total foreign bom (all races). COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE. 87 The distribution by color or race, nativity, and parentage of the population of each division and state in 1910 and 1900 is shown by percentages in Table 14. The figures for 1910 may be more readily grasped by means of the accompanying diagram and the four maps on pages 84 and 85. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE: 1910. '9sssssi9ss!iiiZfss»Jsi>:^m's^m^m»^i':iWj*^yyyyxyyxxy. jsr^sssssrs^fty^yssis/yvvy^vyx/yy: ysaxKoiiixmm^mxiRm^s^immsm'!^^^^^^ fjO!oxmmsK: < IOWA ^1 MO. UQ N. OAK. ^ S. OAK. O NEBR. KANS. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^2 ^^^ ^^^^^^2 mM^z2^^^^mzmm^s. "XjozxaA 2222 :::vy>vyyyy> ^^w^vxyvy zzzza mKe^smmi9 3.4 3.5 3.3 49.1 39.9 43.8 53.4 56.1 63.2 60.2 64.8 65.7 52.4 55.7 60.3 28.6 31.3 28.9 28.0 27.6 4.3 3.6 2.6 6.9 24.5 23.4 25.1 20.3 New England 27.7 Middle Atlantic 25.0 East North Central 16.8 West North Central The Soath 13.9 2.5 South Atlantic 2.4 East South Central 1.0 West South Central The West 4.0 19.0 Mountain 16.6 Paclflc 20.5 > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. In 1910 whites constituted 98 per cent of the total population in the North, 95.9 per cent in the West, and 69.9 per cent in the South. The nonwhite popu- lation in the North and in the South consists chiefly of negroes, but in the West it consists chiefly of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese. Among the nine geographic divisions the proportion of whites in 1910 was highest in New England (98.9 per cent) and lowest in the South Atlantic division (66.2 per cent); among the individual states it was liighest in New Hampshire (99.8 per cent) and lowest in Mississippi and South Carolina, the only states where whites constituted less than one-half of the population. Native whites of native parentage constituted in 1910 approximately one-half of the total population of the North (49.1 per cent) and of the West (52.4 percent), but in the South they constituted a little over five- eighths (63.2 per cent) of the total. Native whites of foreign or mixed parentage formed 28.6 per cent of the total population in the North, 24.5 per cent in the West, and only 4.3 per cent in the South. Foreign- bom whites constituted a much larger proportion in the North (20.3 per cent) and in the West (19 per cent) than in the South (2.5 per cent). Considering the nine geographic divisions, the pro- portion of native whites of native parentage in the total population was highest in the West South Central division (65.7 per cent), but was approximately the same in the East South Central (64.8 per cent); it was lowest in New England (39.9 per cent). On the other hand, the proportion of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage was highest in New England (31.3 per cent) and lowest in the East South Central division (2.6 per cent). These same two divisions, likewise, ranked highest and lowest, respectively, in the proportion of foreign-bom whites (27.7 per cent and 1 per cent of their total population, respectively). Table 14 also shows the composition of the popula- tion of each division and state in 1910 in comparison 88 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. with that in 1900. For the nine geographic divisions the changes which have taken place are shown in the accompanying diagram. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE: 1910 AND 1900. PER CENT O 10 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 eo 100 UNITED STATES NEW ENGLAND MID. ATLANTIC E. NO. CENTRAL W. NO. CENTRAL SO. ATLANTIC E. SO. CENTRAL W. SO. CENTRAL MOUNTAIN IQIO I BOO m V//A m V/A m m m Wd yjm y//y Wa W/ 'm 'm 'm ^ Wa vsm 'm 'M y//y 'M m m ^ y/ i£i wjrA w m m m m m m ^/ 77. ^ m w m m m m m fA V/ ^4 m m m 'm y/A m m Wi ^/d YA m m m y//A m m m m fA M m m m 'm 'm m ^ ^m ¥/i ^^ 1 m m< WA y//y m m « m m ^4 m W m m m m to m ^ yA y//^ m m w w Wa ^■■■■■i w m m m m m ^^■^■^■H 1 i 1 1 'm M w m w m "x-^idp^piipMl m m m m m m ^i^^iiii^ri _L±J m m, m m m m m SB 'm m m m y//A m m OiBM B m v//^ m. m V//^ y^ m m y/ m m m m m "m M m YA 9 w^ y///^ y///^ yy//r m^ m^ ^m. Wd VJ m m. m, y//A ^m m m m VA ^5 FOftEtGN-BORN WHITE ISIO '•00 ,,_,^____^_^,_^__,_____,,,____ KATIVE WHITE -NATIVE PARENTAGE \^^^ NATIVE WHITE - FOREIGN OR MIXED PARENTAGE HH NEGRO AND ALL OTHER Comparing the percentages for 1910 with those for 1900, as shown in Table 14, it appears that whites formed a larger proportion of the total population in 1910 than in 1900 in each geograpliic division except the Middle Atlantic and the East North Central, in both of which the change in the other direction was insignificant. In every Southern state except West Virginia and Arkansas the proportion of whites was appreciably higher in 1910 than in 1900. Of the total population of the United States, 53.8 per cent were native whites of native parentage in 1910 and 53.9 per cent in 1900. But while the per- centage remained practically unchanged for the coun- try as a whole, it decreased in every New England and Middle Atlantic state and also in Ohio, Illinois, Delaware, and West Virginia. On the other hand, the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage constituted a greater proportion of tiie population in 1910 than in 1900 in most of the states of the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions, while the proportion declined or remained unchanged in every state outside of these two divisions except North Dakota, Delaware, and Florida. The foreign-born whites formed a larger proportion of the population in 1910 than in 1900 m the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, South Atlantic, and Pacific divisions, but a smaller proportion in the West North Central, East South Central, and Moimtain divisions. The slight changes in the small percentages of foreign-bom Whites in the southern divisions, how- ever, are not especially significant. The increase in the proportion of foreign-bom whites was most marked in the Middle Atlantic division (from 21.4 per cent in 1900 to 25 per cent in 1910). The proportion was, however, even somewhat higher in New Eng- land, although the change between 1900 and 1910 (from 25.7 to 27.7 per cent) was less. The increase in the proportion of foreign-born whites was greatest in Arizona (from 18.2 per cent in 1900 to 22.9 in 1910), New York (from 26 per cent to 29.9 per cent), Connecticut (from 26.1 to 29.5), Pennsylvania (from 15.6 to 18.8), and New Jersey (from 22.8 to 25.9). In Table 14 are given also the percentages native and foreign born in the aggregate population. As already stated, practically all negroes and Indians are native, while most of the Chinese and Japanese are foreign born. Except, however, in the South and in some Western states the colored elements in the popu- lation are not of sufficient importance to make the percentages for the total native and total foreign-born population differ materially from the percentages for the native white and foreign-born white. These differ- ences are easily interpreted if the geographic distribu- tion of the colored elements is kept in mind. Broadly speaking, the percentage of foreign born has increased in the East and the far West but declined or remained practically stationary in the central and southern portions of the United States. White population by nativity and parentage. — Table 16 shows for each division and state in 1910 and 1900 the percentage of the total white population repre- sented by each nativity or parentage group. Naturally in those sections of the coimtry where the population is almost all white the difference between the percentage which any class of the white popula- tion forms of the total population and the percentage which it forms of the white population is inappreciable. In the South, however, the difference is very marked. In the South Atlantic division the native whites of native parentage in 1910 constituted 60.2 per cent of the total population, but 91 per cent of the white popu- lation. In the East South Central division the per- centages were 64.8 and 94.8, respectively; in the West South Central, 65.7 and 85.8. Of the wliite population of North Carolina in 1910, 99 per cent were natives of native parentage, the corresponding percentage in COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE. 89 South Carolina being 97.5; in Georgia, 97.2; in Ten- nessee, 96.7; in Mississippi, 96.3; in Alabama, 95.8; in Virginia, 95.4; and in Arkansas, 95.3. Table 16 DIVISION AKD STATE. ITnlt«d States. Geographic divisions: New E ngland Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central . South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central . Mountain Pacific New England: . Maine ." New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Khode Island Connecticut , Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noetii Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dalcota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina , Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee . Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma' Texas Mountain: Montsoia Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arixona Utah Nevada Paotic: Washington Oregon Caluomia PER CENT of total WHITE POPULATION. Total. 1910 83.7 72.0 74.4 82.9 85.8 96.4 98.5 94.8 82.7 78.6 85.1 77.5 85.9 68.4 66.6 70.1 69.6 73.1 80.7 87.2 94.0 78.2 78.6 77.9 73.6 87.6 92.7 72.6 82.2 85.1 91.7 89.8 90.2 89.7 98.1 95.1 99.6 99.1 98.9 92.4 98.0 98.9 98.5 98.5 94.5 97.2 92.5 74.6 87.3 80.7 83.8 92.6 72.7 82.7 75.8 78.3 84.3 77.1 1900 M.7 74.0 78.1 83.3 84.8 96.9 98.2 94.5 81.7 79.4 86.6 78.6 87.0 69.7 68.1 73.4 73.6 76.3 84.0 88.7 94.2 79.6 77.5 74.9 70.9 86.2 92.7 63.9 76.8 83.2 91.1 91.1 90.2 89.8 98.4 97.6 99.7 99.0 99.0 93.5 97.3 98.9 98.6 98.8 98.5 92.9 97.0 92.7 72.4 85.8 81.4 82.9 92.6 75.9 80.6 75.8 79.4 86.3 77.4 Native parentage. 1910 60.6 40.3 44.8 54.4 57.5 91.0 94.8 85.8 68.2 52.4 66.9 53.6 64.7 33.2 30.0 36.0 36.0 41.3 50.5 65.2 80.7 47.1 44.0 32.9 27.9 59.0 76.2 28.5 43.6 54.4 73.9 74.7 72.1 70.6 95.4 90.1 99.0 97.5 97.2 84.3 91.9 96.7 95.8 96.3 95.3 82.5 90.7 81.2 45.0 63.8 57.5 60.6 83.9 48.1 46.8 47.6 52.8 63.6 49.0 61.3 45.4 49.0 54.0 56.2 91.1 93.7 84.4 54.1 50.8 71.2 59.1 65.8 37.3 34.6 41.8 39.8 45.6 60.7 65.3 79.4 48.0 42.8 28.5 34.5 56.8 74.9 21.1 35.8 52.4 71.6 76.7 71.4 70.0 95.7 92.2 99.0 96.9 96.9 85.4 89.9 96.2 95.6 95.8 95.0 78.1 89.8 80.8 41.1 58.2 53.9 58.8 82.7 48.3 38.2 42.7 53.4 64.9 45.9 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 23.1 31.7 29.6 28.5 28.3 5.4 3.7 9.0 24.5 26.2 18.2 24.0 21.2 35.2 36.6 34.1 33.5 31.8 24.2 22.0 13.3 31.2 34.6 45.0 45.7 28.6 16.5 44.1 38.6 30.7 17.9 15.1 18.1 19.1 2.7 5.0 0.6 1.6 1.8 8.1 6.1 2.2 2.6 2.5 3.2 12.0 6.5 11.3 29.6 23.6 23.2 23.2 8.6 24.6 35.9 28.2 25.5 20.6 28.1 1900 23.4 28.6 29.1 29.3 28.6 5.8 4.5 10.0 27.6 28.6 15.3 19.5 21.2 32.4 33.5 31.6 33.8 30.7 23.3 23.4 14.8 31.6 34.7 46.5 46.4 29.4 17.8 42.8 41.0 30.8 19.5 14.4 18.8 19.8 2.7 5.3 0.7 2.1 2.1 8.1 7.5 2.7 3.0 3.0 3.5 14.8 7.2 11.9 31.4 27.7 27.5 24.1 9.9 27.6 42.4 33.1 26.0 21.4 31.5 Foreign bom. 1910 16.3 28.0 25.6 17.1 14.2 3.6 1.5 6.2 17.3 21.4 14.9 22.5 14.1 31.6 33.4 29.9 30.4 26.9 19.3 12.8 6.0 21.8 21.4 22.1 26.4 12.4 7.3 27.4 17.8 14.9 8.3 10.2 9.8 10.3 1.9 4.9 0.4 0.9 1.1 7.6 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.6 6.6 2.8 7.6 25.4 12.7 19.3 16.2 7.4 27.3 17.3 24.2 21.7 15.7 22.9 1900 15.3 26.0 21.9 16.7 15.2 3.1 1.8 5.5 18.3 20.6 13.4 21.4 13.0 30.3 31.9 26.6 26.4 23.7 16.0 11.3 6.8 20.4 22.5 25.1 29.1 13.8 7.3 36.1 23.2 16.8 8.9 8.9 9.8 10.2 1.6 2.4 0.3 1.0 1.0 6.5 2.7 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.6 7.1 3.0 7.3 27.6 14.2 18.6 17.1 7.4 24.1 19.4 24.2 20.6 13.7 22.6 1 Includes Indian Territory for 1900. In both the New England and the Middle Atlantic divisions the native wliites of native parentage con- stituted less than half the whole number of white persons in 1910. In Minnesota only 27.9 per cent, or hardly more than one-fourth, of the total white popu- lation were natives of native parentage. The percent- age was almost as low in North Dakota, where it was 28.5; in Wisconsin it was 32.9. Other low percentages were found in the East. In Rhode Island 30 per cent of the white population were natives of native parent- age; in Massachusetts, 33.2 per cent; in Connecticut, and also in New York, 36 per cent. These are all the states in which less than two-fifths of the white popula- tion were natives of native parentage. There are also nine other states where the native whites of native par- entage formed less than half the white population. In several states the native whites of native parentage were exceeded in number by those of foreign or mixed parentage. This was the case in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Mionesota, and North Dakota. Increase by color or race, nativity, and parentage. — The absolute and relative increase during the decade 1900-1910 is shown by divisions and states for the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage ele- ments in Table 17. * The statistics in this table are particularly useful in that they show the relative increase of the several elements within a single division or state. Differ- ences among divisions or states with reference to the rate of increase for any given class may result merely from the general differences in the rate at which the population as a whole is increasing. In considering these statistics it should be borne in mind that the increase in any given class by no means represents exactly the natural growth by excess of births over deaths. Aside from the factors which have already been mentioned as contributing to the growth of the several elements, particularly the white elements, in the country as a whole (see page 78), the growth in individual states and divisions is largely affected by interstate and inter-divisional migration. Between 1900 and 1910 the white population increased more rapidly than the negro in each of the three southern divisions, where negroes are most numerous, and also in the New England, West North Central, and Mountain divisions. In the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and Pacific divisions, however, the negroes increased the more rapidly, but in the Pacific division there are still very few negroes. In the South as a whole the white population increased from 16,521,970 to 20,547,420, or 24.4 per cent, while the negroes increased from 7,922,969 to 8,749,427, or 10.4 per cent. Migration of whites to the South and of negroes to the North accounts in part for this dif- ference. Many of the individual states in the north- em and western divisions present conditions as to the relative growth of the white and negro population dif- fering from those shown by the divisions in which the states are located. In the South, however, the only states where the negroes increased faster than the whites were Arkansas, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. 90 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. INCREASE BY COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1900-1910. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 17 DIVISION AND STATE. ITuited states. Oeographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England; Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nortb Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan „. Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota , South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia West Virginia North. Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma ^ Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PACinc: Washington Oregon Califomia Number. ^«J 15,977,691 960,664 3,861,214 2,265,040 1,290,498 1,751,415 862,144 2,252,244 958,860 1,775,612 21.0 47,905 18,984 12,315 561,070 114,054 206,336 1,844,720 653,498 1,362,996 609,576 184,414 817,041 389,191 264,818 324,314 -7,082 186,670 257,910 182,318 125,914 220,454 17,587 107,302 52, 351 207,428 262,319 312,477 175,084 392,790 224,077 142,731 164, 173 309,396 245,844 262,885 274,763 866,764 847,832 132,724 163,822 53,434 259,324 131,991 81,423 96,602 39,540 623,887 269,229 892,496 17.2 25.0 14.2 12.5 16, 11.4 34.5 57.3 73.5 Number. ^«J 14,922,761 6.9 4.6 3.6 20.0 26.6 22.7 25.4 34.7 21.6 14.7 7.3 16.9 16.1 12.8 18.5 -0.3 6.0 80.8 45.4 11.8 «15.0 9.5 9.0 18.8 11.2 27.4 16.5 13.1 17.7 42.4 6.6 8.1 16.9 15.8 20.0 19.9 109.7 27.8 54.5 101.3 57; 7 48.0 67.6 66.2 34.9 93.4 120.4 62.7 60.1 953,488 3,769,590 2,217,569 1,285,804 1,365,545 709,479 1,950,426 940,600 1,730,260 47,769 19,115 11,527 555,162 113,442 206,473 1,809,964 633,577 1,326,049 594,693 181,459 792,089 386,684 262,644 322,191 -9,476 190,089 258,143 183,057 123,767 218,033 17,125 110,215 44,596 196,954 241,584 236,908 121,354 250,508 146,301 165,642 171,246 227,680 144,911 186,446 211,474 774,327 778, 179 134,297 164,726 51,267 254,369 124,387 78,565 94, 118 38,871 612,807 260,508 856,946 22.3 Num- Per ber. cent. 993,769 17.3 24.9 14.1 12.8 20.4 14.1 40.9 59.5 75.4 4.7 3.4 20.0 27.1 23.1 25.3 35.0 21.6 14.6 7.4 16.7 16.1 12.8 18.5 -0.4 6.5 82.8 48.1 11.7 15.4 ILl 11.6 23.3 16.5 26.4 18.7 21.8 21.2 49.2 11.1 22.7 22.6 19.7 29.0 115.5 32. 59.3 106.6 57.6 48.1 69.0 84.6 34.5 109.8 123.5 66.0 61.1 7,207 91,949 42,994 4,753 383,471 152,627 290,360 5,877 14,531 44 -98 795 6,081 437 -52 34,959 19,916 37,074 14,551 2,815 23,971 1,299 358 2,125 2,280 -3,782 331 352 1,420 2,027 484 -2,814 7,744 10,374 20,674 73,374 53,522 142, 174 77,939 -23,050 -7,155 80,975 101,857 76,035 63,070 81,928 69,327 311 358 1,295 2,883 18 161 472 379 11.2 12.2 28.2 16.7 2.0 10.3 6.1 17.1 37.7 99.1 INDIAN, CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND ALL OTHER. Num- Per xt v«- ber. cent. Number. 61,161 3.3 -14.8 96.2 19.0 4.8 -0.3 35.2 28.5 23.6 15.0 4.9 28.2 8.2 14.1 42.9 18.0 -2.3 115.7 75.7 22.7 3.9 L6 -1.2 8.9 1.6 47.5 11.7 6.8 13.7 33.8 -ai -1.5 9.8 11.2 20.7 9.7 147.1 11.2 20.4 122.2 137.8 33.6 1.1 8.7 70.2 282.8 -31 -325 4,477 -59 2, 38 11,458 12,383 30,821 3,544 141.0 387 35.0 10,60q 96.0 92 -33 -7 -173 175 -85 -203 5 -127 332 140 981 1,208 1,816 -2 114 363 -564 -1,091 727 394 -22 -99 11 100 61 2,195 208 108 -163 139 82 741 -924 404 219 10,509 326 -1,884 -1,262 872 2,072 7,586 2,697 2,012 290 7,536 -1,666 24,951 -0.6 -1.8 25.3 -0.1 28.5 1.3 17.1 15.6 28.4 10.0 -24.4 -4.8 42.3 -11.0 -1.6 0.3 -3.5 75.6 30.8 61.4 18.3 21.1 (>) 23.1 61.7 -7.9 -5.4 20.7 18.1 -17.8 •2.3 16.5 38.3 110.6 48.2 -34.0 87.4 43.9 311.3 -37.9 315.6 18.1 16.3 24.7 -12.1 -18.1 34.3 99.4 56.2 9.6 55.7 4.3 39.1 -9.3 35.0 NATIVE WHITE. Total. 11,791,033 575,974 2,245,527 1,770,646 1,203,678 1,283,873 712,304 1,865,677 792,051 1,341,303 30,571 10,518 6,360 344,226 69,189 115,110 970,215 405,439 869,873 455,348 163,998 554,164 331,366 265,780 284,116 22,822 176,968 214,575 170,758 125,019 209,420 13,434 99,186 39,765 189,394 206, 891 235,360 120, 671 247,457 131,716 175,722 170,373 223,062 143, 147 183,723 211,545 754,633 715,776 105,026 146, 189 40, 731 217,993 114,994 64, 136 83,529 29,453 Per cent. 20.8 14.1 19.0 13.6 14.1 19.8 14.4 41.4 61.3 73.7 5.1 3.3 2.1 17.8 24.3 17.6 18.4 29.3 16.9 12.6 7.1 14.7 17.8 17.2 23.1 1.2 6.5 107.8 58.4 14.2 16.2 11.5 23.1 16.1 23.2 18.7 21.8 21.2 47.4 9.7 11.2 22.6 22.6 19.7 31.2 116.1 31.8 64.1 110.2 66.2 49.7 68.9 76.8 38.0 109.8 473,735 120.2 211,368 62.0 656, 20r)^ 60.4 Native parentage. Number. 8,539,213 102,309 1,056,382 1,263,962 862,784 1,233,891 726,718 1,738,505 611,523 943,149 1,825 -12,383 4,001 71,165 14,835 22,866 378,812 183,936 493,634 381,819 177,894 328,790 198,127 177,322 149,301 42,458 182, %1 96,650 109,461 88,551 193,402 9,780 86,678 32,638 184,025 198, 126 234,907 121,204 246,698 119,935 189,781 172,970 220,801 143, 166 179,841 206, 625 708,851 643, 188 69,190 113,748 32,714 163,801 106,580 37,638 67,637 20,215 320, 318 160, 726 462, 10 5 int. Number. ^P«[ Number. 20. 4.1 14.3 14.9 15.2 20.2 15.4 43.2 71.5 80.9 0.4 -6.1 1.8 6.9 10.2 6.1 13.3 22.3 13.2 Foreign or mixed par. 3,251,820 473,665 1,189,145 606,694 340,894 49,982 -14,414 127,172 180,528 398,154 35.1 3.4 8.3 146.9 80.4 16.0 19.1 8.3 12.7 24.3 16.1 23.6 18.8 22.4 21.6 47.2 11.3 11.7 23.1 23.3 20.0 36.3 117.8 32.8 74.4 126.6 68.2 62.6 71.5 84.0 65.0 133.8 120.8 62.8 71.7 28,746 22,901 2,359 273,061 54,354 92,244 591,403 221,503 376,239 14.4 73,629 9.1 -13,896 14.5, 225,374 19.2 133,229 30.3 88,458 134,816 -19,636 -5,993 117,926 61,297 36,468 16,018 3,654 12,607 7,127 5,369 8,765 463 -533 759 11,781 -14,069 -2,597 2,261 -19 3,882 4,920 45,782 72,588 35,836 32,441 8,017 64, 192 8,414 16,498 15,892 9,238 153,417 50,642 194,096 20.8 30.0 27.0 11.0 11.9 12.8 -6.3 26.6 41.4 60.7 27.1 28.6 3.2 30.4 38.7 32.7 24.5 39 26.3 7.7 -3.8 15.0 16.0 9.2 16.7 -3.0 -1.1 88.5 39.2 11.2 6.8 16.4 7.0 18.8 16.5 17.9 5.4 -4.6 3.0 49.0 -10.1 -6.3 7.5 -0.1 11.9 4.6 94.9 25.1 50.5 75.9 32.7 42.6 47.0 64.2 13.7 78.9 118.8 59.9 43.9 rOREIGN-BORN WHITE. 3,131,728 377,514 1,524,063 446,923 82,126 81,672 -2,825 84,749 148,549 388,957 17,198 8,597 6,167 210,936 44,253 91,363 839,749 228,138 456,176 139,345 17,461 237,925 56,328 -3,136 38,075 -32,298 13,121 43,668 12,299 -1,252 8,613 3,691 11,030 4,831 7,560 34,693 1,548 683 3,051 14,585 -10,080 873 4,618 1,764 2,723 -71 19,694 62,403 29,271 18,537 10,636 36,376 9,393 24,429 10,689 9,418 139,072 49,140 200,746 Per cent. 30.7 26.3 46.2 17.1 5.4 39.1 -3.2 32.1 51.5 82.3 18.5 9.8 11.6 25.1 33.1 38.5 44.4 63.0 46.4 30.4 12.3 24.7 10.2 -0.6 7.6 -10.6 6.1 38.7 13.9 -0.7 6.8 26.9 11.8 24.7 39.6 155.0 36.2 12.7 25.4 75.7 -20.1 5.0 32.2 23.1 19.2 -0.1 96.6 35.1 46.9 84.7 63.5 40.2 70.8 109.1 20.1 109.8 136.2 91.2 63.4 COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE. 91 The wliite population increased during the decade 1900-1910 in every state except Iowa, and there were only six states — Kentucky, Indiana, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, and Vermont — in which the increase was less than 10 per cent. The negro population decreased in Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, as well as in two New England states. Among the Southern states with a considerable negro popu- lation the highest relative increase was in Oklahoma, 147.1 per cent, as compared with 115.5 per cent for the whites. West Virginia, Florida, and Arkansas showed high percentages of increase for the negroes, while Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas, North Carolina, And Georgia, all with a large negro population, showed percentages of increase ranging from 9.7 to 13.7, or About the same as that for the country as a whole. During the decade 1900-1910 the foreign-bom white population increased by a greater percentage than the native white in the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, South Atlantic, and Pacific divisions. The opposite was the case in the four other divisions; an actual decrease of foreign-bom whites occurred in the East South Central division. In the Middle Atlantic division the foreign-bom whites increased 46.2 per cent, as compared with 19 per cent for the native whites. Of the total increase in the foreign-bom whites in the country as a whole (3,131,728), nearly one-half (1,524,063) was in the Middle Atlantic division and most of the remainder in the East North Central, Pacific, and New England divisions. The recent immigration has been very imequally distributed over the country. In all but two of the divisions the percentage of increase in the native whites of native parentage was materially higher than that in the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage; in the East South Central division, in fact, the latter decreased. In New Eng- land, however, the native whites of native parentage increased only 4.1 per cent, while those of foreign or mixed parentage increased 30 per cent, and in the Middle Atlantic division the corresponding percentages of increase were 14.3 and 27, respectively. In New Hampshire there was an actual decrease in the native whites of native parentage, and in Vermont and Maine the increase was very slight. Very few individual states present exceptions to the conditions in the geographic divisions in which they are located with respect to the relative rates of increase of native and foreign-bom whites, or the relative rates of increase of native whites of native parentage and native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. New Hampshire is the only state which contained fewer native whites of native parentage in 1910 than in 1900, but in Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi a decrease oc- curred in the native whites of foreign or mixed parent- age, and in Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky , and Louisiana the foreign-bom whites decreased. TTRBAN AND RTTRAIi POPXJI.ATION. Table 18 classifies the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage classes in 1910 as urban or mral for each geographic division, and further distributes the urban population by classes of cities. The accompanying diagram shows, by geograpliic divisions, the relative importance of the several classes of population in urban and rural communities, respectively. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES: 1910. PER CENT 10 90 80 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 UNITED STATES NEW ENGLAND MID. ATLANTIC C. NO. CENTRAL W. NO. CENTRAL SO. ATLANTIC E. SO. CENTRAL W. SO. CENTRAL PACIFIC URBAN wm!si;mmmmi^mw/y//A i RURAL m'^///)mA'/M///MyX^^ W^jY. 1 I URBAN w/yy/y^/y^^^i^'^^^^^^^^^^^'^y^^^^^ 1 1 RURAL yMyyyy(yyyyyyyy^y^^^ 1 1 URBAN wsmmmmmm^^mi m Wa y//A yw m w: RURAL 'm Wa W. Wa y//A Wa s%i 1 1 1 URBAN 'm m mA y//A yw W^ m^ fx. RURAL Wa Wa WA y/A ^ yw y/M 1 1 URBAN m V/\ y///A y///A w m m m fAVA RURAL y/zA y/zA yy/z yw y/A yy^ "m m 7A'M URBAN 'm 'm m w m m M ^^22^4 RURAL m y//A m< Wa y/A m m Mi Y/ZA NATIVE WHITE -NATIVE PARENTAGE [^Q FOREIQN-BORN WHITE NATIVE WHITE -FOREION OR MIXED PARENTAOE HH NEQRO AND ALL OTHER There is in the country as a whole and in most indi- vidual states a marked difference between the compo- sition of the urban population and that of the rural. Of the aggregate urban population — that is, the popu- lation of incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more, including New England towns of that size — of the United States in 1910, 41.9 per cent were native whites of native parentage, 29 per cent native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, 22.6 per cent foreign-bom whites, and 6.3 per cent negroes. In the rural popula- tion, on the other hand, 64. 1 per cent were native whites of native parentage, only 13.3 per cent were native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, and 7.5 per cent were foreign-bom whites, while negroes constituted 14.5 per cent. Thus the foreign-bom whites and their chil- dren constituted fully one-half (51.6 per cent) of the urban population and only about one-fifth of the rural 92 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. COLOR OR "RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. [The term cities as here used includes incorporated towns, villages, and boroughs and also New England towns.] Table 18 DIVISION AND OASS OF COMMUNITY. UK IT ED STATES Rural communities Urban communities aties of 2,500 to 10,000. . aties of 10,000 to 25,000. aties of 26,000 to 100,000. aties of 100,000 to 600,000. aties of 600,000 and over . Kew England Rural communities Urban communities . . . aties of 2,500 to 10,000. . aties of 10,000 to 25,000 aties of 25,000 to 100,000 aties cf 100,000 to 500,000 aties of 500,000 and over Middle Atlantic Rural comniunities U rban communities , aties of 2,500 to 10,000. aties of 10,000 to 25,000 aties of 25,000 to 100,000 aties of 100,000 to .500,000 aties of 500,000 and over . East North Central . . . Rural communities Urban communities aties of 2,500 to 10,000. . aties of 10,000 to 25,000. aties of 25,000 to 100,000. aties of 100,000 to 500,000 aties of 500,000 and over. West Korth Central . . Rural communities Urban communities aties of 2,500 to 10,000. . atiesof 10,000 to 25,000. aties of 25,000 to 100,000. aties of 100,000 to 500,000 Citiesof 500,000 and over South Atlantic Rural communities Urban comniunities Cities of 2,500 to 10,000. . . Cities of 10,000 to 25,000 . . Cities of 25,000 to 100,000. Cities of 100,000 to 500,000 Cities of 500,000 and over East South Central. . Rural communities Urban communities Cities of 2,500 to 10,000 . . Cities of 10,000 to 25,000 . Cities of 25,000 to 100,000 Cities of 100,000 to 500,000 Cities of 500,000 and over . West South Central. . Rural communities Urban communities Cities of 2,500 to 10,000. . . Cities of 10,000 to 25,000 . . aties of 25,000 to 100,000. Cities of 100,000 to 500,000 Cities of 500,000 and over Mountain Rural communities Urban communities Cities of 2,500 to 10,000. . . Cities of 10,000 to 25,000. . Cities of 25,000 to 100,000. Cities of 100,000 to 500,000 Citiesof 500,000 and over Pacific Rural communities Urban communities Citiesof 2,500 to 10,000. . . CitiesoflO,000 to 25,000.. Cities of 25,000 to 100,000. Cities of 100,000 to 500,000 Cities of 500,000 and over Total popula- tion. 91,972,266 49,348,883 42,623,383 8,470,359 5,609,208 8,241,678 8,790,297 11,511,841 6,552,681 1,097,336 5,455,345 1,273,821 936,553 1,637,987 936,399 670,585 315, 892 592,519 723,373 662,907 349,807 110,782 750,081 6,849,796 18,260,621 8,633,350 9,617,271 1,905,353 1,396,143 1,553,809 2,016,020 2,745,946 11,637,921 7,764,205 3,873,716 1,040,688 455,439 801,931 888,629 687,029 12, 194, 895 9,102,742 3,092,153 763,031 444,714 712,387 613,536 558,485 8,409,901 6,835,672 1,574,229 466,498 220,364 289,285 698,082 8,784.534 6,827,078 1,957,456 626,986 354,582 636,814 339,075 2,633,517 1,686,006 947,611 368,542 144,593 230,995 213,381 4,192,304 1,809,975 2,382,329 372,634 307,013 267,688 1,436,094 Native. Total. 68,386,412 38,189,868 30,196,544 6,620,540 4,207,860 6,963,109 6,173,049 7,231,986 4,666,128 952,751 3,713,377 964,173 671,760 1,076,311 586, 159 414,974 14,054,273 4,729,829 9,324,444 1,315,678 1,021,760 1,565,483 1,231,699 4,189,824 14,860,402 7,668,041 7,192,361 1,608,792 1,120,829 1,236,466 1,512,212 1,714,062 9,738,390 6,663,994 3,074,396 876,686 376,426 646,914 659,588 516,782 7,781,048 5,791,814 1,989,234 486,473 294,847 424,548 387,022 396,344 5,667,469 4,660,661 1,006,808 300,220 129,226 193,778 383,584 6,372,732 4; 993, 807 1,378,925 474,453 242.865 439,890 221,717 2,083,545 1,332,585 760,960 293,898 110,960 177,972 168,130 3,162,425 1,396,386 1,766,039 301,167 239, 187 202,747 1,022,938 Native parentage 49,488,575 31,638,931 17,849,644 4,872,584 2,827,915 3,779,057 3,422,040 2,948,048 2,613,419 765,935 1,847,484 601,409 360,215 499,545 228,445 157,870 8,462,961 3,744,498 4,718,463 890,992 649,718 962,505 533,833 1,681,415 9,751,968 5,737,299 4,014,669 1,143,785 716,479 772,422 804,530 577,453 6,523,687 4,539,360 1,984,327 642,133 261,933 446,011 364,414 269,836 7,341,206 6,666,386 1,675,819 460,255 269,502 356,760 327.828 261.474 5,452,492 4,595,666 856,826 279,464 119,163 164,682 303,527 6,767,449 4,624,813 1,142,636 432,269 211,387 361,607 147,473 1,466,624 974,796 491,829 207,075 72,715 106,094 106,945 Foreign or mixed parentage. 18,897,837 6,550,937 12,346,900 1,747,956 1,379,945 2,184,052 2,751,009 4,283,938 2,052,709 186,816 1,865,893 362,764 311,545 576,766 357,714 257, 104 5,591,312 985,331 4,605,981 424,686 372,042 602,978 697,866 2,508,409 5,108,434 1,930,742 3,177,692 465,007 404,350 464,044 707,682 1,136,609 3,214,703 2,124,634 1,090,069 233,553 114,493 199,903 295,174 246,946 439,843 126,428 313,416 26,218 25,345 67,788 69,194 134,870 214,977 64,995 149,982 20,766 10,063 39,096 80,067 605,283 368,994 236,289 42,184 31,478 88,383 74,244 2,108,770 991,179 1,117,591 215,212 166,803 130,531 605,046 616,921 357,790 259,131 86,823 38,245 72,878 61,185 1,053,655 405,207 648,448 85,955 72,384 72,216 417,893 Foreign bom. 13,345,545 3,710,176 9,635,369 1,177,661 978,718 1,663,814 1,944,068 3,871,108 1,814,386 137,796 1,676,590 300,017 258,382 544,771 332,698 240,722 4,826,179 776,702 4,049,477 317,814 294,400 491,301 495,245 2,450,717 3,067,220 877,929 2,189,291 257,922 244,097 276,268 435,084 976,920 1,613,231 981,535 631,696 129,684 56,046 125,403 194,857 125,706 290,555 98,799 191,756 20,766 14,536 46,667 32,846 77.043 86,857 28,925 57,932 7,827 4,' 13.301 32,696 348,759 211,951 136,808 23,229 21,852 64,041 27,686 436,910 263,579 173,331 68,666 28,043 47,681 38,941 861,448 332,960 528,488 61,737 67,155 56,481 364,116 Negro. 9,827,763 7,138,534 2,689,229 655,266 408,362 602,040 626,946 396,615 66,306 5,429 60,877 8,922 5," 15,777 16,645 13,564 417,870 78,624 339,246 28,783 33, 162 53,156 22,354 201,791 300,836 70,294 230,542 37,859 30,471 41,362 68,299 62,651 242, 662 78,361 164,301 34,525 22,013 30,075 33,728 43,960 4,112,488 3,202,968 909.520 256.571 136,206 240,913 193,081 84.749 2,662,513 2,143.416 509,097 158, 278 86,884 82,144 181,791 1,984,426 1,548.588 435.838 125.667 89,115 131,794 89,262 21,467 6,021 15,446 3.466 2,779 3,786 6,426 Indian, Chi- nese, .Tapa- nese, and all other. 412,546 310,305 102,241 16,892 14,268 12,715 46,234 12, 132 5,861 1,360 4,501 709 442 1,128 897 1,325 17,570 7,364 10,206 632 485 842 783 7,464 22,163 17,086 5,077 780 746 713 425 2,413 43,638 40,315 3,323 793 954 539 456 581 10,804 9,161 1,643 222 126 359 687 349 3,062 2,670 392 173 46 62 111 78, 617 72,732 5.885 3,636 750 1, 410 91,595 83,821 7,774 2,522 2,811 1,567 884 29,195 139,236 4,833; 75,796 24,3621 2,205 2,763! 3,034i 16,360 63,440 7,425 7,908 6,426 41,681 PEE CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION. White. Native. 63.8 64.1 41.9 57.5 50.4 45.9 38.9 25.6 39.9 69.8 33.9 47.2 38.5 30.5 24.4 23.5 43.8 67.0 34.4 53.6 48.1 45.6 30.5 24.5 53.4 66.5 41.7 60.0 51.3 49.7 39.9 21.0 56.1 58.6 51.2 61.7 57.5 55.6 41.0 39. SO. 2 62.2 64.2 60.3 60.6 60.1 63.4 46.8 64.8 67.2 64.4 59.9 64.1 53.5 50.8 65.7 67.7 68.4 68.9 69.6 65.2 43.5 55.7 57.8 51.9 67.8 50.3 45.6 50.1 50.3 54.8 46.9 57.8 64.3 48.8 42.2 20.5 13.3 29.0 20.6 24.6 26.5 31.3 37.2 31.3 17.0 34.2 28.5 33.3 35.2 38.2 38.3 28.9 17.6 33.6 25.5 27.6 28.6 39.9 36.6 28.0 22.4 33.0 24.4 29.0 29.9 35.1 41.4 27.6 27.4 28.1 22.4 26.1 24.9 33.2 35.9 3.6 1.4 10.1 3.4 5.7 9.5 9.6 24.1 2.6 1.0 9.6 4.6 4.6 13.6 13.4 6.9 5.4 12.1 6.7 8.9 13.9 21.9 23.4 21.2 27.3 24.2 26.5 31.5 28.7 25.1 22.4 27.2 23.1 23.6 27.0 29.1 For- eign bom 14.5 7.5 22.6 13.9 17.4 20.2 22 33.6 27.7 12.6 30, 23.6 27.6 33.3 35.5 35.9 25.0 13.9 29.5 19.1 21.8 23.3 28.3 35.8 16.8 10.2 22.8 13.5 17.5 17.7 21.6 35.6 13.9 12.6 16.3 12.6 12.3 16.6 21.9 18.3 2.4 1.1 6.2 2.7 3.3 6.5 6.4 13.8 1.0 0.4 3.7 1.7 1.9 4.6 6.6 4.0 3.1 7.0 3.7 6.2 10.1 16.6 15.6 18.3 16.4 19.4 20.6 18.2 20.5 18.4 22.2 16.6 18.6 20.7 24.7 Ne- gro. 10.7 14.5 6.3 7.7 7.3 7.3 7.1 3.4 1.0 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.6 1.0 1.8 2.0 2.2 1.4 2.6 1.7 2.5 2.5 1.3 2.9 1.6 0.8 2.4 2.0 2.2 2. 3.4 1 2.1 1.0 4.2 3.3 4.8 3.8 3 6.4 33.7 36.2 29.4 33.6 30.4 33.8 31.6 15.2 31.5 31.4 32.3 33.9 39.4 28.4 30.4 22.6 22.7 22.3 20.0 26.1 20.7 26.3 0.8 0.4 1.6 1.0 1.9 1.6 2.6 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.1 PEE CENT DISTEIBUTION BY CLASS Or COMMUNITY. White. Total l>op- ula- tion. 100.0 53.7 46.3 9.2 6.1 9.0 9.6 12.5 100.0 16.7 83.3: 19.4; 14. 3j 25.01 14.3 10. 2| 100. Oi 29. o! 71.0 8.6 7.0 10.9 9.1 35.6 100.0 47.3 62.7 10.4 7.6 8.5 11.0 15.0 100.0 66.7 33.3 8.9 3.9 6.9 7.6 5.9 100.0 74.6 25.4 6.3 3.6 6.8 6.0 4 100.0 81.3 18.7 5.5 2.6 3.4 7.1 100.0 77.7 22.3 7.1 4.0 7.2 3.9 100.0 64.0 36.0 13.6 6.6 8.8 8.1 100.0 43.2 56.8 8.9 7.3 6.4 34.2 Native. 100.0 55.8 44.2 9.7 6.2 8.7 9.0 10.6 100.0 20.4 79.6 20.7 14.4 23.1 12.6 8.9 100.0 33.7 66.3 9.4 7.3 11.1 8.8 29.8 100.0 51.6 48.4 10.8 • 7.5 8.3 10.2 11.5 100.0 68.4 31.6 9.0 3.9 6.6 6.8 6.3 100.0 74.4 25.6 6.3 3.8 6.5 5.0 5.1 100.0 82.2 17.8 5.3 2.3 3.4 100.0 78.4 21.6 7.4 3.8 6.9 3.6 100.0 64.0 36.0 14.1 6.3 8.6 8.1 100.0 44.2 56.8 9.6 7.6 6.4 32.3 i% 100.0 63.9 36 9, 5.7 7.6 6.9 6.0 100.0 29.3 70.7 23.0 13.8 19.1 8.7 6.0 100.0 44.2 55.8 10.5 7.7 11.4 6.3 19.9 100.0 58.8 41.2 11.7 7.3 7.9 8.3 5.9 100.0 69.6 30.4 9.8 4.0 6.8 6.6 4.1 100.0 77.2 22.8 6.3 3.7 4 4.6 3.6 100.0 84.3 16.7 6.1 2.2 2.8 5.6 100.0 80.2 19.8 7.5 3.7 6.1 2.6 100.0 66.5 33.5 14.1 5.0 7.2 7.3 100.0 47.0 53.0 10.2 7.9 6.2 28.7 100.0 34.7 65.3 9.2 7.3 11.6 14.6 22.7 100.0 9.1 90.9 17.7 15.2 28.1 17.4 12.5 100.0 17.6 82.4 7.6 6.7 10.8 12.5 44.9 100.0 37.8 62.2 9.1 7.9 9.1 13.9 22.2 100.0 66.1 33.9 7.3 3.6 6.2 9.2 7.7 100.0 28.7 71.3 6.0 5.8 15.4 13.6 30.7 100.0 30.2 69.8 9.7 4.7 18.2 37.2 For- eign bom, 100.0 27.8 72.2 8.8 7.3 12.5 14.6 29.0 100.0 7.6 92.4 16.5 14.2 30.0 18.3 13.3 100.0 16 83.9 6.6 6.1 10.2 10.3 50.8 100.0 28.6 71.4 8.4 8.0 9.0 14.2 31.9 100.0 60.8 39. S 8.0 3.5 7.8 12.1 7.8 100.0 34.0 66.0 7.1 5.0 16.0 11.3 26.5 100.0 33.3 66.7 9.0 4. 16 37.5 100.0 61.0 39.0 7.0 5.2 14.6 12.3 100.0 58.0 42.0 14.1 6.2 11.8 9.9 100.0 38. 5 61.5 8.2 39.7 100.0 60.8 39.2 6.7 6.3 18.4 7.9 100.0 60.3 39. 13.4 6.4 10.9 8.9 100.0 as 61.3 7.2 6.6 6.4 41.1 COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE. 93 The native whites of native parentage constituted hardly more than two-fifths of the urban population, but over three-fifths of the rural. It should be noted that the negro population is mainly in the South, where there are comparatively few very large cities. The conditions in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions are especially noteworthy. Only about one-third (33.9 and 34.4 per cent, respectively) «f the urban population of these divisions in 1910 con- sisted of native whites of native parentage, while over two-thirds of the rural population (69.8 per cent and 67 per cent, respectively) were of that class. Broadly speaking, of the urbnn population of these divisions, ■almost one-third were foreign-bom whites, fully one- third (including persons of mixed parentage) were children of foreign-born whites, and one- third were native whites of native parentage. In the South, where the total number of foreign- boni whites and of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage is small, these classes constituted a very much larger proportion of the urban than of the rural popula- tion. In the South Atlantic division, for example, native whites of foreign or mixed parentage and foreign- born whites in 1910 constituted 10.1 and 6.2 per cent, respectively, of the urban population but only 1.4 and 1.1 per cent, repectively, of the rural population. In the South as a whole, the proportion of negroes in urban communities was about the same as the propor- tion in rural communities, though in the South Atlantic 5,198 62,917 28,392 684,008 176,089 104,163 69,966 69,130 74,626 269,836 61,594 116,369 38,746 106,784 64,574 58,408 75, 147 166,711 41,421 1»M 38,431 47, 146 236, «53 17,186 146, 1»3 21,885 90,860 25,220 354,379 113,700 87,74« 76,036 48,332 66,810 61,309 14,300 29,634 97,772 67,197 94,377 64,066 88,449 20,828 36,656 48,608 61,260 40,620 36,385 103,186 737, 477 31 t, 307 60,133 310,801 41,668 tt, 778 71,662 24,790 42,752 23,897 521,911 147,296 38,170 64,423 43,860 52,478 189,249 42,454 83,558 27,299 38,810 18,756 43,817 62,222 134,073 37,261 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 36,533 6,464 134, 870 8,357 257, 104 37,314 183, 673 39,794 912, 701 132,190 223,908 35,678 25,660 61,186 188,266 62,126 42,767 41,420 lot, 101 45,633 74,756 62,411 41,942 12,138 182,630 116,548 7,161 49,434 74,244 1,820,141 818, t08 186, 143 663,683 IK, 969 3t,t36 132,360 49,936 39,696 50,179 496,786 191,483 51,009 82,354 7,664 83,687 246,946 93,398 153, 781 55,431 61,134 27,277 46,912 69,383 45,066 64,751 19M 36,842 4,486 125,226 2,885 206,937 25,693 155, 716 32, 731 727,341 139,817 163,570 30,007 23,567 37,837 124,215 40,197 33,460 38,360 87,162 33,426 26, 106 55,744 33,031 10,766 146,886 78,861 7,174 76^ 191 1,371,603 713,947 86,43$ 48t,e68 e3,96t 14,604 96,606 23,776 32,828 41,296 414,093 168,832 24,710 60,775 6,104 68,798 239, 170 71,662 137,556 45,229 19,349 ' 9,883 39,787 60,128 37,939 42,417 FOSEION-BOBN WHITE. 1910 18,165 4,410 77,043 6,700 240,722 36,180 118, 444 34,608 781,217 66,792 195, 703 16,286 13,847 38,941 166,566 60,874 28,336 19,767 77,697 26,327 60,684 17,436 43, 457 6,467 111,466 85,938 2,993 42,784 27,686 1,927,703 1,104,019 148,936 671,368 79, 116 $4,178 110,666 36,822 27,068 46,398 382,578 140,436 43,780 76,303 4,086 68,993 125,706 66,624 130, 874 35,112 60,836 21,220 30,781 32,037 24,351 48,492 1900 17,689 2,458 67,940 1,761 194,953 22, 197 104, 010 29,924 686,420 67,887 124,354 12,292 10,024 24,962 96,051 49,961 23,868 17,070 68,161 18,287 17,917 21,397 40,915 6,069 88,948 60,983 3,002 30,664 29,569 1,260,918 781, 714 61,168 363,760 44,616 18,681 71,050 16,223 23,429 38,666 293,669 114,846 17,734 65,310 2,834 40,718 110,966 46, 748 104,264 28,959 18,666 7,462 23,706 27,729 19,520 37,528 1910 1,037 51,902 84,749 52,305 13,564 1,332 1,773 4,707 44,103 19,639 8,448 12,739 4,842 6,426 5,741 356 665 21,816 6,960 23,666 7,699 40,622 133 52,441 980 2,592 36,523 3,561 89,262 91,709 26,623 1,045 5,316 46,733 879 43,960 3,144 1,642 667 2,296 723 1,124 1,877 94,446 1,241 1900 1,178 36,727 79,258 16, 575 11,691 1,149 i,«es 3,888 30,150 14,482 6,988 8,201 3,387 3,923 4,111 324 604 15,931 3,704 17,867 2,131 39, 139 136 49,910 862 1,548 30,044 2,887 77, 714 60,666 60,634 36,146 1,370 4,117 te,70s 18,367 3,198 t,6ll l,16i l,07t 9,475 6,604 3,055 1,026 4,426 3,443 1,539 1,182 84,459 62,613 20,366 776 4,817 32,230 601 35,516 2,263 1,654 521 406 376 1,034 1,710 86,702 1,104 Indian, Chinese, Japa- nese, Midall other: 1919 46 76 349 11 1,326 72 133 116 2,123 33 290 63 28 884 99 83 27 54 160 138 0,292 16 59 74 68 144 10 100 410 6,012 4,iS0 tl3 1,166 16t 61 262 6,163 90 92 1,178 274 7,217 387 16 06 581 84 15,256 12 7,145 608 24 53 496 81 PEE CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION: 1910 Native white. For- eign- Native For. or bom parent- mixed white. age. par. 44.4 36.4 18.1 59.4 4.2 2.8 46.8 24.1 13.8 60.0 6.3 4.3 23.6 38.3 35.9 26.6 36.6 35.5 28.2 43.3 28.9 24.4 38.0 33.0 20.4 41.8 36.7 42.6 36.4 16. « 23.6 39.9 34.9 64.4 19.6 9.9 62.9 21.9 11.9 50.1 28.7 18.2 24.7 40.4 33.6 13.3 43.7 42.6 36.2 38.0 25.2 64.5 17.7 8.5 28.0 40.7 29.0 61.9 18.4 19.2 53.2 23.4 19.0 50.7 23.4 7.8 19. S 39.5 40.9 46.8 9.3 4.9 21.1 48.8 29.8 31.9 38.7 28.5 67.7 6.6 2.7 28.2 37.0 32.0 43.6 21.9 8.2 19.3 38.2 40.4 i4,3 35.1 47.4 34.6 it. 6 43.0 iS.O 40.6 35.0 X8.4 4t.6 117.9 St. 9 37.6 £8.! 27.3 38.1 31.8 36.8 33.3 24.6 42.6 31.9 21.8 22.6 40.0 36.1 37.7 32.1 24.7 33.0 36.9 26.3 60.3 24.6 21.1 26.7 36.7 34.0 64.2 6.0 3.2 34.2 38.4 27.0 39.3 36.9 18.3 28.7 43.6 26.3 27.7 36.9 31.4 29.8 42.7 27.0 44.0 25.8 25.6 62.3 26.1 20.3 42.6 34.2 22.4 44.6 35.2 19.0 50.4 13.6 7.4 28.4 37.5 33.2 Negro. 1.0 33.6 16.2 39.4 2.0 1.3 9.4 4.5 2. ft 5.4 1.5 7.0 4.2 2.5 1.2 6.3 0.6 9.3 2.2 9.5 2.4 18.1 9.1 40.9 0.3 9.9 33.1 2.7 26.3 1.9 i.e 1.0 \.\ 1.3 2.7 2.0 3.6 1.2 5.5 4.8 0.5 2.4 36.6 0.4 6.4 1.5 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.8 1.1 28.5 0.9 1 Includes population of Allegheny for 1900. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910, Table SO Alabama Mobile Montgomery.. Arkansas Little Rock... California Berkeley Pasadena Sacramento... San Diego San Jose Colorado Colorado Springs Pueblo Total popu- lation. 51,521 38,136 45,941 40,434 30,291 44, "" 39,578 28,946 29,078 44,395 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. Num- ber. Per cent, 20,944 16,708 24,810 19,479 19,026 19,821 22,550 13,174 19,605 24,584 40.7 43.8 48.2 62.8 44.3 57.0 45.5 67.4 55.4 Foreign or mixed par. Num- ber. Per cent. 5,585 1,390 4,602 11,863 5,867 12,999 8,549 9,061 5,350 9,773 10, 3.6 10.0 29.3 19.4 29.1 21.6 31.3 18.4 22.0 FOREIGN- BORN WHITE. Num- ber. 2,208 704 1,973 7,653 4,297 8,885 7,366 5,817 2,981 8,331 Per cent 4.3 1.8 4.3 18.9 14.2 19.9 18.6 20.1 10.3 18.8 Num- ber 22,763 19,322 14,539 247 744 486 597 182 1,107 1,498 Per cent 44.2 50.7 31.6 0.6 2.5 1.1 1.5 0.6 3.8 3.4 Ind., Chi., Jap., and all other, 17 1,192 357 2,505 516 712 35 209 Connecticut Hartford Meriden town . Meriitn city. New Britain. . . Norwich town. Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington... Florida Jacksonville... Tampa Total popu- lation. 98,915 32,066 117,265 43,916 28,219 28.836 SB, 138 73,141 87,411 57,699 37,782 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. Num- ber. 31,011 8,704 7,S7S 8,755 8,780 10,064 8,099 18,238 44,937 22,628 12,037 Per cent. 31.4 27.1 17.0 19.9 31.1 34.9 Sg.S 24.9 39.2 31.9 Foreign or mixed par. Num- ber. 34,824 13,827 11,713 17,037 10,380 9,530 8,612 28,590 19,694 3,213 6,857 Per cent. 35.2 43.1 43. 38.8 36, 33.0 34.3 39.1 22.5 6.6 18.1 FOBEIGN- BOEN WHITE. Num- ber. 31,243 9,390 8,036 18,015 8,405 8,872 8,069 25,498 13,678 2,488 Per cent. 31.6 29.3 S9.B 41.0 29.8 30.8 Si.l 34.9 Num- ber. 1,745 133 133 94 627 343 ssi 775 9,081 4.3,29,293 26. 2I 8,951 Per cent. Ind., Chi., Jap., and all other. L8 0.4 0.5 0.2 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 10.4 50.8 23.7 92 12 IS 15 27 27 96 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Con. Table20— Con. Oeorgla Augusta Macon Savannah nUnois Aurora Bloomington Danville Decatur East St Louis. . . Elgin Joliet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield TTi«Hann Evansville Fort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Clinton Council Bluffs... Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Kansas City Topeka Wichita Eentacky Covington Lexington Newport Louisiana Shreveport Maine Lewiston Portland , Massachusetts Brockton Brookline to.wn. . Chelsea Chicopee Everett Fitchburg Haverhill Holyoke Lawrence Lynn Maiden New Bedford Newton Pittsfield Quiney Salem Somerville Springfield Taimton Waltham Michigan Battle Creek Bay City Flint Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing Saginaw Minnesota Duluth Missouri Joplin St. Joseph Springfield Montana Butte Nebraska Lincoln South Omaha. . . Kew Hampshire Manchester Nashua New Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange Elizabeth Hoboken Oran^. Passaic. Total popu- lation. Perth Amboy. NATIVE WHITE. 41,040 40,635 65,064 29,807 25,768 27,871 31,140 58,547 25,976 34,670 66,950 36,587 45,401 51,678 60,647 63,933 53,684 58,157 32,811 25,577 29,292 43,028 86,368 38,494 47,828 26,693 82,331 43,684 52,450 53,270 35,099 30,309 28,015 26,247 58,571 56,878 27,792 32,452 25,401 33,484 37,826 44,115 57,730 85,892 89,336 44,404 96,652 39,806 32,121 32,642 43,697 77,236 88,926 34,259 27,834 25,267 45,166 38,550 31,433 39, 437 31,229 50,510 78,466 32,073 77,403 35,201 39,165 43,973 26,259 70,063 26,005 46,150 56,545 94,538 34,371 73,409 70,324 29,630 64, 773 32,121 Native Foreign or parentage, mixed par. Num- Per t)er. cent. 19,861 20,723 22,634 12,232 14,642 19,521 22,566 30,447 10,346 9,753 36,615 19,103 15,395 27,944 41,945 36,722 22,880 42,586 17,434 11,361 16,909 17,702 53,785 15,462 22,405 17,594 48.4 51.0 34.8 41.0 56.8 70.0 72.5 52.0 39.8 28.1 54.7 52.2 33.9 54.1 60.2 57.4 42.6 73.2 53.1 44.4 57.7 41.1 62.3 40.2 46.8 65.9 48,021 58.3 27,800 63.6 40,738 77 "^ 31,079 21,084 15,532 11,564 8,180 31,121 23,008 11,615 6,969 4,626 11,048 9,745 19,472 9,141 11,699 33,180 14,618 18, 738 16,282 13, 778 9,289 13,504 29,573 35,732 11,930 10,313 17,504 12,681 21,269 18, 474 21,354 19, 497 17,257 15,493 27,767 50,316 28,704 11,143 26,021 8,499 16,119 8,554 22, 410 11,301 49,581 18,253 20,298 13,463 8,341 7,536 6,095 58.3 60.1 51.2 31.2 53.1 40.5 41.8 21 18.2 33.0 25.8 44.1 15.8 13.6 37.1 32.9 19 40.9 42.9 28.5 30.9 38.3 40.2 34.8 37.1 69.3 28.1 55.2 58.8 54.1 62.4 34.2 19.7 65.0 81.5 59.2 .32.4 23.0 32.9 48.6 20.3 52.4 53.1 27.7 19.1 28.2 13.8 15.9 Num- Per ber. cent. 1, 1,099 5,818 10,577 6,904 4,874 5,366 12,799 9,787 13,967 19,936 12,234 15,973 13,8.'>5 16,970 19,414 16,725 9,164 9,841 8,903 7,677 16,649 19,234 16,840 14,659 6,368 14,631 7,183 6,383 15,346 2,a56 10,803 1,533 8,592 15,054 17,882 7,587 11,460 10, 726 12,017 14,415 13,061 25,286 32,553 27,994 15,8*9 32,336 11,830 11,243 12,404 16,453 26,632 28,656 12, 246 9,74" 4,564 21,292 10,213 8,285 10,528 7,398 21,225 31,856 2,585 14,699 3,386 14,006 10,001 9,028 24, 197 8,474 7,421 23,123 23,128 8,506 27,808 29,030 10, 719 18,209 12,562 4.6 2.7 8.9 35.5 26.8 17.5 17.2 21. 37. 40.3 29.8 33.4 35.2 26.8 24.4 30.4 31.2 15.8 30.0 34.8 26.2 38.7 22.3 43.7 30.6 23.9 17.8 16.4 12.2 28.8 5.9 35.6 FOEEIGN- BOBN WHITE. Num- Per ber. cent. 32.7 25.7 31.4 27.3 35.3 42.2 35.9 38.1 29.6 43.8 37.9 31.3 35.7 33.5 29.7 35.0 38.0 37.7 34.5 32.2 35.7 35.0 18.1 47.1 26.5 26.4 26.7 23.7 42.0 8.1 19.0 37.3 22.7 34.4 34.5 32.6 16.1 41.6 24.5 24.7 37.9 41.3 36.2 33.2 39.1 3,332 6,702 3,407 1,"' 2,422 ^9,400 5,661 10,441 8,810 3,641 13,828 6,900 4,462 7,204 13,420 3,796 5,321 4," 4,268 8,101 10,395 0,089 10,452 2,706 10,344 4,153 2,855 3,933 936 3,405 1,004 9,418 12,078 15,425 8,345 13, 748 10,036 9,607 13,611 11,153 23,238 41,319 27,344 13,430 42,625 11,191 6,744 10, 8'5 13,539 20, 751 22,999 9,779 7,683 2,616 11,027 6,662 4,307 6,857 3,973 11,701 30,652 914 8,113 1,126 12,880 7,200 7,834 29,692 8,957 6,400 20,522 15,682 5,677 23,894 27,668 8,069 28,467 14,288 2.2 1.7 5.1 22.5 13.2 7.2 7.8 16.1 21.8 30.1 13.2 10.0 30.5 13.4 6.4 11.3 25.0 6.5 16.2 19.1 14.6 18.8 12.0 15.8 21.9 10.1 12.6 9.5 5.4 Num- Per ber. cent. 18,344 18,160 33,246 293 809 1,465 776 5,882 171 497 1,569 1,596 197 2,961 6,266 572 604 2,593 213 432 320 569 2,930 96 305 24 9,286 4,538 2,457 7.4 2,899 2.711,011 11.2 35.9 20.6 27.1 30.0 42.4 39.5 28.7 36.0 25.3 40.3 48.1 30.6 30.2 44.1 28.1 21.0 33.3 31.0 26.9 2.5.9 28.5 27.6 10.4 24.4 17.3 13.7 17.4 12. 23.2 39.1 2.8 10.5 3.2 32.9 16.4 29.8 42.4 34.4 13.9 36, 16.6 16.5 32.5 39.3 27.2 62.0 44.5 569 13,896 47 273 531 221 242 795 42 397 45 265 700 486 2,885 467 320 45 163 217 1,475 297 62 575 160 397 354 685 354 313 410 801 4,249 1,995 240 733 717 36 16 9,834 561 6,076 1,907 1,381 120 2,479 535 165 44.7 44.6 51.1 Ind., Chi., Jap., and aU otJier, 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.1 3.0 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 1.7 0.9 0.2 2.3 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.5 2.5 5.5 5.7 0.6 1.7 2.7 0.1 0.1 21.3 1.0 6.4 5.5 1.9 0.2 8.4 1.0 0.5 i.n 3 3.1 6 .5.5 13 2.5 10 10. f Ifl 0.7 11 l.< 12 2.;- 20 4.^ 13 0.-) 8 5.7 18 9.0 ■ 4 O.f 21 1.1 55 4.5 18 0.6 2 1.7 1 1.1 118 1..1 7 3.4 24 0.2 7 0.6 7 0.1 1 11.3 49 10.4 10 4.7 17 .5.4 13 .31.4 12 1.9 49.6 18 0.2 lo 0.5 45 0.9 32 0.8 24 0.7 33 n 6 2.4 17 0.1 13 32 20 56 118 21 68 36 36 29 38 63 64 7 10 296 18 181 19 5 85 38 71 28 28 43 22 26 11 New Jersey-Con Trenton West Hoboken town New York Amsterdam Auburn Bingham ton Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mount Vernon. . . New RocheUe. . . Newburgh Niagara Falls Pougtikeepsie Schenectady Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington Ohio Aliron Canton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield Youngs town Zanesville Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City. . Pennsylvania Allentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McKeesport Newcastle Norristown bor.. Beading Shenandoah bor. Wilkes-Barre... Williamsport . . . York....^^ Khode Island Newport Pawtucket Warwick town.. Woonsockot Sonth Carolina Charleston Columbia Tennessee Chattanooga Knoxville Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco Xrtah Ogden Salt Lake City... Virginia Lynchburg Norfolk Portsmouth Roanoke Washington Tacoma West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse Madison Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Superior Total popu- lation. 96,815 35,403 31,267 34,668 48,443 37, 176 31,297 25,908 30,919 28,867 27,805 .30,445 27,936 72,826 76,813 74,419 26,730 79,803 34,014 25,748 69,067 50,217 35,279 30,508 28,883 25,404 46,921 79,066 28,026 25,278 64,205 51,913 62, 127 38,637 28,523 66,525 64,186 25,452 55,482 47,227 42,694 36,280 27,875 96,071 25,774 67,105 31,860 44,750 27, 149 51,622 26,629 38,125 58,833 26,319 44,604 36,346 29,860 92,104 39,279 73,312 36,981 78,800 96,614 26,425 25,580 92,777 29,494 67,452 33,190 34,874 83,743 31,161 41,641 25,236 30,417 25,531 33,062 38,002 26,398 40,384 NATIVE WHITE. Native Foreign or parentage, mixed par Num- Per l>er. cent, 38,679 6,658 10,537 15, 791 30,490 21,721 10,520 14,778 11,433 8,566 14,092 7,721 15,278 31,538 32,224 25,869 13,126 21,640 21,208 12,417 37,793 29,470 21,866 23,465 8,455 19,090 30,577 26,595 20,885 15,190 47,880 38,368 37,740 17,793 20,371 25,740 49,576 8,449 26,237 35,610 14,731 18,625 17,206 74, 714 4,511 24,423 23,003 38,469 9,850 12,027 7,571 5,711 20,458 13,655 23,035 26,300 15,887 59,746 15,099 50,139 12,643 37, 181 44,629 16, 739 11,610 38,152 18,743 34,471 18,203 25,089 36,481 27,311 22,385 8,978 10,163 10,857 9,960 8,814 5,354 10,367 Num. Per ber. cent. 40.0 18.8 33.7 45.5 62.9 58.4 33.6 57.0 37.0 29.7 50.7 26.4 64.7 43.3 42.0 34.8 49.1 27.1 62.4 48.2 54.7 58.7 62.0 76.9 29.3 75.1 65.2 32.4 74.6 60.1 74.6 73.9 72.4 46.2 71.4 38.7 77.2 33.2 47.3 75.4 34.5 5L3 61.7 77.8 17.5 36.4 72.2 86.0 36.3 24.5 28.4 15.0 34.8 5L9 51.6 72.4 53.2 64.9 38.4 68.4 34.2 47.2 46.2 63.3 45.4 4L1 63.5 51.1 54.8 71.9 43.6 87.6 53.8 35.6 33.4 42.5 30.1 23.2 20.3 25.7 29,209 14,943 9,981 10, 717 9,916 9,672 10,054 7,107 10,539 9,843 8,276 10,385 7,419 22,324 28,491 26,882 7,264 29,960 579 766 4,902 671 30.2 42.2 31.9 30.9 20.5 26.0 32.1 27.4 34.1 34.1 29.8 34.1 26.6 30.7 37.1 36.1 27.1 37.6 L7 3.0 26 23.6 26.6 14.6 31.6 15.4 17.6 33.7 FOEEIGN- BORN WHITE. Num- Per ber. cent. 370 798 371 445 122 914 243 664 145 14.8 26,310 13,713 10,624 7,620 7,389 5,259 10,612 3,391 8,029 8,677 4,823 12,064 4,634 18,631 15,432 21,308 6,268 26,590 472 444 27.2 38.7 34.0 22.0 15.3 14.1 .33.9 13.1 26.0 30.1 17.3 39.6 16.2 25.6 20.1 28.6 23.4 33.3 1.4 1.7 13,241 19.2 2,293 1,623 4,038 9,078 8,239 5,612 10,088 11,333 23,765 2,287 8,865 34,284 830 4,318 2,242 1,086 23,877 1,184 12,630 12,089 14,162 10,269 15,582 16,561 12,367 15,912 5.6 10.0 13.8 16.7 24.0 16.6 38.3 9.2 43.1 24.3 16.1 34.0 23.4 20.2 12.2 41.9 38.6 17.5 7.7 34.6 40.2 37.0 41.6 8.3 2.5 5.1 4.5 13.5 9.9 21.0 7. 27.3 14.4 24.6 8.7 34.7 37.0 2.8 6.4 6.8 3.1 28.5 3.8 30.3 47.9 46.5 40.2 47.1 43.6 46.8 39.4 8,648 3,309 1,614 10,929 2,047 3,156 24,860 1,602 537 3,214 6,234 5,212 6,673 3,122 14,943 4,134 5,994 15,316 3,203 12,631 8,620 4,015 8,812 10,462 16,078 2,332 1,689 6,266 17,966 9,010 16,539 2,404 446 17.2 9.4 5.3 37.8 8.1 6.7 31.4 5.7 2,581 56 118 527 635 513 108 630 896 1,754 604 274 651 35 76 ,549 11,752 12,107 657 291 725 978 376 346 4,933 1,936 1,384 Ind., Chi., Jap., and all otlier. 2.1 7,831 6.0 6,546 1,332 783 2,441 5,219 14,248 4,209 6,164 6,318 17,407 1,30" 4,454 19,035 450 1.6 3,664 5.3 1,115 3.4 770 2.2 12.0 10.0 17.'3| 10.9 22.5 6.4 23.6 27.6 6.8 29.6 23.8 14.4 9.2 40.6 24.0 7.3 3.6 23.0 34.8 33.8 43.4 134 453 4,795 284 340 4,536 19 442 803 799 629 1,015 787 8 673 957 1,231 2.7 0.2 0.4 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.3 2.4 2.9 6.1 2.2 0.9 2.5 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.3 L9 34.6 47.0 1.0 2, 3.2 1.3 1.4 10.5 2.4 4.9 31.0 10.2 0.3 0.9 12.4 1.0 0.5 7.1 0.1 0.8 L7 1.9 1.5 3.6 0.8 0) 1.0 3.0 2.8 1,600 5.9 234 0.5 173 0.6 20 0.1 4.131,056 1.711,546 3.0 2.2 8.2 6. 36.3 5.7 16.7 8.0 18.0 4.9 17.4 20.6 21,463 514 5,418 4,066 6,043 4,174 7,406 26.6 1.6 13.0 16.1 19.9 16.3 22.4 12,509 32.9 8,667 32.8 13,772 34.1 17,942 7,638 7,478 18,024 1,452 13,280 8,036 23,929 10, 716 6,067 203 737 9,466 26,039 11,617 7,924 778 2,140 1,201 46 59 143 98 112 9 182 62.8 43.9 40.2 21.0 25.0 19.6 3.7 18.1 21.7 30.4 11.1 23.0 0.8 0.8 32.1 37.1 35.0 22.7 0.9 6.9 2.9 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 0) I 0.5 16 37 241 72 50 39 97 25 44S 1,144 12 7 68 16 6 1 151 » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION BY SEX. CLASSIFICATION OF THE POPULATION BY SEX. 97 T7NITED STATES AS A WHOLE. General summary: 1910 and 1900. — Table 21 gives for the United States the sex distribution of the total population and of each of the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage classes in 1910 and 1900. Table 21 CLASS or POPULATION. Total population . White Negro other colored races: Indian Chinese Japanese All other Total white Native Native parentage. , Foreign parentage. Mixed parentage . . Foreign bom , IMO Male. 47,332,277 42,178,245 4,885,881 135,133 66.85U 63,07l> 3.092 42,178,246 34,054,457 25,229,218 6,456,793 2,968,446 7,523,788 Female. 44,639,989 39,553,712 4,941,882 130,550 4,675 9,087 83 39,563,712 33,731,955 24,259,357 6,4fi9,61£ 3,013,080 6,821,757 Males to 100 fe- males. 106.0 106.6 98.9 103.5 1,430.1 694.1 O 106.6 102.7 104.0 100.0 98.5 129.2 1900 Male. Female. 38,816,448 34,201,735 4,386,547 119,484 85,341 23,341 34,201,735 28,686,450 20,849,847 5,341,350 2,495,263 5,515,285 37,173,127 32,607,461 4,447,447 117,712 4, 5221 32,607,461 27,908,929 20,099,515 5,290,930 2,518,484 4,698,632 Males to 100 fe- males. 104.4 104.9 98.6 101.5 [,887.2 !,369.6 104.9 102.8 103.7 101.0 99.1 117.4 1 Ratio not shown, the number of females being less than 100. There were in the United States in 1910, 47,332,277 males and 44,639,989 females, or 106 males to each 100 females. In most European countries females outnumber males, the number of males to 100 females, according to recent censuses, beuig 93.7 in England and Wales, 96.7 in France, 97.4 in the German Empire, 97 in Switzerland, 99 in Italy, 96.5 in Austria, 99.1 in Hungary, and 98.9 in Russia. The excess of males in the United States is partly due to extensive immigration, a much larger propor- tion of the immigrants being males than females. In the native white population of the United States, however, thei-e is also an excess of males over females. The number of males in this class in 1910 was 34,654,457 and the number of females 33,731,955, the ratio being 102.7 males to each 100 females. Considerable differences in sex distribution appear among the several classes of population in th'e United States. There is a great excess of males in the Chinese and Japanese population, and among the foreign- born whites in 1910 there were 129.2 males to 100 females. The variations in sex distribution among the several native groups — the negroes, the Indians (these two classes being practically all native), and the three parentage groups of native whites — are not easily explained. They may in some degree reflect variations in the ratio between male and female births combined with differences in the death rates, particularly of young children, in the respective groups. Among the native whites of native parentage in 1910 there were 104 males to 100 .females, but among those of foreign parentage there was an almost exact equality of the sexes. Among native whites of mixed parentage the females outnumbered the males, 72497°— 13 7 + and this was also the case among the negroes, the ratio for the n^roes being 98.9 males to 100 females. Among the Indians the males were in the majority. Males increased more rapidly than females in the United States from 1900 to 1910. The former in- creased from 38,816,448 to 47,332,277, an increase of 8,515,829, or 21.9 percent; the latter from 37,178,127 to 44,639,989, an mcrease of 7,461,862, or 20.1 per cent. There were 106 males to 100 females in 1910 as compared with 104.4 in 1900. The increas- ing predominance of males among immigrants largely accounts for this difference in the rate of increase of the two sexes. Little change occurred in the sex ratio for the native population, but among the foreign- bom whites the ratio increased from 117.4 males to 100 females in 1900 to 129.2 in 1910. Comparison with earlier censuses. — ^Table 22 shows, for each census from 1820 to 1910, the number of males and females in the total population, and the ratio of males to females for the total population, and for the whites and negroes separately; and also, for each census from 1850 to 1910, the ratio for the native whites and the foreign-bom whites. Table »Z POPDLATION. MALES TO 100 FEMALES. cunus TEAS. Male. Female. Total popu- lation. White. Ne- Total. Native. Foreign born. gro. 1910 47,332,277 .38,816,448 32,237,101 25,518,820 19,493,505 16,085,204 11,837,660 8,688,532 6,532,489 4,896,605 44,639,989 37, 178, 127 30,710,613 24,636,963 19,064,806 15,358,117 11,^54, 216 8,380,921 6,333,531 4,741,848 106.0 104.4 105.0 103.6 102.2 104.7 104.3 103.7 103.1 103.3 106.6 104.9 105.4 104.0 102.8 105.3 105.2 104.5 103.8 103.2 102.7 102.8 102.9 102.1 100.6 103.7 103.1 129.2 117.4 118.7 115.9 115.3 115.1 123.8 98.9 1900 98.6 1890 99.5 13S0 97.8 1870 96.2 1860 99.6 1860 99.1 1840 99.5 1830 100.3 1820 103.4 The sex ratio of the total population, while it has not varied greatly since 1820, reveals a tendency to an increasing preponderance of males, largely accounted for, no doubt, by increasing immigration. The rather marked decline in the ratio of males to females revealed by the census of 1870 probably reflects the effects of the Civil War. The decline between 1890 and 1900 is attributable to the check to immigration consequent upon the financial crisis of 1893. On the other hand, the enormous immigration between 1900 and 1910 resulted in a relative excess of males in 1910 greater than recorded by any previous census. The excess of males over females has, at every census since 1830, been confined to the whites, there being a slight excess of females over males in the negro population. The sex of the negro population was not reported prior to 1820. For the whites the number of males to 100 females in 1790 was 103.8, and- both in 1800 and 1810 it was 104. There has been little variation in the ratio of males to females in the native white population since 1880, 98 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. but the ratio in 1870 — 100.6 males to 100 females — was appreciably lower than at the subsequent cen- suses. Among foreign-bom whites the ratio of males to females was higher in 1910 than at any of the preceding censuses for which figures are available. DIVISIONS AND STATES. The population of each geographic division for the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage elements, in 1910 and 1900, is classified by sex in Table 23. Similar data for each state are given in Tables 25 and 26 on subsequent pages, except that the 1900 figures are given only for the aggregate and for the foreign-born white population, the latter being the only large class in which there has been a material change in sex distribution since 1900. The accompanjdng map shows graphically the dif- ferences among the states in the ratio of males ta females in the total population for 1910. RATIO OF MALES TO FE^LA.LES IN THE TOTAL POPULATION: 1910. The preponderance of males in the aggregate popu- lation in 1910 was most marked in the Pacific and Mountain divisions, with ratios, respectively, of 129.5 and 127.9 males to 100 females. The proportion of males was lowest in New England, where there was a slight excess of females over males, and in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions. Except in the East South Central division, where the ratio of males to females was the same in 1900 as in 1910, and in the Mountain division, where it decreased slightly (from 128 to 127.9), the proportion of males in each division was greater in 1910 than in 1900. The proportion of males increased in every state east of the Mississippi except in Kentucky and Tennessee, where the changes were insignificant. West of the Mississippi the pro- portion increased in 9 states, decreased in 12 states, and remained unchanged in 1 state. The sex distribution of the total population in any state is more or less affected by immigration from for- eign countries and by migratory movements from or to other states. The ratio of males to females among the native whites of native parentage is considerably atf ected by interstate migration. In general, men are more apt to migrate than women. As in the case of the aggregate population, the excess of males among native whites of native parentage was greatest in the Mountain and Pacific divisions, which have grown rapidly through migration from farther east, the ratios in 1910 being, respectively, 119.8 and 117.4 males to 100 females. In two of the eastern divisions, the New England and Middle Atlantic, there was an excess of females over males in this class. The number of males to 100 females in 1910 in the District of Columbia was lower than in any of the states. Among the states it was lowest in Massachusetts (95.2) and highest in Nevada (161.3), Wyoming (151.8), Montana (139.6), and Arizona (135). In every division, and in every state except Mas- sachusetts, Virginia, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico, the proportion of males among the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage was lower tlian it was among the native whites of native parentage. In CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION BY SEX. 99 each of the five divisions east of the Mississippi the males in the former class were outnumbered by the females. The lowest ratio shown for any division was that for the East South Central, 94.5 males to 100 females. Table 23 DIVISION AKD CLASS OF POFULATION. 1910 Male. TTKITED STATES. Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Kew England Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Middle Atlantic Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par Foreign-tjorn white Negro East TSfoith Central Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro West North Central Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par, Foreign-bom white Negro South Atlantic Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par, Foreign-bom white Negro East South Central Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro West South Central Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro Mountain Total Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro , Pacific Total Native white , Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro , 47,332,277 34,054,457 25,229,218 9,425,239 7,623,788 4,885,881 3,266,114 2,299,269 1,293,890 1,005,379 928,337 32,783 9,813,266 6,954,765 4,208,191 2,746,664 2,641,693 203,466 9,392,839 7,482,146 4,945,547 2,636,599 1,741,016 166,431 6,092,866 4,999,117 3,365,357 1,633,760 944,767 125,864 6,134,606 3,926,706 3,708,417 217,289 172,872 2,029,808 4,246,169 2,877,060 2,772,692 104,468 50,542 1,315,792 4,644,606 3,307,345 2,997,129 310,216 202,742 994,025 1,478,018 1,126,126 799, 33r 326,790 286,022 11,766 2,365,906 1,682,933 1,138,765 544,168 555,898 15,946 Female. Males to 100 le- males. 44,639,989 33,731,955 24,259,357 9,472,598 5,821,757 4,941,882 3,287,667 2,366,859 1,319,529 1,(M7,330 886,049 33,623 9,602,626 7,099,518 4,254,770 2,844,748 2,184,586 214,404 8,867,782 7, 378, 256 4,806,421 2,571,835 1,328,205 144,406 6,646,066 4,739,273 3,158,330 1,580,943 068,464 116,798 6,060,290 3,855,342 3,632,788 222,554 117,683 2,082,680 4,164,732 2,790,409 2,679,900 110,509 36,315 1,336,721 4,240,029 3,065,387 2,770,320 295,007 146,017 990,401 1,155,499 957,419 667,294 «90,125 150,888 9,701 1,826,398 1,479,492 970,005 509,487 305,550 13,249 1900 Male. 106.0 102.7 104.0 99.6 129.2 98.9 99.3 97.1 98.1 90.0 104.8 97.8 103.3 98.0 98.9 96.6 120.9 94.9 106.0 101.4 102.9 98.0 131.3 108.3 109.9 106.5 106.6 103.3 141.3 107.8 101.2 101.8 102.1 97.6 146.9 97.6 101.9 103.1 103.5 94.5 139.2 98.4 107.2 107.9 108.2 105.1 138.8 100.4 127.9 117.6 119.8 112.0 189.0 121.3 129.6 113.8 117.4 106.8 181.91 120.4 38,816,448 28,686,450 20,849,84' 7,836,603 6,516,285 4,386,647 2,763,796 2,020,861 1,243,718 777,143 709,260 28,579 7,761,081 6,868,471 3,687,384 2, in, 087 1,728,492 169,711 •,177,308 6,612,063 4,311,913 2,300,150 1,420,384 134,446 6,412,014 4,401,386 2,033,804 1,407,681 866,986 121,272 6,222,696 3,266,609 3,073,951 102,668 115,360 1,836,625 3,809,666 2,514,132 2,400,720 113,412 60,706 1,243,082 3,372,266 2,339,975 2,095,999 243,976 151,333 846,797 940,038 704,452 471,222 233,230 179,990 9,104 1,367,694 968,502 031,136 337,366 292, 775 8,032 Female. Males to 100 fe- males. 37,178,127 27, 908, 929 20,099,515 7,809,414 4,698,532 4,447,447 2,828,221 2,069,293 1,267,392 801,901 727,612 30,520 7,693,697 6,960,275 3,719,195 2,231,080 1,573,624 186,210 7,808,273 6,477,093 4,176,103 2,301,590 1,109,913 123,397 4,936,400 4,133,327 2,727,009 1,406,328 664,120 116,637 6,220,886 3,230,566 3,033,363 197,203 93,523 1,893,492 3,738,001 2,441,033 2,325,054 115,979 38,976 1,250,804 3,160,034 2,167,080 1,9,32,945 234,135 112,677 847,269 734,619 587,042 383,879 203,163 108,371 1,068,998 852,620 534,485 318, 135 179,716 6,632 104.4 102.8 103.7 100.3 117.4 97.7 97.7 98.1 90.0 97.6 03.6 100.9 98.6 09.1 97.3 109.8 96.1 104.7 102.1 103.3 99.9 118.4 109.0 109.7 106.6 107.6 104.4 130.6 104.0 100.0 101.1 101.3 97.7 123.3 96.9 101.9 103.0 103.3 97.8 130.1 98.9 106.7 108.0 108.4 104.2 134.3 99.9 128.0 120.0 122.8 114.8 166.1 140.4 128.2 113.6 118.1 106.0 162.9 121.1 In the foreign-bom white population the number of males to 100 females in 1910 was highest in the Moun- tain division (189.6), almost as high in the Pacific divi- sion (181.9), and lowest in New England (104.8). In the other divisions it ranged from 120.9 in the Middle Atlantic to 146.9 in the South Atlantic. The highest state ratios were for Nevada (331.4 to 100), Wyoming (287.2), West Vii^inia (261.8), Montana (238.4), Idaho (227.5), and Oregon (209.9); the lowest was that for Massachusetts (99.5). In every division, and in every state except Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Ar- kansas, the proportion of males among foreign-born whites was greater in 1910 than it was in 1900. The negro population in 1910 showed an excess of females in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions, the two divisions where negroes are most numerous, but a slight excess of males appeared in the West South Central division. Among the other divisions females were in excess in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions only, the excess of males in the other four divisions being doubtless due to a pre- ponderance of males among negroes migrating from the South. The sex distribution of the Indian, the Chinese, and the Japanese population in 1910 is shown in Table 24 for the United States and for the states in which these elements are relatively numerous. Table 24 TTnlted States. Oklahoma Arizona New Mexico South Dakota Cali/omia Washington Montana , Wisconsin Minnesota Michigan North Carolina North Dakota New York Nevada , Oregon , Nebraska , Idaho , Utah , Elansas All other states Male. Female. Males to 100 females. XTnited States California Oregon New York Washington Massachusetts lUinois Pennsylvania Arizona Montana New Jersey All other states United States California Washington Oregon Colorado Utah Montana Wyoming Idaho New York All other states 136,133 130,660 37,690 37,135 16,056 14, 145 10,420 10,153 9,540 9,597 8,356 8,015 5,487 6,610 5,384 5,361 5,231 4,911 4,578 4,475 3,968 3,551 3,964 3,887 3,224 3,262 3,075 2,971 2,633 2,607 2,534 2,556 1,777 1,725 1,767 1,721 1,673 1,450 1,394 1,050 7,382 6,468 103.6 101.5 106.4 102.6 99.4 104.3 99.6 100.4 106.6 102.3 11L7 102.0 98.8 103.6 101.0 99.1 103.0 102.7 115.4 132.8 114.1 66,866 4,876 33,003 3,245 7,043 320 5,065 201 2,519 190 2,518 64 2,030 73 1.749 35 1,242 63 1,227 58 1,089 50 9,371 376 1,430.1 1,017.0 2,200.9 2,519.9 1,325.8 (') 2,492.3 68,070 9,087 35,116 6,240 11,241 1,688 3,124 294 2,192 108 2,021 89 1.559 26 1,549 47 1,293 70 1,080 167 3. 895 358 694.1 562.8 665.9 1.062.6 2,029.6 046.7 1,088.0 1 Ratio not shown, the number of females being less than 100. 100 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MALES AND FEMALES, BY STATES: 1910. Table 26 DIVISION AND STATE. TTnlted Statei... Nbw England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Kast North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central; Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia , North Carolina South Carolina -'' Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma^ Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California TOTAL population. 1910 Male. 47,332,277 377,052 216,290 182,568 ,655,248 270, 314 563,642 584,597 286,463 942,206 434,758 383,295 911,674 454,534 208, 578 108, 511 148, 171 687,813 317,554 317, 112 627, 782 885,912 103,435 644,225 158,050 ,035,348 644,044 ,098,476 751,842 ,305,019 394,166 , 161, 709 ,103,491 ,074,209 905,760 810,026 835,275 881,678 ,017,626 226,872 185,546 91,670 430,697 175, 245 118,574 196,863 52,551 658,663 384,265 ,322,978 Female. 44,639,989 365,319 214, 282 173,388 1, 711, 168 272,296 551, 114 4,529,017 1,250,704 3,722,905 2,332,363 1,317,581 2, 726, 917 1,355,639 1, 125, 282 967, 197 1,078,600 1,605,522 259, 502 266, 776 564,432 805,037 98,887 651, 121 173,019 1,026,264 577,075 1,107,811 763,558 1,304,102 358,453 1, 128, 196 1,081,298 1,063,884 891,354 764,423 821, 113 775,577 1,878,916 149, 181 140,048 54,295 368,327 ■152,056 85,780 176,488 29,324 483,327 288,500 1,064,571 Males to 100 fe- males. 106.0 103.2 100.9 105.3 96.7 99.3 102.3 101.2 102.9 105.9 104.4 105.0 106. 8 107.3 107.4 114.6 106.6 105.1 122.4 118.9 111.2 110.0 104.6 98.9 91.3 100.9 111.6 99.2 98.5 100.1 110.0 103.0 102.1 101.0 101.6 106.0 101.7 113.7 107.4 152.1 132.5 168.8 116.9 115.3 138.2 111.5 179.2 136.3 133.2 126.5 1900 Male. 38,816,448 350,995 205,379 175, 138 1,367,474 210, 516 454,294 3,614,780 941,760 3,204,541 2,102,665 1,285,404 2,472,782 1,248,905 1,067,562 1, 156, 849 1,595,710 177, 493 216,164 564,592 768, 716 94,158 589,275 132,004 925,897 499,242 938,677 664,895 1, 103, 201 275, 246 1,090,227 1,021,224 916, 764 781,451 675,312 694,733 423,311 1,578,900 149,842 93,367 68,184 295,332 104,228 71,795 141,687 26,603 304,178 232,985 820,631 Female. 87,178,127 343,471 206,200 168,503 1,437,872 218,040 454,126 3,654,114 941,909 3,097,574 2,054,890 1,231,058 2,348,768 1,172,077 1,001,480 818,904 1,075,004 1,510,955 141,658 185,406 501,708 701,779 90,577 598,769 146,714 928,287 459,558 955,133 675,431 1, 113, 130 253,296 1,056,947 999,392 911,933 769,819 636,252 686,892 367,080 1,469,810 93,487 68,405 34,347 244,368 91,082 51,136 135,062 16,732 213,925 180,561 664,522 Males to 100 fe- males. 103.9 96.1 96.5 100.0 98.9 100.0 103.5 102.3 104.4 105.3 106.6 106.6 113.9 107.6 105.6 125.3 116.6 112.6 109.5 104.0 98.4 90.0 99.7 108.6 98.3 98.4 99.1 108.7 103.1 102.2 100.6 101.6 106.1 101.1 115.3 107.4 160.3 136.5 169.4 120.9 114.4 140.4 104.9 153.0 142.2 129.0 123.6 42,178,245 tthke: 1910 Male. 375, 766 215, 918 181,372 1,633,487 265,242 555,821 4,511,327 1,241,482 3,843,539 2,376,082 1,351,792 2,852,386 1,441,281 1,201,620 1,099,425 1,139,621 1,606,556 313,861 306,952 621,042 856,437 87,387 529,072 115,001 704,363 607,326 >54,852 343,544 724,488 232,545 1,030,033 869, 622 625,891 402,056 586,420 480,460 771, 770 1,671,437 217,620 181,237 87, 497 421,471 163,442 100,871 192, 118 47,892 635,496 870,345 1,232,990 Female. Males to 100 fe- males. 39,553,712 106.6 364,229 213,988 172, 926 1,691,439 287,250 543,076 4,455,518 1,204,412 3,624,174 2,278,815 1,288,169 2,674,576 1,343,966 1,118,986 959,802 1,069,570 1,528,376 256,004 256,819 559,251 777,915 83,715 533,567 121,127 686,446 549, 491 746,659 336,617 707,314 211,089 997,918 841,810 602,941 384,055 544,606 460,626 672, 761 1,533,411 142,960 137,984 52,821 361,944 141, 1.52 70,597 174,465 26,384 473,615 284,746 1,026,682 103.2 100.9 104.9 96.6 99.2 102.3 101.3 103.1 106.1 104.3 104.9 106.6 107.2 107.4 114.5 106.5 105.1 122.6 119.6 111.0 110.1 104.4 99.2 94.9 102.8 110.6 101.2 102.4 102.4 110.2 103.2 108.3 103.8 104.7 107.7 104.3 114.7 109.0 152.2 131.3 165.6 116.4 115.8 142.9 110.1 181.5 134.2 130.1 120.1 negro: 1910 Male. 4,885,881 700 288 1,173 18,748 4,645 7,229 64,034 43,602 95,830 57,996 31,044 56,909 9,007 1,476 4,183 8,120 80,489 381 468 4,259 27,964 16,011 114,749 42,615 330,542 36,607 389,681 408,078 680,263 161,362 131,492 233, 710 447,794 502,796 223,323 353,824 71,937 344,941 1,058 398 1,644 5,867 891 1,064 691 3,736 907 11,303 Female. 4,941,882 663 276 448 19,307 4,884 7,945 Males to 100 fe- males. 53,457 29,276 52, 140 8,108 1,424 2,901 6,863 76,963 236 349 3,430 26,066 15, 170 117, 501 51,831 340, 564 27,566J 358, 262 427,765 696,724 147,307 130,164 239,378 460,488 506,691 219,568 360,050 65,676 345,108 776 253 691 5,586 737 966 453 260 2,322 585 10,342 105.6 104.3 261.8 97.1 95.1 91.0 70, 157 91. 3 46, 168| 94. 5 98,089 97.7 108.5 106.0 109.1 111.1 103.7 144.2 118.5 104.6 161.4 134.1 124.2 107.3 105.5 97.7 82.2 97.1 132.8 94.8 95.4 97.2 109.6 101.0 97.6 97.2 99.2 101.7 98.3 109.5 100.0 136.3 157.3 223.4 105.0 120.9 110.4 152.5 105.2 160.9 155.0 109.3 indian, chinese, japanese, and all other: 1910 Male. 268,151 586 84 23 3,013 427 592 9,236 1,379 2,837 681 459 2,379 4,246 5,482 4,903 430 768 3,322 9,692 2,481 1,511 37 404 434 443 111 4,043 220 268 184 159 524 908 991 37,871 1,248 8,194 3,911 2,629 3,369 10,912 16,649 4,054 4,396 19,431 13,013 Fe- male. 144,395 427 IS 14 422 162 Males to 100 fe- males. 185.7 137.2 (») (') 714.0 263.6 0) 3,342 276.4 1341,029.1 642 441.9 91 136 201 3,565 4,923 4,494 177 183 3,262 9,608 1,751 1,056 2 53 61 264 18 3,890 176 64 57 114 110 465 608 249 437 37, 141 397 5,445 1,811 783 797 10, 167 14,228 1,570 2,690 7,390 3,170 17,547 0) 337.5 1,183.6 119.1 111.4 109.1 242.9 419.7 101.8 100.0 141.7 143.1 (0 (») (') 167.8 (') 103.9 125.0 (•) 0) 161.4 144.5 116.2 149.3 113.7 226.8 102.0 314.4 150.5 216.0 335. S 421.6 107.3 117.0 268.2 163.4 262.9 410.5 448.4 t Ratio not shown, the namber of females being less than 100. » Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION BY SEX. WHITE MALES AND FEMALES, BY STATES: 1910, 101 Table 26 DIVISION AND STATE. TTnlted States. New England: Maine New Hampshire. . Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana niinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East SotnrH Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central; Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma! Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada rAciric: Wasliington Oregon California NAnvE white: 1910 Total. Male. 34,654,467 83,781,»&6 317,798 165,260 153,450 1,109,350 174,659 378,768 3,078,904 884,946 2,990,905 2,029,941 1,254,609 2,178,791 1,107,624 911, 181 778,944 082, 192 1,474,700 221,221 247,256 519,461 776,343 7r,463 474, 756 102,084 687,635 566,027 751, 107 339,825 714,970 211,840 1,008,422 858,475 614,065 396,098 575,813 460,817 746,100 1,534,615 153,060 153,165 67,382 343,397 148,610 70,285 156, 172 34,065 474,775 300,586 907,573 Female. 312,064 168,096 150,987 1, 164, 517 179,808 391,386 3,158,660 902,760 3,038,089 2,027,711 1,226,030 2,145,611 1,082,099 806,806 787,278 053,616 1,431,336 192,476 216, 887 484,967 723,819 76,219 483,710 109,693 675,546 533,718 743,462 333,282 701, 760 197,952 979,476 834,498 595,811 380,624 538,304 438,487 658,347 1,430,249 115,876 125,639 45,818 313, 167 133,330 54,359 147,018 22,212 393, 139 251,504 834,849 Males to 100 fe- males. 102.7 101.8 98.3 101.6 95.3 97.1 oe.8 97.6 08. 98.4 100.1 102.3 101.5 102.4 101.6 106.7 103.0 103.0 114.9 114.6 107.1 107.1 101.6 98.1 93.1 101.8 106.1 101.0 102.0 101.9 107.0 103.0 102.9 103.1 104.1 107.0 102.8 113.3 107.3 132.1 121.9 147.1 109.7 111.5 129.3 106.2 153.4 120.8 119.5 108.7 Native parentage. Male. 36,229,218 24,269,367 1010 249,738 114,638 116,227 538,004 79,736 195,468 1,606,024 502,171 2,099,396 1,527,978 1,079,947 1,324,922 625,032 387, fl« 301,552 663,009 1,218,666 89,162 133,071 334,144 624,958 64,680 381,306 80,607 667,046 636,086 746,716 334,338 702,049 193,802 948,864 839,497 697,894 386,337 666,409 396,356 695,666 1,348,808 94,467 112,310 48,652 250,989 134,528 47,370 89,205 21,809 324,335 228,772 585,658 Female. 245,160 115,603 113,155 565,335 80,086 200,181 1,623,701 507,788 2,123,331 1,506,281 1,050,141 1,275,633 599,809 376,667 273,529 689,617 1,109,209 73,299 112,581 307.981 582,104 03,120 386,232 86,204 657,292 505,122 730,003 327,632 689,009 180,165 914,330 815, 109 579,565 370,896 521, 100 380,231 614,847 1,254,142 67,660 91,289 32,044 224,147 121,081 35,098 82,468 13,517 261,051 188,079 520,875 Males to 100 fe- males. Foreign or mixed parentage. Male. 9,486,239 9,472,598 101.9 99.2 102.7 95.2 99.6 97.6 98.9 98.9 98.9 101.6 102.8 103.9 104.2 103.2 110.2 103 104.2 121.6 118.2 108.6 107.4 102.5 99.0 93.4 101.6 106.3 101.0 102.0 101.9 107.6 103.8 103.0 103.2 104.2 106.8 104.2 113.1 107.5 139.6 123.0 151.8 112.0 111.1 135.0 108.2 161.3 124.2 121.6 112.4 68,060 50,622 37,223 571,266 94,924 183.285 1,472,280 382,776 801,609 501,963 174,662 853,869 482,692 523,513 477,392 318,283 256,134 132,069 114, 185 185,317 160,390 12, 783 03,360 21,577 19,689 29,042 4,392 5,487 12,921 18,038 59,658 18,978 16, 171 9,761 19,404 54,461 60,644 186,807 58,593 40,846 18,730 92,408 14,082 22,915 66,967 12,256 150,440 71,813' 321,915 Female. 66,895 62,495 37,832 590,182 99,722 191,204 1,534,968 305,022 914, 758 522,430 175,889 869,978 482,290 621,248 468,744 313,896 282,067 119,177 103,306 177,036 141, 715 13,090 98,478 23,489 18,264 28,596 4,459 5,650 12,761 17, 787 66,140 19,389 16,246 9,728 17,204 58,266 43,500 176, 107 48,216 34,360 13, 774 89,020 12,249 19,261 64,560 8,695 132,088 63,425 313,974 Males to 100 fe- males. 99.6 101.7 96.4 98.4 95 95.2 95.9 95.9 96.9 97.5 96.1 99.3 98.1 100.1 100.4 102.9 101.4 97.7 110.8 110.5 104.7 106.1 07.7 04.8 01.9 107.9 101.6 98.5 97.1 101.3 101.4 91.4 97.9 99.5 100.3 112.8 93.5 116.2 105.6 121.5 118.9 136.0 103.8 115.0 119.0 103.7 141.0 113.9 113.2 102.5 POREIGN-BOEN WHITE. 1910 Male. 7 523,788 5,821,767 57,968 50,668 27,922 524,128 90,583 177,068 1,432,423 350,536 852,634 346,141 97,183 678,595 333,657 290,439 320,481 157,429 131,866 92,630 69,696 101,581 81,004 9,924 64,317 12,917 16,728 41,299 3,746 3,719 9,518 20,706 21,611 11, 147 11,820 6,958 10,607 29,643 25,670 136,822 64,560 28,082 20,115 78,074 14,832 30,586 35,946 13,827 160, 721 69,760 325, 417 Female. 52,166 46,890 21,939 526,922 87,442 151,691 1,296,849 301,652 580,086 251,104 62, 139 528,965 261,867 222,130 222,529 116.055 97,040 63,528 40,932 74, 284 54,096 7,496 49,857 11,434 9,900 16,773 2,197 2,335 5,554 13, 137 18,442 7,312 7,130 3,431 6,302 22,139 14,414 103, 162 27,084 12,345 7,003 48,777 7,822 16,238 27,447 "4, 172 80,476 33,241 191,833 Males to 100 fe- males. 129.2 6,615,885 4,698,682 111.1 110.4 127. 3 99.6 103.6 116.7 110.6 118.2 145.5 137.8 156.4 127.3 127.4 130.8 144.0 136.7 135.9 145.8 145.8 136.7 149.9 132.4 108.9 113.0 169.0 261.8 170.5 159.3 171.4 157.6 117.2 152.4 165.9 173.7 168.3 133.9 178.1 132.6 238.4 227.5 287.2 160.1 189.6 188.4 131.0 331.4 199.7 209.9 169.6 1900 Male. 47,976 44,387 24,508 404,001 65,671 122,817 963,786 323,116 661,601 246,664 78,487 517,648 296, 192 282,303 287,473 170,883 119,565 66,145 . 50,967 99,712 72,240 7,530 47,005 10,213 12,034 14,164 2,712 3,169 7,283 11,260 26,440 10,291 8,949 5,026 8,911 28,834 12,678 100.910 43,200 14,525 11,586 55,422 8,270 14,189 26,728 6,061 67,078 33,885 191,812 Female. 44,959 43,574 20,186 436,113 68,201 114, 579 935,738 206,934 430,952 211,236 63,374 446,987 245,004 233,312 217,462 134,899 96,210 46,445 37,362 77,406 64,337 6,199 46,139 9,30 7,034 8,215 1,082 2,212 4,738 7,997 28,693 7,295 5,389 2,599 5,276 23,019 7,712 76,671 19,164 7,365 4,996 35,053 4,991 8,206 26,076 2,S20 35,047 19,976 124, 693 Males to 100 fe- males. ilndtides population of Indian Territory for 1900. 102 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. - ^ '^ ' tTRBAX AND jftXJBAL POPULATION. Table 27 gives the ratio of males to females in the total population and the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage classes in urban and in rural communi- ties, respectively, for the country as a whole and for each division separately. Table 28 shows the corre- sponding classification by sex. The accompanying dia- gram shows graphically the ratios for each geographic division. MALES TO 100 FEMALES IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES: 1910. UNITED STATES NEW ENGLAND MJODUE ATLANTIC. EAST NORTH CENTRAL WEST NORTH CENTRAL Ri/RAL «__ I RURAL ; \yM^yMmyyMmm. m^Mmff^^.mf»jiffm^ y/MM/M^/M'/MM mm^ss»Wjmmmmm^ 1 1 1 1 I mmv/zmmmmmi^mM 1 URBAN — ^. ^J 60UTH ATLANTIC v/^/A'/MjmyMmm^ fiAST SOOTH CENTRAL, WEST SOUTH CENTRAL MOUNTAIN URBAN J 1 RURAU. _ ^ ■ _ ■ _ __ _ ■ VM ■ ^ ■ 1 w//^ ^ 1 ^^^^^^^^^ y/MA'/Mm<'/Ammm " URBAN PACIFIQ Of the aggregate urban population of the United States in 1910, 21,496,181 were males and 21,127,202 females, the number of males to 100 females being 101.7. Of the aggregate rural population, 25,836,096 were males and 23,512,787 females, the number of males to 100 females being 109.9. In each class of the population the proportion of males increased between 1900 and 1910— in the urban, from 98.7 to 101.7 males to 100 females, and in the rural, from 108.5 to 109.9. In every division also the proportion of males, both in the urban and in the rural population, increased between 1900 and 1910; and in every division, as in the country as a whole, the proportion of males in rural communities was greater than in urban. In the rural population of each division the males outnumbered the females, but in the urban popu- lation of three divisions — the New England, South Atlantic, and East South Central — the females out- numbered the males. The fact that females form a larger proportion of the population in urban than in rural communities through- out the United States exists despite the fact that the foreign-bom whites — a class in which, as previously noted, males are greatly in the majority — are largely concentrated in cities. The higher proportion of females in the cities is generally attributed, at least in part, to the fact that the city as compared with the country affords more opportunities for women to find employment. Differ- ences in birth and death rates also probably affect it. Table 27 DIVISION AND CLASS OF COMMUNITY. TTalted States Urban Rural New England Urban Rural Middle Atlantic Urban Rural East North Central. Urban Rural West North Central Urban Rural SoxTTH Atlantic Urban Rural East South Central.. Urban Rural West South Central., Urban Rural , Mountain Urban Rural Pacific Urban Rural males to 100 females. Total population. 1910 106.0 101.7 10S.9 00.3 07.8 107.4 103.3 100.6 110.1 106.0 103.2 109.3 109.9 104.fi 112.7 101.2 94.1 103.8 101.9 94.5 103.7 107.2 101.2 109.0 127.9 113.3 137.0 120.6 120.2 143.0 1900 104.4 98.7 108.5 97.7 95.7 106.1 100.9 98.0 106.6 104.7 99.7 109.1 109.7 102.8 112.5 100.0 91.6 102.5 101.9 94.0 103.4 106.7 96.6 108.8 128.0 111.7 136.6 128.2 118.0 137.9 Native white: 1910 Native parent- 104.0 99.3 106.7 98.1 95.5 104.6 08.9 96.1 102.5 102.9 09.3 105.6 106.6 102.6 108.4 102.1 96.0 103.9 103.6 97.9 104.6 108.2 104.2 109.2 119.8 110.8 124.9 117.4 111.2 124.9 Foreign or mixed parent' 99.5 94.6 109.6 96.0 95.2 104.6 96.6 94.9 104.8 98.6 93.4 107.9 103.8 93.2 109.0 97.6 93.1 100.8 04.6 88.6 110.1 106.1 06.1 112.1 112.6 99.6 123.2 106.8 99.2 120.4 Foreign- born white: 1910 129.2 118.9 161.1 104.8 103.1 128.1 120.9 114.0 165.9 131.3 127.7 140.7 141.3 134.8 146.7 146.9 121.1 219.3 139.2 123.3 179.2 138.8 124.9 148.8 189.6 141.0 233.7 181.0 166.8 236.0 Negro: 1910 98.9 90.8 102.1 97.8 95.2 131.8 94.9 90.8 114.8 108.3 104.6 121.4 107.8 104.1 116.8 97.5 86.0 101.0 08.4 87.9 101.1 100.4 90.6 103.3 121.3 106.2 177.1 120.4 110.3 190.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION BY SEX. MALES AND FEMALES IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. 103 Table 28 DIVISION AKD CLASS OF COMMUNITY. TTnited States... Urban Rural New England Urban Rural Middle Atlantic Urban Rural East North Central. Urban Rural West North Central Urban Rural South Atlantic Urban Rural East South Central. Urban Rural West South Central. Urban Rural Mountain Urban Rural Pacdtc Urban Rural total population. 1910 Male. 47, 332, 277 21,496,181 25, 836, 096 3,265,114 2,696,799 568,315 9,813,266 6,882,582 2,930,684 9,392,839 4,885,039 4,507,800 6,092,855 1,979,084 4,113,771 6,134,605 1,499,281 4,635,324 4,245,169 764,684 3,480,485 4,544,505 984,724 3,669,781 1,478,018 603,331 974,687 2,365,906 1,300,657 1,065,249 Female. 44,639,989 21, 127, 202 23, 512, 787 3,287,567 2,758,546 529,021 9,502,626 0,840,791 2,661,836 8, 857, 782 4,732,232 4,125,550 5,545,066 1,894,632 3,050,434 6,060,290 1,592,872 4,467,418 4,164,732 809,645 3,365,187 4,240,029 972,732 3,267,297 1,156,490 444,180 711, 319 1,826,398 1,081,672 744,726 1900 Male. 38,816,448 15, 298, 189 23, 618, 259 2,763,796 2,186,301 577,496 7,761,081 4,980,332 2,774,749 8,177,308 3,604,539 4,572,769 5,412,014 1,493,490 3,918,524 6,222,696 1,067,304 4,166,291 3,809,666 648,048 3,261,618 3,372,256 619,087 2,863,160 940,038 286,668 664,370 1,357,094 607,420 750,274 Female. 37, 178, 127 15,498,996 21, 679, 131 2,828,221 2,283,878 544,343 7,603,697 6,089,551 2,604,046 7,808,273 3,615,436 4,192,837 4,935,409 1,453,064 3,482,365 5,220,885 1,166,328 4,066,667 3,738,091 683,008 3,165,083 3,160,034 638,110 2,621,924 734,619 266,605 478,924 1,058,908 514,936 644,062 native white: 1910 Native parentage. Male. 25,229,218 8, 893, 553 16, 335, 665 1,203,890 902,205 391,505 4,208,101 2,312,444 1,805,747 4,945,547 2,000,500 2,946,047 3,365,357 1,004,257 2,361,100 3,708,417 821,026 2,887,392 2,772,692 423,791 2,348,801 2,007,120 682,070 2, 414, 150 700,330 257,040 541,381 1,138,766 688,813 660,462 Female. 24,259,357 8,956,091 15,303,266 1,319,520 945,189 374,340 4,254,770 2,406,019 1,848,751 4,806,421 2,014,169 2,792,252 3,158,330 980,070 2,178,260 3,632,788 854,794 2,777,004 2,679,900 433,035 2,246,865 2,770,320 669,657 2,210,663 667,294 233,880 433,414 970,005 529.278 440,727 Foreign or mixed parentage. Male. 9,425,239 6,001,484 3,423,755 1,005,379 909,877 95,502 2,746,564 2,242,400 504,164 2,536,599 1,634,565 1,002,034 1,633,760 525,789 1,107,971 217,289 151, 125 66,104 104,468 70,406 34,062 310,216 115, 165 105,051 326,706 120,305 107, 401 544,168 322,852 221,316 Female. 9,472,598 6,345,416 3,127,182 1,047,330 956,016 91,314 2,844,748 2,363,581 481, 107 2,571,835 1,643,127 928,708 1,580,943 564,280 1,016,663 222,564 162,290 60,264 110,609 79,576 30,933 295,067 121,124 173,943 200,125 129,826 160,290 509,487 326,596 183,891 foreign-born ■white: 1910 Male. 7,623,788 6, 234, 642 2,289,148 928,337 850,950 77,387 2,641,693 2,156,963 484,630 1,741,015 1,227,819 513, 196 944,767 362,667 582,100 172,872 106,016 67,866 50,542 31,978 18,564 202,742 75,964 126,778 286,022 101,420 184,602 555,898 321,865 234,033 Female. 5,821,757 4,400,727 1,421,030 886,049 825,040 60,409 2,184,586 1,892,514 292,072 1,326,205 961,472 364,733 668,464 269,029 399,435 117,683 86,740 30,943 36,315 25,964 10,361 146,017 60,844 85,173 150,888 71,911 78,977 305,550 206,623 98,927 NEQBO: 1910 Male. 4, 885, 881 1,279,484 3,606,397 32,783 29,^6 3,087 203,466 161,453 42,013 156,431 117,883 38,648 125,804 83,809 42,056 2,029,808 420,619 1,609,189 1,315,792 238,203 1,077,689 094,025 207,124 786,901 11,766 7,918 3,848 15,046 12,779 3,167 Female. 4,941,882 1,409,745 3,632,137 33,523 31, 181 2,342 214,404 177, 793 36,011 144,405 112,650 31,746 116,798 80,492 36,306 2,082,080 488,901 1,593,779 1,336,721 270,894 1,066,827 990,401 228,714 761,687 8,701 7,528 2,173 13,249 11,583 1,666 The proportion of males is lower in urban than in rural communities not only for the total population, but also for each of the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage groups. Thus in 1910 In the native white population of native parentage there were 99.3 males to 100 females in urban communities as compared with 106.7 in rural. For the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage the ratios were, respectively, 94.6 to 100 for urban and 109.5 to 100 for rural communities. A still greater disparity appeared in the case of the foreign-bom whites, there being 118.9 males to 100 females (itself a high ratio) in this class in urban com- munities and 161.1 in rural communities. For negroes the corresponding ratios were 90,8 and 102.1 to 100. Especially striking are the very high ratios of males to females among the foreign-bom whites in the rural population of the South Atlantic, Mountain, and Pa- cific divisions. The total number of foreign-bom whites in the rural districts of these divisions, how- ever, is comparatively small. In the three southern divisions, where negroes are the most numerous, there was only a slight excess of males among the negroes in the rural population. The ratio of males to females among negroes in the urban communities of the South, however, was par- ticularly low, ranging in 1910 from 86 males to 100 females in the South Atlantic division to 90,6 in the West South Central. PBINCIPAIi CITIES. Table 29 classifies by sex the total population and the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage classes in each of the 50 principal cities in 1910, and Table 31 shows the corresponding ratios of males to females. The total number of persons of each sex in cities of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants is shown in Table 30, In 28 of the 50 cities of over 100,000 inhabitants the males outnumbered the females in 1910. In 39 of the cities the proportion of males was greater in 1910 than it was in 1900, and in 11 it was less. The number of males to 100 females in 1910 was greatest in Seattle (136.2) and only slightly less in Portland, Greg, (134,5), Nashville showed the smallest propor- tion of males, or 89.6 males to 100 females. Of the eight cities of 500,000 inhabitants or more, Baltimore had the lowest number of males to 100 females (92.4) in 1910 and Cleveland the highest (106.6). The population of New York City was almost evenly divided by sex; in Philadelphia the females outnumbered the males; and in Chicago the males outnumbered the females. Among the negro population in 1910 the females outnumbered the males in 28 of the cities, the pro- portion of males being very low in the southern cities generally. 104 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MALES AND FEMALES IN THE POPULATION OF CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. Table 29 Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Oa Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass 48,270 74,501 268, 195 67,268 329,703 52,549 212,502 50, 161 1,125,764 177, Sir 289,262 91,452 58,848 107,395 Detroit; Mich [ 240, 354 Bridgeport, Conn. Buftalo, N. Y Cambridge, Mass. . Chicago, lU Cincinnati, Ohio.. Cleveland, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio.. Denver, Colo TOTAL POPtJLATION. 1910 Male. Female. Fall River, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich. Indianapolis, Ind Jersey Cfity, N.J Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, Cal. Louisville, Ky... Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn.. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn., New Orleans, La. . . NewYork, N. Y Manhattan Borough. Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough... Queens Borough Richmond Borough. . Newark, N. J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pal.. Portland, Oreg. . . Providence, R. I. Richmond, Va... Rochester, N. Y. . St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minp San Francisco, Cal. Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash . . . Syracuse, N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C. Worcester, Mass. . . 67,627 55,539 116,069 137,457 126,414 162,669 108,548 51,525 66,270 189,488 157,345 62,155 66,695 163,239 2,382,482 1,186,659 ei7, im 809, 791 144,^5 U,7ar 173,389 78,222 64,802 62,439 760,463 273,589 118,868 110,288 60,905 108,352 346,068 111,809 236,901 65,591 136,773 57,513 68,806 84,691 168,060 73,424 61,983 80,338 290,290 65,417 340,882 49,505 211,213 64,678 1,059,519 186,080 271,401 90,059 57,729 106,986 225,412 61,668 67,032 117,581 130,322 121,967 156,629 116,380 64,769 64,835 184,369 144,063 68,209 66,910 175, 836 2,384,401 1,184,883 213,860 8S4,660 139,836 41,26S 174,080 71,952 59,294 63,161 788,645 260,316 88,346 114,038 66,723 109, 797 340,961 102,936 180,011 64, 276 100,421 68,443 83,806 173,019 72,562 1900 Male. Female. 45,031 41,377 243,280 19,626 274,922 36,381 174,931 44,477 863,408 167, 140 192,616 63,301 42,142 66,692 139,242 50,260 42,470 83,523 104,027 82,729 50,519 99,531 44,949 52,284 140,536 103,122 38,366 53,842 136,068 I 1,705,705 918,259 101, 758 673,733 77,547 34,410 121,027 32,921 64,093 51,889 634,485 232,313 53,128 85,072 39,936 77,520 288,197 84,406 184, 866 51,216 61,621 21,167 52,538 65,604 132,004 69,082 49,120 48,496 266, 677 18,789 286,970 35, 615 177, 466 47,409 835,167 168,762 189,152 62,259 43,191 67,267 146,462 64,603 46,096 86,641 102,406 81,023 61,960 105,200 50,020 50,036 144,779 99,696 42,509 54,185 161,036 1, 731, 497 931,834 98, 751 592,849 75,4ii 32,611 126,043 34,039 48,462 63,282 669,212 219,199 37,298 90,625 45,114 85,088 287,041 78,660 157,916 50,810 29,150 15,681 55,836 66,218 146,714 59,339 NATIVE white: 1910 Native parentage. Male. 21,462 45,482 125,702 34,008 77,368 13,723 59,915 12,047 226,666 76, 659 58,339 36, 129 63,529 69,063 7,637 19,960 74,209 37,937 77,861 84,881 66,678 9,787 31,210 39,021 50,676 31,064 18,358 72,859 466,111 171,437 46,431 183,324 40,430 14,489 46,430 27,592 27,578 13, 775 284,690 87,602 57, 596 28,933 33,429 36, 779 134,850 32,622 64, 627 19,051 69,007 28,958 37,392 80,507 20,205 Female. 23,011 46,606 135, 772 32,304 80,602 13,433 69,777 13,568 218,473 78,278 66,646 58,607 36, 172 53,416 56,043 8,221 20,817 76,384 36,924 76,856 86,086 57,865 10,936 28,775 39,802 46,510 32,633 19,368 74,614 465,207 172, 914 46, 138 192,224 40,177 IS, 764 48,317 27,606 25,339 14,617 299,318 88,487 46,667 31,033 35, 701 37,746 134,986 29,072 50,832 19,694 46, 777 25,348 29,450 37,755 86,204 21,216 Foreign or mixed parentage. Male. Female. 17,242 3,080 64,478 4,206 126,648 18,202 88,756 19,370 446,684 61,706 109,419 16,899 12,045 29,635 91,905 25,346 19,967 19,676 53,892 22,132 36,446 24,388 20,208 6, 90S 87,348 66,026 3,287 23,991 34,423 890, 781 Jfil,lfi4 90,631 322, 597 69,854 16,265 64,146 2.3,904 19,683 24,401 241,243 93,363 26,132 39,727 3,703 39,864 118,245 46,782 77,307 26,565 31, 178 13,939 22,259 28,822 21,577 26,62ff 19,291 3,384 70,392 4,151 130,456 19,112 94,918 20,424 466,117 70,484 114,489 18,679 13,514 31,660 96,350 26,780 22,800 21,745 66,209 23,501 39,310 28,023 21,734 6,236 95,182 60,622 3,864 26,443 39,821 929,360 418, 774 94,515 340,986 61,115 16,970 68,204 26,032 19,912 25,778 256,542 98,130 24,877 42,627 3,961 43,823 128, 701 47,616 76,474 28,866 29,956 13,338 24,653 30,561 23,489 28,125 forhgk-born white: 1910 Male. Female. 9,031 2,649 38,636 3,381 117,786 19,905 62,796 16,412 427,860 29,216 108,573 9,374 8,173 20,895 86,332 24,391 15,240 11,334 42,456 14,426 33,275 8,868 21,434 3,863 62,579 49,017 1,577 .22,541 14,634 987,952 661,881 77,948 292,614 42,338 13,373 58,114 20,854 15,081 23,468 193,994 79,024 27, 724 38,768 2,287 31,241 70,297 31,532 80,995 19,661 39,078 13,404 16,993 17,491 12,917 25,948 9,134 1,761 38,407 2,319 122,936 16,275 56,648 18,196 353,357 27,576 87,130 6,911 6,674 18,046 70,233 26,483 13,096 8,433 35,241 10,901 27,309 8,568 22,023 2,614 48,877 36,921 1,416 20,243 13,062 939, 761 542,338 70,987 278, 742 36,779 10,905 62,541 15,968 11,987 21,930 188,684 61,412 16,056 37,535 1,798 27,752 65,409 24,992 49,879 15,451 21, 757 7,816 13,788 14,546 11,484 22,544 NEGSO: 1910 Male. Female. 497 23,219 39,054 26,662 6,664 657 933 2,227 22,685 9,906 4,341 6,784 2,475 2,652 2,986 174 347 10,803 3,020 11,885 3,682 19,602 62 25,259 478 1,499 16,229 1,711 40,946 42, 143 28,024 1,911 10,245 i,UO 623 4,477 1,614 2,379 710 39,431 13,351 608 2,577 21,472 424 22, 168 1,904 1,025 305 1,394 391 579 937 42,615 570 540 28,683 45,695 26,643 6,900 675 840 2,480 21,418 9,734 4,107 5,965 2,367 2,774 2,766 181 318 11,013 2,940 11, 681 3,917 20,920 71 27,182 502 1,093 20,294 1,850 48,316 49, .566 32, 510 2,206 12,463 1,758 4,998 1,441 2,047 829 45,028 12,272 437 2,739 25,261 455 21, 792 ],240 617 262 902 332 545 940 51,831 671 ' Includes population of Allegheny for 1900. MALES AND FEMALES IN THE POPULATION OF CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910. Table 30 Alabama Mobile Montgomery Arkansas Little Rock California Berkeley Pasadena Sacramento San Diego Ban Jose Colorado Colorado Springs Pueblo Male. 24,317 17,805 23,036 19,618 13,634 26,332 20,726 14,399 14,042 24,865 Female. 27,204 20,331 22,906 20,916 16,607 19,364 18,852 14,547 15,036 19,640 Males to 100 females. 89.4 87.6 100.6 93.3 82.4 130.8 109.9 99.0 93.4 127.2 Connectlcat Hartford Meriden town Meridencity New Britain Norwich town Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Male. 49,211 16,143 13,717 23,212 13,567 14,527 12,838 38,018 43,938 29,340 19,554 Female. 49,704 15,923 13,548 20,704 14,652 14,300 12,600 36,123 43,473 28,359 18,228 Males to 100 females. 99.0 101.4 101.3 112.1 92.6 101.5 101. t 108.2 101.1 103.5 107.3 CLASSIFICATION OF POPULATION BY SEX. MALES AND FEMALES IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 191<>-Continued. 105 Table 30— Contd. Male. Augusta. . . Macon Savannah. Georgia minois Aurora Bloomington.. Danville Decatur East St. Louis. Elgin Jouet Peoria Quincy Rockford Spring&eld Evansville... Fort Wayne. South Bend. Terre Haute. IndUiut Iowa Cedar Rapids.. Clinton Council Blofb. Davenport Des Moines — Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Kansas City. Topeka Wichita Covington . Lexington. Newport . . Kentucky Shreveport. Lewiston. Portland . LoolfUuia Maine Brockton Brookline town. Chelsea Chicopee Everett Fitchburg Haverhill. Holyoke Lawrence Lynn Maiden New Bedford... Newton Pittsfield Quincy Salem Somerville Springfield Taunton Walttoam Massachnsetta Battle Creek. Bay City Flhit Jackson Kalamazoo . . Lansing Saginaw Michigan Duluth. Minnesota Joplin St. Joseph.. Springfield. Klssonrl Butte. Montana Lincoln South Omaha . Nebraska Manchester. Na^ua New Hampshire Atlantic City. Bayonne Camden East Orange. . Elizabeth Hoboken Orange Passaic New Jersey 19,237 19,613 31,081 15,118 12,321 13,721 16,443 32,363 12,290 18,417 34,362 17,879 23,302 25,488 34,429 31,433 27,831 29,387 i6,aoo 13,007 U, 154 21,530 43,136 18,977 26,718 13,776 42,773 21,710 26,964 25,628 16,829 14,674 13,760 12,629 27,9(« 28,293 11,038 16,709 12,736 16,313 18,764 21,607 27,671 42,868 44,685 20,927 47,731 17,801 16,130 16,454 21,291 36,628 43,221 16,722 12,949 12,374 22,505 21,779 15,854 19, 197 16,801 24,860 44,866 16,231 39,665 17.401 22,314 21,870 14,661 34,148 13,016 22,997 29,527 47,396 15,287 37,971 36,675 14,466 26,549 21,803 21,152 33,983 14,689 13,447 14,150 15,697 26,184 13,686 16,253 32,688 18,708 22,099 26,190 35,218 32,500 26,053 28,870 16,511 12,510 14,138 21,498 43,233 19,517 22,110 12,918 30,558 21,974 25,486 27,642 18,270 15,635 14,255 13,718 30,615 28,585 16,754 15,743 12,665 17,171 19,062 22,508 30,059 43,034 44,751 23,477 48,921 22,005 15,991 16,188 22,406 40,603 46,706 17,637 14,885 12,893 22,661 16,771 15,579 20,240 14,428 25,660 33,600 15,842 37,738 17,800 16,861 22,103 11,696 35,916 12,989 23,163 26,018 47, 142 19,084 35,438 33,649 15,164 28,224 Males to 100 females. 88.2 92.3 91.5 102.9 91.6 97.0 98.4 123.6 89.8 113.3 105.4 96.6 105.4 97.3 97.8 96.7 106.1 101.4 98.7 104.5 107.2 100.1 99.8 97.2 116.3 106.6 108.1 98.8 105.8 92.7 92.1 93.0 96.5 91.3 91.3 99.0 65.9 106.1 100.0 95.0 98.4 96.0 92.1 99.6 99.6 89.1 97.6 80.9 100.9 101.6 95.0 90.2 94.6 95.4 87.0 96.0 99.3 129.9 101.8 94.8 116.4 96.8 102.5 105.1 97.8 98.9 124.5 96.1 100.2 99.3 113.5 100.5 80.1 107.1 109.0 95.4 94.1 New Jersey — Continued. Perth Amboy Trenton West Hoboken town New Tork Amsterdam Auburn Bingnamton Elmira Jamestown .* Kingston Mount Vernon New Roclielle Newburgh Niagara Falls Pougbkeepsie Schenectady Troy UUea* Watertown Yonkers North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington Ohio Akron Canton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield Youngstown Zanesville Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City PemujlTaaia Allentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McKeesport New Castle Norristown borough Reading Shenandoah borough Wilkee-Barre Williamsport York Abode Island Newport Pawtucket Warwick town Woonsocket South Carolina C tiarleston Colum bia Tennessee Chattanooga KnoxviJle Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco Utah Ogden Salt Lake City VlrginU Lynchburg Norfolk Portsmouth ; Roanoke Washington Tacoma West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse Madison Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Superior Male. 17,369 50,231 17,658 15,279 17,587 23.105 18,553 16,650 12,250 14,844 14,686 13,435 16,086 13,378 38,821 36,387 36,367 13,066 40,103 16,275 12,282 36,604 26.110 17,825 15,213 16,261 12,988 23,838 43,649 13,550 13,396 35,742 26,098 26,134 19,768 13,823 33,516 31,183 12,696 30,940 22,098 22,510 19,134 13,258 47,576 14,386 33,850 14,932 21,869 14,784 26,351 13,182 18,732 Males Female. to 100 lemales. 14,762 46,584 17,746 15,988 17,081 25,338 18,623 15,647 13,658 16,076 14, 181 14,370 14,359 14,558 34,005 41,426 38,052 13,664 39,700 17,739 13,466 32,463 24, 107 17,454 16,295 12,622 12,416 23,083 35,417 14,476 11,880 28,463 26,815 25,993 18,769 14,700 33,010 38,003 12,767 24,642 25,129 20,184 17,146 14,617 48,495 11,389 33,246 16,928 22,881 12,365 26,271 13,447 19,393 27,334 31,499 12,616 13,703 22,429 22,175 17,621 18,725 14,390 15,470 46,499 45,605 19,726 19,553 39,007 34,306 19,386 17,695 40,126 38,674 47,865 48,749 12,861 13,564 13,334 12,246 47,683 45,194 13,775 15,719 32,867 34,585 17,609 16,581 17,514 17,360 47,488 36,265 16,020 15,141 20,683 21,058 12,263 12,983 14,649 15,768 12,283 13,248 16,196 16.866 20,031 17,971 13,711 12,687 23,416 16,969 106 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MALES TO 100 FEMALES IN THE POPULATION OF CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. Table 31 Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Oa Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn. . Buffalo, N.Y Cambridge. Mass. . Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio.. . Cleveland, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich. Indianapolis, Ind Jersey City, N.J Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, CaL. Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Term... Milwaukee, Wis. . Minneapolis, Minn.. Nashyille, Tenn TOTA.L POPULATION. 1910 92.9 92.7 92.4 102.8 9C.7 106.1 100.6 91.7 106.3 95.4 106.6 101.6 101.9 101.3 106.6 93.4 97.4 98.7 105.6 103.6 103.9 94.1 94.1 102.2 102.8 109.2 89.6 1900 91.7 85.3 91.6 104.6 ,96.1 99.3 98.6 93.8 103.4 93.1 101.8 101.7 97.6 99.0 95.1 92.0 94.2 97.5 101.6 102.1 97.2 94.6 89.9 104.6 97.1 103.5 90.2 NATIVE white: 1910 Native parent- 93.3 97.8 92.6 105.3 96.1 102.2 100.2 88.8 103.8 97.9 101.6 99.7 99.9 100.2 105.4 92.9 95.9 97.2 102.7 102.6 99.8 96.2 89.3 108.6 98.0 111.4 95.2 Foreign or mixed parent- 89.4 91.0 91.6 101.3 97.1 95.2 93.5 94.8 95.8 87.5 95.6 90.5 89.1 93.3 95.4 94.6 87.6 90.5 97.6 04.2 90.2 87.0 93.0 94.7 91.8 92.6 86.1 Foreign- bom white: 1910 150.4 100.6 145.8 95.8 122.3 112.8 90.2 121.1 105.9 124.6 135.6 144.0 115.8 122.9 92.1 116.4 134.4 120.5 132.3 121.8 103.5 97.3 147.4 128.0 132.8 111.4 Negro 1910 92.0 81.0 85.5 96.3 96.6 97.3 111.1 89.8 105.9 101.8 105.7 113.9 104.6 95.6 108.3 96.1 109.1 98.1 102.7 101.7 94.0 93.7 (1) 92.9 95.2 137.1 80.0 New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. . NewYork, N. Y Manhattan Borough. Bronx Borough...^. Broolclyn Borough... Queens Borough Richmond Borough.. Newark, N. J Oakland.Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N.J Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Paa Portland, Oreg Providence, R.I Richmond, Va Rochester, N. Y St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, CaJ Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse, N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C Worcester, Mass TOTAL POPULATION. 1910 99.7 92.8 100.2 101. B 98. 2 103.1 108. S 99.6 108.7 109.3 98.9 96.4 105.1 134.5 96.7 91.3 98.7 101.5 108.6 131.6 102.0 136.2 122.7 100.5 101.1 91.3 101.2 1900 99.4 90.1 98.5 98. B 103.0 96.8 log. 8 106.6 96.8 96.7 111.6 97.4 96.2 106.0 142.4 94.0 88.5 91.1 100.4 107.3 117.1 100.8 176.7 135.0 94.1 99.1 90.0 99.6 NATIVE white: 1910 Native parent- Foreign or mixed parent- 94.8 97.6 98.0 99.1 100.6 96.4 100.6 106*3 96.1 99.9 108.8 94.2 95.1 99.0 123.7 93.2 93.6 97.4 111.9 126.9 96.7 126.1 115.3 98.3 99.0 93.4 95.2 94.3 86.4 95.8 96.3 95.9 94.6 97.9 101.8 94.1 91.8 98.8 94,7 94.4 »5.1 105.0 93.2 93.5 91.0 91.9 96.1 101.1 92.0 104.1 104.5 90.3 .94.3 91.9 94.7 Foreign- born white: 1910 111.4 112.1 105.1 103.6 109.8 105.0 115.1 m.6 110.6 130.6 125.8 107.0 102.9 128.7 172.7 103.3 127.2 112.6 126.9 126.2 162.4 127.2 179.6 171.5 123.2 120.2 113.0 115.1 Negro: 1910 92.5 84.7 85.0 86. S 86.6 8S.g 81.9 83.1 89.6 112.0 116.2 85.6 87.6 108.8 139.1 94.1 85.0 93.2 101.7 153.5 166.1 116.4 154.5 117.8 106.2 99.7 82.2 84.9 » Ratio not shown, the number of females being less than 100. « Includes population of Allegheny for 1900. POPULATION 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. AliL PERSONS 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. General summary : 1910. — Persons 21 years of age and over have certain special legal rights with reference to property, the elective franchise, and other matters. This class of the population is further significant from the social and economic standpoint, in that it includes the great majority of breadwinners and also the great majority of married men and women. From the po- litical standpoint particular interest attaches to sta- tistics regarding males 21 years of age and over, although in several states women of that age also now have the right to vote at all elections. For the United States, exclusive of Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions, the total population 21 years of age and over in 1910 was 61,554,905, representing 56.1 per cent of the total population of all ages. This total includes 26,999,151 males and 24,555,754 females, the number of males being 10 per cent greater than the number of females. Table 32, show- ing the number of each sex in 1910 for each of the principal classes of population, discloses an excess of males in each specified class except that made up of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. Of a total excess of males amounting to 2,443,397, the foreign-born whites contributed 1,639,709. As regards color or race, nativity, and parentage, the composition of the female population 21 years of age and over differs from that of the male in having smaller percentages of foreign-born whites, Chinese, and Japanese, and larger percentages of the other race and nativity classes, these differences being attributable mainly to the fact, previously noted, that immigrants include many more males than females. Thus 20.4 per cent of the adult female population in 1910 were foreign-bom whites, as compared with 24.6 per cent of the male, while 69.4 per cent of the former and 65.6 per cent of the latter were native whites and 9.9 and 9.1 per cent, respectively, were negroes. Table 32 CLASS OF POPULATION. Total Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Ne^o Indian Chinese, Japanese, and all other. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. 26,999,151 13,211,731 4,498,966 6,646,817 2,458,873 62,967 119,797 Percent of total. 100.0 48.9 16.7 24.6 9.1 0.2 0.4 FEMALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Number. 24,656,754 12,484,481 4,567,647 5,007,108 2,427,742 60,169 8,607 Percent of total. 100.0 60.8 18.6 20.4 9.9 0.2 0) Sales to 100 fe- males. 110.0 105.8 98.5 132.7 101.3 104.7 1,391.9 1 L«ss than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Sex ratios, by divisions and states. — ^Table 33 gives, for 1910 and 1900, the total number of each sex, and also the number of males to 100 females, in the popu- lation 21 years of age and over, by geographic divi- sions and states. Considered by geographic divisions, the number of men to 100 women in 1910 ranged from 98.8 in New England — the only division in which women outnum- bered men — to 144.9 in the Pacific division and 148.6 MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND* OVER. in tjie Mountain division. The ratios for the divisions last named were exceptionally high, the highest ratio elsewhere being 116.2 to 100 for the West North Central division. Table 33 DIVISION AND STATE. TTnlted States. 28,999,151 Oeoqeaphic divlsions: New England Middle A tlantic Bast North Central. . . . West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central . . . . West South Central. . . Mountain PaclQc New Enoiand: Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Centkal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin POPXTLATION 21 TEAES OF AOE AND OVEE. 1910 Male. 24,656,764 235,727 136,668 113,506 1,021,669 163,834 347,692 2,836,773 774,702 2,309,006 West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas , South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida , Bast South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma • Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho , Wyoming Colorado , New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PACIFICr Washington Oregon California 822,434 1,743,182 870,876 683,743 642,669 663,672 973,062 173,890 178, 189 353,626 508,529 61,887 367,908 103, 761 523,532 338,349 506,134 335,046 620,616 214, 195 603,454 552,668 ■513,111 426,953 395,824 414,919 447,266 1,003,357 155,017 110,863 63,201 271,648 94,637 74,051 104,115 40,026 441,294 257, 188 920,397 Female. 2,013,998 5,608,188 5,133,680 3,005,774 3,007,118 2,037,064 1,987,760 614,736 1,117,436 225,736 135,372 106,883 1,074,485 166,391 335,131 2,767,521 730,659 2,114,008 1,484,265 1,398,341 770,658 1,567,491 786,033 611, 157 512,411 603,644 896,152 122,406 134, 187 298,040 438,934 58,442 373,819 116. 148 518,473 284,969 519,475 343,958 613. 149 178,685 579,756 542,408 501,959 412,941 351,994 395,354 356, 194 884,218 81,741 69,818 28,840 213, 425 73, 152 43,891 85,729 18,140 277,727 168,323 671,386 Males to 100 fe- males, 110.0 105.6 109.2 116.2 102.1 102.9 113.8 148.6 144.9 104.4 101.0 106.2 95.1 98.5 103.7 102.9 105.2 109.2 106.1 106.7 111.2 110.8 111.9 125.4 109.9 108.6 142.1 132.8 118.7 115.9 105.9 98.4 89.3 101.0 118.7 97.4 97.4 101.2 119.9 104.1 101.9 102.2 103.4 112.5 104.9 125.6 113.5 189.6 158.8 219.1 127.3 129.4 168.7 121.4 220.7 158.9 152.8 137.1 21,134,299 1900 Male. Female. 19,647,708 217,663 130,987 108,356 843,465 127,144 280,340 2,184,965 555,608 1,817,239 1,212,223 720,206 1,401,456 719,478 670,715 506,794 635,298 856,684 95, 217 112, 681 301,091 413,786 54,018 321,903 83,823 447,815 247,970 417,578 283,326 500, 752 139, 601 543,996 487,380 413,862 349, 177 313,836 325,943 206,552 737,768 101,931 53,932 37,898 185,708 55,067 44,081 67, 1721 17,710 195,572 144,446 544,087 211,960 131,475 103,819 902,534 133,314 279, 187 2,193,675 548,692 1,723,574 1, 175, 167 677,572 1,280,144 650,571 510,908 403,320 565,263 780,687 63,357 86,507 245,078 357,027 51,286 328,531 94,454 452,543 218,894 438,694 292,567 504,381 118, 648 520,921 477,892 414,313 339,616 278,54; 318,009 158,543 642,866 48,548 31,316 16, 613 136,462 43,304 25, 197 61,212 9,472 111,043 95,062 394,948 Males to 100 fe- males. 107.6 96.9 102.1 107.7 116.8 99.9 102.4 113.3 151.4 147.1 102.7 99.6 104.4 93.5 95.4 100.4 99.6 101.3 105.4 103.2 106.3 109.5 110.6 111.7 125.7 112.4 109.7 150.3 130.3 122.9 115.9 105.3 98.0 88.7 99.0 113.3 95.2 96.8 99.3 117.7 104.4 102.0 99.9 102.8 112.7 102.5 130.3 114.8 210.0 172.2 228.1 136.1 127.2 174.9 109.7 187.0 176.1 151.9 137.8 ' Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Car- olina, and South Carolina were the only states in 1910 in which women outnumbered men. The District of Columbia, however, showed a larger proportion of women than any of the states. There were two states, Nevada and Wyoming, in which men outnumbered women by more than 2 to 1 107 and five other states in which there were more than 150 men to every 100 women. These states are all in the Moimtain and Pacific divisions. In a majority of the states, as indicated by the sex ratios, as well as in the United States as a whole, the number of men increased between 1900 and 1910 faster than the number of women. For the United States the number of men to every 100 women increased from 107.6 in 1900 to 110 in 1910. The states in which the ratio increased include all those east of the Missis- sippi River except Kentucky -fend Tennessee, but only six states west of that river. MALES 21 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER. XTnited States as a whole.— Table 34 shows, for 1910 and 1900, the number of males 21 years of age and over by color or race, nativity, and parentage groups, in comparison with the corresponding groups of the total population. Table 34 MALES 21 TEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. CLASS OF POPULATION. TOTAL POPULATION. Number. Per cent of total population. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 Total 91,972,266 7.>i 0S4 .li?!! 26,999,161 24,.S57,514 2,458,873 62,967 60,421 66,638 2,738 17,710,697 13,211,731 3,215,082 1,283,884 6, 646, 817 21,134,299 18,918,697 2,060,302 57,077 81,018 17,205 29.4 29.8 25.0 23.7 84.5 78.5 86.2 25.9 26.7 24.9 21.5 49.8 27 8 White 81,731,957 9, 827, 763 265,683 71,531 72,167 3,175 68, 386, 412 49,488,575 12,916,311 5,981,526 13,345,545 66,809,196 8,833,994 237, 196 89,863 24,326 28 3 Negro 23 3 Inman 24 1 Chinese 90 2 70 7 All other Native white Native parentage Foreign par Mixed parentage Foreign-bom white 56,595,379 40, 949, 362 10,632,280 5,013,737 10,213,817 14,014,427 10,569,743 2,535,751 908,933 4,904,270 24.8 25.8 23.8 18.1 48.0 In 1910 there were in the United States 26,999,151 men 21 years of age and over, constituting 29.4 per cent of the total population, as compared with 21,134,299, constituting 27.8 per cent of the popu- lation, in 1900. Men of 21 and over formed 57 per cent of the total male population in 1910 and 54.4 per cent in 1900. It should not be assumed that these statistics show the number of men having the right to vote. Aside from the fact that the totals given include unnatural- ized persons of foreign birth, there are in some of the states restrictions, chiefly based on property and edu- cation, which further limit the number of men 21 years of age and over who can vote. In 1910 men of 21 and over constituted 29.8 per cent of the white population, as compared with 25 per cent of the negro. This difference is mainly due to the fact that many of the whites are foreign bom, and the foreign bom consist more largely of adults and of males than the natives. Nearly one-half (49.8 per cent) of the foreign-bom white population in 1910 consisted of men 21 years of age and over, while of the native white population hardly more than one- fourth (25.9 per cent) were men of that age. 108 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. In each of the color or race, nativity, and parentage groups shown in Table 34 (except the relatively unim- portant groups of Indians and Chinese) males of 21 and over constituted a larger proportion of the popula- tion in 1910 than in 1900. In the ca^e of the foreign- born whites this change indicates a larger proportion of males among the itnmigTants than formerly. In the other classes it reflects a change in the age distribution of the population, the exact nature and cause of which can only be determined by a detailed study of the age statistics. Table 35 shows the number of males 21 years of age and over in specified classes of the population in 1910 and 1900, with thfe citizensliip of foreign-born whites, and the increase during the decade. Table 35 MALES 21 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVKB. CLASS OF POPULATION AND CITIZENSHIP. IMO 1900 Increase: 1 1900-1910 Per cent of total. Number. Per cent. 1910 1900 Total 26,999,151 24,357,514 2,458,873 62,907 60,421 56,638 2,738 17,710,697 13,211,731 3,216,082 l,283,8i;4 6,646,817 3,034,117 570, 772 2,266,535 775,393 21,134,309 18,918,897 2,060,802 57,077 81,018 17,305 5,8<4,852 5,438,817 398,671 5,890 -20,597 39,433 2,738 3,696,270 2, 641, 988 679,331 374,951 1,742,547 188,644 158,874 1,351,618 43,411 27.8 28.7 19.3 10.3 -25.4 229.2 26.4 25.0 26.8 41.3 35.5 6.6 38.6 147.7 5.9 lOO.O 90.2 9.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 (») 65.6 48.9 11.9 4.8 24.6 11.2 2.1 8.4 2.9 100. e White 89.5 Negro 9.7 0.3 Chmese 0.4 Japanese 0.1 Another Native white Native parentage. . Foreign parentage. Mixed parentage . . Foreign-bom white.. Naturalized Having first papers Alien 14,014,427 10, 569, 743 2,535,751 908,933 4,904,270 2, 845, 473 411,898 914, 917 731,982 66.3 50.0 12.0 4.3 23.2 13.5 1.9 4.3 Citizenship not re- ported 3.6 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The number of males 21 and over increased 5,864,852, or 27.8 per cent, between 1900 and 1910. This is a much higher rate of increase than that in the total population, which was 21 per cent. Chiefly on account of the marked predominance of adult males among the foreign-born whites, the distribution of the total number of men of 21 and over among the several color or race, nativity, and parentage groups, as shown in the above table, differs considerably from the distribution of the total population among those groups, as shown in a preceding table (Table 1). Practically one-fourth (24.6 per cent) of the male population 21 years of age and over in 1910 were foreign-bom whites, as compared with 14.5 per cent of the total population. Native whites of native parentage constituted 48.9 per cent of the total adult male population and 53.8 per cent of the total population. The corresponding percentages for native whites of foreign or mixed parentage were 16.7 and 20.5, respectively. The percentage of negroes in the male population of 2 1 and over was 9. 1 , as compared with 10.7 in the total population. The proportion of foreign-born whites in the whole number of males 21 years of age and over was higher in 1910 than in 1900, while that of the two principal native white groups and of aU colored races except the Japanese was lower. Of the 6,646,817 foreign-born whites in 1910, 3,034,117, or 45.6 per cent, were returned as natural- ized; in 1900 the percentage naturalized was 58. The naturahzed foreign-born whites in 1910 constituted 11.2 per cent of the total male population 21 years of age and over. Those reported as aliens in 1910 numbered 2,266,535, or considerably more than twice the number so reported in 1900. It is probable that most of the considerable number of foreign-born whites whose condition as to citizenship was not re- ported were also aliens. The increase in the propor- tion of aliens reflects the fact that a larger proportion of the foreign-born whites in 1910 were recent arrivals than was the case in 1900. Divisions and states. — Statistics regarding males 21 years of age and over, by divisions and states, are pre- sented in Table 36 on a subsequent page. The relative importance of the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage classes in the adult male population is graphically shown in the diagram on the opposite page. Marked differences appear among the divisions and states with respect to the proportion which men of 21 and over form of the total population. These differ- ences are due to differences in the ratio of males to females (compare Tables 23, 25, and 26) or to differ- ences in the age distribution of the population, or to both causes combined. States which receive large accessions to their population, either from foreign countries or from other parts of the United States, have in general a materially larger proportion of men of 21 and over in their population than the other states. Among the geographic divisions, the Pacific and the Mountain divisions showed the highest proportions in 1910 (38.6 per cent and 34.7 per cent, respectively). Very little difference appears among the four northern divisions, in each of which the proportion was prac- tically three-tenths, while in each of the three divisions of the South the proportion was about one-fourth. In every division, and in fact in every state except New Hampshire, Montana, and Colorado, the proportion of males 21 years of age and over was higher in 1910 than in 1900. In the three southern divisions, where there are comparatively few foreign bom, the distribution of males 21 years of age and over among the several color or race, nativity, and parentage groups is not ma- terially different from the corresponding distribution of the total population. (Compare percentages in the last ten columns of Table 36 with percentages in Table 14.) In the North and West, however, chiefly because MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 109 of the high proportion of adult males among the foreign- born whites, the distribution of the men of 21 and over among the several classes differs materially from the distribution of the total population. In the New England and Mddle Atlantic divisions native whites of native parentage constituted in 1910 not more than two-fifths of the men of 21 and over and only slightly exceeded the foreign-bom whites in num- ber. Nearly three-fifths of the total number of men 21 years of age and over in theae two divisions were either bom abroad or had one or both parents born abroad. In the East North Central, West North Cen- tral, Mountain, and Pacific divisions, also, less than half the males of 21 and over were native whites of native parentage. In Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Wis- consin, ]VIinnesota, North Dakota, and Utah less than one-third of the men of 21 and over in 1910 were native whites of native parentage. In each of the states just named except Utah, and also in Connecti- cut, New Jersey, Illinois, ^Michigan, Montana, Arizona, and Washington, more than one-third of the total number were foreign-born whites, the proportion in fact exceeding two-fifths in 7 out of the 13 states. Taking the United States as a whole, the percentage of foreign-bom whites in the total male population 21 years of age and over increased from 23.2 in 1900 to 24.6 in 1910. This, however, was the net result of diverse changes in different parts of the coimtry, the changes in some sections being much more pronounced. In all the New England and Middle Atlantic states there was an increase, and in most cases a marked in- crease, in the percentage of foreign-bom whites in the total male population 2 1 years of age and over. In New York the percentage increased from 38 in 1900 to 43 in 1910; in Massachusetts, from 40.7 to 44.4; and in Pennsylvania, from 26.7 to 32.1. In three of the East North Central states — Ohio, Indiana, and Illi- nois — the percentage of foreign-born whites in this class of the population increased ; in Michigan and Wis- consin, on the other hand, the percentage decreased. It decreased also in every West North Central state — from 58.3 to 45.8 in North Dakota, from 40.3 to 30.6 in South Dakota, and from 51.5 to 46.4 in Minnesota, the other states of the division showing less striking decreases. The percentage either remained practi- cally stationary or decreased somewhat in every Moun- tain state except Arizona. In two of the Pacific states, Washington and Oregon, the percentage increased, while in California it declined slightly. In none of the Southern states were the changes in the percent- age of foreign-born whites among males 21 years and over very notable except in West Virginia, where the percentage increased from 5.2 in 1900 to 10.3 in 1910. COLOR OR RACE, NATIVITY, AND PARENTAGE OF MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910. MAINE O 5 N. M. a VT. z ■^ MASS. * _ . y/////m''w//y/m//m///m my/yy////My///My///yi(^^^^^^ ^ZZA !ZZ2 ^za^zax '^ss!Ssai!ss^m^im:mm^^:^s:sfyjv^xy^xy'^y/4^XAj ^jSSB^/a^AYAii^ymi^SSS'^i^^^ '*sssB6xyjZi»jVAirMYyj:.mx4is^sm'if^^^^ Son. oak. - . 8. DAK. ^^nm^fi^swiK^mm'mmMfyy/^xyyxx^Axr^yy v/im:^)Xix^jiy/A»}YA^!::r/^m^m^^imwyxxyyyyj'xx. FOREIQN-BORN WHITE NATIVE WHITE -NATIVE PARENTAGE t^Q NATIVE WHITE - FOREWN OR MIXED PARENTAQE HH NEQRO AN* ALL OTHER 110 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. Table 36 DIVISION AND STATE. MALES 21 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Total. TTnf ted States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . . West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central . . . West South Central.. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama. Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahomai Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada. Pacific: Washington Oregon Calilomia 1910 26,999,151 019,096 920,501 604,500 493,637 071,428 096, 186 261,366 913,558 618,879 235,727 136, 668 113,506 1,021,669 103,834 347,692 2,816,773 774,702 2,309,026 1.484,265 '822,434 1,743,182 870,876 683,743 642,669 663,672 973,062 173,890 178, 189 353,626 508,529 61,887 367,908 103,761 523,532 338,349 500,134 335,046 620,616 214,195 603,454 552,668 513,111 426,953 395,824 414,919 447,266 1,003,357 155,017 110,863 63,201 271,648 94,637 74,051 104, 115 40,026 441,294 257,188 920,397 1900 21,134,299 1,707,955 4,557,812 4,624,078 2,921,551 2,496,785 1,794,415 1,584,099 663,499 884,105 217,663 130,987 108,356 843,465 127, 144 280,340 2,184,965 655,608 1,817,239 1,212,223 720,206 1,401,456 719,478 570,716 506, 794 635,298 856,684 95,217 112,681 301,091 413,786 54,018 321,903 83,823 447,815 247,970 417,578 283,325 600,752 139,601 543,996 487,380 413,862 349,177 313,836 325,943 206,552 737,768 101,931 53,932 37,898 185,708 55,067 44,081 67,172 17,710 195,572 144,448 544,087 Increase : 1900-1910 Number. 5,864,852 311,141 1,362,689 980,422 672,086 674,643 301,771 677,267 350,059 734,774 18,064 5,681 5,150 178,204 36,690 67,362 651,808 219,094 491, 787 272,042 102,228 341, 726 .151,398 ^13,028 135,875 28,374 116,378 78,673 65,508 52,535 94,743 7,869 46,006 19,938 76,717 90,379 88,556 51,721 119,864 74,594 59,458 65,288 99,249 77,776 81,988 88,976 240,714 265,589 63,086 56,931 25,303 85,940 39,570 29,970 36,943 22,316 245,722 112,742 376,310 Per cent. 27.8 18.2 29.9 21.2 19.6 23.0 16.8 42.8 62.1 83.1 8.3 4.3 4.8 21.1 28.9 24.0 29.8 39.4 27.1 22.4 14.2 24.4 21.0 19.8 26.8 4.6 13.6 82.6 68.1 17.4 22.9 14.6 14.3 23.8 16.9 36.4 21.2 18.3 23.9 53.4 10.9 13.4 24.0 22.3 26.1 27.3 116.5 36.0 52.1 105.6 66.8 46.3 71.9 68.0 55.0 126.0 125.6 78.1 69.2 Per cent of total population. 1910 29.4 30.8 30.7 30.7 30.0 25.2 24.9 25.7 34.7 38.6 31.8 31.7 31.9 30.3 30.2 31.2 31.1 30.5 30.1 31.1 30.5 30.9 31.0 29.3 31.0 29.8 29.5 30.1 30.5 29.7 30.1 30.6 28.4 31.3 25.4 27.7 22.9 22.1 2.3.8 28.5 26.4 25.3 24.0 23.8 25.1 25.0 27.0 25.7 41.2 34.0 43.3 34.0 28.9 36.2 27.9 48.9 38.6 38.2 38.7 1900 27.8 30.6 29.6 28.9 28.2 23.9 23.8 24.3 33.6 36.6 31.3 31.8 31.5 30.1 29.7 30.9 30.1 29.5 28.8 29.2 28.6 29.1 29.7 27.6 28.9 28.5 27.6 29.8 28.1 28.2 28.1 29.2 27.1 30.1 24.2 25.9 22.0 21.1 22.6 26.4 25.3 24.1 22.6 22.6 23.9 23.6 26.1 24.2 41.9 33.3 41.0 34.4 28.2 35.9 24.3 41.8 37.7 34.9 36.6 White. 1910 24,357,514 1,992,996 5,770,811 6,489,013 3,398,100 2,112,647 1,452,776 1,755,641 871,401 1,614,229 234,866 136,393 112,513 1,006,431 160,412 342,392 2,783,371 744,843 2,242,697 1,444,477 801,431 1,701,042 862,222 679,841 636,903 667,914 919,480 171,941 172, 722 348,915 490,226 52,804 303,561 75,765 363,669 316,498 357,611 165,769 353,569 124,311 527,661 433,431 298,943 192, 741 284,301 240,001 395,377 835,962 148,733 107,469 59,698 264,603 88,733 65,097 100,436 36,632 422,679 245,343 846,207 1900 18,918,697 1,084,707 4,441,289 4,532,027 2,839,805 1,676,493 1,227,076 1,183,844 528,651 804,806 216,856 130,648 108,027 830,049 124,001 275,126 2,145,057 632,750 1,763,482 1,180,599 701,761 1,370,209 712,245 567,213 502,384 630,665 809,797 93,237 107,353 297,817 398,652 45,592 260,979 60,318 301,379 233,129 289,263 130,375 277,496 77,962 469,206 375,046 232,294 150,530 226,597 177,878 179,408 599,961 94,873 50,328 36,262 181,616 50,804 34,911 65,205 14,652 183,999 131,261 489,545 Per cent of in- crease, 28.7 18.3 29.9 21.1 19.7 26.0 18.4 48.3 64.8 88.1 8.3 4.4 4.2 21.2 29.4 24.4 29.8 39.8 27.2 22.4 14.2 24.1 21.1 19.9 26.8 4.3 13.6 84.4 60.9 17.2 23.0 15.8 16.3 25.6 20.7 35.3 23.6 27.1 27.4 69.5 12.5 16.6 28.7 28.0 25.5 34.9 120.4 39.3 56.8 113.5 64.6 45.7 74.7 86.5 64.0 150.0 129.7 86.9 72.9 Negro. 2,468,873 22,074 138,750 107, 170 83,219 955,364 642,460 488,815 8,992 12,029 476 200 975 12,591 3,007 4,765 45,877 28,601 64,272 39,188 20,651 39,983 6,266 1,082 3,390 6,443 52,921 311 341 3,225 17,588 9,050 63,963 27,621 159,593 22,757 146, 752 169,155 266,814 89,669 75,694 119,142 213,923 233,701 111,365 174,211 36,841 166,398 851 328 1,325 4,283 644 764 568 229 3,120 766 8,143 1900 2,060,302 18,761 104,567 85,382 70,319 817,224 666,371 385,353 6,824 5,601 445 230 289 10,456 2,765 4.576 31,425 21,474 51,668 31,236 18,186 29,762 6,193 1,006 2,168 4,441 46,418 115 184 2,298 14,695 8,374 60,406 23,072 146,122 14,786 127,114 152,860 223,073 61,417 74,728 112,236 181,471 197,936 87, 157 147,348 13,973 136,875 711 130 481 3,215 775 1,084 3S8 70 1,230 560 3,711 Per cent of in- crease, 19.3 17.7 32.7 25.5 18.3 16.9 13.4 26.8 31.8 118.7 7.0 -13.0 237.4 20.4 10.9 4.1 46.0 33.2 24.4 25.6 13.6 34.3 20.7 7.6 56.4 22.6 14.0 170.4 86.3 40.3 19.7 8.1 5.9 19.7 9.2 53.9 15.4 10.7 19.6 46.0 1.3 6.2 17.9 18.1 27.8 18.2 16,3.7 21.fi 19.7 152.3 176.5 33.2 -16.9 -29.5 58.7 153.7 36.8 119.4 Indian : 1910 62,967 636 2,116 4,909 10,348 2,001 577 15.333 18,454 8,594 288 11 9 207 74 46 1,706 73 337 41 74 68 2,125 2,601 2,075 205 79 1,551 4,991 835 612 13 22 133 8 1,703 71 24 27 48 46 181 302 95 154 14,880 204 2,766 1,039 419 324 4,793 6,701 885 1,527 2,868 1,235 4,501 Chi- nese: 1910 60,421 8,166 7,606 3,020 1,079 1,404 345 1,166 5,060 37,675 101 63 8 2,310 263 431 4,817 1,033 1,666 501 243 1,857 229 190 248 80 499 .35 98 106 13 29 359 312 136 84 66 49 206 163 42 40 57 206 54 441 129 542 1,168 811 219 341 230 1.166 324 801 2,304 0,710 28,661 > Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Ill BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] MALES 21 YEABS OF AGE tND OVEE. FEB CENT OF TOTAL. Native white. Foreign-born wUte. White. N^;ro. Native white. 1 Fore bo WtL Native parentage. Foreign or mixed I)arentage. 1910 1900 Per cent of in- Native parentage. Foreign or mixed parentage. ign- m ite. Per Per crease. 1910 1900 cent of in- 1910 1900 cent of in- crease. crease. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1 13,211,731 10,569,743 25.0 4,498,966 3,444,684 30.6 6,646,817 4,904,270 36.5 90.2 89.5 9.1 9.7 48.9 50.0 16.7 16.3 24.6 23.8 2 808,405 788,221 2.6 387,744 298,663 29.8 796,847 597,823 33.3 98.7 98.6 1.1 1.1 40.0 46.1 19.2 17.5 39.5 36.0 3 2,320,175 1,971,882 17.7 1,178,365 958,532 22.9 2,272,271 1,510,875 50.4 97.5 97.4 2.3 2.3 39.2 43.3 19.9 21.0 38.4 33.1 4 2,613,162 2,207,411 18.4 1,302,508 1,039,999 25.2 1,673,343 1,284,617 22.6 97.9 98.0 1.9 1.8 46.6 47.7 23.2 22.5 28.1 27.8 5 1,711,122 1,448,882 18.1 817,570 600,914 36.1 869,408 790,009 10.1 97.3 97.2 2.4 2.4 49.0 49.6 23.4 20.6 24.0 27.0 6 1,841,213 1,466,826 25.5 120,669 105,484 14.4 150,665 104,183 44.6 68.8 67.1 31.1 32.7 59.9 68.7 3.9 4.2 4.9 4.2 7 1,337,122 1,111,980 20.2 69,346 67,651 2.5 46,308 47,445 -2.4 60.3 68.4 30.6 31.6 63.8 62.0 3.3 3.8 2.2 2.6 8 1,428,856 943,878 51.4 154,845 109,035 42.0 171,940 130,931 31.3 77.6 74.7 21.6 24.3 63.2 59.6 6.8 6.9 7.6 8.3 9 442,848 257,597 71.9 171,016 106,192 61.0 257,537 164,862 66.2 95.4 93.8 1.0 1.2 48.5 45.7 18.7 18.8 28.2 29.3 10 708,828 373,066 90.0 296,903 158,214 87.7 608,498 273,525 86.9 93.6 91.0 0.7 0.6 43.8 42.2 18.3 17.9 31.4 30.9 11 159,769 157,377 1.5 26,622 20,964 27.0 48,464 38,515 25.8 99.6 99.6 0.2 0.2 67.8 72.3 11.3 9.6 20.6 17.7 12 76,639 82,383 -7.0 17,798 13,496 31.9 41,956 34,769 20.7 99.8 99.7 0.1 0.2 56.1 62.9 13.0 10.3 30.7 26.5 13 69,387 68,857 0.8 19,367 18,324 6.7 23,759 20,846 14.0 99.1 99.7 0.9 0.3 61.1 63.5 17.1 16.9 20.9 19.2 14 334,346 320,943 4.2 218,484 166,684 31.9 453,601 343,522 32.0 98.5 98.4 1.2 1.2 32.7 38.1 21.4 19.6 44.4 40.7 15 48,513 44,893 8.1 36,000 26,340 42.1 76,899 63,768 41.2 97.9 97.5 1.9 2.2 29.6 35.3 22.0 19.9 46.3 42.3 16 119,751 113,768 5.3 69,473 54,955 26.4 163,168 106,403 44.0 98.6 98.1 1.4 1.6 34.4 40.6 20.0 19.6 44.1 38.0 17 909,494 782,487 16.2 662,864 633,096 22.6 1,221,013 829,474 47.2 98.1 96.2 1.6 1.4 32.1 35.8 23.0 24.4 43.0 38.0 18 281,269 224,644 25.2 163,926 111,608 38.0 309,648 196,698 67.6 96.1 96.9 3.7 3.9 36.3 40.4 19.9 20.1 40.0 35.4 19 1,129,412 964,751 17.1 371,676 313,928 18.4 741,610 484,803 63.0 97.1 97.0 2.8 2.8 48.9 53.1 16.1 17.3 32.1 28.7 20 841,556 697,966 20.6 294,443 256,955 14.6 308,478 226,688 36.7 97.3 97.4 2.6 2.6 56.7 57.6 19.8 21.2 20.8 18.6 21 696, 119 617,446 15.2 116,385 111,228 4.6 88,927 73,087 21.7 97.4 97.4 2.5 2.5 72.5 71.8 14.2 15.4 10.8 10.1 22 689,200 586,773 17.5 407,318 316,313 28.8 604,524 467,123 29.4 97.6 97.8 2.3 2.1 39.5 41.9 23.4 22.6 34.7 33.3 23 337,651 288,293 17.1 222,394 162,537 86.8 302, 177 281,415 15.6 99.0 99.0 0.7 0.7 38.8 40.1 25.5 22.6 34.7 36.3 24 148,636 116,943 27.1 261,968 192,966 36.8 269,237 267,304 4.6 99.4 99.4 0.2 0.2 21.7 20.5 38.3 33.8 39.4 45.1 25 135,494 104,577 29.6 203,127 137,064 48.2 298,282 360,763 14.4 99.1 99.1 0.6 0.4 21.1 20.6 31.6 27.0 46.4 61.6 26 333,621 321,513 3.8 177,413 151,240 17.3 146,880 167,906 -7.0 99.1 99.3 0.8 0.7 50.3 60.6 26.7 23.8 22.1 24.9 27 630,878 651,4,'?8 14.4 167, 198 146,876 14.6 121,404 112,483 7.9 94.5 94.5 5.4 5.4 64.8 64.4 17.2 17.0 12.5 13.1 28 43,358 19, 777 119.2 48,862 17,902 172.9 79,721 66,568 43.6 98.9 97.9 0.2 0.1 24.9 20.8 28.1 18.8 45.8 68.3 29 65,769 35,381 85.9 62,425 26,628 97.6 54,628 45,446 20.0 96.9 95.3 0.2 0.2 36.9 31.4 29.4 23.6 30.6 40.3 30 168,559 147,508 14.3 86,011 59,384 44.8 94,345 90,925 3.8 98.7 98.9 0.9 0.8 47.7 49.0 24.3 19.7 26.7 30.2 31 333,443 268,688 24.1 82,634 62,928 31.2 74,248 66,938 10.9 98.4 96.3 3.5 8.6 65.6 64.9 16.2 16.2 14.6 16.2 32 37,677 33,270 13.2 6,351 5,675 13.9 8,776 6,747 30.1 85.3 84.4 14.6 15.5 60.9 61.6 10.3 10.3 14.2 12.5 33 203,284 172,003 18.2 52,304 46,965 11.4 47,973 42,011 14.2 82.5 81.1 17.4 18.8 55.3 53.4 14.2 14.6 13.0 13.1 34 49,949 39,557 26.3 14,078 11,161 26.1 11,738 9,600 22.3 73.0 72.0 26.6 27.5 48.1 47.2 13.6 13.8 11.3 11.5 36 338,098 280,881 20.4 10,679 9,413 13.4 14,882 11,085 34.3 69.5 67.3 30.5 32.6 64.6 62.7 2.0 2.1 2.8 2.6 36 264,694 205,216 29.0 16, 117 16,035 7.2 34,687 12,878 169.4 93.2 94.0 6.7 6.0 78.2 82.8 4.8 6.1 10.8 6.2 37 352,032 284,601 23.7 2,283 2,211 3.3 3,296 2,461 34.5 70.7 69.3 29.0 30.4 69.6 68.2 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 38 159,009 124,097 28.1 3,405 3,299 3.2 3,366 2,979 12.6 49.5 46.0 50.5 54.0 47.5 43.8 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 39 337,267 263,929 27.8 7,789 6,860 13.5 8,613 6,707 26.9 67.0 55.4 43.0 44.5 54.3 62.7 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 40 99,203 63,272 56.8 7,663 4,965 54.3 17,445 9,725 79.4 68.0 55.8 41.9 44.0 46.3 46.3 3.6 3.6 8.1 7.0 41 464,524 402,244 15.5 42,697 41,823 2.1 20,440 25,139 -18.7 87.4 86.3 12.5 13.7 77.0 73.9 7.1 7.7 3.4 4.6 42 411,200 353,621 16.3 12, 119 11.916 1.7 10, 112 9,609 6.3 78.4 77.0 21.6 23.0 74.4 72.6 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.0 43 279,957 216,050 29.6 8,465 8,162 3.7 10,521 8,082 30.2 58.3 66.1 41.7 43.8 64.6 52.2 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.0 44 181,441 140,065 29.5 6,065 6,760 5.6 6,236 4,715 11.0 46.1 43.1 64.7 66.7 42.5 40.1 1.4 1.6 1.2 1.4 45 263,215 208,967 26.0 11,368 9,352 21.6 9,718 8,278 17.4 71.8 72.2 28.1 27.8 66.6 66.6 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.6 46 179,778 121,356 48.1 33,704 31, 182 8.1 26,619 25,340 4.7 57.8 54.6 42.0 45.2 43.3 37.2 8.1 9.6 6.4 7.8 47 343,399 154,692 122.0 28,427 13, 176 115.7 23,551 11,540 104.1 88.4 86.9 8.2 6.8 76.8 74.9 6.4 6.4 6.3 5.6 48 642,464 458,863 40.0 81,346 65,325 47.0 112,152 85,773 30.8 83.3 81.3 16.6 18.6 64.0 62.2 8.1 7.6 11.2 11.6 49 59,657 35,130 69.8 29,763 19,760 50.6 59,313 39,983 48.3 95.9 93.1 0.5 0.7 38.5 34.5 19.2 19.4 38.3 39.2 50 58,978 25,786 128.7 22,647 11,051 104.9 25,844 13,491 91.6 96.9 93.3 0.3 0.2 53.2 47.8 20.4 20.5 23.3 25.0 51 30,706 18,012 70.5 10,729 7,639 40.5 18,263 10,611 72.1 94.6 95.7 2.1 1.3 48.6 47.5 17.0 20.2 28.0 28.0 52 147,268 99,563 47.9 46,821 30, 891 51.6 70,514 51, 162 37.8 97.4 97.8 1.6 1.7 54.2 63.6 17.2 16.6 26.0 27.6 53 69,289 39, 171 76.9 6,942 4,382 58.4 12,502 7,251 72.4 93.8 92.3 0.7 1.4 73.2 71.1 7.3 8.0 13.2 U.2 54 28,752 16,183 77.7 10,663 6,567 62.4 25,682 12, 161 111.2 87.9 79.2 1.0 2.5 38.8 36.7 14.4 14.9 34. 7 27. C 55 32,979 18,321 80.0 34,805 22,478 54.8 32,652 24,406 33.8 96.6 97.1 0.5 0.6 31.7 27.3 33.4 33.5 31.4 36.8 56 15,219 5,431 180.2 8,646 3,424 152.5 12,767 6,797 120.2 91.5 82.7 0.6 0.4 38.0 30.7 21.6 19.8 31.9 32.7 57 199,779 92, 262 116.5 75,676 29,992 152.3 147,224 61,745 138.4 95.8 94.1 0.7 0.6 45.3 47.2 17.1 16.8 33.4 31.« 58 141,266 79,220 78.3 40,168 20,555 95.4 63,909 31,486 103.0 95.4 90.9 0.3 0.4 54.9 54.8 15.6 14.2 24.8 21.8 69 367,783 201,584 82.4 181,059 107,667 68.2 297,365 180,294 64.9 91.9 90.0 0.9 0.7 40.0 37.0 19.7 19.8 82.3 33.1 112 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Urban and rural communities. — Table 37 shows, for each geographic division, the number of males 21 years of age and over in 1910 in urban and rural com- munities, respectively, classified according to color or race, nativity, and parentage. The percentages formed by the several classes of population are also shown graphically in the accompanying diagram. In the United States as a whole males 21 years of age and over formed a larger proportion of the total population in 1910 in urban than in rural commimi- ties, but the opposite was the case in the New Eng- land, Middle Atlantic, and Mountain divisions. In the urban communities of the United States as a whole in 1910, only 38.2 per cent of the males 21 years of age and over were native whites of native parentage^ while 34.3 per cent were foreign-born whites and 20.8 per cent native whites of foreign or mixed par- entage; thus considerably over one-half of the total either were born abroad or had one or both parents born abroad. In rm'al communities, on the other hand, nearly three-fifths (59.4 per cent) of the males of 21 years and over were native whites of native par- entage, only 27.7 per cent being foreign-born whites and native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. In the Middle Atlantic and New England divisions the proportion of native whites of native parentage among males of 21 years and over in urban communities was especially low (30.2 and 33.7 per cent, respec- tively), and the proportion of foreign-born whites especially high (44.2 and 44 per cent, respectively). DISTRIBUTION OF MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES: 1910. UNITED STATES NEW ENGLAND MID. ATLANTIC E. NO. CENTRAL W. NO. CENTRAL SO. ATLANTIC E. SO. CENTRAL W. SO. CENTRAL MOUNTAIN PACIFIC NATIVE WHITE - NATIVE PARENTAGE QZ2 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE NATIVE WHITE - FOREIGN OR MIXED PARENTAGE ^^^H NEGRO AND ALL OTHER MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 37 males 21 years of age and over. PER CENT OF TOTAL. Total. Per cent of total popu- lation. White. Negro. Indian, Chinese, Jap- anese, and all Other. Native white. Foreign- bem wliite. White. Negro. In- dian, Clii- nese, Jap- anese, and all other. Native white. DIVISION AND CLASS OF COMMUNITY. Native parentage. Foreign ormixcd parentage. Native par- ent- age. For- eign or mixed par- ent- age. For- eign- bom white. tTnited States 26,999,151 13,341,135 13,658,016 29.4 31.3 27 7 24,357,514 12,453,858 11,903,656 2,458,873 811,945 1,646,928 182,764 75,332 107,432 13,211,731 5,092,259 8,119,472 4,498,966 2,779,541 1,719,425 6,646,817 4,582,058 2,064,759 90.2 93.3 87.2 9.1 6.1 12.1 0.7 0.6 0.8 48.9 38.2 59.4 16.7 20.8 12.6 24.6 XTrban 34.3 Kural 15.1 New England 2,019,096 1,658,155 360,941 5,920,501 4,177,617 1,742,884 5,604,500 3,042,818 2,561,682 3,493,637 1,267,791 2,226,846 3,071,428 892,835 2,178,593 2,096,186 460,715 1,635,471 2,261,366 589,580 1,671,786 913,558 327,466 586,102 1,618,879 924,168 694,711 30.8 30.4 32.9 30.7 30.4 31.2 30.7 31.6 29.7 30.0 32.7 28.7 25.2 28.9 23.9 24.9 29.3 23.9 25.7 30.1 24.5 34.7 34.6 34.8 38.6 38.8 38.4 1,992,996 1,634,413 358,583 5,770,811 4,055,787 1,715,024 5,489,013 2,955,156 2,533,857 3,398,100 1,206,967 2,191,133 2,112,547 641,383 1,471,164 22,074 20,170 1,904 138,750 113,137 25,013 107,170 83,991 23, 179 83,219 58,938 24,281 955,364 250,083 7ns 9ii1 4,026 3,572 454 10,940 8,693 2.247 8,317 3,671 4,646 12,318 1,886 10,432 3,517 1,369 2,148 950 254 696 16,910 2,086 14,824 33,165 6,078 27,087 92,621 47,723 44,898 808,405 559,077 249,328 2,320,175 1,263,179 1,056,996 2,613,162 1,115,297 1,497,865 1,711,122 579,723 1,131,399 1,841,213 466,228 1,374,985 1,337,122 237,209 1,099,913 1,428,856 329, 121 1,099,735 442,848 155,799 287,049 708,828 386,626 322,202 387,744 346,146 41,598 1,178,365 944,316 234,049 1,302,508 742,534 559,974 817,570 294,915 522,655 120,669 83,620 37,049 69,346 47,547 21,799 154,845 68,616 86,229 171,016 67,451 103,565 296,903 184,396 112,507 796,847 729,190 67,657 2,272,271 1,848,292 423,979 1,573,343 1,097,325 476,018 869,408 332,329 537,079 150,665 91,535 59,130 46,308 29,366 16,942 171,940 66,117 105,823 257,537 92,118 165, 419 508,498 295,786 212, 712 98.7 98.6 99.3 97.5 97.1 98.4 97.9 97.1 98.9 97.3 95.2 98.4 68.8 71.8 67.5 69.3 68.2 69.0 77.6 78.7 77.3 95.4 96.3 94.9 93.5 93.8 93.2 1.1 1.2 0.5 2.3 2.7 1.5 1.9 2.8 0.9 2.4 4.6 1.1 31.1 28.0 32.4 30.6 31.8 30.3 21.6 21.0 21.8 1.0 1.8 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1 (1) 0.1 (') 0.7 0.4 0.9 3.6 1.9 4.6 5.7 5.2 6.5 40.0 33.7 69.1 39.2 30.2 60.6 46.6 36.7 58.5 49.0 45.7 50.8 59.9 52.2 63.1 19.2 20.9 11.5 19.9 22.6 13.4 23.2 24.4 21.9 23.4 23.3 23.5 3.9 9.4 1.7 39.5 Urban 44.0 Rural 18.7 Middle Atlantic 38.4 Urban 44.2 Rural 24.3 East North Central 28.1 Urban 36.1 Rural 18.6 West North Central Urban 24.9 26.2 Rural 24.1 South Atlantic 4.9 Urban 10.3 Rural 2.7 East South Central 1,452,776 ^9 iMs 63. 8 S. % 2.5 Urban 314, 122 1,138,654 1,755,641 463,854 1,291,787 871,401 315. 368 556,033 1,514,229 866,808 647, 421 146,339 496, 121 488,815 123,040 366, 175 8,992 6,010 2,982 12,029 9,637 2,392 51.5 67.3 63.2 55.8 65.8 48.5 47.6 49.0 43.8 41.8 46.4 10.3 1.3 6.8 11.6 5.2 18.7 20.6 17.7 18.3 20.0 16.2 6.4 Rural 1.0 West South Central 7.6 Urban 11.2 Rural 6.3 Mountain 28.2 TTrhan 28.1 Rural 28.2 Pacific 31.4 Urban.. 32.0 Rural 30.6 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 113 Principal cities. — Statistics regarding males 21 years of age and over in cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more in 1910 are presented in Table 38, and similar statistics in somewhat less detail for cities having from 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants are presented in Table 39. Among the cities of 100,000 inhabitants or more in 1910 there were seven in which males 21 years of age and over formed more than 35 per cent of the total population, namely, Kansas City, Mo., Los Angeles, Oakland, Portland, Oreg., San Francisco, Seattle, and Spokane. Li New York City the percentage was 30.1, and in no city did the percentage fall below 26. Foreign-born whites constituted at least one-half of the males 21 years of age and over in 1910 in Bridge- port, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Fall River (63.8 per cent, the highest for any city of 100,000 inliabitants or more), Lowell, New York City (57.8 per cent), Paterson, and Worcester. On the other hand, native whites of native parentage formed less than one-fifth of the total nimiber in Chicago, Fall River (11.3 percent), LoweU, Milwaukee, New York City (16 per cent), and Paterson. The percentage of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage was especially high in Buffalo, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Rochester, St. Louis, and St. Paul. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910 AND 1900. Table 38 MALES 21 TEARS OP AQE AKD OTKB. Total. 1»10 1900 Percent of total population. 1910 1900 Native white. Native parentage. 1910 1900 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 1900 Foreign-bom white. 1910 1900 Negro. 1910 1900 Indian, Chi- nese, Japa- nese, and all other: 1910 FEB CENT OF TOTAL: 1910 Native wliite. Na- tive par- ent- age. For- eign or mixed par- entage, For- eign- born white. Ne- gro. Albany.N. Y Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Buflalo,N. Y Cambridge. Mass Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich... Indianapolis, Ind Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, Cal Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Milwaukee, Wis Minneapolis, Minn Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn New Orleans, La New Yorlc, N. Y MarUiattan Borough Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough. ^leeni Borough Richmond Borough. Newark, N. J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa.» Portland, Oreg Providence, R.I Richmond, Va. Rochester, N. Y St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Mmn San Francisco, Cal Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracvise, N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C Worcester, Mass 32,000 44,610 163,664 40,609 208,321 32,991 128,133 30,262 700,590 113,919 177,386 60,892 38,236 71,990 160,017 31,647 34,205 76,743 80,866 87,457 114,889 67,676 31,300 44,309 113,106 105,305 30,774 40,510 96,997 1,433,749 717,655 l!Se,9S5 470,388 8t,S7S ie,soo 103,234 53,967 43,216 36,873 468,813 166,424 88,908 68,983 37,204 69,564 221,913 72,073 175,951 37,059 101,685 40,254 44,713 52,748 103,761 45,601 28,410 23,185 141,271 12,246 176,068 21,952 97,938 26,864 511,048 92,799 111,522 40,071 26,746 42,712 78,855 26,842 24,906 52,544 60,319 53,708 33,049 59,561 27,059 31,405 75,020 63,711 22,191 32,566 75,440 1,007,670 SSS, 7se 67, sat SSS,71S 4S,i70 to, 167 70,558 20,851 34,620 29,648 386,953 136,421 38,353 53,131 23,436 45,395 171,798 51,027 128,985 28,075 39,503 14,944 32,499 38,257 83,823 35,743 31.9 28.7 29.3 30.7 31.1 32.3 30.2 28.9 32.1 31.3 31.6 33.5 32.8 33.7 32.2 26.5 30.5 32.8 30.2 35.2 36.0 30.2 29.4 33.8 30.3 34.9 27.9 30.3 28.6 30.1 31. g id. 5 28.8 19.0 30.8 29.7 35.9 34.8 29.4 30.3 31.2 42.9 30.8 29.2 31.9 32.3 33.6 42.2 28.5 42.9 38.6 32.6 31.3 31.3 31.2 30.2 25.8 27.8 31.9 31.4 30.9 27.8 29.2 30.1 28.5 29.2 31.9 30.2 31.9 27.6 25.6 28.4 31.1 29.2 32.8 32.2 29.1 28.5 30.7 26.3 31.4 27.4 30.1 26.3 29.3 19.9 £8.8 £8.6 t8.t 30. e 28.7 31.1 33.8 28.2 29.9 30.2 42.4 30.3 27.6 27.9 29.9 31.3 37.6 27.5 49.0 40.6 30.0 29.0 30.1 30.2 11,950 26,626 68,492 19,493 47,806 8,402 30,617 7,048 126,703 37,419 36,358 36,090 21,281 34,118 32,653 3,661 11,792 45,686 17,336 61,616 57,829 28,456 5,850 19,781 15,436 31,749 17,422 10,853 33,767 229,362 99, m 19,547 86,751 16, 714 7,m 24,386 17,046 17,601 7,115 160,396 45,933 41,408 17,920 19,551 20,467 67,002 18,559 41,619 8,759 41,6.S2 18,893 17,377 21,209 49,949 12,343 9,663 12,932 57,502 5,826 47,733 6,516 20,418 7,636 103,674 22,314 23,637 22,280 12,984 20,877 15,830 3,582 8,279 27,990 13,444 29,881 16,024 20,921 6,259 11,172 7,872 18,401 11,178 10,990 18,910 178,900 83,860 I0,0i9 70, 794 8,4B1 6,766 17,656 6,987 15,002 5,774 141,741 37,060 13,886 16,756 11,799 12,459 42,588 13,102 27,179 6,170 19,634 7,259 11,826 13,919 39,557 11,319 11,435 1,665 34,895 1,811 61,139 6,946 40,446 7,093 175,397 42,366 43,068 11,244 7,848 15,934 39,761 7, 8,527 13, 149 23,574 13,601 20,228 17,190 7,156 3,847 41,114 27,053 2,196 9,186 24,134 339,611 14i,087 37,S66 1X7, 157 t6,eoe 6, 90S 25,938 12,783 9,874 9,046 112,186 40,737 15,283 16,192 2,320 21,683 74,623 22,832 46,740 10,617 17,323 8,147 11,940 14,955 14,078 9,988 10,478 1,056 31,997 762 41,701 5,066 31,903 5,985 121,804 38,628 28,441 8,838 6,828 8,426 21,426 5,379 5,745 10,987 18,300 8,761 5,766 16, 175 5,392 3,266 26,313 14,422 2,061 7,682 22,699 264,205 1X9,081 17,470 99,8t3 IS, 503 S,S48\ 19,195 4,863 6,883 6,923 96,070 35,507 6,312 11,759 1,745 15,508 61,948 14,407 33,579 8,056 5,442 2,857 9,883 10,859 11,161 7,441 8,192 2,287 33,638 2,944 103,160 17,114 56,337 14,636 379,850 26,723 94,431 8,487 7,303 19,204 75,323 20,181 13,689 10,407 37,707 13,052 29,576 8,334 18,191 3,403 56,101 45,169 1,435 19,194 13,486 828,793 481,146 68,676 248,544 38,360 11,977 49,674 19,334 13,788 20,182 167,072 70,148 25,230 32,863 2,040 27,067 63,440 29,048 75,768 17,461 36,097 12,389 14,944 15,826 11,738 22,816 7,768 1,258 29,616 973 81,058 9,943 44,869 12,004 271,962 26,844 66,973 5,980 4,790 11,778 40,216 17,732 10,683 8,335 27,104 9,183 8,618 10,047 15,305 2,697 40,466 30,227 1,457 13,030 13,603 539,746 St4,6Sl £9,3. 155, ei 21,383 8,768 31,483 7,701 11,383 16,475 127,915 55,958 9,636 22,868 1,401 17,242 55,223 22,435 56,102 13,629 11,521 4,324 10,404 12,843 9,600 16,541 379 13,865 26,214 16,441 6,070 471 740 1,384 17,845 7,387 3,298 5,028 1,781 1,999 2,224 133 264 7,556 2,104 9,101 2,671 13,687 44 17,238 396 1,227 9,713 1,191 25,269 30,855 £l,t79\ 1,£89 7,01 1\ 959\ 3371 3,015 l,238l 1,885! 453i 28,120 9,362 525 1,765 13,279 305 16,381 1,573 831 216 1,204 306 437 719 27,621 384 490 7, 21,806 4,689 4,441 367 662 1,131 12,414 4,997 2,368 2,965 1,124 1,331 1,372 71 192 5,200 1,260 5,797 032 12,416 47 14,251 358 637 7,476 863 19,809 18,651 11,638 757 6, £76 681 800 1,966 355 1,257 356 20,095 7,719 386 1,500 8,472 175 11,727 1,051 619 207 169 169 356 606 23,072 339 35 68 315 10 1,146 59 93 101 1,795 24 241 43 23 736 66 73 23 46 146 87 4,686 9 50 40 59 117 341 5,128 3,8ia 187 9££ 134 66 221 3,566 68 77 1,039 244 6,462 243 14 42 467 61 10,993 6 5,429 520 15 39 375 70 37.4 59, 41.9 47.9 22.9 25.5 23.8 23.3 17.9 32.8 20.5 59.3 56.7 47.4 21.8 11.3 34.4 59 21 59.0 50.3 42.0 18.7 44.6 13.6 30.1 56.6 26. 34.8 16.0 15.6 16. 4 18. 4 £0.3 £7.3 23.6 31.6 40.7 19.3 34.2 27.6 46.6 26.0 52.6 29.4 30.2 25.8 23.7 23.6 40.9 46.9 38.9 40.2 48.1 27.1 36.7 3.7 21.3 4.4 24.5 21.1 31.6 23.4 26.0 37.2 24.3 18.5 20.5 22.1 28.5 24.3 24.9 17 29.2 15.6 17.6 26.4 22.9 8.7 36.3 25.7 7.1 22.7 24.9 23.7 19. B £9.4 £7.0 31.8 £6.1 25.1 23.7 22.8 24.5 23.9 24.5 17.2 23.5 6.2 31.2 33.6 31.7 26.6 28.6 17.0 25.6 6.1 20.6 7.2 49.5 51.9 44.0 48.4 64.2 23.5 53.2 13.9 19.1 26.7 50.2 63.8 39.9 13.6 46.6 14.9 25.7 12.3 68.1 7.7 49.6 42.9 4.7 47.4 13.9 67.8 83.4 64.1 S£.8 48.6 46.2 48.1 35 31.9 54.7 35.6 42.2 28.4 47.6 5.5 38.9 28.6 40.3 43.1 47.1 35.5 20.2 30.8 26.7 33.4 28.4 30.0 13.6 11.3 21.9 50.0 1.2 31.2 16.0 40.4 2.4 1.4 0.0 4.6 2.5 6.6 1.9 8.3 4.7 2.8 1.5 0.4 O.S 9.8 2.6 10.4 2.2 20.2 O.l 38.9 0.4 1.2 31.6 2.9 26.1 2.2 £.9 1.0 1.5 l.t 1.3 2.9 2.3 4.4 1.2 6.0 5.0 0.0 2.6 35.7 0.4 7.4 2.2 0.S 0.6 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.4 26.6 0.8 72497°— 13- Includes population of Allegheny for 1900. 114 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, WITH CITIZENSHIP OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITES, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910. Table 39 Mobile. Montgomery. Alabama Little Rook. Arkansas Berkeley Pasadena... Sacramento. Ban Diego... San Jose California Colorado Colorado Springs. Pueblo Connecticut Hartford Merlden town Meriden city New Britain Norwich town Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Georgia Augusta Macon Savannah Illinois Aurora Bloomington Danville Decatur East St. Louis Elgin Joflet Peoria Quincy Rockford f^ringfleld Indiana Evansville Fort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute Cedar Rapids.. Clinton , Coimcil Bluffs. Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Iowa Kansas City. Topeka Wichita 3Sansas Covington. Lexington. Newport... Kentucky Shreveport. Louisiana Maine Lewlston. Portland Massachusetts Brockton Brookllne town Chelsea Chicopee Everett Fitchburg Haverhill Hoi yoke Lawrence Lynn MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total. 1010 15,014 10,789 14,801 12,622 9,262 18,777 14,824 9,761 9,213 16,814 31, 121 9,445 7,996 13,084 8,292 8,947 7,6S8 22,801 27,519 19,392 11,691 11,949 11,647 19,557 9,711 8,009 8,514 9,703 21,005 7,910 11,477 23,054 11,388 15,014 16,090 21,443 19,678 16,566 18,609 10,387 8,397 9,439 13,703 27,359 11,983 16,932 8,945 26,662 13,977 17,788 15,685 11,081 8,635 7,267 18,447 17,905 7,346 10,112 7,072 9,561 11,027 13,533 15,528 25,983 29.171 1900 10,646 7,792 11,744 3,734 2,675 10,914 5,885 6,586 6,773 10,142 26,631 8,272 7,040 8,041 7,035 5,548 4,601 18,568 23,157 8,183 4,939 10,346 6,088 16,994 7,042 6,828 5,016 6,057 9,841 6,353 8,932 18, 104 10,276 8,856 9,913 16,756 12,595 10,402 11,089 7,462 6,627 7,643 10,372 18,911 10,977 10,082 3,880 15,589 9,657 7,442 11,598 7,719 7,702 4,693 6,307 15,433 12,357 5,336 10, 198 5,476 7,048 9,102 11, 182 11,791 17,813 21,485 Native white: 1910 Native parent- 6,376 4,971 7,668 6,363 6,509 6,972 7,853 3,837 5,877 8,953 9,615 2,408 S,027 2,426 2,499 8,149 S,471 6,086 18,253 7,490 3,674 6,739 6,933 6,329 3,637 4,212 5,533 6,766 8,930 2,788 2,426 11,482 4,785 4,497 7,747 10,818 9,702 6,584 12,553 5,119 3,187 4,826 4,336 15,976 3,308 7,224 6,360 14,227 8,496 13,064 7,645 6,498 3,483 3,896 2,381 10,208 Foreign or mixed parent- 1,815 429 1,466 2,822 1,459 4,437 2,461 2,370 Foreign- bom white: 1910 394 1,066 3,627 1,772 6,331 3,845 2,963 1,639 1,434 2,310 4,777 6,945 13,975 2,650 4,346 2,2S8 8,690 2,676 8,843 2,026 3,658 1,699 3,979 i,m S,B79 4,965 12,463 4,511 6,754 881 1,308 760 4,407 603 498 340 381 1,629 1,709 2,605 3,566 1,907 1,612 1,437 1,005 1,540 1,127 4,041 6,729 2,404 2,651 2,971 5,877 6,248 4,661 4,230 1,807 3,333 7,102 3,952 3,356 6,090 2,289 5,964 3,785 2,950 6,787 3,076 2,057 2,664 2,619 2,463 2,615 2,034 2,309 5,007 4,132 6,088 5,231 5,402 3,220 3,801 6,781 2,076 1,494 3,514 5,710 1,987 2,123 2,260 1,691 5,082 1,885 692 509 3,602 1,534 483 625 1,356 3,502 3,094 5,023 3,494 7,033 1,543 2,307 1,699 5,883 1,612 4,330 1,808 4,085 2,128 5,933 2,377 4,936 3,806 9,457 5,274 17,414 5,642 12,038 Negro: 1910 6,678 4,988 4,692 66 227 207 232 338 581 501 29 ifi 26 191 9« 9S 262 2,981 9,662 2,026 5,067 4,988 9,962 100 272 626 260 2,286 56 195 644 555 74 1,021 2,242 215 225 906 93 142 160 224 1,043 47 122 14 3,088 1,364 961 3,379 167 3,704 18 80 151 50 66 3 204 20 120 10 128 218 Indian, Chi- nese, Japa- nese, and all other: 1910 764 295 1,830 433 525 25 193 85 12 IS 15 18 24 f>S 36 20 61 34 42 5 110 4 21 6 4 1 23 7 13 12 3 10 42 29 22 28 6 15 11 31 16 54 106 PEK CENT OP total: 1910 Native white. Na- tive par- ent- 36.8 46.1 51.8 42.5 59.5 37.1 63.0 39.8 63.8 63.2 30.9 25.5 £5.4 17.3 30.1 36.2 St. 4 22.3 38.6 80.6 48.0 50.9 32.4 36.4 52.6 65.0 69.7 42.5 35.2 21.1 49.8 42.0 30.0 48.1 50.6 49.3 39.7 67.5 49.3 38.0 51.1 31.6 58.4 27.6 42.7 59.9 53.6 60.8 73.4 49.1 58.6 39.6 32.8 55.3 40.2 46.6 24.1 15.9 36.1 26.6 44.8 14.4 12.0 38.3 For- eign or mixed par- ent- age. 12.1 4.0 22.4 15.8 23.6 16.6 24.3 16.7 13.7 22.3 28.1 S8.0 19.1 24.4 10.0 19. S 21.8 16.4 4.5 6.4 5.0 2.9 7.8 25.8 23.8 16.9 16.9 19.2 30.4 25.9 27.1 37.1 22.2 24.6 28.4 30.3 17.8 16.5 24.6 29.2 21.5 36.5 18.6 45.1 22.4 23.2 13.2 14.2 12.6 32.6 6.2 41.0 6.7 18.7 16.8 19.5 21.0 16.8 22.8 18.9 19.3 17.6 24.5 20.3 19.3 For- eign- born white. 8.2 3.7 7.2 28.7 19.1 28.4 25.9 30.4 15.6 28.4 44.9 46.0 46.1 63.2 42.9 44.5 46. 9 54.7 24.6 6.7 37.7 4.2 3.3 8.7 36.7 20.1 11.8 11.6 27.3 33.5 51.2 20.2 15.9 47.3 20.9 10.7 19.2 41.0 11.1 25.2 31.1 24.6 30.2 19.1 26.9 34.1 16.7 21.6 16.2 8.9 12.1 4.6 17.6 6.1 48.2 27.2 39.3 31.4 58.2 61.2 42.7 53.8 36.6 60.9 67.0 41.3 Ne- gro. 43.8 46.2 31.0 0.4 2.5 1.1 1.6 0.7 3.7 3.5 1.6 0.3 0.4 0.2 2.3 1.1 l.S 1.1 10.8 49.8 25.0 42.4 42.8 50.9 1.0 3.4 6.2 2.7 10.9 0.7 1.7 2.8 4.9 0.5 6.3 10.5 1.1 1.4 4.9 0.9 1.7 1.7 1.6 3.8 0.4 0.7 0.2 11.6 9.8 4.9 6.2 30.5 1.9 42.9 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0) 2.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.6 0.7 FOKEIGN-BOEN WHITE MALES 21 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER: 1910 Natural- ized 652 201 629 2,096 1,101 2,424 2,057 1,637 748 1,773 6,294 2,308 1,931 3,054 1,456 1,486 1,517 4,662 2,872 687 919 261 161 938 Hav- ing first papers. 339 125 402 190 181 83 230 1,112 348 Slg 693 185 326 S81 695 620 176 32 21 121 1,796 171 1,162 53 727 46 694 53 1,613 374 1,608 127 2,483 284 2,598 191 1,342 21 4,094 626 1,940 242 1,683 132 2,459 363 2,226 2,434 1,080 164 1,531 185 1,697 98 1,302 94 2,597 264 2,807 280 2,281 120 2,408 459 650 64 2,427 642 1,116 133 653 88 1,435 88 330 22 1,009 86 248 6 1,406 57 2,222 262 3,167 682 1,274 138 2,133 647 1,280 167 2,228 294 1,050 382 1,015 340 3,765 418 6,688 678 4,931 978 Alien. 328 50 117 854 402 1,779 936 812 279 1,991 5,751 1,280 1,116 4,476 1,677 1,739 1,690 6,698 2,671 276 2,766 94 72 357 1,160 137 60 110 2,701 280 2,671 1,020 51 1,822 454 115 616 1,309 229 416 640 619 488 893 410 1,821 416 1,734 413 363 78 190 1,558 1,811 2,909 723 2,840 2,734 1,363 3,189 2,540 4,615 9,608 5,522 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 115 MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, WITH CITIZENSHIP OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITES, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. Table 39— Continued. Uassacbasetts— Continued. Maiden New Bedford . Newton Plttsfleld Quincy Salem Somerville.... Springfield..., Taunton Waltham Hlchlgan Battle Creek. Bay City Flint Jackson Kalamazoo... Lansing Saginaw Duluth. Minnesota Toplin Bt. Joseph.. Springfield. Butte Missouri Montana Nebraska Lincoln Boutli Omaha Kew Hampslilre Manchester Nashua New Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange Elizalxjth Hoboken Orange Passaic Perth Amboy Trenton West Hoboken town New York Amsterdam Auburn Bingliamton Elmira Jamestown Kingston Momit Vernon New Rochelle Newburgh Niagara Falls Poughkeepsie Schenectady Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers North Carolina Charlotte WUmlngton Ohio Akron Canton... ; Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield V. Youngstown Zanesville Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City '. Pennsylvania Allentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg MALES 31 YBABS Or AGE AND OYEB. Total, 1910 12,218 28,363 10,817 10,236 9,820 12,629 22,883 27,360 10,236 7,952 8,429 13,664 16,107 10,768 12,688 10,767 15,347 30,000 0,921 28,061 K),616 16,037 U,923 8,677 19,730 7,768 15,626 16,463 38,826 9,764 22,606 22,320 8,493 14,924 9,994 31,203 10,273 9,501 11,949 15,666 11,991 10,033 7,558 8,854 8,943 8,471 10,352 8,682 25,073 22,483 22,679 8,584 23,533 9,025 7,129 23,767 16,874 10,956 9,376 10,177 8,336 16,361 28,157 8,698 8,808 24,736 15,232 15,708 12,336 8,750 20,095 20,171 1900 9,496 17, 163 9,265 6,187 6,916 10,097 18,148 18,473 9,216 6,669 6,798 7,269 4,027 8,311 7,461 4,664 11,838 18,937 8,300 34,374 6,469 13,387 13,638 9,880 16,396 0,706 9,368 9,308 22,249 6,774 15, 191 17,089 0,649 7,662 6,783 32,110 6,403 6,009 10,084 12,189 11,349 6,738 6,804 5,758 4,454 7,066 6,478 7,190 11,093 17,038 16,216 6,782 13,386 4,667 5,373 12,620 8,818 7,148 6,459 6,825 5,451 11,780 13,691 6,857 1,321 3,643 10,160 10,923 10,095 7,455 15,486 14.687 Native white: 1910 Native parent- age. 4,379 2,296 6,778 4,363 4,616 2,011 3,936 2,986 2,787 1,997 3,860 2,980 9,226 4,728 10,906 6,008 3,6U 2,421 3,016 1,834 6,669 3,000 7,741 6,967 6,514 6,623 4,326 6,864 8,181 16,7(6 8,188 4,170 8,122 2,303 4,708 2,072 7,066 2,748 14,374 5,100 4,979 3,138 2,019 1,861 1,410 11,620 1,270 3,031 4,876 9,460 6,698 3,301 3,769 3,849 2,534 3,925 2,397 4,374 10,490 8,007 6,902 4,077 5,464 5,820 3,566 11,931 8,548 5,907 6,832 2,393 5,618 9,193 7,795 5,983 5,363 17,615 10,864 10,648 4,908 5,817 6,428 14,785 Foreign or mixed parent- age. 1,396 4,376 3,583 3,461 3,663 3,109 6,303 6,301 978 4,401 1,107 3,677 3,380 1,600 3,444 1,333 1,748 3,390 6,063 2,133 6,488 6,630 2,073 1,061 1,316 6,479 3,774 1,730 3,060 2,644 2,706 1,747 2,003 2,136 1,039 2,106 2,078 1,969 4,877 7,682 6,300 1,673 6,215 162 229 4,541 3,178 3,046 1,391 1,445 1,358 2,760 5,533 1,428 575 2,490 1,612 2,129 2,320 1,381 5,964 1,842 Foreign- bom white: 1910 9,404 17, 161 4,001 3,176 4,990 6,690 8,814 9,942 4,206 3,068 1,360 6,213 3,638 3,182 3,140 2,006 5,684 17,003 636 4,381 038 7,826 3,101 4,377 11,480 3,74S 2,090 10,100 7,397 2,079 11,718 13,603 3,000 10,020 7,301 12,038 0,177 4,691 3,788 3,310 2,494 5,035 1,687 3,612 4,000 2,241 5,755 2,122 9,562 6,554 9,341 2,798 12,295 240 259 7,051 5,010 1,703 818 6,216 1,236 1,662 14,027 859 344 2,122 2,705 2,757 3,476 1,452 7,562 1,979 Negro: 1910 110 934 100 103 16 63 54 460 91 9 197 02 147 166 254 113 127 lOS 383 1,698 683 117 302 313 3,750 166 1,946 423 400 39 730 166 60 1,124 20 33 313 244 183 39 197 336 446 189 118 311 85 226 135 30 501 2,801 3,066 238 129 297 329 121 117 1,735 785 424 2,464 2,392 47 165 1,615 95 134 1,650 Indian, Chi- nese, Japa- nese, and ail otber: 1910 248 12 176 70 34 67 25 26 42 21 20 11 33 23 7 13 8 11 1 2 21 24 10 4 6 59 14 1 6 58 2 9 6 9 3 6 2 7 11 17 4 62 117 4 9 17 5 7 15 PKB CENT OF TOTAL: 1910 Native white. For- For- Na- tive par- eign or mixed eign- bom white. ent- par- age. ent- age. 35.8 18.8 44.2 20.4 16.4 60.7 42.7 18.6 37.5 38.5 29.2 31.0 38.4 20.3 60.9 30.6 23.6 45.1 40.3 20.7 38.5 39.9 22.0 36.3 34.3 23.7 41.1 37.9 23.1 38.6 66.1 10.6 14.0 23.7 34.6 41.2 61.2 23.7 24.0 66.3 22.9 20.3 61.7 21.1 25.0 60.0 19.6 18.6 28.2 34.0 30.4 10.5 31.0 58.7 82.0 9.9 5.3 60.6 16.9 16.4 77.0 10.5 6.1 26.0 22.9 48.8 68.3 17.1 22.3 20.5 17.4 60.4 24.3 17.5 68.2 34.4 17.2 48.3 46.2 11.2 19.2 16.7 20.6 61.4 49.9 17.5 25.7 62.3 21.8 21.3 22.0 24.3 61.8 14.1 24.8 00.8 23.8 24.4 43.1 12.5 13.1 73.2 14.2 13.2 72.1 37.3 17.6 41.6 12.5 27.0 60.1 31.9 18.3 49.4 40.8 25.6 31.7 '60.4 16.9 21.1 55.0 22.0 20.8 31.9 17.4 50.2 49.9 26.5 21.0 32.2 24.1 40.8 28.3 21.7 44.7 46.3 24.9 26.5 23.2 20.1 55.6 60.4 22.7 24.4 41.8 19.5 .38.1 35.6 34.2 29.2 30.4 27.8 41.2 47.5 19.6 32.6 23.2 22.2 52.2 64.6 L8 2.7 60.0 3.2 3.6 50.2 19.1 29.7 5a7 18.8 29.7 63.9 27.8 15.5 72.9 14.8 a7 23.5 14.2 61.1 67.4 16.3 14.8 59.8 18.0 10.8 27.7 19.7 49.8 68.8 16.4 9.9 60.9 6.6 3.9 71.2 10.1 8.6 71.3 10.6 17.8 67.8 13.6 17.6 39.8 18.8 28.2 66.5 15.8 16.6 32.0 29.7 37.6 73.3 9.1 9.8 Ne- gro. 1.0 3.3 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 L6 0.0 0.1 2.3 0.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.7 2.8 6.1 6.5 0.7 2.2 3.6 0.1 0.1 24.0 1.0 6.7 4.3 1.8 0.2 8.6 1.0 0.6 3.0 0.2 0.3 1.8 1.6 1.6 0.4 2.6 2.7 5.0 2.2 1.1 2.4 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.3 2.1 31.0 43.0 1.0 0.8 2.7 3.5 1.2 1.4 11.3 2.8 4.9 28.0 9.7 a3 1.1 13.1 1.1 0.7 7.7 FOREiaN-BOKN WHITE MALES 21 TEAB8 or AGS AND OYEB: 1010 Natural- ized, 2,041 6,441 1,829 1,640 2,367 2,443 4,263 4,183 1,500 1,635 670 4,009 1,570 1,180 1,605 1,020 3,799 8,360 360 2,260 304 4,003 1,372 1,060 4,560 1,190 1,170 3,364 3,041 1,187 6,036 5,796 1,822 2,967 2,231 5,253 2,906 1,808 1,743 1,260 1,648 2,741 965 1,950 1,979 1,125 2,082 994 3,856 4,388 4,326 1,050 6,629 100 142 2,459 2,005 1,042 470 1,496 360 916 4,268 348 117 848 904 1,083 1,137 646 3,348 917 Hav- ing first papers. 630 788 310 185 627 221 671 792 117 216 64 262 196 119 134 137 166 3,172 18 305 16 786 803 063 442 76 312 .719 480 121 1,077 1,447 324 747 489 943 789 252 209 238 94 453 82 341 659 109 373 130 741 186 542 131 1,110 28 9 317 203 78 24 469 45 38 661 27 12 102 267 201 106 74 410 121 Alien. 1,739 10,084 1,689 1,353 1,922 2,798 3,403 4,520 2,200 1,146 324 634 1,719 612 719 610 717 4,774 63 960 31 1,667 610 1,302 4,846 2,199 822 6,290 2,952 436 4,572 6,238 1,191 6,231 3,913 5,736 1,728 2,310 1,680 1,060 669 1,095 352 1,160 1,332 650 2,892 487 4,071 1,419 3,662 1,255 5,060 61 38 3,198 2,676 339 117 3,618 536 249 7,643 286 60 607 1,366 1,116 1,828 688 2,704 872 Citizen- ship not re- ported. 116 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, WITH CITIZENSHIP OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITES, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. Table 39— Continued* PenasylTanla— Continued . Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster MoKeesport New Castle Norristown borough Reading Shenandoah borough Wilkes-Barre Wflliamsport York Rhode Island Newiwrt Pawtucket Warwick town Woonsocket South Carolina Charleston Columbia Tennessee Chattanooga Rnoxville Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galreston Houston San Antonio Waco Xrtah Ogden Salt Lake City Virginia Lynchburg Norfolk Portsmouth Roanoke Washlngrton Tacoma West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse Madison Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Superior MALES 21 YEARS OF AOE AND OVEB. Total. 1910 6,724 18,808 13,492 12,840 11,822 8,619 29,041 8,028 18,934 9,214 13,3.31 8,648 15,061 7,636 10,422 16,107 7,605 14,299 10,891 8,612 29,864 11, 791 25,193 12,753 25,935 27,979 7,375 7,680 28,640 7,848 20,907 10,623 10,144 32,910 9,349 12,822 6,884 8,729 7,825 9,440 12,478 7,807 15,378 1900 3,666 10,968 11,228 9,812 8,813 6,714 22,516 6,449 13,557 7,782 9,492 6,811 11,076 5,901 7,363 14,167 5,049 9,133 9,015 6,227 12,843 6,032 8,323 11,097 13,816 14.490 5,641 4,082 13,639 4,599 13,968 5,361 5,791 14,005 3,386 11,122 4,766 7,577 5,708 7,513 8,283 6,044 11,320 Native white: 1910 Native parent- 1,719 6,709 9,655 3,768 5,318 5,149 21,606 881 5,666 6,148 10,964 3,105 3,366 2,287 1,432 5,477 4,110 7,262 7,429 4,489 18,674 5,058 16,301 3,584 11,853 11,941 4,682 2,879 10,471 5,146 10,221 6,872 7,389 13,791 7,871 6,748 1,459 2,159 2,582 2,225 2,160 751 3,863 Foreign or mixed parent- 2,014 2,672 2,181 2,265 1,694 1,462 2,707 1,199 6,129 1,663 1,163 2,113 4,078 1,561 2,433 1,454 191 645 484 947 2,527 1,390 1,776 2,966 3,352 5,700 484 2,210 217 953 740 271 5,644 412 3,927 3,319 3,587 3,021 3,582 3,682 2,695 3,206 Foreign- bom white: 1910 2,972 9,225 1.472 6,551 4,707 1,691 4.528 6,942 7,899 1,153 2,925 7,523 3,726 6,540 1,282 227 380 2,103 8,675 250 1,820 604 414 12,191 304 2,679 2,078 2,966 2,105 3,598 6,590 4,350 8,201 Negro: 1910 11 185 275 248 189 311 295 1 246 259 373 480 68 58 7 7,881 3,076 5,700 2,297 1,240 1,929 2,811 6,830 4,640 486 2,541 4,513 3,503 2,654 3,466 7,240 7,364 2,917 666 1,636 110 2,232 7,864 3,394 2,066 361 752 461 14 18 47 27 42 1 68 Indian, Chi- nese, Japa- nese, and all other: 1910 13 1 2 1 7 22 217 62 46 24 67 17 378 462 40 13 4 933 PER CENT OP total: 1910 Native white. Na- tive par- ent- 25.6 35.7 70.8 29.3 46.0 59.7 74.1 11.0 29.9 66.7 82.2 35.9 22.3 30.0 13.7 34.0 54.0 50.8 70.1 52.1 6e.6 42.9 64.7 28.1 45.7 42.7 62.1 37.6 36.6 65.6 48 9 66.3 72.8 41.9 84.2 44.8 21.2 24.7 33.0 23.6 17.3 9.6 26.1 For- eign or mixed par- ent- 30.0 14.2 16.2 17.6 13.5 17.0 9.3 14.9 27.1 17.9 8.7 24.4 27.1 20.4 23.3 9.0 2.6 4.5 4.6 11.0 8.6 11.8 7.0 23.3 12.9 2a4 6.6 28.8 30.2 2.8 4.6 7.0 2.7 17.1 4.4 30.6 48.2 41.1 38.6 37.9 29.5 34.5 20.8 For- elgn- bom white, 44.2 49.0 10.9 51.0 39.8 19.6 15.6 74.0 41.7 12.5 6.2 33.8 50.0 48.8 62.8 8.0 3.0 4.8 3.6 14.4 9.4 39.4 10. 1 27.5 13.4 26.3 8.9 27.4 3a3 3.2 8.7 5.7 4.1 37.0 3.3 2a 9 30.2 34.0 26.9 38.1 52.8 55.8 53.3 Ne- gro. 0.2 1.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 3.6 1.0 C) 1.3 2.8 2.8 5.6 0.5 0.8 0.1 48.9 4a4 39.9 21.7 22.4 19.5 4.1 17.9 20.8 27.9 10.4 22.2 1.4 1.3 28.4 37.6 31.9 20.4 1.1 8.0 .3.6 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 « 0.4 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE MALES 21 YEARS OF AOE AND OVER: 1910 Natural- ized. 1,457 1,621 1.028 2,648 1,326 477 1.430 1,750 .3,754 723 508 1,672 4,017 1,581 2,300 678 103 361 193 583 1,504 1,962 1,754 3,114 387 1,130 4,335 130 931 349 212 5,806 175 1,413 1,624 1,759 1,174 2,106 2,834 2,061 3,735 Hav- ing first papers. 119 190 68 410 292 80 214 294 40 310 562 106 256 92 3 51 13 26 134 201 97 480 239 272 27 141 958 15 151 56 30 1,171 12 95 205 524 179 519 1,216 721 1,323 Alien. 1,154 6,951 319 3,196 2,800 697 2,675 3,692 3,108 227 215 682 2,201 1,514 3,363 255 63 94 60 167 463 2,445 849 699 746 2,223 72 518 1,990 83 565 76 117 3,544 43 743 131 276 338 419 2,011 991 2,220 Citizen- ship, not re- ported. 242 463 57 537 209 206 641 134 261 743 625 631 267 63 184 124 464 710 1,006 632 362 727 1,745 170 314 1,392 22 173 125 55 74 428 213 40G 414 664 530 586 923 > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Citizenship of foreign-bom white males. — Statistics as to the citizenship of foreign-born white males 21 years of age and over, as enumerated in 1910, are given in Table 40. Of the 6,646,817 foreign-bom white males 21 years of age and over in the United States in 1910, 45.6 per cent were reported as naturalized, 8.6 per cent as having taken out their first naturalization papers, and 34.1 per cent as aliens, while for 11.7 per cent no report as to citizenship was secured. As already stated, it is probable that much the larger proportion of this last group are aliens. Nevertheless, on account of the marked variations in the relative numbers of those for whom there were no reports regarding citizenship in the different states and geo- graphic divisions, comparisons of the percentages for those naturalized, those having first papers, and aliens are somewhat unsatisfactory. It is evident, however, that in those geographic divisions in which a large part of the foreign-bom population consists of recent immigrants — notably the New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, .Mountain, and Pacific divisions — the proportion of the foreign-born white males of 21 years and over who are naturalized is much lower than in the divisions which have a relatively smaller proportion of recent immigrants, particularly the East North Central and West North Central. Many of these immigrants have been here too short a time to become naturalized. Among the states West Viiginia had the lowest pro- portion naturalized (20.9 per cent), Arizona and Maine coming next. The proportion naturalized exceeded three-fifths in Kentucky, Iowa, Nebraska, and Miime- sota. Among the geographic divisions the Middle Atlantic had the lowest percentage naturalized (38.7). FiEMALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 117 Table 40 DIVISION AND STATE. XTalted State* . . Geogeaphic mvs.: New Ensland Middle Atlantic... East North Central West North Central SouUi Atlantic — East South Central West South Central lifountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire. . . Vermont Massachusetts .... Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. NoBTH Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Micbig;an Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. ot Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina . . . South Carolina . . . Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Missis-sippi W. South Central; Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming..... Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon Caliiomia loreion-born white mai.e8 21 tears of age and over: 1910 Naturalized. Num- ber. 3,C04,117 323,994 879, 34S 812,489 510,918 61,134 25,955 70,766 113,670 235,844 14,994 16,416 10,811 189,126 32,040 60,608 502,063 128,438 248,827 142,465 42,633 317,339 167,304 142,848 179,187 90,573 65,612 46,636 32,495 57,270 39,145 3,707 24,256 6,474 6,411 7,263 1,439 1,602 4,023 5,959 13,225 5,444 4,841 2,445 5,284 10,024 12,074 43,383 27,635 12,817 6,837 35,245 4,267 5,912 15,351 5,606 68,895 29,675 137,274 Per cent. 45.6 40. 38.7 51.6 58.8 40.6 50.0 41.2 44.1 46.4 30.9 39.1 45.5 41.7 42.2 39.6 41.1 41.5 33.6 46.2 47.8 52.5 55.4 53.1 60.1 61.7 54.0 58.5 69.6 60.7 62.7 42.2 50.6 55.2 43.1 20.9 43.7 47.7 47.3 34.2 64.7 53.8 46.0 46.7 54.4 37.8 51.3 38.7 46.6 49.6 37.4 50.0 34.1 23.0 47.01 43.9 Having first papers. Num- ber. 676,772 48,608 202,012 148,254 76,934 8,997 2,220 10,071 23,219 50,667 1,490 1,421 1,164 30,016 5,314 9,103 131,085 24,511 46,416 17,509 13,320 43,482 26,235 47,706 26,222 6,654 10,117 9,824 8,020 9,924 6,173 658 3,278 1,068 860 1,356 194 184 625 783 816 464 684 267 505 1,166 1,477 6,833 0,749 2,478 1,937 6,636 709 1,113 2,415 1,282 46.8 15,268 46. 4i 7,591 46.21 27,708 Per cent. 8.6 6.1 8.9 9.4 8.8 6.0 4.8 5.9 9.0 9.9 3.1 3.4 4.9 6.6! 7.0 5.9 10.7 7.9 6.3 5.7 15.0 7.2 8.7 17.7 8.8 4.6 8.3 12.3 14.7 10.6 8.3 7.5 6.8 9.0 5.8 3.9 6.9 5.6 7.3 4.5 4.0 4.6 6.5 4.9 11.4 9.6 10.6 9.3 6.7 4.3 7.4 10.0 10.4 11.9 9.3 Alien. Num- ber. 2,266,535 366,161 966,101 426,278 144, 177 57,127 8,647 52,853 85,619 160,572 23,672 19,377 9,652 212,033 69^431 475,250 122,076 367,766 113,856 18,354 174,581 76,550 42,937 58,132 20,275 25,835 10,965 4,376 12,347 12,247 3,189 13,573 2,304 4, — 22,545 827 739 1,846 7,411 2,754 1,867 2,793 1,233 1, 9,161 4,449 37,865 16,937 6,215 8,125 19,615 6,048 14,574 9,626 4,479 43,202 17,430 99,940 Per cent. 34.1 45.9 42.5 27.1 16.6 37.9 18.7 30.7 33.2 31.6 48.8 46.2 40.6 46.7 42.2 45.3 38.0 39.4 40.6 36.0 20.6 28.9 25.3 15.9 19.6 13.8 21.3 13.8 8.0 13.1 16.51 36.3 28.3 19.6 31.5 65.0 25.1 22.0 21.7 42.5 13.5 18.5 26.5 23.6 14.3 34.6 18.9 33.8 28.6 24.0 44.6 27.8 48.4 66.7 29.5 35.1 29.3 27.3 33.6 Citizenship not reported. Num- ber. 775,393 58,184 225,810 180,322 137,379 23,407 9,486 38,251 35,029 61,525 8,308 4,743 2,132 22,426 6,640 14,026 112,586 34,623 78,601 34,648 14,720 69,122 32,086 36,744 34,741 29,378 19,840 12,296 9,637 14,804 16,683 1,222 6,866 1,002 2,910 3,521 836 830 2,019 3,292 3,646 2,337 2,203 1,300 2,451 6,178 5,551 24,071 7,002 4,334 1,364 9,118 1,478 4,083 5,260 1,400 19,869 9,213 32,443 Per cent. 11.7 7.3 9.9 11.8 15.8 16.5 20.5 22.2 13.6 12.1 17.1 11.3 9.0 4.9 8.6 9.2 9.2 11.2 10.6 11.2 16.6 11.4 10.6 13.3 11.6 20.0 16.3 15.4 17.7 15.7 22.6 13.9 14.3 16.2 19.6 10.2 25.4 24.7 23.7 18.9 17.8 23.1 20.9 24.8 25.2 23.3 23.6 21.5 13.6 16.8 7.5 12.9 11.8 15.9 16.1 11.0 13.5 14.4 ia9 Table 41 gives statistics as to the citizenship of the foreign-born white males 21 years of age and over in 1910 for cities having 100,000 inhabitants or more. For cities of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants statistics are given in Table 39, page 114. Table 41 Albany, N.Y,... Atlanta, Qa Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn. Buflalo, N. Y Cambridge. Mass. Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio.. Cleveland, Ohio.. Columbus, Ohio.. Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass.... Grand Rapids, Mich Indianapolis, Ind. . . Jersey Citv, N. J . . . . Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, CaL. . . Louisvule, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn MUwaukee, Wis.... Minneapolis, Miim. . Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn.. New Orleans, La. . . New York, N.Y... ManhaUan Bar. . . Bronx Soroush Brooklyn Borough. Queen* Boroufk . . . Richmond Bar Newark. N. J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa. . . Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Oreg Providence, R. I... Richmond, Va Rochester, N. Y.... St. Ix)uis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal. . Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse. N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D.C.. Worcester, Mass FOREIGN-BORN 'WHITE HALES 21 TEARS OT AGE AND OVER: 1910 Naturalized. Num- ber. 4,827 1,011 16,643 1,179 47,791 6,563 29,409 7,162 190,693 17,253 40,482 4,453 3,451 10,959 32,891 8,368 7,758 6,088 16,556 6,953 14,097 5,704 7,028 1,664 26,165 23,462 951 8,628 6,138 318,091 33,188 109,100 31,019 6,937 21,427 10,237 7,079 9,817 69,416 28,797 11,251 12,988 943 13,003 33,081 17,071 36,375 7,930 16,438 5,496 7,036 8,752 6,474 9,126 Per cent. 58.9 44.2 49.5 40.0 46.3 38.3 62.2 48.9 50.2 64.6 42.9 52.5 47.3 57.1 43.7 41.5 56.7 58.5 43.9 53.3 47.7 68.4 38.6 48.9 46.6 62.0 66.3 45.0 45.6 38.4 StS 4&S is. 9 6L8 49.e 43.1 52.9 51.3 48.6 41.6 41.1 44.6 39.5 46.2 48.0 52.1 58.8 48.0 45.4 45.5 44.4 47.1 65.3 56.2 40.0 Having first papers. Num- ber. Per cent. 462 193 2,664 186 10,438 1,038 4,319 1,189 31,585 1,733 7,826 414 396 2,102 7,271 732 1,016 1,189 3,067 890 2,730 380 427 197 9,887 5,427 80 1,426 595 106,526 68,861 8,848 SJL,geO 3,848 908 4,982 2,004 2,103 1,387 15,533 5,355 3,058 2,815 123 2,947 7,049 2,586 10,681 964 3,068 1,374 862 724 1,058 1,514 5.6 8.4 7.9 6.3 10.1 6.1 7.7 8.1 8.3 6.5 8.3 4.9 5.4 10.9 9.7 3.6 7.4 11.4 8.1 6.8 9.2 4.6 2.3 5.8 17.6 12.0 5.6 7.4 4.4 12.9 It 11.9 13.8 10 7.e 10.0 10.4 15.3 6.9 9.3 7.6 12.1 8.6 6.0 10.9 11.1 8.9 14.1 5.5 8.5 11.1 5.8 4.6 9.0 6.6 Alien. Num- ber. Per cent. 1,661 565 9,559 839 40,516 8,136 16,255 5,866 124,553 6,250 40,221 2,349 2,964 3,801 28,733 10,594 3,301 1,795 14,404 2,564 8,662 1,152 9,897 808 14,435 10,305 170 7,693 3,703 339.473 SIS', 777 SO, 970 90, SSI 11,089 4, lie 19,204 5,968 2,868 6,029 63,156 28,439 7,097 14,910 503 8,361 15,918 5,576 21, 872 6,801 11,474 3,451 4,715 4,308 2,304 11,184 20.3 24.7 28.4 28.5 39.3 47.5 28.9 40.1 32.8 23.4 42.6 27.7 40.6 19.8 38.1 62.5 24.1 17.2 38.2 19.6 29.3 13.8 54.4 23.7 25.7 22.8 11.8 40.1 27.5 41.0 46.1 SO. 6 S6.4 S8 9 34-4 38.7 30.9 20. 29. 37.8 40.5 28.1 45.4 24.7 30.9 25.1 19.2 28.9 38.9 31.8 27.9 31.6 27.2 19.6 49.0 Citizenship notrepcffted. Num- ber. 1,242 518 4,772 740 4,415 1,377 6.354 419 33,019 1,487 5,902 1,271 492 2,342 6,428 487 1,614 1,336 3,680 2,645 4,087 1,098 839 734 5,624 5,965 234 1,447 3,050 64,704 ^,961 6,670 14,663 2.594 1,016 4,061 1,125 1,738 2,949 18,968 7,567 3,824 2.150 471 2,756 7,392 3,815 6,840 1,766 5,117 2,069 2,331 2,042 1,902 903 Per ceat. 15.2 22.6 14.2 25.1 4.3 8.0 11.3 2.9 8.7 5.6 6.3 15.0 6.7 12.2 8.5 2.4 11.8 12.8 9.8 20.3 13.8 13.2 4.6 21.6 10.0 13.2 16.3 7.5 22.6 7.8 8.9 8.3 6.9 6.S 8.6 8.2 5.8 12.6 14.6 1L4 10.8 15.2 6.6 23.1 10.2 11.7 13.1 9.0 10.1 14.2 16.7 15.6 12.9 16.2 4.3 FEMALES 21 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER. Table 42 gives the number of females 21 years of age and over in 1910, classified according to color or race, nativity, and parentage, by geographic divisions and states. As already noted, the composition of the adult female population according to color or race, nativity, and parentage differs from that of the adult male population principally in including a smaller percent- age of foreign bom. This difference, varying in de- gree, appears in the figures for every state as well as in those for the United States. Apart from this, the com- position of the female population in the different states or sections naturally corresponds to that of the male. 118 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. FEMALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 42 SITISIOK AMD STATE. TTblted States Oeoobaphic DiTiaioNs: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. . Soath Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Bhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Centbal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota v... South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virghiia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado... New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Paotic: Washington Oregon Califomla Total females 21 years of age and over. WHITE. NATIVE WHITE. FOEKIGN-BORN WHITE. NEGRO. Indian. Chl- Native parentage. Foreign or mixed parentage. nese, Japa- nese, Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. and all other. 24,655,754 22,059,236 89.8 12,484,481 SO. 8 4,567,847 18.6 5,007,108 20.4 2,427,742 9.9 60,169 8,607 2,043,998 2,021,640 98.9 841,264 41.2 428,673 21.0 751,603 36.8 21,822 1.1 673 63 5,608,188 5,464,123 97.4 2,377,232 42.4 1,274,288 22.7 1,812,603 32.3 142,116 2.6 1,690 260 5,133,680 6,036,624 98.1 2,516,036 49.0 1,340,723 26.1 1,179,865 23.0 92,C98 1.8 4,278 80 3,005,774 2,923,305 97.3 1,538,145 61.2 776,397 25.8 608,763 20.3 72,278 2.4 10,135 56 3,007,118 2,036,690 67.7 1,809,235 60.2 125,998 4.2 100,357 3.3 969,575 32.2 1,904 49 2,037,064 1,390,848 68.3 1,283,046 63.0 74,876 3.7 32,927 1.6 645,697 31.7 608 11 1,987,760 1,504,766 75.7 1,245,132 62.6 142,047 7.1 117,687 5.9 467,795 23.5 15,132 67 614,736 590, 116 96.0 320,983 62.2 138,205 22.5 130,928 21.3 6,686 1.1 17,513 421 1,117,436 1,092,324 97.8 553,409 49.5 266,440 23.8 272,476 24.4 9,076 0.8 8,436 7.600 225,736 225,107 99.7 156,663 69.4 25,689 11.3 42,855 19.0 401 0.2 228 135,372 136,187 99.9 78,394 57.9 19,004 14.0 37,789 27.9 176 0,1 9 106,883 106,598 99.7 67,945 63.6 20,234 18.9 18,419 17.2 277 0.3 8 1,074,485 1,061,602 98.8 363,036 33.8 246,539 22.9 462,028 42.1 12,648 1.2 192 43 166,391 163,120 98.0 49,965 30.0 40,305 24.2 72,860 43.8 3,178 1.9 86 7 335,131 329,926 98.4 125,272 37.4 77,002 23.0 127,652 38.1 6,142 1.5 60 13 2,757,521 2,706,523 98.2 927,995 33.7 710,146 25.8 1,068,383 38.7 49,300 1.8 1,502 196 736,659 706,728 95.9 288,821 39.2 166,074 22.5 251,833 34.2 29,866 4.1 26 39 2,114,008 2,050,872 97.0 1,160,416 64.9 398,069 18.8 492,387 23.3 62,949 3.0 162 26 1,398,341 1,364,611 97.6 830,364 69.4 314,929 22.5 219,328 15.7 33,683 2.4 33 14 770,658 752,208 97.6 577,899 75.0 117,643 15.3 56,666 7.4 18,386 2.4 61 3 1,567,491 1,533,014 97.8 647,697 41.3 421,178 26.9 464,139 29.6 34,372 2.2 56 49 786,033 778,874 99.1 319,537 40.7 224,713 28.6 234,624 29.8 6,318 0.7 1,833 8 611,157 607,917 99.5 140,549 23.0 262,260 42.9 205,108 33.6 939 0.2 2,295 6 512,411 508,195 99.2 111,088 21.7 192,518 37.6 204,589 39.9 2,061 0.4 2,146 9 603,644 599,442 99.3 315,389 52.2 175,267 29.0 108,786 18.0 4,124 0.7 73 6 896,152 847,997 94.6 688,496 65.7 171,954 19.2 87,547 9.8 48,057 6.4 81 17 122,406 120,780 98.7 29,600 24.2 37,987 31.0 53,193 43.5 158 0.1 1,468 134,187 128,772 96.0 48,349 36.0 43,530 82.4 36,893 27.5 220 0.2 5,188 7 298,040 294,849 98.9 146,645 49.2 79,569 26.7 68,635 23.0 2,369 0.8 806 16 438,934 423,270 96.4 298,578 68.0 75,572 17.2 49,120 11.2 15,289 3.5 373 2 68,442 60,160 85.8 37,070 63.4 6,673 11.2 6,517 11.2 8,281 14.2 1 373,819 309,897 82.9 209,793 56.1 56,820 15.2 43,284 11.6 63,899 17.1 12 11 116,148 81,662 70.3 65,194 47.5 16,118 13.9 10,350 8.9 34,449 29.7 22 16 518,473 353,516 68.2 335,607 64.7 9,533 1.8 8,376 1.6 164,844 31.8 110 3 284,069 270,298 94.9 241,703 84.8 15,872 6.6 12,723 4.5 14,667 5.1 3 1 519,476 368,583 69.0 354,416 68.2 2,816 0.4 1,851 0.4 159,236 80.7 1,656 1 343,968 162,625 47.3 156,965 45.6 3,577 1.0 2,083 0.6 181,264 52.7 65 4 613,149 343,187 56.0 330,779 53.9 7,579 1.2 4,829 0.8 269,937 44.0 20 6 178,685 105,662 59.1 87,708 49.1 7,610 4.3 10,344 5.8 72,998 40.9 16 9 579,756 606,299 87.3 441,093 76.1 47,716 8.2 17,490 3.0 73,413 12.7 43 1 642,408 419,646 77.4 400,706 73.9 12,486 2.3 6,465 1.2 122,707 22.6 54 1 601,959 284,116 56.6 269,397 63.7 8,002 1.7 6,117 1.2 217,676 43.4 167 412,941 180,787 43.8 171,849 41.6 6,073 1.5 2,865 0.7 231,901 66.2 244 9 351,994 248,964 70.7 234,232 66.6 9,140 2.6 5,592 1.6 102,917 29.2 112 1 395,354 222,473 66.8 166,066 42.0 37,276 9.4 19,131 4.8 172,711 43.7 149 21 356,194 811,266 87.4 276,301 77.6 22,208 6.2 12,757 3.6 30,208 8.5 14,718 2 884,218 722,063 81.7 668,533 64.3 73,428 8.3 80,107 9.1 161,959 18.3 153 43 81,741 78,831 95.8 34,086 41.7 20,289 24.8 23,956 29.3 553 0.7 2,811 46 89,818 68,643 98.2 40,258 57.7 17,043 24.4 11,242 16.1 187 0.3 1,031 67 28,840 27,932 96.9 15,648 54.3 6,209 21.5 6,075 21.1 494 1.7 376 38 213,425 209,195 98.0 122, 780 57.5 43,605 20.4 42,810 20.1 3,861 1.8 284 85 73,152 68,276 93.8 66,719 77.5 5,494 7.5 6,063 8.3 441 0.6 4,424 11 43,891 36,885 84.0 17,337 39.5 7,475 17.0 12,073 27.5 635 1.4 6,329 42 85,729 84,588 98.7 26,838 31.3 82,901 38.4 24,849 29.0 313 0.4 747 81 18,140 16,366 90.2 7,317 40.3 6,189 28.6 3,860 21.3 20i 1.1 1,511 61 277,727 271,828 97.9 141,260 50.9 59,732 21.5 70,836 25.5 1,697 0.6 2,904 1,398 168,323 166,191 98.7 104,149 61.9 32,273 19.2 29,769 17.7 443 0.3 1,323 366 671,386 654,305 97.5 308,000 45.9 174,435 26.0 171,870 26.6 6,936 1.0 4,209 5,936 MALES OF MILITIA AGE. 119 MAIES OF MILITIA AGE— 18 TO 44 YEARS. Men from 18 to 44 years of age, inclusive, are subject to militia duty under the laws of most states, and represent substantially the theoretical fighting strength of the country in case of war. Table 43 gives, by divisions and states, the total number of males of this class in 1910 and in 1900, with a further classification of the number in 1910 according to color or race, nativity, and parentage. The total number of males from 18 to 44 years of age in 1910 was 20,473,684, constituting 22.3 per cent of the total population of the country and 43.3 per cent of the total male population. Males of this age in 1900 constituted 21.3 per cent of the total population and 41.7 per cent of the total number of males. In 1910, 48.7 per cent of the males 18 to 44 years of age were native whites of native parentage, 19.1 per cent native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, 21.8 per cent foreign-bom whites, and 9.7 per cent negroes. MALES FROM 18 TO 44 YEARS OF AGE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 43 DIVISION AND STATB. XTolted States. Obographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central . South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific Nkw England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Khode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: Now York New Jersey Pennsylvania lAST NoKTH Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Wbst North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Ca rolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas .". .. Louisiana Oklahoma* Texas Moiwtain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California total hales 18 TO 44 TEARS Of AGE, mCLUSFVE. 1910 80,473,684 1,458,900 4,642,493 4,102,692 2,612,095 2,405,895 1,627,471 1,813,048 714, V<3 1,196,947 161,325 90,357 73,685 760,324 125,213 257,996 2,166,361 597,613 1,788,619 1,076,928 580,567 1,330,556 616, 729 497,922 491,113 475,829 721,166 145,628 140,635 267,497 370,227 44,634 271,373 78,349 398,728 275,048 392,192 276, 788 497,095 171,688 467,493 423,088 401,145 345,745 311,792 338,343 357,933 804,980 123,232 86,384 54,654 303,982 73,097 58,962 84,449 29,383 340,872 190,553 665,522 1900 16,182,7(8 1,236,976 3,468,069 3,468,041 2,246,129 1,979,974 1,431,419 1,286,476 441,527 634,091 142,175 88,149 70,850 632,369 95,737 207,696 1,639,395 422,768 1,406,916 893,327 530,616 1,091,472 516,802 425,825 399,734 475,760 662,928 80,191 87,505 235,572 304,439 40,029 243, 776 62,981 346,030 200,503 326,202 236, 767 409,186 114,600 428,622 384,249 328,949 289,699 250,380 268,739 168, 136 599,221 83,574 41,783 32,988 142, 136 41,464 34,231 68, 765 11,596 149,586 105,628 878,877 Increase: 1900-1910 Number. 4,890,982 221,924 1,074,424 644,651 365,966 426,921 196,062 626,672 272,616 662,866 9,150 2,208 2,836 127,965 29,476 60,300 616,966 174,765 382,703 183,601 49,942 239,084 99,927 72,097 91,379 69 58,238 66,437 53,130 31,925 65,788 4,605 27,597 15,368 52,698 74,645 65,990 40,021 87,909 57,188 28,871 38,839 72,196 66,146 61,412 69,604 189, 797 205,759 39,658 44,601 21,666 61,846 31,633 24,731 30,694 17,787 191,286 84,925 286,645 Per cent. 26.5 17.9 31.0 18.6 16.3 21.6 13.7 40.9 61. 88.81 6.4 2.6 4.0 20.2 30.8 24.2 31.5 41.3 27.2 20. 9.4 21.9 19.8 16.9 22.9 (') 8.8 81.6 60.7 13.6 21.6 11.6 11.3 24.4 16.2 37.2 20.2 16.9 21.5 49.9 6.7 10.1 21.9 19.4 24.5 25.9 112.9 34.3 47.5 106.7 65.7 43.5 76.3 72.2 67.1 153.4 127.9 80.4 75.7 Per cent of total population. 1910 22.3 22.3 23.6 22.6 22.4 19.7 19.4 30.6 27.1 28.6 20.4 31.0 20.7 22.6 23.1 23.1 28.7 23.6 23.3 22.6 21.6 23.6 21.9 21.8 23.7 21.4 21.9 26.3 24.1 22.4 21.9 22.1 20.9 23.7 19.3 22.5 17.8 18.3 19.1 22.8 20.0 19.4 18.8 19.2 19.8 20.4 21.6 20.7 32.8 26.5 37.4 25.5 22.3 28.9 22.6 35.9 29.8 28.3 28.0 1900 21.3 22.1 22.4 21.6 21.7 19.0 19.0 19.7 26.4 36.2 20.6 21.4 30.6 22.5 22.3 22.9 22.6 22.4 22.3 21.6 31.1 22.6 21.8 30.6 22.8 21.8 21.3 2.S.1 21.81 22.1 20.7 21.7 20.6 22.6 18.7 20.9 17.2 17.7 18.6 21.7 20.0 19.0 18.0 18.7 19.1 19.5 21.3 19.7 34.3 25.8 35.7 26.3 21.2 27.8 19.4 27.4 28.9 25.5 25.5 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. 1910 9,978,600 500,616 1,706,717 1,940,295 1,313,576 1,429,626 1,042,804 1,166,406 350,286 628,277 94,710 42,104 43,100 212,679 32,212 76,911 664,781 205,016 846,970 621,663 431,667 627,411 236,221 124,448 109,967 249,216 483,258 37,362 64,811 131,046 248,416 26,394 163,567 38,078 255,336 211,721 271,439 128,262 267,666 77,062 369,847 316,443 222,297 146,717 209,990 153,426 279,264 523,725 47,659 47,102 26,695 112,306 53,737 22,629 29,189 11,069 155,048 106,647 266,582 1900 8,014,406 490,420 1,439,231 1,653,869 1,123,999 1,169,974 891,791 783,320 201,740 270,072 96,430 47,679 42,351 203,316 28,476 72,168 644,188 160,662 734,581 623,276 389,203 466,467 197,268 88,666 81,812 243, 701 484,875 16,582 27,312 117,642 202,676 24,084 131,720 29,807 216,888 166,264 223,643 102,298 214,987 60,283 320,525 280,109 175,989 115,168 169,937 104,614 128,621 380,148 28,464 20,238 16,037 76,092 29,730 12,556 14,978 3,655 70,391 59,595 140,086 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 8,901,682 366,428 1,011,609 1,108,243 747,116 90,856 50,972 129,943 150,067 266,660 23,666 16,774 14,314 203,866 84,686 64,333 668,662 140,241 312,616 232,993 81,639 367,467 199,467 286,797 204,803 153, 165 132,421 61,647 61,198 83,237 70,644 6,077 39,843 10,613 8,026 11,530 1,706 2,443 5,893 6,224 31,475 8,844 6,376 4,277 8,381 24,881 22,201 74,480 26,684 19,710 9,798 39,265 6,741 9,259 32,924 6,776 67,507 34,653 154,400 1000 3,306,335 298,312 905,008 996,005 603,917 90,392 60,161 100,947 102,046 149,547 18,681 13,662 16,708 168,335 26,004 66,022 607,652 110,317 287,139 227,443 95,512 315,894 167,233 199,923 149,863 149,069 136,856 19,634 28,027 61,618 68,850 4,985 41,554 9,650 7,457 12,630 1,644 2,685 5,581 4,206 38,563 10,204 6,736 4,658 7,325 28,118 11,015 64,489 18,458 10,600 7,304 27,784 3,885 6,025 24,842 3,148 27,534 18, .542 103,471 FOREION-BORN WHITE. 1910 4,471,688 581,585 1,700,877 966,436 478,077 103,836 22,382 101,609 181,864 835,022 33,338 31,291 15,467 331,809 55, 743 113,937 897,977 228,193 674, 707 202,680 61,667 402,334 175.939 133,926 171,816 69,160 63,626 65,217 31,326 49,349 37,583 6,229 28,824 6,927 9,460 30,582 2,106 1,976 6,432 12,300 8,284 6,026 6,182 2,890 4,687 15,159 13,456 68,308 44,568 17,237 14,963 46, 740 9,109 20,679 19,277 9,291 102, 786 42,372 189,864 1900 3,068,059 429,658 1,024,790 736,240 463,687 67,169 20,733 74,361 111,636 169,795 26,505 26,649 12,666 249,619 38,797 76,632 653,934 132,994 337,862 118,697 31,536 294,254 157,103 134,751 165,140 79,470 62,885 42,484 28,355 53,679 31,674 4,292 22,322 4,500 5,512 7,939 1,289 1,423 3,604 6,288 9,844 4,408 4,318 2,163 4,004 13, 107 6,656 60,584 30,886 8,478 8,280 35,144 4,511 8,846 12,442 3,049 42,206 18,290 99,299 1910 1,985,416 17,326 115,040 81,757 64,212 779,085 510,592 401,043 7,011 9,350 330 137 895 10,054 2,357 3,552 39,488 23,099 62,463 29,269 15,630 31,702 4,469 797 2,743 4,011 41,441 260 271 2,fi00 12,896 6,911 49,386 22,472 125,692 21,134 115,547 144,019 217,970 75,954 68,306 93,709 166,099 192,478 88,627 144,430 30,148 137,838 613 253 1,253 3,241 474 668 445 164 2,538 613 6,199 1900 1,680,052 14,770 88,818 67,013 66,051 669,921 457,976 316, 706 6,675 4,122 294 160 204 8,623 2,142 3,447 26,858 17,668 44,302 23,684 14,147 34,671 8,765 746 1,772 8,373 37,949 93 137 2,010 10,717 6,622 47, 746 18,677 115,873 13,621 98,691 130,283 184,863 53,646 59,636 89,462 141,828 167,061 69,055 122,381 10,927 113,343 657 104 449 3,501 653 1,047 327 87 1,009 455 2,668 Indian, Chinese^ Japa- nese, and all Other: 1910 136,399 2,946 8,350 6,961 9,116 2,594 721 14,048 24,925 67,738 281 51 '9 2,016 216 873 6,613 964 1,878 433 264 1,652 1,653 1,969 1,784 277 420 1,162 3,629 1,266 689 33 253 869 214 81 1,394 88 184 148 81 66 191 88S 107 447 12,865 629 8,808 2,082 1,945 2,430 4,036 6,927 2,614 2,083 12,993 6,268 48.477 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. * Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. Chaptee 3. AGE AND MARITAL CONDITION. AGE STATISTICS. Introduction. — This chapter contains a summary of the data relative to age, and to the marital condition of the population, reported at the Thirteenth Census, taken as of April 15, 1910, with comparative figures for prior censuses. Statistics are presented for the geographic divisions, the states, and the principal cities of the United States. Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions are not included. It is impossible to claim entire accuracy for census statistics of age. Some people do not know their true ages; some people seem deliberately to report them incorrectly; and the reports for a good many persons are not made by the persons themselves, but by others who have not exact knowledge as to the age. There is a conspicuous tendency to report ages in round numbers ; the number reported as 40 years of age, for example, is far greater than the number reported as either 39 or 41. In the present report, however, indi- vidual years are not shown, but only groups of years. When the ages are combined into groups of 5, 10, or more years the margin of error is probably small. UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. Classification by 6-year age periods : 1910. — Table 1 , page 122, shows for 1910, by 5-year age periods, the population of the United States as a whole and of each of the principal race, nativity, and parentage classes, with a further distinction according to sex. Table 2 shows the relative importance of the different age groups by means of percentages. The facts brought out by the tables can be much more clearly seen by means of diagrams. The diagram on this page presents the age distribution of the total population according to sex. The percentages which are shown in connection with the diagram differ from those in Table 2, in order to permit a comparison of the relative number of males and females in. each age group. In Table 2 the percentage distribution by age for males is based on the total male population and for females on the total female population, but in the diagram the percentages for each sex are based upon the total population. For example, the diagram shows that males 15 to 19 years of age form 4.9 per cent of the total population while, as shown in Table 2, they form 9.6 per cent of the male population. Where a population is maintained entirely by nat- ural increase the number at any given year of age will, of course, be determined by the births in a corre- sponding earlier year, minus the deaths which have occurred among persons born in that year. Since death claims its victims at all ages, the number of survivors will, under all ordinary conditions, diminish with advancing age, so that if the figures for the two sexes are represented on opposite sides of a vertical axis a diagram showing age distribution takes ap- proximately the form of a pyramid or triangle. The death rate, however, is not uniform at all ages. It is very high during the first year after birth, decreases gradually until about the twelfth year, and then increases slowly until middle life, after which the ac- celeration is rapid. As the result of these variations, the age diagram for a normal population is not a per- fect pyramid, but is slightly bell-shaped. There is also some difference between the two sexes in a normal population with respect to the number born and the death rates at different ages, so that the age diagram would not be altogether symmetrical. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF TOTAL POPULATION: 1910. 0.6 70+74 0.6 1 0.0 1.3 2.3 3.0 5.0 66- -69 60- -64 66- -59 50- -64 46- -49 40- -44 6- -9 UNDER 6 36- -39 30- -34 26- -29 20- -24 6--I9 I0--I4 2.3 2.7 3.6 4.3 IV 4.9 5.7 6 6 4 3 2 10 12 PER CENT 3 4 5 6 (121) 122 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES: 1910. Table 1 AGE PERIOD. All ages Under 5 years Under 1 year. 5to9years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 45 to 49 years 50 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years 75 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over Age unknown ALL CLASSES. Both sexes. 91,972,266 10,631,364 2,217,342 9,760,632 9, 107, 140 9,063,603 9,056,984 8,180,003 6,972,185 6,396,100 5,261,587 4,469,197 3,900,791 2,786,951 2,267,150 1,679,503 1,113,728 667,302 321,754 122,818 33,473 7,391 3,655 169,055 Male. 47,332,277 5,380,696 1,123,409 4,924,123 4,601,763 4,527,282 4,580,290 4,244,348 3,666,768 3,367,016 2,786,350 2,378,916 2,110,013 1,488,437 1,185,966 863,994 561,644 331,280 163,745 56,336 14,553 3,045 1,380 114,443 Female. 44,639,989 5,260,768 1,093,933 4,836,609 4,505,387 4,636,321 4,476,694 3,935,655 3,315,417 3,029,084 2,476,237 2,090,281 1,790,778 1,298,514 1,081,184 816,509 552,084 336,022 168,009 66,483 18,920 4,346 2,175 54,612 Both sexes. 81,731,957 9,322,914 1,956,605 8,475,173 7,918,408 7,968,391 7,986,411 7,267,136 6,267,276 6,731,845 4,780,272 4,061,062 3,555,313 2,564,206 2,069,323 1,549,954 1,030,884 620,992 294,555 110,936 27, 161 4,757 764 134,224 Male. 42,178,245 4,728,660 993,242 4,285,366 4,006,104 3,999,143 4,070,955 3,792,224 3,297,169 3,024,002 2,537,219 2,101,848 1,915,860 1,363,821 1,076,753 792,310 618,888 307,446 141,301 50,843 11,970 1,936 326 94, 112 Female. 39,553,712 4,594,264 962,363 4,189,807 3,912,304 3,969,248 3,915,456 3,464,912 2,970,107 2,707,843 2,243,053 1,899,214 1,639,453 1,200,385 992,570 757,644 511,996 313,546 153,254 60,093 15, 191 2,822 438 40,112 Both sexes. 9,827,763 1,263,288 252,386 1,246,553 1,155,266 1,060,416 1,030,795 881,227 668,089 633,449 455,413 385,909 326,070 209,622 186,502 123,550 78,839 44,018 25,579 11, 166 6,850 2,447 2,675 31,040 Male. 4,885,881 629,320 125,459 619, 175 678,074 507,945 482, 157 421,805 332, 163 320,450 229,680 199,928 179,387 115,090 101, 149 67,956 40,584 22,667 11,696 5,164 2,394 1,017 1,004 17,076 Female. 4,941,882 633,968 126,927 627,378 577, 192 552,471 548,638 459,422 335,926 312,999 225,733 185,981 146,683 94,532 85,353 55,594 38,255 21,351 13,883 6,002 3,456 1,430 1,671 13,964 Both sexes. 265,683 40,384 8,216 36,541 31,393 28,486 21,844 18,137 15,243 14,834 11,961 9,887 9,343 7,171 6,524 4,482 3,382 2,105 1,565 458 187 116 949 Male. Female. 135,133 20,202 4,127 18,349 16, 199 14,612 11,265 9,237 7,756 7,721 6,126 5,103 4,914 3,706 3,332 2,259 1,561 983 695 304 185 93 50 481 130,550 20,182 4,089 18, 192 16, 194 13,874 10,579 8,900 7,487 7,113 5,835 4,784 4,429 3,465 3,192 2,223 1,821 1,122 870 387 273 94 66 468 Table 1— Continued. AGE PEEIOD. All ases. Under 5 years Under 1 year. 6 to 9 years... 10 to 14 year*, lo to 19 years. 20 to 24 years. 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 46 to 49 years. 60 to 54 years. 66 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years. 65 to 69 years. 70 to 74 years. 76 to 79 years. 80 to 84 years. 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over. Age unknown CHINESE, JAPANESE, AND ALL OTHER. Both sexes. 146,863 4,778 1,135 2,365 2,073 6,310 17,934 23,503 21,677 15,972 13,941 12,339 10,065 5,952 4,801 1,517 623 187 56 25 4 2,842 Male. 133,018 2,424 681 1,233 1,376 5,582 15,913 21,082 19,680 14,843 13,325 12,037 9,852 5,820 4,732 1,469 611 184 S3 24 4 Fe- male. 13,845 2,354 654 1,132 697 728 2,021 2,421 1,897 1,129 616 302 213 132 2,774 NATIVE 'WHITE. Native parentage. Both sexes. 49,488,575 6,546,282 1,369,140 6,861,015 5,324,283 5,089,055 4,682,922 4,049,074 3,401,601 3,045,381 2,450,386 2,071,976 1,960,127 1,490,463 1,227,434 931,607 623,594 378,823 179,251 67,966 16,632 2,756 439 97,509 Male. 25,229,218 3,326,237 696,200 2,969,230 2,700,656 2,552,t)28 2,332,914 2,046,697 1,741,569 1,580,139 1,273,905 1,081,912 1,040,746 789,243 635,425 470,750 310,780 185,109 84,278 30,166 7,041 1,045 180 68,769 Female. 24,259,357 3,220,046 672,940 2,891,785 2,623,627 2,636,527 2,350,008 2,002,477 1,660,032 1,465,242 1,176,480 990,064 909,382 701,220 592,009 460,857 312,814 193,714 94,973 37,800 9,591 1,711 259 28,740 Foreign or mixed parentage. Both sexes. 18,897,837 2,674,125 579,730 2,315,649 2,235,795 2,205,575 1,873,108 1,545,366 1,359,960 1,278,371 1,026,412 842,726 680,131 380,223 214,306 129,950 70,323 33,957 14,014 6,537 1,495 278 32 10,504 Male. 9,425,239 1,350,473 293,515 1,165,484 1, 124, 145 1,094,861 914, 121 755,051 666,932 631,856 511,795 423,481 348,859 194,468 109,414 66,144 35,357 16,925 6,761 2,596 736 123 20 6,637 Female. 9,472,598 1,323,652 286,215 1,150,165 1,111,650 1,110,714 958,987 790,315 693,028 646,515 514,617 419,245 331,272 185,766 104,892 63,806 34,966 17,032 7,253 2,941 759 155 12 4,867 FOREIGN-BOKN WHITE. Both sexes. 13,345,545 102,507 6,735 298,509 358,330 673,761 1,430,381 1,662,696 1,505,715 1,408,093 1,303,475 1,146,360 925,056 693,520 627,583 488,397 336,967 208,212 101,290 37,433 9,034 1,723 293 26,211 Male. 7,523,788 51,940 3,527 150,662 181,303 361,764 823,920 990,576 888,668 812,007 751,519 656,455 526,256 380,110 331,914 255,416 172,751 105,412 50,262 18,081 4,193 767 126 19,706 Female. 6,821,757 50,567 3,208 147,867 177,027 322,007 606,461 672,120 617,047 696,086 551,956 489,905 398,799 313,410 295,669 232,981 164,216 102,800 51,028 19,352 4,841 956 167 6,505 AGE DISTRIBUTION. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES: 1910. 123 Table 2 AGE PERIOD. Aliases Under 6 years . . . . Under 1 year. 8 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 39 years 40 to 44 years 46 to 49 years 60 to 54 years 55 to 59 years 60 to 64 years 65 to 09 years 70 to 74 years 76 to 79 years 80 to 84 years 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over Age unknown ALL CLASBSS. Both sezM. 100.0 11.6 2.4 10.6 9.9 9.9 8.9 7.6 7.0 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.0 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 Male. 100.0 11.4 2.4 10.4 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.0 7.7 7.1 6.9 6.0 4.5 3.1 2.6 1.8 L2 a7 0.3 0.1 a2 Female. 100.0 11.8 2.5 10.8 10.1 10.2 10.0 8.8 7.4 6.8 6.6 4.7 4.0 2.9 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.4 ai ai Both sexes. 100.0 1L4 2.4 10.4 9.7 9.7 9.8 &9 7.7 7.0 5.8 5.0 4.8 3.1 2.5 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.4 ai a2 Male. Female. 100.0 11.2 2.4 10.2 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.0 7.8 7.2 6.0 5.1 4.6 3.2 2.6 1.9 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 100.0 11.6 2.4 10.6 9.9 10.0 9.9 &8 7.5 6.8 6.7 4.8 4.1 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 Both sexes. 100.0 12.9 2.6 12.7 11.8 10.8 10.5 9.0 6.8 6.4 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.1 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 8 0.3 Male. 12.9 2.6 12.7 11.8 10.4 &6 6.8 6.6 4.7 4.1 3.7 2.4 2.1 1.4 0.8 as 0.2 0.1 0.3 Female, 100.0 12.8 2.6 12.7 11.7 11.2 11.1 9.3 6.8 6.3 4.6 3.8 3.0 1.9 1.7 1.1 0.8 a4 0.3 0.1 0.1 Both sexes. 100.0 16.2 3.1 13.8 11.8 10.7 a2 5.7 5.6 4.5 3.7 3.5 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 (I) 0.4 Male. 100.0 14.9 3.1 13.6 12.0 10.8 &3 6.8 5.7 5.7 4.5 3.8 3.6 2.7 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 Female. 100.0 15.5 3.1 13.9 11.6 10.6 8.1 6.8 6.7 5.4 4.5 3.7 3.4 2.7 2.4 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 Table 2— Continued. AGE PERIOD. All ages. Under 5 years Under 1 year. 5 to 9 years . . . 10 to 14 years. 15 to 19 years. 20 to 24 years. 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 45 to 49 yaers. 50 to 64 years. 55 to 59 years . 60 to 64 years . 65 to 69 years. 70 to 74 years. 75 to 79 years. 80 to 84 years. 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over. Age unknown CHnrSSE, MPAKE8E, AITD ALL OTHBK. Both sezei. 100.0 3.3 as 1.6 1.4 4.3 12.2 16.0 14.7 lao 9.6 &4 6.9 4.1 3.3 1.0 a 4 ai 0) 8 Male. KATIYI WHITE. FOBEIGN-BOSN WHITE. Female. 1.0 100. 1.8 a4 ao 1.0 4.2 12.0 15.8 14.8 11.2 lao 9.0 7.4 4.4 3.6 LI a 6 ai (•) 8 2.1 100.0 17.0 4.0 &2 5.0 6.3 14.6 17.6 13.7 &2 4.4 2.2 L5 1.0 as as ai 8 0) Native parentage. Both sexes. 100.0 13.2 2.8 11.8 las las 9.6 8.2 6.9 6.2 5.0 4.2 3.9 3.0 2.5 1.0 l.S as a 4 ai a 2 Male. 100.0 13.2 2.8 11.8 ia7 lai 9.2 8.1 6.9 6.3 6.0 4.3 4.1 3.1 2.5 1.9 1.2 a 7 as ai i a 3 Female. 100.0 13.3 2.8 11.9 las ia5 9.7 8.3 6.8 6.0 4.8 4.1 3.7 2.9 2.4 1.9 1.3 as a 4 a2 ai Foreign or mixed parentage Both sexes. 100.0 14.2 3.1 12.3 11.8 11.7 9.9 8.2 7.2 6.8 5.4 4.5 3.6 2.0 1.1 a 7 a 4 a 2 ai ai Male. 100.0 Female, 100.0 Both sexes. as ai 2.2 2.7 6.0 la 7 12.6 11.3 lae 9.8 8.6 6.9 5.2 4.7 3.7 2.5 1.6 as as ai 8 a 2 Male. 100.0 a 7 0) 2.0 2.4 4.7 11.0 13.2 11.8 las lao 8.7 7.0 5.1 4.4 3.4 2.3 1.4 a 7 a 2 ai ^'> (') as Female. 100.0 a 9 ai 2.6 3.0 5.5 ia4 11.5 lao ia2 a 6 8.4 6.9 5.4 6.1 4.0 2.8 1.8 a 9 8 as ai ai Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 124 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF THE POPULATION: 1910. NATIVE WHITE OF NATIVE PARENTAGE. 3.2 3.6 ^- 7017410.6 66 -ea ea- ^64 55 --59 60 • -64 46 ■ -49 10 40-44 36 • sg 80-34 25-29 20 • -24 I5--I9 2 1.8 -14 5-9 UNDER 5 -<> |.., 1 <(^ 15 •19 i 1^ 10 -14 *l «c — 5 - 9 6.1 1 UNDER 1 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE .3 i.g ■CO' ^ 70-74 65-69 60 -64 56-59 50-54 46- -49 40- -44 35--39 30 •-84 26- -29 20 • -24 I5--I9 I0--14 00 ^ 6 + 9 1 7 C 5 4 I 3 3 4 6 6 6.9 6.3 6.4 NEGRO. 0.4 70-74 .0.4 4.9 6.2 -*- r^-^ 65 -eg 0.6 60 -64 56- -69 1 1.0 60- 54 45 ■49 40' -44 36-89 30-34 26' -20 20 24 l6-^t8 5 ■■ 9 7 6 6 4 2I0I2S4667 i>ER CENT AGE DISTRIBUTION. 125 In the case of the United States the distribution by age, and more especially by sex at different ages, is materially affected by the presence of the foreign bom. The immigrants are mostly of adult age when they arrive in this country and comprise more males than females. Consequently the bars in the diagram on page 124 representing the age periods of adult hfe are somewhat longer than they would be for a population recruited solely by natural increase, and the side of the diagram representing the males is extended dis- proportionately. The wide differences in the age distribution of the principal classes of the population are best shown by the four accompanying diagrams, which relate to the native whites of native parentage, the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, the foreign-born whites, and the negroes, respectively. No two of these diagrams are identical in form, and the only one whose shape has not been influenced more or less by immigration is that representing the negro population. The extraordinary character of the age distribution of the foreign-born whites is ob- vious at a glance. The number in the older age groups actually exceeds materially the number in the yoimger age groups, which is not true of any of the native classes. The great excess of males over females in this class is also conspicuously shown. The sex and age distribution of the Chinese and Japanese, who are largely foreign bom, is also highly abnormal, as shown by Table 2. The influence of the foreign bom upon the age dis- tribution of our population does not cease upon their arrival in this country. The children bom to them after their arrival are, of course, included with the native population, and if the total native population were shown by ages it would be found that the num- ber of children was relatively somewhat greater than . would be the case if the population were recruited solely by natural increase. This condition is brought out especiaUy by the diagram showing the native white population of foreign or mixed parentage. In this group the proportion of children is somewhat larger, and the proportion of persons in the most advanced age groups much smaller, than in the case of the native white population of native parentage or the negro population. This is largely due to the fact that immi- gration to this country has greatly increased in vol- ume in recent years. If immigration should fall off or cease altogether, it is obvious that after a time the age composition of the second generation, consisting of the children born of immigrants, would become abnormal in having an unduly small — instead of an unduly large — proportion of persons in the younger age periods. Even the native white population of native parent- age is indirectly affected in its age distribution by immigration, since the children of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage are included in the class of natives of native parentage. Nevertheless, the age distribution of the native whites of native parentage in the United States as a whole corresponds very closely to that of a normal population unaffected by migra- tion. A comparison of the diagram for this class with that for the negroes, therefore, indicates approximately the relative tendencies of the two races with respect to birth and mortality rates. Among the native whites of native parentage the percentage of persons in the older age groups is higher than among the negroes. Doubtless this difference is partly due to a lower death rate among the native whites than among the negroes, but it may also be affected by the relative birth rate of the two classes or by changes in the birth rate within the same class. A decline in the birth rate is a factor which tends to reduce the relative impor- tance of the younger age groups and increase that of the older. It is practically certain that the birth rate in the case of the white population of native stock has been steadily declining for many years. If there is a similar tendency among the negroes it is probably of more recent origin than in the case of the whites. The proportion of persons under 5 years of age is, however, also higher for the native whites of native parentage than for the negroes, doubtless partly be- cause of the high infant mortality among negroes. The diagram below, based on absolute numbers, is designed to show primarily the contrast in age distribu- tion between the native white and native negro popu- lation and the foreign-born white population. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF NATIVE WHITE AND NEGRO AND OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITE POPU- LATION: 1910. NATIVE WHITE AND NEGRO MIU.IONa 7'0REIQN-90RN WHITE MrLUIONS wmmmmfff y/mi^.wm^^///y:>yyy/. ■■ NATIVE NEORO NATIVE WHITE • FOREiGN OR MIXED ^^^^ PARENTAGE NATIVE WHITE - NATIVE PARENTAGE pl^l^Q FOREIGN-BORN WHITE Classification by broader age periods : 1910. — For many purposes it is desirable to adopt an age classification which is less detailed than the one used in the pre- ceding tables and diagrams and at the same time corresponds approximately to certain well-recognized periods of life. Thus, the years under 5 may be roughly designated as early childhood; those from 5 to 14 as the school period; those from 15 to 24 as the period of youth; those from 25 to 44 as the prime of life; those from 45 to 64 as middle or late middle life; and those 65 and over as old age. 126 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Table 3 shows, for 1910, the distribution of the total population of the United States and of the principal race, nativity, and parentage classes by sex accord- ing to these six age periods. In this, as in most of the following tables, the insignificant number of unknown age is not shown separately, but is included in the totals upon which the percentages for the several age periods are based. The percentages would scarcely differ at all if they were based on the population of known age instead of the total population. Table 3 CLASS OF POPUXATION AND AGE PERIOD. Total population Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Xfative white— Native parentage Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over Kative white— Foreign or mixed parentage . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Foreign-bom white Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Kegro Under 6 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over Indian Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over Chinese, Japanese, and all other Under 6 years 5 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over population: 1910 Total. 49,488,575 6,546,282 11,185,298 9,771,977 12,946,441 6,740,000 2,2)1,068 18,897,837 2,674,126 4,651,444 4,078,683 5,210,109 2,117, 255,586 13,346,545 102,607 656,839 2,104,142 6,879,979 3,392,518 1,183,349 9,827,763 1,263,288 2,401,819 2,091,211 2,638,178 1,108,103 294,124 265,683 40,384 67,934 50,330 60,175 32,925 12,986 146,863 4,778 4,438 24,244 74,993 33,157 2,411 Male. Female. 47,332,277 5,380,696 9,525,876 9,107,572 14,054,482 7,163,332 1,985,976 26,229,218 3,326,237 5,669,886 4,886,442 6,642,210 3,647,325 1,089,349 9,425,239 1,350,473 2,289,629 2,008,982 2,565,634 1,076,222 138,662 7,523,788 51,940 331,955 1,175,674 3,442,770 1,894,735 607,008 4,885,881 629,320 1,197,249 990, 102 1,304,098 595,554 152,482 135,133 20,202 34,548 25,877 30,840 17,055 6,130 133,018 2,424 2,609 21,495 68,930 32,441 2,345 24,259,357 3,220,045 6,515,412 4,886,635 6,304,231 3,192,676 1,111,719 9,472,598 1,323,662 2,261,815 2,069,701 2,644,476 1,041,164 126,924 5,821,757 50,567 324,884 928,468 2,437,209 1,497,783 576,341 4,941,882 633,968 1,204,670 1,101,109 1,334,080 512,549 141,642 130,550 20,182 33,386 24,453 29,335 15,870 6,856 13,845 2,354 1,829 2,749 6,063 716 66 Male, 100.0 11.6 20.5 19.7 29.1 14.6 4.3 100.0 13.2 22.6 19.7 26.2 13.6 4.4 100.0 14.2 24.1 21.6 27.6 11.2 1.4 100.0 0.8 4.9 15.8 44.1 25.4 8.9 100.0 12.9 24.4 21.3 26.8 11.3 3.0 100.0 15.2 25.6 18.9 22.6 12.4 4.9 100.0 3.3 3.0 16.5 51.1 22.6 1 Fe- male, 100. S 11.4 .20.1 19.2 29.7 15.1 4.2 100.0 13.2 22.5 19.4 26.3 14.1 4.3 100.0 14.3 24.3 21.3 27.2 11.4 1.4 100.0 0.7 4.4 15.6 46.8 25.2 8.1 100.0 12.9 24.6 20.3 26.7 12.2 3.1 100.0 14.9 25.6 19.1 22.8 12.6 4.5 100.0 1 2.0 16.2 51.8 24.4 1.8 100.0 11.8 20.9 20.2 28.6 14.0 4.4 100.0 13.3 22.7 20.1 26.1 13.2 4.6 100.0 14.0 23.9 21.8 27.9 11.0 1.3 106. 0.9 5.6 16.9 41.9 26.7 9.9 100.0 12.8 24.4 22.3 27.0 10.4 2.9 100.0 15.6 25.6 18.7 22.5 12.2 5.3 100.0 17.0 13.2 19.9 43.8 5.2 0.5 Males to 100 fe- males. 104.0 103.3 102.8 100.0 105.4 111.1 98.0 99.5 102.0 101.2 97.1 97.0 103.4 101.4 129 2 102.7 102.2 126.6 141.3 126.5 106.3 98.9 99.3 99.4 89.9 97.8 116.2 107.7 103.5 100.1 103.5 105.8 105.1 107.5 89.4 960.8 103.0 142.6 781.9 1,136.9 4,530.9 1 Eatio not shown, the number of females being less than 100. For convenience of comparison, the per cent distri- bution of the totals for the several classes shown in Table 3 is reproduced in Table 4. Table 4 Total. NATIVE WHITE . For- eign- bom white. Negro. Indian. Chi- AOK FBBIOD. Native parent- age. Foreign or mixed parent- age. nese, Japa- nese, and all other. All ages 100.0 11.6 20.5 19.7 29.1 14.6 4.3 100.0 13.2 22.6 19.7 26.2 13.6 4.4 100.0 14.2 24.1 21.6 27.6 11.2 1.4 100.0 0.8 4.9 16.8 44.1 25.4 8.9 100.0 12.9 24.4 21.3 26.8 11.3 3.0 100.0 15.2 25.6 18.9 22.6 12.4 4.9 100.0 3.3 3.0 16.6 51.1 45 to 64 years 22.6 65 years and over 1.6 Of the population of the country as a whole in 1910, children under 5 years of age formed 11.6 per cent; children from 5 to 14, 20.5 per cent; young persons from 15 to 24, 19.7 per cent; men and women from 25 to 44, 29.1 per cent; those from 45 to 64, 14.6 per cent; and those of 65 and over, 4.3 per cent. Table 4 shows clearly the differences already noted among the sev- eral classes of the population. Thus among native whites of foreign or mixed parentage children under 5 in 1910 formed 14.2 per cent of the total, the corre- sponding percentage for native whites of native parent- age being 13.2; on the other hand, only 12.6 per cent of the former were 45 years of age and over, as compared with 18.1 per cent of the latter. Conspicuously large is the proportion of the foreign-bom whites who are in the prime of life, the percentage of this class in the age period 25 to 44 being 44.1, as compared with 26.2 per cent for the native whites of native parentage, 27.6 for the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, and 26.8 for the negroes. Table 3 facilitates comparisons of the relative num- bers of the two sexes in different age periods. In the total population of the country males outnumber females ui each of the six age periods designated, the excess being particularly great in the age periods 25 to 44 and 45 to 64, where the disparity of the sexes among immigrants has its greatest effect. While, as already stated, the general age distribution of the native whites of native parentage, and still more, that of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, is indirectly affected by immigration, the relative numbers of the two sexes in those classes are, of course, independent of immigration and depend solely upon differences in the numbers of males and females bom and the num- bers dying at different ages. Among the native whites of native parentage the males, according to the returns, somewhat exceed the females in the two youngest age periods shown in the table and are again in excess in the age period 25 to 44, and conspicuously so in the period 45 to 64, but in the period 15 to 24 years the females shghtly outnumbered the males. It is not easy to explain why the figures show such a marked excess of males over females in the native white population of native parentage, and more par- ticularly why this excess should be largely concen- trated in the age groups from 25 to 64 years of age. If these conditions actually exist, they would seem to indicate a much higher death rate among females than among males in the most active period of life, followed by a higher death rate among males in the later years. It is improbable, however, that any differences in the death rates of the two sexes wholly explain these conditions. The reported age distribu- tion of the two sexes and therefore the sex ratio by age groups may be affected by a greater tendency on the part of females to understate their age. It is not improbable, furthermore, that some persons of foreign birth or of native birth and foreign parentage are re- turned at the census as natives of native parentage. AGE DISTRIBUTION. 127 This error would be more likely to occur in the case of males than of females, for the reason that the former predominate among the foreign bom and for the further reason that the floating population, for which accurate information is difi&cult to obtain, consists mostly of males. It is possible also that the returns are affected in some sHght degree by duplications, and this source of error would also be more apt to exaggerate the number of men than of women, for the reason that men are more likely to be away from home and there- fore are more liable to be counted twice, once where they are and again where they reside when at home. Among the native whites of foreign or mixed parent- age the females are in excess both in the age period 15 to 24 and in that from 25 to 44, but the males are in excess in the most advanced age period as well as in the younger ages. Among negroes also the conditions are quite different from those among native whites of na- tive parentage. Females outnumber males in all of the age periods specified up to 44 years, but males are considerably in excess in the periods 45 to 64 and 65 years and over. Comparing the percentages in the several age groups for the two sexes, it will be seen that the greatest disparity in the case of the native whites of native parentage is in the age period 45 to 64 years, which in 1910 comprised 14.1 per cent of the males but only 13.2 per cent of the females. On the other hand, only 4.3 per cent of the males in this class were 65 years of age and over, as compared with 4.6 per cent of the females. For the negroes the most conspicuous differences be- tween males and females were in the age period 15 to 24 years, which comprised a decidedly larger propor- tion of the total number of females than of the total number of males, and in the age period 45 to 64 years, in which the opposite was the case. Comparison with previous censuses. — Table 5 shows the age distribution of the total population of the United States in 1910 and 1900, respectively, by five- year periods. The differences between the two cen- suses, while significant, are too small to be very clearly shown by means of a diagram. The proportion of the total population in each of the age periods under 15 years was smaller in 1910 than in 1900, while the proportion for the periods from 20 to 69 years, inclusive, was greater in 1910 than in 1900. The change which is thus shown for the past decade is a continuation of a tendency manifest for some time past. In 1880, 26.7 per cent of the popu- lation was under ten years of age; in 1890, 24.3 per cent; in 1900, 23.7 per cent; and in 1910, 22.2 per cent. Such a change might be due to any one or more of three causes — a declining birth rate, a change in mor- tality rates, or increased immigration. Doubtless the first and third causes are actually operative. Mor- tality statistics, however, indicate that there has been a relatively greater reduction in death rates among children than among adults; consequently unless the birth rate had fallen off considerably one would have expected, after allowing for other factors, a larger proportion of children in 1910 than in 1900. Table 6 A€)K PKBIOD. AH ages. Under 5 yean.. Under 1 year. 5 to 9 years... 10 to 14 years. 15 tolO years . 20 to 24 years. 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 35 to 39 years. 40 to 44 years. 48 to 49 years. 60 to 64 years. 66 to 69 years . 60 to 64 years . 65 to 69 years 70 to 74 years . 76 to 79 years . 80 to 84 yean , 85 to 89 years 90 to 94 years 95 to 99 years 100 years and over , Age unknown TOTAL POPULATION. 1910 91.»78,Me 10,631,364 2,217,343 9,760,632 9,107.140 9,063,603 9,056,984 8,180,003 6,972,185 6,396,100 5,261,587 4,469,197 3,900,791 2,786,961 2,267,150 1,679,503 1,113,728 667,302 321,754 122,818 33,473 7,391 3,555 169,065 1900 76,9M,576 9,170,628 1,916,892 8,874,123 8,080,234 7,656,089 7,336,016 6,629,441 6,556,039 4,964,781 4,247,106 3,454,612 2,942,829 2,211,172 1,791,363 1,302,926 883,841 519,857 251,512 88,600 23,992 6,266 3,504 200,584 PEB CENT OP TOTAL. 1910 1900 100.0 11.6 2.4 10.6 9.9 9.9 9.8 8.9 7.6 7.0 5.7 4.9 4.2 3.0 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.7 0.3 ') 0.2 100.0 12.1 2.5 11.7 10.8 9.9 9.7 8.6 7.3 6.5 5.6 4.6 3.9 2.9 2.4 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 as > Lees than one-tenth of 1 per cent. It may be noted that the proportion of centena- rians, according to the census returns, was less in 1910 than in 1900. In fact, the proportion has steadily decreased from census to census for over half a cen- tury. The number of centenarians reported in 1910 was equal to 4 for each 100,000 of the total popula- tion, while the corresponding ratio in 1850 was 11. It is improbable that any such decrease in longevity has actually occurred. By no means have all those who report themselves as 100 years old or more, in fact, reached that age, and the apparent reduction in the proportion of centenarians is probably due to greater accuracy in the returns. Table 6 compares the distribution of the population at the last two censuses, by classes, among a more limited number of age periods. The most significant statistics in this table are those for the native whites of native parentage and the negroes, since the age distribution of these two classes is the least distorted by the influence of immigration. In both of these classes the proportion in the younger age periods was somewhat smaller in 1910 than in 1900, and the proportion in the older age periods somewhat greater. 128 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Table 6 AQE PEBIOD. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ag«s, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years IS to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over ALL CLASSES. 1910 91,972,266 10,631,364 18,867,772 18,120,587 26,809,875 13,424,089 3,949,524 100.0 11.6 20.5 19.7 29.1 14.6 4.3 1900 75,994,675 9, 170, 628 16,954,357 14,891,105 21,297,427 10,399,976 3,080,498 100.0 12.1 22.3 19.6 28.0 13.7 4.1 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. 1910 49,488,575 6,546,282 11,185,298 9,771,977 12,946,441 6,740,000 2,201,068 100.0 13.2 22.6 19.7 26.2 13.6 4.4 1900 40,949,362 5,464,881 9,834,610 8,040,562 10,272,124 5,509,928 1,715,226 100.0 13.3 24.0 19.6 25.1 13.5 4.2 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 18,897,837 2,674,125 4,551,444 4,078,683 5,210,109 2,117,386 255,586 100.0 14.2 24.1 21.6 27.6 11.2 1.4 1900 16,646,017 2,402,702 4,304,197 3,356,443 4,303,428 1,039,960 141, 146 100.0 15.4 27.5 21.5 28.1 6.6 0.9 rOBEIGN-BOKN WHITE. 1910 13,345,545 102,507 656,839 2,104,142 5,879,979 3,392,518 1,183,349 100.0 0.8 4.9 15.8 44.1 25.4 8.9 1900 10,213,817 52,369 458,757 1,481,228 4,414,590 2,831,646 950,347 100.0 0.5 4.5 14.5 43.2 27.7 9.3 1910 9,827,783 1,263,288 2,401,819 2,091,211 2,638,178 1,108,103 294,124 100.0 12.9 24.4 21.3 26.8 11.3 3.0 1900 8,833,994 1,215,655 2,294,748 1,951,194 2,103.989 958,234 261,363 100.0 13.8 26.0 22.1 23.8 10.8 3.0 1 Includes a small number of persons of unknown age. DIVISIONS AND STATES. Geographic divisions. — That very considerable dif- ferences exist among the divisions of the country with respect to the age distribution of the population will be seen from Table 7 and the accompanying diagram, which show, by percentages, the distribution of the total population of each of the nine geographic divi- sions in 1910 among certain broad age groups. Table 7 AGE PEEIOD. All aires Under 6 years... 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over PEE CENT OF TOTAL POPULATION: 1910 100.0 9.8 17.4 18.3 31.4 17.1 5.9 100.0 10.6 18.4 19.4 31.7 15.4 4.4 O ^ . 100.0 10.5 19.1 19.3 29.8 16.1 5.1 100.0 11.3 20.6 20.2 28.4 14.8 4.6 100.0 13.6 24.0 20.4 25.8 12.6 3.6 100.0 13.8 24.3 20.4 25.4 12.4 3.5 100.0 14.1 24.7 20.6 26.0 11.6 2.8 100.0 11.6 19.5 19.2 32.4 14.0 3.0 100.0 8.6 15.6 18.7 35.2 16.9 4.5 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF TOTAL POPULA- TION BY DIVISIONS: 1910. < PER CENT O 20 40 60 SO UNITED STATES NEW ENGLAND MID. ATLANTIC E. NO. CENTRAL W. NO. CENTRAL SOUTH ATLANTIC E. Sa CENTRAL W. SO. CENTRAL MOUNTAIN PACIFIC m8im^m^^^^-ss>K SSHI miSM^^^^s^7yy>7yysss im^mmmzz^w^ mmm^^^^m/>z<^c5^^\>K ^!^^^^ z^^^l^l^^x m^m^^^y/>yy/yyys^^^ UNDER 5 I 6 TO 14 [^^$j^ I 5 TO 24 i^^ 26 TO 44 BS8I ^^ T° ^* ^^H 65 ANO OVER The factors producing these differences in age distri- bution are complex. The racial composition of the population, the extent to which it has been recruited by immigration from abroad and the periods at which such immigration has chiefly occurred, the relative proportions of urban and rural population, and the degree in which the population has gained or lost through interstate migration are important causes affecting the age distribution of the population of the several divisions, aside from the birth rates and death rates. In each of the four northern divisions, persons in the younger age periods form a smaller proportion of the total population, and those in the more advanced age periods a larger proportion, than in any of the three southern divisions. In considering these differ- ences it should be borne in mind that the northern divisions contain relatively a much larger urban population than the southern, and that they have received relatively far more foreign immigrants, while, on the other hand, the South has many more negroes than the North. The age period 25 to 44 years comprises a larger proportion of the total popu- lation in the Mountain and Pacific divisions than in any other division. Table 11, pages 131 and 132, shows, by divisions, the age distribution of the total population and of the principal race, nativity, and parentage classes in 1910, with comparative figures for 1900. A detailed study of the absolute numbers and percentages for the several classes will help to explain the differences among the several divisions as regards the age distribution of the total population. It is of particular interest to compare the statistics with reference to thenative whites of native parentage — a class which is lai^ely represented in every geographic division, and whose age distribution is little affected by immigration from abroad, although much affected by migration from one division to another. For this class, considered by itself, differences in age distribution appear between the North, the South, and the West which correspond approximately to the differences between these sections with respect to the age distribution of the total population. There are relatively fewer children and relatively more persons in the prime of life and the older ages, in the northern divisions than in the southern. One explanation for this fact may be that the birth rate has declined in the North more than in the South. In fact, the North has lost more people in the prime of life by migration to the West than has the South, and had there been no AGE DISTRIBUTION. 129 interstate migration a still greater disparity would probably appear between the North and the South in the age distribution of the native whites of native parentage. The most conspicuous contrast is that between the New England division and the West South Central. In the former in 1910 only 9.6 per cent of the native whites of native parentage were children under 5 years of age, while 29.2 per cent were 45 years of age and over. In the West South Central division 15.2 per cent of the persons in this class were under 5 years of age, and only 13.5 per cent were 45 years of age and over. Although the Mountain and Pacific divisions differ considerably from each other with respect to the age distribution of the native whites of native parentage, in both, as in the case of the total population of all classes, persons from 25 to 44 years of age — the most active ages — constitute a larger proportion of the population of this class than in any of the other divisions. This is undoubtedly due chiefly to migra- tion, especially from the northern divisions, to the West. States. — Table 12, pages 133 to 135, shows, in abso- lute numbers, by states, the age distribution of the total population and of each of the four most important color or race, nativity, and parentage classes. Table 13, page 136, presents percentages by age periods for the total population of each state. In interpreting the differences among the states, the causes already mentioned as affecting the conditions in the several geographic divisions should be borne in mind. TmBAN AND RTTBAL COMMTJOTTIES. Urban and rural communities differ greatly with respect to the age distribution of the population, as appears from Table 8, which gives statistics for the United States as a whole in 1910, and from the accompanying diagram, which groups the ages into three main periods. Urban communities, as defined by the Census Bureau, comprise all incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more, including New England towns of that size. The absolute numbers presented in this table are quite as significant as the percentages. In the United States as a whole there are many more persons in each of the age groups comprising persons under 20 years of age in the rural communities than in the urban communities, but in each of the age groups com- prising persons from 20 to 54 years of age, which embrace the most active period of life, there are more persons in urban than in rural conununities. On the other hand, the rural communities contained more persons in advanced middle life and old age. The urban communities contained in 1910 considerably less than half (46.3 per cent) of the total population of the country of all ages, but they contained over half (51.8 per cent) of the persons between 20 and 54 years of age. There were 22,925,133 persons between 20 and 54 72497°— 13 9 + in urban communities, as compared with 21,311,714 in rural conununities. Such persons constituted 53.8 per cent of the total urban population, but only 43.2 per cent of the rural. Table 8 AGE PERIOD. All ages 1 Under 5 years 5 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years..... 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over. Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. poptjlatiok: 1910 Urban. 48, 823,383 4,200,291 3,773,917 3,627,408 4,003,271 4,570,558 4,338,392 3,697,202 6,133.259 4,185,722 2,302,142 1,693,010 4,200,291 7,401,325 8,573,829 14,168,853 6,487,864 1,093,010 Rural. 49,348,883 6,431,073 5,986,715 5,479,732 5,060,332 4,486,426 3,841,611 3,274,983 5,524,428 4,184,286 2,751,959 2,256,514 6,431,073 11,466,447 9,546,758 12,641,022 6,936,225 2,256,514 PEK CENT or TOTAL. Urban. Rural 100.0 9.9 8.9 8.5 9.4 10.7 10.2 8.7 14.4 9.8 5.4 4.0 9.9 17.4 20.1 33.2 15.2 4.0 100.0 13.0 12.1 11.1 10.3 9.1 7.8 6.6 11.2 8.5 5.0 4.0 13.0 23.3 19.3 25.6 14.1 4.0 * Includes a small number of persons of unknown age. This great disparity is due chiefly to two causes: First, the fact that the foreign bom, who when they immigrate to this country are mainly of adult age, go chiefly to the cities; and, second, the fact that most of the native bom who move from country to city are adults in the most active period of life. It is impossible to draw any conclusions as to the relative fecundity, or the relative longevity, of the urban and the rural population from the statistics, because of the powerful effect of these two causes on the age distribution. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. kSAMOOVCR' 130 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. The extent to which differences between urban and rural communities appear in the principal color or race, nativity, and parentage classes of the population may readily be seen from the percentages in the following table : Table 9 AOE PERIOD. All agres Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Native white. Native parentage. Ur- ban. 100.0 11.5 19.5 20.5 29.9 14.0 4.3 Ru- ral. 100.0 14.2 24.3 19.3 24.1 13.4 4.5 Foreign or mixed parentage. Ur- ban. 100.0 15.0 23.9 21.7 27.7 10.7 1.1 Ru- ral. 100.0 12.6 24.4 21.4 27.4 12.2 1.8 Foreign- bom white. Ur- ban. 100.0 0.8 5.2 17.1 45.6 23.9 7.3 Ru- ral. 100.0 0.7 4.1 12.4 40.1 29.5 12.8 Negro. Ur- ban. 100.0 8.5 16.9 21.5 36.6 13.1 2.9 Ru- ral. 100.0 14.5 27.3 21.2 23.2 10.6 3.0 It wiU be seen, for example, that in the case of the native whites of native parentage in urban com- munities in 1910, 11.5 per cent were under 5 years of age, as compared with 14.2 per cent in rural com- munities; on the other hand, 29.9 per cent in urban communities were from 25 to 44 years old, but only 24.1 per cent in rural communities. In the case of the foreign-born whites the percentage under 5 years was practically the same in urban as in rural com- munities, but persons from 25 to 44 years of age formed 45.6 per cent of the total number in urban cormnunities and 40.1 per cent in rural communities. Especially striking is the contrast among the negroes ; 8.5 per cent of those in urban communities were under 5 years of age and 36.6 per cent between 25 and 44 years, as compared with 14.5 per cent and 23.2 per cent, respectively, of those in rural communities. In the case of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, however, the percentage under 5 years was higher in urban than in rural communities, and there was very little difference between the two classes of communities with respect to the percentages in the age periods from 5 to 44 years. This exceptional con- dition is doubtless due to the fact that a fairly large proportion of the earlier immigrants into the United States settled in rural districts, while most of the more recent immigrants have gone to the cities and have contributed large numbers of children to the class of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage there. The dissimilarity between urban and rural com- munities with respect to age distribution appears in the case of both sexes, as may be seen from the following table : Table lO popttlation: 1910 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. AGE FEBIOD. Male. Female. Male. Female. Urban. Rural. Urban. Rural. Ur- ban. Ru- ral. Ur- ban. Ru- ral. AU ages' Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. 21,496,181 2,118,706 3,689,561 4,176,853 7,341,394 3,320,534 782,062 25,836,096 3,261,890 5,836,315 4,930,719 6,713,088 3,842,798 1,203,914 21,127,202 2,081,585 3,711,764 4,396,976 6,827,459 3,167,330 910,948 23,512,787 3, 169, 183 5,630,132 4,616,039 5,927,934 3,093,427 1,052,600 100.0 9.9 17.2 19.4 34.2 15.4 3.6 100.0 12.6 22.6 19.1 26.0 14.9 4.7 100.0 9.9 17.6 20.8 32.3 15.0 4.3 100.0 13.5 23.9 19.6 25.2 13.2 4.5 • Includes a small number of persons of unknown age. Table 14, pages 137 and 138, presents age statistics for the urban and rural population of each of the nine geographic divisions in 1910. The statements with regard to conditions in the country as a whole wiU be found to hold true, with little modification, in most of the geographic divisions. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Table 15, pages 139 to 143, shows, for each city of 100,000 inhabitants or more, in absolute numbers and percentages, the age distribution of the total population and of the most important color or race, nativity, and parentage groups. Table 16, pages 144 and 145, shows the age distribu- tion of the total population of each city of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. The differences among the various individual cities with respect to age distribution are largely attributa- ble to differences in the extent to which the growth of such cities has been due to migration from abroad or from the smaller towns and rural districts of this country. It is impossible to draw any conclusions as to relative birth rates or death rates from these statistics. AGE DISTRIBUTION. 131 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION, BY DIVISIONS: 1910 AND 1900. [Totals for all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 11 DIVISION AND AGE PEBIOD. NEW ENGLAND. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over MIDDLE ATLANTIC. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years IS to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over EAST NORTH CENTRAL. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over AVEST NORTH CENTRAL. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 yeai-s 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over SOUTH ATLANTIC. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over ASSES. NATIVE WHITE. FOREIGN-BORN AVIIITE. NEG ALL CI RO. Native parentage. Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 6,652,681 6,692,017 2,613,419 2,611,110 2,062,709 1,579,044 1,814,386 1,436,872 66,306 69,099 640,825 554,254 250,625 228,461 367,949 307,059 16,105 13,158 5,876 6, .382 1,140,498 978,968 449,916 428,923 584,678 453,674 95,218 87,007 10,201 8,983 1,198,566 1,021,419 430,857 414,188 426,138 322,091 328,880 271,971 11,817 12,353 2,057,236 1,763,017 713,822 691,520 475,238 400,453 839,818 646,365 25.680 21,267 1,123,675 930.127 520,495 510,033 179,502 85,401 412,109 324,968 10,219 8,799 384,027 328,992 243,514 228,459 18,434 9,596 119,540 88,848 2,356 1,969 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.8 9.9 9.6 9.1 17.9 19.4 0.9 0.9 8.9 9.1 17.4 17.5 17.2 17.1 28.5 28.7 6.2 6.1 15.4 15.2 18.3 18.3 16.5 16.5 20.8 20.4 18.1 18.9 17.8 20.9 31.4 31.5 27.3 27.5 23.2 25.4 46.3 45.0 38.7 36.0 17.1 16.6 19.9 20.3 8.7 5.4 22.7 22.6 15.4 14.9 6.9 5.9 9.3 9.1 0.9 0.6 6.6 6.2 3.6 3.3 19,316,892 15,464,678 8,462,961 7,406,679 5,691,312 4,402,167 4,826,179 3,302,116 417,870 326,921 2,050,139 1,690,067 992,447 903,543 983,447 737, 478 38,007 19,141 35,298 29,075 3,545,324 3,039,428 1,766,924 1,653,930 1,431,837 1,166,317 284,076 167,909 60,674 49,621 3,741,376 2,891,567 1,638,953 1,397,388 1,105,167 880,876 912,575 534,129 81,370 75,993 6,126,201 4,820,969 2,325,020 1,946,088 1,386,625 1,259,141 2,233,517 1,486,444 173,469 120,069 2,977,061 2,298,577 1,270,631 1,104,545 606,283 315,600 1,(M2,214 8i3,370 54,458 40,404 851,160 689,339 454,779 384,396 75,482 41,095 309,187 254,779 11,330 8,776 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.6 10.9 1L7 12.2 17.6 16.8 0.8 0.6 8.4 8.9 18.4 19.7 20.9 22.3 25.6 26.5 5.9 5.1 14.5 15.2 19.4 18.7 19.4 18.9 19.8 20.0 18.9 16.2 19.5 23.3 31.7 31.2 27.5 26.3 24.8 28.6 46.3 45.0 41.6 36.8 15.4 14.9 16.0 14.9 10.8 7.2 21.6 25.2 13.0 12.4 4.4 4.5 5.4 5.2 1.3 0.9 6.4 7.7 2.7 2.7 18,260,621 16,986,581 9,761,968 8,488,016 6,108,434 4,601,740 3,067,220 2,620,297 300,836 267,848 1,907,713 1,774,036 1,252,251 1,110,104 608,706 631,722 20,898 8,476 23,428 21,827 3,480,718 3,422,521 2,168,860 2,016,739 1,135,301 1,256,734 125,826 99,131 46,047 47,145 3,629,212 3,052,135 1,926,247 1,648,577 1,138,916 1,014,225 402,522 332,259 67,685 54,250 5,436,564 4,651,020 2,533,247 2,148,467 1,503,163 1,336,399 1,280,697 1,073,871 113, 107 86,767 2,936,108 2,313,609 1,370,689 1,164,(M4 642,011 318,662 872,971 791,583 46,805 36,669 929,814 742,415 479,083 379, 154 77,691 42,794 359,558 310,416 12,333 9,140 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.5 11.1 12.8 13.1 11.9 13.7 0.7 0.3 7.8 8.5 19.1 21.4 22.2 23.8 22.2 27.3 4.1 3.8 15.3 18.3 19.3 19.1 19.8 19.4 22.3 22.0 13.1 12.7 19.2 21.0 29.8 29.1 26.0 25.3 29.4 29.0 41.8 41.0 37.6 33.7 16.1 14.5 14.1 13.7 12.6 6.9 28.5 30.2 15.6 14.2 5.1 4.6 4.9 4.5 1.5 0.9 11.7 11.8 4.1 3.5 11,637,921 10,347,423 6,623,687 6,660,903 3,214,703 2,873,809 1,613,231 1,531,106 242,662 237,909 1,310,909 1,264,617 917,228 796,711 360,278 4.35,512 8,583 4,631 19,127 21,510 2,400,375 2,395,946 1,530,803 1,422,353 765,238 861,660 54,184 51,7.30 40,175 50,081 2,347,750 2,040,145 1,322,316 1,122,793 790,586 667,035 177,511 189,629 49, 177 52,903 3,303,068 2,855,700 1,638,080 1,399,536 939, 114 738,605 629,018 6.35,529 86,228 71,548 1,718,233 1,366,402 829,423 704,131 322,032 148,722 523,503 476,058 36,596 30,893 532,623 400,689 268,571 199,029 35,282 20,603 216,414 170,262 9,954 8,427 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.3 12.2 14.1 14.1 11.2 15.2 0.5 0.3 7.9 9.0 20.6 23.2 23.5 25.1 23.8 30.0 3.4 3.4 16.6 21.1 20.2 19.7 20.3 19.8 24.6 23.2 U.O 12.4 20.3 22.2 28.4 27.6 25.1 24.7 29.2 25.7 39.0 41.5 35.5 30.1 14.8 13.2 12.7 12.4 10.0 5.2 32.4 31.1 15.1 13.0 4.6 3.9 4.1 3.5 LI 0.7 13.4 11.1 4.1 3.5 12,194,896 10,443,480 7,341,205 8,107,314 439,843 389,861 290,556 208,883 4,112,488 3,729,017 1,657,219 1,447,579 1,027,812 856,012 54,686 44,4.33 2,575 880 570,516 545,284 2,920,908 2,627,533 1,746,118 1,527,854 88,228 84,896 15,852 8,976 1,068,275 1,004,008 2,483,317 2, 190, 895 1,470,014 1,260,948 80,447 77,960 46,899 25,866 883,929 824,522 3, 142, 195 2,513,571 1,864,458 1,464,497 131,872 130,885 126,202 80,438 1,016,899 835,014 1,530,570 1,274,234 945,517 771,500 72, 172 43,495 69,007 64,956 442,299 393,265 439,628 361,355 278,967 214,785 12,072 7,909 29,089 27,089 119, 140 111,321 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.3.6 13.9 14.0 14.0 12.4 11.4 0.9 0.4 13.9 14.6 24.0 25.2 23.8 25.0 20.1 21.8 5.5 4.3 26.0 26.9 20.4 21.0 20.0 20.6 18.3 20.0 16.1 12.4 21.5 22.1 25.8 24.1 25.4 24.0 30.0 33.6 4.3.4 38.5 24.7 22.4 12.6 12.2 12.9 12.6 16.4 11.2 23.8 31.1 10.8 10.5 3.6 3.5 3.8 3.5 2.7 2.0 10.0 13.0 2.9 3.0 132 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE TOTAL POPULATION, BY DIVISIONS: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. [Totals for all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 11— Continued. DIVISION AND AQE PEBIOD. EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. An ages, number Under 5 years 6 tol4 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent , Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years , 26 to 44 years , 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years , 25 to 44 years , 45 to 64 years '.. 65 years and over MOUNTAIN. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 yeans 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years , 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years , 45 to 64 years 65 years and over PACIFIC. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over ALL CLASSES. 1910 8,409,901 1,160,471 2,040,195 1,719,229 2, 134, 484 1,043,077 297,289 100.0 13.8 24.3 20.4 25.4 12.4 3.5 8,784,534 1,235,658 2,171,364 1,812,549 2,283,059 1,016,938 246, 477 100.0 14.1 24.7 20.6 26.0 11.6 2.8 2,633,517 305,804 51^, 074 505, 551 853,011 368,028 78,517 100. 11.6 19.5 19.2 32.4 14.0 3.0 4,192,304 362,626 655,316 783,037 1,474,057 710,399 189,989 100.0 8.6 15.6 18.7 35.2 16.9 4.5 1900 7, 547, 757 1,055,904 1,939,802 1,601,614 1,791,850 891, 182 242,903 100.0 14.0 25.7 21.2 23.7 11.8 3.2 6,532,290 960,174 1,738,339 1,359,280 1,564,774 723,989 160,983 100.0 14.7 26.6 20.8 24.0 11.1 2.5 1,674,657 203,676 358,276 301,135 539,451 216,386 45,8% 100.0 12.2 21.4 18.0 32.2 12.9 2.7 ,416,692 220,321 453,544 432,915 797,075 387,470 108,002 100.0 9.1 18.8 17.9 33.0 16.0 4.5 NATIVE VnUTE. Native parentage. 1910 5,452,492 796,697 1,339,649 1, 102, 123 1,343,403 670, 749 193,484 100.0 14.6 24.6 20.2 24.6 12.3 3.5 5,767,449 877,638 1,467,943 1,189,485 1,443,297 632,834 146,523 100.0 15.2 25.5 20.6 25.0 11.0 2.5 1,466,624 207,466 327,827 286,255 420,567 179,465 39,295 100.0 14.1 22.3 19.5 28.7 12.2 2.7 2,108,770 224,118 387,258 405,727 664,547 320, 197 96,852 100.0 10.6 18.4 19.2 31.5 15.2 4.6 1900 4,725,774 688,544 1,226,281 985,975 1,105,897 561,166 147, 702 100.0 14.6 25.9 20.9 23.4 11.9 3.1 4,028,944 632, 442 1,104,329 837,607 931,310 427,889 86,022 100.0 15.7 27.4 20.8 23.1 10.6 2.1 855, 101 122,351 204,824 154,449 244,051 101,365 21,534 100.0 14.3 24.0 18.1 28.5 11.9 2.5 1,165,621 126,713 249,377 218,637 340,758 165,255 54,145 100.0 10.9 21.4 18.8 29.2 14.2 4.6 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 214,977 15,048 32,183 38,975 79,934 43,003 5,654 100.0 7.0 15.0 18.1 37.2 20.0 2.6 605,283 79,676 148,061 127,928 169, 275 70,917 8,847 100.0 13.2 24.5 21.1 28.0 11.7 1.5 616,921 81,530 143,799 135,298 187,832 61,935 6,050 100.0 13.2 23.3 21.9 30.4 10.0 1.0 1,053,655 122,805 222,119 235,228 337,056 119,531 16,074 100.0 11.7 21.1 22.3 32.0 11.3 1.6 1900 229, 391 18,696 44,517 £0,840 86,826 24, 157 4,178 100.0 8.2 19.4 22.2 37.9 10.5 1.8 478, 111 71,493 132,535 103,465 129,619 35,466 5,052 100.0 15.0 27.7 21.6 27.1 7.4 1.1 436,393 69,999 124,566 92, 277 122,401 24,444 2,409 100.0 16.0 28.5 21.1 28.0 5.6 0.6 655,501 86,310 180,298 147,674 189,099 44,013 7,510 100.0 13.2 27.5 22.5 28.8 6.7 1.1 FOBEIGN-BORN WHITE. 1910 86,857 426 3,350 8,430 29,973 28,941 15,567 100.0 0.5 3.9 9.7 34.5 33.3 17.9 348,759 6,909 27,435 50,406 1.33,434 96,022 34,246 100.0 1.7 7.9 14.5 38.3 27.5 9.8 436,910 4,226 19,668 64,381 207,779 110, 164 28,183 100.0 1.0 4.5 14.7 47.6 25.2 6.5 861,448 5,778 31,230 112,538 399,541 237,587 71,565 100.0 0.7 3.6 13.1 46.4 27.6 8.3 1900 89,682 209 2,295 7,739 29,155 34,979 15,003 100.0 0.2 2.6 8.6 32.5 39.0 1.7 264,010 2,862 17,987 35,908 101,620 80,640 23,709 100.0 1.1 6.8 13.6 38.5 30.6 9.0 288,361 1,526 10,733 37,016 144,024 75,959 18,093 100.0 0.5 3.7 12.8 49.9 26.3 6.3 472,491 1,486 12,989 46,711 217,144 149, 133 42,148 100.0 0.3 2.7 9.9 46.0 31.6 8.9 1910 2,652,513 347, 803 664,288 569,118 680,407 300,000 82,481 100.0 13.1 25.1 21.5 26.7 11.3 3.1 1,984,426 258,012 505,974 429,272 519, 967 209,554 55,073 100.0 13.0 25.5 21.6 26.2 10.6 2.8 21,467 1,350 2,648 3,718 9,718 3,350 548 100.0 6.3 12.3 17.3 45.3 15.6 2.6 29,195 1,878 3,537 5,125 12,703 4,822 900 100.0 6.4 12.1 17.6 43.5 16.5 3.1 1900 ,499,886 348,061 665,981 556,432 569,198 270,496 75,917 100.0 13.9 26:6 22.3 22.8 10.8 3.0 1,694,066 242,448 464,426 368,900 387,871 173,389 44,970 100.0 14.3 27.4 21.8 22.9 10.2 2.7 15,590 981 2,010 3,258 6,731 2,083 282 100.0 6.3 12.9 20.9 43.2 13.4 1.8 14,6«4 1,087 2,493 2,583 5,524 2,245 553 100.0 7.4 17.0 17.6 37.7 15.3 3.8 AGE DISTRIBUTION. 133 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION, BY STATES: 1910. [Totals for all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 12 STATK AND CLASS OF POPULATION. All ages. AGE PERIODS. Under 6 years. 5to9 years. 10 to 14 years. 15 to 19 years. 20 to 24 years. 25 to 29 years. 30 to 34 years. 86 to 44 years. 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. 65 years and over. K£W EKQLAKS Maine Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro New Hampshire Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Vermont Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bora white Negro Massachusetts Native white— Native parentage Native wlilte — Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom wliite Negro Rhode Island Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Connecticut Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bora white Negro MIDDLE ATLAKTIC New York Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro New Jersey Native wliite— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed jyar. Foreign-bom white Negro Pennsylvania Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixM par. Foreign-bom white Negro EAST NORTH CENTRAL Ohio Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Indiana Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro Illinois Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro Michigan. . , Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born wliite Negro Wisconsin Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro WEST NORTH CENTRAL Minnesota Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Iowa Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro 742,371 494,907 134,955 110, 133 1,363 430,678 230,231 103, 117 96,658 664 355,956 229,382 75,055 49,861 1,621 3,366,416 1,103,429 1,170,447 1,051,060 38,055 542,610 169,821 194,646 178,026 9,529 1,114,756 395,049 374,489 328,769 16, 174 9,113,614 3,230,326 3,007,248 2,729,272 134, 191 S, 137, 167 1,009,909 777,797 658,188 89,760 7,665,111 4,222,727 1,806,267 1,438,719 193,919 4,767,121 3,033,260 1,024,393 607,246 111,462 8,700,876 2,130,088 360,551 160,322 60,320 6,638,591 2,600,666 1,723,847 1,202,660 109, 0'» 2,810,173 1,224,841 964,882 505,624 17,116 2,333,860 763,225 1,044,761 512,569 2,900 2,075,708 575,081 941,136 643,010 7,084 2,224,771 1,303,526 632,181 273,484 14,973 71,845 45,777 24,341 1,519 117 39,681 19,109 19,307 1,122 40 34,171 23,667 9,686 722 • 102 328,886 108,005 208,866 8,467 3,448 54,098 16,347 35,140 1,704 862 112,844 37,730 70,610 2,681 1,307 898,927 361,400 605,752 20,846 10,061 266,942 114,416 139,219 6,360 7,922 884,270 516,631 338,476 11,802 17,315 479,475 356,022 111,068 4,453 8,921 275,524 243,438 26,309 986 4,763 597,989 347,529 233,731 8,417 8,248 298,554 164,742 127,010 4,586 1,285 256,171 141,520 110,598 2,457 211 226,840 101,321 121,701 2,143 382 236,063 178,844 54,704 1,207 1,245 66,633 42, 179 21,011 3,278 80 36,873 17,539 16,826 2,460 44 32,657 22,433 8,662 1,486 73 894,846 94,675 175, 196 2|880 48,447 14, 195 29,057 4,417 754 101,486 35,972 66,821 7,398 1,269 803,868 329,032 391,867 73,849 8,287 242,279 107,428 111,580 16,980 7,261 773,091 468,154 253,061 36,353 16,478 438,899 326,556 91,188 13,518 8,621 264.947 231,980 25,286 2,741 4,907 546,868 311,147 202,223 25,584 7,873 275,367 140,262 121,806 11,135 1,273 247,878 120,747 118,021 7,521 189 220,233 84,034 127,649 6,952 336 228,422 162,247 61,755 3,031 1,348 64,588 41,593 18,632 4,162 117 36,271 17,744 15, 179 3,304 40 31,451 21,496 8,186 1,696 72 284,960 93,356 159,342 29,249 2,906 47,014 13,663 26,164 6,442 714 96,278 35,082 49,602 9,329 1,244 785,826 321,267 369,612 96,319 7,930 228,696 100,707 101, 190 19,886 6,878 711,565 440,346 214,637 41,690 14,840 425,602 310,316 91,853 14,439 8,964 255.568 220,593 27,334 2,608 4,984 520,965 280,767 205,728 26,664 7,768 258,480 122,465 120,812 13,097 1,276 246,164 105,038 131,052 8,529 192 214,402 69,979 134,549 8,339 375 222,577 147,580 70,382 3,368 1,216 65, 136 41,114 16,207 7,662 145 37,906 17,438 12,931 7,480 53 31,161 20,665 7,600 2,798 97 296,661 92,113 138,856 62,640 2,870 51,998 14,426 23,900 12,873 772 101,025 35,118 43,828 20,847 1,213 842.449 319,190 330,065 182,629 9,818 836.541 98,344 90,453 40,247 7,428 722,479 427,080 197,763 81,490 15,406 446,912 309,180 101,443 28,392 9,866 269,148 217,257 31,228 5,150 5,452 544,891 270,851 214,060 51,135 8,731 266.830 117,366 125,658 21,641 1,378 242,671 90,976 136,187 14,291 223 215,148 61,684 136,226 15,830 436 225,010 139,112 77,211 7,309 1,316 61,782 38,245 11,361 11,945 134 36,853 16,319 8,980 11,499 45 28,786 17,935 5,773 4,755 320 325,382 90,678 105,761 124,802 3,831 63,638 13,875 18,351 20,488 887 108,339 32,932 32,600 41,291 1,460 938.941 307,767 267,736 344,930 17,481 260.613 92,798 69,058 78,486 10,124 750,363 393,774 150,092 184,784 21,113 453,526 287,729 93,338 60,583 11,801 251,288 200,394 30,816 13,579 6,444 577,168 252,705 185,887 126,518 11,792 264,680 108,394 103,445 50,476 1,712 222.097 n,396 116,854 32,757 297 216, 670 55,330 114,824 45,064 709 211,404 121,004 71,837 16,967 1,506 57,418 35,594 8,626 12,981 136 33,675 15,380 6,406 11,812 27,085 16,119 5,157 5,468 341 313,069 84,992 82,994 140,045 4,624 50, 125 12,659 14,126 22,220 1,061 101,654 29,677 25,391 44,904 1,604 879,843 271,608 217,423 368,870 20,673 236,172 82,183 54,870 88,346 10,675 706,682 349,846 119,154 212,682 24,684 426,693 266,233 88,093 73,238 12,033 229,494 175,641 30,158 17,023 6,610 530,920 216,102 148,292 152,753 13,392 240,313 94,216 81,537 62,199 1,821 191,970 52,397 95,174 43,336 382 187,438 44,225 84, 412 67,100 1,065 183,993 99,652 61,131 21,621 1,601 53,261 34, 150 7,074 11,862 102 31,794 15,537 5,517 10,684 46 26,089 15,404 5,223 5,235 224 880,781 78,290 71,987 126,126 3,913 44,713 11,390 12,129 20,236 837 90,665 27,410 22,528 39,144 1,496 768,304 232,654 201,976 316,096 16,201 213,082 74,102 49,690 80,021 9,058 612,731 301,404 107,689 182,468 20,846 377,912 217,614 83,953 66,124 10,232 198, 186 146,057 30,738 15,818 5,517 460,303 174,415 125,670 137,965 11,905 210,982 80,463 66,246 62,264 1,550 163,927 36,945 80,531 45,565 293 153,196 32,886 63,164 66,661 1,009 159,711 81,665 54,317 22,468 1,313 98,745 64,470 11,832 22,115 183 60,135 30,909 9,076 20,038 48,139 28,273 10, 122 9,545 191 600,349 143,446 119,426 229,986 6,623 78,649 19,986 19,164 37,844 1,541 160,890 50,137 38,460 69,573 2,648 1,312,176 383,802 366,878 645,686 23,210 366,285 126,258 83,792 140,759 15,034 1,030,927 503,263 195, 154 298,690 33,189 650.864 368,785 160,235 113,946 17,701 364,468 263,621 62,840 28,636 9,362 787, 763 286,883 213,278 248,829 19,073 361, 137 134,253 106,107 117,146 2,731 281,632 61,722 132,311 95,955 506 252,868 48,153 90,507 111,587 1,643 276,656 134,187 90,669 49,176 2,434 81,681 56,861 8,669 15,886 146 48,483 28,881 5,494 14,014 78 38,233 23,154 7,883 7,092 99 352,783 122,514 72,936 152,894 3,793 55,073 16,347 11,076 26,498 1,049 113,340 41,661 23,967 46,080 1,508 921,991 290,160 241,689 376,759 11,468 248,298 93,120 52, 119 94,353 8,432 713,761 367,775 137,836 190,180 17,489 486,039 264,800 121,630 88,106 11,442 276,935 195,9.54 50,868 23,881 6,136 542,677 204,574 132,573 194,418 10,656 287,157 107,096 68,509 108,832 1,928 58,992 44,914 4,402 9,429 117 34,269 23,991 2,373 7,868 28 28,714 19, 101 4,415 6,132 62 210,369 96,040 26,129 86,165 1,875 32,978 13,526 4,161 14,660 587 68,786 33,506 7,947 26,402 878 632,049 209,120 94,823 222,269 5,228 138,417 62,948 18,210 53,191 3,999 422,555 247,508 61,606 105,472 7,842 313,086 186,436 65,404 64,802 6,416 182,336 134,413 23,343 21,130 3,424 300,808 132,286 44,435 118,786 5,176 186,707 80,069 29,177 75,809 1,168 225,905 38,484 86,983 99,253 312 134,468 26,588 29,189 77,966 148 193,399 35,164 49,636 107,090 738 104,460 21,007 13,648 69,043 268 216,151 103,216 59,092 52,190 1,602 135,734 69,647 21,098 44,266 804 134 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION, BY STATES: 1910— Continued. [Totals for all ages Include persons of unknown age.] Table 12— Continued. STATE AND CLASS OF POPULATION. WEST NORTH CEITTRAL— Contd. Missonri Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par — Foreign-bom white Negro North Dakota Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro South Dakota Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Nebraska Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Kansas Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro SOUTH ATIANTIC Delaware Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Maryland Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro District of Colombia Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-born white Negro Virginia Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or tnixed pax Foreign-bom white Negro West Virginia Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro North Carolina Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-born white Negro South Carolina Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Georgia Native white— Native parentage Nativewhite — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-born white Negro Florida Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-born white Negro EAST S0T7TH CENTRAL Kentucky Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. . . Foreign-bom white Negro Tennessee Native white— Native parentage , Native white— Foreign or mixm par Foreign-bom white Negro All ages. 3,293,335 2,387,835 518,201 228,896 157,462 577,058 162,461 251,236 156,158 617 583,888 245,652 217,491 100,628 817 1,192,214 642,075 362,353 175,865 7,689 1,690,949 1,207,057 292,105 135,190 54,030 202,322 127,809 25,873 17,420 31,181 1,295,346 766,627 191,838 104,174 232,250 331, 069 166,711 45,066 24,351 94,446 2, 081, 612 1,325,238 37,943 26,028 671,096 1,221,119 1,042,107 57,638 57,072 64,173 2,206,287 1,485,718 . 8,851 5,942 697,843 1,515,400 661,970 11,137 6,054 835,843 2, 609, 121 l,391,a58 25,672 15,072 1,176,987 752, 619 373, 967 35,825 33,842 2,289,905 1,863,194 124,704 40,053 261,656 2,184,789 1,654,606 38,367 18,459 473,088 AGE PERIODS. Under 6 years. 360,503 310,107 36,795 1,257 12,299 82,399 31,110 48,907 1,397 37 73,489 42,022 28,229 609 60 140,096 96,668 41,591 883 477 131, 519 157,156 28,351 1,087 4,027 20, 045 13,038 3,803 115 3,089 137,714 90,049 21,065 610 25,987 26,669 15,476 3,746 139 7,290 268,825 176,965 4,984 232 86,555 169, 118 151,585 9,816 739 6,974 332,792 222,809 1,159 60 107,297 228, 459 98,624 1,015 46 128,712 376, 641 206,419 2,607 91 167,498 96,956 52,787 6,491 543 37,114 294, 503 262,927 5,878 113 25,541 294, 591 234,792 3,087 99 66,580 5to9 years. 338,232 284,909 36,450 4,061 12,768 69,927 22,929 41,770 4,310 34 66,933 33,239 29,722 1,685 60 128, 086 79,982 44,700 2,485 487 177,868 140, 009 29,745 2,430 4,861 19, 197 12,450 3,066 305 3,315 133,682 85,803 19,392 2,613 25,809 25,312 14,328 3,324 457 7,192 256, 490 103,215 4,323 757 88,123 148, 179 134,338 5,874 1,687 6,274 294,900 192,444 1,034 148 100,151 208,780 84,620 939 97 123,067 347,369 181,409 2,325 325 163,294 90, 941 40,802 5,109 1,144 37,811 272,758 239,453 6,813 369 26,087 269,019 209,798 2,977 376 65,846 10 to 14 years. 324,191 263,886 42,829 4,241 13,190 59,392 17, 170 35,190 6,166 30 60, 021 26,812 29,083 2,044 62 121,732 69,690 48,604 2,614 438 168,309 127, 737 32,810 2,458 4,971 19,308 12,577 2,790 399 3,540 129,605 82,671 19,329 2,997 24,595 24,649 13,478 3,415 625 7,211 237,563 149,393 3,937 778 83,395 131, 027 119,445 4,663 1,490 5,424 265,964 174,395 990 202 89,416 192,406 76,880 999 145 114,341 315, 217 160,352 2,427 393 152,029 80,319 41,398 4,292 1,330 33,288 252,905 216,963 8,513 408 26,984 243,328 186,170 3,323 460 63,344 15 to 19 years. 334,073 259,674 52,029 7,563 14,766 56,699 15,175 32,270 8,508 36 58,642 24,349 28,909 3,563 61 124,518 66,875 51,790 4,830 653 170,503 124,481 35,950 4,018 5,518 19,460 12,536 2,821 873 3,228 127,973 80,063 19,460 5,027 23,398 28,112 15,018 3,626 820 8,620 217,272 137,127 3,802 1,215 75,047 125, 145 110,029 4,481 4,050 6,575 242,678 160,398 914 275 80,253 172, 674 72,236 1,032 251 99,118 280,383 147,305 2,476 665 129,923 78,095 38,853 3,987 2,350 30,891 241, 622 201,728 10,798 897 28,163 237, 672 178,873 3,672 738 64,363 20 to 24 years. 319,770 231,297 53,991 16,873 17,527 61,631 16,477 28,423 16,175 82 62,994 25,968 27,136 8,334 123, 104 63,294 45,889 12,586 167, 584 117,596 34,101 9,892 5,678 19,256 11,815 2,243 2,a54 3,142 123, 240 73,488 16,764 9,362 23,691 34,424 17,060 3,913 2,073 11,333 195,308 122, 789 3,373 2,587 66,503 121,514 99,617 4,189 8,803 209, 575 138,037 732 573 69,485 151, 470 64,666 982 485 85,305 260, 140 132,813 2,487 1,619 123,295 78,598 36,164 3,165 3,917 35,331 215,210 174,083 11,360 1,885 27,856 211,093 155,092 3,514 1,278 51,187 25 to 29 years. 286, 284 195,509 51,797 21,233 17,652 56,726 15,128 21,465 19,604 104 54,885 21,847 21,325 10,268 110 105,572 53,141 35,084 15,777 1,143 144,369 98,713 28,687 11,505 5,266 17,303 10,516 1,842 2,357 2,583 110, 005 63,469 14,651 10,817 21,023 35,113 16,605 4,180 2,699 11,572 161,302 102,976 2,782 3,163 52,324 107,325 84,900 4,325 9,818 8,265 167,661 113,527 629 646 52,293 118,317 53,479 923 637 63,247 214,250 111,945 2,206 1,801 98,274 69,177 .30,5.52 2,400 4,109 32,084 181,948 143,372 11,795 2,608 24,148 177, 423 130,166 3,362 1,684 42,188 30toS4 years. 247,044 160,203 60,740 21,363 14,647 44,996 11,365 14,801 18,393 73 43,212 16,085 15,666 10, 154 84 86,136 41,959 26,465 16,406 933 122, 416 82,156 24,222 11,634 4,263 15, 173 9,176 1,784 1,977 2,233 95,786 54,402 14,346 10,417 16,570 31,029 14,803 4,559 2,655 8,963 135, 073 89,105 2,670 2,889 40,358 88,338 70,353 4,333 7,883 5,754 133,478 93,627 588 644 38,240 91,750 44,052 872 605 46,194 169,314 94,109 2,110 1,606 71,459 56,005 26,265 2,032 3,583 24,089 155, 036 120,049 12,951 2,731 19,294 145, 809 108,758 3,550 1,634 31,848 35 to 44 years. 427,038 265,761 94,897 42,018 24,148 65,448 15, 195 17, 154 32,378 109 65,763 22,743 20,143 20,686 148 138, 123 65,019 35,589 35,622 1,439 201,296 132,588 36,879 24,374 7,254 26,954 15,966 3,304 3,517 4,154 170, 657 91,107 28,822 20,494 30,097 53,234 24,208 8,477 5,109 15,255 229,738 146,677 5,039 5,517 72,406 139, 788 112,001 8,547 10,720 8,484 208,910 144,243 1,164 1,279 61,526 145, 002 66,149 1,783 1,221 75,811 261, 876 139,556 3,S()6 3,128 115,255 89, 637 40,630 3,632 6,911 38,386 266, 143 199,484 26,017 6,609 34,000 234,926 173,852 6,712 3,354 50,969 45 to 54 years. 308,907 189,215 64,610 39,601 15,283 43,644 9,379 8,063 25,584 54 49, 177 16,174 11,907 19,275 81 106, 507 48,918 21,022 35,485 800 153, 178 99,288 23,950 24,557 5,248 21,384 13,257 2,611 2,605 2,903 126, 669 66,333 23,079 16,327 20,822 34, 076 15,715 5,684 3,479 165,406 106,038 3,708 3,843 51,730 90, 793 74,614 6,586 5,392 4,187 160, 313 111, 774 763 940 46,260 95,257 46,668 1,411 925 46,216 182, 090 99,724 2,819 2,362 77,110 56, 831 28,170 2,482 4,751 21,360 192,435 140,341 20,225 7,345 24,494 173, 112 127,151 4,780 3,223 37,930 55 to 64 years. 189, .543 124,082 24,085 33,085 8,212 21,697 4,815 2,272 14,151 36 28,111 9,325 3,979 13,184 28 65,550 31,481 7,912 25,610 326 102,175 67,812 10,758 20,382 3,126 13,412 9,110 1,070 1,595 1,635 77,941 4.3,816 10,401 12,430 11,264 20, 199 10,247 2,584 2,850 4,492 106, 877 72,477 1,88 2,614 29,863 55,756 47,716 3,075 3,074 1,8- 108, 660 78,176 484 579 29,083 64, 822 33,036 721 771 30,280 116,968 69,638 1,458 1,612 44,235 33,116 19,008 1,356 2,852 9,885 120, 124 91,687 7,470 7,511 13,441 110,722 84,638 2,108 2,603 21,357 AGE DISTRIBUTION. 135 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION, BY STATES: 1910— Continued. [Totals for all ages Include persons of unknown age.] Table 12— Ckmtinued. STATE AND CLASS OF POPULATION. EAST SOUTH CEWTKAI.— Contd. Alabama Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Mississippi Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro . ._ WEST SOUTH CENTRAL Arkansas Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. . . Foreign-bom white Negro Louisiana Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Oklahoma Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Texas Native white — Native pwrentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro MOUNTAIN Montana Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-born white Negro Idaho Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Wyoming Native white- Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par — Foreign-bom white Negro Colorado Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-t)om white Negro New Mexico Native white^Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-born wtiite Negro Arizona Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Utah Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Nevada Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro PACIFIC Washington Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-boi:n white Negro Oregon Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro California Native wliite— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro AGE PERIODS. A.11 ages. Under 5 5to» 10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 80 to 34 86 to 44 45 to 54 55to«4 65 years and over. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. years. 2,138,093 311,716 284,802 253,196 229,517 211,405 177,557 136,889 209,532 159,614 94,409 65,363 1,177,459 183,253 158,514 136,874 126,039 113,226 94,509 76,628 111,065 84,461 55,787 35,853 32,417 4,127 3,703 3,504 3,435 2,786 2,496 2,320 4,310 3,252 1,537 919 18,956 151 514 578 806 1,626 2,139 2,041 3,628 3,420 2,224 1,793 908,282 123,991 121,935 112,129 99,130 93,670 78,334 55,845 90,450 68,415 34,834 26,770 1,797,114 259,661 244,273 219,914 196,241 178,469 148,983 117,631 182,607 115,235 77,426 54,338 757,233 115,725 102,200 89,677 81,418 71,664 60,404 50,498 74,618 50,440 36,244 23,241 19,489 1,956 1,665 1,685 1,717 1,693 1,653 1,655 3,113 2,315 1,316 691 9,389 63 280 366 441 759 859 884 1,802 1,403 1,212 1,290 1,009,487 141,691 139,945 128,019 112,527 102,222 85,954 64,490 102,887 60,962 38,567 29,053 1,574,449 230,701 209,661 179,879 173,888 151,780 129,133 104,721 160,994 118,729 69,735 44,898 1,077,509 169,391 146,929 122,986 118,910 100,954 85,118 70,488 106,404 75,024 49,298 30,801 36,603 3,800 3,768 3,769 4,015 3,538 3,109 2,793 5,087 3,795 1,845 1,072 16,909 107 348 388 593 1,008 1,376 1,688 3,366 3,438 2,386 2,182 442,891 67,330 58,552 52,679 50,309 46,220 39,488 29,729 46,066 34,411 16,188 10,827 1,ersons of unknown age.] Table 14 DIVISION AND AOE PERIOD. TTinXED STATES All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years IS to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Ail ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years '. . - 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over NEW ENGLAND. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over All agei, percent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over MIDDLE ATLANTIC. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over EAST NORTH CENTRAL. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, percent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years tind over WEST NORTH CENTRAL. All ages, number. Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over UBBAN POPX7LATION. All classes. 42,623,383 4,200,291 7,401,325 8,573,829 14,168,853 6,487,864 1,693,010 100.0 9.9 17.4 20.1 33.2 15.2 4.0 6,455,346 638,000 947,287 1,026,549 1,759,621 901,122 277,456 100.0 9.9 17.4 18.8 32.3 16.5 5.1 13,723,373 1,436,005 2,448,930 2,764,229 4,553,112 2,020,374 492,371 100.0 10.6 17.8 20.1 33.2 14.7 3.6 9,617,271 944,123 1,651,950 1,947,443 3,170,607 1,487,934 394,406 100.0 9.8 17.2 20.2 33.0 15.5 4.1 3,873,716 347,875 640,260 813,681 1,285,047 604,630 167,438 100.0 9.0 16.5 21.0 33.2 15.6 4.3 Native white. Native parentage. 17, 849, 644 2,044,886 3,486,880 3,659,032 5,330,953 2,495,622 771,790 100.0 11.5 19.5 20.5 29.9 14.0 4.3 Foreign or mixed parentage. 1,847,484 180,154 316,556 314,402 620,729 356,745 165,660 100.0 9.8 17.1 17.0 28.2 19.3 8.'4 4,718,463 566,112 970,633 960,188 1,371,234 635,530 105,091 100.0 12.0 20.6 20.5 29.1 13.5 4.1 4,014,669 490,769 804,660 836,424 1,173,973 533,870 160,117 100.0 12.2 20.0 20.8 29.2 13.3 4.0 1,984,327 226,198 386,013 431,267 586,908 263,554 79,061 100.0 11.4 19.5 21.7 29.6 13.3 4.0 12,346,900 1,846,699 2,950,392 2,673,889 3,415,057 1,318,912 135,454 100.0 15.0 23.9 21.7 27.7 10.7 1.1 1.865,893 337,637 532,659 391,775 432,411 156,587 14,132 100.0 18.1 28.6 21.0 23.2 8.4 0.8 4,606,981 810,970 1,186,653 938,009 1,164,585 465,049 48,770 100.0 17.6 25.8 20.4 25.1 10.1 1.1 ,177,692 420,255 717,648 737,474 920,612 346,557 33,544 100.0 13.2 22.6 23.2 29.0 10.9 1.1 1,090,069 106,671 207,877 266,409 363,362 131,647 13,262 100.0 9.8 19.1 24.4 33.3 12.1 1.2 Foreign- born white. 9, 635, 369 75,372 503,771 1,644,462 4,390,378 2,299,020 706,918 100.0 0.8 5.2 17.1 45.6 23.9 7.3 1,676,590 14,809 88,655 308,010 780,111 377,263 105,522 100.0 0.9 5.3 18.4 46.6 22.5 6.3 4,049,477 31,338 246,494 780,752 1,873,600 873,363 240,431 100.0 0.8 6.1 19.3 46.3 21.6 6.9 2,189,291 16,672 97,773 328,309 979,546 570,994 192,888 100.0 0.8 4.5 15.0 44.7 26.1 8.8 631,696 3,842 22,767 81,893 268,157 184,245 69,273 100.0 0.6 3.6 13.0 42.5 29.2 11.0 Negro. 229,080 454,219 578,299 985,374 351,269 77,435 100.0 8.5 16.9 21.5 36.6 13.1 2.9 60,877 6,261 9,190 10,775 24,044 9,412 2,060 100.0 8.6 15.1 17.7 39.5 16.6 3.4 339,246 27,364 45,802 65,142 147,962 43,898 7,996 100.0 8.1 13.5 19.2 43.6 12.9 2.4 230,542 16,230 31,493 44,399 94,019 3.5,406 7,785 100.0 7.0 13.7 19.3 40.8 15.4 3.4 164,301 11,017 23,235 33,118 65,410 24,632 5,811 100.0 6.7 14.1 20.2 39.8 16.0 3.5 KURAL POPITLATION. All classes. 49,348,883 6,431,073 11,466,447 9,546,758 12,641,022 6,936,226 2,266,514 100.0 13.0 23.2 19.3 26.6 14.1 4.6 1,097,336 102,825 193,211 173,017 297,615 222,553 106,572 100.0 9.4 17.6 16.8 27.1 20.3 9.7 6,692,519 614,134 1,096,394 987, 147 1,573,089 966,687 358,789 100.0 11.0 19.6 17.7 28.1 17.1 6.4 8,633,360 963,590 1,828,768 1,581,769 2,265,967 1,448,174 53.5,408 100.0 11.2 21.2 18.3 26.2 16.8 6.2 7,764,205 963,034 1,760,115 1,634,069 2,018,021 1,113,603 365,185 100.0 12.4 22.7 19.8 26.0 14.3 4.7 Native white. Native parentage 31,638,931 4,501,396 7,698,418 6,112,945 7,615,488 4,244,378 1,429,278 100.0 14.2 24.3 19.3 24.1 13.4 4.5 766,935 70,471 133,360 116,465 193,093 163,750 87,854 100.0 9.2 17.4 15.2 26.2 21.4 11.6 3,744,498 428,335 796,291 669,765 953,786 635,101 259,688 100.0 11.4 21.3 17.9 26.6 17.0 6.9 6,737,299 761,482 1,364,200 1,089,823 1,359,274 836,819 318,966 100.0 13.3 23.8 19.0 23.7 14.6 5.6 4,^39,360 691,030 1, 144, 790 891,049 1,051,172 665,869 189,510 100.0 15.2 25.2 19.6 23.2 12.5 4.2 Foreign or mixed parentage. 6,550,937 827,426 1,601,052 1,404,794 1,795,052 798,474 120, 132 100.0 12.6 24.4 21.4 27.4 12.2 1.8 186, 816 30,312 52,019 34,363 42,827 22,915 4,302 100.0 16.2 27.8 18.4 22.9 12.3 2.3 985,331 172,477 245,184 167, 158 232,040 141,234 26,712 100.0 17.6 24.9 17.0 23.6 14.3 2.7 1,930,742 188,451 417,653 401,442 582,551 295,454 44,147 100.0 9.8 21.6 20.8 30.2 16.3 2.3 ,124,634 253,607 557,361 524, 177 575, 752 190,385 22,020 100.0 11.9 26.2 24.7 27.1 9.0 1.0 Foreign- bom white. 3,710,176 27,135 153,0f)8 459,680 1,489,601 1,093,498 476,431 100.0 0.7 4.1 12.4 40.1 29.5 12.8 137,796 1,296 6,563 20,870 59,707 34,846 14,018 100.0 0.9 4.8 15.1 43.3 25.3 10.2 776,702 6,669 38,582 131,823 360,017 168,851 68,756 100.0 0.9 6.0 17.0 46.4 21.7 8.9 877,929 4,226 28,053 74,213 301, 151 301,977 166,670 100.0 0.6 3.2 8.5 34.3 34.4 19.0 981,535 4,741 31,417 95,618 360,861 3.'i9,258 147, 141 100.0 0.5 3.2 9.7 36.8 34.6 16.0 Negro. 7,138,634 1,034,208 1,947,600 1,512,912 1,652,804 756,844 216,689 100.0 14.6 27.3 21.2 23.2 10.6 3.0 6,429 615 1,011 1,042 1,636 807 306 100.0 11.3 18.6 19.2 30.1 14.0 5.6 78.624 7,934 14,872 16,228 25,507 10,560 3,334 100.0 10.1 18.9 20.6 32.4 13.4 4.2 70,294 7,198 14,564 13,286 19,088 11,399 4,548 100.0 10.2 20.7 18.9 27.2 16.2 6.5 78,361 8,110 16,940 16,059 20,818 11,964 4,143 100.0 10.3 21.6 20.5 26.6 16.3 5.3 138 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION FOR THE UNITED STATES AND GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1910— Continued. [Totals for all ages Include persons of unknown age.] Table 14— Continued. DIVISIOK AND AGE PEBIOD. SOUTH ATLANTIC. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years '.. 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over MOUNTAIN. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over PACIFIC. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over URBAN POPXTLATION. All classes. 3,092,153 310,326 565,652 651,486 1,002,809 440,274 112,595 100.0 10.0 18.3 21.1 32.4 14.2 3.6 1,574,229 150,790 284,059 332,823 518,682 226,608 56,338 100.0 9.6 18.0 21.1 32.9 14.4 3.6 1,957,456 200,222 376,269 412,801 642, 181 257, 151 61,059 100.0 10.2 19.2 21.1 32.8 13.1 3.1 947,511 91,296 161,696 184,021 335,189 141,852 29,379 100.0 9.6 17.1 19.4 .35.4 15.0 3.1 2,382,329 181,654 325,222 451,796 901,605 407,919 101,969 100.0 7.6 13.7 19.0 37.8 17.1 4.3 Native white. Native parentage. 1, 675, 819 187,598 324,652 355,824 516,564 226,718 61,007 100.0 11.2 19.4 2L2 30.8 13.5 3.6 856,826 98,038 172, 136 186,395 261,039 109,944 27,210 100.0 11.4 20.1 2L8 30.5 12.8 3.2 1, 142, 636 134,255 239,007 247,346 353,871 133,240 bO, 179 100.0 11.7 20.9 21.6 3L0 11.7 2.6 491, 829 57,305 94,443 97,817 160,820 64,216 14,344 100.0 11.7 19.2 19.9 32.7 13.1 2.9 1, 117, 591 104, 457 178, 780 220,369 386,825 171,805 49, 121 100.0 9.3 16.0 19.7 34.5 15.4 4.4 Foreign or mixed parentage. 313,415 37,393 62,156 58,819 96,571 51,063 7,140 100.0 11.9 19.8 18.8 30.8 16.3 2.3 149,982 9,392 20,733 27,697 69,276 29,917 2,955 100.0 6.3 13.8 18.4 39.6 19.9 2.0 236,289 23,538 43,885 46,643 81, 523 36,368 4,103 100.0 10.0 18.6 19.7 34.6 15.4 1.7 259, 131 31,360 57,535 59,078 81,540 26,893 2,492 100.0 12.1 2?. 2 22.8 31.5 10.4 1.0 648, 448 69,483 121,246 148,085 225, 177 74,841 9,056 100.0 10.7 18.7 22.8 34.7 11.5 1.4 Foieign- bom white. 191,756 1,582 10,826 29,990 81.696 47,402 19,820 100.0 0.8 6.6 15.6 42.6 24.7 10.3 57,932 237 2,049 5,649 20,366 19,398 10, 152 100.0 0.4 3.5 9.8 36.1 33.6 17.5 136, 808 1,885 9,367 19,395 64,139 37,027 14,542 100.0 1.4 6.8 14.2 39.6 27.1 10.6 173,331 1,373 7,503 23,225 82,011 46,439 12,005 100.0 0.8 4.3 13.4 47.3 26.8 6.9 628,488 3,634 19,338 67,239 250,862 142,889 42,285 100.0 0.7 3.7 12.7 47.5 27.0 8.0 Negro. 909,520 83,710 167,954 206,667 307, 169 114,604 24,599 100.0 9.2 18.6 22.7 33.8 12.6 2.7 509,097 43, 105 89,109 113,114 177,844 67,249 16,016 100.0 8.5 17.5 22.2 34.9 13.2 3.1 435, 838 39,826 82,683 98,265 151,013 49,658 12, 130 100.0 9.1 19.0 22.6 34.6 11.4 2.8 15,446 978 1,873 2,506 7,057 2,460 374 100.0 6.3 12.1 16.8 45.7 16.9 2.4 24,362 1,589 2,880 4,223 10,866 3,940 674 100.0 6.5 11.8 17.3 44.6 16.2 2.8 EURAL POPULATION. All classes. 9,102,742 1,346,893 2,366,256 1,831,831 2,139,386 1,090,296 327,033 100.0 14.8 26.9 20.1 23.6 12.0 3.6 6,835,672 1,009,681 1,756,136 1,386,406 1,616,802 816,469 240,951 100.0 14.8 25.7 20.3 23.6 11.9 3.5 6, 827, 078 1,035,436 l,7g5>095 1,399,748 1,640,878 759, 787 186,418 100.0 15.2 26.3 20.5 24.0 11.1 2.7 1,686,006 214,508 351,378 321,530 617,822 226, 176 49,138 100.0 12.7 20.8 19.1 30.7 13.4 2.9 1,809,975 180,972 330,094 331,241 572, 452 302,480 88,020 100.0 10.0 18.2 18.3 31.6 16.7 4.9 Native white. Native parentage 5, 665, 386 840,214 1,421,466 1, 114, 190 1,347,904 718, 799 217,960 100.0 14.8 26.1 19.7 23.8 12.7 3.8 4,595,666 698,659 1, 167, 513 915, 728 1,082,364 560,806 166,274 100.0 15.2 25.4 19.9 23.6 12.2 3.6 4,624,813 743,383 1,228,936 942, 139 1,089,426 499, 594 116,344 100.0 16.1 26.6 20.4 23.6 10.8 2.5 974,795 150, 161 233, .384 188, 438 259, 747 115,249 24, 951 100.0 15.4 23.9 19.3 26.6 11.8 2.6 991, 179 119,661 208, 478 185, 358 278, 722 148,392 47,731 100.0 12.1 21.0 18.7 28.1 16.0 4.8 Foreign or mixed parentage. 126, 428 17,293 26,072 21,628 35,301 21, 119 4,932 100.0 13.7 20.6 17.1 27.9 16.7 3.9 64,995 6,656 11,450 11,378 20,658 13,086 2,699 100.0 8.7 17.6 17.5 31.8 20.1 4.2 368,994 56,138 104, 176 81,285 87, 752 34,649 4,744 100.0 15.2 28.2 22.0 23.8 9.4 1.3 357,790 50,170 86,264 76,220 106,292 35,042 3,558 100.0 14.0 24.1 21.3 29.7 9.8 1.0 405.207 53.322 100,873 87,143 111,879 44,690 7,018 100.0 13.2 24.9 21.5 27.6 11.0 1.7 Foreign- bom white. 98, 799 993 6,027 16,909 44,506 21,605 9,269 100.0 1.0 6.1 17.1 46.0 2L9 9.4 28,925 189 1,301 2,781 9,617 9,543 5,415 100.0 0.7 4.5 9.6 33.2 33.0 18.7 211,951 4,024 18,068 31,011 79,295 58,995 19,704 100.0 1.9 8.5 14.6 37.4 27.8 9.3 263,579 2,853 12.105 41,156 125, 768 63,725 16, 178 100.0 1.1 4.6 15.6 47.7 24.2 6.1 332,960 2,144 11,892 46,299 148, 679 94,698 29,280 100.0 0.6 3.6 13.6 44.7 28.4 AGE DISTRIBUTION. 139 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. [Totala for all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 15 aTT ANP AGE PERIOD. Albany, N. Y. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All agres, per cent — Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Atlanta, Ga. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent — Under 5 years fi to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Baltimore, Md. All ages, number Under 5 years £ to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent — Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Birmingham, Ala. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent — Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Boston, Mass. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, i)er cent. , . . Under 5 years , 5 to 14 years , 15 to 24 years , 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over 100,253 T,603 14.904 18,668 35,039 18,524 5,427 100.0 7.6 14 9 1&6 35.0 • l&S &4 1(4,839 15,589 26,986 34,574 52,824 20;L03 4,564 100. lai 17.4 22.3 341 13.0 2.9 5S8,4» 51,986 98,124 112,966 180,041 91,095 23,578 100.0 a3 17.6 2a2 32 2 1&3 42 132,685 14,202 24,324 28,560 46,917 15,518 2,763 100.0 la 7 1&3 2L5 35.4 1L7 2.1 670,585 63,725 112,095 123,016 235,267 108,739 27,068 100.0 9.5 16.7 ia3 35.1 16. 2 40 44,473 4,761 8,907 9,574 13,298 5,946 1,956 100.0 ia7 2ao 2L5 29:9 13.4 44 91,987 10, 174 16,521 20,105 30,479 11,776 2,843 100.0 ILl l&O 2L9 33.1 12.8 3.1 261,474 28,966 52,963 67,671 76,779 35,127 9,669 100.0 ILl 2a3 22.1 2a4 13.4 3.7 88,312 8,212 12,905 14,016 22,105 7,505 1,467 100.0 12 4 1ft 5 2L1 33.3 1L3 2.2 157,870 16,524 27,237 27,994 47,565 27,816 10,348 100.0 las 17.3 17.7 30.1 17.6 &6 or mixed j parentage 36,533 2,687 5,186 6,655 14,422 6,817 742 100.0 7.4 14 2 1&2 3ft 5 1&7 ZO 6,464 748 1,292 1,298 2,098 900 123 100.0 1L6 2ao 2ai 3Z5 13.9 L9 134,870 15,916 27,910 26,011 39,561 22,626 2,745 100.0 1L8 2a7 1ft 3 29.3 ia8 20 8,357 1,348 2,138 1,815 2,135 821 96 100.0 l&l 25.6 2L7 K.5 ft 8 1.1 257,104 44,711 71,536 52,750 63,005 22,978 2,045 100.0 17.4 27.8 20.5 24 5 &9 as Foreign- bora Negro. v?hite. 18,165 1,037 117 35 668 142 2,223 213 6,873 418 5,570 181 2,687 42 100.0 100.0 a 6 3.4 3.7 13.7 12.2 2a5 37.8 4a3 3a7 17.5 14 8 41 4,410 51,902 42 4,622 279 8,891 716 12,451 2,016 18,204 1.028 6,364 313 1,281 100.0 100.0 LO &9 &3 17.1 1&2 240 46.7 35.1 23.3 12 3 7.1 25 77,043 84,749 474 6,628 4,676 12,567 11,432 17,820 31,287 32,230 20,386 12,838 8,707 2,452 100.0 100.0 ao 7.8 dl 14 8 14 8 21.0 4a6 38.0 26.6 15.1 1L3 Z9 6,700 58,306 44 4,698 372 8,909 859 11,867 2,603 20,069 1,488 5,701 332 868 100.0 100.0 as 8.8 &6 17.0 l&l 227 45.7 38.4 26.1 lao 5.8 L7 240,722 13,664 1,611 942 11,719 1,568 39,916 2,203 117,552 6,407 55,494 2,104 14,338 324 100.0 100.0 ae 6.9 49 11.6 16.6 16 2 48.8 47.2 23.1 15.5 6.0 Z4 CITY AND AGE PERIOD. Bridgeport, Cons. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to64 years 65 years and over Buflalo, N. Y. All ages, number. . Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Cambridge, Mass. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent. Under 5 years 5to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Chicago, HI. All ages, number. Under 5 years 5 to H years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years'. 45 to (vj years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. Under 6 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Cincinnati, Ohio. All ages, number. Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All classes. 102,054 10,608 17,158 20,859 35,495 14,535 3,323 100.0 la 4 16.8 2a4 34 8 14 2 3.3 423,715 42,257 77,449 87,106 136,731 65,476 14,362 100.0 lao 18.3 20.6 32.3 15.6 3.4 104,839 10,802 18,363 19,338 34,901 16,732 4,642 100.0 las 17.6 18.4 33.3 16.0 4 4 2,185,283 223,707 377,093 4.'>9, 185 749, 461 307.411 60,228 100.0 ia2 17.3 21.0 34 3 141 2.8 363,591 29,172 65,825 74263 124,568 63,103 I 15,926 100.0 8.0 15.4 20.4 34 3 17.4 44 NATIVE WHITE. Native Foreign parent- or mixed age. I parentage 27,156 2,759 4,884 5,194 8,378 4,408 1,517 100.0 ia2 lao 19.1 3a9 16.2 5.6 119,692 15,870 26,906 28,152 34,288 11,349 2,917 100.0 13.3 22.5 23.6 28.6 ft 5 2.4 25,615 2,890 4,448 4476 7,086 4,721 1,979 100.0 11.3 17.4 17.5 27.7 18.4 7.7 445,139 63,281 89,886 89,143 133, 136 51,019 12,446 100.0 142 20.2 20.0 29.9 11.5 2.8 164,937 20,251 35, 118 38,744 42,843 14, 194 3,363 100.0 13.1 22.7 25.0 27.7 ft 2 2.2 37,314 7,439 10,297 7,610 8,688 3,075 100.0 1ft 9 27.6 2a4 23.3 a2 as 183,673 25,409 45,223 41,273 48,104 21,998 1,608 100.0 13.8 24.6 22.5 26.2 12.0 a 9 39,794 7,219 11,594 8,586 8,908 3,161 316 100.0 18.1 29.1 21.6 22.4 7.9 as 912,701 152, 194 245,962 231,040 220,256 59,149 3,584 100.0 16.7 26.9 25.3 24.1 6.5 a 4 132,190 7,422 16,451 25, 587 53,602 26,907 2,148 100.0 5.6 12.4 1ft 4 40.5 20.4 1.6 Foreign- bora white. 36,180 292 1,789 7,806 17,811 6,857 1,574 100.0 as 49 21.6 49 2 1ft 44 118,444 880 5,114 17,353 53,429 31,802 9,795 100.0 a 7 43 14 7 45.1 26.8 8.3 34,608 211 1,491 5,432 17, 134 8,107 2,202 100.0 a 6 43 15.7 4ft 6 23.4 6.4 781,217 5,765 36,888 131,216 372,650 190,374 43,291 100.0 a 7 4 7 16.8 47.7 24 4 5.5 56,792 350 2,010 5,996 19,426 19,006 100.0 a 6 3.5 lao 34.2 33.5 17.5 Negro. 140 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 191(>-Contd. [Totals toe all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 15— Continu«d. OTT AND AGE PERIOD. Cleveland, Ohio. AU ages, number. . . Under 6 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Colombus, Ohio. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65yeais and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years "and over Dayton, Ohio AU ages, number. . . Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Denver, Colo. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years Sto 14 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Detroit, Mich. All ages, nimiber . . . Under 6 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years S to 14 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over All classes. 560,663 62,512 97, 481 114.971 192,924 75,332 16,790 100.0 11.1 17.4 20.5 34.4 13.4 3.0 181,511 14,337 26,934 36,774 65,495 30,436 7,232 100.0 7.9 14.8 20.3 36.1 16.8 4.0 116,677 10,647 17,943 22,751 40,303 19,791 5,111 100.0 9.1 15.4 19.6 34.6 17.0 4.4 213,381 16,879 32,504 40,374 77,659 37,375 7,703 100.0 7.9 15.2 18.9 36.4 17.5 3.6 465,766 48, 715 77,658 99,231 158,858 65,166 15,306 100.0 10.5 16.7 21.3 34.1 14.0 3.3 NATIVE TVHITE. Native parent- 132,314 18, 693 27, 175 26,680 40,876 14, 715 3,706 100.0 14.1 20.5 20.2 30.9 11.1 2.8 116,846 10,879 19, 777 25,483 39,810 16,724 3,930 100.0 9.3 16.9 21.8 34.1 14.3 3.4 72,301 7,922 13,065 15,291 23,104 10,264 2,644 100.0 11.0 18.1 21.1 32.0 14.2 3.7 106,945 9,867 17,684 21,024 37, 137 16,648 3,983 100.0 9.2 16.5 19.7 34.7 15.6 3.7 115, 106 16,615 22,622 24,958 34,755 12,328 3,209 100.0 14.4 19.7 21.7 30.2 10.7 2.8 Foreign or mixed parentage 223,908 41,633 57,855 51, 787 55,410 15,854 1,328 100.0 18.6 25.8 23.1 24.7 7.1 0.6 35,578 2,527 4,920 6,786 13,388 7,084 862 100.0 7.1 13.8 19.1 37.6 19.9 2.4 25,559 2,243 3,657 4,590 9,292 5,237 536 100.0 8.8 14.3 18.0 36.4 20.5 2.1 61,185 6,474 12,633 13,958 19,706 7,605 747 100.0 10.6 20.6 22.8 32.2 12.4 1.2 188,255 30,054 46,242 46,371 49,464 14, 726 1,345 100.0 16.0 24.6 24.6 26.3 7.8 0.7 Foreign- bom white. 195, 703 1,662 11,500 34,857 92,530 43,484 11,550 100.0 0.8 5.9 17.8 47.3 22.2 5.9 16,285 91 652 1,848 6,823 4,754 2,105 100.0 0.6 4.0 11.3 41.9 29.2 12.9 13, 847 107 604 1,948 5,872 3,536 1,775 100.0 0.8 4.4 14.1 42.4 25.5 12.8 38,941 200 1,526 4,306 17,'884 12,050 2,819 100.0 0.5 3.9 11.1 45.9 30.9 7.2 156,565 1,715 8,099 26,802 72,049 37, 191 10,572 100.0 1.1 5.2 17.1 46.0 23.8 Negro. 8,448 519 938 1,612 3,970 1,185 204 100.0 6.1 11.1 19.1 47.0 14.0 2.4 12,739 836 1,578 2,644 5,449 1,861 334 100.0 6.6 12.4 20.8 42.8 14.6 2.6 4,842 374 616 919 2,020 746 156 100.0 7.7 12.7 19.0 41.7 15.4 3.2 5,426 313 632 933 2,466 920 142 100.0 5.8 11.6 17.2 45.4 17.0 2.6 6,741 330 685 1,081 2,550 899 174 100.0 6.7 11.9 18.8 44.4 15.7 3.0 QTYAND AGE PERIOD. Fall River, Mass. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Grand Rapids, Mich AU ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over AU ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Indianapolis, Ind. AU ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over AU ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Jersey City, N. J. AU ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over AU ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Kansas City, Mo. AU ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over AU ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All classes. 119,296 13,997 24,287 24,084 35,981 16,927 4,005 100.0 11.7 20.4 20.2 30.2 14.2 3.4 112,571 11,280 19, 187 22,371 35,856 18,496 5,233 100.0 10.0 17.0 19.9 31.9 16.4 4.6 233, 660 18, 697 35,646 45,314 83,848 39,712 9,951 100.0 8.0 15.3 19.4 36.9 17.0 4.3 267,779 29,457 52,398 53,484 88,145 36,340 7,752 100.0 ILO 19.6 2ao 32.9 13.6 2L9 248,381 18,598 34, 138 50,379 93,941 39,673 8,641 100.0 7.5 13.7 2a3 37.8 l&O 3.5 NATIVE WHITE. Native parent- 16,858 2,563 3,840 2,764 3,475 2,307 905 100.0 16.2 24.2 17.4 21.9 14.5 6.7 40,777 4,912 7,199 7,990 12,393 6,312 1,868 100.0 12.0 17.7 19.6 30.4 15.5 4.6 160,593 14,277 26, 195 30,990 50,610 22,597 6,571 100.0 9.5 17.4 20.6 33.6 15.0 3.7 74, 861 11, 362 19,830 16,135 18,656 6,991 1,764 100.0 15.2 26.5 2L6 249 9.3 2.4 163,717 13,110 23,011 32,480 54,891 22,591 5,086 100.0 8.5 15.0 2L1 35.7 14 7 as Foreign or mixed parentage 62, 125 10,867 17,086 11,404 10, 159 2,456 149 100.0 20.8 32.8 21.9 19.6 4.7 0.3 42,767 6,0% 10, 575 10,602 11,250 3,858 373 100.0 143 24.7 248 26.3 9.0 0.9 41,420 2,794 5,859 7,788 16,424 7,722 811 100.0 6.7 141 18.8 39.7 18.6 2.0 109,101 17,004 28,394 23,675 29,758 9,534 708 100.0 15.6 26.0 2L7 27.3 87 ae 45,633 4,092 7,536 9,963 16,857 6,494 642 100.0 9.0 16.5 21.8 36l9 14 2 L4 Foreign- Iwm white. 60, 874 542 3,318 9,842 22,141 12,078 2,947 100.0 1.1 6.5 19.3 43.5 23.7 6.8 28,335 235 1,337 3,666 11,942 8,178 2,953 100.0 0.8 47 12.9 42.1 28.9 10.4 19,767 68 543 2,274 8,053 5,878 2,913 100.0 0.3 2.7 11.5 40.7 29.7 147 77,697 530 3.311 12,611 37,002 19,004 5,198 100.0 a7 43 16.2 47.6 245 6.7 26,327 174 1,116 3,218 10,989 7,340 2,422 100.0 0.7 44 12 7 43.4 29.0 ae AGE DISTRIBUTION. 141 DrSTRUBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910— Contd. [Totals for all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 15— Continued. OTT AKD AOE PEBIOB. Los Angeles, Cal. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years €5 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Louisville, Ky. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to G4 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 66 yeaib and over Lowell, Man. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 yeare 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 66 years and over Memphis, Teim. All ages, number Under 5 years fi to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years , 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over , Milwaulcee, Wis. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Minneapolis, Mian. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15U24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 jrears and over All 319,198 22, 817 41,517 57,621 121, 775 59,639 15,439 100.0 7.1 13.0 l&l 3a 2 1&7 4.8 223,928 18,848 37,418 46,279 75,443 36,655 8,976 100.0 8.4 16.7 2a7 3a7 16 4 4.0 106,294 10,437 18,027 21,343 35,046 16,901 4,380 100.0 9.8 17.0 aai 33.0 15l9 11 131,106 10,756 19,505 28,575 50,116 17,546 3,857 100.0 &2 14.9 2L8 3&2 13.4 aio 373,857 37,834 69,041 81,051 118,833 53,718 12,756 100.0 10.1 18.5 21.7 31.8 14.4 3.4 301, 408 25,797 44,561 67,385 106,635 45,059 9,860 NATIVE WHITE. Native parent- 169,967 13,381 23,688 31,523 61,974 30,359 8,822 100.0 7.9 13.9 1&6 3&6 17.9 5.2 113,543 13,827 24,964 26,970 32,052 12,662 3,016 100.0 12.2 22.0 23.8 2&2 1L2 2.7 20,703 2,343 3,639 3,447 6,484 4,058 1,683 100.0 1L3 17.6 1&6 2&6 m6 &1 69,985 6,012 10,201 13,115 21,183 7,349 1,541 100.0 lao 17.0 2L9 35.3 123 2.6 78,823 14,755 21,299 19,500 17,099 4,459 1,220 100.0 18.7 27.0 24.7 21.7 5.7 1.5 96,186 10,633 15,946 21,215 29,978 12,869 3,854 Foreign or mixed parentage 74,768 8,022 13,540 15,657 25,693 10,330 1.475 100.0 ia7 l&l 2a9 34.4 13.8 2.0 62,411 2,514 6,638 9,538 21,578 11,146 100.0 4.8 127 1&2 4L2 2L3 L8 41,942 7,681 12,302 9,418 9,153 3,098 268 100.0 1&3 29l3 225 21.8 7.4 ae 12,138 984 1,789 2,283 4,878 2,039 158 100.0 8.1 14.7 1&8 4a2 16.8 L3 182,530 22,239 42,746 46,392 53,514 16,879 702 100.0 12.2 23.4 25.4 29.3 9.2 0.4 116,548 14,624 25,430 33,233 33,417 9,016 709 Foreign- bom Negro. white. 60,684 7,599 535 556 3,026 1,052 7,705 1,433 27,604 3,103 16,709 1,244 4,916 184 100.0 100.0 ao 7.3 6.0 13.8 127 18.9 46.6 4a8 27.6 16.4 &1 24 17,436 40,522 49 2,458 387 5,439 1,333 8,432 5,467 16,341 6,463 6,379 3,706 1,286 100.0 100.0 as 6 1 22 13.4 7.6 2a8 3L4 4a3 37.1 15.7 2L3 3.2 43,467 133 400 11 2,073 13 8,443 26 20,327 49 9,706 26 2,431 7 100.0 100.0 a9 8.3 4.8 9.8 19L4 1&8 46.8 36.8 223 19.6 6.6 8.3 6,467 62,441 28 3,729 318 7,190 916 12,249 2,613 21,408 1,873 6,269 716 1,442 100.0 lOO.O a4 7.1 4.9 13.7 14 2 23.4 4a4 4a8 2ao 12 ILl 27 111,466 980 790 46 4,913 81 14,965 184 47,690 496 32,215 149 10,813 20 100.0 100.0 0.7 4.7 4.4 8.3 13.4 18.8 42.8 50.6 28.9 15.2 9.7 2.0 86,938 2,692 422 113 2,929 251 12,505 410 41,820 1,353 22,778 355 6,239 66 CITY AND AGE FEBIOD. Minneapolis, Minn. — Continued. All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 05 years and over Nashville, Tens. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over New Haven, Conn. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years , 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over New Orleans, La. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over New York, N. Y. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Manhattan Borough. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All classes. 100.0 8.6 14.8 22.4 35.4 14.9 3.3 110,364 10,172 19,627 24, 167 35,514 16,695 4,146 100.0 9.2 17.8 21.9 32.2 16.1 3.8 133,605 13,702 24,241 25,266 43,355 21,083 5,736 100.0 10.3 18.1 18.9 32.5 15.8 4.3 339,076 32,047 04,076 69,403 110,408 48,291 12,892 100.0 9.5 18.9 20.5 32.6 14.2 3.8 4,766,883 507,080 860,694 989,484 1,613,715 653,787 135,321 100.0 10.6 18.1 20.8 33.9 13.7 2.8 ,331,542 235,864 384,443 509,575 820,638 315,563 59,552 100.0 10.1 16.6 21.9 35.2 13.5 26 NATIVK WHITE. Native parent- age. Foreign or mixed parentage 100.0 11.1 16.6 22.1 31.2 13.4 4.0 63,687 6,988 12,375 14,000 19,438 8,745 2,120 100.0 11.0 19.4 22.0 30.5 13.7 3.3 37,726 3,743 7,247 6,772 10,649 6,513 2,710 100.0 9.9 19.2 18.0 28.2 17.3 7.2 147,473 19,696 37,868 35,476 38,236 11,855 2,750 100.0 13.4 25.7 24.1 25.9 8.0 1.9 921,318 126,855 210,937 197,307 254,468 98,778 28,280 100.0 13.8 22.9 21.4 27.6 10.7 3.1 344,361 41,504 64,431 71,078 109,675 42,252 11,018 100.0 121 18.7 20.6 31.8 123 3.2 100.0 12.5 21.8 28.5 28.7 7.7 0.6 7,151 452 995 1,328 2,849 1,370 156 100.0 6.3 13.9 18.6 39.8 19.2 22 49,434 9,382 13,900 9,060 11,651 4,179 338 100.0 19.0 28.1 20.1 23.6 8.5 0.7 74,244 4,566 9,564 12,067 30, 169 16,100 1,720 100.0 6.1 12.9 16.3 40.6 21.7 23 1,820,141 358,733 504,509 373,691 422,534 147,599 12,564 100.0 19.7 27.7 20.5 23.2 8.1 0.7 818,208 181,317 231,206 167,707 173,742 58,866 5,016 100.0 22.2 28.3 20.5 21.2 7.2 0.6 Foreign- bom white. 100.0 0.5 3.4 14.6 48.7 26.6 6.1 2,993 11 144 300 989 1,022 524 100.0 0.4 4.8 10.0 33.0 34.1 17.5 42,784 305 2,610 7,890 19,499 9,828 2,651 100.0 0.7 6.1 18.4 45.6 23.0 6.0 27,686 151 1,073 2,867 9,409 8,760 5,371 100.0 0.5 3.9 10.4 34.0 31.6 19.4 1,927,703 14,660 135,070 399,225 889,208 395,495 92,747 100.0 0.8 7.0 20.7 46.1 20.5 4.8 1,104,019 8,885 83,038 257,745 503,842 206,917 42,681 100.0 0.8 7.5 23.3 45.6 18.7 3.9 142 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910-Contd. [Totals tor all ages Include persons of unknown age.] Table 15— Continued. dTT Ain> AGE PERIOD. Wew York, IT. Y.— Continued. Bronx Borough. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 j-ears 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years , 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. Brooklyn Borough. All ages, number. Under 5 years. . 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Queens Borough. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Richmond Borough. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 1 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Newark, TSf. J, All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Oakland, Cal. All ages, number Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over AU classes. 430,980 46,704 83,699 85,731 144, 544 68,215 11,726 100.0 10.8 19.4 19.9 33.5 13.5 2.7 1,634,351 183,813 315,918 323,493 531,449 227, 472 51,776 100.0 11.2 19.3 19.8 32.5 13.9 3.2 284,041 31,847 59,062 55,090 89,970 39,702 8,298 100.0 11.2 20.8 19.4 31.7 14.0 2.9 85,969 8,852 17,572 15,595 27,114 12,835 3,069 100.0 10.3 20.4 18.1 31.5 14.9 4.6 347,469 38, 421 64, 397 68,698 114, 736 49,339 11,321 100.0 11.1 18.5 19.8 33.0 14.2 3.3 150, 174 12,585 21,143 27,426 55,099 26,483 7,362 100.0 8.4 14.1 18.3 36.7 17.6 4.9 NATIVE WHITE. Native parent- Foreign or mixed parentage 92,569 15,025 25,401 21,008 22,210 6,996 1,775 100.0 16.2 27.4 22.7 24.0 7.6 1.9 375,648 53,014 90,934 82, 710 96, 773 39, 749 12,273 100.0 14.1 24.2 22.0 25.8 10.6 3.3 80,607 13,700 22,989 16,981 18,671 6,455 1,778 100.0 17.0 28.5 21.1 23.2 8.0 2.2 28,243 3,612 7,182 5,530 7,139 3,326 1,436 100.0 12.8 25.4 19.6 25.3 11.8 5.1 94,737 12,285 20,718 19,582 26,705 11,510 3,521 100.0 13.0 21.9 20.7 28.2 12.1 3.7 66,198 6,320 9,436 10,198 18, 146 8,352 2,715 100.0 11.4 17.1 18.5 32.9 15.1 4.9 186,146 30,361 50,298 40,099 47, 767 15, 479 1,097 100.0 16.4 27.2 21.7 25.8 8.4 0.6 663,583 124,664 181,259 132, 777 159,944 59,476 5,367 100.0 18.8 27.3 20.0 24.1 9.0 0.8 120,969 17,432 32,621 26,918 32,737 10,517 732 100.0 14.4 27.0 22.3 27.1 8.7 0.6 32,235 4,959 9,125 6,190 8,344 3,261 352 100.0 15.4 28.3 19.2 25.9 10.1 1.1 132,360 24,274 34,959 27,197 32,791 12,065 1,018 100.0 18.3 26.4 20.5 24.8 9.1 0.8 49,936 5,592 9,755 11,892 16,979 5,082 630 100.0 11.2 19.5 23.8 34.0 10.2 1.3 Foreign- born white. Negro. 148,935 4,117 918 393 7,408 688 23,862 736 72,750 1,684 35,182 520 8,663 186 100.0 100.0 0.6 9.5 6.0 14.3 16.0 17.9 23.6 5.8 100.0 0.7 4.4 15.0 46.1 25.0 as 100.0 0.9 6.7 18.2 46.2 22.0 5.9 36,822 185 1,259 3,904 16,519 11,112 3,820 100.0 0.5 - 3.4 10.6 44.9 30.2 10.4 40.9 12.6 4.5 571,356 22,708 4,271 1,824 40,600 3,066 103,475 4,396 264, 174 9,904 125,040 2,951 33,593 534 100.0 100.0 0.7 8.0 7.1 13.5 18.1 • 19.4 46.2 43.6 21.9 13.0 6.9 2.4 79,115 3,198 412 298 2,959 486 10,512 665 37,258 1,204 22,278 427 5,673 115 100.0 100.0 0.5 9.3 3.7 15.2 13.3 20.8 47.1 37.6 28.2 13.4 7.2 3.6 24,278 1,162 174 107 1,066 197 3,631 240 11,184 401 6,078 162 2,137 44 100.0 9.3 17.1 20.8 34.8 14.1 3.8 110,665 9,475 984 875 7,369 1,338 20,153 1,764 61,119 3,981 24,399 1,285 6,662 216 100.0 9.2 14.1 18.5 42.0 13.6 2.3 3,066 216 314 521 1,372 529 101 100.0 7.1 10.3 17.1 44.9 17.3 3.3 CITY AND AGE PERIOD. Omaha, Nebr. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 04 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent . . . Under 5 years 6 to 14 years , 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years , 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Paterson, N. J. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years 6 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Philadelphia, Pa. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent Under 6 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over Pittsburgh, Pa. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years.. .■ 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 16 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Portland, Oreg. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 04 years 65 years and over Providence, R. I. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over All classes. 124,096 10,459 18,835 26,890 44,647 19,075 4,043 100.0 8.4 16.2 21.7 36.0 15.4 3.3 125,600 12,546 23,959 26,081 40,496 18,623 4,718 100.0 10.0 19.1 20.0 32.2 14.8 3.8 ,649,008 152,921 266,039 299,722 516,656 248,504 62,689 100.0 9.9 17.2 19.3 33.4 16.0 4.0 633,905 57,788 95, 195 108,378 183,046 73,016 15,229 100.0 10.8 17.8 20.3 34.3 13.7 2.9 207,214 14,158 24,851 41,793 85,081 34,566 6,538 100.0 6.8 12.0 20.2 41.1 16.7 3.2 224,326 21,814 37,012 42,715 76, 757 36, 441 9,311 100.0 9.7 16.5 19.0 34.2 16.2 4.2 NATIVE WHITE. Native parent- 62,917 5,452 8,631 11,746 18,330 7,048 1,629 100.0 10.3 16.3 22.2 34.6 13.3 3.1 28,392 3,610 6,297 5,666 8,003 3,662 1,134 100.0 12.7 22.2 19.9 28.2 12.5 4.0 684,008 67,226 113,172 119, 449 175,366 82,929 24,597 100.0 11.6 19.4 20.5 30.0 14.2 4.2 176,089 23,644 37,816 .37,237 64,305 18,629 3,803 100.0 13.4 21.5 21.1 30.8 10.6 2.2 104,163 8,316 13,634 21,467 42,478 14,874 3,248 100.0 8.0 13.1 20.6 40.8 14.3 3.1 69,966 5,933 10,076 10, 716 17,869 10,870 4,398 100.0 9.9 16.8 17.9 29.8 18.1 7.3 Foreign or mixed parentage 39,595 4,585 8,667 10,719 11,689 3,603 301 100.0 11.6 21.9 27.1 29.6 9.1 0.8 50,179 8,407 14,690 11,754 11,486 3,432 390 100.0 16.8 29.3 23.4 22.9 6.8 0.8 496,786 76,097 117,982 99,446 131,725 63,277 7,924 100.0 16.3 23.8 20.0 26.5 12.7 1.6 191,483 31,093 47,076 41,656 49,246 19,844 2,461 100.0 16.2 24.6 21.8 25.7 10.4 1.3 51,009 6,323 9,205 13,062 17,614 6,172 608 100.0 10.4 18.0 26.6 34.5 10.1 1.2 82,364 14,851 21,910 16,713 20,771 7,491 576 100.0 18.0 26.6 20.3 26.2 9.1 0.7 I Foreign- born white. 27, 068 176 1,093 3,611 12,387 7,750 2,024 100.0 0.7 4.0 13.3 45.8 28.6 7.5 46,398 396 2,726 7,367 20,324 11,420 3,149 100.0 0.9 6.0 16.2 44.8 25.2 6.9 382,678 2,722 24,016 65,043 170,732 91,093 28,402 100.0 0.7 6.3 17.0 44.6 23.8 7.4 140,436 809 6,608 25,060 67,761 31,373 8,664 100.0 0.6 4.6 17.8 48.3 22.3 6.1 43,780 352 1,769 6,499 21,796 10,796 2,517 100.0 0.8 4.0 14.8 49.8 24.7 5.7 76,303 548 4,233 14,340 35,887 17,048 4,140 100.0 0.7 5.5 18.8 47.0 22.3 5.4 AGE DISTRIBUTION. 143 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910— Contd. [Totals of all ages include persons of unknown age.] Table 15— Continued. CITY AND AGE FEBIOD. Richmond, Va. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent — Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over Rochester, K. Y. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over St. Louis, Xo. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over St. Paol, Xlnn. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over San Francisco, Cal. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Scranton, Pa. All ages, number Under o years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over All ages, per cent Under & years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 4o to 64 years 65 years and over All 127,628 11,602 21,818 28,422 42,679 18,300 4,550 100.0 9.1 17.1 22.3 33.4 14.3 3.6 218,148 19,066 33,903 43,959 74,917 36,705 9,463 100.0 8.7 15.5 20.2 34.3 16.8 4.3 •87,029 60,100 110,883 143,303 241,607 104,660 25,065 100.0 8.7 16.1 ao.9 36.2 16.2 3.6 214,744 18,428 35,084 60,147 73,742 30,900 6,316 100.0 8.6 16.3 23.4 34.3 14.4 2.9 416,912 29,178 49,730 78,954 170,442 68,642 16,028 loao 7.0 11.9 18.9 40.9 16.5 3.8 129,867 15,348 26,261 26,952 40,867 16,632 3,694 100.0 11.8 20.2 20.8 31.5 12.8 2.8 NATIVE WHITE. Native parent- age. 69,130 6,832 12,643 15,210 21,925 9,654 2,776 100.0 9.9 18.3 22.0 31.7 14.0 4.0 74,525 8,625 14,513 16,389 22,526 9,393 3,024 100.0 11.6 19.5 22.0 30.2 12.6 4.1 288,836 36,902 62,016 65,643 75,222 23,849 5,318 loao 13.7 23.0 24.3 27.9 8.8 2.0 81,694 7,980 12,193 14,748 19, 137 6,198 1,283 100.0 13.0 19.8 23.9 31.1 10.1 2.1 115,359 12,768 19,135 25,185 40,470 13,277 3,111 100.0 11.1 16.6 21.8 35.1 11.5 2.7 38,745 6,193 9,600 8,294 9,797 3,876 944 100.0 16.0 24.8 21.4 25.3 10.0 2.4 Foreign or mixed parentage 7,664 724 1,228 1,421 2,621 1,443 218 100.0 9.4 16.0 18.5 34.2 18.8 2.8 83,687 9,807 16,117 17.565 26,687 12,323 1,161 100.0 11.7 19.3 21.0 31.9 14.7 1.4 246,946 19,672 37,892 53,077 96,900 36,733 2,513 100.0 8.0 15.3 21.5 39.2 14.9 1.0 93,398 9,952 20,664 27,602 27,418 7,292 434 100.0 10.7 22.1 29.6 29.4 7.8 0.5 153,781 15,180 26,032 34,859 59,824 16,347 1,318 100.0 9.9 16.9 22.7 38.9 10.6 0.9 55,431 8,832 14,910 13,073 14, 179 4,129 282 100.0 15.9 26.9 23.6 25.6 7.4 0.5 Foreign- bom white. 4,085 27 221 568 1,704 1,045 518 loao 0.7 6.4 13.9 41.7 25.6 12.7 58,993 576 3,162 9,813 25,295 14,830 5,263 loao 1.0 5.4 16.6 42.9 25.1 &9 125,706 825 5,672 15,973 49,605 37,494 15,973 loao 0.7 4.6 12.7 39.6 29.8 12.7 100.0 0.6 3.4 12.8 45.1 30.0 8.0 100.0 0.4 2.7 11.9 48.1 27.4 8.7 35,112 283 1,662 5,471 16,640 8,549 2,461 100.0 0.8 4.7 15.6 47.4 24.3 7.0 Negro. 46,733 4,019 7,726 11,221 16,420 6.153 1,038 100.0 8.6 16.5 24.0 35.1 13.2 2.2 879 68 109 179 370 151 12 100.0 6.6 12.4 20.4 42.1 17.2 1.4 43,960 2.685 6,268 8,654 19,716 6,376 1,252 loao 6.1 12.0 19.5 44.8 14.6 Z8 56,524 3,144 326 164 1,937 289 7,262 609 25,467 1,681 16,966 430 4,529 70 100.0 5.2 9.2 16.2 53.5 13.7 2.2 130,874 1,642 562 101 3,559 15,552 62,972 126 302 797 35,833 244 11,428 64 100.0 6.2 7.7 18.4 48.5 14.9 3.9 567 37 88 113 245 77 7 100.0 6.5 15.5 19.9 43.2 13.6 1.2 aTYAND AGE PERIOD. Seattle, Wash. All ages, number.. Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Spokane, Wash. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Syracnse, N. Y. All ages, number. . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. . Under 5 years 5to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over Toledo, Ohio. All ages, number. Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over AU ages, per cent Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Washington, D. C. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. : . . Under 5 years 5 to 14 years , 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over , Worcester, Mass. All ages, number Under 5 years 5 to 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All ages, per cent. Under 5 years Sto 14 years 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over All 237,134 17,043 20,614 46, 142 99,747 35,927 6,246 loao 7.2 12.5 19.5 42.1 15.1 2.6 104,402 9,066 16,104 20.685 40,620 15. 724 2,745 loao 8.7 14.5 19.8 38.9 16.1 137,249 11,882 21,398 27,005 47,096 23,456 6,248 100.0 8.7 15.6 19.7 34.3 17.1 4.6 168,497 15,891 29,014 33,147 66,543 27,086 6,757 100.0 9.4 17.2 19.7 33.6 16.1 4.0 331,069 26,669 49,961 62,636 119,376 54,275 17,017 100.0 8.1 16.1 18.9 36.1 16.4 5.1 145,986 14,492 24,976 27,833 49, 181 23,095 6,285 100.0 9.9 17.1 19.1 33.7 15.8 4.3 NATIVE WHITE. Native parent- 105,784 8,963 15,015 20,516 41,383 15,108 3,037 100.0 8.5 14.2 19.4 39.1 14.3 2.9 54,574 5,895 9,113 11,098 19,323 7,332 1,484 100.0 10.8 16.7 20.3 35.4 13.4 2.7 58,408 5,960 10,273 12,314 18,250 8,779 2,741 loao 10.2 17.6 21.1 31.2 15.0 4.7 75,147 8,834 14, 708 15,444 23,708 9,904 2,516 loao 11.8 19.6 20.6 31.5 13.2 3.3 168,711 15,476 27,806 32,078 65,676 25,962 9,128 100.0 9.3 16.7 19.2 33.4 15.0 5.5 41,421 4,363 7,190 7,154 11,760 7,738 3,149 100.0 10.5 17.4 17.3 28.4 18.7 7.6 Foreign or mixed parentage 61, 134 7,230 12,113 14, 675 20,343 6,141 589 100.0 11.8 19.8 24.0 33.3 10.0 1.0 27,277 2,912 5,160 6.373 9,553 2,991 260 100.0 10.7 18.9 23.4 35.0 11.0 1.0 46,912 5,637 9,602 9,334 14,926 6,845 541 100.0 12.0 20.5 19.9 31.8 14.6 1.2 59,383 6,778 12, 707 13,456 18,664 7,128 640 100.0 11.4 21.4 22.7 31.4 12.0 1.1 45,066 3,746 6,739 7,639 17,222 8,268 1,484 100.0 8.3 15.0 16.7 38.2 18.3 3.3 54,751 9,705 15,422 12, 041 13,160 4.137 273 100.0 17.7 28.2 22.0 24.0 7.6 0.5 Foreign- bom white. 60,835 447 2,135 8,767 32, 694 13, 958 2,583 100.0 0.7 3.5 14.4 63.7 22.9 4.2 21,220 213 757 2,972 11,056 5,151 986 100.0 1.0 3.6 14.0 52.1 24.3 4.6 30,781 218 1,375 5,173 13,433 7,617 2,927 100.0 0.7 4.5 16.8 43.6 24.7 9.5 32,037 164 1,377 3,900 13,333 9,716 3,633 100.0 0.5 4.3 12.2 41.6 30.3 11.0 24,351 139 982 2,893 10,463 6,329 3,439 100.0 0.6 4.0 11.9 43.0 26.0 14.1 48,492 318 2,167 8,436 23,761 10,973 2,796 100.0 0.7 4,5 17.4 49.0 22.6 5.8 144 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910. Table 16 Alabama Mobile Montgomery Arkansas Little Rock CaUfomia Berkeley Pasadena Sacramento San Diego San Jqse Colorado Colorado Springs Pueblo Connecticut Hartford Meriden town Mend en city New Britain Norwicli town Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Georgia Augusta Macon Savannah nUnois Aurora Bloomington Danville Decatur East St. Louis Elgin JoDet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana Evansville Fort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids.. Clinton Council Bluffs. Davenport Des Moines Dubuque , Sioux City Waterloo Kansas Kansas City. Topeka , Wichita Kentucky Covington Lexington Newjwrt Louisiana Shroveport. Maine Lewis ton. Portland AGE PEPIODS. Under 5 years. 4,635 3,373 4,107 3,236 2,039 3,080 2,689 2,256 2,125 4,321 9,565 3,039 S,607 5,282 2,574 3,045 S,768 8,385 8,569 4,843 4,523 3,508 3,875 6,008 2,612 2,057 2,497 2,744 6,062 1,909 3,738 5,338 2,838 3,828 4,755 6,150 5,441 6,320 5,052 2,894 2,140 2,736 3,634 7,850 3,191 4,019 2,547 8,264 3,738 4,455 4,851 2,504 2,740 2,546 2,569 4,811 5 to 14 years. 9,129 6,729 7,294 5,939 4,109 5,376 5,288 4,179 4,634 7,250 16,535 5,955 6,014 8,007 4,972 6,010 4,49S 13,674 14,753 8,836 7,026 6,860 7,511 11,168 4,878 3,992 4,963 5,288 9,801 4,066 6,169 10,248 5,831 7,464 8,920 11,654 10,943 9,514 9,923 5,278 4,325 5,236 7,163 14,235 6,563 7,757 4,196 14,760 6,717 8,188 9,185 5,267 6,230 4,965 4,908 8,710 15 to 24 years. 10,543 7,986 10,138 8,082 4,863 8,540 6,724 6,260 5,334 8,218 18,610 6,266 6,SM 9,425 5,291 5,427 4,83t 14,853 17,388 12,692 8,239 9,005 8,905 13,880 5,981 5,144 5,335 6,160 12,432 4,989 7,126 13,272 7,426 9,384 9,834 14,462 13,379 10,887 11,667 6,743 5,345 6,997 8,310 17,308 7,812 10,708 5,806 17,018 9,tl43 11,369 11,090 6,880 6,149 6,040 25 to 44 years. 17,982 12,853 16,740 13,810 9,966 18, 193 12,917 9,680 10,198 16,641 34,996 9,670 8,S5S 14,697 8,610 9,463 8,S84 26,000 28,673 22,673 13,097 14,340 13,371 23,939 9,610 8,160 9,222 10,011 21,761 8,341 11,648 24,072 11,397 14,844 17,367 22,988 21,211 17,533 19,774 11,041 7,795 9,297 14,200 29,477 12,226 16,707 27,133 13,768 17,585 17, 181 12,237 10,070 10,238 46 to 64 years. 5,418 7,627 10,604 19,714 7,174 5,814 6,226 14,235 6,829 4,113 5,843 5,318 8,274 4,969 4,736 4,520 5,320 7,160 5,146 4,740 10,979 6,644 7,516 8,264 11,459 10,269 7,636 9,345 5,407 4,429 4,701 7,318 13,584 6,673 7,019 3,840 12,048 7,693 8,386 8,718 6,390 4,847 3,403 4.424 10,906 65 years and over. 1,810 1,291 1,344 7,364 1,980 6,700 2,533 7,578 1,874 8,603 3,088 6,591 1,939 5,429 1,228 6,532 1,146 15,106 4,012 5,421 1,679 4,56S 1,378 5,171 1,285 4,988 1,767 4,649 1,218 S,840 917 1,872 3,625 1,371 681 1,395 1,242 1,686 1,668 1,609 1,315 1,547 1,256 1,433 1,220 2,925 2,400 2,323 2,462 2,878 2,668 1,754 2,310 1,414 1,530 1,277 2,376 3,681 2,124 1,638 1,129 2,682 2,675 2,348 2,217 1,783 1,269 779 1,232 3,681 Massachusetts Brockton Brooldine town. Chelsea Chlcopee Everett Fitchburg Haverlilir. Holyoke Lawrence Lynn Maiden New Bedford.... Newton Pittsfleld Quincy Salem Somerville Springfield Taunton Waltham Michigan Battle Creek Bay City Flint Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing Saginaw Minnesota Duluth. Missouri JopUn. St. Joseph.. Springfield. Montana Butte. Nebraska Lincolp South Omaha. New Hampshire Manchester. Nashua Kew Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange Elizabeth Hoboken. Orange Passaic Perth Amboy Trenton West Hoboken town. New York Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton . . . Elmira Jamestown Kingston Mount Vernon. New Rochelle.. Newburgh Niagara Falls.. Poughkeepsie . . Schenectady Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers AGE PERIODS. Under d years. 5,342 1,769 3,654 3,371 3,474 4,105 4,062 6,002 9,317 8,195 4,484 10,700 3,460 3,057 3,502 4,726 7,433 8,292 3,622 2,234 2,027 5,020 3,450 2,541 3,440 2,586 4,706 7,486 3,424 6,454 3,448 3,439 4,317 3,165 6,848 2,511 3.708 7.755 9,971 2,765 8,087 7,140 3,301 7,317 4,668 9,959 3,750 3,258 2,962 3,691 2,644 2,756 2,119 3,064 3,121 2,173 3,279 2,313 7,859 5,839 7,070 2,295 8,978 5 to 14 years. 9.213 3,593 6,008 5,028 6,256 6.962 7,192 11,488 14,982 13,356 8,319 17,160 6,649 6,189 6,246 7,913 12,887 14,135 5,915 4,563 3,506 9,027 4,849 4,b24 5,678 4,511 8,481 13,081 5,908 12,253 6,2.59 5,902 6,730 5,234 12,663 4,549 6,721 11,842 16,930 6,158 13,773 13, 415 5,529 9,742 6,445 16,864 7,157 4,635 4,691 6,679 6,283 4,924 4,430 6,675 5,198 4.622 4,863 4,194 12, 122 11,962 12,093 4,037 15,029 16 to 24 years. 10,938 5,064 6,250 5.223 6,022 7,734 8,129 12,618 17,952 17,032 7,947 19,686 7,262 6,204 5,898 8. 245 12,866 16,822 6,339 5,446 4,869 9,241 9,681 5,815 7,854 7,088 10,343 16.811 6,374 16,398 7,678 6,918 9,417 5,514 15,475 5,492 8,330 11, IM 18,205 6,185 14, 440 13,978 5,677 14,254 6,577 19,942 6,873 7,207 6,712 8,948 8,051 6,341 5,236 5,730 5,780 5,246 6,130 5,162 13,545 15,031 14,675 4,892 16,562 25 to 44 years. 19,548 10,277 10,320 7,932 10,796 11,717 14,304 17,976 29,107 31,385 14,057 31,416 13, 137 11,144 10,625 13,460 26,469 31,148 10,695 9,304 12,576 13.969 10,868 12,989 10, 752 15,677 28,871 10,675 26,928 10.931 17,030 14,275 8,649 21,444 7,960 18,575 17,681 30,227 12,^0 24,608 23,926 9,624 17,361 10,424 31,805 11,740 10,343 12,041 16,256 11,907 10, 247 7,865 10,218 10,054 9,058 11,245 9,132 27,569 25,684 24,442 9,081 26,928 46 to 64 years. 9,513 5,448 4,610 2,996 6,513 5,669 7,822 7,790 11,820 15,140 7,442 13,963 6,954 5,095 6,074 6,951 13,511 14,162 6,843 4,830 4,678 7,238 6,306 5,873 7,027 4,900 8,647 10,378 4,623 12,046 6,353 7,130 3,177 10,758 4,183 7,179 5,976 15,296 5,998 9,607 9,855 4,447 5,063 3,424 14,744 4,932 4,565 6,243 9,772 7.082 5,2T9 4,812 4,933 3,826 5,058 4,053 5,274 9,511 14,272 12,349 4,848 10,087 AGE DISTRIBUTION. 145 DISTRIBUTION BY AGE PERIODS OF THE POPULATION IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. Table 16— Continued. AOE PERIODS. Under 6 years. 5 to 14 years. 15toS4 years. 25 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 66 years and over. AGE PERIODS. Under 5 years. 5 to 14 years. 15 to 24 years. 25 to 44 years. 45 to 64 years. 65 years and over North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington Ohio Akron Canton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield Yomigstown Zanesviile Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City PennsylTanla Allen town Altoona Chester Easton Erie Earrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McXeesport New Castle Norristown borough . . Reading Shenandoah borough . Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Rhode Island Newport Pawtucket Warwick town Woonsocket 3,981 2,827 0,758 4,589 3,436 2,885 3,892 2,136 3,975 8,873 2,463 2,368 5,671 5,4Sfi 6,705 3,707 2,471 7,263 6,554 3,248 6,810 4.233 5,288 4,184 2,350 9,543 3,925 7,755 2,722 4,316 2,235 4,874 2,786 4,277 6,702 4,745 10,393 8,026 6,317 5,356 5,304 4,112 7,516 13,078 4,306 4,207 9,366 8,779 9,528 6,616 4,552 12,392 10.054 5,770 9,767 7,933 8,820 6,298 4,182 16,566 6,0.W 13, 473 6,384 7,848 4,043 9,624 5,286 7,788 7,706 6,375 15,161 10,379 6,980 6,218 5.490 4,898 9,260 16,029 5,333 6,435 14,419 10,574 10,314 7,770 5,455 12,520 12,411 5,181 12,284 9,114 8,947 7,193 5,131 18,957 5,277 14,055 6,210 8,838 6,762 10,149 6,185 8.426 10,532 7,936 24,198 17,468 11.430 10,089 10,598 8,702 15,011 29,257 9,290 9,552 25,263 16,625 17,185 12,947 9,196 21,201 22,461 7,172 18,675 14,465 13,614 12,604 8,864 31,020 8,138 20,901 9,908 14,122 8,498 16,738 7,867 11,300 4,120 3,500 4,267 8,198 4,226 6.112 872 10,135 2,353 7,727 1,960 5,493 1,608 4,780 1,137 3.109 484 4,355 1,176 8.596 2,337 9,187 1,874 5,002 1,598 3,043 454 7,961 1,409 8,184 2,259 7,494 1,855 5,912 1,532 5,211 1,636 9,974 2,992 10,775 2,892 3,334 725 6,493 1,410 8,776 2,686 5,077 sao 4,884 1,179 6,563 1,740 15,799 4,168 2,351 388 8,895 1,068 6,903 1,604 7,423 2,201 1,331 2,065 1,261 1,203 Sonth Carolina Charleston Columbia Tennessee Chattanooga Knoxville Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco Utah Ogden Sit Lake City Virginia Lynchburg Norfolk Portsmouth Roanoke Washington Taooma West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse Madison. Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Superior 5,606 2,570 3,937 3,187 2,007 8,048 4,445 6,950 3,232 6,781 9,977 2,552 3,068 10,461 3,085 0,198 3,343 3,806 7,084 3,302 3,868 2,966 2,658 2,248 3,343 3,786 2,883 4.302 10,750 4,600 7,154 6,251 5,667 15,321 7,700 12,788 6 299 13, 167 18,081 5,343 6,133 16,976 5,327 11,235 6,857 6,706 12,686 6,068 7,047 6,193 6.547 3,946 6,226 6,667 6,176 7.668 12,698 5,%2 10,145 8,640 0,368 20,368 7,588 10, 104 7,461 17,348 20,620 5,788 5,299 18,880 7,012 14,459 7,802 7,907 16,533 0,962 8.290 6,033 6,069 6,558 6,670 8,013 6,580 7.810 19,441 10,244 11,986 8,942 33,010 13,535 26,040 13,433 28,647 30,890 8,141 7,741 30,300 24,495 10,995 11,281 30,111 9,882 14,053 7,710 9,012 8,472 9,539 12,337 7,539 15,111 7,987 3,235 5,670 4,989 4,543 12,125 4,753 8,848 6,290 10,414 12,889 3,445 3,534 12,532 .%997 9,024 4,204 4,082 13,008 4,090 6,720 3,224 4,940 4,056 5,424 6,665 4,093 4,735 2,042 743 1,235 1,066 1,646 2,519 886 1,555 1,234 2,113 3,247 767 3,022 1,978 918 2,619 834 1,589 1,102 1,543 1,216 1,847 1,519 1,100 632 72497"— 13 10 + 146 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MARITAL CONDITION. •UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. In the census statistics of marital condition, the terms "married," ''widowed," or "divorced" refer to the marital status of the person enumerated at the time when the census was taken, so that a person, for instance, who had been widowed or divorced but had remarried would be reported as married. Table 17 shows, by sex, the marital condition of the total population of the United States (exclusive of all outlying possessions) as reported at the census of 1910. Table 17 POPULATION OF ALL ages: 1910 MARITAL CONDITION. Male. Female. Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. Total 47,332,277 27,455,607 19,721,146 18,093,498 1,471,472 156, 176 155,524 100.0 58.0 41.7 38.2 3.1 0.3 0.3 44,639,989 23,522,121 21,049,696 17,688,169 3,176,426 185,101 68,172 100.0 52.7 Married, widowed, or divorced 47.2 39.6 Widowed 7.1 Divorced 0.4 Marital condition not reported 0.2 Of the total number of males of all ages in 1910, 58 per cent were single, 38.2 per cent married, and 3.4 per cent widowed or divorced, the corresponding percentages for females being 52.7, 39.6, and 7.5. The number of persons under 15 years of age who are married, widowed, or divorced is naturally in- significant, comprising in 1910 only 994 males and 3,713 females. Statistics of marital condition are, therefore, usually confined to persons 15 years of age and over. Table 18 summarizes the data for persons of this class. Table 18 population 15 years of age and over: 1910 MARITAL CONDITION. Male. Female. Number. Per cent of total. Number. Per cent of total. Total 32,425,805 12,550,129 19,720,152 18,092,600 1,471,390 156, 162 155,524 100.0 38.7 60.8 5.5.8 4.5 0.6 0.5 30,047,325 8,933,170 21,045,983 17,684,687 3, 176, 228 185,068 68,172 100.0 Single 29.7 Married, widowed, or divorced 70.0 58.9 Widowed 10.6 Divorced 0.6 Marital condition not reported 0.2 There were, in 1910, 32,425,805 males 15 years of age and over and 30,047,325 females, an excess of 2,378,480 males. The number of males to 100 females was 107.9. This excess of males in the adult population of the United States has a most important bearing upon the statistics of marital condition. It accounts in part for the fact that there were 12,550,129 single men, as compared with 8,933,170 single women, or 3,616,959 more of the former than of the latter. But a further explanation of this dispropor- tion is found in the fact that women marry at an earlier age; in other words, men remain single longer than women, therefore there are more single men at any given time. Other things being the same, the proportion of the total population who marry will be greater in a com- munity where the sexes are numerically equal than in one where either sex outnumbers the other. In the latter case it is obvious that a certain number of per- sons of the sex which is in excess must remain sin- gle. Considering one sex alone, however, it is obvious that the probability of marriage will increase in pro- portion as that sex falls below a numerical equality with the other sex and decrease in proportion as it exceeds the other. Probably remarriage is more common among men than among women, and this may explain in part the great excess of widows over widowers. But without doubt the excess is largely due to the fact that men usually marry at a later age than women, so that the marriage relation is more often broken by death of the husband than by death of the wife. In other words, the excess of single men over single women has as a natural correlative an excess of widows over widowers. It will be noted that in the population 15 years of age and over, there were, in 1910, 407,913 more married men than married women (18,092,600 as compared with 17,684,687), a condition largely ex- plainable by the presence in the United States of foreign-born married men who left their wives in their native countries. The total number of men 15 years of age and over who in 1910 had been married (that is, the married, widowed, or divorced together) was 19,720,152, or considerably less than the number of the corresponding class of women, 21,045,983. Marked differences appear between the percentages for males and for females, as shown by Table 18. Of the males, 60.8 per cent were either married, widowed, or divorced, while for the females the proportion was much higher, 70 per cent. Although there were, in absolute numbers, more married men than married women, the percentage married for males (55.8), be- ing based on a larger total, was materially lower than that for females (58.9). The percentages widowed for males and for females were 4.5 and 10.6, respectively. The proportions reported as divorced were 0.5 per cent for males and 0.6 per cent for females. The number of divorced persons reported by the census, of course, falls short of the number of Uving persons who have been divorced, as many divorced persons have remarried, and the census, as previously pointed out, reports simply the marital condition of the population at the date of the enumeration. At MARITAL CONDITION. 147 the same time it seems practically certain that the census returns as to the number of divorced persons not remarried are below the true total, some divorced persons having been reported as single, some as mar- ried, and some as widowed. It will be noted that there were a limited number of persons whose marital condition was not reported by the enumerators. The number and percentage of such persons are not separately shown in the later tables, as they constitute only 0.2 per cent of the aggregate population. They are in all cases included in the totals on which the percentages single, mar- ried, widowed, or divorced are based, but the per- centages would not be appreciably different if based exclusively upon the number of persons whose marital condition was reported. Age groups. — No satisfactory analysis of statistics of marital condition can be made without considering age composition. Aside from differences in the relative number of men and women in the population, the proportion which the number of persons who are or have been married forms of the total number of adults depends on three factors: (1) the age at which mar- riages take place; (2) the duration of life; and (3) the number who permanently remain single. Ordinarily the first factor has greater weight than the others in causing the differences which appear in the statistics for different classes or conmiunities. Of course, in all cases the combined proportion of married, widowed, or divorced persons is lower among young than among older persons. Consequently differences be- tween classes or communities as to the proportion married, widowed, and divorced in the total number of adults may result merely from differences in age distribution and may not appear when comparisons are confined to limited age groups. Table 19 shows, for 1910, the marital condition of the total population 15 years of age and over, classified by sex and age. The percentages are shown in the accompanying diagram. This table shows a rapid increase in the combined percentage of married, widowed, or divorced persons with each older age group. For males, for example, only 1.2 per cent in the age group 15 to 19 years were married, widowed, or divorced, as compared with 24.6 per cent in the age group 20 to 24 years, 64.7 per cent in the age group 25 to 34 years, and 93.5 per cent in the group 65 years of age and over. This table brings out clearly the prevailing difference between men and women as to the age of marriage. In the age group 15 to 19 years the proportion married, widowed, or divorced in 1910 was for males 1.2 per cent and for females 11.6 per cent. In the age group 20 to 24 years the percentages were 24.6 for males and 51.4 for females. In the succeeding age groups the proportions for the sexes rapidly approach equality, and for persons of 65 and over the percentage of males married, widowed, or divorced (93.5) was slightly higher than the percentage of females (93.4). Table 19 AGE PERIOD AND SEX. 15 years and over :> Hale Female I 15 to 19 years: Male Female 20 to 24 years: Male Female 25 to 31 years: Male Female 35 to 44 years: Male Female 45 to 64 years: Male Female 65 years and over: Male Female population: 1910 Total.' Single. Married, widowed, or divorced. Total. Married. Wid- owed. Di- vorced. Number. 32,425,805 30,047,3251 15 years and over: Male Female 15 to 19 years: Male Female 20 to 24 years: Male Female.... 25 to 34 years: Male Female 35 to 44 years: Male Female , 45 to 64 years: Male Female , 05 years and over: Male Female 4,527,282 4,536,321 4,580,290 4,476,694 7,901,116 7,251,072 6,153,366 5,504,321 7,163,332 6,260,757 1,985,976 1,963,548 12,550,129 8,933,170 4,448,067 3,986,764 3,432,161 2,163,683 2,767,957 1,516,726 1,026,502 628,516 722,701 499,564 123,322 124,223 19,720,152 21,045,983 53,334 527,150 1,125,640 2,301,086 5,109,771 5,725,483 5,114,542 4,871,476 6,428,449 5,755,469 1,855,901 1,834,796 18,092,600|l,471,390 17,684,687 3,176,228 51,877 513,239 1,100,093 2,225,362 4, 964, 769 5,443,894 4,873,153 4,410,310 5,771,630 4,383,497 1,303,768 687,335 1,110 10,261 18, 815 65,354 110,431 224,327 198,701 411,896 598,642 ,324,838 539,058 ,140,558 347 3,650 6,732 20,370 34,571 57,262 42,688 49,269 58,177 47,134 13,075 6,903 Percent. loao loao 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3&7 ».7 98.3 87.9 74.9 48.3 35.0 20.9 16.7 11.4 10.1 8.0 6.2 6.3 eas 7a 1.2 n.6 24.6 51.4 64.7 79.0 83.1 8&5 80.7 91.9 93.5 93.4 65.8 68.9 1.1 11.3 24.0 49.7 62.8 76.1 79.2 80.1 80.6 70.0 65.6 35.0 4.5 lae (•) 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.4 3.1 3.2 7.6 8.4 21.2 27.1 58.1 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 ■ Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. ' Includes persons of unknown age. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION: 1910. ^ WIDOWED OR DIVORCED 148 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. The differences between the absolute numbers of males and of females, respectively, in the several mari- tal condition classes in the various age groups, as shown by Table 19, are conspicuous. In each of the age groups, except that comprising persons 65 years of age and over, the number of single men in 1910 greatly exceeded the number of single women. On the other hand, in the groups comprising persons from 15 to 34 years of age, the number of married females materially exceeded the number of married males, but the oppo- site was the case in the groups comprising persons 35 years of age and over. In every age group the widows greatly outnumbered the widowers. The relation between the number of males and females in the different classes is brought out more clearly in Table 20, which shows, by age groups, the number of males to 100 females in the total popula- tion and among single and married, widowed, or divorced persons, respectively. Table 20 AGE PERIOD. 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over NUMBEE OF MALES PER 100 FEMALES. Total. 107.9 99.8 102.3 109.0 111.8 114.4 101.1 Single. 140.5 111.6 158.6 182.5 163.3 144.7 99.3 Married, widowed, or divorced. 93.7 10.1 48.9 89.2 105.0 111.7 101.2 Table 21 shows the marital condition of the popu- lation above specified age limits. Table 21 AGE PERIOD AXD SEX. 15 years and over: Male Female 20 years and over: Male Female 25 years and over: Male Female 35 years and over: Male Female 45 years and over: Male Female ...... 65 years and over: Male Female POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER:> 1910 Number. Total.' 32.311,362 29,992,713 27.784,080 25,456,392 23,203,790 20,979,698 15,302,674 13, 728, 626 9,149,308 8,224,305 1,985.976 1,963,548 12, ,520, 710 8,918,476 8,072,643 4, 932, 712 4,640,482 2,769,029 1,872,525 1,252,303 846,023 623, 787 123,322 124,223 Married, widowed, or divorced. 19,687,637 21,015,459 19,634,303 20,488,309 18,508,663 18,187,223 13,398,892 12,461,740 8,284.350 7,690,265 1,855,901 1,834,796 Per cent. Single. 38.8 29.7 29.1 19.4 20.0 13.2 12.2 9.1 9.2 7.6 6.2 6.3 Mar- ried, wid- owed, or di- vorced. 60.9 70.1 70.7 80.5 79.8 86.7 87.6 90.8 90.5 92.3 93.5 93.4 1 Exclusive of persons of unknown age. 'Includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. Color or race, nativity, and parentage. — Table 23 shows for 1910 statistics of marital condition for each color or race, nativity, and parentage group, giving a further classification according to age groups in the case of the more important elements in the population; it shows also the principal comparative figures for 1900. Table 22, which is derived from Table 23, sum- marizes the statistics for the white population, classi- fied by nativity and parentage, and for the negroes. * Table 22 POPULATION 15 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910 CLASS OF POPULATION Total.» Single. Married, widowed, or divorced. Total. Married. WId- Di- owed. vorced. Number. Total: Male 32,425,805 30,047,325 12,550,129 8,933,170 19,720,152 21,045,983 18,092,600 17,684,687 1,471,390 3,178,228 156,162 185,068 Female Nat. whit&-Nat. parentage: Male 16,233,095 15,523,900 5,785,137 5,887,131 7,139.893 5,446,306 3,059,312 3,103,344 6,185,324 4,644,122 2,906,042 2,453,017 2,268,916 994,110 1,083,472 823,996 9,960,438 10,842,998 2,863,173 3,421,147 4,839,920 4,444,657 1,959.344 2,269,066 9,144,099 9,219,385 2,677,706 3,008,623 4,432,135 3,624.003 1,749,228 1,775,949 728,883 1,523,560 160,779 382,318 384,726 800,112 189,970 459,831 87,456 100,053 24,688 30,206 23,059 20,542 20,146 33,286 Female Nat. white— For. or mixed par.: Male Female For.-bom wlilte: Male Female Negro: Male Female. Per cent. Total: Male Female 100.0 100.0 38.7 29.7 60.8 70.0 55.8 58.9 4.5 10.6 0.5 0.6 Nat. wliite— Nat. parentage: Male 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 38.1 29.9 50.2 41.7 31.8 18.3 35.4 26.6 61.4 69.8 49.5 58.1 67.8 81.6 64.0 73.1 56.3 59.4 46.3 51.1 62.1 66.5 67.2 57.2 4.5 9.8 2.8 6.5 5.4 14.7 6.2 14.8 0.S Female Nat. white— For. or mixed par.: Male 0.6 0.4 Female For. -bom white: Male 0.5 0.3 Female Negro: Male 0.4 0.7 Female 1.1 » Includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. This table shows that the excess of males in the total population 15 years of age and over is chiefly due to the marked excess of males among the foreign-bom whites, although there is an appreciable excess of males also among the native whites of native parent- age. For this and other reasons the distribution of the foreign-born whites with respect to marital con- dition differs materially from that of the other classes. This table of course gives no direct information with regard to intermarriage among the three groups of white persons, but, beyond question, the three classes, native whites of native parentage, native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, and foreign-born whites, intermarry more or less; consequently there is not necessarily an equality between the number of married males and the number of married females within any one group. * The limited number of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese, and ' 'other' ' persons may be passed over without discussion further than to point out that the marital condition among the Indians corre- sponds approximately to that among the negroes, while that among the Chinese and Japanese in this country is quite exceptional, the combined proportion married, widowed, or divorced among these races being very low in the case of males and very high in the case of females. Most of the married Chinese and Japanese men, how- ever, have left their wives in their home countries, and the total number of women of these races in the United States is exceed- ingly small. MARITAL CONDITION. 149 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES : 1910. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 23 CLASS OF POPULATION AND AGE PEKIOD. ALL CLASSES: 1910. All ages 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 29 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown ALL CLASSES: 1900. All ages 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 20 years 30 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 65 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown WHITE. All ages, 1910 15 years and over, 1110 — 1900.... IttlO 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 66 years and over Age unknown NEORO. All ages, 1910 15 years and over, 1910 — 1900.... 1910 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown INDIAN. 16 years and over, 1910 CHINESE. 15 years and over, 1910 JAPANESE. 15 years and over, 1910 ALL OTHER RACES. 15 years and over, 1910 NATIVE WHITE— NA- TIVE PARENTAGE. AU ages, 1910 15 years and over, 1910 1900.... 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown NATIVE WHITE-FOR- EIGN OR MIXED PAR. AU ages, 1910 15 years and over, 1910 1900.... 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 46 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. AUages, 1910 15 years and over, 1910 1900.... 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown MALES 15 YEARS OT AGE AND OVER. Total.! 47,332,277 32, 425, 805 4,527,282 4,680,290 4,244,348 3,656,768 6, 153, 366 4,488,929 2, 674, 403 1,986,976 114,443 42, 178, 246 29, 158, 125 22,808,628 3,999,143 4,070,955 7,089,393 6,661,221 6,618,282 1,825,019 94,112 4,885,881 3,059,312 2,633,008 507,045 482,167 753,968 560,130 595,664 152,482 17,076 80,883 84. 3M 60,638 3,055 25, 229, 218 16, 233, 095 13,088,068 2,552,528 2,332,914 - 3,788,166 2,854,044 3,647,325 1,080,3491 68,769 9,425,239 5,785,137 4,463,211 1,094,861 914,121 1,421,983 1,143,661 1,076,222 128,662 5,637 7,523,788 7,139,893 5,257,359 351,754 823,920 1,879,244 1,563,526 1,804,735 607,008 19,706 Single. Number. 27,456, 12, 550, 4,448, 3,432, 1, 816, 951, 1,026, 499, 222, 123, 29, 24, 379, 558 U, 360, 282 9,173,430 3,936,650 3,122,440 2,645,440 944,724 670,486 115,719 24,923 2,909,902 1,083,472 1,033,285 492,153 287,994 189,196 67,203 36,661 6,285 3,980 27,391 34,330 42,688 1,966 15, 180, 989 6, 185, 324 5,195,263 2,504,473 1,691,385 1,181,751 415, 192 315,401 61,042 16,080 6, 645, 950 2,906,042 2,432,374 1,085,406 769,574 624,710 259,678 152,684 11,448 2,543 2, 652, 619 2, 268, 916 1,545,793 346,672 661,481 738,979 269,854 202,401 43,229 6,300 Per cent. 68.0 38.7 98.3 74.9 42.8 26.0 16.7 11.1 8.3 6.2 25.7 •0.6 40.2 98.8 77.6 45.8 27.6 17.0 10.3 7.6 6.7 28.6 57.8 39.0 40.2 98.4 76.7 36.9 17.0 10.3 6.3 26.6 59.6 36.4 39.2 96.8 69.7 25.1 12.2 6.2 4.1 23.3 34.1 53.3 70.6 64.4 60.2 38.1 39.7 98.1 72.6 31.2 14.5 8.9 5.6 23.4 69.5 50.2 54.5 99.1 84.2 43.9 22.7 14.2 8.9 45.1 35.3 31.8 29.4 98.6 80.3 39.3 17.3 10.7 7.1 32.0 Married. Number. 18,093,498 18, 092, 600 51, 877 1,100,093 2,353,525 2,611,244 4,873,153 3,658,931 2,112,699 1,303,768 27,310 16, 264, 696 16,263,940 12,455,858 40,304 913,059 4,414,772 4,407,687 5,263.730 1,195,982 18,406 1,749,369 1,749.228 1,422,886 11,064 182, 110 527, 149 439,901 477,712 102,670 8,622 48.164 26,449 16, 818 Per cent. Widowed. Num- Per ber. cent, 38.81,471, 55.81,471, 1.1 24.0 55.5 71.4 79.2 81.5 79.0 65.6 23.9 36.0 54.6 1.0 21.6 52.5 69.8 78.8 82.2 79.7 67.1 28.6 38.6 66.7 64.6 1.0 22.4 62.3 79.3 80.8 66.5 19.6 36.8 67.2 64.0 2.2 37.8 69.0 80.0 80.2 67.3 50.6 67.4 41.1 28.3 9U 29.8 9,144,513' 36.2 9,144,099 56.3 7,193,922 55.0 33,818 1.3 618,300 26.6 2,524,551 66.6 2,319,342^ 81.3 2,902,649 81.8 733,401 67.3 12,0381 17.5 2, 677, 885 2, 677, 706 1,906,380 3,635 138,537 774,476 842,217 833,601 83,384 1,856 4,432,298 4,432,135 3,355,556 2,851 156,222 1,115,745 1,246,128 1,527,480 379, 197 4,512 28.4 46.3 42.7 0.3 15.2 54.5 73.6 77.5 64.8 32.9 58.9 62.1 63.8 0.8 19.0 59.4 79.7 80.6 62.5 22.9 1, 18, 45, 65, 198, 286, 312, 639, 4, 1, 178, 1,177, 14, 38, 58, 174, 230, 245, 410. 4, 1,274,464 1,274,388 1,020,38' 680 11,606 81,329 161,346 620,031 406,282 3,314 189,976 189,970 161,233 416 7,160 28,261 36,144 74,809 41,891 1,289 6,818 1.138 496 3.1 4.5 (») 0.4 1 1.8 3.2 6.4 11.7 27.1 4.0 3.0 4.6 (') 0.4 1.2 2.0 3.6 6.8 11.9 26.4 3.5 3.0 4.4 4.5 (') 0.3 1.1 2.9 8.0 27 3.5 3.9 8.2 6.7 0.1 1.6 3.7 6.6 12.6 27.6 7.6 8.8 1.8 0.8 79 2.8 728, 920: 2. 9 728, 883 4. 5 587,894 4.5 628 8,870 62,784 91,123 290,516 282,857 2,205 160,789 160, 779 106,056 92 1,387 14,301 32,328 79,808 32,543 320 '384,755 381, 726 326, 438 60 1,249 14,244 37,895 150,607 179,882 789 (*) 0.4 1.4 3.2 8.2 26.0 3.2 1.7 2.8 2.4 (») 0.2 1.0 2.8 7.4 25.3 5.7 5.1 6.4 6.2 (») 0.2 0.8 2.4 7.9 29.6 4.0 Di- vorced. 166,176 166, 162 347 6,732 15,503 19,068 42,688 36,502 21, 675 13,075 572 84,237 84,230 194 3,322 8,218 10,307 22,630 19, 498 12,297 7,355 409 135, 215 135,203 72,761 230 4,866 27,920 37,007 62, 716 12,010 456 20,148 20,146 11,026 104 1,809 6,408 5,458 6,254 999 114 678 «t 88 87,463 87,456 47,993 178 3,763 19,383 23,312 32,826 7,653 341 24,693 24,688 11,422 34 735 5,590 8,108 9,088 1,087 46 23, 059 23,059 13,346 18 358 2,947 5,587 10,802 3,279 FEUALES 15 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total.i 44,639,989 30,047,325 4,530,321 4,476,694 3,936,655 3,315,417 5,504,321 3,881,059 2,379,698 1,963,548 64,612 37, 178, 127 24, 249, 191 3,806,638 3,710,436 3,205,898 2,654,718 4,339,166 2.994,983 1,940,111 1,525,080 73,161 39, 553, 712 26,857,337 21,483,052 3,969,248 3,916,466 6,435,019 4,960,896 5,731,622 1,814,984 40,112 4,941,882 3,103,344 2,690,683 552,471 648,638 795,348 538, 732 512,549 141,642 13,964 78,988 8,966 6,848 24, 259, 357 15, 523, 900 12,561,813 2,536,527 2,350,008 3,662,509 2,641,722 3,192,675 1,111,719 28,740 9,472,598 5,887,131 4,475,907 1,110,714 958,987 1,483,343 1, 161, 132 1,041,164 126,924 4,867 5, 821, 757 5,446,306 4,445,332 322, 606, 1,289, 1,148, 1,497, 576, 6, Single. Number. 23, 522, 121 8,933,170 3,985,764 2, 163, 683 981,666 635,170 628,516 331,573 167,991 124,223 14,694 20,491, 7,666, 3,374, 1,913, 882, 441, 481, 234, 128, 90, 17, 20,784,712 8,091,249 6,747,306 3,52.5,988 1,968,679 1,399,105 689,925 476,679 118,82 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Native white — Native par.: 15 years and over i 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage: 15 years and over ' 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Foreign-bom white: 15 years and over ' 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Negro: 15 years and over i 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over PER CENT OF TOTAL IN SPEOFIEIV ASE GEOTTP WHO ■WXBE: — Single. Male. 38.7 98.3 74.9 35.0 16.7 10.1 6.2 38.1 98.1 72.5 31.2 14.5 8.9 5.6 50.2 99.1 84.2 43.9 22.7 14.2 8.9 31.8 98.6 80.3 39.3 17.3 10.7 7.1 35.4 96.9 59.7 25.1 12.2 6.2 4.1 Fe- male. 29.7 87.9 48.3 20.9 11.4 8.0 6.3 29.9 86.7 46.6 19.5 10.8 8.2 7.4 41.7 94.4 62.8 30.6 17.8 12.3 8.6 18.3 86.3 44.9 18.0 8.6 5.8 4.5 26.6 81.2 34.9 14.5 7.1 4.4 3.7 Married widowed, « divorced Male. 60.8 1.2 24.6 64.7 83.1 89.7 93.5 61.4 1.4 27.0 68.5 85.3 90.9 94.0 49.5 0.3 15.4 55.9 77.2 85.7 90.9 67.8 0.8 19.2 60.3 82.5 89.1 92.0 64.0 2.3 39.6 74.5 87.5 93.7 95.5 Fe- male. 70.0 11.6 51.4 79.0 88.5 91.9 93.4 69.8 12.8 53.2 80.4 89.2 91.7 92.4 58.1 5.1 36.9 69.2 82.1 87.6 91.3 81.6 13.2 54.9 81.9 91.4 94.2 95.3 73.1 18.1 64.8 85.3 92.8 95.4 95.9 Mairried. 55.8 1.1 24.0 62.8 79.2 80.6 65.6 56.3 1.3 26.5 66.6 81.3 81.8 67.3 46.3 0.3 15.2 54.5 73.6 77.5 04.8 62.1 0.8 19.0 59.4 79.7 80.6 62.5 57.2 2.2 37.8 69.9 80.0 80.2 67.3 Fe- male. 69.9 11.3 49.7 75.1 80.1 70.0 35.0 59.4 12.5 61.8 77.1 81.9 71. 35.8) 51.1 5.0 36.2 66.5 74.7 67.8 35.0 66.5 13.1 54.3 79.5 84.1 70.8 34.7 57.2 17.0 59.0 74.5 74.4 61.6 29.9 Widowed or divorced. Male. 5.0 (=>) I 0.6 1.8! 3.9 9.2 27.8 50, (») 0. 1.9 4.0 9.1 26.7 3.S (') 0.2 1.4 3.5 8.3 26.1 5.7 (') 0.2 0.9 2.8 8.5 30.2 6.9 0.1 1.9 4.6 7.6 13.4 28.1 Fe- male. U.2 0.3 1.7 3.9 8.4 21.9 58.4 10.5 0.3 1.4 3.3 7.3 20.0 66.6 7.0 0.1 0.7 2.8 7.4 19.8 56.3 15.1 0.1 0.7 2.4 7.3 23.4 60.7 15.9 1.1 5.8 10.8 18.4 33.8 66.0 1 Percentages based on total population, which includes a small number of persons of unknown age. » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. • In every age group and for both sexes the proportion married, widowed, or divorced was materially higher in the case of the native whites of native parentage than in the case of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. This is partly due to the difference in the geographic distribution of the two classes. A much larger proportion of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage than of the native whites of native parentage are in urban communities, and much larger proportions of the former class than of the latter are in the North and the West. People living in urban communities are less apt to marry, or tend to marry MARITAL CONDITION. 151 later, than those living in rural districts; and persons living in the North and the West are less apt to marry, or tend to marry later, than persons living in the South. Table 24 shows, also, that in each of the individual age groups the percentage married, widowed, or di- vorced was higher for native white males of native parentage than for foreign-born white males. On the other hand, among females the percentages were somewhat lower for the native whites of native parent- age than for the foreign-born whites. The negroes of both sexes marry at a somewhat earlier age than the native whites of native parentage, but in the older age groups the percentage married among negroes was lower and the percentage widowed or divorced higher than among native whites of native parentage, except that in the case of males 65 years and over the percent- age married was the same in the two population classes. MARITAL CONDITION OF PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF THE POPULATION, BY AGE PERIODS: 1910. t5 AN 3 C VE 1 MALE 1 VAMf ^ m^M SSS^ ^H FEMALE VA)m. ?^ m^^ 9S6i. SBlHi B|| 1 MALE ■ n^ yyS5S*;?$B 7 . /fj^W:* p^^i"^'^ R 3 A VAAPy^ w y^ji^y^ WH ■ ■ ^Afr ^ ^ mm 3S5S8SB51 re^ ALE ~r~ v^m fw m m^ SW^^H ^1 1 MALE ■ 1 V^/ SS ^ M ^^ ^sss .FCMALC fe ??S ^ ^ f^>}^ a^H^i 26 -4 MALE x^' v/^ ^y<\M ^ M 2SS ^ ^ 1 1 FEMALE W W^ *** ^ ^ ^ JSft iftS? ^ 1 MALE y' yyy yy/ yAAj£&k ^ m m w ^ i f FEIaUlLE 4 3 Vf ^yy AA^lSAUk w ^ ^ ^ m W 1 MALE % AA/ ^yy^^M m ^ jw ^ w Ra 4 FEMALE p VA^"^ ^ ^ ^ ^ W5 W" M ■ MALE ■ VAa yyw ^ ^ ^ M >^ m M \ FEA ALE m '/aaM W w m ^ >^ ^ 1 MALE 1 1 l_ -i 4 ,^^ ^//. "///< '/A ^/A '/// ^yy AAA V/M^ I FEMALE k// //A VA ^yy yy^ AA/^ yy^^ m W Male ..^ ^//f y// VA y^A ^y/^ ^yA VA AAA VAy^\ 2 FEMALE VA V// /// yy/ W' yyy va\ VA/Wi^ MALE M ^/A ?// w< yy^ vy AA/ VA AA/^^m \ FEMALE 4 w< yA^ vy ^A/ VVa AA/m, 5«< 5» ^ MALE V/^ VA VA ^AA Va ^yy VA ///^ XXX FEMALE Va ^ VA ^ ^ yyAM !^ ^ m ■] NATIVE WHITE - NATIVE PARENTAGE 2 NATIVE WHITE - FOREIGN OR MIXEO PARENTAGE 3 FOREIQN-BORN WHITE 4- NEGRO Comparisons with previous censuses. — ^Table 25 shows, by sex, the percentages single, married, widowed, or divorced in the total population 15 years of age and over for the last three censuses. Table 25 PEE CENT DISTBIBUTION OF— MARITAL CONDITION. Males 15 years of age and over. Females 15 years of age and over. 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 1890 Total 100.0 38.7 60.8 55.8 4.5 0.5 0.6 100.0 40.2 59.4 54.5 4.6 0.3 0.4 100.0 41.7 58.1 53.9 3.9 0.2 0.3 100.0 29.7 70.0 58.9 10.6 0.6 0.2 100.0 31.2 68.6 57.0 11.2 0.6 0.2 100 Single 31 8 Married, widowed, or divorced Married 68. 1 Widowed 11 Divorced 4 Marital condition not reported 0.1 There has been for both sexes a gradual advance since 1890 in the percentage of married persons and in the percentage of married, widowed, or divorced persons combined. The latter percentage rose, in the case of males, from 58.1 in 1890 to 59.4 in 1900 and 60.8 in 1910, while the corresponding percentages for females were 68.1, 68.6, and 70, respectively. These increasing percentages are only in part, if at all, attributable to changes in the race, nativity, and parentage composition of the population, or to changes in age distribution. Table 26 shows for the males and females in each of the principal race, nativity, and parentage groups the percentage reported as single, as married, widowed, or divorced, and as married, respectively. WIDOWED OR DIVORCED Table 26 PER CENT OF PERSONS 15 TEARS OF AGE OR OVER WHO WERE— CLASS or fOPPLATION AKD SEX. Single. Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 64.6 57.0 1890 Total: Mala 38.7 29.7 40.2 31.2 41.7 3L8 60.8 70.0 69.4 68.6 68.1 6&1 85.8 58.9 63.9 56 8 Native white— Native parentage: Male 38.1 29.9 50.2 41.7 31.8 18.3 35.4 26.6 39.7 31.0 64.5 44.4 29.4 19.6 39.2 40.1 30.6 61.9 61.0 32.1 20.7 61.4 60.8 49.6 68.1 67.8 81.6 64.0 73.1 69.8 08.8 45.3 55.6 70.3 80.3 60.2 69.9 59.7 69.3 38.0 49.0 67.6 79.2 60.0 69.8 66.3 69.4 46.3 61.1 62.1 66.5 57.2 57.2 55.0 67.7 42.7 49.4 63.8 64.2 54.0 63.7 65 4 Female 58 2 Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage: Male 36 2 Female 44 3 Foreign-i)om white: Male 62 2 Female 63 9 Negro: Male 55 6 FAmalft. 29.9 an n 54 6 The combined percentage of married, widowed, or divorced persons was higher in 1910 than in 1900 or in 1890 for each sex in each of the four principal race, na- tivity, and parentage groups, except that in the case of the foreign-born white males the percentage was lower in 1910 than in 1900. In the case of native white females of native parentage, however, the percentage married, widowed, or divorced was sHghtly lower in 1900 than in 1890. These higher percentages of mar- ried, widowed, or divorced persons combined were chiefly due to a higher proportion of married persons, although the proportion of widowed or divorced per- sons has also generally increased. 152 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Table 27 shows the percentage of males and females of specified ages reported as single, as married, and as married, widowed, or divorced at the censuses of 1910, 1900, and 1890. Table 27 PER CENT OF PERSONS IN SPEUllilED AGE GROUP WHO WERE— AGE FEBIOD AND SEX. Single. Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 54.5 57.0 1890 15 years and over: i Male 38.7 29.7 40.2 31.2 41.7 31.8 60.8 70.0 59.4 68.6 58.1 68.1 55.8 58.9 53.9 Female 56.8 15 to 19 years: Male 98.3 87.9 74.9 48.3 35.0 20.9 16.7 11.4 10.1 8.0 6.2 6.3 98.8 88.7 77.6 51.6 37.3 22.6 17.0 11.1 9.3 7.4 5.7 6.0 99.4 90.3 80.7 51.8 36.8 20.7 15.3 9.9 8.2 6.6 5.6 5.6 1.2 11.6 24.6 51.4 64.7 79.0 83.1 88.5 89.7 91.9 93.5 93.4 1.0 11.2 22.1 48.3 62.5 77.3 82.9 88.8 90.6 92.5 94.0 93.8 0.5 9.7 19.2 48.1 63.1 79.2 84.5 90.1 91.6 93.3 94.2 94.2 1.1 11.3 24.0 49.7 62.8 75.1 79.2 80.1 80.6 70.0 65.6 35.0 1.0 10.9 21.6 46.5 60.6 73.0 78.8 79.5 81.3 68.6 67.1 34.2 0.5 Female 9.5 20 to 24 years: Male 18.9 Female 46.7 25 to 34 years: Male 61.5 Female 75.2 35 to 44 years: Male 80.9 Female 80.6 45 to 64 years: Male 83.6 Female 68.8 66 years and over: Male 70.5 Female 36.4 1 Includes persons of unknown age. In the age groups 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, and 25 to 34 years, the percentage married, widowed, or divorced was greater in 1910 than in 1900, and in the case of the first two groups it was also greater in 1900 than in 1890. In the age group 25 to 34 years the percentage for males was greater in 1910 than at either of the two preceding censuses, but was less in 1900 than in 1890, while for females the per- centage was greater in 1910 than in 1900, although in both years it was lower than in 1890. In each of the three age groups comprising persons 35 years of age or over, a decrease occurred during both of the decades covered by the table in the percentage married, wid- owed, or divorced both for males and for females, with the single exception that the percentage for males from 35 to 44 years of age increased slightly between 1900 and 1910. Table 28 shows, for 1910, 1900, and 1890, the per- centage of married, widowed, or divorced persons among males and females, respectively, for the prin- cipal color or race, nativity, and parentage groups, classified by age. For each class shown in the table the percentage of married, widowed, or divorced persons in the age groups 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years was higher, both for males and for females, in 1910 than in 1900 or 1890, except that the percentage for native white males of foreign or mixed parentage 15 to 19 years of age was the same in 1910 as in 1900. This would in- dicate that in all classes of the population a larger proportion are marrying in the earher ages than was the case 10 or 20 years ago. The falling off in the natural rate of increase of population in this country- would therefore seem not in any way due to the post- ponement of marriage. In the age group 25 to 34 years the proportion married, widowed, or divorced in 1910 was greater than in 1900 for both males and females in all classes of the population, with the single exception of the foreign-born white males. For the two groups comprising persons 45 years of age and over, the proportion of persons in the three classes of the white population who were or had been married has shown a decrease at each census since 1890, with the single exception of the native white females of native parentage from 45 to 64 years of age, for whom the percentage was the same in 1910 as in 1900. For the white population it thus appears that although the proportion marrying at early ages shows an increase, the proportion married, widowed, or divorced in the higher age groups was not so great in 1910 as in 1900 or 1890. Among the negroes the proportion married, widowed, or divorced in each age group was higher in 1910 than in 1900. Table 28 CLASS OF POPULATION AND AG£ PERIOD. Total: 15 years and over ' . . . 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over. Native white — Native parentage: 15 years and over » 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage: 15 years and over i 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Foreign-bom white: 15 years and over ' 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 66 years and over Negro: 15 years and over ' 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over PER CENT MARRIED, WIDOWED, OR DIVORCED. Male. 1910 60.8 1.2 24.6 64.7 83.1 89.7 93.6 61.4 1.4 27.0 68.5 86.3 90.9 94.0 49.5 0.3 15.4 65.9 77.2 85.7 90.9 67.8 0.8 19.2 60.3 82.5 89.1 92.6 64.0 2.3 39.6 74.5 87.5 93.7 95.6 1900 59.4 1.0 22.1 62.6 82.9 90.6 94.0 59.8 1.2 23.8 65.7 85.1 91.7 94.6 45.3 0.3 13.1 52.5 78.1 86.9 92.2 70.3 0.7 17.3 60.9 82.0 89.5 93.0 60.2 1.8 35.1 71.6 86.6 93.3 95.0 1890 58.1 0.6 19.2 63.1 84.6 91.6 94.2 Female. 70.0 11.6 61.4 79.0 88.6 91.9 93.4 69.7 0.6 20.5 66.6 86.6 92.6 94.8 38.0 0.1 11.0 65.3 93.6 67.6 0.3 15.1 58.1 82.2 90.3 93.2 60.0 0.9 34.2 74.7 88.5 93.9 94.3 69.8 12.8 63.2 80.4 89.2 91.7 92.4 58.1 6.1 36.9 69.2 82.1 87.6 91.3 81.6 13.2 64.9 81.9 91.4 94.2 96.3 73.1 18.1 64.8 86.3 92.8 95.4 95.9 1900 68.6 11.2 48.3 77.3 88.8 92.5 93.8 68.8 12.5 51.2 79.0 89.0 91.7 92.8 55.6 5.0 35.0 68.5 83.9 89.8 91.9 80.3 11.0 46.6 80.7 91.6 94.4 95.6 69.9 16.6 60.0 82.4 91.9 95.1 95.2 1890 68.1 9.7 48.1 79.2 90.1 93.3 94.2 69.3 11.0 51.5 80.8 89.5 92.3 93.3 49.0 4.2 34.6 71.4 87.1 91.5 92.3 79.2 8.4 45.2 80.1 91.7 95.1 96.0 69.8 15.0 61.7 84.8 92.4 96.2 95.3 1 Percentages based on total population, which includes a small number of persons of unknown age. MARITAL CONDITION. 153 DIVISIONS AND STATES. Total population, by divisions. — Table 29 shows for the different geographic divisions of the country the proportions single, married, widowed, or divorced among persons 15 years of age and over, classified by sex. The percentages are summarized graphically in the accompanying diagram. Table 29 per cent of total population 15 years op age and over. DIVISION AND SIX. Single. Married, widowed, or divorced. Total. Mar- ried. Wid- owed. Di- vorced. TTnlted States: Male 38.7 28.7 60 8 70.0 55.8 68.9 4.5 10.6 0.5 0.6 New England: \f(iip 38.6 34.2 38.0 32.6 37.6 29.1 40.6 29.7 36.9 29.6 34.9 26.8 38.6 •25.3 46.1 25.2 46.9 27.4 61.2 65.7 60.7 67.3 62.1 70.7 68.9 70.0 62.7 70.1 64.8 72.9 62.9 74.4 64.1 74.4 61.9 72.4 66.6 63.6 66.1 56.1 67.0 50.8 54.1 60.4 57.9 68.4 69.2 60.8 67.6 63.1 49.6 64.6 46.7 60.6 6.1 11.6 4.3 10.8 4.6 10.1 4.3 9.0 4.6 11.3 6.1 11.8 4.9 10.6 3.8 9.0 4.2 10.6 0.6 Female 0.6 Middle Atlantic: Male 0.2 Female 0.3 East North Central: Male Female West North Central: Male 0.6 0.7 0.6 Female '. 0.7 South Atlantic: Male 0.3 Female 0.4 East South Central: Male 0.6 0.8 West South Central: Male 0.5 Female 0.7 Mountain: Male 0.8 Female 1.0 Pacotc: Male 1.0 Female 1.3 The percentage of females who were or had been married was lower in New England than in other geographic divisions, while the proportion of males who were or had been married was lower in the Pacific and Mountain divisions than in the other divisions. It should be borne in mind in this connection that the number of males to 100 females is much higher in the Pacific and Mountain divisions than in any other, whereas New England is the only division in which the females outnumber the males. The factors of race and age doubtless exercise an appreciable in- fluence upon the marital condition of the total popu- lation, but, independently of racial or age composi- tion, it is almost inevitable that the proportion mar- ried, widowed, or divorced among males should be smallest in those geographic divisions in which the excess of males over females is greatest. Conversely it is natural that the proportion married among women should be relatively low in that section of the country where the females outnumber the males. The proportion widowed is highest for both sexes in the East South Central and New England divi- sions and lowest for males in the Mountain and Pacific divisions and for females in the West North Central and Mountain divisions. The proportion divorced is highest for both sexes in the Mountain and Pacific divisions and lowest for both sexes in the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic divisions. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. 8IN0LE I MARRIED, WIDOWED, OR DIVORCED UNITED STATES •O «0 30 20 I IZ=] PER CENT MARRIED WIDOWED OR DIVORCED Color or race, nativity, and parentage classes, by divi- sions. — Table 30 shows for 1910, by geographic divi- sions, the percentage of the male and female population 15 years of age and over in the color or race, nativity, and parentage classes who were married, widowed, or divorced, and also the percentage who were married. For each class of the population except the native whites of native parentage the percentage married, widowed, or divorced among the males was higher in the East South Central division than in any other. For the native whites of native parentage the New England division ranked first in this respect, with {he East South Central second. For each class of popu- lation except the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage the percentage was lowest in the Pacific division. For the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage the lowest percentage was found in New England, with the Pacific division ranking next. Among females the percentage married, widowed, or divorced was highest in the divisions west of the Mississippi River, for the native whites of native parentage, in the West South Central division; for the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, in the Mountain division; for the foreign-bom whites, in the West North Central division; and for the negroes, in the Mountain division. On the other hand, the proportion of females married, widowed, or divorced was lowest in New England for every class except the native whites of native parentage, for whom the proportion was lowest in the Middle Atlantic division. New England ranking next in this respect. 154 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Table 30 PER CENT OF PERSONS 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native white. Foreign-bom white. Neg DIVISION AND SEX. Native parentage. Foreign or mixed parentage. 3X). Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. Married, widowed, or divorced. Married. United States: Male 60.8 70.0 65.8 58.9 61.4 69.8 56.3 59.4 49.5 58.1 46.3 51.1 67.8 81.6 62.1 66.5 64.0 73.1 67.2 Female 57.2 New England: Male 61.2 65.7 60.7 67.3 62.1 70.7 58.9 70.0 62.7 70.1 64.8 72.9 62.9 74.4 54.1 74.4 51.9 72.4 55.5 53.6 56.1 66.1 57.0 59.8 54.1 60.4 57.9 58.4 59.2 60.3 57.5 63.1 49.5 64.5 46.7 60.5 63.0 68.2 60.9 66.1 61.9 69.8 59.6 69.9 62.3 69.3 64.2 72.2 62.2 74.2 55.1 73.0 54.9 72,1 57.7 53.1 65.8 55.2 56.6 69.4 54.8 60.7 58.1 69.4 69.6 62.0 57.6 65.0 50.3 63.9 49.2 60.4 42.9 48.0 48.7 55.5 52.5 60.5 47.8 58.6 56.0 61.9 59.5 64.3 55.7 66.4 49.0 66.5 45.6 62.2 39.8 42.0 45.4 47.6 49.4 63.8 45.2 63.4 51.7 51.4 65.0 62.6 51.7 57.4 45.6 60.0 41.6 64.2 68.2 74.9 67.8 78.3 72.2 86.3 70.1 87.9 66.4 82.9 74.9 86.7 70.5 85.6 55.7 87.3 64.4 84.2 62.7 62.1 63.2 64.7 65.7 69.3 63.1 71.2 60.4 65.3 65.5 59.7 62.9 67.5 60.9 71.9 48.6 67.8 68.2 67.7 60.4 69.0 60.5 75.3 60.3 75.0 63.8 71.5 65.9 74.7 64.9 74.9 55.3 77.1 62.6 76.0 51.7 Female 50.0 Middle Atlantic: Male 64.5 63.3 East North Central: Male 51.7 66.8 West North Central: Male 61.4 Female 66.3 South Atlantic: Male 57.9 Female 66.9 East South Central: Male 58.5 Female '. 57.8 West South Central: Male 57.4 Female 58.8 Mountain: Male 47.8 Female 56.6 Pacific: Male 46.9 66.6 Comparing the different color or race, nativity, and parentage groups within the same division, it appears that for males the percentage married, widowed, or di- vorced was highest among the foreign-born whites in every division excepting the Pacific, where the highest proportion was among the native whites of native parentage. For females the highest percentage mar- ried, widowed, or divorced was, in all geographic divisions, among the foreign-born whites. This uni- formity results from the fact that the proportion of the foreign-born whites in the early age groups is com- paratively low. The percentage of persons married, widowed, or divorced was lowest in every division and for both sexes among the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, a fact in part attributable to the relatively large number of young persons in this class of population. In all divisions, and for each color or race, nativity, and parentage group, the proportion of persons mar- ried, widowed, or divorced was higher for females than for males. In a majority of cases the proportion of married persons alone was also higher among females than among males. Generally speaking, the differences between the geographic divisions as respects marital condition are largely explained by differences in the composition of the population in regard to sex, age, race, nativity, and parentage. The foregoing table shows, however, for each race, nativity, and parentage class appre- ciable differences among the divisions. These in turn are largely explained either by variations in the age and sex distribution of the population or by varying habits with respect to the age of marriage. These factors are in part exhibited in Table 31, page 156, which shows for each division the percentage of mar- ried, widowed, or divorced persons combined in the prin- cipal classes of the population, by sex and age groups. The absolute numbers on which the percentages in Table 31 are based appear in Table 32, which also gives further details. The degree of prevalence of early marriages in the case hi males is fairly well indicated by the percent- age married, widowed, or divorced in the age group 20 to 24 years. For native white males of native parentage the percentage in 1910 was conspicuously high in the three southern divisions, and lowest in the Pacific, New England, and Mountain divisions, in the order named. In the South the percentage of negro males in the same age group who were mar- ried, widowed, or divorced was much higher than the percentage of native whites of native parentage. In other sections of the country, where the negroes are less numerous, there was no such marked dif- ference. The proportions for the native whites of foreign or mixed' parentage and for foreign-born whites were fairly uniform throughout the countrj^, except that in the West South Central division, where much of the foreign stock is of Mexican rather than European origin, they were considerably^ higher than elsewhere. MARITAL CONDITION. 155 For females the proportion married, widowed, or divorced in the age group 15 to 19 is more signifi- cant as to prevalence of early marriage. Among the native whites of native parentage this proportion was greater in the three southern divisions than else- where. In two of these divisions, the East South Central and the West South Central, the proportion was also higher in the age group 20 to 24 years, but the proportion for this group in the South Atlantic division was exceeded by that in the Mountain divi- sion. Among the negro women early marriages are more frequent in the South than in the remainder of the country. For the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage there were high percentages of mar- ried persons among females from 15 to 24 years of age in the West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions. Among the foreign-born whites the percent- ages were high in the South, where, however, this class forms an inconsiderable element in the aggregate population. Table 32, pages 156 to 159, presents detailed statis- tics of marital condition by geographic divisions. States.— Table 33, pages 160 to 162, shows the dis- tribution, according to marital condition, of the males and females 15 years of age and over in each of the principal classes of population, by states. UBBAN AND BTTIIAL COMMTTNITIES. Table 34, page 163, shows the marital condition of males and females by age groups for the principal race, nativity, and parentage cla.sses, distinguishing be- tween urban and rural conmiunities. For the population 15 years of age and over, both for males and females, the proportion of single persons is greater, and, conversely, the proportion of those who are or have been married is less, in the urban than in the rural population. For both males and females, a smaller percentage of persons married, widowed, or divorced, is found in urban conmiunities in each of the age periods specified in the table, the difference being particularly great in the younger age periods. The native classes of the population, the whites both of native and of foreign or mixed parentage and the negroes, show, like the population at large, a smaller percentage of persons married, widowed, or divorced in urban than in rural communities, not only for the entire population 15 years of age and over, but also for each of the age groups given in the table. For the foreign-born white females also, the propor- tion married, widowed, or divorced is smaller in towns and cities than in the rural districts. The foreign-born white males 1 5 years and over form an exception to all other classes in having among those who live in cities a smaller percentage of single persons, and, con- versely, a larger percentage of married, widowed, or divorced, than among those living in rural districts. With the exception of the age group 15 to 19 years, which, of course, comprises comparatively few married persons, the percentage of foreign-born males married, widowed, or divorced was larger in each age group of the urban population than in the corresponding group of the rural population. These differences with reference to the urban and the rural population constitute one of the important factors in determining the differences already noted with respect to marital condition among the different geographic divisions and states. PRINCIPAL CITIES. The concluding tables on marital condition relate to the cities of the United States. In Table 35, page 164, information is given concerning the marital con- dition of both males and females, classified by color or race, nativity, and parentage, in cities having 250,000 inhabitants or more. Table 36, pages 165 to 167, gives similar information, without distinction of color or race, nativity, and parentage, for cities having from 25,000 to 250,000 inhabitants. 156 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. PER CENT MARRIED, WIDOWED, OR DIVORCED IN THE POPULATION, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 31 DIVISION AND CLASS OF POPULATION. ITnited States: STatiTe whita— Native parentage Kative white— Foreigrn or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Neg^o New England: Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-born white Negro Middle Atlantic: Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro East North Central: Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro West North Central: Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro South Atlantic: Native wlute— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negi-o East South Central: Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro West South Central: Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro Mountain: Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro Pacotc: Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro PER cent married, WIDOWED, OR DIVORCED. Males 15 years of age and over. 15 to 19 years. 1.4 0.3 0.8 2.3 20 to 24 years. 27.0 15.4 19.2 39.6 25 to 84 years. 0.8 20.9 0.4 14.5 1.0 21.9 1.3 21.7 0.9 23.8 0.3 15.0 0.7 21.4 1.0 27.0 0.9 26.1 0.3 16.3 0.7 18.8 1.4 25.9 0.9 24.4 0.2 13.9 0.7 14.1 1.3 26.7 1.8 30.0 0.5 16.1 1.1 19.4 2.4 40.2 2.7 35.4 0.7 16.2 0.9 18.7 2.5 43.6 1.9 32.6 0.7 23.0 1.8 25.0 2.1 41.3 0.8 21.3 0.5 17.3 1.2 13.1 1.7 21.7 0.5 17.9 0.3 13.5 1.0 11.2 1.1 19.1 68.5 55.9 60.3 74.5 63.1 49.8 64.1 55.1 66.1 54.5 65.4 62.0 69.6 59.4 62.8 59.9 66.9 56.4 53.0 60.3 71.7 56.0 60.2 76.5 75.8 56.9 59.9 78.6 74.3 64.0 62.1 77.4 58.6 55.6 45.0 50.9 53.9 48.7 39.2 47.0 35 to 44 years. 85.3 77.2 82.5 87.5 82.4 ;2.3 85.3 75.9 83.6 76.0 86.1 78.0 85.9 80.2 84.8 77.0 85.0 78.8 78.8 78.5 88.0 76.6 83.0 89.2 89.8 77.2 83.0 90.5 89.3 82.1 81.9 77.7 75.0 70 4 70.0 74.3 69.5 65.7 67.7 45 years and over. 91.7 86.3 90.0 910 89.9 83.2 92.2 86! 6 90 6 85.8 91.8 86.4 92.1 88.5 92.0 87.2 92.4 88.1 90.2 89.3 94.7 94.1 87.4 89.9 95.6 94.0 88.2 88.9 95.3 • 85.8 80.1 80.0 78.3 85.0 78.6 77.7 78.3 Female 15 years of age and over. 15 to 19 years. 12.8 5.1 13.2 18.1 6.9 4.5 12.1 10 2 10 4.8 16.1 14.7 11.6 5.0 13.3 15.5 15.3 5.9 18.4 17.0 19.4 6.1 21.3 20 20.1 11.3 25.3 20 3 14.0 9.3 21.7 20.1 10 6 7.0 17.6 13.0 20 to 24 years. 53.2 36.9 54.9 64.8 38.4 28.0 46.6 42.9 42.8 33.0 54.1 48.9 50.7 38.1 59.7 57.2 52.6 38.6 56.5 57.9 55.7 37.4 62.1 63.6 61.5 34.9 63.3 68.4 66.3 52.0 68.6 69.0 60.8 51.2 65.8 62.6 52.6 42.7 57.1 57.1 25 to 34 years. 80.4 81.9 85.3 57.2 75.0 72.1 74.1 64.4 82.0 74.5 80.3 71.8 85.1 81.9 82.0 73.3 84.0 82.8 80.7 66.0 85.1 84.8 84.2 66.3 83.4 87.6 88.7 79.5 87.3 88.7 85.7 82.1 87.3 80.4 73.7 80.6 82.0 35 to 44 years. 89.2 82.1 91.4 92.8 81.9 72.5 87.5 83.3 84.8 78.7 91.1 89.5 84.0 93.2 91.7 91.6 86.6 93.4 92.3 88.7 78.9 90.8 92.3 91.2 78.9 89.4 93.9 95.0 88.6 93.7 95.2 93.6 91.9 94.1 91.8 90.5 86.0 90.8 91.1 46 years and over. 91.9 88.0 94.5 95.5 81.0 91.4 88.7 89.0 85.4 93.3 90.8 93.2 89.6 96.0 95.5 96.5 92.2 96.6 96.0 89.8 84.8 92.4 95.0 92.8 86.1 93.6 96.3 96.4 91.7 95.7 97.1 96.3 94.9 96.6 94.0 94.9 92.0 94.7 94.5 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER FOR THE UNITED STATES AND DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 32 DIVISION, CLASS OF POPULATION, AND AGE PERIOD. TTIHTED STATES AH Classes: 15 years of age and over: 2 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 yeai's 45 years and over Native white — Native parentage: 15 years and over 2 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native wtute — For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over ^ 15 to 24 years 2jl to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-bom white: 16 years and over 2 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over 2 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over MALES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Single. Married. Widowed. Total.i Di- vorced. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 32,425,805 25,620,399 12,650,129 10,297,940 38.7 40.2 18,092,600 13,955,650 55.8 54.5 1,471,390 1,177,976 4.5 4.6 166,162 84,230 4,527,282 4,580,290 7,901,116 6,153,366 9,149,308 4,448,067 3,432,161 2,767,957 1,026,502 846,023 98.3 74.9 35.0 16.7 9.2 51,877 1,100,093 4,964,769 4,873,153 7,075,398 1.1 24 62.8 79.2 77.3 1,110 18,815 110,431 198,701 1,137,700 (») 0.4 1.4 3.2 12.4 347 6,732 34.571 42,688 71,252 16,233,095 4,885,442 6,642,210 4,636,674 6,185,324 4,195,858 1,596,943 376,443 38.1 85.9 24.0 8.1 9,144,099 652,118 4,843,893 3,636,050 56.3 13.3 72.9 78.4 728,883 9,398 143,907 573,373 4.5 02 2.2 12.4 87,456 3,941 42,695 40,479 5,785,137 2,008,982 2,565,634 1,204.884 2,906,042 1,854,979 884,388 164, 132 50.2 92.3 34.5 13.6 2,677,706 142, 172 1,616,693 916,985 46.3 7.1 63.0 76.1 160,779 1,479 46,629 112,351 2.8 0.1 1.8 9.3 24,688 769 13,698 10,175 7,139,893 1,175,674 3,442,770 2,501,743 2,268,916 1,008,153 1,008,833 245,630 31.8 85.8 29.3 9.8 4,432,135 159,073 2,361,873 1,906,677 62.1 13.5 68.6 76.2 384,726 1,309 52, 139 330,489 5.4 0.1 1.5 13.2 23,059 376 8,534 14,081 3,059,312 990, 102 1,304,098 748,036 1,083,472 780,147 256,399 42,946 35.4 78.8 19.7 5.7 1,749,228 193, 174 967,050 580,382 57.2 19.5 74.2 77.6 189,970 7,576 64,405 116,700 6.2 0.8 4.9 15.6 20,146 1,913 11,866 6,253 FEMALES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total.' 30,047,325 24, 249, 191 4,636,321 4,476,694 7,251,072 6,504,321 8,224,305 15,523,900 4,886,535 6,304,231 4,304,394 5,887,131 2,069,701 2,644,475 1,168,088 5,446,306 928,468 2,437,209 2,074 124 3,103,344 1,101,109 1,334,080 654,191 Single. Number. 8,933,170 7,566,530 3,985,764 2,163,683 1,516,726 628,616 623,787 4,644,122 3,294,390 997,649 343,944 2,453,017 1,650,258 661,207 139,409 994 110 650,019 330,174 112,162 823,996 639,911 163,787 27,726 Per cent. 29.7 31.2 87.9 48.3 20.9 11.4 7. 29.9 67.4 15.8 8.0 41.7 79.7 25.0 11.9 18.3 59.2 13.5 5.4 26.6 58.1 11.6 4.2 Married. Number. 17, 684, 687 13,810,057 513,239 2,225,362 6,443,894 4,410,310 5,070,832 9,219,386 1,535,185 4,986,102 2,687,885 3,008,623 403,072 1,853,561 750,339 3,624,003 371,065 1,990,572 1,259,669 1,775,949 417,860 993,616 368,227 Per cent. Widowed. Num- Per ber. cent, 58 57.0 11.3 49.7 75.1 80.1 61.7 59.4 31.4 79.1 62.4 51.1 19.5 70.1 64.2 66.5 40 81.7 60.7 57.2 37.9 74.5 54.8 3, 176, 2, 717, 10, 55, 224, 411, 2,465, 1,523,560 26,245 258,103 1,235,914 382,318 4,772 107,642 269,350 800, 112 3,476 104,230 690,971 469,831 30, 705 164,192 261,302 10.6 11.2 0.2 1.2 3.1 7.6 30 0.5 4.1 28.7 6.6 0.2 4.1 23.1 14.7 0.4 4.3 33.3 14.8 2.8 12.3 39.9 Di- vorced. 185,068 114,647 3,660 20,370 67,262 49,269 54,037 100,063 12,863 55,935 31,063 30,206 2,907 19,134 8,127 20,542 950 10,490 9,067 33,286 7,081 20,496 6,519 » Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. ' Totals include persons of unknown age. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. 157 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER FOR THE UNITED STATES AND DIVISIONS: 1910— Continued. Table 32 — Continued. DIVISION, CLASS OF POPULATION, AND AGE PERIOD. MALES 15 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER. NEW ENGLAND. All classes: 15 years of age and over: ' 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to34 years , 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over » 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over ' 15 to ^4 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-born white: 15 years and over* 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over , Negro: 15 years and over* , 15 to 24 years 26 to 44 years 45 years and over MIDDLE ATLANTIC. JUl classes: 15 years of age and over: * 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native wliit©— Native parentage: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— For. or mixed par. 15 years and over ' 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Poreign-bom white: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over « 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over EAST NORTH CENTRAL. All classes: 15 years of age and over: * 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white — For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over » 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and ovw Poreign-born white: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over * IS to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Total.i 2,3t9,362 1,995,422 290,134 302,989 556,600 478,218 736,598 939,775 213,686 364,033 360,600 627,729 208,141 224,046 95,154 872,557 166,036 441,368 264,364 24,966 6,588 13,076 6,200 «,M7,U7 6,383,757 880,098 971,668 1,783,214 1,416,225 1,921,020 Single. Married. Number. Per cent. 916,725 782,466 287,518 243,668 219,958 88,554 74,427 2,816,680 805,628 1,155,924 845,439 1,532,347 636,977 664.830 329,305 2,479,585 479,794 1,286,111 710,064 156.872 36,243 86.991 32,951 6, •18,680 5,654,055 885,074 900,151 1,572,799 1,268,055 2,020,781 326,362 190,951 97,762 300,687 194,592 90,008 15,893 276,206 140,202 114,887 20,403 10,346 4,839 4,658 831 2, 730, SOS 2,134,743 879,687 765,016 650,760 243,190 187,230 1,088,318 38.6 707,232 87.8 301.050 26.0 78,059 9.2 38.6 39.2 99.1 80.4 39.5 18.6 10.1 34.7 89.4 27.6 10.0 57.0 93.5 40.2 16.7 31.7 86.0 26.0 7.7 41.6 86.6 36.0 13.4 S9.0 39.7 98.9 78.7 36.6 17.2 9.7 3,212,530 960,208 1,285,3% 951,003 1, 657, 472 559,025 734,050 362,994 1, 666. 719 235.499 756,544 671, 221 122,237 28, 2n 60,627 32.649 782,060 499.128 235,947 46,350 790.763 406.204 325,981 67,086 61,537 30,081 26,875 4,389 2,487,636 2,161,491 874.527 698.922 546,413 202,257 170,056 1,204,359 832,165 296.970 71,951 783,410 513, 780 227,631 41,387 457,802 201,670 202,659 52,244 47,401 22,S12 19,401 3,966 Number. Per cent. 1,314,860 1,088,536 1,962 57,954 328,640 371,955 553,088 542,400 22,015 245,710 274,083 210, 162 12,970 128,285 68,782 547,326 24,149 317.601 205,063 12,893 716 7,862 4,297 3,825,523 2,976,801 5,713 200.804 1,107,740 1,128,667 1,480,867 51.0 93.0 35.6 14.1 31.9 84.7 25.4 8.0 39.2 83.0 30.9 13.3 37.6 38.9 77.6 34 16.0 8.4 37.5 86,7 23.1 7, 47.3 91 31.0 11.4 27.5 85.6 26.8 7.8 38.8 84.2 32 12.2 1,572.510 94.070 825,619 651, 159 696,403 35,445 412.336 248,256 1.566.941 71.044 937.541 556,861 85,523 6,818 66.431 22.977 3,798,083 3,098,146 6,152 193,911 996,484 1.017,246 80.2 1,580.238 78.2 65.5 54.6 0.7 19.1 59.0 77.8 75.1 57.7 10.3 69.4 74.2 39.8 6.2 57.3 72.3 62.7 14.6 72.0 77.6 51.7 12.8 60.1 69.2 5«.l 66.3 0.6 20.7 62.1 79.6 77.1 55.8 11.7 71.4 77.0 45.4 6.6 62.0 75 63.2 14.8 73.0 78.4 64.5 16.1 64.9 69.7 67.0 55.8 Widowed. Num- ber. Per cent. 121,997 106,199 21 532 5,443 13,769 101,970 60,620 193 6,789 53,499 14,302 146 4,434 9,702 45,501 199 7.534 37,670 1,454 14 423 1,012 303,354 4.3 246,918 4.6 5.1 5.3 (») 0.2 1.0 2.9 13.8 6.5 0.1 1.9 14.5 2.7 0.1 2.0 10.2 5.2 0.1 1.7 14.2 6.8 0.3 3.2 16.3 103 1, 17,830 39,604 243,317 0. 21.5 63.4 1,817.346 121.388 947, 266 746,300 818,350 42'. 251 488.947 286,658 1,09 759 32, 167 538,412 523,319 63,243 4,079 36.963 21,807 56.6 12.6 73.7 78.5 49.4 7.6 66.6 79.0 65.7 13.7 71.2 78.0 51.7 14.4 61.1 67.3 134,736 995 22.608 110,812 47,402 400 13,823 33.100 112.244 478 17.758 93,818 8,673 119 3,172 5,335 301,398 251,502 110 2.089 17.379 35.406 245.598 146.687 1.426 26.695 118,077 43,608 376 11,942 31,199 101,610 245 11,163 90,025 8,950 149 2,854 5,891 0.2 1.0 2.8 12.7 4.8 0.1 2.0 13.1 3.1 0.1 2.1 10.1 4.5 0.1 1.4 13.2 5.5 0.3 3.6 16.2 4.5 4.5 (') 0. 1.1 2 12 4. 0.1 2 12.4 2.6 0.1 1 8.6 6.1 0.1 1.5 13. 7.3 0.5 4.7 18.1 Di- vorced. 12,183 8,105 7i 226 l,929l 3,518 6,464 8,195 116 3,363 4,685 1,911 70 1,127 711 1,890 41 846 ■ 998 177 6 105 66 i«,m 8,778 19 452 3,397 4,998 7,225 9,362 287 4,751 4,302 3,208 86 1,817 1,299 3,029 77 1,506 1,441 500 20 305 174 40,821 24,176 49 1,346 8,659 10,921 19.679 23,995 968 11,652 11,266 8,092 238 4.418 3,415 106 2,387 4,382 1,767 75 1, 580 FEMALES 15 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total.i 2,401,986 2,063,373 293,653 311,790 553,639 468,689 771, 104 973, 103 217,171 359,789 394,409 672,363 217,997 251,192 102,782 830,506 163,844 398,450 267,285 25,274 6,229 12,604 6,366 6,722,832 6,341,426 912,371 968,239 1,633,600 1,293,162 1,907,201 2,886,910 833,425 1,169,096 879,971 1,643,681 568,190 721.795 352,460 2,024.511 432, 781 948,406 641,317 165,026 46,127 86.478 32,837 6, 193, 600 5,234,969 875,379 868,608 1,447,901 1,147,809 1,845,141 3,118,327 966.039 1.247,851 898,769 1,706,955 579. 891 769, 113 356,708 1, 253, 777 167, 023 524, 153 561,308 109, 124 29,414 52,580 26,589 Single. Number. Per cent. 821,842 715,054 275,367 192,659 173,594 84,494 94,712 308,688 168,410 88.163 51,631 296,745 186,448 90,631 19,462 208,082 108,542 76,349 22,882 8,121 4,495 2,897 710 2.188,495 1,781,079 844.617 543.415 417,214 188.014 193,317 972. 15 626,956 247.303 96,414 728,921 468,161 208,746 51,339 436,661 262, 246 131.208 42,588 50,736 29,831 17,821 2,950 1, 803, 210 1,678,258 796,889 449,30' 306,684 128,434 119,408 934, 780 677,297 196,250 59,663 670, 789 459,060 174,318 36,878 169, 764 90,641 57, 114 21,691 26,571 18,120 T,250 1,136 31.7 77.5 24.5 13.1 51.8 85.5 36.1 18.9 25.1 66.2 19.2 8.6 32.1 72.2 23.0 11.2 32.6 33.3 92.6 56.1 25.5 14.5 10.1 33.7 75.2 21.2 11.0 44.3 82.4 28.9 14.6 21.6 60.6 13.8 6.6 30.7 66.1 20.6 9.0 29.1 30.1 91.0 51 21 11 6.5 30.0 70.1 15.7 39.3 79.2 22.7 10.3 13.5 54.3 10.9 3.9 24.3 61.6 13.8 4.3 Number. Per cent. 1,286,344 1,078.704 17.538 116,827 365,422 350,306 435,183 516,794 47,509 253,865 214,843 240,421 30.651 149,465 60,194 516,068 64,469 304,008 157,234 12,641 1,665 8,176 2,779 3,774,008 2,923,463 63,222 415,926 1,169,021 1,003,471 1,119,571 1,592,567 200,263 867, 670 523,214 781,971 96,503 474.491 210,667 1,310,116 167,666 771, 539 370,097 87,989 14,487 58,025 15,229 3,704,976 3,073,297 73,401 407,622 1,095,215 938,486 1,187,095 1,851,319 278,634 991,094 579,691 919,008 116,608 560,260 241,667 869,287 74,984 443,032 350,731 62,020 10,282 37,654 13,851 53.1 21.9 70.6 54.5 42.0 14.1 59.5 58.6 62.1 33.2 76.3 58.8 50.0 26.7 64.9 43.7 5C.1 64 6.9 43.0 71 77.6 58.7 55.2 24.0 74.2 59.5 47.6 17.0 65.7 59.8 64.7 38.7 81.4 57.7 53.3 32.1 67.1 46.4 59.8 58.7 8.4 46.9 75.6 81 64.3 59.4 28.8 79.4 64.5 53.8 20.1 72.8 67.7 69.? 44.1 84.6 62.5 5G.8 35.0 71. S 52.1 Num- ber. 277,076 254,692 127 1,254 10,679 29,458 235,052 137,162 14.1 555 0.3 12,796 3.6 123,568 31.3 Per cent. 11.5 12.3 (») 0.4 1.9 6.3 30.5 32,321 321 9,489 22,467 103,234 461 16,451 86,123 4,235 44 1.376 2,796 727, 120 617,470 527 5,227 39, 212 94,486 586,468 304,844 2,591 45,929 255,807 125.463 1,218 35,008 89,092 271,452 1,371 42,757 226,904 25,087 567 9,947 14,456 626,340 545,894 729 5,470 30,952 67,481 520,607 297,411 3,734 44,118 248,920 103,320 1,176 27,250 74,782 206,624 649 20,574 185,086 18,294 624 6,371 11,165 5.6 0.1 3.8 2L9 12.4 0.3 4.1 32.2 16.8 0.7 10.9 43.9 10.8 11.6 0.1 0.5 2.4 7.3 30.8 10.6 0.3 3.9 29.1 7.6 0.2 4.9 25.3 13.4 0.3 4.5 35.4 15.2 1.3 11.5 44.0 10.1 10.4 0.1 0.6 2.1 5.9 28.2 Di- vorced. 9.5 0.4 3.5 27.7 6.1 0.2 3.5 21.0 16.5 0.4 3.9 33.0 16.8 2.1 12.1 42.0 » Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. i Totals faxihide {lersons of unknown age. 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 158 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER FOR THE UNITED STATES AND DIVISIONS: 1910— Continued. Table 32— Continued. DIVISION, CLASS OF POPULATION, AND AGE PERIOD. WEST NORTH CENTRAL. AH classes: 15 years of age and over: » • 1910 • 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over s 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over 2 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-bom white: 15 years and over* 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over' 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over SOUTH ATLANTIC. ikU classes: 15 years of age and over: * 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over 2 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white — For. or mixed par.: 15 years and overs 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-bom white: 15 years and over 2 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over ' 15 to24 j'ears 25 to 44 years 45 years and over EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. All classes: 15 years of age and over: * 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over » 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white— For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over ' 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years , 45 years and over , Foreign-born whit«: 15 years and over ' , 15 to 24 years , 25 to 44 years , 45 yearsand over Negro: 15 years and over ' 15 to 24 years , 25 to 44 years 45 years and over MALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Total.i 4,214,656 3,556,391 599,264 603,739 994,988 768, 184 1,230,565 2,125,364 667,865 854,655 590,374 1,064,797 395,312 477,217 190,962 912,638 111,052 378,905 419,420 96,646 24,327 46,312 25,179 3, 821, 777 3, 165, 702 635,530 579,468 900,210 676,420 1,017,771 2,295,628 728, 274 937,998 624,295 145,427 39,818 63,804 41,638 163,476 29,352 78,240 55, 149 1,213,070 416,472 494,773 295,418 2,622,924 2,288,793 449,105 391,982 612,192 452,599 708,681 1,683,289 546,571 678,837 454,069 80,751 18,706 37, 980 23,979 48,555 5,158 18,032 25,262 809,179 270,317 329,456 205,045 Single. Number. Per cent, 1, 706, 556 1,486,138 589,591 480,054 383,627 138,841 109,823 844,335 581,877 215,561 43,979 551,045 365,377 162, 470 22,598 267,574 98,067 128, 192 40,405 37,701 20,467 14,556 2,499 1,408,947 1, 256, 020 618,898 386,890 248, 107 82,931 68,655 857,630 615, 179 198,615 42,210 63,513 36,452 21,485 5,510 54,050 25,227 22,891 5,709 431,943 328,047 87,399 14,949 916, 547 882,591 435,288 243,531 146, 2"^ 8 47,929 40, 266 40.6 41.8 98.4 79.5 38.6 18.1 39.7 87.1 25.2 7.4 51.8 92.4 34.0 11.8 29.3 88.3 33.8 39.0 84.1 31.4 9.9 36.9 39.7 97.4 66.8 27.6 12.3 6.7 Married. Number. Per cent. 2,279,407 1, 893, 845 4,038 117,330 592,008 599,587 963,428 1,164,161 79,682 612,922 469,724 481,792 26,259 304,268 150,897 575,487 11,485 241,912 321,577 49,704 3,455 28,423 17,537 2, 211, 063 1,749,894 12,188 184,925 629,008 563,066 816,619 37.4 84.5 21.2 43.7 91.5 33.7 13.2 33.1 85.9 29.3 10.4 35.6 78.8 17.7 6.1 34.9 38.6 96.9 62.1 23.9 10.6 5.7 598,097 35.5 447,710 81.9 123,113 18.1 26,046 5.7 32,549 40.3 17,113 91.5 12,391 32.6 3,007 12.5 12,092 4,468 5,081 2,509 272,322 209,278 53,425 8,634 24.9 86.6 28.2 33.7 77.4 16.2 4.2 1,333,187 107,743 715,217 508,634 75,131 3,068 40,624 31,375 98,714 3, 53, 765 40,892 701,837 82,183 381,358 234,839 1, 662, 737 1,282,622 11,214 141,218 444,852 380,437 571,221 1,002,820 94,337 535,360 371,818 44,400 1,499 24,493 18,376 31,792 653 12, .548 18,552 473, 135 55,8(;6 252,593 162,203 64.1 53.3 0.7 19.4 59.5 78.1 78.3 54.8 11.9 71.7 79.6 45.2 6.6 63.8 79.0 63.1 10.3 63.8 76.7 51.4 11.2 61.4 67.9 55.3 1 31.9 69.9 83.2 80.2 58.1 14.8 76.2 81.5 51.7 7.7 63.7 75.4 60.4 13.4 68.7 74.1 57.9 19.7 77.1 79.5 69 56.0 2.5 36.0 72.7 84.1 80.6 59.0 17.3 78.9 81.9 55.0 8.0 64.5 76.6 65.5 12.7 69.6 73.4 58.5 20.7 76.7 79.1 Widowed. Num- ber. 179, 162 150,608 90 1,374 11,106 22,010 143,979 17,468 69,406 22,912 210 7,150 15,494 59,984 98 5,836 53,916 7,287 146 2,440 4,621 174,967 139,982 261 3,794 17,458 26,135 126,589 91, 768 1,539 19,625 70,356 5,804 47 1,291 4,466 9,418 41 1,218 8,141 67,831 2,425 21,42" 43,535 133, 432 110,485 254 4,275 16,006 20, .504 91,808 72,201 1,837 16,647 53,501 3,208 21 802 2,381 4,361 6 318 4,028 53,596 2,661 18,724 31,850 Per cent. 4.3 4.2 0.2 1.1 2.9 11.7 4.1 0.1 2.0 11.8 2.2 0.1 1.5 8.1 6.6 0.1 1.5 12.9 7.5 0.6 5.3 18.4 4.6 4.4 0.7 1.9 3.9 12.4 4.0 0.2 2.1 11.3 4.0 0.1 2.0 10.7 5.8 0.1 1.6 14.8 5.6 0.6 4.3 14.7 6.1 4.8 0.1 1.1 2.6 4.5 13.0 4.3 0.3 2.6 11.8 4.0 0.1 2.1 9.0 0.1 1.8 15.9 6.6 1.0 5.7 15.5 Di- vorced, 22,938 12,947 37 770 4,671 6,133 11,240 13,460 547 6,587 6,266 4,128 138 2,228 1,755 3,935 38 1,150 2,734 1,300 77 761 455 10,679 5,913 50 737 2,848 2,852 4,051 5,360 378 2,815 2,152 539 18 287 232 391 14 154 221 4,277 377 2,440 1,438 12,796 6,611 87 1,342 3,831 3,105 4,302 5,464 607 2,752 2,077 465 19 249 197 201 4 63 134 6,662 799 3,9281 1,8941 FEMALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. TotaH 3,711,981 3, 130, 469 585,329 559,418 880,989 658,907 1,020,291 1,950,292 654,451 783,425 507,620 1,024,390 395,274 461,897 166,352 637,826 66,459 250,113 320,497 86,714 24,850 39,916 21,371 3,794,991 3,202,666 654,262 614,057 916,189 649,376 952,427 2,271,647 741,740 926,460 600,189 151,502 40,629 68,068 42,606 108,652 17,547 47,962 42,947 1,260,627 467,457 522, 126 266,021 2,686,311 2,263,258 4! 5, 947 422,195 629,084 440,609 631,085 1,632,8.57 555,552 604,566 410,164 86,995 20,269 41,954 24,678 34,526 3,272 11,941 19,246 831,243 298, 801 350,951 177,436 Single. Number. 1, 100, 837 949, 498 525,550 286,879 178, 190 61,598 46,857 580,402 447,625 109,128 22,454 420, 277 309,411 97,661 12,886 76,027 37,662 27,534 10,670 21,322 15,245 5,203 800 1, 122, 814 1.041,220 548,359 254,652 166,847 67,890 82,733 691, 194 482, 258 147.494 60,376 57, 276 32,013 is; 736 6,430 18,308 9,304 5,773 3,165 355,312 278,881 62,624 12,703 694, 210 676, 768 365,898 154,128 95,741 37,198 39, 722 450, 893 335,075 85,438 28,997 30,869 15,995 11,444 3,389 4,511 1,696 1,590 1,210 207,791 166,545 34,443 6,119 Per cent 29.7 30.3 51.3 20.2 9.3 4.6 29.8 68.4 13.9 4.4 41.0 78.3 21.1 7.7 n.9 56.7 11.0 3.3 24.6 61.3 13.0 3.7 29.6 32.5 83.8 41.5 18.2 10.5 8.7 30.4 65.0 15.9 10.1 37.8 78.8 27.5 15.1 16.9 53.0 12.0 7.4 28.2 59.7 12.0 4.8 26.8 29.9 80.3 30. 5 15.2 8.4 6.3 27.6 60.4 12.9 7.1 35.5 78.9 27.3 13.7 13.1 51.8 13.3 6.3 25.0 55.7 9.8 3.4 Married. Number. 2, 241, 834 1,879,354 53,868 264, 110 675,378 553,582 692,497 1,183,403 198,534 637,819 345,518 547,314 81,817 346,095 119,080 454,262 27,878 212,467 213,604 48,697 8,629 28,592 11,256 2,216,806 1,757,898 99,382 342,257 699,902 511,436 560,171 1,349,377 251,029 732, 134 364,948 77,892 S, 181 45,183 24,472 70,996 8,079 39,695 23,151 716,955 173,971 393,539 147, 182 1, 669, 716 1,282,274 84,491 250,942 490,091 351,953 379,264 1,012,471 211,809 541,817 257, 711 45,771 4,029 27,641 14, 074 20,602 1,533 9,708 9,334 480,406 117,875 262,041- 98,043 Per cent 60.4 60.0 9.2 47.2 76.7 84.0 67.9 60.7 30.3 81.4 68.1 53.4 20.7 74.9 71.6 71.2 41.9 84.9 56.2 34.7 7L6 52.7 68.4 54.9 15.2 55.7 76.4 78.8 58.8 59.4 33 79.0 60. 51.4 20.1 66.4 57.4 65.3 46.0 82.8 53.9 56.9 37.2 75.4 55.3 60.3 56.7 18.5 59.4 77.9 79.9 60.0 62.0 38.1 81.5 62.8 52.6 19.9 65 57.0 59.7 46.9 81.3 48.5 57.8 39.4 74.8 55.3 Widowed. Num- ber. 332, 341 281,159 587 3,753 18,764 36,784 271,581 164,973 2,735 27,390 134,425 47,833 712 14,219 32,827 103,061 256 8,631 94,001 14,920 613 5,100 9,017 429,174 385,958 2,350 12,905 42,646 65,305 304., 184 218, 161 4,514 41,419 171,758 15,245 172 3,601 11,448 18,812 86 2,253 16,434 176,715 10,476 60,631 104,358 306,378 287,463 2,674 12,420 35,073 46,313 207,382 158,100 4,070 32,30(' 120, 760 9,5a5 105 2,407 6,972 9,203 30 5C0 8,585 128,500 10,286 46,089 71,016 Per cent 9.0 9.0 0.1 0.7 2.1 5.6 26.6 8.5 0.4 3.5 26.5 4.7 0.2 3.1 19.7 16.2 0.4 3.5 29.3 17.2 2.5 12.8 42.2 11.3 12.1 0.4 2.1 4.7 10.1 31.9 0.6 4.5 28.6 10.1 0.4 5.3 26.9 17.3 0.5 4.7 38.3 14.0 2.2 11.6 39.2 11.8 12.7 0.6 2.9 5.6 10.5 32.8 0.8 4.9 29.4 10.9 0.5 5.7 28.3 26.7 0.9 4.7 44.6 15.5 3.4 13.1 40.0 » Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. > Totals include persons of unknown age. 8 Loss than one-tenth of 1 per cent. MARITAL CONDITION. 159 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER FOR THE UNITED STATES AND DIVISIONS: 1910— Continued. Table 32— Continued. DIVISION, CLASS OF POPULATION, AND AGE PERIOD. WEST SOUTH CKXTRAL. All classes: 15 years of ace and over : ' 1910 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 46 years and over Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over' 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 vears and over Native white— For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over » IS to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-born white: 15 years and over « 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over* 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over MOUNTAIN. AH olassei: 15 years of age and over: > 1810 1900 1910 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 yeans 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over MALES 15 TEABS OF AOE AND OVER. Total.* Native white— Native parentage: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 jrears and over Native white— For. or mixed par.: 15 years and over • 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-born white: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over N^ro: 15 years and over ' 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 46 years and over PACIFIC. All classes: 15 years of age and over: * 1910 1900 1910 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Native white — Native parentage: 15 years and over* 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years "and over Native white — For. or mixed par.; 15 years and over » 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Foreign-born wiiite: 15 years and over * 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over Negro: 15 years and over ' 15 to 24 years 25 to 44 years 45 years and over 2,818,469 2,004,276 4n,669 430,918 693,116 503,106 707,783 1,803,041 598,452 761,963 436,673 194,643 63,713 86,775 43,856 186,692 28,249 78,407 78,124 613,200 204,374 260,166 145,045 1,M2,846 655,270 121,587 155,518 292,758 213,966 271,611 528,193 151, 490 240,906 131,609 212,435 69,327 101,692 41,128 273,806 45,117 140,580 85,856 9,819 1,849 5,549: 2,332 1, 849, 585 1,016,733 185,821 243,857 495, 149 376,593 534,498 Single. Number. 1, 030, 122 786,284 459,063 283,027 180,866 58,022 46,004 671,226 496,889 146,892 26,496 86,357 56,162 23,997 5,097 63,711 23,258 21,734 8,443 211,696 159,719 44,712 6,481 478,910 310,068 119,613 125,433 133,829 62,798 46.661 Per cent. 36. S 39.2 97.3 65.7 26.1 11.6 6.5 Married. Number. Per cent. 1,620,389 1,103,620 8,576 140,003 488,829 417,320 661,971 37.2 1,038,439 83.0 95,018 19.3 588,567 6.9 363,491 828,595 213,368 372, 498 234, 712 369,536 117,963 175,240 75,869 536,966 76, 417 265,583 192,264 13,334 2,661 7,246 3,308 231,880 132,891 79,690 18,273 107,427 62, 716 36,502 8,102 118,841 40,210 61,274 16,886 4,308 1.571 2,214 497 866,579 498, 139 183,882 205,620 258,149 111,980 104,011 363,117 190.964 137,290 33,443 199,994 109,659 73,957 16,188 237, 877 68,847 126, 134 41,945 6,219 2,333 3,159 700 43.9 88.1 27.7 11.6 28.9 82.3 27.7 10.8 34.6 78.2 17.2 4 46. 1 47.3 98.4 80.7 45.7 24.7 16.8 43.9 87.7 33.1 13.9 50.6 90.6 35.0 19.7 43.4 89.1 43.6 19.7 43.9 85.0 39.9 21.3 46.9 49.0 99.0 84.3 52.1 29.7 19.5 43.8 89.5 36.9 14.2 54.1 93.0 42.2 21.3 44.3 90.1 47.5 21.8 46.6 87.7 43.6 21.2 100,725 6,065 69,096 33,623 116,799 4,649 64,004 67,898 352,097 40,600 196,710 113,068 618,887 307,920 1,030 28,487 162,860 161,473 190,973 265,709 17,220 152,823 95,062 96,937 6,078 62,184 28,564 139,284 4,578 76,122 58,349 4,673 255 2,970 1,419 864,661 454,177 1,004 35,461 224,348 245,512 356,995 407,521 20,645 220,409 165, 770 153,806 7,637 95,560 60,464 261,033 6,522 129,978 124,166 6,123 302 3,731 2,065 57.6 55.1 1.8 32.5 70.5 82.9 79.4 Widowed. Num- ber. 139,116 98,847 225 4,050 17,271 23,494 Per cent. 93,393 13.2 57.6 15.9 77.2 81.1 51.7 10.9 69.1 76.7 62.9 16.1 68.9 74.1 67.4 19.8 75.6 78.0 49.6 47.0 0.8 18.3 52.2 70.8 70.3 50.3 11.4 63.4 72.3 45.6 8.8 61.1 69.4 50.9 10.1 54.1 68.0 47.6 13.8 53.5 60.8 46.7 44.7 0.5 14.5 45.3 65.2 66.8 49.2 9.7 59.2 70.6 41.6 6.5] 54.5 66.5 48.6 8.5 48.9 64.6 45.9 11.3 51.5 62.4 76,896 1,949 21^326 63,331 6,920 120 2,08 4,609 13,279 111 2,048 11,046 40,899 2,044 14,913 23,648 40,664 27,166 25 375 3,152 6,696 30,247 21,042 233 6,118 15,604 6,657 52 1,871 3,713 11,693 62 2,147 9,354 574 7 215 349 77,290 46,269 21 431 4,786 11,083 60,799 36,735 230 7,631 28,787 10,966 107 3,229 7,607 26,736 79 4,117 22,491 706 11 2C' 453 4.9 4.9 (») 0.9 2.5 4.7 Di- vorced 13,759 6,931 63 1,201 3,976 3,338 5,121 FEMALES 15 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total.' 8,659,043 1,829,501 475,118 434,844 (>50,256 436,581 555,632 4.3 0.3 2.8 12.2 3.6 0.2 2.4 10.7 7.2 0.4 2.6 14.1 6.7 1 6 16.3 3.8 4.1 1.1 3.1 11.1 4.0 0.2 2.1 11.9 2.7 0.1 1.8 9.0 4.2 0.1 1.6 10.9 5.8 0.4 3.9 16.0 4.2 4.6 (') 0.2 1.0 2.9 11.4 4.4 0.1 2.0 12.3 3.0 0.1 1.8 10.0 5.0 0.1 1.6 11.7 5.3 0.4 .3.3 13.7 6,857 646 3,492 2,690 847 37 461 346 845 20 286 638 6,096 644 3,012 1,616 1,168 3,842 21 265 1,636 2,256 3,950 4,519 160 2,199 2,143 1,605 59 868 677 1,600 29 571 991 179 8 112 67 18,802 6,927 14 393 3,624 5,507 9,220 10,244 232 5,084 4," 3,893 105 2,243 1,543 4,27n 47 1,571 2,642 186 7 105 73: 1,618,827 591,033 681,334 343,684 182,903 64,215 82,500 35,909 129,823 22,157 55,027 52, 144 607,240 224,898 259,799 119,682 761,794 457,436 113,663 114,793 200,497 145, 790 174,934 403,138 134,765 179,661 87,261 179, 157 65,971 86,140 26,857 139,211 19,264 67,199 52,492 7,650 1, 4,169 1,566 1,324,777 726,094 170,609 182, 750 338,917 263,398 365,890 668,799 192,359 292,049 182,337 339, 195 117,265 161,816 59,736 287, 474 36, 121 133,958 116,888 10,446 2,464 5,457 2,423 Single. Number. 647,723 493,720 378,736 146,286 77,238 23,808 20,282 413,689 341,247 59,656 12,061 61,052 44,481 13,568 2,931 18,328 10,929 5,190 2,117 149,980 124,2.34 22,194 3,064 189,682 115,137 97, 397 46,384 29,384 9,464 6,469 Per cent 25.3 27.0 79.7 33.6 11.9 5.5 3.7 107,398 84,243 19,69 3,126 59,454 46,156 11,882 1,352 17,348 9,219 6,294 1,777 1,718 1,021 593 92 363,457 215,790 152,951 89,973 71,834 27,616 20, 2S" 184,921 130,679 44,520 9,222 127, 634 88,533 34,221 4,742 45,081 19, 780 19,122 6,052 2,445 1,539 762 132 25.6 57.7 8.8 3.5 33.4 69.3 16.4 8.2 14.1 49.3 9.4 4.1 24.7 55.2 8.5 2.6 88. S 2.5.2 85.7 40.4 14.7 6.5 3.7 Married. Number. 1, 614, 155 1,100,267 89,685 272,043 532,821 365,530 351,174 26.6 62.5 11.0 3.6 33.2 70.0 13.8 5.0 12.5 47.9 9.4 3.4 22.5 54.6 14 5.9 27.4 29.7 89.7 49.2 21.2 10.5 5.5 27.6 67.9 15.2 5.1 37.6 75.5 21.1 7.9 15.7 54.8 14.3 5.2 23. 62.5 14.0 5.4 1,051,721 239,519 683,580 227,500 104,920 18,839 63,510 22,455 87,633 10,774 45,879 30,728 356,996 89, .365 198,331 67,931 484,847 292,622 Per cent 63.1 60.1 18.9 62.6 81.9 83.7 63.2 65.0 40.5 85.7 66.2 57.4 29.3 77.0 62.5 67.5 48.6 83.4 58.9 58. 39.7 76.3 56.8 64.6 64.0 13.2 15,039 66,016i 57.5 81.3 85.0 66.3 Widowed. Num- ber. 271,269 220, 540 2,901 11,840 32,850 42,840 179,517 163,095 123,907 115,907 257,573 48,560 149,895 58,534 107,443 18,881 69,380 19,100 100,126 9,745 56,934 33,338 63.9 36.0 83.4 67. 60.0 28.6 80.5 71.1 71.9 50.6 84.7 63.5 4,333! 56.6 752 2,811 751 802,002 422,178 16,613 89,619 252,949 211,6.39 229,970 404,160 59,268 228,228 115,926 183,883 27,563 117,536 38,630 194,913 15,937 107,310 71,452 5,912 834 3,847 1,205 40.2 67.4 48.0 60.5 58.1 9.7 49.0 74.6 80.3 62.9 60.4 30.8 78.1 63.6 54.2 23.5 72.6 64.7 67.8 44.1 80.1 61.1 56.6 33.8 70.5 49.7 141,586 5,872 33,436 101,951 15,439 427 4,690 10,255 22,882 266 3,571 18,922 88,954 7,994 33,395 46,773 67,481 44,609 194 1,118 5,318 10, 389 50,212 Per cent. 10.6 12.1 0.6 2.7 5.1 32.3 8.7 1.0 4.9 29.7 8.4 0.7 5.7 28.6 17.6 1.2 6.5 36.3 14.6 3.6 12.9 39.1 9.0 0.2 1.0 2.7 7.1 28.7 Di- vorced. 32,645 702 7,413 24,386 10, 131 281 3,772 6,052 20,389 154 3,378 16,802 1,341 50 602 682 140,049 79,930 172 1,367 8,833 18,840 110,493 68,678 872 13,296 54,339 23,061 360 7,200 15,455 44,455 203 6,049 38,114 1,785 51 681 1,039 8.1 0.5 4 27.9 5.7 0.4 4.4 22.5 14.6 0.8 5.0 32.0 17.6 2.7 14.4 43.6 10.6 11.0 0.1 0.7 2.6 7.2 .30.2 10.3 0.5 4. 29.8 0.3 4.4 25.9 15.5 0.6 4.5 32.6 17.1 2.1 12.5 42.91 » Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. > Totals include persons of unknown age. • Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 160 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY STATES: 1910. Table 33 DIVISION, STATE, AND CLASS OF POPXTLATION. NEW ENGLAND. Maine Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro New Hampshire Native white— Native jjarentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro . . . -■ Vermont Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-born white Negro ■ Uassachnsetts Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Khode Island Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed pax. Foreign-bom white Negro Connecticut Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro MIDDLE ATLANTIC. New York Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro New Jersey Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Pennsylvania Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Ohio Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Indiana Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Illinois Native white— Native parentf^e Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro Uictalg^an Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro MALES 15 TEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total 1 Wisconsin Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro WEST NORTH CENTRAL. Minnesota Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro 274,942 184,306 36,109 53,515 554 159,970 87, 153 25,223 47,286 229 132,793 81,917 23,832 25,971 1,054 1,197,828 388,440 298,033 494,256 14,237 195,731 57,503 50,088 84,260 3,510 408,098 140,456 94,444 167,269 5,371 3,333,279 1,096,881 840,414 1,336,493 51,428 914,768 339,326 205,558 335,718 32,831 2,749,650 1,380,473 486,375 807,374 72,613 1,755,663 1,026,164 354,009 329,952 44,894 979,664 726,448 134,958 93,911 23,848 2,071,223 850,193 530,761 642,776 45,199 1,033,089 408, as 295, 782 319, 129 7,087 829,051 201,512 341,962 280,951 1,209 773,283 171,964 283,055 311,629 3,657 Single. Num- ber. 96,261 59,313 18, 674 16,837 250 67,073 26,584 14,017 16,348 95 46, 567 27,295 9,914 7,584 765 479, 048 140,370 174, 172 157, 136 5,941 78,502 21,915 29,371 25,641 1,404 160,274 50,885 54,539 52,660 1, ' 1,327,337 438,734 433,787 428,955 21, 151 346,644 127,941 106,680 98,895 12,228 1,056,327 521, 643 241,593 262,913 28,158 634, 137 379,346 145,585 91,065 17,774 333,109 249,382 48,662 25,762 9,045 813,770 331,991 269,592 193,323 17,441 373, 079 142,417 145,641 81,185 2,610 343,440 101,223 173,930 66,467 531 362,119 86,030 171,389 101,836 1,772 Per cent. 34.6 32.2 51.7 31.5 45.1 36.7 30.5 65.6 34.6 41.5 34.3 33.3 41.6 29.2 72.6 40.0 36.1 58.4 31.8 41.7 40.1 38.1 58.6 30.4 40.0 39.3 36.2 57.7 31.5 35.2 39.8 40.0 51.6 32.1 41.1 37.9 37.7 51.9 29.5 37.2 38.4 37.8 49.7 32.6 38.8 Married. Num- ber. 168,941 109,418 15,866 33, 174 249 91,064 52,419 10,240 28,246 111 77, 671 48,153 12,752 16,510 248 666,740 221,584 115, 191 310, 195 7,391 105,671 31,218 18,940 53,469 226,773 79,608 37, 173 105,732 3,034 1,840,960 592,718 377,570 840,237 27,435 624,166 192,993 92,299 219, 719 18,649 1,660,397 786,799 226,534 506,985 39,439 Per cent. 36.1 37.0 41.1 27.6 39.6 34.0 34.3 36.1 27.4 37.9 39.3 39.0 50.8 30.1 38.6 36.1 34.9 49.2 25.4 36.8 41.4 60.2 50.9 23.7 43.9 1,022,124' 588,8451 193,578 216, 2391 23, 210 686,360: 433,233 79,676 60,006 12,327 1,143,793 464,248 244,414 410,953 23,361 602,102 240,128 140,801 215,998 3,794 444,704 90,892 159,881 191,563 561 46.8! 373,701 60.0 60.5 32.7 48.5 76,655 105,436 188,358 1,618 67.8 69.4 43.9 62.0 44.9 66.9 60.1 40.6 59.7 48.5 68.5 68.8 53.5 63.6 23.5 64.7 57.0 38.7 62.8 51.9 64.0 64.3 37.8 63.5 53.0 66.3 56.7 39.4 63.2 56.5 66 54.0 44, 62 53.3 67.3 56.9 44.9 65.4 56 66.8 57.0 46.6 62.8 64.3 58.2 57.4 54.7 65.5 61.7 69.8 69.6 59.0 63.9 51.7 66.2 54.6 46.1 63.9 51.7 58.3 58.8 47. C 67.7 53.6 53.6 45.1 46.8 68.2 45.6 48.3 44.6 37.2 60.4 44.2 Widowed. Num- ber. Per cent. 17,631 13,063 1,302 3,086 46 9,820 6,668 720 2,412 18 8,281 5,539 997 1,717 27 66,800 23,076 7,548 25,379 753 9,832 3,541 1,383 4,687 208 19,733 8,733 2,352 8,220 402 146,844 64,712 25,721 62,605 2,533 39, 812 16,361 5,779 15,882 1,775 117, 728 63,663 16,902 33,767 4,365 83,738 47,683 12,467 20,412 3,162 49,604 35,339 5,342 6,939 1," 86,077 36,580 12,241 33,998 3,232 47,409 19,895 7,138 19,636 34, 670 7,190 6,420 20,625 6.4 7.1 3.6 5.8 8.3 6.1 7.7 2.9 5.1 7.9 6.2 6.8 4.2 6.6 2.6 4:7 5.9 2.5 5.1 5.3 6.0 6.2 2.8 5.6 6.9 4.8 6.2 2.5 4.9 7.'5 14 5.0 3.1 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.8 2.8 4.7 6.4 4.3 4, 3.3 4.2 6.0 4.8 4.6 3.5 6.2 7.0 6.1 4.9 4.0 7.4 8.3 4.2 4.3 2.3 5.3 7.2 4.6 4.9 2.4 6.2 7.0 4.2 3.6 1.9 7.3 7.4 9,365 3.8 6,033' 4,269: 18,686 187 Di- vorced, 2,636 2,146 226 252 9 1,698 1,235 182 177 4 1,141 851 154 121 14 4,331 2,503 878 859 87 1,097 603 235 226 32 1,380 857 236 255 31 7,436 3,784 1, — 1,775 164 1,662 824 296 343 7,138 4,754 1,220 911 248 10,694 6,921 1,971 1,144 558 7,865 6,044 942 459 418 11,008 5,740^ 2,352 2,277 635 7,479 4,102 1,637 1,594 130 3,876 1,188 1,190 1,424 26 2,836 969 681 1,119 38 FEMALES 16 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. Total 1 264,363 181,052 34,862 47,659 495 157,877 88,686 26,582 42,386 211 124,884 79,879 24,689 19,988 320 1,259,896 418,954 329,011 497,089 14,676 197,320 58,123 54,197 81,202 3,689 397,666 146,409 103,012 142,182 5,983 3,291,714 1,121,766 909,613 1,201,766 56,485 884,483 348,032 220,250 281,245 34,868 2,546,636 1,417,123 513,818 541,500 73,673 1, 667, 482 1,016,202 376,287 234,883 40,052 926,273 707, 629 136,664 69,077 21,818 1,901,666 810,9291 551,4041 499,129 39,961 944,683 389, 159 299, 472 247,677 0,194 764,606 194,408 343,128 213, 111 1,099 640,950 147, 783 274, 182 213, 947 2,334 Stogie. Num- ber. 72,643 46,961 15, 108 10,208 192 46,908 23,179 12,948 10,693 84 32,963 21,144 8,426 3,308 84 465,040 148,497 178,439 133,251 4,783 70,730 20,029 28,977 20,576 1,108 133,658 48,878 52,847 30,046 1,870 1, 109, 671 387,512 408,960 294,396 18,268 279,432 115, 679 98,627 54,789 10,302 800,392 468,966 221,334 87,476 22,166 481, 784 307,598 132,806 30,763 10,696 242,128 187, 713 43,044 6,105 5,238 677, 197 251,523 234,596 82,172 8,860 266, 062 104,583 118,941 30,476 1,520 246,039 83,363 141,402 20,249 367 224,076 59,930 134,653 28,317 641 Per cent. 27.4 25.9 43.3 21.4 38.8 29.7 26.1 48.7 25.2 39 26.4 26.5 34.1 16.5 26.3 36.9 35.4 64.2 26.8 32.8 36.8 34.5 63.5 25.3 30.0 33.6 33.4 51.3 21.1 31.3 33.7 34.5 45.0 24.5 32.3 31.6 33.2 44.8 19.5 29.5 31.4 33 43.1 16.2 30.1 28.9 30.3 35.3 13 26.5 26.2 26.5 31.5 10.3 24.0 30.4 31.0 42.5 16.6 22.2 27.1 26.9 39.7 12.3 24.5 32.6 42.9 41.2 9.5 32.5 35.0 40.6 49.1 13.2 27.6 Married. Num- Per ber. cent. 156,636 107,319 17,062 31,756 217 89,367 50,467 12,021 26,765 97 75,681 47,608 14, 155 13,713 199 644, 531 206,461 131,046 299,648 7,232 102, 938 29,091 21,958 50,002 1,841 217,302 76,848 44,179 94,184 3,055 1,793,668 597,958 426,515 739,251 28,677 606,986 192,633 106,193 188,853 19,256 1,473,466 801,976 249,263 382,012 40,156 991, 870 600,780 208,993 159,425 22,641 576, 524 443,992 80,784 39,498 12,204 1,113,992 471,887 281,090 337, — 23,051 587,253 239, 877 162,988 179,422 3,576 436,336 94,783 185,153 153,049 549 360, 136 74, 495 128,907 153, 731 1,328< 69.2 59.3 43.8 66.6 56.9 45.2 63.1 46.0 60.6 59.6 57.3 68.6 62.2 61.2 49.3 39, 60.3 49.6 52.2 50.1 40.5 61.6 49.9 54.6 51.8 42.9 66.2 51.1 64.6 53.3 46.9 61.5 50.6 67.3 55.3 48.2 67.1 55.2 67.9 66. 48.5 70.5 54.5 69.6 59.1 55.5 67.9 56.5 62.3 62.7 59, 66. 55.9 68.6 58.2 51 67.7 67.7 62.2 61.0 54 72.5 57 67.7 48.8 54.0 71.8 69.0 66.2 50.4 47.0 71.9 56.9 Widowed. Num- ber. 32,444 24,475 2,442 5,416 74 19,836 13,732 1,382 26 15,216 10,350 1,955 2, " 29 143,519 60,210 18,192 62,623 2,447 21,521 7,929 2,822 10,075 673 44,541 20,466 5,528 17,544 373, 190 129, 138 70,420 164, 167 94,289 37,925 14,492 36,757 5,112 269,641 137, 781 40,551 70,528 10,769 178,798 97,584 31,623 43,448 6,138 96,210 67,741 11,562 13,046 3,851 191,346 77,633 30,759 75,766 7,172 92,424 40,003 15,103 36,030 67,563 14,450 14,273 38,334 165 61,176 11,407 8,568 30,487 322< Per cent. Di- VOTced. 12.3 13.5 7.0 11.4 14.9 12.6 15.5 5.2 11.1 12.3 12.2 13.0 7. 14.4 9.1 11.4 14.4 5.5 12.6 16. 10.9 13.6 5.2 12.4 18.2 11.2 14.0 5.4 12.3 16.5 11.3 11.5 7.7 13.7 16.3 10.7 10.9 6.6 13.1 14.7 10.2 9.7 7.9 13.0 14.6 10.7 9.6 8.4 18.5 15.3 10.4 9.6 8.5 22.1 17.7 10.1 9.6 5. 15.2 17.9 9.8 10.3 5.0 14.6 15.6 9.0 7.4 4.2 18.0 15.0 8.0 7.7 3.1 14.2 13.8 1 Total includes persons whoso marital condition was not reported. MARITAL CONDITION. 161 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY STATES: 1910— Continued. Table 33— Continued. DIVISION, STATE, AND CLASS OF POPULATION. WEST NORTH CENTRAL—Contd. Iowa Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro Uissooil Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bora white Negro North Dakota Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bora white Negro South Dakota Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Hebraaka Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Kansas Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro SOUTH ATLANTIC. Delawan Native white— Native i>arentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Maryland Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreigu-bom white Negro District of Columbia Native whilo— Native parentage Native whit©— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Vtrelnla Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro - WestVlrrbila Native wliite— Native parentage Native wliite— Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bora wliite Negro Korth Carolina Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro South Carolina Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro Georgia Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white N^ro Florida Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bora white Negro EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Kentucky » Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or nuxed par.. Foreign-bora white Negro Tennessee , Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro 72497"— 12 MALES 15 YEARS OP AGE AND OVEB. TotaL" 800,459 416,633 223,805 153,433 6,222 1,171,394 784,027 197,943 127,084 61,645 210,192 52,999 68,397 86,403 331 215,201 80,997 70,096 67,481 373 430,112 209,222 117,011 98,535 3,541 614,015 409,522 104,490 78,073 20,877 73,898 45,405 7,963 9,480 11,015 442,299 250,190 63,327 51,194 77,191 119,832 68,650 16,277 12,344 32,166 660,073 418,792 13,001 15,891 202,055 416,171 330,741 18,796 39,213 27,317 646,759 446,127 2,820 3,546 191,986 434,468 201,725 4,013 3,568 225,020 779,784 422,261 9,256 9,086 338,942 258,493 121,737 9,974 19,154 107,388 745,909 583,426 48,975 21,155 92,230 693,173 517, 289 14,249 10,062 150,860 Single. Num- ber. 308,673 102,344 105,833 37,907 2,350 435,219 294,518 82,482 33,835 23,967 98,659 25,375 41,731 30,643 190 96,007 37,373 39,023 17,569 170 178,075 85,405 62,318 25,871 1,541 229,804 153,290 48,269 19,913 7,711 28,027 16,516 3,907 3,061 4,518 171,025 100,419 27,337 12,928 30,141 48,164 24,382 7,264 4,162 12, 132 250,218 169,442 6,078 6,193 79,328 161, 746 124,643 7,287 16,600 13,144 234,954 162,390 1,157 1,136 69,483 154,312 75,845 1,731 1,210 75,462 266,405 149,496 4,181 3,132 109,458 94,096 44,497 4,571 6,628 38,277 265,864 206,767 19,44 4,349 35,239 242,482 180,783 5,858 2,911 52,874 Per cent. 38.6 39.0 47.3 24.7 37.8 37.2 37.6 41 20.6 38.9 46.9 47.9 61.0 35.5 57.4 44.6 46.1 65.7 30.6 45.6 40.9 40.8 53.3 26.3 43.5 37.4 37.4 46.2 25.5 36.9 87.9 36.4 49.1 32.3 41.0 38.7 40.1 43.2 25.3 39.0 40.2 41.6 44.6 33.7 37.7 38.5 38.1 46.81 32.7 39.3 38.9 37 38.8 42.3 48.1 36.3 36.4 41.0 32.0 36.2 35.5 37.6 43.1 33.9 33.5 34.2 35.4 45.2 34.5 32.3 36.4 36.6 45.8 34.6 35.6 35.6 35.4 39. 20. C 38.2 35.0 34.9 41.1 27.3 35.0 Married. Num- ber. 447,132 231,338 110,941 101,522 3,221 665,938 444,874 107,560 81,537 31,714 102,080 24,894 24,044 51,207 107 108,368 39,470 28,976 35,820 176 233,273 113,379 51,708 65,653 1,702 348,915 233,551 62,467 61,390 11,166 41,451 26,344 3,720 5,757 6,021 246,717 137, 201 33,315 34,518 41,495 64,432 31,082 8,206 7,110 17,803 364,751 239,241 6,189 9,457 109,723 236,044 191,850 10,642 21,034 12,487 382,288 265,375 1,530 2,207 111,770 259,205 117,508 2,070 2,070 137,488 470,746 254,300 4,646 5,335 206,386 145,419 70,286 4,813 11,220 59,004 435,835 345,592 27,316 14,335 48,538 409,478 310,019 7,650 6,734 85,020 Per cent. 55.9 55.5 49.6 66.2 51.8 56.9 50.7 54.3 64.2 51.4 48.6 47.0 3fi.O 59.3 32.3 50.4 48.7 41.3 62.3 47.2 54.2 54.2 44.2 66.6 48.1 56.8 57.0 50.2 65.8 63.5 54.1 58.0 46.7 60.7 51.0 65.8 54.8 52.0 07.4 53.8 53.8 53.0 50.4 57.0 66.6 56.1 57.1 47.6 50.5 54.3 66.7 68.0 66.6 53.6 45.7 59.1 59.5 54.3 62.2 58.2 59.7 58.3 51.6 58.0 61.1 60.4 60.2 50.2 58.7 60.9 56.3 57. 48.3 58.6 54.9 58.4 59.2 55.8 67.8 52.6 59.1 59.9 53.8 63.2 56.4 Widowed. Num- ber. 35,574 17,588 5,176 12,337 462 56,518 35,134 0,324 10,229 4,811 6,091 1,517 921 3,547 15 7,686 2,724 1,200 3,350 21 16,353 7,726 2,110 6,197 237 27,585 17,476 2,846 6,638 1,664 3,752 2,145 250 666 791 22,100 11,100 2,330 3,517 6,090 6,253 2,661 713 989 1,880 31,628 17,985 678 1,169 11,782 16,211 12,023 727 1,131 1,330 26,543 16,652 117 184 9,514 18,986 7,658 185 255 10,880 37,164 16,215 375 544 20,017 13,320 5,269 429 1,063 6,547 38,207 27,042 1,825 2,317 7,019 35,783 23,167 629 948 11,029 Per cent 4.4 4.2 2.3 8.0 7.4 4.8 4.5 3.2 8.0 7.8 2.9 2.9 1.3 4.1 4.6 3.6 3.4 1.8 5.8 6.6 3.8 3.7 1.8 6.3 6.7 4.5 4.3 2.7 7.2 7.4 5.1 4.7 3.1 6.0 7.2 5.0 15 3.7 6.9 6.6 5h2 4.5 4.4 8.0 6.8 4.9 4.3 6.2 7.4 5.8 3.7 3.6 3.9 2.9 4.9 11 3.7 4.1 5.2 5.0 4.4 3.8 4.6 7.1 4.8 4.8 3.8 4.1 6.0 5.9 5.2 4.3 4.3 5.5 6.1 5.1 4.6 3.7 11.0 7.6 5.2 4.5 4.4 8.9 7.3 Di- vorced, 4,891 3,010 952 786 143 7,020 4,543 1,119 614 742 664 239 168 247 6 1,189 592 26: 2,396 1,403 452 481 64 3,943 2,704 489 426 312 184 121 20 9 34 1,498 852 253 126 264 535 247 70 34 183 1,760 1,009 33 35 682 1,431 1,140 63 45 182 999 655 3 8 427 401 121 4 5 271 2,209 876 29 23 1,281 1,562 439 64 106 953 4,020 2,521 334 114 1,050 3,074 1,688 69 35 1,282 FEMALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Total." 737,250 398,222 221,535 112,445 4,943 1,099,015 744,906 204,184 92,253 67,550 155,146 , 38,253 66,972 57,882 185 168,244 62,582 60,361 38,809 262 372,138 186, 513 110,447 71,348 2,746 539,238 372,033 96,709 61,142 18,604 69,874 44,339 8,251 7,061 10,222 462,046 257,854 68,72.5 46,760 78,668 134,607 64,779 18,304 10,886 40,597 648,661 416, 873 11,698 8,970 210,968 356,624 305,998 18,489 13,943 18,184 665,872 449,883 2,848 1, 206,993 451,287 200,121 4,171 2,198 244,703 790,110 420,617 9,057 5,177 355,224 225,910 111, 183 9,959 11, 6n 93,068 723,830 560,425 54,525 18,008 90,814 684,678 506,557 14,731 6,863 156,459 Single. Num- ber. 219,845 123,227 84,408 11,017 1,112 308,184 211,571 70,326 12,008 14,240 46,828 11,710 26,018 8,619 56 49,274 19,245 24,304 4,392 79 109,278 55,378 45,854 7,103 643 143,352 99,335 34,654 4,511 4,661 20,576 12,908 3,324 1,199 3,145 149,842 90,299 26,781 8,269 24,469 46,474 23,503 6,911 2,605 13,443 205,232 132,248 4,662 1,376 66,902 99,881 87,560 6,2(» 1,491 4,615 207,677 138,684 1,105 325 66,965 130,808 60,586 1,665 358 68,178 209,221 117,609 3,326 812 87,461 53,103 27,797 3,294 1,873 20,134 201,589 154,544 19, 813 2,368 24,849 186,773 140,301 5,033 967 40,455 Per cent. 29.8 30.9 38.1 9. 22. 28.0 28.4 34.4 13.0 24.7 30.2 30.6 45.7 14.9 30.3 29.3 30.8 40.3 11.3 30.2 29.4 29.7 41.5 10.0 23.4 26.6 26.7 35.8 8.8 24.3 29.41 29.1 40.3 17.0 30.8 33.1 35.0 39.0 17.7 31 34.5 36.3 37.8 23.9 33.1 31.6 31.7 39.9 15.3 31.7 28.0 28.6 33.6 10.7 25.4 31.2 30 38.8 10.4 32.0 29.0 30.3 39.9 16.3 27.9 26.5 28.0 36.7 15.7 24.6 23.5 25.0 33.1 16.0 21.6 27.8 27.6 36.3 13.1 27.4 27.3 27.7 34.2 14.1 25,9 Married. Num- ber. Per cent. 442,599 .235,560 124,705 79,257 3,008 660,819 456,641 115,004 57,499 31,613 98,370 24,120 29,107 43,812 106 105,949 38,748 33,666 29,277 152 230,441 115,289 59,080 53,128 1,627 343,620 238,550 66,239 37,558 10,863 40,915 26,431 4,166 4,738 5,579 247,837 140,728 35,013 29,476 42,607 65,688 31,633 9,034 6,930 19,065 366,488 241,988 6,793 6,274 112,351 225,691 193,227 10, 474 10,684 11,304 386,528 267,545 1,425 1,384 114,810 263,611 119,014 1,917 1,296 141, 327 475,941 257,544 4,487 3,284 210,607 144,107 71,267 5,583 7,930 59,305 436,478 349,341 28,489 9,659 48,951 411,118 312,027 7,870 4,270 86,9031 60.0 59.2 56.3 70.5 60.9 60.1 61.3 56.3 62.3 64.9 63.4 63.1 61.1 75, 67.3 63.0 61.9 55.8 75.4 58.0 61.9 61.8 54.0 74.5 59.2 63.7 64.1 58.2 73.4 58.1 58.6 69.6 60.6 67.1 64.0 54.8 54.6 50.9 63.0 54.2 48.8 48.8 49.4 54.5 47.0 56.5 58.0 49.5 69.9 53.3 63.3 63.1 56.6 76.6 62.2 58.0 59.5 50.0 69.7 64.9 58.4 59.5 46.0 59.0 57.8 60 61.2 49.5 63.4 59.3 63.8 64.1 56.1 67.9 63.7 60.3 62.3 52.2 53.6 53.9 60.0 61.6 53.4 62.2 55.6 Widowed. Num- ber. 67,423 34,790 10,547 21,390 677 118,472 69,012 16,847 22,039 10,553 8,133 1,840 1,072 6,014 16 U,137 3,777 1,721 4,844 27 28,980 13,861 4,001 10,574 417 47,021 30,286 5,077 8,707 2,908 7,970 4,750 696 1,101 1,423 51,842 25,408 6,496 8,833 11,103 21,152 9,002 2,200 2,282 7,665 73,120 40,408 1,193 1,296 30,200 28,276 22,880 1,685 1, ""' 2,011 68,302 41, 772 301 271 25,765 54,714 19,903 570 533 33,694 98,502 43,030 1,176 1,064 53,229 25,296 11,008 928 1,733 11,625 78,648 51,898 5,650 5,852 15,245 79,932 50,422 1,675 1,584 26,243 Per cent, 9.1 8.7 4.8 19.0 13.7 10.8 9.3 8.3 18.3 5.2 4.8 1 8.7 8.6 6.6 6.0 2.9 12.5 10.3 7.8 7.4 3.0 14.8 16.2 8.7 8.1 6.2 17.0 16.6 11.4 10.7 8.4 16.6 13.9 11.5 9.9 9.6 18.9 14.1 16.7 13.9 12.0 21.0 18.9 11.3 9.7 10.2 14.4 14.3 7.9 7.6 9.1 12.2 11.1 10.3 9.3 10.6 13.6 12.3 12.1 9.9 13.7 24.2 13.8 12.5 10.2 13.0 20.6 15.0 1L2 9.9 9.3 14.8 12.5 10.9 9.3 10.4 32.5 16.8 1L7 10.0 11.4 23.1 18.8) Di- vorced. ' Total Includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. 162 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY STATES: 1910— Continued. Table 33— Continued. DIVISION, STATK, JLND CLASS Or POPtTLATION. EAST SOUTH CENTRAL— Contd. Alabama Native white— Native parentage Native wliite— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Mississippi Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-twm white Negro WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Arkansas Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Louisiana Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro Oklahoma Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro Texas Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white N«gro MOUNTAIN. Montana Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par.. Poreign-bom white Negro Idaho Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Wyoming Ifative wliite — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Colorado Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed i)ar.. Foreign-bom white Negro New Mexico Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bora white Negro Arizona Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom wliite Negro Utah Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Nevada Native white — Native parentage.. . Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro PACIFIC. Washlngrton Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed i)ar. Foreign-bom white Negro Oregon Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro California Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro MALES 15 TKAE3 OF AGE AND OVEE. Tot^.i 644,390 353,413 10,477 11, 174 269,025 539,452 229,161 7,050 5,564 297,064 497,182 333,362 13,700 10,142 139,798 514.989 230;i39 38,908 28,148 217,006 653,026 428,100 34,625 24,701 45,671 1,253,272 811,440 107,410 122,601 210,725 175,220 68,489 36,938 62,746 911 130,250 71,334 27,897 27,341 350 71,730 35,658 12,836 19,496 1,408 315,422 174,376 58,836 74,439 4,761 114,296 84,780 8,607 13,688 718 85,386 33,022 13,251 27,976 827 126,697 43,748 44,436 34,491 606 43,845 16,786 9,634 13,628 238 605, 624 233,617 96,742 155,031 3,336 296,368 165,849 50,097 67,743 815 1,047,593 429,129 222,697 314,192 9,183 Single. Niun- ber. 222,125 125,654 4, 3,284 88,577 185,076 84,893 2,756 1,548 95,632 170,709 116,807 5,537 2,693 45,591 195.341 94,758 15, 413 7,979 76,748 197,610 153,496 13,724 7,091 16,170 466,662 306,165 50,683 35,948 73,187 91,760 34,844 22,180 31,721 454 69,751 31,924 13,531 12,395 179 40,383 19,652 7,417 10,801 988 129,828 69,783 29,133 27,180 1,722 43,684 31,786 4,037 5,404 283 39,106 15,351 7,127 13,070 313 61,890 20,226 18,830 10,777 263 22,608 8,314 5,172 7,493 106 246,634 105,226 54,335 74,112 1,819 140,653 73,648 27,071 31,647 425 480,292 184,243 118,588 132,118 3,975 Per cent. 34.6 35.6 42.8 29.4 32.9 34.3 37.0 39.1 27.8 32.2 34.3 35.0 40.4 26.6 32.6 37.9 41.2 39.6 28.3 35.4 35.7 35.9 39.6 28.7 35.4 37.2 37.7 47.2 29.3 34.7 62.4 50.9 60.0 50.6 49 45.9 44.8 48.5 45.3 51.1 66.3 65.1 57.8 55.4 70.2 41.2 40.0 49.5 36.5 36.2 38.2 37.5 46.9 39.5 39.4 45.8 46.5 53.8 46.7 37.8 4L0 46.2 42.4 31.2 43.4 61.3 49.5 53.7 55.0 44.5 48.6 45.0 56.2 47.8 54.5 47.6 44.4 54.0 46.7 52.1 46.8 42.9 53.3 42.1 43.3 Married. Num- ber. 386,415 212,996 5,506 7,149 160,594 321,009 134, 219 3,919 3,574 178,983 292,716 197,496 7,373 6,477 81,279 288,797 123,881 21,326 17,839 125,446 321,850 250,348 19,086 15,507 25,345 717,027 466,714 52,940 76,976 120,027 74,423 29,779 13,497 27,583 393 64,043 35,025 13,469 13,388 142 28,498 14,439 4,985 8,001 364 167,799 94,322 27,134 42,882 2,608 63,648 47,958 4,118 7,412 357 40,708 15,354 5,399 13,392 434 68,608 21,079 24,494 21,394 269 18,160 7,153 3,841 5,252 106 231,139 112,810 38,644 72,569 1,296 137,984 81,295 20,725 32,071 333 496,638 213,416 94,437 156,393 4,494 Per cent. 60.0 60.3 52.6 64.0 59.7 69.6 58.6 65.6 64.2 60.3 58.9 59.2 53.8 63.9 58.1 66.1 53.8 54.8 63.4 57.8 58.2 68.5 65.1 62.8 65.5 67.2 67.5 49.3 62.8 57.0 42.6 43.5 36.5 43.9 43.1 49.2 49.9 48.3 49.0 40.6 39.7 40.5 38.8 41.0 25.9 53.2 64.1 46.1 57.6 54.8 66.7 56.6 47.8 54.1 49.7 47.7 46.5 40.7 47.9 52.5 64.2 48.2 55.1 62.0 44.4 41.4 42.6 39.9 38.5 44.5 46.7 48.3 39.9 46.8 38.8 46.6 49.0 41.4 47.3 40.9 47.3 49.7 42.4 49.8 Widowed. Nmn- ber. Per cent. 31,463 13,246 424 683 17,101 27,979 8,746 330 413 18,447 29,092 16, 666 681 883 10,857 25,500 8,702 1," 2,183 12,684 26,662 19,142 1,383 1,659 3,428 67,862 32,386 2,957 8,654 13,930 6,338 2,264 886 1,975 41 4,407 2,488 624 1,171 17 2,042 1,096 311 649 29 13,467 7,580 3,591 317 5,978 4,289 380 782 61 3,723 1,416 448 1,186 54 3,686 1,081 701 1,743 34 2,023 828 399 696 21 18,207 8,886 2,524 6,344 126 12,660 7,653 1,632 3,103 42 46,423 20,196 6,810 17,289 538 3.0 3.3 2.4 3.1 4.5 3.4 3.5 2.2 4.3 4. 2.8 3.1 2.4 2.8 2.1 4.3 4.3 3.2 4.8 6.7 5.2 5.1 4.4 5.7 8.6 4.4 4.3 3.4 4.2 6.5 2.9 2.5 1 5.1 5.6 4.6 4.9 4.1 4.4 3.6 3.8 2.6 4.1 3.8 4.3 4.6 3.3 4.6 5.2 4.4 4.7 3.1 5.5 5.9 Di- vorced. 2,828 735 41 41 2,011 2,874 620 21 11 2,319 2,653 1,314 79 67 1,190 1,677 518 134 54 967 3,151 2,226 204 159 460 6,278 2,799 430 565 2,481 1,176 526 292 314 15 943 580 164 164 10 500 304 96 80 16 2,782 1,682 503 493 95 769 554 65 75 14 661 313 117 116 16 730 271 214 221 8 608; 289 155 4,606 2,579 842 1,087 60 3,412 2,184 668 615 13 10,784 5,481 2,493 2,668 123 FEMALES 15 YE.VE3 OF AGE AND OVEB. Total.i 643,989 345, 405 10, 006 6,539 281, 202 633,814 220,470 7,133 3,116 302,768 457,026 304, 841 11,571 5,924 134,532 504,796 218,536 42,925 20,588 222, 527 468,381 357,827 28,161 13,497 39,278 1,138,840 737,623 100,246 89,814 210,903 98,645 42,088 27,208 25,278 627 86,888 51,757 21,929 11,696 209 36,026 19,433 8,107 6,442 560 265,736 149,657 56,864 45,336 4,422 92,287 72,236 7,060 6,710 620 64,182 21,377 10,102 13,675 734 108,011 37,861 42,734 26,044 365 21,041 8,730 6,163 4,030 213 336,130 173,031 80,328 74,960 1,907 203,487 127,380 42,217 31,365 490 786,160 368,888 216,650 181,149 8,049 Single. Num- ber. 169,126 94, 154 3,689 758 70,466 136,722 61,894 2,334 418 72,021 108,141 72,934 3,619 800 30,748 142,819 68,394 13,87" 2,840 57,639 100,265 78,479 7,689 1,118 8,566 296,498 193,882 35,067 13,670 63,027 25,961 11,513 10,056 3,681 163 21,475 13,710 6,506 1,042 61 8,226 4,791 2,529 704 152 65,931 39,489 19,514 5,908 936 21,461 17,240 2,226 865 107 12,036 5,121 3,261 2,058 167 30,083 13,506 13,731 2,670 81 4,411 2,028 1,631 420 51 88,669 45,527 30,467 11,440 437 66,242 33,756 16,113 219,546 105,639 81,054 28,778 1,909 Per cent. 26.3 27.3 34.8 11.6 25.1 25 28.1 32.7 13 23.8 23.7 23.9 31.3 13.5 22.9 28.3 31.3 32.3 13.8 25.9 21.9 21.9 23.9 8.3 21.8 20.0 26.3 35.9 15.1 25.1 26.3 27.4 37.0 14.6 26.0 24.7 26.5 29.7 8.9 29.2 23.6 24.7 31.2 10.9 27.1 25.8 26.4 34.9 13.0 21.2 23.3 23.9 3L6 12.9 20.6 22.2 24.0 32.3 15.0 22.8 27.9 35.7 32.1 10.3 22.2 21.0 23.2 26.5 10.4 23.9 26.5 26.3 37.9 15.3 22.9 27.1 26.5 38.2 15.5 20.2 27.9 28.7 37.4 15.9 23.7 Married. Num- ber. 388, 191 215,440 5,590 4,658 162,347 323,929 135, 663 3,822 2,015 182,200 292,600 199,744 6,760 4,08^ 81, 91 290,536 127,980 22,222 12,219 127, 984 317,450 250,375 18,745 10, 696 25,136 713,569 473,022 57, 193 60,629 121,959 64,185 27,. 302 15,508 18,620 360 68,904 34,498 14,343 9,066 113 24,199 13,346 5,116 6,103 306 160,546 93,483 31,546 32,664 2,529 61,048 47,830 4,222 4,872 305 36, 601 14,187 6,085 9,326 402 66,256 21,078 20,593 17,607 221 14, 109 5,849 4,030 2,868 97 214,653 110,659 44,810 64,676 1,133 128,182 81,126 23,234 22,287 290 459,167 212,375 115,839 117,950 4, '" Per cent. 60.3 62.4 52.7 71.2 57.7 60.7 61.5 53.6 64.7 60.2 64.0 65.5 58.4 69.0 60.9 67, 68.6 51.8 59.4 57.6 69.3 70.0 66.6 79.2 64.0 62.7 64.2 57.1 67.5 67.8 66.1 64.9 57.0 73.7 57.4 67.8 66.7 65.4 77.6 54.1 69.1 68.7 63.1 79.2 54.6 62 62.5 56.5 72.0 57.2 66.2 66.2 59 72.6 68.7 65.7 66.4 60.2 68.2 64.8 61.3 55.7 62.2 67.6 60.5 67.1 67.0 65.4 71.2 45.6 64.1 64.0 55.8 72.9 59.4 63.0 63.7 55.0 71.1 59.2 58.4 57.6 53.5 65.1 55.8 Widowed. Num- ber. 80, 137 34,098 1,246 1, ' 43,634 66,661 21,682 934 679 43,328 51,628 30,113 1,107 1,003 19,385 66,801 20,757 6,520 6,404 34,101 36,128 25,745 1,585 1,590 4,871 116,712 64,971 6,227 14,885 30,597 7,380 2,731 1,368 2,746 82 5,599 2,993 30 2,164 1,058 368 585 76 25,752 14,444 4,084 6,349 828 8,845 6,497 543 927 90 6, 1,742 625 2,158 141 9,949 2,497 1,847 6,433 42 2,124 683 403 703 62 26,560 13,770 3,940 7,983 242 17,540 10,790 2,419 3,901 88 96,949 44,118 16,702 32, 571 1,455 Per cent. 12.4 9.9 11.7 16.6 15.5 12.5 9.8 13.1 21.4 14.3 11.3 9.9 9.6 16.9 14.4 13.2 9.5 15.2 26.2 15.3 7.9 7.2 5.6 11.8 12.4 10.2 8.8 6.2 16.6 14.5 7.6 6.5 5.0 10.9 13.1 6.4 6.8 4.1 12.7 14.4 6.2 5.4 4.5 9.1 13.6 10.1 9.7 7.3 14.0 18.7 9.6 9.0 7.7 13.8 17.3 10.6 8.1 6.2 15.8 19.2 9.2 6.6 4.3 20.9 11.5 10.1 7.8 6.5 17.4 24.4 7.9 8.0 4.9 10.6 12.7 8.6 8.6 5.7 12.4 18.0 12.2 12.0 7 18.0 18.1 Di- vorced. > Total Includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. MARITAL CONDITION. 163 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER FOR THE URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION: 1910. Table 34 CLASS OF POPULATION AND AGE PERIOD. ALL CLASSES. Xlkban communities: 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Bnral communities: 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 86 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unkno'ivn NATIVE WHITE-NATIVE PARENTAGE. Urban commnnlties: 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Ago unknown Bnral communities: 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to f>4 years 65 years and over Age unknown NATIVE WHITE -FOREIGN OR MIXED PARENTAGE. Urban commnnlties : 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Baral communities: 15 years and over 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 26 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years.... 65 years and over Age unknown FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. Urban communities : 15 years and over , 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Bnral communities: 15 years and over 15 lo 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown NEGRO. Urban communities : 16 years and over 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25to34years 35 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown Bnral commnnlties: 15 years and over , 15 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 36 to 44 years 45 to 64 years 65 years and over Age unknown HALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OTEB. Total.« 15,687,914 1,926,230 2,250,623 4,155,747 3,185,647 3,320,634 782,062 67,071 16,737,891 2,601,052 2,329,667 3,745,369 2,907,719 3,842,798 1,203,914 47,372 6,120,304 855, &S0 913,338 1,674,866 1,133,049 1,252,103 347,390 43,688 10,112,791 1,696,648 1,419,576 2,213,310 1,720,996 2,295,222 741,069 25,081 8,694,508 694,456 581,132 901,800 718, 120 634, 191 61,652 3,157 2,190,689 400,405 332,989 520,183 426,531 442,031 67,010 2,480 4,943,990 260,263 603,923 1,381,979 1,112,341 1,237,970 336,850 10,664 2,195,903 91,491 219,997 497,265 451,185 656,765 270,158 9,042 947,605 111,172 142,067 273,678 203,931 174,362 34,973 7,422 2,111,707 396,773 340,090 480,290 346,199 421,192 117,509 9,654 Single. Num- Per ber. cent 6,276,507 1,901,292 1,767,465 1,601,477 684,427 367,065 48,721 16,060 6,273,622 2,646,776 1,664,696 1,166,480 442,075 365,636 74,601 13,359 2,460,977 843,231 698,011 671,043 195,397 124,624 20,136 8,636 8,72-1,347 1,661,242 993,374 610,708 219,796 190,877 40,907 7,444 1,860,859 688,827 488,462 406,775 168,673 90,834 5,311 1,487 1,065,683 396,578 281,122 217,935 91,005 61,850 6,137 1,056 1,666,245 266,726 477,934 617,143 174,954 114,666 20,871 3,951 702,671 89,946 183,547 221,836 94,900 87,735 22,358 2,349 350,598 108, 150 93,923 90,244 36,765 17,707 2,046 1,763 732,874 384,003 194,071 98,952 30,438 18,954 4,239 2,217 40.0 98. 7 78.5 38.6 18.3 10.8 6.2 23.9 37.5 97.9 71.6 31 14.9 9.5 6.2 28.2 40.2 98.5 76.4 36.3 17.2 9.9 5.8 19.8 36.8 97.9 70.0 27.0 12.8 8.3 5.6 29.7 5L5 99.2 84.1 45.1 23.6 14.3 8.6 47.1 48.2 99.0 84.4 41.9 21.4 14.0 9.2 42.6 31.7 98.6 79.1 37.4 15.7 9.3 6.2 37.0 32.0 98.3 83.4 44.6 21.0 13.4 8.3 26.0 37.0 97.3 66.1 33.0 18.0 10.2 5.9 23.8 34.7 96.8 57.1 20.6 8.8 4.5 3.6 23.0 Married. Kum- Per ber. cent. 8,582,080 14,327 463,479 2,472,433 2,469,541 2,647,608 601,954 12,738 9,510,620 37,550 636,614 2,492,336 2,403,612 3,124,022 801,814 14,672 3,312,088 7,806 206,864 968,773 886,124 1,006,117 230,910 5,504 5,832,001 26,012 411,436 1,666,778 1,433,218 1,886,532 602,491 6,634 1,621,357 2,359 89,136 479,792 621,323 487,836 39,944 968 1,066,348 1,276 40,402 294,684 320,894 345,766 43,410 3,100,003 2,035 121,731 847,058 903,383 1,013,657 209,274 2,865 1,332,132 816 34,491 268,087 342,745 613,823 169,923 1,647 519,740 2,056 44,847 170,098 149,729 128,504 21, 174 3,332 1,229,488 9,008 137,263 367,051 290,172 349,208 81,496 6,290 54.7 0.7 20.6 59.5 77.5 79.7 64.2 19.0 56.8 1.4 27.3 66.5 81.0 81.3 66.6 30.8 54.1 0.9 22.6 61.6 78.2 80.4 66.6 12.6 67.7 1.6 29.0 70.3 83.3 82.6 67.7 26.1 46.1 0.3 16.3 63.2 72.6 76.9 64.8 30.7 48.2 0.3 14.8 66.7 75.4 78.2 64.8 35.8 62.7 0.8 20.2 61.3 81.2 81.9 62.1 26.9 60.7 0.9 15.7 54.0 76.0 78.2 62.9 18.2 54.8 1.8 31.6 62.2 73.4 73.7 60.5 44.9 58.2 2.3 40.4 74.3 83.8 82.9 69.4 64.8 Widowed. Num- Per ber. cent. 665,893 329 6,111 49,409 100,035 282,636 225,373 2,000 805,497 781 12,704 61,022 98,666 316,006' 313,685 2,633 268,606 139 2,557 19,881 36,562 105,341 93,319 817 470,277 3S9 6,313 32,903 64,671 186, 175 189,638 1,388 98,157 61 934 9,616 21,748 49,753 16,876 169 62,622 31 463 4,686 10,580 30,065 16,667 161 244,984 43 885 10,417 27,297 101,2.34 104,638 470 139,742 17 364 3,827 10,598 49,373 75,244 319 63,075 86 1,727 9,372 14,222 25,737 11,392 539 126,895 330 5,433 18,889 21,922 49,072 30,499 750 4.2 0.3 1.2 3.1 8.5 28.8 3.0 4.8 (») 0.5 1 3.3 8.2 26.1 6.6 4.2 (') 0.3 1.3 3.2 8.4 26.9 1.9 4.7 (») 0.4| 1 3.2 8.1 26.5 6. 2.7 (').. 0.2| 1 3.0 7.8 25.8 6.4 2.9 (•) 0.1 0.9 2.6 6.8 24.9 6.1 6.0] (•) 0.1 0.8 2.5 8.2 31.1 4.4 6.4 (') 0.2 0.8 2.3 7.5 27.9 3.5 6.7 0.1 1.2 3.4 7.0 14.8 32.6 7.3 6.0 0.1 1 3.9 6.3 11.7 26.0 7.8 Di- vorced 78,616 116 2,911 19,088 24,383 27,333 4,483 302 77,546 231 3,821 15,483 18,305 30,844 8,592 270 40,545 57 1,611 10,231 12,260 13,787 2,423 176 46, 9U 121 2,152 9,162 11,052 19,039 5,230 165 15,834 26 484 3,996 5,634 6,233 436 26 8,854 8 261 1,694 2,474 3,865 651 21 14,186 11 254 2,231 3,960 6,304 1, 36 8,874 7 104 716 1,627 4, * 1, 32 7,942 22 557 2,595 2,493 1,981 230 64 12,204 82 1,252 3,813 2,965 3,273 769 50 FEMALES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OTEB. TotaI.i 15,333,853 2,077,041 2,319,935 3,879,847 2,947,612 3,167,330 910,948 31,140 14,713,472 2,459,280 2,156,759 3,371,225 2,556,709 3,093,427 1,052,600 23,472 6,197,574 920,693 969,121 1,541,876 1,081,173 1,243,519 424,400 16,793 9,326,326 1,615,834 1,380,887 2,120,634 1,560,540 1,049,150 687,319 11,947 8,956,301 740,976 657,325 1,006,934 788,203 684,721 73,802 3,340 1,931,830 369,738 301,662 476,409 372,929 356,443 63,122 1,527 4,112,236 271,574 608,702 1,023,072 872,986 1,061,050 370,068 4,784 1,334,070 60,433 97,759 266,095 275,056 436, 733 206,273 1,721 1,058,325 142,255 182,805 304,303 203,462 176,897 42,462 6,141 2,045,019 410,216 365,833 491,045 335,270 336,652 99,180 7,823 Single. Num- Per ber. cent 5,025,467 1,901,171 1,295,154 1,012,546 429,218 313, 150 65,290 8,938 3,907,703 2,084,593 868,529 604,180 199,298 186,414 68,933 5,756 2,106,687 836,939 638,048 397,011 160,205 133,232 36,537 4*715 2,537,435 1,362,917 656,486 316, 183 124,250 128,575 46,600 3,424 1,762,246 704,412 435,564 350,373 164,241 08,691 7,366 1,609 690,771 343,879 166,413 103,804 42,789 20,810 3,633 634 860,659 238,710 242,695 203,521 84,197 70,463 19,585 1, " 133,451 39, 131 29,483 28,213 14,243 16,899 6,205 277 292,992 119,824 78,189 61,019 20,414 10,647 1,790 1,109 531,004 328,691 113,207 54,663 17,691 11,836 3,453 1,463 32.8 91.5 55.8 26.1 14.6 9.9 7.2 28.7 26.6 84.8 40.3 16.0 7.8 6.0 5.6 24.6 Married. Num- Per ber. cent 8,376,444 160,622 984,534 2,698,805 2,222,404 2,030,143 269,471 10,465 9,308,243 352,617 1,240,828 2,745,089 2)187,906 2,353,354 417,864 10,685 34.0 90.9 56.5 26.7 14.8 10.7 8.6 28.1 27.2 84.3 40.3 14.9 8.0 6.6 6.6 28.7 44.6 95.1 66.3 34.8 20.8 14.4 10.0 48.2 35.8 93.0 66.2 21.8 11 8.4 6.7 36.0 20.9 87.9 47.7 19.9 9.6 6.6 5.3 31.1 10.0 77.6 30.2 10.6 5.2 3.6 3.0 16.1 27.7 84.2 42.8 20.1 10.0 6.0 4.2 18.1 26.0 80.1 30. 11.1 6.3 3.5 3.5 18.7 54 6 7.7 42.4 69.6 75.4 64.1 29.6 33.6 63.3 14.3 57.5 81.4 86.6 76.1 39.7 45.1 3,318,766 77,006 414,229 1,078,251 815,462 801,794 126,824 5,200 5,900,619 241,328 802,622 1,744,772 1,347,617 1,487,907 271,360 6,013 1,878,389 32,354 214,895 623,348 666,366 429,278 22,116 1,032 1,130,234 23,441 132,382 362,335 312,512 276,636 c 22,310 "" 619 ,628,402 31,151 261,727 792,309 717,762 712,035 111,587 1,831 995,601 10,898 67,289 232,777 247,724 347,897 88,150 866 544,179 19,869 92,407 201,987 132,356 86,310 8,872 2,378 1,231,770 74,218 231,366 390,560 268,713 229,513 33,532 3,868 53.5 8.4 42.7 69.9 76.4 64.5 29.9 31.0 63.3 14.9 68.1 82.3 86.4 76.3 39.6 42.0 47.5 4.4 33.7 61.9 70.6 62.7 30.0 30.9 58.6 6.3 43.9 76.1 83.8 77.6 42.0 40.6 63 11.5 51.4 77.4 82.2 67.1 30.2 38.3 74.6 21.6 68. 87.6 90.1 79.7 42.7 50.3 51.4 14.0 50.6 66.4 65.1 48.8 20.9 38.7 60.2 18.1 63.2 79.5 80.1 68.4 33.8 49.4 Widowed. Num- Per ber. cent 1,786,292 3,079 23,387 127,714 261,462 794,341 671,475 4,834 1,389,936 7,182 31,067 96,613 150,434 630,497 669,083 4,160 698,079 1,215 8,639 46,364 88,307 293,237 258,682 1,635 825,481 3,179 13,212 45,653 77,779 318, 124 365,871 1,«63 283,695 304 3,651 24,324 60,767 160,917 43,947 386 98,623 179 1,238 7,317 15,234 47,474 27.012 601,642 253 2,518 22,290 65,880 272,416 237,261 1,024 198,470 103 602 4,159 11,901 70, 435 110,859 411 202,182 1,303 9,156 34,636 46,362 77,480 31,460 1,785 257,649 3,626 16,620 38,717 44,477 90,966 61,396 1,847 11.6 0.1 i.e 3.3 8.9 25.1 62.7 15.5 9.4 6.3 1.5 2.9 5.9 17.1 54.1 17.7 11.3 0.1 0.9 3.6 8.2 23.6 61.0 9.7 8.9 0. 1.9 2. 6.0 16.3 63.2 13.9 7.2 (') e.6 2.4 7.7 22.6 69.6 11.6 5.1 (') 0.4 1.6 4.1 13.3 60.8 11.1 14.6 0.1 0.5 2.2 7.5 25.7 64.1 21.4 14.9 0.2 0.6 1.6 4.3 16.1 63.8 23.9 19.1 0.9 6.0 11.4 22.8 43.8 74.1 29.1 12.6 0.9 4.5 7.9 13.3 27.1 61.9 23.6 Di- vorced. 110,991 1,438 10,736 36,091 32,228 27,131 3,088 280 * Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. * Less tban one-tenth of 1 per cent. 164 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION IkiARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES OF 250,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. T'able 35 CITY AND CLASS OF POPULATION. MALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OTEE. Baltimore, Md Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro Boston, Hass Native white— Native parentage Native v.'hite— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Buffalo, Hr.Y Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Chicago, ni Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white , Negro Cincinnati, Ohio Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreiga-bom white Negro Cleveland, Ohio Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro Detroit, Mich Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Jersey City, N. J Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro ' IjOS Angeles, Cal Native white — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par Foreign-bom white Negro MUwaukee, Wis Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Minneapolis, Mttin Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro New Orleans, La Native white — Native pai'entage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro NewYork,N. Y Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. . Forei^-bom white Negre Newark, N. J Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. Foreign-bom white Negro Philadelphia, Pa Native white— Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. . Foreign-bom white Negro Pittsburgh, Pa Native white— Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par.. ForeigM-bom white Negro , St. Louis, M« Native white— Native parentage , Native white — Foreign or mixed par. .Foreign-bom white Negro • San Fraaclsco, Cal Native white — Native parentage Native white — Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-born white Negro Washlagtom, D. C Native wliite — Native parentage Native white— Foreign or mixed par. Foreign-bom white Negro Total. 1 193,703 84.768 42,593 36,039 29,982 241,277 55,569 67,919 111,103 5,482 152,794 38,596 53,524 59,787 791 824, 058 150,055 246,428 406,297 19,372 134, 873 48,881 49,692 28,030 8,246 208,923 43,754 59,278 102,008 3,630 177,039 39,431 53,671 81,4.10 2,465 96, 081 22,232 30,877 40,486 2,335 130,536 66,333 24,695 31,494 2,921 135,870 20,939 54,786 59,662 422 121,934 37,207 35,926 ,47,358 1,321 115,620 44,055 27,420 14,093 29,692 1,697,045 286,961 457,466 913,046 34,269 122,071 30,047 34,464 63,920 3,414 660,627 194,486 143, 449 180,635 30,970 196,496 56,544 53,965 75,361 10,374 260,803 85,556 89,371 67,078 18,318 197,134 48, .504 56. rao 78,873 911 119,832 58,650 16,277 12.344 32,156 Single. Married. Widowed. Num- Per Num- Per ber. cent. ber. cent. 76,598 37,243 18,926 8,625 11,651 106, 279 24,740 41,267 37,391 2,359 63,132 18,716 27,666 16,354 362 343,206 64,271 143,653 126,504 7,631 56,365 24,751 21,887 6,440 3,268 79, 854 17,935 32,001 28,450 1,350 70,667 17,075 28,264 24,352 938 40,102 10,500 16,559 12,073 861 51,501 25,646 11,240 10,647 1,002 55, 852 11,646 , 28,643 I 52.3 15,351 i 25.7 175 41. 5 39.6 43.9 44.4 23.9 38.9 44.0 44.5 60.8 33.7 43.0 41.3 48.5 51.7 27.4 45.8 41.6 42.8 58.3 31.1 39.4 41.8 50.6 44.0 23.0 39.6 38.2 41.0 54.0 27.9 37.2 39.9 43.3 52.7 29.9 38.1 41.7 47.2 53.6 29.8 36.9 39.5 38.7 45.5 33.8 34.3 41.1 55.6 56. 540 17,161 20,889 17,841 588 47.705 22,232 10,743 3,722 10,783 711,954 139,117 257,869 298,096 13,335 46,760 12, 874 17,859 14,820 1,115 216,401 82,535 71,146 50,622 11,360 83.849 25,992 28,963 24,643 4,070 109,565 41,702 40,979 19,329 7,271 96,430 25,365 32,040 .■52, 862 526 48,164 24,382 7,264 4,162 12,132 46.4 46.1 58.1 37.7 44.5 41.3 50.5 39.2 26.4 36.3 42.0 48.5 56.4 32.6 38.9 38.3 42.8 51.8 27.5 32.7 39.3 42.4 49.6 2.S.0 30.7 42.7 46.0 53.7 32.7 39.2 42.0 48.7 45.9 28.8 39.7 48.9 52.3 56.6 41.7 57.7 40.2 41.6 44.6 33.7 37.7 106,466 43,517 21,827 24,917 16,045 122,810 27,098 24,428 67,836 2,778 83,284 18,363 24,319 40,178 366 442,081 74,303 96,514 260,460 10,076 70, 868 22,006 26,764 18,809 4,284 121,055 23,766 25,991 • 69, 154 2,017 98, 741 20,231 24,007 63,137 1,343 61,147 10,699 13,223 25,932 1,363 71,807 36,737 12,426 18,855 1,747 74,449 8,426 24,928 40,874 203 58, 384 17,217 13,686 26,820 601 59, 532 18,507 15,098 8,916 16,879 912,366 131,741 185,309 574,460 19,196 70,082 15,689 15,612 36,537 2,117 304,450 101,313 66,085 119,011 17,727 104,125 28,102 23,317 47,044 5,594 136,793 39,658 45, 137 42,400 9,415 81,243 17,909 22,174 35,844 308 64,432 31,082 8,206 7,110 17,863 56.0 51.3 51.2 69.1 53.5 50.9 48.8 36.0 61.1 50.7 54.5 47.6 45.4 67.2 46.3 53.6 49.5 39.2 64.1 62.0 52.5 46.0 51.8 67.1 52.0 57.9 54.3 43.8 67.8 55.6 55.8 51.3 44.7 65.3 64.5 53.2 47.7 42.8 64.1 57.9 55.0 55. 4 50.3 69.9 69.8 64.8 40.2 45.6 68.6 48.1 47.9 46.3 38.1 66.6 45.6 51.5 42.0 65.1 63.3 66.8 53.8 45.9 40.5 62.9 56.0 67.4 62.2 45.3 67.8 62.0 65.3 52.1 46.1 65.9 57.2 53.0 49.7 4.3.2 62.4 53.9 52.6 46.4 50.5 63.2 51.4 41.2 36.9 39.2 4.5.4 33.8 53.8 53.0 50.4 57.6 56.6 Num- Per ber. cent. 9,318 3,349 1,657 2,349 2,060 10,802 3,001 1,960 6,528 303 6,684 1,170 1,359 3,101 53 27,686 5,067 4,300 16,983 1,232 6,427 1,596 1,660 2,621 550 6,534 1,339 979 4,019 194 6,836 1,252 1,047 3,406 130 4,338 872 1,023 2,332 111 6,559 2,947 756 1,670 144 4,394 447 910 3,005 29 4,192 1,321 670 2,117 83 5,934 1,533 1,380 1,384 1,634 62,461 10,703 12,760 37,364 1,540 4,697 1,169 907 2,454 163 26,818 9,278 6,45;< 10,352 1,713 7,303 1,867 1,404 3,385 646 11,474 2,663 2,500 4,889 1,421 7,451 1,466 1,467 4,315 55 6,263 2,661 713 989 1,880 4.8 4,0 3.7 6.5 6.9 4.5 5.4 2.9 5.0 6.5 3.7 3.0 2.5 6.2 6.7 3.3 3.4 1.7 4.2 6.4 4.8 3.3 3.3 9.4 6.7 3.1 3.1 1.7 3.9 6.3 3.3 3.2 2.0 4.2 5.3 4.6 3.9 3.3 6.8 4.8 4.3 4.4 3.1 5.3 4.9 3.2 2.1 1.7 5.0 6.9 3.4 3.6 1.9 4.5 6.3 5.1 3.5 6.0 9.8 5.6 3.7 3.7 2.8 4.1 4.5 3.8 3.9 2.6 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.8 .3.8 5.7 5.5 3.7 3.3 2.6 4.5 6.2 4.4 3.1 2.8 7.3 7.8 3.8 3.0 2.0 5.5 6.0 5.2 4.5 4.4 8.0 6.8 Di- vorced. 922 470 211 93 146 914 449 186 242 37 306 122 90 85 8 3,949 1,251 1,056 1,361 279 904 342 341 140 81 910 298 252 307 63 992 334 286 346 27 113 48 30 28 7 1,443 886 246 276 25 724 137 257 321 9 696 249 139 194 14 382 145 98 26 113 3,079 980 756 1,239 101 223 89 58 66 10 1,440 720 306 265 86 565 2,36 183 104 32 1,712 G54 582 306 169 2,532 936 809 762 13 636 247 70 34 183 FEMALES 15 YEAKS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total. 1 214,672 94,777 48,451 36,854 35,572 253,488 58,540 72,938 116,389 5,572 151,216 38,314 69,517 52,663 696 760,365 141,917 268,117 332,267 17,962 143,721 50,687 58,625 26,402 8,002 191, 747 42,692 65,142 80,533 3,361 162,354 36,438 58,288 66,341 2,261 89,843 21,437 32,826 33.370 2,206 124,328 66,666 28,499 25,529 3,070 131.112 21,830 62,769 46,091 431 109,116 32,400 40,668 35,229 907 127,332 46,854 32,694 12,369 36,392 1,702,064 296,565 499,433 864,927 40,792 122,580 31, 687 38,653 48,382 3,848 579,421 209, 124 159,257 175,205 35,790 184,426 58,085 69,349 57,758 9,224 255,243 85, 362 100,011 52, 131 17,089 140,870 34,9.52 56,959 47,880 604 134,607 64,779 18,304 10,886 40.597 Single. Num- Per ber. cent. 76.947 38,360 19,775 6,634 12,170 101,490 25.272 40,934 33 531 1,744 52,939 16,751 26,567 9,387 223 251, 715 52,623 132.330 62,930 3,800 51,293 22,015 22,997 4,225 2,054 58, 160 16,265 29,600 12, 469 819 62,074 12,989 26,538 11,993 545 29,830 8,905 15.091 6,333 500 35,307 19,186 10,325 6,018 668 46,516 11,541 28,837 5,994 144 40,647 12,412 20,229 7,767 235 42,644 19,875 10,645 1,937 10,179 617,885 129, 668 243,857 231,066 13, 174 40,009 12,6^4 17,407 8,922 1,045 204,179 81,831 71,300 39, 871 11,156 64,722 23,645 27,334 11,426 2,313 83,462 33,992 37,925 7,607 3,916 44,8j8 12,320 23,038 &,767 152 46,474 23,503 6,911 2,605 13,443 35.8 40.6 40.8 18.5 34.2 40.0 43.2 66.1 28.8 31.3 35.0 43.7 44.6 17.8 32.0 33.1 37.1 49.4 18.9 21.2 35.7 43.4 39.2 16.0 25.7 30.3 35.8 45.4 15.5 24.4 32.1 35.6 45.5 18.4 24.1 33.2 41.5 46.0 16.0 22.7 28.4 28.8 36.2 19.7 21.8 35.6 52.9 46.9 13.0 33.4 i 37.3 38.3 49.9 i 22.0 i 25.9 I 33.5 i 43.3 ! 32.6 15.7 28.0 36.3 43.7 48.8 20.7 32.3 32.6 39.9 45.0 18.4 27.2 35.2 39.1 44.8 22.8 31.2 35.1 40.7 46.1 19.8 25.1 32.7 39.8 37.9 14.6 22. 1 31.8 35. 8 41.2 18.3 30.2 34.5 36.3 37.8 23.9 33.1 Married. Num- Per ber. cent. 108, 520 45, 541 23,496 22,380 17,095 120, 215 24,360 26, 731 66,394 2,710 81,424 18,049 28,284 34,718 363 423,839 71,771 119,386 222,646 9,978 70,435 23,375 28,686 14,067 4,305 113,234 22,679 31,550 57,031 1,965 92,488 19,338 28,020 43,830 1,286 49,634 10,474 15,326 22,487 1,344 70,635 37,059 15, 149 16, 108 1,783 71,129 8,768 30,266 31,896 198 56,664 15,736 17,789 22,617 516 60, 852 20,297 16,432 6,011 18,100 892,969 134, 222 216,223 521,855 20,466 68,914 15,518 18, 4.39 32,753 2,196 300,629 101,333 72.596 108,001 18,678 98,734 28,537 26,799 37,848 5,547 134,797 41,870 51,947 31,355 9,607 74,790 17,279 27,503 28,668 264 65,688 31,633 9,034 5,930 19,066 Widowed. Num- Per ber. cent. 50.6 48.1 48.6 62.4 48.1 47.4 41.6 36.6 67.0 48.6 53.8 47.1 47.5 65.9 52.2 55.7 60.6 44.5 67.0 55.6 49.0 46.1 48.9 53.3 53.8 59.1 53.1 48.4 70.8 58.5 57.0 63.1 48.1 67.1 66.9 55.2 48.9 46.7 67.4 60.9 56.8 55.7 53.2 63.1 68.1 54.3 40.2 I 48.2 69.2 45.9 61.9 48.6 43.8 64.2 56.9 47.8 44.3 50.3 48.6 49.7 52.5 45.3 43.3 60.3 50.2 56.2 49.0 47.7 67.7 57.1 51.9 48.5 45.6 61.6 52.2 53.5 49.1 45.2 65.5 60.1 52.8 49.0 61.9 60.1 54.3 53.1 49.4 49.1 69.9 60.4 48.8 48.8 49.4 54.5 47.0 27, 60S 10,054 4,821 6,685 6,044 30, 110 8,096 4,899 16,038 1,069 16,112 3,213 4,407 8,381 107 76, 813 14,742 13, 810 44,504 3,746 20,416 4.564 6,415 7,%6 1,482 18.835 4,186 3,504 10,629 513 15,996 3,473 3,191 S,941 388 10,112 1,970 2,311 5,479 352 16,644 9,170 2,633 4,157 568 12,127 1,279 3,048 7,724 76 9,643 3,311 1,827 4,374 130 22,449 5,164 5,360 4,326 7,697 183,897 30,650 37, 368 109,014 6,844 13,210 3,302 2,702 6,614 691 71,509 24,533 14,496 26, 751 6,726 19,760 5,367 4,880 8,241 1,269 33,702 8,122 8,999 12,711 3,860 18,260 3,991 4,299 9,793 76 21,152 9,002 2,200 2,282 7,665 12,9 10.6 10.0 18.6 17.0 11.9 13.8 6.7 13.8 19.2 10.7 8.4 7.4 15.9 15.4 10.1 10.4 5.2 13.4 20.9 14.2 9.0 10.9 30.2 18.5 9.8 9.8 5.4 13.2 15.3 9.9 9.5 5.6 13.7 17.2 11.3 9.2 7.0 16.4 16.0 13.3 13.8 9.2 16.3 18.5 9.2 5.9 4.9 16.8 17.6 8.8 10.2 4.5 12.4 14.3 17.6 11.3 16.4 35.0 20.9 10.8 10.3 7.5 12.6 16.8 10.8 10.4 7.0 13.7 15.4 12.3 11.7 9.1 15.3 16.0 10.7 9.2 8.2 14.3 13.8 13.2 9.5 9.0 24.4 21.8 13. e 11.4 7.7 20.6 15.1 16.7 13.9 12.0 21.0 18.9 ' Total Includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. MARITAL CONDITION. 165 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,060 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS: 1910. Table 36 Alabama Birmiugham Mobile Montgomery Arkansas Little Rock California Berkeley. Oakland.. Pasadena Sacramento San Diego San Jose Colorado Colorado Springs. . . . Denver Pueblo Connectiont Bridgeport Hartford Meriden town Meriden city ... New Britain New Haven Norwich town Stamford town Staviford citij... Waterbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Georgia Atlanta Augusta Macon Savannah nilnoU Aurora Bioomington Danville Decatur East St. Louis Elgin Joflet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana Evansville Fort Wayne Indianapolis South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Clinton Council Bluffs , Davenport , Des Moines , Dubuque , Sioux City , Waterloo , Kansas Kansas City. Topeka Wichita Kentucky Covington liexington louisville Newport Louisiana Shreveport Maine Lewiston Portland MAtES 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVEE. Total.i 47,989 17,618 12,857 17,361 14,941 61,380 10,659 21,033 16,700 11,180 10,670 82,600 19,010 38,600 36,167 11,475 9,714 16,513 47,664 9,785 10,446 8,948 26,857 32,425 22,501 13,824 53,119 14, 139 13,949 22,817 11,405 9,347 9,96« 11,425 24,398 9,263 13,459 28,573 13,496 17,642 18,652 25,550 23,312 88,890 19, 746 21,765 12,258 9,827 11,146 16,004 32,068 14, 111 19,837 10,491 31,428 16,468 20,758 18,738 12,887 80,595 10,608 10,012 8,806 21,300 Single. Num- ber. 17,821 6,882 4.843 6,705 0,059 24,891 3,586 10,086 6,716 4,328 3,719 32,045 8,509 15,686 14,635 4,504 S,8t5 7,052 18,823 3,770 4,091 S,480 11,613 12,755 8,464 5,713 20,065 5,388 5,066 8,477 4,57. 3,326 3,222 4,031 9,950 3,353 5,717 11,110 5.329 7,386 6,988 9,768 9,142 31,184 7,062 8,112 4,491 4,178 4,523 6,358 11,364 6,316 9,117 4,131 11,128 5,743 7,561 7,485 5,305 32,947 4,174 4,132 3,527 8,172 Per cent. 37:1 39.1 37.7 3&6 40.6 40.6 33.6 4&0 40.2 38.7 34.9 3&8 4&1 40.5 40.5 3a3 39. 4 42.7 39.5 38.5 3a 2 S8.9 43.2 3a3 37.6 4L3 37.8 3&1 3&3 37.2 4ai 35.6 3213 35.3 40.8 36.2 4Z5 4L8 3ft 5 4L9 37.6 3a2 39.2 35.1 35.8 37.3 3&6 4Z5 4a6 3ft 7 35.4 44 8 4&0 3ft 4 35.4 34.9 36 4 3ft 9 41.2 40.9 3ft 3 41.3 40.1 38.4 Married. Num- ber. 27,140 9,469 7,160 9,486 8,253 32,761 6,387 9,654 8,512 6,122 6,249 45,541 9,249 17,806 12,277 7,408 30,467 7,847 7,908 12,960 6,239 5,491 6,190 6,748 13,261 5,378 7,113 13,581 7,320 9,493 10,536 14,199 13,016 52.299 11,735 12,294 7,194 5,111 8^718 18,869 7.007 9,683 5,808 18.299 9,651 11,920 10,230 6.810 42,397 5,870 5,328 4,779 11,867 Per cent. 56.6 53.7 55.7 54.6 55.2 53.4 5ft 9 45.0 51.0 54.8 58.6 55.1 4&7 55.0 55.0 55.0 66.1 53.4 55.4 65.5 5&8 se.7 52.8 54.6 53.6 57.4 6&6 5&7 5«i8 64.7 5&7 6Z1 Sftl 64.4 5ai 52.8 SLl 54.2 53.8 56.5 55.6 55.8 58.8 5a 4 56.5 5&7 52.0 53.8 54.5 5&8 4ft 7 4&8 55.4 58.2 5&6 57.4 54.6 52.8 52.6 55.3 53.2 54.3 55.7 Widowed. Num- ber. 2,728 1,103 780 501 2,568 599 882 986 579 531 3,482 874 1,552 1,488 611 481 564 2,178 556 461 see 087 1,500 1,109 564 2,376 795 845 1,214 432 452 435 511 950 375 414 1,314 704 644 851 1,357 900 4,283 651 1,012 463 425 517 758 1,238 715 745 407 1,383 836 884 662 4,318 481 498 43S 1,078 Per cent. 5l7 6.3 6.1 5.7 3.4 4.2 5.6 42 5.9 5.2 5.0 4.2 46 4.0 41 5.3 S.O 3 4 46 5.7 44 4.0 3.7 49 49 41 45 5.6 61 &3 3.8 48 44 45 3.9 40 11 49 6.2 3.7 46 6.3 3.9 48 3.3 46 3.8 43 46 47 3.9 5.1 a8 3.9 44 5.1 43 47 5.1 5.4 45 5.0 5.0 5.1 Di- vwced. 188 90 31 165 84 676 55 305 224 106 124 952 177 97 81 34 SO 28 134 20 24 tl 48 74 148 87 163 43 40 41 51 100 100 176 75 70 380 89 97 161 186 209 873 158 250 79 76 109 384 65 141 245 157 280 121 79 799 70 44 140 FEMALES 15 TEAKS OF AGE AND OVER. Total.1 46,170 20,139 15,177 17,179 16,318 55,066 13,484 15,207 14 901 11,331 11,649 81,308 13,814 35,598 36,648 11,597 9,9S0 14, 114 47,998 10,888 10,335 8;9S0 24,226 31,664 21,619 12,409 59,145 16,533 15,330 25,071 10,912 10,372 10,445 11,683 18,296 10,738 11,304 24,791 14,422 16,467 19,351 26,299 24,237 90,417 18,104 21,417. 12,381 9,285 10, 174 16,227 32,215 14,639 16,215 9,469 27,879 16,761 19,049 20,496 14,441 87,067 11,731 10,492 9,964 23,750 Single. Num- ber. 10,946 6,222 4,349 4,474 5,535 15,423 4,598 4,283 4,200 3,491 3,722 23,617 3,653 11,448 13,056 4,089 3,602 4,826 16,649 4,148 3,536 3,066 8,670 10,232 5,346 2,903 16,777 4,908 4,127 7,009 3,435 3,437 2,768 3,426 4,548 3,778 3,757 8,185 5,099 5,462 6,271 8,382 8,550 25,362 4,992 6,172 3,963 3,139 3,051 5,430 9,668 5,995 5,477 2,838 6,835 4,908 5,195 7,203 4,822 29,565 4,093 2,892 3,943 8,535 Per cent. 23.7 30.9 28.7 2&0 33.9 2&0 341 28.2 28.2 30.8 32:0 29.0 25.7 32.2 35.6 35.3 a. 3 34 2 347 38.1 34 2 34-3 36.8 32.3 24 8 23.4 2&4 29.7 26.9 28.0 31.6 33.1 26.6 29.3 249 35.2 33.2 33.0 35.4 33.2 32.4 3L9 35.3 28.1 27.6 2a8 32 33.8 30.0 33.5 30.0 41.0 33.8 3ao 245 29.3 27.3 35.1 33.4 34 34 9 39.6 35.9 Married. Num- ber. 27,267 9,715 7,667 9,575 7,959 31,310 6,642 8,612 8,317 5,965 6,201 45,732 8,550 20,178 19,196 6,261 6,323 8,068 25, 510 5,359 5,618 4,880 13,272 17,368 12,683 7,509 31,816 8,205 8,152 13,508 6,152 5,516 6,333 6,783 11,792 5,546 6.319 13,301 7,431 9,192 10,580 14,327 12,923 51.801 11,006 12,291 7,085 4,986 5,946 8,743 18,697 6,992 9,037 5,656 17,672 9,601 11,612 10,302 7,072 42,892 5,904 5,256 4,792 11,916 Per cent. 69.1 48L2 5a5 55.7 4&8 56 9 4ft 3 56.6 55.8 52.6 53.2 562 61.9 56.7 52.4 54 63.8 57.2 53.1 4ft 2 544 64.6 548 649 58.9 6a5 53.8 4ft 6 53.2 63.9 56.4 53.2 6a6 5ai 645 5L6 56.9 53.7 51.5 56.8 647 545 53.3 57.3 6a8 57.4 57.2 63.7 58.4 53.9 58.0 47.8 55.7 5ft 8 63.4 57.3 61.0 50.3 4ft 4ft 3 50.3 48.1 50.2 Widowed. Num- ber. 7,503 3,924 3,012 2,816 2,246 7,464 2,101 2,013 2,158 1,705 1,559 10,293 1,471 3,782 4,215 1,185 1,046 1,138 5,566 1,329 1,119 S4t 2,198 3,836 3,128 1,788 10,205 3,221 2,900 4,299 1,245 1,319 1,175 1,369 1,798 1,212 1,106 2,830 1,720 1,672 2,230 3,321 2,454 11,904 1,787 2,527 1,191 1,038 1,077 1,863 3,189 1,566 1,458 819 3,059 2,012 1,878 2,796 2,352 13,189 1,635 2,218 1,117 3,077 Per cent. Di- vorced. 16.3 19.6 1ft 8 16.4 118 116 15.6 112 14 5 15.0 114 12 7 10.6 10.6 11.5 10.2 10.6 8.1 11.6 I 12 2 ! 10.8 I 10.6 ftl I 121 14 5 14 4 17.3 1ft 5 1&9 17.1 1L4 12.7 112 11.7 ft 8 11.3 ft 8 1L4 11.9 10.2 1L5 12.6 10.1 112 ft 9 11.8 9.6 11.2 10.6 11.5 ft 9 10.7 ftO • 8.7 11.0 12 9.9 13.6 16.3 15.1 13.9 21.1 11.2 110 1 Total includes jwrsons whose marital condition was not reported. 166 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS: 191(>-Continued. Table 3 C— Continued. MALES 15 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEB. FEMALES 15 YEABS OF AGE AND OVEB. CITY. Total.i Single. Married. Widowed. Di- vorced. Total.i Single. Married. Widowed. Di- vorced. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Massachusetts Brockton 20,983 8,377 35,461 11,852 8,540 11,350 38,439 13,247 15,911 19,065 30,836 37,324 33,867 14,505 33,840 12,731 11,951 11,627 14,988 26,398 31,944 12,004 9,415 53,572 9,668 15,343 17,727 40,379 12,312 14,641 13,072 18,190 34,518 84,805 11,651 100,038 30,429 12,620 17,679 16,339 50,145 10,341 24,648 9,481 17,735 19,605 33,964 11,322 26,057 26,443 10,070 17,994 44, 128 11,804 36,801 12,214 36,933 11,252 13,739 17,879 14,537 11,767 9,021 10,411 10,538 9,999 11,997 10,072 81,719 28,718 51,997 26,432 26,631 9,921 27,998 10,998 8,500 8,017 3,233 14, 775 4,623 3,289 3,991 14,637 5,348 5,966 7,981 12,681 15,823 13,440 5,171 12,663 4,835 4,948 4,672 6,202 9,008 12,267 4,750 3,820 22,642 2,900 5,725 7,932 14,138 4,128 5,120 5,122 6,523 18,068 42,324 3,833 37,590 12,293 4,272 9,245 6,127 22,417 4,782 10,272 3,838 6,744 8,024 11,614 3,799 10,850 11,325 3,973 C,412 17,040 4,486 14,571 4,340 15,546 4,443 5,436 6,416 0,081 4,350 3,511 3,722 4,536 3,876 4,778 3,744 33,314 11,815 20,323 11,299 10,586 3,152 11,425 4,030 3,383 38.2 38.6 41.7 39.0 38.5 35.2 38.1 40.4 37.5 41.9 41.1 42.4 39.7 35.6 37.4 38.0 41.4 40.2 41.4 34.1 38.4 39.6 40.6 42.3 30.0 37.3 44.7 35.0 33.5 35.0 39.2 35.8 52.3 49.9 32.9 37.6 40.4 33.9 52.3 37.6 44.7 46.2 41.7 40.5 38.0 40.9 34.2 33.6 40.7 42.8 39.5 35.6 38.6 38.0 39.6 35.5 42.1 39.5 39.6 35.9 41.8 37.0 38.9 35.8 43.0 38.8 39.8 37.2 40.8 41.1 39.1 42.7 39.8 31.8 40.8 36.6 39.8 12,027 4,796 18,973 6,4fe 4,935 6,886 21,810 7,316 9,014 10, 191 16,769 19, 565 18,591 8,682 19,686 7,417 6,462 6,508 7,991 16, 134 18, lOo 6,637 5,160 28,399 6,201 8,816 8,950 24,125 7,310 8,534 7,312 10,640 14,887 38,783 7,045 54,691 16,100 7,599 7,724 9,364 24,816 5,147 13,186 5,140 9,955 10,932 20,639 7,086 14,830 13, 914 5,631 10,688 24,720 7,011 20,612 7,422 19,087 6,369 7,576 10,431 7,028 6,866 6,058 6,302 5,651 5,461 6,744 5,008 44,537 15,835 29,075 13,509 14,642 6,135 15,522 6,428 4,727 57.3 57.3 63.5 54.4 57.8 60.7 56.7 55.2 56.7 53.5 54.4 52.4 64.9 59.9 58.2 58.3 64.1 56.0 53.3 61.1 56.7 65.3 64.8 53.0 64.1 57.6 50.5 59.7 59.4 68.3 56.9 68.5 43.1 45.7 60.5 54.7 62.9 60.2 43.7 ' 57.3 49.5 49.8 63.5 64.2 56.1 55.8 60.8 02.6 55.6 52.6 55.9 59.4 56.0 59.4 56.0 60.8 51.7 56.6 56.1 68.3 52.5 58.3 66.1 60.6 63.6 64.6 66.2 55.7 54.6 55.1 55.9 51.1 66.0 61.8 65.4 68.4 55.6 809 321 1,617 659 306 435 1,901 627 826 834 1,312 1,789 1,519 602 1,366 461 497 411 703 1,166 1,359 578 404 2,323 405 716 650 1,662 583 644 ■ 475 785 898 3,096 619 4,582 1,492 581 489 613 2,240 319 1,043 432 840 618 1,580 415 918 1,109 404 465 2,020 277 1,503 434 2,072 419 681 892 783 427 420 369 312 533 408 606 3,4G6 957 2,151 1,549 1,2.83 4t)5 1,006 493 348 3.9 3.8 4.6 6.6 3.6 3.8 4.9 4.0 6.2 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.5 4.2 3.6 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.7 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.4 3.6 4.3 2.6 3.7 6.3 4.6 4.9 4.6 2.8 3.8 4.5 3.1 4.2 4.6 4.7 3.2 4.7 3.7 3.4 4.2 4.0 2.6 4.6 2.3 4.1 3.6 5.6 3.7 5.0 5.0 5.4 3.6 4.7 3.6 3.0 5.3 3.4 6.6 4.2 3.3 4.1 5.9 4.8 4.7 3.6 4.5 4.1 109 16 85 38 7 20 79 30 94 38 63 88 202 43 90 20 41 31 56 56 203 32 27 168 123 69 178 260 241 160 138 131 105 436 120 1,104 271 80 136 99 662 49 112 69 48 12 76 13 29 38 14 10 84 16 96 9 79 19 42 81 38 39 26 6 27 19 38 114 247 70 148 41 74 38 20 11 9 21,340 14,053 40,213 10,938 8,462 12,404 42,572 13,512 16,950 21,176 30,757 40,506 33,918 17,096 34,952 16,966 11,924 11,267 16,070 30,518 34,555 12,818 11,632 52,946 10,068 15,776 12,524 41,725 11,956 15,678 11,060 19,127 23,381 76,429 11,090 95,607 28,267 12,874 12,146 16,587 44,657 7,519 25,904 9,464 17,986 16,343 33,673 15. 126 24,292 23,326 10,730 19,720 44,907 9,204 33, 191 12,282 40,813 12,122 1'3,276 20, 194 14, 712 11,850 10,338 11,769 10,010 11,011 10,316 11,357 83,401 24. 127 51,972 32,580 28,625 10,477 27,798 12,333 9,676 6,927 7,577 16,005 3,684 3,042 3,988 16,269 5,010 5,720 8,956 11,500 16,610 11,359 6,208 11,934 7,824 4,478 3,795 6,295 10,366 12,509 4,792 5,217 19,937 2,561 5,148 3,010 12,916 3,216 4,940 2,682 6,164 8,071 31,666 2,571 27,196 8,569 3,625 3,616 5,292 15,200 2,119 10,210 3,369 6,446 4,800 9,218 6,046 7,728 7,462 4,030 7,664 15,509 2,519 10,338 3,744 15,928 4,676 4,423 6,830 6,102 3,649 3,853 4,234 3,485 4,020 3,123 3,998 30,252 0,570 17, 198 14,110 10,586 3,078 10,266 3,935 3,080 32.5 63.9 39.8 33.7 36.9 32.2 38.2 37.1 33.7 42.3 37.4 41.0 33.5 36.3 34.1 46.1 37.6 33.7 39.2 34.0 36.2 37.4 44.9 37.7 26.4 32.6 24.0 31.0 26.9 31.6 24.3 32.2 34.6 41.3 23.2 28.4 30.3 28.2 29.8 31.9 34.0 28.2 39.4 35.6 30.3 29.4 27.4 40.0 31.8 32.0 37.0 38.8 34.5 27.4 31.1 30.6 39.0 37.7 33.3 33.8 34.7 30.8 37.3 36.0 34.8 36.6 30.3 35.2 36.2 27.2 33.1 43.3 37.0 29.4 36.9 31.9 31.8 12,084 5,069 19,218 6,032 4,669 7,008 21,839 7,162 8,953 10, 127 16, 186 19,395 18,193 8,798 19,171 7,329 6,153 6,325 7,848 16,264 17,947 6,453 5,123 27,271 6,136 8,867 8,209 24,013 6,978 8,681 7,061 10,642 13,242 37,713 6,998 64,397 16,934 7,620 7,117 9,442 24,213 4,759 12,706 4,985 10,005 10, 116 20,470 7,310 14,110 13,303 6,533 10,298 24,426 6,061 19, 189 7,294 19,196 6,224 6,999 10,500 7,564 6,731 5,076 6,138 5,438 5,476 6,080 5,732 43,427 15, ISO 28,204 13,709 14,360 6,041 14,720 6,584 6,013 66.6 36.1 47.8 65.1 55.2 66.5 51.3 62.9 52.8 47.8 52.6 47.9 53.6 51.5 54.8 43.2 51.6 56.1 48.8 53.3 51.9 50.3 44.0 51.5 61.0 66.2 65.5 57.6 58.4 65.4 63.8 56.6 56.6 49.3 63.1 56.9 66.4 59.2 68.6 66.9 64.2 63.3 49.0 52.7 66.6 61.9 60.8 48.3 58.1 67.0 61.6 52.2 64.3 66.7 67.8 59.4 47.0 51.3 52.7 52.0 51.4 66.8 49.1 52.2 54.3 49.7 68.9 50.6 52.0 62.9 54.3 42.1 50.2 57.7 63.0 63.4 61.8 2,150 1,328 4,832 1,169 732 1,348 4,320 1,312 2,105 2,029 3,006 4,334 4,012 1,996 3,683 1,755 1,246 1,103 1,840 3,753 3,906 1,508 1,240 6,476 1,186 1,648 1,164 4,199 1,527 1,710 1,149 2,064 1,567 6,583 1,342 11,856 3,328 1,435 1,267 1,706 4,555 574 2,771 1,061 2,389 1,408 3,837 1,730 2,387 2,492 1,107 1,412 4,760 612 3,547 1,219 6,469 1,293 1,809 2,722 1,961 1,349 1,369 1,369 1,057 1,387 1,070 1,667 9,332 2,261 6,063 4,638 3,516 1,235 2,740 1,746 1,523 10.1 9.4 12.0 10.7 8.7 10.9 10.1 9.7 12.4 9.6 10.0 10.7 11.8 11.7 10.5 10.3 10.4 9.8 11.4 12.3 11.3 11.8 10.7 10.3 11.8 10.4 9.2 10.1 12.8 10.9 10.4 10.8 6.7 8.6 12.1 12.4 11.8 11.1 10.4 10.3 10.2 7.6 10.7 11.2 13.3 8.6 11.4 11.4 9.8 10.7 10.3 7.2 10.6 6.6 10.7 9.9 13.4 10.7 13.6 13.5 13.3 11.4 13.1 11.6 10.6 12.6 10.4 13.8 11.2 9.4 11.7 14.2 12.3 11.8 9.9 14.2 15.7 172 Brookline town 62 137 49 Chicopee 12 Everett 48 Fall River 126 Fitchburg 38 166 Holyoke 47 Lawrence 62 Lowell 133 Lynn 297 Maiden 80 New Bedford 145 Newton 48 Pittsfleld 43 Quincy 35 Salem 76 Somerville 116 Springfield 172 63 Waltham 61 Worcester 226 Michigan Battle Creek 164 Bay City 100 Flint 151 Grand Rapids 407 205 Kalamazoo 245 Lansing 150 Saginaw 172 Minnesota Duluth 156 St. Paul 432 Missouri Joplin , 170 Kansas City 1,509 S*^. Joseph 368 Springfield 146 Montana Butte 139 Nebraska 124 Omaha 624 61 New Hampshire Manchester 161 Nashua 47 New Jersey Atlantic City 78 Bayonne 5 Camden lao 27 Elizabeth..- 33 38 Orange 20 Passaic 35 Paterson 103 Perth Amboy 13 Trenton 104 ■Vfest Hoboken town New York Albany 19 132 26 Auburn 43 Binghamton 114 Elmira 79 63 Kingston 36 Mount Vernon 19 New Rachelle 22 Newburgh 29 Niagara Falls 34 32 Bochester 320 Schenectady 94 Syracuse 241 84 Utica 136 Watertown 45 Yonkers 52 Charlotte 30 Wilmington 27 1 Total includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. MARITAL CONDITION. 167 MARITAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION 15 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. Table 36— Continued. Ohio Akron Canton Columbus Dayton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield Toledo Youngstown Zanesville Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City Oregon Portland Pennsylvania AUentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McKcesport ,... New Castle Norrlstown borough. Reading Scranton Shenandoah borough Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Rhode Island Newport Pawtucket Providence Warwick town Woonsocket South Carolina Charleston Columbia Tennessee Chattanooga Knoxvllle Memphis Nashville Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco Utah Ogden Salt Lake City Virginia Lynchburg Norfolk Portsmouth Richmond Roanoke Washingrton Seattle Spokane Tacoma West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse Madison Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Sujwnor MALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OVEE. Total.* 28,021 19,909 70,787 44,525 12,993 11,065 11,709 9,810 18,029 02, 129 32,072 10, 197 10,136 28,304 99,231 17,991 18,639 14,674 10,291 23,701 23,421 8,238 22,613 16,009 15,414 13,875 10,028 34,411 44,878 9,716 22,984 10,920 15,870 11,650 18,071 80,993 9,258 12,799 19,258 9,000 16,867 12,963 51,300 37,325 10,339 34,924 13,708 29,182 14,621 30,109 33,374 8,946 9,210 33,787 9,593 24,295 12,935 44,400 12,238 113,337 45,378 37,584 11,264 15,078 8,236 10,583 9,241 11,381 14,749 9,557 17,356 Single. Num- ber. 10,756 7,796 27,888 15,848 5,070 3,888 4,377 3,514 6,502 22,568 13,334 3,621 4,041 12,364 51,380 5,766 6,846 5,826 3,638 8,780 8,044 3,290 9,246 5,749 6,278 6,169 4,143 12,124 18,471 4,879 9,626 3,712 5,482 6,374 7,289 32,644 3,443 5,248 7,593 3,636 6,528 5,205 20,833 13,965 4,oeo 14,013 5,250 11,446 0,478 11,912 12,796 3,292 3,384 13,595 4,006 10,100 6,426 18,838 5,047 57,959 20,457 17,531 4,453 5,951 3,050 4,432 3,837 4,303 6,507 3,724 9,987 Per cent. 38.4 39.2 39.4 35.0 39.0 35.1 37.4 35.8 36.1 36.3 40. 8 35.5 39.9 43.7 51.8 32.0 38.7 39.7 35.4 37.0 34.3 39.9 40.9 36.9 40.7 37.3 41.3 36.2 41.2 60.2 41.4 34.0 34.5 64.7 40.3 40.3 37.2 41.0 39.4 40.1 38.7 40.2 40.6 37.4 39.3 40.1 38.3 39.2 44.3 39.5 38.3 36.8 36.7 40.2 42.4 41.6 49.7 42.4 41.2 51.1 45.1 46.6 39.5 39.5 37.0 41.9 41.5 37.8 44.1 39.0 57.5 Married. Nxun- ber. 16,050 11,270 39,240 20,340 7,223 0,012 7,050 5,813 10,242 36,345 18,003 6,048 6,412 14,426 42,271 11,295 10,993 8,028 6,053 13,641 14,135 4,678 12,696 9,295 8,629 8,186 5,342 20,402 24,470 4,651 12,501 6,606 9,601 4,774 9,779 43,667 6,279 6,986 10,307 4,968 9,110 7,082 26,404 20,933 5,364 18,058 7,591 15,059 7,144 10,194 18,429 5,070 4,946 18,299 5,111 12,876 5,915 23,138 6,672 48, 132 22,981 17,215 6,343 8,326 4,806 5,007 5,015 0,465 7,628 5,354 6,730 Pet cent. 57.3 993 50.0 679 55.4 2,914 59.2 1,920 55.6 594 59.8 458 60.2 246 59.2 418 56.8 908 58.5 2,704 55.3 948 69.3 436 53.4 5lt0 626 1,129 42.6 62.8 59.0 64.7 58.8 57.1 60.4 66.8 66.1 68.1 65.3 59.0 53.3 69.3 64.5 47.9 64.4 60.5 60.9 41.0 64.1 63.9 57.0 64.6 63.6 64.8 64.0 64.6 61.4 66.1 61.9 53.4 56.4 63.7 48.9 63.7 65.2 66.7 63.7 64.2 63.3 53.0 45.7 52.1 54.5 42.5 50.6 45.8 56.3 55.2 58.4 53.0 54.3 56.8 51.7 66.0 38.8 Widowed. NunH ber. 3,797 842 716 640 649 1,110 1,112 247 694 861 653 416 451 1,684 1,670 166 853 671 784 445 920 3,994 484 617 1,119 381 1,036 550 2,928 2,194 661 1,820 547 1,309 804 1,660 1,626 349 233 987 383 1,208 545 2,173 471 3,541 1,254 1,269 361 631 332 459 334 512 497 336 463 Per cent. 3.5 3.4 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.1 2.1 4.3 5.0 4.4 2.9 4.3 6.2 4.0 3.8 4.7 3.8 4.4 6.3 4.7 4.7 3.0 2.6 6.4 3.6 3.0 4.6 4.9 3.5 1.6 3.7 6.2 4.9 3.8 5.1 4.9 6.2 4.0 5.8 4.2 6.1 4.2 6.7 5.9 6.4 6.2 4.0 4.5 6.6 6.6 4.9 3.9 2.6 2.9 4.0 6.0 4.2 4.9 3.8 3.1 2.8 3.4 3.2 4.2 4.0 4.3 3.6 4.5 3.4 3.6 2.7 Di- vorced. 178 108 646 364 86 61 30 61 93 394 95 61 66 266 1,293 67 48 47 49 96 123 15 62 96 36 63 30 179 71 6 41 27 96 33 52 567 41 85 121 54 626 208 91 369 179 258 321 44 39 309 30 79 21 142 36 1,192 395 316 FEMALES 15 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER. Total.! 23,895 17,693 09,453 43,402 12,533 11,202 7,978- 9,340 17,401 01,403 24,443 11,060 8,677 20,874 68,974 19,688 18,256 13,540 11,209 23,169 26,167 8,196 16,292 19,052 13,102 11,923 1H316 36,561 43,380 6,481 22,893 12,834 16,717 9,221 19, 163 84,607 9,289 13,260 23,153 10,089 16,646 13,946 49,484 43,240 11,347 33,811 13,426 24,392 12,829 28,683 34,582 9,684 31,563 { 11,479 25,724 11,055 49,808 12,066 77,200 34,854 26,380 10,527 15,648 8,842 11,629 10,097 12, 112 12,811 8,782 10,998 Single. Num- ber. 6,673 5,273 21,889 12,039 3,837 3,272 1,098 2,003 5,040 18,936 7,073 3,480 2,122 6,133 21,868 6,232 5,704 4,466 3,035 7,317 7,872 2,920 6,043 7,034 3,983 3,236 4,470 11,068 15,338 1,746 8,482 4,528 5,276 3,395 7,264 31,607 3,098 6,276 7,602 3,263 4,433 4,611 13,094 13,103 3,827 9,098 3,476 6,630 3,707 7,607 10,071 2,783 2,348 9,174 4,361 8,188 3,259 18,075 3,975 22,740 10,008 7,503 3,204 5,321 3,199 4,654 3,954 4,232 4,220 2,837 3,808 Per cent. 27.9 29.8 31.5 29.1 30.6 29.2 21.3 27.9 29.0 30.8 28.9 31.5 24.7 24.6 31.7 31.7 31.2 33.0 32.4 31.0 31.3 35.0 31.0 36.9 30.3 27.1 39.5 31.1 36.4 26.9 37.1 35.3 31.6 36.8 37.9 37.4 33.4 39.8 32.8 32.3 33.1 26.5 30.3 33.7 26.9 25.9 22.7 29.4 26.5 29.1 29.0 28.7 29.1 38.0 31.8 29.5 36.3 32.9 29.5 28.7 28.4 30.4 34.0 30.2 40.0 39.2 34.9 32.9 32.3 34.6 Married. Ntun- ber. 14,634 10,537 38,205 25,245 7,091 6,645 5,751 5,460 10,160 35,569 15,007 6,094 5,436 13,486 38,987 11,303 10,674 7,483 6,115 13,094 14, 117 4,598 9,831 9,372 7,943 7,439 5,409 20,357 23,049 4,274 12,099 6,661 9,488 4,617 9,763 42,253 5,212 6,801 10,745 6,024 9,276 7,238 26,836 21,473 5,535 18,840 7,850 15,225 0,929 10,213 18,841 5,237 4,848 18,190 5,267 13,446 5,979 23,290 0,639 45,343 21,557 15,985 6,237 8,372 4,842 5,588 4,908 6,452 7,270 5,107 6,384 Per cent. 61.2 69.6 65.1 58.1 50.0 59.3 72.1 58.5 68.4 67.9 01.4 55.1 63.4 64.6 57.4 68.5 65.3 64.6 56.5 56.1 50.1 60.3 49.2 60.3 62.4 47.8 67.3 64.5 65.9 62.9 61.8 56.8 60.1 51.0 50.0 56.1 51.3 46.4 49.8 55.7 51.9 54.2 49.7 48.8 65.7 68.5 62.4 64.0 66.6 54.5 54.6 59.3 67.6 45.8 62.3 54.1 46.8 56.0 68.7 61.8 60.6 59.2 53.5 64.8 48.1 49.2 63.3 66.7 68.2 58.0 Widowed. Num- ber. 2.340 1,734 8,351 5,139 1,475 1,140 492 1,102 1,981 0,425 2,175 1,334 878 1,921 6,940 2,044 1,773 1,430 1,397 2,540 2,990 058 1,351 2,490 1,109 1,131 1,348 3,882 4,017 449 2,208 1,576 1.806 1,165 1,989 9,605 905 1,128 4,582 1,731 2,694 1,923 8,346 8,141 1,668 6,219 1,943 3,078 1,857 4,295 4,983 1,302 779 3,299 1,768 3,900 1,782 8,122 1,375 7,348 2,768 2,301 954 1,810 723 1,238 1,070 1,298 1,218 703 ^18 Per cent. 12.0 11.8 11.8 10.2 0.2 12.4 11.4 10.5 8.9 12.1 10.2 9.2 10.4 9.7 10.6 12.5 11.0 11.9 8.0 8.3 13.1 8.9 9.6 11.9 10.9 9.3 6.9 9.6 12.3 10.8 12.5 10.4 11.4 9.7 8.5 19.8 17.2 16.2 13.8 16.9 18.8 14.7 15.4 14.5 12.6 14.6 15.0 14.4 13.6 9.5 10.5 15.4 15.2 10.1 16.3 11.4 9.5 7.9 8.7 9.1 11.6 8.2 10.6 10.7 10.7 9.5 8.0 6.5 > Total Includes persons whose marital condition was not reported. Chapter 4. STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. Introduction. — Tliis chapter summarizes the data obtained in answer to the inquiry on the population schedule as to the state or territory of birth of per- sons born in the United States. This mquiry has been included at each census beginnmg with that of 1850. The returns are valuable mainly for the light they throw upon the migration of population \nthin the United States. The term "native population" as ordinarily used by the Bureau of the Census comprises all persons born in the United States, including those born in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions of the United States, persons bom at sea under the United states flag, and persons of native parentage born abroad and designated as "American citizens born abroad." The native population living in the United States (excluding persons living in outlying possessions) as above defined, numbered, in 1910, 78,456,380 persons, of whom 78,095,419 were reported as born in some specified state of the United States proper (that is, in the United States exclusive of out- lying possessions), 7,365 as bom in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, or other outlying possessions, 1,560 as born at sea under the United States flag, and 66,351 as American citizens born abroad. There remain 285,685 persons for whom the place of birth was either not reported at all or was reported as the United States without specifying the state or territory. These have been classified as bom in the United States, state of birth not reported. The several classes of native population above enumerated are ^hown by geographic divisions in Table 1. Table 1 Total pop- ulation: 1910 NATIVE POFULATIOW. DrVISION OF BESIDENCE. Total. Bom in the United States and with state of birth re- ported. Bom in out- lying posses- sions or at sea. Amer- ican citi- zens bom abroad. State of birth not re- ported. tJnlted States.... New England 91,972,266 6,552,681 19,315,892 18,250,621 11,637,921 12,194,895 8,409,901 8,784,534 2,633,517 4,192,304 78,456,380 4,727,571 14,464,719 15,176,855 10,021,226 11,894,901 8,322,076 8,432,342 2,180,195 3,236,495 78,095,419 4,702,088 14,410,385 15,103,330 9,961,467 11,869,658 8,3W,102 8,392,981 2,158,616 3,192,792 8,925 373 1,171 457 343 645 89 373 270 5,304 66,351 13,786 14,139 15,121 6,466 1,957 641 2,792 3,859 7,590 285,686 11,324 Middle Atlantic East North Central. . . . West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... West South Central... Moontain 39,024 57,947 52,950 22,741 17,244 36,196 17,460 i>W>iflo 30,809 Many of the tables in this chapter are confined to the native population reported as born in some one of the states; and when it is believed that the connection makes the meaning clear, the terms "native" and "native American" are frequently used in the text in a restricted sense to include this class only. The table headings are more precise. General extent of migration of native population within the United States.— Of the 78,095,419 pei-sons reported in 1910 as born in some specified state, 61,185,305 were bom in the same state in wliich they were resid- mg at the time the census was taken, as shown by Table 2. The remainder, 16,910,114, had migrated from the state in which they were bom and were living in some other state. The persons who had thus migrated formed 21.7 per cent of the total. This per- centage differs but little from those shown by the four previous censuses, which have ranged from 23.2 per cent in 1870 to 20.6 per cent in 1900. Table 2 CENSUS TEAS. 1910 1900 1890. 1880. 1870 FOPTn.ATION BOBN IN AND UVINO IN THE VNITED STATES* AND WITH STATE OF BIBTH REPORTED. Total. 78,006,410 65,402,767 » 62, 966, 719 43,475,498 32,978,060 Bora iu state of residence. 61,185,305 51,901,722 41,871,611 33,882,734 25,321,340 Born In other states. Number. 16,910,114 13,501,045 11,094,108 9,592,764 7,657,320 21.7 20.6 20.9 22.1 23.2 > Exclusive of outlying possessions. •Exclusive of population of Indian Territory and Indian reservations, specially enumerated in 1890, with a native population of 325,451, which, how- ever, was not distributed by state of birth. These areas were not enumerated In 1880 or 1870. The fact that each census from 1870 to 1910 showed that about one-fifth of the native Americans had migrated from the state in which bom to other states indicates a rather high degree of mobility on the part of the population, especially when it is remem- bered that the census distinguishes only those persons who have migrated across state lines and not those who have moved from one locality to another within the same state. There is no doubt that some migra- tion within the same state involves a greater change of environment, and even a longer journey, than some of the migration across state lines. Much of the move- ment from country to city takes place within the con- fines of the same state; on the other hand, some of the interstate migration is merely from one border county or city to another just across the state line. Computations made in connection with the census of 1900 indicated that almost one-half of the persons hving outside of the state of birth hved in states adjoining the state of birth. (169) 170 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. It is obvious that the statistics in Table 2 showing the number of persons hving outside of the state of birth at a given census do not represent the total number of persons who have migrated from the state of birth during any given period of time. Some of those who have migrated have died, and the statis- tics show only those living at the time of enumeration, who may be briefly described as surviving migrants. Interdivisional migration. — ^Table 3 shows the differ- ence between the total number of native Americans living in each of the nine geographic divisions and the total number born in each division as reported at the census of 1910. Vable 3 POPULATION BORN IN AND LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES' AND WITH STATE OF BIETH REPOETED: 1910 Bivisioir. Bom in the specified division. Living in the specified division. Gain (+) or loss (-) by interstate migration (col. 2- col. 1). 1 2 3 United States 78,095,419 4,907,215 15,342,852 16,479,765 9,449,180 12,770,824 9,481,023 6,758,408 1,289,296 1,616,866 78,095,419 4,702,088 14,410,385 15,103,330 9,961,467 11,869,658 8,304,102 8,392,981 2,158,616 3,192,792 New England -205, 127 Middle Atlantic —932, 467 -1,376,425 +512,287 —901,166 West North Central South Atlantic East South Central —1,176,921 West South Central +1,634 573 Mountain +869,320 Pacific +1,575,926 I Exclusive of outlying possessions. The table shows that there were, in 1910, 4,907,215 persons living in the United States (exclusive of outlying possessions) who were reported as born in New England, while the number of native Americans residing in New England was 4,702,088, or 205,127 less. This difference represents the net loss to New England in the balancing of surviving emigrants. To put the matter in another way, if all persons should return to the division in which they were born, the number of persons coming back to New England would exceed by 205,127 the number of persons leav- ing New England for other parts of the United States. It is evident that the number of persons reported as born in any division by no means indicates what the native American population of that division would have been had there been no interstate migration on the part of the present generation. If every person now living who was born in New England had re- mained there, the living children and grandchildren of such persons would have been added to the popu- lation of that division; as it is, the children and. grandchildren of those who migrated elsewhere appear as natives of other divisions. The converse is true regarding the descendants of persons born in other divisions and now hving in New England. Thus while the census makes it possible to measure what may be termed the direct effects of the migration of persons still living, it affords no means of measuring the indirect effects. All divisions east of the Mississippi have lost more than they have gained as the direct result of the mi- gration of persons stiU living. The more westerly divisions — the West North Central, West South Cen- tral, Mountain, and Pacific — have gained largely by such migration. If aU the native Americans in the country should return to the states where they were born, the Pacific division would lose nearly one-half of its native American population. The preceding table shows only the net effects of migration, the last column representing the difference between the number of persons born in a given divi- sion who were living outside of it and the number liv- ing in the division who were born outside. These numbers are shown in Table 4. Table 4 XTslted States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . ■ West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific POPULATION BORN IN AND HVINQ IN THE XmiTED STATESl AND WITH STATE OF BIRTH REPORTED: 1910 Bom in the specified division. Total (col. 4 + col. 2). 095,419 907, 215 342,852 479,755 449, 180 770, 824 481,023 758,408 289,296 616,866 Living in other divisions. Number. 11,349,040 568,763 1,881,406 3,077,070 1,840,185 1,478,110 1,788,681 410,956 188.290 115,579 Per cent. 14.6 11.6 12.3 18.7 19.5 U.6 18. « 6.1 14.6 7.1 Bom in and living in the specified division. 66,746,379 4,338,452 13,461,446 13,402,685 7,608,995 11,292,714 7,692,342 6,347,452 1,101,006 1,501,287 Living in the specified division. Total (col. 4 + col. 6). 5 78,095,419 4,702,088 14,410,385 15,103,330 0,961,467 11,869,658 8,304,102 8,392,981 2, 158, 616 3, 192, 792 Bom in other divisions. Number. 6 11,349,040 363, 636 948,939 1, 700, 645 2,352,472 576,944 611, 760 2,045,529 1,057.610 1,691,505 Per cent. 14.6 7.7 6.6 11.3 23.6 4.9 7.4 24.4 49.0 53.0 Gain (+) or loss (— ) through interstate migration (col. 5 — col. 1 or col. 6— col. 2). -205,127 -932, 467 -1,376,425 +512,287 -901, 166 -1,176.921 +1,634,573 +869,320 + 1,575,926 1 Exclusive of outlying possessions. Of the 78,095,419 native Americans enumerated in 1910 with state of birth reported, 11,349,040, or 14.5 per cent, were living outside the division in which born. This percentage is lower than the percentage living out- side the state in which born (2 1.7) , as shown by Table 2, for the obvious reason that many persons migrate from one state to another within the same geographic division. They are interstate migrants, but not interdivisional. Table 4 shows that in 1910 of the 4,907,215 persons born in New England 4,338,452 were still living there STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. 171 while 568,763 were living in other divisions; on the other hand, there were 363,636 persons living in New England who had been born in other divisions. The difference between the two figures last named, 205,127, is the direct loss to New England by interstate migration, as already shown in Table 3. Of the population born in New England, 11.6 per cent had emigrated to other divisions, and of the native Ameri- can population living in New England 7.7 per cent had immigrated from other divisions. These state- ments indicate how the table is to be read. This table also shows that in 1910 a much larger per- centage of the native American population of the West North Central, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions consisted of persons bom outside those divisions than in the case of the five more easterly geographic divisions. In the Mountain and Pacific divisions about one-half of the native Ameri- can population consisted of those bom outside ; in the South Atlantic division the proportion was only 4.9 per cent. It is noteworthy that, notwithstanding the large number of persons living in the West North Central division who were born outside it, the percentage of its own natives living outside its borders (19.5 per cent) was larger than the corresponding percentage for any other geographic division. The statistics indicate that the earlier extensive migration into this division has been followed by a very considerable migration out of it toward the West and South. The lowest proportion living outside the division of birth in 1910 was that for persons bom in the West South Central division, 6.1 per cent. Table 5 is in effect a continuation in condensed form of Table 4. It shows the migration to and from each geographic division as reported at each census from 1870 to 1910; that is, it shows what proportion of the total population reported at each census as bom in the division was living in other divisions, and, conversely, what proportion of the native American population living in each geographic division was born in other divisions. POPULATION BORN IN AND LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS: 1870-1910. Table 5 DIVISION AND CEN808 YEAB. New Kngland: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 Middle Atlantic: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 East North Centbal: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 West North Central: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 South Atlantic: • 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 East South Central: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 West South Central: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 Mountain: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 Pacific: 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 population born in and livino in the united states > AND with state or BIRTH REPORTED. Bom In the specified division. Total. 4,907,215 4,338,274 8,808,003 3,643,424 3,293,103 15,342.852 13,178,117 11,177,406 9,843,732 8,186,679 16,479,755 14,160,456 11,596,441 9, 179, 161 6,618,328 9,449,180 7,448,659 5,262,124 3,276,998 1,801,712 12,770,824 11,161,575 9,616,872 8,509,714 6,828,793 9,481,023 8,325,166 6,978,603 6,019,996 4,591,940 6,758,408 4,855,385 3,242,235 2,257,662 1,269,192 1,289,296 835,858 469,834 285,621 155,724 1,616,866 1,099,277 724,201 459, 190 233,189 Living in other divisions. Number. Per cent. 568,763 626,979 564,672 687,039 568,707 1.881,406 1,808.060 1,818,364 1,785,831 1,596,101 3,077,070 2,473.049 2,194,918 1,552,367 930, 119 1,840,185 1,101,856 602,940 333,539 176,027 1,478,110 1,372,186 1,291,048 1,335,735 1,318,504 1,788.681 1,482,208 1,255,789 1,146,840 932, 776 410,956 231,088 149,286 108,456 74,374 188,290 84,466 36,314 17,969 6,140 115,579 74,379 39,888 25,332 12,109 11.6 12.1 14.6 16.1 17.3 12.3 13.7 16.3 18.1 19.5 18.7 17.5 18.9 16.9 14.1 19.5 14.8 11.3 10.2 9.8 11.6 12.3 13.4 15.7 19.3 18.9 17.8 18.0 19.1 20.3 6.1 4.8 4.6 4.8 5.9 14.6 10.1 7.7 6.3 3.9 7.1 6.8 5.6 6.5 5.2 Living in the specified division. TotaE 4,702,088 4,119.509 3,540,915 3,216,890 2,838,792 14,410,385 12,089.967 9,840,3.57 8,475,904 6,935,402 15,103,330 13,305,007 10,890.202 9,289,997 7,460,310 9,961,467 8,777,275 7,278,499 5.157,213 3,183,301 11,869,658 10,211,017 8,625,681 7,422,906 6,686,136 8,304,102 7,444,534 6,292,013 5,489,952 4,299,251 8,392,981 6,244,819 4,279,938 3,155.090 1,899,927 2,158,616 1,361,469 883,235 492,226 228,290 3,192,792 1.849,170 i; 334, 879 775,320 447,251 Bom in other divisions. Number. Per cent, 363,636 308, 214 207,484 160,505 111,396 948,939 719,910 481,315 418,003 344,824 1,700,645 1,617,600 1,488,679 1,663,203 1,772,101 2,352,472 2,430,472 2,609.315 2,213,754 1,557,616 576,944 421,628 299,857 248,927 175,847 611,760 601,576 569, 199 616, 796 640,087 2,045,529 1,620,522 1,186.989 1,005,884 705,109 1,057,610 610,077 449,715 224,574 78,706 1,691,505 824,272 650,566 341,462 226, 171 7.7 7.5 5.9 5.0 4.0 6.6 6.0 4.9 4.9 5.0 n.3 12.2 13.7 17.9 23.8 23.6 27.7 35.8 42.9 48.9 4.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.1 7.4 8.1 9.0 11.2 14.9 24.4 25.9 27.7 31.9 37.1 49.0 44.8 50.9 ^5.6 34.5 53.0 44.6 48.7 44.0 50.6 Net gain (+) or loss (— ) through interstate migration. -206, 127 -218,765 -357,088 -426,534 -454,311 -932,467 -1,088,150 -1,337,049 -1,367,828 -1,251,277 -1,376,425 -855,449 -706,239 + 110,836 +841,982 +512,287 + 1,328,616 +2,016,375 + 1,880,215 + 1,381,589 -901,166 -950,558 -991,191 -1,088,808 -1,142,657 -1,176,921 -880,632 -686,590 -530,044 -292,689 + 1,634,573 + 1,389,434 + 1,037,703 +897,428 +030,735 +869,320 +525,611 +413,401 +206,605 + 72,566 +1,575,926 +749,893 +610,678 +316, 130 +214,062 ' Exclusive of outlying possessions. 172 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. In 1870, 17.3 per cent of the persons born in New England were living in other divisions. In 1910, the percentage had declined to 11.6. There was a similar decline in the percentage for the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic divisions. The two North Central divisions show an increase in this percentage. The two South Central divisions show, on the whole, no marked change in this respect, but the percentage of emigrants from the Mountain division has gr?ntly increased, while that of emigrants from the Pacific division has increased in some degree. In the case of the New England and Middle Atlantic ' divisions there has been some increase m the relative ^ importance of domestic immigration, as indicated by the percentage of the native American population born outside of the division. Thus, in 1870, 4 per cent of the total population bom in the United States and living in New England were born outside New England. By 1910 the proportion had increased to 7.7 per cent. The South Atlantic division also shows some increase in this percentage, but the foui* central divisions show a rather marked decline. Thus, in 1870, almost one-half (48.9 per cent) of the total native population inhabiting the West North Central division were born in other parts of the United States, as against less than one-fourth (23.6 per cent) in 1910. In the Mountain and Pacific divisions the percentage has fluctuated without any continuous movement toward either a higher or a lower percentage. It is noteworthy, however, that, notwithstanding the large migration to the Pacific coast in the years following the discovery of gold in California, the proportion of the native population of the Pacific division reported as bom outside that division was larger in 1910 than at any preceding census back to and including 1870. Comparing the returns for 1910 with those for 1900, as shown in Table 5, the divisions may be placed in two groups — ^first, those in which the direct loss through interdivisional migration of persons now living was reduced or the gain increased during the decade, and, second, those of which the converse is true, the loss being increased or the gam reduced. The two gi-oups are distinguished by the last two columns of Table 6. The first group includes the New England, Middle Atlantic, and South Atlantic divisions, in which the loss through interstate migration has been reduced, and also the West South Central, Mountam, and Pacific divisions, in which the gain has been increased. The second group includes the East North Central and East South Central divisions, in which the loss has been increased, and also the West North Central, in which the gain has been reduced. In 1900 the West North Central division had gained 1,328,616 persons, but in 1910 the gain was only 512,287, a reduction of 816,329. The figures presented in the last two columns of Table 6, however, by no means represent the difference between migration into and migration out of the re- respective divisions during the past 10 years. Changes in the gains or losses are also affected by deaths among those who had previously migrated. Undoubt- edly, however, in the case of marked changes in gain or loss between 1900 and 1910, migration during the decade has been the principal factor. Table 6 DIVISION. NET GAIN ( + ) OE LOSS (— ) THKOUGH INTERSTATE MIGRATION. Keduction of loss or Increase of gain: 1900-1910 Increase of loss or reductien of gain: 1900-191* 1916 1900 New England -205,127 -932,467 -1,376,425 +512,287 -901,166 -1,176,921 +1,634,573 +869,320 + 1,575,926 -218,765 -1,088,150 —855,449 +1,328,616 -950,558 -880,632 +1,389,434 +525,611 +749,893 13,638 155,683 Middle Atlantic East North Central 520,976 816,329 West North Centi-al South Atlantic 49,392 East South Central . . . . 296,289 West South Central 245,139 343,709 826,033 Pacific Table 5 shows that in the New England and South Atlantic divisions the net loss through interstate mi- gration has steadily declined. In the case of the East North Central division the gain shown at the censuses of 1870 and 1880 has given place to a loss which was much greater in 1910 than in 1900 or 1890. In the case of the West North Central division the gain through interetate migration reached its maximum in 1890 and has declined very greatly since then. In the West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions, on the other hand, the gain has steadily increased, being greater in 1910 than at any preceding census. Certain broad generalizations of considerable interest may be drawn by comparing the population living in the three geographic sections, the North, the South, and the West, w^ith the population reported as born m those sections, as shown by Table 7. Table 7 Total native population: 1910 BORN IN— State of birth not RACE AND SECTION or EESIDENCE. TheNorth. The South. The West. reported, or born in outlying posses- sions, etc. ALL RACES. TTnited States. . . The North 78,456,380 44,390,371 28,649,319 5,416,690 46,179,002 42,526,162 1,449,229 2,203,611 29,010,255 1,527,107 27,079,282 403,866 2,906,162 124,001 38,230 2,743,931 360,961 213,101 The South 82,578 The West 65,282 vnaiTE. United States TheNorth 68,386,412 43,319,193 19,821,249 5,245,970 9,787,424 999,451 8,738,858 49,115 45,488,942 41,891,353 1,407,262 2,190,327 621,286 570,298 39,077 11,911 19,814,860 1,110,245 18,326,236 378,379 9,109,153 415,533 8,668,619 25,001 2,766,492 116,939 34,523 2,615,030 15,604 2,295 2,412 10,897 316,118 200,656 The South 53,228 The West 62,234 NEGRO. United States TheNorth 41,381 11,325 The South 28,750 The West 1,306 The above table shows, for all races and for the whites and negroes separately, the number resident in each section in 1910 who were reported as born in each section ; or, conversely, the number bom in each section who were resident in each. The North com- prises the New England, Middle Atlantic, and North Central divisions; the South, the South Atlantic and South Central divisions; and the West, the Mountain and Pacific divisions. STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. 173 Table 7 brings out the fact that there has been con- siderable migration from north to south and from south to north, as well as from east to west. The absolute number of persons born in the North and living in the South (1,449,229) was not very differ- ent from the number bom in the South and living in the North (1,527,107). The North, however, has contributed more than five times as many to the population of the West as the South has. Division of birth in relation to division of residence. — More specific information regarding interdivisional migration may be obtained from Table 16, page 181, the first part of which shows, when read from left to right, the number of native American persons living in each geographic division who were bom in each divi- sion. If read downward, the table, of course, shows the number bom in each division who were living in each division. In Table 8 persons born in each geographic division are distributed on a percentage basis accord- ing to the division in which they were resident in 1910. Table 8 shows, for example, that in 1910, of the total number of persons bom in New England, 88.4 per cent were still living in that division, while 4.5 per cent were living in the adjacent division on the west — the Middle Atlantic division ; 2 per cent in the next division farther west — the East North Central; 1 .5 per cent in the West North Central ; and 2 per cent in the Pacific. The percentage livmg in the division in which bom ranged from 80.5 in the West North Central division to 93.9 in the West South Central division. In a majority of cases the largest number of the emi- grants from any division are resident in the adjoining division on the west. This is tme of the emigrants from the New England, the Middle Atlantic, the East North Central, the East South Central, and the Mountain di- visions; but the South Atlantic division has a larger number of its emigrating natives in the division imme- diately north of it than in any other division, and this is also tme of the West South Central division, while of the emigrants from the West North Central a larger number went to the Pacific division and also to the West South Central than to the adjacent Mountain division on the west. While the main current of migration is westward, there has been some eastward migration and considerable migration north and south. Table M PKE CENT DISTBIBtmON, BY DIVISION OF* EESIDENCE, OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES » DOEN IN— DIVISION OF BKSIDEN'CE. New Enr- land. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Central. West South Central. Moun- tain. Pacific. trnited States 100.0 88.4 4.5 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 t).6 2.0 100.0 1.6 87.7 4.3 2.2 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.5 100.0 0.2 1.3 81.3 8.6 0.7 0.8 1.9 1.8 3.3 100.0 0.1 0.5 3.0 80.5 0.3 0.3 5.3 4.1 5.3 100.0 0.3 3.1 1.6 1.0 88.4 2.6 2.2 0.4 0.5 100.0 0.1 0.3 3.6 2.5 1.9 81.1 9.1 0.6 0.8 100.0 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.6 0.3 1.2 9.3.9 1.3 1.0 100.0 0.3 o.» 1.4 3.0 0.3 0.2 1.3 85.4 7.2 100.0 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.5 3.0 92.9 New England Mldd lo Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific > Exclusive of outlying possessions. Table 9 shows what percentage of the native popu- lation resident in each division were bom in that divi- sion and in each of the other divisions. The per- centages are based on the total native population, including persons bom in the outlying possessions of the United States, or at sea under the United States flag, persons bom in the United States for whom the state of birth was not reported, and American citi- zens born abroad. The table is substantially the con- verse of Table 8 and needs little comment. It brings out the fact that the two North Central divisions have contributed largely to the population of the Pacific and Mountain divisions. Of the total native popula- tion of the Pacific division, 31.7 per cent were born east of the Mississippi (that is, in the New England, Mid- dle Atlantic, East North Central, South Atlantic, and East South Central divisions), and of the total native population of the Mountain division, 24.7 per cent. Table 9 DIVISION OF BIBTH. Total New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific United States, state of birth not reported . Outlying possessions > PEE CENT DISTEIBUTION, BY DIVISION OF BIBTH, OF THE NATIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1 AND EESIDING IN — New England, 100.0 91.8 5.3 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 Middle Atlantic. 100.0 1.5 93.1 1.5 0.3 2.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 East North Central. 100.0 0.0 4.3 88.3 2.2 1.3 2.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 West North Central. 100.0 0.7 3.4 14.2 75.9 1.2 2.4 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 South Atlantic. 100.0 0.3 1.7 1.0 0.2 94.9 1.5 0.1 m (') 0.2 East South Central. 100.0 0.1 0.3 1.6 0.4 4.0 92.4 1.0 (») (») 0.2 (') West South Central. 100.0 0.1 0.7 3.7 5.9 3.3 10.2 75.3 0.2 0.1 0.4 Moun- tain. Pacific. 100.0 1.4 5.1 13.5 17.6 2.1 2.6 4.0 50.5 2.3 0.8 0.2 100.0 3.1 7.2 10.9 15.6 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.9 46.4 1.0 0.4 I Exclusive of outlying possessions. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 3 Includes also persons bom at sea under United States flag and American citizens born abroad. 174 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Migration of native white and native negro popula- tion. — The preceding tables (with one exception) have dealt with the total native population without distinc- tion of race. It is desirable, however, to consider separately the division of birth of the native white and the native negro population, which together constitute nearly the entire number of native Americans. Table 10 therefore presents for these two classes statistics similar to those presented in Table 4 for the total native population. Table 10 ITnited States. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central. Mountain Pacific WHITE PEESONS BOBN IN AND LIVINQ IN THE XmiTED STATES 1 AND WITH STATE OF BIRTH bepokted: 1910 Bom in the specified division. Total (col. 4+ col. 2). 68,070,294 4,867,376 15, 123, 715 16,287,667 9,210,184 8,273,219 6,631,841 4,909,800 1,206,525 1,559,967 Living in other divisions. Number. Per ceat. 10,366, 661, 1,858, 3,047, 1,800, 1,028, 1,433, 346, 181, 108, 735 15. 2 617 11.5 755 12. 3 706 18. 7 028 19.5 666 12.4 609 21. 6 311 7.1 649 15. 1 394 6.9 Bom in and living in the sijecifled division. 57,703,559 4,305,759 13,264,960 13,239,961 7,410,156 7,244,553 5,198,232 4,563,489 1,024,876 1,451,573 Living in the specified division. Total (col. 4+ col. 6). Bom in other divisions. Number. 6 070,29410 641, 157 003,037 791,593 682, 750 765,765 657,676 344,5801 1, 063,208 1, 120,528 1, 366, 735 335,398 738,077 551,632 272,594 521,212 459, 444 781,091 038,332 668,955 Per cent 15.2 7.2 5.3 10.5 23.5 6.7 8.1 28.1 50.3 53.5 Gain (+) or loss (— ) through interstate migration (col. 6- col. 2). -226,219 -1,120,678 -1,496,074 +472,566 -507, 454 -974, 165 +1,434,780 +856,683 + 1,560,561 NEQRO PERSONS BORN IN AND LIVINQ m THE UNITED STATES 1 AND WITH STATE OF BIRTH REPORTED: 1910 Bom in the specified division. Toial (col. 12+ col. 10). 9 9,746,043 37,799 212, 145 173,226 198, 116 4,487,313 2,844,598 1,777,242 7,342 8,262 Living in other divisions. Num- ber. 10 963,153 6,984 22, 183 28,039 36,062 448,140 352,991 63,354 3,220 2,180 Per cent. 11 9.9 18.5 10.5 16.2 18.2 10.0 12.4 3.6 43.9 26.4 Born in and living in the specified division. 12 8,782,890 30,815 189,962 145", 187 162,054 4,039,173 2,491,60^ 1,713,888 4,122 6,082 Living in the specified division. Total (col. 12+ col. 14). 9,746,043 58, 109 398,529 292,875 238,613 4,094,486 2,643,722 1,971,900 20,571 27,238 Bom in other divisions. Num- ber. 14 963,153 27,294 208,567 147,688 76,659 55,313 152, 115 258,012 16,449 21, 156 Per cent. IS 9.9 47.0 62.3 50.4 32.1 1.4 5.8 13.1 SO.O 77.7 Gain(+) orloss(— > through inter- state migration (col. 14- col. 10). 16 +20,310 +186,384 +119,649 +40,497 -392,827 -200,876 + 194,658 + 13,229 +18,970 1 Exclusive of outlying possessions. This table shows a somewhat greater mobility on the part of the white population than on the part of the negro. Of the 68,070,294 native whites enumerated in 1910, 10,366,735, or 15.2 per cent, were living in some other division than that in which bom. Of the 9,746,043 native negroes 963,153, or 9.9 per cent, were living outside the division of birth. In the case of the whites the percentages living outside the division of birth ranged from 6.9 for whites born in the Pacific division to 21.6 for those born in the East South Central. In the case of the negroes the percentages ranged from 3.6 for those bom in the West South Central division to 43.9 for those born in the Mountain division. Outside the South a large part of the negro population are not natives of the division in which living, but have immigrated from other divi- sions, principally from the South, the proportion of immigrants ranging from almost one-third in the West North Central division to about four-fifths in the Pacific and Mountain divisions. The South Atlantic and East South Central divisions are the only ones which have suffered a direct loss in population through the migration of negroes of the present generation. The absolute gain is most conspicuous in the case of the Middle Atlantic and West South Central divisions. The migration of native whites and native negroes to and from the several states, so far as it can be indi- cated by statistics of state of birth, is shown in Table 15, which corresponds to Table 10 above. Migration to the several divisions from other divisions and from foreign conntries. — Table 1 1 shows for 1910 and 1900 the sources from which the different geographic divisions had drawn their population. The three classes distinguished are (1) natives of the division of residence, (2) native Americans born outside the di- vision of residence, and (3) the foreign born; more briefly, they may be called natives, domestic immi- grants, and foreign immigrants. Table 11 DIVISION Total popula- tion.! BORN IN DrnsiON OF RESIDENCE. BORN IN OTHER DIVISIONS. FOREIGN BOBN. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1910 tTni ted States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central... West South Central.. Mountain 91,972,266 6,552,681 19,315,892 18,250,621 11,637,921 12,194,895 8,409,901 8,784,534 2,633,517 4,192,304 75,994,675 5,592,017 15,454,678 15,985,581 10,347,423 10,443,480 7,547,757 6,532,290 1,674,657 2,416,692 66,746,379 4,338,452 13,461,446 13,402,685 7,608,995 11,292,714 7,692,342 6,347,452 1,101,006 1,501,287 56,248,496 3,811,295 11,370,057 11,687,407 6,346,803 9,789,389 6,842,958 4,624,297 751,392 1,024,898 72.6 66.2 69.7 73.4 65.4 92.6 91.5 72.3 41.8 35.8 74.0 68.2 73.6 73.1 61.3 93.7 90.7 70.8 44.9 4Z4 11,349,040 363,6,36 948,939 1,700,645 2,352,472 576,944 611,760 2,045,529 1,057,610 1,691,505 9,154,271 308,214 719,910 1,617,600 2,430,472 421,628 601,576 1,620,522 610,077 824,272 12.3 5.5 4.9 9.3 20.2 4.7 7.3 23.3 40.2 40.3 12.0 5.5 4.7 10.1 23.5 4.0 8.0 24.8 36.4 34.1 13,515,886 1,826,110 4,851,173 3,073,766 1,616,695 299,994 87,825 352,192 453,322 955,809 10,341,276 1,445,237 3,317,559 2,625,226 1,533,248 216,030 90,568 267,087 301,969 544,352 14.7 27.9 25.1 16.8 13.9 2.5 1.0 4.0 17.2 Pacific 22.8 1900 ITnited States.. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central.. Mountain 13. « 25.8 21.5 1&4 14.8 2.1 1.2 4.1 18 Pacific 22.5 I Includes persons born in the United States, state of birth not reported, persons bom in outlying possessions, or at sea under United States flag, and American citizens born abroad. (See Tables 1 and 16.) In most of the divisions the natives are greatly in the majority, outnumbering both classes of immigrants. The preponderance is greatest in the South Atlantic division, where 92.6 per cent of the population in 1910 consisted of persons bom in the division. The proper- ' tion was nearly as great in the East South Central. In the Pacific division, however, the most important class numerically was that of the domestic immigrants, who formed 40.3 per cent of the total population in 1 9 1 0, while the natives of the division formed but 35.8 per cent — STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. 175 hardly more than one-third — and the foreign immi- grants 22.8 per cent. In the Mountain division the natives of the division were only slightly more nu- merous than the domestic immigrants, and constituted but 41.8 per cent of the total population. Of course, these conditions are indicative of the comparatively recent settlement and rapid development of the far West, and of the great immigration thither from other parts of the United States. In New England and in the Middle Atlantic and East North Central divisions the greater part of the immigration is from foreign countries, the foreign bom greatly outnumbering the domestic immigrants, but in all the other divisions the foreign immigrants are the least numerous of the three classes here compared. Comparison between the figures for 1910 and 1900, shown in Table 11, reveals the relative importance of the three classes as factors in the increase in the popu- lation of the several divisions during the decade. The comparison is faciUtated by Table 12. It may be well to point out that this table throws no light upon the question of the fecundity or natural increase of the population. The persons reported in 1910 as born in a given division include, of course, many children of persons who were not bom in the division as well as the children of persona bom in the division. Tabic 12 INCBEASK IN POPULATION: 1900-1910 DIVISION. Total. » Bom In division of residence. Bom in other divisions. Foreign bom. United Statei 16,977,691 960,664 3,861,214 2,26.5,040 1,290,498 1,751,415 862, 144 2,252,244 958,860 1,775,612 10,497,883 527, 157 2,091,389 1,715,278 1,262,192 1,503,325 849, .384 1,723,155 349,614 476,389 2,194,768 65,422 229,029 83,045 -78,000 155,316 10,184 425,007 447,533 867,233 3,174,610 379,873 1,533,614 448,640 83,447 83 964 New EnRland Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central -2', 743 86,105 161 353 West South Central Mountain Pacific ' Includes persons bora In the United States, state of birth not reported, per- sona bom in outlying possessions, or at sea under tJnited States flag, and American citizens bom abroad. This table shows very great differences among the geographic divisions with respect to the relative im- portance of the three classes as factors in the increase in population. In the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions the increase during the decade was chiefly in persons born within the division of residence and in the foreign born, the increase in the latter being roughly three-fourths as great as in the former. In the East North Central division conditions were somewhat similar, except that the increase in the foreign born was relatively less important. In the West North Central, South Atlantic, and East South Central divisions, on the other hand, nearly the entire increase was in natives of the division. In the West South Central division there was a marked increase in domestic immigrants, as well as in natives of the division, but comparatively little increase in the foreign born. Finally, in the Mountain and Pacific divisions the increase in domestic immigrants was greater than that in natives, and there was also a very considerable increase in the foreign bom. Migration to the several states from other states and from foreign countries. — Table 13 gives a classification of the population of each state in 1910, distinguishing the natives of the state, the domestic immigrants (born in other states) , and the foreign immigrants (foreign born) . Table 13 United States. New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New Yorlc New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Ariiona Utah Nevada Pacikic: Washington Oregon California , Total popula- tion: 19101 91,972,266 742,371 430,572 355,956 3,366,416 542,610 1,114,756 9,113,614 2, 637, 16"" 7,665,111 4,767,121 2,700,876 5,638,591 2,810,173 2,333,860 2,075,708 2,224,771 3,293,335 577,056 583,888 1,192,214 1,690,949 202,322 1,295,346 331,069 2,061,612 1,221,119 2, 206, 287 1,515,400 2,609,121 752,619 2,289,905 2,184,789 2,138,093 1,797,114 1,674,449 1,056,388 1,667,155 3,896,542 376,053 325,594 145,965 799,024 327,301 204,354 373,351 81,875 1,141,990 672,765 2,377,549 61,185,305 BORN IN STATE OF residence. N^b«r. ^«[ 578, 739 248,629 250,480 1,861,820 267,116 607,074 5,647,063 1,344,164 5,638,263 3,646,991 2,031,345 3,406,638 1,761,085 1,558,456 1,121,376 64.0 1,416,684 63.7 67.5 34.3 38.6 50.0 48.7 BORN in other states. Numberi 66.616,910,114 78.0 57.7 70.4 55.3 49.2 54.6 62.0 63.0 73.6 74.4 76.2 60.4 62.7 2,222,925 197,847 226,125 695,661 823,628 137,131 1,026,355 139,361 1,843,152 931,077 2,089,728 1,431,028 2,364,349 463,003 2,031,385 1,873,227 1,857,916 1,563,839 1,055,940 1,405,936 515,212 2,730,757 99,314 90,225 31,782 233,516 184,749 78,949 243,054 21,640 262,694 225.102 903,996 67.8 79.2 42.1 89.4 76.2 94.7 94.4 90.6 61.6 88.7 86.7 86.9 87.0 67.1 84.9 31.1 70.1 26.4 27.7 21.8 29.2 66.4 38.6 65.1 26.4 23.0 33.6 38.0 60,009 82,562 62, 165 434,104 94, 710 174,680 686,616 525, 075 569,204 607,352 501,420 997, 189 436,326 256,529 402,13 624, 774 822, 738 216,990 254, 762 414,0.06 722,968 47,285 161,783 164,623 188,886 229,925 108,605 76,996 221,646 244,836 216,517 286,419 257,031 218,768 494,076 190,309 1,092,844 907,908 177,783 190,063 84,209 430,264 117,954 74,699 60,656 39,700 608,226 329,638 863,236 Per cent. 18.4 6.7 19.2 14.7 12.9 17.5 15.7 7.5 20.7 7.4 12.7 18.0 17.7 15.5 11.0 19.4 23.6 25.0 37.6 43.6 34.7 42.8 23.4 12.5 49.7 9.2 18.8 4.9 6.1 8.5 32.5 9.4 13.1 12.0 12.2 31.4 11.5 65.9 23.3 47.3 58.4 57.7 53.8 36.0 36.6 10.2 48.5 53.3 49.0 36.3 FOREIGN BORN. Number. 13,515,886 110,562 96.667 49,921 1,059,245 179, 141 329,574 2,748,011 660,788 1,442,374 598,374 159,663 1,205,314 597,550 512,865 643,595 273, 765 229,779 156,654 100,790 176,662 135,450 17,492 104,944 24,902 27,037 57,218 6,092 6,179 15,477 40,633 40,162 18,007 19,286 9,770 17,046 62,766 40,442 241,938 94,713 42,678 29,020 129,587 23,146 48,765 65,822 19,691 266,241 113,136 586,432 Per cent. 14.7 14.9 22.5 14.0 31.5 33.0 29.6 30.2 26.0 18.8 12.6 5.9 21.4 21.3 22.0 26.2 12.3 7.0 27.1 17.3 14.8 8.0 8.6 8.1 7.5 1.3 4.7 0.3 0.4 0.6 5.4 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.1 3.2 2.4 6.2 25.2 13.1 19.9 16.2 7.1 23.9 17.6 24.1 22.4 16. S 24.7 > Includes persons bom in theUnited States, state of birth not reported, persons bom in outlying possessions, or at sea under United States flag, and American citizens bom abroad. The combined number of these classes in the United States was only 360,961, or 0.4 per cent of the total population. In nearly every state east of the Mississippi a ma- jority at least of the population were natives of the state, the only exceptions being, in fact, Rhodje Island and the District of Columbia. In three of the southern states more than nine-tenths of the population were natives, but north of the Ohio there were only two states, Maine and Indiana, in which the proportion of natives exceeded three-fourths. The foreign immi- grants outnumbered the domestic immigrants in every state north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi 176 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. except Vermont, Ohio, and Indiana. In Vermont and Ohio domestic immigrants were not much more numer- ous than the foreign, but in Indiana they outnumbered the foreign immigrants more than three to one. West of the Mississippi there were only nine states (Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and Utah) in which a majority of the population were natives of the state. In Wyoming the natives of the state in 1910 formed only 21.8 per cent of the total population and in Wash- ington only 23 per cent. In the latter state a majority (53.3 per cent) of the population were domestic im- migrants. This was also the case in Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and Oklahoma. The domestic immigrants outnumbered the foreign immigrants in every state west of the Mississippi except Minnesota and Utah. Interstate migration. — ^Table 14 presents for the several states in 1910 and 1900 the same class of data that is shown for the geographic divisions in Table 4, that is, it shows what proportion of the population born in each state was living in other states and what proportion of the native American population of each state was born in other states. It shows, for example, that the population of the United States (not including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, or other outlying posses- sions) in 1910 included 791,827 persons who were born in the state of Maine and that of this number, 578,739 were living in Maine, while 213,088, or 26.9 per cent of the total, had left Maine and settled in other states ; and it shows also that the population of Maine in- cluded 628^748 native Americans with state of birth reported, of whom 578,739 were born in Maine and 50,009, or 8 per cent, were born in other states. The numbers of native Americans who have thus migrated to and from the several states are shown graphically in the diagram on page 186. The proportion of the natives of the several states residing in other states in 1910 varied widely. In the case of the following states it exceeded one-third: Nevada (46.4 per cent); Vermont (38.6); Wyoming (37.8); Iowa (36.1) ; Kansas (34.2); and New Hampshire (33.8). In the following states it was less than one- sixth: Pennsylvania (16.6 per cent); Georgia (16.4); Massachusetts (16.1); New Mexico (15.5); South Caro- lina (15.5); North Carolina (15.4); Texas (12.9); Louisiana (12.1); Florida (10.2); and Cahfornia (10). These percentages, it should be remembered, do not include persons who migrated from the states named to outlying possessions of the United States. Referring to column 7 of the table it will be found that the?e are only seven states (Maine, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Kentucky) in which the domestic immigrants — applying that term to pei-sons born outside the state but within the United States, exclusive of outlying territories and possessions — formed less than one-tenth of the native American population of the state m 1910. East of the Mississippi there are only four states (Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, and Florida) in which the proportion exceeded one-fourth, or 25 per cent. In the District of Columbia, however, the proportion exceeded one-half. West of the Mississippi there are 10 states (North Dakota, South Dakota, Okla- homa, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Washington, and Oregon) in which more than half the native American population in 1910 were domestic immigrants and only two (Louisiana and Utah) m which the proportion was less than one-fourth. Table 14 also shows the gain or loss to the several states by interstate migration ; or, in other words, the difference between the number of persons living in the state and born in other states and the number born in the state and living in other states. For example, at the census of 1910, 213,088 persons born in the state of Maine were living in other states and 50,009 persons born in other states were living in Maine. The differ- ence, 163,079, appears in this table as the direct net loss to the state of Maine by interstate migration. Most of the states east of the Mississippi have lost more than they have gained by this interchange of population with other states, gams being shown only for Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Mchigan, West Virginia, Florida, and the Dis- trict of Columbia. West of the Mississippi, on the other hand, most of the states have gauied more than they have lost, the only states which have lost being Iowa, Missouri, Louisiana, and Utah. STATES GAINING OR LOSING BY INTERSTATE MIGRATION: 1910. Table 15 presents, for 1910, by states for the native white and native negro population separately, statis- tics similar to those presented for the total native population in Table 14. Of the two diagrams on the next page, the one on the left shows for each state the percentages of the total population born in the state, bom in other states, and born in foreign countries (see also Table 13), while the diagram on the right shows what percentage of the natives of each state were still hving in that state in 1910 and what percentage had emigrated to other states. In the first of the two maps presented STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPUl.ATION. 17Y on page 178, the states are classified in six groups with reference to the percentage of emigrants. This map brings out the fact that in general the emigration from states located on the boundary of the United States is relatively less than from states more cen- trally located. Tliis probably is in part a natural result of the fact that the possibility of emigration from a border state to other parts of the United States is cut off in one or more directions. From some of the states along the northern border there has been a very considerable emigration to Canada in recent years, but this of course is not revealed by a popu- lation census of the United States. In the second map on page 178, the states are grouped with reference to the percentage which the population bom in other states forms of the total native population or popu- lation bom in the United States. The percentages are presented in Tables 13 and 14. State of birth in relation to state of residence. — ^In Table 16 the total native population of each state and geographic division is distributed accortliug to the state or geographic division in which born. As regards any given state, this table shows how many of the persons living in that state were born there and how many were bom in each of the other states; it gives similar information for the several geographic divisions. The table covers the total native popula- tion, including those bom in outlying territories or possessions of the United States, or at sea under the United States flag, those born in the United States for whom the state of birth was not reported, and American citizens born abroad. At the same time the table when read by columns gives the distribution by residence (state or geographic division) of the total population reported as born in each state or geo- gi-aphic division. DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL POPULATION AND NATIVE POPULATION. DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL POPULATION OF EACH STATE, BY PLACE OF BIRTH: 1910. DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVES OF EACH STATE, BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE: 1910. MEW ENGLAND MiUNC NEW HAMPSMUie VERMONT ma8«achusctti. rhooc island Connecticut MIDDLE ATLANTIC NEW YORK NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA CA6T NORTH CENTRAL OHIO "ZZ -mi fe: ^ZL ^ m. N.UMOW MICHIGAN WISCONSIN WEST NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA IOWA MISaOURI NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS 40UTH ATLANTIC DELAWARE MARYLAND DWT. or COLUMBIA VIROIMA WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROUNA SOUTH CAROLINA OEORGIA FLORIDA CAST SOUTH CENTRAL KENTUCKY TENNESSEE E^ MISSISSIPPI 'HiSX SOUTH CENTRAL ARKANSAS LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA TEXAS MOUNTAIN MONTANA IDAHO WYOMING COLORADO NEW MEXICO ARIZONA UTAH NCVAOA PACIFIC WASHINGTON OREGON CAUFORNIA m-VJ/IM 3IS ^^^sgaazBiz ■mmviW/A z^^S^aspasBfoOBi m^sgoBzaaaz v^m^^^^^^^^M^M^ ^2t yxAyAwza Yzaaaa iv^wyvwyyrj t'-:^r:':=A^W»a i-. m'^ ^^id Mmm^iUi^i^ii I^^^OBBZ^ wri '," i, , ; r-: } i/x/yyvr fzn y//A'"f "■ ; ,, ' i tVVf \ ••^r, ^ ^ ' - 'f«^ .......;......; i.. . '. ' ;■' ■! wm ''.!■'! ! '■ : ■: !f:.x:>y:v::::::.:;-:i-::::.x-:-:t.'^M, .^.x^A mi ^m 1L .tiVwy/zW ^ ^ ^^^^ ^ yyyyvwvgj m^. v////A\ ■•,'... ik^-y. :;|:;;;; . "T— \ . . ;>; ^i; w ^ gggg V/Z/MY///- hmM-iii^i^mii^>)^v:^?^AmilF^Fi3'^A NEW ENGLAND MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNEOTKIUT MIDDLE ATLANTIC NEW YORK NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA EAST NORTH CENTRAL OHIO INDUNA ILUNOta MIOHIOAN WISCONSIN WEST NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA •OWA MISSOURI NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEBRASKA KANSAS SOUTH ATLANTIC DELAWARE -T rzz MARYLAND DIST OP OOLUMWAj^;, VIROINIA WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROUNA SOUTH CAROUNA GEORGIA FLORIDA EAST SOUTH CENTRAL KENTUCKY TENNESSEE ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI WEST SOUTH CENTRAL ARKANSAS LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA TEXAS MOUNTAIN MONTANA K>AMO WYOMING COLORADO NEW MEXICO ARIZONA UTAH NEVADA PACIFIC WASHINGTON OREGON CAUFORNIA zzQS^as:^ t— r :t7-zwy/A SQS^ZI yy^iwyy//^ :3Z2Z2ZZ VBZBk ^ZEoam ET=^ ^ •:^i ^ TZBB^ XWii/M ^^ :f .:: ^:: \ /.w^//^/w/^Mw^^^iJijr^ij^ ■z.'^m^OiZa^TOi'zni ZeEL^lL^ZL ■^fZEt^m. ^^UZBOIXa^ izikiakja^ vii/iiii/iiia -^Mm^mm^SfZBPaoEan ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ ssz ^anzB za 3: —tew SZ2Z2Z "z^^xazkim wmmi^'ozi II^^ESSSZ ■ yw^m^j. fwn. . L: .:;^ L^.w Av Jciui'im iVxW^^Xj . -y/^fyyyyyyw^^^^^ ^^^^^ M^^^^^Z ^//^^//^/^^f^^^z//M^z/M^/mm//Af^^ ^razzz y/AVJWM ^'^y^^/^ym S z: •y^^//^^/M>/^/^^^(y//^^^W^I^JyJ.^w^. >\^/y>/^M/////^J^^yyj)^yyj. V^ ^saaziiai ^ZL W/W^^72Zi 2: m. T^ZlAWMflA'aZi '^^^^EBEL^Zt zBiBixaaBaA %'///% tOK\ in STAT£ Of 72497°— 13 12 + I MM ix on Exclusive of outlying possessions. 180 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. WHITE AND NEGRO POPULATION BORN IN EACH STATE, WITH NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE LIVING IN OTHER STATES, AND WHITE AND NEGRO POPULATION LIVING IN EACH STATE, WITH NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE BORN IN OTHER STATES: 1910. Table 15 TTnited States . . if EW England: Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts. . . Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jwsey Pennsylvania... E. North CENTK.iL: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota... South Dakota... Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. Columbia. Virginia West Virginia. . . North Carolina.. South Carolina. . Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon CaUfomia WHITE PERSONS BORN IN AND LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES > AND WITH STATE OF BIRTH REPORTED. Born in the specified stat«. Total, 68,070,894 15,884,203 789,434 374,992 406,871 2,198,323 334, 490 763,266 6,896,408 1,569,239 6,658,068 4,636,712 2,770,353 4,665,846 2,149,417 2,065,339 1,433,733 2,209,192 2,991,932 239, 110 288,453 832,777 1,214,987 165,143 1,034,596 133,056 1,587,404 1,082,284 1,655,835 735,470 1,579,236 300,195 2,380,524 2,026,788 1,344,469 880,060 1,062,034 871,768 507,652 2,468,356 121,383 118,618 48,374 317,945 197,037 66,295 302,021 34,852 305,022 287,645 967,300 Living in other states. Number. 212,251 126,609 156,838 352, 104 71,643 163,630 1,304,893 262,143 1,104,976 1,148,992 764,460 1,295,278 403,666 517,556 322,375 798,185 879, 112 46,668 78,975 241,509 415,583 50,680 209,854 34,213 368,233 178,399 237,229 125,793 312,219 35,740 582,790 646,886 327.202 217,163 302,387 109,389 104.647 340,933 31,476 31,501 18,167 87,681 32,770 15,816 61,442 18,057 54,050 67,573 94,467 Per cent. 26.9 33.8 38.5 16.0 21.4 21.4 18.9 16.7 16.6 24.8 27.6 27.8 18.8 25.1 22.5 36.1 29.4 19.5 27.4 29.0 34.2 30.7 20.3 25.7 23.2 16.5 14.3 17.1 19.8 11.9 24.6 27.0 24.3 24.7 28.5 12.6 20.6 13.8 26.9 26.6 37.6 27.6 16.6 23.9 20.3 51.8 17.7 23.5 9.8 Born in and living in the specified state. 52,806,091 68,070,294 577, 183 248,383 250,033 1,846,219 262,847 599,636 5,591,515 1,307,096 5,553,092 3,487,720 2,005,893 3,370,568 1,745,751 1,547,783 1,111,358 1,411,007 2, 112, 820 192, 442 209,478 591,268 799,404 114,463 824,742 98,843 1,219,171 903.885 1,418,606 609,677 1,267,017 264,455 1,797,734 1,479,902 1,017,267 662,897 759,647 762,369 403,005 2,127,423 89,907 87,117 30,207 230,264 164,267 60,479 240,679 16,796 260,972 220,072 872,833 Living in the specified state. Total. Bom in other states. Number. 15,264,203 626,824 330,644 301,082| 2,262,899 352,889 766,819 6,207,015 1,781,082 6,014,940 4,044,406 2,472,618 4,296,965 2,175,508 1,802,096 1,507,839 1,926,282 2,890,027 408,237 460,579 998,757 1,491,029 153,347 956,638 210, 295 1,361,422 1,097,206 1,493,679 672,655 1,412, 407,958 1,985,732 1,688,549 1,208,219 775, 176 1,109,436 884,532 1,397,343 2,953.269 264,861 276,160 112,369 651,149 280,602 122,883 299,582 65,602 853,494 547,322 1,719,712 49,641 82,261 51,049 416,680 90,042 167, 183 615,500 473,986 461,848 556,686 466,725 926,397 429,757 254,313 396,481 515,275 777,207 215, 795 251, 101 407,489 691,625 38,884 131,896 111,462 142, 251 193,320 75,073 62,878 145,649 143,503 187,998 208,647 190,952 112,279 349, 789 122,163 994,338 825,846 174,954 189,043 82,162 420,885 116,335 72,404 59,003 38,807 602,522 327,250 846,879 Per cent. 22.4 7.9 24.9 17.0 18.4 25.6 21.8 26.6 7.7 13.8 18.9 21.6 19.8 14.1 26.3 26.7 26.9 52.9 54.5 40.8 46.4 25.4 13.8 53.0 10.4 17.6 5.0 9.3 10.3 35.2 9.6 12.4 15.8 14.5 31.5 13, 71.2 28.0 66.1 68.6 73.1 64.6 41.5 58.9 19.7 70.6 59.8 49.2 Gam(+) or loss (-) through inter- state migra- tion. -162,610 -44,348 -105,789 +64,676 -f- 18, 399 +3,553 -689, 3te +211,843 -643,128 -592,306 -297,735 -368,881 +26,091 -263,243 +74, 106 -282,910 -101,905 + 169,127 + 172,126 + 165,980 +276,042 -11,796 -77,958 +77, 239 -225, +14,921 -162,156 -62,915 -166,570 +107,763 -394,792 -338,239 -136,250 -104,884 +47,402 +12,774 +889,691 +484,913 +143,478 +157,542 +63,996 +333,204 +83,565 +56,588 -2,439 +20,760 +648,472 +259,677 +752,412 NEGRO PERSONS BORN IN AND LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES 1 AND WITH STATE OF BIRTH REPORTED. Born in the specified state. Total. 9,746,043 1,585 506 1,045 19,078 5,401 10,184 61,680 45,312 105,263 76,044 34,794 48,564 11,576 2,248 2,738 8,736 149,218 297 496 2,846 33,786 32,664 262,540 52,282 876,806 36,417 806,537 956,605 1,248,352 215, 110 323,794 517,072 9n,167 1,032,565 334,589 726,4% 51,334 664,823 314 3,513 941 538 527 376 Living in other states. Number 1,616,608 783 272 608 4,125 1,317 2,888 11,830 8,295 20,293 16,850 9,570 12,647 3,384 1,077 1,182 3,483 39,269 195 356 1,189 10,852 9,996 60,946 11,823 253,334 9,25' 143, 143 135,647 151,095 16,614 90,340 123,899 131.346 132,876 38,549 83,763 6,358 62,062 161 1,357 531 251 365 332 1,546 1,012 398 204 6,318 1,258 Per cent. 16.6 49.4 63.8 58.2 21.6 24.4 28.4 19.2 18.3 19.3 22.2 27.5 20.0 29.2 47.9 43.2 39.9 26.3 65. 71.9 41.8 32.1 30.6 23.2 22.6 28.9 25.4 17.7 14.2 12.1 7.7 27.9 24.0 13.5 12.9 Bom in and living in the specified state. 8,129,435 9,746,043 802 234 437 14,953 4, '7,296 49,750 37,017 84,960 59,194 25,224 35, 917 8,192 1,171 1,556 6,253 109,949 102 139 1,657 22,934 22,668 201,694 40,459 623,472 27,160 663,394 821,058 1,097,257 198,496 233,454 393, 173 839.821 11.5 296,040 11.5 642,733 10.4 45,976 9.3 602,761 49.0 85.3 51.3 38.6 56.4 46. 69.3 SS.3 66.6 51.3 19.9 Living in the specified state. Total. 339 69 163 2,156 410 287 1621 44 534 194 5,060 1,112 515 1,546 31,641 8,597 14,698 120,029 87,762 190,738 109,643 59,812 106, 141 14,516 2,763 6,688 14,702 155,248 592 782 7,397 53,204 31,067 231,363 93,517 670,042 63,733 69»,786 836,126 1,173,078 299,774 260,916 470,878 905,802 1,006,126 440,105 710, 755 136,396 684,644 1,706 60S 2,146 11,096 1,577 1,945 1,009 4S4 5,591 1,387 20,260 Bom in other states. Number 1,616,608 310 281 1,109 16,688 4,513 7,402 70,279 50,746 105,778 50,449 34,588 70,224 6,324 1,592 5,132 9,449 45,299 490 643 5,740 30,270 8,399 29,769 53,058 46,570 36,573 33,392 14,068 75,821 101,278 27,462 77,705 66,981 106,436 144,066 68,022 90,420 81,883 1,367 639 1,993 8,940 1,167 1,658 847 440 5,057 1,193 16,200 Per cent. 27.9 64.6 7L7 62.7 52.5 50.4 58.6 57.8 55.5 46.0 67.8 66.2 43.6 57.6 76.7 64.3 29.2 82.8 82.2 77.6 56.9 27.0 12.9 66.7 7.0 57.4 4.8 1.7 6.5 33 10.6 16.5 7.3 10.6 32.7 9.6 66.3 12.0 80.1 88.7 92.9 80.6 74.0 85.2 83.9 90.9 90.4 86.0 75.0 Gain(+) or loss through inter- state migra- tion. -473 +9 +501 + 12,563 +3,196 +4,514 +68,449 +42,450 +85,485 +33,599 +25,018 +57,577 +2,940 +515 +3,950 +5,96(i +6,030 +295 +287 +4,651 +19,418 -1,597 -31,177 +41,235 -206,764 +27,316 -109,751 -121,479 -75,274 +84,664 -62,878 -46,194 -65,365 -26,439 +105,516 -15,741 +86,062 +19.821 + 1,041 +140 +1,832 +7,583 +636 +1,407 +482 +108 +4,045 +989 +13,942 > Exclusive of outlying possessions. STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION 181 NATIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIVISION AND STATE IN WHICH BORN: 1910. Table 16 DIVISION OR STATE OF RESIDENCE. United States. . . Geographic divisions: New England Middle .\tlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island ('omiectlcut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebi'aska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California Total native bom: 1910 78,456,380 4,727,571 14,464,719 15,176,855 10,021,226 11,894,901 8,322,076 8,432,342 2, 180, 195 3,236,495 631,809 333,906 306,035 2,307,17li 363,4691 785, 182; 6,365,608j 1,876,379| 0,222,737] 4,168,747 2,541,213 4,433,277 2,212,023 1,820,9M 1,532,113 1,951,006 3,063,856 420,402 483,096 1,015,562 1,555,4991 184,830 1.190,4021 306,167 2,034,5>5 1,163,901 2, 200, 196 1,509,221 2,593,644 711,986 i 2,249,743 2, 166, 182 2,118,8071 1,787,344 1,557,408 1.603,6221 1,616,713 3,654,604! 281, 340: 283,016 116,945 669,437 304,155 155,589; 307,529! 62, 184; 885, 7«i 559,629! 1,791,117 population born in- United States. 78,381,104 4,713,412 14,449,409 15,161,277 10,014,417 11,892,399 8,321,346 8,429,177 2,176,066 3,223,601 630,036 332,296 303,826 2,300,413 '362,757 784,081 G, 356,3761 1,874,577 6,219,456 4,166,373 2,540,456 4,429,948 2,204,978 1,819,522 1,530,532 1,949,754 3,062,454 419,744 482,617 1,014,745 1,554,671 184,764 1,189,881 305,742] 2,034,169 1,163,706 2,200,055 1,509,132 2,593,323 711.627 2,249,528 2,165,940 2,118,636 1,787,242 1,557,206 1,603,041 1,616,206 3,652,722 280,585 282,425 116,751 668,534 303.817 155,005 306,928 62,021 882,241 558,360 1,782,991 Geographic division. New Eng- land. Middle Atlantic. 4,907,21515,342,852 4,338,452 219,782 97,614 73,396 29,806 5,406 11,368 31,132 100,257 614,579 317,369 275,058 2,133,335 332,191 665,920 154,921 36,003 28,868 17,739 5,741 37,633 19,670 16,931 23,251 14,623 10,310 3,569 4,361 8,058 9,334 1,073 4.937 7,346 3,969 1,258 1,737 1,033 2,841 5,614 1,327 1,970 1,335 574 1,271 1,599 3,018 5,480 6,012 3,269 2,110 12, 772 1,246 1,98 1,92 .^1,800 22,979 9,962 67,316 East North Central. S South 16,479,755 », 449, 180 12, 770, 824 9,481,023 East South Central. 252,017 38,219 13,461,446 215,559 658,09913,402,685 338,310 1,420,484 200,437: 114,566 27,568 61,474 110,724 232,777 134,358 313,673 293,310 546,899 7,005 9,183 22,046 101,860 18,648 93,275 6,911,363 1,730,410 5,819,673 209,063 53,704 180,850 1.53,870 59,692 53,766 79,401 59,629 13,449 17,673 47,209 67,203 21,159 53,646 26,702 23,460 43,066 5,966 2,789 8,441 13, 178 9,166 9,475 6,357 2,570 7,231 6,655 24,503 23,085 17,866 11,44' 8,055 50,339 5,292 6,324 6,960 4,411 60,709 30,888 141, 180 2,610 1,952 2,204 21,124 3,072 7,257 96,261 20,169 99,129 3,684,3« 2,296,222 3,785,932 1,976,061 1,060,128 199,064 286,047 337,038 09,498 86,130 161,283 281,424 1,140 8,933 12,317 12,457 51,841 3,542 1,467 8,216 14.655 81,926 29,418 14,507 8,507 64,668 13,070 157,663 78.272 54,938 41, 133 18, 979 124, 890 18,072 14,057 13,402 ■ 7,836 193, 141 96,802 256,956 13,664 40,741 50,210 393,230 337,230: 203,063 7,606,995 122,027 23,632 n, 292, 714 29,333' 329,06: 497,6041 275,645 383,584 44,874 504,928 69,463 1,472 857 1,127 7,064 gofi 2,126 25,680 6,643 18,887 29,141 30,955 190,546 23,752 62,836 1,227,121 1,617,862 2,366,528 319,883 360,160 766,729 1,061,712 395 2,962 4,207 4,172 2,773 1,371 556 2,957 4,239 10,241 10,619 4,144 4,329 69,155 9,980 326,989 91,480 69,422 58,419 33,619 165,600 24,039 12,263 13,623 6,599 196,425 103,534 202,969 1,491 925 982 22,069 5,283 10,001 106,686 67,401 210, 143 106,584 32,051 .51,057 8,952 4,419 6,266 17,764 51,124 3,304 3,322 12,135 28,122 160,133 1,112,457 245,565 1,958.809 1,037,326 2,172,504 1,495,677 2,493,462 616, 781 36,254 95,981 148,212 48,620 65,453 27,476 52,094 130,622 5,419 6,307 3,027 16,800 5,172 3,732 3,114 1,303 5,428 29,992 339,296 236,667 182,899 ,692,342 859,852 57,317 77,230 421 229 516 2,811 531 920 16,214 3,855 10,923 95,504 105,701 125,716 7,851 4,524 5,496 13,656 163, 191 1, 2,430 9,954 50,115 201 2,750 4,63' 23,827 22,330 11,349 5,342 63,949 48,424 2,101,159 1,991,097 1,928,437 1,671,649 211,402 89,467 167,345 391,638 5,687 5,465 2,836 20,230 13,275 5,428 3,056 1,340 23,108 21,415 10,577 12,098 33,778 43,717 West South Central. Moun- tain. Pacific. State not specified. 6, 758, 4081, 289, 296 1, 616, 8M 4,164 14,777 32,229 105,493 17,386 81,925 6,347,452 87,482 67,500 233 178 203 2,422 406 720 9,007 2,009 3,761 5,662 4,656 18,108 2,368 1,435 1,948 4, 55,730 812 1,458 4,920 35,999 81 1,162 1,812 1,837 916 1,375 896 5,148 4,159 5,400 19,587 11,106 45,823 1,128,312 1,446,748 866,750 2,903,642 3,626 5,268 2,640 16,584 43, 129; 13,336 1,387 1.312 15,186 10,311 42,003 3,940j 11, 997 j 17,919 38,351 3,879 2,375 17,378! 101,006 92,4511,501,287 5,463 13,392 15,195 17,744 4,335 1,728 8,535 49, 187 344 228 271 1,938 338 821 6,117 1,946 3,934 2,820 2,299 7,728 2,627 2,445 3,931 4,721 7,617 1,639 3,34' S,012j 9,084 65 559 621 SOO 501 255 180 516 382 696 S54 540 285 1,548 599 6,810 8,421 108,402 130, 136 43,594 252,319 191,282 S9, 425 257,387 28,461 27,933 17,674 46,844 593 270 238 3,291 357 714 8,430 1,803 3,159 2,568 1,436 6,357 2,260 2,574 2,680 2,679 4,596 873 1,006 2,307 3,603 79 733 767 698 971 232 84 364 407 524 645 309 260 975 651 2,884 4,025 5,725 18,844 1,191 4,246 1,196 7,096 2,623 8,266 310,024 260,794 930,469 285,685 11,324 39,024 57,947 32,950 22,741 17,244 36,196 17,450 30,809 1,291 1,105 1,181 4,489 931 2,327 21,697 5,338 11,989 12,030 7,691 26,121 7,567 4,538 7,019 8,396 16,791 4,901 2,730 5,138 7,976 348 1,743 1,768 2,131 2,704 1,722 1,108 7,429 3,788 2, 6,294 3,689 4,636 7,193 6,796 8,150 14,057 3, 2, 137! 700 4,764 1,114J 1,357 3,219 681 11,321 3,729 15,759 1 Includes also persons bom at sea under United States flag and American citiisens bom abroad. 182 ABSTRACT OF CENSUS— POPULATION. NATIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIVISION AND STATE IN WHICH BORN: 1910--Contiiiued. Table 16— Continued. DIVISION OE STATE OF RESIDENCE. tTnlted States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central West South Central. . . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Peimsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma , Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California population born in- New England division. Maine. 791, 827 700,758 17, 761 13,650 16,461 4,867 811 2,336 7,675 27,508 678, 739 15,992 2,442 94,515 4,778 4,292 11,188 3,297 3,276 1,675 686 4,615 2,913 3,861 8,024 2,142 1,403 1,036 947 1,318 1,591 136 979 1,101 605 248 268 126 388 1,017 163 317 213 118 209 234 642 1,251 1,908 1,048 414 2,610 301 477 394 523 8,050 2,911 16,547 New Hamp- shire. 375,522 340,038 9,227 7,0% 6,364 2,061 393 926 2,358 7,059 10,621 248,629 9,794 64,503 3,261 3,230 6,198 1,620 1,409 1,127 443 2,895 1,377 1,254 1,927 1,536 759 275 384 690 794 199 568 268 100 141 74 179 463 73 164 108 110 68 275 473 434 233 207 947 157 126 138 116 1,593 787 4.079 Ver- mont. 407,940 322, 744 28,466 18,765 16,343 2,524 543 1,668 4,870 12, 027 2, 218, 157 2,569 19,663 250,480 41,439 3,032 5,561 24,013 2,043 2,410 2,394 840 0,433 4,334 4,754 4,467 4,237 1,474 780 1,205 1,909 2,271 77 316 682 276 157 203 82 241 490 126 239 117 62 212 147 633 676 975 550 366 2,024 188 273 285 209 2,939 1,556 7,632 Massa- chusetts. 19,899 30,090 10,389 1,861,820 40,330 36,801 60,900 16,149 13,102 7,614 2,402 16,280 6,889 4,651 6,234 4,112 4,629 991 1,196 2,497 2,988 405 2,197 3,264 1,754 524 1,266 2,061 811 780 564 220 475 846 909 2,055 1,905 1,034 801 4,828 407 793 787 719 7,511 3,218 28,115 Rhode Island. 340,098 773,671 311,786 13,663 3,900 2,476 2,173 335 552 1,142 4,071 663,797 61,514 16,377 9,206 6,656 959 1,602 3,813 10,748 1,251 1,358 546 32,653 267, 116 8,962 8,740 2,614 2,309 788 290 1,009 661 552 618 141 329 306 73 353 506 298 68 134 186 231 324 96 128 70 126 276 197 99 94 508 43 67 78 66 707 364 3,010 Con- necti- cut. 1,600 1,637 1,407 38,506 13,674 607,074 43,882 11,280 6,352 4,141 1,080 5,801 3,496 1,869 1,981 1,998 1,661 378 488 1,316 1,384 314 893 1,235 768 161 323 157 646 1,259 269 342 267 101 186 235 433 749 593 305 228 1,855 150 251 246 186 2,179 1,136 7,433 Middle Atlantic division. New York. 6,964,461 196,278 6,014,659 326, 116 159, 935 51,334 11,637 26,505 52,284 127, 813 1,614,674 22. 778 1,509,815 26. 779 14,423 16, 808 1,530 3,228 6,301 14,012 4,583 7,490 20,699 77,522 12,376 72,709 5,647,063 252, 769 114,827 57,368 16, 771 92,300 116,847 41,830 36,460 36,143 26, 173 7,554 10,160 21,019 23,426 2,660 9,617 11,536 8,850 3,501 2,315 1,365 4,433 7,257 3,614 4,181 2,509 1,233 3,096 3,830 8,392 11, 187 8,464 5,237 3,640 23,802 2,381 3,082 3,385 2,293 31,706 16, 115 79,992 New Jersey. 6,763,717 33,961 5, 936, 972 306,204 163, 952 133,295 14,501 31,741 52, 139 90,952 • 695 647 460 8,677 2,335 9,974 99,068 1,344,104 66,583 6,740 2,933 10,434 4,525 2,147 2,025 3,183 3,107 466 646 2,231 2,765 2,825 3,491 2,653 2,803 841 590 299 889 1,417 632 535 328 135 371 411 976 1,470 996 510 422 2,941 271 424 442 295 2,707 1,421 Pennsyl- vania. 1,727 1,046 997 15,661 3,938 10,692 166,232 133, 477 5,638,263 145,875 34,000 78,116 32,498 15,715 16,271 40,165 30, 249 6,429 6,867 23,969 41,012 16,774 40,637 12,513 13,816 38,744 3,063 1,125 3,119 4,504 6,020 4,759 3,520 1,202 3,764 2,414 16,135 10,428 8,406 5,700 3,993 23,596 2,640 2,818 3,163 1,823 26,296 13,352 51,304 4,713,009 10,686 110, 773 3,954,072 264,974 71, 981 65,857 62,561 63,108 119,007 East North Central division. Ohio. 2,805,516 3,069 19,649 2,296,813 225,460 13,421 43,762 78,462 44,942 79,938 704. 424 505 6,787 954 2,312 34,913 7,946 67,916 3,646,991 157,119 122,391 109,932 17,639 18,226 61,851 64,616 6,499 8,682 31,204 73,896 426 4,151 5,093 5,438 46,814 1,393 542 3,222 4,903 38,867 10,229 4,955 1,816 9,832 3,276 33,094 16,349 8,450 7,039 4,323 30,573 4,087 3,549 3,169 1,918 32,849 20,030 66,128 Indiana. 4,714,723 244 126 135 1,612 280 673 8,610 2,261 8,778 66,794 2,031,345 143,188 45,597 9,889 11,681 37,852 64,237 9,416 7,498 26,483 69,293 169 1,255 2,059 1,697 2,560 818 261 1,752 2,870 •30,830 7,812 2,974 2,146 16,831 2,613 41,249 17,769 6,208 5,646 3,047 21,219 3,564 2,289 2,029 1,041 23,773 14,877 41,288 Illinois. 10, 786 41,463 3,692,391 614,506 15, 036 26,246 144,086 104, 813 166,390 Michi- 2,168,645 9,027 30,679 1,896,829 77, 362 9,153 6,117 16,486 36,569 87,523 559 613 608 6,253 763 2,100 23,636 6,702 12,126 25,753 80,527 3,406,638 33,366 46,107 46,192 138,310 186,691 16,903 32,360 77,709 116,341 275 1,792 2,774 2,167 1,420 660 339 1,866 3,744 10,188 7,726 4,129 3,203 33,682 4,727 71,085 34,592 14,527 13, 172 7,331 49,964 7,607 4,700 5,024 2,488 51,163 27,942 87,291 644 698 446 5,230 701 1,408 20,804 2,777 6,998 38,921 22,366 46,419 1,761,085 28,038 26,217 9,511 10, 124 6,677 6,380 8,243 10,210 210 1,129 1,449 1,784 760 469 218 972 2,162 1,328 2,494 1,388 907 2,592 1,558 6,115 5,221 10,825 6,126 1,751 11,049 1,685 2,100 1,760 1,273 38,089 15,198 34,236 STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. 183 NATIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIVISION AND STATE IN WHICH BORN: 1910— Continued. Table 16— Contd. DIVISION OR STATE OF RESIDENCE. XTnlted States... Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic E. North Central... W. North Central... South Atlantic E. South Central... W. South Central... Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Peimsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South .\tlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky , Tennessee Alabama , Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific; Washington Oregon California 1,446,106 population born in- West North Central division. Minne- sota. 2,218,420 3,650 7,041 52,494 1,247,409 2,912 2,034 7,388 35,109 658 232 219 1,875 257 409 4,388 775 1,878 2,538 1,854 12,753 4,594 30,755 1,121,376 16,669 4,207 68,972 27,143 5,312 3,730 40 303 603 645 175 100 75 355 526 312 677 441 604 686 3,553 2,443 17,403 7,859 1,239 5,785 521 802 944 556 52,198 16,499 19,372 Iowa. 3,141,883 245,810 3,269 11,628 95,656 805,901 5,444 4,028 60,068 101,362 131,064 2,982 18,162 115,335 2,453,938 8,490 17,948 281,391 111,730 131,907 247 237 324 1,672 207 582 6,126 1,342 4,160 7,704 7,246 57,948 6,446 16,312 67,100 416,584 56,893 30,553 75,815 94,623 64,333 104 634 1,098 850 606 235 104 771 1,042 1,405 857 830 5,286 1,711 41,186 11,885 17,455 16,168 10,651 44,276 4,184 2,417 4,303 1, 47,862 28,242 64,960 Mis- souri. North Dako- ta. 181 136 161 1,762 236 619 8,616 2,055 7,691 9,648 11,695 85,161 4,475 4,556 6,485 39,664 2,222,925 4,785 7,34 32,929 139,803 119 1,156 1,387 1,323 1,085 482 224 1,131 1,683 7,019 6,690 1,862 2,377 54,046 6,018 162,266 59,061 15,703 15,289 7,295 50,729 11,605 5,206 3,634 2,269 38,665 25,456 67,786 450 950 4,979 216,743 490 264 1,098 7,145 13,691 South Dako- ta. Ne- braska. 305,604 839,783 1,261,5741 438 1,225 1,348 4,233 8,194^ 23,126 265,289J 686,087 728 2,087 105 48 44 160 30 64 518 96 334 432 429 1,197 989 1,932 12,960 1,361 570 197,847 2,966 526 493 36 69 72 143 38 26 18 33 57 108 90 49 17 110 62 448 478 4,594 1,359 166 635 68 116 120 87 640 2,713 9,878 16,376 1,120 22,502 50,820 48,583 60 42 73 167 36 71 706 164 479 502 406 2,511 1,280 3,495 11,010 8,454 1,449 12,669 225,125 4,940 1,6«2 19 73 114 227 39 40 28 98 90 42 332 199 67 262 88 1,513 850 3,642 1,687 1,501 2,176 204 244 248 176 7,867 8,000 3,025 3,809 2, 799 4, 567 96 87 141 604 120 197 2,276 449 1,608 2,633 2,471 11,068 2,647 3,607 6,166 21,724 13,733 3,484 18,347 696,651 28,063 30 261 332 460 244 238 30 212 281 266 429 268 167 1,474 381 16,844 3,803 5,665 7,351 8,552 24,643 1,176 722 2, 632 17,647 12,566 18,370 Elansas. 1,6501 6,848J 37,446 933,628| 3,481 3,299 122,444 67,540 75,238 135 95 166 845 113 297 3,161 760 2,937 6,884 6,964 19,008 3,421 2,179 3,006 13,406 66,751 1,673 3,417 21,848 823,628 48, 370 601 634 686 261 68 3671 66ol l,558j 996' 468| 277i i 7,17lj 1,134 101, 179J 12,960 4,970 8,706 4,215 37,356 6,281 2,766 2,286 971 24,186: 15, 937I 35,115; South Atlantic division. Dela- ware. 197,813 Mary- land. 1,297,179 1,432 38,390 3,040 1,690 149,789 344 524 903 1,701 54 36 18 681 124 519 3,048 8,423 26,919 672 978 373 232 218 333 457 63 64 236 319 137,131 0,715 806 1,288 140 246 77 160 226 106 101 88 50 54 75 151 244 107 67 54 432 52 43 77 71 450 232 1,019 106,081 27,800 14,667 1,119,229 3,787 6,349 4,676 8,770 433 174 129 3,520 1,072 1,492 17,360 15,545 73,176 11,724 3,485 9,640 1,839 1,112 1,312 2,980 4,620 401 475 1,743 3,236 19,779 1,026,355 41,523 15,289 11,467 1, 650 1, 1,142 1,124 1,002 812 849 733 1,333 1,216 2,067 746 370 435 2,001 286 337 292 210 2,075 1,126 5,569 Dist. Colum- bia. 185, 463 2, 464, 845 1, 118, 754 2,606 15,165 3,752 2,025 156,944 649 994 1, 2,230 14,671 132,960 63,717 51,076 2,074,347 56,959 39,655 12,277 19,183 111 77 78 1,394 361 585 6,309 2,589 6,267 1,175 368 1,664 368 177 313 211 777 38 74 208 404 294 10,591 139,361 5,149 502 273 116 418 251 178 228 163 137 208 217 432 133 106 95 420 81 108 90 55 462 216 1,552 Vir- ginia. 272 304 7,961 2,076 3,760 40,856 26,177 65,927 31,007 11,736 17,360 2,531 1,083 1,736 7,056 24,629 1,164 1,006 5,085 10,400 2,156 45,816 52,714 1,843,162 83,532 29,939 3,422 8,709 4,907 18,641 23,229 7,638 7,551 6,599 5,380 9,860 17,816 1,513 1, 859 4,535 1,288 934 821 344 6,827 3,114 9,242 West Vir- ginia. 2,470,4951,692,548 2,828,309 515,488 North Caro- lina. South Caro- lina. 1,040 30,311 65,718 21,337 962,282 9,051 10,132 7,740 11,143 6,473 34,747 20,661 16, 410 2,271,118 53,386 47,574 8,021 12,205 91 45 25 457 147 275 2,646 1,000 26,666 50,547 6,194 7,580 1,746 651 937 3,654 6,330 724 638 2,447 6,607 187 12,958 2,444 12, 957 931,077 903 254 492 1,010 7,136 1,185 488 242 1,419 358 5,940 2,415 961 1,248 496 3,294 612 516 412 201 4,455 1,985 4,703 160 107 91 3,832 541 1,742 14,450 7,720 12,577 5,814 8,183 6,417 867 280 524 2,081 7,258 669 400 1,360 4,128 320 4,257 4,482 73,813 9,174 2,089,728 42,749 28,953 17,642 4,994 29,066 8,772 10,664 15,459 3, 769 9,483 18,863 1,100 1,681 621 2,746 768 461 588 156 5,502 2,345 4,358 2,812 15,931 4,971 3,697 1,593,500 30,953 35,794 1,935 2,956 3,362 14,316 10,942 9,416 2,483,047 161,989 128,925 7,138 9,174 71 59 73 1,624 361 634 10,098 2,727 3,106 1,641 630 2,222 280 198 268 314 1,540 101 412 275 797 106 1,219 1,995 3,735 656 42,525 1,431,028 72,891 39,346 957 6,314 14,237 9,445 13, 162 3,703 4,015 14, 914 229 171 138 590 286 221 239 61 753 316 1,886 Georgia. 162 97 188 1,787 463 665 8,692 2,284 3,340 3,154 1,581 5,101 670 436 695 900 4,989 97 192 584 1,9 97 1,201 1, 2, 610 6,589 16,373 2,364,349 89,254 2,832 33,895 107,643 17,619 27,207 10,723 20,485 70,610 535 587 360 2,428 1,644 943 474 167 2,002 921 6,251 184 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. NATIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIVISION AND STATE IN WHICH BORN: 1910— Continued. Table 16— Continued. DIVISION OR STATE OF RESIDENCE. TTnited States Geographic Dmsioxs: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. - West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central... Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota N^raska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon California POPULATION born IN— East South Central division. Ken- tucky. 2,704,675 2,166 14,327 254,780 126, 195 39,805 1,084,251 121,605 26,090 35,456 158 86 165 1,125 230 402 6,943 1,821 5,563 83,028 89,185 74,543 5,134 2,890 3,277 7,534 77,325 1,084 1,340 5,871 29,764 147 1,080 1,606 8,751 19,263 1,180 533 3,240 4,005 ,031,385 41,936 5,605 5,325 24,337 4,864 43,431 48,973 3,417 2,499 1,517 10, 103 4,366 2,168 1,309 711 10,079 5,410 10,967 Tennes- Ala- see, bama. 2,644,434 1,341 7,445 62,095 85,631 48,144 2,004,079 288,216 18,757 28,726 39 166 686 151 210 3,652 905 2,888 8,904 13,797 36,939 1,698 757 1,215 4,233 60,713 415 780 2,937 15,338 92 777 1,442 12,865 2,241 8,104 2,747 15,713 4,163 64,498 ,873,227 41,988 24,366 84,870 6,189 62,455 134, 702 1,607 2,299 810 6,267 4,764 1,578 1,063 369 8,155 5,193 15,378 Missis- sippi. 2,316,7901,915,124 1,392 5,862 12,319 11,069 86,309 529 2,358 10,102 13,772 8,641 1,968,9151,635,097 216,741; 233,290 7,154; 5,316 7,029 6,019 135 71 164 710 112 200 3,120 809 1,933 2,343 1,768 7,053 604 551 666 874 6,488 119 144 447 2,431 28 585 823 1,568 663 1,377 1,540 42,458 37,267 39 33 21 290 38 108 1,499 320 539 1,229 951 7,181 415 326 1,014 8,665 208 166 699 2,582 24 308 766 643 163 688 522 2,538 2,989 29,739 46,195 857,916 22,928 78,119 1,563,839 38,013 64,182 22,285 56,129 33,198 28,261 123,245 84,718 347 316 356 311 327 182 2,272 1,588 2,324 1,821 995 687 380 304 153 107 1,778 1,403 825 670 4,426 3,946 West South Central division. Arkan- sas. 1,397,657 395 1,710 9,655 40,477 3,752 22,382 288, 152 13,588 17,546 30 27 35 205 41 57 947 214 ■ 549 1,050 1,687 5,907 624 387 399 1,173 28,822 182 373 1,199 8,329 12 166| 284 400 307 393 231 1,164 795 Louis- Okla- iana. homa. 1,599,273 2,433 7,021 8,377 8,659 5,252 40,178 1,515,3.56 3,715 8,282 84 82 47 1,537 260 423 4,405 1,067 1,549 1,517 900 5,065 498 397 573 604 5,388 92 114 444 1,444 36 475 579 610 179 272 181 1,206 1,814 1,679 1,387 10, 129 3, 127 2,334| 3.447 8,24o! 32,217 1,055,940 34,837 15,3241,405,936 13,313 132, 763 84,125 795 2,043 531 3,707 4,353 1,.542 376 241 61,270 250 208! 173J 1,267 922J 533 167 195 3,135,026 169 847 5,044 32,745 1,016 2,165 Texas. 1,16' 5,199^ 9,153; 23,612 7,366! 17,200: 557,253,2,986,691 16,518| 53,661 10,695 30,977 4,887 1,085 3,310 649 9,349 6,548 1 20 19 75 6 32 347 79 421 1,733 754 2,018 376 163 268 1,559 9,656 170 397 1,710 18,985 6 76 124 120 163! 8l| 47 260 139 4o3| 739 510: 463 102 49 102 605 101 208 3,308 649 1,242 1,362 1,316 5, 118] 870 4881 708 1,290 ll,864i 3681 574J 1,567| 7,241: ! 27[ 445; 825; 807J 287; 639 437 2,518 1,411 1,890 9,592 4,815 4,903 11,9811 25,554 570] 24,918 515,212' 205,462 29,4902,730,757 804: 1,478] 501 1 4,931! 7,348; 1,122! 184| 150 1,777 1,539 1,435 6,679 30,506 10, 139 860 726 3, 6221 5,692 2,38o] 3,972 4,793 21,313 Mountain division. Mon- tana. Idaho "^y" ^°^'^ ^'*'^' ^'■i- oming. rado. Mexico, zona. 36 39 267 36 62 784 157 418 325 161 985 603 672 1,711 576 659 950 861 508 450 13 60 83 74 50 7 26 72 40 ' 87 92 30 85 94 46 397 262 99,314 3,476 878 770 75 328 1,217 498 7,846 2,511 3,406 51,079 323,334 218,693 199: 899 l,241i 4,215! 294: 94; 577! 1,400 3,919 7,466 19,314 1,097 802 6,464 39,970 256,443 3,590 26,429 49 25 34 199 32 61 573 212 480 328 767 661 268 283 350 518 557 132 104 459 408 3 76 78 116 104 67 32 02 94 1«7 167 74 27 224 111 469 395 1,621 90,225 1,208 609 90 392 4,106 470 7,494 4,706 2,741 83 466 169 334 225 460 422 95 1,137 1,484 392 5 24 73 41 94 12 14 18 13 31 30 25 78 14 298 18' 1,450 1,937 31,782 2,229 91 143 2,063 275 1,255 858 1,477 117 71 80 652 102 378 2,057 540 1,322 1,244 841 3,703 1,014 2,238 4,304 271 916 4,692 6,133 27 158 156 189 124 103 27 198 155 237 293 199 73 227 3,408 2,133 2,622 4,322 3,534 233,516 4,266 2,035 4,340 1, 7,080 4,839 14,510 612 1, 453 1,279 2,727 426 217 5,457 202,853 3,669 43 7 41 333 64 124 495 294 195 114 626 189 155 522 263 629 45 101 214 953 107 61 131 44 13 9 26 34 60 73 56 28 184 56 1,493 3,724 218 224 695 11,992 184, 749 4,477 382 lie 568 402 2.699 5,273 226 1, 1,141 1,003 272 232 1,595 82,939 7,369 595 168 733 226 178 446 128 163 110 102 296 38 37 119 301 6 57 44 29 50 15 9 33 29 61 70 69 32 86 66 457 986 187 374 171 559 1,487 78,949 975 237 443 464 6,462 Utah. 304,968 200 831 1,207 2,065 442 142 875 287,942 11,264 19 13; 26! llOj 121 20! I 4Slj 122; 228! 190' 116! 6391 158 104 174 412 559 62 114 436 309 88 198 27 18 11 36 16 24 67 36 15 87 35 191 562 2,090 900 28,728 850 6, 180 146 2,325 319 469' r>o 2,679; 422 243.054! 1,250 3.417I 21, WO I 2,236; 1,012 2,876J 1,018 6,162' 9, .397 STATE OF BIRTH OF NATIVE POPULATION. 185 NATIVE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO DIVISION AND STATE IN WHICH BORN: 1910— Continued. Table 16— Continued. DIVISION OR STATE OF RESIDENCE. TTnlted States... Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California... popxn.ATioN born in— Pacific division. Outlying possessions. 736 2,177 4,243 5,504 1,181 410 1,786 13,238 289,345 74 47 57 418 51 267 783 407 296 1,318 CS9 1,473 1,275 779 1,026 392 357 631 1,044 16 230 100 383 3B8 81 20 53 101 131 200 48 31 236 73 747 730 2,254 8,630 261 839 164 376 323 391 262,694 17,508 9,143 413 1,201 2,051 3,777 749 215 1,398 11,835 272,001 54 24 22 227 27 50 114 450 432 224 738 370 287 480 601 785 200 260 638 813 9 57 80 54 436 28 « 26 53 67 80 35 33 179 62 663 494 1,467 7,286 348 726 180 619 504 705 29,569 225,102 17,330 4,315 10,014 8,901 8,403 2,405 1,103 5,351 24,114 939. 941 465 190 159 2,040 279 567 6,645 1,422 1,947 1,639 916 4,301 1,231 814 925 1,290 2,785 281 389 1,038 1,746 * 54 456 578 361 237 123 58 285 253 326 365 226 186 560 516 1,474 2,801 2,004 2,928 582 2,681 852 6,101 1,796 7,170 17,761 18, 184 903,996 11,324 39,024 57,947 52,950 22,741 17,244 36,196 17,450 30,809 1,201 1,105 1,181 4,489 931 2,327 21,607 5,338 11,989 12,030 7,691 26, 121 7,567 4,538 7,019 8,306 16,791 4,901 2,730 .5,138 7,975 348 1,743 1,768 2,131 2,704 1,722 1,108 7,429 3,788 2,626 6,294 3,689 4,635 7,193 6,796 8,150 14,057 3,488 2,137 700 4,754 1,114 1,357 3,219 681 11,321 3,729 15, 759 12 42 43 38 6 4 7 31 892 19 2 9 459 235 198 53 64 57 19 23 2 3 105 3,415 40 74 64 93 103 18 145 48 432 3 i l| 20 j 3 I s! 63 I 4 i 142 I 82 i 3,191 '' 59 20 2 2 1 7 3 1 2 13 2 2 115 2 26 19 2 1 12 1 7 4 2 84 22 326 42 747 72 21 203 5 61 10 352 641 23 83 11 11 23 11 16 2 2 10 5 342 Bom at sea under United States 1,560 226 244 221 172 210 60 157 76 194 52 5 27 104 9 29 126 44 74 43 32 49 50 47 26 33 20 19 12 62 1 18 8 19 10 10 5 131 8 18 14 20 18 26 11 102 21 4 4 22 6 16 1 3 67 15 112 American citizens bom abroad. 186 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. MIGRATION OF NATIVE POPULATION FROM AND TO EACH STATE: 1910. BORN IN THE STATE AND LIVING IN OTHER STATES. i LIVING IN THE STATE AND BORN IN OTHER ! STATES. HUNDREDS OF THOU3AN0S MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT MASSACHOSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT NEW YORK NEW JERSEY PENNSYLVANIA OHIO INDIANA ILLINOIS MICHIGAN WISCONSIN MINNESOTA, K3WA MISSOURI NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKdTA NEBRASKA KANSAS DELAWARE MARYLAND OIST. OF COLUMBIA VIRGINIA WEST VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA FLORIDA KENTUCKY TENNESSEE ALABAMA MISSISSIPPI- ARKANSAS LOUISIANA OKLAHOMA TEXAS MONTANA: IDAHO WYOMING COLORADO NEW MEXICO ARIZONA UTAH NEVADA WASHINGTON OREGON CALIFORNIA 14 IS 13 II Chapter 5. POPULATION OF FOREIGN BIETH AND FOREIGN PARENTAGE, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. INTRODTJCTION. This chapter presents statistics as to the origin of the large foreign element in the population of the United States. More specifically, it distributes the foreign- born whites, and hkewise the total foreign born, according to country of birth; the native whites whose parents were both born abroad, according to the country of birth of the parents ; and the native whites with one foreign-bom parent, the other being native, according to the country of birth of the foreign-bom parent. It also distinguishes the persons born in cer- tain foreign countries, according to mother tongue, and gives the total number of males and females born in each foreign country. Statistics are given for geographic divisions, states, and principal cities, and for the urban and mral population of the several geo- graphic divisions. Persons living in Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions of the United States are not included, but, on the other hand, persons living in the United States proper who were born in any of these outlying possessions are treated as natives and not as foreign born. The importance of the foreign element may be seen from the fact that of the 91,972,266 inhabitants of the United States in 1910, no less than 13,515,886, or 14.7 per cent, were born in some foreign country. In addition, there were 12,916,311 native whites of foreign parentage, forming 14 per cent of the total population, and 5,981,526 native whites of mixed (native and foreign) parentage, forming 6.5 per cent of the total. These three classes — without considering the small number of native nonwhites of foreign or mixed parentage — together numbered 32,413,723, or 35.2 per cent of the population of the country. Some of the tables, as already indicated, relate to the total foreign-born population, and others only to the foreign-born whites. Of the 13,515,886 persons of foreign birth in 1910, 13,345,545 were whites, the remainder, which was only 170,341, representing chiefly Chinese and Japanese, and negi'oes (mainly from the West Indies). In most cases the total number bom in a given country is substantially the same as the number of whites born in that country. Definition of terms. — For brevity the Census Bureau has adopted the term "foreign white stock" to indi- cate the combined total of three classes, namely, the foreign-born whites themselves, the native whites of foreign parentage, and the native whites of mixed parentage. It has also adopted the term "country of origin" to express, in the case of the foreign bom, the country of birth of the person enumerated, in the case of the native whites of foreign parentage, the country in which both of the foreign parents were bom, and, in the case of the native whites of mixed parentage, the country in which the foreign parent was bom. The combined total of all persons in these three classes for whom the same country of origin is shown is designated as the foreign white stock derived from that country. It will be noted, of course, that in the case of some of the native whites of foreign parentage the two parents were not bom in the same foreign country. Such persons are classified, in the tables showing the country of origin of the native whites of foreign parentage, as persons of "mixed foreign par- entage." They must, of course, be clearly distin- guished from the persons of mixed native and foreign parentage, usually called, more briefly, of "mixed parentage." On account of the variety of races represented among the immigrants from certain foreign coun- tries, the Census Bureau has avoided the use of such terms as "Germans," "Russians," "Austrians," and the like, to designate the persons born in Germany, Russia, Austria, or other countries. Confusion would arise from identifying country of birth with race or nationality. Persons bom in Germany, for example, are not all Germans, while, conversely, there are many Germans who were bom in other countries, particu- larly Austria, Switzerland, and Russia. Mother-tongne statistics. — An amendment to the Thirteenth Census act called for statistics of the " nationality or mother tongue" of the foreign-bom population and of the parents of the native popula- tion of foreign or mixed parentage. It was found expedient, in order to place the statistics on a definite basis, to call simply for the ' ' mother tongue." This term is generally understood to mean the language of customary speech before immigration, although in the home countries of certain classes of foreigners the language of customary speech at the present time is not the language, or any modification of the language, of their distant ancestors. For example, most of the Scotch speak English and not Gaelic. In some such cases the ancestral language, rather than that of cus- tomary use, was doubtless reported. Full statistics as to mother tongue will appear in a special report. Such statistics, however, are chiefly significant with reference to the natives of five countries — Grermany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, and Canada — and only for such persons are mother-tongue statistics presented in this Abstract. Immigrants from Canada include many French-speaking as well as many English-speaking people, while the very numerous immigrants from each of the other four (187) 188 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. countries include a number of widely differing racial groups. There is also a considerable mixture of races in the case of the immigrants from Belgium, part of whom speak French and part Flemish; of those from Switzerland, part of whom speak Grerman, part French, and part Italian, respectively; and of those from the Balkan peninsula. In view, however, of the com- paratively small number of the foreign born in the United States who have come from Belgium, Switzer- land, and the Balkan peninsula, statistics for them by mother tongue are not included in this Abstract. For natives of most of the other countries from which the United States has mainly derived its foreign-born population, statistics as to mother tongue would add little information of value, since practically all persons from these countries speak the mother tongue indi- cated by the name of the country. For example, substantially all of the foreign bom from Sweden speak Swedish, and of those from Italy almost all speak Italian; while, conversely, practically all of the immigrants whose mother tongue was Swedish or Italian have come from Sweden or Italy, as the case may be. It may be noted further that statistics as to the mother tongue of persons born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland would throw little light upon racial origia. Most of the Scotch and the Irish ordinarily speak the English language, and, while some of them reported Gaelic or Irish as their mother tongue, most reported English. Consequently, statis- tics of the number born in Scotland or in Ireland give a more accurate idea of the number of Scotch or Irish from the United Kingdom than would be obtained from the number reporting the respective mother tongues ; and the same is also true of persons born in Wales. UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. Total foreign born, by country of birth: 1910 and 1900. — The sources of the foreign-born population of the United States in 1910 and 1900, respectively, ai-e summarized in Table 1, in which the countries of birth are arsanged geographically. While every geographic division of the world is represented in the foreign-born population of the United States, hj far the greater proportion of that population has come from Europe. Persons of European birth constituted 87.2 per cent of the total foreign born in 1910. Most of the remainder were from the American continent, chiefly from Canada. Of the total foreign-born population, 49.9 per cent were from the countries of northwestern Europe and 37.4 per cent from the countries of southern and eastern Europe. Germany and Ireland were the most impor- tant countries of the former group in contributing to the population of the United States, and Russia and Finland, Austria-Hungary, and Italy the most impor- tant of the latter group. Among the countries of bu-th of the foreign-born population of the United States, German}* held first place in 1910, with 2,501,333, or 18.5 per cent, of the total foreign born. Next in importance were Austria- Hungary, with 12.4 per cent; Russia, 11.9 per cent; Ireland, 10 per cent; Italy, 9.9 percent; the Scandi- navian countries as a group, 9.3 per cent ; Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales), 9 per cent; and Can- ada and Newfoundland, 9 per cent. These countries together contributed nine-tenths of the total foreign- born population of the United States enumerated in 1910. Table 1 COIWTEY OF BIRTH. Total foreign born. Europe. Northwestern Europe . . . Great Britain England Scotland Wales Ireland ^ Germany T Scandinavian countries Norway Sweden Netherlands (Holland), Bel- gium, and Luxemburg Netherlands Belgium Luxemburg France Switzerland Southern and Easfern Europe Portugal Spain Ifely Russia and Finland Russia Finland Austria-Hungary Austria Hungary Balkan peninsula Roumania Bulgaria Servia Montenegro Greece Turkey in Euroi)e , Country not specified Asia. China Japan India Turkey in Asia All other countries. America '. Canada and Newfoundland.. Canada— French Canada — Other Newfoimdland , West Indies « Cuba other West Indies Mexico Central and South America. . Central America South America AU other Africa Australia Atlantic islands Pacific islands Country not specified . Bom at sea 1910 Number. Per cent of total. 13,515,886 100.0 11,791,841 6,740, 1,221, 877, 261, 82, 1,352, 2,501, 1,250, 403, 665, 181, 172.534 120,063 49,400 3,071 117,418 124,848 5,048,583 59,360 22,108 1,343,125 1, 732, 462 1,602,782 129,680 1,670,582 1,174,973 495,609 220,940 65,923 11,498 4,639 5,374 101,282 32,230 2,858 191,484 56,756 67,744 4,664 59,729 2,591 1,489,231 1,209,71 385,083 819,554 5,080 47,635 15, 133 32,502 221,915 9,964 1,736 8,228 43,330 3,992 9,035 18, 274 2,415 2,687 6,927 10,341,276 87.2' 49. 9j 9.0 6.5 1.9 0.6! 10. Oi 18.5 9.3 3.0! 4.9| 1.3; 1.3j 0.91 0.4! m 1 0.9 0.9 37.4 0.4 0.2: 9.9! 12.8 11. 9| 1.0 12.4 8.7 3.7 1.61 O.5I 0.1 (») (^) 0.7 0.2 (') 1.4 0.4 0.5 (*) 0.4 11.0 9.0 2.8 6.1 (2) 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 w 0.1 0.1 (») 0.1 1900 Number. 8, 871, 780 7,016,311 1,167,623 840,513 233, 524 93,586 1,615,459 2,813,628 1,072,092 336,388 582,014 153,690 127, 719 94,931 29, 757 3,031 104, 197 115,593 1,832,894 30,608 7,050 484,027 640, 743 578, 102 62,641 637,009 491,295 145, 714 15,032 {') (') 8,515 < 9,910 6 22,575 120.248 1.2 Per cent of total. 100.0 85.8 67.8 11.3 8.1 2.3 0.9 15.6 27.2 10.4 3.3 5.6 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.3 1.0 1.1 17.7 0.3 0.1 4.7 6.2 5.6 0.6 6.2 4 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 81,534 24,788 2,031 0) 11,895 1,317,380 0.8 0.2 (2) 0.1 12.7 1,179,922 '395,126 ' 784, 796 (') 25,435 11,081 14,354 103,393 8,630 3,89^ 4,733 31,868 11.4 3.8 2,538 6,807 9,768 2,013 2,546 8,196 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.1 (^) (2) 0.3 0.1 0.1 (=) (^) 0.1 increase:! 1900-1910 Number. 3,174,610 2,920,061 -275,911 53,660 37,206 27, 552 -11,098 -263,208 -312, 295 178, 641 67,489 83,193 27,959 44,815 25,132 19,643 40 13,221 9,255 3,215,689 28,752 15,058 859,098 1,091,719 1,024,680 67,039 1,033,573 683,678 349, 895 60,891 92,767 71,236 -24, 778 42,956 2,633 -9,304 171,851 Per cent. 30.7 3&» -3.9 4.5 4.4 11.8 -11.9 -16.3 -11.1 16.7 20.1 14.3 18.2 35.1 26.5 66.0 L3 12.7 8.0 175.4 93.9 213.6 177.5 170.4 177.2 107.0 162.3 139.2 240.1 338.6 1,089.5 59. S -30.4 173.3 129.6 -78.2 13.0 29, 79.51 -10,043 34, 758 2.5 -2.5 4.4 22,200 4,052 18,148 118,522 1,334 -2, 161 3,495 11,462 1,454 2,228 8,506 402 141 -1,269 87.3 36.6 126.4 114.6 15.5 —55. 5 73.8 36.0 57.3 32.7 87.1 20.0 .5.5 -15.5 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 3 Included under "Country not specified" in 1900. * Figures for Turkey in A.sia included with those for Turkey in Europe in 1900. t- Includes 20,324 persons reported as born in Poland, without specification as to whether German, Austrian, or Russian Poland. « Outside of the United States. ' Newfoundland included with Canada for 1900. » Except Porto Rico. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION, BY PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF BIRTH: 1910 AND 1900. TOTAL FOREIGN BORN, 1910: 13,515,886 TOTAL FOREIGN BORN, 1900: 10,341,87* 189 An important change has come about in recent years with respect to the countries from which our immi- grants are chiefly drawn. Of course, this change is shown less obviously by the statistics of the foreign- bom population as enumerated at the several decen- nial censuses than by the immigration statistics, since survivors of earlier immigration are still numerous. Nevertheless, a conspicuous change is shown by a com- parison of the census returns for 1910 and those for 1900, as appears from Table 1 and the three diagrams on this page. While the proportion of Europeans in the total foreign-born population was about the same at both censuses (85.8 per cent in 1900 and 87.2 per cent in 1910), persons from northwestern Europe con- stituted 67.8 per cent of the total number of foreign bom in 1900, but only 49.9 per cent in 1910. On the other hand, southern and eastern Europeans formed only 17.7 per cent of the total in 1900, as compared with 37.4 per cent 10 years later. Persons born in each individual country of northwestern Europe except Belgium formed a smaller pro})ortion of the foreign born in 1910 than in 1900, whUe persons born in each country of southern and eastern Europe formed a larger proportion. The factors in this change in the composition of the foreign-bom population can readily be seen by com- paring the increases from 1900 to 1910 in the number of persons bom in the respective countries. The increase in the total number of foreign bom was 3,174,610. The increase in the number of southern and eastern Europeans was 3,215,689, or more than the increase in the total, while there was a decrease of 275,911 in the number of persons reported as born in northwestern Europe. This decrease, however, was wholly in the number from Germany, Ireland, and Wales, which feU off, respectively, 11.1, 16.3, and 11.9 pel ?ent. The other countries of northwestern Europe were .-epresented by larger numbers in the foreign-bom population of the United States in 1910 than in 1900, the percentages of increase ranging from 4.4 for Eng- land to 66 for Belgium. The percentages of increase for all of the countries of southern and eastern Europe were large — for example, 1,089.5 per cent for Greece, 177.5 per cent for Italy, 170.4 per cent for Russia and Finland, and 162.3 per cent for Austria-Hungary. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION, BY PRINCIPAL COUN- TRIES OF BIRTH: 1910 AND 1900. 1910 I^^B ■■ GERMANY .900^^ ims&i^i&m^mm mm Wi ^^ RUSSIA AND FINLAND wwuxwAm AUSTRIA- HUNGARY ^^ BOSAKAisa 1900 §§§§§^§983 ■'^'° PBHHHHHH "DELANO WvJAWA^MflAMAiLwUWW 1900 ^^^^^IS^l'^S^S'f^S'SSi a 1910 P^HAI^^^B '^*'-'' '900 mm NORWAY, SWEDEN, '^'^ I^HBI^^HIHB AND DENMARK 1 9 to^§§§§§^a ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, < 9'° ■■■■■pH AND WALLS .goO Wm^WiM ^ 1910 ^H^^^B^^^ CANADA AND ^^^^^^^^^^ NEWFOUNDLAND ,900^^SMMJ1^ The number of persons of Asiatic birth in the popu- lation of the United States increased very considerably from 1900 to 1910, the marked decrease in the number 190 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. of persons reported as born in China being offset by increases in the number from Japan and Turkey in Asia. The increase in the number of persons born in American countries outside of the United States was 13 per cent, by far the larger part of the increase being contributed by Mexico. Considering only individual countries, and not the groups of countries shown in Table 1, the following were, in order of rank, the ten leading countries with respect to the numbers contributed to the foreign-born population of the United States as reported in 1910 and 1900, respectively: 1910 Germany. Russia. Ireland. Italy. Canada. Austria. England. Sweden. Hungary. Norway. 1900 Germany. Ireland. Canada. England. Sweden. Russia. Austria. Italy. Norway. Scotland. Comparative statistics : 1860 to 1910. — Table 2 shows the number of foreign born, by country of birth, for each census from 1860 to 1910, the countries being arranged alphabetically. This table emphasizes even more strikingly than Table 1 the change which has taken place in the com- position of the foreign-born population of the United States. Thus persons born in Germany constituted 30.5 per cent of the total number of foreign born in 1860, but only 18.5 per cent in 1910. The correspond- ing percentages for Ireland were 38.5 and 10 ; for Eng- land, Scotland, and Wales combined, 14.1 and 9. On the other hand, persons born in Italy constituted only 0.3 per cent of the total in 1860, as compared with 9.9 per cent in 1910, while the percentages for Russia (including Finland) at the respective censuses were 0.1 and 12.8, and for Austria, 0.6 and 8.7. Fewer persons were reported as born in Ireland at the census of 1910 than at any census from 1860 to 1900. The number from Wales was less in 1910 than in 1880, 1890, or 1900. The natives of Germany and England were less numerous in 1910 than in 1890. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION, BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH: 1860-1910. Xable 2 COUNTRY OF BIRTH. All f oreisn countries Austria! Belgium Canada — French 2 Canada— Other 2 China Cuba and other West Indies Denmaric England France Germany 1 Greece Hungary , . Ireland Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands (Holland) Norway Portugal Russia 1 and Finland Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Ttffkey in Asia Turkey in Europe Wales All other countries • FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION. 1910 13, 515, 886 1,174,973 49,400 385,083 819,554 56,756 » 47,635 181,649 877,719 117,418 2,501,333 101,282 495,609 1,352,251 1,343,125 67,744 221,916 120,063 403,877 59,360 1,732,462 261,076 22,108 665,207 124,848 59,729 32,230 82,488 158,992 1900 10,341.276 491,295 29,757 395, 126 784,796 81,534 8 25,435 153,690 840,513 104,197 2,813,628 8,gl5 145,714 1,615,459 484,027 24,788 103,393 94,931 336,388 30,608 640,743 233,524 7,050 582,014 115,593 9,910 93,586 95,062 1890 9,249,560 241,377 22,639 302,496 678,442 106,701 23,256 132,543 909,092 113,174 2,784,894 1,887 62,435 1,871,509 182,580 2,292 77,853 81,828 322,665 15,996 182,644 242,231 6,185 478,041 104,069 1,839 100,079 200,813 1880 6,679,943 124,024 15,535 717,157 104,468 16,401 64,196 664,160 106,971 1,966,742 776 11,526 1,854,571 44,230 401 68,399 58,090 181,729 8,138 35,722 170,136 5,121 194,337 88,621 1,205 83,302 93,985 1870 5,667,229 70,797 12,553 493,464 63,042 11,570 30,107 555,046 116,402 1,690,533 390 3,737 1,855,827 17,157 73 42,435 46,802 114,246 4,542 4,644 140,835 3,764 97,332 76,153 302 74,633 41,943 1860 4, 188, 058 25,061 9,072 249,970 35,565 7,353 9,962 433,494 109,870 1,276,075 328 1,611,304 11,677 27,466 28,281 43,995 4,116 3,160 108,518 4,244 18,625 53,327 128 45,763 70,704 PEE CENT OF TOTAL FOREIGN BORN. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 8.7 4.8 0.4 0.3 2.8 3.8 6.1 7.6 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.3 6.5 0.9 18.6 0.7 3.7 10.0 9.9 0.6 1.6 0.9 3.0 0.4 12.8 1.9 0.2 4.9 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.6 1.2 100.0 0.2 1.5 8.1 1.0 27.2 0.1 1.4 15.6 4.7 0.2 1.0 0.9 3.3 0.3 6.2 2.3 0.1 6.6 1.1 0.1 0.9 100.0 2.6 0.2 3.3 7.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 9.8 1.2 30.1 0) 0.7 20.2 2.0 0) 0.8 0.9 3.6 0.2 2.0 2.6 0.1 6.2 1.1 (0 1.1 2.2 100.0 1.9 0.2 10.7 1.6 0.2 1.0 9.9 1.6 29.4 0) 0.2 27.8 0.7 (*) 1.0 0.9 2.7 0.1 0.5 2.6 0.1 2.9 1.3 0) 1.2 1.4 100.0 1.3 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.5 10.0 2.1 30.4 («) 0.1 33.3 0.3 0) 0.8 0.8 2.1 0.1 0.1 2.6 0.1 1.7 1.3 0) 1.3 0.8 100.0 0.& 0.2 6.0 0.8 0.2 0.2 10.4 2.6 30.5- («) 38. & 0.» 0.7 o.r 1.1 0.1 0.1 2.6. 0.1 0.4 l.» 0) l.t 1.7 1 For the censuses from 1860 to 1890, inclusive, persons reported as bom in Poland are included under "All other countries ;" for the censuses of 1910 and 1900 (so fast as possible), they are distributed under Austria, Germany, and Russia, respectively. 2 Includes Newfoundland prior to 1910. » Except Porto Rico. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Immigration in relation to the foreign-born popu- lation. — The statistics of the foreign born presented above make no distinction as to length of residence in the United States; they include those who have been in this country 50 years or more, as well as immi- grants who arrived during the first three months of 1910, just before the census was taken. The increase of 3,174,610 in the number of foreign born from 1900 to 1910 does not represent, of course, the number of immigrants who came to the United States during^ those 10 years. The foreign born are constantly being^ drawn upon by return migration and death, and immigration must make up for these losses before there can be any increase in the total number. The immigration statistics for the several decades, how- ever, go far to explain the changes from census to census in the composition of the foreign-born popula- tion. A remarkable decrease in the proportion ©f COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 191 immigrants from northwestern Europe and a striking increase in the proportion from southern and eastern Europe form conspicuous features of immigration statistics for the past decade, as compared with those for earher decades. For the 10 years between the taking of the censuses of 1900 and 1910 the total immigration was about 8,500,000.' Of this total, about 6,100,000, or 72 per cent, were from southern and eastern Europe, and about 1,800,000, or 21 per cent, from northwestern Europe — the latter being less than one-third the number from the southern and eastern countries. While there was an immigration of about 8,500,000 between 1900 and 1910, the census shows only 5 088,- 084 persons in the United States in 1910 who had arrived after January 1, 1901, which would justify an estimate of 5,250,000 as the total number of persons enumerated in 1910 (April 15) who had arrived since the preceding census. The difference between the latter and the total immigration, about 3,250,000, represents in large part inmiigrants who returned to their own country, and, to a small extent, those who died between their arrival and the date of the enumera- tion. The estimate of 5,250,000 represents the con- tribution to our population of the immigration of the last 10 years. As already stated, the increase in the foreign-born population between the two censuses was only 3,174,610. The difference of more than two mil- lions may be assumed to be the approximate number of deaths between 1900 and 1910 of the foreign-born who were enumerated in 1900. It may be assumed that these deaths were much more numerous among persons born in northwestern Europe than among those bom in southern and eastern Europe, because the for- mer were a much larger class and at the same time, having been here much longer, were more advanced in years, and therefore subject to a higher death rate. As a result of these combined influences there has been a decrease in the foreign-bom population from north- western Europe, as compared with a great increase in that derived from southern and eastern Europe. Foreign-born popnlation, by sex. — Table 3 shows, by sex, the foreign-born population of the United States in 1910, classified according to country of birth. Table 3 COtJNTBT OF BIBTH. All foreign countries Austria Belgium Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro Canada, total Fronch other China Cuba and otlier West Indies > Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary FOKEIOK-BORN POPULATION: 1910 Male. Female. 7,667,718 713,456 29,896 19,730 605,956 201,164 404,793 64,968 26,764 109,120 477,320 79,098 65,286 1,337,775 93,447 305,543 6, S46, US 461,518 19,505 1,781 696,681 183,919 414,762 1,788 20,871 72,529 400,399 60,582 62,133 1,163,558 7,835 190,066 Males to 100 fBmales. 131.1 154.6 153.3 1,107.8 101.2 109.4 97.6 3,074.3 128.2 150.5 119.2 156.4 125.2 115.0 1,192.7 160.8 COTTMTBT OF BUTE. Ireland Italy. x Japan Mexico Netherlands (Holland) Norway Portugal Roumania Russia Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey in Asia Turkey in Europe Wales All other countries FOEKION-BORN POPULATION: 1910 Male. 611,556 880,904 60,758 136,677 68,363 230,156 35,815 36,521 927,219 144,659 16,785 369,953 72,726 40,467 28,524 45,397 42,912 Female. 740,695 462,221 6,986 85,238 61,700 173,721 23,545 29,402 675,563 116,417 5,323 295,254 62,122 19,262 3,706 37,091 28,646 Males to 100 females. 82.6 190.6 869.7 160.3 132.2 132.6 152.1 124.2 137.3 124.3 315.3 125.3 139.6 210.1 769.7 122.4 149.8 Except Porto Rico. In the foreign-bom population of the United States as a whole, males greatly outnumber females, the ratio in 1910 being 131.1 males to 100 females. Ireland is the only country shown in the table which has con- tributed a larger number of females than of males to the population of this country, although persons born in Canada of other than French descent showed a slight excess of females over males in 1910, which was more than offset by the excess of males over females among those bom in Canada of French descent. Among persons bom in Bulgaria, Servia, or Montenegro, in China, Greece, Japan, and in Turkey in Europe who resided in the United States in 1910, the males were many times as numerous as the females, and among persons bom in Spain and in • Since the census of 1900 was taken as of June 1 and that of 1910 as of April 15, there have been added to the immigration figures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, those for the month of Jime, 1900; and from the figures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, there have been subtracted those for April, May, and June, 1910. Turkey in Asia the males were more than twice as numerous as the females. In the case of persons from all the countries of southern and eastern Europe from which recent immigration has largely been drawn there was a very marked excess of males. The num- ber of males to 100 females in 1910 was 154.6 for persons bom in Austria, 160.8 for persons bom in Hungary, 190.6 for persons bom in Italy, and 137.3 for persons bom in Russia. There is much less disparity between the sexes in the case of the foreign born from the leading countries of northwestern Europe. These differences accord with the well-known fact that the immigrants of the earlier days, who came mainly from northwestern Europe, came to a large extent in fami- lies and settled permanently in this country, while much of the immigration from southern and eastern Europe consists of single men and of married men who have come only for a temporary stay and have left their families in their home countries. 192 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Population from Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Russia, by mother tongue. — For reasons stated in the Introduction, statistics of mother tongue are pre- sented in detail for persons born in German}^, Austria, Hungary, and Russia. Table 4 shows, for the United States as a whole and its geographic divisions, the number of white persons born in each of the four countries just named who were enumerated in 1910, distinguished according to mother tongue. The only other statistics of mother tongue presented in this chapter relate to persons of Canadian birth, distinction being made, however, only between those speaking French and all others, the latter consisting almost wholly of persons speaking English. This distinction is carried through all the tables giving country of birth. The great bulk of the foreign-born whites from Ger- many speak Grerman (90.4 per cent of the total enumer- ated in 1910), but there are also a considerable number speaking Polish. Among the foreign-bom whites who were born in Austria the most important group con- sists of those speaking Polish, who constituted 28 per cent of the total in 1910, followed by those speaking Bohemian, German, Yiddish and Hebrew, and Slove- nian, in the order named. Of the persons reported as bom in Hungary, 46 per cent gave their mother tongue as Magyar, 21.8 per cent as Slovak, and 14.8 per cent as German, 17.5 per cent reporting other languages. Of the white persons born in Russia, more than one- half (52.3 per cent) gave their mother tongue as Yid- dish (including those reporting Hebrew), which is the prevailing language of the Jews throughout a large part of Europe, while more than a quarter (26.1 per cent) reported Polish as the mother tongue. There were also a considerable number who reported Lithuanian and German, while the number who gave Russian as their mother tongue was comparatively small, only 2.5 per cent of the total. Previous censuses distinguished persons born in Po- land, although Poland is not an independent nation, having been partitioned among Russia, Germany, and Austria. The total number of persons reported at the census of 1900 as bom in Poland was 383,407.^ At the census of 1910 Poland was not distinguished as a country of birth, but the approximate number of persons born in the former kingdom of Poland may be determined from the total number reported as speaking the Polish language who were natives of Germany, Austria, or Russia. Such persons num- bered 937,884, of whom 190,096 were reported as born in Germany, 329,418 as born in Austria, and 418,370 as born in Russia. A few of these were doubt- less born outside the territorial limits of the former * This figure may be an understatement, because of the possi- bility that some of the persons bom in the former kingdom of Poland gave their birthplace as Germany, Austria, or Russia. kingdom of Poland. The returns for 1900 distinguish Russian, German, and Austrian Poland; and on the basis of this distinction, persons reported as bom in Poland have been distributed under Russia, Ger- many, and Austria, respectively, in the comparative tables, but for earlier censuses they have been in- cluded under ''all other countries." Foreign white stock, by country of origin. — The total foreign white stock in the United States in 1910 numbered 32,243,382, of whom 13,345,545, or 41.4 per cent, were foreign born, 12,916,311, or 40.1 per cent, were native whites of foreign parentage, and 5,981,526, or 18.6 per cent, were native whites of mixed parentage. The distribution of this foreign white stock by country of origin is shown in Table 5, on page 194, which distinguishes between the three classes of persons just named, and gives comparative figures for 1900 so far as available. The relative im- portance of the leading countries of origin is shown for 1910 in the diagram below. Table 5, page 194, shows, for example, that in 1910 there were 8,282,618 white persons in the United States having Germany as their country of origin, comprising 2,501,181 who were bom in Germany, 3,911,847 born in the United States both of whose parents were born in Germany, and 1,869,590 born in the United States and having one parent born in the United States and the other in Germany. It will be noted that this total does not include all native white pereons who had one parent born in Germany. In the case of some native whites one parent was born in Germany and the other in some other foreign country; these are included under the designation "persons of mixed foreign parentage," and not with those having Germany as their country of origin. FOREIGN WHITE STOCK, BY JPRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN: 1910. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN 193 WHITE PERSONS BORN IN GERMANY, AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, AND RUSSIA, CLASSIFIED BY MOTHER TONGUE, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 4 COUNTRY OF BIETH AND UOTUEK TONGUE. Gennany German Polisli Yiddish and Hebrew Dutch and Frisian Bobcniian and Moravian. Danish French Lithuanian and Lettish . Slavic (not specified) ' Magyar Russian .Vll other A««trU Pohsh Bohemian and Moravian German. Yiddish and Hebrew Slovenian Croatian Slovak Rnthenian Russian Servian Slavic (not specified ) ' Italian Roumanian Lithuanian and Lettish . Greek All other Bsagary Magyar Slovak German. Yiddish and Hebrew Roumanian Croatian Slovenian Slavic (not specified ) » . . . Sravian Ruthenian Polish Bohemian and Moravian. Russian Bulgarian .\11 other Bnssia ' Yiddish and Helirew Polish Lithuanian and Lettisli . . German Russian Finnish Ruthenian Slovak Slavic (not specified) i Greek Armenian Bohemian and Moravian. Swedish Another tTNTTED STATES. Number. 2,501,181 2,260,256 190,096 7,910 6,510 6,263 5,232 3,131 1,486 564 552 18,483 1,174,984 329,418 219,214 157,917 124,588 117,740 > 68, 602 55,766 < 17,169 13, 781 Ml,6e3 11,196 •10,774 3,399 1,309 839 31,429 4»5,600 227,742 107,954 73,338 19,896 15,679 7 9,050 5,510 6,837 5,018 •4,465 2,637 1,755 1,400 1,352 12,967 l,6tt,7S2 838,193 418,370 137,046 121,638 40,542 i«5,865 »»3,402 1,709 1,658 1,230 945 898 592 30,664 Per cent. 100.0 90.4 7.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 (») (») (*) 0.7 100.0 28.0 18.7 13.4 10.6 10.0 5.8 4.7 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.7 100.0 46.0 21.8 14.8 4.0 3.3 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 2.6 100.0 i 0E06BAPHIC DIVISION. 52.3 26.1 8.6 7.6 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 («) 1.9 New England. 70,261 65,798 2,548 126 231 166 119 6 13 20 356 (•,583 49,615 2,927 5,513 3,179 2,505 313 2,507 676 823 14 196 478 25 66 12 644 U,t07 10,458 4,339 783 351 57 146 241 45 24 50 66 19 47 136 145 US, 0*7 97,292 55,628 29,105 3,578 3,348 1,031 333 97 57 104 167 41 191 1 725 Middle Atlantic. 754,939 693,972 47,609 4,215 1,010 827 550 1,170 448 180 190 211 4,557 563,54* 157,133 34,071 72,027 113,961 52,775 27,081 39,855 14,062 11,382 2,724 8,271 3,588 1,426 933 723 13,534 867,949 123,411 66,420 31,073 16,842 2,909 2,261 3,202 4,870 1,592 3,871 1,971 611 1,038 442 7,436 893,498 East North Central. 921,417 790, COS 115,358 1,740 3,075 2,933 1,233 835 468 257 255 156 4,499 317,468 96,366 96,939 38,262 5,241 33,504 20,933 9,037 1,381 703 4,474 1,764 2,380 1,443 239 19 4,777 West North Central. 486,531 400,563 15,518 365 1,710 1,416 1,803 362 210 82 47 72 4,383 116,881 12,459 55,283 19,298 694 9,182 8,948 1,410 790 597 1,867 176 358 312 62 56 4,784 168,869 I 24,871 75,730 31,500 27,859 2,265 10,342 4,550 1,424 1,743 2,253 460 463 743 238 270 2,419 874,993 560,549 218,894 57,501 14,116 24,581 776 1,908 1,239 1,148 663 88 165 11,581 100,782 105,908 41,267 15,063 5,307 1,817 566 222 249 144 85 140 97 3,346 6,149 2,352 9,900 211 1,603 1,311 287 67 593 46 227 50 159 1,228 118,688 30,880 12,857 3,276 61,454 2,712 340 20 47 126 87 30 5,668 South Atlantic. 63,839 66,645 4,403 305 132 222 36 45 79 8 23 11 1,330 20,278 5,360 5,000 2,935 488 2,252 1,243 1,071 181 138 70 84 64 44 29 11 1,302 10,599 6,231 1,611 1,029 74 352 227 56 79 144 27 27 44 4 58 630 49,141 24,498 14,646 3,509 1,254 1,788 56 71 93 67 45 14 55 4 3,041 East South Ontral. 88,516 27,475 310 ,989 474 338 1,037 183 345 82 71 2 3 6 9 47 1 389 1,748 244 379 24 155 7 11 18 57 2 23 132 8,152 4,602 1,118 98 865 344 10 15 7 24 23 4 28 8 1,006 West South Central. 9,737 65,191 2,539 91 78 370 55 120 65 116 9 12 1,091 27,318 2,099 17,275 4,226 252 1,091 485 130 63 11 19 201 13 20 3 1,425 1,956 817 358 249 12 27 55 19 7 46 4 37 280 14,108 4,023 2,673 633 4,976 363 28 26 3 18 20 15 36 3 1,291 Moun- tain. 42,897 40,870 589 64 128 1-25 199 72 41 33 4 14 758 32,385 3,057 3,446 4,979 173 7,460 5,027 964 28 25 1,216 519 2,933 54 6 6 2,432 4,296 1,620 642 654 45 96 441 126 9 224 8 3 25 6 79 318 18,592 4,807 1,987 424 9,011 558 401 35 15 17 15 81 4 6 1,231 > Reported variously, as Slavish, Slavic, Slavonian, and Slavonic; includes, also, a small number of Wendlsh. • Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. » Includes 4,307 reporting Dalmatian. « Includes 728 reporting Little Russian. » Includes 179 reporting Bosnian, 165 reporting Herzegovinian, and 76 reporting Montenegrin. 72497°— 13 13 ♦ ' Includes 7 reporting Romansh. ' Includes 16 rejwrting Dalmatian. « Includes 14 reporting Little Russian. » Exclusive of Finland. "• Includes 138 reporting Esthonian and 9 reix>rl lag Lappish. " Includes 975 rejwrtlng Little Russian. 194 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. FOREIGN WHITE STOCK, BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN: 1910. Table 5 COUNTEY OF ORIGIN. All foreign countries Austria Belgium Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, Canada — French ' Canada— Other 3 Denmark , England France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands (Holland) Norway Portugal , Roumania Russia and Finland Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey in Asia Turkey in Europe Wales All other countries Of mixed foreign parentage < TOTAL FOEEIGN WHITE STOCK. Number. 1910 82,243,382 2,001,559 89,264 22,685 932,238 1,822,377 400,064 2,322,442 292,389 8,282,618 109,665 700,227 4,504,360 2,098,360 382,002 293,574 979,099 111,122 87,721 2,752,675 659,663 33, 134 1,364,215 301,650 78,631 35,314 248,947 160,295 1,177,092 1900 25,859,834 850,884 830,335 1,637,603 310,127 2,173,741 268,292 7,961,315 (») 218,447 4,826,904 727,844 Per cent. 1910 1900 100.0 8 788,758 8 903,435 594,297 1,082,388 257,426 8 253,045 1,118,841 1,056,152 6.2 0.3 0.1 2.9 6.7 1.2 7.2 0.9 25.7 0.3 2.2 14.0 6.5 1.2 0.9 3.0 0.3 0.3 8.5 2.0 0.1 4.2 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.5 3.7 Per cent ofin- crease;! 1900- 1910 100.0 3.2 6.3 1.2 8.4 1.0 30.8 24.7 12.3 11.3 29.0 6.8 9.0 4.0 0.8 18.7 2.8 220.5 -6.7 188.3 3.0 24.1 3.5 2.3 204.7 11.0 4.2 1.0 26.0 17.2 1.0 4.3 -1.6 FOEEIQN-BORN WHITE. 1910 13,345,545 1,174,924 49,397 21,451 385,083 810,987 181,621 876,455 117,236 2,501,181 101,264 495,600 1,352,155 1,343,070 219,802 120,053 403,858 57,623 65,920 1,732,421 261,034 21,977 665,183 124,834 59,702 32,221 82,479 88,014 1900 10, 213, 817 491,259 29,755 394,461 778,399 153,644 839,830 104,031 2,813,413 8,513 145,709 1,615,232 483,963 101,908 94,922 336,379 29,766 15,032 640, 710 233,473 6,936 581,986 115,581 9,896 93,560 95,459 NATIVE WHITE OF FOREIGN OE MIXED PARENTAGE. Total. 1910 18,897,837 826,635 39,867 1,234 547,155 1,011,390 218,443 1,445,987 175, 153 6,781,437 8,401 204,627 3,152,205 755,290 162,200 173,521 575,241 53,499 21,801 1,020,254 398,629 11, 157 699,032 176,816 18,929 3,093 166,468 72,281 1,177,092 1900 15,646,017 359,625 435,874 859,204 156,483 1,333,911 164,261 6,147,902 (») 72,738 3,211,672 243,881 (») 452,379 8 262,725 360,824 500,402 141,845 («) 159,485 726,654 1,056,152 Both parents bom in country specified. 1910 12,916,311 709,070 26,448 948 330,976 307,291 147,648 592,285 78,937 3,911,847 5,524 191,059 2,141,577 695, 187 107,866 116,331 410,951 41,680 20,707 949,316 175,391 4,387 646,788 90,669 17,480 2,560 84,934 31,362 1,177,092 1900 10,632,280 302,029 265,947 260,471 115, 173 665,461 71,263 3,569,638 (») 66,713 2,244,241 218,750 ?i 349,220 247,581 163,991 414,772 74,961 559,128 1,056,152 One parent bom in country specified, the other in the United States. 1910 5,981,526 117,565 13,419 286 216, 179 704,099 70,795 853,702 96,216 1,869,590 2,877 13,568 1,010,628 60,103 54,334 67,190 164,290 11,819 1,094 70,938 223,238 6.770 152,244 86,147 1,449 533 81,534 40,919 1900 5,013,7o7 57,596 169,927 598,733 41,310 76»,450 92,998 1,578,364 (») 6,025 967.431 25, 131 (2) ■ 103,150 (^) (^) 15,144 196,833 (») 85,630 66,894 (.') 72,58'j 167,626 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 2 Data for 1900 not available; included with "All other countries." » Includes Newfoundland for 1900. * Native whites whose parents were bom In different foreign countries; for example, one parent in Ireland and the other in Scotland. FOREIGN WHITE STOCK, BY PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN: 1910. GERMANY Y/////yw^//w^//y^^y//^^//y/A IRELAND CANADA RUSSIA AND \////y/^{/y//y/)i/yz^ FINLAND ' ^ ■ ^ ENGLAND ITALY AUSTRIA SWEDEN NORWAY HUNGARY SCOTLAND DENMARK WALES y//////\ BORN IN SPECiriED COUNTIIV NATIVE-BOTM PARENTS BORN IN SPECinCO COUNTRY NATIVI-OHE PARBNT BORN IN SPECIFIEO COUNTRY OTHER IN UNITED BTATEe COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 195 Of the total white population of foreign stock in 1910, Germany was the country of origin of 8,282,618, or 25.7 per cent; Ireland of 4,504,360, or 14 per cent; Canada of 8.5 per cent; Russia and Finland of 8.5 per cent; England of 7.2 per cent; Italy of 6.5 per cent; and Austria of 6.2 per cent. These seven countries thus account for over three-fourths of the total. Extraordinary diJfferences appear with respect to the rapidity of increase in the foreign white stock derived from the respective countries. Persons having Ireland and Wales as their countries of origin actually decreased in number from 1900 to 1910. All the other countries for which comparative statistics are presented in the table show an increase in their con- tributions to the foreign white stock of the United States, the rates of increase ranging from 4 per cent in the case of Germany to 188.3 per cent in the case of Italy, 204.7 per cent in the case of Russia and Fin- land, and 220.5 per cent in the case of Hungary. Significant comparisons may be made between the columns in Table 5 showing the number of persons bom in a given country and the columns showing the native whites of foreign parentage and the native whites of mixed parentage who had the same country of origin. The differences among the several countries of origin with respect to the relative magnitude of the figures in the three columns are largely due to differ- ences in the dates at which the greatest immigration from those countries occurred. For example, the great bulk of immigration from Germany took place a considerable time ago, and it is but natural that in the population in 1910 the number of persons born in the United States both of whose parents were born in Ger- many should be greater than the number of persons who were themselves bom in Germany. On the other hand, most of the immigration from Italy has taken place in recent years, and the number of natives of Italy was much greater than the number of persons born in the United States of Italian parents or than the combined number of such persons and those with one American and one Italian parent. In the case of only four of the countries listed did the native whites both of whose parents were bom in the specified country outnumber the persons who were themselves bom there. These four countries are Germany, Ireland, Norway, and Wales. In sev- eral other cases, however, the combined number of native whites of foreign parentage and native whites of mixed foreign and native parentage having a given country of origin exceeded the number of persons themselves born in that country. This is true of Canada, Denmark, England, France, the Netherlands, Scotland, Sweden, and Switzerland. In the case of all the other countries listed (namely, Austria, Belgium, the combined countries of Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Roumania, Russia and Finland, Spain, Turkey in Asia, and Turkey in Europe) the persons themselves born abroad exceeded the natives of foreign and mixed parentage combined. The statistics in Table 5 regarding the country of origin of the native whites of mixed parentage are significant, as indicating indirectly the relative extent of intermarriage between persons born in the several foreign countries and native Americans. There are no census data available showing directly the number of such intermarriages, but the last two columns in Table 5 show the number of surviving children of such intermarriages. In 1910 the total of this class was 5,981,526. Native whites of mixed foreign and native parentage whose foreign parent was bom in Germany numbered 1,869,590; those with the foreign parent bom in Ireland, 1,010,628; in Canada, 920,278; and in England, 853,702. These four groups aggregated 4,654,198, or nearly four-fifths of the total native whites of mixed parentage. It may be noted further, by comparing the number of native whites both of whose parents were foreign born with the number having one parent foreign bom and the other native, that the latter are more numer- ous than the former in the case of five of the countries of origin listed, namely, Canada, England, Scotland, France, and Spain. The diagram on the opposite page shows the total number of persons of foreign white stock in 1910 for each of the principal countries of origin, distinguishing in each case the foreign-bom whites, the native whites of foreign parentage, and the native whites of mixed parentage. DIVISIONS AND STATES. Total foreign born, by divisions. — Table 14, on pages 204-to 207, shows, by geographic divisions, the number of the foreign born of all races combined, distributed according to country of birth, at each census from 1890 to 1910. The table also presents corre- sponding data by states for 1910 and 1900. Table 6 distributes, by percentages, the foreign-bom population of each geographic division at the last two censuses according to country of birth.^ ' A subsequent table (Table 9), which deals with the foreign white stock, distinguishing the foreign-born whites from the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, furnishes an even more con- venient basis for noting the relative importance of the leading countries of birth in contributing to the foreign-bom white popula- tion of the several geographic divisions. Although it relates only to the whites, in the case of most geographic divisions the per- centages are almost the same aa those based upon the total foreign bom of all races. 196 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 6 PER CENT OF TOTAL FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION. COUNTRY OF BIRTH. United States. New Eng- land. Middle Atlantic. East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic. East South Centra!. West South Central. Mountain. I'aciflc. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 Af^ foreign countries 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100 8.7 0.4 8.9 2.8 6.1 0.4 0.4 1.3 6.5 1.0 0.9 18.5 0.7 3.7 10.0 9.9 0.5 1.6 0.9 3.0 0.4 11.9 1.9 0.2 4.9 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.2 4.8 0.3 11.4 3.8 7.6 0.8 0.2 1.5 8.1 0.6 1.0 27.2 0.1 1.4 15.6 4.7 0.2 1.0 0.9 3.3 0.3 5.6 2.3 0.1 5.6 1.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 3.8 0.2 28.8 15.2 13.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 8.5 0.8 0.6 3.9 0.9 0.9 18.3 9.8 h 0.1 0.5 1.9 10.6 2.7 0.1 3.9 0.2 1.5 0.2 1.2 1.6 0.1 35.4 19.1 16.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 9.6 0.4 0.5 5.1 0.1 0.5 26.8 4.2 («) (*) 0.1 0.4 1.2 4.4 2.9 (') 4.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 11.4 0.2 3.1 0.6 2.5 0.1 0.4 0.4 6.3 0.3 0.8 15.6 0.3 5.5 12.7 16.2 (^) (") 0.5 0.7 (») 18.4 1.8 0.1 1.8 0.6 0.5 0.8 1.3 6.3 0.2 4.2 0.9 3.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 8.9 0.2 1.0 25.6 0.1 3.0 21.9 8.8 (*) 0.6 0.5 (^) 9.8 2.4 0.1 2.2 0.8 0.1 1.3 1.0 10.3 0.7 8.9 1.5 7.4 0.1 m 1.4 5.5 1.4 0.6 30.0 0.6 5.3 5.8 4.8 (») 3.2 ^', 1.6 («) 5.8 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.8 5.0 0.6 11.3 2.1 9.2 0.1 C^) 1.5 6.9 0.9 0.8 40.9 0.1 1.0 9.1 2.0 3.8 (») 3.0 1.8 («) 6.5 1.3 (») 0.8 0.6 7.2 0.4 6.4 1.1 5.3 0.1 (2) 4.0 4.3 1.8 0.6 26.4 0.9 1.5 4.9 2.4 0.1 0.7 1.3 12.3 ("-) 7.3 1.3 (') 13.2 1.2 0.4 0.5 1.0 5.0 0.3 8.1 1.4 6.7 0.1 (2) 3.9 5.1 0.8 0.7 32.4 C-) 0.4 7.3 0.7 8 1.1 12.1 (2) 4.3 1.6 (») 13.6 1.4 0.6 0.6 6.8 0.4 2.9 0.3 2.6 0.4 6.1 0.4 7.6 C.2 0.9 21.1 1.5 3.5 9.2 12.8 {■) 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 16.4 2.4 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.1 3.4 0.1 3.2 0.3 2.9 0.8 5.8 0.4 9.4 0.1 1.1 34.4 0.3 1.0 16.9 4.9 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 9.5 3.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.8 1.5 3.4 0.2 4.0 0.4 3.6 0.4 0.0 0.6 8.9 0.2 2.1 32.5 1.6 2.0 11.5 9.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 («) 9.3 2.8 0.2 1.8 3.1 1.9 0.8 1.4 1.7 0.2 3.7 0.5 3.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 9.5 0.1 2.5 41.7 0.2 0.9 18.0 4.0 (») 0.2 0.3 0.5 4.2 3.0 0.2 1.5 3.6 0.2 1.1 1.8 7.8 0.3 2.5 0.3 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 4.3 0.1 2.4 19.8 0.5 0.6 3.4 9.0 0.1 36.6 0.3 0.7 0.1 4.0 1.2 0.5 1.8 1.1 0.9 0.3 0.8 7.6 0.3 2.6 0.4 2.2 0.5 0.3 0.6 5.1 0.1 3.5 27.6 0.1 0.4 5.7 8.4 (=) 26.9 0.2 0.7 0.1 2.8 1.3 0.3 2.1 1.2 0.2 0.3 1.1 7.1 0.2 S.l 1.2 6.9 1.0 0.1 3.8 12.0 2.0 0.9 9.5 2.9 0.9 5.9 7.6 Z3 10.1 0.8 3.3 0.1 4.1 3.3 0.7 7.8 1.5 0.6 1.4 1.8 4.2 0.2 10.7 1.9 8.8 2.5 (») 5.1 16.8 1.8 1.0 11.0 0.1 0.4 9.1 4.7 1.7 7.1 0.4 2.8 0.1 1.5 4.2 0.1 9.5 1.9 0.1 2.2 0.8 3.7 0.3 10.1 0.8 9.3 3.8 0.1 2.6 8.0 2.1 2.2 12.9 1.6 0.6 7.1 8.6 5.6 3.6 0.5 4.7 2.4 3.4 2.5 0.5 7.2 2.3 0.7 0.5 2.3 1.R Belgium 0.3 Canada, total 10.6 French 1.0 Other 9.6 China 9.8 0.1 Denmark 2.6 ■Rnglanrl , . , , 9.5 Finland 1 4 France 2.6 Offin^nj 18.9 Greece 0.1 Hungary 0.2 Ireland ." 10.3 Italy 4,8 Japan 3.4 Mexico 1.5 Netherlands (Holland) 0.4 3.3 Portugal 2.3 1.6 2.8 0.2 Sweden 5.8 Switzerland 2.8 0.1 Wales 0.7 2.1 1 Except Porto Rico. For New England the most important countries of birth of the foreign born enumerated in 1910 were, in the order of their rank, Canada, Ireland, and Russia, each of which contributed over 10 per cent of the total, followed by Italy and England. For the Middle Atlantic division they were Russia, Italy, Germany, Ireland, and Austria. For the East North Central divi- sion they were Grermany and Austria, each of which eontributed over 10 per cent, followed by Canada and Russia, each with 8.9 per cent. For the West North Central division the most important countries of birth were Germany, Sweden, Norway, and Russia. For the Mountain division the leading positions were occu- pied by England, Mexico, and Germany, and for the Pacific division by Germany, Canada, and Italy. In neither of these two western divisions was any one country of birth i-epresented by as much as one-sixth of the total foreign-bom population. In the three southern divisions the total number of foreign born was comparatively small. Persons born in Germany occupied the leading place in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions, and those born in Me^iico in the West South Central division. Marked differences appear among the natives of different foreign countries with respect to the sections of the United States to which the greatest numbers have gone. These differences are most clearly brought out by Table 7, which shows, by percentages, the distribution of the persons born in each foreign country according to the geographic divisions in » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. which they were living at the census of 1910. For comparison the distribution of the total foreign-bom population and also that of the total population are shown. In view^ of the very large foreign-born population of the Middle Atlantic division, it is natural that that division should contain more of the pei-sons from many of the countries specified than any other divi- sion. Of the natives of Austria in the United States in 1910, 47.1 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic di^'ision and 27 per cent in the East North Central. Of persons born in Canada, 43.7 per cent were in New England and 22.7 per cent in the East North Central division. Of those from England, 34.9 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic di\Tsion, 19.4 per cent in the East North Central, and 17.8 per cent in New England; the distribution of persons born in Scotland was very similar. Of the natives of Germany, 36.8 per cent were in the East North Central division, 30.2 per cent in the ]VIiddle Atlantic, and 17.1 i)er cent in the West North Central. Many of the earlier German immigrants went to the farms of these geo- graphic divisions. Of persons born in Hungary, 54.1 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic division (many of them in the mining regions of Pennsylvania) and 32.7 per cent in the East North Central. Of pei-sons born in Ireland, 45.5 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic division, 24.7 per cent in New England, and 13.3 per cent in the East North Central division. A decided concentration appears in the case of na- COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 197 tives of Italy, no less than 58.4 per cent in 1910 being in the Middle Atlantic division, 13.4 per cent in New England, and 10.9 per cent in the East North Central division. Of persons born in Russia, 55.7 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic division, 17.2 per cent in the East North Central, and 12 per cent in New England. The natives of the Scandinavian countries have largely gone to the farming regions of the Middle West. Of those born in Norway, 49.2 per cent in 1910 were in the West North Central division and 24.6 per cent in the East North Central, and of those born in Sweden, 32.1 per cent were in the West North Central and 26.8 per cent in the East North Central. The distribution of those born in Denmark is similar. Of the European immigrants, those born in Portugal show the most un- equal distribution, nearly all of them being found in the New England and Pacific divisions. The natives of China and Japan have settled chiefly in the Pacific division. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BORN IN THE LEADING FOREIGN COUNTRIES, BY DIVISION OF RESIDENCE: 1910. Table 7 PER CENT or TOTAL NWBBB OF PERSONS BORN IN SPECDIED COXmiRY: 1910 DIVISION. Total popula- tton. Total foreign bom. Austria. Bel- gtom. Canada. China. Cuba and other West Indies." Den- mark. land. Fhi- land. France. Ger- many. Greece. Hub- gary. Ire- land. United States 100.0 7.1 21.0 19.8 12.7 13.3 9.1 9.6 2.9 4.6 100.0 13.5 35.9 22.7 12.0 2.2 0.6 2.6 3.4 7.1 100.0 5.9 47.1 27.0 9.9 1.7 0.3 2.3 2.8 3.0 100.0 6.6 21.5 46.4 12.4 2.3 0.3 1.9 2.0 6.6 100.0 43.7 12.3 22.7 8.5 0.7 0.3 0.7 3.0 8.0 100.0 4.0 12.1 4.4 1.8 2.2 0.6 1.8 8.3 64.4 100.0 6.5 45.1 2.3 1.3 38.6 1.0 2.3 0.6 2.3 100.0 4.2 11.4 23.6 35.2 0.7 0.3 1.2 9.5 13.9 100.0 17.8 34.9 19.4 7.9 2.6 0.9 1.7 6.2 8.7 100.0 lag 9.9 315 22.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 7.1 15.1 100.0 9.3 33.8 16.2 8.2 2.4 1.6 7.1 3.6 17.8 100.0 2.8 30.2 36.8 17.1 2.5 1.1 2.8 1.7 4.9 100.0 16.6 15.7 17.7 13.8 4.6 1.4 1.7 13.1 15.5 100.0 3.4 54.1 32.7 4.0 2.1 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.1 100 24.7 Middle A'tlantic 49 5 East North Central 13 3 Wpst North Central 5.8 South Atlantic 2.0 East South Central .'. 0.7 West South Central 0.9 2.0 Pacific 5.0 DIVISION. Italy. Japan. Mexico. Nether- lands (Hol- land). Nor- way. Portu- gal. Russia. Soot- land. Spain. Swe- den. Switz- erland. Turkey. Wales. All other eoun- trles. XTnited States 100.0 13.4 58.4 10.9 2.8 2.9 0.6 2.4 2.6 6.1 100.0 0.4 2.3 0.7 1.5 0.2 («) 0.6 15.1 79.2 100.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 4.9 0.1 0.1 58.1 20.6 15.3 100.0 1.8 22.1 49.7 17.5 0.6 0.3 0.8 3.1 4.2 100.0 2.1 8.1 24.6 49.2 0.4 0.1 0.6 3.7 11.2 100.0 67.1 1.7 0.9 0.1 0.3 (') 0.3 0.9 38.6 100.0 12.0 55.7 17.2 7.4 3.1 0.5 0.9 1.2 2.1 100.0 18.5 34.1 18.7 8.4 2.7 1.0 1.6 5.8 9.3 100.0 5.2 20.0 2.8 3.1 22.5 0.9 7.3 14.3 23.0 100.0 10.6 13.2 26.8 32.1 0.4 0.2 1.0 5.3 10.3 100.0 3.0 25.1 26.6 15.4 1.7 2.2 .3.0 5.6 17.5 100.0 29.3 26.6 16.6 7.5 4.8 1.8 3.5 2.8 7.0 100.0 4.5 46.0 22.1 9.5 2.4 0.9 1.1 7.5 6.0 100 New England 13.5 Middle Atlantic 38.4 East North Central 14.7 West North Central 9.8 South Atlantic 2.1 East South Central 6.8 West South Central 1.8 Mountain 5.2 Pacific 13.7 1 Except Porto Rioo. Table 8 shows, by geograpliic divisions, the number of foreign-born persons reported at the censuses of 1910 and 1900 classified into three groups: (1) Those bom in northwestern Europe; (2) those bom in southern and eastern Europe; and (3) those bom in all other foreign countries. There are conspicuous differences among the geo- graphic divisions with respect to the proportions which these tlu'ee groups of countries have contributed to the foreign-bom population. In the New England division, for example, in 1910 only 39.4 per cent of the foreign bom were from northwestern Europe, while 29.3 per cent were from southern and eastern Europe and 31.3 per cent from other countries, mainly Canada. On the other hand, in the West North Central division 70.4 per cent of the foreign born were from northwestern Europe, 21.9 per cent from south- ern and eastern Europe, and only 7.7 per cent from all other countries. The proportion from southern and eastern Europe was conspicuously high in the Middle Atlantic division, 53.4 per cent. The proportion from non-European countries was highest in the West South Central division, where there are considerable ' Less than onc-tcn'th of 1 per cent. numbers of Mexicans in foreign-bora population. the comparatively small Table 8 NCMBEE. United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... West South Central.. . Mountain Pacific PER CENT OP TOTAL FOREIGN BORN. TTnited States.... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central.... Mountain Pacific PERSONS BORN IN— Northwestern Europe. 1910 740,400 719,793 053,472 794,003 137,573 135,047 57,466 127,060 229,239 486,747 49.9 39.4 42.3 58.4 70.4 45.0 65.4 36.1 50.6 50.9 1900 7,016,311 730,461 2,187,470 1,998,541 1,226,223 148,576 74,406 130,049 193,640 326,845 67.8 50.5 65.9 76.1 80.01 82.2 48.7 64.1 eo.o Sontbemand eastern Europe. 1910 1900 5,048, 534, 2,588, 986, 354, 131, 23, 80, 122, 226, 37.4 29.3 53.4 32.1 21.9 43.8 26.9 22.8 27.0 23 1,832, 184, 949, 310, 173, 43, 10, 53, 39, 68, 17.7 12.8 28.6 11.8 11.3 20.0 11. « 19.9 13.1 12.5 All other foreign countries.' 1910 1,726, 570; 209, 293, 124, 33, 6, 144, 101, 242, 12.8 31.3 4.3 9.5 7.7 11.2 7.6 41.1 22.4 25.4 1000 ,492,071 .530,080 180,649 316,599 133,049 24,302 5,687 83,756 68,717 149,232 14.4 36.7 5.4 12.1 8.7 11.2 6.3 31.4 22.8 27.4 ' Includes a few persons reported as bom in Europe, country not specified. 198 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. More than half of the total number of southern and eastern Europeans in the United States in 1910 resided in the Middle Atlantic division, and more than four-fifths of them were in the Middle Atlantic, New England, and East North Central divisions, taken together. On the other hand, less than one- half of the northwestern Europeans were in the Middle Atlantic division, and the three divisions just named, taken together, contained a Uttle more than two-thirds of the total number. Foreign white stock, by divisions. — Table 13, pages 202 and 203, shows, for 1910, by geographic divisions, the total foreign white stock of each country of origin, distinguishing between white persons themselves foreign born and native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. The principal facts brought out in Table 13 are shown more clearly in Table 9, in which the principal coun- tries of origin of the foreign white stock of each geo- graphic division are arranged in order of importance. Xable 9 DIVISION AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. New England Canada Ireland England Russia Italy Germany Sweden Austria Scotland Portugal Middle Atlantic ■Germany Ireland Bussia Italy Austria England Hungary Canada Scotland Sweden East North Central Germany Ireland Canada. Austria England Bussia Sweden Norway Italy Hungary West North Central Germany Norway Sweden Ireland Canada Austria England , Bussia Denmark Scotland South Atlantic Germany Ireland Bussia England Italy FOREIGN WHITE STOCK: 1910 Total. Number. 3,867,095 1,104,384 978,352 320,834 291,618 277,361 176,945 126,471 107,127 97,740 53,721 10,417,491 2,222,900 1,922,099 1,382,493 1,229,462 873,467 752,940 389,738 323,875 211,237 160,268 8,175,654 ,172, 706, 679, 556, 503, 424, 365, 246, 226, 214, 4,827,934 1,601,182 543,681 491,949 369,020 296,219 256,972 245,227 232,940 150,465 73,652 730,398 226,285 111,597 82,203 64,317 55,206 Per cent. 100.0 28.6 25.3 8.3 7.5 7.2 4.6 3.3 2.8 2.5 1.4 100.0 21.3 18.5 13.3 11.8 8.4 7.2 3.7 3.1 2.0 1.5 100.0 38. 8.6 8.3 6.8 6.2 5.2 4.5 3.0 2.8 2.6 100.0 33.2 11.3 10.2 7.6 6.1 5.3 5.1 4.8 3.1 1.5 100.0 31.0 15.3 11.3 8.8 7.6 Foreign- bom white. Num- ber. 1,814,386 524,015 334,475 155,675 192,697 179,428 70,261 70,774 69,583 48,413 32,453 4,826,179 754,939 615,717 893,498 783,758 553,546 305,826 267,949 146,971 88,975 87,717 3,067,220 921,417 179,257 270,286 317,462 170,131 274,993 178,138 99,190 146,824 162,259 1,613,231 426, 198, 213, 78, 101, 116, 69, 118, 63, 21, 290,555 63,239 27,471 49, 141 22,582 38,277 Per cent 100.0 2,052,709 28.9 18.4 8.6 10.6 9.' 3.' 3. 3.: 2. 1. 100.0 Native white of foreign or mixed parentage. Num- ber. 580,369 643,877 165,159 98,921 97,933 106,684 55,697 37,544 49,327 21,268 5,591,312 ,467,961 ,306,382 488,995 445,704 319,921 447,114 121,789 176,904 122,262 72,551 100.0 5,108,434 100.0 100.0 21.8 9.5 16.9 7.8 13.2 2,250, 527, 408, 239, 333, 149, 187, 140, 79, 52, 3,214,703 1,174, 344, 278, 290, 194, 140, 176, 114, 86, 51, 439,843 163,046 84,126 33,062 41,735 16,929 Per cent. 100.0 28.3 31.4 8.0 4.8 4.8 5.2 2.7 1.8 2.4 1.0 100.0 26.3 23.4 8.7 8.0 5.7 8.0 2.2 3.2 2.2 1.3 100.0 44.1 ljO.3 8.0 4.7 6.5 2.9 3.7 2.9 1 1.0 100.0 36.5 10.7 8.7 9.0 6.0 4.4 5.5 3.6 2.7 1 100.0 37.1 19.1 7.5 9.5 3.8 PER CENT OF TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE STOCK CONSISTING OF— •-■'3 «5 03 3 Pi 46.9 47.4 34.2 48.5 66.1 64.7 39.7 56.0 65.0 49.6 60.4 46.3 34.0 32.0 64.6 63.7 63.4 40.6 68.8 45.4 42.1 54.7 37.5 29.0 25.4 39.8 57.0 33.8 64.8 48.8 40.3 64.9 75.5 33.4 26.6 36.6 43.4 21.3 34.4 45.3 28.1 50.9 42.5 29.6 27.9 24.6 59.8 35.1 69.3 53.1 52.6 65.8 51.5 33.9 35.3 60.3 44.0 35.0 50.5 39.6 53.7 66.0 68.0 35.4 36.3 36.6 59.4 31.2 54.6 57.9 45.3 62.5 71.0 74.6 60.2 43.0 66.2 35.2 51.2 59.7 35.1 24.5 66.6 73.4 63.4 56.6 78.7 65.6 54.7 71.9 49.1 57.5 70.4 60.2 72.1 75.4 40.2 64.9 30.7 DIVISION AND COXmTRY OF ORIGIN. South Atlantic— Con. Austria Scotland Cubaand.otherW.Indies' Canada Hungary. East South Central Germany Ireland England Italy Bussia Canada Scotland Switzerland. France Austria West South Central Germany. Mexico. . . Austria. . . Italy Ireland... England.. Bussir. — France. . . Canada.... Sweden.. Mountain England . . Germany. . Ireland Canada.... Mexico Sweden... Italy Austria... Denmark . Russia Faclflc . Germany. Ireland Canada England.. Italy Sweden... Norway. . . Scotland.. Bussia Portugal. . FOREIGN WHITE STOCK: 1910 Total. Number. 33,320 21,692 21,475 2.9 19,128 14,154 301,834 125,572 51,346 26,230 14,838 14,118 8,737 8,736 7,872 6,888 5,461 954,042 275,451 237,893 67,376 63,645 59,331 53,203 29,799 29,549 25,819 16,498 1,053,831 171,028 134,967 93,697 86,748 78,029 73,329 50,562 49,228 48,377 30,389 1,915,103 347,219 212,178 210,566 184,678 126^013 120,748 83,305 56,843 53,965 52,369 Per cent. 4.6 3.0 2.6 1.9 100.0 41.6 17.0 8.7 4.9 4.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.3 1.8 100.0 28.9 24.9 7.1 6.7 6.2 5.6 3.1 3.1 2.7 1.7 100.0 16.2 12.8 8.9 8.2 7.4 7.0 4.8 4.7 4.6 2.9 100.0 18.1 11.1 11.0 9.6 6.6 6.3 4.3 3.0 2.8 2.7 Foreign- bom white. Num- ber. 20,272 7,143 11,229 8,488 10,599 86,857 28,516 32.8 10,123 7,776 8,181 8,152 3,427 2,503 2,748 1,829 2. — 348,759 69,737 127,984 27,318 31,686 11,985 15,014 14,108 8,242 8,554 6,460 Per cent. 7.0 2.5 3.9 2.9 3.6 100.0 11.7 9.0 9.4 9.4 3.9 2.9 3.2 2.1 3.4 100.0 20.0 36.7 7.8 9.1 3.4 4.3 4.0 2.4 2.5 1.9 436,910100.0 54,349j 12.4 42,897 ' 26,872 36, 172 45,159 35,482 34,432 32,325 17,230 18,592 6.2 8.3 10.3 8.1 7.9 7.4 3.9 4.3 861,448100.0 123,644 67,648 96,182 76,075 82,250 68,504 45,158 24,181 32,889 22,775 Native white of foreign or mixed parentage. Num- ber. 13,048 14,549 10,246 10,640 3,555 214,977 97,056 41,223 18,454 6,657 5,966 5,310 6,233 6,124 5,059 2,472 605,283 205,714 109,909 40,058 31,959 47,346 38,189 15,691 21,307 17,265 10,038 616,921 116,679 92,070 66,825 50,576 32,870 37,847 16,130 16,903 31,147 11,797 Per cent. 3.0 3.3 2.3 2.4 0.8 100.0 45.1 19.2 8.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.4 1.1 100.0 34.0 18.2 6.6 5.3 7.8 6.3 2.6 3.5 2.9 1.7 100.0 18.9 14.9 10.8 8.2 5.3 6.1 2.6 2.7 5.0 1.9 1,063,655100.0 223,575 144,530 114,384 108,603 43,763 52,244 38, 147 32,662 21,076 29,594 21.2 13.7 10.9 10.3 4.2 5.0 3.6 3.1 2.0 2.8 PER CENT OF TOTAL FOREIGN WHITE STOCK CONSISTING OF— 1 Except Porto Rico. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 199 It wiU be noted that the order in which the countries rank as contributors to the foreign-bom white popu- lation, taken by itself, is not always the same as the order in which they rank as contributors to the total foreign white stock. Germany ranlcs first as country of origin of the foreign white stock in all the geo- graphic divisions except the New England and Moun- tain divisions, where first place is held by Canada and England, respectively. The second place is occupied by Ireland in the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, and Pacific divisions ; by Norway in the West North Central; by Mexico in the West South Central; and by Germany in the Mountain division. Table 9 shows also, for each country of origin, the pro- portion of the total foreign white stock which consists, respectively, of white persons themselves bom abroad and of native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. The differences in the relative importance of these two classes which appear in the statistics already presented for the United States as a whole usually appear also in the statistics for each geographic division. In the case of the stock derived from the countries from wliich most of the earlier immigration came, there are usually more natives of foreign or mixed parentage than per- sons themselves foreign bom, while the opposite is the case with respect to the stock derived from countries from which immigration has chiefly been drawn during recent years. Table 10 gives percentages computed from Table 13, showing the distribution of the foreign white stock from each country of origin among the several geographic divisions. The percentages in this table bear a general similarity to those in Table 7, which shows the distri- bution of the persons themselves born abroad. This is naturally the case, since most of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage having a given country of origin reside in the sections of the country in which their parents settled. Foreign born and foreign white stock, by states. — Table 14, pages 204 to 207, shows, for 1910 and 1900, the number of the foreign bom in each state classified according to country of birth, while Table 15, pages 208 and 209, shows, for 1910, the number of the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage classified according to the country of birth of the foreign-born parent or parents. In the case of most countries of origin, the approximate total foreign white stock resident in a given state may be obtained by adding the figures in Table 14 to those in Table 15, since in most cases the total number of for- eign born from a given country is practically the same as the number of foreign-born whites from that country. Table 10 DIVISION or RESIDENCE. PER CENT or rOBEiaN WHITE STOCK WITH SPECIFIED COUNTRY OT ORIGIN: 1910 Total pop- ula- tion. Total for. eign white stock. O flO 5 ° m United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific 100.0 7.1 21.0 19.8 12.7 13.3 9.1 9.6 2.9 4. 100.0 12.0 32.3 25.4 15.0 2.3 0.9 3.0 3.3 5.9 100.0 65.4 &2 15.6 6.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.4 2.2 100.0 27.2 13.6 29.3 12.9 0.9 0.4 1.2 4.0 10.4 100.0 3.5 9.1 23.1 37.6 0.6 0.3 1.5 IZl 12 1 100.0 13.8 32.4 21.7 10.6 2.8 1.1 2.3 7.4 8.0 100.0 10.1 8.3 36.0 24.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 6.7 14.2 100.0 6.5 28.3 21.7 11.2 2.6 2.4 10.1 3.4 13.8 100. 0| 2.1 26.8 38.3 19.3 2.7 1.5 3.3 1.6 4.2 100.0 16.5 16.4 18.2 13.3 4.8 1.5 2.0 12.3 14.9 100.0 3. 55.7 30.7 5.0 2.0 0.4 a 0.9 1.1 100.0 21.7 42.7 15.7 8.2 2.5 1.1 1.3 2.1 4.7 100.0 1.3 19.8 52.3 18.7 0.5 0.4 0.8 2.5 3.7 100.0 1.4 3.1 25.1 55.5 0.3 0.1 0.7 3.3 8.5 100.0 11.5 54.4 16.7 9.2 3.2 0.6 1.2 1.2 2.1 100.0 14.8 32.0 20.1 11.2 3.3 1.3 2.3 6.4 100.0 9.3 11.7 26.8 36.1 0.4 0.3 1.2 5.4 100.0 2.2 20.3 31.1 18.9 1.7 2.6 3.4 5.4 14.4 100.0 3.3 43.9 23.4 11.3 2.3 1.0 1.2 8.0 5.5 TJBBAN AND RUBAL COMMTTNITIES. Table 11 shows, for 1910, for the United States as a whole, the number of persons born in each of the lead- ing foreign countries, clavssified as resident in urban or in mra] communities, with corresponding percentages. Urban communities, as defined by the Census Bureau, include all cities and other incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more, including New England towns of that population. The foreign bom from most countries have settled mainly in urban communities. While considerably less than half (46.3 per cent) of the total population of the United States in 1910 was urban, 72.1 per cent of the foreign-born population was urban. There are, however, striking differences in this respect among the natives of the several foreign countries. In 1910 more than five-sixths of those from Roumania, the West Indies, Russia, Turkey in Asia, and Ireland resided in urban communities, while more than three-fourths of those from Canada who were of French descent, and of those from Turkey in Europe, Italy, and Hungary were urban, and more than seven-tenths of those from China, England, Scotland, Austria, and Greece. On the other hand, less than half of the foreign born from Mexico, Norway, Denmark, and Japan were in urban communities, and the proportion was comparatively low also in the case of persons bom in Finland, in Bulgaria, Servia, or Montenegro, in Switzerland, and in the Netherlands. Of natives of Germany — the most important class in the foreign- 200 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. bom population — almost exactly two-thirds lived in urban communities. In general, the immigrants from the countries of southern and eastern Europe, who have come mainly during recent years, have settled in cities to a greater extent than the immigrants from northwestern Europe, most of whom came at an earlier period. The Irish, however, although most of them came at an earher period, have manifested a conspicuous preference for urban life. Table 11 COUNTRY OF BIRTH. All foreisn countries Austria Belgium Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro Canada— French Canada— Other China Cuba and other West Indies > Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland TOREIQN-BORN POPULATION: 1910 Urban. 9,745,697 850,507 29,449 10,958 313, 184 667,801 41,936 42,977 87,762 637,105 64,810 82,078 1,669,316 72,290 383,297 1,144,997 Rural. 3,770,189 324,466 19,951 10,553 71,899 251,753 14,820 4,658 93,897 240,614 64,870 35,340 832,018 28,992 112,312 207,254 Per cent urban. 72.1 72.4 59.6 50.9 81.3 69.3 73.9 90.2 48.3 72.6 50.0 66.7 71.4 77.3 84.7 Per cent rural. 27.9 27.6 40.4 49.1 18.7 30.7 26.1 9.8 51.7 27.4 50.0 30.1 33.3 28.6 22.7 15.3 COUNTRY OF BIRTH. Italy Japan Mexico Netherlands (Holland) Norway Portugal Roumania Russia Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey in Asia Turkey in Europe Wales All other countries FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION: 1910 Urban. 1,049,390 32,908 75,947 65,880 170,615 41,335 60,593 1,393,965 189,090 14,640 402,815 67,299 51,789 25,628 54,418 50,929 Rural. 293,735 34,836 145,968 54,183 233,262 18,025 5,330 208,817 71,986 7,468 262,392 57,649 7,940 6,602 28,070 20,629 Per cent urban. 78.1 48.6 34.2 54.9 42.2 69.6 91.9 87.0 72.4 66.2 60.6 53.9 79.5 66.0 71.2 Per cent rural. 21.9 51.4 65.8 45.1 57.8 30.4 8.1 13.0 27.6 33.8 39.4 46.1 13.3 20.5 34.0 28.8 Except Porto Rico. Table 12 shows, by geographic divisions, the num- ber of the foreign born from each of the leading for- eign countries living in urban and rural communities, respectively, together with the percentage urban. It should, of course, be borne in mind that there are great differences among the divisions with respect to the percentage of urban dwellers in the total population, which for comparison is also shown in the table. PRINCIPAL CITIES. Table 16, page 210, shows, for 1910 and 1900, the foreign-born population of each city of 250,000 inhab- itants or more, distributed according to country of bu*th, while Table 17, pages 211 to 213, gives similar data, for 1910 only, for cities having from 25,000 to 250,000 inhabitants. The tables bring out striking differences among the cities with respect to the rela- tive importance of the different countries in con- tributing to the foreign-born population. Table 16 also shows that many striking changes occurred be- tween 1900 and 1910. New York City in 1910 contained one-nineteenth of the total population of the United States and about one-seventh of the total foreign-born population. Of the 1,944,357 residents of the city who were born abroad, 484,193 were natives of Russia, 340,770 of Italy, 278,137 of Germany, 252,672 of Ireland, and 190,246 of Austria, no other country being repre- sented by as many as 100,000. Of the 783,428 foreign-born residents of Chicago in 1910, 182,289 were born in Germany, 132,063 in Austria, 121,786 in Russia, 65,965 in Ireland, and 63,035 in Sweden, less than 50,000 being natives of any other single country. The following tabular statement names for each of the cities having over 250,000 inhabitants m 1910 the two countries having the largest representation among the foreign-born population: Baltimore Boston Buffalo Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Detroit Jersey City . . . Los Angeles... Milwaukee . . . Minneapolis . . New Orleans. New York Newark Philadelphia . Pittsburgh . . . St. Louis San Francisco Washington . . LEADINQ COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN OF FOBEiaN - BOEN POPULA- TION: 1910 First. Germany Ireland . . Germany Germany Germany Austria.. Germany Germany Germany Germany Sweden. - Italy Russia... Germany Russia. . . Germany Germany Germany Ireland . . Second. Russia. Canada. Canada. Austria. Hungary. Germany. Canada. Ireland. Canada. Russia. Norway. Germany. Italy. Russia. Ireland. Russia. Russia. Irdand. Germany. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 201 PERSONS BORN IN THE LEADING FOREIGN COUNTRIES, RESIDING IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 12 COXn«TRY OF BIRTH. NEW ENOLAMD. Urban. Rnral Total population . . . Total foreign bora Austria Canada— French Canada— Other Denmark Ellwand Finland France Germany Greece Hongary Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands (Holland) . . . Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales 5,455,345 1,097,336 1,688,187 63,875 253,256 211,306 6,650 146,068 11,802 «,W8 64,479 16,616 1S,«S4 330,533 168,703 lao 2,028 7,732 184,280 44,963 64,698 3, lis 3,147 U8,S23 5,708 24,901 36,778 1,039 9,874 2,337 946 5,788 MS 973 13,953 10,727 18 116 716 8,419 3,486 6,a» m 566 MIDDLE ATUNnC. Urban. Rural 13,723,373 5,592,519 4,073,U1 422,703 16,761 94,120 16,798 244,792 10,999 31,945 644,737 14,741 199,833 538,382 651,256 729 18,232 29,977 823,527 70,834 68,215 35,190 39,649 778,062 130,834 10,251 27.237 3,S39 61,568 1,814 7,770 110,256 1,152 68,118 77,374 132,511 76 8,349 2,707 69,961 18,161 19,504 6,166 8,272 EAST NORTH CENTB AL. Urban. Rural 9,617,271 2,195,174 WEST NORTH CENTRAL. 8,633,350 878,592 264,659 27,132 143,786 25,293 110,574 16,830 11,401 616,208 15,476 140,743 140,681 111,023 470 37,011 50,136 247,067 83,628 123,814 16,617 11,752 52,810 19,482 82,740 17,582 59,615 26,612 7,614 306,235 2,440 21,518 38,585 35,805 450 23,650 49,066 27,926 15,068 54,326 16,613 6,507 Urban. Rural. 3,873,716 633,869 50,780 7,986 36,547 17,350 32,585 11,517 4,217 153,327 7,436 16,335 44,717 24,246 3,440 3,351 47,082 53,513 9,758 83,636 7,090 2,620 SOTHB ATLANTIC. Urban. Rural 7,764,205 3,092,153 9,102,742 882, 82S 198,996 65,507 0,984 48,382 46,560 36,467 18,075 5,468 273,212 6,553 7,937 33,897 13,992 7,387 17,669 151,704 65,171 12,069 129,895 12,061 5,220 10,736 458 4,603 601 13,256 159 1,733 45,261 3,386 2,870 20,793 19,137 203 357 846 40,701 3,650 1,686 1,047 885 100,998 9,548 305 3.315 575 9,555 293 1,028 17.996 1,244 7,730 6,692 19, 147 39 273 623 8,448 3,495 1,298 1,029 1.122 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Urban. Rural 1,574,229 58,534 1,518 202 2,032 247 4,685 43 1,083 20,325 1,187 1,085 7,475 4,602 116 207 256 6,782 1,399 732 1,352 362 6,835,672 29,291 1,472 129 1,140 310 3,121 122 750 8,198 210 657 2,649 3,581 110 172 243 1,371 1,104 866 1,396 Table 12— Continued. COUNfllT OF BIKTH. Total population . . . Total foreign bom Austria Canada— French Canada— Other Denmark England Finland France Oermany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands (Holland)... Norway Russia Scotland Sweden Switzerland Wales WEST SOVTB CENTRAL. Urban. 1,957,456 6,827,078 US,7S5 4,633 536 4,001 883 8,485 139 5,554 25,948 1,280 664 8,124 14,647 42,156 878 1,070 6,m 2,038 2,330 1,471 401 Rural. tu,a7 22,091 509 3,624 1,363 6,599 172 2,748 43,813 473 1,293 3,870 17,039 86,761 534 1,437 7,400 2,115 4,143 2,397 495 MotniTAor. Urban. 947,511 179,668 10,838 2,099 14,202 6,187 25,066 3,329 1,653 19,632 3,993 1,727 14,599 10,268 12,447 1,781 5,157 8,578 6,533 15,736 3,338 2,654 Rural. Urban. 1,686,006 373,660 21,490 3,177 17,134 11,044 29,288 5,825 2,614 23,266 9,276 2,569 13,274 24,165 33,346 1,886 9,972 10,016 8,621 19,749 4,632 3,503 2,382,329 581, 4» 20,745 4,805 57,205 13,643 51,604 9,992 14,504 79,398 8,266 4.106 49,603 45,506 16,266 3,535 38,360 22,807 16,298 42,138 9,061 2,948 Rnnl. 1,800,975 374,399 14,406 3,161 31,397 11,585 24,527 9,620 6,402 44,255 7,396 1,518 17,960 36,768 17,772 2,544 16,794 10,085 7,885 26,372 12,740 2,029 PER CENT or PERSONS BORN IN SPECIFIED COUNTET AND LIVINQ IN SPEaFIED DmSION WHO UVE IX URBAN COMMUNITIES. New Ian no. M.4 91.8 91.0 85.2 86.5 93.7 83.5 91.3 91.8 98.5 94.3 95.8 94.0 87.0 94.6 91.5 95.6 92.9 91.2 83.8 85.0 Mid- dle At* lantic 71.0 84.0 76.4 62.1 77.6 81.4 79.9 85.8 80.4 85.4 92.8 74.6 87.4 83.1 90.6 68.6 91.7 92.2 79.6 77.8 80.4 78.2 East North Cen- tral. 52.7 71.4 83.4 58.2 63.5 59.0 65.0 38.7 60.0 66.9 86.4 86.7 78.5 75.6 50.6 62.0 50.5 89.8 60.0 60.5 50.0 64.4 33.3 ! 25.4 39.8 43.7 44.3 43.0 27.1 47.2 38.9 43.5 35.9 53.2 67.3 56.9 63.4 31.8 15.9 23.7 45.1 44.7 39.2 37.0 33.4 66.3 52.9 60.0 58.1 54.6 58.1 35.2 62.8 71.6 73.1 27.1 75.7 50.0 83.9 56.7 57.6 82.8 51.1 56.5 50.4 44.1 East South Cen- tral. 18.7 66.6 50.8 61.0 63.9 44.3 60.0 26.1 59.1 71.3 85.0 62.3 73.8 56.2 51.3 54.6 51.3 83.2 55.9 45.8 49.2 49.7 West South Cen- tral. 22.3 39.4 17.0 51.3 52.5 39.6 56.3 44.7 66.9 37.2 73.2 33.9 67.7 46.2 32.7 41.4 42.7 47.6 49.1 35.9 39.0 44.8 Moun- tain. Pa- dflc. 50.8 39.6 33.5 39.8 45.3 35.9 46.1 36.4 38.7 45.8 30.1 40.2 54.3 29.8 27.2 48.6 34.1 46.1 43.1 44.3 33.5 43.1 60.8 59.0 60.3 64.6 54.1 67.8 50.9 (i9.4 64.2 52.8 73.0 73.5 55.3 47.8 49.9 62.8 69.3 67.4 61.5 41.6 50.2 202 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. FOREIGN WHITE STOCK BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 13 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. AU foreign countries 32, 243, 382 UNITED STATES. Total foreign white stock. Number. -Austria Belgium Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro. Canada — French , Canada — Other Ouba and other West Indies '. Denmark England Finland France Germany. Greece Hungary. Ireland . . . Italy Mexico Netherlands (Holland). Norway Portuj^ Koumania Russia Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland . Ttttkey in Asia Turkey in Europe Wales All other coim tries Of mixed foreign parentage s. 2,001,559 89,264 22,685 932,238 1,822,377 41,842 400,064 2,322,442 211,026 292,389 8,282,618 109,665 700,227 4,504,360 2,098,360 382,002 293,574 979,099 111,122 87,721 2,541,649 659,663 33,134 1,364,215 301,650 78,631 35,314 248,947 118,453 1,177,092 Per cent. 100.0 6.2 0.3 0.1 2.9 5.7 0.1 1.2 7.2 0.7 0.9 25.7 0.3 2.2 14 6.5 1.2 0.9 3.0 0.3 0.3 7.9 2.0 0.1 4.2 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.4 3.7 Foreign- born white. 13,345,545 1,174,924 49,397 21,451 385,083 810,987 23,169 181,621 876, 455 129,669 117,236 2,501,181 101,264 495,000 1,352,155 1,343,070 219,802 120,053 403,858 57,623 65,920 1,602,752 261,034 21,977 665,183 124,834 59,702 32,221 82,479 64,845 Native white of foreign or mixed parentage. 18, 897, 837 826,635 39,867 1,234 547,155 1,011,390 18,673 218,443 1,445,987 81,357 175,153 5,781,437 8,401 204,627 3,152,205 755,290 162,200 173,521 575,241 53,499 21,801 938,897 398,629 11,157 699,032 176,816 18,929 3,093 166,468 53,608 1,177,092 NEW ENGLAND. Total foreign white stock. Number. 3, 867, 095 107,127 4,159 386 609,241 495,143 2,212 14,199 320,834 21,378 18,985 176,945 18,131 26,016 978,352 277,361 197 3,910 13,367 53,721 2,821 291,618 97,740 1,767 126,471 6,620 24,377 8,250 8,225 29,569 127,973 100.0 2.8 0.1 (') 15.8 12.8 0.1 0.4 8.3 0.6 0.5 4.6 0.5 0.7 25.3 7.2 0) 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.1 7.5 2.5 0) 3.3 0.2 0.6 a2 0.2 0.8 3.3 Foreign- born white. 1,814,386 2,052,709 Native white of foreign or mixed. parentage, 69,583 3,264 323 278, 156 245,859 1,276 i 7,685 155,675 14, 139 10,917 70,261 16,764 16,907 334, 475 179,428 132 2,139 8,447 32,453 2,054 192,697 48,413 1,158 70,774 3,716 19,237 7,663 3,702 17,090 37,544 895 63 331,085 249,284 936 6,514 165, 159 7,239 8,068 106,684 1,367 9,109 643,877 97,933 65 1,771 4,920 21,268 767 98,921 49,327 609 55,697 2,905 5,140 587 4,523 12,479 127,973 MIDDLE ATLANTIC. Total foreign white stock. Number. 873,467 16,426 2,852 76,146 247,729 13,009 36,326 752,940 17,451 82,824 2,222,900 18,009 389,738 1,922,099 1,229,462 1,153 58,081 49,719 1,827 60,491 1,382,493 211,237 6,892 160,208 61,143 20,982 9,136 109,310 21,409 361,972 Per cent. 100.0 8.4 0.2 (0 0.7 2.4 0.1 0.3 7.2 0.2 0.8 21.3 0.2 3.7 18.5 11.8 (1) 0.6 0.5 (1) 0.6 13.3 2.0 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.2 3.5 Foreign- born white. 553,546 10,600 2,561 27,012 119,959 8,212 20,625 305,826 12,811 39,663 754,939 15,893 267,949 616,717 783,758 743 26,577 32,680 %1 44,401 893,498 88,975 4,564 87,717 31,344 16,358 8,141 37,916 13,233 Table 13— Continued. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. EAST NORTH CENTRAL. WEST NORTH CENTRAL, Total foreign white stock. Number. All foreign countries Austria Belgium Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro Ganada — French Canada — Other Guba and other West ladies 2 Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Mexico Netherlands (Holland) Norway Portugal Tloumania Bus,sia , Scotland , Spain Sweden , Switzerland Turkey in Asia , Turkey in Europe Wales , All other countries Of mixed foreign parentage ^ 8,175,654 556,527 46,223 5,253 145,255 533,884 1,191 92,602 503,985 76,042 63,430 3,172,097 19,943 214,885 706,740 226,150 1,212 153,496 246,136 1,431 11,894 424,124 132,743 1,100 365,310 10,170 7,936 58,348 16, 265 287,385 Per cent. 100.0 6.8 0.6 0.1 1.8 6.5 0) 1.1 6.2 0.9 0.8 38.8 0.2 2.6 8.6 2.8 0) 1.9 3.0 0) 0.1 5.2 1.6 0) 4.5 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.2 3.5 Foreign- bom white. 3,067,220 317, 462 22,925 4,916 46,614 223,672 596 42,872 170, 131 43,442 19,004 921,417 17,914 162, 259 179, 257 146, 824 905 59, 661 99,190 505 9,945 274,993 48,712 603 178, 138 33,229 7,887 7,411 18,258 8,478 Native. white of foreign or mixed parentage. Total foreign white stock. Number. 5,108,434 4,827,934 239,065 23,298 337 98,641 310,212 595 49, 730 333,854 32,600 44,426 2,250,680 2,029 52,626 527,483 79,326 307 93, 835 146,946 926 1,949 149, 131 84,031 497 187, 172 60,668 2,283 525 40,090 7,787 287,385 256,972 11,832 4,697 61,047 235,172 787 150,465 245,227 50,711 32,863 1,601,182 14,631 35, 111 369,020 55,123 11,296 54,961 543,681 203 7,012 232, 940 73,652 1,060 491, 949 56, 971 5,425 3,252 28,129 12,467 180,096 Per cent. 100.0 5.3 0.2 0.1 1.3 4.9 0) 3.1 5.1 1.1 0.7 33.2 0.3 0.7 7.6 1.1 0.2 1.1 11.3 (') 0.1 4.8 1.5 (1) 10.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.7 Foreign- bom white. 1,613,231 116,281 6,146 4,574 17,920 84,055 349 63,908 69,027 29,591 9,681 426,531 13,989 24,271 78,607 38,234 10,696 21,010 198, 785 89 5,401 118,682 21,814 678 213, 530 19, 171 3,873 3,049 7,840 5,449 Native white of foreign or mixed parentage. 3.214,703 140, 691 5,686 123 43,127 151, 117 438 86,557 176,200 21,120 23,182 1,174,651 642 10,840 290,413 16,889 600 33,951 344,896 114 1,611 114,258 51,838 382 278, 419 37,800 1,552 203 20,289 7,018 180,096 SOUTH ATLANTIC. Total foreign white stock. Number, 730,398 33,320 1,699 196 1,963 17,165 21,475 2,522 64,317 620 7,487 226,285 5,294 14, 154 111,597 55,206 338 1,528 3,101 314 1,479 82,203 21,692 6,764 6,062 5,178 3,987 1,845 5,791 3,648 23,168 Per cent. 100.0 4.6 0.2 (>) 0.3 2.4 2.9 0.3 8.8 0.1 1.0 31.0 0.7 1.9 16.3 7.6 0) 0.2 0.4 0) 0.2 11.3 3.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5 3.2 Foreign- bom white. 290, 555 20,272 1,135 174 763 7,725 11,229 1,263 22,582 452 2,747 63,239 4,629 10,599 27,471 38,277 203 629 1,468 143 1,055 49, 141 7,143 4,954 2,981 2,071 2,770 1,650 2,006 1,784 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. ' Except Porto Rico. » Native whites whose parents were born In different foreign countries; for example, one parent In Ireland and the other in Scotland. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. FOREIGN WHITE STOCK BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN, BY DIVISIONS: 1910— Continued. 203 'I'able 13— Continued ' COUNTBY OF ORIGIN. EAST SOUTH CENTBAL. Total foreign white stock. Num- l)er. All f orei^ coantries. . 301, 834 Austria Belgium Bulgaria, Servia, Montenegro "Canada— 'French . . . Canada— Other and Cuba and other West Indies' Denmark England .*. Finland Franco ■Germany. Greece Hungary. Ireland . . . Italy Mexico Netherlands (Holland). Norway Portugal Roumania ■Russia Scotland Spain , Sweden , Switzerland. Turkey in Asia Turkey in Europe Wales AH other countries sOf mixed foreign parent- age' 5,461 364 247 1,028 7,709 324 1,305 26,230 320 6,888 125, 572 1,642 2,570 51,346 14,838 340 1,031 1,161 39 456 14,118 8,736 745 3,580 7,872 2,0SO 394 2,433 1,434 11,621 Per cent. 100. 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.3 2.6 0.1 0.4 a7 0.1 2.3 41.6 0.5 0.9 17.0 4.9 0.1 0.3 0.4 ^.^2 4.7 2.9 a2 1.2 2.6 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.6 For- eign bom white. 8«,8S7 2,989 162 196 331 3,096 157 557 7,776 165 1,829 28,516 1,397 1,742 10,123 8,181 209 379 499 7 317 8,152 2,503 201 1,597 2,748 1,392 282 729 626 Native • white of for- eign or mixed parent- 214,977 2,472 202 51 697 4,613 167 748 18,454 155 5,069 97,056 245 828 41,223 6,657 131 652 662 32 139 6,906 6,233 644 1,983 5,124 638 112 1,704 809 11,621 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total foreign white stock. Number. 954,042 67,376 1,808 468 3,642 22,277 1,360 5,922 53,203 466 29,549 275,451 2,192 3,4i>4 69,331 63,645 237,893 2,435 6,493 454 574 29,799 14,933 3,582 16.498 10,386 3,787 818 3,097 4,263 28.996 Per cent. 100.0 7.1 0.2 ^\ 2.3 0.1 0.6 5.6 (') 3.1 2a9 0.2 0.4 6.2 a7 24.9 0.3 0.7 ii\ 3.1 1.6 a4 1.7 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 3.0 For- eign- bom white. 348,759 27,318 921 1,045 7,609 523 2,254 15,014 310 8,242 69,737 1,762 1,956 11,985 31,086 127,984 912 2,605 171 435 14,108 4,161 1,613 6,460 3,767 2,616 612 896 1,873 Native white of for- eign or mixed parent- age. 605,283 40,058 887 73 2,497 14,768 837 3,668 38,189 156 21,307 205,714 430 1,498 47,346 31,959 109,909 1,523 3,988 283 139 15,691 10,782 1,969 10,038 b,619 1,172 206 2,201 2,380 28,996 MOUNTAIN. Total foreign white Stock. Number. 1,053,831 49,228 1,634 4,848 13,509 73,239 286 48,377 171,028 14,078 9,981 134,967 13.438 6,402 93,097 60,562 78,029 7,223 32,136 764 902 30,389 42,087 3,680 73,329 16,187 1,729 1,379 19,810 4,822 66,091 Per cent. 100.0 4.7 0.2 0.5 1.3 6.9 (») 4.6 ia2 1.3 0.9 12.8 1.3 0.6 8.9 4.8 7.4 0.7 3.0 0.1 ai 2.9 4.0 0.3 7.0 1.5 0.2 0.1 1.9 0.5 6.8 For- eign- bom white. 436,910 32,325 4.720 5,276 30,896 152 17,230 54,349 9.151 4,264 42,897 13,266 4,296 26,872 34,432 45, 159 3,667 15, 126 519 724 18,592 15, 142 3,143 35,482 6,970 1,243 1,320 6,157 2,560 Native white of for- eign or mixed parent- 616,921 16,903 654 128 8,233 42,343 134 31, 147 116,679 4,927 5,717 92,070 172 2,106 66,825 16,130 32,870 3,556 17,010 245 178 11,797 26,945 537 37,847 9,217 486 59 13,653 2,262 66,091 Total foreign white stock. Number. 1,915,103 100.0 52,081 5,119 3,738 20,507 190,059 1,198 48,346 184,678 29,960 40,382 347,219 16,385 7,897 212,178 126,013 51,544 10,909 83,305 52,369 2,092 53,965 56,843 7,544 120,748 43,396 6,144 2,304 13,804 24,586 99,790 Per cent. 2.7 0.3 0.2 1.1 9.9 0.1 2.5 9.6 1.6 2.1 18.1 0.9 0.4 11.1 2.7 0.0 4.3 2.7 0.1 2.8 3.0 0.4 6.3 2.3 0.3 0.1 0.7 1.3 For- eign- bom white. 861,448 35,148 3,264 3,592 7,966 88,216 675 25,227 76,075 19.608 20,889 123,644 15,650 5,621 67,648 82,250 33,771 5,079 45,158 22,775 1,588 32,889 24,181 5,063 68,504 21,819 4,327 2,093 4,975 13,753 Native white of for- eign or mixed parent- age. 1,053,655 16,933 1,855 146 12,541 101,843 523 23,119 108,603 10,352 19,493 223,575 735 2,276 144,530 43,763 17,773 5,830 38,147 29,594 504 21,076 32,662 2,481 .52,244 21,577 1,817 211 8,829 10,833 99,790 ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. » Except Porto Rico. • Native whites whose parents were bora In different foreign countries; for example, one parent In Ireland and the other In Scotland. 204 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH, FOR THE Tabic 14 DIVISION OR STATE AND CENSUS YEAR. TTNITED STATES: IDIO 1900 1890 New England: 1910 1900 Middle Atlantic: 1910 1900 1890 East North Central: 1910 1900 1890 West North Central: 1910 1900 South Atlantic: 1910 1900 1890 East South Central: 1910 1900 1890 West South Central: 1910 1900 Mountain: 1910... 1900..., 1890..., Pacific: 1910... 1900.... 1890.... NEW ENGLAND. Maine: 1910 1900 New Hampshire: 1910 1900 Vennont: 1910 1900 Massachusetts: 1910 1900 Rhode Island: 1910 1900 Connecticut: 1910 1900 MIDDLE ATLANTIC. New York: 1910 1900 New Jersey: • 1910 1900 Pennsylvania: 1910 1900 EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Ohio: 1910 1900 Indiana: 1910 1900 Illinois: 1910 1900 Michigan: 1910 1900 Wisconsin: 1910 1900 WEST NORTH CENTRAL. Minnesota: 1910 1900 Iowa: 1910 1900 Missouri: 1910 1900. North Dakota: 1910 1900 Total foreign bom. 13,51S,886 10,341,276 9,249,560 825, 110 445,237 142,432 851,173 317,559 745,745 073,766 625,226 510,924 616,695 533,248 549,190 299,994 216,030 208,525 87,825 90,568 102, 114 352, 192 267,08" 219,720 453,322 301,969 257,279 955,809 544,352 513,631 110,562 93,330 96,667 88,107 49,921 44,747 1,059,245 846,324 179,141 134,519 329,574 238,210 2,748,011 1,900,425 660,788 431,884 1,442,374 985,250 598,374 458,734 159,663 142,121 ,205,314 966,747 597,550 541,653 512,865 515,971 543,595 505,318 273, 765 305,920 229,779 216,379 156,654 113,091 PERSONS BORN IN- Austria.i 1,174,973 491,295 241,377 69,583 23,564 3,513 553,557 208,591 70,290 317,469 131, 181 74,475 116,287 76,216 64,214 20,284 7,384 3,862 2,990 1,514 942 27,324 20,242 13,155 32,328 12,744 4,904 35,151 9,859 6,022 831 203 2,438 712 1,087 353 35,455 12,931 6,130 1,457 23,642 7, 245,004 104,534 56,779 17,645 251,774 86,412 72,887 27,982 11,831 3,022 163,025 67,073 31,034 10,272 38,692 22,832 37, 121 20,896 15,967 13,156 16,222 8,275 5,149 2,802 Bel- glum. 49,400 29,767 22,639 3,264 1,168 647 10,601 7,116 5,136 22,925 14,629 11,003 6,146 3,849 3,371 1,135 248 220 162 172 163 922 670 525 482 337 3,265 .,423 1,237 30 23 175 25 25 18 1,746 510 959 383 330 209 3,484 1,787 1,867 1,197 5,250 4,132 1,525 600 2,298 2,576 9,399 4,394 5,683 2,647 4,020 4,412 1,557 957 491 1,000 229 154 Bulga ria, Ser- via, and Monte- negro.5 21,511 2,562 4,916 4,577 175 196 397 4,733 3,622 32 1,033 122 1,407 1,697 576 1,875 375 2,421 635 451 268 Canada.3 French. 385,083 395,126 302,496 278, 156 275,435 205,761 27,012 29,785 23,593 46,614 55,554 46,789 17,920 21,465 18,924 763 636 284 331 419 124 1,045 1,041 270 5,276 5,608 3,361 7,966 0,183 3,390 35,013 30,908 40,865 44,420 14,643 14,984 134,659 134,416 34,087 31,533 18,889 19,174 24,563 27,199 1,203 1,118 1,246 1,468 2,310 2,903 7,440 9,129 28,083 32,483 7,992 10,091 11,062 12,063 944 1,519 779 1,059 Other. 819,554 784,796 678,442 China. 56,756 81,534 106,701 248,083 235,755 174,406 121,357 109,642 86,469 226,526 242,091 228,784 84,929 103,213 107, 163 7,918 6,284 5,128 3,178 2,960 3,034 7,625 0,842 4,725 31,336 26,582 22,223 88,602 52,427 46,510 2,376 3,162 41,210 36,169 17,013 14,547 11,415 10,671 162,710 158,753 7,867 7,744 7,871 90,336 7,932 6,014 14,437 13,292 21,382 19,864 5,049 4,~-' 38,311 41,466 144,780 151,915 17,004 23,860 30,059 35,516 10,675 14,168 7,290 7,667 2,598 3,836 1,686 6,882 10,064 5,000 2,504 2,459 1,356 1,010 1,106 1,169 1,223 1,652 641 313 372 229 1,009 1,430 1,143 4,684 7,524 11,671 36,533 53,091 83,806 65 102 53 104 7 36 1,873 2,681 215 344 385 569 4,482 6,880 932 1,344 1,468 1,840 398 196 201 1,560 1,462 187 245 163 203 249 163 462 442 Cuba and other West Indies.* 47,635 25,435 23,256 3,101 1,660 1,547 21,505 8,399 1,082 726 607 366 18,387 12,500 12,978 499 253 168 1,081 827 937 276 141 136 1,097 563 766 40 21 37 15 2,287 1,093 316 185 341 267 17,483 6,436 1,917 813 2,106 1,150 246 154 551 328 272 148 Den- mark. 181,649 153,690 132,543 7, 6,058 3,958 20,637 15, 176 11,239 42,875 40,498 33,938 63,910 59,347 55,695 1,266 879 623 557 376 345 2,256 1,699 1,043 17,231 15,328 13,843 25,228 14,329 11,859 England. Fin- land .<> 877,719 840, 513 909,092 929 886 131 75 172 110 3,405 2,470 328 268 2,724 2,249 12,544 8,746 5,059 3,034 2,631 1,837 1,468 900 783 17,369 15,686 6,315 6,390 16,454 16,171 16, 137 16,299 17,961 17,102 1,729 1,510 5,366 3,963 155,932 139,087 133,569 306,360 295,944 313,352 170,189 181,843 211,758 69,052 78,526 100,640 22,811 20,274 21,520 7,806 8,608 10,851 15,084 13,575 13,760 54,354 50,766 52,603 76, 131 51,890 51,039 5,651 4,793 4,862 5,100 2,464 2,447 92,658 82,346 27,834 22,832 22,463 21,569 146,870 135,685 50,375 46,428 109,115 114,831 43,347 44,745 9,783 10,874 60,363 64,390 42,737 43,839 13,959 17,995 12, 139 12,022 16,788 21,027 13,760 15,666 3,070 2,909 129,680 62,641 14,139 6,231 12,813 5,403 43,442 24,890 29,592 12,746 452 171 311 191 9,154 5,305 19,612 7,626 831 179 1,198 321 293 53 10,744 5,104 297 132 776 442 8,760 4,048 1,640 367 2,413 3,988 2,814 215 109 2,390 859 31,144 18,910 5,705 2,198 26,637 10,727 140 47 120 65 1,186 651 France 117,418 104, 197 113,174 10,934 7,573 6,619 39,715 34,709 34,190 19,015 20,602 26,199 9,685 10,043 12,416 2,761 2,376 2,509 1,833 2,219 2,699 8,302 9,428 11,677 4,267 3,152 3,122 20,906 14,096 13,743 Germany. »^ 290 180 169 211 219 171 5,926 3,905 1,711 679 2,619 2,427 23,472 20,008 6,240{ 5,543 10,003 9,158 4,838 5,604 2,388 2,984 7,972 7,787 2,421 2,590 1,396 1,637 1,460 1,449 1,618 1,906 2,794 3,288 265 2611 > For the census of 1890 persons reported as born In Poland are included distributed under Austria, Germany, and Russia, respectively. » Included under "All other countries " for 1900 and 1890. 19,131 30 9 25,004 31 4 under "All other countries;" for the censuses of 1910 and 1900 (so far as possible) they are 3 Included Newfoundland for 1900 and 1890. * Except Porto Rico. <> Included with Russia for 1890. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. VKITED STATES AND DIVISIONS, 1890-1910, AND BY STATES, 1910 AND 1900. 205 PERSONS BOKN IN- Greeoe. 101,282 8,515 1,887 10,764 2,102 83 15,893 2,153 521 17,910 2,062 358 13,989 202 40 4,030 e>T.i 1(7 1,397 213 76 1,762 204 191 13,269 314 01 15,662 532 384 Hun- gary. 495, 609 145, 714 62,435 10,907 6,928 1,624 267,951 99,474 43,910 162,261 20,534 10,110 24,272 0,390 Z,Tii 10,000 2,104 1,153 1,742 814 515 1,956 1,010 351 4,296 1,271 480 <,624 1,177 546 2,634 44 113 3 11,413 1,843 951 84 1,074 121 10,097 1,573 1,575 115 4,221 465 2,555 213 1,370 82 10,031 1,570 1,196 134 2,764 63 1,660 75 3,356 18 2,790 66 1,083 157 29 539 128 ,996 926 294 Ireland. 1,352,251 1,615,459 1,871,509 334,480 387,570 412,840 615,750 720,306 828,270 179, 2e, 238,013 287,815 78,614 111,192 145,904 27,485 30,606 48,003 10, 124 10,302 23,411 11,994 15,338 19,787 20,873 27,584 29,046 67,053 5.-), 948 75,828 90,843 37,168 47,610 14,913 123,498 47,393 85,881 16,463 14,370 1,379 39,859 6,734 11,597 835 10,554 1,123 5,582 2,182 1,178 453 11,532 902 2,855 1,327 7,890 10,159 10,613 13,547 4,940 7,453 222,867 249,916 29,718 35,501 58,458 70,994 307,889 425,553 82,758 94,844 165,109 205,909 40,062 55,018 11,266 10,300 93,455 114,563 20,434 29,182 14,049 23,544 15,859 22,428 17,756 28,321 23,297 31,832 2,498 2,670 Italy. 179,430 01,297 16,829 783,769 290,768 101,792 146,828 44,521 16,571 38,238 10,564 5,266 38,284 10,509 4,894 8,183 3,606 2,242 31,680 22,550 10,072 34,433 14,295 7,422 82,274 25,916 17,492 3,468 1,334 2,071 947 4,594 2,154 85,056 28,785 27,287 8,972 56,954 19,103 472,301 182,248 115,446 41,865 196,122 66,655 41,620 11,321 6,911 1,327 72,163 23,523 16,861 6,178 9,273 2,172 9,660 2,222 5,846 1, 12,984 4,345 1,202 700 Japan. Mexico. Nether- ' lands (Hol- land). Norway. 67,744 221,915 120,063 403.877 24,788 103.393 94.931 336,388 2,292 77,853 81,828 322,665 261 129 108 1,537 512 285 475 155 123 990 240 26 149 36 54 26 13 9 403 28 22 10,236 5,120 35 53,668 18,555 1,630 150 78 1,163 392 193 67 181 53 274 102 138 76 141 805 518 510 929 10,827 327 329 242 195 207 226 139 128 128,917 71,752 52,001 4,), 793 21,367 10,88/ 34,038 8,212 7,294 2,144 1,278 817 26,581 20,312 10,942 59,001 52, 215 47,095 21,010 16,560 14,214 630 538 311 379 271 233 912 494 299 3,667 1,292 656 5,079 1,971 1,231 8,448 .5,244 3,927 32,684 16,230 12, 157 99,192 100, 159 104,026 198,786 185,413 179,221 1,469 998 660 499 408 2 Included under " All other countries" for 1900. 3 Except Porto Rico. t„AnA nrttk T,214 405,376 102,432 07 1,448 1,646 274 2,309 146,506 60,426 280 28,218 10,347 1,507 362 57,048 2,578 104,223 M) 30,254 126,791 20,712 80 3,602 022 180 634 27,383 10,420 105 6,633 22,069 600 219 22,129 1,388 53,139 21 4,252 41,942 2,229 44 3,240 662 22 76 4,966 7,006 61 6,720 7,460 294 32 2,602 716 14,293 22 12,907 236,883 44,525 110 18,002 35,525 646 1,076 78,944 32,867 246 114,709 12,998 592 110 7,646 3,151 90.650 23 2,601 60,981 7,893 42 64,660 0,136 20 150 22,045 15,625 50 30,663 4,411 514 81 1,573 1,424 69,997 24 2,612 60,786 3,967 22 14,441 100,701 40 104 16,763 9,122 36 20,647 12,840 283 74 6,250 1,108 50,297 25 2,978 56,916 3,330 30 6,302 174,304 18 673 12,736 8,282 49 145,591 5,689 261 41 2,909 1,992 66,828 26 849 74,269 1,714 44 17,411 44,078 12 77 3,512 13,702 48 39,432 7,469 144 35 6,142 2,090 30,169 27 3,043 76,346 8,134 161 1,944 1,080 18 307 12,861 8,786 151 7,873 11,066 423 38 3,258 1,108 27,483 28 1,813 9,203 103 3 1,202 77,347 7 383 30,276 2,422 9 14,640 1,157 249 16 559 225 16,429 29 408 14,419 446 12 4,022 30,828 6 17 19,824 3,080 4 13,294 , 1,650 96 18 1,660 474 12,577 30 689 29,538 1,041 29 2,219 4,957 26 57 11,866 6,288 43 35,267 4,217 292 34 2,258 612 19,177 31 1,000 30,732 2,113 312 1,761 2,402 28 7 23,184 0,278 78 22,322 6,662 87 21 3,603 617 17,433 32 129 10,054 1,636 2 22 27 3 12 1,999 553 21 293 64 10 3 116 73 1,666 33 700 29,998 4,200 18 295 308 43 74 19,433 4,880 03 470 493 30 20 1,439 554 7,994 34 95 13,963 1,792 14 109 169 7 14 2,340 1,312 62 303 324 84 7 248 171 3,031 35 699 7,037 1,620 11 168 386 33 55 3,228 1,933 45 353 309 300 46 317 235 2,262 36 1,662 10,848 3,897 1 71 41 3 21 2,151 2,236 01 320 1,303 289 69 1,329 102 2,646 37 20 1,095 249 7 34 41 13 17 628 762 16 106 vll5 127 13 66 99 416 38 31 2,646 232 4 16 59 7 5 661 665 32 88 61 116 14 18 102 592 39 184 5,889 428 16 00 141 16 41 2,254 1,217 106 349 256 173 14 143 205 1,698 40 45 2,596 2,876 62 95 461 46 185 368 1,092 1,346 799 192 88 9 109 323 2,863 41 133 23,773 1,229 24 324 79 7 42 2,395 1,807 41 252 2,924 131 18 616 264 5,697 42 359 8,848 1,725 30 148 153 8 21 1,757 1,352 42 518 1,597 75 •10 599 183 2,546 43 300 4,892 1,981 51 107 282 10 58 1,103 2,401 170 766 376 185 31 456 198 2,289 44 36 3,710 1,722 26 73 148 7 18 711 673 291 458 227 247 53 33 164 1,189 45 270 4,491 953 93 235 126 2 14 654 1,255 28 550 1,151 51 13 405 232 2,414 40 304 15,105 22,678 645 195 344 171 23 1,380 1,365 1,693 592 . 905 407 66 191 678 8,146 47 352 10,191 1,505 489 527 857 11 8 8,778 3,363 33 2,001 1,720 188 54 940 337 5,293 48 572 17,559 6,823 108,682 666 2,661 99 94 4,879 4,799 215 6,895 2,843 466 73 665 1,133 13,143 49 656 18,962 1,409 36 062 6,773 10 25 1,215 3,538 22 5,392 1,036 84 3 1,436 241 9,137 50 67 5,537 560 41 378 3,510 33 1 769 3,173 134 6,000 2,039 37 1 2,434 328 6,834 51 170 3,877 528 148 92 626 8 12 334 2,418 14 2,053 403 11 12 810 113 2,949 52 998 24,387 9,815 787 1,024 2,247 46 120 8,809 7,419 128 12,968 2,217 170 26 3,428 502 14,683 53 72 2,078 868 10,030 121 180 8 158 910 51 384 266 92 9 186 84 1,351 54 63 3,351 658 21,650 71 270 9 9 149 946 61 729 318 55 5 351 129 2,206 55 70 4,333 1,111 39 861 3,205 16 9 312 7,623 25 9,836 2,548 35 1 4,695 716 16,675 56 10 4,300 1,181 139 47 199 115 2 51 918 102 485 390 2 2 313 149 2,256 57 547 25,378 3,462 83 2,648 24,361 247 64 7,025 9,130 138 23,884 3,759 112 41 3,252 839 20,223 58 378 11,948 1,284 97 1,069 6,592 155 52 3,472 5,068 118 8,099 4,320 43 21 1,057 619 12, 323 59 1,351 107,204 39,017 17,593 2,113 7,194 29,192 388 10,579 18,464 2,225 20,261 13,498 1,662 149 4,520 9,375 61,244 ' Native wliites whose parents were bom in different foreign countries; for example, one parent in Ireland and one in Scotland. 72497°— 13 14 + 210 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH, IN CITIES HAVING 250,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910 AND 1900. Table 16 Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Buffalo, N.Y Chicago, HI Cinciimatl, Ohio . . . Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich Jersey City, N. J... Los Angeles, Cal... Milwaukee, Wis Minneapolis, Minn. New Orleans, La. . . New York, N.Y... Newark, N.J Philadelphia, Pa. . . Pittsburgh, Pa.«. . . St. Louis, Mo San Francisco, Cal. Washington, D.C.. Census year. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 Total foreign bom. 77,662 68,600 243,365 197, 129 118,689 104,252 783,428 587, 112 56,859 57,961 196, 170 124,631 157,534 96,503 77,987 58,424 66, 133 19,964 111,529 88,991 86,099 61,021 28,333 30,325 1,944,357 1,270,080 111,007 71,363 384,707 295,340 140,924 115,094 126, 223 111,356 142,298 116,885 24,902 20,119 PERSONS BORN IN- Austria. 6,540 3,816 2,413 1, 9,284 3,458 132,063 57,676 1,638 752 42,059 18,981 14,160 2,157 4,978 1,580 2,510 354 11,553 3,962 6,075 1,802 645 409 190,246 90,477 Bel- gium. 28 25 682 221 37 22 2,665 1,160 24 38 90 26 2,237 671 173 144 213 87 86 37 63 32 91 77 2,260 1,221 Bul- garia, Servia, and Monte- negro, 36 46 116 64 540 12,963 70 4,795 26 19,860 478 6,394 378 21,400 100 9,411 58 11,171 353 5,475 216 4,641 448 2,067 291 459 41 201 32 100 165 160 10 Canada.* China. Cuba and other West In- dies.' Den- mark. Eng- land. Fin- land. France. Germany. French. Other. 45 51 752 629 245 426 355 225 132 107 2,698 2,841 36 16 357 369 26,024 33,941 3,098 2,908 47,802 47,374 819 1,065 1,070 456 1,031 675 13,671 13, 174 455 221 1,081 1,003 8,701 10,739 566 733 16,868 16,509 57 99 45 36 200 148 7,070 6,908 58 15 684 791 43,815 49,812 4,633 5,307 26,688 29,472 1,335 1, 179 393 226 11,484 10,166 27,912 29,308 1,191 416 3,036 2,989 182,289 203,733 73 103 887 928 16 17 40 30 79 49 1,872 2,201 10 1 665 748 28,426 38,308 571 772 8,794 7,839 155 94 71 59 448 373 11,420 10,621 499 79 494 485 41,408 44,225 4,166 3,541 38,648 25,403 24 9 58 41 411 231 9,038 6,347 59 4 638 589 44,675 42,730 107 134 1,010 907 132 213 212 94 346 319 4,632 4,642 681 116 596 648 16,131 17,838 592 214 7,686 2,683 1,481 1,885 119 43 1,096 239 7,581 3,017 261 10 1,916 993 9,684 4,032 218 217 1,671 1,687 39 20 31 21 619 514 2,086 2,134 110 29 251 263 64,816 68,969 1,637 1,706 5,905 5,637 92 20 24 9 2,030 1,473 2,799 2,289 875 348 293 207 8,650 7,550 101 85 387 310 219 418 468 457 117 92 1,356 1,262 34 5 3,671 4,428 6,122 8,743 2,844 2,527 23,476 19,399 3,936 6,080 16,415 5,867 7,997 5,621 78,483 68,836 7,410 3,733 18,293 14,755 278, 137 324,224 199 160 1,126 802 194 262 183 77 360 216 6,698 5,874 69 42 697 646 22,177 25,251 301 294 3,735 2,989 866 1,122 1,529 923 1,119 934 36,564 36,752 226 103 2,659 2,521 61,480 73,047 86 120 1,741 1,418 197 175 124 31 110 53 9,528 11,079 70 12 885 932 29,438 36,838 260 339 2,256 2,151 351 304 141 94 441 390 5,226 5,800 46 30 1,218 1,462 47,766 59,973 474 429 5,701 4,770 6,914 10,762 291 190 3,119 2,171 9,821 8,956 1,846 935 6,252 4,870 24, 137 35,303 109 97 1,052 809 270 417 243 134 176 88 2,638 2,299 21 14 511 389 5,179 5,868 Greece. Hun- gary. 347 89 1,497 281 220 46 6,564 1,493 180 53 275 42 585| 18 179 20[ 361 20 1,104 26 463 55 175 48 8,038 1,309 297] 37 773 106 1,312 38 2,275 199 342 34 Baltimore, Md Boston, Mass Buflalo, N.Y Chicago, ni Cincinnati, Ohio . . . Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich JerseyCity, N. J... Los Angeles, Cal . . . Milwaukee, Wis Minneapolis, Minn . New Orleans, La.. . New York, N.Y... Newark, N.J Philadelphia, Pa. . . Pittsburgh, Pa.8... St. Louis, Mo San Francisco, Cal. Washington, D. C, Census year. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1600 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 Ireland. 6,806 9,690 66,041 70,147 9,423 11,292 65,965 73,912 6,224 9,114 11,316 13,120 5,584 6,412 16, 124 19,314 3,878 1,720 1, 2,653 2,867 3,213 2,996 5,398 252,672 275, 102 11,225 12, 792 83,196 98,427 18,873 23,690 14,272 19,421 23,153 15,963 5,347 6,220 Italy. 5,043 2,042 31,380 13,738 11,399 5,""" 45, 169 16,008 2,245 917 10,836 3,065 5,724 905 12,060 3,832 3,802 763 3,374 726 653 222 8,066 340, 770 145,433 20,494 8,537 45,308 17,830 14,120 6,495 7,594 2,227 16,919 7,508 2,761 930 Japan. 12 4 61 36 12 1 220 80 6 1 15 8 28 2 5 4 3,931 152 957 311 10 4 87 19 27 2 43 4 4,191 1,852 44 11 Mext Neth- er- lands (Hol- land). 14 5 5,632 817 12 6 14 10 289 299 426 282 10 13 59 63 180 76 1,792 26 38 Nor- way. 106 98 486 391 314 311 9,632 8,555 322 369 1,076 804 584 397 243 145 408 86 615 606 209 96 43 47 4,193 2,608 202 108 349 258 109 70 422 368 500 244 64 42 199 188 1,914 1,145 253 185 24,186 22,011 37 12 512 249 225 75 1,360 647 1,003 163 2,144 1,702 16,402 11,532 181 95 22,281 11,387 190 62 1,144 692 117 72 204 172 3,769 2,172 149 101 Portu- 26 12 ,296 882 12 23 50 21 8 1 3 8 5 2 25 5 128 22 1 4 36 50 431 277 Rou- mania. 216 26 373 106 4 3,344 287 454 4 761 39 313 11 196 51 297 10 267 35 1,412 417 93 33,580 10,499 1,160 205 4,413 1,036 1,521 145 1,055 80 583 51 41 2 Russia. 24,803 12,187 41,892 18,370 11,349 4,010 121,786 39,204 4, 2,320 25,477 7,720 18,644 3,070 13,667 3,337 4,758 293 11,992 2,380 5,654 2,160 1,254 468 484, 193 180, 432 21,912 6,664 90,697 33,114 26,391 11,285 15,481 6,033 4,643 2,049 3,393 913 Scot- land. 518 594 5,062 4,473 1,978 1,868 10,306 10,347 458 461 2,880 2,179 3,320 2,496 1,668 1,690 1,589 573 647 667 1,060 815 257 218 23,123 19,836 2,547 1,760 9,177 8,479 3,283 3,447 1,313 1,264 3.669 3,000 705 574 Spain. 24 20 243 138 21 6 453 456 3,359 1,491 54 28 200 107 227 32 1,177 235 51 31 Swe- den. 237 236 7,123 5,541 1,021 743 63,035 58,836 114 111 1,657 1,000 601 267 1,280 899 3,414 808 787 659 26,478 20,035 160 170 34,952 28,320 782 469 2,429 2,143 1,355 1,258 1,129 1,116 6,970 5,248 359 234 Switz- erland. 228 186 415 400 639 590 3,494 3,251 696 657 1,373 1,288 595 491 553 443 828 370 833 653 299 303 247 314 10, 452 8,371 779 736 2,013 1,707 1,007 1,032 2,653 2,752 2,587 2,085 281 244 Tur- key in Asia.* 50 2, 207 1,175 245 497 561 103 385 78 219 192 6,160 127 973 452 730 320 139 Tur- key in Eu- rope.* 24 12 623 600 711 180 280 6 251 41 125 7 120 13 147 66 61 23 46 107 3,695 1,401 48 28 525 197 79 24 838 42 402 120 41 39 92 315 308 217 153 1,818] 1,818 177 240! 1,298| 1,490 170 101 139 159 414' 156| 231| 307 213' 230 20 35 1,779 1,686 106 91 l,033j l,033i 2, 159 3,337 197! 238 402 386 87 82 I Included under "All other countries" for 1900. » Included Newfoundland for 1900. ' Except Porto Rico. < Turkey in Asia included with Tiu-kcy in Europe for 1900. <> Included persons in 1900 reported as bom in Poland, without specification as to whether German, Austrian, or Russian Poland. • Includes population of Allegheny for 1900. COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 211 FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS- 1910. Table 1 7 Alabama Binningham Mobile Montgomery Arkansas Little Rock California Berkeley Oakland Pasadena Sacramento San Diego San Jose Colorado Colorado Springs Denver Pueblo Connecticnt Bridgeport , Hartiord Meriden town Meridencity , New Britain New Haven Norwich town Stamford town Stamford city Walerbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Ctoorgia Atlanta. Augusta Macon Savannah Illinois Aurora Bloomington Danville Decatur East St. Louis Elgin \.. Jouet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana Evansville Fort Wayne Indianapolis South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids.. Clinton Council Blufls. Davenptort Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Kansas Kansas City. Topeka Wichita Kentacky Covington Lexington Louisville Newport Louisiana Shrevepwrt Maine Lewiston Portland Total foreign bom. 6,730 2,305 716 1,988 8,641 40, 846 4,618 11,045 7,829 6,422 3,019 39,749 8,550 36,264 31,354 9,397 8,04S 18,030 42,989 8,459 8,900 8,097 25,541 13,713 2,688 10,803 4,501 929 604 3,448 6,706 3,413 2,010 2,429 9,422 5,677 10,447 8,832 3,651 13,839 6,917 4,468 7,214 19,842 13,443 3,818 5,325 4,881 4,384 8,108 10,427 6,099 10,459 2,707 10,381 4,171 2,880 3,946 944 17,473 3,407 1,018 9,431 12,151 PERSONS BORN IN- Aus- tria. 134 42 29 83 91 1,267 52 544 182 151 74 1,608 2,287 3,858 1,865 1,224 1,147 1,972 1,109 344 628 690 422 887 41 31 . 113 14 4 89 213 46 22 23 1,672 92 2,921 354 15 137 487 40 95 1,227 576 56 2,799 285 247 268 267 255 473 92 2,993 48 67 18 17 316 115 104 44 Canada. French. 22 245 37 67 68 52 9 232 3« 499 792 685 eis 338 461 1,760 31 Other. ,901 29 23 7 14 16 27 35 138 16 ,660 408 222 129 34 117 914 2,905 920 670 925 473 379 3,260 351 778 1,292 160 171 874 164 144 IgS 401 168 264 108 241 24 39 132 293 112 84 100 183 299 313 289 66 377 156 68 263 768 402 166 201 208 193 194 573 173 566 211 329 222 241 77 46 341 734 4,109 Eng- land, Scot- land, and Wales. 1,343 327 85 259 1,474 5,304 1,025 1,247 1,399 730 786 5,920 716 3,901 2,440 1,217 08/ 1,060 2,663 954 911 766 1,768 1,311 546 218 595 72 98 431 486 381 265 254 424 616 885 805 164 867 1,052 373 431 1,628 335 543 339 324 386 381 1,629 411 752 321 700 443 307 100 938 297 476 901 France. 146 66 22 256 1,205 47 146 171 288 109 150 88 86 33 160 23 38 Si 80 36 64 20 5 30 72 26 19 17 134 37 38 119 33 29 77 74 173 217 31 35 51 12 258 37 Ger- many. 706 406 224 787 1,231 5,476 678 1,477 1,134 752 435 6,636 729 2,811 2,424 2,269 l,7St 1,605 4,115 093 753 et9 1,433 1,911 413 209 729 207 111 792 2,564 1,668 1,042 1,523 1,427 2,282 1,577 3,739 2,840 671 2,127 3,338 4,501 7,518 5,347 1,426 557 2,171 872 5,290 1,431 3,176 1,262 897 1,853 767 795 2,765 155 8,471 1,766 197 142 Greece 243 142 44 79 117 470 48 368 68 36 12 226 310 194 53 21 gl 33 85 108 118 117 46 28 80 49 215 42 8 22 22 122 31 54 84 26 41 32 Him- gary. 34 248 16 49 37 9 17 465 364 6,976 328 83 SS 147 473 24 366 seo 158 215 21 9 92 18 8 42 632 158 4 2 1,807 309 1,273 585 11 9 146 Ireland. 32 6 24 18 249 852 40 3,829 13 287 18 43 27 49 207 11 219 72 124 17 15 6 342 30 204 7 210 274 28 10 28 16 4 7 29 11 93 441 2 68 16 5 148 78 is 309 314 67 165 695 4,160 336 1,156 517 531 341 3,966 491 5,086 7,049 1,369 i,eio 1,435 9,004 1,595 1,832 l,60i 6,838 3,162 160 71 302 211 98 527 386 524 162 267 770 1,035 237 417 1,012 157 385 3,255 188 622 418 522 305 581 804 811 561 210 1,054 266 253 2,700 368 56 579 2,952 Italy. 1,360 45 7 55 329 3,800 34 1,162 331 1,822 24 2,664 1,490 5,022 4,521 928 816 2,006 13, 169 476 1,903 1,819 6,567 2,288 133 2,619 96 34 46 66 34 32 31 80 77 1,043 185 43 1,067 276 43 83 668 121 52 61 68 148 81 932 281 580 67 654 25 25 783 Neth- er- lands (Hol- land), and Bel- gium. 48 249 46 26 34 31 42 331 26 49 38 18 // 7 158 15 40 19 19 27 6 18 2 2 29 72 6 26 15 21 28 15 157 12 42 55 19 60 151 544 55 Nor- way, Sw( and Den- mark. en, Russia and Fin- land. Tur- key. 183 221 24 58 1,112 4,794 539 569 696 344 609 6,029 543 2,210 2,843 403 SSI 2,452 1,919 300 570 SOS 725 121 81 102 9 6 123 753 399 211 61 101 1,152 803 572 34 9,380 195 33 78 436 661 149 290 874 17 1,576 64 601 82 2,761 89 133 172 3,444 10 389 177 1,070 17 751 45 136 26 12 11 4 74 137 4 9 1 17 12 11 5 915 592 159 86 164 562 1,118 81 144 146 38 108 5,627 528 4,142 6,687 851 SOS 6,276 8,049 1,761 1,440 1,*00 5,607 3,163 192 74 1,342 166 148 656 319 £2 67 51 1,690 172 619 406 35 695 1,061 150 399 1,255 1,127 256 388 100 177 148 1,415 193 1,664 143 963 853 178 46 87 2,014 539 366 1,350 233 89 25 24 112 39 25 22 22 11 107 83 219 210 11 // 203 186 118 13 11 104 214 13 113 4 51 65 3 34 3 444 18 40 103 41 3 48 393 985 18 130 81 20 5 20 63 17 311 13 92 225 All other covm- tries. 138 206 46 136 1,732 9,493 720 3,396 2,100 1,143 227 2,191 530 352 662 70 es 293 574 125 113 98 325 442 7,351 292 58 30 211 721 57 46 SO 307 236 70 371 83 84 188 125 288 563 126 112 67 184 199 121 248 443 129 117 329 383 514 66 39 908 90 58 48 155 212 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 250,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. Table 1 7— Continued. Massachusetts Brockton Brookline town. Cambridge Chelsea Chicojiee... Everett FftU Kiver Fltehburg Haverhill , Holyoke , Lawrence Lowell Lynn Maiden New Bedford Newton , Pittsfield Quincy Salem Somerville , Springfield Taunton , Waltham Worcester Michigan Battle Creek Bay City Flint Grand Rapids Jackson Eiilaniazoo Lansing Saginaw Minnesota Duluth St. Paul Missouri Joplin.. Kansas City St. Joseph Springfield Montana Butte Nebraska Lincoln...- Omaha South Omaha. Manchester. Nashua New Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange. Elizabeth Hoboken Orange Passaic Paterson Perth Amboy Trenton West Hoboken town. New York Albany Amsterdam Auburn Blngbamton Elmira JMnestown Kingston Mount Vernon New Rochelle Newburgh Niagara Falls Poughkeepsie Rochester Schenectady Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown Yonkers Total foreign bom. North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington. 15.466 8,401 35,328 13,829 10.042 9,736 60,958 13,618 11,190 23,254 41,471 43,494 27,605 13, 491 43,727 11,269 6,783 10,908 13,577 20,818 23,077 9,912 7,706 48.597 2,655 11,044 6,730 28,387 4.364 6,881 4,010 11,727 30,703 56,657 918 25,466 8,131 1,128 13,128 7,218 27,179 8,021 29,708 8,962 6,776 20,573 15,773 5,727 23,933 27,712 8,127 28,503 45,485 14,323 26,376 13,743 18,218 10,631 7,647 7,415 5,271 10,614 3,394 8,065 8,749 4,833 12,108 4,548 59,076 18,691 30,848 15,448 21,316 I 6,278 26, 716 480 463 PERSONS nORN IN— Aus- tria. French. 43 21 156 158 4,105 32 2,614 68 313 2,396 1,450 1,948 264 130 1,837 25 196 46 728 143 1,357 921 8 362 549 60 155 73 222 1,165 3,900 29 571 566 21 184 3,414 3.000 1,770 72 218 2,452 972 147 4,117 1,368 182 8,748 883 2,749 1,822 554 2,554 1,480 425 221 35 210 215 154 162 860 496 1,688 1,279 1,265 897 2,050 271 3,927 Canada. 917 71 1,445 382 2,877 197 15, 277 4,050 2,568 8,035 7,698 12,291 2,369 223 12,241 707 765 375 4,434 587 3,078 1,728 602 5,010 33 1,324 154 197 30 67 51 729 1,423 1,096 13 149 51 12 13,720 4,830 17 27 26 15 53 37 10 22 155 44 74 .23 107 126 47 21 24 34 28 28 4 81 30 569 444 499 613 165 Other. 2,673 2,047 8,727 2,502 260 3,910 963 762 1,879 557 1,825 4,051 7,686 3,737 944 2,830 329 2,132 1,713 7,507 1,464 752 2,270 3,405 1,053 3,121 3,307 3,029 1,008 680 1,118 3,312 4,435 3,339 1,611 318 136 1,579 323 1.132 142 2,716 537 180 258 253 301 216 138 112 126 332 200 154 72 673 172 404 213 197 282 58 233 242 141 4,158 94 9,149 697 2,758 572 848 3,078 503 Eng- land, Scot- land, and Wales. 1,306 830 2,851 837 635 1,190 11,964 1,205 784 2,403 7,022 5,751 -2,607 1,235 10,050 1,274 831 2,215 504 2,273 2,359 1,361 957 4,012 557 1,102 986 1.148 807 588 462 1,130 1,546 2,879 171 2,927 640 232 2.701 550 1,5 245 1,657 235 971 1,449 2,461 1,300 2,101 1,285 793 1,161 7,791 441 4,071 605 1,682 955 1,272 654 515 1,179 239 856 1,539 446 5,979 2,007 2,942 1,981 2,798 886 3,218 133 63 France. 23 38 131 15 83 15 144 60 15 391 788 100 74 17 334 67 282 30 49 63 83 11 25 123 21 34 22 48 21 18 7 135 22 277 81 10 28 135 10 102 67 116 71 117 107 40 48 824 35 70 447 120 14 18 25 19 37 11 91 96 11 35 21 328 59 181 65 103 77 161 Ger- many- 110 2% 728 196 192 213 234 554 106 1,565 2,301 205 3.50 287 777 185 623 172 106 412 975 185 108 580 301 2,727 549 4,546 1,004 869 1,363 4,408 2,595 14,025 309 5,354 2,641 327 858 1,197 4.861 1,225 22 835 1,700 3,754 969 4,900 10.018 1.001 2.097 5,741 1,201 4,149 4,205 4,620 1,702 745 681 1,162 256 1,020 1,647 1,211 512 832 861 14,624 3,428 6,903 1,818 3,073 196 2,337 Greece. 149 36 102 21 171 14 130 248 442 181 171 3,782 958 8 172 3 38 30 248 75 213 30 30 83 50 12 34 31 48 20 30 18 57 129 21 758 237 10 187 486 1,330 570 75 7 22 6 44 106 174 32 101 27 83 16 22 62 17 41 12 10 29 30 17 21 176 102 106 51 49 19 Hun- gary. 14 6 102 15 27 105 3 2 14 80 28 24 25 15 13 14 34 2 6 25 32 23 1 20 16 23 296 209 12 200 76 4 332 407 61 554 505 114 1,795 271 121 1,457 521 80 6,534 483 3,887 4,980 121 67 41 74 1,769 42 13 75 139 72 223 415 8.>6 212 62 116 104 2,664 Ireland. 2,891 4,203 10,637 1,431 1,310 1,633 5,194 1,925 1,895 5,246 5,943 9,983 5,153 2,810 2,583 3,724 1,629 1,670 2,811 5,320 5,679 2,082 2,128 10,535 169 399 227 871 421 306 127 620 4.184 95 3,267 760 142 3,196 291 1,849 650 936 3,444 1,852 1,403 3,345 3, 077 2,024 1,079 4,971 547 2,481 562 4,545 978 1,503 1,831 1,277 244 681 1,048 1,568 1,555 839 957 5,230 1,355 4,877 5,410 2,021 469 5,255 Italy. 43 1,546 436 45 625 1,025 884 1,063 368 6,693 259 1,354 523. 666 1,198 1,158 1,639 403 1,777 2,915 133 615 2,889 35 22 192 319 58 43 74 218 648 1,995 24 2.579 "193 19 72 2,361 116 1,383 1.738 2,331 361 2,226 6,555 2.960 2,972 9,317 566 4,268 4,218 2,205 1,750 1,595 595 919 939 380 2,670 2,884 675 1,926 737 10,638 3,660 4,756 1,462 6,688 602 4,116 Neth- er- lands (Hol- land), and Bel- gium. 10 40 113 40 19 6 7 38 318 183 17 57 97 21 3 13 7 21 20 13 14 33 50 60 46 11,912 48 3,470 107 190 264 388 . 52 3 26 126 162 182 1 Nor- way, Sweden and Den- mark. 2,742 527 2,131 161 97 954 189 468 126 147 140 772 1,622 932 393 474 193 1,332 160 935 1,176 80 610 8,599 102 366 107 1.366 61 128 86 141 12,695 16,810 48 2,666 415 129 1,048 740 6,860 997 58 27 116 18 355 34 407 25 520 51 623 640 1.706 12 180 1.277 233 5,660 243 23 1,986 48 •189 80 239 288 188 4 88 12 50 13 102 15 97 24 7,245 11 31 20 305 37 476 12 121 22 102 37 90 1,374 607 74 494 49 200 33 654 33 101 1 36 114 645 Russia and Tur- Fin- key- land. 3,227 208 131 29 3,735 414 6,922 330 211 12 592 42 2,182 484 3,175 168 1,575 324 1,687 93 4,402 2,077 1,886 637 3,929 823 3,301 .95 1,715 354 501 81 583 9 1,170 41 2,167 165 814 161 3,028 437 476 40 232 19 10,219 2,469 46 43 1,644 41 422 38 3,622 284 701 8 247 12 209 153 767 2 4,739 62 4,432 202 33 8 3,431 146 1,290 44 8 16 1,239 66 3,355 35 2,614 188 985 72 783 1,599 1,216 492 1,154 124 6,918 27 2,684 59 288 18 4,291 9 1,712 42 367 44 3,961 22 6,867 388 2,440 25 3,727 24 702 836 2,460 146 2,129 12 251 38 865 47 6.59 38 66 188 540 44 656 12 824 12 524 32 1,397 162 456 15 7,187 273 3,880 29 5,278 319 1,069 597 2,588 365 143 65 3,042 113 44 70 30 27 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN. 213 FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION BY COUNTRY OF BIRTH, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 2.50,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. Table 1 7— Continued. Akron.. Canton Columbus . . . Dajrton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield . . Toledo Youngs town. Zanesville... Ohio Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City Oreg^OB Portland Pennsylvania Allentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McKeesport New Castle Norristown borough. . Reading .Scranton Shenandoah borough. Wilkes-Barre WIlliarasT)ort York Rhode Island Newport Pawtucket Providence Warwick town. Woonsocket Sonth Carolina Charleston. Columbia. . TenaessM Chattanooga. Knoxville... Memphis Nashville Texas Austin Dallas.... El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco irtah Ogden Salt Lake City Virginia Lynchburg . Norfolk Portsmouth . Richmond... Roanoke Washington Seattle Spokane Tacoma West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Total foreign born. Green Bay . La Crosse. . . Madison Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan. Superior 13,249 8,658 16,363 13,892 3,^15 1,627 10,938 2,051 3,174 32,144 24,896 1,605 .549 3,337 .50,312 0,240 5,224 6,712 3,129 14,963 4,157 6,003 15,333 3,214 12,645 8,634 4,030 8,823 35,122 10,459 16,097 2,335 1,594 6,381 17,989 76,999 9,021 16,548 2,448 448 1,342 792 6,520 3,017 2,455 5,264 14,504 4,280 fi,.307 6,408 17,495 1,328 4,879 19,544 459 3,676 1,147 4,136 774 67,456 21,820 22,498 526 5,428 4,057 6,044 4,234 7,410 12, 513 8,669 13,799 PERSOXS BORN IN- Aus- tria. 933 504 818 660 112 48 2,194 178 80 879 4,005 44 12 273 2,548 1,530 309 1, 160 86 726 299 1,320 4,736 46 3,107 1,263 61 1,415 3,184 1,225 2,578 50 109 58 210 1,574 419 1,378 19 12 261 91 80 254 66 411 567 369 351 75 44 214 7 40 16 118 14 2,025 712 1.265 165 564 104 806 1,102 973 Canada. French. Other. 60 417 18 152 79 617 27 380 1 65 9 128 38 262 4 58 8 124 681 2,499 21 326 8 44 7 63 52 • 29i 442 4,769 7 33 4 37 9 90 9 30 48 857 1 65 1 16 4 58 32 4 66 10 132 2 .52 5 .58 17 284 1 10 7 116 .58 78 6 41 137 391 3,367 656 4,494 4,341 3,190 246 9,728 335 8 38 11 2 107 4 52 32 305 6 129 5 51 37 241 27 200 16 213 13 90 15 228 30 268 54 12 175 55 747 2 24 22 146 9 59 8 114 56 836 9,872 310 4,040 261 2,622 5 33 7 62 155 210 42 164 7 169 33 338 21 154 U 44 458 1,577 Eng- land, Scot- land, and Wales. 1,925 854 1,935 620 149 214 804 219 369 2,052 4,239 217 99 477 5,363 322 426 1,287 364 788 391 363 1,067 184 1,853 2,024 606 496 7,716 529 3,930 285 187 1,060 6,834 12,076 1,129 963 199 89 213 172 691 366 240 804 351 513 738 766 997 95 1,652 7,532 83 442 132 652 212 8,553 2,898 2,572 128 575 109 194 334 322 745 65 France. 150 93 48 14 18 17 12 246 48 16 505 78 162 367 93 682 24 6 114 57 26 144 85 43 153 135 230 11 25 110 4 28 3 56 13 646 164 273 Ger- Greece. Hun- gary. 3,152 64 3,308 2,313 357 1,559 5,722 123 970 5,817 117 2,761 2,152 42 168 506 13 9 1,188 12 3,954 497 18 595 1,119 53 28 15,308 81 2,927 2,100 134 5,490 601 28 213 134 46 2 674 130 27 7,490 701 584 1,104 29 1,359 1,658 91 68 466 13 69 754 43 305 5,603 53 588 834 46 621 872 3 228 1,582 37 4,563 1,993 38 39 1,533 90 2,500 491 49 505 510 15 23 2,754 170 243 4,325 71 1,214 273 5 3 2,401 63 259 880 8 8 667 44 20 275 130 18 607 267 4 2,076 451 126 160 5 13 185 50 14 891 134 14 65 27 2 262 34 23 165 23 40 1.429 230 71 554 63 177 794 7 7 1,434 75 35 447 4 39 708 63 21 1.563 64 98 1,771 1.32 91 3,398 8 56 323 16 7 239 202 4 2,102 621 90 46 41 1 402 179 19 130 13 5 892 99 36 79 43 4 6,176 967 345 2,755 144 126 2,545 258 102 112 24 13 2,236 130 164 1.125 2 2,723 13 54 1,320 53 34 4,482 127 24 2,890 118 566 4.618 336 47 1,011 27 171 Ireland. 605 192 1,809 976 167 357 290 197 830 1,971 1,842 184 48 202 2,267 416 530 1,526 228 1,122 315 367 447 144 740 449 992 344 5,302 265 1,588 324 71 2,316 3,438 15,801 622 1,195 345 43 118 88 808 572 117 360 163 364 564 460 485 51 180 664 41 226 136 405 3,177 1,021 916 54 544 186 159 346 143 235 46 452 Italy. 799 980 1,619 356 178 158 452 103 173 270 3,604 14 7 40 2,557 662 1,281 860 732 1,307 479 1,892 1,905 195 586 2,397 1,442 1,076 '432 956 314 180 573 717 17,305 1,.339 483 191 19 10 22 1,140 91 49 338 50 190 ' 568 639 444 161 379 27 345 153 511 27 3,457 1,545 1,202 32 291 14 20 335 10 449 1 48 Neth- er- lands (Hol- land), and Bel- gium. 29 19 140 41 9 6 21 2 20 140 26 1 10 48 2.50 190 425 3 35 28 45 46 36 147 1 696 456 4 14 11 18 2 720 255 105 1,199 26 24 25 137 595 375 Nor- way, Sweden, and Den- mark. 585 146 168 80 18 24 124 26 43 323 C46 38 181 8,723 29 00 88 32 913 34 3 53 20 1,253 66 44 33 142 3 224 80 26 Russia and Fin- land. 602 591 1,534 1,527 99 51 1,452 24 103 3,345 1,761 152 33 227 550 540 1,005 416 2,428 875 815 510 390 762 920 203 1,905 8,571 7,514 3,508 145 165 Tur- 564 188 559 481 4,058 7,518 1,023 82 84 622 109 295 17 82 26 431 9 106 205 956 46 596 369 40 243 744 9.5 176 293 598 751 387 202 636 173 469 140 172 903 49 4,662 355 7 142 138 1,341 59 367 67 829 16 76 17,749 3,877 5,786 879 7,731 988 14 18 45 491 529 272 1,629 153 1,079 251 513 426 4.251 1,559 153 1,648 5,733 2,478 150 144 131 215 4 13 50 54 108 243 253 54 384 82 7 47 8 15 52 262 6 24 141 1 190 265 1.52 319 25 9 45 395 2,140 20 310 13 1 18 61 79 41 59 130 39 155 101 47 30 195 39 100 40 180 27 172 12 28 192 12 2 Chaptee 6. THE FOKEIGN-BORN POPULATION— DATE OF IMMIGRATION. Introduction. — This chapter summarizes the statis- tics in regard to the year of immigration of the for- eign-born population, as returned at the Thirteenth Decennial Census. The census schedules of 1910 and 1900 both contained an inquiry, appUcable only to the foreign-born population, as to the year of immigration to the United States. This inquiry was designed in part to afford, in connection with the statistics of im- migration, a means for determining what proportion of the immigrants of each year or period of years had remained in this country and were still living. It also furnishes a basis for determining the sections of the country in which the immigrants of different periods have mainly settled. United States as a whole. — Table 1 summarizes the results of this inquiry at the last two censuses for the United States as a whole (not including Alaska, Ha- waii, Porto Rico, or other outlying possessions) . Table 1 TEAR OF IMMIGRATION. Total Year not reported Total with year reported. 1910, to Apr. 15.. 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1901-1904 1900 or earlier.... 1906-1910 1901-1905 1896-1900 1891-1895 1890 or earlier CKNaVS OF 1910 tAPRQ, 15). Length of residence In United States, In years (y.) ana months (m.). 1901-1910 1900 or earlier Distributing those with year not reported: Total Less than Mm ^m.-\ y. 3im ly. 3im.-2y. 3im.. 2y. 34m.-3y. 3im.. 3y. 3im.-4y. 3jm.. 4y. 3Jm.-5y. 3jm.. 5y. 3im.-»y. 3im.. 9 y. 3i m. or more Less than 4 y.3|m . 4 y. 3J m.-9 y. m.-14 y. m.-19 y. m. or more. Less than 9 y. 3J m. 9 y. ^ m. or more. . 1901-1910 1 Less than 9 y. 3J m.. 1900 or earlier | 9 y. 3J m. or more. . . Total foreign bom. Number. 13,51S,8M 1,340,819 12,175,067 233,852 579,419 412,683 706,771 637,398 530,808 1,509,214 7,568,022 2,570,123 2,036,022 1,063,699 1.157,513 5,347,710 4,606,145 7,568,922 13,S16,886 100.0 Per cent. 100.0 1.9 4.8 3.4 5.8 6.2 4.4 12.4 62.2 21.1 16.7 8.7 9.5 43.9 37.8 62.2 5,088,084 37.6 8.427,802 62.4 Foreign-bom white. Number. IS, 345, MS 1,318,959 13,026,686 231,696 573,585 406,631 694,362 623,647 520. 161 1,479,844 7,497,660 2,528,921 2,000,005 1,046,600 1,148,645 5,302,515 4,528,926 7,497,660 13,345,545 5,000,098 8,345,447 Per cent. 100.0 1.9 4.8 3.4 6.8 5.2 4.3 12.3 62.3 2L0 16.6 8.7 9.6 44.1 37.7 62.3 100.0 37.5 62.5 TEAR OF IM MIGRATION. Total Year not reported Total with year reported. 1900, to June 1... 1899 1897. 1895 1891-1894 1890 or earlier. . . 1890-1900 1891-1895 1886-1890 1881-1885 1880 or earlier. 1891-1900 1890 or earlier. . . Distributing those with year not reported: Total 1891-1900 1890 or earlier. . . CENSUS OF 1900 (JUNE 1). Length of residence In United States, In years (y.) and months (m.). Less than 5 m 6 m.-l y. 6 m 1 y. 5 m.-2y.5 m. 2y. 5m.-3y. 5 m. 3 y. 5 m.-4y. 5 m. 4y. 5 m.-5 y.5 m. 5 y. 5 m.-9y. 5 m. 9 y. 5 m. or more.. Less than 4 y. 5 m 4 y. 5 m.-9 y. 5 m 9y. 5 m.-14 y. 5 m 14 y.5 m.-19y.5 m... 19 y.5 m. or more Less than 9 y. 5 m 9 y. 5 m. or more Less than 9 y. 5 m 9 y. 5 m. or more Total foreign bom. Number. 10,341,276 1,012,663 9,328,623 201,128 235,410 195,291 172,288 199,749 214,577 1,144,654 6,965,526 1,003,866 1,359,231 1,590,930 1,566,448 3,802,148 2,363,097 6,965,526 10,341,276 2,609,173 7,732,103 Per cent. 100.0 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.3 12.3 74.7 10.8 14.6 17.1 16.8 40.8 25.3 74.7 100.0 25.2 74.8 Foreign-bom white. Number. 10,213,817 1,001,460 9,212,357 192,607 229,315 191,399 169, 117 197,536 212, 198 1,136,842 6,883,343 979,974 1,349,040 1,585,062 1,546,825 3,751,456 2,329,014 6,883,343 10,213,817 2,571,196 7,642,621 Per cent. 100.0 2.1 2.5 2.1 L8 2.1 2.3 12.3 74.7 10.6 14.6 17.2 16.8 40.7 25.3 74.7 100.0 25.2 74.8 It will be noted from this table that for about one- tenth of the foreign-born population, both in 1910 and in 1900, the year of immigration was not reported. Consequently the numbers reported as having arrived in each specified year or group of years somewhat understate the actual numbers. There is no way of knowing whether this understatement is relatively greater in the case of one class than in the case of another, but it is probable that approximately cor- rect figures for any given year or group of years will be obtained by adding one-ninth to the number actu- ally reported. The percentages shown in Table 1 (except those in the last two lines) are all based upon the total number for whom the year of immigration was reported. Of the foreign bom of all races combined in 1910 for whom the year was reported, 21.1 per cent had arrived dur- ing the period from January 1, 1906, to April 15, 1910 (four years, three and one-half months), 16.7 per cent during the five years 1901-1905, 8.7 per cent between 1896 and 1900, 9.5 per cent between 1891 and 1895, and 43.9 percent in 1890 or earlier. About three-eighths of those for whom the date of arrival was reported thus ar- rived during the period of nine years, three and one-half months beginning January 1, 1901, and five-eighths be- fore that date. The percentages for the foreign-born whites taken by themselves are substantially the same. This table reflects roughly the variations which have taken place from year to year in the number of immi- grants. For example, the number reported in 1910 as having arrived during 1907 (706,771) was much greater than the number reported as having arrived during 1908 (412,683), which corresponds with the va- riation shown by the statistics of immigration. Again, the number reported as having arrived during the five years 1891-1895 (1,157,513) was considerably greater (215) 216 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. than the number reported as having arrived from 1896 to 1900 (1,063,699), which conforms to the statistics shoAving that immigration was heavier during the ear- Uer j^ears of that decade than durmg the later. Table 1 also presents estimates as to the total num- ber of the foreign born enumerated in 1910 who had arrived, respectively, before and after January 1, 1901. The estimates (which represent the totals derived from calculations made for each state separately) are made on the assumption that the persons for whom the date of arrival was not reported should be distributed in the same ratio as those for whom reports were made. Similar estimates have been made on the basis of the returns at the census of 1900. It is estimated on the above basis that about 5,000,000 of the foreign- born whites who were enumerated on April 15, 1910^ had arrived in this country subsequently to January 1, 1901. During the period from January 1, 1901, to April 1, 1910, the Bureau of Immigration recorded the arrival in the United States of 8,223,325 immi- grants. Tlie difference between these two figures,, about 3,223,325, represents the number who had left the country or died — chiefly those who had returned to their native country. Those who were enumerated in 1910 represented 62.2 per cent of the total number of imimigrants during this period. Divisions and states. — Table 2 shows, by geographic divisions and states, the foreign-born white popula- tion as enumerated in 1910, distributed according to the time of arrival in the United States. FOREIGN-BORN WHITE POPULATION, BY YEAR OF ARRIVAL IN THE UNITED STATES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 2 DIVISION AND STATE. United States. Geographic DiTs.: New England.. . Middle Atlantic. E. North Central W. North Central South Atlantic . . E. South Central. W.South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts... Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. N. Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. N. Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota... South Dakota... YEAR OF immigration. 190«- Apr. 15, 1910 2,S28,921 369,442 095,778 522,008 186,544 56,884 8,587 49,857 90,961 148,860 19,226 20,756 10, 43^ 212, 285 34, 712 72,026 598,583 143,335 353,860 129,675 30,137 221,195 87,616 53,385 62,152 24,986 31,764 20,397 10,313 1901- 1905 2,000,005 2,195,145 283,246 906,454 391,942 155,683 40,259 7,641 34,596 58,916 121,268 14,024 12,353 6,638 164,322 28,072 57,837 516,519 112,777 277, 158 88,621 17, 137 177, 158 65,520 43,506 59,646 17,293 23,618 23,744 9,521 1891- 1900 390,564 904,348 418, 690 195,365 40,322 8,934 48,929 63,082 124,911 21,268 20,743 8,763 234,894 37,605 67,391 542,974 121,956 239, 418 73,623 16,212 184,207 83,784 60,864 75,259 27, 134 22,619 27,906 13.004 1890 or earlier. Year un- known. 5,302,6151,318,959 686,607 ,577,972 433, 180 836, 626 98,320 42,792 121,484 159,212 346,322 39,234 36,674 20,410 409,113 65,546 115,630 907,939 226,029 444,004 248,315 71,918 511,537 305,283 296,127 288,434 156,614 113,213 58,922 51,727 84,527 341,627 301,400 239,013 54, 770 18,903 93,893 64,739 120,087 16,381 6,032 3,613 30,436 12,190 15,875 163,257 54,091 124,279 57,011 23,918 108, 463 53,321 58,687 57,519 47,457 37,682 25, 189 16,063 PER CENT.l 1900 1906- 1901- or 1910 1906 ear- lier. 21.0 16.6 62.3 21.4 16.4 62.3 24.4 20.2 55.4 18.9 14.2 67.0 13.6 11.3 75.1 24.1 17.1 58.8 12.6 11.2 76.1 19.6 13.6 66.9 24.4 15.8 59.7 20.1 16.4 63.6 20.5 15.0 64.5 22.9 13.6 63.4 22.6 14.4 63.1 20.8 16.1 63.1 20:9 16.9 62.1 23.0 18.5 1 58.5 23.3 20.1 56.5 23.7, 18.7 67.6 28.9 21.1 52.0 24.0 16.4 69.6 22.3 12.7 65.1 20.2 16.2 63.6 16.2 12.1 71.8 11.8 9.6 78.7 12.8 12.3 74.9 11.1 7.7 81.3 16.6 12.4 71.0 15.6 18.1 66.3 12.2 11.3 76.5 DIVISION AND STATE. W. N. Cen.— Con. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland , Dist. of Columbia Virginia West Virginia. North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida E. S. Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. S. Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas MoimTAiN: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico... Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington... Oregon California YEAR OF IMMIGRATION. 1906- Apr. 15, 1910 19,726 17,206 3,197 14,061 2,837 4,494 22,623 918 642 1, 6,290 2,977 1,878 2,673 1,059 1,277 4,188 4,410 39,982 20,290 6,731 7,829 22,096 6,027 13,676 10,493 3,820 43,444 18, 772 86,644 1901- 1906 12,738 9,123 2,482 13,296 2,494 3,327 10,869 576 536 1,746 4,933 2,194 1,800 2,479 1,168 1,704 5,571 3,082 24,239 12,936 4,448 4,783 16,678 3,002 7,566 6,650 2,863 35,460 13,040 72, 778 1891- 1900 18,113 11,330 2,608 16,298 3,203 3,793 6,818 713 664 2,112 5,123 3,285 2,069 2,379 1,201 1,789 8,720 4,452 33,968 15,358 4,821 3,826 19,944 3,165 6,895 6,667 2,416 33,917 13, 178 77,816 1890 or earlier. 99,686 68,030 5,986 46,616 10,255 8,693 9,794 1,778 2,206 5,067 9,126 24,566 8,152 6,821 3,263 7,509 18,260 16,609 79,106 30,303 16,652 7,946 51,408 6,162 10,616 29,320 6,906 85,031 40,622 220,669 Year un- known. 25,602 29,501 3,147 15,003 5,562 6,421 7,968 1,957 2,017 4,325 8,370 7,041 4,560 4,604 2,698 4,630 15,043 11,531 62,689 12,757 7,775 2,735 16,726 4,298 8,181 10,273 1,994 43,356 17,389 59,343 1906- 1910 13.1 16.3 22.4 15.8 16.1 22.2 46.1 23.0 15.9 17.0 24.7 9.0 13.5 18.6 15.8 10.4 11.4 15.4 22.6 26.7 20.6 32.1 20.1 32.8 35.4 19.8 23.9 22.0 21.9 18.9 I 1 1900 1901- or 1905 ear- lier. 8.5 78.4 8.6 75.1 17.4 14.9 13.3 16.5 22.1 14.5 13.3 16.2 19.4 60.2 69.3 71. ft 61.3 31.5 62.5 70. » 66.8 56. » 6.6 84. S 13.0 73.5 17.3 64.1 17.5 66.7 13.9 16.2 10.8 13.7 16.4 13.6 19.6 15.1 16.4 19.6 12.5 17.9 17.9 16.2 16.9 76.7 73. 4r 73.8 63.* 57.9 65.8 48.3 64.8 50.8 45.1 67.7 58.2 60.1 62.8 65.2 1 Percentages based only on the number for whom the year of immigration was rejwrted. Marked differences appear among the geographic divisions with respect to the relative importance of recent and earlier immigrants in the present foreign- born population. Designating persons who came to the United States after January 1, 1901, as recent arrivals, and those who came before that date as earlier arrivals, it will be seen that in the United States as a whole the recent arrivals formed 37.7 per cent of the total number of foreign-born whites for whom the year of arrival was reported. In the Middle Atlantic division, however, they represented 44.6 per cent of the total, in the South Atlantic division 41.2 per cent, and in the Mountain division 40.3 per cent. On the other hand, in the West North Central division the newcomers constituted only 24.9 per cent of the total foreign-born white population, and in the East South Central only 23.9 per cent.* ' Since these percentages are baaed upon the figures for those who reported the year of immigration, they are, of course, subject to a certain margin of error because of the fact that the considerable number of persons who failed to report the year of immigration may have been differently distributed as regards the time of arrival; but beyond question they bring out substantially the true con- ditions in the several geographic divisions. DATE OF IMMIGRATION OF FOREIGN BORN. 217 Another method of showing the diflference between the recent arrivals and the earlier with respect to the sections of the country in which they have settled is by means of percentages, distributing among the geo- graphic divisions tlie total number reported as having arrived within a given period of time. Such per- centages, derived from Table 2, are shown in Table 3. Table 3 DIVISION OF RESIDENCE. PER CENT DISTKIBUTION OF TOTAL NUMBER OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITES WHO ARRIVED DURING THE YEARS— 1906- Apr. 15, 1910 1901- 1906 1891- 1900 1890 or earlier. Year un- known. United States 100.0 14.6 43.3 20.6 7.4 2.2 0.3 2.0 3.6 5.9 100.0 14.2 45.3 19.6 7.8 2.0 0.4 1.7 2.9 6.1 100.0 17.8 41.2 19.1 8.9 1.8 0.4 2.2 2.9 5.7 100.0 12.9 29.8 27.0 15.8 1.9 0.8 2.3 3.0 6.5 100 New England 4 Middle Allantiu 25 9 East North Central . . 22 9 West North Central 18.1 4 2 East South Central 1.4 7.1 4 9 West South Central Mountain Pflrtfic, , , , , . 9 1 The recent arrivals have largely concentrated in the three northeastern geographic divisions — the New Eng- land, the Middle Atlantic, and the East North Central — principally in the Middle Atlantic. Of the foreign- born whites enumerated in 1910 who reported arrival after January 1, 1906, 43.3 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic division, 20.6 per cent in the East North Central division, and 14.6 per cent in New England, leaving only 21.4 per cent in all the rest of the country. The distribution of those who reported arrival between 1901 and 1905 was substantially the same, and that of those earlier immigrants who arrived from 1891 to 1900 was not very different. On the other hand, of those who had arrived in 1890 or earlier, only 29.8 per cent were in the Middle Atlantic division and 12.9 per cent in the New England division. The pro- portion of this class residing in the East North Central division (27 per cent), however, was much larger than the proportion of the more recent immigrants residing in tliat division. The West North Central division contained 15.8 per cent of those who reported arrival in 1890 or earlier, while only 7.4 per cent of those who arrived after January 1, 1906, were in that division. To facilitate comparison between the recent ar- rivals and the earlier, the foreign-born whites in each geographic division and state who failed to report the date of anival have been distributed by estimates as having arrived, respectively, before and after January 1, 1901. The estimates are made in the manner al- ready explained in connection with Table 1, page 215. The results are shown in Table 4. FOREIGN-BORN WHITE POPULATION IN 1910, DISTRIBUTED (PARTLY BY ESTIMATES) 'AS ARRIVING BEFORE OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 1901, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. Table 4 DIVISION AND STATE. United States Geographic divisions: New England , Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Total foreign-bom white: 1910 13,346,545 1,814,386 4,S2fi,179 3,067,220 1.613,231 290,555 86,857 348,759 436,910 861,448 110,133 96,558 49,861 ,051,050 178,025 328, 759 ,729,272 658,188 ,438,719 597,245 159,322 ,202,560 595, 524 512,569 543,010 273,484 228,896 156, 158 100,628 ESTDf ATKD NUXBKK WHO ABBIVED IK TBI UNITED STATES— Before Jan. 1, 1901. S, 345, 447 Between Jan. 1, 1901, and Apr. 15, 1910. Number. 6,000,098 1,129.913 2,670.407 2,054,803 1,211,646 in,612 65,768 233,452 260,936 546,910 71,073 61,243 31,452 633,212 110, 626 192,307 1,543,224 379, 144 748,039 355,912 103, 697 764, 716 427,328 403,150 406,782 222,328 162,600 103,527 77,027 684,473 2,155,772 1,012,417 401,585 118,943 21,089 115,307 175,974 314,538 39,060 35,315 18,409 387,838 67,399 136, 452 1,186,048 279.044 241,333 55,625 437,844 168,196 109,419 136,228 51,156 66,296 52,631 23.601 Per cent. 37.5 37.7 44.7 33.0 24.9 40.9 24.3 33.1 40.3 36.5 35.5 36.6 36.9 36.9 37.9 41.5 43.5 42.4 48.0 40.4 34.9 36.4 28.2 21.3 25.1 18.7 I 29.0 33.7 I 23.5 I DIVISION AND STATE. West North Central— Contd Nebraska Kansas SocTH Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tenness^ Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California Total foreign-bom white: 1910 175,865 135, 190 17,420 104, 174 24,351 26,628 57,072 5,942 6,054 15.072 33,842 40,053 18,459 IS, 956 9.389 16,909 51, 782 40,084 239,984 91,644 40,427 27, 118 126,851 22,654 46,824 63,393 17,999 241, 197 103,001 517.250 ESTIMATED NUMBER WHO ARRn'ED IN THE UNITED STATES— Before Jan. 1, 1901. 137,870 101,512 10,489 72,214 17,442 16,322 18, 145 3:714 4,287 10.068 18, 931 33,779 13. 574 12, 151 6.264 12,804 38,027 29, .566 153,055 53.045 26,586 13,091 82. 189 11,511 21,097 42.934 10,483 145,014 64,728 337, 168 Between Jan. 1, 1901, and Apr. 15, 1910. Number. 37,995 33,678 6,931 31,960 6,909 10,306 38,927 2,228 1,767 5.004 14,911 6,274 4,885 6,805 3, 125 4,105 13, 755 10, 518 86,929 38,599 13,841 14,027 44,662 11,143 25, 727 20,459 7,516 96,183 38,273 180,082 Per cent. 21.6 24.9 39.8 30.7 28.4 38.7 68.2 37.5 29.2 33.2 44.1 15.7 26.5 35.9 33.3 24.3 26.6 26.2 36.2 42.1 34.2 51.7 35.2 49.2 54.9 32.3 41.8 39.9 37.2 34.8 Urban and rural communities. — Table 5 distributes the foreign-born white population in the urban and rural communities, respectively, of each geographic division according to the time of arrival in the United States. This table shows that the more recent arrivals have more generally gone to urban communities than the earlier ones. In 1910, of the foreign-born whites in urban communities who reported the year of immigra- tion, 39.S percent had arrived after January 1, 1901; of 218 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. those in rural communities only 31.7 per cent. Of the 4,528,926 foreign-born whites who reported arrival after January 1, 1901, 3,514,756, or 77.6 per cent, resided in urban conmiunities, and only 1,014,170, or 22.4 per cent, in rural communities; while of the 5,302,515 who reported arrival in 1890 or earher, 3,611,131, or 68.1 per cent, resided in urban communities, and 1,691,384, or 31.9 per cent, in rural communities. T'able 5 tTnited States . New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central Mountain Pacific FOREIGN-BORN 'WHITE IN 1910, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO YEAR OF IMMIGRATION. Urban communities. Year of immigration. 1906- Apr. 15, 1910 1.945,819 346,817 904,753 435,287 94,803 29,128 5,431 17,679 27,918 84,003 1901- 1905 1, 568, 937 265,416 770,443 316,937 74,184 25,805 4,922 14,222 22,000 75,008 1891- 1900 1,701,911 363,899 783,663 319,051 75,312 29,612 6,261 19,112 26, 195 78,806 1890 or earlier. 3,611,131 630,398 1,333,461 929,710 287,948 70,665 29,694 46,716 70,540 211,999 Year un- known. 807,571 70,060 257,157 188,306 99,449 36,546 11,624 39,079 26,678 78,672 •Per cent.i 1906- 1910 22.0 21.6 23.9 21.8 17.8 18.8 11.7 18.1 19.0 18.7 1901 1905 17.8 16.5 20.3 15.8 13.9 16.6 10.6 14.6 15.0 16.7 1900 ear- lier. 60.2 61.9 55.8 62.4 68.3 64.6 77.6 67.4 66.0 64.6 Rural communities. Year of immigration. 1906- Apr. 15, 1910 583,102 22,625 191,025 86,721 91,741 27,756 3,156 32,178 63,043 64,857 1901- 1905 431,068 17,830 136,011 75,005 81,499 14,454 2,719 20,374 36,916 46,260 1891- 1900 493,234 26,665 120,685 99,639 120,053 10,710 2,673 29,817 36,887 46,105 1890 or earlier. 1,691,384 56,209 244,511 503,470 548,678 27,655 13,098 74,768 88,672 134,323 Year un- known. 511, 14, 84, 113, 139, 18, 7, 54, 38, 41, Per cent.i 1906- 1910 18.2 18.3 27.6 11.3 10.9 34.4 14.6 20.5 28.0 22.2 1901- 1906 13.5 14.5 19.6 9.8 9.7 17.9 12.6 13.0 16.4 15.9 1900 ear- lier. 68.3 67.2 52.8 78.9 79.4 47.6 72.9 66.6 55.7 61.9 I Percentages based only on the number for whom the year of immigration was reported. Principal cities. — Table 6 distributes the foreign- bom whites of each city of 100,000 inhabitants or more, as enumerated at the census of 1910, according to the time of arrival in the United States. Very marked differences appear among the cities with re- spect to the proportions of the more recent and the earlier arrivals. In New York City 23.6 per cent of those who reported specifically the year of arrival had arrived between January 1, 1906, and the date of enu- meration in 1910; 22 percent between 1901 and 1905; and 54.4 per cent in 1900 or earlier. In New Orleans, on the other hand, only 9.9 per cent reported arrival between 1906 and 1910, while 78.6 per cent reported arrival in 1900 or earlier. FOREIGN-BORN WHITE POPULATION, BY YEAR OF ARRIVAL IN THE UNITED STATES, FOR CITIES HAVING 100.000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. T'able 6 CITY. Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Buffalo, N.Y Cambridge, Mass Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass Orand Rapids, Mich Indianapolis, Ind Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo lios Angeles, Cal Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Milwaukee, Wis YEAR OF IMMIGRATION. 1906- Apr. 15, 1910 2,501 646 10,421 941 43,852 17,758 6,163 161,210 9,633 48,081 2,515 3,744 4,469 38,044 3,997 3,428 14, 457 3, 8,925 1,367 9,854 783 19, 528 1901- 1905 2,010 561 10,630 714 40,332 6,973 13,859 5,516 130,018 5,885 38,603 1,639 1,781 4,467 23, 594 7,711 3,143 1,955 11,831 2,740 9,110 1,123 6,070 1891- 1900 2,238 655 12, 820 814 57,037 7,628 19,636 7,'" 132, 389 5,464 31,589 1,541 1,457 6,388 24,144 12, 123 3,872 2,271 13, 625 3,078 9,708 1, 9,133 818 14,632 1890 or earlier. Year un- known 8,996 1,382 32,541 1,658 93,318 11,035 50,266 14,576 310,401 32,685 71,646 6,744 5,783 19,060 20,913 13,520 9,723 31,040 10, 136 24,507 11,046 17,406 2, .538 52,322 2,420 1,166 10,631 1,573 6,183 1,464 16,925 384 47, 199 3, 125 5,784 3,846 1,082 4,557 8,134 491 3,803 2,390 6,744 6,284 8,334 2,201 994 1,519 11,917 1906- 1910 15.9 19.9 15.7 22.8 18.7 26.2 17.5 18.0 22.0 17.9 25.3 20.2 29.3 13.0 25.6 19.1 16.3 19.7 20.4 16.2 17.1 9.0 23.2 15.8 19.6 1901- 1905 1900 or ear- lier. 12.8 17.3 16.0 17.3 17.2 20.1 13.7 16.1 17.7 11.0 20.3 13.2 14.0 13.0 15.9 15.3 12.8 11.3 16.7 14.4 17.4 7.4 14.3 16.4 13.1 71.3 62.8 68.3 59.9 64.1 53.8 68.9 65.9 60.3 71.1 54.4 66.6 56.7 74.0 58.5 65.6 70.9 69.0 63.0 69.4 65.5 83.7 62.5 67.8 67.3 Minneapolis, Minn Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn New Orleans, La NewYork, N. Y Newark, N. J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Oreg Providence, R. I Richmond, Va Rochester, N. Y St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal Scran ton. Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse, N.Y Toledo. Ohio Washington, D. C Worcester, Mass YEAR OP IMMIGRATION. i9oe- Apr. 15, 1910 11, 872 281 8,536 1,909 438,743 24,306 5,426 4,626 7,992 72,516 28,851 8,256 15,403 587 12,959 21,335 7,439 18, 742 6, 598 11,166 3, 6,074 4,024 2,837 10,485 1901- 1905 12,971 281 8,382 2,230 407,865 21,069 4,' 3,066 7,111 67, 110 26,763 6,235 13,397 456 16,274 6,663 19, 262 5,546 9,595 2,861 3,678 3,467 2,494 7' 1891- 1900 12, 771 380 9,227 3,596 419, 893 21.507 6,045 3,425 9,048 69,094 23,333 6,002 17, 325 499 14,006 7,639 20,812 5,676 9,360 2,901 4,618 4,606 3,203 10, 710 1890 or earlier. 35,812 1,652 14,943 11,582 589,205 38,215 18, 771 12, 277 17,953 141, 574 49,482 15,285 27, 321 1,341 24,435 59, 578 28,093 57,589 14,542 17,998 7,184 11,632 14,857 10,255 18,015 Year un- known 12,512 399 1,6% 8,369 71,997 5,558 1,611 3,674 3,294 32,284 12,007 8,002 2,&57 1,202 3,720 14,513 6,690 14, 469 2, 7,50 12, 716 4,471 4,779 5,083 5,562 1.418 1906- 1910 16.2 10.8 20.8 9.9 23.6 23.1 15.4 19.8 19.0 20.7 22.5 23.1 21.0 20.4 23.4 19.2 14.9 16.1 20.4 23.2 22.7 23.4 14.9 15.1 22.3 1901- 1905 17.7 10.8 20.4 11.5 22.0 20.0 14.1 13.1 16.9 19.2 20.8 17.4 18.2 15.8 16.1 14.6 13.4 16.5 17.1 19.9 17.1 14.1 12.9 13.3 16.7 1900 or ear- lier. 66.2 78.3 58.8 78.6 54.4 56.8 70.5. 67.1 64.1 60.1 56.7 59.5 60.8 63.8 60.5 66.2 71.7 67.4 62.5 56.9 60.2 62.5 72.2 71.6 61.0 1 Percentages based only on the number for whom the year of immigration was reported. Chapter 7. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE AND ILLITERACY. Introduction. — This chapter prfesents in condensed form the principal statistics relative to school attend- ance and illiteracy obtained at the Thirteenth Census, taken as of April 15, 1910, with comparative figures for prior censuses. Statistics are presented for the states and principal cities of the United States. Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying pos- sessions are not included. In the first part of the chapter relating to school attendance figures are given for the whole number of persons attending school in 1909-10, but compari- sons with the population are confined to persons from € to 20 years of age. A full discussion is given for the United States as a whole for different classes of the population, classified by color or race, nativity, and parentage, by sex, and by age groups, with further details regarding the population living in urban com- mimities and rural districts. Similar material in more condensed form is given for the geographic divi- sions and states and for the principal cities. Com- parative figures for the censuses of 1910 and 1900 relate to the population from 5 to 20 years of age. In the second part of the chapter relating to illit- eracy figures are presented for the United States as a whole for the population 10 years of age ^nd over, classified by color or race, nativity, parentage, sex, and age, and as resident ia urban communities and rural districts. Similar statistics in more condensed form are given for each of the geographic divisions and states and for the principal cities. The chapter also gives a separate discussion of illiteracy in two im- portant classes of the population, namely, children from 10 to 14 years of age and males 21 years of age and over. SCHOOL ATTENDAXCE. UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE: 1009-10. The statistics of school attendance of the census of 1910 are based upon the answers to a question on the population schedule as to whether the person enu- merated had attended school between September 1, 1909, and the date of enumeration, April 15, 1910. If the person enumerated had attended any kind of school for any length of time during the period in question, an affirmative answer was to be entered upon the scliedule. Persons attending school, classified by color or race, nativity, and parentage. — The total number of per- sons reported as having attended school between September 1, 1909, and April 15, 1910, was 18,009,891. It is not to be understood that aU of these persons were in school on April 15, or that they were simultaneously attending school at any time during the period. They represent the whole number who had any rela- tion as pupils to the schools of the country during this time, and may, for brevity, be designated as persons attending school in 1909-10. Though the period falls from two to two and a half months short of the entire school year 1909-10, the number of per- sons who enter school in April, May, and June of any school year who have not been at school earlier in the year is an insignificant part of the whole enrollment. Hence the period covered by the census enumeration can be regarded as practically identical with the school year. Table 1 shows the distribution of the persons attending school in 1909-10 among the several color or race, nativity, and parentage groups. Table 1 CLASS OF POPULATION. PERSONS ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. Per cent distribu- tion ^ Number. Per cent of total. of total popula- tion. Totel 18,009,891 100.0 100 White 16,279,292 15,627,786 11,110,683 4,517,203 651,506 1,670,650 53,458 3,887 2,512 92 90.4 86.8 61.7 26.1 3.6 9.3 0.3 J'! 88 9 Native Native parentage 74.4 53 8 Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign bom 20.5 14 5 Negro 10 7 Inman 3 Chinese 1 Japanese 1 Another « I Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Of the persons attending school, 90.4 per cent were whites and 9.3 per cent were negroes, the native whites constituting 86.8 per cent of the total. The distri- bution of the white persons attending school among the different nativity and parentage groups differs considerably from the corresponding distribution of the population at large. This difference, however, is not primarily attributable to divergent tendencies with regard to school attendance among these elements of the population, but results largely from differences between the nativity and parentage distribution of the adult white population and that of the white popu- lation of the usual school ages. Persons attending school, classified by sex. — Table 2 shows the distribution by sex of the persons in each color or race, nativity, and parentage group attending school in 1909-10. It shows also the number of males (219) 220 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. to 100 females for the entire number attending school, for those in the age group 6 to 20 years, and for the total population in the group 6 to 20 years. Table 2 PERSONS ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. MALES TO 100 FEMALES. CLASS OF POPULATION. Male. Female. Among persons attending school. In total popu- lation 6 to 20 years of age. All ages. 6 to 20 years of age. Total 9,037,655 8,972,236 100.7 100.3 100.7 White 8,220,847 7,882,607 5,611,901 2,270,706 338,240 783,869 8,058,445 7,745,179 5,498,682 2,246,497 313,266 886,781 102.0 101.8 102.1 101.1 108.0 88.4 101.5 101.4 101.6 100.8 105.6 88.4 101.4 Native 101.0 Native parentage. . . Foreign or mixed parentage 101.6 99.7 108.1 Negro 95.4 A slight excess of males appears among the per- sons attending school, there being 100.7 males to each 100 females. This excess of males is found in all of the groups given in the table, except in the case of the negroes, where the females considerably outnumbered the males. For the persons 6 to 20 years of age attending school the excess of males was somewhat less than among all persons attending school. This excess corresponded approximately for most of the groups to the excess of males in the total population 6 to 20 years of age. Persons attending school, classified by age groups. — Table 3 shows the age distribution, by color or race, nativity, and parentage groups, of persons who were reported as attending school. The great majority of persons attending school are between the ages of 6 and 20 years, inclusive, which correspond precisely to the limits of school age as de- fined by the laws of many states, and approximately to the limits established in most other states. Of the total numfcer of persons attending school in 1909-10, 17,300,204, or 96.1 per cent, were between 6 and 20 years of age, inclusive, while only 2.2 per cent were under 6 and only 1.7 per cent were over 21. The group 6 to 9 years of age included 31.5 per cent of all persons attending school; the group from 10 to 14 years included 44.6 per cent; and the group from 15 to 20 years included 20 per cent. It may be noted that the age periods indicated are not of equal length, the first including four years; the second, five; and the third, six. In this and other tables percentages are given for the age groups 15 to 17 years and 18 to 20 years, but for economy of space the absolute figures on which percentages are based have been omitted from some of the other tables. The age distribution of the persons attending school does not vary greatly among the principal race, nativity, and parentage groups shown in Table 3. Among the native whites of native parentage the percentage who were from 15 to 20 years of age was noticeably larger than among the foreign-born w^hites or the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. On the other hand, the proportion of the foreign-born whites' who were over 20 years of age was much higher than the corresponding proportion among the native white classes. Table 3 AGE PERIOD. Total Under 6 years . . . 6to9year3 10 to 14 years 16 to 20 years 15 to 17 years 18 to 20 years 21 years and over PERSONS ATTENDINO SCHOOL, 1909-10. All classes. Number. 18,009,891 396, 6,678, 8,028, 3,593, 2,748, 844, 313, Per cent of total 100.0 2.2 31.6 44.6 20.0 15.3 4.7 1.7 White. Total. Number. 16,279,292 5, 174, 7,212, 3,237, 2,473, 764, 287, Per cent of total 100.0 2.3 31.8 44.3 19.9 15.2 4.7 1.8 Native. Total. Number. 15,627,786 355,355 4,981,031 6,904,115 3, 135, 123 2,400,268 734,855 252,162 Per cent of total. 100.0 2.3 31.9 44.2 20.1 15.4 4.7 1.6 Native parentage. ^^X^^e!^'" Number. Per cent of total 11,110,583 217, IS9 3,477,957 4,827,471 2,395,763 1,809,055 586,708 192,203 100.0 2.0 31.3 43.4 21.6 16.3 5.3 1.7 Number. 4,517,203 138,166 503,074 076,644 739,360 591,213 148, 147 59,959 Per cent of total. Foreign bom. Number. 100.0 651,506 11,445 193,316 308,492 102,639 73,015 29,624 35,614 Per cent of total. 100.0 Negro. Number. 1,670,650 28,560 488,954 791,995 338,750 264,005 74,745 22,391 Per centof total. 100.0 1.7 29.3 47.4 20.3 15.8 4.5 1.3 Percentage attending school, by age groups. — Some of the most significant inforaiation to be derived from statistics of school attendance is obtained by compar- ing the number of persons of a given group attending school with the total number of persons in that group, and thus showing the proportion of school attendance. Inasmuch as school attendance is not customary among persons under 6 or over 20 years of age, comparisons of this character are in general best confined to persons from 6 to 20 years of age. Table 4 shows, by age groups, for the United States as a whole, the proportion of the entire population who attended school in 1909-10. Pei-sons reported as attending school constituted 19.6 per cent of the total population of the country. For persons under 6 years of age the proportion at- tending school was only 3.1 per cent, and for pei"sons of 21 and over only 0.6 per cent. The total number of persons between the ages of 6 and 20 years, in- clusive, in 1910 was 27,750,599, of which number SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 221 17,300,204, or 62.3 per cent, attended school at some time between September 1, 1909, and April 15, 1910. Table 4 AGE PERIOD. Population: 1910 Total Under 6 years 6 to 20 years 6 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 20 years 15 to 17 years 18 to 20 years 21 years and over 91,972,266 PEBSONS ATTKNDINO SCHOOL, 1909-10. Number. i Percent. 18,009,891 19.6 12,666,702 27,750,599 7,725,234 ! 9,187,140 1 10,918,225 6,372,176 5,546,049 I 51,554,905 396,431 17,300,204 5,678,320 8,028,662 3,593,222 2,748,386 844,836 313,256 3.1 62.3 73.5 88.2 32.9 51.2 15.2 0.6 School attendance is much more common between the ages of 6 and 14 years than during the later years of youth. It is most common between the ages of 8 and 13, inclusive. Compulsory school attendance laws, which in 1910 existed in all but 7 of the states of the Union, seldom require attendance beyond the age of 14, and many children after reachmg that age drop out of school. School attendance is never re- quired by law before the age of 7 years and in the ma- jority of states not before 8 years, although a con- siderable proportion of children of 6 and a still larger proportion of those of 7 usually attend school, es- pecially in cities. Hence the proportion of school attendance for the group 10 to 14 years (88.2 per cent) was considerably higher than that for the age group 6 to 9 years (73.5 per cent), and very much higher than that for the age group 15 to 20 years (32.9 per cent). Table 5 CLASS OF POPULATION" AND sxx. Total Male Female White Male Female Negro Male Female Indian Chinese Japanese Another Native white Male Female Native parentage Male Female Foreign or mixed par Male Female Foreign-bom white Male Female Total number of persons attending school, 1909-10. PEKSONS 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AG*E. Total number. Attending school. Nombcr. 18,009,891; 27,750,59917.300.204 9,037,655; 13,924,694] 8.661,848 8,972,236; 13,825,905 8,638,358 16,279,292 8,220,847 8,068,446 1,670,660 783,809 886,781 53,468 3,887 2,612 92 16,627,786 7,882,607 7,745,179 11,110,583 5,611,901! 6,498,682i 4,517,203 2,270,706! 2,246,497 651,506; 338,240 313,266 24,220,868,15,624,716 12,195.148 7,872,132 12,026,720 7,762,684 3,422,167 1,670,979 1,751,178 1,619,600 760,813 850,886 94,529 51,043 6,978 3,263 6,n6 1,427 352' 56 22, 978, 826 16, 11,303,940 ~ 11,284,886 16.007,393 8,062,850 7,944,643 6,671,432 3,331,090 3,340,342 020,260 661,644 468,626 701,191 393,744 307,44^ 319,078 167,900 151,178 1,542.043 604.44' 801.208 310,488 740,835 293,950 Per cent. 62.3 62.2 62.6 PERSONS 6 TO 9 TSARS OF AOK. Attending school. Total ntimber. ' Number. 7,725,234 5,678,320 3,896,287 2,856,580 3,828,947{ 2,821,740 6,703,748: 6,174,347 3,388,433! 2,611,957 3,315,315 2,562,390 990,850 488,954 492,466| 237,162 496,384 251,792 28,907 066 704 9 6,452,309 3,261,604 3.190.705 4,622,327 2,340,830 2,281,497 1,829,982 920, 774 909,208 13,984 604 426 6 4,981,031 2, 514, 191 2,466,840 3,477,957 1,757,051 1,720,906 1,503,074 757, 140 745,934 251,4391 193,316 126,829; 97,766 124, 610! 06,660 Per cent. 73.5 73.3 73.7 PERSONS 10 TO 14 YEARS or AOE. 77.21 77.1 77.3 49.3 48.2 50.6 48.4 63.2 56.8 (') 77.2 77.1 77.3 7.5.2 75.1 76.4 82.1 82.2 82.0 76.9 77.1 76.7 Total number. 9,107,140 4,601,753 4,505,387 7,918,408 4,006,104 3,912,304 1,155,266 578,074 677, 192 31,393 1,576 477 21 7,560,078 3,824,801 3,735,277 5,324,283 2,700,666 2,623,627 2,235,795 1,124,145 1,111,650 358,330 181.303 177,027 Attending school. Number. 8.028.662 4,036,105 3,992,567 7,212,607 3,643,988 3,568,619 791,995 379,486 412,509 22,446 1,221 375 18 6,904,115 3,486,397 3,417,718 4,827,471 2,439,554 2,387,917 2,076,644 1,046,843 1,029,801 308.492 157,591 150,901 Per cent. 88.2 87.7 88.6 91.1 91.0 91.2 68.6 65.6 71.5 71.5 77.5 78.6 0) 91.3 91.2 91.5 90.7 90.3 91.0 92.9 93.1 92.6 86.1 86.9 85.2 PERSONS 15 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total number. 10,918,225 6,426,654 5,491,671 9,598,712 4,800,611 4. 798, 101 1,276,041 600,439 675,602 34,229 4,447 4,474 322 8,666,438 4,307,535 4,358,903 6,060,783 3,021,364 3,039,419 2,605,655 1,286,171 1,319,484 932,274 493,076 439,198 Attending school. Number. 3,593,222 1,769,161 1,824,061 3,237,762 1,616,187 1,621,575 338,750 143, 165 195,586 14,613 1,438 626 33 3,135,123 1,561,056 1.574,067 2,395,763 1,197,139 1,198,624 739,360 363,917 375,443 102,639 55,131 47.508 Per cent. 32.9 32.6 33.2 33.7 33.7 33.8 26.5 23.8 28.9 42.7 3Z3 14.0 10.2 36.2 36.2 36.1 39 5 39 6 39 4 28.4 28.3 28.5 11.0 11.2 10.8 OTHERS ATTEND- ING SCHOOL. 6vears ®!»f® oUge.l '^^ 396,4311 313,256 196,572 179,237 199,859 134,019 366,800 287,776 182,602 166,113 184, 198 28,560 13,452 15,108 962 64 45 355,355 176,820 178,536 217,189 107,768 109,421 138,166 69,052 69,114 121,663 22,391 10,604 11,787 1,453 560 1,040 252, 162 144,143 108,019 192,203 110,389 81,814 59,959 33,764 26,205 11,445 35,614 6,782; 21,970 5,663 13,644 Percentage attending school, by color or race, nativity, and parentage. — Table 5 shows the number and percent- age of the population who attended school in 1909-10 by age groups, and by race, nativit}', and parentage, and by sex. Table 6 summarizes the percentages. Table 6 CLASS OF POPULATION. Total. PEE CEKT OF POPULATION ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. 6to20i 6to9 years ofstge. years of age. 62.3' 73.5 10 to 14, years of »««• i Total, 88.2 V/hlte 64. 5 Native Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign bom Negro. 66.2 66.9 64.7 39.2 47.3 77.2 77.2 75.2 82.1 76.9 49.3 91.1 91.3 90.7 92.9 86.1 > Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. For the entire group compri-sing persons from 6 to 20 years of age, the native whites of native parentage showed a higher percentage of persons attending school (66.9) than any other class of the population, though not very much higher than the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. The percentages shown by the foreign-born whites (39.2) and by the negroes (47.3) were much lower. Marked differences appear in some of the minor age groups. For children from 6 to 9 years of age the highest percentage of school attend- ance was among the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage ; and even for the foreign-born whites the per- centage was higher than for the native whites of native parentage. These elements of the foreign stock live more largely in urban communities, where the pro- portion of young children attending school is rela- tively high, than do the native whites of purely native parentage. For children from 10 to 14 years of age 15 to 20 years of age. 32.9 33.7 36.2 39.5 28.4 11.0 8.6 ! 28.5 15 to 17 years of age. 51.2 18 to 20 years of age. 15.2 52.4 54.3 58.9 43.8 24.8 41.5 15.7 17.3 19.6 11.8 4.6 11.7 222 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION also the highest percentage attending school was found among the native whites of foreign or mixed parent- age. On the other hand, in the group from 15 to 20 years of age the proportion of school attendance was much higher among native whites of native pa- rentage than among native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, while for the latter in turn it was very much higher than for the foreign-born whites. The low proportion of foreign-bom whites from 15 to 20 years of age attending school results in part from the fact that very many children leave school as soon as the law permits, and in part from the fact that immi- gration swells the number of persons in this age group, bringing in large numbers who are beyond the age limits of compulsory school attendance, and who for this reason never attend school in the United States. In all of the age groups the percentage of school attend- ance among the negroes was materially lower than among the native whites of native parentage. Percentage attending school, by sex. — Table 7 shows, by age groups and by classes of population, for males and females, respectively, the percentage who attended school in 1909-10. Table 7 PER CENT OF POPULATION ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. CLASS OF POPULATION. 6 to 20 years of age. 6 to 9 years of age. 10 to 14 years of age. 15 to 20 years of age. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Male. Fe- male. Total 62.2 62.6 73.3 73.7 87.7 88.6 32.6 33.2 White 64.6 66.4 66.9 65.1 38.8 45.5 64.5 66.1 66.8 64.4 39.7 49.1 77.1 77.1 75.1 82.2 77.1 48.2 77.3 77.3 75.4 82.0 76.7 50.5 91.0 91.2 90.3 93.1 86.9 65.6 91.2 91.5 91.0 92.6 85.2 71.5 33.7 36.2 39.6 28.3 11.2 23.8 33.8 36.1 Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. Foreign bom 39.4 28.5 10.8 N^;ro 28.9 In general there was comparatively Uttle difference between the two sexes in the percentage of school attendance. For the total population from 6 to 20 years of age the percentage of males attending school was 62.2 and of females 62.5, but in both of the native white groups, which are the largest groups, the proportion for males was slightly higher than that for females, this difference being somewhat more than offset in the total by the higher proportion for females among the foreign-born whites and among the negroes. The differences in the percentages for males and females in the entire group from 6 to 20 years of age are partly due to differences in the age distribution of the two sexes. Thus, in the case of native whites of native parentage, the percentage of school attendance in 1909-10 was slightly lower among the males from 6 to 9 years of age and among those from 10 to 14 than among females in these two age groups; but notwith- standing this fact the proportion for the whole group of persons of school age — ^from 6 to 20 years, inclu- sive — was higher for males than for females. Percentage attending school in the nrban and rural population. — There are somewhat important differ- ences between urban communities and rural districts with respect to school attendance. Table 8 shows the distribution, by age groups, of the persons in the urban and in the rural population, respectively, who were reported as having attended school in 1909-10. The Bureau of the Census classifies as urban population that residing in cities and other incorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more, including New England towns of that population. Table 8 AGE PERIOD. Total Under 6 years 6 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 20 years 15 to 17 years. 18 to 20 years. 21 years and over. PERSONS ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. In urban communities. Number. 7,480,020 212,994 2,442,305 3,326,340 1,330,324 1,003,041 327,283 168,057 Per cent of total. 100.0 2.8 32.7 44.5 17.8 13.4 4.4 2.2 In rural districts. Number. 10,529,871 183,437 3,236,015 4,702,322 2,262,898 1,745,345 517,553 145,199 Per cent of total. 100.0 1.7 30.7 44.7 21.5 16.6 4.9 1.4 In general the persons attending school in cities and villages were younger than those attending school in the rural districts. The differences in this respect are further indicated in Table 9. (For the corresponding absolute numbers see Table 15, pages 229 and 230.) Table 9 AGE PERIOD. 6 to 20 years, Inclusive . 6 to 9 years 10 to 14 years 15 to 20 years , 15 to 17 years 18 to 20 years. . . PER CENT OF POPtJLATIGN ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. In urban communities. Total. 61.6 81.7 91.7 27.1 43.8 12.6 Male. 62.0 81.7 91.8 26.6 42.4 12.5 Fe- male. 61.3 81.7 91.6 27.6 45.2 12.5 In rural districts. Total. 68.3 85.8 37.6 56.6 17.7 Male. 62.4 68.1 85.1 37.2 55.4 18.0 Fe- male. 63.4 68.6 86.5 38.1 57. » 17. a For the entire group, comprising persons from 6 to 20 years of age, the proportion attending school in 1909-10 was slightly higher in rural districts than in urban communities (62.9 per cent as compared with 61.6 per cent). This, however, is due entirely to the fact that for the older children, from 15 to 20 years of age, the percentage attending school in the rural dis- tricts was much the higher. For children from 6 to 9 years of age the percentage was much higher, and for those from 10 to 14 considerably higher, in the urban than in the rural population. The distance of the schools from the homes often precludes the attend- ance of young children in rural districts, while, on the other hand, school attendance for at least a part of the year conflicts less with the industrial activity of the older children in rural than in urban communities. For the entire group of persons from 6 to 20 years of age, inclusive, the proportion of school attendance was slightly higher among males than among females SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 22a in urban communities, but slightly the higher among females in the rural districts. Table 10 shows, for the several color or race, nativ- ity, and parentage classes, the proportion of the urban and of the rural population in the different age groups attending school. Table lO AGE PEBIOD. i to 20 yean, incluslTe 6 to 9 years 10 to 14 years. . . 15 to 20 years 15 to 17 years. 18 to 20 years. PEE CEKT OF POPXTLATION ATTENDING SCHOOL, 1909-10. AU classes. 61.6 81.7 91.7 27.1 ...143.8 .. .112.5 « 62. 3 85.8 37.6 56.6 17.7 Native white. Total. 65.1 82.9 92.8 30.6 46.5 14.8 67.1 73.3 90.3 40.7 60.2 19.4 Native parent- 65.9 81.5 92.7 34.5 52.6 17.7 Foreign or mixed parent- age. 67.364.2 72.584.6 7 42.3 62.1 20.8 92.9 25.5 39.4 10.9 65.8 77.6 92.8 33.7 51.9 13.6 Foreign- bom white. 39. 8 36. 9 . 5 65. 3 88.3 78.9 11.0:11.0 24.2127.1 4.81 3.9 Negro. 81.7 66.2 22.6 39.3 46.1 45.5 80.865.6 27.9 42.1 9.012.7 For all persons of school age the proportion of school attendance among native whites both of native parentage and of foreign or mixed parentage was somewhat higher in rur^ districts than in urban com- munities, but among the foreign-born whites and the negroes the percentage was materially higher in the urban communities. DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909-10. Number and percentage attending school, by age groups. — Table 11, on page 224, shows by divisions and states the number of persons attending school distributed by age groups, together with the total population in the principal age groups. Comparing the geographic divisions, it appears that for the entire group of persons 6 to 20 years of age the proportion attending school was lowest in the South Atlantic division, where 56.7 per cent attended school in 1909-10, and highest in the West North Central division, where 67.9 per cent attended school. In the group from 6 to 9 years of age the variation among the divisions was more marked, the proportion ranging from 56.9 per cent in the West South Central division to 89.3 per cent in the New England division. In each of the four northern divisions more than four- fifths of the children of this age attended school, in each of the threo southern divisions about three-fifths, and in the two western divisions about three-fourths. In the age group showing the maximum school attendance — that comprising children from 10 to 14 years of age — the proportion attending school was, in the three southern divisions, about four-fifths, and in the northern and western divisions over nine-tenths, with a maximum of 94.1 per cent in the New England and Pacific divisions. Among persons from 15 to 20 years of age the proportion attending school was lowest (26.2 per cent) in the Middle Atlantic division. In the New England and East North Central divisions also less than one-third of the persons of these ages were reported as attending school, but in aU other divisions of the country the proportion was more than one-third, the maximum (40.5 per cent) being in the Mountain division. Persons 6 to 20 years of age attending school. — ^Table 12, page 225, shows the total number of males and of females from 6 to 20 years of age, with the number and percentage attending school, by divisions and states. The United States as a whole and all but two of the divisions show a slightly larger proportion of girls than of boys attending* school. The exceptions are the Middle Atlantic and East North Central divisions, where the proportion of boys attending school was slightly larger than that of girls. The color or race, nativity, and parentage distribu- tion of the population from 6 to 20 years of age, with the number and percentage reported as attending school in 1909-10, is shown by divisions and states in Table 13, page 227. In every division the proportion of persons attend- ing school was higher among the native whites of native parentage than in any other group, native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, negroes, and foreign-bom whites following in the order named. The variation among the divisions in the proportion of the native whites of native parentage from 6 to 20 years of age attending school was comparatively slight; the maximum proportion (72.2 per cent) was in the New England division, and the minimum (62.8 per cent) in the South Atlantic division. The maxi- mum proportion for the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage (69.3 per cent) was in the New England division, and the minimum (51.8 per cent) in the West South Central division; the next higher per- centage, however, was decidedly above the minimum. The range of variation for the foreign-bom whites and the negroes was also very considerable. Moreover, it may be noted that the divergence between the pro- portion of negroes attending school and that of na- tive whites of native parentage attending school is most marked where the negroes are most numerous — in the three southern divisions. 224 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, BY AGE PERIODS, FOR DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 11 DIVISION AND STATE. United States . . . Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska.. Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California Total number of persons attending school. 18,009,891 1,222,228 3,531,373 3,576,003 2,530,591 2,418,444 1,730,191 1,795,100 505,191 700, 770 1, 1, 140,831 77,550 70,531 630, 119 96,242 206,955 650,863 409,272 411,238 529, 742 ,064,346 568,926 514,901 462,867 499,272 665,972 121,649 126,903 275,829 378,099 36,330 234,628 54,688 401,696 267,411 495, 196 300,359 494, 781 133,355 473,481 451,190 396,845 408,675 333, 795 257,027 394,201 810,077 62,755 08,003 23,745 153,412 66,717 31,346 88,056 10,557 201,695 121,409 377,666 persons 6 to 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total number. 27,750,599 1,729,112 5,357,256 5,237,043 3,574,334 4, 139, 759 2,889,349 3,057,574 741, 754 1,024,418 195,197 111,634 94,701 I 881,024 148,102 298,454 2,454,428 708,525 2,194,303 1,313,809 777,889 1,615,914 796,887 732,544 648,776 675,222 993,998 183,336 183,979 373,868 515, 156 67,932 388,486 79,249 697,649 396,818 785,583 664,260 925,865 243,917 766,709 738,478 750,367 644,805 551,672 575,866 566,323 1,363,713 93,771 96,819 35,776 215,940 105,403 56,897 121,016 16,132 293,478 175,386 555,654 Attending school. Number. Per cent. 17,300,204 1,143,268 3,370,818 3,431,622 2,425,414 2,347,451 1,673,263 1,747,007 487,947 673,414 132,082 73,487 66,845 588,029 90,328 192,497 1,563,374 440,903 1,366,541 868,678 513,623 1,025,053 539, 739 484,629 443,761 469,778 646,866 117,453 122,642 261,219 363,695 35,304 227,024 50,859 392,499 259,971 481,450 291,307 480,378 128,659 461, 195 438,547 385,449 62.3 66.1 62.9 65.5 67.9 56.7 57.9 67.1 65.8 65.7 67.7 65.8 70.6 66.7 61.0 64.5 63.7 62.2 62.3 66.1 66.0 63.4 67.7 66.2 68.4 60.6 65.1 64.1 66.7 69.9 70.6 60.9 58.4 64.2 56.3 65.6 61.3 61.6 61.9 52.7 61.0 59.4 51.4 388,072 60.2 324,036 248,420 383,816 790,736 60,678 66,779 23,020 147,626 64,342 30,365 85,006 10, 141 195,269 117,078 361,077 PERSONS 6 TO 9 YEARS OF AGE. 58.7 43.1 67.8 58.0 64.7 69. o[ 64.3 68.4 61.0 53.4, 70. 2| 62.9' I 66.5; 66.8 65. o! Total number. 7,725,234 62,767 29,556 25, %2 234,494 38,262 80,261 637,903 191,940 609,587 347,668 210,676 432,863 217,544 197,633 175,220 182,262 268,612 54,902 52,889 101,502 141,057 15, 181 106,263 20,070 203, 357 116,314 232,59 165, 103 274,519 72,075 216,276 212,375 223,852 191,519 165,403 172,563 172,307 402,384 26,978 28,482 10,232 60,16 32,202 17,180 36,082 4,476 78,943 46,266 139,639 Attending school. Number. ,f^[ 5,678,320 45,023 25,754 22,951 213,229 32,707 72,077 540,228 162,920 491,028 293,403 172,348 354,775 184,986 168,070 141, 114 157,887 207, 728 38,746 38,804 85,782 112,490 11,185 78,196 15,797 109, 873 85,019 145,057 85,569 169,012 41,211 143,081 129,733 109,901 126, 111 102,017 79,015 121,850 215,964 20,064 19,852 7, 47,445 20,416 9,657 27, 146 3,391 59,538 33,894 109,378 73.6 89.3 83.0 83.5 80.1 60.6 60.2 56.9 72.2 76.9 85.3 87.1 88.4 90.9 85.6 84.7 84.9 80.6 84.4 81.8 82.0 85.0 86.0 80.5 86.6 77.3 70.6 73.4 84.5 79.7 73.7 73.6 78.7 54.0 73.1 62.4 51.8 57.9 57.2 66.2 61.1 49.1 65.3 61.7 45.8 70.7 53.7 74.4 69.7 77.2 78.9 63.4 56.2 75.2 75.8 75.4 74.9 78.3 PERSONS 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE. Total number. 9,107,140 04,588 36,271 31,451 284,960 47,014 95,272 785,8^6 228,695 711,665 425,602 255,668 520,955 258,480 246, 154 214,402 222,577 324, 191 69,392 60,021 121,782 168,309 19,308 129,605 24,649 237,663 131,027 265,964 192,406 315,217 80,319 252,906 243,328 263, 196 219,914 179,879 193, 791 186,069 456,792 29,686 31,902 10,829 69,688 34,408 18,091 40,070 4,936 92,802 65,776 173,945 Attending school. Number. ^^^^ 8,028,662 69,651 34,291 30,391 269,200 43,053 89,844 741,642 209,840 651,966 401,236 238,918 482,944 246, 721 231,023 206,058 209,118 297, 116 «3,478 55,194 115,547 160,299 17,072 111,049 22,978 191, 134 119,057 212,355 138,397 227,732 69,296 213,527 198, 741 181,439 171,989 139,921 121, 130 169,667 387, 184 26,815 29,727 9,894 66,123 28,119 14,034 38,068 4,442 87,681 52,520 163,142 88.2 94.1 92 93.8 93.6 78.7 79.0 80.5 90.2 94.1 PERSONS 15 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. 10,918,225 92.4 94.5 96.6 94.5 91.6 94.3 94.4 91.8 91.6 94.3 93.6 92.7 95.5 93.9 95.6 94.0 91.6 90.0 92.0 94.9 95.2 88.4 85.7 93.2 80.5 90.9 79 71 72.2 73.8 84.4 81.7 71.7 78.2 77, 62.5 91.2 84.8 90.3 93.2 91.4 93.4 81.7 77.6 95.0 90.0 94.5 94.2 93.8 Total number. 708,264 2, 191, 740 2,124,010 1,427,226 1,538,222 1,075,985 1,128,386 286,345 438,047 3,693,222 205,097 573,294 657, 199 547,054 517,462 399, 741 410,259 115,855 167,261 77,842 45,807 37,288 361,570 62,826 122,931 1,030,699 287,890 873, 161 540,539 311,745 662,106 320,863 288, 757 259,153 270,393 401,195 69,042 71,069 150,684 205,790 23,443 152,618 34,530 256, 729 149,477 287,022 206,751 336, 129 91,523 286,529 282,775 273,309 233,372 206,390 209,512 207, 947 504,537 37, 107 36,435 14, 715 86,085 38, 793 21,626 44,864 6,720 121,733 74,344 241,970 Attending school. Number. 27,408 13,442 13,503 105,600 14,568 30,576 281,604 68,143 223,547 173,940 102,357 187,334 108,032 86,636 102, 773 142,022 25,230 28,644 69,890 90,906 7,047 37, 779 12,084 91,492 55,896 124,038 67,341 93,634 28, 152 104,587 110,073 94,109 90,972 82,097 48,275 92,299 187,688 13,799 17,200 6,227 35,058 15,80' 6,664 19,792 2,308 48,040 30,664 88,557 Per cent. 29.0 26.2 30.9 38.3 33.6 37.2 36.4 40.5 38.2 35.2 29.3 36.2 29.2 23.2 24.9 27.3 23.7 25.6 32.2 32.8 28.3 33.7 29.6 37.7 38.0 35.4 36.6 40.3 39.8 44.2 30.1 24.8 35.0 35.6 3 43.2 32.6 27.9 30, 36.6 38.9 34.4 39.0 39 23.0 44.4 37.2 37.2 47.2 36.5 40.7 40.7 30.8 44.1 34.3 39.6 41.2 36.6 OTHERS attending school. Under 6 years of age. 396,431 57,294 100^028 80,877 55,596 33,673 30,652 21,281 7,368 9,762 21 years of age and over. 313,256 6,393 2,935 2,768 29,845 3,861 11,492 66,773 21,433 22,822 14,133 5,390 19,085 19,982 22,287 9,463 19,300 7,640 1,799 1,790 9,077 6,527 467 3,665 1,529 3,901 3,544 5,691 4,566 7,863 2,547 5,188 5,409 6,042 14,913 4,324 4,968 5,249 6,740 936 632 297 2,483 1,563 490 771 196 1,865 4,571 1,109 3,222 6,788 9,801 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 225 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF MALES AND FEMALES 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 12 DIVISION AND STATE. Total number. United States 13,924,694 Geogeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . . West North Central. . South Atlantic East South Central. . . West South Central. . . Mountain Pacific Attending school. Number. 8,661,846 New England: Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts. . . Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centkal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas 863,084 2,666,450| 2,635,08* 1,807,003 2,061,592 1,446,249 1,534,210 380,510 527,507 9S,183 56,291 48,328 437,007 74,561 148,714 1,210,638 351,613 1,104,290 660,862 393,088 808,263 403,066 369,820 328,245 341,499 496,851 94,421 94,669 189,450 261,868 570,016 1,687,199 1,728,379 1,221,692 1,160,663 834,869 875,065 246,559 337,404 65,875 36,545 33,449 292>237 46,031 95,879 779,624 221,095 686,480 438,348 258,985 615,724 271,277 244,045 223,610 236,090 324,743 69,876 62,682 131,839 182,952 Per cent. 62.2 66.0 63.3 65.6 67.6 66.2 67.7 57.0 64.8 64.0 67.1 64.9 69.2 66.9 61.7 64.6 64.4 62.9 62.2 66.3 65.9 63.8 67.3 66.0 68.1 69.1 65.4 63.4 66.1 60.6 60.9 Total number. U, 825, 905 866, 2,690, 2,601, 1,767, 2,075, 1,443, 1,523, 361, 496, Attending school. Number. 8,638,358 028 573,252 806 1,683,619 954 1,703,243 1,203,722 1, 186, 788 838,394 871,942 241,388 336,010 97,014 56,343 46,373 444,017 73,641 1^,740 1,243,790 357,012 1,090,004 652,947 384,801 807,651 393,831 362,724 320,530 333,723 497, 147 88,915 89,310 184,418 263,288 66,207 36,942 33,396 295,792 44,297 96,618 783,750 219,808 680,061 430,230 254,638 609,329 268,462 240,584 220,151 233,688 322,123 67,677 60,060 129,380 180,743 Per cent. 62.5 66.2 62.6 65.5 68.1 57.2 58.1 57.2 66.8 67.6 68.2 66.8 72.0 66.6 60.2 64.5 63.0 61.6 62.4 65.9 66.2 63.1 68.2 66.3 68.7 70.0 64.8 64.8 67.2 70.2 71.4 division and state. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia., Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia , Florida East South Central: Kentucky , Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central .\rkansas , Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon Caluomia Total number. 29,641 192,857 38,275 349,425 203,793 392, 572 279,589 457, 136 121,404 380,316 371,988 373,258 320,687 275,480 284,579 288,108 686,043 48,839 50,293 19,223 109,338 63,481 29,496 61,234 8,606 151,467 90,473 285,677 Attending school. Number. 18,113 113,852 24, 734 193, 494 132,221 240,630 141,637 233,135 62,847 232,224 220,124 191,114 191,407 161,770 121,265 196,269 395, 761 30,278 34,176 11,676 73,728 33,236 16,472 42,990 5,104 97,993 59,264 180, 147 Per cent. 61.3 59.0 64.61 55.4 64.9 61.3 50.7 51.0 51.8 61.1 69.2 51.2 59.7 58.7 42.6 68.1 57.7 62.0 68.0 60.2 67.4 62.1 52.5 70.2 59.3 64.7 65.6 63.1 Total number. 28,391 195,629 40,974 348,224 193,025 393,011 284,671 468,729 122,513 375,393 366,490 377,099 324, 118 276,192 291,287 278,215 677,670 44,932 46,526 16,653 106,602 51,922 27,401 59,782 7,626 142,021 84,913 269,977 Attending school. Number. Per cent. 17, 191 113,172 26,125 199,005 127,750 240,820 149,670 247,243 65,812 228,971 218,423 194,335 196.665 162,265 127,155 187,547 394,975 30,400 32,603 11,446 73,898 31,106 14,883 42,016 5,037 97,266 57,814 180,930 60.6 57.9 63.8 57.1 66.2 61.3 52.6 52.7 53.7 61.0 59.6 51.5 60.7 58.8 43.7 67.4 58.3 67.7 70.1 69.1 69.3 59.9 54.3 70.3 66.9 68.5 68.1 67.0 Children 6 to 14 years of age attending school. — Between the ages of 6 and 20 years there are, as already noted, several years of age when school atten- dance is the exception rather than the rule, and when it is wholly voluntary. For children from 8 to 13 years of age, however, school attendance is in most sec- tions of the country obhgatory, and in many sections the age of 7 years is likewise covered by the compulsory school attendance laws. The proportion of school attendance is also high among children 6 years of age, so that for some purposes figures relating to the group comprising children from 6 to 14 years of age, inclusive, are of special value. Such figures are given, by divisions and states, in Table 14, page 228. More than four-fifths (81.4 per cent) of all the chil- dren from 6 to 14 years of age attended school be- tween September 1, 1909, and April 15, 1910. Of the remainder (18.6 per cent), the greater number con- sisted of 6 and 7 year old children who had not yet begun their schooling, and of 14 year old children who had completed their schooling. Considering the different classes of the population, it is clear at a glance that the proportion of the chil- dren from 6 to 14 years of age attending school was greater for the whites than for the negroes. With respect to the whites it may be noted that for chil- 72497"— 13 13 + dren in this age group the maximum attendance was among the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, and the next highest among the native whites of na- tive parentage. The proportion of foreign-born whites attending school was in every division the smallest shown by any of the white elements. In four divi- sions, namely, the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West South Central, the native whites of native parentage had the largest proportion of children from 6 to 14 years of age attending school, while in the remaining five divisions the largest pro- portion was among the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage. For the native whites of native parentage the pro- portion of children from 6 to 14 years of age attending school varied from about three-fourths in the two South Central divisions to over nine-tenths in the New England division. For the native whites of for- eign or mixed parentage the range of variation was somewhat less for eight of the nine divisions. Unusual conditions appear to have prevailed in the West South Central division with respect to the school attendance of white children of native birth and foreign or mixed parentage, since in that division less than two-thirds of such children were reported as attending school. The figures for the country as a whole show compara- 226 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. tively little difference between the proportion of chil- dren from 6 to 14 years of age attending school among the foreign-bom whites and among the native whites of native parentage, though for each division taken separately the percentage for the foreign-born whites was considerably less. Here again the West South Central division occupies an exceptional position, inas- much as it shows less than one-half of the foreign-born white children from 6 to 14 years of age attending school. Except in the Pacific division, where the number of negroes is relatively small, the proportion of negro children attending school was less than that of white children. In the three southern divisions, which con- tain so great a majority of the negroes that they prac- tically determine the average for the United States as a whole, less than three-fifths of the negro children from 6 to 14 years of age were reported as attending school, but the average for the other six divisions was somewhat over five-sixths. Persons attending school in the urban and rural popu- lation. — School attendance figures for the urban and rural population, classified according to age, sex, and color or race, nativity, and parentage, are shown for 1909-10, by divisions, in Table 15, pages 229 and 230. In the country as a whole, and in every division except two (the West South Central and Mountain divisions), the proportion of the whole number of per- sons from 6 to 20 years of age, inclusive, who were reported as attending school was greater in rural dis- tricts than in urban communities. In every division the proportion attending school among children from 6 to 9 years of age was larger in the urban popu- lation than in the rural, but in every division the proportion among persons from 15 to 20 years of ag© was larger in the rural population. For the interven- ing age group — 10 to 14 years — the proportion was the larger in urban communities for the country as a whole, for the three southern divisions, and for the Mountain division, and in rural districts for the four northern divisions and the Pacific division. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 227 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF POPULATION 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. ( Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 13 DIVISION AND STATE. TTnited States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Teimessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ALL CLASSES. Total number. 27,750,699 729, 112 357,256 237,043 574,334 139,759 889,349 057,574 741,754 024,418 Attending school. Number. 17,^00,204 1,143, 3,370,818 3,431,622 2,425,414 2,347,451 1,673,263 1,747,007 487,947 673,414 195,197 111,634 94,701 881,024 148,102 298,454 454,428 708,625 194,303 ,313,809 777,889 .615,914 796,887 732,544 648,775 675,222 993,998 183,336 183,979 373,868 515,156 57,932 388,486 79,249 697,649 396,818 785,583 564,260 925,865 243,91V 755,709 738,478 750,357 644,805 551,672 575,866 566,323 ,363,713 93,771 96,819 35,776 215,940 105,403 56,897 121,016 16, 132 293,478 175,386 555,554 132,082 73,487 66,845 588,029 90,328 192,497 1,663,374 440,908 1,366,641 868,678 513,623 1,025,053 539,739 484,629 443,761 409,778 646,866 117,453 122,642 261,219 363,695 35,304 227,024 50,859 392,499 259,971 481,450 291,307 480,378 128,659 461,195 438,647 385,449j 388,072 324,035 248,420 383,816 790,736 60,678 66,779 23,020 147,626 64,342 30,355 85,006 10, 141 195,259 117,078 361,077 Per cent. 6&.1 62.9 65.5 67.9 56.7 57.9 67.1 65.8 65.7 67.7 66.8 70.6 66.7 61.0 64.6 63.7 62.2 62.3 66.1 66.0 63.4 67.7 66.2 68.4 09.6 65.1 64.1 66.7 69.9 70.6' 60.9 68.4 64.2 56.3 65.5 61.3 51.6 51.9 52.7 61.0 59.4 61.4 60.2 58.7 43.1 67.8 58.0 64.7 69.0 64.3 68.4 61.0 53.4 70.2 62.9 66.5 66.8 65.0 NATIVE white. Native parentage. Total number. 16,007,393 666,431 2,684,645 3,132,3:» 2,186,678 2,467,850 1,883,753 2,048,346 467,096 680,366 123,863 62,646 63,769 278,717 42,009 106,437 963,517 302,995 1,318,133 938,676 664,781 849,975 372,377 306,620 208,907 442,128 798,833 63,101 82,263 212,985 388,371 37,422 246,675 43,082 440,168 356,322 515,11 229,204 477,530 124,330 644,497 563, 158 410,331 265,767 379,084 287,134 454,481 927,647 44,453 67,046 22,297 138,619 85,375 23,167 67,931 8,208 165, 137 118,379 296,850 Attending school. Number. 10,701,191 481,480 1,744,091 2,178,099 1,546,055 1,519,613 1,191.822 1,291,901 317,047 401,083 87,995 37,974 46,513 205,618 29,235 74,246 663,316 204,166 876,609 661,607 448,678 685,043 268,925 223,946 154,844 321,966 63f,606 36, ne 57,773 155,658 280,693 23,789 152,360 28,724 269,380 238,897 334,471 137,474 289,880 74,638 401,209 354,091 244,992 191,530 238,872 158,758 311,274 582,997 30,075 47,213 14,991 97,182 55,644 15,468 50,668 5,806 114,415 81,625 205,043 Per cent. 72.2 67.5 69.5 70.7 62.8 63.3 63.1 69.4 69.1 71.0 72.1 72.9 73.7 69.6 70.4 67.4 66.6 69.4 67.6 68.8 72.2 73.1 74.1 72, 67.4 69.1 70.2 73.1 72.2 63.6 62.0 66.7 61.2 67.2 64.9 60.0 60.7 60.0 62.3 62.9 59.7 72.1 63.0 55.3 68.5 62. 67.7 70.4 67.2 70.1 65.2 66.8 74.6 70.7 69.3 69.0 69.1 Foreign or mixed par. | foreign-born white. Total number. 6,671,432 Attending school. Number. 4,319,078 1,989,990 1,741,668 1,186,613 128,778 52,743 212,966 210,861 344,615 556,736 1,297,558 1,091,520 783,075 76,586 31,189 110,378 143,144 228,886 63,962 43,677 23,968 459,778 76,888 145,025 1,053,610 294,673 641,707 281,376 85,074 619,352 365,763 387,114 398,336 212,946 135,263 106,573 87,273 146,432 99,790 8,478 57,627 10,465 11,842 14,401 2,871 2,943 7,209 12,942 27,178 10,099 10,434 5,032 11,541 28,118 31,134 142, 173 38,017 25,635 10,148 62,053 8,903 14,712 46,504 4,889 102,201 45,947 196,467 36,945 30,091 16,990 323,327 49,988 99,395 709,245 191,544 396,769 174,842 50,653 379, 164 243,380 243,487 270,175 139,325 78,296 70,332 58,049 98,957 67,941 5,103 31,698 7,079 7,464 9,093 2,017 1,834 4,627 7,671 15, 148 6,466 6,309 3,266 7,100 14,516 21,486 67,276 26,305 18,066 6,792 42,895 5,525 8,436 31,771 3,354 69,148 30,583 129, 155 Per cent. 64.7 69.3 65.2 62.7 66.0 59.5 59.1 51.8 67.9 60.4 68.5 69.1 70.9 70.3 65.0 68.5 67.3 65.0 61.8 61.6 69.5 61.2 66.5 62.9 e: 65.4 57.9 66.0 66.5 67.6 68.1 60.2 65.0 67.6 63.0 63.1 70.3 62.3 64.2 59.3 55.7 64.0 60.5 64.9 61.5 51.6 69.0 47.3 69.2 70.5 66.9 69.1 62.1 57.3 68.3 65.7 Total number. 1,542,043 243,068 683,873 283,632 122,672 35,687 6,953 51,160 42,574 72,424 16,740 15,259 6,707 133,312 26,839 44,211 407,790 88,869 187,214 62,828 12,327 121,517 52,305 34,665 37,049 16, 142 18,083 21,194 8,312 11,571 10,321 1,949 11,907 2,047 3,013 8,587 715 555 1,596 5,318 1,953 1,740 2,073 1,187 1,440 5,649 3,368 40,703 7,382 2,998 2,481 12,070 3,426 7,658 5,279 1,280 20,605 8,414 43,405 Attending school. Num- Per ber. cent. 604,447 94,322 271,942 113,445 50,080 12,390 2,741 13, 192 16,311 30,024 6,747 5,334 3,207 53,082 9,623 16,329 174,186 32,242 65,514 24,837 4,612 46,138 23,404 14,454 15,648 5,928 7,189 8,906 3,314 4, 4,211 592 4,518 1,018 1,247 2,158 284 205 664 1,704 756 802 844 339 491 1,591 1,443 9,667 2,5.34 1,040 792 5,547 1,118 2,704 2,321 255 9,062 3,147 17,815 39.2 3,422,157 38.8 39.8 40.0 40.8 34.7 39.4 25.8 38.3 41.5 Total number. 15,539 a5,194 72,837 64,085 1,504,019 944,880 715,597 4,170 6, 40.3 35.0 47.8 39. 35.9 36.9 42.7 36.3 35.0 39.5 37.4 38.0 44.7 41.7 42.2 36.7 39. 42.0 39 42.2 40.8 30.4 37.9 49.7 41.4 25.1 39.7 36.9 41.6 32.0 38.7 46.1 40.7 34.1 28.2 42.8 23.7 34.3 34.7 31.9 46.0 32.6 35.3 44.0 19.9 44.0 37.4 41.0 355 138 251 8,797 2,277 3,721 27,192 21,832 46,170 27,830 15,560 24,825 3,994 628 1,189 3,866 41,682 103 184 1,512 15,549 10,078 73,230 23,593 242,413 18,481 284,025 331,429 439,485 101,285 81,976 163,397 327, 176 372,331 159,431 254,580 48,718 252,868 300 2,468 363 416 196 62 906 198 4,732 Attending school. Num- Per ber. cent. 1,619,699 10,201 54,780 44,462 37,229 706,974 447,230 312,736 2,531 3,556 224 77 131 5,850 1,424 2,495 15, 192 12,892 26,696 17,233 9,699 14,572 2,561 397 781 2,495 22,794 60 122 930 10,047 .5,815 38,417 14,000 114,346 9,806 143,039 151,726 18i, 191 44,634 44,060 77,153 133,191 192,826 77,467 73,478 31,083 130,708 184 50 142 1,548 214 251 112 30 515 105 2,936 228 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF CHILDREN 6 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE. BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than loo.] Table 14 DIVISION AND STATE. United States Geogeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.., West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine , New Hampshire Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , Middle Atlantic: New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana. „ Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas , Louisiana Oklahoma. Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada.. Pacific: Washington ; Oregon. Cali/omia ALL CLASSES. Total number. 16,832,374 020,848 165,516 113,033 147,108 601,537 813,364 929,188 455,409 686,371 117,355 65,827 57,413 519,454 85,276 175,523 ,423,729 420,635 ,321,152 773,270 466,144 953,808 476,024 443,787 389,622 404,829 592,803 114,294 112,910 223,284 309,366 34,489 235,868 44,719 440,920 247,341 498,561 357,509 589,736 152,394 469, 180 455,703 477,048 411,433 345,282 366,354 358,376 859, 176 56,664 60,384 21,061 129,855 66,610 35,271 76,152 9,412 171,745 101,042 313,584 Attending school. Number. 13,706,982 938, 171 2,797,524 2,774,423 1,878,360 1,829, 1,273,522 1,336,748 372,092 506,153 104,674 60,045 53,342 482,429 75,760 161,921 1,281,770 372,760 1,142,994 694,638 411,266 837,719 431,707 399,093 346,172 367,005 504,844 92,223 93,998 201,329 272,789 28,257 189,245 38,775 301,007 204,076 357,412 223,966 386,744 100,607 356,608 328,474 291,340 297,100 241,938 200,145 291,517 603,148 46,879 49,679 17,793 112,568 48,535 23,691 65,214 7,833 147,219 86,414 272,520 Per cent. 81.4 91.9 88.4 89.1 87.5 70.3 70.2 69.3 81.7 86.3 89.2 91.2 92.9 92.9 88.8 92.3 90.0 88.6 86.6 88.2 87.8 90.7 90.7 85.2 80.7 83.3 90.2 88.2 81.9 80.2 86.7 68.3 82.6 71.7 62.6 65.6 66.0 76.0 72.1 61.1 72.2 70.1 54.6 81.3 70.2 82.7 82.1 84.5 86.7 72.9 67.2 85.6 83.2 85.7 85.5 86.9 NATIVE white. Native parentage. Total number. 9,946,610 403,222 1,578,462 1,930,669 1,360,189 1,551,023 1,187,774 1,300,466 289,596 345,209 74,927 31,840 39,305 168,704 24,851 63,595 582,370 185,727 810,365 668,219 404,722 525,750 232, 193 199,785 135,742 276,283 489,274 34,807 52,792 132,454 238,837 22,425 150,708 24,7% 278,208 224,980 325,655 143,332 302,698 78,321 406,263 351,218 260,867 169,426 238,328 184,303 288,254 589,581 27,619 43,191 13,560 84,634 54,368 14,857 46,139 5,228 99,528 70,565 175, 116 Attending school. Number. 8,305,428 373,507 1,404,049 1,727,919 1,192,904 1,188,906 899,526 979,378 240,737 298,502 67,677 29,343 36,676 158,385 22,662 58,874 523,579 166,369 714, 101 513,328 357,792 463,609 211,882 181,308 120,518 250,826 418, 100 28,790 44,419 119,323 210,929 18,704 125,551 21,767 203,703 186,709 246,294 103,356 226,366 66,467 309,958 264, 147 182,725 142,696 178,097 126,106 236,826 438,349 23,055 35,427 11,507 73,083 41,812 11,952 39,387 4,514 85,458 60,059 152,985 Per cent. 83. S 92.6 88.9 89.5 87.7 76.7 75.7 75.3 83.1 86.5 90.3 92.2 93.1 93 91.2 92.6 90.3 88.4 88.2 91.3 90.8 88.8 90.8 85.6 82.7 84.1 90.1 88.3 83.4 83.3 87.8 73.2 83.0 75.7 72.1 74.8 72.1 76.3 76.2 70.0 84.2 74.7 68.4 82.2 74.3 83.5 82.0 84.9 86.4 76.9 80.4 85.4 86.3 85.9 85.1 87.4 Foreign or mixed par. Total number. 4,065,777 519,533 1,266,615 1,020,472 691,393 78,516 29,219 132,312 128,490 199,227 36,202 28,574 15,048 297,767 48,908 94,044 666,692 188,865 411,158 163,451 47,480 365,683 217,606 226,252 236,744 120,286 72,288 68,063 52,771 84,654 66,697 5,188 34,699 6,080 7,355 9,105 1,802 1,741 4,264 8,282 14,091 6,723 6,418 2,987 6,778 17,265 18,983 23,923 15,499 6,143 37,779 5,662 9,497 27,040 2,927 60,539 26,074 112,614 Attending school. Number. 3,579,718 478,982 1,120,437 909,619 610,439 63,769 24,543 87,600 109,796 174,533 31,124 26,075 14,036 277, 139 43,543 87,066 604,208 167,586 348,643 145,851 41,596 321,953 197, 182 203,037 211,063 109,260 62,654 55,493 44,653 76,807 60,519 4,329 27,774 5,392 5,882 7,552 1,614 1,418 3,604 6,304 12,269 4,787 6,012 2,476 6,603 12,028 16,227 63,842 20,581 13,039 5,278 33,407 4,269 6,846 23,777 2,600 52,594 22,755 99,184 Per cent. 88.0 92.2 88.5 89.1 88.3 81.2 84.0 66.2 85.5 87.6 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. Total number, 609,769 88,455 264,651 116,344 50,379 14,681 3,107 25,272 18,023 28,957 88.4 91.3 93.3 9.3.1 89.0 92.6 90.6 88.7 84.8 89.2 87.6 88.0 90.6 89.7 89.2 90, 86.7 81.6 84.6 90. 89.1 83.4 80.0 88.7 80.0 82.91 84.0 81.4 84.5 76. ij 87.1 83.6 78.1 82.9 81.2 69.7 85.5 60.3 86.0 84.1 85.9 88.4 76.1 72.1 87.9 86.9 87.3 88.1 6,885 5,332 2,926 47,696 10, 136 15,580 158,927 33,387 72,337 25,799 4,932 48,275 22,400 14,938 14,344 5.930 7,697 9,823 3,443 4, 4,474 701 5,210 905 1,410 2,841 330 227 675 2,282 720 782 998 607 684 2,563 1,478 20,547 2,627 1,047 881 5,619 1,593 3,762 2,245 249 8,674 2,984 17,299 Attending school. Num- Per ber. cent. 501,808 76,948 225,873 98,096 40,212 10,474 2,188 10,681 13,344 23,992 5,578 4,558 2,'613 41,941 8,356 13,902 140,297 27,972 57,604 21,679 3,977 40,448 19,433 12,559 12,340 4,864 6,214 6,878 2,509 3,974 3,433 532 3,936 782 1,006 1,878 214 164 613 1,449 603 617 701 267 382 1,299 1,120 7,880 1,998 798 673 4,591 901 2,318 1,874 191 7,278 2,469 14,245 87.0 85.3 84.3 79.8 71.8 70.4 42.3 74.0 82.9 81.0 8S.5 89.3 88.1 82.4 89.2 84.0 80.6 83.8 86.8 84.1 86.0 82.0 80.7 70.0 72.9 85.1 76.7 75.9 76.5 86.4 71.3 66.1 64.8 72.2 76.0 63.5 78.9 70.2 44.0 66.8 50.7 75.8 38.4 76.1 76.2 76.4 81.7 56.6 61.6 83.6 76.7 83.9 82.7 82.3 Total number 2,146,116 9,206 54, 161 41,344 36,222 955,261 592,615 451,767 2,379 3,161 183 74 129 5,223 1,323 2,274 14,466 12,600 27,105 15,755 8,931 14,020 2,297 341 649 2,268 23,465 56 110 819 8,855 6,172 45,233 12,910 153,827 10,404 169,034 212, 126 282,070 63,486 48,039 97,927 208,648 238,101 99,383 161,969 30,818 159,597 166 45 137 1,429 210 254 106 32 480 102 2,579 Attending school. Num- ber. 1,280,949 8,364 45,867 35,666 28,774 565,475 347,050 245,121 1, 2,750 166 62 113 4, 1,160 2,057 12,596 10,796 22,475 13,742 7,832 11,636 2,053 303 684 2,026 17,811 43 96 720 7,495 4,689 31,968 10,807 90,367 7,927 108,200 118,981 156,258 36,278 33,761 58,895 102,813 151,681 57,872 60,654 23,581 103,014 138 33 116 1,220 155 2o: 86 27 390 79 2,281 Per cent. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 229' SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION, BY AGE PERIODS, FOR DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 15 DIVISION AND CLASS OF POPULATION. TTinXED STATES Urban, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign-bom wnite Negro Rural, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage, Foreign-bom white Negro NEW ENGLAND. Urban, total Male Female , Native white Native parentage , Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign-bom white Negro Bnral, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign bom white Negro MIDDLE ATLANTIC. Urban, total Male Female Native white Native parentage ForeiKn or mixed parentage. Foreign-bom white Negro Knral. total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign-bom white Negro EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Urban, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage . Foreign-bora white Negro Total number of per- sons attending school. 7,480,0i3O 3,700,074 3,779,946 0,563,568 3,640,549 2,923,019 517,636 389, 795 10,529,871 5,337,581 5,192,290 9,064,218 7,470,034 1, 594, 184 133,870 1,280,855 1,016,137 507, 107 509,030 911,151 368,281 542,870 94,751 9.901 206,091 104,038 102,053 198, 102 146, 672 51,430 6,743 954 2,487,683 1,216,195 1,221,498 2,136,360 1.000,830 1,135,530 256,814 44,011 1,093,680 .555, 727 5.37,953 1.043,115 818,427 224,688 34,478 13.603 1,680,901 837,958 842,943 1.552,730 846,069 706, 661 95,615 31,973 Rural, total 1,895,102 Male 967, 946 Female 927, 156 Native white 1, 849, 465 Native parentage i 1, 417, 289 Foreign or mixed parentage . I 432, 176 Foreign-born white 27,658 Negro 1 14.162 WEST NORTH CENTRAL Urban, total 695,037 Male 341, 070 Female 353,967 ■Native white 646, 819 Native parentage 419, 558 Foreign or mixed parentage . 227, 261 Foreign-bom white 23,860 Negro 23,376 1,835,554 936,406 899, 148 1,780,459 1,193,354 587, 105 31,402 15,217 Rural, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage . Foreign-bom white Negro 11,520,193 5,641,266 5,878,927 9,582,609 5,255,418 4,327,191 1,201,468 722,664 16,230,406 8, 283. 428 7, 946; 978 13,096,216 10,751,975 2,344,241 340,575 2,699,493 PERSONS 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total, number. Attending school. Number. 1,448,039 717,866 730, 173 1,206,303 472,857 733,506 227,188 14,028 281,073 145,218 135,855 263,266 193,574 69,692 l.'>,880 1,511 3,771,779 1,848,648 1,923,131 3,107,121 1,445,372 1,661,749 591,329 72,586 1,585,477 817,802 767,675 1,467,514 1,139,273 328,241 92,544 22,608 2,590,115 1,276,471 1.313,644 2,312,243 1,206,654 1,105,589 225, 702 51,428 2,646,928 1,358,618 1,288,310 2,561,753 1,92.5,674 636, 079 57,930 21,409 1,034,647 502,362 532,285 942, 771 595,810 .346,961 52,295 38,583 2,539,687 1,304,641 1,235,046 2,430,420 1,590,768 839,652 70,377 25,502 7,098,968 3,496,049 3,602,920 6, 239. 188 3,461,718 2,777,470 478,666 373,891 10,201,235 5, 105, 797 5,03.5,438 8,781,081 7,239,473 1,541,608 125, 781 1,245,808 847,681 471,389 476,292 850,200 342,434 507,766 87,944 9,280 195,587 98,627 96,960 188,016 139,046 48,970 6,378 921 2,314,064 1.150,843 1,163,221 2,032,834 9.52, 289 1,080,545 239,226 41,6.55 1,056,764 536,356 520,398 1,008,815 791,802 217,013 32, 716 13,125 1,598,222 792,930 805,292 1,479.644 804,496 675, 148 87,512 30,631 1,833,400 935, 449 897,951 1,789,981 1.373,603 416,378 25,933 13,831 656,619 319,909 336, 710 612,204 396, 751 215,453 21,105 22,477 1,768,795 901,783 867, 012 1,716,926 1,149,304 567,622 28,975 14, 752 Per cent. 61.6 62.0 61.3 65.1 65.9 64.2 39.8 51.7 62.9 62.4 63.4 67.1 67.3 65.8 36.9 46.1 65.4 657 65.2 70.5 72.4 69.2 38.7 66.2 69.6 67.9 71.4 71.4 71.8 70.3 40.2 61.0 61.4 62.3 60.5 65.4 65.9 65.0 40.5 57.4 66.7 65.6 67.8 68.7 69.5 66.1 35.4 58.1 61.7 62.1 61.3 64.0 66.7 61.1 38.8 59.6 69.3 68.9 69.7 69.9 71.3 65.5 44.8 64.6 63.5 63.7 63.3 64.9 66.6 62.1 40.4 58.3 69.6 69.1 70.2 70.6 72.2 67.6 41.2 57.8 PERSONS 6 TO 9 YEARS OP AGE. Total, number. 2,989,407 1,496,269 1, 493, 138 2,612,357 1.421,924 1,190,433 192, 117 182, 742 4,735,827 2,400,018 2.335,809 3,839,952 3.200,4a3 639, 549 59,322 808,108 383,387 192, 762 190,625 347, 740 126.959 220.781 31,878 3,697 77,905 39,521 38,384 74,987 63,340 21,647 2,396 417 991,641 496,636 495,005 881.370 393,658 487, 712 91,623 18.505 447,789 226,731 221,058 426,058 322,494 103,564 15, 134 6.008 665,276 333,002 332,274 612,624 331,060 281,564 40,059 12,455 740,998 376, 819 364, 179 722, 570 560,441 162, 129 10,958 5,705 255,887 127,983 127,904 237,295 157,527 79,768 9,375 9,113 720,547 365,493 355,054 697,986 479,808 218, 178 11,774 Attending school. Number. 2,442,305 1,222,433 1,219,872 2,165,324 1,158,399 1,006,925 154,575 120,910 3,236,015 1,6.34,147 1,001,868 2,815,707 2,319,558 496, 149 38,741 368,044 344,472 173,405 171,067 314,250 114,917 199,333 26,926 3.236 67,269 34,110 33,159 64,926 46,366 18,500 1,932 328 833,549 418,443 415, 106 743,558 331,542 412,016 75, 195 14,696 360,627 182,509 178, 118 345,013 263,592 81,421 10,813 4,411 559,715 280,428 279,287 517, 493 281,488 236,005 31,803 10,304 613,867 311,802 .302,065 600,092 464,288 135,804 8,497 4,160 211,345 105,598 105,747 196,940 129,921 67,019 7,334 6,991 571,205 289, 154 282,051 556,878 384, 192 172,686 7,946 4,386 Per cent. 81.7 81.7 81.7 82.9 81.5 84.6 80.5 66.2 68.3 68.1 68.6 73.3 72.5 77.6 65.3 45.5 89.8 90.0 89.7 90.4 90.5 90.3 84.5 87.5 86.3 86.3 86.4 86.6 86.9 85.7 80.6 78.7 84.1 84.3 83.9 84.4 84.2 84.5 82.1 79.4 80.5 80.5 80.6 81.0 81.7 78.6 71.4 73.4 84.1 84.2 84.1 84.5 85.0 8.3.8 79.4 82.7 82.8 8Z7 82.9 83.0 82.8 83.8 77.5 72.9 82.6 82.5 82.7 83.0 82.5 84.0 78.2 76.7 79.3 79.1 79.4 79.8 80.1 79.1 67.5 64.2 PERSONS 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE. Total, number. 3,627,408 1,798,218 1,829,190 3,123,057 1,684,709 1,438,288 275,768 225,423 5,479,732 2, 803, 535 2,676,197 4,437,021 3,639,514 797,607 82,562 929,843 464,354 231,526 232,828 409, 142 156,562 252,580 60,483 4.699 95,202 49,009 46,193 90,886 66,361 24,525 3,698 493 1,185,112 594,770 600,342 1,035,257 472,034 663,223 137,368 22,3.34 530,974 271,217 259,757 502,392 390,276 112,116 20,526 7,314 810,392 402,663 407,729 744,268 383,299 360,969 60,074 15,850 896,367 458,515 437,852 871,679 655,869 215,810 15,253 7,334 318,133 156, 761 161,372 294,491 186,352 108, 139 11,631 11,774 852,541 435,747 416,794 821,810 536,502 285,308 17, .599 8,507 Attending school. Number. 3,326,340 1,649,907 1, 676, 433 2, 898, 239 1,561,300 1,336,879 243,378 182,054 4,702,322 2,386,198 2.316,124 4,005,876 3,266,111 739, 765 65,114 609,941 436,407 217,999 218,408 387,150 149, 166 237,984 44,792 4,348 90,023 46.214 43,809 86,163 63,058 23,105 3,298 452 1,106,968 563,006 553,963 964,033 440,760 523,273 122,515 20,285 496,378 254,047 242,332 471,882 368,155 10.3,727 17.350 6,475 752,730 375 507 377, 223 693,790 3.59,399 334,391 44,269 14, 482 848,111 433, 764 414,347 826,163 622,744 203, 419 13,527 6,620 295,961 145,898 150,063 274,915 173,729 101, 186 10,269 10,546 799,849 407,996 391,853 774,610 505,062 269,548 14,663 6,851 Per cent. 91.7 91.8 91.6 92.8 92.7 92.9 88.3 80.8 85.8 8.5.1 86.5 90.3 89.7 92.8 78.9 65.6 94.0 94.2 93.8 94.6 95.3 94.2 88.7 94.5 94.6 94.3 94.8 94.8 96.0 94.2 89.2 91.7 82.6 93.0 92.3 93.1 93.4 92.9 89.2 90.8 83.5 93.7 93.3 93.9 94.3 92.5 84.5 88.6 92.9 93.3 92.5 93.2 93.8 92.6 88.4 91.4 94.6 94.6 94.6 94.8 94.9 94.3 88.7 90.3 93.0 93.1 93.0 93.4 93.2 93.6 88.3 93.8 93.6 94.0 94.3 94.1 94.5 83.3 80.5 PERSONS 15 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total, number. Attending school. Number. 4,803,378 1,330,324 2,346,779 I 623,709 2.556,599 3,847,195 2,148,725 1,698,470 733,583 314,499 6,014,847 3,079,875 2,934,972 4, 819, 243 3,912,058 907,185 198,691 961,642 600,298 293,578 306,720 449,481 189,336 260,145 144,827 5,732 107,966 56,688 51, 278 97,393 73,873 23,620 9,786 601 1,685,026 757, 242 827, 784 1,190,494 579,680 610,814 362,338 31,747 606,714 319,854 286,860 639,064 426,503 112,561 56,884 9,286 1,114,447 640,806 673,641 955,351 492,295 463,056 135,569 23,123 1,009,563 523,284 486, 279 967,504 709,364 268,140 31, 719 8,370 460,627 217,618 243,009 410,985 251,931 159,054 31,289 17,696 966,599 5a3,401 463,198 910,624 574,458 336, 166 41,004 10, 167 706, 615 1, 175, 625 741,959 433,666 80,713 70,927 2,262,898 1,145,452 1,117,446 1,959,498 1,653,804 305,694 21,926 267,823 166.802 79,985 86,817 148,800 78,361 70,449 16,226 1,696 38,295 18,303 19,992 30,927 29,622 7,305 1,148 141 373,!l46 179,394 194, 152 325, 243 179,987 14.5,2.56 41,516 6,674 199,748 99,800 99,948 191,920 160,055 31,865 4,553 2,239 285,777 136, 995 148, 782 268,361 163,609 104, 752 11,440 5,845 371,422 189,883 181,539 363,726 286,571 77,155 3,909 3.051 149,313 68,413 80,900 140,349 93, 101 47,248 3,502 4,940 397,741 204,633 193, 108 385,438 260,050 125,388 6,366 3,5J5 Per cent. 27.1 26.6 27.6 30.6 34.5 25.5 11.0 22.6 37.6 37.2 38.1 40.7 42.3 33.7 11.0 27.9 27.8 27.2 28.3 33.1 41.4 27.1 11.2 29.6 35.5 32.3 39.0 37.9 40.1 31.1 11.7 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.5 27.3 31.0 23.8 11.5 21.0 32.9 31.2 34.8 35.6 37.5 28.3 8.0 24.1 25.6 25.3 2.5.9 28.1 33.2 22.6 8.4 25.3 36.3 37.3 37.6 40.4 29.9 12.3 36.5 32.4 31.4 33.3 34.1 37.0 29.7 11.2 27.9 41.1 40.7 41.7 42.3 45.3 37.3 16.5 34.6 OTHERS ATTENnmO SCHOOL. Under 6 years of age 212,994 106,646 106,448 194, 772 89,483 106, 289 10,057 8,022 183,437 90,026 93,411 160.683 127,706 32, 877 1,388 20,538 49,656 24,802 24,854 46, 776 16,815 29,961 2,447 426 7,638 3,817 3,821 7,484 5,395 2,089 120 27 78,385 39,633 38,852 72, 181 29,008 43,173 4,685 1,505 21,643 10,643 11,000 20,919 15,360 5,559 402 290 43,561 21,993 21,568 41, 185 20,057 21, 128 1,912 454 37,316 18,480 18,836 36,697 26,067 10,630 336 169 15,463 7,664 7,799 14,646 9,242 5,404 399 412 40,133 19,782 20,351 39,476 28,079 11,397 273 236 21 years of age and over. 230 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION, BY AGE PERIODS, FOR DIVISIONS: 1910— Continued. Table 1 5— Continued. MVISION AND CLASS OF POPULATION. SOUTH ATLANTIC. Urban, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign-bom white Negro Rural, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage . Toreign-bom white Uegro •EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Urban, total Male Female ^Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage . ■Foreign-bom white iNegro .Rural, total Male Female Ifative white.. ., Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage . Foreign-bom white (Negro \WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. ITrban, total •. . Male Female ■Native white • Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. i'oreign-bom white 2>Iegro Rural, total Male Female native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. iForeign-bom white meigTO MOUNTAIN. ITrban, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage. Foreign-bom white Negro Rural, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro PACIFIC. Urban, total , Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage Poreign-bom white Negro Rural, total Male Female Native white Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign-bom white Negro Total number of per- sons attending school 606,467 242,450 264,017 361,215 305,435 65,780 9,679 135,483 1,911,977 955,370 956,607 1,315,082 1,291,063 24,019 3,834 591,194 263,742 125,005 138, 737 187,252 166,222 21,030 2,086 74,376 1,466,449 739,444 727,005 1,076,821 1,065,631 11,190 937 388,412 342,290 164,501 177, 789 268,273 229,785 38,488 6,800 65,749 1,452,810 735,882 716,928 1,171,758 1,097,145 74,613 7,187 255,944 173,546 85,156 88,390 164,025 102,077 61,948 7,316 1,890 331,645 170,852 160, 793 311, 703 225,675 86,028 10,055 729 364,207 180,632 183,575 335, 743 202,292 133,451 20,715 3,036 336,563 171,916 164, 647 317, 713 214, 778 102, 935 11,576 640 PKESONS 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total, nimiber. Attending school. Number. 877,545 420,314 457,231 587,909 495,825 92,084 23,753 265,742 3.262,214 1,644,278 1,617,936 2,008,719 1,972,025 36,694 11,934 1,238,277 445,707 213,277 232,430 297,894 262, 656 35,238 4,513 143,233 2,443,642 1,232,972 1,210,670 1,638,602 1,621,097 17,505 2,440 801,647 671,407 274,307 297,100 422, 218 355,359 66,859 17, %2 129,316 2,486,167 1,259,903 1,226,264 1,839,094 1.692,987 146, 107 33,198 586,281 246,337 120,988 125, 349 226,849 139, 171 87,678 15, 718 2,966 495,417 259, 522 235, 895 441, 108 317,925 123, 183 26,856 1,204 534,617 267,033 267,584 479,241 281, 714 197, 527 43,008 4,782 489, 801 260, 474 229,327 445,740 298,652 147,088 29, 416 1,054 486,650 231,836 254, 814 347,678 294,275 53,403 8,832 130,070 1,860,801 928,827 931,974 1,278,521 1,255,338 23,183 3,558 576,904 254,486 120,026 134,460 181, 054 160, 689 20,365 1,891 71,519 1,418,777 714,843 703,934 1,041,957 1,031,133 10,824 850 375,711 329,880 157,927 171,953 258,581 221,411 37, 170 6,384 63,510 1,417,127 717, 138 699,989 1,143,698 1,070,490 73,208 6,808 249,226 165,789 80.982 84,807 156, 933 97,509 59,424 6,775 1,820 322,158 165,577 156,581 303,258 219,538 83,720 9,536 711 345,578 170,207 175, 371 3?O,060 191,864 128. 196 18,997 2,929 327,836 167. 197 160, 639 309,909 209,219 100,690 11,027 627 Per cent. 55.5 55.2 55.7 59.1 59.4 58.0 37.2 48.9 57.0 56.5 57.6 63.6 63.7 63.2 29.8 46.6 57.1 56.3 57.8 60.8 61.2 57.8 41.9 58.1 58.0 58.1 63.6 63.6 61.8 34.8 46.9 57.7 57.6 57.9 61.2 62.3 55.6 35.5 49.1 57.0 56.9 57.1 62.2 63.2 50.1 20.5 42.5 67.3 66.9 67.7 69.2 70.1 67.8 43.1 61.4 65.0 63.8 66.4 68.7 69.1 68.0 35.5 59.1 64.6 63.7 65.5 66.8 68.1 64.9 44.2 61.3 66.9 64.2 70.0 69.5 70.1 68.5 37.5 59.5 PERSONS 6 TO 9 YEARS OF AGE. Total, nimiber. 228,870 113,890 114, 980 156,902 131,794 25,108 4,249 67,698 976,609 493, 188 483,421 599,206 588,640 10,566 2,073 374,324 114,096 56,572 57,524 77,883 70,144 7,739 773 35,433 729,925 369,577 360,-348 492,401 487,946 4,455 £22 236,706 154,821 77,403 77,418 116,822 99,166 17,656 3,535 33,944 767,836 384,095 373, 741 564,512 521,658 42,854 6,721 177,558 66,329 33,208 33,121 62,471 39,554 22,917 2,936 782 149,470 75,813 73,657 135,950 100, 193 35. 757 5,035 311 129,100 64,813 64,287 119,250 72,062 47,188 7,689 1,115 134,748 68,781 65,967 126, 282 85,883 40,399 4,709 251 Attending school. Number. 157,862 77,806 80,056 112,698 93,970 18,728 2,958 42,188 573,057 287,543 285,514 396,997 389,250 7,747 1,245 174,277 79.860 39, 133 40, 727 57, 150 51,057 6,093 571 22, 136 427,966 214,919 213,047 318,051 314,929 3,122 272 109,565 100,054 49,541 50,513 78,095 67,078 11,017 1,700 19,851 418,792 210,648 208,144 341,243 321, 150 20,093 1,674 70,527 52,269 26, 170 26,099 49,474 31,075 18,399 2,131 601 103,601 52, .524 51,077 98,134 71,854 26,280 3,039 215 103, 179 51,909 51, 270 95,666 57,351 38,315 5,957 907 99,631 50,938 48,693 94,373 63,937 30,436 3,323 175 Per cent. 69.0 68.3 69.6 71.8 71.3 74.6 69.6 62.3 58.7 58.3 59.1 66.3 66.1 73.3 60.1 46.6 70.0 69.2 70.8 73.4 72.8 78.7 73.9 62.5 5S.6 58.2 69.1 64.6 64.5 70.1 52.1 46.3 64.6 64.0 65.2 66.8 67.6 62.4 48.1 58.5 55.3 54.8 55.7 60.4 61.6 46.9 24.9 39.7 78.8 78.8 78.8 79.2 78.6 80.3 72.6 76.9 69.3 69.3 69.3 72.2 71.7 73.5 60.4 69.1 79.9 80.1 79.8 80.2 79.6 81.2 77.5 81.3 73.9 74.1 73.8 74.7 74.4 75.3 70.6 69.7 PERSONS 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE. Total, number. 277, 184 135,475 141, 709 187,781 157,392 30,389 5,793 83,573 1,118,874 571,690 547,184 685,650 673, 197 12,453 2,466 429,666 140,297 68,361 71,936 94,506 83,374 11, 132 1,123 44,646 829,046 425,001 404,045 552,203 546,310 5,893 689 275,830 181,580 89, 184 92,396 135,514 113,909 21,605 5,121 40,282 834,961 426,425 408,526 615,930 565,733 50,197 9,895 199,983 78,053 38, 749 39,304 72,999 44,343 28,656 3,975 910 161,557 83,453 78,104 146,666 105,506 41,160 6,077 376 162,303 80,729 81, 574 149,099 87,504 61,595 10,200 1,455 160,220 82, 478 77,742 149, 805 99,760 50,045 6,359 340 Attending school. Number. 231,355 111,446 119,909 163,106 136,899 26,207 4,502 63,716 867,715 434,045 433,670 579,874 568,787 11,087 1,769 285,294 120,454 57,747 62, 707 84,706 74,585 10, 121 932 34,804 645,242 324,921 320,321 464, 162 458,955 5,207 413 180,545 156,987 76,258 80,729 121, 189 102,653 18,536 3,519 31,666 660,915 333,834 327,081 526,451 488,497 37,954 3,788 123,077 72,996 36,277 36, 719 68,622 41,621 27,001 3,430 839 143,226 73,933 69,293 134,303 96,187 38,116 4,744 327 152,481 75, 769 76, 712 140. 728 82,548 58,180 9,150 1,368 150,862 77,444 73,418 142, 268 94,666 47,602 5,562 300 Per cent. 83.5 82.3 84.6 86.9 87.0 86.2 77.7 76.2 77.6 75.9 79.3 84.6 84.5 89.0 71.7 66.4 85.9 84.5 87.2 89.6 89.5 90.9 83.0 78.0 77.8 76.5 79.3 84.1 84.0 88.4 59.9 65.5 86.5 85.5 87.4 89.4 90.1 85.8 68.7 78.6 79.2 78.3 80.1 85.5 86.3 75.6 38.3 61.5 93.5 93.6 93.4 94.0 93.9 94.2 86.3 92.2 88.7 91.6 91.2 92.6 78.1 87.0 93.9 93.9 94.0 94.4 94.3 94.5 89.7 94.0 94.2 93.9 94.4 95.0 94.9 95.1 87.5 8S.2 PERSONS 15 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total, number. 371,491 170,949 200,542 243,226 206,639 36,587 13,711 114,471 1,166,731 579,400 587,331 723,863 710, 188 13,675 7,395 434,287 191,314 88,344 102,970 125,505 109, 138 16,367 2,617 63,154 884,671 438,394 446, 277 593,998 586,841 7,167 1,229 289,111 235,006 107,720 127, 286 169,882 142,284 27,598 9,306 55,090 893,380 449,383 443,997 658,652 605,596 53,056 16,582 208,740 101,966 49,031 52, 924 91,379 55,274 36,105 8,807 1,274 184,390 100,256 84, 134 158,492 112,226 46, 266 15,744 517 243,214 121,491 121, 723 210, 892 122, 148 88,744 25,119 2,212 194,833 109, 215 85,618 169, 653 113,009 56, 644 18,348 463 Attending school. Number. 97,433 42,584 54,849 71,874 63,406 8,468 1,372 24,166 420,029 207,239 212,790 301,650 297,301 4,349 544 117,333 64,172 23,146 31,026 39, 198 35,047 4,151 388 14,579 345,569 175, 003 170,566 259, 744 257,249 2,495 165 85,601 72,839 32, 128 40,711 59,297 51,680 7,617 1,165 11,993 337,420 172,656 164,764 276,004 260,843 15,161 1,346 55,622 40,624 18,535 21,989 38,837 24, 813 14,024 1,214 380 75,331 39, 120 36,211 70,821 51,497 19,324 1,753 169 89,918 42, 529 47, 389 83,666 51,965 31, 701 3,890 654 77,343 38,815 38, 528 73.268 50,616 22,652 2,142 152 Per cent. 26.2 24.9 27.4 29.6 30.7 23.1 10.0 21.1 36.0 35.8 36.2 41.7 41.9 31.8 7.4 27.0 28.3 26.2 30.1 31.2 32.1 25.4 14.8 23.1 39.1 39.9 38.2 43.7 43.8 34.9 13.4 29.6 3L0 29.8 32.0 34.9 36.3 27.6 12.5 21.8 37.8 38.4 37.1 41.9 43.1 28.6 8.1 26.6 39.7 37.8 41.5 42.5 44.9 38.8 13.8 29.8 40.9 39.0 43.0 44.7 45.9 41.8 11.1 32.7 37.0 35.0 38.9 39.7 42.5 35.7 15.5 29.6 39.7 35.5 45.0 43.2 44.8 40.0 11.7 32.8 OTHERS ATTENDING SCHOOL. Under 6 years of age. 7,806 3,750 4,056 5,115 3,910 1,205 129 2,559 25,867 12,652 13,215 17,817 17,435 382 36 7,992 3,993 1,900 2,093 2,523 2,206 317 30 1,440 26,669 12, 828 13, 731 18,082 17,933 149 10 8,453 4,830 2,269 2,561 3,592 2,993 599 111 1,109 16,451 7,932 8,519 12, 776 12,135 641 43 3,357 2,995 1,503 1,492 2,850 1,662 1,188 99 42 4,373 2,172 2,201 4,064 3,075 6,305 3,132 3,173 5,904 3,590 2,314 245 75 3,457 1,720 1,737 3,268 2,227 1,041 70 5 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 231 PRINCIPAL CITIES: 1909-10. Statistics of school attendance in cities having 100,000 inhabitants or more in 1910 are given in Ta- bles 16 and 17. Table 16 relates to the population 6 to 20 years of age and gives details by color or race, na- tivity, and parentage. A similar statement for cities having from 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants is given in Table 18, pages 233 to 235. By reason of the peculiar interest which attaches to the population from 6 to 14 years of age — the ages of customary school attend- ance — statistics for this group are presented for the larger cities in Table 17, page 232. In the larger cities the proportion of persons from 6 to 20 years of age attending school in 1909-10 ranged from 51 per cent in Richmond to 69.8 per cent m Cambridge. High percentages of school attendance (65 or over) are shown for Boston, Cam- bridge, Denver, Los Angeles, New Haven, Oakland, and Worcester, and comparatively low percentages (under 55) for Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Memphis, New Orleans, and Richmond. The fact that cities with a small percentage of school attend- ance are found almost entirely in the South is largely, but not wholly, explained by the large negro popula- tion in southern cities. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF POPULATION 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 16 Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Corm . Buffalo, N.Y Cambridge, Mass. , Chicago, III Cincinnati, Ohio. . Cleveland, Ohio. Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio . . . Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich . . . Fall River, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich. Indianapolis, Ind Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, Cal . Louisville, Ky . . . Lowell, Mass.* Memphis, Tenn.. Milwaukee, Wis.. Minneapolis, Minn. Nashville, f enn New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. . . New York, N.Y Manhattan Borough . Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough. . . Queens Borough Richmond Borough . . Newark, N.J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J . . . PhUadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa Portland, Oreg Providence, R.I... Bichmond, Va Rochester, N.Y... St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal . Scrantoa, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash... Syracuse, N.Y Toledo. Ohio Washington, D. C. Worcester, Mass... AU CLASSES. Total nnmber. 23,794 42,981 153,586 36,939 169,116 26,938 120,366 27,426 594,012 93,618 150,887 44,354 28,726 51,958 122,979 36,235 30,138 56,997 78,300 57,467 69,036 60,690 28,570 32,462 109,078 75,611 31,803 36,263 98,468 1,334,357 626,669 m,81B Jill, 767 88,0S0 25,089 97,544 34,153 31,281 36,457 410,243 146,609 43,272 57,559 35,271 54,998 181,402 58,946 85,368 39,397 49,294 24,150 34, 171 45,314 79,249 38,277 Attending school. Number. 14,816 23,337 79,933 20,135 115,210 16,262 73,412 19, 152 349,037 55,474 92,094 27,631 17,624 34,537 22,819 19,141 35,014 47,198 34,220 44,995 35,762 17,603 17,169 63,228 48,655 18,191 24,252 52,799 828,720 368,913 80,989 SOS, 589 67,618 17,611 61,916 22,253 20,085 21,779 237,333 85,777 26,146 35,309 17,986 33,752 101,320 37,187 50,128 22,964 31,099 15,259 21,131 28, 198 50,859 24,928 Per cent. «2.3 54.3 52.0 54.5 68.1 60.4 61.0 69.8 58.8 S9.3 61.0 62.3 61.4 66.5 56.8 63.0 63.5 61.4 60.3 59.5 65.2 58.9 61.6 52.9 58.0 64.3 57.2 66.9 53.6 62.1 68.9 64.9 64.4 67.0 70. t 63.5 65.2 64.2 59.7 57.9 58.5 60-4 61.3 51.0 61.4 55.9 63.1 58.7 58.3 63.1 63.2 61.8 62.2 64.2 65.1 NATIVE WHTTE. Native parentage. Total number. 13,553 25,788 81,680 19,150 40,446 7,355 40,504 6,654 129,847 55,031 39,081 31,770 20,290 27,775 33,365 5,124 10,975 40,738 27,760 38,053 38,826 38,593 6,287 16,161 30,854 25,669 19,315 10,639 55,866 307,697 98,078 55,785 131,618 si.gse 9,97g 30,348 14,143 13,887 9,058 171,550 55,570 22,914 15,302 20,012 22,223 94,669 18,708 30,481 13,686 23,919 14,009 16, 101 22,156 43,082 19,718 Attending school. Number. 8,048 14,849 43,924 11,065 29,633 4,058 27,057 5,035 87,524 34,597 27,520 20,564 12,976 19,012 21,848 3,883 7,422 25,683 18,128 23,257 26,211 23,531 3,908 9,744 21,076 17,939 11,506 7,835 32,569 206,893 6S,072 14,630 89,112 12,640 7,/fi9 20,460 9,929 9,321 5,799 105,029 35,536 14,503 10,583 11,205 14,891 56,588 12,986 18,973 8,920 15,957 9,099 10,720 15,030 28,724 7,752 Per cent. 66.0 67.6 63.8 67.8 73.3 67.4 66.7 75.7 67.4 62.9 70.4 64.7 64.0 68.5 65.6 75.8 67.2 63.0 65.3 61.1 67.5 61.0 73.9 60.3 68.3 69.9 59.6 73.6 68.3 67.2 64.5 68.6 67. S 72.6 74.6 67.4 70.2 67.1 64.0 61.2 63.9 63.3 69.2 56.0 67.0 59.8 69.3 62.2 65.2 66.7 65.0 66.6 67.8 66.7 72.3 Foreign or mixed parentage. Total number. 8,498 1,977 41,411 3,056 97,928 14,118 67,528 15,950 368,343 30,104 84,610 8,474 6,003 19,962 22,802 16,262 9,915 40,657 12,500 21,514 11,720 U,196 2,952 67,352 42,371 1,670 18,829 15,604 690,672 313,829 70,615 247,740 46,722 12,266 16,063 14,324 20,976 169,244 68,814 15,854 30,168 1,939 25,363 65,495 35,262 43,664 21,712 19,586 8,324 14,336 19,837 10,465 21,711 Attending school. FOBEION-BORN WHITE. Number. 5,115 1,266 21,976 1,798 70,729 9,449 41,247 11,646 224,172 16,730 62,944 4,976 3,547 13,294 40,152 15,351 10,387 5,859 25,306 7,544 14,359 6,552 11,634 1,798 37,904 27,392 1,036 13,292 8,190 471,677 212,431 48,343 170,418 31,677 32,846 10,360 9,268 13,265 101,647 41,049 9,764 19,960 1,104 15,624 34,944 21,922 26,569 12,619 12,667 5,374 9,014 11,729 7,079 14,695 Per cent. 60.2 64.0 53.1 58.8 72.2 66.9 61.1 73.0 60.9 55.6 62.6 58.7 59.1 66.6 57.4 67.3 63.9 59.1 62.2 60.4 48.9 55.9 67.7 61.0 56.3 64.6 62.0 70.6 52.5 68.3 67.8 68.6 68.8 67.6 72.6 67.3 64.5 64.7 63.2 60.1 59.7 61.6 66.2 56.9 61.6 53.4 62.2 60.8 58.1 64.7 64.6 62.9 59.1 67.6 67.7 Total number. 1,521 583 9,763 707 28,195 5,200 11,928 3,590 88,414 4,528 25,570 1,380 1,408 3,116 18,577 8,236 2,780 1,437 8,594 2,345 6,287 1,000 6,055 722 10,723 7,152 286 6,048 2,276 318,400 204,648 17,520 86,390 7,304 2,538 16,256 2,648 2,317 6,046 62,370 16,600 4,027 10,863 446 7,227 12,275 4,468 8,746 3,855 4,846 1,655 3,516 2,962 2,047 5,562 Attending school. Number. 625 258 3,737 294 13,160 1,688 4,911 1,583 33,005 1,884 10,656 578 521 1,549 7,152 3,543 1,262 498 2,952 1,043 3,073 383 2,047 278 4,167 3,047 158 2,619 897 140,522 87,990 7,666 40,970 2,929 1,067 7,283 1,227 1,054 2,502 21,291 6,813 1,660 3,990 212 3,129 4,856 1,957 3,524 1,338 2,062 1,265 1,218 1,018 2,292 Per cent. 41.1 44.3 38.3 41.6 46.7 32.5 41.2 44.1 37.3 41.6 41.7 41.9 37.0 49.7 38.5 43.0 45.4 34.7 34.3 44.6 66.7 38.3 33.8 38.5 38.9 42.6 55.2 43.3 39.4 44.1 43.0 43.2 47.4 40.1 42.0 44.8 46.3 45.5 41.4 40.7 35.0 41.2 36.7 47.5 43.3 39.6 43.8 40.3 34.7 42.6 42.1 36.0 41.1 49.7 41.2 Total number. 220 14,630 20,715 14,025 2,455 264 302 1,227 7,226 3,952 1,591 2,717 1,022 1,044 1,121 64 119 4,902 1,282 4,548 1,738 9,374 29 12,617 145 406 10,531 740 24,685 17,184 10,334 881 4,903 766 310 2,087 533 741 366 16,999 5,605 122 1,177 12,873 176 8,907 496 244 143 281 124 214 350 23,593 282 Attending school. Number. 128 6,963 10,284 6,978 1,650 167 191 886 4,243 2,261 962 1,506 580 645 647 40 69 2,970 811 2,370 1,100 5,296 13 5,343 79 270 5,491 501 11,129 9,417 6,282 644 S,9S2 465 194 1,318 325 434 210 9,323 3,368 64 743 5,465 105 4,897 319 112 87 157 79 131 216 14,000 185 Per cent. 58.2 47.6 49.6 49.8 67.2 63.3 63.2 72.2 58.7 57.2 60.5 55.4 56.8 61.8 57.7 58.0 60.6 63.3 52.1 63.3 56.5 42.3 54.5 66.5 52.1 67.7 45.1 54.8 51.1 61.7 69.8 61.B 6t.e 63.2 61.0 58.6 57.4 54.8 60.1 52.5 63.1 42.5 59.7 55.0 64.3 45.9 60.8 55.9 63.7 61.2 61.4 69.3 65.6 232 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. For children from 6 to 14 years of age the percentage attending school is generally high. For the principal cities the range of variation was from 74.4 in Richmond and Birmingham to 95.2 in Cambridge. Among the 50 cities having 100,000 inhabitants or more there are 21 in which 90 per cent or over of the children from 6 to 14 years of age were reported as attending school. Exceptionally high percentages (92 and over) are shown for Boston, Bridgeport, Cambridge, New Haven, and Omaha, while low percentages Gess than 80) are noted in Atlanta, Baltimore, Birmingham, Memphis, Nashville, New Orleans, and Richmond. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF CHILDREN 6 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910. [Per cent not shown where base Is less than 100.] Table 17 Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Buffalo, N.Y Cambridge, Mass Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich. . . Indianapolis, Ind Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, Cal Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Milwaukee, Wis Minneapolis. Minn Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn New Orleans, La NewYork, N. Y Manhattan Borough Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough. . Queens Borough — Richmond Borough. Newark, N.J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N.J Philadelphia, Pa Pitteburgh, Pa Portland, Greg Providence, R.I Richmond, Va Rochester, N. Y St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse, N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C Worcester, Mass AIX CLASSES. Total number 13,380 24,099 87,891 21,539 100,560 15,299 69,405 16,502 336,808 50,425 86,613 24,086 15,959 29,307 68,847 21,700 17,100 31,986 47,024 30,571 37,189 33,689 16,119 17,444 62,112 40,014 17,657 21,724 57,661 770,037 543,780 74,875 i8Z,eiO 62,9iS 16,849 57,529 18,952 16,817 21,415 237,900 84,821 22,255 33,114 19,560 30,312 99,905 31,498 44,633 23,398 26,432 13,513 19,186 25,952 44,719 22,313 Attending school. Number. 11,824 18,486 68,218 16,019 94,234 14,123 60,813 15,718 296,766 45,685 78,595 21,531 14,377 26,457 59,575 19,915 15,385 29,008 40,556 26,572 33,701 29,701 14,720 13,372 54,165 35,912 13,730 20,466 44,377 698,015 S08,S8g 68,212 267,235 49,191 14,796 52,885 16,827 15,624 19,294 205,009 72,316 19,084 2&,560 14,562 27,859 85,421 28,871 38,659 19,525 22,589 11,363 16,857 23,499 38,775 20,422 Per cent. 88.4 76.7 77.6 74.4 93.7 92.3 87.6 95.2 88.1 90.6 90.8 89.4 90.1 90.3 86.5 91.8 90.0 90.7 86.2 86.9 90.6 88.2 91.3 76.7 87.2 89.7 77.8 94.2 77.0 90.6 89.8 91.1 91.0 91.9 88.8 92.9 90.1 86.2 85.3 85.8 89.2 74.4 91.9 85.5 91.7 86.6 83.4 85.5 84.1 87.9 90.5 86.7 91.5 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. Total number. 7,966 14,661 47,294 11,350 24,514 4,361 24,041 4,021 79,064 31,462 23,915 17,641 11,586 15,905 19,785 3,388 6,365 23,368 17,688 20,504 21,179 22,321 3,235 9,093 18,851 14,184 11,081 6,525 34,014 188,327 57,406 22,608 81,867 20,449 6,497 18,534 8,371 7,608 5,566 100,957 33,588 12,149 9,053 11,343 12,851 55,384 10,784 17,005 8,545 13,373 8,111 9,180 13,080 24,796 6,388 Attending school. Number. 7,063 11,620 36,895 8,488 22,994 4,058 21,652 3,818 70,540 28,593 22,285 15,892 10,483 14,242 17,844 3,242 5,651 21,220 15,348 17,822 19,167 19,704 3,024 7,463 16,993 12,621 8,763 6,172 27,338 170,200 60,887 20,457 73,678 19, we 6,072 16,984 7,419 7,023 4,976 87,959 29,001 10,382 8,247 8,983 11,871 47,575 9,769 14,660 7,337 11,462 6,765 8,071 12,151 21,767 5,917 Per cent. 88.7 79.3 78.0 74.8 93.8 93.1 90.1 95.0 89.2 90.9 93.2 90.1 90.5 89.5 90.2 95.7 88.8 90.8 86.8 86.9 90.5 88.3 93.5 82.1 90.1 89.0 79.1 94.6 80.4 90.4 88.6 90.6 90.6 93.4 93.6 91.6 88.6 92.3 89.4 87.1 86.3 85.5 91.1 79.2 92.4 85.9 90.6 86.2 85.9 85.7 83.4 87.9 92.9 87.8 92.6 Foreign or mixed parentage. Total number. 4,671 1,160 24,985 1,878 63,620 9,116 40,452 10,336 219, 774 15,110 51,073 4,445 3,265 11,380 41,034 15,202 9,447 5,350 25,454 6,765 12,076 6,104 10,966 1,609 38,670 22,878 901 12,315 8,633 446,143 203,212 44,864 160,686 29,310 8,181 30,963 8,819 7,838 13,103 104,892 41,799 8,291 19,381 1,088 14,468 34,513 18,646 23,419 13,220 10,801 4,636 8,624 11,390 6,080 13,741 Attending school. Number. 4,124 974 19,540 1,470 60,001 8,448 35,033 9,918 193,994 13,718 46,160 3,934 2,946 10,397 35,025 13,923 8,593 4,867 21,997 5,952 11,075 5,452 10,054 1,362 33,389 20,686 760 11,654 6,835 407,354 184,036 41,141 147,259 27,238 7,680 28,678 7,890 7,373 11,908 90,244 35,537 7,231 17,353 892 13,306 29,606 17,234 20,609 10,958 9,285 3,985 7,627 10,086 5,392 12,643 Per cent. 88.3 84.0 78.2 78.3 94.3 92.7 86.6 96.0 88.3 90.8 90.4 88.5 90.2 91.4 85.4 91.6 91.0 91.0 86.4 88.0 91.7 89.3 91.7 84.6 86.3 90.4 84.4 94.6 79.2 91.3 90.6 91.7 91.7 92.9 93.9 92.6 89.5 94.1 90.9 86.0 85.0 87.2 89.5 82.0 92.0 85.8 92.4 88.0 82.9 86.0 86.0 88.4 88.6 88.7 91.3 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. Total number. 617 265 4,339 329 10,965 1,660 4,730 1,391 34,078 1,826 10,675 597 561 1,417 7,405 3,071 1,222 506 3,107 1,044 2,820 362 1,906 296 4,517 2,722 136 2,446 1,009 126,530 78,061 6,897 37,842 2,739 991 6,837 1,145 986 2,626 22,413 6,054 1,611 3,968 202 2,895 5,251 1,806 3,324 1,553 1,958 1,266 1,286 906 2,011 Attending school. Number. 524 206 3,267 254 9,873 1,476 3,966 1,266 28,760 1,565 9,366 489 462 1,283 6,162 2,713 1,082 422 2,636 2,455 305 1,632 225 3,724 2,405 109 2,239 746 112,532 69,225 6,153 33,814 2,468 6,138 1,007 883 2,217 18,727 4,941 1,328 3,319 173 2,591 4,272 1,624 2,813 1,157 1,606 563 1,046 1,085 782 1,800 Per cent. 84.9 77.7 76.3 77.2 90.0 83.8 90.9 84.4 85.7 87.7 81.9 83.8 90.5 83.2 88.3 88.6 83.4 81.6 84.7 87.1 84.3 85.6 76.0 82.4 88.4 80.1 91.6 73.9 89.4 89.7 89.0 87.9 89.6 87.8 83.6 81.6 82.4 83.6 85.6 89.5 81.4 89.9 84.6 74.5 82.0 79.5 83.3 84.4 86.4 89.5 Total number. 125 8,011 11,265 7,982 1,430 162 176 752 3,840 2,024 838 1,396 656 579 615 37 65 2,759 774 2,251 933 4,902 12 6,440 72 226 6,638 436 13,990 8,864 4,993 612 2,764 418 177 1,184 280 382 217 9,604 3,371 63 679 6,927 96 4,725 261 108 80 153 61 126 191 12,910 170 Attending school. Nimiber, 113 5,686 8,509 5,807 1,337 141 157 715 3,424 1,807 775 1,210 486 513 636 36 58 2,496 674 1,910 4,240 10 4,317 58 197 4,098 400 9,446 7,783 4,346 457 S,U1 382 168 1,076 247 •343 192 8,051 2,833 48 603 4,514 90 3,941 243 87 73 127 54 112 173 10,807 159 Per cent. 90.4 71.0 75.5 72.8 93.5 87.0 89.2 95.1 89.2 89.3 92.5 86.7 87.4 88.6 87.2 90.5 87.1 84.9 93.0 86.5 67.0 87.6 74.0 91.7 67.5 87.8 87.0 89.3 88.3 91.4 89. S 90.9 88.2 89.8 88.5 83.8 84.0 88.8 65.2 83.4 93.1 80.6 88.9 90.6 83.7 93.5 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 233 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF POPULATION 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 18 Alabama Mobile Montgomery Arkansas Little Rock California Berkeley Pasadena Sacramento San Diego San Jose Colorado Ck)lorado Springs Pueblo Connectlcnt Hartford Meriden town Meriden city New Britain Norwich town Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Georgia Augusta Macon Savannah nilnots Aurora Bloomington Danville Decattu- East St. Louis Elgin Jofiet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana E vansville Fort Wayne South Bend Terre Haute Iowa Cedar Rapids Clinton Council Blufls Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City : Waterloo Kansas Kansas City Topeka Wichita Kentucky Covington Lexington Newport Lonisiana Shreveport Maine Lewiston Portland ALL CLASSES. Total number. 14,097 10,760 12,016 10,050 6,621 9,381 8,552 6,868 7,2S5 10,887 25,039 9,312 7,8S1 12,305 7,651 7,602 6,781 20,388 23,202 14,497 10,678 11,317 11,854 17,399 7,817 6,676 7,629 8,372 1.5,349 6,578 9,507 16,651 9,727 11,885 13,578 18,985 17,548 14,679 15,539 8,763 6,900 8,163 11,349 22,300 10,531 12,889 6,842 22,923 11,198 13,591 14,764 8,649 8,498 7,626 7,725 13,831 Attending school. Number. 8,083 6,288 7,134 7,466 4,814 5,485 5,806 4,776 5,214 7,050 17,134 6,174 S,ttS 7,783 5,019 4,827 i,«77 13,471 13,404 7,643 5,598 5,927 6,097 9,084 4,617 4,969 4,983 5,199 8,619 4,274 5,863 10,124 5,729 7,020 8,064 10,628 10,582 8,114 9,600 5,583 4,649 5,434 7,117 14,6.33 6,598 7,893 4,475 13,924 6,829 8,490 8,448 5,609 4,669 4,186 4,269 9,500 Per cent. 57.3 49.1 69.4 74.3 72.7 58.6 67.9 69.6 71.9 64.8 68.4 66.3 ee.5 63.3 65.6 63.5 es.i 66.1 57.8 62.7 62.4 52.4 61.4 62.2 67.8 64.9 66.2 62.1 55.5 6.5.0 61.7 60.8 58.9 59.1 59.4 56.0 60.3 65.3 61.1 63.7 67.4 66.6 62.7 65.6 62.7 61.2 65.4 60.7 61.0 62.5 57.2 64.9 54.9 55.3 68.7 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. Total number. 6,756 4,792 6,760 5,222 4,521 5,274 5,129 3,558 6,319 6,316 7,805 2,607 e,190 2,689 2,431 2,666 t,tt7 6,655 12,693 6,749 3,324 5,667 6,166 6,607 3,646 4,0.33 5,698 6,374 9,735 2,9.31 3,414 10,656 6,730 4,354 8,413 14,256 11,826 6,256 12,626 5,051 3,541 5,267 6,175 14,830 6,200 6,548 5,184 14,330 7,410 11,293 10, 713 5,478 5,889 3,030 2,112 6,787 Attending school. Num- ber. 4,453 2,423 4,280 4,139 3,440 3,272 3,565 2,558 3,852 4,222 5,731 1,929 i,eto 2,020 1,819 1,840 1,B4S 3,943 7,648 3,133 2,017 3,277 3,483 3,984 2,324 2,805 3,896 4,054 5,741 2,076 2,363 6,671 4,223 2,916 5,189 8,204 7,473 3,895 7,863 3,425 2,576 3,637 4,241 10,069 4,225 4,289 3,532 9,035 4,651 7,177 6,382 3,761 3,367 1,936 1,444 4,796 Per cent. 65.9 50.6 63.3 79.3 76.1 62.0 69.5 71.9 72.4 66.9 73.4 74.0 71.0 76.1 74.8 69.0 69. S 71.0 60.7 54.5 60.7 57.8 66.5 60.3 65.6 69.6 68.4 63.6 59.0 70.8 69.2 62.6 62.7 67.0 61.7 57.6 63.2 62.3 62.3 67.8 72.7 69.1 68.7 67.9 67.5 6.5.5 68.1 63.0 62.8 63.6 59.6 68.7 57.2 68.4 70.7 Foreign or mixed parentage. Total number. 1,114 377 1,238 3,932 1,621 3,050 2, .539 2,733 1,502 3,243 12,678 6,738 4,79e 6,877 3,819 3,611 3,300 11,298 6,606 907 2,739 390 262 1,748 3,633 2,156 1,423 1,618 3,146 3,321 4,945 5,174 2,545 6,220 3,790 3,034 5,186 6,573 2,046 3,221 3,061 2,560 4,720 5,924 4,038 5,213 1,447 5,180 2,172 1,421 3,362 409 2,221 3,716 5,640 Attending school. Num- ber. 689 214 731 2,823 1,117 1,740 1,786 1,931 1,079 2,286 9,175 3,807 S,tOS 4,929 2,599 2,443 tjm 8,113 3,940 646 1,600 258 191 1,071 2,021 1,284 854 942 1,746 2,049 3,099 3,080 1,277 3,699 2,119 1,496 2,862 3,493 1,196 1,929 1,926 1,671 2,668 3,788 2,280 3,172 884 3,113 1,256 873 1,604 272 1,107 279 2,239 4,114 Per cent. 61.8 56.8 71.8 68.9 67.0 70.3 70.7 71.8 70.6 72.4 66.3 66.8 71.7 68 1 67.7 67.1 71.8 68.8 60.2 61.7 66.2 72.9 61.3 55.6 68.6 60.0 58.2 55.5 61.7 62.7 59.5 50.2 59.5 55.9 49.3 65.0 53.1 58.5 .59.9 62.9 65.3 56.5 63.9 56.5 60.8 61.1 60.1 67.8 61.4 50.4 66.5 49.8 67.7 60.3 72.9 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. Total num- ber. 596 288 624 722 481 164 990 4,111 909 811 2,709 1,237 1,268 1,189 3,358 259 2,300 76 81 a52 559 180 81 193 1,086 290 1,041 484 67 1,274 630 97 407 1,700 211 450 189 267 319 876 215 1,060 208 1,032 351 219 55 61 234 109 1,883 1,337 Attending school. Num- ber. 38 341 138 245 355 231 347 389 351 816 492 506 ASg 440 90 720 31 29 158 127 128 333 193 22 384 302 25 174 637 77 87 120 378 79 385 57 275 1.30 80 24 28 111 580 543 Per cent. 36.9 57.2 47.9 39.3 49.2 48.0 54.3 35.1 46.4 42.8 13.3 30.1 39.8 40.2 34.7 31.3 22.7 42.2 49.7 28.4 44.1 32.0 30.1 47.9 42.8 37.5 36.5 45.1 36.5 32.6 37.6 43.2 36.7 36.3 27.4 26.6 37.0 36.5 41.3 30.8 40.6 Total num- ber. 6,027 5,518 3,912 69 159 103 113 23 266 331 441 58 68 30 158 67 6S 175 2,326 7,571 2,313 5,179 5,346 80 207 327 187 1,382 36 107 336 383 37 743 125 126 656 41 109 62 135 670 17 68 3 2,371 1,262 655 6.33 2,696 154 4,074 Attending school. Num- ber. 2,853 2,624 2,085 43 111 49 194 196 317 49 fs 106 38 38 114 1,375 3,864 1,171 2,358 2,394 3,871 45 124 200 107 724 21 68 180 207 21 452 76 364 26 78 39 88 398 14 47 2 1,497 791 358 348 1,546 84 Per cent. 234 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF POPULATION 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. , [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 18— Continued. Massachusetts Brockton Brookline town €helsea Chicopee Everett , yitchburg Haverhill. Holyoke Lawrence , Iiynn , Maiden New Bedford Newton Pittsfleld Quincy Salem Somerville Springfield Taunton Waltham Michigan Battle Creek Bay City Flint Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing Saginaw Minnesota Duluth Missouri Joplin St. Joseph Springfield Montana Butte Kebraska Lincoln South Omaha New Hampshire Manchester Nashua New Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange Elizabeth Hoboken Orange Passaic Perth Amboy Trenton West Hoboken town New York Amsterdam Aubtum Bingham ton Ebnira Jamestown Kingston Mount Vernon New Rochelle Newburrii Niagara Falls Poughkeepsie Schenectady Troy Utica Watertown YoDkers North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington ALL CLASSES. Total number. 14,505 5,766 9,007 7,630 9,243 10,648 11,201 17,907 23,520 21,328 12,296 26,784 10,255 8,067 9,096 11,829 18,993 22,158 8,991 7,309 5,841 13,696 8,871 7,249 9,580 7,988 13,619 20,615 8,947 20,299 10,127 8,761 11,049 7,879 21,059 7,429 10,291 16,857 25,637 8,199 20,499 20,343 8,172 17,687 9,503 26,495 10,558 8,235 7,882 11,053 9,407 7,904 7,180 8,475 7,748 7,370 7,553 6,641 17,826 19,557 19,244 6,396 22,986 10,404 7,228 Attending school. Number. 9,793 4,220 6,678 4,728 6,516 6,760 7,669 10,742 14,063 13,781 8,642 15,300 7,700 5,230 6,380 7,881 13,923 15,182 5,507 6,092 3,955 8,869 4,739 4,697 6,067 4,877 8,771 13,016 5,900 12,375 6,361 6,187 7,675 4,659 11,717 4,470 5,945 10,909 14,532 5,567 12,387 12,201 5,303 8,297 5,694 16,409 5,633 4,477 4,800 7,400 6,476 5,068 4,293 6,104 5,339 4,274 4,779 3,794 11,348 12,921 11,190 4,294 15,310 5,379 4,062 Per cent. 67.6 73.2 63.0 62.0 70.6 63.5 67.6 60.0 59.8 64.6 70.3 67.1 75.1 64.8 70.1 66.6 73.3 68.5 61.3 69.7 67.7 64.8 53.4 64.8 63.3 61.1 64.4 65.9 61.0 62.8 70.6 55.6 60.2 57.8 64.7 56.7 67.9 60.4 60.0 64.9 46.9 59.9 61.9 53.4 54.4 60.9 67.0 68.8 64.1 69.8 72.0 68.9 58.0 63.3 57.1 63.7 66.1 58.1 67.1 66.6 51.7 66.1 NATIVE WHITE. Native parentage. Total number. 5,675 2,452 1,646 1,568 2,607 2,538 4,526 3,134 3,592 7,271 3,363 4,233 3,939 4,031 2,403 3,573 6,639 8,609 3,222 2,626 4,337 4,007 6,368 4,616 6,340 5,162 5,420 3,966 8,207 14,453 8,599 2,775 6,783 2,863 4,105 2,028 5,532 3,800 13,915 4,617 6,757 5,101 2,729 2,392 1,682 10,966 2,709 2,771 4,083 7,424 5,766 2,438 4,698 3,653 2,655 4,177 2,205 4,015 7,950 10,004 7,789 3,284 7,070 6,374 3,452 Attending school. Num- ber. 4,004 2,013 1,073 1,199 1,854 1,850 3,217 2,273 2,636 5,080 2,478 2,913 3,379 2,814 1,872 2,734 5,086 6,294 2,212 1,917 2,993 3,035 3,049 3,113 3,507 3,160 3,788 2,656 5,429 8,995 5,469 2,069 4,935 1,840 2,861 1,514 3,275 2,584 8,195 3,451 4,543 3,350 1,868 1,717 1,096 7,244 1,594 1,815 2,809 5,362 4,068 1,733 2,993 2,873 1,893 2,539 1,537 2,391 5,208 7,187 4,948 2,294 5,256 3,599 2,116 Per cent. 70.6 82.1 65.2 76.5 71.1 72.9 71.1 72.6 73.4 69.9 73.7 68.8 86.8 69.8 77.9 76.5 76.6 73.1 68.7 75.9 69.0 75.7 56.8 67.4 65.7 61.2 69.9 67.0 66.2 62.2 63.6 74.6 72.8 64.5 69.7 74.7 59.2 68.0 58.9 74.7 67.2 65.7 68.4 71.8 69.3 66.1 68.8 65.5 68.8 72.2 70.6 71.1 63.7 78.6 74.1 60.8 69.7 59.6 65.5 71.8 63.5 69.9 74.3 56.5 61.3 Foreign or mixed parentage. Total number, 6,920 2,709 4,689 4,332 5,467 6,215 5,123 11,294 12,906 10,348 7,188 14,136 4,968 3,254 5,429 6,302 10,611 10,184 4,491 3,991 1,118 8,963 2,720 2,247 3,268 2,332 7,379 13,771 518 4,117 5,269 2,965 3,978 10,781 3,667 2,347 10,011 8,380 2,462 10,317 11,937 3,956 7,393 5,639 11,278 6,067 3,538 2,757 2,446 2,897 4,271 1,981 3,609 3,665 2,650 3,476 2,008 7,501 8,074 7,862 2,231 11,884 174 232 Attending school. Num- ber. 4,986 2,078 3,244 2,999 4,024 4,275 3,720 7,236 8,628 7,171 5,310 9,063 3,856 2,077 3,919 4,428 8,039 7,324 2,876 2,839 768 5,430 1,378 1,424 2,060 1,487 4,550 9,228 350 2,507 538 3,784 2,038 2,419 6,964 2,473 1,527 7,049 4,822 1,685 6,486 7,524 2,729 4,918 3,826 7,477 3,348 2,195 1,695 1,646 1,929 2,868 1,092 2,711 2,769 1,542 2,455 1,185 5,137 5,113 4,913 1,692 8,743 124 157 Per cent. 72.1 76.7 69.2 69.2 73.6 68.8 72.6 64.1 66.9 69.3 73.9 64.1 77.6 63.8 72.2 70.3 75.8 71.9 64.0 71.1 68.7 60.6 50.7 63.4 63.0 63.8 61.7 67.0 67.6 60.9 61.9 71.8 68.7 60.8 64.6 67.6 65.1 70.4 57.5 68.4 62.9 63.0 69.0 66.5 67.8 66.3 56.2 62.0 61.5 67.3 66.6 67.2 55.1 76.1 76.6 58.2 70.6 59.0 68.5 63.3 62.5 71.4 73.6 71.3 67.7 FOREIGN-BOEN WHITE. Total num- ber. 1,754 583 2,599 1,727 912 1,888 1,456 3,462 6,976 3,509 1.600 7,760 1,233 709 1,261 1,915 1,675 3,003 1,203 764 279 694 677 316 814 403 758 2,812 35 730 35 650 1,137 882 6,165 1,744 750 2,916 1,865 632 3,047 3,271 908 7,770 2,242 3,762 1,765 1,905 953 1,073 619 1,167 323 1,005 1,116 402 1,829 471 2,322 1,363 3,519 866 3,695 AttendiDg school. Num- ber. 704 118 1,316 530 434 631 565 1,225 2,772 1,417 750 2,931 390 289 685 696 750 1,299 370 315 125 383 255 123 404 157 398 1,090 596 308 1,888 483 311 1,193 646 155 1,152 1,305 328 1,594 752 1,395 686 453 235 323 395 448 104 423 454 124 762 134 970 540 1,278 397 1,115 Per cent. 40.1 20.2 50.6 30.7 47.6 33.4 38.8 35.4 39.7 40.4 46.9 37.8 31.6 40.8 46.8 36.3 44.8 43.3 30.8 41.2 44.8 65.2 37.7 38.9 49.6 39.0 52.5 38.8 42.3 45.2 52.4 34.9 30.6 27.7 41.6 40.9 34.6 24.5 37.8 39.9 36.1 20.5 33.5 37.1 38.9 23.8 24.7 30.1 63.8 38.4 32.2 42.1 40.7 30.8 41.7 28.5 41.8 39.6 36.3 45.8 30.2 Total num- ber. 155 21 69 3 255 6 95 14 •45 189 144 650 111 73 11 33 67 353 75 25 107 29 106 70 156 91 61 60 187 995 618 39 158 161 1,661 129 1,467 485 378 33 578 132 40 486 10 108 125 27 178 207 411 141 42 147 53 116 74 15 333 3,801 3,617 41 204 80.0 4 66 7 27 112 59.3 104 72.2 390 60.0 73 65.8 50 4 19 48 258 73.1 49 20 69 64.6 18 57 63.8 37 96 61.5 73 34 38 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 235 SCHOOL ATTENDANCE OF POPULATION 6 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] -Table 18— Continued. ALL CLASSES. NATIVE WHITE. Total number. Ohio Akron Canton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield. . . Youngstown . ZaciesviUe Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City. Pennsylvania Ailentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McKeesport New Castle Norristown borough Reading Shenandoah borough Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Rhode Island Newport Pawfucket Warwick town Woonsocket South Carolina Charleston . Columbia . . Tennesseo Chattanooga. Knoxviile Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth.. Galveston Houston San Antonio. Waco Utah Ogden Salt Lake City. Virginia Lynchburg. . Norfolk Portsmouth. Roanoke Washingrton Taooma. West Virginia Huntington. Wheeling Green Bay. La Crosse . . Madison Oshkosh . . . Racine Superior 17,402 13,040 9,765 8,392 7,523 6,581 12.142 20,243 6,988 6,640 15,425 14,075 14,438 10,440 7,289 18,492 15,973 8,332 15,594 12,507 13,012 9,563 6,746 25,751 8,022 20,337 8,526 12,260 7,885 14.501 8,027 12,005 17,022 7,272 11,790 10,725 8,872 24,699 11,195 19,713 9,663 21,125 28,655 8,231 7,735 25,852 8,801 17,717 9,371 10,517 20,360 9,418 11,018 7,680 9,078 6,578 9,716 10, 473 8,175 10,992 Attending schooL Number. 10,189 7,477 5,814 5,317 4,857 4,037 7,479 11,091 4,156 3,908 9,392 7,938 9,085 5,822 4,261 10,576 10, 437 5,321 8,526 7,531 8,158 5,954 3,751 14,407 4,675 12,568 5,446 7,363 5,882 8,993 4,689 6,685 8,654 3,869 6,833 5,747 5,688 13,440 5,901 10,433 5,561 10,941 15,350 4,782 5,422 17,173 4,680 10,040 4,792 6,129 13,262 5,659 6,139 5,120 5,927 4,604 6,310 6,458 4,911 7,721 Per cent. 58.6 57.3 59.5 63.4 64.6 61.3 61.6 54.8 59.5 58.9 60.9 56.4 62.9 55.8 58.5 57.2 65.3 63.9 54.7 60.2 62.7 62.3 65.6 55.9 58.3 61.8 63.9 60.1 74.6 62.0 58.4 55.7 50.8 53.2 58.0 53.6 64.1 54.4 52.7 52.9 57.5 51.8 53.6 58.1 70.1 66.4 53.2 56.7 51.1 58.3 65.1 60.1 55.7 66.7 65.3 70.0 64.9 61.7 60.1 70.2 Native parentage. Total number. 10,341 8,630 7,369 6,868 2,563 5,524 8,801 7,248 5,806 3,882 12,030 10,589 11,106 5,592 5,589 8,661 12,890 3,291 8,712 10,061 4,905 6,178 4,408 20,686 1,892 8,409 6,671 11,019 3,167 3,840 2,049 1,852 3,654 6,226 8,127 4,895 16,782 3,998 14,066 4,175 10,735 14,389 5,370 4,054 11,961 5,592 9,400 5,251 7,505 9,004 8,520 7,309 3,785 3,904 3,709 3,490 3,025 2,531 2,872 Attending school. Num- ber. 6,333 5.335 4,504 4,373 1,826 3,459 5,585 4,494 3,475 2,361 7,511 6,311 7,124 3,285 3,394 5,386 8,559 2,270 5,282 6,090 3,331 3,490 2,595 11,900 1,223 5,758 4,322 6,651 2,442 2,715 1,399 1,268 3,775 2,214 3,927 4,522 3,326 9,411 2,572 7,795 2,576 5,830 8,448 3,296 2,982 8,5« 3,150 5,854 2,853 4,575 6,202 5,124 4,289 2,781 2,839 2,791 2,629 2,091 1,764 2.155 Per cent. 61.2 6L8 61.1 63.7 71.2 62.6 63.5 62.0 59.9 60.8 62.4 59.6 64.1 58.7 60.7 62.2 66.4 60.0 60.6 60.6 67.9 67.4 58.9 57.6 64.6 68.5 64.8 60.4 77.1 70.7 68.3 68.5 60.0 60.6 63.1 55.6 67.9 56.1 64.3 55.4 61.7 54.3 58.7 61.4 73.6 71.5 56.3 62.3 54.3 61.0 68.9 60.1 58.7 73.5 72.7 75.2 75.3 69.1 69.7 75.0 Foreign or mixed parentage. Total number. 5,382 3,334 2,068 1,137 3,316 785 1,946 9,516 714 254 1,463 2,239 2,661 2,931 1,147 8,258 1,392 4,379 4,540 1,997 6,250 2,955 1,556 3,702 4,795 9,941 1,433 786 3,898 8,324 4,395 6,824 1,240 145 670 430 1,421 2,916 2,892 1,732 3,046 3,363 8,236 3,160 11,899 248 1,493 9,135 252 3,047 3,707 4,917 2,508 5,646 6,168 4,588 6,776 Attending schooL Num- ber. 3,198 1,829 1,137 726 2,315 484 1,091 5,460 437 157 911 1,358 1,612 1,666 686 4,661 985 2,781 2,604 1,211 4,081 2,009 827 2,026 3,135 6,087 874 499 3,011 5,350 2,792 4,172 725 91 278 870 1.664 1,581 969 1,784 1,742 4,339 529 2,183 7,727 177 1,029 415 222 6,013 155 1,637 2,250 2,971 1,630 3,423 3,844 2,690 4,942 Per cent. 59.4 54.9 55.0 63.9 69.8 61.7 56.1 57.4 61.2 61.8 62.3 60.7 60.6 56.5 59.8 56.4 70.8 63.5 57.4 60.6 65.3 68.0 53.1 64.7 65.4 61.2 61.0 63.5 77.2 64.3 63.5 61.1 58.5 62.8 71.9 64.7 61.2 57.1 54.7 55.9 58.6 51.8 52.7 59.3 69.1 64.9 71.4 68.9 51.4 59.4 65. 61.5 53.7 60.7 60.4 65.0 60.6 62.3 58.6 72.9 FOKEIGN-BOEN WHITE. Total num- ber. 1,514 1,007 181 129 1,538 187 136 3,077 103 26 222 1,218 560 736 472 1,500 630 659 2,260 240 1,623 1,302 518 1,173 1,332 1,827 147 151 462 2,265 1,536 3,324 158 68 160 69 162 449 3,954 446 499 578 2,915 127 464 1,831 40 479 137 86 1,974 42 459 152 235 321 550 1,251 1,055 1,282 Attending school. Num- ber. 563 275 78 54 666 46 41 943 35 257 276 211 145 488 269 268 602 116 597 388 182 371 316 605 64 53 188 879 472 1,244 45 180 1,570 100 184 181 1,098 56 233 813 17 230 50 32 901 15 110 65 100 157 241 505 456 589 Per cent. 37.2 27.3 43.1 41.9 43.3 24.6 30.1 30.6 34.0 23.9 21.1 49.3 28.7 30.7 32.5 42.7 40.7 26.6 48.3 36.8 29.8 35.1 31.6 23.7 33.1 43.5 35.1 40.7 38.8 30.7 37.4 58.1 27.8 40.1 39.7 22.4 36.9 31.3 37.7 44.1 50.2 44.4 48.0 36.5 24.0 42.8 42.6 48.9 43.8 40.4 43.2 45.9 Total num- ber. 165 68 145 258 106 85 1,258 400 361 2,370 1,682 28 111 1,180 80 73 1,061 3 80 209 232 127 263 189 3 160 275 304 364 68 46 5 9,336 3,405 4,734 2,099 2,389 4,546 332 3,467 1,939 6,442 3,096 1,834 27 106 2,920 6,341 3,175 2,552 133 603 203 Attending school. Num- ber. 95 38 94 164 50 48 761 194 209 1,309 90Z 12 73 670 35 41 624 2 38 114 149 67 147 110 1 118 186 160 238 47 25 1 4,104 1,531 2,331 908 1,446 2,184 177 1,568 1,016 3,186 1,458 1,336 2,925 1,474 1,300 76 365 103 236 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. COMPARATIVE STTMMAIIY: 1910 AND 1900. In comparing the results of the census of 1910 with those of the preceding census, two considerations must be borne in mind. In the first place the principal tabu- lations of the census of 1900 relate to persons from 5 to 20 years of age, while those of 1910 relate to persons from 6 to 20 years of age. This renders it impossible to carry the comparison between the two censuses into all^the various details which have been exhibited in connection with the figures for 1910. In order, how- ever, to permit a general comparison of the statistics of the two censuses, certain special tabulations have been made for 1910 witli the same age groups as in 1900. A further distinction between the census of 1910 and that of 1900 lies in the form in which the question was asked. In 1910 the question was whether the person enumerated had attended school at any time between September 1, 1909, and the date of enumeration, April 15, 1910. In 1900 the question was asked as to how many months the person enumerated had attended school during the year prior to the date of enumeration, June 1, 1900. The whole number of persons for whom the length of school attendance was reported was taken to be the aggregate number attending school. It is possible that the greater complexity of the ques- tion led to less complete returns at the earlier census, in which case the increased proportion of persons re- ported as attending school for 1910, as compared with 1900, would be due in part to greater accuracy in the returns. United States as a whole. — ^Table 19 gives for the United States as a whole comparative figures for 1910 and 1900 for each of the main population groups, with distinction of sex. In every group of the population given in the table without exception the proportion reported as attend- ing school was greater in 1910 than in 1900. Of the total population from 5 to 20 years of age, 59.2 per cent were reported at the later census as attending- school, as against 50.5 per cent at the earlier census. Among the three subordinate age groups which appear in Table 19 the group 5 to 9 years shows the great- est difference between the proportions reported at the two censuses, and the group 15 to 20 years shows, the smallest difference. Among the important racial classes the negroes show the largest gain during the decade in the proportion attending school. The per- centages for the Chinese and Japanese also were much, higher in 1910 than in 1900, but of course these races have very few representatives between the ages of 5 and 20 years. Divisions and states. — Comparative figures for school attendance as reported at the censuses of 1910 and 1900 for the total population from 5 to 20 years of age^ with percentages for the minor age groups, are given^. by divisions and states, in Table 20, page 238. In every division and state and for each of the age groups, except for the age group 15 to 20 years in, Nevada, the percentage of children reported as attend- ing school was greater in 1 9 1 than in 1 900. Moreover^ in nearly every case the greatest gain appears to be irt the proportion for the age group 5 to 9 years. The gains in the percentages shown for the total population from 5 to 20 years of age, and especially for the age group from 5 to 9 years, are particularly noticeable in the three southern divisions, and point at the same time to increased school accommodations and to a growing; habit of sending children to school at an earlier age. It may be noted specifically that in West Virginia and the District of Columbia alone in the southern divisions, was the proportion of the population from 5 to 20 years of age reported as attending school in 1900 as much as one-half. In 1910, on the other hand, there were only five southern states in which the proportion was less than one-haLf. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. 237 COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] ^able 19 CLASS OF POPULATION. Total Mala Female White Male Female Negro Male Female Indian •Chinese Japanese All other Native white Male Female Native parentage Male Female Foreign or mixed parentage Female Foreign-bom white Male Female TOTAL NUMBER OP PERSONS ATTENDING SCHOOL. IMO IMO 18,009,891 13,367,147 9,037,655! 6,668,823 8, 972.2361 6,698,324 16,279,292 8,220,847 8,068,445 1,670,650 783,869 886,781 53,458 3,88 2,512 92 15,627,786 7,882,607 7,745,179 11.110,583 5,611,901 5, 498, 682 4,517,203 2,270,706 2,246,497 651,506 338,240 313,266 12,231,004 6,137,874 6,093,130 1,096,734 509,984 686,750 37,537 1,349 523 11,849,815 5,943,300 5,906,515 8, 244, 687 4.141.997 4,102.600 3,605,128 1,801,309 1,808,825 381,189 194,574 186,615 PERSONS 5 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE PERSONS 5 TO 9 YEARS OF AGE. 58.2 58.4 57.9 Table 19— Continued. CIASS or POPVLATION. Total Male .. Female White Male Female Negro Male Female Indian Chinese Japanese All other Native white... Male... Female . Native Mafe Female Foreign or mixed parentage Female foreign-bom wliite Male Female PERSONS 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AOE. 1910 Total number. 9,107,140 4,601,753 4,505,387 7,918,408 4,006,104 3.912,304 1,155,266 578,074 577,192 31,393 1,575 477 21 7,560,078 3,824,801 3,735,277 5,324,283 2, 700, 656 2, 623, 627 2,235,795 1,124,145 1,111,650 358,330 181,303 177,027 Attending schooL Number. 8,028,662 4, 036, 105 3, 992, 557 7,212,607 3,643,988 3,568,619 791,995 379,486 412,509 22,446 1,221 375 18 6,904,115 3,486,397 3,417,718 4,827,471 2,439,554 2,387,917 2,076,644 1,046,843 1,029,801 308,492 157,591 150,901 Per cent. 88.2 87.7 88.6 91.1 91.0 91.2 68.6 65.6 71.5 71.5 77.5 78.6 91.3 91.2 91.5 90.7 90.3 91.0 92.9 93.1 92.6 86.1 86.9 85.2 1900 Total number. 8,080,234 4, 083, 041 3, 997, 193 6,959,238 3,519,303 3,439,935 1,091,990 548,642 543,348 27,979 846 182 6,647,673 3,361,671 3,286,002 4,660,390 2,364,797 2,295,593 1,987,283 996,874 990,409 311,565 157,632 153,933 Attending schooL Number. 6,451,394 3, 215, 585 3,235,809 5,846,411 2,928,743 2,917,668 587,560 277,832 309,728 16,885 479 59 5,618,931 2,813,012 2,805,919 3,904,900 1,956,336 1,948,564 1, 714, 031 856, 676 857,355 227,480 115, 731 111,749 Per cent. 79.8 78.8 81.0 PERSONS 15 TO 20 YEARS OF AGE. 1910 Attending school. Total number. 84.0 83.2 84.8 53.8 50.6 57.0 60.3 56.7 32.4 84.5 83.7 85.4 83.8 82.7 84.9 86.2 85.9 73.0 73.4 72.6 10.918,225 5, 426, 654 5, 491, 571 9,598,712 4,800,611 4, 798, 101 1,276,041 600,439 675,602 34,229 4,447 4,474 322 8,666,438 4,307,535 4,358,903 6,060,783 3,021,364 3,039,419 2,605,655 1,286,171 1,319,484 932,274 493,076 439,198 Number. 3,593,222 1, 769, 161 1, 824, 061 3,237,762 1,616,187 1,621,575 338,750 143,165 195,585 14,613 1,438 626 33 3,135,123 1,561,056 1,574,067 2,395,763 1,197,139 1,198,624 739,360 363,917 375,443 102,639 55,131 47,508 Per cent. 32.9 32.6 33.2 33.7 33.7 33.8 26.5 23.8 28.9 42.7 32.3 14.0 10.2 36.2 36.2 36.1 39.5 39.6 39.4 28.4 28.3 28.5 11.0 11.2 10.8 1900 Attending school. Total number. 9,087,583 4, 486, 100 4, 601, 483 7,844,383 3,889,931 3,954,452 1,204,439 572, 706 631,733 ' 29,716 3,058 5,987 7,110,107 3,536,842 3,573,265 5,042,105 2,518,315 2,523,790 2,068,002 1,018,527 1,049,475 734,276 353,089 381,187 Number. 2,443,204 1,174,520 1,268,684 2,222,008 1,082,910 1,139,098 211,172 86,066 125,106 9,507 319 198 2,164,105 1,053,760 1,110,345 1,691,905 829,399 862,506 472,200 224,361 247, 839 57,903 29,150 28,753 Per cent. 26.9 26.2 27.6 28.3 27.8 28.8 17.5 15.0 19.8 32.0 10.4 3.3 30.4 29.8 31.1 33.6 32.9 34.2 22.8 22.0 23.6 7.9 8.3 7.5 238 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPUJ.ATION. COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table ZO DIVISION AND STATE. United States Geogeaphic Divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West S outh Central . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Coimecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Centeal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma* Texas Moxwtain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada... Pacific: Washington Oregon California persons 5 to 20 YEARS OF AGE. Total number. 1910 29,785,997 1,848,762 5,737,064 5,604,728 3,827,601 4,459,130 3, 116, 180 3,299,750 799,419 1,093,363 209,063 118,951 101,396 941,376 158,287 319, 689 2,620,393 758,864 2,357,807 1,405,040 832,260 1,729,929 854, 710 782, 789 693, 788 721,392 1,063,618 198,361 198,023 400,452 551,967 61,948 415,905 84, 491 750,782 428,683 847,886 607,937 998, 715 262, 783 812, 192 795,122 811,307 697,559 595,930 622,046 611, 791 1,469,983 100,972 104,469 38,593 231,389 114,227 61,634 130,809 17,326 314,213 187,043 692, 107 1900 26,041,940 1,567,519 4,740,858 5,293,105 3,660,016 3,999,118 2,944,696 2,590,057 635,358 711,213 199, 153 110, 895 98,614 777, 110 124,646 257, 101 2,136,764 572, 923 2,031,171 1,338,345 843,885 1,589,915 790,275 730,685 612,990 767,870 1,105,258 112, 789 147, 165 386,384 527,560 59,635 403,026 77,291 704, 771 350,471 753,826 560,773 885,725 197,600 798,027 780,421 733,222 633,026 529,375 538,267 306, 781 1,215,634 65,871 64,964 27,500 160,531 69, 712 38,868 106,513 11,399 158,245 132,887 420,081 Number attending school 1910 17,646,877 1,193,359 3,456,647 3,502,178 2,475,434 2,377,044 1,701,020 1,765,344 494,287 681,564 137,671 76,058 69,348 614, 105 93,674 202,503 1,611,496 459, 147 1,386,004 881,138 618,312 1,041,227 558, 126 503,375 452,077 487, 453 653,509 119,006 124,217 269,593 369,579 35,703 230, 123 52, 124 395,987 263,150 486,528 295,288 487,408 130,733 465,705 443,411 389,969 401,936 327,911 252,764 388,319 796,350 61,468 67,291 23,270 149, 779 65,808 30, 761 85,602 10,308 196,781 118,005 366, 778 1900 13,160,900 901,924 2,528,223 3,007,220 2,154,345 1,616,355 1,209,673 1,019,020 296,627 427,513 117,016 61,022 58,879 454,419 64,691 145, 897 1, 152, 712 305,750 1,069,761 779,999 485,821 866,281 456, 148 418,971 352,053 483,969 597,367 58, 138 88,514 243,907 330,397 28,466 183,399 39,027 297,304 184,294 313,063 174,681 310,214 85,907 381,434 336,072 236,922 265,245 227,374 152, 192 129,015 610,439 38, 177 32,711 14,740 95,075 28,336 17, 136 64,017 6,435 99,318 82,237 245,958 persons under 5 and over 20 tears of age attending SCHOOL. 1910 363,014 28,869 74, 726 73,825 55,157 41,400 29,171 29,756 10,904 19,206 3,160 1,492 1,183 16,014 2,568 4,452 39, 367 10,125 25,234 16,950 11,430 23, 119 10,800 11,526 10,790 11,819 12,463 2,643 2,686 6,236 8,520 627 4,505 2,564 5,709 4,261 8,668 5,071 7,373 2,622 7,776 7,779 6,876 6,740 5,884 4,263 5,882 13,727 1,287 1,312 475 3,633 909 586 2,454 249 4,914 3,404 10,888 1900 206,247 25,237 38,894 47, 028 32,852 21, 623 15, 966 10,965 4,460 8,622 2,960 1,271 1,203 13,913 1,353 4,537 20,261 3,488 15,146 10,723 6,130 13,544 8,578 8,653 6,756 8,709 6,744 710 1,307 4,669 4,957 287 2,451 877 4,026 2,116 4,626 2,847 3,374 1,019 3,860 4,845 3,511 3,750 2,806 1,527 1,527 5,106 433 376 177 1,663 336 369 908 218 1,413 1,274 5,935 PER CENT OF POPULATION ATTENDING SCHOOL. 6 to 20 years of age. 1910 64.5 60.3 62.5 64.7 53.3 64.6 63.5 61.8 62.3 65.9 63.9 68.4 65.2 59.2 63.3 61.5 60.6 58.8 62.7 62.3 60.2 66.3 64.3 65.2 67.6 61.4 60.0 62.7 67.3 67.0 67.6 55.3 61.7 52.7 61.4 67.4 48.6 48.8 49.7 57.3 65.8 48.1 57.6 65.0 40.6 63.5 54.2 60.9 64.4 60.3 64.7 67.6 49.9 66.4 69.5 62.6 63.1 61.9 1900 60.5 57.5 53.3 66.8 58.9 40.4 41.1 39.3 56.4 60.1 68.8 65.0 69.7 58.5 61.9 66.7 63.9 53.4 52.7 58.3 57.6 54.6 57.7 67.3 67.4 63.0 64.0 51-. 6 60.1 63.1 62.6 47.7 45.6 50.6 42.2 51.7 41.5 31.2 35.0 43.5 47.8 43.1 32.3 40.3 43.0 28.3 42.1 42.0 58.0 59.5 53.6 59.2 40.6 44.1 60.1 66.6 62.8 61.9 58.6 5 to 9 years of age. 1910 61.7 79.5 70.4 70.1 67.7 49.9 50.0 46.5 59.3 63.4 76.0 76.8 77.9 81.2 74.4 80.9 73.2 74.8 66.0 69.7 66.8 67.8 73.9 75.4 67.9 76.9 63.4 57.6 60.3 73.6 66.6 60.3 60.8 67.4 44.2 59.5 50.9 42.9 47.8 47.6 54.1 60.0 40.2 66.9 50.6 38.1 68.0 43.6 61.0 56.4 62.4 65.6 53.3 45.9 60.6 62.8 61.3 61.2 65.3 1900 66.6 59.3 58.3 57.0 32.6 31.3 25.4 49.2 58.7 61.9 62.6 64.5 68.5 64.5 67.2 60.8 62.6 66.9 69.0 65.3 66.9 60.4 61.3 66.9 67.2 60.3 43.2 61.6 61.4 57.8 45.9 46.1 44.9 33.1 41.7 30.2 22.6 29.3 34.4 38.2 33.1 20.4 33.5 32.0 21.4 31.6 22.6 66.5 60.3 61.3 55.0 31.7 40.1 60.6 52.4 60.9 67.9 58.1 10 to 14 years of age. 1910 94.1 92.9 93.8 93.6 78.7 79.0 80.5 90.2 94.1 92.4 94.5 96.6 94.5 91.6 94.3 94.4 91.8 91.6 94.3 93.6 92.7 95.6 93.9 96.6 94.0 91.6 90.0 92.0 94.9 95.2 88.4 85.7 93.2 80.6 90.9 79.8 71.9 72.2 73.8 84.4 81.7 71.7 78.2 77.8 62.5 91.2 84.8 90.3 93.2 91.4 93.4 81.7 77.6 95.0 90.0 94.5 94.2 93.8 1900 90.0 85.7 88.1 88.3 65.6 66.8 68.3 85.2 91.8 89.5 87.5 92.1 91.2 84.0 89.9 88.1 84.2 83.7 91.4 90.6 83.2 89.8 88.4 89.5 91.0 83.4 84.3 90.6 91.8 91.1 78.8 76.6 87.6 68.5 82.1 63.3 62.1 68.2 71.1 76.8 68.4 54.6 61.5 66.3 50.6 66.9 77.6 89.9 90.6 86.7 89.0 65.6 68.9 92.2 85.7 93.0 92.7 91.1 15 to 20 years of age. 1910 29.0 26.2 30.9 38.3 33.6 37.2 36.4 40.5 38.2 35.2 29.3 36.2 29.2 23.2 24.9 27.3 23.7 26.6 32.2 32.8 28.3 33.7 29.6 37.7 38.0 35.4 36.5 40.3 39.8 44.2 30.1 24.8 35.0 35.6 37.4 43.2 32.6 27.9 30.8 36.6 38.9 34.4 39.0 39.8 23.0 44.4 37.2 37.2 47.2 35.6 40.7 40.7 30.8 44.1 34.3 39.5 41.2 36.6 I Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. ILLITERACY. 239 IIIITEEACY. TTNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. The population schedule for the census of 1910 con- tained two inquiries relating to illiteracy, namely, as to whether the person enumerated was able to read and as to whether he or she was able to write. An- swers to these questions were required only in the case of persons 10 years of age and over. The sta- tistics, unless otherwise more particularly limited, relate to this class of the population. The Bureau of the Census classifies as illiterate any person 10 years of age or over who is unable to write, regardless of ability to read. A considerable number of persons were reported as able to read, though not able to write, but the statistics in regard to this class have not seemed of sufficient significance to call for a sepa- rate presentation in a summary of illiteracy statistics. Number of illiterates. — The whole number of persons 10 years of age and over enumerated at the census of 1910 who were reported as unable to write was 5,516, 163. The distribution of this number by color or race, nativ- ity, and parentage, together with corresponding figures for the three previous censuses, is given in Table 21. Table 21 nXTTKRATK POPULATION 10 TXARS OF AQB AND OVER. CLAiSS or POPULATION. 1910 1900 1890 1 Per Number, cent of I total. 1880 Total 5,616,16S 1 100.0 e, ISO, 069 16,324,703 6,289,958 White 3,184,633 1,534,272 1,378,884 155,388 1,650,361 2,227,731 85,445 10,891 6,213 1,250 57.7 27.8 25.0 2.8 29.9 40.4 1.5 0.2 0.1 (») 3,200,746 1,913,611 1,734,764 178,847 1,287,135 2,853,194 96,347 25,396 4,386 3,212,574 2,065,003 1,890,723 174,280 1,147,571 3,042,668 09,460 3,019,080 Native 2,255,460 Native parentage Foreign or mixed par. 763,620 Negro Indian Chinese Japanese » Exclusive of illiterate persons in Indian Territory and on Indian reservations, areas spccL'illy enumerated in 1890, but for which illiteracy statistics are not available. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The whites, who in 1910 constituted 89.3 per cent of the total population 10 years of age and over, con- tributed 57.7 per cent of the illiterates, while the negroes, constituting 10.2 per cent of the total popu- lation 10 years of age and over, contributed 40.4 per cent of the illiterates. Among the remaining classes — the Indians, Chinese, Japanese, and all others — the total number of illiterates was 103,799, or 1.9 per cent of all illiterates reported. The number of illiterates reported in 1910 was con- siderably less than the number reported at any of the three preceding censuses covered by Table 21. Despite the fact of continuous growth in the population of the country, there was comparatively little difference in the number of illiterates reported at the censuses of 1880, 1890, and 1900, the largest number being re- ported in 1890. From 1890 to 1910 the number of illiterate whites gradually decreased, while the number of illiterate native whites has shown a decrease at each succeeding census since 1880, the decrease being most marked between 1900 and 1910. On the other hand, the number of illiterate foreign- born whites steadily increased^ rising from 763,620 in 1880 to 1,650,361 in 1910. The number of illiterates among the negroes was decidedly smaller in 1910 than in 1890, the first census year at which ilHterate negroes were clearly distinguished from all other classes of the population. Percentage of illiteracy. — The significance of the figures relating to illiteracy can best be seen by a com- parison of the number of illiterates with the corre- sponding total population. Table 22 shows the total population 10 years of age and over, and the number and percentage illiterate, by color or race, nativity^ and parentage. Table 22 POPULATION 10 YEARS OP AGE AND OVER: 1910 CLASS OP POPULATION. Total. Illiterate. Number. Per cent. Total 71,680,270 6,516,163 7.7 White 63,933,870 50,989,341 37,081,278 13 908 063 12,944,529 7,317,922 188,758 68,924 67,661 3,135 3,184,633 1,534,272 • 1,378 884 155,388 1,650,361 2,227,731 85,445 10,891 6,213 1,250 5.0 Native 3.0 3.7 Forei^ or mixed parental 1.1 12.7 Negro 30.4 45.3 15.8 9.2 All other 39.9 Of the entire population 10 years of age and over in 1910, 7.7 per cent were illiterate. Of the whites 5 per cent were illiterate and of the negroes 30.4 per cent. Among the foreign-born whites 12.7 per cent were illiterate as compared with 3 per cent among the native whites. The lowest percentage of illiteracy, 1.1, was among the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage, while among the native whites of native parentage the percentage was 3.7. The changes in the percentage of illiteracy in the United States since 1880 are shown for the several classes of the population in Table 23. Table 23 CLASS OF POPULATION. PERCENTAGE OF ILLITERATES IN POPtJLATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AN1> OVER. 1910 1900 1890 1880 Total 7.7 10.7 13.3 17.0 White 5.0 3.0 3.7 1.1 12.7 30.4 46.3 15.8 9.2 39.9 6.2 4.6 5.7 1.6 12.9 44.5 56.2 29.0 18.2 7.7 6.2 7.5 2 2 13.1 57.1 i 45.2 9.4 8.7 12.0 ) Indian 1 70.0 I 240 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. The percentage of illiteracy for the population as a whole declined from 17 in 1880 to 7.7 in 1910. With the exception of the foreign-bom whites, each class of the population shared in this decline, which was gradual and uninterrupted from census to census. In the native white group the percentage of illiteracy in 1910 was less than one-half as high as in 1880, and the same is evidently true of the negroes, who con- stituted much the larger part of the total non- white population for which the percentage is shown for 1880. The percentage of illiteracy among the foreign-born whites increased somewhat between 1880 and 1890, but decreased slightly during the following decades. Illiteracy by sex. — ^Table 24 gives for 1910 a state- ment of illiteracy by sex and by color or race, nativ- ity, and parentage. Table 24 POPULATION 10 YEAES OF AGE AND OVER: 1910 Male. Female. CLASS OP POPULATION. Total. Illiterate. Total. Illiterate. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 37,027,558 2,814,950 7.6 34,552,712 2,701,213 7.8 White 33,164,229 25,843,033 18,933,751 6,909,282 7,321,196 3,637,386 96.582 65,479 60,809 3,073 1,662,505 796,055 715,926 80,129 866,450 1,096,000 40,104 9,849 5,247 1,245 5.0 3.1 3.8 1.2 11.8 30.1 4l.5 15.0 8.6 40.5 30,769,641 25,146,308 18,147,527 6,998,781 5,623,333 3,680,536 92.176 3,445 6,852 62 1,522,128 738,217 662,958 75,259 783,911 1,131,731 45,341 1,042 966 5 4.9 Native- 2.9 Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign bom Ne*;ro 3.7 1.1 13.9 30.7 Iii£an 49.2 30.2 Japanese 14.1 Another (') 1 Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. In the total population 10 years of age and over the percentage of illiteracy for females was slightly higher than that for males. The percentage for females was greater than that for males among the negroes, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese, the difference being especially marked in the case of the last three classes named. Among the whites the percentage of illit- eracy was slightly greater for males than for females. Figures for the component elements of the white group show, however, that among the native born, whether of native or of foreign or mixed parentage, illiteracy was less frequent among females, whUe among the foreign born the contrary was the case. Illiteracy by age periods. — Table 27 on the next page shows the total population in the various age groups, with the number and percentage illiterate, classified by sex and by color or race, nativity, and parentage. Table 25 reproduces the more important percentages shown in Table 27. While for the entire population 10 years of age and over the percentage of iUiteracy was 7.7, it wiU be noted that in the age group 10 to 14 years only 4.1 per cent were ilUterate. Each succeeding age group shows a greater proportion of Uliterates, but not until the age group 35 to 44 years is reached does the percentage of iUiteracy for a single group become as large as the average for aU ages; in the final age group, 65 years and over, however, the proportion of illiteracy was almost double the average for the total population 10 years of age and over. These figures reflect in part the educational conditions under which successive gen- erations have grown up. A particular interest attaches to the figures for the younger groups, inasmuch as they indicate in some degree the efficiency of our present educational system. As in the population as a whole, so in each of its main classes except the foreign-born whites, the proportion of iUiteracy is larger in each succeeding age group. The maximum percentage of UUteracy for the foreign-born whites, 15.3, is shown for the age group 20 to 24 years, but in each succeed- ing age group except the last — 65 years and over — the proportion of Uliterates for this class was smaUer than in the preceding group. The fact that immigra- tion in recent years has been drawn more largely than formerly from countries with a high degree of iUiter- acy probably accounts for this condition. Table 25 PEECENTAQE OF ILUTEBATE3 IN POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND over: 1910 All classes. White. AGE PERIOD. Total. 5.0 1.8 2.8 4.6 5.2 5.4 6.7 9.4 Native. For- eign bom. Total. Native parent- age. Foreign or mixed parent- age. N^ro. 10 years and over. 10 to 14 years 7.7 4.1 4.9 6.9 7.3 8.1 10.7 14.5 3.0 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.4 3.0 5.0 7.3 3.7 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.8 6.0 7.6 1.1 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.9 4.7 12.7 3.5 12.8 15.3 14.4 12.3 11.1 13.8 30.4 18 9 15 to 19 years 20 3 20 to 24 years 23.9 25 to 34 years 24.6 35 to 44 years 32.3 45 to 64 years 52.7 65 years and over 74.5 Illiteracy in the urban and the rural population. — The proportion of ilUteracy is liigher in the rural than in the urban population. Table 26 shows the percent- age of iUiteracy for the urban and the rural population in 1910, classified by color or race, nativity, and par- entage. (For absolute numbers see Table 32 on a subsequent page.) Tabic 26 CLASS OF POPULATION. Total White Native Native parentage Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign bom Negro Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and all other PERCENTAGE OF ILUTEBATE3 IN POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND over: 1910. Total. Urban. Rural. 7.7 5.0 3.0 3.7 1.1 12.7 30.4 31.6 5.1 4.2 0.8 0.9 0.7 12.6 17.6 11.0 10.1 5.8 4.8 5.4 1.9 13.2 36.1 40.0 ILLITERACY. 241 ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 27. CLASS OP POPCLATION". Total popiUatloii Male Female White Male Female Negro Male Female Indian Male Female Chinese Male Female Japanese Male Female Native white Male Female Native parentage Male Female Foreign or mixed parentage Female Foreign-bom white Male Female popul-vtion 10 teab3 of age and oveh: 1910' Total. 71,580,270 37,027,558 34,652,712 Illiterate. Number. 5,516,163 2,814,950 2.701.213 63,933,870 33,164,229 30,769,641 7,317,922 3,637,386 3,680,536 188,758 96,582 92,176 68,924 65,479 3,445 67,661 60,809 6,852 50,089,341 25,843,033 25,146,308 37,081,278 18,933,751 18,147,527 13,906,063 6,909,282 6,996,781 12,944,520 7,321,196 5,023,333 3,184,633 1,662,505 1,522,128 2,227,731 1,096,000 1,131,731 85,445 40,104 45,341 10,891 9,849 1,042 6,213 5,247 966 1,534,272 796,065 738,217 1,378,884 715,926 662,958 155,388 80,129 75,259 1,650,361 866,450 783,911 Per cent. 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.0 5.0 4.9 30.4 30.1 30.7 45.3 41.5 49.2 15.8 15.0 30.2 9.2 8.6 14.1 3.0 3.1 2.9 3.7 3.8 3.7 1.1 1.2 1.1 12.7 11.8 13.9 population 10 years of age .\^nd over: 1900 » Total. 57,949,824 29,703,440 28,246,384 51,250,918 26,327,931 24,922,987 6,415,581 3,181,660 3,233,931 171,552 86,504 85,048 87,682 84,141 3,541 24,091 23,214 877 41,236,663 20,912,940 20,323,722 30,310,261 15,452,855 14,857,406 10,926,401 5,460,085 5,466,316 10,014,256 5,414,991 4,599,265 Illiterate. Number. 6,180,069 3, Oil, 224 3, 168, 845 3,200,746 1,567,153 1,633,593 2,853,194 1,371,432 1,481,762 96,347 45,376 50,971 25,396 23,052 2,344 4,386 4,211 175 1,913,611 965,517 958,094 1,734,764 862,175 872,589 178,847 93,342 85,505 1,287,135 611,636 675,499 Per cent. 10.7 10.1 11.2 6.2 6.0 6.6 44.5 43.1 45.8 56.2 52.5 59.9 29.0 27.4 66.2 18.2 18.1 20.0 4.6 4.0 4.7 5.7 5.6 5.9 1.6 1.7 1.6 12.9 11.3 14.7 persons 10 to 14 years of age: 1010 Total. 9,107,140 4,601,753 4,505,387 7,918,408 4,006,104 3,912,304 1,155,266 578,074 577, 192 31,393 16,199 15,194 1,575 1,085 490 477 278 204 niiterate. N"""'**- c^. 370,136 211,763 168,373 144,675 82,569 62,106 218,655 125,616 92,939 6,798 3,523 3,276 87 44 43 20 10 10 7,560,078 131,991 3,824,801 76,369 3,735,277 55,632 5,324,283 117,973 2,700,656 60,087 2,623,627 48,886 2, 2%, 795 14,018 1, 124, 145 7,272 1,111,650 6,746 358,330 12,684 181,303 6,210 177,027 6,474 4.1 4.6 3.5 1.8 2.1 1.6 18.9 21.7 16.1 21.7 217 21.6 5.5 4.1 8.8 4.2 3.7 4.9 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.2 2.6 1.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.5 3.4 3,7 Table a 7— Continued. CLASS OF POPULATION. Total popnlatlon Kale Female White Male Female Negro Male Female Indian Male Female Chinese Male Female ;... )anese Male Female Native white Male Female Native parentage Male Female Foreign or mixed parentage Female Foreign-born white Male Female FKBaONS 15 TO 19 YEARS OF AGE: 1910 Total. 9,063,603 4,627,282 4.636.321 7,968,391 3,999,143 3,969,248 1,060,416 507,945 652,471 28,486 14,612 13,874 3,439 3,069 380 2,674 2,328 346 7,294,630 3,647,389 3,647,241 5,089,055 2,552,528 2,536,527 2,205,575 1,094,861 1, 110, 714 673,761 351,754 322,007 Illiterate. Number. 448,414 262,770 185,644 226,432 132,616 93,816 214,860 126,459 88,401 6,513 3,169 3,344 303 258 45 228 190 38 140,323 85,510 54,813 121,878 75,394 46,484 18,445 10, 116 8,329 86,109 47,106 39,003 Per eent. 4.9 5.8 4.1 2.8 3.3 2.4 20.3 24.9 16.0 22.9 21.7 24.1 8.4 11.8 8.5 8.2 11.0 1.9 2.3 1.5 2.4 3.0 1.8 0.8 0.9 0.7 12.8 13.4 12.1 PERSONS 20 TO 24 YEARS OF AGE: 1910 Total. 0,056,984 4, 580, 290 4,476,694 7,986,411 4,070,955 3,915,456 1,030,795 482,157 648,638 21,844 11,265 10,579 4,451 3,979 472 12,914 11,375 1,539 6,556,030 3,247,035 3,308,995 4,682,922 2,332,914 2,350,008 1,873,108 914, 121 958,987 1,430,381 823,920 606,461 Illiterate. Number. 622,073 343,450 278,623 367,669 211,861 155,808 245,860 126,970 118,890 6,756 3,138 3,618 559 425 134 1,026 855 171 148,541 84,586 63,955 130,991 75,193 55,798 17,550 9,393 8,157 219, 128 127,275 91,853 Per cent. 6.9 7.5 6.2 4.6 6.2 4.0 23.9 26.3 21.7 30.9 27.9 34.2 12.6 10.7 28.4 7.9 7.6 U.l 2.3 2.6 1.9 2.8 3.2 2.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 15.3 15.4 15.1 PERSONS 25 TO 34 YEARS OF AGE: 1910 Total. 15,152,188 7, 901, 116 7,251,072 1.3,524,412 7,089,393 6,435,019 1,549,316 753,968 795,348 33,380 16,993 16,387 10,551 9,708 843 33,182 29,731 3,451 10,356,001 6,210,149 6, 145, 852 7,450,675 3,788,166 3,662,509 2,905,326 1,421,9% 1,483,343 3,168,411 1,879,244 1,289,167 Illiterate. Number. 1,102,384 597, 867 604,727 702,962 403,286 299,677 380,742 183,993 196,749 13,692 6,184 7,508 1,534 1,241 293 2,925 2,427 247, 774 136,583 111, 191 220,797 121,983 98,814 26,977 14,600 12,377 455,188 266,702 188,486 Per cent. 7.3 7.6 7.0 5.2 5.7 4.7 24.6 24.4 24,7 41.0 36.4 45.8 14.6 12.8 34.8 8.8 8.2 14.4 •2.4 2.6 2.2 3.0 3.2 2.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 14.4 14.2 14.6 72497°— 13- > Includes the small group ''Age unknown," statistics for which are not shown separately. -16 + 242 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1910 AND 1900— Contd. Table 27— Continued. CLASS OF POPULATION. Total population Male Female White Male Female Negro Male Female Indian Male Female Chinese Male Female Japanese Male Female Native white Male Female Native parentage Male Female Foreign or mixed parentage Male Female Foreign-bom white Male Female PERSONS 35 TO 44 YEARS OF AGE: 1910 Illiterate. Total. 11,657,687 6,153,366 5.504,321 10,512,117 5,561,221 4,950,896 1,088,862 550,130 538, 732 26, 795 13,847 12,948 15,402 14, 748 654 13,945 12,865 1,080 Number. 940,510 466,287 474, 223 800,549 997,695 802,854 495,766 854,044 641,722 304,783 143,651 161, 132 2,711,508 1,563,526 1,148,042 569,403 303, 719 265,684 351,858 152, 132 199, 726 15,291 6,951 8,340 2,205 1,948 257 1,493 1,277 216 235,489 120,488 115,001 210,694 107,355 103,339 24, 795 13,133 11,662 333,914 183.231 150, 683 Per cent. 8.1 7.6 8.6 5.4 5.5 5.4 32.3 27.7 37.1 57.1 50.2 64.4 14.3 13.2 39.3 10.7 9.9 20.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 12.3 11.7 13.1 PERSONS 45 TO 64 YEARS OF AGE: 1910 Total. 13,424,089 7,163,332 6,260,757 12,249,904 6,518,282 5,731,622 1, 108, 103 595,554 612,549 32,925 17,055 15,870 29,647 29,113 534 3,219 3,045 174 8,857,386 4,623,547 4,233,839 6,740,000 3,547,325 3,192,675 2,117,386 1,076,222 1,041,164 3,392,518 1,894,735 1,497,783 Illiterate. Number. 1.436,907 672, 684 764, 223 Per cent. 10.7 9.4 12.2 821,957 387,641 434,316 584,514 267,588 316,926 24,397 11,679 12, 718 5,436 5,203 233 451 422 29 446,855 217,383 229,472 405,784 197,258 208,526 41,871 20,125 20,946 375, 102 170,258 204,844 6.7 5.9 7.6 52.7 44.9 61.8 74.1 68.5 80.1 18.3 17.9 43.6 14.0 13.9 16.7 5.0 4.7 5.4 6.0 5.6 6.5 1.9 1.9 2.0 11.1 9.0 13.7 persons 65 years of age and over: 1910 Total. 3,949,524 1,985,976 1,963,548 Illiterate. Number. 573,799 248, 875 324,924 3,640,003 1,825,019 1,814,984 294,124 152,482 141, 642 12,986 6,130 6,856 2,330 2,268 62 40 38 2 2,456,654 1,218,011 1,238,643 2,201,068 1,089,349 1,111,719 255,586 128,662 126,924 1,183,349 607,008 576,341 342, 420 135,102 207,318 219,255 107,877 111,378 11,372 5,178 6,194 717 683 34 10 10 179,219 73,035 106, 184 167,099 67, 752 99,347 12,120 5,283 6,837 163,201 62,067 101, 134 Per cent. 14.5 12.5 16.5 9.4 7.4 11.4 74.5 70.7 78.6 87.6 84.5 90.3 30.8 30.1 7.3 6.0 8.6 7.6 6.2 8.9 4.7 4.1 5.4 13.8 10.2 17.5 While in the whole urban population 10 years of age and over in 1910, 5.1 per cent were illiterate, in the rural population the percentage was 10.1, or almost double. The contrast between urban and rural illiteracy is by far the greatest in the case of the native whites of native parentage, of whom less than 1 per cent were illiterate in urban communi- ties and over 5 per cent in rural districts. There was also a much higher percentage of illiteracy among the negroes in rural districts than in urban communities. The differences here observed between the per- centages of illiteracy in the urban and the rural population explain in part the differences in the pro- portion of illiteracy among the different classes of the population as a whole. Because of the high proportion of the native whites of native parentage and of the negroes living in rural districts, the per- centage of illiteracy for each of these two classes as a whole approaches the percentage indicated for that portion of the class living in the rural districts. On the other hand, the native whites of foreign or of mixed parentage are largely city dwellers, and their general percentage approaches the urban percentage more closely than the rural. It may be noted that the considerable divergence be- tween the native whites of native parentage and those of foreign or mixed parentage almost disappears when the figures for the two classes are compared for urban communities. Further light upon the differences among the various classes can be gained from a study of the geographic distribution of illiteracy. DIVISIONS AND STATES. The significance of the number of illiterates can be seen most clearly when a comparison is made with the aggregate population in which the illiterates are con- tained. It has seemed advisable in some cases, how- ever, to give the number and percentage of illiterates without the aggregate population on which the per- centage is based, it being understood that the figures representing the total population in any age group may be found in Chapter 3, relating to age. The impor- tance, however, for the study of illiteracy, of the pop- ulation 10 years of age and over makes it desirable to print here for convenience of reference the sta- tistics of this population classified according to sex and color or race, nativity, and parentage,for divisions and states (Table 29, page 244). ILLITERACY. 243 Percentage of illiteracy. — Table 30 (page 247) gives by divisions and states for 1910 and 1900 the number and percentage illiterate, with separate fig- ures for the most important of the color or race, nativity, and parentage classes. Table 28 presents in more compact form the percentages alone for the divisions, and for the larger sections of the country — the North, the South, and the West, which comprise respectively the first four, the next three, and the last two divisions. Table 28 DIVISION AND SECTIOK TTnlted States. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central, Mountain Pacific The North The South The West PXBCENTAGE OF ILLITERATES IN POPtTLATION 10 YEAKS or AGE AND over: 1910 All classes. 1910 1900 7.7 8.3 6.7 3.4 2.9 16.0 17.4 13.2 6.9 3.0 4.3 15.6 4.4 10.7 6.0 6.8 4.3 4.1 23.9 24.9 20.5 9.6 4.2 6.0 23.3 6.3 Native white. parentage. ^^-"- io^"^lL% parentage. Foreign- born white. Negro. ! ! I ' i 1910 1900^ 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 3.7 0.7 1.2 1.7 1.7 8.0 9.6 6.6 3.6 0.4 1.4 7.7 1.7 6.7i 0.9' 2.0i 2.8! 2.9| 12. 0' 13.6 9.2 7.ll 0.8 1.1 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.7 7.7 1.2 0.5 2.4 11.8 3.4 0.9 4.3 0.8 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.4 1.1 2.1 2.6 12.7 13.8 15.8 10.1 7.6 13.5 9.7 9.1 25.6 1.9 12.5 0.9 8.0 1.4 6.1 1.3 12.9 16.2 15.8 10.2 8.0 12.9 10.4 27.2 10.6 7.3 12.7 18.8 9.5 12.8 19.1 8.5 30.4 7.8 7.9 11.0 14.9 32.5 34.8 33.1 8.0 6.3 10.5 33.3 7.0 44.6 11.6 14.2 18.5 25.4 47.1 49.2 48.0 13.5 12.7 18.2 48.0 13.1 In the total population 10 years of age and over the percentage of illiteracy in 1910 was practically the same in the North and the West, but it was much greater in the South. The division showing the lowest proportion of illiterates was the West North Central, where only 2.9 per cent of the population 10 years of age and over were reported as illiterate, while the high- est proportion, 17.4, was reported for the East South Central division. In the North the percentage of illiteracy was somewhat higher in the Middle Atlantic and New England divisions, where the foreign born are more numerous, than in the two central divisions. The percentage of illiteracy was decidedly higher in the Mountain division than in the Pacific, but it should be noted that this higher percentage is mainly due to exceptionally high percentages in two states — New Mexico and Arizona. In all divisions the percentage of illiteracy for native whites of native parentage was lower than that for the total population. The lowest percentage of illiteracy in this class in any division was in the Pacific, where only 0.4 per cent were reported as illiterate, and the highest percentage, 9.6, in the East South Central. The proportion of illiterates among the native whites of native parentage was considerably lower in New England than in the other divisions of the North. Among the native whites of foreign or mixed par- entage the percentage of illiteracy was very small, fall- ing below 2 in all divisions except the West South Cen- tral. In the last-named division illiterates formed 7.7 per cent of the population of this class 10 years of age and over, this high figure being mainly due, however, to the exceptionally high percentage in the state of Texas. The proportion of illiterates among the native whites oi foreign or mixed parentage was less than among those of native parentage in all of the divisions except the West South Central, New England, and Pacific. The highest percentage of illiteracy among the for- eign-bom whites was in the West South Central divi- sion and the lowest in the West North Central. Of the divisions where the foreign-born whites are numerous, the Middle Atlantic shows the highest percentage of illiteracy for this class and New England the next highest. The percentage of illiteracy among the negroes was highest, 34.8, in the East South Central division. In the South as a whole in 1910 one- third of the negroes were illiterate. In the North, where the negroes are comparatively few, the percentage of illiteracy was 10.5, and in the West, where their numbers are insignificant, the percentage of illiteracy was only 7. Comparing the figures for 1910 and 1900, it will be noted that, for the population as a whole and for both native white groups and for the negroes, the percentage of illiteracy was less in every division in 1910 than in 1900; considerably less, except for the population as a whole, in the Middle Atlantic division, where the figures were affected by a rather large increase in the pro- portion of foreign born in the total population. The decline in the proportion of illiterates among the negroes for the South as a whole, from nearly one-half in 1900 to one-third in 1910, is particularly conspicuous. The percentages of illiterates in the several states among the different population classes conform in the main to those of the division in which the state is located. The figures showing the number and per cent of illiterates in each class by states are given in Table 30, page 245, and are graphically illustrated by the maps on pages 246 and 247. 244 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 29 DIVISION AND STATE. United States . . . Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic .... East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Coimecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota., South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware , Maryland District of Columbia, Virginia , West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East Soxtth Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana , Oklahoma i Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah..... Nevada Pacihc: Washington , OregMi , California 1910 71,680,270 5,330,914 15,446,515 14,568,949 9,097,311 9,012,826 6,178,578 6,394,043 2,054,249 3,496,885 603,893 354, 118 289,128 2,742,684 440,065 901,026 7,410,819 2,027,946 6,007,750 3,848,747 2,100,405 4,493,734 2,230,252 1,829,811 1,628,635 1,760,286 2,594,600 424,730 443,466 924,032 1,321,562 163,080 1,023,950 279,088 1,536,207 903,822 1,578,595 1,078,161 1,885,111 664,722 1,722,644 1,621,179 1,541,575 1,293,180 1,134,087 1,213,570 1,197,476 2,848,904 303,551 249,018 117,585 640,846 240,990 157,659 274,778 69,822 933,556 555,631 2,007,698 1900 57,949,824 4,524,602 12,167,559 12,443,302 7,838,564 7,616,159 5,474,227 4,649,988 1,276,076 1,959,347 565,440 . 337,893 278,943 2,267,048 344,824 730,454 5,801,682 1,480,498 4,885,379 3,289,921 1,968,215 3,727,745 1,896,265 1,561,156 1,305,657 1,711,789 2,371,865 229,161 294,304 799,755 1,126,033 145,500 920,715 231, 837 1,364,501 701,046 1,346,734 942,402 1,577,334 385,490 1,589,685 1,480,948 1,304,703 1,098,891 934,332 990,364 661,379 2,163,913 191,596 119, 837 72,062 425,424 141,282 94,147 196,769 34,959 408,437 328,799 1,222,111 Male: 1910 37,027,654 2,649,897 7,863,584 7,529,768 4,807,164 4,528,942 3,116,286 3,334,078 1,185,047 2,012,792 307,375 178,151 148,686 1,340,517 219,221 455,947 3,727,218 1,029,649 3,106,717 1,970,027 1,108,767 2,333,230 1,163,835 953,909 882,046 912,728 1,334,851 240,658 245,991 491,706 699,184 83,787 507,421 131,983 770,504 483,221 781,434 531, 692 939, 791 299,109 874,306 817, 174 773,415 651,391 588,133 612,534 648, 116 1,485,295 190,263 146,783 77,260 350,684 131,828 94, 812 147,009 46,408 552,586 324, 717 1,135,489 Female: 1910 34,662,712 2,681,017 7,582,931 7,039,181 4,290,147 4,483,884 3,062,292 3,059,965 869,202 1,484,093 296,518 175,967 140,442 1,402,167 220,844 445,079 3,683,601 998,297 2,901,033 1,878,720 1,051,638 2,160,504 1,072,417 875,902 746,589 847,558 1,259,749 184,072 197,475 432,326 622,378 79,293 516,529 147, 105 765,793 420,601 797, 161 546,469 945,320 265,613 848,338 804,005 768,160 641,789 545,954 601,042 549,360 1,363,609 113,288 102,235 40,325 290,162 109,162 62,847 127, 769 23,414 380,970 230,914 872,209 White: 1910 63,933,870 5,270,232 15,079,257 14,297,054 8,860,838 6,018,022 4,215,494 4,881,289 1,965,656 3,346,028 601,890 353,543 287,653 2,707,729 431,632 887,785 7,284,110 1,951,911 5,843,236 3,754,104 2,109,222 4,398,331 2,215,706 1,819,691 1,615,427 1,747,403 2,461,353 419,4SI2 428,265 913,984 1,274,974 138,265 843,047 198,658 1,039,333 852,778 1,082,797 493, 820 1,038,626 330,698 1,512,398 1,260,304 878,570 564,222 806,683 686,979 1,047,254 2,340,373 291,125 243,544 112,507 627, 167 225,048 133,843 269,016 63,340 904,957 639,613 1,901,458 Negro: 1910 7,317,922 55,321 351,546 254,545 203, Ml 2,986,936 1,960,898 1,460,705 18,755 25,575 1,166 480 1,446 31,718 7,913 12,598 115,843 74,577 161, 126 93,910 50,650 92,928 14,557 2,500 6,366 12,380 132,385 546 697 6,725 44,542 24,777 180,454 79,964 496,418 50,925 490,395 584,064 846,195 233,744 210,028 360,663 662,356 727,851 327,009 625,450 101, 157 507,089 1,633 578 2,024 9,990 1,344 1,691 1,026 469 5,517 1,359 18,699 Indian, Chinese, and all other: 1910 328,478 5,361 15, 712 17,350 32,832 7,868 2,186 52,049 69,838 125,282 837 95 29 3,237 520 643 10,866 1,458 3,388 733 533 2,475 5,989 7,620 6,842 503 862 4,752 14,504 3,323 2,046 38 449 466 546 119 5,403 277 290 280 218 212 649 1,107 395 1,147 49,065 1,442 10,793 4,896 2,994 3,689 14,598 22,125 4,736 6,007 23,082 14,659 87,541 native white. Native parentage: 1910 37,081,278 2,135,801 6,565,900 7,370,025 4,798,510 5,397,864 3,945,830 4,101,510 1,081,180 1,684,658 406,951 193,583 183,292 900,749 129,279 321,947 2,539,893 788,065 3,237,942 2,352,681 1,654,670 1,941,879 919,837 500,958 389, 726 962,435 1,792,819 108,422 170,391 465,425 909,292 102,321 590,715 136,907 985,058 756, 184 1,070,405 478,726 1,003,230 274,318 1,360,814 1,210,016 835,692 539,308 761,189 545,698 934,912 1,859,711 124, 768 145,414 62,033 369,056 185,205 61,983 104,566 28, 156 ■ 459, 716 331,492 893,450 Foreign or mixed parentage: 1910 13,908,063 1,377,187 3,851,367 3,941,206 2,482,634 339,771 184,771 449,348 461,408 820,371 89,603 66,984 56,707 786,386 130,449 247,058 2,109,639 526,998 1,214,730 822,149 298,956 1,287,893 716,066 816, 142 691, 786 515, 722 444,956 160,559 159,540 276,062 234,009 19,004 151,381 37,9% 28,636 41,948 6,658 9,183 20,740 24,225 112,013 32,303 24,587 15,868 29,040 90,948 73,278 256,082 76,901 58,511 24,153 135,085 18,608 28,136 102,611 17,403 210,313 107,362 502,696 Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. ILLITERACY. , 245 ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 30 ALL classes. native white. Native parentage. Foreign or mixed parentage. DIVISION AND STATE. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. TTnited States.. 5,516,163 7.7 6,180,069 10.7 1,378,884 3.7 1,734,764 6.7 155,388 1.1 178,847 1.6 1,650,361 12.7 1,887,135 12.9 2,227,731 30.4 2,853,194 44.5 Oeookaphic divs.: New England... 280,806 5.3 272,402 6.0 15,551 -0.7 19,262 0.9 17,606 1.3 21,037 2.1 242,513 13.8 224,988 16.2 4,341 7.8 5,681 11.6 Middle Atlantic. 873,812 5.7 704,134 5.8 75,908 1.2 114,083 2.0 32,343 0.8 37,670 1.2 735,244 15.8 509,436 15.8 27,811 7.9 38,594 14.2 E. North Central 491,850 3.4 534,299 4.3 122,256 1.7 178,076 2.8 36,809 0.9 47,182 1.4 300,613 10.1 263,677 10.2 28,071 11.0 39,280 18.5 W. North Central 263, 138 2.9 324,023 4.l' 81,362 1 7 117,339 2.9 17,661 0.7 21,075 1.1 120,573 7.6 120,299 8.0 30,436 14.9 48,634 25.4 South Atlantic. 1,444,294 16.0 1,821,346 23.9 429,618 8.0 535,163 12.0 4,191 1.2 6,367 2.1 37,934 13.5 26,437 12.9 969,432 32.5 1,250,279 47.1 E. South Central 1,072,100 17.4 1,304,935 24.9 378,088 9.6 461,375 13.6 3,142 1.7 4,953 2.6 8,215 9.7 9,253 10.4 681,507 34.8 887; 838 49.2 W.South Central 845,604 13.2 953,644 20.5 229,807 5.6 258,017 9.2 34,737 7.7 30,622 9.1 84,674 25.6 69,086 27.2 483,022 33.1 579,489 48.0 Mountain 140,737 6.9 122,901 9.6 39,253 3.6 43,743 7.1 5,754 1.2 5,773 1.9 52,950 12.5 29,939 10.6 1,497 8.0 1,840 13. & PaciQc 103,822 3.0 82,385 4.2 7,041 0.4 7,706 0.8 4,145 0.5 4,168 0.9 67,645 8.0 34,020 7.3 1,614 6.3 1,559 12.7 New Englaiid: 24,654 16,386 4.1 4.6 29,060 21,075 6.1 6.2 6,776 1,462 1.4 0.8 6,880 2,085 1.7 1.0 4,048 1,377 4.5 2.1 4,514 1,755 6.7 3.7 14,394 13,485 13.7 14.5 17,195 17,126 19.4 20.5 93 51 8.0 10.6 156 70 14.2 New Hampshire 11.9 Vermont 10,806 3.7 16,247 5.8 2,234 1.2 3,231 1.8 2,261 4.0 3,703 6.8 6,239 13.1 9,205 21.4 69 4.8 99 14.6 Massachusetts... 141,541 5.2 134,043 6.9 3,428 0.4 3,912 0.5 5,735 0.7 6,827 1.2 129,412 12.7 119,582 14.6 2,584 8.1 2,853 10.7 Rhode Island... 33,854 7.7 29,004 8.4 944 0.7 1,196 1.0 2,309 1.8 2,518 2.8 29,781 17.3 24,167 18.7 752 9.5 1,063 14.1 Connecticut 53,665 6.0 42,973 6.9 1,707 0.5 1,958 0.6 1,876 0.8 1,720 0.9 40,202 15.4 37,723 16.3 792 6.3 1,441 11.5 Middle Atlantic: New York 406,020 5.5 318,100 5.5 21,292 0.8 20,188 1.3 16,026 0.7 18,163 . 1.1 362,025 13.7 258,423 14.0 5,768 5.0 9,180 10.8 New Jersey 113,502 5.6 86,658 5.9 8,662 1.1 13,511 2.1 3,601 0.7 3,520 1.0 93,551 14.7 59,307 14.1 7,405 9.9 9,882 17.2 Pennsylvania... 354,290 5.9 299,376 6.1 46,054 1.4 71,384 2.5 13,626 1.1 15,988 1.6 279,668 20.1 191,706 19.9 14,638 9.1 19,532 15.1 E. N. Central: Ohio 124,774 3.2 131,541 4.0 39,807 1.7 56,416 2.8 7,603 0.9 10,739 1.4 66,887 11.5 50,155 11.1 10,460 11.1 14,107 17.8 66,213 168,204 3.1 3.7 90,5.39 157,958 4.6 4.2 36,829 32,836 2.2 1.7 57,137 48,680 3.9 2.0 4,126 7,660 1.4 0.6 6,663 9,357 2.2 0.9 18,200 117,751 11.7 10.1 16,059 86,668 11.4 9.1 6,959 9,713 13.7 10.5 10,594 12,903 22.0 Dlinois 18.1 Michigan 74,800 3.3 80,482 4.2 9,661 1.0 12,154 1.6 8,286 1.2 10,123 1.8 54,113 9.3 54,399 10.3 826 5.7 1,426 10.9 Wisconsin 57,769 3.2 73,779 4.7 3.223 0.6 3,680 1.0 8,245 1.0 10,300 1.5 43,662 8.7 56,396 11.1 113 4.5 250 11.4 W. N. Centeal: Minnesota 49,336 3.0 52,946 4.1 1,636 0.4 1,656 0.6 4,302 0.6 4,782 0.9 40,627 7.6 42,142 8.4 215 3.4 337 7.9 Iowa 29,880 111, 116 13,070 1.7 4.3 3.1 40,172 152,844 12,719 2.3 6.4 5.6 8,391 60,070 349 0.9 3.4 0.3 12,404 89,203 279 1.4 5.6 0.6 3,150 5,172 1,064 0.6 1.2 0.7 4,028 7,202 784 0.8 1.7 1.1 16,894 22,631 9,474 6.3 10.1 6.3 21,431 19,944 8,432 7.1 9.3 7.8 1,272 23,062 26 10.3 17.4 4.8 l,9(i2 36,390 31 18.6 28.1 North Dakota... 12.8 South Dakota. . . 12,750 2.9 14,832 5.0 656 0.3 432 0.5 683 0.4 772 0.8 4,806 S.O 6,835 6.7 38 5.5 51 13.3 Nebraska 18,009 1.9 17,997 2.3 2,787 0.6 3,311 0.8 1,491 0.5 1,406 0.7 12,264 7.1 11,911 6.8 482 7.2 633 11.8 Kansas 28,968 2.2 32,513 2.9 7,673 0.8 10,064 1.3 1,799 0.8 2,101 1.0 13,787 10.5 10,604 8.5 5,341 12.0 9,230 22.3 South Atlantic: Delaware 13,240 8.1 17,531 12.0 3,362 3.3 6,840 6.3 163 0.9 232 1.4 3,359 19.8 2,476 18.3 6,345 25.6 8,967 38.1 Marjland 73,397 7.2 101,947 11.1 17,464 3.0 23,837 4.7 1,488 1.0 2,595 1.9 12,047 11.9 12,262 13.4 42,289 23.4 63,033j 35.1 Dist. of Columbia 13,812 4.9 20,028 8.6 797 0.6 975 0.9 163 0.4 163 0.5 1,944 8.2 1,342 7.0 10,814 13.5 17,462 24.3 Virginia 232,911 74,866 15.2 8.3 312,120 80,105 22.9 11.4 81,105 50,580 8.2 6.7 95,583 63,008 11.4 10.4 352 827 1.2 2.0 534 1,273 2.1 3.2 2,368 13,075 9.2 23.9 2,043 4,730 10.9 21.5 148,950 10,347 30.0 20.3 213,836 44.6 West Virginia. . . 11,083 32.3 North Carolina.. 291,497 18.5 386,251 28.7 131,992 12.3 175,325 19.6 197 3.0 320 5.1 477 8.3 262 6.1 156,303 31.9 208,132 47.6 South Carolina. . 276,980 25.7 338,659 35.9 50,112 10.5 54,177 13.9 133 1.4 198 2.1 399 6.8 344 6.5 220,242 38.7 283,883 52.8 Georgia 389,775 77,816 20.7 13.8 480,420 84,285 30.5 21.9 79,875 14,331 8.0 5.2 99,948 16,470 12.2 9.0 328 540 1.6 2.2 483 569 2.5 3.6 875 3,390 6.0 10.5 833 2,145 7.0 11.6 308,639 59,503 36.5 25.5 379,067 64,816 52.4 Florida 38.4 E. S. Central: Kentucky 208,084 12.1 262,954 16.5 145,156 10.7 166,822 13.9 1,641 1.5 2,502 2.1 3,300 8.3 5,444 10.9 57,900 27.6 88,137 40.1 Tennessee 221,071 13.6 306,930 20.7 120,384 9.9 156,342 14.5 582 1.8 1,054 3.2 1,488 8.3 1,690 9.7 98,541 27.3 147,784 41.6 Alabama 352, 710 22.9 443,590 34.0 84,204 10.1 102,779 15.2 564 2.3 791 3.5 2,063 11.3 1,313 9.3 265,628 40.1 338,605 57.4 Mississippi 290,235 22.4 351,461 32.0 28,344 5.3 35,432 8.1 355 2.2 C06 3.8 1,364 15.1 806 10.7 259,438 35.6 313,312 49.1 W. S. Central: Arkansas 142,954 12.6 190,655 20.4 54,221 7.1 74,828 11.8 804 2.8 1,208 4.9 1,466 8.9 1,124 8.0 86,398 26.4 113,453 43.0 Louisiana 352, 179 29.0 381,145 38.5 82,100 15.0 78,899 20.4 3,259 3.6 3,328 3.8 12,085 24.0 14,324 28.6 254,148 48.4 284,028 01.1 OkJahoma' 67,567 5.6 67,826 12.1 32,605 3.5 34,284 8.1 904 1.3 1,086 3.1 3,828 9.8 2,157 10.8 17,858 17.7 14,870 37.0 Texas 282,904 9.9 314,018 14.5 60,881 3.3 70,006 5.1 29,710 11.6 25,000 13.2 67,295 30.0 51,481 30.3 124,618 24.6 167, 138 38.2 Mountain: Montana 14, 457 4.8 11,675 6.1 403 0.3 406 0.6 333 0.4 346 0.8 8,445 9.4 4,264 7.0 114 7.0 152 11.4 Idaho 5,453 3,874 2.2 3.3 5,505 2,878 4.6 4.0 525 209 0.4 0.3 633 257 1.0 0.7 182 89 0.3 0.4 229 91 0.8 0.5 2,742 2,548 6.9 9.7 1,305 1,349 6.0 8.2 37 102 6.4 5.0 37 141 14.5 Wyoming 17.2 Colorado 23,780 3.7 17,779 4.2 7,445 2.0 7,920 3.3 688 0.5 772 0.9 13,897 11.3 7,264 8.1 856 8.6 962 13.0 New Mexico 48,697 20.2 46,971 33.2 28,689 15.5 32,532 30.8 1,649 8.9 1,993 16.8 6,580 31.0 4,397 34.8 191 14.2 271 19.1 Arizona 32,953 6,821 4,702 20.9 2.5 6.7 27,307 6,141 4,645 29.0 3.1 13.3 1,414 465 103 2.3 0.4 0.4 1,266 648 81 3.8 1.1 0.7 2,362 367 84 8.4 0.4 0.5 1,830 460 52 10.9 0.6 0.6 13,758 3,636 1,344 31.5 5.9 7.6 7,552 3,167 641 35.3 6.1 7.5 122 49 26 7.2 4.8 5.5 211 37 29 12.7 Utah 6.3 Nevada 23.0 Pacific: Washington 18,416 2.0 12,740 3.1 1,281 0.3 978 0.5 555 0.3 396 0.6 11,233 4.8 4,546 4.5 239 4.3 259 11.0 Oregon 10,504 1,9 10,686 3.3 1,437 0.4 1,745 0.9 404 0.4 435 0.7 6,120 6.1 2,207 4.1 46 3.4 89 8.8 California 74,902 3.7 58,959 "1 4,323 0.5 4,983 1.0 3,186 0.6 3,337 1.0 50,292 10.0 27,267 8.7 1 1,329 7.1 1,21] 13.4 Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. 246 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. PERCENTAGE OF ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910. TOTAL POPULATION. NATIVE WHITES OF NATIVE PARENTAGE. I I T>ess than 1 per cent. niD 1 to 3 per cent. y/y^ 3 to 5 per cent. tiiSI 6 to 10 per cent. CS 10 to 15 per cent. Bl IS to 26 per cent. AH W par cent and over. The heavy Unas ("■) show geographic divisions, ILLITERACY. 247 PERCENTAGE OF ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910. FOREIGN-BORN WHITES. NEGROES. 248 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. Illiteracy by sex. — Table 31 shows for 1910, by divisions and states, the number and percentage of illiterate males and females 10 years of age and over. As already noted, the percentage of illiteracy for females in the United States as a whole was slightly higher than that for males. In the New England, East North Central, East South Central, and Pacific divisions, however, the percentage of illiteracy for females was slightly less than that for males, and in the West North Central division the percentages for the two sexes were the same. Illiteracy in the urban and rural population. — Table 32, on page 249, shows by divisions for 1910 the urban and rural population 10 years of age and over, classified according to color or race, nativity, and parentage groups in each division in 1910 as urban or rural, giving the number and percentage of illiterates in each case. In the United States as a whole the percentage of illiteracy for the total population and for each class shown in the table was considerably higher in rural districts than in urban communities. There were three divisions, however, the New England, the Middle Atlantic, and the East North Central, in which the percentage of illiteracy was the greater in urban communities. This exception to the general rule is explained by the relatively large number of foreign- born whites living in the cities of the three divisions named. In the native groups shown, which comprise the native whites of native and of foreign or mixed parentage and the negroes, the proportion of ilUterates was greater in the rural parts of all divisions than in the urban communities. The foreign-born whites showed in general a somewhat higher percentage of illiteracy in rural districts than in urban communities, but an exception to this rule appears in the case of the two North Central divisions. There is a considerable foreign-bom white element in the rural population of these divisions, but the more recent growth of the foreign-born population has been in the cities, and the fact that recent immigrants appear to be somewhat more illiterate than the earUer ones furnishes an ex- planation of the higher percentage of illiteracy among the foreign-bom whites in the urban communities than is found in the rural districts of this section of the country. ILLITERATES IN THE MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 31 DIVISION AND STATE. TXnited States . . . Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East Nortli Central. West Nortli Central South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central Miimesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska. Kansas ILUTERATES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910 Male. Number. 2,814,950 Per cent. 140,326 442,488 262, 137 138,030 723,570 542,291 424,354 75,242 66,512 15,006 9,210 6,486 67,647 16,192 25,785 187,107 57,047 198,334 68,385 35,956 86,729 41,617 29,450 25,819 15,633 58, 106 6,645 6,216 9,489 16,122 7.6 6.3 5.6 3.5 2.9 16.0 17.4 12.7 6.3 3.3 4.9 5.2 4.4 5.0 7.4 5.7 5.0 5.6 6.4 3.5 3.2 3.7 3.6 3.1 2.9 1.7 4.4 2.8 2.5 1.9 2.3 Female. Number. 2,701,213 140,480 431,324 229,713 125, 108 720,724 529,809 421,250 65,495 37,310 9,548 7,176 4,320 73,894 17,662 27,880 218,913 56,455 155,956 56,389 30,257 81,565 33,183 28,319 23,517 14,256 63,010 6,425 6,534 8,520 12,846 Per cent. 7.8 5.2 5.7 3.3 2.9 16.1 17.3 13.8 7.5 2.5 3.2 4.1 3.1 5.3 8.0 6.3 5.9 6.7 5.4 3.0 2.9 3.8 3.1 3.2 3.1 1.7 4.2 3.5 3.3 2.0 2.1 DIVISION AND STATE. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East Sotrrn Central: Kentuclcy Teruiessee , Alabama Mississippi , West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico , Arizona Utah Nevada , Pacific: Washington Oregon California ILLITERATES 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER: 1910 Male. Number. 7,022 36,556 5,410 121,329 42,511 142, 108 133,126 196,026 39,482 109,877 112,986 173,726 146,702 71,243 171,423 35,876 145,812 3,831 2,869 12.680 20,965 18,188 3,990 2,823 11,724 7,214 47,574 Per cent. 8.4 7.2 4.1 15.7 8.8 18.2 26.0 20.9 13.2 12.6 13.8 22.5 22.4 12.1 28.0 6.6 9.8 5.2 2.6 3.7 3.6 16.9 19.2 2.7 6.1 2.1 2.2 4.2 Female. Number. 6,218 36,841 8,402 111,582 32.365 149,389 143,8.54 193,749 38,334 98,207 108,085 178,984 144,633 71,711 180, 756 31, 691 137,092 4,662 1,«22 1,006 11,100 27,732 14,770 2,881 1,873 6,092 3,290 27,328 Per cent. 7.8 7.1 6.7 14.6 7.7 18.7 26.3 20.5 14.4 11.6 13.4 23.3 22.5 13.1 30.1 5.8 10.1 4.0 1.6 2.5 3.8 25.4 23.6 2.2 8.0 1.8 1.4 3.1 ILLITERACY. 249 The very much higher percentage of illiteracy shown for the native whites of native parentage in the United States as a whole than for the native whites of foreign or mixed parentage is due in lai^e part to the exceptionally high percentages of illiteracy among the native whites of native parentage in the southern divisions, where this nativity class makes up by far the greater part of the white population. These excep- tionally high percentages for the southern divisions are in turn due principally to the veiy large proportion of illiterates in the rural population of the South, in which section of the country somewhat more than three-fourths of the total population in 1910 resided in rural districts. ILLITERATES IN THE URBAN AND THE RURAL POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, BY DIVISIONS: 1910. Table 32 1 1 NATIVE -WHITE. 1 DIVISION AND CLASS OP ALL CLASSES. 1 Natl ve parentage. 1 Foreign or mixed parentage. FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. NEGRO. coMMxrarrr. Total. Illiterate. TotaL Illiterate. Total. Illiterate. Total. Illiterate. Total. Illiterate. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. United States TTrban 71,580,270 34,649,176 36,831,095 5,616,163 1,788,132 3,748,031 7.7 5.1 10.1 37,081,278 14, 002, 647 23,078,631 1,S78,884 130, 906 1,247,978 3.7 0.9 6.4 13,908,063 8,988,097 4,919,966 165,388 60,994 94,394 1.1 0.7 1.9 12,944,529 9,331,994 3,612,535 1,650,361 1, 172, 491 477, 870 12.7 12.6 13.2 7,317,922 2, 231, 353 5, 086, 569 2,227,731 393, 273 1,834,458 30.4 17.6 36.1 Rural New England 6,330,914 4,434,412 896,502 15,446,515 11,033,560 4,412,965 14,568,949 7,831,690 6,737,359 9,097,311 3,203,714 5,893,597 9,012,826 2,493,359 6,519,467 6,178,578 1,279,677 4,808,901 6,394,043 1,662,545 4,831,498 2,064,249 772,572 1,281,677 3,496,885 2,037,766 1,459,129 280,806 247,143 33,663 873,812 644,618 229,194 491,850 277,444 214,406 263,138 86,958 176,180 1,444,294 211,760 1,232,534 1,072,100 122,477 049,623 846,604 112,889 732,716 140,737 23,962 116,776 103,822 40,881 62,941 5.3 6.6 3.8 6.7 5.8 5.2 3.4 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.7 3.0 16.0 8.5 18.9 17.4 9.6 19.4 13.2 7.2 15.2 6.9 3.1 9.1 3.0 2.0 4.3 2,136,801 1,507,336 628,465 6,665,900 3,663,762 2,912,148 7,370,025 3,102,639 4,267,486 4,708,510 1,558,468 3,240,042 5,397,864 1,320,961 4,076,903 3,945,830 670,026 3,275,804 4,101,610 883,283 3,218,227 1,081,180 384,424 696,756 1,684,658 921,858 762,800 15,551 7,918 7,633 76,908 21,034 54,874 122,256 27,193 95,063 81,362 11,732 60,630 429,618 29,111 400,607 378,088 15,910 362,178 229,807 12,088 217,719 39,263 3,667 36,686 7,041 2,353 4,688 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.2 0.6 1.9 1.7 0.9 2.2 1.7 0.8 2.1 8.0 2.2 9.8 9.6 2.4 11.1 5.6 1.4 6.8 3.6 0.9 5.1 0.4 0.3 0.6 1,377,187 1,248,177 129,010 3,851,367 3,171,581 679,786 3,941,206 2,400,758 1,640,448 2,482,634 883,660 1,698,974 339,771 244,266 96,516 184,771 130,989 53,782 449,348 190,471 268,877 461,408 198,892 262,516 820,371 619,314 301,057 17,606 13,002 4,604 32,343 19,556 12,787 36,800 12,530 23,279 17,661 4,626 13,035 4,191 1,897 2,294 3,142 1,057 2,085 34,737 5,315 29,422 5,764 1,380 4,374 4,145 1,631 2,514 1.3 1.0 3.6 0.8 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.5 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.8 2.4 1.7 0.8 3.9 7.7 2.8 11.4 1.2 0.7 1.7 0.5 0.3 0.8 1,757,244 1,623,609 133,636 4,661,990 3,910,013 761,977 2,985,823 2,124,920 860,903 1,579,694 616,718 962,976 280,387 186,142 96,245 84,893 66,769 28,124 330,431 130,677 199,754 423,068 168,430 264,638 840,999 515,716 325,283 242,513 222,030 20,483 735,244 682,756 152,488 300,613 217,771 82,842 120,573 62,693 67,880 37,934 21,611 16,423 8,216 5,163 3,062 84,674 23,415 61,269 62,950 16,274 36,676 67,645 30,878 36,767 13.8 13.7 15.3 15.8 14.9 20.3 10.1 10.2 9.6 7.6 8.5 7.0 13.6 11.6 17.2 9.7 9.1 10.9 26. S 17.9 30.7 12.5 9.7 14.4 8.0 6.0 11.3 56,321 51,025 4,296 351,546 288,414 63,132 254,545 198,669 66,876 203,641 141,823 61,818 2,986,936 741,429 2,245,507 1,960,898 421,629 1,539,369 1,460,705 353,611 1,107,094 18,756 13,605 5,250 25,575 21,348 4,227 4,341 3,614 727 27,811 20,089 7,722 28,071 19,229 8,842 30, «6 17,454 12,982 969, 432 158,906 810,526 681,507 100,257 681,250 483,022 71,652 411,370 1,497 939 558 1,614 1,133 481 7.8 7.1 16.9 7.9 7.0 12.2 11.0 9.7 15.8 14.9 12.3 21.0 32 5 Urban Rural Middle Atlantic Urban Rural East Nokth Cknteal ... Urban Rural West North Central . . . Urban Rural South Atlantic Urban 21 4 Rural 36 1 East South Central Urban 34.8 23.8 Rural 37.8 West South Central . . . Urban ; 33.1 20 3 Rural 37 2 Mountain 8.0 Urban 7 Rural 10.6 Pacific C.3 Urban 5.3 Rural 11.4 PRINCIPAL CITIES. Table 33 gives a statement of illiteracy in 1910 and 1900 by color or race, nativity, and parentage for cities having a population of 100,000 or more. Some- what less detailed statistics for cities having from 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants are given in Table 34. Among the 50 cities having 100,000 inhabitants or more in 1910, there were four in which the proportion of illiterates in the total population 10 years of age and over was less than 2 per cent (Seattle, 1.1 per cent; Portland, Oreg., 1.2 per cent; Spokane, 1.3 per cent; and Los Angeles, 1.9 per cent), and 10 others in which the proportion of illiterates in the total population was between 2 and 3 per cent. The two cities having the largest percentage of illiteracy were Fall River (13.2), where the high average was due to the large proportion of the foreign bom in the population, and Birmingham (10.4) , where the high average was due to the large pro- portion of negroes. The differences between the per- centages in other cities were Hkewise due in large part to differences in the proportions of foreign born or negroes ; among the native whites there was relatively little variation in the percentage of illiteracy, which was uniformly very low. In general, the proportion of illiterates in the total population of these 50 cities was less in 1910 than in 1900. Eighteen cities, however — Albany, Bridgeport, Chicago, Denver, Detroit, Jersey City, Minneapolis, New Haven, Oakland, Omaha, Paterson, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Providence, Rochester, Scranton, Syra- cuse, and Worcester — constituted exceptions to this rule, and in each of these cities, it will be noted, there was a considerable increase in the number of illiterates of foreign birth. 250 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER IN CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE: 1910 AND 1900. [Per cent not shown where base is less than lOO.J Table 33 ALL CLASSES. 1910 Num- ber. Per cent. 1900 Num- ber. Per cent. NATIVE 'WTHTE. Native parentage. 1910 1900 Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Foreign or mixed parentage. 1910 Num- ber. Per cent. 1900 Num- ber. Per cent. FOREIGN-BORN WHITE. 1910 Num- ber. Per cent. 1900 Num- ber. Per cent. 1910 Num- ber. Per cent. 1900 Num- ber. Per cent. Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn Buffalo, N.Y Cambridge. Mass Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass Grand Rapids, Mich. Indianapolis, lud Jersey City, N. J Kansas City, Mo Los Angeles, Cal Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn Milwaukee, Wis Minneapolte, Minn . . . Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn. . . New Orleans, La New York, N.Y Manhattan Borough Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough . . Queens Borough Rkhmond Borough. Newark, N. J Oakland, Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa. » Portland, Oreg Providence, R.I Richmond, Va Rochester, N.Y St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal. . . Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse, N.Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C Worcester, Mass 2,762 10,813 20,325 11,026 24,468 4,440 12,745 2,540 79,911 9,576 20,676 4,442 2,224 3,841 18,731 12,276 2,271 5,874 11,797 4,937 5,258 9,886 5,172 8,855 10,765 6,139 7,947 7,502 18,987 254,208 161, MS 13,783 78,143 8,374 2,690 16,553 3,863 2, 6,927 57,700 26,627 2,145 14,236 8,641 6,916 21,123 3,751 7,697 8,933 2,217 1,123 5,629 3,809 13,812 5,977 3.2 8.6 4.4 10.4 4.4 5.4 3.7 3.0 4.5 3.1 4.6 2.9 2.3 2.1 5.0 13.2 2.5 3.0 5.6 2.3 L9 5.3 6.0 8.0 3.6 7.0 6.9 6.7 8.0 4-0 6.1 3.8 3.9 6.0 3.0 2.7 6.9 4.6 6.2 1.2 7.7 8.2 3.8 3.7 2.1 2.1 8.9 1.1 1.3 4.9 2.8 4.9 5.0 2,181 11,406 29,148 5,"" 23,320 2, 13, 152 3,388 51,142 14,091 3,290 1,797 1,979 9,062 12, 110 2,136 6,004 7,171 5,258 1,956 14,567 6,843 14,989 8,243 2,977 9,460 4,875 30,820 181,835 132,977 41,852 6,171 1,835 11,715 1,614 1,662 5,191 45,546 20,402 3,925 10,029 9,501 3,499 20,359 3,956 8,960 6,814 901 554 2,800 3,865 20,028 4,580 2.8 15.8 7.2 19.1 5.1 5.3 4.8 4.6 3.9 3.4 4.7 3.2 2.6 1.8 4.1 14.9 3.1 4.3 4.5 3.9 2.3 18.3 3.8 1 14.4 5.6 13.6 4.5 3.6 6.1 2.9 2.0 6.3 4.4 5.8 6.1 7.0 13.7 2.7 4.4 3.1 3.1 1.8 3.2 3.7 8.6 4.9 111 1,522 1,191 626 155 47 203 28 556 1,175 190 1,210 295 199 204 97 61 1,163 131 550 1,142 46 255 70 84 898 47 1,056 1,322 473 111 535 146 58 222 90 92 201 2,219 429 96 156 703 146 1,112 55 194 174 47 204 462 797 82 0.3 2.1 0.6 1.2 0.1 0.2! 0.2| 0.1 0.2 l.Oj 0.2 1.31 0.5| 0.2; 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 1.8 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.2 144 1,049 2,351 187 165 47 255 32 442 590 177 770 362 100 165 118 98 1,057 89 544 262 1,253 75 246 62 77 1,020 57 1,419 1,367 ► 691 694 102 192 27 78 266 2,108 518 37 180 611 94 1,348 54 127 195 47 7 238 461 975 84 0.5 2.8 1.3 1.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.4 1.4 0.2 0.7 0.6 1 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.2 3.2 0.2 2.1 0.3 4,391 "■^\ S04\ ' 1,84S 264 111 163 23 664 40 363 94 622 46 1,704 403 266 105 143 707 84 194 436 137 217 451 194 27 384 214 33 126 782 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 1 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.1 0.7 1.2 0.9 0.3 553 245 92 226 2,257 780 84 551 36 1,196 156 243 452 47 17 190 281 163 209 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.5 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 212 30 1,175 25 412 92 654 100 1,339 672 391 295 157 74 499 541 114 306' 246! 1481 142 613 328' 66j 436 166 80 86 1,310; 3,977 ]S,140 1,566 194 77 546 58 52 316 1,971 959 39 569 53 202 176 261 643 34 11 213 357 163 383 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.6 2.4 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.3 1.6! 0.8[ 0.4! (la! 1.3i 0.3' 2.0 2,440 250 8,952 829 23,371 4,235 11,838 2,241 75,802 5,296 19,721 1,994 1,423 3,076 17,633 11,510 2,088 2,191 10,952 2,192 4,101 1,627 4,928 622 10,274 5,760 205 7.179 3,504 0.5i 245,095 (, .1(148,871 "•■*\ 13.158 0.6 74,799 0.6 7,819 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.2 1.4 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.2 2.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.5 1.4 15,131 3,000 2,352 6,333 47,467 23,984 1,674 13,039 283 6,557 13,899 3,459 5,987 8,289 1,' 898 5,179 2,990 1,944 5,641 13.8 5.9 12.0 15.1 10.0 12.1 10.3 10.5 12.6 10.6 8.1 I1.7 23.5 7.6 11.3 14.5 7.0 9.5 11.7 9.9 9.5 6.8 7.0 17.4 12.9 13.2 13.8 9.1 13.6 10.1 10.4 14.2 8.3 8.9 14.5 12.9 17.5 3.9 17.6 7.1 11.5 11.4 6.3 4.7 24.3 3.1 4.4 17.3 9.6 8.2 12.0 1,755 208 8,585 241 21,557 2,727 12,142 2,900 47,088 5,114 13,004 1,109 918 1,396 8,119 11,403 1,873 1,882 6,518 1,593 938 2,304 6,412 561 7,695 2,641 295 4,465 5,333 170,638 >m,897 37,648 4.664 1, 10,218 1, 1,189 4,346 35,025 16,468 733 8,607 249 3,174 10,764 3,570 5,743 5,930 402 397 2,264 2,879 1,342 4,009 10.0 8.6 12.9 13.9 11.3 12.6 12.0 9.9 8.2 10.7 9.1 9.3 5.7 24.1 8.0 11.1 11.4 5.3 10.8 16.3 11.3 14.9 18.3 13.9 15.6 10.9 10.3 14.7 7.9 5.1 11.6 12.1 14.6 4.2 16.0 8.9 7.9 7.7 5.6 20.9 2.2 5 9.7 10.6 7.0 11.0 39 9,005 9,438 9,528 420 58 65 213 1,595 2,503 306 962 392 291 176 2,316 240 2,038 6,662 3 7,932 26 6,810 137 13,541 / i,711 \ 181 806 135 589 87 249 146 5,595 1,409 18 434 7,615 11 4,799 66 76 16 57 16 60 71 10,814 36 4.2 20.9 13.2 22.1 3.5 6.2 4.1 6.6 4.0 14.3 4.1 8.7 9.5 6.0 3.5 8.1 4.8 12.4 4.9 6.0 18.7 2.7 17.6 2.9 2.9 22.0 4.6 18.3 3.6 3.2 5.3 .. 7.5 3.3 6.3 11.3 7.8 1.9 9.7 19.6 1.4 12.4 2.3 5.1 3.3 2.7 2.4 5.1 4.3 13.5 3.5 10,099 16,846 5,532 786 123 81 337 2,014 2,468 487 1,109 354 339 278 32 45 2,745 244 2,958 273 10,397 9 14,106 47 83 8,059 248 22,586 4,362 1,734 288 116 708 50 315 213 5,883 2,437 33 634 8,572 29 6,516 145 92 41 20 19 77 155 17,462 75 6.5 35.1 25.7 40.3 7.9 12.6 6.4 ILO 7.5 19.8 9.4 15.9 12.4 10.0 8.0 11.1 8.5 20.3 7.9 19.5 15.9 31.1 7.6 35.1 6.1 6.3 32.4 10.3 36.1 8.3 11. t 13. g IS.S 12.8 6.6 10.6 2L7 11.1 14.4 4.6 15.9 32.2 5.7 2L3 7.3 6.4 9.5 5.5 6.7 8.3 10.5 24.3 8.2 ^ Includes population of Allegheny for 1900. ILLITERACY. 251 ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND ILLITERATE MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910 AND 1900. (Per cent not shown where base is less than ICX).] arable 34 Alabama Mobile Montgomery. Arkansas Little Rock. California Berkeley Pasadena . . . Sacramento . San Diego. . . San Jose Colorado Colorado Springs. Pueblo Connecticut Hartford Meriden town Meriden city New Britain Norwich town Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington. Florida Jacksonville . Tampa Georgia Augusta . . Macon Savaimah . Illinois Aurora Bloomington . . Danville Decatur East St. Louis. Elgin Johet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana Evansville.. Fort Wayne. South Bend. Terre Haute. Iowa Cedar Rapids. CUnton CouncQ Bluffs. Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Kansas Kansas City. Topeka Wichita Kentucky Covington . Lexington. Newport . . Shreveport. Lewiston. Portland. Louisiana Maine lUJTER.^TES IN THE POPULATION 10 TEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. 1910 Num- ber. 5,195 4,223 2,456 475 319 534 545 781 221 2,023 4,030 1,085 958 3,174 1,528 1,381 1,199 3,657 3,829 2,203 3,718 3,411 7,795 494 280 544 330 2,614 615 1,619 724 552 761 1,981 1,938 1,152 1,405 375 665 382 1,395 275 691 311 2,576 935 641 1,077 3,766 452 3,604 1,777 1,393 Per cent. 12.3 13.4 6.5 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 3.2 0.9 6.6 5.0 4.2 a 6.6 6.0 e.s 6.2 6.6 7.9 7.6 10.9 10.3 14.6 2.0 1.2 2.4 1.3 6.5 2.8 5.8 1.3 1.8 2.0 4.7 3.4 2.2 3.3 1.7 1.4 1.8 2.8 1.1 2.0 0.9 1.7 1.4 3.9 2.6 1.6 2.5 12.5 L8 15.8 8.4 2.8 1900 Ntim- l)er. 6,493 6,478 3,863 847 1,209 3,511 1,672 2,036 5,061 3,204 6,879 8,368 1,660 1,466 1,020 1,111 503 1,214 2,790 653 1,197 1,104 434 '462 1,003 535 350 2,237 1,101 1,526 3,128 641 1,591 Per cent. 20.8 26.7 12.5 3.4 6.4 6.4 Native white: 1910 7.8 6.7 21.7 19.0 6.7 6.4 2.2 3.8 2.0 4.4 5.9 1.8 4.3 3.7 2.1 2.3 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.4 5.6 4.0 4.5 14.1 2.8 Native parentage. Num- Per ber. cent. 162 131 429 38 188 219 563 403 168 23 62 219 111 166 32 19 120 106 9 195 475 696 111 376 63 33 75 29 254 24 34 39 170 95 165 253 923 107 LO LO 2.2 (») 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 O.S 0.2 Foreign or mixed parentage. Num- ber. Per cent. 0.6 101 0.4 5 0.7 81 3.6 12 2.4 4 LO 26 0.2 22 0.5 18 1.4 36 0.6 19 0.7 80 0.4 40 0.3 40 0.4 77 0.7 62 0.1 13 0.9 88 1.5 182 2.1 137 0.6 69 1.1 60 0.4 29 0.4 31 0.6 22 0.2 36 0.6 72 0.2 44 0.2 31 0.3 19 0.5 79 0.4 28 0.5 20 1.1 94 5.2 11 0.9 60 ae 6 0.6 203 0.2 40 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.4 O.i 0.4 0.7 0.6 O.B 0.4 0.7 0.2 2.5 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 3.7 0.4 Foreign-bom white: 1910 Num- ber. 58 394 159 373 412 638 105 1,629 3,818 L035 917 3,120 1,371 1,310 1,147 3,429 2.905 81 L206 30 66 211 427 120 116 139 1,660 616 1,514 423 188 729 1,340 271 383 1,201 216 295 284 422 261 852 206 622 250 1,549 417 304 209 87 227 172 1,523 1,291 Per cent. 4.5 4.4 3.0 6.3 3.8 4.3 6.8 n.2 3.6 20.0 12.6 11.3 It. 7 17.8 16.9 15.4 le.i 13.9 21.8 3.3 13.1 3.4 10.0 6.6 6.6 3.6 5.8 6.0 18.3 9.2 14.9 4.9 6.2 6.4 20.1 6.1 5.4 9.4 5.8 6.7 5.9 10.1 3.3 8.4 3.4 6.1 9.5 15.4 10.4 10.9 5.3 9.4 17.6 17.1 11.0 Negro: 1910 Num- ber. 4,913 4,059 1,943 65 137 1,457 Per cent. 25.9 25.1 3.8 6.0 5.5 9.6 2.5 6.9 10.6 4.8 2.7 t.7 12.3 4.5 S.9 5.2 18.7 ILUTERATES AMONG HAUES 21 YEAEa OF AGE AND OVER. 3,654 14.7 850 11.5 3,110 19.9 2,938 19.6 7,387 26.5 22 8.8 60 8.8 166 13.5 57 8.6 715 14.6 24 16.3 46 10.6 99 7.2 191 13.7 9 5.1 350 13.9 1,010 18.7 35 7.0 18 3.5 152 6.9 12 6.5 27 8.9 36 12.4 56 11.4 217 8.8 1 1 0.4 3 775 10.0 395 10.4 149 7.3 520 20.7 2,743 28.6 58 12.2 3,362 29.7 6 7 2.9 1910 Num- ber. 1,748 1,267 250 160 264 268 371 91 1,192 1,566 431 S68 1,272 593 515 473 1,643 2,191 1,366 643 1,182 1,148 2,610 245 103 227 142 1,493 242 360 827 399 605 341 181 446 165 365 169 L209 408 372 L116 798 588 Per cent. 11.6 11.7 6.3 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.8 3.8 1.0 7.1 5.0 4.6 4.6 9.1 7.2 5.8 7.0 5.5 9.9 9.9 12.8 2.5 1.3 2.7 1.5 7.1 3.1 8.4 1.2 1.7 2.4 5.6 3.9 2.0 3.7 1.8 1.6 2.2 4.7 1.2 2.2 0.8 2.2 1.9 4.6 2.9 2.1 2.8 14.9 1.9 12.9 11.0 3.2 1900 Num- ber. 2,191 1,790 1^416 61 57 548 150 364 1,484 369 SIS 668 579 336 S09 923 2,170 992 519 2,032 1,339 2,628 326 251 203 134 700 270 728 413 391 129 465 L180 248 536 446 114 201 194 164 445 156 117 35 940 445 123 594 1,095 212 977 L038 597 252 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND ILLITERATE MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. [Per cent not shown where base is less than 100.] Table 34— Continued. ILUTERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF > AGE AND OVEE. ILUTERATES AMONG MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. Native white: 1910 Forcign-bom white: 1910 Negro: 1910 1910 19W CITY. 1910 1900 Native parentage. Foreign or mixed parentage. » Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Kassachusettt! Brockton 1,222 240 2,085 1,356 433 1,897 1,444 3,108 9,067 2,261 774 9,350 1,231 963 621 2,083 1,232 3,311 2,601 773 136 1,269 381 568 597 403 1,267 1,720 435 1,534 689 647 1,298 1,085 3,374 1,447 1,767 3,757 3,314 367 3,943 2,533 1,535 6,684 2,368 4,633 678 2,654 1,322 1,151 793 684 924 1,015 1,505 691 1,425 649 3,148 1,279 5,044 1,037 5,311 2,675 3,061 2.6 1.0 8.1 7.0 1.6 6.3 4.0 6.8 13.2 3.0 2.2 12.1 3.7 3.6 2.4 6.0 1.9 4.5 9.4 3.3 0.6 3.6 1.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 3.1 2.7 1.7 2.4 2.4 1.7 3.6 5.3 5.9 6.8 4.5 9.1 4.4 1.3 6.9 4.5 6.6 15.8 9.9 5.9 2.4 10.3 4.5 2.8 2.5 2.6 4.3 4.1 6.5 3.0 5.8 2.8 5.4 2.0 8.2 4.6 8.4 10.1 14.9 1,033 3.2 28 7 26 8 10 26 34 35 36 49 13 90 17 19 13 21 20 75 89 121 39 75 54 42 129 37 65 27 306 403 391 12 65 16 41 30 115 20 249 21 50 14 19 20 ■ 9 296 7 29 21 111 51 11 93 7 16 29 16 54 68 68 88 76 34 378 302 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.4 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.2 1.4 1.0 1.7 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 2.3 3.1 30 12 26 47 18 94 49 155 179 63 16 297 14 61 30 84 27 166 101 106 9 232 16 22 63 27 113 59 20 86 22 22 20 20 186 64 29 63 109 18 103 95 49 84 37 199 28 30 38 29 34 14 56 12 14 30 13 33 81 110 112 88 76 3 11 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.2 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.8 1.2 1.6 0.2 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.6 a4 0.7 1.7 1,141 217 2,018 1,300 387 1,773 1,342 2,912 8,778 2,102 709 8,423 1;159 882 572 1,961 1,163 3,016 2,337 537 68 957 303 469 372 318 1,071 1,625 26 561 27 469 1,177 1,001 3,145 1,353 936 3,634 2,241 210 3,686 2,420 1,311 6,523 2,313 3,879 633 2,589 1,250 990 661 658 730 950 l,a33 611 1,370 543 2,968 1,074 4,821 869 5,097 23 27 7.6 2.6 15.5 13.4 4.1 13.4 12.3 13.0 22.2 7.9 5.4 20.8 10.6 13.6 5.5 16.0 5. 7 13.5 24.6 7.2 2.7 8.9 4.8 11.1 5.7 8.2 9.4 5.4 2.9 7.1 2.4 3.7 17.6 13.3 11.1 15.7 15.1 18.4 14.7 3.7 16.0 9.1 16.6 23.8 16.8 15.3 4.8 25.0 16.8 13.8 12.8 6.4 22.0 12.3 15.8 12.9 11.8 12.3 16.5 7.1 23.4 14.4 19.7 5.2 6,2 16 1 9 3.8 0.6 4.4 543 76 790 599 181 836 649 1,.305 3,852 1,000 225 4,085 572 447 280 1,015 538 1,434 1,267 279 72 569 239 320 266 205 649 948 159 727 265 268 458 630 1,434 620 748 1,852 i;478 108 1,937 1,106 654 2,241 1,161 2,187 222 1,164 615 435 345 316 403 432 707 300 825 264 1,684 475 2,146 589 2,491 S48 937 3.0 1.0 7.8 8.5 1.9 7.6 4.8 8.4 14.8 3.4 1.8 14.5 6.3 4.4 2.9 8.0 2.4 5.2 12.4 3.5 0.9 4.5 1.6 3.0 2.1 1.9 3.6 3.2 1.6 2.8 2.5 1.7 3.3 7.3 7.3 8.0 4.8 11.3 5.1 1.1 8.6 5.0 7.7 15.0 11.6 7.0 2.2 12.3 5.1 2.8 2.0 3.2 5.3 4.9 7.9 3.6 8.0 3.0 6.7 2.1 9.6 6.9 10.6 9.4 13.1 424 62 488 1,082 126 699 576 1,508 1,601 586 226 2,264 344 300 262 861 490 874 758 333 36 543 73 173 169 165 410 721 195 712 267 339 207 205 1,693 982 455 919 967 92 1,274 598 650 1,011 910 1,698 114 403 326 264 387 62 491 406 398 205 410 278 656 895 1,025 304 709 700 968 3.4 Brookline town 1.2 Chelsea 1,329 4.9 4 8 Chieopee 19 4 Everett 17 2.7 1.8 Fitchburg 1,610 1,540 4,001 4,191 1,540 664 6,055 832 6.5 5.1 11.4 8.4 2.7 2.4 12.2 3.0 7.7 Haverhill 16 1 62 36 30 532 35 8 1 4 12 58 72 6 20 6 3 28 29 21 16 3 82 480 248 10 36 46 1 4.8 *'27.'7* 6.2 7.9 23.7 8.9 3.1 ■"2.1" 6.6 4.6 33.3 4.1 3.7 0.9 8.7 5.0 7.0 5.7 0.8 11.7 12.9 • 14.9 4.5 5.6 7.6 5.2 Holyoke 12 8 Lawrence 9 Lynn 2.7 Maiden 2.4 New Bedford 13.2 Newton 3.7 Pittsfleld 4.8^ Ouinc V 3.8 Salem 2,121 1,318 2,127 1,788 7.4 2.7 4.2 7.1 8.5 Somerville 2.7 Springfield 4.7 rTaunton ■ 8.2 Waltham 5.0 Michi^n Battle Creek 0.6 Bay City 1,265 6.9 7.5^ Flint 1.8- Jackson 366 1.7 2.1 Kalamazoo 2.3 Lansing 3.5 1,028 1,495 516 1,742 3.0 3.7 2.5 2.1 3.6- mnnesota Duluth 3.» Hissonrl Joplin 2.$ St. Joseph 2.1 Springfield 4.1 Montana Butte 692 607 475 4,055 2.4 1.9 2.4 8.9 2.6- L7- South Omaha 2.1 Kew Hampshire 10. » Nashua 14.6- New Jersey Atlantic City 1,145 2,092 2,414 4.9 8.7 4.0 ... 670 34 701 117 93 1 155 54 9 244 3 4 13 21 44 1 45 46 134 19 25 19 8 26 23 4 90 2,269 2,717 7.6 7.8 14.0 7.4 8.4 0.9 7.6 11.9 7.0 10.7 """2." 9' 3.7 9.6 ■■■g.o" 6.1 9.3 3.6 10.5 3.2 3.3 4.5 7.5 '"'7.0" 24.4 28.2 4.9 9.9 Camden 4.3 1.6. Elizabeth 2,542 1,607 6.4 3.5 8.4 3.6 Orange 9.8 3,225 14.9 13.4 Perth Amboy 15.7 3,855 6.6 7.7- West Hoboken town 1.8- New York 6.r Auburn 723 712 942 2.8 2.1 3.1 3.2- Bingham ton 2.2 Elmira 3.4 0.9- Kingston 7.2^ 7.1 New Rochelle 8.9" 2.9 6.3 Poughkeepsie 3.9^ Schenectady 1,265 2,301 2,471 4.9 4.6 6.4 5.9 Troy 6.3 6.* Watertown 4.5. 1,698 4.6 6.3! Charlotte 15.4 Wilmington 18.0 ILLITERACY. 253 ILLITERATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND ILLITERATE MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. [Percent not shown where base is less than 100.] -Table 34— Continued. Ohio Akron Canton Hamilton.... iima Ix)rain Newark Springfield . . Yoimgstown . Zanesville Muskogee Oklahoma City . ILLITEBATES IN THE POPULATION 10 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. All classes. 1910 Num- ber. Pennsylvania Allentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazlcton Johnstown liancaster McKeesport New Castle. Norristown borough Heading Shenandoah borough Wilkes- Barre Williamsport York Bhode Island Newport Pawtucket Warwick town. Woonsocket South Carolina Charleston . Columbia.. Tennessee Chattanooga . Knoxville Texas Austin DaUas EI Paso Fort Worth.. Galveston Houston San Antonio. Waco Utah Salt Lake Citv. Lynchburg. Virginia Norfolk Portsmouth Eoanoke... Washington West Virginia Huntington. Wheeling . . . Wisconsin Oreen Bay. La Crosse . . Madison Oshkosh... Racine Sheboygan. Superior... 1,706 1,431 386 368 1,228 205 827 4,513 507 870 735 1,241 1,307 2,085 609 1,979 1,338 1,913 3,912 666 1,336 1,834 2,057 2,367 4,445 3,609 364 1,000 653 2,256 2,244 2,703 7,326 3,723 3,665 1,942 1,904 3,042 4,085 2,289 1,550 4,161 7,788 1,075 299 1,148 2,195 4,966 2,617 1,911 1,255 1,271 1,082 1,123 637 343 7U 1,127 672 850 Per cent. 3.0 3.4 1.3 1.6 5.6 1.3 2.1 7.1 2.2 4.2 1.4 3.0 3.1 6.6 2.6 3.7 2.5 10.0 9.0 1.7 4.1 6.4 8.8 3.0 23.7 6.9 1.4 2.7 2.9 5.4 10.6 9,1 15.3 17.4 9.9 6.6 4.0 13.3 3.8 5.1 6.4 10.1 5.1 1.6 1.6 9.3 9.0 1.8 6.1 3.2 5.7 2.5 1.6 2.7 3.6 3.2 2.7 1900 Num- ber. 719 462 1,239 2,759 1,059 628 1,869 459 1,270 1,4C3 2,533 798 1,918 861 9.3 2.4 7.6 3.9 2,565 4.1 2,438 625 949 1,947 "3,384 7,763 3,816 3,040 2,477 1,113 2,250 4,137 4,244 649 6,925 874 1,174 699 960 778 Per cent. 2.1 1.9 3.9 7.9 3.7 2.1 0.9 2.2 3.1 3.6 6.2 2.7 3.6 6.2 ih'.h 17.4 15.5 11.6 7.2 5.3 7.5 11.4 10.2 1.6 1&4 2.9 3.2 4.3 Native white: 1910 Native parentage. Num- ber. 115 79 146 175 7 80 139 55 156 84 100 240 89 132 63 341 67 180 270 49 70 529 658 76 122 111 640 173 626 467 960 333 329 268 268 70 177 918 79 161 368 151 400 36 Per cent. Foreign or mixed parentage. Num- ber. 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 3.7 1.1 2.6 0.7 0.6 2.1 0.2 0.7 1.0 0.9 1.1 5.7 2.6 4.6 2.6 0.7 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 2.7 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 2.0 0.1 4.6 0.9 1.3 0.2 (') a. 4 0.1 0.1 0.1 36 59 49 34 101 62 146 112 72 34 32 216 85 137 180 20 64 82 31 237 45 82 115 1,304 13 Per cent. 29 16 365 50 15 38 36 35 31 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.6 4.9 1.0 2.5 1.0 0.4 2.2 0.3 1.4 4.6 2.8 0.3 2.1 0.4 0.9 2.6 0.4 5.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 7.3 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.2 1.6 0.9 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 Foreign-bom white: 1910 Num- ber. 1,487 1,292 155 123 1,200 148 302 4,272 216 16 245 904 990 1,392 433 1,796 499 1,700 3,591 230 1,210 1,678 1,1S3 1,699 4,231 3,261 178 181 532 1,957 1,888 2,379 160 36 356 310 3,432 637 519 549 4,387 128 64 426 135 62 1,080 23 735 676 571 305 646 1,081 633 Per cent. n.6 15.4 4.8 7.8 11.5 7.4 9.7 17.8 13.7 3.0 7.7 14.9 19.8 21.5 14.4 12.4 12.6 29.1 24.4 7.3 9.9 20.1 30.5 18.8 41.6 20.9 7.8 11.7 8.6 11.3 21.8 15.3 6.3 8.4 4.7 14.8 6.1 27.0 15.6 8.7 8.9 27.0 10.1 5.0 4.4 14.5 12.5 12.5 7.0 5.2 4.6 13.8 16.9 9.5 7.5 8.9 8.9 7.6 5.9 Negro: 1910 Num- ber. 50 5 62 45 7 21 352 94 763 363 3 15 552 9 18 444 1 19 92 43 48 128 23 1 46 65 115 6,988 3,050 3,104 932 1,131 2,370 116 1,329 845 3,318 1,174 844 1,964 4,148 2,317 1,451 25 240 95 Per cent. 8.9 2.0 10.2 5.6 2.3 7.1 8.5 5.8 8.7 12.1 6.7 2.6 3.8 13.8 3.8 6.0 11.5 5.0 13.1 6.7 10.8 15.8 3.4 8.1 7.0 n.6 5.8 5.8 9.0 ILUTERATES AMONG MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. 1910 Num- ber. 27.9 32.2 20.7 14.2 18.8 15.4 9.5 12.0 12.2 16.4 13.2 16.8 2.7 4.6 25.3 19.7 24.6 22.7 3.6 13.3 9.0 5.2 '3.'9' 'i.2' 933 856 181 186 709 137 400 2,532 238 343 381 374 611 1,124 213 1,054 586 758 2,504 276 628 1,048 837 1,075 2,296 1,630 164 406 306 841 960 1,244 2,256 1,234 1,440 634 750 1,130 1,348 1,104 698 1,523 2,621 383 149 675 729 1,790 900 730 525 509 524 256 172 321 586 304 479 Per cent. 3.9 5.1 1.7 2.0 7.0 1.6 2.6 9.0 2.7 3.9 1.5 2.5 3.9 9.1 2.4 5.2 2.9 11.3 13.3 2.0 4.9 8.9 9.7 3.7 28.6 8.6 1.8 3.0 3.5 6.6 12.6 11.9 14.0 16.2 10.1 6.0 8.7 3.8 11.4 4.4 5.5 5.9 9.4 5.2 1.9 2.0 9.3 8.6 8.6 7.2 2.1 5.6 4.0 7.6 2.9 2.2 3.4 4.7 3.9 3.1 1900 Num- ber. 285 168 132 164 207 162 543 1,426 181 127 97 327 252 851 149 623 580 286 1,502 281 1,017 475 259 989 2,417 244 340 245 681 976 2,269 1,117 1,347 933 849 912 352 729 1,399 1,395 527 253 830 2,440 646 455 622 248 403 183 78 252 358 398 403 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 254 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. ELLITEBATE CHILDBEN 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE. United States as a whole. — The extent of illiteracy in the age group comprising children from 10 to 14 years old, inclusive, is of special significance, inas- much as it foreshadows the proportion of Oliteracy that may be expected for the whole native population in the future, if educational conditions remam un- changed. Moreover, a comparison of the figures for this age group as reported for 1910 and for 1900 wiU indicate, more clearly than any comparison of figures relating to the population as a whole, the changes which have taken place during the decade in the eflSciency of the country's educational system. Com- parative statistics of illiteracy among children from 10 to 14 years of age for 1910 and 1900 are given in Table 35. Table 35 CHILDREN 10 TO 14 TEARS OF AGE, INCLTJSIVE. 1910 1900 CLASS OF POPULATION. Total imterate. Total. Illiterate. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total 9,107,140 370,136 4.1 8,080,234 677,649 7.1 White 7,918,408 7,560,078 5,324,283 2,235,795 358,330 1,155,266 144,675 131,991 117,973 14,018 12,684 218,555 1.8 1.7 2.2 0.6 3.5 18.9 6,959,238 6,647,673 4,660,390 1,987,283 311,565 1,091,990 240,580 223,208 205,735 17,473 17,372 328,992 3 5 Native 3.4 Native parentage . . Foreign or mixed parentage Foreign bom 4.4 0.9 5.6 Negro 30.1 The percentage of illiteracy for children from 10 to 14 years of age declined from 7.1 in 1900 to 4.1 in 1910. The greatest relative change was among the native whites of native parentage, where the proportion of illiterates among children of this age group in 1910 was only half as great as in 1900. There was also a noteworthy diminution in the proportion for the foreign-born whites. Among the negroes the per- centage of illiteracy for children 10 to 14 years of age was still very high in 1910, being 18.9, but even, this figure represented a notable reduction as compared with the percentage in 1900. Divisions and states. — Table 36 gives, by divisions, the total population from 10 to 14 years of age, with the number and percentage illiterate, classified accord- ing to color or race, nativity, and parentage, for 1910, and the percentage of illiteracy for 1900. In each of the four northern divisions and in the Pacific division less than 1 per cent of the children in this age group in 1910 were illiterate, the minimum per- centage, 0.3, being in the East North Central division. In the three southern divisions taken together one- tenth of the children from 10 to 14 years of age were unable to write. In the Mountain division the percentage of illiteracy for this age group was smaller than in any of the southern divisions, but considerably larger than in the Pacific division. For native whites, both of native and of foreign or mixed parentage, the percentage of illiterates among children from 10 to 14 years of age was very small except in the South. The percentages for foreign-born whites were somewhat higher than for either class of the native whites in all of the divisions, and conspicu- ously so in the West South Central division. So far as the negro children were concerned, there was com- paratively little difference in the northern and western divisions between the proportion of illiterates in this group and that among the native whites. On the other hand, the percentages of illiteracy for negro chil- dren in the southern divisions were conspicuously larger than the percentages for the white children. A comparison of the figures shown for 1910 with those for 1900 indicates that there was in general a considerable diminution during the decade in the per- centage of illiteracy among children from 10 to 14 years of age; indeed, in a great many cases the percentage in 1910 was less than half what it was in 1900. Table 37 gives, by states, the population 10 to 14 years of age, with the number and percentage illiterate. Table 36 CHILDREN 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE, INCLUSIVE. All classes. Total: 1910 Illiterate. Num- ber: 1910 Per cent. 1910 1900! Native white. Native parentage. Total: 1910 Illiterate. Num- ber: 1910 Per cent. 1910 1900 Foreign or mixed parentage. Total: 1910 Illiterate. Num- ber: 1910 Per cent. 1910 1900 Foreign-lx>m white. Total: 1910 Illiterate. Num- ber: 1910 Per cent. 1910 1900 Negro. Total: 1910 Illiterate. Num- ber: 1910 Per cent. 1910 1900 United states. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central Moimtain Pacific 9,107, 559, 1,726, 1,706, 1,170, 1,396, 969, 1,016, 239, 322, 370,136 1,970 7,313 5,327 6,697 140,007 103,293 95,759 8,228 1,542 4.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 10.0 10.7 9.4 3.4 0.5 7.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.4 17.8 18.2 16.1 5.4 0.8 5,324,283 222,923 862,310 1,039,168 722,854 830,589 629,684 079, 642 149, 849 187,264 117,973 510 2,025 2,920 3, 41,768 30,561 27, 678 2,551 273 2.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 5.0 5.8 4.1 1.7 0.1 4.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.6 9.9 10.7 9.1 4.3 0.3 ,235,795 277, 105 675,339 576, 779 393, 447 42,842 17,025 71,802 69,816 111,640 14,018 605 1,731 1,185 953 349 157 8,041 718 279 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.9 11.2 1.0 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.4 1.4 11.4 1.5 0.4 358,330 54, 181 157, 894 65,327 29,230 8,259 1,812 15,016 10,052 16,559 12,684 830 3,226 773 772 437 206 5,190 832 418 3.5 1.5 2.0 1.2 2.6 5.3 11.4 34.6 8.3 2.5 5.6 5.0 5.8 2.1 3.1 7.7 8.6 36.2 7.8 2.8 ,155,266 5,092 29,648 23,184 20,281 613, 239 320, 476 240,265 1,286 1,795 218,555 18 297 270 732 97, 196 66,209 53,803 20 10 18.9 0.4 1.0 1.2 3.6 18.9 20.7 22.4 1.6 0.6 30.1 1.1 2.6 2.4 7.7 31.3 33.1 32.7 2.4 1.0 ILLITERACY. 255 ILLITERATES AMONG CHILDREN 10 TO 14 YEARS OF AGE, INCLUSIVE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 37 DIVISION AND STATE. tJnlted States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central.... South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central.. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas 1910 Total. 9,107,140 559,556 726,086 706, 759 170,674 396,058 969,343 016,531 239,610 322,523 64,588 36, 271 31,451 284,960 47,014 95,272 785,826 228,695 711,665 425,602 255,568 520,955 258,480 246,154 214,402 222,577 324, 191 69,392 60,021 121,782 168,309 Illiterat*. Num- Per ber. cent. 370,136 1,970 7,313 5,327 6,697 140,007 103,293 95, 759 8,228 1,542 493 123 105 697 290 262 2,619 1,163 3,531 1,304 714 1,805 758 746 566 536 3,744 705 394 310 443 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 10.0 10.7 9.4 3.4 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 1900 Total. 8,080,234 465,807 1,442,376 1,654,278 1,151,704 1,247,791 922,176 816,211 163,371 216,520 60,307 32,897 30,179 229,330 36,739 76,356 643,788 174,347 624,241 414,847 264,822 494,880 247,617 232, 112 192,064 239,649 347,266 35,607 47,299 121,743 168,277 Illiterate. Num- ber. 677,649 4,773 13,135 10,977 16,506 221,977 168,028 131,621 8,838 1,794 1,255 557 287 1,547 691 436 4,740 2,069 6,326 2,048 1,453 4,044 1,744 1,688: 1,365 883 11,660 836 472 412 878 Per cent. 7.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.4 17.8 18.2 16.1 5.4 0.8 2.1 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.9 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 3.4 2.4 1.0 0.3 0.6 DIVISION and state. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland , District of Columbia Virginia , West Virginia North Carolina , South Carolina Georgia Florida Eajw South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma' Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado • New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAonc: Washington Oregon Calliomia 1910 Total. 19,308 129,605 24,649 237,563 131,027 265,964 192,406 315,217 80,319 252,905 243,328 253,196 219,914 179,879 193,791 186,069 456, 792 29,686 31,902 10,829 69,688 34,408 18,091 40,070 4,936 92,802 56,776 17^,946 Illiterate. Num- ber. 3,257 93 21,917 3,491 26,955 32,858 42,861 8,282 15,233 18,285 41,637 28,238 14,820 47, 734 4,531 28,674 398 112 57 605 3,824 2,750 269 213 332 112 Per cent. 1.5 2.5 0.4 9.2 2.7 10.1 17.1 13.6 10.3 6.0 7.5 16.4 12.8 8.2 24.6 2.4 6.3 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 11.1 15.2 0.7 4.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 1900 Total. 18,746 126, 217 22,734 220,837 110,729 235,325 174, 363 277,865 60,975 251,653 243,773 228,685 198,065 166,481 169,385 97,168 383,177 19,397 16,982 7,843 48,871 21,849 11,671 33,370 3,388 48,233 41,398 126,889 Illiterate. Num- ber.' 845 5,859 398 34,612 5,819 51,190 51,536 63,329 8,389 21,247 36,375 66,072 44,334 26,972 55,691 13,467 35,491 374 209 72 742 4,354 2,592 220 275 340 175 1,279 Per cent. 4.5 4.6 1.8 16.7 6.3 21.8 29.6 22.8 13.8 8.4 14.9 16.2 32.9 13.9 9.3 1.9 1.2 0.9 1.5 19.9 22.2 0.7 8.1 0.7 0.4 1.0 > Includes population of Indian Territory for 1900. MALES 21 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER. United States as a whole. — By reason of the political privileges which appertain to males 21 years of age and over a peculiar interest attaches to the pro- portion of illiterates in touLs, Mo St. Paul, Mmn San Francisco, Cal Scranton, Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse, N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D. C Worcester, Mass ALL CLASSES. 1910 Number. 1,219 3,606 7,701 4,348 0,335 1,815 5,664 978 35,636 3,962 9,418 2,063 1,0G9 1,580 9,700 4,942 933 2,712 5,519 2,034 2.270 4,024 2,266 3,163 5,147 2,770 2,901 3,037 6,301 91,815 5S,S56 6,7H $8, its S,836 1,301 6,227 i.sn 1,429 2,584 22,222 14,165 1,187 6,738 3,187 3,158 9,106 1,576 3,621 4,616 1,373 700 2,821 1,802 5.082 2,732 Per cent. 3.8 &1 4.7 ia7 4.5 5.5 4.4 3.2 5.1 3.5 6.3 3.4 2.8 2.2 6.6 15.6 2.7 3.5 6.8 2.3 2.0 6.9 7.2 7.1 4.6 2.6 9.4 7.5 6.6 6.4 r.t IB 6.0 4-7 4.9 6.0 3.6 3.3 7.0 4.7 8.5 L3 a3 &6 4.6 4.1 2.2 2.0 12.2 L4 1.8 6.3 3.4 4.9 6.0 1900 Number. 762 3,396 10,152 2,051 8,111 1,203 6,168 1,097 20,572 3,114 5,786 1,406 679 716 3,687 4,158 823 2,528 3,094 2,096 886 5,836 2,592 6,746 3,069 1,205 3,160 1,866 10,078 66,656 43, SOS s,eoo 16,416 1,343 895 4,508 741 612 1,876 17,588 10,588 3,251 3,830 3,369 1,327 7,026 1,351 3,606 2,985 304 1,071 1,592 7,052 1,788 Per cent. 2.7 14.6 7.2 16.7 4.6 6.5 5.3 4.1 4.0 3.4 6.2 3.5 2.6 1.7 4.5 15.5 3.3 4.8 5.1 3.9 2.7 9.8 9.6 1&3 4.1 L9 14.3 5.7 13.4 6.5 7.8 e.t 4.6 6.4 4.4 6.6 3.6 L8 6.3 4.5 7.8 8.6 7.2 14.4 2.9 4.1 2.6 2.8 10.6 1.5 2.0 3.3 4.2 8.4 5.0 NATIVE white: 1910 Native imrentage. Num- ber. 45 470 434 182 54 19 92 8 216 473 70 397 130 91 40 26 448 45 242 100 464 20 71 22 42 371 15 306 446 16t 49 181 60 H 95 36 47 69 895 164 49 63 288 62 411 18 83 63 21 16 86 229 325 34 Per cent. 0.4 1.8 0.6 0.9 ai a2 a3 0.1 0.2 1.3 a2 LI ae a3 0.2 LI 0.2 LO 0.3 as a2 L6 0.3 0.4 ai 0.1 2.1 0.1 ao 0.2 o.t 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 LO 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.4 L5 0.3 ae ai a 2 a 7 ai ai as n a 7 a 3 Foreign or mixed parentage. Num- ber. 65 11 195 4 107 29 234 12 501 201 121 75 33 54 251 201 23 63 96 46 63 185 61 6 127 73 7 33 236 1,194 4t9 93 660 8S 39 166 75 38 62 776 264 31 162 18 72 397 52 75 146 21 8 64 120 66 56 Per cent. a5 a 7 a 6 a 2 a 2 a4 a 6 a 2 a 3 a 5 a3 a 7 a 4 a 3 a 6 2.6 a 3 a 5 a4 a3 as Ll a 9 a 2 a3 a 3 a 3 a 4 La a 4 o.s o.t 0.4 o.s 0.6 a 6 a 6 a 4 a7 a7 a 6 a 2 LO as a 3 as a 2 a 2 L4 ai ai a5 as a 5 ao foreign-born white: 1910 Number. L091 100 3,488 380 1,738 6,281 874 34, 145 2,103 9,047 1,124 704 1,214 9,310 4,687 865 1,200 6,267 941 1,806 601 2,183 249 4,979 2,605 66 2,929 1,328 88,818 61,188 6,481 t7,SSl 3,618 1,S00 6,694 1,494 1,223 2,383 18,287 13,053 865 6,278 112 3,014 6,315 1,468 2,683 4,299 1,145 556 2,649 L419 810 2,627 Per cent. 13.3 4.4 ia4 12.9 8.6 ia2 9.4 6.0 9.0 7.9 9.6 13.2 9.6 6.3 12.4 23.2 6.3 11.5 14.0 7.2 6.1 7.1 12.0 7.3 &9 5.8 4.6 15.3 9.8 ia7 ;/./ 8.0 11.0 9.4 10.0 1L5 7.7 8.9 11.8 ia9 18.6 3.4 16.1 5.5 ILl lao 6.1 3.6 24.6 3.2 4.5 17.7 9.0 6.9 1L5 NEGBO: 1910 Num- ber. 19 3,012 3,509 3,780 132 23 40 73 546 L183 125 459 194 100 72 6 9 991 76 787 115 2,782 1 2,825 9 39 2,456 48 4,330 608 63 HI 64 i5 216 34 110 50 2,108 663 7 187 2,765 6 1,875 26 43 5 24 4 27 30 3,801 9 Per cent. 5.0 2L7 13.4 23.0 2.6 4.9 5.4 5.3 3.1 16.0 3.8 9.1 ia9 5.0 3.2 4.5 3.4 13.1 3.6 &6 4.5 20.3 ('> . 16.4 2.3 3.2 25.3 4.0 17.1 2.9 n 7.4 7.2 2.7 5.8 11.0 7.5 7.1 L3 lae 2a 8 2.0 1L4 L7 5.2 2.3 2.0 L3 a 2 4.2 13.8 2.3 I Per cent not shown where base is less than 100. 72497°— 13 17 + * Includes populatiOD of Allegheny for 1900. Chapter 8. DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES. Introduction. — ^This chapter summarizes the data collected by the Thirteenth Decennial Census with regard to the number of dwellings and families and the average number of persons per dwelling and per family. Data are presented for each state and for the principal cities. Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions are not included. In census usage a ''dwelling" is any building in which one or more persons reside. A mere cabin, or a room in a warehouse, occupied by a single person, is a census dwelling, while on the oih&r hand an apart- ment house containing many families constitutes only one dwelling. The term "family" as here used means a household or group of persons, whether related by blood or not, who share a common abode, usually also sharing the same table. If one person lives alone, he constitutes a family, while on the other hand those who dwell in a hotel or institution in which many people live are also treated as forming a single family. Notwithstanding the fact that a family under the census definition may in some instances be very large, there is no considerable difference between the aver- age size of aU families under the census usage and the average size of what are commonly termed families or households in popular speech. At the census of 1900 a distinction was made between "private families," in most of which all or nearly all of the members are related by blood or marriage, and " economic families," comprising more or less artificial groups, including boarding houses (at least those having several or many boarders), hotels, institutions, construction gangs, lumber camps, etc. For the United States as a whole, as reported at the census of 1900, the average size of all families was 4.7 persons, and the average for private families 4.6, and in many of the states there was scarcely any difference between the two averages. In fact, the decline from census to census in the average size of "census families " is undoubtedly due to a decline in the average size of private families, resulting from a decrease m the aver- age number of children m the "natural" family.* Similarly, differences between localities as to the average size of census families in general result in the main from differences in the average size of private families and "natural" families. * It should, of course, be borne in mind that the "private family" is often by no means identical with a natural family. A natural family may be defined as consisting only of persons related by blood or marriage and as comprising all such persons within the particular degree of consanguinity which the individual using the term has in mind — the most common usage being, perhaps, to consider a hus- band and wife and their children as the unit. The members of a natural family often do not live together in the same "private family." On the other hand, many private families have servants or other members not related by blood, or members with more or less distant blood relationship. Summary for the United States. — Table 1 shows, for the United States as a whole, the statistics regarding dwellings and families at each census from 1850 to 1910, except that the data regarding dwellings for 1860 and 1870 are omitted because they are not com- parable with those for the other censuses. Table 1 CENSUS TEAE. Population. Number of occupied dwellings. Number of families. Persons toa dwell- ing. Persons to a family. 1910 91,972,266 75,994,575 162,622,250 60,155,783 38,558,371 » 27,489,561 •19,987,563 17,805,845 14,430,145 11,483,318 8,966,812 u '3,362,337 20,255,555 16,187,715 12,690,152 9,945,916 7,579,363 3 5,210,934 '3,598,240 6.2 5.3 6.5 5.6 CJ (») »5.9 4.5 1900 4.7 1890 4.9 1880 5.0 1870 5.1 I860 '5.3 1850 '5.6 > Exclusive of population (325,464) specially enumerated, for which statistics as to dwellings and families are not available. ' Dwellings reported in 1860 and 1870 Include both occupied and unoccupied dwellings. ' Dwellings and families returned for free population only. In the United States as a whole, in 1 910, with a popu- lation of 91,972,266, there were 17,805,845 occupied dwellings and 20,255,555 census families. The aver- age number of persons per dwelling was 5.2, and the average number per family, 4.5. It is obvious that the great majority of dwellings are occupied by a single family each. i At each census from 1850 to 1910, for which compa- rable figures are available, a decrease was shown in the average number of persons per dwelling and the average number per family. The decrease in the average number per dwelling has been due to the decrease in the average per family, the influence of which has been partly offset by the increased construc- tion of tenements and other dwellings containing more than one family. Divisions and states. — ^Table 2 shows, by geographic divisions and states, the number of dwellings and families in 1910 and the average number of persons per dwelling and per family for each of the last three censuses. Variations among the divisions and states with respect to the average number of persons per dwelling are largely due to variations in the proportion of the population living in great cities, where there are many tenement houses, apartment houses, and other large dwelUngs. The average number of persons per dwell- ing in 1910 was greatest in the Middle Atlantic and New England divisions (6.2 and 6, respectively), and these are the divisions with the largest proportion of urban population. The average was lowest in the Mountain division (4.5). Among the states, New York, Ehode Island, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Connecticut had an average of more than six persons per dwelling in 1910. The average was lowest in Nevada (3.6). (259) 260 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. In 1910 the average number of persons per family was greatest in the three southern divisions (4.8 in the South Atlantic and West South Central and 4.7 in the East South Central), and smallest (4.3) in the East North Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions. In all of the geographic divisions except the New England and Middle Atlantic the average size of families de- creased from 1900 to 1910, while in those two divisions there was no change. Among the individual states, the average size of families in 1910 was greatest in Minnesota and North Carolina, 5 in each case. It was 4.9 in Virginia, West Virginia, and Texas. In no state except Nevada did the average fall below 4.1. Table 2 DIVISION AND STATE. United states Geog.divs.: New England. Mid. Atlantic . E. N. Central. W. N. Central. South Atlantic E.S. Central.. W.S. Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine N. Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Ehode Island. Connecticut... Mid. Atlantic: New York New Jersey . . . Pennsylvania. E.N. Central: Ohio Indiana I Illinois ' Michigan Wisconsin.... W.N. Central: Minnesota. . . . Iowa Missouri NorthDakota South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas S. Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist.Columbia Viiginia West \''lrginia N.Carolina... S.Carolina Geoigia Florida E. S. Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. S. Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Coloiado New Mexico.. Arizona Utah Nevada P\cmc: Washington.. Oregon Calliomia Popula- tion: 1910 91,972,266 6,552,681 19,315,892 18,250,621 11,637,921 12, 194, 895 8,409,901 8,784,534 2,633,617 4,192,304 742,371 430, 572 355,956 3,366,416 542,610 1, 114, 756 9,113,614 2,537,167 7,665,111 4, 767, 121 2, 700, 876 5,638,591 2, 810, 173 2,333,860 2,075,708 2,224,771 3,293,335 577,056 683,888 1,192,214 1,690, 202,322 1,295,346 331,069 2,061,612 1,221,119 2,206,287 1,615,400 2,609,121 752,619 2,289.905 2, 184; 789 2,138,093 1, 797, 114 1,574,449 1,656,388 1,657,155 3,896,542 376,053 325,594 145,965 799,024 327,301 204,354 373,351 81,875 1.141,990 672,765 2,377,549 Dwell- ings: 1910 17,805,845 Fami- lies: 1910 1910 1900 1S90 20,255,555 1,099,336 3,093,464 3, 743, 779 2,448,083 2,424,935 1, 732, 152 1,780,510 586,451 897, 135 159,437 88,871 77,466 511,926 79, 725 181,911 1,178,686 407,295 1,507,483 1,024,800 631,554 1,006,848 618,222 462,356 380,809 498,943 677, 196 118, 757 127, 739 268,967 385, 672 43,183 253,805 68,513 400, 445 239,128 430, 570 302,842 530,631 165,818 469,669 444,814 441,249 376,420 327,625 331,220 342,488 779, 177 82,811 71,830 30,969 183,874 75,888 45,386 72,649 23,044 238,822 144,832 613, 481 1,464,942 4,235,676 4,214,820 2,692,069 2,639,270 1, 796, 832 1,827,105 614,656 970, 186 177,960 103, 156 85,178 734,013 117,976 246,659 2,046,845 558, 202 1,630,628 1, 138, 165 654, 891 1,264,717 657,418 499,629 416,462 512,515 749,812 120,910 131,060 265,549 395, 771 44,951 274, 824 71,339 419, 452 248, 480 440, 334 315, 204 553, 264 171,422 494,788 462,553 454, 767 384, 724 333,368 344, 144 351,167 798,426 86,602 73, 669 32,092 194,467 78,883 47,927 77,-339 23,677 254,692 151,858 563,636 PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 5.2 6.0 6.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 6.6 6.8 6.1 7.7 6.2 5.1 4.7 4.3 5.6 4.6 5.0 6.5 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 5.1 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.7 4.3 4.3 4.5 5.1 3.6 4.8 4.6 4.6 6.3 5.7 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.2 5.1 6.2 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.6 6.2 6.3 5.7 7.0 6.9 5.1 4.8 4.6 5.7 4.6 5.2 5.5 4.8 6.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.6 6.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 6.1 4.7 5.2 5.2 6.0 6.0 5.1 5.1 4.9 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.3 5.2 3.9 4.9 4.7 4 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.2 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 6.3 6.6 5.7 6.7 6.8 5.3 5.1 4.8 5.7 4.8 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.5 4.8 4.8 5.3 4.9 5.0 5.7 5.9 6.7 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.5 4.1 5.6 4.9 4.7 6.1 5.1 4.4 4.5 5.6 4.6 5.1 5. 6.1 PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 1910 1900 1890 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.2 4. 4.5 4.3 4.7 5.0 4.3 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.8 3.5 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.8 5.0 4.9 6.0 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.2 4. 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.9 5.1 4.6 4 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.1 6.1 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 5.2 4.4 4.3 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.9 3.8 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 6.2 5.3 5.3 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.0 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.6 5.0 5.2 4.9 5.1 4.7 4.7 5.1 4.8 4.9 5.2 6.2 6.4 5.4 5.3 5.2 6.2 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.1 5.4 6.4 4.5 4.9 4.9 4.9 Urban and rnral communities. — ^Table 3 shows statis- tics regarding dwellings and families in 1910 for urban and rural communities. Table 3 division AND CLASS OF COMMUNITY. "United States TTrban Rural New England Urban Rural Middle Atlantic Urban Rural East North Central. Urban Rural West North Central Urban Rural South Atlantic Urban Rural East South Centeal. . Urban Rural West South Central. Urban Rural Mountain Urban Rural Pacific Urban Rural Population. 91,972,266 42,623,383 49, 348, 883 6,562,681 5,455,345 1,097,336 19,315,892 13,723,373 6.692,519 18,250,621 9,617,271 8,633,350 11.637,921 3,873,716 7,764,205 12,194,896 3,092,153 9,102,742 8,409,901 1,574,229 6,835,672 8,784,534 1,957,456 6,827,078 2,633,517 947,611 1,686,006 4,192,304 2,382,329 1,809,975 Dwellings Per- sons to a family. As might be expected, the average number of persons per dwelling is materially higher in urban than in rural communities, except for the three southern divisions, the respective figures for the United States as a whole in 1910 being 5.9 and 4.7. The difference is particu- larly conspicuous in the Middle Atlantic division, in which the city of New York is situated. The average number of persons per dwelling in the urban com- munities in this division in 1910 was 7.3, as compared with 4.6 for rural communities. In the United States as a whole the average number of persons per census family is slightly smaller in urban than in rural communities, but in several of the geo- graphic divisions the average is greater in urban communities. It is probable that large ''economic" families — hotels, institutions, etc. — are more numerous in urban than in rural communities, and that if only private families were considered the rural communities would show a greater excess in average size of family, in the United States as a whole, than appears in the table. Principal cities. — ^Table 4 shows statistics regarding dwellings and families for each city of 100,000 or more inhabitants, and Table 5 presents similar statistics for cities of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. The city of New York, with an average of 15.6 per- sons per dwelling in 1910 (30.9 in Manhattan Borough), stands out conspicuously among the cities of 100,000 DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES. 261 inhabitants or more, in most of which the average number of persons per dwelHng was below 9, and in many of which it was below 5. Fall River ranks next to New York in the average number of persons per dwelling. The average number of persons per family in 1910 was highest in St. Paul (5.2) and lowest in Indianapolis (4). In New York both in 1910 and in 1900 the average number of persons per family was 4.7. DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES IN CITIES HAVING 100,000 INHABITANTS OR MORE. Table 4 Albany, N.Y Atlanta, Ga Baltimore, Md Binningham, Ala. . Boston, Mass Bridgeport, Conn . . Buffalo, N.Y Cambridge, Mass. . Chicago, 111 Cincinnati, Ohio. . . Cleveland, Ohio.. . Columbus, Ohio ... Dayton, Ohio Denver, Colo Detroit, Mich Fall River, Mass. . . Grand Rapids.Mich Indianapolis, Ind . . Jersey City, N.J... Kansas City, Mo... Los Angeles, Cal... Louisville, Ky Lowell, Mass Memphis, Tenn. ... Milwaukee, Wis Minneapol^ Minn. , Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. . , Popula- tion: 1910 100,253 154,839 558,485 132,685 670,585 102,054 423,715 104,839 2,185,283 363,591 560,663 181,511 116,577 213,381 465,766 119,295 112,571 233,650 267,779 248,381 319, 198 223,928 106,294 131, 105 373,857 301.408 110,364 ia3,605 339,075 Dwell- ings: 1910 15,437 30,308 101,905 26,989 73,919 14,934 62,335 14,577 246,744 49,525 90,465 39,580 26,692 44,736 83,124 10,962 23,432 53,359 27,805 47,978 69,061 41,686 15.056 26,710 60,724 46,903 22,118 17.466 67,192 Fami- lies: 1910 24,069 35,813 118,851 31,050 139,700 21,689 91,328 22,765 473, 141 87,541 124,822 42,645 28,370 51,339 100,356 24,378 26,925 58,645 56,790 59,296 78,678 52,155 21,932 31,154 80,566 63,241 26,077 29,271 73, 377 PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 1910 1900 1890 6.5 5.1 6.5 4.9 9.1 6.8 6.8 7.2 8.9 7.3 6.2 4.6 4.4 4. 5.6 10.9 4. 4.3 5.2 4.6 5.4 7.1 4.9 6.2 6.4 5.0 7.6 5.0 6.9 5.4 6.7 6.8 8.4 6.3 7.1 6.9 8.8 8.0 •6.0 5.2 4.7 4.9 6.5 11.0 4.9 4.7 8.7 5.8 4.5 5.9 6.9 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.3 7.1 5.4 7.2 6.7 6.0 5.5 8.5 6.4 6.9 6.8 8.6 8.9 6.0 5.4 5.0 5.9 6.6 11.2 5.3 5.0 8.8 6.7 4.9 6.4 7.2 5.6 6.2 6.5 5.5 7.3 5.6 PERSONS TO A FAMLY. 1910 1900 1890 4.2 4.3 4.7 4.3 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.2 4.6 4.9 4.2 4.0 4.7 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.8 4.2 4.6 4.8 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.8 4.5 4.8 4.6 4. 4.7 4.7 4.4 4 4 4.3 4.3 4.7 5.0 4.3 4.3 4.6 4.5 4.1 4.6 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 5.0 6.0 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.6 6.4 4.9 5.2 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.0 4.6 4.9 5.2 4.8 4.9 6.0 4.9 4.7 6.0 New York, N. Y. . . . Manhattan B or Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough. Queem Borough. . . Richmond Bor Newark, N J Oakland. Cal Omaha, Nebr Paterson, N. J Philadelphia, Pa.... Pittsburgh, Pa.« Portland, Oreg Providence, R. I Richmond, Va Rochester, N.Y... . St. Louis, Mo St. Paul, Minn San Francisco, Cal. . Scran ton. Pa Seattle, Wash Spokane, Wash Syracuse, N. Y Toledo, Ohio Washington, D.C.. Worcester, Mass Popula- tion: 1910 4,766,883 i, S3 1,54s 4S0,980 1,634,351 284,041 85,969 347,469 150,174 124,096 125,600 1,649,008 533,905 207,214 224,326 127,628 218,149 687,029 214,744 416,912 129,867 237,194 104,402 137,249 168,497 331,069 146,986 Dwell- ings: 1910 305,698 75,410 S8, 733 147,666 S9, 764 U,li5 38,693 31,740 23,657 15,812 295,220 86,942 37,436 28,705 22,205 38,860 105,650 32,616 66,025 22,143 43,669 20,282 23,200 35,888 58,513 15,109 Fami- lies: 1910 1,020,827 493,545 93,897 353,666 62,001 17,718 77,039 36,723 26,359 27,978 327,263 110,457 42,029 49,129 26,914 46,787 155,555 41,548 86,414 26,312 51,042 22,676 31,551 39,677 71,339 30,743 PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 1910 1900 1890 15.6 SO. 9 15.0 11.1 7.1 6.1 9.0 4.7 5.2 7.9 5.2 6.1 5.5 7.8 5.7 5.6 6.5 6.6 6.4 5.9 6.4 5.1 5.9 4.7 5.7 9.7 13.7 23.0 10.1 10.2 e.s 6.0 8.1 4.8 5.7 7.7 5.4 6.3 6.2 7.0 6.0 56 7.0 6.6 6.4 5.9 6.8 5.6 5.7 4.9 5.6 9.0 12.9 19.9 7.8 6.2 7.0 7.9 5.6 6.3 7.4 7.5 6.6 6.6 7.4 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.8 6.9 6.6 5.1 5.9 8.7 PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 1910 1900 1890 4.7 i-7 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.9 4.5 4.1 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.8 4. 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 5.2 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.9 4.5 4.9 5.0 5.4 4.5 4 4.7 4. 5.3 4.8 4.9 5.7 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.9 4.8 4.8 4-8 6.1 4.7 4-9 5.8 4.7 4.8 6.2 4.7 5.1 5.2 6.8 4.5 5.2 4.9 4.9 5.2 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.7 4.6 4.8 5.2 4.8 I Includes Allegheny for 1900 and 1890. DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS. Table 5 Alabama Mobile Montgomery Arkansas Little Rock Calif omia Berkeley Pasadena Sacramento San Diego San Jose Colorado Colorado Springs... Pueblo Connecticut Hartford Meriden town Meridcn city New Britain Norwich town Stamford town Stamford city Waterbury Delaware Wilmington Florida Jacksonville Tampa Georgia Augusta Macon Savannah Popu- lation: 1910 51,521 38,136 45,941 40,434 30,291 44,696 39,578 28,946 29,078 44,395 98,915 32,006 27,265 43,916 28,219 28,836 25,138 73,141 87,411 57,699 37,782 41,040 40,665 65,064 Dwell- ings: 1910 11,181 8,152 9,562 8,720 7,796 8,809 9,874 6,639 7,050 8,686 11,535 4,835 3,879 4,722 5,016 4, "" 3,7/7 7,715 17,223 12,263 7,553 9,239 8,606 13,583 Fami- lies: 1910 12,360 9,578 10,217 9,791 8,273 10,189 10,601 7,297 7,456 9,272 21,925 7,257 6,192 8,586 6,376 6,239 S,4^ 14,556 18,637 13,228 8,263 10,881 10,293 16,378 PERSONS TO A DWELUNO. 1910 1900 1890 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6 3.9 5.1 4.0 4.4 6.6 7.0 9.3 5.6 6.4 6.8 9.5 5.1 4.7 5.0 4.4 4.7 4.8 6.0 4.8 5.2 4.6 4.0 4.9 4.0 4.7 4.9 4.9 8.2 e.s 7.8 ( ( s.s 8.3 4.5 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.3 S.2 4.8 3.9 5.5 4.4 5.3 8.1 (') 7.2 7.9 (•) 5.7 (•) 8.3 6.0 5.6 5.4 PERSONS TO A FA KILT. 1910 1900 1890 4.2 4.0 4.6 4.1 3.7 4.4 3.7 4.0 3.9 4.8 4.5 4.4 14 5.1 4.4 4.6 4.6 5.0 4.7 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.6 4.4 3.9 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 (■) 4.6 4.8 4.S 4 3.9 4.5 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.8 4.9 4.7 4.8 3.9 5.2 4.3 5.1 5.1 6.5 4.6 4.7 (') 4.7 (') 4.9 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.4 5.0 4.8 Aurora Bloomington. . . Danville Decatur East St. Louis. Elgm Jofiet Peoria Quincy Rockford Springfield Indiana EvansviUe. . . Fort Wayne. South Bend.. Terre Haute. Iowa Cedar Rapids. . . Clinton Council Bluffs.. Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Sioux City Waterloo Kansas Kansas City. Topeka Wichita Kentucky Covington Lexington Newport ' Figures not available- Popu- lalfon: 1910 29,807 25,768 27,871 31,140 58, ,547 25, 976 34, 670 66,950 36,587 45,401 61,678 69,647 63,933 53,684 58,157 32,811 25, 577 29,292 43,028 86,368 38.494 47.828 28,693 82,331 43,684 52,450 53,270 35,099 30,309 Dwell ings: 1910 6,236 6,082 6,793 7,131 11,628 6,383 6,006 14,111 7,685 8,802 11,214 15,240 13,879 11,200 13, 457 7,580 5,765 6,344 8,900 18,694 7,472 9,293 5,708 18,279 10,387 11,293 9,841 7,880 5,470 Fami- lies: 1910 6,864 6,455 7,167 7, '' 12,888 6,024 7,199 15,225 8,792 10, 437 11,905 16,196 14,625 12, 039 14,320 7,949 5,978 6,722 10,316 20,599 8,417 10,204 6,093 19,677 11,243 12,671 12,621 8,530 7,315 PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 1910 1900 1890 4.8 4.2 4.1 4.4 5.0 4.8 5.8 4.7 4.8 5.2 4 4. 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.4 5.2 5.1 5.7 5.2 4.9 5.2 4.9 5.1 4.7 5.1 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.9 5.0 4.9 5.5 5.2 4.5 5.9 4.8 5.8 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.1 5.3 5.4 6.1 5.6 5.4 5.2 4.9 PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 1910 1900 1890 4.3 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.5 4.3 4.8 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.9 4.6 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.5 4.5 5.2 5.0 5.7 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 6.2 4.5 4.9 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.9 6.3 4.3 4.7 4.4 4.6 4.S 4.7 4.7 262 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— POPULATION. DWELLINGS AND FAMILIES IN CITIES HAVING FROM 25,000 TO 100,000 INHABITANTS— Continued. Table 5— Continued. Louisiana Shreveport Maine Lewis ton Portiand Massachusetts Brockton Broolcline town Ctielsea Chicopee Everett Fitchburg Haverhiil Hoiyolie Lawrence Lynn Maiden New Bedford Newton Pittsfieid Quincy Salem Somerville Springfield Taunton Waltham Michigan Battle Creek Bay City Flint Jackson Kalamazoo Lansing Saginaw Minnesota Duluth Missouri Joplin St. Joseph Springfield Montana Butte Nebraska Lincoln South Omaha New Hampshire Manchester Nashua New Jersey Atlantic City Bayonne Camden East Orange Elizabeth Hoboken Orange Passaic Perth Amboy Trenton West Hoboken town. New York Amsterdam Auburn Binghamton Ebmra Jamestown Kingston Mount Vernon New Boehelle Newburgh Niagara Falls Poughkeepaie Schenectady Troy Utica Watertown , Yonkers Popu- lation: 1910 28,015 26,247 68,571 56,878 27,792 32,452 25,401 33,484 37,826 44,115 57, 730 85,892 89,336 44,404 96,652 39,806 32, 121 32,642 43,697 77,236 88,926 34,259 27,834 25,267 45,166| 38, 550 31,433 39,4371 31,229 50,510 78,466; 32,073 77,403 35,201 39,165 43,973 26,259 70,063 26,005 46,150 55,545 94,538 34,371 73,409 70,324 29,630 64,773 32, 121 96,815 35,403 31,267 34,668 48,443 37,176 31,297 25,908 30,919 28,867 27,805 30,445 27,936 72,826 76,813 74,419 26,730 79,803 Dwell- ings: 1910 6,070 3,150 9,460 8,246 3,733 3,570 3,288 5,590 4,869 7,332 4,841 10,413 13, 112 7,419 11,504 7,403 5,834 6,128 5,917 12, 139 13,352 5,407 4,723 6,170 9,579 7,393 7,464 8,412 6,849 11,563 7,592 16,086 7,906 7,476 9,507 4,962 8,694 4,708 7,942 6,147 20,260 6,108 10,090 4,433 4,391 5,135 4,209 17,932 3,723 4,122 6,776 8,437 7,982 5,"" 4,834 4,592 4, — 4,233 6,671 4,576 10,639 10, 745 10,333 5,754 7,857 Fami- lies: 1910 6,697 5,368 13,591 13, 161 5,858 6,597 4,438 7,581 7,931 9,975 11,265 17. 142 19, 786 9,895 20,820 8,236 6,748 7,081 9,265 18,440 19,968 7,276 5,796 6,720 9,956 8,527 7,935 9,096 7,382 11,926 14,736 8,052 17,138 8,419 8,566 10,472 5,245 14,166 5,650 9,744 10,998 21,482 7,717 15,434 15, 520 6,294 10,257 6,367 19,678 8,374 6,686 7,'" 11,438 8,981 7,731 6,054 6,797 6,826 6,620 6,621 6,834 15,868 18,109 16,053 6,512 16,219 PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 1910 1900 1890 &3 6.2 a9 7.4 9.1 7.7 6.0 7 6.0 11.9 8.2 6.8 6.0 a4 5.4 5.5 5.3 7.4 6.4 6.7 6.3 5.9 4.1 4.7 5.2 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.4 &6 4.2 4.8 4.5 4.6 5.3 8.1 5.5 5.8 9.0 4.7 5.6 7.3 15.9 6.7 10.7 7.6 6.4 9.5 7.6 5.1 5.7 4.7 6.5 6.4 6.7 6.7 6.6 5.4 6.1 6.8 7.1 7.2 4.6 10.2 4.6 ao 6.1 6.0 7.1 6.6 7.0 5.4 6.8 5.8 10 7.7 6.2 5.3 7.1 5.4 5.2 5.3 6.8 5. 6.1 6.2 5.4 4.4 5.0 4.4 4.4 47 4.3 45 6.5 4 8 6.7 4 8 7.7 5.5 5.0 7.4 4 5 5.5 6.7 14 2 6.3 9.0 7.2 6.1 8.0 6.5 5.3 5.6 4 9 5.2 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.1 5.3 6.0 7.0 7.8 6.2 4 8 9.0 4 7 a6 &3 6.6 7.2 6.2 6.9 5.3 6.4 6.6 1L3 7.7 6.5 5.6 6.7 5.7 5.5 4 8 6.8 6.1 6.4 6.3 5.6 4 7 5.3 46 47 4 9 47 5.2 a 2 6.2 6.6 5.1 6.2 5.2 8.3 6.6 47 7.1 4 7 (0 6.5 12.8 6.4 7.6 6.6 6.0 (0 6.2 6.2 6.3 6.3 5.1 6.2 5.1 6.7 6.8 (') 6.3 6.4 7.8 6.0 4 8 8.6 PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 1910 1900 1890 49 43 43 47 49 5.7 44 48 44 5.1 5.0 45 46 46 48 48 46 47 42 45 47 48 3.8 45 45 40 43 42 42 40 4 6 42 46 4 2 5.0 49 46 4 7 6.1 4 4 4 6 4 4 5 4 7 6.3 5.0 4 9 4 2 4 7 44 42 41 4 4 3 4 5 5.0 4 2 4 6 41 4 6 4 2 4 6 41 4 9 49 44 43 5.0 45 5.5 44 47 42 5.1 49 44 44 45 49 47 47 45 43 44 47 49 3.9 47 41 41 43 4 2 44 4 5 6.0 4 4 6.1 6.3 4 9 4 6 5.1 6.0 4 4 4 9 4 8 4 4 4 8 5.1 5.1 4 9 4 3 4 4 5.2 44 44 5.1 4 5 5.4 4 3 47 46 5.3 49 46 45 45 5.1 49 5.6 44 45 4 5 47 49 41 5.0 42 43 45 45 49 6.8 5.0 6.3 4 9 6.0 6.2 5.2 4 7 4 6 6.6 4 6 (') 4.9 4 6 5.1 5.3 5.1 4 8 (') 4 7 4 7 4 6 46 4 4 4 6 4 9 6.4 4 6 (') 4 4 4 6 4 7 4 6 4 4 5.3 North Carolina Charlotte Wilmington Ohio Aliron Canton Hamilton Lima Lorain Newark Springfield Youngstown Zanesville Oklahoma Muskogee Oklahoma City , Pennsylvania AUentown Altoona Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster McKeesport New Castle Norristo\vn borough. , Reading Shenandoah borough WUkes-Barre Williamsport York Rhode Island Newport Pawtucket Warwick town Woonsocket South Carolina Charleston Columbia Tennessee Chattanooga Knoxville Texas Austin Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston San Antonio Waco Utah Ogden Salt Lake City Vlrgrinla Lynchburg , Norfolk Portsmouth Roanoke , Washington Tacoma , West Virginia Huntington Wheeling Wisconsin Green Bay La Crosse Madison Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Supenor Popu- lation : 1910 34,014 25,748 69,067 50,217 35, 279 30,508 28,883 25,404 46,921 79,066 28,026 25,278 64,205 51,913 52,127 38,537 28,523 66,525 64,186 25,452 55,482 47,227 42,694 36,280 27,875 96,071 25, 774 67,105 31,860 44,750 27, 149 51,622 26,629 38,125 58,833 26,319 44,604 36,346 29,860 92,104 39,279 73,312 36,981 78,800 96, 614 26,425 25,580 92,777 29,494 67, 452 33,190 34,874 83,743 31, 161 41,641 25, 236 30,417 25, 531 33,062 38,002 26,398 40,384 Dwell- ings: 1910 7,079 5,461 13,701 10,722 7,626 6,929 6,071 6,138 11,050 14,280 6,755 6,197 11,516 11,379 11,024 7,769 6,660 12,437 14,461 4,6a3 9,790 10,524 7,553 7,532 6,121 20,798 4,059 12, 127 7,266 10,078 4,477 6,699 4,939 4,200 9,652 4,979 9,023 6,836 18,536 7,992 14, 585 7,361 15,903 19,574 5,315 4,932 17,856 6,476 11,953 6,633 6,223 16,253 6,023 7,769 5,072 6,257 5,182 7,169 7,054 4,714 6,105 Fami- lies: 1910 7,740 5,878 15,851 11,845 8,256 7,358 6,076 6,439 11,621 16,228 7,163 6,799 13,665 11,772 11,473 8,032 6,935 14,742 15,073 5,002 10,665 10,836 8,802 8,146 5,391 21,809 4,619 13,247 7,660 10,405 5,531 11,299 5,719 7,480 15,093 5,745 10,580 7,905 6,194 20,516 8,792 16,295 8,258 17,040 21,096 5,651 5,424 20,283 6,242 15, 498 7,120 7,179 18,064 6,541 9,843 5,448 6,686 5,949 7,581 8,286 5,859 7.046 PERSONS TO A DWELLING. 1910 1900 1890 48 4 7 6.0 4 7 4.6 4 4 6.7 41 4 2 6.6 41 49 6.6 46 4 7 6.0 4 3 6.3 4 4 5.4 5.7 4 6 5.7 4 8 5.4 4 6 6.3 6.5 44 4 4 6.1 7.7 6.4 9.1 6.1 5.3 49 5.3 5.1 5.0 4 9 5.0 5.0 5.0 4 9 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.6 6.0 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.0 49 4 9 4 6 5.4 5.6 6.6 6.2 47 49 4 6 6.0 4 6 6.0 4 6 4 8 5.4 4.4 47 5.4 47 4 9 6.1 4 5 5.4 4 6 5.0 5.4 4 7 5.6 49 5.3 4 9 5.8 5.3 4 6 4 7 5.8 6.7 6.5 9.1 6.4 5.7 5.2 5.6 5.3 5.2 5.0 4 9 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.-2 5.7 6.1 6.4 5.6 6.4 6.2 5.1 5.4 4 9 5.3 5.6 6.3 5.1 5.0 6.0 5.2 5.2 6.3 5.0 4 8 4 8 6.5 4 8 3.6 5.0 6.2 5.1 4 4 5.7 48 5.4 6.6 49 6.8 49 5.4 6.0 6.7 5.4 4 9 4 6 6.1 7.2 5.8 9.5 6.7 6.1 5.3 6.1 5.3 5.6 5.2 5.6 6.1 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.7 6.4 6.3 6.0 5.7 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.5 5.2 6.2 5.1 6.0 PERSONS TO A FAMILY. 1910 1900 1890 4 4 4.4 44 4 2 4 3 41 4 8 3.9 4 4 9 3.9 44 4 5 4 8 41 46 4 3 6.1 5.2 4 4 49 4 5 6.2 44 5.6 5.1 4 2 4 3 4 9 4 6 4 7 5.1 3.9 4 4 2 46 48 45 45 45 4 5 4 6 4 6 4 7 4 7 4. 4 7 4.4 4 7 4 9 48 42 4 6 4 6 4 3 4 4 4 6 4 5 5.7 i Figures not available. AGRICULTURE Chapter 9.— FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY Chapter 10.— TENURE, MORTGAGE INDEBTEDNESS, COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS, AND SIZE OF FARMS- CHAPTER 11.— LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE Chaf»TER 12.— live stock products and domestic animals SOLD OR SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS Chapter 13.— FARM CROPS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE Chapter 14.— IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS (263) Chapter 9. FARMS AND FARM PROPEETY. UinTED STATES AS A WHOLE: 1910 AND 1900. The present chapter gives the principal data per- taining to farms and farm property, by states and geographic divisions, for 1910 and 1900, and by geo- graphic divisions for each census from 1850 to 1910. The following table summarizes, for the United States (excluding noncontiguous possessions) , the prin- cipal facts with regard to farms and farm property for the years 1910 and 1900: FARMS, FARM LAND, AND FARM PROPERTY OF THE UNITED STATES. Table 1 Population Urban population ^ Rural population ' Number of all farms Land area of the country acres. Land in farms acres. Improved land in farms acres. Average acreage per farm Average improved acreage per farm Per cent of total land area in farms Per cent of land in farms improved Per cent of total land area improved Value of farm property, total Land Buildings Implements and machinery Domestic animals, poultry, and bees Average value of all property per farm Average value of all property per acre of land in farms Average value of land per acre 1910 (April 15) 91, 972, 266 42, 623, 383 49, 348, 883 6, 361, 602 * 1, 903, 289, 600 878, 798, 325 478, 451, 750 138.1 75.2 46.2 54.4 25.1 $40, 991, 449, 090 28, 475, 674, 169 6, 325, 451, 528 1, 265, 149, 783 4, 925, 173, 610 $6,444 146.64 132.40 1900 (June 1) 75, 994, 575 31, 609, 645 44, 384, 930 5, 737, 372 * 1, 903, 461, 760 838, 591, 774 414, 498, 487 146.2 72.2 44.1 49.4 2L8 $20, 439, 901, 164 13, 058, 007, 995 3, 556, 639, 496 749, 775, 970 3, 075, 477, 703 $3,563 $24. 37 $15. 57 IKCBEASE.I Amount. 15, 977, 691 11, 013, 738 4, 963, 953 624, 130 * -172, 160 40, 206, 551 63, 953, 263 -8.1 3.0 $20, 661, 647, 926 15, 417, 666, 174 2, 768, 812, 032 515, 373, 813 1, 849, 695, 907 $2, 881 $22. 27 $16. 83 Per cent. 2L0 34.8 11.2 10.9 4.8 15.4 -5.5 4.2 100.6 118.1 77.8 68.7 60.1 80.9 9L4 108.1 > A minus sign (— ) denotPS dpcrcasc. » Population of incorijorated places having, in 1910, 2,500 or more inhabitants. The figure for 1900 does not represent the urban population according to that ' census but is the population in that year of the territory classified as urban in 1910. ' Total, exclusive of urban. (See Note 2.) * Change in area due to the drainage of lakes and swamps of Illinois and Indiana, building of the Roosevelt and Laguna reservoirs, and the formation of the Salton Sea in California. There are in the United States 6,361,502 farms,* containing a total of 878,798,000 acres,^ of which 478,452,000 acres are improved. The land in farms represents somewhat less than one-half, 46.2 percent, of the total land area of the country, while the im- proved land represents somewhat over one-half, 54.4 per cent, of the total acreage of land in farms. Im- proved land in farms thus represents almost exactly one-fourth, 25.1 per cent of the total land area of the country. On the average the farms of the United States contain 138.1 acres, of which, on the average, over one-haK, 75.2 acres, are improved land. > Faxjn.— A "farm" for census purposes is all the land which is directly fanned by one person managing and conducting agricultural operations, either by his own labor alone or with the assistance of members of his household or hired employees. The term "agricultural operations" is used as a general term referring to the work of growing crops, producing other agricultural products, and raising animals, fowls, and bees. A "farm" as thus defined may consist of a single tract of land or of a number of separate and distinct tracts, and these several tracts may be held under different tenures, as where one tract is owned by the farmer and another tract is hired by him. Further, when a landowner has one or more tenants, renters, crop- pers, or managers, the land operated by each is considered a "farm." In applying the foregoing definition of a "farm" for census purposes, enumerators were instructed to report as a " farm " any tract of 3 or more acres used for agricultural purposes, no matter what the value of the products raised upon the land or the amount of labor involved in operating the same in 1909. In addition, they were Instructed to report in the same manner all tracts containing less than 3 acres which either produced at least $250 worth of farm products in the year 1909, or on which the continuous services of at least one person were expended. ' Land in farms.— Land in farms is divided at the present census into (1) improved land , (2) woodland, and (3) all other unimproved land. The same classi- fication was followed in 1880. At former censuses, except that of 1880, farm land was divided into improved land and unimproved land, woodland being included with unimproved land. Improved land includes all land regularly tilled or mowed, land pastured and cropped in rotation, land lying fallow, land in gardens, orchards, vineyards, and nurseries, and land occupied by farm buildings. Woodlaiid includes all land covered with natural or planted forest trees which produce, or later may produce, firewood or other forest products. All other unimproved land includes brush land, rough or stony land, swamp land, and any other land which is not improved or in forest. It should be noted, however, in this connection that the census classification of farm land as "improved land," "woodland," and "other unimproved land " is one not always easy for the farmers or enumerators to make, owing to the fact that the farmers sometimes use these terms with different mean- ings from those assigned to them by the Bureau of the Census. There is evidence that the same kind of land has at certain times and places been reported as "improved land " and at other times and places as " unimproved land," rendering these classifications less accurate than the report of total farm acreage and value. (265) 266 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The total value of farm property reaches the enor- mous sum of $40,991,000,000, of which over two- thirds represents the value of land, about one-sixth the value of buildings, and about another one-sixth the combined value of implements and machinery and of live stock. The average value of all farm property per farm reporting is $6,444. The average value of all farm property per acre of land in farms is $46.64, and the average value of the land itself per acre is $32.40. It is a significant fact that whereas the total popu- lation increased 21 per cent between 1900 and 1910, the urban population increased 34.8 per cent and the rural population only 11.2 per cent. The num- ber and acreage of farms mcreased much less rapidly the;^ the total population, but the growth in the number of farms nearly kept pace with the move- ment of the rural population, amounting to 10.9 per cent. The total farm acreage, on the other hand, in- creased only 4.8 per cent. This, however, is less significant than the increase in acreage of improved farm land, which amounted to 15.4 per cent, showing a greater percentage of mcrease than the number of farms or rural population but still f aUuig appreciably behind the increase in total population. It should be noted that "rural population" is a much broader term than ''agricultural population." "Rural" as here used includes the entire population outside of incor- porated places, including New England "towns," having 2,500 inhabitants or more. The average size of a farm decreased from 146.2 acres in 1900 to 138.1 acres in 1910, but the average acreage of improved land per farm was somewhat greater in the later year than in the earlier. It is possible that the reported increase in the proportion of farm land im- proved, from 49.4 per cent in 1900 to 54.4 in 1910, is partly due to differences of interpretation as to what constitutes improved land. (See definitions, p. 265.) The total value of farm property a Httle more than doubled during the decade 1900 to 1910. The greater part of this extraordinary increase has been in farm land, the value of which increased no less than 118.1 per cent, and this in turn was due largely to the ad- vance in the price of land, the average value per acre being more than twice as high in 1910 as in 1900 — $32.40 as compared with $15.57. There have been remarkable increases, also, in the value of farm build- ings and equipment, the value of buildings having increased 77.8 per cent, that of implements and macliinery 68.7 per cent, and that of Uve stock 60.1 per cent. Notwithstanding the decrease in the average size of farms, the value of all farm property per farm in- creased from $3,563 in 1900 to $6,444 in 1910, or 80.9 per cent. FARMS AND FARM lAND, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Geographic distribution of farms and farm land. — The agricultural industry of the country is very un- equally distributed among its diflferent sections and states. Table 3, on pages 268 and 269, shows for each of the nine main geographic divisions and for each state the total and rural population, number of farms, total land area, and acreage of farm land and of improved farm land for 1910 and 1900. It also shows what percentage of the respective totals was found in each division and state at each of these censuses. While the differences among the several geographic divisions as regards the proportions in which they con- tribute to the farming industry of the country are naturally affected greatly by the differences in the total area of the divisions, it is evident that they are due in large degree to differences in the extent to which the land is capable of utilization for farming purposes, or has thus far been so utilized. For in- stance, the Mountain division, wliich comprises 28.89 per cent of the total land area, has only 3.33 per cent of the improved farm land. There is little correspondence between the geo- graphic distribution of population and that of the agricultural industry. Notwithstanding the fact that "rural population," as shown in the table, includes large numbers of persons not living on farms, there is, naturally, a somewhat closer correspondence between the distribution of the rural population and that of the number of farms and the acreage of farm land. Table 3 shows that, whether the importance of the agricultural industry be judged by the number of farms, the total acreage of farms, or the total improved acreage, the great bulk of it is to be found in five geographic divisions — namely, the four which con- stitute the territory between the Alleghenies and the Rocky Mountains (East and West North Central and East and West South Central) together with the South Atlantic. Each of these five divisions has in the neighborhood of one-sixth of the total number of farms in the country. The West North Central division has a decidedly larger acreage of farm land than any other; it con- tains 26.5 per cent of the total farm acreage of the United States. The West South Central division ranks next, with 19.2 per cent of the total, followed by the East North Central and the South Atlantic. Notwithstanding their great total area, the Moun- tain and Pacific divisions contain only a compara- tively small proportion of the present farm land of the country. The acreage of improved farm land is on the whole the best criterion of the agricultural importance of a given state or division. Five-sixths of the improved farm land of the country is in the two North Central, FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 267 the two South Central, and the South Atlantic divi- sions. More than one-third of the total (34.3 per cent) is found in the West North Central division, the broad prairies of which are pecuharly adapted for almost complete utihzation for farming purposes. The East North Central division ranks next, containing 18,6 per cent of the improved farm land of the country, and the West South Central follows with 12.2 per cent. The Mountain and Pacific divisions together con- tribute less than 8 per cent of the total, this small proportion being due partly to the newness of this section and partly to the great extent of mountainous and arid territory. It is convenient also to consider the country as divided into three great groups of states, which may be designated, in general terms, as the North, the South, and the West, The North includes the first four divi- sions Hsted in Table 3, the South the next three divi- sions, and the West the last two. Another convenient comparison is between the territory east and that west of the Mississippi River. The following table shows, for each of these sections, the percentages which the number of farms, the acreage of farm land, and the acreage of improved farm land represent of the totals for the United States: Table 2 PKB CSNT or UNITED STATES TOTALS. SECTION. Number of farms. AU land in farms. Improved land In farms. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 United States 100.0 45.4 48.7 5.9 100.0 50.1 46.7 4.2 100.0 47.1 40.3 12.6 100.0 45.6 43.2 11.2 100.0 60.6 31.5 7.9 100.0 The North 63.0 The South 30.4 The West /. . 6.6 Kast of the Mississippi 61.9 38.1 64.1 35.9 41.7 58.3 43.8 56.2 45.6 54.4 51.1 West of the Mississippi . . 48.9 While the South has a larger proportion of the num- ber of farms than the North, it has a smaller propor- tion of the total farm land of the country, and a decidedly smaller proportion of the improved farm land. The North contained a sHghtly larger propor- tion of the total area of farm land in 1910 than it did in 1900, but its proportion of the improved farm land was less in the later year than in the earher. Precisely the opposite is true of the South, The movement of agriculture toward the West, which had been going on since the first settlement of the country, continued during the past decade. The four divisions lying west of the Mississippi, taken to- gether, comprised 54.4 per cent of the improved farm land of the country in 1910 as compared with 48.9 per cent in 1900. Increases and decreases: 1900-1910. — It will be seen by Table 3 that in the territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, comprising three geographic divisions — New England, Middle Atlantic, and East North Central — there was an actual decrease in the num- ber of farms between 1900 and 1910, despite a large increase in population. In the West North Central division the increase in the number of farms has been comparatively small, amounting to 4.6 per cent. In all of the other five divisions there has been a very con- siderable increase in the number of farms. In the East South Central and Mountain divisions the num- ber increased more rapidly than the total population. Great differences appear among the several geo- graphic divisions with respect to the changes in the total acreage of land in farms. In the New England, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and West South Central divisions tliere was a decrease in the acreage reported in farms. The largest decrease, both in absolute amount and in percentage, was in the West South Central division, but this is in a sense mis- leading. A considerable increase in the acreage of farms occurred in two of the states of the division, Arkansas and Oklahoma. In Louisiana a moderate decrease appeared, due to the purchase by nonresi- dents of undeveloped lands in the extreme southern part of the state, which had been reported as parts of farms in 1900, although not actually used for agricul- ture. A larger percentage of the total land area of the state is now improved than in 1900. In Texas there was nominally a very great decrease in the acre- age of farm land, but a large part if not all of this was due to the fact that in 1900 the state contained many enormous ranches which in their entirety were reported as farm land, whereas in 1910 many of these ranches were broken into smaller tracts, some of which were reported as farms, while others had not been put to use for agriculture. Some large tracts of land which were owned by nonresidents and not used at the time of enumeration in 1910 had been used more or less for grazing in 1900, The acreage of improved land in Texas increased greatly during the decade. In the East North Central and East South Central divisions there was a slight increase in farm land during the past decade. In the West North Central division over 31,000,000 acres more land was reported in farms in 1910 than in 1900, this increase represent- ing more than three-fourths of the total increase for the United States. The percentage of increase in this division, 15.7 per cent, was, however, exceeded by that in the Mountain division, 28.3 per cent. A very considerable increase in farm land was also reported for the Pacific states. Most of the states show the same movement with regard to acreage of farm land as the divisions in which they are situated, but there are a few exceptions. In the East North Central division, for example, which as a whole showed an increase, this was confined to the states of Michigan and Wisconsin, there being de- creases in farm land in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 268 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. FARMS, LAND IN FARMS, AND POPULATION, BY STATES AND DIVISIONS, WITH PER CENT [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 3 DIVISION OR STATE. United states Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California total pofulation. 1910 91,972,266 6,552,681 19,315,892 18,250,621 11,637,921 12,194,895 8,409,901 8,784,534 2,633,517 4,192,304 742,371 430,572 355,956 3,366,416 542,610 1,114,756 9,113,614 2,537,167 7,665,111 4,767,121 2,700,876 5,638,591 2,810,173 2,333,860 2,075,708 2,224,771 3,293,335 577,056 583,888 1,192,214 1,690,949 202,322 1,295,346 331,069 2,061,612 1,221,119 2,206,287 1,515,400 2,609,121 752,619 2,289,905 2, 184, 789 2,138,093 1, 797, 114 1,574,449 1,656,388 1,657,155 3,896,542 376,053 325,594 145,965 799,024 327,301 204,354 373,351 81,875 1,141,990 672, 765 2,377,549 1900 75,994,575 5,592,017 15,454,678 15,985,581 10,347,423 10,443,480 7,547,757 6,532,290 1,674,657 2,416,692 694,466 411,588 343,641 2,805,346 428,556 908,420 7,268,894 1,883,669 6,302,115 4,157,545 2,516,462 4,821,550 2,420,982 2,069,042 1,751,394 2,231,853 3,106,665 319, 146 401,570 1,066,300 1,470,495 184,735 1,188,044 278,718 1,854,184 958,800 1,893,810 1,340,316 2,216,331 528,542 2, 147, 174 2,020,616 1,828,697 1,551,270 1,311,564 1,381,625 3 790,391 3,048,710 243,329 161,772 92,631 539,700 195,310 122,931 276,749 42,335 518,103 413,536 1,485,053 Increase. Number. Per ct 15,977,691 960,664 3,861,214 2,265,040 1,290,498 1,751,415 862,144 2,252,244 958,860 1,775,612 47,905 18,984 12,315 561,070 114,054 206,336 1,844,720 653,498 1,362,9% 609,576 184,414 817,041 389, 191 264,818 324,314 -7,082 186,670 257,910 182,318 125,914 220,454 17,587 107,302 52,351 207,428 262,319 312,477 175,084 392,790 224,077 142,731 164, 173 309,396 245,844 262,885 274, 763 866,764 847,832 132,724 163,822 53,434 259,324 131,991 81,423 96,602 39,640 623,887 259,229 892,496 17.2 25.0 14.2 12.5 16.8 11.4 34.5 57.3 73.5 6.9 4.6 3.6 20.0 26.6 22.7 25.4 34.7 21.6 14.7 7.3 16.9 16.1 12.8 18.5 -0.3 6.0 80.8 45.4 11.8 15.0 9.5 9.0 18.8 11.2 27.4 16.6 13.1 17.7 42.4 8.1 16.9 15.8 20.0 19.9 109.7 27.8 54.5 101.3 57.7 48.0 67.6 66.2 34.9 93.4 120.4 62.7 60.1 RURAL population. 1910 49,348,883 1,097,336 5,592,519 8,633,350 7,764,205 9,102,742 6,835,672 6,827,078 1,686,006 1,809,975 360,928 175,473 187,013 241,049 17,956 114,917 1,928,120 629,957 3,034,442 2,101,978 1,557,041 2, 161, 662 1,483,129 1,329,540 1,225,414 1,544,717 1,894,518 513,820 507,215 881,362 1,197,159 105,237 637,154 1,585,083 992,877 1,887,813 1,290,568 2,070,471 533,539 1,734,463 1,743,744 1,767,662 1,589,803 1,371,768 1,159,872 1,337,000 2,958,438 242,633 255,696 102,744 394, 184 280, 730 141,094 200,417 68,508 536,460 365,705 907,810 1900 44,384,930 1,102,486 5,146,961 8,637,570 7,324,759 8,105,763 6,361,467 5,370,554 1,099,325 1,236,045 354,902 185,581 195,235 235,852 16,877 114,039 1,916,611 520,016 2,710,334 2,130,083 1,640,168 2,155,217 1,454,156 1,257,946 1, 137, 799 1,664,586 1,963,234 285,784 353,625 804,447 1,116,284 99,018 694,911 1,499,323 821,336 1,685,595 1,163,046 1,840,279 402,255 1,663,941 1,684,894 1,591,027 1,421,605 1,179,845 1,000,628 3 701,243 2,488,838 153,853 139,665 59,005 270,038 168,826 101,522 168,581 37,835 290,489 270,696 674,860 Increase. Number. Per ct 4,963,953 -5, 150 445,558 -4,220 439,446 996,979 474,205 1,456,524 586,681 573,930 6,026 -10,108 -8,222 5,197 1,079 878 11,509 109,941 324,108 -28,105 -83, 127 6,445 28,973 71,594 87,615 -119,869 -68, 716 228,036 153,590 76,915 81,875 6,219 42,243 85,760 171,541 202,218 127,522 230,192 131,284 70,522 58,850 176,635 168, 198 191,923 159,244 635, 757 469,600 88,780 116,031 43,739 124, 146 111,904 39,572 31,836 30,673 245,971 95,009 232,950 11.2 -0.5 8.7 -(■) 6.0 12.3 7.5 27.1 53.4 46.4 1.7 -5.4 -4.2 2.2 6.4 0.8 0.6 21.1 12.0 -1.3 -5.1 0.3 2.0 5.7 7.7 -7.2 -3.5 79.8 43.4 9.6 7.3 6.3 7.1 6.7 20.9 12.0 11.0 12.5 32.6 4.2 3.5 11.1 11.8 16.3 15.9 90.7 18.9 57.7 83.1 74.1 46.0 66.3 39.0 18.9 81.1 84.7 35.1 34.6 NUMBER OP ALL FARMS. 1910 6,361,502 188,802 468, 379 1,123,489 1,109,948 1,111,881 1,042,480 943, 186 183,446 189,891 60,016 27,053 32,709 36,917 5,292 26,815 215,697 33,487 219,295 272,045 215,485 251,872 206,960 177, 127 156, 137 217,044 277,244 74,360 77,644 129,678 177,841 10,836 48,923 217 184,018 96,685 253,725 176,434 291,027 50,016 259,185 246,012 262,901 274,382 214,678 120,546 190, 192 417,770 26,214 30,807 10,987 46,170 35,676 9,227 21,676 2,689 56,192 45,502 88,197 1900 5,737,372 191,888 485, 618 1,135,823 1,060,744 962,225 903,313 754,853 101,327 141,581 69,299 29,324 33,104 37, 715 5,498 26,948 226, 720 34,650 224,248 276,719 221,897 264, 151 203,261 169,795 154,659 228,622 284,886 45,332 52,622 121,525 173,098 9,687 46,012 269 167,886 92,874 224,637 155,355 224,691 40,814 234,667 224,623 223,220 220,803 178,694 115,969 3 108,000 352,190 13,370 17,471 6,095 24,700 12,311 5,809 19,387 2,184 33,202 35,837 72,542 Increase. Number. Per ct. 624, 130 -3,086 -17,239 -12,334 49,204 149,656 139, 167 188,333 82, 119 48,310 717 -2,271 -395 -798 -206 -133 -11,123 -1,163 -4,953 -4,674 -6,412 -12,279 3,699 7,332 1,478 -11,578 -7,642 29,028 25,022 8,153 4,743 1,149 2,911 -52 16, 132 3,811 29,088 21,079 66,336 9,202 24,518 21,389 39,681 53,579 35,984 4,577 82,192 65,580 12,844 13,336 4,892 21,470 23,365 3,418 2,289 505 22,990 9,665 15,656 > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent - Less than one-hundredth of 1 per cent. FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 269 DISTRIBUTION OF UNITED STATES TOTALS AMONG DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Total land area (acres). ALL LA20) m FABMS (ACRES). IMPBOVED L.'IND IN FARMS (ACHES). PEE CENT or UNITED i STATES TOTALS. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 Increase. Land Farms. Farm land. Improved. Acres. Per ct. Acres. Per ct. area. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1 1,903,289.600 878,798,325 838,591,774 40,206.551 4.8 478,451,750 414.498,487 63,953,263 15.4 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 2 39,664,640 19,714,931 20,548,999 -834,068 -4.1 7,254,904 8,134,403 -879,499 -10.8 2.08 2.97 3.34 2.24 2.45 1.52 1.96 Z 64,000,000 43,191,056 44,860,090 -1,669,034 -3.7 29,320,894 30,786,211 -1,465,317 -4.8 3.36 7.36 8.46 4.91 S.35 6.13 7.43 4 157.160,960 117,929,148 116,340,761 1,588,387 1.4 88,947,228 86,670,271 2,276,957 2.6 8.26 17.66 19.80 13.42 18.87 18.59 20.91 5 326,914,560 232,648,121 201,008,713 31,6.39,408 15.7 164,284,862 135,643,828 28,641,034 21.1 17.18 17.45 18.49 26.47 23.97 34.34 32.72 6 172,205,440 103,782,255 104,297,506 -515,251 -0.5 48,479,733 46,100,226 2,379,507 5.2 9.05 17.48 16.77 11.81 12.44 10.13 11.12 7 114,885,760 81,520,629 81,247,643 272,986 0.3 43,946,846 40,237,337 3,709,509 9.2 6.04 16.39 15.74 9.28 9.69 9.19 9.71 8 275,037,440 169,149,976 176,491,202 -7,341,226 -4.2 58,284,273 39,770,530 18,493,743 46.5 14.45 14.83 13.16 19.25 21.05 12.18 9.59 9 549,840,000 59,533,420 46,397,284 13,136,136 28.3 15,915,002 8,402,576 7,512,426 89.4 28.89 2.88 1.77 6.77 5.63 3.33 2.03 10 203,580,800 51,328,789 47,399,576 3,929,213 8.3 22,038,008 18,753,105 3,284,903 17.5 10.70 2.98 2.47 5.84 6.65 4.61 4.52 11 19,132,800 6,296,859 6,299,946 -3,087 -(') 2,360,657 2,386,889 -36,232 -1.1 1.01 0.94 1.03 0.72 0.75 0.49 0.58 12 5,779,840 8,249,458 3,609,864 -360,406 -10.0 929,185 1,076,879 -147,694 —13.7 0.30 0.43 0.51 0.37 0.43 0.19 0.26 13 5,839,360 4,663,577 4,724,440' -60,863 -1.3 1,633,965 2,126,624 -492,659 -23.2 0.31 0.51 0.58 0.53 0.56 0.34 0.51 14 5,144,960 2,875,941 3,147,064 -271,123 -8.6 1,164,501 1,292,132 -127,631 -9.9 0.27 0.58 0.66 0.33 0.38 0.24 0.31 15 682,880 443,308 45.5,602 -12,294 -3.7 178,344 187,354 -9,010 -4.8 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 16 3,084,800 ?, 185, 788 2,312,083 -126,295 -5.5 988,252 1,064,525 -76,273 -7.2 0.16 0.42 0.47 0.25 0.28 0.21 0.26 17 30,498,560 22,030,367 22,648,109 -617,742 -2.7 14,844,039 15,599,986 -755,947 -4.8 1.60 3.39 3.95 2.51 2.70 3.10 3.76 18 4,808,960 2,573,857 2,840,966 -267,109 -9.4 1,803,336 1,977,042 -173,706 -8.8 0.26 0.53 0.60 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.48 19 28,692,480 18,586,832 19,371,015 -784,183 -4.0 12,073,619 13,209,183 -635,664 -4.1 1.51 3.46 3.91 2.11 2.31 2.65 3.19 20 26,073,600 24,105,708 24,501,985 -396,277 -1.6 19,227,969 19,^,472 -16,503 -0.1 1.37 4.28 4.82 2.74 2.92 4.02 4.64 21 23,068,800 21,299,823 21,619,623 -319,800 -1.6 16,931,262 16,680,358 250,894 1.6 1.21 3.39 3.87 2.42 2.58 3.54 4.02 22 35,867,520 32,522,937 32,794,728 -271,791 -0.8 28,048,323 27,699,219 349,104 1.3 1.88 3.96 4.60 3.70 3.91 5.86 6.68 23 36,787,200 18,940,614 17,561,698 1,378,916 7.9 12,832,078 11,799,250 1,032,828 8.8 1.93 3.25 3.54 2.16 2.09 2.68 2.85 24 35,303,840 21,060,066 19,862,727 1,197,339 6.0 11,907,606 11,246,973 660,634 6.9 1.86 2.78 2.96 2.40 2.37 2.49 2.71 25 51,749,120 27,675,823 26,248,498 1,427,325 5.4 19,643,533 18,442,685 1,200,948 6.5 2.72 2.45 2.70 3.15 3.18 4.11 4.45 26 35,575,040 33,930,688 34,574,337 -643,649 -1.9 29,491,199 29,897,552 -406,353 -1.4 1.87 3.41 3.98 3.86 4.12 6.16 7.21 27 43,985,280 34,591,248 33,997,873 693,376 1.7 24,581,186 22,900,043 1,681,143 7.3 2.31 4.36 4.97 3.94 4.05 5.14 5.52 28 44,917,120 28,426,650 15,642,640 12,884,010 82.9 20,455,092 9,644,520 10,810,572 112.1 2.36 1.17 0.79 3.23 1.85 4.28 2.33 29 49,195,520 20,016,892 19,070,616 6,946,276 36.4 15,827,208 11,286,983 4,641,225 40.2 2.58 l.*22 0.92 2.96 2.27 3.31 2.72 30 49,157,120 38,622,021 29,911,779 8,710,242 29.1 24,382,577 18,432,595 6,949,982 32.3 2.68 2.04 2.12 4.39 3.57 5.10 4.45 31 52,335,360 43,384,799 41,662,970 1,721,829 4.1 29,904,067 25,040,550 4,863,617 19.4 2.76 2.80 3.02 4.94 4.97 6.25 6.04 32 1,257,600 1,038,866 1,066,228 -27,362 -2.6 713,538 754,010 -40,472 -5.4 0.07 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.18 33 6,362,240 5,057,140 5,170,075 -112,935 -2.2 3,354,767 3,516,352 -161,585 -4.6 0.33 0.77 0.80 0.58 0.62 0.70 0.85 34 38,400 6,063 8,489 -2,426 -412,247 —28.6 6,133 9,870,058 5,934 10,094,805 —801 —13.5 1.35 35 25,767,680 19,495,636 19,907,883 -2.1 -224,747 -2.2 2.89 2,93 2.22 2.37 2.06 2.44 36 15,374,080 10,020,442 10,654,513 -628,071 -6.9 5,521,757 5,498,981 22,776 0.4 0.81 1.52 1.62 1.14 1.27 1.15 1.33 37 31,193,600 22,439,129 22,749,356 -310,227 -1.4 8,813,056 8,327,106 485,950 5.8 1.64 3.99 3.92 2.55 2.71 1.84 2.01 38 19,516,800 13,512,028 13,985,014 -472,986 -3.4 6,097,999 5,775,741 322,258 5.6 1.03 2.77 2.71 1.54 1.67 1.27 1.39 39 37,584,000 26,953,413 26,392,057 561,356 2.1 12,298,017 10,615,644 1,682,373 15.8 1.97 4.57 3.92 3.07 3.15 2.57 2.56 40 35,111,040 5,253,538 4,363,891 889,647 20.4 1,805,408 1,511,653 293,755 19.4 1.84 0.79 0.71 0.60 0.52 0.38 0.36 41 25,715,840 22,189,127 21,979,422 209,705 1.0 14,354,4n 13,741,968 .612,503 4.5 1.35 4.07 4.09 2.52 2.62 3.00 3.32 42 26,679,680 20,041,657 20,342,058 -300,401 -1.6 10,890,484 10,245,950 644,534 6.3 1.40 3.87 3.92 2.28 2.43 2.28 2.47 43 32,818,560 20,732,312 20,685,427 40,885 0.2 9,693,581 8,654,991 1,038,590 12.0 1.72 4.13 3.89 2.36 2.47 2.03 2.09 44 29,671,680 18,557,533 18,240,736 316,797 1.7 9,008,310 7,594,428 1,413,882 18.6 1.56 4.31 3.85 2.11 2.18 1.88 1.83 45 33,616,000 17,416,075 16,636,719 779,356 4.7 8,076,254 6,953,735 1,122,519 16.1 1.77 3.37 3.11 1.98 1.98 1.69 1.68 46 29,061,760 10,439,481 11,059,127 -619,646 -5.6 5,276,016 4,666,532 609,484 13.1 1.53 1.89 2.02 1.19 1.32 1.10 1.13 47 44,424,960 28,859,353 3 22,988,339 5,871,014 25.5 17,551,337 '8,574,187 8,977,150 104.7 2.33 2.99 »1.88 3.28 3 2.74 3.67 3 2.07 48 167,934,720 112,435,067 125,807,017 -13,371,950 -10.6 27,360,666 19,576,076 7,784,590 39.8 8.82 6.57 6.14 12.79 15.00 5.72 4.72 49 93,568,640 13,545,603 11,844,454 1,701,149 14.4 3,640,309 1,736,701 1,903,608 109.6 4.92 0.41 0.23 1.54 1.41 0.76 0.42 50 53,346,560 5,283,604 3,204,903 2,078,701 64.9 2,778,740 1,413,118 1,365,622 96.6 2.80 0.48 0.30 0.60 0.38 0.58 0.34 51 62,460,160 8,543,010 8,124,536 418,474 5.2 1,256,160 792,332 463,828 58.6 3.28 0.17 0.11 0.97 0.97 0.26 0.19 52 66,341,120 13,532,113 9,474,588 4,057,525 42.8 4,302,101 2,273,968 2,028,133 89.2 3.49 0.73 0.43 1.54 1.13 0.90 0.55 53 78,401,920 11,270,021 5,130,878 6,139,143 119.7 1,467,191 326,873 1,140,318 348.9 4.12 0.56 0.21 1.28 0.61 0.31 0.08 54 72,838,400 1,246,613 1,935,327 -688,714 -35.6 350,173 254,521 95,652 37.6 3.83 0.15 0.10 0.14 0.23 0.07 0.06 55 52,597,760 3,397,699 4,116,951 -719,252 -17.5 1,368,211 1,032,117 336,094 32.6 2.76 0.34 0.34 0.39 0.49 0.29 0.25 56 70,285,440 2,714,757 2,565,647 149,110 5.8 752,117 572,946 179,171 31.3 3.69 0.04 0.04 0.31 0.31 0.16 0.14 57 42,775,040 11,712,235 8,499,297 3,212,938 37.8 6,373,311 3,465,960 2,907,351 83.9 2.25 0.88 0.58 1.33 1.01 1.33 0.84 58 61,188,480 11,685,110 10,071,328 1,613,782 16.0 4,274,803 3,328,308 946,495 28.4 3.21 0.72 0.62 1.33 1.20 0.89 0.80 .59 99,617,280 27,931,444 28,828,951 -897,507 -3.1 11,389,894 11,958,837 -568,943 -4.8 5.23 1.39 1.26 3.18 3.44 2.38 2.88 » Includes Indian Territory. 270 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. In acreage of improved land in farms all of the divisions except the New England and Middle Atlantic show increases between 1900 and 1910. The West North Central division reported a much greater abso- lute increase than any other division, nearly 29,000,000 acres of improved land, or not far from half of the total increase for the United States, having been added during the decade. The percentage of increase was, however, less than in the West South Central and Mountain divisions. In the West South Central about 18,500,000 acres were added during the decade, an increase of 46.5 per cent; and in the Mountain division over 7,500,000 acres, or 89.4 per cent. The three northernmost states in the South Atlantic division, namely, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, show decreases, which are, however, more than offset by the increases in the other five states of the division. The following statement shows the changes in the number of farms, land in farms, and improved farm land during the past decade in the North, the South, and the West, and in the territory east and west of the Mississippi River, respectively: Table 4 POPULATION. NUMBEB OF ALL FARMS. SECTION. 1910 1900 Increase.' 1910 1900 Increase.i Amount. Percent. Amount. Percent. United States 91,972,266 55,757,115 29, 389, 330 6,825,821 75,994,675 47,379,699 24,523,527 4,091,349 15,977,691 8,377,416 4,865,803 2,734,472 21.0 17.7 19.8 66.8 6,361,502 2,890,618 3,097,547 373,337 5,737,372 2,874,073 2,620,391 242,908 624,130 16,545 477,156 130,429 10.9 The North 0.6 The South 18.2 The West 53.7 East of the Mississippi 64,723,990 27,248,276 55,023,513 20,971,062 9,700,477 6,277,214 17.6 29.9 3,935,031 2,426,471 3,678,867 2,058,505 256,164 367,966 7 17.9 A] Jj LAND IN FAKl IS (AfcEES). ntPROVKD LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). "United States 878,798,325 413,483,256 354,452,860 110,862,209 838,591,774 382,758,563 362,036,351 93,796,860 40,206,551 30,724,693 -7,583,491 17,065,349 4.8 8.0 -2.1 18.2 478,451,750 289,807,888 150,690,852 37,953,010 414,498,487 261,234,713 126,108,093 27,155,681 63,953,263 28,573,175 24,582,759 10,797,329 15.4 The North 10.9 The South 19.5 The West 39.8 East of the Mississippi 366,138,019 512,660,306 367,294,999 471,296,775 -1,156,980 41,363,531 -0.3 8.8 217,949,605 260,502,145 211,928,448 202,570,039 6,021,157 57,932,106 2.8 West of the Mississippi 28.6 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. The increase of over 30,000,000 acres of land in farms in the North was almost wholly confined to the West North Central division. In the South there was an apparent decrease, owing entirely to the conditions in Louisiana and Texas, already described. The West shows a smaller absolute increase, but a greater per- centage of increase, than the North. In acreage of improved farm land the North shows the greatest absolute increase during the decade, but in the South the absolute increase was nearly as great and the percentage of increase nearly twice as great, while in the West the absolute increase was about one-third as great, but the percentage of increase almost four times as high as in the North. Percentage of land in farms and percentage im- proved. — Wide differences exist among the several states and divisions in the proportion of their total area which has been brought into farms, and also in the proportion of the farm land which has been im- proved. Table 5 shows these differences by means of percentages calculated from the figures in Table 3. The definition of improved land given in the note on page 265 should be borne in mind, since it is probable that the differences in the proportion of land improved and the changes in this proportion from census to cen- sus are due partly to differences in interpretation as to what constitutes improved land in different sections of the country and at different censuses. The map on page 272 shows, by counties, the propor- tion which land in farms represents of the total land area, and the map on page 273 shows the proportion which improved land represents of the total land area. The East North Central division leads all other geo- graphic divisions in the extent to which its land area has been brought into farms, exactly three-fourths of its total land area consisting of farm land. The proportions in the West North Central and East South Central divisions in each case exceed 70 per cent. The Middle Atlantic, West South Central, and South Atlantic divisions have each over 60 per cent of their total land area in farms, but in the New England divi- sion the proportion falls slightly below 50 per cent ; in the Pacific division it is only 25.2 per cent; and in the Mountain division only 10.8 per cent. The divisions rank somewhat differently with re- spect to the proportion of their area wliich is repre- sented by improved farm land, these differences in ranking being due of course to the differences among the divisions in the percentage which improved land represents of the total farm land. The East North Central division again ranks first, 56.6 per cent of its total land area consisting of improved farm land, and the West North Central division ranks second, with 50.3 per cent. The Middle Atlantic division, however, ranks third, followed by the East South Central and South Atlantic. In each of the five divisions just named the improved farm land constituted more than one-fourth of the total land area, but in the West South Central, New England, Pacific, and FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 271 Mountain divisions tlie proportion is below one-fourth, and, in fact, in the Mountain, division it is only 2.9 per cent. With respect to the proportion which improved land represents of all land in farms, the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions reported a dechne between 1900 and 1910, as shown in the table below, but in each of the other seven divisions the propor- tion was larger in the later year, the change being most conspicuous in the West South Central and Moun- tain divisions. Table 5 DIVISION OE STATE. pee cent LAND in farms F0EM3 OF total land aeea. PEE CENT OF FARM LAND IMPEOVKD. PEE cent of TOTAL LAND AREA IMPROVED. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 ITnited States 46.2 44.1 54.4 49.4 25.1 21.8 GEOOEAPmc divisions: 49.7 67.5 75.0 71.2 60.3 71.0 61.5 10.8 25.2 61.8 70.1 74.1 61.5 60.6 70.7 64.2 8.4 23.3 36.8 67.9 75.4 70.6 46.7 63.9 34.4 26.7 42.9 39.6 68.6 74.5 67.5 44.2 49.6 22.5 18.1 39.6 18.3 45.8 56.6 50.3 28.1 38.2 21.2 2.9 10.8 20.5 Middle Atlantic 48.1 East Nortti Central 65.2 West North Central 41.5 26.8 East South Central 35.0 West South Central 14.5 1.6 Pacific 9.2 New England: 32.9 56.2 79.9 55.9 64.9 70.9 72.2 53.5 64.8 92.5 92.3 90.7 51.5 59.6 53.5 95.4 78.6 63.3 52.9 78.6 82.9 82.6 79.5 15.8 75.7 65.2 71.9 69.2 71.7 15.0 86.3 75.1 63.2 62.5 51.8 35.9 65.0 67.0 14.5 9.9 13.7 20.4 14.4 1.7 6.5 3.9 27.4 19.1 28.0 32.9 62.6 80.9 61.2 66.7 74.9 74.3 69.1 67.5 94.0 94.1 91.5 47.7 66.2 50.7 97.2 77.3 34.6 38.8 60.8 79.6 84.8 81.3 22.1 77.3 69.3 72.9 71.7 70.2 12.4 85.5 76.2 63.0 61.5 49.5 38.1 51.7 74.9 12.7 6.0 13.0 14.3 6.5 2.7 7.8 3.7 19.9 16.5 28.9 37.5 28.6 36.0 40.5 40.2 45.2 67.4 70.1 68.2 79.8 79.6 86.2 67.8 66.6 71.0 86.9 71.1 72.0 60.8 63.1 68.9 68.7 66.3 84.7 50.6 55.1 39.3 45.1 45.6 34.4 64.7 64.3 46.8 48.5 46.4 50.5 60.8 24.3 26.9 52.6 14.7 31.8 13.0 28.1 40.3 27.7 54.4 36.6 40.8 37.9 29.8 46.0 41.1 41.1 46.0 68.9 69.6 68.2 78.5 77.2 84.5 67.2 56.6 70.3 86.5 67.4 62.1 59.2 61.6 60.1 70.7 68.0 69.9 50.7 51.6 36.6 41.3 40.2 34.6 62.5 60.4 41.8 41.6 41.8 42.2 37.3 15.6 14.7 44.1 9.8 24.0 6.4 13.2 25.1 22.3 40.8 33.0 41.5 12.3 16.1 28.0 22.6 26.1 32.0 48.7 37.5 44.2 73.7 73.4 78.2 34.9 33.7 38.0 82.9 55.9 45.5 32.2 49.6 57.1 56.7 52.7 13.4 38.3 3.5.9 28.3 31.2 32.7 5.4 55.8 40.8 29.5 30.4 24.0 18.2 39.5 16.3 3.9 5.2 2.0 6.5 1.8 0.5 2.6 1.1 14.9 7.0 11.4 12.5 18.6 Vermont Massachusetts 36.4 25.1 27 4 Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York 34.6 61.1 41.1 Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio 46.0 73.8 Indiana lUtnois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centbal: 72.6 77.3 32.1 31.8 35.6 Iowa... 84.0 52.1 21.5 22.9 Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia 37.5 47.8 60.0 55.3 15.5 39.2 35.8 26.7 South Carolina 29.6 Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky 28.2 4.3 53.4 38.4 26.4 25.6 West South Central: 20.7 16.1 19.3 Texas 11.7 Mountain: 1.9 2.6 1.3 3.4 0.4 0.3 Utah 2.0 0.8 Pacific: 8.1 5.4 12.0 In the North, as shown in Table 6, improved farm land represents 49.3 per cent of the total land area; in the South, 26.8 per cent; and in the West, 5 per cent. East of the Mississippi the proportion is 39.8 per cent; west of the river, 19.2. Table 6 section. PERCENT LAND IN FARMS FORMS OF TOTAL LAND AREA. PERCENT OF FARM LAND IMPROVED. PER CENT OP TOTAL LAND AREA IMPROVED. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 United states The North 46.2 70.4 63.1 14.7 44.1 65.1 64.4 12.4 54.4 70.1 42.5 34.2 49.4 68.3 34.8 29.0 25.1 49.3 26.8 5.0 21.8 44.5 The South 22.4 The West.... 3.6 East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi. . . 66.8 37.8 C7. 1 34.8 59.5 50.8 57.7 43.0 39.8 19.2 38.7 14.9 Average size of farms. — Table 13, on page 280, shows the average acreage and improved acreage per farm. The farms are smaller in the older sections of the country than in the newer. They are, also, in general, smaller in the Southern states than in the Northern. This latter condition, however, is due largely to the fact that the land operated by each tenant is, in the census statistics, treated as a separate farm. In cer- tain Southern states there are still many so-called plantations consisting of several or even many tenant holdings. In many cases these plantations as a whole are as truly agricultural units as large farms in the North operated by hired labor. More specifically, the average size of farms is small- est in the East South Central division — 78.2 acres. It is 92.2 acres in the Middle Atlantic division, 93.3 in the South Atlantic, 104.4 in the New England, and 105 in the East North Central. These five divisions do not differ so widely from one another as they all do from the four divisions lying west of the Mississippi River, in which the farms average much larger, ranging from 1Y9.3 acres in the West South Central to 324.5 acres in the Mountain division. From the standpoint of cultivation of the soil, as distinguished from grazing, the average number of improved acres per farm furnishes a better basis for comparison of size than the average number of acres of all land, and in this respect the divisions rank quite differently. While the average size of farms in the country as a whole has decreased about 6 per cent since 1900, it has increased in the East and West North Central divi- sions, and in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions the decrease is small. But in the three southern divisions and in the Mountain and Pacific divisions the decrease in the size of farms has been conspicuous. The following table shows the average size of farms in the North, the South, and the West, and in the territory east and west of the Mississippi, respectively: Table 7 United States.. The North The South The West East of the Mississippi. West of the Mississippi AVERAGE ACRES OF LAND PER FARM. 1910 138.1 143.0 114.4 296.9 93.0 211.3 1900 146.2 133.2 138.2 386.1 AVERAGE IMPROVED ACEE3 PER FARM. 1910 1900 76.2 100.3 101.7 72.8 90.9 48.1 111.8 55.4 107.4 57.6 98.4 8 S 8 § 8 § t- fc- *-< !- t- .t^ 5 cu « 9^ © f^ P4 P< P, P4 P, g o o »rt h- 1 w ^ CC) CO o» (272) pc< h S 8 1 1 1 o 1 a t & 1. §. i. 03 >a -« 8 5 o 2 I >^ a s S S 2 e 72497°— 12 -18 + (273) 274 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. VALUE OF FARM PROPERTY, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES : 1910 AND 1900. Geographic distribution of farm values. — ^Table 10 (pp. 276 and 277) shows for each division and state for 1910 and 1900 the value of all farm property and that of each class, together with increases. The distribution of farm values among the divi- sions and states of the country differs quite rad- ically from the distribution of land in farms, since there are wide differences in the average value of farm land and farm equipment per acre in the different sec- tions of the country. The following table shows what percentage of the total value of all farm property and of each class thereof in the United States is reported from each geographic division or section : Table 8 PER CENT OF UNITED STATES TOTALS. DIVISION OE SECTION. All farm property. Land. Build- ings. Imple- ments and ma- chinery. Live stock. XTnlted States New England 100.0 2.1 7.2 24.7 33.0 7.2 5.3 9.4 4.3 6.8 100.0 1.3 5.1 25.4 35.3 6.6 4.7 9.5 4.1 7.9 100.0 5.3 15.5 26.0 24.7 9.5 6.5 6.5 2.3 3.7 100.0 4.0 13.2 21.2 29.2 7.8 6.0 9.5 3.9 5.2 100.0 2.0 Middle Atlantic 7.1 East North Central 19.8 West North Central 31 5 South Atlantic 7.4 East South Central 7.6 West South Central 12.0 Mountain 7.9 Pacific 4.8 The North 67.0 21.9 11.1 67.2 20.8 12.0 71.5 22.6 6.0 67.7 23.2 9.1 60.4 The South 26.9 The West 12.7 East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 46.5 53.5 43.1 56.9 62.8 37.2 52.2 47.8 43.8 56.2 Table 8 shows that nearly one-third of the total value of farm property in 1910 was found in the West North Central division alone, and nearly one-fourth in the East North Central, leaving only about 42 per cent for the other seven geographic divisions. An examination of Table 10, however, shows that the East North Central division had a smaller proportion of the total value of farm property in 1910 than in 1900. The same is true of three other easterly divisions, the New England, Middle Atlantic, and East South Central; but the South Atlantic division and all four of the divisions lying west of the Mississippi River contributed a larger proportion of the total value of farm property in the later year than in the earlier. In the North as a whole the value of farm property in 1910 constituted 67 per cent of the total for the United States; in the South, 21.9 per cent; and in the West, 11.1 per cent. The territory east of the Missis- sippi River comprised 46.5 per cent of all farm prop- erty and that west of the river 53.5 per cent. Increase in value of farm property. — Between 1900 and 1910 the total value of farm property in the United States doubled, increasing 100.5^ per cent. This extraordinary increase in value has been shared by every state. (The District of Columbia, although listed in the tables, counts for but httle in agricul- tural statistics.) Moreover, there has been an increase in every state in the value of each class of farm property, with the sole exception of the value of implements and machinery in Louisiana. The appar- ent decrease in this item in Louisiana is misleading, being due mainly, if not whoUy, to the fact that the returns for 1900 included as implements and machinery the equipment of sugar mills on plantations, which was excluded, as being manufacturing property, in 1910. In absolute amount of increase in the value of all farm property the West North Central division far exceeds any other, the increase of $7,714,000,000 there representing considerably more than one-third of the total increase for the entire country. Tlie East North Central, West South Central, and Pacific divisions follow, in the order named, in the absolute amounts added to the value of farm property. The divisions, however, rank differently with respect to the percent- ages of increase. The Mountain division shows the most remarkable relative increase, 192.3 per cent, fol- lowed in order by the Pacific, West South Central, West North Central, and South Atlantic divisions. In each of these five divisions the increase exceeded 100 per cent. Tlie lowest rate of increase Avas in the Middle Atlantic division, 28.1 per cent. As shown in Table 9, the relative increase in the value of all farm property in the South, 110.1 per cent, exceeded that in the North, 90.1 percent; but both, as might be expected, fell below the West, in which the increase was 164.7 per cent. The absolute increase in the North, however, over $13,000,000,000, greatly ex- ceeded that in the other two sections combined, repre- senting in fact almost two-thirds of the total increase for the United States. For the entire territory east of the Mssissippi River the percentage of increase in the value of all farm property was 69.1 and for the territoiy west of the river 139.3. Table 9 VALtTB OF ALL FAEM PEOPERTY. PES CENT OF increase: 1900-1910 SECTION. 1910 1900 Increase. All farm property. Land. Buildings. Imple- ments and ma- chinery. Live Stock. United States $40,991,449,090 27,481,267,056 8,972,126,889 4,538,055,145 $20,439,901,164 14,455,452,476 4,269,854,719 1,714,593,969 $20,551,547,926 13,025,814,580 4,702,272,170 2,823,461,176 100.5 90.1 110.1 164.7 118.1 104.2 131.3 203.5 77.8 69.2 99.0 125.0 68.7 65.6 62.9 119.0 60.1 The North 56.8 The South 63.5 The West 70.1 East of the Mississippi 19,079,930,097 21,911,518,993 11,284,358,101 9,155,543,063 7,795,571,996 12,755,975,930 69.1 139.3 73.4 171.0 62.5 111.6 56.7 84.2 62.0 West of the Mississippi 58.7 o 0» 09 o w o Pi B O <1 (275) 276 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. FARM PROPERTY— VALUE OF EACH CLASS OF FARM PROPERTY, WITH AMOUNTS [A minus sign (—) denotes decrease.] Table 10 DIVISION OR STATE. United States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Paciflc New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Khode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa... Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California all farm property. 1910 $40,991,449,090 867,240,457 2,959,589,022 10,119,128,066 13,535,309,511 2,951,200,773 2,182,771,779 3,838,154,337 1,757,573,368 2,780,481,777 199,271,998 103,704,196 145,399,728 226,474,025 32,990,739 159,399,771 1,451,481,495 254,832,665 1,253,274,862 1,902,694,589 1,809,135,238 3,905,321,075 1,088,858,379 1,413,118,785 1,476,411,737 3,745,860,544 2,052,917,488 974,814,205 1,166,0%, 980 2,079,818,647 2,039,389,910 63,179,201 286,167,028 8,476,633 625,005,383 314,738,540 537,716,210 392,128,314 580,546,381 143, 183, 183 773,797,880 612,520,836 370,138,429 426,314,634 400,089,303 301,220,988 918,198,882 2,218,645,164 347,828,770 305,317,185 167,189,081 491,471,806 159,447,990 75,123,970 150,795,201 60,399,365 ' 637,543,411 528,243,782 1,614,694,584 1900 $20,439,901,164 639, 2,310, 5,683, 5,820, 1,454, 1, 195, 1,619, 601, 1,113, 645,900 880,728 925,367 994,481 031,316 868,790 954,613 264, 180 329,789 122,410,904 85,842,096 108,451,427 182,646,704 26,989,189 113,305,580 1,069,723,895 189,533,660 1,051,629,173 1,198,923,946 978,616,471 2,004,316,897 690,355,734 811,712,319 788,684,642 1,834,345,546 1,033,121,897 255,266,751 297,525,302 747,950,057 864,100,286 40,697,654 204,645,407 11,535,376 323,515,977 203,907,349 233,834,693 153,591,159 228,374,637 53,929,064 471,045,856 341,202,025 179,399,882 204,221,027 181,416,001 198,536,906 1277,525,433 962,476,273 117,859,823 67,271,202 67,477,407 161,045,101 53,767,824 29,993,847 75, 175, 141 28,073,835 144,040,547 172,761,287 796,527,955 Increase. Amount. $20,551,547,926 227; 648, 4,435; 7,714. 1,497; 986, 2,218, 1, 156, 1,667, 594,557 702,294 202,699 316,030 169,457 902,989 199,724 309, 188 151,988 76,861,094 17,862,100 36,948,301 43,827,321 6,001,550 46,094,191 381,757,600 65,299,005 201,645,689 703,770,643 830,518,767 1,901,004,178 398,502,645 601,406,466 687,727,095 1,911,514,998 1,019,795,591 719,547,454 868,571,678 1,331,868,590 1,175,289,624 22,481,547 81,521,621 -3,058,843 301,549,406 110,831,191 303,881,517 238,537,155 352, 171, 744 89,254,119 302,752,024 271,318,811 190,738,547 222,093,607 218,673,302 102,684,082 640,673,449 1,250,168,891 229,968,947 238,045,983 99,711,674 330,426,705 105,680,166 45, 130, 123 75,620,000 31,725,530 493,502,864 355,482,495 818,166,629 Per cent 100.5 35.6 28.1 78.0 132.5 103.0 82.5 136.9 192.3 149.7 62.8 20.8 34.1 24.0 22.2 40.7 35.7 34.5 19.2 58.7 84.9 94.8 57.7 74.1 87.2 104.2 98.7 281.9 291.9 178.1 136.0 55.2 39.8 -26.5 93.2 54.4 130.0 155.3 154.2 165.5 64.3 79.5 106.3 108.8 120.5 51.7 230.9 130.5 195.1 353.9 147.8 205.2 196.6 150.5 100.6 110.6 342.6 205.8 102.7 1910 $28,475,674,169 382,134,424 i; 462, 321, 005 7,231,699,114 10,052,560,913 1,883,349,675 1,326,826,864 2,716,098,530 1,174,370,096 2,246,313,548 86,481,395 44,519,047 68,385,327 105,532,616 15,009,981 72,206,058 707,747,828 124, 143, 167 630,430,010 1,285,894,812 1,328,196,545 3,090,411,148 615,258,348 911,938,261 1,019,102,027 2,801,973,729 1,445,982,389 730,380,131 902,006,751 1,614,539,313 1,537,976,573 34,938,161 163,451,614 7,193,950 394,658,912 207,075,759 343,164,945 268,774,854 370,353,415 93,738,065 484,464,617 371,415,783 216,944,175 254,002,289 246,021,450 187,803,277 649,066,668 1,633,207,135 226,771,302 219,953,316 88,908,276 362,822,205 98,800,497 42,349,737 99, 482, 164 35,276,599 517,421,998 411,696,102 1,317,195,448 1900 $13,058,007,995 283,460,803 1,219,928,090 3,973,023,780 3,892,877,273 899,820,936 708,153,451 953,785,562 284,064,810 842,893,290 49,359,450 35,498,760 45,813,905 86,925,410 13,421,770 52,441,508 551,174,220 93,360,930 575,392,940 817, 163, 710 687,633,460 1,514,113,970 423,569,950 530,542,690 559,301,900 1,256,751,980 695,470,723 173,352,270 189,206,890 486,605,900 532,187,610 23,768,820 120,367,550 9,700,230 200,615,080 134,269,110 141,955,840 99,805,800 138,515,430 30,823,016 291,117,430 202,013,790 100,165,571 114,856,660 105,106,650 107,730,210 1149,397,900 591,550,802 52,660,560 35,486,368 23,434,010 90,341,523 17,323,709 11,416,460 40,126,560 13,275,620 99,310,510 113,137,820 630,444,960 Increase. Amount. $15,417,666,174 98,673,621 242,392,915 3,258,675,334 6,159,683,640 983,528,739 618,673,413 1,762,312,968 890,305,280 1,403,420,258 37,121,945 9,020,287 12,571,422 18,607,206 1,588,211 19,764,550 156,573,608 30,782,237 55,037,070 468,731,102 640,563,085 1,576,297,178 191,688,398 381,395,571 459,800,127 1,545,221,749 750,511,666 557,027,861 713,399,861 1,127,933,413 1,005,788,963 11,169,341 43,084,064 -2,506,280 194,043,832 72,806,649 201,209,105 168,968,994 231,837,985 62,915,049 193,347,187 169,401,993 116,778,604 139,145,629 140,914,800 80,073,067 499,668,768 1,041,656,333 174,110,742 184,466,948 65,474,200 272,480,082 81,482,788 30,933,277 69,355,604 22,000,979 418,111,488 298,558,282 686,750,488 1 Includes Indian Territory. FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 277 AND PERCENTAGES OF INCREASE. BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] BUILDINGS. 1 IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. LIVE STOCK. 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 1 Increase. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 Amount. Percent. Amount. Percent. Amount. Percent 1 $6,325,451,528 $3,556,639,496 $2,768,812,032 77.8 $1,265,149,783 $749,775,970 $615,373,813 68.7 $4,925,173,610 $3,075,477,703 $1,849,695,907 60.1 2 336,410,384 244,806,945 91,603,439 37.4 50,798,826 36,551,820 14,247,006 39.0 97,896,823 74,826,332 23,070,491 3a8 3 980,628,098 729,069,850 251,558,248 34.5 167,480,384 116,253,270 51,227,114 44.1 349,159,535 245,635,518 103,524,017 42.1 4 1,642,292,480 939,573,660 702,718,820 74.8 268,806,550 166,694,220 102,112,330 61.3 976,329,922 604,633,707 371,696,215 61.5 5 1,562,104,957 758,405,725 803,699,232 106.0 368,935,544 197,367,840 171,567,704 86.9 1,551,708,097 972,343,643 579,364,454 59.6 6 603,086,799 306,528,682 296,558,117 96.7 98,230,147 53,318,890 44,911,257 84.2 366,534,152 194,362,808 172,171,344 88.6 7 411,570,975 225,627,372 185,943,603 82.4 75,339,333 48,767,235 26,572,098 54.5 369,034,607 213,320,732 155,713,875 73.0 8 412,498,352 185,105,506 227,392,846 122.8 119,720,377 77,925,050 41,795,327 53.6 589,837,078 403,138,495 186,698,583 46.3 9 145,026,777 54,554,862 90,471,915 165.8 49,429,975 18,807,620 30,622,355 162.8 588,746,520 243,836,888 144,909,632 59.4 10 231,832,706 112,966,894 118,865,812 105.2 66,408,647 34,090,025 32,318,622 94.8 235,926,876 123,379,580 112,547,296 91.2 11 73,138,231 47,142,700 25,995,531 55.1 14,490,533 8,802,720 5,687,813 64.6 25,161,839 17,106,034 8,055,805 47.1 12 41,397,014 34,625,600 6,771,414 19>6 5,877,657 5,163,090 714,567 13.8 11,910,478 10,554,646 1,355,832 12.8 13 54,202,948 37,257,715 16,945,233 45.5 10,168,687 7,538,490 2,630,197 34.9 22,642,766 17,841,317 4,801,449 26.9 14 88,636,149 71,093,880 17,542,269 24.7 11,563,894 8,828,950 2,734,944 31.0 20,741,366 15,798,464 4,942,902 31.3 15 12,922,879 9,703,490 3,219,389 33.2 1,781,407 1,270,270 511,137 40.2 3,276,472 2,593,659 682,813 26.3 16 66,113,163 44,983,560 21,129,603 47.0 6,916,648 4,948,300 1,968,348 39.8 14,163,902 10,932,212 3,231,690 29.6 17 476,998,001 336,959,960 140,038,041 41.6 83,644,822 56,006,000 27,638,822 49.3 183,090,844 126,583,715 57,507,129 45.8 18 92,991,352 69,230,080 23,761,272 34.3 13,109,507 9,330,030 3,779,477 40.5 24,688,639 17,612,620 6,976,019 39.6 19 410,638,745 322,879,810 87,768,935 27.2 70,726,065 60,917,240 19,808,815 38.9 141,480,062 102,439,183 39,040,869 38.1 20 368,257,594 219,451,470 148,806,124 67.8 61,210,071 36,354,150 14,855,921 40.9 197,332,112 125,954,616 71,377,496 56.7 21 266,079,051 154,101,880 111,977,171 72.7 40,999,541 27,330,370 13,669,171 50.0 173,860,101 109,650,761 64,309,340 58.7 22 432,381,422 251,467,680 180,913,842 71.9 73,724,074 44,977,310 28,746,764 63.9 308,804,431 193,758,037 116,046,394 59.4 23 285,879,951 158,947,760 126,932,191 79.9 49,916,285 28,795,380 21,120,905 73.3 137,803,795 79,042,644 58,761,151 74.3 24 289,694,462 155,604,970 134,069,492 86.2 52,956,579 29,237,010 23,719,569 81.1 158,529,483 96,327,649 62,201,834 64.6 25 243,339,399 110,220,415 133,118,984 120.8 52,329,165 30,099,230 22,229,935 73.9 161,641,146 89,063,097 72,578,049 81.5 2C 455,405,671 240,802,810 214,602,861 89.1 95,477,948 57,960,660 37,517,288 64.7 393,003,196 278,830,096 114,173,100 40.9 27 270,221,997 148,508,490 121,713,507 82.0 50,873,994 28,602,680 22,271,314 77.9 285,839,108 160,540,004 125,299,104 78.0 28 92,276,013 25,428,430 66,848,183 262.9 43,907,595 14,055,560 29,852,035 212.4 108,249,860 42,430,491 65,819,375 155.1 29 102,474,056 30,926,300 71,547,756 231.3 33,786,973 12,218,680 21,568,293 176.5 127,229,200 65,173,432 62,055,768 95.2 30 198,807,622 91,054,120 107,753,502 118.3 44,249,708 24,940,450 19,309,258 77.4 222,222,004 145,349,587 76,872,417 52.9 31 199,579,599 111,465,160 88,114,439 79.1 48,310,161 29,490,580 18,819,581 63.8 253,523,677 190,956,936 62,566,641 32.8 32 18,217,822 10,667,220 7,560,602 70.8 3,206,095 2,150,560 1,055,535 49.1 6,817,123 4,111,054 2,706,069 65.8 33 78,285,509 54,810,760 23,474,749 42.8 11,859,771 8,611,220 3,248,551 37.7 32,670,134 20,855,877 11,714,257 56.2 34 1,037,393 1,573,760 -536,367 -34.1 92,350 136,060 -43,710 -32.1 152,840 125,326 27,514 22.0 35 137,399,150 70,963,120 .66,436,030 93.6 18,115,883 9,911,040 8,204,843 82.8 74,891,438 42,026,737 32,864,701 78.2 36 57,315,195 34,026,560 23,288,635 68.4 7,011,513 5,040,420 1,971,093 39.1 43,336,073 30,571,259 12,764,814 41.8 37 113,459,662 52,700,080 60,759,582 115.3 18,441,619 9,072,600 9,369,019 103.3 62,649,984 30, 106, 173 32,543,811 108.1 38 64,113,227 26,955,670 37,157,557 137.8 14,108,853 6,629,770 7,479,083 112.8 45,131,380 20,199,859 24,931,521 123.4 39 108,850,917 44,854,690 63,996,227 142.7 20,948,056 9,804,010 11,144,046 113.7 80,393,^3 35,200,507 45,193,486 128.4 40 24,407,924 9,976,822 14,431,102 144.6 4,446,007 1,963,210 2,482,797 126.5 20,591,187 11,166,016 9,425,171 84.4 41 150,994,755 90,887,460 60,107,295 66.1 20,851,846 15,301,860 5,549,986 36.3 117,486,662 73,739,106 43,747,556 59.3 42 109,106,804 63,136,960 45,969,844 72.8 21,292,171 15,232,670 6,059,501 39.8 110,706,078 60,818,605 49,887,473 82.0 43 71,309,416 34,452,612 36,856,804 107.0 16,290,004 8,675,900 7,614,104 87.8 65,594,834 36,105,799 29,489,035 81.7 44 80,160,000 37,150,340 43,009,660 115.8 16,905,312 9,556,805 7,348,507 76.9 75,247,033 42,657,222 32,589,811 76.4 45 63,145,363 30,075,520 33,069,843 110.0 16,864,198 8,750,060 8,114,138 92.7 74,058,292 37,483,771 36,574,521 97.6 46 49,741,173 33,400,400 16,340,773 48.9 18,977,053 28,536,790 -9,559,737 -33.5 44,699,485 28,869,506 15,829,979 54.8 47 89,610,556 121,406,775 68,203,781 318.6 27,088,860 110,512,495 16,576,371 157.7 152,432,792 196,208,263 56,224,529 58.4 48 210,001,260 100,222,811 109,778,449 109.5 • 165.4 56,790,260 30,125,705 26,664,555 88.5 318,646,509 240,576,955 78,069,554 32.5 49 24,854,628 9,365,530 15,489,098 10,539,653 3,671,900 6,867,753 187.0 85,663,187 52,161,833 33,501,354 64.2 50 25,112,509 6,831,815 18,280,694 267.6 10,476,051 3,295,045 7,181,006 217.9 49,775,309 21,657,974 28,117,335 129.8 51 9,007,001 3,531,520 5,475,481 155.0 3,668,294 1,366,000 2,302,294 168.5 65,605,510 39,145,877 26,459,633 67.6 52 45,696,656 16,002,512 29,694,144 185.6 12,791,601 4,746,755 8,044,846 169.5 70,161,344 49,954,311 20,207,033 40.5 53 13,024,502 3, 565; 105 9,459,397 265.3 4,122,312 1,151,610 2,970,702 258.0 43,494,679 31,727,400 11,767,279 37.1 54 4,935,573 2,266,500 2,669,073 117.8 1,787,790 765,200 1,022,590 133.6 26,050,870 15,545,687 10,505,183 67.6 55 18,063,168 10,651,790 7,411,378 69.6 4,468,178 2,922,550 1,545,628 52.9 28,781,691 21,474,241 7,307,450 34.0 56 4,332,740 2,340,090 1,992,650 85.2 1,576,096 888,560 687,536 77.4 19,213,930 12,169,565 7,044,365 57.9 57 54,546,459 16,299,200 38,247,259 234.7 16,709,844 ■ 6,271,630 10,438,214 166.4 48,865,110 22,159,207 26,705,903 120.5 58 43,880,207 19,199,694 24,680,513 128.5 13,205,645 6,506,725 6,698,920 103.0 59,461,828 33,917,048 25,544,780 75.3 59 133,406,040 77,468,000 55,938,040 72.2 36,493,158 21,311,670 15,181,488 71.2 127,599,938 67,303,325 60,296,613 89.6 278 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Average value of farm property per acre of land. — Much more significant than comparisons between states and divisions with respect to the total value of farm property are comparisons of the average value of farm property per acre of land in farms. Table 12 shows for each division and state the average value, per acre of farm land, of all farm property and of each class. In the average value of all farm property per acre of farm land the geographic division which ranks highest is the East North Central, the average in that division being $85.81. The Middle Atlantic divi- sion is next ($68.52 per acre), followed by the West North Central ($58.18), Pacific ($54.17), and New England ($43.99) divisions in the order named. In the Mountain division, as well as in each of the three southern divisions, the average value of farm property per acre falls between $20 and $30. The average value of land itself per acre ranges from $61.32 in the East North Central division to $16.06 in |the West South Central. The values are much lower in New England, the three southern divisions, and the Mountain division than iij the other four divisions. The southern divisions of the country in general show greater percentages of increase in the value of all farm property per acre of farm land during the past decade than the northern divisions. The West South Central division outranks all others in this respect, with an increase of 147.2 per cent. The two most westerly divisions, Mountain and Pacific, rank next in percentage of increase, followed by the South Atlantic and the West North Central. In all five of the divisions just named the average value of all farm property per acre of land was more than twice as high in 1910 as in 1900. The lowest rate of increase, 33 per cent, was in the Middle Atlantic division. The principal factor in the increase of the value of farm property as a whole has been the increase in the value of land per acre. In five of the nine geographic divisions — ^namely, the four west of the Mississippi River, together with the South Atlantic — the average value of land in farms per acre was more than twice as high in 1910 as in 1900; in the Mountain division it was more than three times as high. In the East North Central and East South Central divisions the increase in value of farm land per acre exceeded 75 per cent. The lowest percentages of increase were in the Middle Atlantic and New England divisions — 24.5 per cent and 40.5 per cent, respectively. Table 11 AVERAGE VALTJE OF ALL FARM PROPERTY PER ACRE. LAND. BUILDINGS. IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. LIVE STOCK. SECTION. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 Per cent of in- crease. 1910 1900 Per cent of in- crease. 1910 1900 Per Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. of in- crease. United States The North 946.64 66.46 25.31 40.93 $24.37 37.77 11.79 18.28 $22.27 28.69 13.52 22.65 91.4 76.0 114.7 123.9 $32.40 46.26 16.72 30.86 $16. 5r 24.48 7.08 12.01 $16.83 21.78 9.64 18.85 108.1 89.0 136.2 157.0 $7.20 10.93 4.03 3.40 $4.24 6.98 1.98 1.79 69.8 56.6 103.5 89.9 $1.44 2.07 0.83 1.04 $0.89 1.35 0.50 0.56 61.8 63.3 66.0 85.7 $5.60 7.20 3.74 6.63 $3.67 4.96 2.24 3.92 62.6 45.2 The South 67.0 The West 43.6 East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 52.11 42.74 30.72 19.43 21.39 23.31 69.6 120.0 33.56 31.58 19.29 12.67 14.27 18.91 74.0 149.3 10.85 4.59 6.66 2.36 62.9 94.5 1.80 1.18 1.15 0.70 50.5 68.6 6.90 5.40 3.63 3.70 62.5 45.9 The average value of all farm property in the North, as shown in Table 1 1, is equal to $66.46 for each acre of land in farms, in the South to $25.31 , and in the West to $40.93. The South shows a decidedly higher percent- age of increase in the average during the past decade than the North. The average value of land per acre is shown by counties in the map on page 275. It should be noted that the averages are based only on land in farms. Each county as a whole is shaded according to the average value per acre of land in farms, even though only a small proportion of the county may actually be occupied by farm land. There are, for example, certain counties in the West in which, usually because of irrigation, the average value of land in farms exceeds $100 per acre, but in which less than one-fifth of the total area is in farms. Somewhat similar conditions appear in several counties in Florida and a few else- where. Comparison should therefore be made between this map and the map on page 272 showing the pro- portion of the total land area of each county which is occupied by farms. Average value of farm property per farm. — Table 13, on page 280, shows the average value per farm of all farm property and of each class, and also, as a means of judging the significance of ' the figures, the average acreage and improved acreage per farm. Owing to the combined effect of large average size of farms and high average value of farm property per acre, the Pacific and West North Central divisions conspicuously lead all others in average value of all farm property per farm, the average for the Pacific division being $14,643. On account of the large aver- age acreage of farms, the Mountain division ranks next to the West North Central in average value of farms and, on account of the high average value of farm property per acre, the East North Central ranks next. In the South Atlantic and East South Central divi- sions the average values per farm — $2,654 and $2,094, respectively — are very much lower than those in the other divisions, the farms themselves being small and their average value per acre comparatively low. If each plantation in the South were treated as a single farm, the average value of property per farm would be considerably higher than shown in the table. In every division the average value of farms has increased greatly since 1900; in the West North Cen- tral division it has more than doubled. FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 279 FARM PROPERTY— AVERAGE VALUE OF EACH CLASS OF FARM PROPERTY PER ACRE OF LAND IN FARMS, WITH INCREASES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 12 ALL FARM PROPERTY. LAND. BOTLDINGS. IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. UVE stock. DIViaiON OR STATE. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 Perct. of in- crease. 1910 1900 Per ct. of in- crease. 1910 1900 Perct. of in- crease. Amt. Per ct. Amt. Perct. TTnlted States... $16.64 $24.37 122.27 91.4 $32.40 $15.57 $16.83 108.1 $7.20 $4.24 69.8 $1.44 $0.89 61.8 $5.60 $3.67 62.6 New England 43.99 31.13 12.86 41.3 19.38 13.79 5.59 40.5 17.06 11.91 43.2 2.58 1.78 44.9 4.97 3.64 36.6 Middle Atlantic 68.52 61.51 17.01 33.0 33.86 27.19 6.67 24.5 22.70 16.25 39.7 3.88 2.59 49.8 8.08 5.48 47.4 East North Central. 85.81 48.86 36.95 75.6 61.32 34.15 27.17 79.6 13.93 8.08 72.4 2.28 1.43 59.4 8.28 5.20 59.2 West North Central. 58.18 28.96 29.22 100.9 43.21 19.37 23.84 123.1 i 6.71 3.77 78.0 1.59 0.98 62.2 6.67 4.84 37.8 South Atlantic 28.44 13.94 14.50 104.0 18.15 8.63 9.52 110.3 i 5.81 2.94 97.6 0.95 0.51 86.3 3.53 1.86 89.8 East South Central. 26.78 14.72 12.06 81.9 16.28 8.72 7.66 86.7 i 6.06 2.78 81.7 0.92 0.60 53.3 4.63 2.63 72.2 West South Central. 22.69 9.18 13.51 147.2 16.06 5.40 10.66 197.4 2.44 1.05 132.4 0.71 0.44 61.4 3.49 2.28 53.1 29.52 64.17 12.96 23.49 16.56 30.68 127.8 130.6 19.73 43.76 6.12 17.78 13.61 25.98 222.4 146.1 2.44 4.62 1.18 2.38 106.8 89.9 0.83 1.29 0.41 0.72 102.4 79.2 6.53 4.60 5.26 2.60 24.1 Pacific 76.9 Maine 31.65 31.91 19.43 23.78 12.22 8.13 62.9 34^2 13.73 13.70 7.83 9.83 5.90 3.87 75.4 39.4 11.62 12.74 7.48 9.59 65.3 32.8 2.30 1.81 1.40 1.43 64.3 26.6 4.00 3.67 2.72 2.92 47.1 New Hampshire... 25.7 31.18 78.75 22.96 68.04 8.22 20.71 35.8 35.7 12.52 36.69 9.70 27.62 2.82 9.07 29.1 32.8 11.62 30.82 7.89 22.59 47.3 36.4 2.18 4.02 1.60 2.81 36.3 43.1 4.86 7.21 3.78 5.02 28.6 Massachusetts 43.6 Rhode Island 74.42 59.24 15.18 26.6 33.86 29.46 4.40 14.9 29.15 21.30 36.9 4.02 2.79 44.1 7.39 5.69 29.9 Connecticut 72.93 49.01 23.92 48.8 33.03 22.68 10.35 45.6 30.25 19.46 55.4 3.16 2.14 47.7 6.48 4.73 37.0 Middle Atlantic: New York 05.89 09.01 67.43 47.23 66.71 64.29 18.66 32.30 13.14 39.6 48.4 24.2 32.13 48.23 33.92 24.34 32.86 29.70 7.79 16.37 4.22 32.0 46.8 14.2 21.65 36.13 22.09 14.88 24.37 16.67 46.6 48.3 32.6 3.80 5.09 3.81 2.47 3.28 2.63 63.8 55.2 44.9 8.31 9.55 7.61 6.64 6.20 5.29 50.0 New Jersey 54.0 Pennsylvania 43.9 East North Centbal: Ohio 78.93 84.94 120.08 67.49 67.10 48.93 45.27 61.12 39.31 40.87 30.00 39.67 58.96 18.18 26.23 61.3 87.6 96.5 46.2 64.2 63.34 62.36 95.02 32.48 43.30 33.36 31.81 46.17 24.12 26.71 19.99 30.55 48.85 8.36 16.59 59.9 96.0 105.8 34.7 62.1 16.28 12.49 13.29 15.09 13.76 8.96 7.13 7.67 9.05 7.83 70.6 75.2 73.3 66.7 76.7 2.12 1.92 2.27 2.64 2.51 1.48 1.26 1.37 1.64 1.47 43.2 52.4 65.7 61.0 70.7 8.19 8.16 9.49 7.28 7.53 5.14 6.07 5.91 4.50 4.86 59.3 Indiana 60.9 Illinois 60.6 Michigan 61.8 Wisconsin 55.3 West North Central: Minnesota 53.35 110.40 59.35 34.29 30.05 63.06 30.39 16.42 23.30 57.34 28.96 17.87 77.5 108.1 95.3 108.8 36.82 82.58 41.80 26.69 21.31 36.35 20.46 11.15 15.51 46.23 21.34 14.64 72.8 127.2 104.3 130.4 8.79 13.42 7.81 3.25 4.20 6.96 4.37 1.64 109.3 92.8 78.7 98.2 1.89 2.81 1.47 1.54 1.15 1.68 0.84 0.90 64.3 67.3 75.0 71.1 5.84 11.58 8.26 3.81 3.39 8.06 4.72 2.73 72.3 Iowa 43.7 Missouri 75.0 North Dakota 39.6 South Dakota 44.82 15.60 29.22 187.3 34.69 9.92 24.77 249.7 3.94 1.62 143.2 1.30 0.64 103.1 4.89 3.42 43.0 Nebraska 53.85 47.01 25.01 20.74 28.84 26.27 115.3 126.7 41.80 36.45 16.27 12.^ 25.53 22.68 156.9 177.6 6.15 4.60 3.04 2.68 69.4 71.6 1.15 1.11 0.83 0.71 38.6 56.3 5.75 6.84 4.86 4.58 18.3 Kansas 27.5 South Atl.vntic: Delaware 60.82 56.59 38.17 39.58 22.65 17.01 69.3 43.0 33.63 32.32 22.29 23.28 11.34 9.04 50.9 38.8 17.54 15.48 10.00 10.60 75.4 46.0 3.09 2.35 2.02 1.67 53.0 40.7 6.56 6.44 3.86 4.03 69.9 Maryland 59.8 District of Columbia 1,398.08 1,358.86 39.22 2.9 1,186.53 1,142.68 43.85 3.8 171.10 185.39 -7.7 15.23 16.03 -5.0 25.21 14.76 70.8 Virginia 32.06 31.39 16.25 19.14 15.81 12.25 97.3 64.0 20.24 20.65 10.08 12.60 10.16 8.05 100.8 63.9 7.05 5.72 3.56 3.19 98.0 79.3 0.93 0.70 0.50 0.47 86.0 48.9 3.84 4.32 2.11 2.87 82.0 West Virginia 50.5 North Carolina 23.96 10.28 13.68 133.1 15.29 6.24 9.05 145.0 5.06 2.32 118.1 0.82 0.40 105.0 2.79 1.32 111.4 South Carolina 29.02 10.98 18.04 164.3 19.89 7.14 12.75 178.6 4.74 1.93 145.6 1.04 0.47 121.3 3.34 1.44 131.9 Georgia 21.54 27.25 8.65 12.36 12.89 14.89 149.0 120.5 13.74 17.84 5.25 7.06 8.49 10.78 161.7 152.7 4.04 4.65 1.70 2.29 137.6 103.1 0.78 0.85 0.37 0.45 110.8 88.9 2.98 3.92 1.33 2.56 124.1 Florida 53.1 East South Central: Kentucky 34.87 30.56 17.85 22.97 21.43 16.77 8.67 11.20 13.44 13.79 9.18 11.77 62.7 82.2 105.9 105.1 21.83 18.53 10.46 13.69 13.24 9.93 4.84 6.30 8.69 8.60 5.62 7.39 64.9 86.6 116.1 117.3 6.80 5.44 3.44 4.32 4.14 3.10 1.67 2.04 64.3 75.5 106.0 111.8 0.94 1.06 0.79 0.91 0.70 0.75 0.42 0.52 34.3 41.3 88.1 75.0 5.29 5.52 3.16 4.05 3.35 2.99 1.75 2.34 67.9 Tennessee 84.6 Alabama 80.6 Mississippi 73.1 West South Central: ArkftT|sfV». .... . 22.97 28.85 31.82 19.73 10.90 17.95 12.07 7.65 12.07 10.90 19.75 12.08 110.7 60.7 163.6 157.9 14.13 17.99 22.49 14.63 6.32 9.74 6.50 4.70 7.81 8.26 15.99 9.83 123.6 84.7 246.0 209.1 3.63 4.76 3.11 1.87 1.81 3.02 0.93 0.80 100.6 57.6 234.4 133.8 0.97 1.82 0.94 0.51 0.53 2.68 0.40 0.24 83.0 -29.5 104.3 112.5 4.25 4.28 5.28 2.83 2.25 2.61 4.19 1.91 88.9 Louisiana 64.0 Oklahoma 26.0 Texas 48.2 Mountain: Montana 25.68 57.79 19.57 36.32 14.15 9.95 20.99 8.31 17.00 10.48 15.73 36.80 11.26 19.32 3.67 158.1 175.3 135.5 113.6 35.0 16.74 41.63 10.41 26.81 8.77 4.45 11.07 2.88 9.54 3.38 12.29 30.56 7.53 17.27 5.39 276.2 276.1 261.6 181.0 159.5 1.83 4.75 1.05 3.38 1.16 0.79 2.13 0.43 1.69 0.69 131.6 123.0 144.2 100.0 68.1 0.78 1.98 0.43 0.95 0.37 0.31 1.03 0.17 0.50 0.22 151.6 92.2 152.9 90.0 68.2 6.32 9.42 7.68 5.18 3.86 4.40 6.76 4.82 5.27 6.18 43.6 Idaho 39.3 Wyoming 59.3 Colorado 1.7 New Mexico -37.5 Arizona 60.26 44.38 22.25 15.50 18.26 11.18 44.76 26.12 11.07 288.8 143.0 99.0 33.97 29.28 12.99 5.90 9.75 5.17 28.07 19.53 7.82 475.8 200.3 151.3 3.96 5.32 1.60 1.17 2.59 0.91 238.5 105.4 75.8 1.43 1.32 0.58 0.40 0.71 0.35 257.5 85.9 65.7 20.90 8.47 7.08 8.03 5.22 4.74 160.3 Utah 62.3 Nevada 49.4 Pacific: Washington 54.43 16.95 37.48 221.1 44.18 11.68 32.50 278.3 4.66 1.92 142.7 1.43 0.74 93.2 4.17 2.61 59.8 Oregon 45.21 57.81 17.15 27.63 28.06 30.18 163.6 109.2 35.23 47.16 11.23 21.87 24.00 25.29 213.7 115.6 3.76 4.78 1.91 2.69 96.9 77.7 1.13 1.31 0.65 0.74 73.8 77.0 5.09 4.57 3.37 2.33 51.0 California... 69.1 280 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. FARM LAND AND FARM PROPERTY— AVERAGES PER FARM, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 13 DIVISION OB STATE. XTnited States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centeal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centeal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota ... Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah.. Nevada , Paotic: Washington Oregon California AVEEAGE ACRES PEE FAEM. All farm land. Improved land. 1910 1900 1910 1900 138.1 104.4 92.2 105.0 209.6 93.3 78.2 179.3 324.5 270.3 104.9 120.1 142.6 77.9 83.8 81.5 102.2 76.9 84.8 129.1 91.5 118.9 177.3 156.3 124.8 382.3 335.1 297.8 244.0 95.9 103.4 27.9 105.9 103.7 88.4 76.6 92.6 105.0 85.6 81.5 78.9 67.6 81.1 86.6 151.7 269.1 516.7 171.5 777.6 293.1 315.9 135.1 •156.7 ,009.6 208.4 256.8 316.7 146.2 107.1 92.4 102.4 189.5 108.4 89.9 233.8 457.9 334.8 106.2 123.1 142.7 83.4 82.9 85.8 99.9 82.0 86.4 88.5 97.4 124.2 86.4 117.0 169.7 151.2 119.3 342.9 362.4 246.1 240.7 110.1 112.4 31.6 118.6 114.7 101.3 90.0 117.5 106.9 93.7 90.6 92.7 82.6 93.1 95.4 1 212. 9 357.2 885.9 183.4 1,333.0 383.6 416.8 333.2 212.4 1,174.7 256.0 281.0 397.4 75.2 38.4 62.6 79.2 148.0 43.6 42.2 61.8 86.8 116.1 39.3 34.3 50.0 31.5 33.7 36.9 68.8 53.9 57.8 70.7 78.6 111.4 62.0 67.2 125.8 135.9 88.7 275.1 203.8 188.0 168.2 65.8 68.6 23.7 53.6 57.1 34.7 34.6 42.3 36.1 65.4 44.3 36.9 32.8 37.6 43.8 92.3 65.5 138.9 90.2 114.3 93.2 41.1 • 38.0 63.1 279.7 113.4 93.9 129.1 72.2 42.4 63.4 76.3 127.9 47.9 44.5 52.7 82.9 132.5 40.3 36.7 64.2 34.3 34.1 39.5 57.1 58.9 69.5 75.2 104.9 58.0 66.2 119.2 130.8 80.4 212.8 214.5 151.7 144.7 77.8 76.4 22.1 60.1 59.2 37.1 37.2 47.2 37.0 58.6 45.6 38.8 34.4 38.9 40.2 179.4 55.6 129.9 80.9 130.0 92.1 26.6 43.8 53.2 262.3 104.4 92.9 164.9 AVEEAGE VALUE PEE FAEM. All farm property. 1910 1900 S,444 4,593 6,319 9,007 12, 195 2,654 2,094 4,069 9,581 14,643 3,320 3,833 4,445 6,135 6,234 5,944 6,732 7,610 5,715 6,994 8,396 15,505 5,261 7,978 9,456 17,259 7,405 13,109 15,018 16,038 11,467 5,830 5,849 39,062 3j397 3,255 2,119 2,223 1,995 2,863 2,986 2,490 1,408 1,554 1,864 2,499 4,828 5,311 13,269 9,911 15,217 10,645 4,469 8,142 6,957 22,462 11,346 11,609 18,308 $3, 563 3,333 4,759 5,004 5,488 1,511 1,324 2,146 5,934 7,864 2,064 2,927 3,276 4,843 4,909 4,205 4,718 5,470 4,690 4,333 4,410 7,588 3,396 4,781 6,100 8,023 3,626 6,631 5,654 6,155 4,992 4,201 4,448 42,882 1,927 2,196 1,041 989 1,016 1,321 2,007 1,519 804 925 1,015 1,712 12,570 2,733 8,815 3,850 11,071 6,520 4,367 5,163 3,878 13,129 4,338 4,821 10,980 Land. 1910 1900 $4,476 2,024 3,122 6,437 9,057 1,694 1,273 2,880 6,402 11,829 1,441 1,646 1,785 2,859 2,836 2,693 3,283 3,707 2,875 4,727 6,164 12,270 2,973 5,148 6,527 12, 910 6,216 9,822 11,626 12,450 8,648 3,224 3,341 33, 152 2,145 2,142 1,352 1,523 1,273 1,874 1,869 1,510 826 926 1,146 1,558 3,413 3,909 8,651 7,140 8,092 7,858 2,770 4,690 4,590 13,119 9,208 9,048 14,935 $2, 276 1;477 2,512 3,498 3,670 935 784 1,264 2,803 5,953 832 1,211 1,384 2,305 2,441 1,946 2,431 2,694 2,566 2,953 3,099 5,732 2,084 3,126 3,616 5,497 2,441 3,824 3,696 4,004 3,074 2,454 2,616 36,060 1,195 1,446 632 642 616 756 1,241 899 449 620 929 11,383 1,680 3,939 2,031 3,845 3,658 1,407 1,965 2,070 6,079 2,991 3,157 8,691 Buildings. 1910 $994 1,782 2,094 1,462 1,407 542 394 437 791 1,221 1,219 1,530 1,657 2,401 2,442 2,466 2,212 2,777 1,873 1,354 1,235 1,717 1,381 1,636 1,658 2,098 975 1,241 1,320 1,533 1,122 1,681 1,600 4,781 747 593 447 363 374 583 444 271 292 294 413 471 503 948 815 820 990 365 535 833 1,611 971 964 1,513 1900 $620 1,276 1,501 827 715 319 250 245 538 798 796 1,181 1,125 1,886 1,765 1,669 1,486 1,998 1,440 793 694 952 782 916 713 1,063 621 561 588 749 644 1,101 1,191 6,850 423 366 235 174 200 244 387 281 154 168 168 288 1198 285 700 391 579 648 290 390 649 1,071 491 536 1,068 Implements and machinery. 1910 1900 $199 209 358 239 332 88 72 127 269 360 241 217 311 313 337 258 391 323 188 190 293 241 299 336 440 183 590 435 341 272 242 426 98 73 73 80 72 80 87 62 62 79 167 142 136 402 340 334 277 116 194 206 586 297 290 414 $131 190 239 147 186 65 54 103 186 241 148 176 228 234 231 184 247 269 227 132 123 170 142 172 195 253 100 310 232 205 170 222 187 506 59 54 40 43 44 48 65 68 39 44 49 246 197 85 275 188 224 192 93 132 151 407 189 182 294 Live stock. 1910 1900 $774 519 745 869 1,398 330 . 364 625 2,119 1,242 419 440 692 562 619 628 849 734 646 725 807 1,226 666 1,036 1,811 1,031 1,456 1,639 1,714 1,426 629 666 704 407 448 247 256 276 412 453 450 250 274 346 371 801 763 3,268 1,616 5,971 1,520 1,219 2,823 1,328 7,145 870 1,307 1,447 ' Includes Indian Territory. FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 281' In the North, as shown in Table 14, the average value of a farm with its equipment in 1910 was $9,507, as compared with $2,897 in the South and $12,155 in the West. The West leads the other two sections in the average value per farm of land, of implements and machinery, and of live stock, but the average value of buildings per farm is highest in the North. The aver- age value of a farm is nearly twice as high for the ter- ritory west of the Mississippi as for that east of the river, the excess being due to the difference in the average size of farms. In spite of the lower average size of farms, it should be noted that the average value of buildings per farm is higher east of the Mississippi River than west. Table 14 TTnited States . . The North The South The Wes^ East of Mississippi. West of Mississippi. ALL FARM PROPERTY. 1910 1900 1910 1900 $6, 444 $3, 563 $4, 476 $2, 276 9,507 2,897 12,155 9,030 6,030 6,618 1,629! 1,913 7,059 9,162 3,067 4,448 3,122 6,672 3,260 978 4,639 1,926 2,902 BUILDINGS. 1910 1900 $994 1,564 461 1,009 1,010 969 $620 930 274 665 540 IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. 1910 1900 $199 95 310 168 249 $131 180 218 LrVE STOCK. 1910 1900 $774 1,029 428 1,673 549 1,140 $536 660 309 1,512 362 847 FAEMS AND FARM PROPEKTY: 1860 TO 1910. United States as a whole. — Table 15 shows, for the United States as a whole, the population, number and acreage of farms, and value of farm property at each census from 1850 to 1910. In considering this table it should be noted that some of the figures are not entirely comparable. There have been some vari- ations from census to census in the definition of farm land and of improved farm land. Moreover, in some of the Western states, land which was formerly free public range, and as such utilized more or less exten- sively for grazing, has from time to time been brought under private ownership without involving any con- siderable change in the character or extent of the agricultural operations. This transfer of unimproved grazing land from public to private ownership tends to reduce the proportion of improved land to total land in farms. Again, the comparability of the figures regarding the number of farms is affected by the changes in respect to the management of planta- tions in the South which followed the Civil War, Prior to the war plantations were ordinarily worked by slave or hired labor and were reported as single units, while after the war they came more and more to be parceled out to tenants, whose holdings are reported by the census as separate farms, even though they may be operated under a thoroughgoing supervision on tlie part of the owner of the plantation or his repre- sentative. Notwithstanding these qualifications, how- ever, the data presented in the table are sufficiently comparable to indicate in a broad way the agricul- tural progress of the country during the past 60 years. FARMS, FARM LAND, AND FARM PROPERTY OF THE UNITED STATES: 1850 TO 1910. Table 16 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 IStiO Population Number of farms Land area of the country acres. Land in farms acres . Improved land in farms acres. Average acreage per farm Average improved acreage per farm Per cent of total land area in farms Per cent of land in farms improved Per cent of total land area improved Value of farm property, total , Land and Duildings Implements and machinery Domestic animals, poultry, and bees Average value of all property per farm Average value of all property per acre of land in farms Average valuoof land and buildings per acre 91,972,266 6,361,502 1,903,289,600 878,798,325 478,451,750 138.1 75.2 46.2 54.4 25.1 $40,991,449,090 34,801,125,697 1,265,149,783 4,925,173,610 $6,444 $46.64 $39.60 75,994,575 5,737,372 1,903,461,760 838,591,774 414,498,487 146.2 72.2 44.1 49.4 2L8 $20,439,901,164 16,614,647,491 749,775,970 3,075,477,703 $3,563 $24.37 $19. 81 62,947,714 4,564,641 1,903,337,600 623,218,619 357,616,765 136.5 78.3 32.7 67.4 18.8 $10,082,267,689 13,279,252,649 494,247,467 2,308,767,573 $3,523 $25.81 $21. 31 50, 155, 783 4,008,907 1,903,337,600 536,081,835 284,771,042 133.7 71.0 28.2 53.1 15.0 $12,180,501,538 10,197,096,776 406,520,055 1,576,884,707 $3,038 $22.7 $19.0 38,558,371 2,659,985 1,903,337,600 407,735,041 188,921,099 153.3 71.0 21.4 46.3 9.9 $8,944,857,749 7,444,054,462 270,913,678 1,229,889,609 $3,363 $21.94 $18.26 31,443,321 2,044,077 1,903,337,600 407,212,538 163, 110, 720 199.2 79.8 21.4 40.1 8.6 $7,980,493,063 6,645,045,007 246,118,141 1,089,329,915 $3,904 $19.60 $16. 32 23,191,876 1,449,073 1,884,375,680 293,560,614 113,032,614 202.6 78.0 15.6 38.6 6.0 $3,967,343,580 3,271,575,426 151,587,638 544,180,516 $2,738 $13. 51 $11. 14 Table 16, on page 282, shows the increase since 1850 in the number of farms, in the total farm acreage, in improved farm acreage, and in the value of farm property. The greatest increase in the number of farms and also in the improved farm acreage took place in the decade 1870 to 1880, but the greatest increase in the total farm acreage was in the decade 1890 to 1900, and by far the greatest increase in the value of farm prop- erty was in the last decade, 1900 to 1910. Comparisons of the two 30-year periods show that, while from 1850 to 1880 the agricultural industry more than kept pace with the population, it has on the whole failed to do so since 1880. The population increased 116.3 per cent between 1850 and 1880, and improved farm land increased 151.9 per cent; but from 1880 to 1910 population increased 83.4 per cent and im- proved farm land only 68 per cent. It is possible that the figures for acreage of farms and improved acreage in 1880 are, in some measure, out of line with 282 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. those for both the earlier and the later censuses, as the definitions used at that census were unusually broad, but the degree of incomparability, if any, is not sufficient to affect materially the general conclu- sions just stated. TaMe 16 1900-1910... . 1890-1900.... 1880-1890.... 1870-1880..., 1860-1870..., 1850-1860..., 1880-1910: Amount Per cent 1850-1880: Amount Per cent 1850-1910: Amount Per cent Popula- tion. 15,977,691 13,046,861 12,791,931 11,597,412 7,115,050 8,251,445 41,816,483 83.4 26,963,907 116.3 68,780,390 296.6 Number of farms. 624,130 1,172,731 655,734 1,348,922 615,908 595,004 2,352,595 68.7 2,559,834 176.6 4,912,429 339.0 Acreage. Land in farms. 40,206,551 215,373,155 87, 136, 784 128,346,794 522,503 113,651,924 342,716,490 63.9 242,521,221 82.6 585,237,711 199.4 Improved land in farms. 63,953,263 56,881,732 72,845,713 95,849,943 25.810,379 50,078,106 193,680,708 68.0 171,738,428 151.9 365,419,136 323.3 Value of farm property. $20,551,547,926 4,357,633,475 3,901,766,151 3,235,643,789 964,364,686 4.013,149,483 28,810,947,552 236.5 8,213,157,958 207.0 37,024,105,510 933.2 The proportion of the total area of the country rep- resented by farm land has steadily increased from census to census. It was 15.6 per cent in 1850 and 46.2 per cent in 1910. The most marked increase in this percentage took place between 1890 and 1900, and was due largely to bringing into farms great areas of land which had formerly been free public range. The proportion of farm land improved increased steadily from 38.5 per cent in 1850 to 57.4 per cent in 1890, but because of the fact just stated it fell off by 1900, and even in 1910 was somewhat lower than in 1890, being 54.4 per cent. The proportion of the total land area of the country represented by im- proved farm land has risen steadily from 6 per cent in 1850 to 25.1 per cent in 1910. The average size of farms fell from 202.6 acres in 1850 to 133.7 acres in 1880, this decline being due in part to the breaking up of plantations in the South, previously referred to. From 1880 to 1900, on account of the inclusion in large ranches of land which had formerly been free public domain, the average size of farms increased somewhat, reaching 146.2 acres in 1900, since which time it has again decreased on ac- count of the breaking up of ranches and the further subdivision of plantations in the South. The average acreage of improved land per farm has been compara- tively stationary from census to census; it was 78 acres in 1850 and 75.2 acres in 1910. The value of farm property in 1910 was considera- bly more than ten times as great as in 1850, but more than half of the total increase has taken place in the last decade alone. The increase in farm values was very rapid from 1850 to 1860, and from that time was more gradual until 1900. The average value of farm property per acre of land in farms in 1910 was nearly three and one-half times as great as in 1850. The increase was very rapid from 1850 to 1860, but was comparatively slight during the next three decades. The average was actually lower in 1900 than in 1890, but an extraordinary increase appeared at the census of 1910. Farms and farm property, by geographic divisions. — Tables 17 and 18 show the changes with regard to farms and farm property in each of the nine geographic divi- sions from 1850 to 1910. In considering these tables, due regard should be given to the conditions above re- ferred to as alFecting the comparability of the statistics. The most conspicuous feature of the statistics in these tables is the movement of agriculture toward the West. New England has actually less improved land in farms at present than it had in 1850. The acreage of farm land and of improved land in the Middle Atlantic division reached its maximum m 1880 and has since declined. The East North Central division showed very rapid increases from 1850 to 1880, but only a moderate increase since that time. The acreage of farm land in the South Atlantic division was less in 1910 than in 1860, although improved land had increased appreciably. On the other hand, the four divisions west of the Mississippi have shown, as might be expected, extraordinary increases from census to census. In the average acreage of land per farm remarkable changes have taken place in the South and in the West. On account chiefly of the division of plantations into tenant holdings, the average farm in the three southern divisions combined was less than one-half as large in 1880 as it had been in 1850. The average size of farms in the Mountain division increased rapidly from 1850 to 1900 on account of the bringing of previously public land into large ranges. On the other hand, in the Pacific states, or more specifically in California, great tracts of land were already in 1850 included in privately owned ranches, and these have from time to time been broken up, reducing the average size. The most striking feature of the table with regard to farm values is the decline in such values in the Southern states between 1860 and 1870, due to the dis- astrous effect of the Civil War. On the other hand, in the Northern states quite generally there was a» decided increase in the value of farm property during the decade of the war. It was not until 1900 that the aggregate value of farm property in the East South Central divi- sion again reached the figure reported in 1860, and the recovery in the South Atlantic division took almost as long. The marked decline in the average value of a farm with its equipment m the Southern states alter 1860 was partly due to the decline in the value of property per acre following the war and partly to the breaking up of plantations. FARMS AND FARM PROPERTY. 283 FARMS, LAND IN FARMS, AND POPULATION, WITH INCREASES. AND AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1850 TO 1910. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 17 GEOaRAPEIC DIVISION. TTKITED STATES 1910 MOO 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS NEW ENGLAND. 1910 1900 1800 1880 1870 1860 1850 MIDDLE ATLANTIC 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 EAST NORTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1860 WEST NORTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 SOUTH ATLANTIC. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL, 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1800 1880 1870 1860 1850 MOUNTAIN. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 PACIFIC. 1910 1900 1890 1880 Wo 1860 1850 POPULATION. Number. 91,972,266 75,994,575 62,947,714 50, 155, 783 38,558,371 31,443,321 23,191,876 6,552,681 5,592,017 4,700,749 4,010,529 3,487,924 3,135,283 2,728,116 19,315,892 15,454,678 12,706,220 10,496,878 8,810,806 7,458,985 5,898,736 18,250,621 15,985,581 13,478,305 11,206,668 9,124,517 6,926,884 4,523,260 11,637,921 10,347,423 8,932,112 6,157,443 3,856,594 2,169,832 880,335 12,194,895 10,443,480 8,857,922 7,597,197 5,853,610 5,364,703 4,679,090 8,409,901 7,547,757 6,429,154 5,585,151 4,404,445 4,020,991 3,363,271 8,784,534 6,532,290 4,740,983 3,334,220 2,029,965 1,747,667 940,251 2,633,517 1,674,657 1,213,935 653, 119 315,385 174,923 72,927 4,192,304 2,416,692 1,888,334 1,114,578 675, 125 444,053 105,891 Per cent of in- crease. 21.0 20.7 25.5 30.1 22.6 35.6 17.2 19.0 17.2 15.0 11.2 14.9 25.0 21.6 21.0 19.1 18.1 26.4 14.2 18.6 20.3 22.8 31.7 53.1 12.5 15.8 45.1 59.7 77.7 146.5 16.8 17.9 16.6 29.8 9.1 14.7 11.4 17.4 15.1 26.8 9.5 19.6 34.5 37.8 42.2 64.2 16.2 85.9 57.3 38.0 85.9 107.1 80.3 139.9 73.5 28.0 69.4 65.1 52.0 319.4 NUMBEB OF FARMS Number. 6,361,502 5,737,372 4,564,641 4,008,907 2,659,985 2,044,077 1,449,073 188,802 191,888 189,961 207,232 180,649 183,942 167,651 468,379 485,618 468,608 488,907 420,946 380,993 322,103 1,123,489 1,135,823 1,009,031 985,273 761,735 586,717 368,177 1,109,948 1,060,744 914,791 712,695 363,343 185,448 69, «» 1,111,881 962,225 749,600 644,429 374, 102 301,940 248,196 1,042,480 903,313 655,766 569,739 371,968 271, 150 223,436 943,186 754,853 431,006 316,909 139,030 99,223 43,378 183,446 101,327 49,398 25,043 13,774 8,812 4,676 189,891 141,581 96,480 68,680 34,438 25,852 2,036 Per cent of in- crease. 10.9 25.7 13.9 60.7 30.1 41.1 -1.6 1.0 -8.3 14.7 -1.8 9.7 -3.5 3.6 -4.2 16.1 10.6 18.3 -1.1 12.6 2.4 29.3 29.8 59.4 4.6 16.0 28.4 96.1 95.9 167.1 15.6 28.4 16.3 72.3 23.9 21.7 15.4 37.7 15.1 53.2 37.2 21.4 24.9 75.1 36.0 127.9 40.1 128.7 81.0 105.1 97.3 81.8 56.3 88.5 34.1 46.7 64.4 70.4 33.2 1,169.7 ALL LAND IN FARMS. Acres. 878,798,325 838,591,774 623, 218, 619 536,081,835 407,735,041 407,212,538 293,560,614 19,714,931 20,548,999 19,755,584 21,483,772 19,560,863 20,110,022 18,367,458 43,191,056 44,860,090 42,987,941 46,501,868 43,174,521 40,970,623 36,795,377 117,929,148 116,340,761 105,786,825 105,784,212 87,440,392 72,606,843 60,188,876 232,648,121 201,008,713 150,800,169 101,197,945 51,765,877 35,202,747 12,497,615 103,782,255 104,297,506 100,157,573 101,419,563 90,213,055 106,520,771 93,401,610 81,520,629 81,247,643 78,999,359 76,872,951 66,323,611 74,776,655 58,561,870 169,149,976 176,491,202 77,448,935 56,627,272 33,019,636 44,216,310 19,083,596 59,533,420 46,397,284 14,765,862 3,976,377 1,753,590 1,560,938 337,420 51,328,789 47,399,576 32,516,371 22,217,875 14,465,496 11,156,729 4,326,793 Per cent of in- crease. 4.8 34.6 16.3 31.5 0.1 38.7 -4.1 4.0 -8.0 9.8 -2.7 9.5 -3.7 4.4 -7.6 7.7 6.4 11.3 1.4 10.0 (') 21.0 20.3 44.8 15.7 33.3 49.0 95.5 47.1 181.7 -0.5 4.1 -1.2 12.4 -15.3 14.0 0.3 2.8 2.8 15.9 -11.3 27.7 -4.2 127.9 36.8 71.5 -25.3 131.7 28.3 214.2 271.3 126.8 12.3 362.6 8.3 45.8 46.4 53.6 29.7 157.9 IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS. 478,451,750 414,498,487 357,616,755 284,771,042 188,921,099 163,110,720 113,032,614 7,254,904 8,134,403 10,738,930 13,148,466 11,997,540 12,216,771 11,150,694 29,320,894 30,786,211 31,599,004 33,237,166 29,119,645 26,766,140 22,805,574 88,947,228 86,670,271 78,774,647 76,589,373 54,899,646 41,186,414 22,912,190 164,284,862 135,643,828 105,517,479 61,252,946 23,509,863 11,122,285 3,768,142 48,479,733 46,100,226 41,677,371 36,170,331 30,202,991 34,900,942 30,009,323 43,946,846 40,237,337 35,729,170 30,820,882 24,218,478 25,891,024 19,023,415 58,264,273 39,770,530 30,559,654 18,985,889 6,870,297 7,341,202 3,015,631 15,915,002 8,402,576 5,460,739 2,213,300 576,200 240,625 182,534 22,038,008 18,753,105 17,559,671 13,362,689 7,526,439 3,446,317 165,311 Per cent of in- crease 15.4 15.9 25.6 60.7 15.8 44.3 -10.8 -24.3 -18.3 9.6 -1.8 9.6 -4.8 -2.6 -4.9 14.1 8.8 17.4 2.6 10.0 4.2 37.7 33.3 79.8 21.1 28.6 72.3 160.5 111.4 195.2 5.2 10.6 15.2 19.8 -13.5 16.3 9.2 12.6 15.9 27.3 -6.5 36.1 46.5 30.1 61.0 176.3 -6.4 143.4 89.4 53.9 146.7 284.1 139.5 31.8 17.5 6.8 31.5 77.4 118.4 PER CENT OF UNITED STATES TOTAL IN EACH DIVISION. Num- ber of farms. 2.97 3.34 4.16 5.17 6.79 9.00 11.57 7.36 8.46 10.27 12.20 15.83 18.64 22.23 17.66 19.80 22.10 24.58 28.64 28.70 25.41 17.45 18.49 20.04 17.78 13.66 9.07 4.79 17.48 16.77 16.42 16.07 14.06 14.77 17.13 16.39 15.74 14.37 14.21 13.98 13.27 16.42 14.83 13.16 9.44 7.90 5.23 4.85 2.99 2.88 1.77 1.08 0.62 0.52 0.43 0.32 2.98 2.47 2.11 1.46 1.29 1.26 0.14 All farm land. 2.24 2.45 3.17 4.01 4.80 4.94 6.26 4.91 5.35 6.90 8.67 10.59 10.06 12.53 13.42 13.87 16.97 19.73 21.46 17.86 17.10 26.47 23.97 24.20 18.88 12.70 8.64 4.26 11.81 12.44 16.07 18.92 22.13 26.16 31.82 9.28 9.69 12.68 14.34 16.27 18.36 19.95 19.25 21.05 12.43 10.56 8.10 10.86 6.50 6.77 5.53 2.37 0.74 0.43 0.38 0.11 5.84 5.65 5.22 4.14 3.55 2.74 1.47 Im- proved farm land. 1.52 1.96 3.00 4.62 6.35 7.49 9.86 6.13 7.43 8.84 11.67 15.41 16.41 20.18 18.59 20.91 22.03 26.54 29.06 25.25 20.27 34.34 32.72 29.50 21.51 12.44 6.82 3.33 10.13 11.12 11.65 12.70 15.99 21.40 26.55 9.19 9.71 9.99 10.82 12.82 15.87 16.83 12.18 9.59 8.55 6.67 3.64 4.50 2.67 3.33 2.03 1.53 0.78 0.30 0.15 0.16 4.61 4.52 4.91 4.69 3.98 2.11 0.15 Per cent land In farms forms of total land area. 49.7 51.8 49.8 64.2 49.3 50.7 46.3 67.5 70.1 67.2 72.7 67.5 64.0 57.5 75.0 74.1 67.4 67.4 55.7 46.3 32.0 71.2 61.5 46.1 31.0 15.8 7.7 6.8 60.3 60.6 58.2 58.9 52.4 61.9 54.2 71.0 70.7 57.7 65.1 61.0 61.5 64.2 28.2 20.6 12.0 16.1 6.9 10.8 8.4 2.7 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.1 25.2 23.3 16.0 10.9 7.1 4.0 1.5 Per cent of farm land im- proved 54.4 49.4 67.4 63.1 46.3 40.1 38.5 36.8 39.6 54.4 61.2 61.3 60.7 60.7 67.9 68.6 73.5 71.5 67.4 65.3 62.0 75.4 74.5 74.5 71.5 62.8 66.7 45.7 70.6 67.5 70.0 60.5 45.4 31.6 30.2 46.7 44.2 41.6 35.7 33.5 32.8 32.1 53.9 49.5 45.2 40.1 36.5 34.6 32.5 34.4 22.5 39.5 33.5 20.8 16.6 15.8 26.7 18.1 37.0 55.7 32.9 16.4 54.1 42.9 39.6 64.0 60.1 52.0 30.9 3.8 AVERAGE ACRES PER FARM. All farm land. 138.1 146.2 136.6 133.7 153.3 199.2 202.6 104.4 107.1 104.0 103.7 108.3 109.3 109.6 92.2 92.4 91.7 95.1 102.6 107.5 114.2 105.0 102.4 104.8 107.4 114.8 123.9 136.3 209.6 189.5 164.8 142.0 142.5 189.8 180.0 93.3 108.4 133.6 157.4 241.1 352.8 376.3 78.2 89.9 120.5 134.9 178.3 275.8 262.1 179.3 233.8 179.7 178.7 237.5 445.6 439.9 324.5 457.9 298.9 168.8 127.3 177.1 72.2 270.3 334.8 337.0 378.6 420.0 431.6 2,125.1 > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 284 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. VALUE OF FARM PROPERTY WITH INCREASES, AND AVERAGE VALUE PER FARM, AND PER ACRE OF FARM LAND, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS: 1850 TO 1910. EA minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 18 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION. UOTTED STATES 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 GEOGRAPHIC DrVISIONS NEW ENGLAND. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 MIDDLE ATLANTIC. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 EAST NORTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 WEST NORTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 SOUTH ATLANTIC 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1860 MOUNTAIN. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 PACIFIC. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 ALL FARM PROPERTY. Value. $40,991,449,090 20,439,901,164 16, 082, 267, 689 12, 180, 501, 538 8, 944, 857, 749 7,980,493,063 3,967,343,580 867,240,457 639,645,900 585,267,817 671,846,058 566,353,951 561,467,417 435,154,525 2,959,589,022 2,310,886,728 2, 384, 703, 476 2,524,721,419 2,381,103,898 1,892,664,457 1,249,643,065 10,119,128,066 5,683,925,367 4,751,184,987 4,158,388,413 3,090,625,976 2,028,817,467 805,787,277 13 535,309,511 5,820,994,481 3,766,511,744 1,949,743,846 1,018,032,607 494,589,405 108,885,147 2,951,200,773 1,454,031,316 1,333,395,489 1,053,156,575 740,833,437 1,207,375,444 706,208,481 2, 182, 771, 779 1,195,868,790 1,054,730,138 846,707,577 705,564,773 1,169,024,049 494,085,395 3,838,154,337 1,619,954,613 835,791,560 443,589,488 201,412,394 503,093,122 151, 172, 760 1,757,573,368 601,264,180 349,550,941 122,598,535 19,571,627 10,984,059 4,169,566 2,780,481,777 1,113,329,789 1,021,131,537 409,749,627 221,359,086 112,477,643 12,237,364 rer cent of in- crease. 100.5 27.1 32.0 36.2 12.1 101.2 35.6 9.3 -12.9 18.6 0.9 29.0 28.1 -3.1 -5.5 6.0 25.8 51.6 78.0 19.6 14.3 34.5 52.3 151.8 132.5 54.5 93.2 91.5 105.8 354.2 103.0 9.0 26.6 42.2 -38.6 71.0 82.5 13.4 24.6 20.0 -39.6 136.6 136.9 93, 88.4 120.2 -60.0 232.8 192.3 72.0 185.1 526.4 78.2 163.4 149.7 9.0 149.2 85.1 96.8 819.2 Average value. Per farm. $6,444 3,563 3,523 3,038 3,363 3,904 2,738 4, 3,333 3,081 3,242 3,135 3,052 2,596 6,319 4,759 5,"'" 5,164 5,657 4,968 3,880 9,007 5,004 4,709 4,221 4,057 3,458 2,189 12, 195 5,488 4,117 2,736 2,802 2,667 1,568 2,654 1,511 1,779 1,634 1, 3,999 2,845 2,094 1,324 1,608 1,486 1,897 4,311 2,211 4,069 2,146 1,939 1,400 1,449 5,070 3,485 9,581 6,934 7,076 4," 1,421 1,246 892 14,643 7,864 10,584 6,983 6,428 4,351 6,010 Per acre. $46.61 24.37 25.81 22.72 21.94 19.60 13.51 43.99 31.13 29.63 31.27 28.94 27.92 23.69 68.62 61.51 55.47 64.29 55.15 46.20 33.96 85.81 48.86 44.91 39.31 35.34 27.91 16.06 58.18 28.96 24.98 19.27 19.67 14.05 8.71 28.44 13.94 13.31 10.38 8.21 11.33 7.56 26.78 14.72 13.35 11.01 10.64 16.63 8.44 22.69 9.18 10.79 7.83 6.10 11.38 7.92 29.52 12.96 23.67 30.83 11.16 7.04 12.36 54.17 23.49 31.40 18.44 15.30 10.08 2.83 LAND AND BUILDINGS. Value. $34,801,125,697 16,614,647,491 13,279,252,649 10, 197, 096, 776 7, 444, 054, 462 6, 645, 045, 007 3,271,575,426 718,544,808 528,267,748 489,570,178 580,681,418 468, 133, 979 476,303,837 372,348,643 2,442,949,103 1,948,997,940 2,049,630,359 2, 222, 761, 984 2,059,090,179 1,645,644,638 1,082,660,262 8,873,991,694 4,912,597,440 4,101,406,702 3, 629, 140, 732 2,646,744,323 1,735,742,858 671,678,076 11,614,665,870 4,651,282,998 2, 968, 360, 452 1,500.300,355 804,857,937 394,270,606 80,045,058 2,486,436,474 1,206,349,618 1,135,319,670 891,774,157 610,428,194 1,008,613,065 676,590,683 1,738,397,839 933,780,823 827, 514, 447 677,848,031 543,560,620 929,440,929 371,934,332 3,128,596,882 1,138,891,068 612,508,151 303,707,658 134,716,055 384,540,755 107,629,651 1,319,396.873 338,619,672 198,545,200 68,078,360 8,961,817 4,343,081 1, 965, 721 2,478,146,264 955,860,184 896,397,490 332,804,081 167,571,358 66,145,239 6,723,211 Per cent of in- crease 109.5 25.1 30.2 37.0 12.0 103.1 36.0 7.9 -16.7 24.0 -1.7 27.9 25.3 -4. -7.8 7.9 25.1 52.0 80.6 19.8 13.0 37.1 52.6 158.4 149.7 56.7 97.8 86.4 104.1 392.6 106.1 6.3 27.3 46.1 -39.5 74.9 86.2 12.8 22.1 24.7 -41.5 149.9 174.7 85.9 101.7 125.4 -66.0 257.3 289.6 70.6 241.8 648.1 106.3 120.9 159.2 6.6 169.3 98.6 153.3 883.8 Average value. Per farm. $5, 471 2,896 2,909 2,544 2,799 3,251 2,258 3,806 2,753 2,577 2,802 2,591 2,689 2,221 5,216 4,013 4,374 4,646 4, 4,319 3,361 7, 4,325 4,065 3,683 3,475 2,968 r 824 10,464 4,385 3,245 2,105 2,215 2,126 1,153 2,236 1,254 1,515 1,384 1,632 3,340 2,323 1, 1,034 1,262 1,190 1,461 3,428 1,665 3,317 1,509 1,421 958 969 3,876 2,481 7,192 3,342 4,019 2,319 651 493 420 13,050 6,751 9,291 5,672 4,866 2,569 3,302 Per acre. $39. 60 19.81 21.31 19.02 18.26 16.32 11.14 36.46 25.71 24.78 27.03 23.92 23.68 20.27 66.56 43.45 47.68 47.80 47.69 40.17 29.42 75.25 42.23 38.77 34.31 30.27 23.88 13.38 49.92 23.14 19.68 14.83 16.56 11.20 6.40 23.96 11.57 11.34 8.79 6.77 9.47 6.17 21.32 11.49 10.47 8.82 8.20 12.43 6.35 18.60 6.45 7.91 5.36 4.08 8.70 5.64 22.16 7.30 13.45 14.61 5.11 2.78 5.83 48.28 20.17 27.57 14.98 11.58 5.93 1.55 IMPLEMENTS AND MACmNERY. Value. $1,265,149,783 749,775,970 494, 247, 467 406, 520, 055 270,913,678 246, 118, 141 151, 587, 638 50,798,826 36,561,820 23,783,288 22,090,563 18,042,446 16,468,564 12,937,290 167,480,384 116,253,270 93,084,964 84,986,863 71,635,120 57,356,104 41,232,970 268,806,560 166,694,220 126,454,149 119,804,675 84,717,847 56,810,880 30,393,529 368,935,544 197,367,840 125,771,166 86,428,597 38,858,215 16,005,666 5,170,375 98, 230, 147 53,318,890 36,444,018 30,812,107 20, 025, 259 34,046,771 24,656,646 75,339,333 48,767,236 31,323,896 27,464,111 19,612,753 32,200,066 21,417,837 119,720,377 77,925,050 27,019,876 19,124,513 10,234,828 29,083,003 15,329,938 49,429,976 18,807,620 7,969,430 3,440,196 896,262 446,887 162, 248 66,408,647 34,090,026 22,396,680 12,362,430 6,890,958 3,701,221 286,906 Per cent of in- crease 68.7 51.7 21.6 50.1 10.1 62.4 39.0 53.7 7.6 22.5 9.6 27.3 44.1 24.9 9.5 18.6 24.9 39.1 61.3 31.8 5.6 4L4 49.1 86.9 86.9 56.9 45.5 122.4 142.8 209.6 84.2 46.3 18.3 53.9 -41.2 38.1 54.5 55.7 14.1 40.0 -39.1 50.3 53.6 188.4 41.3 86. -64.8 89.7 162.8 136.0 131.7 283.8 100.6 175.4 94.8 52.2 81.2 79.4 86.2 1, 190. 1 Average value. Per farm $199 131 108 101 102 120 105 269 190 125 107 100 90 77 358 239 199 174 170 151 128 239 147 125 122 111 97 83 332 186 137 121 107 86 74 127 103 63 60 74 293 353 269 186 161 137 65 51 35 350 241 232 211 200 143 141 Per acre. $1.44 0.89 0.79 0.76 0.66 0.60 0.52 2.68 1.78 1.20 1.03 0.92 0.82 0.70 3.88 2.59 2.17 1.83 1.66 1.40 L12 2.28 1.43 1.20 1.13 0.97 0.78 0.61 1.59 0.98 0.83 0.85 0.75 0.45 0.41 0.95 0.61 0.36 0.30 0.22 0.32 0.26 0.92 0.60 0.40 0.36 0.30 0.43 0.37 0.71 0.44 0.35 0.34 0.31 0.66 0.80 0.83 0.41 0.54 0.87 0.61 0.29 0.48 1.29 0.72 0.69 0.56 0.48 0.33 0.07 UVE STOCK. Value. $4, 925, 173, 610 3,075,477,703 2,308,767,573 1,576,884,707 1,229,889,609 1,089,329,915 544,180,516 97,896,823 74,826,332 71,914,351 69,068,077 80, 177, 526 68,695,016 49,868,692 349, 159, 535 245,635,618 241, 988, 153 216,972,572 250,378,699 189, 663, 715 126,749,843 976,329,922 604,633,707 523,324,136 409,443,006 359,163,806 236,263,729 103,715,673 1,661,708,097 972,343,643 672,380,126 363,014,894 174,316,465 84,313,144 23,669,714 366,534,162 194,362,808 161,631,801 130,570,311 110,379,984 164,716,608 104,961,363 369,034,607 213,320,732 195,891,795 141,395,436 142,401,400 207,383,065 100,733,226 689,837,078 403,138,495 196,263,533 120,757,317 56,461,511 89,469,364 28, 213, 171 388,746,620 243,836,888 143,036,311 61,079,979 9,713,558 6,194,091 2,041,597 235,926,876 123,379,580 102,337,367 64,583,116 46,896,770 42,631,183 6,227,247 Per cent of in- crease 60.1 33.2 46.4 28.2 12.9 100.2 30.8 4.0 4 -13.9 16.7 37.8 42.1 16.1 11.5 -13.3 32.0 60.8 6L5 16.5 27.8 14.0 52.0 127.8 59.6 44.6 85.2 108.2 106.7 256.2 88.6 20.3 23.8 18.3 -33.0 56.9 73.0 8.9 38.5 -0.7 -31.3 105.9 46.3 105.4 62.5 113.9 -36.9 217.1 59.4 70.5 134.2 628.8 56.8 203.4 91.2 20.6 58.5 37.7 10.0 715.6 Chaptee 10. TENURE, MORTGAGE INDEBTEDNESS, COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS, AND SIZE OF FARMS. Introduction. — This chapter shows in condensed form the main results of the Thirteenth Census of the United States, taken as of April 15, 1910, with reference to the tenure of farms, the mortgage indebtedness on farms, the color and nativity of farm operators, and the size of farms, presenting statistics by geographic divisions and states. Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions are not included. Definitions. — One of the most important branches of agricultural statistics is that which relates to the distribution of farms and farm property according to the tenure under which the farm operator holds the land. The three mam classes of farm operators, on the basis of tenure, are (1) owners, (2) hired managers, and (3) tenants. In some of the tables a distinction is made between owners who operate their own land exclusively and those who rent additional land, while the class of tenants is subdivided into share tenants, share-cash tenants, and cash tenants. The following are the definitions of the several classes of farm operators, substantially as furnished to the census enumerators : Farm owners include (1) fanners operating their own land only, and (2) those operating both their own land and some land hired from others. Managers are fanners who are conducting farm operations for the owner for wages or a salary. Farm tenants are farmers who, as tenants, renters, or croppers, operate hired land only. They were reported in 1910 in three classes: (1) Share tenants — those who pay a certain share of the products, as one-half, one-third, or one-quarter; (2) share-cash tenants — those who pay a share of the products for part of the land rented by them and cash for part, as cash for pasture or garden and a share of all the crops grown on plowed land; and (3) cash tenants — those who pay a cash rental or a stated amount of labor or products, such as |7, 10 bushels of wheat, or 100 pounds of seed cotton per acre. All tenants who did noA specify whether they rented for cash or for a share of the products, or both, are tabu- lated as having "tenure not specified." TEXrCTRE OF FARMS. Tennre in the United States as a whole: 1910 and 1900. — Table 1 shows, for the United States as a whole, the number of farms in 1910 classified by tenure, with corresponding data for 1900 as far as available. It shows also the acreage of the farms in the three main groups. Table 1 mrUBEB OF FARMS. ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). PER CENT OF TOTAL. a.AfW OF OPERATOR. 1910 1900 Increase.' 1910 1900 Increase.! Number of farms. Acreage. Number. Per cent. Acres. Per cent. 1910 1900 1910 1900 All farms 6,361,602 6,737,372 624,130 10.9 878,798,326 838,691,774 40,206,551 4.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3,948,722 3,354,897 593,825 68,104 2,354,676 1,399,923 128,466 712,294 113,993 3,653,323 3,201,947 451,376 59,085 2,024,964 } 1,273,299 1 751,665 295,399 152,950 142,449 -981 329,712 255,090 74,622 8.1 4.8 31.6 -1.7 16.3 20.0 9.9 598,554,617 556,040,051 42,514,566 7.6 62.1 52.7 9.3 0.9 37.0 / 22.0 1 2.0 / 11.2 \ 1.8 63.7 55.8 7.9 1.0 35.3 1 22.2 } 13.1 68.1 66.3 Ben ting additional land 53,730,865 226,512,843 87,518,186 195,033,537 -33,787,321 31,479,306 -38.6 16.1 6.1 25.8 10.4 23.3 Share Share-cash Cash Not reported 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. In the United States as a whole in 1910 substan- tially five-eighths (62.1 per cent) of the farms were operated by owners and three-eighths (37 per cent) by tenants, the proportion operated by hired man- agers being less than 1 per cent. Owners "owning entire farm" are more than five times as numerous as owners "renting additional land." In most cases of share-cash tenancy the share feature is the more important, the principal crops being raised on shares, while only a small amount of land, usually for a home garden or for pasture, is rented on the basis of cash payment. Share-cash tenants were included with share tenants in 1900, while tenants for whom the form of payment was not specified were included with cash tenants. The share and share-cash tenants, as reported, together constituted substantially two-thirds of the entire number of tenants both in 1910 and in 1900. (285) 286 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Between 1900 and 1910 the farms operated by owners increased 8.1 per cent in number, while those operated by tenants increased 16.3 per cent, the small number operated by managers decreasing 1.7 per cent. It may be noted that at least since 1880 (and probably further back also) the farms operated by tenants have in each decade increased faster than those operated by owners. Tenant farms consti- tuted 25.6 per cent of all farms in 1880; 28.4 per cent in 1890; 35.3 per cent in 1900; and 37 per cent in 1910. The distribution of acreage of farms according to tenure differs somewhat from the distribution of the number of farms. Farms operated by owners con- tained 68.1 per cent of the total acreage in 1910; tenant farms, 25.8 per cent; and farms operated by managers, 6.1 per cent. The acreage of farms oper- ated by owners increased 7.6 per cent during the decade 1900 to 1910, while that of tenant farms in- creased 16.1 per cent. There was a marked decrease in the total acreage of farms operated by managers. Main tenure classes, by geographic divisions: 1910 and 1900. — Table 2 shows the number, total and im- proved acreage, and value of land and buildings of the farms of the three main tenure groups in each geographic division for 1910 and 1900. NUMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY TENURE OF OPERATOR, WITH PERCENTAGES, BY DIVISIONS.- 1910 AND 1900. Table 2 DIVISION AND CLASS OF OPERATOE. UNITED STATES Total Owners Managers Tenants NEW ENGLAND. Total Owners Managers Tenants MIDDLE ATLANTIC. Total , Owners , Managers Tenants EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants WEST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants SOUTH ATLANTIC Total Owners Managers Tenants EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants MOUNTAIN. Total Owners Managers Tenants PACIFIC. Total Owners Managers Tenants NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 ,361,502 ,948,722 58,104 ,354,676 188,802 168,408 5,379 15,015 468,379 355,036 9 072 104,271 1,123,489 809,044 10,848 303,597 1,109,948 758,946 8,384 342,618 1,111,881 593,154 8,298 510,429 1,042,480 510,452 3,290 528,738 943,186 440,905 4,6% 497,585 183,446 160,844 2,912 19,690 189,891 161,933 5,225 32,733 1900 6,737,372 3,653,323 59, 085 2,024,964 191,888 169,194 4,736 17,958 48.5,618 354,411 8,383 122,824 1,135,823 826,313 11,224 298,286 1,060,744 737,910 8,394 314,440 962,225 527,512 9,115 425,598 903,313 463,686 4,696 434,931 754,853 379,284 4,954 370,615 101,327 85,501 3,417 12,409 141,681 109,512 4,166 27,903 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 878,798,325 598,554,617 53,730,865 226, 512, 843 19,714,931 17,089,125 1,087,463 1,538,343 43,191,056 30,283,268 1,714,084 11,193,704 117,929,148 80,234,320 2,364,205 35,340,623 232,648,121 164,789,865 5,005,299 62,852,957 103,782,255 69,129,783 3,364,390 31,288,082 81,520,629 57,131,972 1,603,467 22,785,190 169,149,976 104,353,474 19,698,171 45,098,331 59,533,420 42,265,930 11,003,725 6,263,765 61,328,789 33,276,880 7,900,061 10,161,848 1900 838,591,774 556, 040, 051 87, 518, 186 195,033,537 20,548,999 17,8.31,187 794,696 1,923,117 44,860,090 30,622,456 1,601,774 12,835,860 116,340,761 82,363,334 2,271,111 31,706,316 201,008,713 147,063,919 6,591,608 47,363,286 104,297,506 68,925,876 3,461,604 31,910,026 81,247,643 67,381,476 1,623,460 22,242,717 176,491,202 96,807,816 46,220,890 33,462,496 46,397,284 25,543,926 16,516,149 4,338,209 47,399,576 29,600,061 8,638,005 9,261,610 IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 478,451,750 309,850,421 12,314,015 156,287,314 7,264,904 6,259,844 376,404 618,656 29,320,894 20,288,060 910,418 8,122,416 88,947,228 58,470,026 1,493,321 28,983,881 164,284,862 111,279,585 2,726,669 50,278,608 48,479,733 28,844,267 1,229,084 18,406,382 43,946,846 27,383,922 578,791 15,984,133 58,264,273 30,885,471 1,426,467 25,952,335 15,915,002 12,152,688 1,471,963 2,290,451 22,038,008 14,286,658 2,100,898 5,650,462 1900 414, 498, 487 278, 231, 252 10,909,500 125,357,735 8,134,403 6,993,008 306,164 835,241 30,786,211 20,652,713 804,706 9,328,792 86,670,271 59,690,428 1,444,504 25,635,339 135,643,828 96,603,533 2,420,464 36,619,831 46,100,226 27,800,075 1,287,637 17,012,614 40,237,337 26,374,099 640,263 14,222,975 39,770,530 22,792,774 1,251,426 16,726,330 8,402,576 6,324,997 946,550 1,131,029 18,753,105 12,099,625 1,807,796 4,845,684 VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 $34, 801, 125, 697 22.366,934,278 1,456,958.992 10,977,232,427 718,544, 579,951,343 81,663,226 56,930,239 2,442,949,103 1,594,225,109 178,283,760 670,440,244 8,873,991,594 5,458,959,267 198,347,752 3,216,684,685 11,614,665,870 7,615,880,376 199,611,857 3,799,173,637 2,486,436,474 1,593,294,281 125,639,290 767,602,903 1,738,397,839 1,136,752,626 47,597,661 656,047,652 3,128,596,882 1,767,880,518 205,183,146 1,155,533,219 1,319,396,873 972,132,526 133,047,729 214,216,618 2,478,146,254 1,648,858,342 287,684,582 541,603,330 1900 $16,614,647,491 11,091,392,665 774, 828, 656 4,748,426,170 528,267,748 433,769,770 42,482,668 52,015,310 1,948,997,940 1,246,587,320 102,029,260 600,381,360 4,912,597,440 3,257,174,800 111,240,560 1,544,182,080 4,651,282,998 3,258,392,678 102,200,190 1,290,690,230 1,206,349,618 778,139,258 63,534,320 364,676,040 933,780,823 616,577,383 27,529,790 289,673,660 1,138,891,068 659,724,645 135,054,060 344,112,363 338,619,672 237,084,6.35 64,904,110 46,630,927 955,860,184 603,942,276 135,853,698 216, OW, 210 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. NumlDer of farms. 1910 1900 62.1 0.9 37.0 100.0 !9.2 2.8 8.0 100.0 76.8 1.9 22.3 100.0 72.0 1.0 27.0 100.0 68.4 0.8 30.9 100.0 53.4 0.7 46.9 100.0 49.0 0.3 50.7 100.0 46. 0.5 62.8 100.0 87.7 1.6 10.7 100.0 80.0 2.8 17.2 100.0 63.7 1.0 35.3 100.0 88.2 2.5 9.4 100.0 73.0 1.7 25.3 100.0 72.8 1.0 26.3 100.0 69.6 0.8 29.6 100.0 54.8 0.9 44.2 100.0 61.3 0.5 48.1 100.0 50.2 0.7 49.1 100.0 84.4 3.4 12.2 100.0 77.3 2.9 19.7 All land in farms. 1910 1900 100.0 68.1 6.1 25.8 100.0 86.7 5.5 7.8 100.0 70.1 4.0 25.9 100.0 68.0 2.0 30.0 100.0 70.8 2.2 27.0 100.0 66.6 3.2 30.1 100.0 70.1 2.0 28.0 100.0 61.7 11.6 26.7 100.0 71.0 18.5 10.5 100.0 64.8 16.4 19.8 100.0 66.3 10.4 23 100.0 80 3.9 9.4 100.0 68.0 3.3 28.0 100.0 70.8 2.0 27.3 100.0 73.2 3.3 23.6 100.0 66.1 3.3 30.6 100.0 70.6 2.0 27.4 100.0 54.9 26.2 19.0 100.0 66.1 35.6 9.4 100.0 62.4 18.0 19.5 Improved land in farms. 1910 1900 100.0 64.8 2.6 32.7 100.0 67.1 2.6 30.2 100.0 86.3 5.2 8.5 100.0 69.2 3.1 27.7 100.0 66.7 1.7 32.6 100.0 67.7 1.7 30.6 100.0 69.5 2.5 38.0 100.0 62.3 1.3 36.4 100.0 53.0 2.4 44.6 100.0 76.4 9.2 14.4 100.0 64.8 9.6 25.6 100.0 86.0 3.8 10.3 100.0 67.1 2.6 30.3 100.0 1.7 29.6 100.0 71.2 1.8 27.0 100.0 60.3 2.8 36.9 100.0 63.1 1.6 35.3 100.0 57.3 3.1 39.5 100.0 76.3 11.3 13.6 100.0 64.5 9.6 25.8 Value of land and buildings. 1910 1900 100.0 64.3 4.2 31.5 100.0 11.4 7.9 100.0 65.3 7.3 27.4 100.0 61.5 2.2 36.2 100.0 66.6 1.7 32.7 100.0 64.1 5.0 30.9 100.0 65.3 2.7 31.9 100.0 56.5 6.6 36.9 100.0 73.7 10.1 16.2 100.0 66.5 11.6 21.9 100.0 66.8 4.7 28.6 100.0 82.1 8.0 9.8 100.0 64.0 5.2 30.8 100. 66.3 2.3 31.4 100.0 70.1 2.2 27.7 100.0 64.5 5.3 30.2 100.0 66.0 2.9 31.0 100.0 67.9 11.9 30.2 100.0 70.0 16.2 13.8 100.0 63.2 14.2 22.6 TENURE OF FARMS. 287 As respects the proportion which tenant farms form of the total number of farms, the divisions fall into three groups. The three southern divisions (South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Cen- tral) have a high proportion of tenant farms, the proportion in 1910 exceeding 50 per cent in the last two divisions named. In three of the northern divi- sions (the West North Central, East North Central, and Middle Atlantic) the number of tenant farms is also comparatively large, the proportion varying in 1910 from 30.9 per cent in the West North Central division to 22.3 per cent in the Middle Atlantic. In the two western divisions (the Pacific and Moun- tain) and in the New England division the proportion was much lower, ranging from 17.2 per cent in the Pacific division to 8 per cent in the New England. In the southern divisions the average size of tenant farms is much smaller than that of farms operated by owners, so that the proportion which the total acreage of tenant farms forms of tlie total acreage of all farms in. these divisions is not materially different from the proportion in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central divisions. The number of farms operated by managers is small in all of the divisions, the liighest proportion being in the Now England and Pacific divisions, 2.8 per cent in each case. In the Mountain, Pacific, and West South Central divisions, however, the acreage of farms operated by managers is of considerable importance, constituting 18.5 per cent, 15.4 per cent, and 11.6 per cent, respectively, of the total acreage in farms. In the East North Central and West North Central divisions, which constitute the most important farm- ing divisions of the country, and also in the three divisions constituting the South, the tenant farms formed a larger proportion, and farms operated by owners a smaller proportion, of the total number of farms in 1910 than in 1900, but the opposite is true of the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions in the extreme East, and the Mountain and Pacific divisions in the West. The proportion wliich the acreage of tenant farms represents of the total farm acreage increased in all divisions except the New England, Middle Atlantic, and South Atlantic, which show a decrease in this respect, accompanied, in the Middle Atlantic and South Atlantic divisions, by an increase in the proportion of tlie acreage in farms operated by owners. Tliis latter class of farms also shows an increase in its proportion of the total acreage in the Mountain, Pacific, and West South Central divisions, the farms operated by managers constituting the only class in these divisions which decreased in relative importance as measured by acreage. Table 3 shows, by divisions, the percentage of in- crease or decrease in the number and acreage of farms of the three main tenure groups from 1900 to 1910. Table 3 PER CENT or mcBEASE:' 1900 to 1910 DIVISION. Number of farms. All land In farms. Improved land In farms. Value of land and buildings. Totol. Own- ers. Mana- gers. Ten- ants. Total. Own- ers. Mana- gers. Ten- ants. Total. Own- ers. Mana- gers. Ten- ants. Total. Own- ers. Mana- gers. Ten- ants, United States 10. » -1.6 -3.5 -1.1 4.0 15.6 15.4 24.9 81.0 34.1 8.1 -0.5 0.2 -2.1 2.9 12.4 10.1 16.2 88.1 38.7 -1.7 13.6 8.2 -3.3 -0.1 -9.0 -29.9 -5.2 -14.8 25.4 16.3 -16.4 -15.1 1.8 9.0 19.9 21.6 34.3 68.7 17.3 4.8 -4.1 -3.7 1.4 15.7 -0.5 0.3 -4.2 28.3 8.3 7.6 -4.2 -0.8 -2.6 12.1 0.3 -0.4 7.8 65.5 12.4 -38.6 36.8 14.1 3.7 -24.1 -2.8 -1.2 -57.4 -33.4 -7.5 16.1 -20.0 -12.8 11.5 32.7 -1.9 2.4 34.8 44.4 9.6 15.4 -10.8 -4.8 2.6 21.1 5.2 9.2 46.5 89.4 17.5 11.4 10.5 -1.8 -1.9 15.2 3.8 7.9 35.5 92.1 18.1 12.9 22.9 13.1 3.4 12.7 -4.5 -9.6 14.0 55.5 16.2 24.7 -25.9 -12.9 13.1 37.3 8.2 12.4 65.0 102.5 16.6 109.5 36.0 25.3 80.6 149.7 106.1 86.2 174.7 289.6 159.2 101.7 33.7 27.9 67.6 133.7 104.8 84.2 168.0 310.0 173.0 88.0 92.2 74.7 78.3 95.3 97.6 72.9 51.9 142.3 111.8 131.2 New p; ngland 9.4 Middle Atlantic ^ East North Central 11.7 108.3 West North Central 194.4 South Atlantic 110.5 East South Central 91.6 West South Central 235.8 Mountain 359.4 Pacific 150.7 • A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Table 4 shows, by divisions, certain averages and percentages which reflect differences in the character- istics of farms operated by owners, managers, and tenants, respectively. In the country as a whole the average size in 1910 of farms operated by owners was 151.6 acres; of farms operated by managers, 924.7 acres; and of tenant farms, 96.2 acres. The farms operated by managers are in all geographic divisions materially larger than those operated by owners or tenants, but the excess in the size of farms operated by owners over that of tenant farms, which appears in the aver- age for the country as a whole, is by no means found in all parts of the country. Farms operated by owners are somewhat larger than those operated by tenants in the West North Central division and very much larger in the South, but on the other hand, in the three more easterly divisions of the North and in the Mountain and Pacific divisions, the tenant farms are the larger, although there is very little difference in New England. Conditions as to relative size were approximately the same in 1900 as in 1910. The average size of farms operated by owners decreased more or less during the decade in all divisions except the West North Central, wliile that of tenant farms increased somewhat in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, West North Central, and West South Central divisions. The ratio which the acreage of improved farm land bears to the total farm acreage is higher in the case of tenant farms than in the case of farms operated by owners in every geographic division, the difference being particularly conspicuous in the South and in the West North Central and Pacific divisions. 288 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Tabic 4 DIVISION AND CLASS OF OPERATOR. UKITEDSTATES Total Owners Managers Tenants NEW ENGLAND. Total Owners Managers Tenants MIDDLE ATLANTIC. Total Owners Managers Tenants EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants WEST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants SOUTH ATLANTIC. Total Owners Managers Tenants EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Owners Managers Tenants MOUNTAIN. Total Owners Managers Tenants PACIFIC. Total Owners Managers Tenants AVERAGE ACRES PER FARM. All land in farms. 1910 1900 138.1 151.6 924.7 96.2 146.2 152.2 1,481.2 96.3 104.4 101.5 202.2 102.5 92.2 85.3 188.9 107.4 ia5.o 99.2 217.0 116.4 209.6 217.1 597.0 183.4 93.3 116.5 405.4 61.3 78.2 111.9 487.4 43.1 179.3 236.7 4194. 7 90.6 324.5 262.8 3778.8 318.1 270.3 219.0 1512.0 310.1 75.2 78.5 211.9 4 107.1 105.4 167.8 107.1 92.4 86.1 179.1 104.5 102.4 99.7 202.3 106.3 189.5 199.3 785.3 150.6 108.4 130.7 379.8 75.0 89.9 123.8 345.7 51.1 233.8 255.2 9,330.0 90.3 457.9 298.8 4,833.2 349.6 334.8 270.3 2,049.4 331.9 Improved land in farms. 1910 1900 72.2 76.2 184.6 61.9 38.4 37.2 70.0 41.2 62.6 57.1 100.4 77.9 79.2 72.3 137.7 95.5 148.0 146.6 325.2 146.7 43.6 48.6 148.1 36.1 42.2 53.6 175.9 30.2 61.8 70.1 303.8 52.2 86.8 75.6 505.5 116.3 116.1 94.0 402.1 172.0 PERCENT OF FARM LAND IMPROVED. 42.4 41.3 64.6 46.5 63.4 58.3 96.0 76.0 76.3 72.1 128.7 85.9 127.9 130.9 288.4 116.5 47.9 52.7 141.3 40.0 44.5 54.7 136.3 32.7 52.7 60.1 252.6 42.4 82.9 74.0 277.0 91.1 132.5 110.5 433.9 173.7 1910 1900 54.4 51.8 22.9 69.0 36, 36.6 34.6 40.2 67.9 67.0 63.1 72.6 75.4 72.9 63.4 82.0 70.6 67.5 54.5 80.0 46.7 41.7 36.5 58.8 53.9 47.9 30.1 70.2 34.4 29.0 7.2 57.5 26.7 13.4 30.6 42.9 42.9 26.6 55.7 49.4 50.0 12.5 64.3 $5,471 5,664 25, 075 4,662 39.6: 39.2 38. 5| 43.4 68. 6i 67.7 53.6 72.7 74.5 72.3 63.6 80.9 67.5 65.7 36.7 77.3 44.2; 40. 3| 37. 2i 53.3 49.5 44.2 39.4 63.91 22.5! 23.5 2.7, 47.0 18.1 24.8 5.7 26.1 39.6 40.9 21.2 52.3 AVERAGE VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. Per farm. 1910 1900 $2,896 3,036 13, 114 2,345 3,800 3,444 15, 182 3,792 5,210 4,490 19,052 6,430 7, 6,747 18,284 10,595 10,464 10,035 23,809 11,089 2,236 2,080 15,129 1,504 1, 2,225 14, 407 1,050 3,317 4,010 43,693 2,322 7,192 6,044 45,689 10,879 13,050 10,853 55,059 16,546 Per acre. 1910 1900 $39. 60 37.37 27.12 48.46 2,753 2,564 8,970 2,896 4,013 3,517 12, 171 4,888 4,325 3,942 9,911 5,177 4,385 4,416 12, 175 4,105 1,254 1,475 6,970 857 1,034 1,330 5,862 666 1,509 1,739 27,202 3,342 2,773 16,068 3,758 6,751 5,515 32,610 7,743 $19. 81 19.95 8.85 24.35 36.45 33.94 75.10 37.01 56.56 52.64 104.01 59.89 75.25 68.04 84.25 91.02 49.92 46.22 39.88 60.45 23.96 23.05 37.31 24.53 21.32 19.88 29.08 24.36 18.50 16.94 10.42 25.62 22.16 23.00 12.09 34.20 48.28 49.55 36.42 53.35 25.71 24.33 53.46 27.05 43.45 40.84 67.94 46.77 42.23 39.55 48.98 48.70 23.14 22.16 15.50 27.26 11.57 11.29 18.35 11.43 11.49 10.75 16.96 13.02 6.45 6.81 2.92 10.28 7.30 9.28 3.32 10.75 20.17 20.40 15.91 23.33 This condition is due probably to the fact that tenants in most cases rent only that land of which they expect to make active use, and therefore hire relatively little unimproved land. In every division the percentage of improved land in the farms operated by managers is lower than in those operated by owners, this condition being closely related to the fact, already noted, that the farms of managers are generally much larger than other farms. Chiefly because they consist more largely of im- proved land, the tenant farms have in every geo- graphic division a higher average value of land and buildings per acre of land than the farms oper- ated by owners. Furthermore, the average value of land and buildings per farm is greater for tenant farms than for farms operated by owners, except in the three soiithem divisions, where the tenant farms are considerably smaller than those operated by owners. Number of farms for all tenure groups, by divisions: 1910 and 1900.— Table 5 shows, for 1910 and 1900, by divisions, the number of farms in each of the major and minor tenure groups. Farms operated by owners "owning entire farm" greatly outnumber those operated by owners "rent- ing additional land" in all divisions; the difference is less conspicuous in the West North Central division, where there were nearly one-third as many of the latter class in 1910 as of the former. In every division the farms operated by owners "renting additional land" increased in numbers be- tween 1900 and 1910, while in every division except the Mountain and Pacific the farms operated by owners "owning entire farm" either decreased or in- creased less rapidly than did those of the former group. It seems to be an increasing practice of farmers to extend the farms they operate by renting land in addition to what they own. In every geographic division except the New Eng- land and Pacific divisions (in both of which the total number of tenants is comparatively small) the num- ber of share tenants materially exceeds the number of cash tenants, the difference being still more conspicu- ous if the share-cash tenants are counted with those having exclusively a share tenure. Table 5 NUMBER OF FARMS OPERATED BY— Owners- Managers. Share and share-cash tenants. Cash and "not reported" tenants. DIVISION. Owning entire farm. Eenting additional land. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 Total. Share. Share- cash. Total. Total. Cash. Not reported. Total. United States New England 3,354,897 162,539 329,423 677,239 580,066 521,558 438,977 368,855 145,029 131,211 3,201,947 KB, 554 332,844 713,258 584,560 480,613 418,387 338, 114 77,006 93,551 593,625 5,869 25,613 131,805 178,880 71,596 71,475 72,050 15,815 20,722 451,376 6,640 21,567 113,055 153,350 46,899 45,299 41, 170 8,435 15,961 58,104 6,379 9,072 10,848 8,aS4 8,298 3,290 4,696 2,912 5,225 59,085 4,736 8,383 11,224 8,394 9,115 4,696 4,954 3,417 4,166 1,528,389 2,827 57,190 204,263 218,079 309,498 320, 478 391,365 10,964 13,725 1,399,923 2,611 54,958 170, 712 167,096 299,381 307,923 374,372 10,349 12,521 128,466 210 2,232 33,551 50,983 10,117 12,555 16,993 615 1,204 1,273,299 4,936 69,485 203,121 201,873 252,899 244,778 274,677 7,679 13,851 828,287 12,188 47,081 99,334 124,539 200,931 208,260 106,220 8,726 19,008 712,294 9,787 40,958 84,082 102,883 176,617 192,252 84, 191 5,661 15,863 113,993 2,401 6,123 15,252 21,656 24,314 16,008 22,029 3,065 3,145 751,665 13,022 Middle Atlantic 53,339 East North Central 95,165 West North Central 112,567 South Atlantic 172,699 East South Central 190,153 West South Central 95,938 Mountain 4,730 Pacific 14,052 TENURE OF FARMS. 289 NUMBER OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY CHARACTER OF TENURE OF OPERATOR: 1910. Q OMEO. The proportion of farms under share tenancy is highest in the West South Central division, where such farms (incUiding those of share-cash tenants) m 1910 constituted 78.7 per cent of all tenant farms. In all of the divisions constituting the North and the West there was a greater increase (or less decrease) during the decade in the number of cash tenants (including those for whom the form of ten- ure was not reported) than in the number of 72497°— 13 19 + ACREAGE OF ALL LAND IN FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY CHARACTER OF TENURE OF OPERATOR: 1910. 10 « 30 ^H OWNEKS V7^ MtNMlMt BSSB TCNtNT* share and share-cash tenants, but in each of the three divisions constituting the South the opposite was true. Tenure, by states: 1910 and 1900. — Table 6, on the two following pages, shows, for each state, the princi- pal facts with regard to the number, total and improved acreage, and value of land and buildings of farms of the three general tenure groups, for 1910, with certain comparative data for 1900. 290 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. NUMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY TENURE OF OPERATOR, BY STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 6 STATE AND CLASS OF OPEBATOK. XTew England. MAINE. Total Owners Managers Tenants NEW HAMPSHIKE. Total Owners Managers Tenants VEEMONT. Total Owners Managers Tenants MASSACHUSETTS. Total Owners Managers Tenants EHODE ISLAND. Total Owners Managers Tenants CONNECTICUT. Total Owners Managers Tenants Middle Atlantic NEW YOKK. Total 0\^ers Managers Tenants NEW JEESET. Total Owners Managers Tenants PENNSYLVANIA. Total Owners Managers Tenants East North Central OHIO. Total Owners Managers Tenants INDIANA. Total Owners Managers Tenants ILLINOIS. Total Owners Managers Tenants MICHIGAN. Total Owners Managers Tenants WISCONSIN. Total Owners Managers Tenants West BTorth Central MINNESOTA. Total Owners Managers Tenants IOWA Total Owners Managers Tenants NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 60,016 56,454 999 2,563 27,053 24,493 681 1,879 32,709 28,065 636 4,008 36,917 32,075 1,863 2,979 5,292 4,087 251 954 26,815 23,234 949 2,632 215,597 166,674 4,051 44,872 33,487 24,133 1,060 8,294 219,295 164,229 3,961 51, 105 272,045 192, 104 2,753 77,188 215,485 148,501 2,297 64,687 251,872 145, 107 2,386 104,379 206,960 172,310 1,961 32,689 177, 127 151,022 1,451 24,654 156,137 122, 104 1,222 32,811 217,044 133,003 1,926 82,115 226,720 168,698 3,819 54,203 59,299 55,607 917 2,775 29,324 26,450 689 2,185 33, 104 27,669 615 4,820 37, 715 32,581 1,531 3,603 5,498 4,182 208 1,108 26,948 22,705 776 3,467 34,656 23,434 861 10,355 224,248 162,279 3,703 58,266 276,719 197,361 3,427 75,931 221,897 156,227 2,222 63,448 264, 151 158,503 1,950 103,698 203,261 168,814 2,234 32,213 169, 795 145,408 1,391 22,996 154,659 126,809 1,095 26,755 228,622 147,305 1,581 79,736 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 6,296,859 5,915,822 156,901 224, 136 3,249,458 2,863,633 209,625 176,200 4,663,577 3,816,498 208,938 638, 141 2,875,941 2,343,103 330,914 201,924 443,308 318,262 44,436 80,610 2,185,788 1,831,807 136,649 217,332 22,030,367 15,824,840 838,476 5,367,051 6,299,946 5,918,922 126,537 254,487 3,609,864 3,186,413 169,308 254, 143 4,724,440 3,833,611 131,449 759,380 3,147,064 2,646,113 234,034 266,917 455,602 335,354 28,700 91,548 2,312,083 1,910,774 104,667 296,642 22,648,109 15,815,967 712,436 6, 119, 706 2,573,857 1,562,906 227,340 783,611 18,586,832 12,895,522 648,268 5,043,042 24,105,708 16,031,682 504,636 7,569,390 21,299,823 13,938,925 483,469 6,877,429 32,522,937 17,787,063 558,463 14,177,411 18,940,614 15,107,494 452,504 3,380,616 21,000,066 17,369,156 355, 133 3,335,777 27,675,823 20,668,885 413, 734 6,593,204 33,930,688 20,214,337 490,805 13,225,546 1900 2,840,966 1,624,766 250,292 965,908 19,371,015 13,081,723 539,046 5,750,246 24,501,985 16,900,711 564,863 7,036,411 21,619,62:3 15,098,5631 496,216 6,024,844 32,794,728 19,671,602 454,378 12,668,748 17,561,698 14,078,277 424,311 3,059,110 19,862,72 16,614,181 331,343 2,917,203 26,248,498 20,893,966 486, 147 4,868,385 34,574,337 22,451,768 498,982 11,623,587 IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 2,360,657 2,222,452 53,352 84,853 929,185 829,301 42,790 57,094 1,633,965 1,321,497 52,584 259,884 1,164,501 931,621 150,206 82,674 178,344 127,964 15,914 34,466 988,252 827,009 61,558 99,685 14,844,039 10,606,157 431,936 3,805,946 1,803,336 1,105,612 106,528 591, 196 12,673,519 8,576,291 371,954 3,725,274 19,227,969 12,724,672 349,442 6,153,855 16,931,252 10,943,297 343, 151 5,644,804 28,048,323 15,033,192 428,467 12,586,664 12,832,078 10, 142, 159 217, 109 2,472,810 11,907,606 9,626,706 155, 152 2,125,748 19,643,533 14,153,505 285,241 5,204,787 29,491,199 17,432,235 383,977 11,674,987 VALXnS OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 $159,619,626 147,713,769 5,375,570 ■ 6,530,287 85,916,061 74,451,558 6,767,633 4,696,870 112,588,275 88,566,017 7,926,085 16,096,173 194, 168, 765 144,241,398 36,745,990 13,181,377 27,932,860 18,137,295 5,175,000 4,620,565 138,319,221 106,841,306 19,672,948 11,804,967 1,184,745,829 797,712,574 89,015,220 298,018,035 217,134,519 133,121,579 27,319,227 56,693,713 1,041,068,755 663,390,956 61,949,303 315,728,496 1,654,152,406 1,047,849,280 47,^,700 558,367,426 1,594,275,596 993,140,921 37,817,116 563,317,559 3,522,792,570 1,765,992,310 65,008,033 1,691,792,227 901,138,299 699,059,567 22,981,178 179,097,554 1,201,632,723 952,917,179 24,605,725 224,109,819 1,262,441,426 920,359,347 20,909,251 321,172,828 3,257,379,400 1,942,594,349 44,993,925 1,269,791,126 STATE AND CLASS OF OPEEATOE. West Korth Central —Continued. MISSOURI. Total Owners Managers Tenants NORTH DAKOTA. Total Owners Managers Tenants SOUTH DAKOTA. Total Owners Managers Tenants NEBRASKA. Total Owners Managers Tenants KANSAS. Total Owners Managers Tenants South Atlantic DELAWARE. Total Owners Managers Tenants MAETLAND. Total Owners Managers Tenants DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA. Total Owners Managers Tenants VIEGINIA. Total Owners Managers Tenants WEST VIEGINIA. Total Owners Managers Tenants NORTH CAROLINA. Total Owners Managers Tenants SOUTH CAROLINA. Total Owners Managers Tenants GEORGIA. Total Owners Managers Tenants FLORIDA. Total Owners Managers Tenants East South Central KENTUCKY. Total Owners Managers Tenants TENNESSEE. Total Owners Managers Tenants NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 277,244 192,285 2,001 82,958 74,360 63,212 484 10,064 77,644 57,984 429 19,231 129,678 79,250 987 49,441 177,841 111,108 1,335 65,398 10,836 6,178 123 4,535 48,923 33,519 988 14,416 217 118 15 84 184,018 133,664 1,625 48,729 96,685 75,978 872 19,835 253,725 145,320 1,118 107,287 176,434 64,350 863 111,221 291,027 98,628 1,419 190,980 50,016 35,399 1,275 13,342 259,185 170, &32 993 87,860 284,886 196,158 1,831 86,897 45,332 40,972 495 3,865 52,622 40,640 531 11,451 121,525 75,583 1,132 44,810 173,098 110, 443 1,729 60,926 9,687 4,680 131 4,876 46,012 29,513 1,052 15,447 167,886 114,155 2,135 51,596 92,874 71,529 1,054 20,291 224,637 130,572 1,057 93,008 155,355 59,417 1,054 94,884 224,691 88,529 1,602 134,560 40,814 28,984 1,010 10,820 234,667 155,996 1,606 77,065 246,012 224,623 144, 125 132, 197 826 1,286 101,0611 91,140 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 34,591,248 25,189,241 629,845 8,772,162 28,426,650 23,586,728 477,213 4,362,709 26,016,892 19,314,938 635,199 6,066,755 38,622,021 26,975,554 1,094,812 10,551,655 43,384,799 28,840,182 1,263,691 13,280,926 1,038,866 476,827 21,164 540,875 .5,057,140 2,905,318 207,291 1,944,531 6,063 2,429 1,456 2,178 19,495,636 14,715,345 660,325 4,119,%0 10,026,442 8, 184, 195 284,602 1,557,745 22,439,129 15,656,323 582,377 6,200,429 13,512,028 8,051,503 547,412 4,913,113 26,953,413 14,851,292 779, 122 11,322,999 5,253,538 4,280,551 280,741 686,246 22, 189, 127 17,462,755 315,260 4,411,112 20,041,657 14,672,637 334, 929 5,054,091 1900 33,997,873 25,413,150 648,597 7,936,126 15,542,640 13,539,689 661,711 1,341,240 19,070,616 15,168,804 476, 141 3,425,671 29,911,779 20,454,685 1,352,589 8,104,605 41,662,970 29,141,857 2,467,341 10,053,772 1.066,228 ■ 423, 763 16, 146 626,319 5,170,075 2,799,642 205,754 2,164,679 2,808 2,005 3,676 19,907,883 13,818,195 788,038 5,301,050 10,054,513 8,529,402 358,994 1,766,117 22,749,356 16,062,030 420,450 6,266,876 13,985,014 8,227,679 665, 760 5,091,575 26,392,057 15,547,407 795, 177 10,049,473 4,363.891 3,514,950 208,680 640,261 21,979,422 17,334.324 362, 219 4,282,879 20,342,058 14,523,975 383, 754 5,434,329 IMPROVED LAND ra FARMS (ACRES). 1910 24,581,186 17,694,543 396,712 6,489,931 20,455,092 16,407,698 374,882 3,672,512 15,827,208 10,779,500 288,166 4,759,542 24,382,577 15,463,311 562,829 8,356,437 29,904,067 19,348,793 434,862 10,120,412 713,538 322,077 17,587 373,874 3,354,767 1,883,482 129,269 1,342,016 5,133 2,127 1,263 1,743 9,870,058 7,471,786 320,528 2,077,744 5,521,757 4,606,103 133,834 781,820 8,813,056 5,539,783 159,982 3,113,291 6,097,999 2,800,778 141,806 3,155,415 12,298,017 4,931,295 248,350 7,118,372 1,805,408 l,286,a36 76,465 442,107 14,354,471 11.086,744 174,708 3,093,019 10,890,484 7,461,499 115,918 3,313,067 VALUE OF LAND AND BmLDINQS. 1910 $1,716,204,386 1,206,020,845 40,361,980 469,821,561 822,656,744 658,809,090 16,898,168 146,949,486 1,005,080,807 694,509,873 13,918,757 296,652,177 1,813,346,935 1,084,248,917 30,056,713 699,041,305 1,737,556,172 1,109,337,955 32,473,06a 595,745,164 53,155,983 27,175,067 1,776,280 24,204,636 241,737,123 132,810,705 24,468,741 84,457,677 8,231,343 2,279,800 3,240,843 ■2,710,70» 532,058,062 402,841,295 27,354,426 101,862,341 264,390,954 207,994,468 9,135,665 47,260,821 456,624,607 305,334,091 14,209,244 137,081,272 332,888,081 185,703,312 11,286,139 135,898,630 479,204,332 239,621,776 17,653,921 221,928,635 118,145,089 89,533,767 16,414,031 12, 198, 191 635,459,372 464,838,303 16,836,522 153,784,547 480,522,587 332,367,652 10,992,818 137, 162, 117 TENURE OF FARMS. 291 NTJMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY TENURE OF OPERATOR, BY STATES: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. Table 6— Contd. STATE AND CLASS OF OPERATOE. East South Central —Continued. ALABAMA. Total Owners Managers Tenants Mississim. Total Owners Managers Tenants West South Central AEKANSA.S. Total Owners Managers Tenants LOUISIANA. Total Owners Managers Tenants OKLAHOMA .1 Total Owners Managers Tenants TEXAS. Total Owners Managers Tenants Mountain MONTANA. Total Owners Managers Tenants IDAHO. Total Owners Managers Tenants NUMBEK OT FAEMS. 1910 1900 262,901 103,929 646 158,326 274,382 92,066 825 181,491 214,678 106,649 763 107,266 120,546 52,989 950 66,607 190,192 86,404 651 104,137 417,770 105,863 2,332 219,575 26,214 23,365 505 2,344 30,807 27,169 450 3,188 223,220 93,472 874 128,874 220,803 82,021 930 137,852 178,694 96,735 819 81,140 115,969 47, 701 1,034 67,234 108,000 60,209 541 47,250 352,190 174,639 2,560 174,991 13,370 11,661 479 1,230 17,471 15,585 357 1,529 all land in fabms (acres). 1910 20,732,312 13,280,106 306,767 7,085,439 18,557,533 11,716,474 586,511 6,254,548 17,416,075 12.389,542 328,186 4,698,347 10,439,481 6, 766, 123 986,357 2,687,001 28,859,353 15,996,795 428,679 12,433,879 112,435,067 69,201,014 17,954,949 25,279,104 13,545,603 10,640.902 1,429,990 1, 474, 711 5,283,604 4,446,313 270,234 567,057 1900 20,685,427 13,565,350 361,301 6,758,776 18,240,736 11,957,827 516, 176 5,766,733 16,636,719 12,187,517 319,450 4, 129, 752 11,059,127 7,167,807 973, 721 2,917,599 22,988,339 12,238,431 2,936.411 7,813,497 125,807,017 65,214,061 41,991,308 18,601,648 11,844,454 5,631,184 5,351,005 862,265 3,204,903 2,725,403 199,403 280,097 rUPBOVED LAND IN FABMS (ACEES) 1910 9,693,581 4,620,232 120,099 4,953,250 9,008,310 4,215,447 168,066 4,624,797 8,076,254 4,815,122 112,699 3,148,433 6,276,016 2,865,762 414,442 1,995,812 17,551,337 9,322,165 176,927 8,052,245 27,360,666 13,882,422 722,399 12,755,845 3,640,309 2,894,823 357,840 387,646 2,778,740 2,268,114 126,814 383,812, VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 $288,253,591 166,872,298 6,965,693 114,415,600 334,162,289 171,674,273 12,802,628 149,685,388 309,166,813 181,882,010 10,440,663 116,844,140 237,544,450 134,121,536 29,902,294 73,520,620 738,677,224 417,862,302 8,748,571 312,066,351 1,843,208,396 1,034,014,670 156,091,617 653, 102, 108 251,625,930 196,511,859 26,293,008 28,821,063 245,066,825 196.806,545 13,627,913 34,631,367 STATE AND CLASS OF OPEEATOK. Mountain— Contd WYOMING. Total Owners Managers Tenants COLOBADO. Total Owners Managers Tenants NEW MEXICO. Total Owners Managers Tenants ARIZONA. Total Owners j... Managers Tenants UTAH. Total Owners Managers Tenants NEVADA. Total Owners Managers Tenants Pacific WASHINGTON. Total Owners Managers Tenants OBEGON. Total Owners Managers Tenants CALirOBNIA. Total Owners ". .. Managers Tenants NUMBER OF FABMS. 1910 10,987 9,779 311 897 46,170 36,993 787 8,390 35,676 33,398 321 1,957 ,227 ,203 163 861 21,676 19,762 194 1,720 2, 2,175 181 333 66,192 47,605 961 7,726 45,502 37,796 847 6,859 1900 6,095 6,185 446 464 24,700 18,239 5,681 12,311 10,674 483 1,154 5,809 4,986 335 489 19,387 17,363 311 1,713 2,184 1, ■" 126 249 33,202 28,020 405 4,777 35,837 28,963 508 6,366 88,197 72,542 66,632 52,529 3,4171 3,253 18,148 16,7601 ALL LAND IN FABMS (ACEES). 1910 8,643,010 5,152,581 2,862,992 627,437 13,532,113 10, 134, 797 1,140,446 2,256,870 11,270,021 7,095,901 3, 195, 759 978,361 1,246,613 874.914 264,798 106,901 3,397,699 2,888,090 315,376 194,233 2,714,757 1,032,432 1,524,130 1,58, 195 11,712,235 9,115,171 629,082 2,067,982 11,685,110 9,036,370 766,007 1,882,733 27,931,444 15,125,339 6,004,972 6,201,133 1900 8,124,636 4,022,941 3,608,155 493,440 9,474,688 6,156,841 1,787,515 1,530,232 5,130,878 2,421,403 2,282,612 426,863 1,936,327 623, 117 1,364,854 57,356 4,116,951 2,601,564 929,298 586,099 2,566,647 1,461,483 1,002,307 101,857 8,499,297 6,998,988 373,499 1,126,810 10,071,328 7,411,128 1,162,468 1,497,732 28,828,951 15,189,945 7,002,038 6,636,968 IMPROVED LAND IN FAEMS (ACEES). 1910 1,266,160 940,372 189,900 125,888 4,302,101 2,907,897 310,402 1,083,802 1,467,191 1,298,739 74, 147 94,305 860,173 264,439 36,871 69,863 1,368,211 1,202,072 66,462 99,677 752, 117 386,132 310,527 55,468 6,373,311 4,760,836 159,461 1,463,014 4,274,803 3,001,350 212,812 1,000,641 11,389,894 6, 464, 472 1,728,625 3,196,797 VALUE OP LAND AND BUILDINGS, 1910 $97,915,277 71,276,564 17,184,459' 9,464,264 408,618,861 270,209,463 29,343,663 108,965,745 111,830,999 80,982,226 20,343,772 10,505,002 47,286,310 33,196,611 5,800,694 8,288,005 117,545,332 101,417,764 6,545,737 9,581,841 39,609,339 21,731,516 13,908,493 3,969,331 .571,968,457 430,624,440 29,414,474 111,929,543 455,576,309 335,786,072 28,725,693 91,064,644 1,450,601,488 882,447,830 229,644,415 838,609,243 « Figures for 1900 Include Indian Territory. 292 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. FARM MORTGAGES. The inquiries with reference to mortgage debt at each of the last three censuses related only to those fanns wliich were operated by their owners, and no attempt was made to ascertain the total number of farms which were mortgaged or the total amount of mortgage debt. Tenants or hired managers are not likely to have accurate information as to whether the farms they operate are mortgaged, and still less as to the amount of mortgage debt, and it would be prac- tically impossible, in many cases, to reach the owners of such farms in order to ascertain these facts. In the case of farms of owners who rent additional land, the statement as to the amount of mortgage debt relates only to the land owned by the operator. Such farms are included in all of the statistics dealing with the number of farms mortgaged, but not in those relating to the amount of mortgage debt. Number of farms mortgaged. — The statistics with reference to the number of farms mortgaged for the past three censuses are not precisely comparable, although nearly so. At the census of 1910 questions as to mortgage debt applied to all farms operated by owners, while at the two preceding censuses they applied only to the slightly smaller class of "owned farm homes" — that is, farms occupied by their owners as homes. Table 7 shows, for the United States as a whole for the last three censuses, the actual returns with regard to the number of farms or farm homes operated or occupied by their owners which were free from mort- gage and mortgaged, respectively. Table 7 Total. Free from mortgage. Mortgaged. Not specified. 191 0— Farms oixjrated by owners. 1900— Owned farm homes 3.948.722 3.638.403 3,142,746 2.588,596 1.312,034 2,419.180 1,093.164 2,227,969 87.';.fti2 48,092 126,059 39,725 At the census of 1900 there were many more cases of failure to report the presence or absence of mort- gage indebtedness than at the census of 1910 or of 1890. While the proportion free from mortgage or mortgaged can be calculated on the basis of the actual reports, it would not be proper to compute the increase in the number of farms in each of these classes with- out first distributing in proper proportion the farms for which no report was secured between the two groups. This has been done in Table 8, wliich pre- sents statistics by divisions. Table 8 FARMS OR FARM HOMES OPERATED OR OCCUPIED BY OWNERS. Free from mortgage. 1910 United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific 2,621,283 109.586 219,093 478, 408 408, 980 481,412 394, 573 305,792 127,400 06,039 Increase: » 1900-1910 1900 1890 2,510, 108, 214, 603, 406, 438. 380, 306, 74, 77, 990 2,255,789 118.717 222.497 479,014 357,099 387,381 346,320 238,995 45,631 60,135 Number. 110, 1, 4, -25, 2, 43, 13, 52, 18, Per cent. 4.4 1.0 2.2 -5.0 0.7 9.9 3.6 -0.2 70.1 23.1 Increa.sc:' 1890-1900 Number. 254,865 -10,243 -8,212 24,407 49.166 50,716 34,546 67,365 29,265 17,855 Per cent. 11.3 -8.6 -3.7 5.1 13.8 13.1 10.0 28.2 64.1 29.7 Mortgaged. 1900 1,327,439 58, 822 135,943 330,636 349,960 111,742 115. 879 135, 113 33,444 55,894 1,127,749 66,129 144, 462 327,799 322,852 88,217 77,976 67,987 12,570 29,757 Increase:' 1900-1910 1890 40, 130, 288, 3.30, 31. 16, 11, 7. 24, Number. 199, 2, -8, 2 27! 23. 37, 67, 20, 26, Per cent. 17.7 4.8 -5.9 0.9 8.4 26.7 48.6 98.7 166.1 87.8 Increase:* 1890-1900 Number. 240,792 9.391 13. 692 39. 440 -7.218 67. 137 61.742 56,032 5.059 5,517 Per cent. 27.1 20.1 10.5 13.7 —2.2 183! 8 380.3 468.7 67.4 22.8 ' A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Table 9 shows percentages derived from Table 8. Table 9 tTnited States. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central Mountain Pacific PER CENT OF ALL FARMS FOR "WHICH MORTGAGE REPORTS WERE OBTADfED.l Free from mortgage. Mortgaged 1910 1900 1890 1910 1900 66.4 68.9 71.8 33.6 31.1 65.1 65.9 71.8 34.9 34.1 01.7 59.7 63.0 38.3 40.3 59.1 60.6 62.4 40.9 ,39.4 53.9 55.7 52.0 46.1 44.3 81.2 83.2 92.6 18.8 16.8 77.3 83.0 95.5 22.7 17.0 69.4 81.8 95.2 30.6 18.2 79.2 8.^6 85.9 20.8 14.4 63.2 72.4 '" 36.8 27.6 28.2 28.2 37.0 37.6 48.0 7.4 4.5 4.8 14.1 28.7 ' For 1910 based on farms operated by their owners and for 1900 and 1890 on farm homes occupied by their owners. In making comparisons betw^een geographic divi- sions and between censuses, it should be borne in mind that the fact of mortgage indebtedness is not neces- sarily an indication of lack of prosperity. There can be no question but that American farmers generally were more prosperous in 1910 than at the two pre- ceding censuses, and yet in that year a larger propor- tion of the farms were mortgaged. The proportion of mortgage indebtedness is higlier in Iowa and Wis- consin than in any of the other states, and yet these states are among the most prosperous in agriculture. Although in some cases mortgages are placed on farms because of poor crops or other misfortunes or because of mismanagement, they often represent an unpaid portion of the cost of the farm itself or money ex- FARM MORTGAGES. 293 pended for additional land or for buildings and other equipment. The conditions in different parts of the country as to land titles and as to availability of pubhc lands for settlement in some cases affect the proportion of farms mortgaged. NUMBER OF FARMS OPERATED BY THEIR OWNERS, FREE FROM MORTGAGE AND MORTGAGED: 1910. 5s: ZY/ym'/yMy/yMyMK'///// m(M'/Af/////M'///y////i^^/ s>si?«K«s««r<«««s%Ji^»KS«««!!f;«s%;^»»j«si!«^i«« jss«««(«««««««««;i(!S!!i:«*«»«J(%%«!i«««!«SSJ#S««««« y«^/.«^y{«i^f«<{^^^^^^^<,^^^/^^/.«^;^/?^^^;{^^ m v/zz/jm^/if/////////////////^^^^^ y///////y///////////////////M'/j «««*««#«<«<«««« »«^,««>J«<»«<«««i««««::««»«{»»«««** %i«-.««<<««<^^*<<%;««»%¥ii^fs«ss««!iij ^S^^iJ^S^^ii^i^^^I^S^SJi^^J^^^S^^i^^f^^^S FREE FROM MORTGAQE 8Q3 MORTGAQEO In the United States as a whole the number of farms or farm homes operated or occupied by their owners which were free from mortgage increased much less rapidly during each of the last two census decades than the number mortgaged. The proportion mort- gaged was 28.2 per cent in 1890, 31.1 percent in 1900, and 33.6 per cent in 1910. In 1910 the proportion mortgaged was highest (46.1 per cent) in the West North Central division. The lowest proportions, 18.8 per cent, 22.7 per cent, and 20.8 per cent, respectively, were in the South Atlantic, East South Central, and Mountain divisions. In every geographic division except the Middle Atlantic the proportion of farms mortgaged was greater in 1910 than in 1900, and in every division except the West North Central the proportion was greater in 1910 than in 1890. The most conspicuous in- crease in the proportion of farms mortgaged has been in ythe three southern divisions, and it is very likely that increased confidence of lenders in the titles to land and in the ability of the farmers to pay their debts has had much to do with this change. Amount of mortgage debt. — Table 10 shows, by di- visions, for 1910, the number of farms operated by owners owning their entire farm and for which the amount of mortgage debt was reported, together with the total value of the land and buildings of such farms, and the amount of debt. For 1890 it shows the total number of owned farm homes mortgaged (including those of owners who rented additional land) , with the value of the land and buildings, and the amount of mortgage indebtedness (including estimates). The census statistics with reference to the amount of mort- gage debt do not cover all the mortgaged farms reported. In some cases the enumerators were able to ascertain that a farm was mortgaged, but were unable to secure a statement of the amount of indebtedness. Further, the statistics relative to the amount of indebtedness do not include the farms operated by owners who rent 'additional land, which make up a considerable number. In the case of these farms the report as to the amount of debt would necessarily relate only to the land which was owned by the operator, and it would be improper to compare it with the entire value of the farm, including that of the hired land. The total number of mortgaged farms operated by owners, including those who rent additional land, in the United Table lO FARMS OPEKATED BY OWNERS OWNINO ENTIEE FARM: 1910* OWNED FARU HOUES: 1890 > Num- ber. Value of land and buildings. Amount of debt. Ratio of debt to value, per cent. Average per farm. Num- ber. Value of land and buildings. Amount of debt. Ratio of debt to value, per cent. Average per farm. Value. Debt. Equi- ty. Value. Debt. Equi- ty. TTnited States . . . New England 1,006,511 53, 791 118,220 257,884 2:i6,975 86,522 85.282 96,687 26,731 44,419 96,330,236,951 183, 826, 183 516,334,528 1,605,964.728 2,361,540.675 270.317,105 203,126,373 4.84.014,790 247.994,132 4.17,119,437 11,726,172,851 58 535. 508 178,326,219 459,886.968 608. 480. 562 73,597,258 59, 769, 643 121.365,670 59,364, ia5 106,846,838 27.3 31.8 34.5 28.6 25.8 27.2 29.4 25.1 23.9 23.4 $6,289 3.417 4.368 6,227 9.965 3,124 2,382 5.006 9,277 10,291 11.715 1,088 1.508 1,783 2,568 851 701 1,255 2.221 2,405 $4,574 2,329 2,860 4,444 7,397 2,273 1,681 3,751 7,056 7,886 886,957 40, 738 130, 770 288,359 330,070 31,080 16.234 11,955 7,511 24,240 13,054,923,165 110, 12;?, 599 542,842.412 1.011,288.228 1.014.518,328 83,843.919 28,688,835 27,862,864 34. 260. 958 201,494,022 $1,085,995,960 44.512,143 234.538.777 330, 156, 531 341.286.412 33,665; 166 12. 432, 680 11,924,086 10,905.181 60,574,984 35.5 40.4 43.2 33.2 33.6 40.2 43.3 42.8 31.8 30.1 93,444 2,356 4,151 3.507 3,074 2,698 1.767 2.331 4.561 8,312 11,224 952 1.794 1,166 1,034 1,083 766 997 1,452 2,499 $2,220 1,404 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic 2,357 2,341 2,040 1,615 East South Central West South Central 1.001 1..334 3,109 Pacific 5,813 ' Includes only those reporting value of farm and amount of debt. * Includes all owned farm homes operated by their owners, with estimates for those with incomplete reports. 294 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. MORTGAGES AND MORTGAGE INDEBTEDNESS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. Table 11 DIVISION OR STATE, Geogkaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New HamjMhire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Elinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah.. Nevada Paqfic: Washington Oregon California NUMBEB OF FARMS OPERATED BY owners: 1910 > PER CENT REPORTED AS MORTGAGED.^ FAEMS OPERATED BY OWNERS OWNING ENTIR". FARM: 1910 3 RATIO OF DEBT TO VALUE, PEE CENT. Total. Free from mort- gage. Mort- gaged. Not re- ported. 1910 1900 1890 Num- ber. Value of land and buildings. Amount of debt. Average per farm. 1910 1890 Value. Debt. Equity. 3,948,722 2,688,596 1,312,034 48,092 33.6 31.1 28.2 1,006,511 $6,330,236,951 $1,726,172,851 $6,289 11,715 $4,674 27.3 35.5 168,408 108,938 58,474 9% 34.9 34.1 28.2 53,791 183,826,183 58,535,508 3,417 1,088 2,329 31.8 40.4 355,036 217,257 134,803 2,976 38.3 40.3 37.0 118,220 516,334,528 178,326,219 4,368 1,508 2,860 34.5 43.2 809,044 473,822 327,463 7,759 40.9 39.4 37.6 257,884 1,605,964,728 459,886,968 6,227 1,783 4,444 28.6 33.2 758,946 404,555 346,182 8,209 46.1 44.3 48.0 236,975 1,361,640,675 608,480,562 9,965 2,568 7,397 25.8 33.6 593,154 474,742 110,198 8,214 18.8 16.8 7.4 86,522 270,317,105 73,597,258 3,124 851 2,273 27.2 40.2 510,452 388,837 114,195 7,420 22.7 17.0 4.5 85,282 203,125,373 59,769,643 2,382 701 1,681 29.4 43.3 440,905 299,303 132,252 9,350 30.6 18.2 4.8 90,687 484,014,790 121,365,670 5,006 1,255 3,761 25.1 42.8 160,844 125,940 33,060 1,844 20.8 14.4 14.1 26,731 247,994,132 59,364,185 9,277 2,221 7,056 23.9 31.8 151,933 95,202 55,407 1,324 36.8 27.6 28.7 44,419 457,119,437 106,846,838 10,291 2,405 7,886 23.4 30.1 56,454 41,309 14,948 197 26.6 26.7 22.1 13,894 39,774,005 11,738,529 2,863 845 2,018 29.5 36.7 24,493 18,119 6,234 140 25.6 25.5 21.8 5,666 15,457,040 4,773,610 2,728 842 1,886 30.9 38.4 28,065 14,851 13,140 74 46.9 46.9 44.3 12,138 36,858,501 1», 436, 091 3,037 1,025 2,012 33.7 41.8 32,075 18,768 13,014 293 40.9 38.6 30.5 12,030 49,742,396 16,371,484 4,135 1,361 2,774 32.9 41.9 4,087 2,811 1,180 96 29.6 27.1 19.1 1,001 4,087,933 1,356,326 4,084 1,355 2,729 33.2 42.6 23,234 13,080 9,958 196 43.2 40.7 31.1 9,062 37,906,308 11,859,468 4,183 1,309 2,874 31.3 40.6 166,674 93,118 72,311 1,245 43.7 46.3 44.2 62,555 284,659,163 97,309,848 4,551 1,556 2,995 34.2 43.6 24,133 11,983 11,793 357 49.6 51.9 48.9 10,666 55,507,006 19,476,938 5,204 1,826 3,378 35.1 49.6 164,229 112,156 50,699 1,374 31.1 32.3 27.4 44,999 176,168,359 61,539,433 3,915 1,368 2,547 34.9 40.7 192,104 135,616 54,997 1,491 28.9 29.8 28.9 42,785 220,749,834 63,788,397 5,160 1,491 3,669 28.9 34.3 148,501 89,847 56,914 1,740 38.8 36.5 33.1 40,108 251, %1, 241 57,486,582 6,282 1,433 4,849 22.8 30.3 145,107 86,713 55,792 2,602 39.2 39.3 36.7 36,938 454,857,222 115,799,646 12,314 3,135 9,179 25.5 34.6 172,310 88,705 82,631 974 48.2 48.3 49.4 68,655 250,874,010 75,997,030 3,654 i,iffr 2,547 30.3 32.4 151,022 72,941 77, 129 952 51.4 45.8 42.9 69,398 427,522,421 146,815,313 6,160 2,116 4,044 34.3 33.3 122,104 65,038 66,146 921 46.3 44.8 46.4 41,776 296,015,776 77,866,283 7,062 1,864 6,198 26.4 31.6 133,003 63,234 68,045 1,724 51.8 53.0 53.3 50,462 735,265,320 204,242,722 14,574 4,048 10,526 27.8 33.3 192,285 102,514 88,486 1,285 46.3 42.4 36.4 64,028 389,476,000 112,565,403 6,083 1,758 4,325 28.9 32.3 63,212 30,651 31,727 834 50.9 31.4 48.7 19,187 213,642,953 47,841,587 11,135 2,493 8,642 22.4 36.3 57,984 35,101 21,691 1,192 38.2 36.7 52.4 11,313 154,749,490 32,771,359 13,679 2,897 10,782 21.2 38.6 79,250 47,435 30,839 976 39.4 45.4 52.0 19,778 286,308,920 62,373,472 14,476 3,154 11,322 21.8 32.4 111,108 60,582 49,249 1,277 44.8 41.8 55.5 30,442 287,082,217 70,819,736 9,430 2,326 7,104 24.7 36.0 6,178 3,817 2,264 97 37.2 36.5 29.4 2,021 8,801,976 3,068,721 4,365 1,518 2,837 34.9 44.0 33,519 21,084 12,127 308 36.5 36.8 30.0 10,764 44,398,721 15,673,773 4,129 1,457 2,672 35.3 38.5 118 93 21 4 18.4 18.9 4.1 20 233,.400 56,100 11,670 2,805 8,865 24.0 32.8 133,664 111,474 21,182 1,008 16.0 14.7 3.2 17,410 62,377,247 15,440,291 3,583 887 2,696 24.8 47.6 75,978 66,093 9,525 360 12.6 14.1 13.0 7,878 21,549,125 5,692,533 2,735 710 2,025 26.0 32.2 145,320 117,028 26,642 1,650 18.5 15.8 4.9 19,252 42,952,440 9,958,389 2,231 517 1,714 23.2 45.6 64,350 47,535 15,020 1,795 24.0 20.6 8.0 11,189 39,593,747 10,109,072 3,639 903 2,636 25.6 50.2 98,628 78,004 18,257 2,367 19.0 14.7 3.4 13,839 37,526,424 10,988,409 2,712 794 1,918 29.3 41.9 35,399 29,614 5,160 625 14.8 10.3 2.9 4,169 12,884,025 2,709,970 3,098 652 2,446 21.0 31.2 170,332 135,505 33,039 1,788 19.6 15.2 4.1 25,846 81,315,441 23,411,430 3,146 906 2,240 28.8 40.1 144, 125 118,285 24,006 1,834 16.9 11.5 3.2 17,362 47,232,059 12,626,330 2,720 727 1,993 26.7 40.1 103,929 74,604 27,457 1,968 26.9 19.2 4.4 19,230 32,311,461 10,350,577 1,680 638 1,142 32.0 43.8 92,066 60,543 29,693 1,830 32.9 27.1 7.7 22,844 42,266,412 13,381,306 1,850 586 1,264 31.7 64.4 106,649 82,321 22,374 1,954 21.4 14.3 4.2 16,665 35,035,023 8,941,332 2,116 640 1,576 25.6 44.4 52,989 42,011 9,834 1,144 19.0 17.7 4.0 7,620 28,771,636 8,950,301 3,826 1,190 2,636 31.1 44.1 85,404 46,889 36,036 2,479 43.5 <9.2 24,588 122,327,300 27,384,765 4,975 1,114 3,861 22.4 195,863 128,082 64,008 3,773 33.3. 23.4 6.7 48,024 297,880,832 76,089,272 6,203 1,584 4,619 25.5 41.7 23,365 18,014 4,820 531 21.1 14.0 15.6 3,990 44,616,154 10,741,280 11,182 2,692 8,490 24.1 31.7 27,169 17,933 9,010 226 33.4 16.4 16.3 7,594 64,376,068 14,557,103 8,477 1,917 6,560 22.6 30.0 9,779 7,815 1,923 41 19.7 12.2 13.1 1,531 16,675,387 4,207,983 10,892 2,749 8,143 25.2 34.6 36,993 26,822 9,636 535 26.4 27.0 25.5 7,571 77,332,068 18,986,026 10,214 2,508 7,706 24.6 32.4 33,398 31,382 1,775 241 5.4 2.3 3.0 1,397 10,683,233 2,590,282 7,647 1,854 5,793 24.2 34.2 8,203 7,038 1,043 122 12.9 6.0 6.8 813 8,695,498 2,253,252 10,696 2,772 7,924 25.9 40.6 19,762 15,131 4,492 139 22.9 11.1 5.5 3,526 21,319,580 4,564,175 6,046 1,294 4,752 21.4 24.9 2,175 1,805 361 9 16.7 19.3 17.2 309 4,297,144 1,464,084 13,907 4,738 9,169 34.1 33.1 47,506 30,979 16,026 500 34.1 21.7 26.8 12,715 113,394,798 25,644,551 8,918 2,017 6,901 22.6 28.6 37,796 24,855 12,632 309 33.7 25.2 23.4 10,274 93,525,449 21,165,627 9,103 2,060 7,043 22.6 29.9 66,632 39,368 26,749 515 40.5 32.2 32.5 ^,430 250,199,190 60,036,660 11,675 2,802 8.873 24.0 30.3 1 Ilicludes those whose owners rented additional land. » Percentages are based on combined total of farms "free from mortgage" and "mortgaged." ' Includes only those whose owners reported value of farm and amount of debt. * Includes Indian Territory. FARM MORTGAGES. 295 States in 1910 was 1,327,439, but the number for which statistics regarding the amount of indebtedness have been compiled is only 1,006,511. No statistics of the amount of mortgage indebted- ness on farms were collected at the census of 1900, but such statistics were collected in 1890. In the pub- lished reports of that census, however, the amount of mortgage indebtedness on farms with incomplete reports was estimated. Moreover, the farms of owners who rented additional land were included in the statis- tics. Consequently, the statistics of absolute amounts of mortgage debt for 1890 are not comparable with those for 1910. On the other hand, the ratio which the mortgage indebtedness bears to the value of the mortgaged farms is reasonably comparable for the two censuses. The total value of the land and buildings of the 1,006,511 farms shown for 1910 was $6,330,000,000, and the amount of debt was $1,726,000,000, or 27.3 per cent of the value. The corresponding proportion in 1890, as shown in the reports, was 35.5 per cent, and to make this figure strictly comparable it would pre- sumably have to be increased slightly. There was thus during the 20 years a marked diminution in the relative importance of mortgage debt. This decline in the ratio of debt to value is primarily due to the very rapid increase in the value of land in farms. The average amount of mortgage indebtedness per farm increased from $1,224 in 1890 to $1,715 in 1910, but the average owner's equity per farm increased from $2,220 to $4,574, or more than doubled. In 1910 there was no very great difference among the several geographic divisions with respect to the ratio of indebtedness to the value of land and build- ings, the highest ratio being 34.5 per cent in the Middle Atlantic division, and the lowest 23.4 per cent in the Pacific division. In every division the ratio of indebtedness to value was materially lower in 1910 than in 1890, when in five of the divisions it exceeded 40 per cent. Statistics by states. — Table 1 1 presents, by divisions and states, statistics of the number of farms mortgaged for 1910, with comparative percentages for 1900 and 1890, and of the value of mortgaged farms and the amount of mortgage debt for 1910, with comparative percentages for 1890. The percentages showing the relative number of mortgaged farms in each state in 1910 are shown graphically in the diagram on page 293. 296 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS. Number of native white, foreign-born white, and col- ored farmers, by tenure: 1910. — Table 14, on the oppo- site page, shows, for each geographic division and state, the number of farms in 1910 operated by native whites, foreign-born whites, and colored persons (negroes, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese), respec- tively, tha farms in each group being further classified according to the tenure of the operator. The diagram shows, by states, the number of farms classified by color and nativity of operator in 1910. Table 12 shows the percentage of the total number of farm operators in each geographic division in 1910 represented by native whites, foreign-born whites, and colored persons, respectively, and also a similar distri- bution of the farm owners and of the farm tenants. The distribution of farm managers, which is less significant on account of their small number, is not shown. Table 12 PER CENT OF ALL PER CENT OF PER CENT OF FARM OPERATORS. FARM OWNERS. FARM TENANTS. i u i b i b, • A A *^ A a V, A A DIVISION. Sf ^ !fi 1 ^ !f< ^ 2 1 4 £ e % H 1 1 B H '^ £ fe ?, fe £ ^ ^ fr, % ;>^ '^ 'Z P^ ;z; tTnlted States 75.0 10.5 14.6 80.1 13.8 6.1 66.2 6.0 28.8 85.3 14.5 0.2 85.6 14.2 0.2 82.6 17.1 3 Middle Atlantic 89.5 10.1 0.4 89.1 10.5 0.4 91.1 8.4 0.5 East North Central 82.7 16.7 0.5 79.9 19.7 0.5 90.3 9.1 0.6 West North Central 74.8 24.3 0.9 70.4 28.6 1.0 84.4 14.9 0.7 South Atlantic 67.4 0.6 32.0 81.8 1.0 17.2 50.2 0.2 49.6 East South Central 68.3 0.5 31.2 87.7 0.8 11.5 49.5 0.2 50,4 West South Central 73.4 4.4 22.2 81.0 5.9 13.1 66.6 3.1 30,4 Mountain 78.5 69.8 17.1 27.7 4.4 2.5 78.0 69.9 17.2 28.7 4.8 1.4 81.7 67.9 16.7 24.1 1 7 Pacific 8 Of the 6,361,502 farms in the United States as a whole in 1910, 4,771,063, or 75 percent, were operated by native white farmers; 669,556, or 10.5 per cent, by foreign-born whites; and 920,883, or 14.5 per cent, by negroes and other nonwhites. These percentages may be compared with those showing the distribution of the total male population of voting age. Of the males 21 years of age and over in the United States in 1910, 65.6 per cent were native whites, 24.6 per cent foreign- bom whites, and 9.8 per cent colored. The colored farmers are for the most part in the Southern states. In the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions nearly one-third of the farm operators are colored, and in the West South Central between one-fourth and one-fifth; while in each of the four divisions constituting the North the proportion is below 1 per cent, and in the Mountain and Pacific divisions (where this class of farmers is made up chiefly of Indians, Chinese, and Japanese) the proportions are only 4.4 per cent and 2.5 per cent, respectively. Nearly all of the foreign-bom white farmers are in the North and West. NUMBER OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY COLOR ANE NATIVITY OF OPERATOR: 1910. V^^ NATIVE WHITE QB roftdON SOKN WMITI ^ggg MmO *M0 OtHtM HONmiltt Table 13 shows the proportion of the native white, foreign-born white, and colored farm operators, respec- tively, who were in each of the three general tenure groups in 1910. Table 13 United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West Nort.h Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central West South Central... Mountain Pacific PER CENT OF NATIVE WHITE FARM OPERATORS. <^ £2 i 1 o £h 66.3 82.7 89.6 7.7 75.4 22.7 69.5 29.5 64.3 34.8 64.8 34.2 62.9 36.7 51.6 47.8 87.1 11.2 80.1 16.8 1.0 2.7 1.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.4 0.6 1.7 3.1 PER CENT OF FOREIGN-BORN WHITE FARM OPERATORS. 81.4 87.2 79.0 84.6 80.7 84.9 81.1 62.7 88.3 83.1 17.6 9.3 18.6 14.7 18.9 11.7 17.8 36.8 10.4 15.0 PER CENT OF NEGRO AND OTHER NON- WHITE FARM OPERATORS. COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS. 297 FARM OPERATORS CLASSIFIED BY COLOR AND NATIVITY AND BY TENURE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910. Table 14 DIVISION OK STATE. United States . GsooBAFHic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central . South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central . Mountain Paciflc New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South DakoU^ Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ALL FARM OPERATORS. Total. 6,3<1,50S 188,802 468,379 123,489 109,948 111,881 042,480 943, 186 183,446 189,891 Owners. Tenants . 3,848,722 2,854,676 168,408 355,036 809,044 7.58,946 593,154 510, 452 440,905 160,844 151,933 00,016 27,063 32,709 36,917 5,292 26,815 215,697 33,487 219,206 272,045 215,485 251,872 206,960 177,127 156,137 217,044 277,244 74,380 77,644 129,678 177,841 10,836 48,923 217 184,018 96,686 253,725 176,434 291,027 50,016 259,185 246,012 262,901 274,382 214,678 120,646 190,192 417,770 26,214 30,807 10,987 46,170 35,676 9,227 21,676 2,689 56,192 45,502 88,197 66,464 24,403 28,065 32,075 4,087 23,234 166,674 24,133 104,229 192,104 148,501 145, 107 172,310 161,022 122,104 133,003 192,286 63,212 67,964 79,260 111,106 6,178 33,519 118 133,664 75,978 145,320 64,350 98,628 35,399 170,332 144, 125 103,929 92,066 106,649 52,989 85,404 195,863 23,365 27, 169 9,779 36,993 33,398 8,203 19, 762 2,175 47,506 37,796 66,632 15,016 104.271 303,597 342,618 510,429 528,738 497.585 19,090 32,733 2,663 l,-879 4,008 2,979 964 2,632 44,872 8,294 51,106 77,188 64,687 104,379 32,689 24,054 32,811 82,115 82,968 10,664 19,231 49,441 66,396 4,535 14,416 84 48,729 19,835 107,287 111,221 190,980 13,342 87,860 101,061 158,326 181,491 107,266 66,607 104, 137 219,575 2,344 3,188 897 8,390 1,967 861 1,720 333 7,726 6,869 18,148 Man- agers. 58,104 5,379 9,072 10,848 8,384 8,298 3,290 4, 2,912 6,226 999 681 636 1,863 261 949 4,061 1,060 3,961 2,763 2,297 2,386 1,961 1,451 1,222 1,926 2,001 484 429 987 1,335 123 988 16 1,626 872 1,118 863 1,419 1,275 993 826 646 825 763 950 651 2,332 605 450 311 787 321 163 194 181 961 847 3,417 NATIVE WHITE FARM OPERATORS. Total, i Owners.! Tenants. ?^?°" agers. 4,771,063 3,162,5841,558,392 161,009 419,342 929,619 8.30,642 748,878 712,443 692,624 143,991 132,515 55,014 24,347 28,968 28,431 4,408 19,841 187,629 28,796 204,917 262,645 204,951 217,053 147,790 107,180 74,710 167,866 250,111 35,750 49,360 93,509 150,346 9,504 40,669 168 134, 166 95,138 187,667 79,424 168,083 34,080 245, 499 206,821 151,214 108,909 148,627 63,236 161,773 318,988 18,165 24,694 9,019 37,198 32,088 5,218 15,948 1,661 37,770 35,819 58,926 144,212 316,426 646,032i 534,260 486, 1341 447,80S| 367,128 125,426 106,158 51,798 22,143 24,789 24,857 3,466 17, 'ISO 144,850 18,833 152,743 176,602 139,869 123,907 118,660 87,004 62,427 96,616 177,620 29,082 36,011 62,357 89,148 6,448 28.047 82 90,862 74,074 123,510 43,834 82,634 27,043 162,736 132,710 85,734 66,628 89,839 40,815 68,564 167,910 15,966 21,514 7,965 29,801 30,046 4,410 14,380 1,325 31,163 29,215 45,780 12,395 95,030 274, 112 289,255 256,412 261,650 331,233 16,079 22,226 2,286 1,612 3,603 2,173 743 1,978 39,389 7,137 iS,604 73,598 62,878 91,014 27,609 10,013 21,446 67,547 79,609 6,352 14,024 40,296 69,981 3,966 11,797 76 32,884 19,606 63,115 34,862 84, 167 5,950 81,837 73,347 64,894 41,572 58,081 21,587 92,607 158,958 1,771 2,781 795 6,711 1,742 683 1,404 192 5,838 5,883 10,505 50,087 4,402 7,886 9,475 7,127 7,332 2,985 4,263 2.486 4,131 930 502 576 1,401 199 704 3,390 826 3,670 2,646 2,204 2,132 1,521 1,073 837 1,694 1, 316 325 866 1,217 100 826 11 1,409 858 1,032 738 1,282 1,087 926 764 586 709 707 834 602 2,120 409 399 259 686 .300 125 164 144 721 2,641 FOREIGN-BORN WHITE FARM OPERATORS. Total. 669,556: 27, 451 47,070 188,153 269,442 7,141 4,819 41,501 31,427 62,546i 4,973 2,691 3, 721 8,362 843 6,861 27,029 6,215 13,832 17,450 0,729 33,394 68,224 60,360 81,134 48,987 14,467 37,867 25,476 36,707 26,804 410 1,882 37 1,749 839 412 212 385 1,215 ' 1,966 883 1,244 736 2,458 2,431 7,748 28,864 6,853 5,708 1,903 8,398 1,440 806 5,452 867 17,297 9,056 26,193 Own- ers. Ten- Man- ants. I agers. NEGRO AND OTHER NONWHITE FARM OPERATORS. 644,917118,166 6,473 23,925 .37, 190 159,104 217,317 6,059 3,907 26,008 27,743 43,658 4,631 2,338 3,259 7,109 692 6,996 21,010 5,036 11,146 14,289 8,100 20,411 62,865 63,370 69,483 34,252 12,556 33,403 20,237 26,524 20,862 324 1,522 28 1,574 746 367 144 296 1,058 1,667 716 1,113 412 2,148 1,449 5,690 16,721 6,213 6,312 1,753 6,726 1,231 644 5,166 16,641 8,103 19,914 2,568 8,766 27,750 60,944 836 856 15,291 3,280 7,875 274 265 403 795 199 632 5,366 073 2,427 2,961 1,491 12, 747 4,928 6,603 11,268 14,505 1,833 4,298 5,142 9,053 4,846 284 6 139 86 33 64 75 70 262 157 123 314 300 943 2,036 12,012 547 345 99 1,572 192 135 257 133 1,475 835 5,566 958 1,114 1,299 1,181 246 50 202 404 1,013 88 69 458 52 233 647 207 260 180 78 236 431 374 383 230 78 166 97 130 97 7 76 3 36 7 12 4 14 87 27 11 8 10 10 39 22 131 93 51 51 100 17 27 20 36 181 118 714 Total. 920,883 241,221 342 1,961 5,717 9,864 355,862 325,218; 209,061 8,028 4,830 29 16 20 124 41 113 939 476 546 1,950 805 1,425 946 691 293 201 3,666 743 2,808 462 1, 922 6,372 12 48, 114 708 65,650 96,798 122,559 14,721 11,730 38,308 110,443 164,737 63,593 54,879 20,671 69,918 1,196 405 65 574 2,148 3,2a3 276 161 1,126 627 3,078 Own- Ten- Man- ors, ants, agers. 271 1,414 3,908 7,369 101,961 58,737 57,769 7,675 2,117 678,118 1,544 25 12 17 109 29 79 808 265 341 1,313 472 789 785 549 194 136 2,109 727 2,736 369 1, 406 3,960 8 32,228 658 21,443 20,372 15,698 7,298 5,929 10,700 17,082 26,026 14,662 10,725 11,150 21,232 1,167 343 61 466 2,121 3,149 216 162 701 478 52 475 1,735 2,419 253, 181 266,232 151,061 331 2,632 3 2 2 11 12 22 117 184 174 609 318 618 152 38 97 63 1,516 14 65 92 672 600 2,335 3 16,706 143 44, 139 76,296 106,738 7,322 5,761 27,557 93,309 139,606 44,077 9,494 48,605 413 141 2,078 298 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Table 13 brings out the fact that in each of the geographic divisions except New England a larger proportion of the foreign-born white farmers than of the native white own their farms, the percentages for the United States as a whole in 1910 being, respec- tively, 81.4 and 66.3. This difference is largely due to the fact that the foreign-born white farmers are on the average considerably older than the native white. Most of the former have been in this country a good many years, as comparatively few of the more recent immigrants have gone to the farms. A large propor- tion of the native white tenants consist of young men, sons of farmers, who have only recently begun the independent operation of farms, and who expect to buy land later. In the country as a whole the pro- portion of owners is very much lower among colored farmers (26.2 per cent in 1910) than among either the native white or the foreign-born white ; but there is a great difference in this respect between the South and the. rest of the country. Number of farmers, classified by color: 1910 and 1900. — Table 15 shows, by geographic divisions, for 1910 and 1900, the number of farm operators who were whites, negroes, Indians, Chinese, and Japanese, respectively. Table 15 ALL FARM OPERATORS. ■WHITE FARM OPERATORS. COLORED FARM OPERATORS. DIVISION. Total. Negroes. Indians. Chinese. Japanese. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 XTnlted States 6,361,502 188,802 468,379 1, 123, 489 1,109,948 1,111,881 1,042,480 943,186 183,446 189,891 5,737,372 191,888 485,618 1,135,823 1,060,744 %2,225 903,313 754,853 101,327 141,581 5,440,619 188,460 466,418 1, 117, 772 1,100,084 756,019 717, 262 734,125 175, 418 185,061 4,969,608 191,594 483,772 1,129,810 1,049,857 673,354 635,418 570,949 96,521 138,333 920, 883 342 1,961 5,717 9,864 355,862 325, 218 209,061 8,028 4,830 767,764 294 1,846 6,013 10,887 288,871 267,895 183,904 4,806 3,248 893,384 310 1,310 4,843 5,603 354,530 324,885 201, 422 218 263 746,715 264 1,497 5,179 7,076 287,933 267,530 176,899 133 204 24,237 32 638 870 4,238 1,303 332 7,584 7,524 1,716 19,910 29 337 830 3,807 935 365 6,989 4,551 2,067 760 ■■5' 2 2 13 1 10 91 636 1,100 1 12 4 4 3 2,502 39 8 2 21 16 East North Central West North Central Kast South Central West South Central 16 122 938 45 195 2,215 Mountain Pacific 39 In the country as a whole the number of negro farmers increased much more rapidly between 1900 and 1910 than that of white farmers, the respective percentages of increase being 19.6 and 9.5. Only 1.4 per cent of all the negro farmers in 1910 were outside of the three divisions constituting the South, and it is noteworthy that the number in the North was smaller in 1910 than in 1900. The number of Chinese and Japanese farmers at both censuses was small, but the latter made a remarkable increase during the dec- ade, while the former fell off considerably in number. Country of birth of white farmers: 1910. — Table 16 shows, for 1910, by geograpliic divisions, the number of white farm operators born in each of the leading countries from which the United States receives immigrants. Table 16 WHITE FARM OPERATORS. Total. XTnlted States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . Mountain Pacific 5,440,619 188,460 466,418 1,117,772 1,100,084 756,019 717, 262 734,125 175,418 185,061 Bom in United States. 4,763,266 160,196 417, 730 927,524 829,467 748,411 712, 116 691,971 143,699 132, 142 Born ita foreign countries. Total. 669,556 27,451 47,076 188,153 269,442 7,141 4,819 41,501 31,427 52,546 Austria. 843 1,868 6,874 14, 761 344 121 6,173 1,021 1,331 Hun- gary. 3,827 248 538 840 1,394 165 62 264 147 169 Great Britain and Ireland. Total. England. 39,728 2,429 5,716 10,332 8,805 1,134 467 1,558 4,932 4,356 Ireland. 33,480 3,751 7,103 7,466 9,094 633 467 781 1,484 2,701 Scot- land. 10,220 714 999 2,080 2,786 313 120 417 1,362 1,429 Wales. 4,110 198 652 922 1,265 61 18 97 562 335 France. 5,832 306 668 1,353 1,173 112 108 650 355 1,107 Oermany. 221,800 2,481 15,601 79,813 87,935 2,635 1,920 15,420 5,147 10,848 United states New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central . South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . Mountain Pacific Born in foreign countries— Continued. Holland, 13,790 75 1,143 6,710 4,827 52 26 139 393 425 Italy. 10,614 652 2,370 654 404 214 392 2,089 1,067 2,772 Russia. 25,788 1,169 1,919 1,941 16,245 143 44 1,686 1,058 1,583 Poland. 7,228 372 411 3,466 2,179 69 27 662 47 95 Scandinavian countries. Total. 155,670 2,278 2,908 32,660 96,476 407 382 2,276 8,407 10,877 Den- mark. 28,376 390 563 5,739 14,846 124 73 491 3,097 3,062 Norway. Sweden. 59,742 141 109 13,330 41,015 93 64 404 1,683 2,903 67,463 1,747 2,246 13,491 39,614 190 245 1,381 3,627 4,912 Switzer- land. 14,333 207 895 4,062 3,863 247 391 712 1,023 2,933 Other Euro- pean coun- tries. 17,689 948 379 4,527 5,331 75 84 842 593 4,910 Canada. 61,878 10,611 3,807 24,262 13,356 443 148 847 3,038 5,366 All Other coun- tries.* 10,333 169 99 291 549 94 42 6,988 791 1,310 Coun- try of bfrth not re- ported. 7,807 813 1,612 2,095 1,175 467 327 653 292 373 I Includes those born at sea. COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS. 299 The foreign countries which have contributed the largest number of farm operators to the United States are Germany, Sweden, Canada, Norway, England, Ireland, Austria, Denmark, and Russia, in the order named. It should be noted that this order by no means corresponds to the order in which the various foreign countries have contributed to the total popula- tion of the United States. The immigrants from certain countries, notably Ireland, Italy, and Russia, have nearly all gone into pursuits other than agricultural. Color and tenure of farmers in the South: 1910 and 1900. — On account of the large number of colored farmers in the South, more detailed statistics regarding the two principal race groups are presented for that section than for the North and West. Table 17 shows, for the South as a whole and for each of the geographic divisions composing it, the number, total and improved acreage, and value of land and buildings in 1910 and 1900, for farms of white and colored farmers, respectively, with a further classification according to tenure. It also shows, by percentages, the distribution of the respective totals between the two color groups and among the six subgroups formed by combination of the tenure classification with that according to color. In the South as a whole in 1910 white farmers con- stituted 71.3 per cent of the total number of farmers and colored farmers 28.7 per cent. Of the total farm acreage, however, 88 per cent was in farms operated by white and 12 per cent in farms operated by colored farmers; and of the improved land in farms, 81.6 per cent was in farms operated by white farmers and 18.4 per .cent in farms operated by colored farmers. Whites constituted a smaller proportion of the total number *of farmers and the farms operated by them contained a smaller proportion of the total land in farms in 1910 than in 1900, but there was no change in the proportion of improved land in farms operated by the two race groups. Table 17 DIVISION AND CLASS OF OPEKATOB. THE SOUTH... White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmere: Total Owners Managers Tenants Sontb Atlantic White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants , Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants East Sontb Central White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants West South Central White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 3,097,547 2,207,40fi 1,326,044 15,084 866,278 890, 141 218, 467 1,200 670,474 1,111,881 756,019 491, 193 7,578 257,248 355,862 101,961 720 253,181 1,042,480 717,262 451,715 3,041 262,506 325,218 58,737 249 266,232 943,186 734,125 383,136 4,465 346,524 209,061 57,769 231 151,061 1900 2,620,391 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 SM, 462, 980 1,879,721 1,183,806 17,172 678,743 740,670 186,676 1,593 552,401 962,225 673,354 442,396 8,145 222,813 288,871 85, 116j 970! 202,785 903,313 635,418 413,775 4,372 217,271 267,895 49,911 324 217,660 754,853 570,949 327,635 4,655 238,659 183,904 51,649 299 131,956 862, 036, 861 IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 160,690,852 323,424,3051 122,055,109 209,756,4841 79,582,541 50,877,426 3,126,093 62,790,3951 40,246,475 42,609,117 38,612,046 15,691,536 13,358,684 349,7791 428,518 26,667,802! 24,824,844 103,782,255 86,106,873 63,483,405 3,219,019 19,404,449 17,675,382 5,646,378 145,371 11,883,633 81,520,629 67,924,912 52,592,020 1,527,107 13, 805, 785 13,595,717 4,539,952 76,360 8,979,405 169,149,976 157,811,958 98,848,268 19,570,123 39,393,567 11,338,018 5,505,206 128,048 5,704,764 104,297,506 88,660,241 64,498,437 3,260,530 20,901,274 15,637,265 4,427,439 201,074 11,008,752 81,247,643 68,626,325 53,543,623 1,563,062 13,519,640 i 12,621,318 3,837,853 60,388 8,723,077 176,491,202 166, 137, 739 ■ 91,714,424 46,053,834 28,369,481 10,353,463 5,093,392 167,056 5,093,015 27,735,743 7,531,119 108,249 20,096,375 48,479,733 37,489,664 26,148,320 1,167,797 10,173,547 10,990,069 2,695,947 61,287 8,232,835 43,946,846 34,390,317 25,170,277 552,554 8,667,486 9,556,529 2,213,645 26,237 7,316,647 58,264,273 51,075,128 28,263,944 1,405,742 21,405,442 7, 189, 145 2,621,527 20,725 4,546,893 1900 126,108,083 102,893,486 69,940,143 3,051,584 29,901,759 23,214,607 6,026,805 127, 742 17,060,060 46,100,226 37,204,364 25,700,843 1,220,873 10,282,648 8,895,862 2,099,232 66,764 6,729,866 40,237,337 32,045,709 23,660,079 614,397 7,771,233 8,191,628 1,714,020 25,866 6,451,742 39,770,530 33,643,413 20,579,221 1,216,314 11,847,878 6, 127, 117 2,213,553 35, 112 3,878,452 VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 17,353,431,195 6,453,298,861 4,223,935,087 367,948,147 1,861,415,627 900,132,334 272,992,238 10,371,949 616, 768, 147 1900 83,279,021,609 2,898,740,541 1,947,821,958 220,573,860 730,344,723 380,280,968 106,019,328 5,544,310 268,117,330 2,486,436,474 2,118,729,406 1,487,725,662 119,811,609 511, 192, 135 367,707,068 105,568,619 5,727,681 256,410,768 1,738,397,839 1,458,730,081 1,064,815,312 45,025,391 348,889,378 279,667,758 70,937,214 2,572,270 206, 158i 274 3,128,596,882 2,875,839,374 1,671,394,113 203, 111, 147 1,001,334,114 252,757,508 96, 486, 405 2,071,998 154, 199, 105 1,206,349,618 1,072,961,860 741,156,350 60,596,740 271, 208, "70 133,387,758 36,982,908 2,937,580 93,467,270 933,780,823 802,327,213 588,037,473 26,246,880 188,042,8601 131,453,610 28,539,910 1,282,910! 101,630,7901 1, 138, 891, 068< 1,023,451,468 618,628,135! 133,730,240 271,093,093 115,439,6001 41,096,510 1,323,820 73,019,270! PER CENT OF TOTAL. Number of farms. 1910 1900 100.0 71.3 42.8 0.5 28.0 28.7 7.1 (>) 21.6 100.0 68.0 44.2 0.7 23.1 32.0 9.2 0.1 22.8 100.0 43.3 0.3 25.2 31.2 5.6 (1) 25.5 100.0 77.8 40.6 0.5 36.7 22.2 6.1 (1) 16.0 100.0 71.7 45.2 0.7 25.9 28.3 7.1 0.1 21.1 100.0 70.0 46.0 0.8 23.2 30.0 8.8 0.1 21.1 100.0 70.3 45.8 0.5 24.1 29.7 5.5 (') 24.1 100.0 75.6 43.4 0.6 31.6 24.4 6.8 (») 17.5 All land In farms. 1910 1900 100.0 100.0 88.0 89.3 60.6; 57.9 6.9 14.1 20.5 17.3 1 12.0 10.7 4. 4 3. 7 0. 1 0. 1 7.5 100.0 83.0 61.2 3.1 18.7 17.0 5.4 0.1 11.5 100.0 83.3 64.5 1.9 16.9 16.7 5.6 0.1 11.0 100.0 93.3 58.4 11.6 23.3 6.7 3.3 0.1 3.4 Improved land in farms. 1910 1900 100.0 81.6 52.8 2.1 26.7 18.4 5.0 0.1 13.3 100. 100. 85.0 61.8 3.1 20.0 15.0 4.2 0.2 10.6 100.0 84.5 65.9 1.9 16.6 15.5 4.7 0.1 10.7 100.0 94.1 52.0 26.1 16.1 5.9 2.9 0.1 2.9 77.3 53.9 2.4 21.0 22.7 5.6 17.0 100.0 78.3 57.3 1.3 19.7 21.7 5.0 0.1 16.6 100.0 87.7 48.5 2.4 36 12.3 4.5 (>) 7.8 Value of land and buildings. 1910, 1900 100. 0100.0 81.6 55.5 2.4 23.7 18.4 4.8 0.1 13.5 100.0 80.7 55.7 2.6 22.3 19.3 4.6 0.1 14.6 100.0 T9.6 68.8 1.5 19.3 20.4 4.3 0.1 16.0 100.0 84.6 51.7 3.1 29.8 15.4 5.6 0.1 87.8 57.4 5.0 25.3 12.2 3.7 0, 8.4 100.0 85.2 59. 4.8 20.6 14.8 4.2 0.2 10.3 100.0 83.9 61.3 2.6 20.1 16.1 4.1 0.1 11.9 100.0 91.9 53.4 6.5 32.0 8.1 3.1 0.1 4.9 100.0 88.4 59.4 6.7 22.3 11.6 3.3 0.2 8.2 100.0 61.4 5.0 22.5 11.1 3.1 0.2 7.7 100.0 85.9 63.0 2.8 20.1 14.1 3.1 0.1 10.9 100.0 89.9 54.3 11.7 23.8 10.1 3.6 0.1 6.4 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 18, on the following page, shows percentages of increase based on the preceding table. The number of colored farmers in the South increased 20.2 per cent during the decade 1900 to 1910, as compared with an increase of 17.4 per cent in the number of white farmers. The acreage of land in farms operated by white farmers decreased some- what in each geographic division of the South, wliile the acreage in farms operated by colored farmers increased in each of the three divisions, the percentages 300 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. ranging from 7.7 to 13. In the South as a whole the value of land and buildings of farms operated by wliite farmers increased 122.6 per cent during the decade, as compared with an increase of 136.7 per cent for farms operated by colored farmers; in the West South Central division, however, the percentage of increase was higher fof farms of white farmers than for those of colored farmers. The number of tenants in the Sodth, both white and colored increased more rapidly between 1900 and 1910 than the number of farm owners. In the case of farms operated by white farmers, the total acreage, improved acreage and value of land and buildings also increased more rapidly for tenant farms than for those operated by owners, while the opposite was true of farms operated by colored farmers. Table 18 PER CENT OF INCREASE : ' 1900 TO 1910 DIVISION AND CLASS OF OPERATOR. Number of farms. All land in farms. Improved land in farms. Value of land and buildings. Total. Own- ers. Man- agers. Ten- ants. Total. Own- ers. Man- agers. Ten- ants. Total. Own- ers. Man- agers. Ten- i ants. Total. Own- ers. Man- agers. Ten- ants. The South : White farmers Colored farmers 17.4 20.2 12.0 17.0 -12.2 -24.7 27.6 21.4 -^3.6 10.4 2.5 17.6 -52.2 -18.4 15.6 7.0 19.5 19.5 13.8 25.0 2.4 -16.3 I 34.6 1 17.8 j 122:6 136.7 116.9 156.0 66.8 87.1 154.9 130.0 South Atlantic: 12.3 23.2 12.9 21.4 28.6 13.7 11.0 19.8 9.2 17.7 16.9 11.8 -7.0 -25.8 -30.4 -23.1 -4.1 -22.7 15.5 24.9 20.8 22.3 , 45.2 14.5 -2.9 13.0 -1.0 7. 7 -5.0 9.5 .-1.6 27.5 -1.8 18.3 7.8 8.1 -1.3 -27.7 -2.3 26.4 -57.5 -23.4 -7.2 7.9 2.1 2.9 38.9 12.0 0.8 23.5 7.3 16.7 51.8 17.3 1.7 28.4 6.4 29.1 37.3 18 4 -4.3 -8.2 -10.1 1.4 15.6 -41.0 -1.1 1 22.3 11.5 13.4 80.7 17.2 97.5 175.7 81.8 112.8 181.0 119.0 100.7 185.5 81.1 148,6 170.2 134.8 97.7 95.0 71.5 100.5 51.9 56.5 88.5 Colored farmers 174.3 East South Central: White farmers 85.5 Colored farmers 102.9 West South Central: Whiite farmers 269.4 Colored farmers 111.2 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. In Table 19 the number, total and improved acre- age, and value of land and buildings of farms operated by white farmers are distributed by percentages among the three tenure classes, and a corresponding distribution is made for the farms operated by colored farmers. The percentages therefore have a different significance from those shown in Table 17. and afford a more convenient means of comparing conditions among the white and the colored farmers. In 1910, 60.1 per cent of the white farmers in the South as a whole were owners, as against 24.5 per cent of the colored farmers. The proportion of the total farm acreage wliich was in farms operated by owners was 68.9 per cent for farms operated by white farmers and 36.8 per cent for those operated by col- ored farmers. The changes between 1900 and 1910 with regard to the number, acreage, and value of farms operated by the two race groups, respectively, in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions were quite different from those in the West South Central division. In the South as a whole among both white and colored farm operators, owners reported a larger pro- portion of the total farm acreage in 1910 than in 1900. In the case of wliite farmers the proportion of land in tenant farms also increased, wliile there was a marked decrease in the proportion of land in farms operated by white managers (mainly due to a large decrease in the West South Central division). In the case of colored farmers however the proportion of land which was in tenant farms was lower in 1910 than in 1900. Table 19 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. DIVISION .VND CLASS OF OPERATOR. Number of farms. All land in farms. Improved land in farms. Value of land and buildings. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 THE SOTTTH White farmers: Total 100.0 60.1 0.7 39.2 100.0 24.6 0.1 76.8 100.0 63.0 0.9 36.1 100.0 25.2 0.2 74.6 100.0 68.9 7.8 23.3 100.0 36.8 0.8 62.4 100.0 64.9 15.7 19.4 100.0 34.6 1.1 64.3 100.0 64.7 2.5 32.7 100.0 27.2 0.4 72.6 100.0 68.0 3.0 29.1 100.0 26.0 0.6 73.5 100 65.5 5.7 28.8 100.0 30.3 1.2 68.5 100.0 Owners 67.2 Managers 7.6 Tenants 25.2 Colored farmers: Total 100.0 28.6 Managers 1.5 Tenants 70.6 SOUTH ATLANTIC. White farmere: Total 100.0 65.0 1.0 34.0 100.0 28.7 0.2 71.1 100.0 63.0 0.4 36.6 100.0 18.1 0.1 81.9 100.0 52.2 0.6 47.2 100.0 27.6 0.1 72.3 100.0 65.7 1.2 33.1 100.0 29.5 0.3 70.2 100.0 65.1 0.7 34.2 100.0 18.6 0.1 81.2 100.0 57.4 0.8 41.8 100.0 28.1 0.2 71.8 100.0 73.7 3.7 22.5 100.0 31.9 0.8 67.2 100.0 77.4 2.2 20.3 100.0 33.4 0.6 66.0 100.0 62.6 12.4 25.0 100.0 48.6 1.1 50.3 100.0 72.7 3.7 23.6 100.0 28.3 1.3 70.4 100.0 78.0 2.3 19.7 100.0 30.4 0.5 69.1 100.0 55.2 27.7 17.1 100.0 49.2 1.6 49.2 100.0 69.7 3.1 27.1 100.0 24.5 0.6 74.9 100.0 73.2 1.6 25.2 100.0 23.2 0.3 76.6 100.0 55.3 2.8 41.9 100.0 36.5 0.3 63.2 100.0 69.1 3.3 27.6 100.0 23.6 0.8 75.7 100.0 73.8 1.9 24.3 100.0 20.9 0.3 78.8 100.0 61.2 3.6 35.2 100.0 36.1 0.6 63.3 100.0 70.2 5.7 24.1 100.0 28.7 1.6 69.7 100.0 73.0 3.1 23.9 100.0 25.4 0.9 73.7 100.0 58.1 7.1 34.8 100.0 38.2 0.8 61.0 100.0' Owners 69.1 Managers 5.6 Tenants 25.3 Colored farmers: Total 100.0 27.7 Managers 2.2 Tenants 70.1 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. White farmers: Total 100.0 73.3 Managers 3.3 23.4 Colored farmers: Total 100.0 21.7 Managers 1.0 Tenants 77.3 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. White farmers: Total 100.0 Owners 60.4 13.1 26.5 Colored farmers: Total 100.0 35.6- 1.1 Tenants 63.3; COLOR AND NATIVITY OF FARMERS. 301 Table 20 shows the average total and improved acreage per farm, the average value of land and build- ings per farm and per acre, and the percentage of farm land improved, for farms classified according to the color and tenure of the farmer. In the South as a whole the average size of the farms operated by white farmers in 1910 (141,3 acres) was nearly three times as great as that of the farms oper- ated by colored farmers (47.9 acres). The difference was less marked in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions than in the West South Central. The farms operated by white owners comprised on an average 162.1 acres, and those operated by colored owners 71.8 acres, while the farms of white tenants averaged 83.8 acres in size and those of colored tenants 39.6 acres. Between 1900 and 1910 the average size of farms operated by white owners decreased, while that of farms operated by colored owners increased. On the other hand, colored tenants as well as white tenants had smaller farms in 1910 than in 1900. While the farms of colored farmers are smaller than those of the whites, tiiey consist more largely of improved land. In the South as a whole in 1910 the proportion of improved land for the farms of white farmers was 39.4 per cent, as compared with 65.1 per cent for the farms of colored farmers. The differences in this respect, however, are less conspicuous when farms of similar tenure are compared. In the South as a whole the average value of land and buildings per acre was in 1910 higher for farms of colored farmers than for those of white farmers — $21.13 as compared with $20.69. This is the effect of conditions in the West South Central division, the average value being higher for farms of white farmers in the other two divisions of the South. Between 1900 and 1910 there was a great increase in the average value per acre in the case of farms of all three classes of tenure operated by farmers of both color groups. In the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions the relative increases were in most cases somewhat more marked for farms operated by colored farmers than for those operated by whites, while in the West South Central division the opposite was the case. In the South as a whole the average value of land and buddings per farm in 1910 for farms operated by white farmers was $2,923, or nearly three times the average value for farms operated by colored farmers, which was $1,011. The percentage of increase "be- tween 1900 and 1910, however, was somewhat greater in the average value for farms of colored farmers than in that for farms of white fariners. Table 21, on the next page, shows, for each of the Southern states, the number, total and improved acre- age, and value of land and buildings of farms operated by white and by colored farmers, with a further distinc- tion according to tenure. Table 20 ATEEAOB ACEX8 PER PABM. PEE CENT OF FABM LAND IMPBOVED. AVEEAOE VALUE OF LAND AND BOTLDINOS. DIVISION AWD CLASS OF OPEEATOE. All land in farms. Improved land in farms. Per farm. Per acre. 1»10 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 THE SOTTTH White farmers: Total 141.3 162.1 1,<13.1 8S.8 47.9 71.8 Ml. 6 39.6 172.1 177.2 2,M2.8 92.5 U.1 71.6 869.0 44.9 65.7 60.0 207.2 46.5 31.2 34.5 90.2 30.0 64.7 59.1 177.7 44.1 31.8 32.3 80.2 80.9 39.4 37.0 12.0 65.4 65.1 48.0 30.9 75.6 31.8 33.3 6.0 47.6 60.1 45.1 29.8 68.7 82,923 3,185 24.393 2,149 1.011 1.250 8,643 920 $1,542 1,645 12,845 1,076 513 571 3,480 486 820.69 19.65 15.13 25.64 21.13 17.40 29.65 23.21 $8.96 Owners 9.29 4.34 11.63 Colored fanners; Total 9.86 7.98 12.94 10.80 SOUTH ATLANTIC. White farmers: Total 113.9 129.2 424.8 76.4 49.7 65.4 201.9 46.9 94.7 116.4 602.2 52.6 41.8 77.3 306.7 33.7 215.0 258.0 4,383.0 113.7 64.2 95.3 654.3 37.8 131.7 145.8 400.3 93.8 54.1 52.0 207.3 64.3 108.0 129.4 357.5 62.2 47.1 76.9 186.4 40.1 291.0 279.9 9,893. 4 118.9 56.3 98.6 558.7 38.6 49.6 63.2 154.1 39.5 30.9 26.4 85.1 32.5 47.9 55.7 181.7 83.0 29.4 37.7 105.4 27.5 69.6 73.8 314.8 61.8 34.4 45.4 89.7 30.1 55.3 58.1 149.9 46.1 30.8 24.7 68.8 33.2 50.4 57.2 140.5 35.8 30.6 34.3 79.8 29.6 58.9 62.8 261.3 49.6 33.3 42.9 117.4 29.4 43.5 41.2 36.3 62.4 62.2 47.7 42.2 69.3 50.6 47.9 36.2 62.8 70.3 48.8 34.4 81.5 32.4 28.6 7.2 54.3 63.4 47.6 16.2 79.7 42.0 39.8 37.4 49.2 56.9 47.4 33.2 61.1 46.7 44.2 39.3 57.5 64.9 44.7 42.8 74.0 20.3 22.4 2.6 41.8 59.2 43.5 21.0 76.2 2,802 3,029 15,810 1,987 1,033 1,035 7,955 1,013 2,034 2,357 14,806 1,329 860 1,20S 10,330 774 3,917 4,362 45,490 2,890 1,209 1,670 8,970 1,021 1,593 1,675 7,440 1,217 462 435 3,028 461 1,263 1,421 6,003 865 491 572 3,960 467 1,793 1,888 28,728 1,136 628 796 4,427 553 24.61 23.43 37.22 26.34 20.80 18.70 39.40 21.58 21.48 20.25 29.48 25.27 20.57 15.63 33.69 22.96 18.22 16.91 10.38 25.42 22.29 17.53 16.18 27.03 12.10 11.49 18.53 12.98 Colored fanners: Total 8.53 8.35 14.61 8.49 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. White farmers: Total 11.69 10.98 16.79 Tenants 13.91 Colored farmers: Total 10.42 7.44 21.24 Tenants 11.65 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. White farmers: Total 6.16 6.75 2.90 Tenants 9.56 Colored farmers: Total 11.15 8.07 7.92 Tenants 14.34 302 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. NUMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY COLOR AND TENURE OF OPERATOR, FOR THE SOUTH, BY STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 21 STATE AND CLASS OF OPERATOR. South Atlantic DELAWARE. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants MARYLAND. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants VIRGINIA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants WEST VIRGINIA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants NORTH CAROLINA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants SOUTH CAROLINA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored fanners: Total Owners Managers Tenants GEORGIA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants FLORIDA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenonts NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 9,914 5,772 107 4,035 922 406 16 500 42,551 29,569 901 12,081 6,372 3,950 87 2,335 205 110 14 81 135,904 101,436 1,445 33,023 48,114 32,228 180 15,706 95,977 75,420 865 19,692 708 558 7 143 188,069 123,877 1,044 63,148 65,656 21,443 74 44,139 79,636 43,978 732 34,926 96,798 20,372 131 76.295 168,468 82,930 1,296 84,242 122,559 16,698 123 106,738 35,295 28,101 1,174 6,020 4,348 116 4,405 818 332 15 471 40,169 26,251 947 12,971 5,843 3,262 105 2,476 252 128 18 106 17 5 123,052 87,589 1,— 33,566 44,834 26,566 238 18,030 92, 132 70,995 1,046 20,091 742 534 8 200 169,773 113,052 936 55,785 54,864 17,520 121 37,223 69,954 40,447 874 28,633 85,401 18,970 180 66,251 141,865 77,154 1,394 63,317 82,826 11,375 208 71,243 27,288 22,432 917 3,939 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 981,893 463,212 18,7" 499,912 56,973 13,615 2,395 40,963 4,698,623 2,783,279 193,930 1,721,414 358,517 122,039 13,361 223,117 5,968 2,371 1,452 2,145 95 58 4 33 17,257,416 13,334,122 630,340 3,292,954 2,238,220 1,381,223 29,985 827,012 9,991,901 8,158,238 283,847 1,549,816 34,541 25,957 655 7,929 19,253,325 14,458,827 563,385 4,231,113 3,185,804 1,197,496 18,992 1,969,316 9,571,652 6,953,459 504,958 2, 113, 135 3,940,476 1,098,044 42,454 2,799,978 19,861,362 13,501,789 751,571 5,608,002 7,092,051 1,349,503 27,651 5,714,997 4,484,833 3,828,108 270, 767 385,958 1900 1,013,662 411,390 14,621 587,651 62,566 12,373 1,525 38,668 4,795,774 2,698,151 193,449 1,904,174 374,301 101,491 12,305 260,505 8,181 2,779 1," 3,418 308 29 21 2.'58 17,678,765 12,786,864 753,678, 4,138,223j 2,229,118! 1,031, 331 1 34,960 1,162,827! 10,612,929; 8,503,6051 357,465! 1,761,869! 41,684 26,797| l,529i 14,258 19,794,218 15,096,678' 380,947 4,316,693 2,955,138 965,452| 39,603| 1,950,183 10,192,938 7,265,012 619,690 2,308,336 3,792,076 962,667 46,170 2,783,239 20,917,083 14,623,145 742,501 5,661,437 5,474,974 924,262 62,676 4,498,036 3,646,691 3,110,913 196,296 339,483 IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS (acres). 1910 676,462 312,803 15,553 348,106 37,076 9,274 2,034 25,768 3,136,185 1,806,918 120,254 1,209,013 218,582 76,564 9,016 133,003 6,038 2, " 1,259 1,710 96 68 4 33 8,758,850 6,802,428 306,482 1,649,940 1,111,208 669,358 14,046 427,804 5,501,500 4,591,681 133,232 776,687 20,267 14,522 602 5,133 7,082,344 6,027,216 164, 738 1,900,390 1,730,712 512,567 5,244 1,212,901 3,499,775 2,261,431 126,932 1,111,412 2,598,224 539,347 14,874 2,044,003 7,506,455 4,286,899 237, 134 2,982,422 4,791,562 644,396 11,216 4,136,950 1,323,055 1,056,975 72,213 193,867 value OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 $51,174,267 26,627,616 1,630,480 22,916,271 1,981,716 547,651 146,800 1,288,365 231,467,339 128,886,932 23,296,191 79,286,216 10,269,784 3,924,773 1,172,650 5,172,461 8,141,943 2,231,400 3,232,843 2,677,700 89,400 48,400 8,000 33,000 486,833,558 374,781,761 26,023,611 86,028,186 45,224,504 28,059,634 1,330,815 15,834,155 263,314,560 207,256,207 9,099,970 46,958,383 1,076,394 738,261 35,696 302,438 387,358,391 282,624,002 13,652,244 91, 182, 145 69,266,216 22,810,089 557,000 45,899,127 233,888,327 163,591,021 10,306,245 59,992,061 98,999,754 22,112,291 980,894 75,906,569 350,320,600 219,080,866 16,895,884 114,343,850 128.883,732 20,640,910 758,037 107,684,786 106,230,421 82,746,967 16,675,141 7,808,323 STATE AND CLASS OF OPERATOR. South Atlantic— Con. FLORIDA — continued . Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants East South Central KENTUCKY. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants TENNESSEE. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants ALABAMA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants MISSISSIPPI. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants West South Central ARKANSAS. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants , Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants LOUISIANA. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants OKLAHOMA.' White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants TEXAS. White farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants Colored farmers: Total Owners Managers Tenants NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 14, 721 7,298 101 7,322 247,455 164,403 953 11,730 6,929 40 6.761 207,704 133,426 775 73,504 38,308 10,700 51 27,667 152,468 86,847 694 66,017 110,443 17,082 62 93,309 109,645 67,040 719 41,886 164, 737 26,026 106 139,605 21, 13,526 6,552 93 223,429 150,594 1,543 71,292 11,238 5,402 63 5,773 190,728 122,771 1,204 66,753 33,895 9,426 82 24,387 129, 137 79,362 802 48,973 94,083 14,110 72 79,901 92,124 61,048 823 30,253 128, 679 20,973 107 107,699 131,711 84,794 739 46, 178 46,983 11,941 80 34,962 57,809 38,323 955 18,531 68,160 9,378 79 48,703 94,775 50,018 492 44,265 13,226 10,191 49 2,985 286,654 154,500 2,469 129,686 66,636 20,139 91 45,306 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 768,705 458,443 9,974 300,288 21,748,350 17,207,392 310,942 4,230,016 440,777 255,363 4,318 181,096 18,435,579 14,081,961 317,247 4,036,371 1,606,078 590,676 17,682 997,720 16,640,877 11,813,387 349,285 3,478,206 6,091,4,36 1,466,719 17,482 3,607,234 12, 100, 106 9,489,280 649,633 2,061,193 6,467,427 2,227,194 36,878 4, 193, 355 14,762,762 11,186,428 322,093 3,255,231 2,653,323 1,204,114 6,093 1,443,116 8,316,160 5,931,428 965,381 1,418,361 2,124,321 834, 695 20,976 1,268,650 26,582,642 14,397,140 422,384 11,763,118 2,276,711 1,599,655 6,295 670, 761 108, 151, 404 67,334,272 17,860.265 22,956,867 4,283,663 1,860,742 94,684 2,322,237 1900 IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS (acres). 717,200 404,037 12,385 300,778 21,531,566 17,098,174 353,312 4,080, 447,856 236, 150 8,907 202,799 18,791,962 14,030,161 371,788 4,390,023 1,550,096 493,824 11,966 1,044,306 15,965,260 12,348,537 347,089 3,269,634 4,720,167 1,216,813 14,212 3, 489, 142 12,337,637 10,066,761 490,873 1,779,903 6,903,199 1,891,066 25,303 3,986,830 14,333,097 11,152,225 304,644 2,876,328 2,303,622 1,036,292 14,906 1, 253, 424 8,711,079 6,423,557 954,06.5 1,333,457 2,348,048 744,250 19,656 1,684,142 21,128, 187 10,685,337 2,840,991 7,601,859 1,860,162 1,653,094 95,420 211,638 121,965,376 63,4.53,305 41,954,234 16,557,837 3,841,641 1,760,756 37,074 2,043,811 1910 482,353 229,861 4,252 248,240 14,010,777 10,900,955 171,131 2,938,691 343,694 185,789 3,577 154,328 9,728,208 7,111,807 109,140 2,507,261 1,162,276 349,692 6,778 805,806 6,130,405 3,944,413 115,087 2,070,905 3.563,176 675,819 5,012 2,882,345 4,520,927 3,213,102 167, 196 1,150,629 4,487,383 1,002,345 10,870 3,474,168 6,303,048 4,273,85'" 109,631 1,919,560 1,773,206 641,265 3,068 1,228,873 3,809,409 2,466,112 406,396 936,902 1,466,607 399,660 8,047 1,068,910 16.378,618 8,687,671 175,443 7,615,504 1,172,819 734, 594 1,484 436, 741 24,584,153 12,936,404 714,273 10,933,476 2,776,513 946,018 8,126 1,822,369 value OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 $11,916,668 6,786,810 738,890 4,389,868 620,427,464 457,684,135 16,459,067 146,284,262 15,031,908 7,154,168 377,466 7,500,285 438,330,021 320,187,872 10,188,313 107,953,836 42,192,566 12,179,780 804,505 29,208,281 214,334,864 149,586,796 6,550,964 68, 197, 104 73,918,727 17,285,502 414. 729 56,218,496 185,637,732 137,366,509 11,827,047 30, 454, 176 148,524,667 34,317,764 975,581 11.3,231,212 240, 153, 704 161,187,795 10,201,748 68,764,161 69,013,109 20,694,215 238,916 48,079,979 192,610,792 121,341,966 29,298,223 41, 970, 603 44, 933, 668 12,779,570 604,071 31,650,017 601,455,431 385,536,964 8,612,109 297,300,368 47,221,793 32,326,348 136,462 14,759,983 1,751,019,447 1,003,327,398 15-1,999,067 593,292,982 91,588,948 30,687,272 1,092,660 59,809,126 1 Figures for 190O Include Indian Territory. FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY SIZE. 303 FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY SIZE. In adopting the size groups into which farms are classified, the Census Bureau has taken account of the fact that in large sections of the country the boundaries of very many of the farms correspond more or less closely to the Government surveys of public land. The Government land has for the most part been sold or otherwise disposed of in quarter sections, containing 160' acres or approximately that amount; and where these have been broken up they have commonly been subdivided into "quarter-quarters," or 40-acre tracts. The greater number of farms, therefore, in a large part of the country, contain either 160 acres or some other multiple of 40 acres. United States as a whole: 1910 and 1900. — Table 22 shows, for 1910 and 1900, the number of farms in each of the various size groups, and also the acre- age for a smaller number of groups, for the United States as a whole. Table 22 mniBEE OF FAKIIS. ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACEES). I PER CENT OF TOTAL. SIZE GROUP. 1910 1900 Increase. 1910 1900 Increase.' Number of farms. All land in farms. Number. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. 1910 1900 1910 1900 All farms 6, 361, $02 839,166 18,033 317,010 504,123 1,414,376 1,438,069 1,516,286 978, 175 534, 191 443,984 125,295 50,135 5,737,372 673, 870 41,385 225,844 406,641 1,257,496 1.366,038 1,422,262 868,020 490,069 377,951 102,626 47,160 624,130 165,296 91,166 97,482 156,880 72,031 94,024 110,155 44,122 66,033 22,769 2,975 10.9 24.5 24.0 12.6 5.3 6.6 12.7 9.0 17.6 22.2 6.3 878.798,325 8,793,820 838,591,774 7,180,839 40,206,651 1,612,981 4.8 22.6 100.0 13.2 0.3 6.0 7.9 22.2 22.6 23.8 15.4 8.4 7.0 2.0 0.8 100.0 11.7 0.7 3.9 7.1 21.9 23.8 24.8 15.1 8.6 6.6 1.8 0.8 100.0 1.0 100.0 0.9 Under 20 acres Under 3 acres 3 to 9 acres 10 to 19 acres 20 to 49 acres 45,378,449 103,120,868 205,480.585 265,289,069 41,636,128 98,691,600 192,680,321 232,954,515 3,842,321 4,629,169 12,800,264 32,334,654 9.3 4.6 6.6 13.9 6.2 11.7 23.4 30.2 6.0 11.8 23.0 27.8 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 175 to 259 acres 2C0 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 83,663,487 167,062,047 67,864,116 197,784,156 15,789,371 -30,702,109 23.3 -16.6 9.6 19.0 8.1 23.6 1,000 acres and over 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. This table shows that in 1910 more than two- thirds of the farms of the country (68.6 per cent) were between 20 and 175 acres in size. The most numerous single group was that comprising farms of 100 to 174 acres, which constituted 23.8 per cent of the total number. Farms of 50 to 99 acres, and those of 20 to 49 acres, which comprised 22.6 per cent and 22.2 per cent, respectively, of the total number, were nearly as numerous. The distribution of the total acreage of farms among the several size groups is of course radically different from the distribution of the number of farms. Farms of 175 to 499 acres, which in 1910 formed only 15.4 per cent of the whole number of farms, contained 30.2 per cent of the total farm acreage of the country, and con- stituted the most important group with respect to acreage. Farms of 100 to 174 acres ranked next in importance in this respect. These two groups together comprised somewhat over one-half (53.6 per cent) of the total acreage. Next to these groups in acreage were the farms of 1,000 acres and over, whiclf are chiefly found in the West, and which comprised 19 per cent of the total acreage, but only 0.8 per cent of the total number. On the other hand, farms under 20 acres in size, although relatively numerous (represent- ing 13.2 per cent of the total number), comprised only 1 per cent of the farm acreage of the country. The only group in which the number of farms de- creased absolutely between 1900 and 1910 is that con- sisting of places under 3 acres in size, which at both < Data for 1910 and 1900 not comparable. (See text.) censuses were few in number. The number of such places shown for 1910 is 56.4 per cent smaller than that shown for 1900, and there was a decrease in this group in every geographic division except the Mountain division. This decrease, however, is with- out question due chiefly, if not wholly, to changes in the census definition of what constitutes a farm, and no conclusion of value can be drawn from the data. In both number and acreage, farms of the groups from 50 to 174 acres increased less rapidly between 1900 and 1910 than those of the groups from 3 to 49 acres or from 175 to 999 acres. Farms of 1,000 acres and over increased somewhat in number, but com- prised a smaller acreage in 1910 than in 1900. Con- sequently the percentages showing the distribution of the number and acreage of farms among size groups for 1910 differ somewhat from those for 1900. It may be noted that in a general way the changes dur- ing the past decade with reference to the relative im- portance of farms of the different size groups are con- tinuations of changes which have been going on at least since 1880 and possibly for a longer time. Number, acreage, and value of farms of the principal size groups, by divisions: 1910 and 1900. — Table 23, on the following page, presents statistics for each geo- graphic division, showing the number of farms, total and improved acreage, and value of land and build- ings for 1910 and 1900, respectively, by size groups, together with the percentage of the several totals represented in each size group. S04 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. NUMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, WITH PERCENTAGES, BY DIVISIONS: 1910 AND 1900. Table 23 DIVISION AND SIZE GROUP. XmiTED STATES NCMBEB OF FABMS. 1910 1900 Total 6, 361. 502 5, 737, 372 TTnder 20 acres 839, 1661 673, 870 20 to 49 acres 1. 414, 376 1, 257. 496 50 to 99 acres 1, 438, 063 1, 366, 038j ALL LAND IN FABMS (ACKES). 1910 878,798.325 8, 793, 820 45,378,449 103. 120, 868 100 to 174 acres ,1,516. 286 1, 422, 262 205, 480, 585 192, 680. 321 128. 853. 338 118, 390, 708 i 9, 405, 391 175 to 499 acres I 978,175! 868,020 265,289,069 232,954,515 161,775,502135,530,043 11,762,614 1900 IMPROVED LAND IN FABMS (ACBES). 1910 VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINQS. PEB CENT OF TOTAL. 1910 Improved Value of land in land and farms, buildings. 838,591,774 478,451,750 414,498.487 $34,801,125, 7,180,839 7,991,543 6,440,447' 1,309,907 41,536,128 38,596,032 33,000,734 12,485,471 98,591,699 71,155,246 67,344,759 1 5,029.510 500 to 999 acres I 125, 295 1,000 acres and over ! 60, 135 NEW ENGLAND Total \ 188,802 Under20acres I 34,304 20to49acres | 33,822 50 to 99 acres. 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over MIDDLE ATLANTIC. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 1 75 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over WEST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over SOUTH ATLANTIC. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over MOUNTAIN. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over PACIFIC. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . 45,932 44,019 28,008 2,139 578 468,379 80,919 78,375 130,702 123,756 52,310 1," " 1,123,489 108,283 197, 164 340,940 315,607 155,585 5,147 763 1,109,948 52,636 91,971 181,843 368,669 346,875 55,179 12,875 1,111,881 186,956 354,207 251,901 181,336 117,899 14,555 5,027 1,042,480 211,614 350,256 225,976 157,414 86,297 8,396 2,527 943,186 102,044 251,444 216,860 222,794 118,416 18,232 13,396 183,446 23,426 19,383 19,330 64,783 41,676 8,483 6,305 189,891 39,084 37,754 24,585 37,908 31,109 11,316 8,135 102, 526 47, 160 191,888 28,018 33,805 49,389 48,039 30,007 2,133 497 485,618 75,165 84,330 142,341 129,501 51,815 1,907 559 1,135,823 100,071 230,411 350,291 301,629 146,901 5,569 951 83,653,487 167, 082, 047 1,060,744 47,650 110,718 212,600 354,794 288,187 36,186 10,609 962,225 147,165 265,623 216,522 181,290 128,541 17,191 5,893 903,313 153,359 280,010 204,914 159,531 92,783 9,777 2,939 754,853 84,898 218,481 161,611 178,015 82,662 15,047 14,139 101,327 16,366 12,685 11,243 33,963 17,553 4,932 4,585 141,581 21,178 21,433 17,127 35,500 29,571 9,784 19,714,931 317,557 1,101,352 3,210 561 5, 575; 475 7,062,543 1,324,559 1,122,884 43,191,056 751,343 2,596,184 9,335,076 15,710,409 12,531,376 1,154,723 1,111,945 117,929,148 1,002,397 6,907,601 25,448,406 41,708,394 38,250,593 3,205,712 1,406,045 232,648,121 475,532 3,206,053 13,808,123 53,137,842 99,858,046 37, 138, 135 25,024,390 103,782,255 1,991,481 11,035,210 17,173,796 22,907,206 31,000,073 9,454,383 10,220,106 81,520,629 2,485,330 10,670,111 15,708,129 20,216,555 22,187,511 5,421,938 4,831,055 169,149,976 1,242,449 8,037,214 15,230,102 30,702,647 31,958,649 12,188,175 69,790,740 59,533,420 180,499 642,802 1,434,802 9,976,088 12,933,225 5,910,654 28,455,350 51,328,789 347,232 1,181,922 1,771,873 5,545,969 9,507,053 7,855,208 25,119,532 67,864,116 40,817,118 29,474,642 197,784,15611 31,262,771' 24,317,154 20,548,999:1 276,28411 1,134,595,' 3,460,8741 6,042,1381 7,522,491, 1,288,248 824, 369 j 7,254,904 231,463 575,903' 1,427,597 2,198,055 2,334,708 312,640 174,538 8,134,403 200,479 604,403 1,569,867 2,507,554 2,755,789 358,662 137, 649 44,860 721; 2,821, 10, 107. 16,457i 12,362, 1,181, 1,207, 090 639 655 376 261 1 2811 884! 994t i 116,340,7611 968,368! 8,185,211, 26,211,781, 39,905,390 36,115,424 3,451,901 1,502,680 29,320,894 30,786,211 645,000 629,450 2,014,736 2,225,595 7,028,777' 7,651,789 ll,230,267i 11,835,314 7,720,162 7,779,729 494,032 476,042 187,920 188,292 2, 483, 160 2,325,069 201,008,713 464,511 3,964,477 16,094,073 51,223,754 81,^82,257; 24,471,401 22,808,240 104,297,506 1,523,823 8,509,856 14,791,972 22,874,837 34,062,583 11,082,044 11,452,391 81,247,643 1,834,590 8,842,608 14,273,248 20,730,779 24,100,920 6,173,881 5,291,617 176,491,202 1,059,252 6,983,734 11,549,787 24,869,710 22,186,227 9,927,387 99,915,105 46,397,284 129,663 422,912 841,675 5,217,740 5,433,180 3,539,684 30,812,430 47,399,576 202,709 671,080 1,260,913 5,358,712 9,189,152 6,747,680 23,969,324 88,947,228 893,205 5,437,794 19,692,117 31,821,219 28,505,359 2,027,345 570, 189 164,284,862 423,462 2,500,290 10,848,559 39,724,322 76,716,957 23,210,837 10,860,435 48,479,733 1,760,123 8,821,385 10,013,755 10,855,205 12,264,756 2,879,471 1,885,038 43,946,846 2,380,281 8,931,163 9,740,827 10,281,319 9,710,562 1,860,628 1,042,066 58,264,273 1,197,062 6,966,847 10,409,053 16,991,457 14,780,491 3,620,037 4,299,326 15,915,002 162,718 497,568 937,086 3,495,991 4,682,626 2,036,857 4,102,156 22,038,008 298,229 850,3461 1,057,475 2,255,703 5,059,881 4,375,271 8,141,103 86,670,271 864,666 6,394,8801 19,964,780 30,029,865 26,554,255 2,195,830 665,995 135,643,828 403,743 3,047,189 12,518,337 38,166,400 60,221,5931 14,258,439 7,028,127 46,100,226 1,329,173 6,686,678 8,482,251 10,744,477 13,296,834 3,382,119 2,178,694 40,237,337 1,715,807 7,199,044 8,626,698 9,837,663 9,846,677 1,941,233 1,070,215 718,544, 93,749, 99,415 143,027i 167,577 168,134 27,992: 18,647; 2, 442, 949, 235,705 287, 713 597,452 757,538 487,133 46,416; 30,988, 8,873,991 240,935 547,475 1,776,191 3,040,388; 2,985,416; 221,406, 62, 176, 11,614,665 132,495 250,463 897, 439; 3,121,921 5,437,429 1,230,317 544,599; 2,486,436, 148,599, 305, 777 467,510, 534, 692 657,034 172,377: 140,445 1,738,397 122,796; 300, 677 341,585 377,318 424,085 100,340: 71,586; 39,770,530 1,014,776 6,061,500; 7,323,424|i 11,200,820,1 8,243,354 2,324,i92 3,602,464 3,128,596, 72,535, 254,640, 439,513 785, 6C8, 735,359 229,842 611,037 8,402,576 1,319,396, 109,731 306,586 511,707 2,014,774 2,218,693 1,072,124 2,168,961 54,910, 87,355 115,954 282,364 339,662 140,170, 298,977 18,753,105 2,478,146, 172,622! 208,179, 474,859|| 695,g06r 2,053,841 i 4,613,1191 3,466,0011 7,276,7571 291,950, 250,836, 337,921 528,357 314,289, 546,609, 802i 227! 415i 293! 552 625 8941 528,267,748 57,980,200 75,887,880 112,410,638 128,858,450 126,367,890 17,957,540 8,805,150 731 1,948,997,940 161,690,010 226,543,290 494,483,240 624, 647, 040 388,660,190 35,403,970 17,570,200 4,912,597,440 135,930,180 373,935,470 1,076,060,430 1,654,447,810 1,509,324,270 126,381,220 36,518,060 4,651,282,998 57,661,954 146,534,830 506,081.490 1,370,979,308 2,007,589,126 372,885,350 189,550,940 1,206,349,618 60,017,520 136,920,190 201,290,600 279,877,870 364, 705, 180 92,971,250 70,567,0081 933,780,823 51,232,040 140,013,630 171,108,660 210,282,803 259,612,140 61,645,550 39,886,000 1,138, 891, 068i 31,983,740: 118,319,860 158,489,050: 250,220,768 210,333,9501 75,937,760 293,605,940 338,619,672 15,071,078 21,245,087 25,322,345 70,241,205 73,600,113 38,692,090 94,447,754 955,860,184 61,156,905 84,662,760 78,835,150 123,364,706 207,884,288 125,863,010 274,093,275 100.0 18.2 17.9 24,3 23.3 14.8 1.1 0.3 100.0 17.3 16.7 2: 26.4 11.2 0.4 0.1 100.0 9.6 17.6 30.3 28.1 13.8 0.5 0.1 100.0 4.7 8.3 16.4 33.2 31.3 5.0 1.2 100.0 16.8 31.9 22.7 10.3 10.6 1.3 0.5 100.0 20.3 33.6 21.7 15.1 8.3 0.8 0.2 100.0 10.8 26.7 23.0 23.6 12.6 1.9 1.4 100.0 12.8 10.6 10.5 35.3 22.7 4.6 3.5 100.0 20.6 19,9 12.9 20.0 16.4 6.0 4.3 1910 1900 1910 1900 100.0 14.6 17.6 25.7 25.0 15.6 1.1 0.3 100.0 15.5 17.4 29.3 26.7 10.7 0.4 0.1 100.0 8.8 20.3 30.8 100.0 1.6 5.6 16.3 28.3 35.8 6.7 5 100.0 1.7 6,0 21.6 36.4 29.0 2.7 2.6 100.0100.0 1.3 3.2 5.5 16.8 29.4 36.6 6.3 4.0 100.0 1 6.3 22,5 36. 27.6 2.6 2.7 100.0100.0 0.8 5,9 21.6 26.61 35.4 12.91 32.4 0.5 2.7 0.1; 1.2 4.5 0.2 10.4 1.4 20.0 6.9 .33. 4 22.8 27.2 42.9 3.4 16.0 1.0 10.8 0.8 7.0 22,5 34.3 31.0 3.0 1.3 100.0 0.2 2.0 8.0 25.5 40.8 12.2 11.3 100.0100.0 15. 3i 1.9 27.6; 10.6 22.5 18.8 13.4 1.8 0.6 100.0 17.0 31.0 22.7 17.7 10.3 1.1 0.3 100.0 11.2 28.9 21.4 23,6 11.0 2.0 1.9 100.0 16.2 12.5 11.1 33.5 17.3 4.9 4.5 100.0 15.0 15.1 12.1 25.1 20.9 6.9 4.9 16.5 22.1 29.9 9.1 9.8 100.0 3.0 13.1 19.3 24.8 27.2 6.7 5.9 100.0 0.7 4.8 9.0 18.2 18.9 7.2 41.3 100.0 1.5 8.2 14.2 21.9 32.7 10.6 11.0 100.0 0.3 1.1 2.4 16.8 21.7 9.9 47.8 100.0 0.7 2.3 3.6 10.8 18.5 15.3 48.9 100.0 2.3 10.9 17.6 25.5 29.7 7.6 6.5 100.0 0.6 4.0 6.5 14.1 12.6 5.6 56.6 100.0 0.3 0.9 1.8 11.2 11.7 7.6 66.4 19. 30.3 32.2 4.3 2.4 100.0 2.2 6.9 24.0 38.3 26.3 1.7 0.6 100.0 2.5 7.4 19.3 30.8 33.9 4.4 1.7 100,0 13.0 13 19.9 23.3 23.4 3.9 2.6 100.0100.0 2.0i 9.6 7.2 24.9 38.4 25.3 1.5 0.6 100.0100.0 1.0 1.0 6.1 22.1 35.8 32.0 2.3 0.6 7.4 23.0 34.6 30.6 2,5 0.8 100.0100.0 0.3 0.3 1.5 2.2 6.6 9.2 24.2 28.1 46.7 44.4 14.1 10.5 6.6 5.2 11.8 24.5 31.0 19.9 1.9 1.3 100.0 2.7 6.2 20.0 34.3 33.6 2.6 0.7 100.0 1.1 2.2 7.7 26.9 46.8 10.6 4.7 100. a 100. 0100.0 3.6 18.2 20.7 22.4 25.3 5.9 3.9 100.0 6.4 20.3 22.2 23,4 22.1 4.2 2.4 100.0 2.1 12.0 17.9 29.2 25.4 6.2 7.4 2.9 14.5 18.4 23.3 28.8 7.3 4.7 6.0 14.7 18.8 21.5 26.4 6.9 5.6 100.0100.0 4.3| 7.1 17.9 21.4 24,4 24.5 4.8 2.7 100.0 2.6 15.2 18.4 28.2 20.7 6.8 9.1 100. 0100.0 1.0 1.3 3.1 3.6 5.9 6.1 22.0 24.0 29.4 26.4 12.8 12.8 25.8 25.8 100.0100.0100.0 0.4 1.4 0.9 1.4 3.9 2.5 2.71 4.8; 3.7 11.31 10.2, 11.0 19.4 23.0' 24.6 14.2! 19.9 18.5 60.6 36.9 38.8 17.3 19.7 21.7 24.4 5.8 4.1 100.0 2.3 8.1 14.0 25.1 23.5 7.3 19.5 100.0 3.8 8.0 17.0 28.4 31.0 5.7 6.3 100.0 11.0 14.4 21.3 24.4 23.9 3.4 1.7 100.0 8.3 11.6 25.4 32.1 19.9 1.8 0.9 100.0 2.8 7.6 21.9 33.7 30.7 2.6 0.7 100.0 1.2 3.2 10.9 29.5 43.2 8.0 4.1 100.0 5.0 11.4 16.7 23.2 30.2 7.7 5.8 100.0 5.5 15.0 18.3 22.5 27.8 6.6 4.3 100.0 2.8 10.4 13.9 22.0 18.5 6.7 25.8 100.0100.0 4.2 4.5 6.3 7.6 20.7 21.7 11.4 27.9 8.8 21.4 25.7 10.6 22.7 100.0100.0 8.4 6.4 11,8 8,0 10.1 8.2 13.61 12.9 21.31 21.7 12. 7l 13.2 22.1! 28.7 FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY SIZE. 305 The three northeastern divisions of the country the New England Mddle Atlantic, and East North Cen- tral, show in general somewhat . similar conditions with respect to the size of farms. In each the farms of 50 to 99 acres constituted in 1910 the most numerous group and those of 100 to 174 acres the next most numerous. The group compiising farms of 100 to 174 acres is first in importance as respects acreage in two of these divisions and second in the other. The West North Central division, which has been more recently settled, differs considerably from the other three northern divisions. In this division the most nu- merous group is that comprising farms. of 100 to 174 acres, and the most important group from the stand point of acreage is that comprising farms of 175 to 499 acres. In the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions conditions in regard to size of farms are ap- proximately alike. In each the small farms of 20 to 49 acres are the most numerous, but the farms of 175 to 499 acres contain a larger proportion of the total acreage than any other group. In the West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions, in which there are still many great stock ranches, the farms of 1 000 acres and over are the most important in acreage. In the West South Central division, however, because of the presence of many small tenant farms in the cot- ton belt, the group comprising farms of 20 to 49 acres is more numerous than any other; in the Pacific divi- sion because of the many small fruit farms, the farms of less than 20 acres form the most numerous group; and in the Mountain division farms of 100 to 174 acres lead in number. Comparing the percentages for 1910 in this table witli those for 1900, it may be seen that the groups which stood first and second , respectively, in number and those wliich stood first and second in acreage were in almost every division the same at both censuses. Nevertheless there have been considerable changes in the relative importance of some of the groups. In all of the divisions except the West North Central the number of farms of 1 000 acres and over was either relatively less in 1910 than in 1900 or maintained the same proportion; and in all of the divisions except New England these large farms contained a smaller propor- tion of the total acreage of farm land at the later cen- sus than at the earlier. On the other hand, in all ex- cept the West South Central and Mountain divisions, farms of less than 20 acres constituted a larger propor- tion of the total number in 1910 than in 1900, and in all except the East and West North Central and Moun- tain divisions — in wliich the proportion was the same at both censuses — such farms contained a larger pro- portion of the acreage in the later year than in the earlier. Other changes were less nearly uniform among the divisions. In the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions the small farms of less than 20 acres were of relatively greater importance in number 72497°— 13 20 + and acreage in 1910 than in 1900 on account of the continued breaking up of plantations into smaller farms, cliiefly operated by tenant,^. In the West South Central and Mountain divisions the breaking up of many ranches of 1 000 acres and over has been ac- companied by an increase in the relative importance, as measured by acreage, of all of the other size groups, and the same is true, for the most part, of the Pacific division. Table 24 shows, by divisions, the percentage of in- crease in number and acreage for farms of the size groups shown in the preceding table. Table 34 DmaiON AND ITEM. ITnltod States: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. New England: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. Middle Atlantic: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. East Nokth Central: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. West Nobth Central: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. South Atlantic: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. East Soutii Central: Numtx.T of farms Acreage of farm land. West Soutu Central: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. Mountain: Number of farms Acreage of farm laud. Pacific: Number of farms Acreage of farm land. per cent of increase:" 1900 to 1910 All {&nos 10.9 4.8 -1.6 -4.1 -3.5 -3.7 4.6 15.7 15.6 -0.5 15.4 0.3 24.9 -4.2 81.0 28.3 34.1 8.3 Un- der 20 acres 20 to 49 acres. 84. 5 22.5 22.4 14.9 8.2 3.5 10.3 2.4 27.0 30.7 38.0 35.5 20.2 17.3 43.1 39.2 84.6 71.3 18.6 9.3 0.1 -2.9 -7.1 -8.0 -14.4 -15.6 -16.9 -19.1 33.3 29.7 25.1 20.7 15.1 15.1 52.8 52.0 76.1 76.1 50 to 99 acres. 5.3 4.6 100 to 174 acres. j acres, 175 to -7.0 -7.2 -8.2 -7.6 -2.7 -2.9 -14.5 -14.2 16.3 16.1 10.3 10.1 34.2 31.9 71.9 70.5 43.5 40.5 6.6 6.6 -8.4 -7.7 -4.4 -4.5 4.6 4.5 3.9 3.7 0.1 -1.3 -2.5 25.2 23.5 90.7 91.2 6.8 3.5 12.7 13.9 -6.7 -6.1 5.9 5.9 20.4 21.8 -8.3 -9.0 -7.0 -7, 43.3 44.0 137.4 138.0 5.2 3.5 500 to 999 acres 22.2 23.3 0.3 2.8 -3.1 -2.3 -7.6 -7.1 52.5 51.8 -15.3 -14.7 -14.1 -12.2 21.2 22.8 72.0 67.0 15.7 16.4 1,000 acres and over. 6.3 -16.5 16.3 36.2 -16.1 -8.0 -19.8 6.4 21.4 9.7 -14.7 -10.8 -14.0 -8.7 -5.3 -30.1 38.8 -7.6 16.4 4.8 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. ^ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 25, on the following page, shows, by geograpliic divisions, the percentage which improved land forms of all farm land in each size group, and the average value of land and buildings per farm and per acre. As miglit be expected, small farms have, in general, a liigher percentage of improved land than large farms. In the United States as a whole, in 1910, 90.9 per cent of the acreage of the farms under 20 acres in size con- sisted of improved land, while only 18.7 per cent of the acreage of farms of 1,000 acres and over was improved. The differences among the several size groups with reference to the proportion of farm land improved naturally tend to bring about corresponding differences in the average value of all farm land per acre. More- over, the lai^est farms are commonly in sections of the country not easily accessible to markets, where land A'alues are relatively low. Furthermore, on the smaller farms buildings are in most cases of relatively greater importance tlian on the iai^er farms. Conse- quently it is not surprising that in the United States as a whole the average value of land and buildings per 306 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. acre in farms ranged in 1910 from $148.96 for farms of less than 20 acres to $13.92 for farms of 1,000 acres and over, and that the average value per acre decreases uniformly as the size of the farms increases. Table 25 DIVISION AND SIZE GROUP. TTNITED STATES Total Fnder 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over NEW ENGLAND. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over MIDDLE ATLANTIC. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over EAST NORTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,800 acros and over "WEST NOKTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over PER CENT OF FARMLAND IMPROVED. 1910 64.4 90.9 80.6 69.0 62.7 61.0 48.8 18.7 36.8 72.9 52.3 44.5 39.4 33.1 23.6 15.5 67.9 85.8 77.6 75.3 71.5 61.6 42.8 16.9 75.4 89.1 78.7 77.4 76.3 74.5 63.2 40.6 70.6 89.1 78.0 78.6 74.8 76.8 62.5 43.4 1900 49.4 89.7 79.4 68.3 61.4 58.2 43.4 12.3 39.6 72.6 53.3 45.4 41.5 36.6 27.8 16.7 68.6 87.2 78.9 75.7 71.9 62.9 40.3 15.6 74.5 89.3 78.1 76.2 75.2 73.5 63.6 44.3 67.5 86.9 76.9 77.8 74.5 73.5 58.3 30.8 AVERAGE VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. Per farm. 1910 $5,471 1,561 1,757 3,497 6.203 12,025 19, 819 46,376 3,806 2,733 2,939 3,114 3,807 6,003 13,087 32,263 5,216 2,913 3,671 4,571 6,121 9,312 25,117 66,074 7,899 2,226 2,777 5,210 9,633 19, 188 43,017 81,490 10,464 2,522 2,723 4,935 8,468 1.5,675 22,297 42; 299 1900 $2,896 939 1,053 2,067 3,314 5,931 9,244 21,735 2,753 2,069 2,245 2,276 2,682 4,211 8,419 17,717 4,013 2,151 2,686 3,474 4,823 7,501 18,565 31, 431 4,325 1,358 1,623 3,072 5,485 10,274 22,694 38,400 4,385 1,210 1,323 2,380 3,864 6,966 10,305 17,867 Per acre. 1910 $39.60 148.96 54.77 48.77 45.77 44.34 29.68 13.92 36.45 295.22 90.27 44.55 30.06 23.81 21.13 16.61 56.56 313.71 110. 82 64.00 48.22 38.87 40.20 27.87 75.25 240.36 79.26 69.80 72.90 78.05 69.07 44.22 49.92 278.63 78.12 64.99 58.75 .54.45 33.13 21.76 1900 $19. 81 88.11 31.88 28.64 24.46 22.10 13.97 5.18 25.71 209.86 66.89 32.48 21.33 16.80 13.94 10.68 43.45 224.06 80.29 48.92 37.96 31.44 29.96 14.54 42.23 140.37 45.68 41.05 41.46 41.79 36.61 24.30 23. M 124. 13 36.96 31.45 26.76 24.49 15.24 8.31 DIVISION AND SIZE GROUP. SOUTH ATLANTIC. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres.. 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total '. Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over MOUNTAIN. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over PACIFIC. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over PER CENT OF FARM LAND IMPROVED. 1910 46.7 88.4 79.9 58.3 47.4 39.6 30.5 18.4 53.9 95.8 83.7 62.0 50.9 43.8 34.3 21.6 34.4 96.3 86.7 68.3 55.3 46.2 29.7 6.2 26.7 90.2 77.4 65.3 35.0 36.2 34.5 14.4 42.9 85.9 72.0 59.7 46.7 53.2 55.7 32.4 1900 44.2 87.2 78.6 57.3 47.0 39.0 30.5 19.0 49.5 93.5 81.4 60.4 47.5 40.9 31.4 20.2 22.5 95.8 86.8 63.4 45.0 37.2 23.4 3.6 18.1 84.6 72.5 60.8 38.6 40.8 30.3 7.0 39.6 85.2 70.8 55.2 38.3 50.2 .51.4 30.4 AVERAGE VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. Per farm. 1910 $2,236 795 1,033 1,856 2,949 5,573 11,843 27,938 1,668 580 858 1,512 2,397 4,914 11,952 28,329 3,317 711 1,013 2,027 3,526 6,210 12,607 45,613 7,192 2,344 4,507 5,999 4,359 8,150 16,524 46,972 13,050 5,326 7,733 10,203 8,914 16,984 27,774 67, 192 1900 SI, 254 408 515 930 1,544 2,837 5,408 11,975 1,034 334 500 835 1,318 2,798 6,305 13,571 1,509 377 542 981 1,406 2,545 5,046 20,766 3,342 921 1,675 2,252 2,068 4,193 7,845 20,599 6,751 2,888 3,950 4,603 3,475 7,030 12,864 39,223 Per acre. 1910 $23.96 74.62 33.15 27.22 23.34 21.19 18.23 13.74 21.32 49.41 28.18 21.75 18.66 19.11 18.51 14.82 18.50 58.38 31.68 28.86 25.59 23.01 18.86 8.76 22.16 304.21 135. 90 80.82 28.30 26.26 23.71 10.51 48.28 599.54 247.01 141.57 60.93 55.58 40.01 21.76 1900 $11.57 39.39 16.09 13.61 12.24 10.71 8.39 6.16 11.49 27.93 15.83 11.99 10.14 10.77 9.98 7.54 6.45 30.19 16.94 13.72 •10.06 9.48 7.65 2.94 7.30 116.23 50.24 30.09 13.46 13.55 10.93 3.07 20.17 301. 70 126. 16 62.52 23.02 22.62 18.65 11.44 Size groups, by states: 1910 and 1900. — Table 26 shows, by geographic divisions, for each state, the groups in 1910 and 1900, respectively. number and acreage of farms in the several size NUMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, BY STATES: 1910 AND 1900. Table 26 STATE AND SIZE NUMBER OF FARMS. ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). IMPROVED ACREAGE OF FARMS. VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. STATE AND SIZE NUMBER OF FARMS. ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 'improved ACREAGE OF FARMS. VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. GROUP. GROUP. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1910 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1910 ITew England New England— Con. MAINE. 1 MASSACHUSETTS. Total 60,016 7,113 59,299 5,307 6, 296, 859 6,299,946 56,657 2,360,657] 49,008 $159,619,626 11,570,427 Total 36,917 37, 715 2,875,941 96,041 3,147,064 1,164,501 69,869 $194,168,765 39,272,556 Under 20 acres 67,517 Under 20 acres 10,606 8,889 84,038 20 to 49 acres 9,492 9,267 314,397 317,627 154,846 15,302,117 20 to 49 acres 8,890 8,875 287,509 290,522 156,902 36,665,199 50 to 99 acres 17,895 18,644 1,246,571 1,297,754 553,516 36,562,364 50 to 99 acres 7,981 8,910 554,699 618,783 252,447 40,939,114 100 to 174 acres 16,633 17,191 2,078,196 2,127,393 838,328' 50,555,750 100 to 174 acres 5,703 6,660 721,710 825,328 290,707 34,863,149 175 to 499 acres 8,293 8,260 2,041,995 2,009,634 678,640i 61,914 39,190,736 175 to 499 acres 3,325 3,967 840,139 997,933 278,531 32,098,128 500 to 999 acres 461 516 284,828 306,709 4,161,055 500 to 999 acres 319 339 197,218 210,173 47,817 6,375,095 1,000 acres and over . . 129 114 263,355 184, 172 24,405 2,277,177 1,000 acres and over. . 93 75 178,625 120,287 68,228 3,955,524 NEW HAMPSHIRE. RHODE ISLAND. Total 27,053 4,595 29,324 3,249,458 42,565 3,609,864 40,273 929,185 30,314 85,916,061 8,104,281 Total 5,292 5,498 443,308 455,602 178,344 27,932,860 Under 20 acres 3,999 Under 20 acres 1,377 1,412 12,387 11,378 9,873 5,169,439 20 to 49 acres 4,509 4,765 140,013 163,050 68,056 9,187,967 20 to 49 acres 1,144 1,169 36,603 38,550 22,097 5,309,083 SO to 99 acres 6,248 7,123 434,835 503,049 164,514 14,413,621 50 to 99 acres 1,264 1,256 87,794 87,093 41,493 6,140,626 100 to 174 acres 6,247 7,430 787,462 935,586 255,561 19,065,747 100 to 174 acres 945 1,049 117,094 130,689 47,500 4,789,185 175 to 499 acres 4,774 5,333 1,221,669 1,369,401 314,777 24,369,313 175 to 499 acres 487 550 121,822 136,387 42,914 5,056,297 500 to 999 acres 513 510 322,557 308,766 58,667 6,197,466 500 to 999 acres 51 45 30,875 28,610 10,577 1,101,300 1,000 acres and over. . 167 164 294,357 289,739 37,296 4,577,666 1,000 acres and over.. 24 17 36,733 22,895 3,890 366,930 VERMONT. CONNECTICUT. Total 32,709 4,578 33,104 3,285 4,663,577 40,250 4,724,440 32,276 1,633,965 29,952 112,588,275 7,692,142 Total 26,815 26,948 2,185,788 58,797 2,312,083 51,662 988,252 42,447 138,319,221 21,940,957 Under 20 acres Under 20 acres 6,035 5,126 20 to 49 acres 3,481 3,511 112, 129 120,740 58,062 7,038,230 20 to 49 acres 6,306 6,218 204,701 204,106 115,940 25,912,631 50 to 99 acres 5,910 6,513 424,012 468, 227 182,638 13,057,680 50 to 99 acres 6,634 6,943 462,650 485,968 232,989 31,914,010 100 to 174 acres 9,492 10,215 1,238,117 1,328,066 480,120 29,253,559 100 to 174 acres 4,999 5,494 632,896 695,076 285,839 29,049,903 175 to 499 acres 8,516 8,943 2,187,113 2,280,010 757,888 43,794,392 175 to 499 acres 2,613 2,954 649,805 729,126 261,958 23,625,686 500 to 999 acres 607 536 371,849 322,903 95,940 6,114,956 500 to 999 acres 188 187 117,232 111,087 37,725 4,042,7,53 1,000 acres and over. . 125 IW 290,107 172,218 29,365 5,637,316 1,000 acres and over. . 40 26 59,707 35,058 11,354 1,833,281 FARMS, CLASSIFIED BY SIZE. 307 NUMBER, TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, BY STATES: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. Table 26— Contd. STATE AND SIZE GROUP. Uiddle Atlantic NEW YORK. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . NEW JERSEY. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . PENNSYLVANIA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over. . East North Central OHIO. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . INDIANA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . ILLINOIS. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . MICUIOAN. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over . WISCONSIN. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . West North Central MINNESOTA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174aeres 175 to 499 acres..... 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. IOWA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174acres , 175 to 499 acres , 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. , MISSOURI. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres , 500 to 999 acres , 1,000 acres and over . NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 215,59' 34,188 31,047 5G,821 01,031 31,163 1,104 243 33,487 8,073 7,607 8,194 7,207 2,235 112 59 219,295 38,658 39,721 65,687 55,518 18,912 632 107 272,045 38,913 50,331 88,047 68,746 25,113 783 112 !15,485 23,644 40,161 67,221 57,261 26,107 949 142 251,872 20,294 33,322 57,917 80,539 57, 755 1,842 203 206,960 14,785 49,890 73, 748 50,622 17,143 607 165 177,127 10,647 23,460 54,007 58,439 29,467 966 141 226, 720 32, 542 35,123 63,789 63,846 30,063 1,109 248 34,650 7,585 7,032 8,882 7,855 2,513 110 73 224,248 35,038 41,575 69,670 57,800 19,239 688 238 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 156,137 5,619 12,028 26,571 55, 424 52,836 3,359 300 276, 719 35,462 57,566 89,774 67,258 25,579 916 164 221,897 21,976 47,009 71,055 55,060 25,479 1,094 224 204,151 19,635 41,160 65,851 81,3.38 53,834 2,051 282 203,261 13,470 59, 197 71,021 43,741 15,179 517 136 169,795 9,528 25,479 52,590 54,232 26,830 991 145 154,659 4,803 13,278 30,990 56, 785 45,473 2,965 365 228,622 11,648 21, 475 49, 665 79,923 62,753 2,818 340 284,886 19,088 66, 931 78,933 78,941 47, 131 3,268 594 1910 1900 22, 030, .36' 307,302 1,028,991 4,068,580 7,804,30" 7,650,324 685,906 584,897 2,573,857 77,541 243,806 585,063 911,564 524,918 70,426 160,539 18,586,832 366,440 1,323,387 4,681,433 6,994,538 4,456,134 398,391 366,509 24,105,708 363,977 1,719,606 6,444,930 8,850,408 6,020,366 488,963 217,458 21,299,823 221,480 1,384,810 4,977,801 7,485,481 6,400,036 591,015 239,194 32,522,937 180,520 1,129,398 4,337,599 10,964,517 14,446,916 1,135,951 322,036 18,940,614 137,131 1,814,802 6,537,099 6,591,003 4,125,482 391,180 343,917 21,060,066 93,289 858,979 4,150,977 7,816,985 7,257,793 598,603 283,440 27,678,823 49,878 435,963 2,055,944 8,031,778 14,515,821 2,118,081 468,358 33,930,688 117,965 637, 644 2,980,189 11,243,738 17,206,099 1,513,469 331, 584 34,591,248 192, 760 1,657,429 5,524,548 10,701,983 13,374,223 2,180,501 959,804 22,648,109 307, 521 1,180,411 4,551,108 8,157,512 7,243,784 690,692 517,081 2,840,966 74,332 249,077 638,281 991,720 590,453 67,963 229,140 19,371,015 3.39,786 1,392,167 4,917,987 7,308,029 4,528,044 423,229 461,773 24,501,985 340,431 1,972,566 6,636,508 8,663,663 6,050,168 674,368 264,281 21,619,623 218,458 1,650,252 5,251,614 T, 200, 079 6,207,774 691,425 340,121 32,794,728 194,356 1,431,732 4,979,857 11,066,345 13,481,126 1,258,084 384,230 17,561, 130,371 2,183,332 5,305,994 6,692,182 3,675,739 324,843 249,237 19,862,727 84,753 947,329 4,037,908 7,284,121 6,640,618 603,181 264,817 IMPROVED ACREAGE OF FARMS. 1910 26,248,498 43,331 494,528 2,316,708 8,508,727 12,375,525 1,871,977 637,702 34,574,337 109,927 765, 266 3,828,843 11,197,376 16,361,478 1,764,029 547, 418 33,997,873 198, 193 2,028,673 5,885,823 10,573,397 12, 149, 760 2,090,466 1,071,561- 14,844,039 267,909 801,480 3,053,725 5,540,385 4, 746, 402 316,532 117,656 1,803,336 64,420 187,500 458,015 698,576 337,874 30,988 25,964 12,673,519 312,671 1,025,756 3,517,03" 4,991,357 2,635,886 146,512 44,300 VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 19,227,969 327,189 1,441,294 6,288,437 7,053,181 4,641,288 355,502 121,078 16,931,252 196,616 1,156,565 4,097,432 5,996,101 4,923,766 418,664 143,209 28,048,323 169,616 973,339 3,796,686 9,672,197 12,384,216 849,906 203,465 12,832,078 121,750 1,351,445 3,998,814 4,639,148 2,602,019 159,477 59,425 11,907,606 78,135 616,151 2,611,749 4,560,592 3,954,071 243,8% 43,012 19,643,533 39,373 244,221 1,258,358 5,245,521 10,910,810 1,617,491 327,759 51,184,745,829 108,633,214 129,618,019 264,212,934 360,162,067 277,308,686 27,143,232 17,667,078 217,134,619 31,003,585 33,700,754 51,375,789 59,041,617 31,466,039 5,129,686 5,416,660 1,041,068,755 96,068,746 124,395,056 281,863,465 338,333,945 178,358,651 14,143,740 7,906,152 29,491,1991 102,881! 450,5171 2,619,874! 10,009,429 1,654,152,406 81,009,747 149,416,179 454,592,415 669,462,824 360,285,828 29,425,733 9,960,680 1,594,275,596 43,197,215 111,641,607 371,629,800 549,602,724 465,787,540 40,161,060 12,355,650 3,522,792,570 69,074,677 111,860,899 405,785,654 1,174,168,111 1,627,581,457 116,284,611 28,037,361 901,138,299 28,255,364 106,804,968 271,485,989 301,276,358 174,584,535 13,040,547 5,690,638 1,201,632,723 29,398,801 67,753,125 272,697,539 445,978,819 357, 177, .307 22,494,803 6,132,329 1,262,441,426 14,224,838 28,966,718 106,823,204 355,727,207 653,616,766 85,672,938 17,409,755 3,257,379,400 39,306,861 63,692,308 295,461,882 1,096,625,573 i4;875;5oo: 1,614,102,750 1,203,407 122,994,559 229,5911 26,195,467 24,581,186! 176, 479! 1,312,077; 4, 184, 784! 7, 666, 746' 9,356,608! 1,412, 313 i 472,179 1,716,204,386 42,818,101 101,486,534 276,273,994 603,288,840 649,467,153 105,685,100 37, 184, 664 STATE AND SIZt GROUP. West N. Central— Continued. NORTH DAKOTA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. SOUTH DAKOTA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . NEBRASKA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 176 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . KANSAS. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1.000 acres and over. . South Atlcmtio DELAWARE. Total Under 20 acres ..... 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over. MARYLAND. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . DIST. OF COLUMBIA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over. . VIRGINIA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . WEST VIRGINIA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . NORTH CAROLINA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over SOUTH CAROLINA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . I NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 74,360 229 450 1,207 23,003 34,393 12,662 2,416 77,644 808 1,121 2,406 28,396 33,041 9,698 2,174 129,678 4,368 4,658 12,618 43,916 47,233 13,128 3,867 177,841 8,042 10,738 26,151 57, 789 61,286 10,475 3,360 10,836 1,536 1,988 2,977 2,849 1,429 62 48,923 10,232 8,629 9,946 11,457 8,070 606 83 217 122 65 17 10 3 184,018 39,746 42,390 38,342 32,997 28, 101 3,450 992 96,685 15,399 20,323 26,806 20,156 12,248 1,316 437 45,332 791 555 716 18,471 18,339 6,114 1,346 52,622 807 967 2,214 16,144 23,375 7,074 2,041 121,525 3,507 6,243 17,979 46,109 40,271 6,052 2,364 173,098 7,006 12,269 32,103 58,421 50,846 8,895 3,669 877 1,568 2,610 2,923 1,633 71 6 46,012 8,150 7,'-' 9,307 11,543 8,659 591 79 269 154 71 31 9 2 • 2 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 1900 167,886 32,903 36,644 33,948 32,466 27,725 4,100 1,100 92,874 13,081 19,306 25,529 20,164 12,669 1,511 614 263,725 224,637 43,224! 33,184 75,629i 59,913 62,157, 55,028 43,987! 44,052 25,254 28,236 2,669! 3,275 S05 949 173,434155,355 37,985 33,096 70,582 64,384 33,147: 29,944 19,427| 20,5321 12, .539 14,075! 1,942 2,314! 812 1,010! 28,426,650 1,601 16,687 94,199 3,640,003 12,000,916 8,783,550 3,889,694 26,016,892 6,612 39, 475 183,202 4,458,036 10,819,704 6,588,127 3,926,736 38,622,021 37,150 152,474 971,897 6,543,429 13,923,207 8,837,526 8,156,338 43,384,799 69,566 366,381 1,998,144 8,518,876 18,018,076 7,121,881 7,291,876 1,038,866 16,185 66,119 211, 100 359,476 345,465 32,210 9,311 6,067,140 97,263 278, 402 700,098 1,486,215 2,0.55,882 312,911 126,369 6,063 1,878 1,114 1,115 917 15,542,640 7,711 18,063 69,040 2,945,787 6, 403, 548 3,561,491 2,547,000 19,070,616 5,080 36,346 168,923 2,382,021 8,019,437 6,005,021 3,453,788 29,911,779 31,203 184,424 1,367,012 6,978,190 11,865,326 4,150,909 6,334,715 41,662 070 69; 066 437, 177 2,467,724 8,638,256 14,807,183 6,027,508 9,216,056 1,066,228 9,580 52,439 186,885 370,605 396,319 42,682 7,718 5,170,075 82, 774 254,342 658,833 1,494,118 2,206,470 354,853 118,686 1,463 2,107 2,205 1,037 375 1,302 IMPROVED ACREAGE OF FARMS. 1910 19,495,636 397,425 1,332,113 2,648,520 4,191,039 6,937,154 2,216,101 1,773,284 10,026,442 149,047 676, 989 1,875.754 2,657,005 3,179,329 849,970 738,348 22,439,129 485,387 2,326,984 4,253,522 5,532,657 6,504,207 1, 724, 796 1,611,576 13,512,028 412, 235 2,072,476 2,205,641 2, 433, 404 3,349,902 1,277,578 1,760,892 19,907,883 324,257 1,125,988 2,376,444 4,102,998 7,425,185 2,616,261 1,936,750 10,654,513 129,864 645,963 1,765,028 2,544,791 3,312,251 977,235 1,279,381 22, 749, 356 357,540 1,880,512 3, 742, 478 6,514,229 7,363,558 2,098,813 1,792,226 13,985,014 333,961 1,660,059 2,005,919 2,576,058 3,791,972 1,608,769 2,108,276 20,455,092 1,224 10, 718 63,653 2, 124, 647 9,063,590 6,675,379 2,525,881 15,827,208 5,686 30,001 134, 340 2,113,308 8,064,822 3,886,801 1,592,251 24,382,577 34,074 134, 271 879, 406 5,675,821 10,633,939 3,888,358 3, 136, 708 29,904,067 63,746 318,485 1, 718, 144 6,888,860 13,811,688 4,527,088 2,676,066 713, 638 13,464 62,746 164,027 249,355 226,100 14,083 3,823 3,354,767 80,696 209, 115 497,340 1,049,206 1,329,921 161,285 37,204 5, 133 1,001 1,660 812 813 867 VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 9,870,058 321, 370 894,682 1,495,798 2,194,056 3,382,003 973,035 609,115 5,621,757 128,207 456, 945 1, 156, 188 1,509,134 1,695,072 366,356 210,855 8, 813, 056 427,423 1, 705, 751 2,086,897 2,098,630 1,906,623 365,077 222,655 6,097,999 391,563 1,791,196 1,293,365 1,006,949 1,046,858 306,337 262, 741 $822,666,744 364,599 739,953 2,539,341 83,425,352 354,271,009 271,500,607 109,815,883 1,005,080,807 1,868,680 3,061,278 10,407,867 149,337,025 504,518,418 239,012,732 96,874,817 1,813,346,935 14,379,350 19,378,644 88,286,663 507,591,497 878,937,406 185,509,755 119,263,720 1,737,556,172 19,533,087 33, 138, 115 117,647,026 425,925,574 782,516,666 219,941,757 138,854,948 53,165,983 3,913,303 5,569,301 10,989,516 15,699,291 15,893,322 1,053,960 47,300 241, 737, 123 17,813,279 22,791,832 36,304,852 63,818,929 87,550,094 10,724,022 2, 734, 115 8,231,343 3,723,300 2,034,300 987,000 936, 743 550,000 532,058,062 31,523,270 49,994,079 77,362,360 108,368,330 170,377,481 53,041,674 41,390,868 264,390,954 12,056,803 22,929,321 49,093,413 64,873,363 80,792,565 19,609.782 16, O.S6,707 466,624,607 24,749,610 72,871,655 101,807,106 107,303,214 107,251,793 24,677,277 17,963,962 332,888,081 19,781,861 71,354,028 68,416,043 60,628,192 69,933,577 22,659,623 20,215,867 308 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. NUMBER. TOTAL AND IMPROVED ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS OF FARMS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE, BY STATES: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. Table ae—Contd. STATE AND SIZE GROUP. South Atlantic- Continued. GEORGIA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 ocres and over . . FLORIDA. Total Under 20 acr^ 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . . East South Central KENTUCKY. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres SO to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. . TENNESSEE. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. ALABAMA.' Total Under 20 years 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over . MISSISSIPPI. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. West South Central ARKANSAS. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . LOUISIANA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over . OKLAHOMA.! Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 a«res 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . TEXAS. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. 291,027 29,629 117,432 68,510 42, 275 27, 710 3,950 1,521 50,016 9,084 17, 169 9,999 8,178 4,545 670 371 259,185 55,472 58,537 6o, 778 50,134 26,639 2,181 444 246,012 47,341 72, 212 60,105 41,545 22,450 1,878 481 NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 224,691 19,356 73,408 52,251 41,661 31,439 4,718 1,858 40,814 6,364 13,646 7,874 7,940 4,103 609 278 234,667 42,904 51,850 60,435 48,564 27,886 2,470 558 262,901 41,858 106,841 55,448 35,563 20,093 2,276 822 274,382 66,943 112,666 44,645 30. 172 17,115 2,061 780 214,678 36,259 74,983 45,373 39,353 17,149 1,163 224,623 36,542 61,442 57,265 42,476 24,274 2,058 566 223,220 31,643 80,784 47,745 37,111 22,193 2,788 956 220,803 42, 270 85,934 39,469 31,380 18,430 2,461 859 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 1900 178,694 24,665 55,332 38,595 42,007 16,440 1,239 416 120,546115,969 29,256! 25,782 46,3891 44,622 20,248; 18,179 13,681 15,633 8,406 9,015 1,548 1,688 1,018| 1,050 1 190,192,108,000 7,158! 6,731 31,4891 19,390 39,002 16,300 75,186, 48, 33,812| 13,206 2, 688, 1,937 857 1,453 417, 770:352,190 29,371 27,720 98,583 99,137 112,237 88,537 94,574 71,392 59,049 44,001 12,83.3 10,183 11,123' 11,220 26,953,413 348,103 3, 709, 289 4,553,582 5, 223, 132 7,412,596 2,604,839 3,101,872 5,253,538 85,797 570,960 724,565 1, 123, 163 1,214,621 435,978 1,098,454 22, 189, 127 685,546 1,854,214 4,556,297 6, 282, 939 6,711,828 1,370,115 828,188 20,041,657 547,322 2,240,374 4,147,088 5, 266, 026 5,724,087 1,189,042 937,718 20,732,312 477,518 3,294,559 3,862,717 4,674,360 5,257,792 1,497,299 1,668,067 18,557.533 874,944 3,280,964 3,142,027 4,003,230 4,493,804 1,. 365, 482 1,397,082 17,416,075 476,539 2,343,264 3,299,148 5,395,529 4,316,389 763,283 821,923 26,392,057 223,685 2,421,384 3,472,677 5, 150, 210 8,469,107 3,074,445 3,580,549 4,363,891 60,699 467,062 581,503 1, 120, 791 1,097,346 407,684 628,806 21,979,422 465,040 1,658,283 4,161,328 6,107,837 7,087,446 1,513,808 985,680 20,342,058 430, 110 1,937,942 3,935,990 5,371,931 6,216,250 1,285,379 1,164,456 20,685,427 362,820 2,579,379 3,369,528 4, 963, 792 5,891,271 1,808,499 1,710,138 18, 240, 736 576,620 2,667,004 2,806,402 4,287,219 4,905,953 1,566,195 1,431,343 16,636,716 331,590 1,806,004 2,867,527 5,915,487 4,155,698 811,737 748,776 IMPROVED ACREAGE OF FARMS. 10,439,481 11,059,127 365,220; 322,025 1,397,534 1,418,628; 1,817,211 2,274,598; 1,036,218 2,140,072 l,:i30,953 1,272,079 2, 150, 489 2,452,116 1,118,940 2,412,525 28,859,353 22,988,339 80,936 1,065,835 2,798,88'5 11,217,523 9, 429, 784 1,767,120 2. 499. 270 112,435,007 329, 754 3,230,581 7,713,441 12,272,384 15,937,878 8,621,564 64,329,475 78,682 625,971 1.149,099 7,547,936 3.725,720 1,266.374 8, .594, 557 125,807,017 326,955 3,220,806 6,261,082 9,255,798 11,852,793 6,730,336 88,159,247 1910 12,298,01 327, 212 3,318,067 2,968,547 2,367,863 2,288,329 595, 659 432,340 1,805,408 69,247 391,233 361, 791 380,200 388,993 107,639 106,305 14,354,471 554,143 1,495,951 3,174,258 4,117,357 4,077,796 688,727 246,239 10,890,484 501,007 1,800,374 2,581,648 2,802,232' 2,619,991 422,571 162, 661 9,693,581 461,806 2,803,670 2, 289, 469 1,857,959 1,602,363 374,410 303,904 9,008,310 86;i,325 2,831,168 1,695,452 1.503,771 1,410,412 374,920 329,262 8,076,254 467,555 1,944,165 1,799,792 1,993,878 1,455,435 228,306 187, 123 5,276,016 345,303 1,164,909 821,543 789,583 958,320 453,758 742,600 17,551,337 76,769 930,731 2,042,852 7,118,362 5,914,539 876,997 591,087 27,360,060 307,435 2,927,042 5,744,866 7,089,634 6, 452, 197 2,060,976 2,778,516 VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. 1910 8479,204,332 19,929,323 96,117,977 102,927,993 92,772,819 102,831,020 32,471,115 32,154,085 118,145,989 15,109,442 22, 124, 761 19,623,399 20,391,462 21,854,842 8, 139, 751 10,902,332 635,459,372 36,723,010 68,341,744 119,994,284 156,477,645 193,447,982 40,615,629 19,859,078 480,522,587 31,506,673 74, 475. 941 104,019,256 113, 199, 169 120, 220, 288 23,618,9.50 13,482,310 288,253,591 17,732,596 65,174,986 61,745,865 56,058,111 55,450,822 16,116,822 15,974,389 334,162,289 36,834,417 92,685,257 55,825,671 51,583,771 54,966,781 19,995,266 22,271,126 309,166,813 21,086,055 70,534,909 63, 280, 020 66,823,373 57,492,644 14,164,369 15,785,443 237,544,450 17,800,570 41, 491, '842 32,597,748 30,213,391 39, 499, 613 23,317,045 52,624,241 738.677,224 6,672.521 30, 170, 704 75,944,069 314,897,360 248,931,705 35,255.653 26, 805, 212 1,843,208,395 26,976,349 112,443,379 267,691,312 373,734,548 389,435,229 157,105,181 515,822,397 STATE AND SIZE GROUP. Mountain MONTANA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. IDAHO. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over WYOMING. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over COLORADO. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . NEW MEXICO. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. ARIZONA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over. UTAH. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over NEVADA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1 ,000 acres and over . Pacific WASHINGTON. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over OREGON. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 50 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 500 to 999 acres.... 1,000 acres and over CALIFORNIA. Total Under 20 acres 20 to 49 acres 60 to 99 acres 100 to 174 acres 175 to 499 acres 600 to 999 acres 1,000 acres and over NUMBER OF FARMS. 1910 1900 26,214 755 956 1,260 10,552 8,339 2,353 1,999 30,807 2,005 4,048 5,820 11,891 5,866 921 256 10,937 420 338 645 3,816 3,629 984 1,155 46,170 5,670 3,882 4,384 16,355 12, 476 2,426 1,577 35,676 6,885 2,812 1, '" 15,363 7,3r' 836 572 9,227 3,346 1,477 820 2,591 757 164 72 21,676 4,674 6,550 4,170 3,660 2,681 651 390 271 320 411 565 540 248 344 56,192 10,529 10,252 7,105 13,884 9,215 3,481 1,726 45,502 6,030 6.888 6,800 12,009 9,343 2,716 1,716 88, 197 22,525 20, 614 10.080 12,015 12,551 5,119 4, 13,370 653 399 663 5,613 3,596 1,257 1,289 17, 471 804 1,478 2,306 8,998 3,278 436 171 6,095 502 75 257 2,201 1,420 723 917 i 24,700 2,873 2, 122 2,526! 9,104 5,372: 1,466; 1,237 12,31i: 5,057 2, 197 959 2,696 769 308 326 6,809 2,' 674 1,581 411 112 71 19,387 4,204 5,261 3,741 3,363 2,202 368 248 2,184 235 231 217 407 505 262 327 33,202 3,025 4,240 4,387 11,249 7,338 2,015 35,837 3,071 4,083 4,673 11,055 9,228 2,440 1,287 72,542 15,082 13.110 8,067 13. 196; 13.005; 5.329i 4, 753 ALL LAND IN FARMS (ACRES). 1910 1900 13,545,603 4,382 33,662 96,034 1,648,834 2,668,526 1,654,257 7,439,908 5,283,604 16,286 144, 087 443,682 1,793,755 1,708,591 610,397 666,806 8,543,010 1,116 12, 610 49,985 595, 182 1,166,263 703,831 6,014,023 13,532,113 40,432 126,209 328,961 2,526,569 3,929,716 1,699,403 4,880,823 11,270,021 55,286 87,971 132, 025 2,418,328 2,322,242 584,375 6,669,794 1,246,613 15,496 46,757 59,047 399,210 225,491 112,612 388,000 3,397.699 45,627 181,178 293,613 512, 595 746,164 370,088 1,249,434 2,714,757 1,874 10,328 31,455 81,615 167,232 175,691 2,246,562 11,712,235 91,282 328,883 523,088 2,082,832 2,898,427 2,442,948 3,344,775 11,685,110 55,128 227,085 495,834 1,753,678 2,791,920 1,876,662 4,484.803 11,844 3 16 43 882 1,157 900 8,841 3,204 5 54 176. 1,386 958: 286! 336: 8, 124, 3 21 345 498 590: 6,664 9, 474 22 72: 199: 1,409 1,701 1,043 5.025 5, 130 41 65 65 413 229 218 4,095 1,935 12 29 49 241 125 76 1,399, 4,116 40: 173 268 480: 603 244 2,306 2,565 1 7. 16. 59 158 179, 2,141 IMPROVED ACREAGE OF FARMS. 1910 8,499,297 28,471 144,567 332, 077 1,765,952 2,374,994 1,405,025 2,448,211 10,071,328 29,799 140,669 360,734 1,647,337 2,815,702 1,657,634 3.429,453 27,931,444 28,828,951 200,822 625,954 752,951 1,709,459 3.816,706i 3,535,598 144,439 385,844 578, 102 1,945,423 3,998,456 3,685,027 17,289.954' 18,091.660| 3,640 3 21 55 614 923 599 1,422 2,778 14 111 280 792 977 344 257 1,256 33 174 330 189 518 4,302. 37 99 235 978 1,456, 557 935 1,467 46 57 02 545 504 96 153 350 14 37 38 96 79, 3' 1,368 42 153 214 256 328 133 238 752 1 6 16 38 81 79 527 6,373,311 66, 475 164, 236 218, 786 700,073 1,692,749 1,709,798 1,821,194 4,274,803 42,075 127,814 238,549 583,111 1,140,175 818, 971 1,324,108 11,389,894 189,679 558,296 600,140 972,519 2.226.957 1.846.502 4,995,801 1,450,601,488 133,881,617 192,799.674 149,394,265 161.032,374 271,773,253 164,166,673 377,563,732 « Figures for 1900 include Indian Territory. Chapter U. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. Introdnction. — This chapter presents in condensed form the main results of the enumeration of live stock in the United States made as of April 15, 1910, giving the statistics by geographic divisions and by states. The census of agriculture deals in general only with farms, but in the case of domestic animals it includes also those not on farms (mainly in cities and villages), although no attempt has been made to collect statis- tics of poultry or bees other than on farms. This chapter presents first the statistics of live stock on farms, and later, in more condensed form, the statis- tics of domestic animals not on farms, and concludes with the combined totals for domestic animals on farms and elsewhere. The term "live stock" as used in the censuses of 1910 and 1900 comprises the common farm animals (cattle, horses, mules, asses and burros, swine, sheep, and goats), together with poultry and bees. It is obvious that in the consideration of live stock as a whole, no combination of the numbers of the different classes into one total would have any significance. No comparison can be made except on the basis of value. It should be noted, however, that the increase in the aggregate value of live stock from 1900 to 1910 is due chiefly to the increase in the average value per head of the live stock reported, as there has been no great increase in nimiber in any important class, while some classes show a decrease. AH LIVE STOCK ON FARMS. Table 7, page 312, presents statistics of the value of live stock on farms at the last two censuses by geo- graphic divisions and states. Data relating to domestic animals not on farms will be found on page 337, and a combination of the figures for all animals both on farms and elsewhere on page 342. The total value of all live stock on farms in the United States on April 15, 1910, was $4,925,000,000. Of this total, $4,760,000,000, or 96.6 per cent, repre- sented the value of domestic animals. During the decade the value of Hve stock on farms increased nearly $1,850,000,000, or 60.1 per cent. During the same period the total value of farm property increased 100.5 per cent, the rate of increase in the principal constituent element, the value of land, being 118.1 per cent, or nearly twice as great as for live stock. The increase in the value of live stock above noted was shared by every geographic division. Much the largest absolute increases were in the West North Central and the East North Central divisions, though in percentage of increase the Pacific division ranked highest, closely followed by the South Atlantic. Table 1 in the next column gives statistics as to the value of live stock on farms for certain larger sections of the country. Tlie North, as the term is used in this chapter, includes the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central divisions; the South includes the South Atlantic, East South Central, and West South Central; and the West, the Mountain and Pacific divisions. The Nortli shows a greater absolute increase in the value of all live stock than the South and the West combined, but the percentage of increase is somewhat lower in that section than in either of the others. Table 1 SECTION. The North: 1910 1900 Perct. of increase.. The South: 1910 1900 Per ct. of increase '. The West: 1910 1900 Per ct. of increase . , East of the Mississippi: 1910 1900 Per ct. of increase 2. West of the Mississippi: 1910 1900 Perct. of increase.. VALUE OF LIVE STOCK ON FABMS. Total." $2,975,094,377 1,897,439,200 56.8 $1,325,405,837 810,822,035 63.5 $624,673,396 367,216,468 70.1 $2,158,955,039 1,332,779,097 62.0 $2,766,218,571 1,742,698,606 58.7 Domestic animals. $2,863,849,890 1,835,336,173 56.0 $1,284,298,714 782,407,960 64.1 $611,911,489 361,453,453 69.3 $2,065,504,011 1,275,186,606 62.0 $2,694,556,082 1,704,010,980 58.1 Poultry. $106,311,212 57,123,391 86.1 $37,415,336 24,222,562 54.5 $10,936,672 4,461,866 145.1 $87,589,549 51,136,240 71.3 $67,073,671 34,671,578 93.5 Bees. $4,893,160 4,876,407 0.3 $3,689,547 4,178,033 -11.7 $1,790,908 1,123,647 59.4 $5,855,199 6,392,366 -8.4 $4,518,416 3, 785, 721 19.4 1 Totals include a small amount for the value of special classes of animals (bufb- loes, deer, etc.), not included under " domestic animals." » A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. The next statement shows by percentages the dis- tribution of the United States totals given in Table 7 among the geographic divisions and sections of the country. To aid in interpreting these figures the dis- tribution of the total land in farms and of the total improved land is also shown. The distribution of the value ot live stock corre- sponds in general more closely to the distribution of improved land than to that of all land in farms, the only conspicuous exception being in the Mountain division. The West North Central, East North Cen- tral, and West South Central divisions are the most important from the standpoint of value of live stock. (309) 310 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The North reported in 1910 three-fifths of the total value of all live stock on farms in the United States, the South somewhat over one-fourth, and the West •one-eighth. 'Table 2 PER CENT OF TOTAL FOR THE UNITED STATES. DIVISION OR SECTION. All land m farms. Im- proved land in farms. Value of all live stock. Value of domestic animals. Value of poul- try. Value of bees. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 100.0 2.0 7.1 19.8 31.5 7.4 7.5 12.0 7.9 4.8 1900 1910 1900 1910 1910 XTnited States New England 100.0 II 13.4 26.5 11.8 9.3 19.3 6.8 5.8 100.0 2.5 5.4 13.9 24.0 12.4 9.7 21.1 5.5 5.7 4.'i.fi 100.0 1.5 6.1 18.6 34.3 10.1 9.2 12.2 3.3 4.6 100.0 2.0 7.4 20.9 32.7 11.1 9.7 9.6 2.0 4.5 100.0 2.4 8.0 19.7 31.6 6.3 6.9 13.1 7.9 4.0 100.0 1.9 6.9 19.7 31.6 7.4 7.5 12.1 8.1 4.8 100.0 2.4 7.9 19.5 31.8 6.2 6.8 13.2 8.1 4.0 100.0 3.4 11.5 25.3 28.6 8.8 7.7 7.7 3.0 4.1 100.0 1.9 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain . . 11.2 17.4 16.7 15.2 10.8 9.6 7.6 Pacific 9.7 The North 47.1 60.6 31.5 7.9 63.0 30.4 6.6 60.4 26.9 12.7 61.7 26.4 11.9 60.2 27.0 12.9 61.6 26.3 12.1 68.7 24.2 7.1 47.2 The South The West 40.3 43.2 12.6 11.2 35.6 17.3 East of the Mississippi . . West of the Mississippi.. 41.7 43.8 58.3 56.2 45.6 54.4 51.1 48.9 43.8 56.2 43.3 56.7 43.4 56.6 42.8 57.2 56.6 43.4 56.4 43.6 The following table shows the average value of live stock per farm and per acre "of land in farms : Table 3 DIVISION. AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS (ACRES). VALUE OF LIVE STOCK PER FARM. VALUE OF LIVE STOCK PER ACRE OF FARM LAND. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 TJnited States 138.1 104.4 92.2 105.0 209.6 93.3 78.2 179.3 324.5 270.3 146.2 107.1 . 92.4 102.4 189.5 108.4 89.9 233.8 457.9 334.8 $774 519 745 869 1,398 330 354 625 2,119 1,242 $536. 390 506 532 917 202 236 534 2,406 871 $5.60 4.97 8.08 8.28 6.67 3.53 4.53 3.49 6.53 4.60 $3.67 3.64 New England Middle Atlantic . . 5.48 East North Central 5.20 West North Central South Atlantic 4.84 1.86 East South Central 2.63 West South Central 2.28 5.26 Pacific 2.60 Inasmuch as in each division the value of domestic animals constitutes the greater part of the value of aU live stock, its distribution naturally corresponds closely to that of the total. The distribution of the value of poultry is somewhat different and that of the value of bees decidedly different. The five divisions east of the Mississippi River each reported in 1910 a much larger proportion of the value of the poultry on farms than they did of the value of domestic animals on farms, while the opposite is true of the four divi- sions west of the Mississippi. The average value of live stock per farm for the United States as a whole was $774 in 1910. The average per farm was highest in the Mountain, West North Central, and Pacific divisions, which are also divisions in which the average size of farms con- siderably exceeds the average for the United States. In all but one division the average value of live stock per farm was greater in 1910 than in 1900. Largely because of the great decrease in the average size of farms in the Mountain division, however, the average value per farm in that division decreased. The value of live stock per acre of farm land in the United States as reported in 1910 was S5.60. The highest average per acre was in the East North Central division, and the next highest in the Middle Atlantic division. In the three southern divisions the value of live stock per acre is comparatively low. Between 1900 and 1910 the value of live stock per acre increased materially in each geographic division. DOMESTIC ANIMALS ON FARMS. In comparing the aggregate number and value of the several classes of domestic animals as reported at the censuses of 1910 and 1900, due consideration must be given to the fact that the enumeration of 1900 was as of June 1, while that of 1910 was as of April 15. Had the census of 1910 been taken as of June 1, the number of animals — especially of cattle, swine, and sheep — would have been materially greater than reported, for the reason that a very large number of domestic ani- mals of all kinds are born during the six weeks from AprU 15 to June 1. As the value per head of these animals would be relatively low, however, an enumera- tion at the later date would not have had the effect of increasing the total value of animals reported in any- thing like the same degree; in other words, the aver- age value per head would have been lower than that based upon the figures reported for April 15. Table 4, on the opposite page, summarizes, for the United States as a whole, the principal facts with regard to the several classes of domestic animals on farms. While there was during the decade 1900-1910 a great increase in the total value of domestic animals, this was due chiefly to the increase in average value per head. The returns show an apparent decrease in the number of cattle, swine, and sheep, and only a comparatively slight increase in the number of horses. Had both censuses been taken as of June 1, there would probably have been much less decrease in the number of cattle and of sheep, a moderate increase in the number of swine, and a somewhat greater increase in the number of horses and of mules than is shown in Table 4. Horses, mules, and asses and burros together con- tributed more than one-half (55.1 per cent) of the value of domestic animals on farms in 1910, while cattle, which contributed almost one-half (49.5 per cent) of the total in 1900, contributed less than one- third (31.5 per cent) in 1910. It is noteworthy that a smaller proportion of aU farmers reported horses in 1910 than in 1900, while a decidedly larger proportion reported mules. Swine LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 311 were reported by a smaller percentage of all farmers in 1910 than in 1900, and sheep by not only a smaller percentage, but a smaller absolute number. The pro- portion reporting cattle, however, increased slightly. Table 4 All domestic animals. Cattle. HOKSES, MULES, AND ASSES AND BXTEROS. Swine. Sheep. Total. Horses. Mules. Asses and burros. Goats. Nomberof aaimals(April 15). 1910 61,803,866 67,719,410 -5,915,644 -8.7 $1,499,523,607 $1,475,204,633 $24,318,974 1.6 31.5 49.5 $24. 26 $21.78 5,284,916 4,730,480 83.1 82.4 24,148,580 21,625,800 2,522,780 11.7 $2,622,180,170 $1,098,546,454 $1,523,633,716 138.7 55.1 36.9 $108. 59 $50.80 19,833,113 18,267,020 1,566,093 8.6 $2,083,588,195 $896,513,217 $1,187,074,978 132.4 43.8 30.1 $105. 06 $49.08 4,692,814 4,530,628 73.8 79.0 4,209,769 3,264,615 945, 154 29.0 $525,391,863 $196,222,053 $329,169,810 167.8 11.0 6.6 $124. 80 $60.11 1,869,005 1,480,652 29.4 25.8 105,698 94,165 11,533 12.2 $13,200,112 $5,811,184 $7,388,928 127.1 0.3 0.2 $124. 89 $61. 71 43,927 33,584 0.7 0.6 58,185,676 62,868,041 . -4,682,365 -7.4 $399,338,308 $231,978,031 $167,360,277 72.1 8.4 7.8 $6.86 $3.69 4,351,751 4,335,363 68.4 75.6 52,447,861 61,503,713 -9,055,852 -14.7 $232,841,585 $170,203,119 $62,638,466 36.8 4.9 5.7 $4.44 $2.77 610,894 763,518 9.6 13.3 (June 1)..1900 2,915,125 Increase ' 1,870,599 Per cent 1,044,526 Value of animals 1910 1900 Increase $4,760,060,093 $2,979,197,586 $1,780,802,507 59.8 100.0 100.0 55.8 $6,176,423 $3,265,349 Per cent $2,911,074 Per cent of total value of domestic animals 1910 1900 A verage value per head 1910 89.1 0.1 0.1 1900 $2. 12 Number of farms reporting . 1910 6,034,783 5,498,417 94.9 05.8 $1.75 1900 Per cent of all farms 19 10 82,755 77,515 1900 1.4 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. The following statement shows the percentage which the number of each kind of animals in each geographic division or section of the country repre- sents of the total for the United States: Table 5 PEE CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER FOR THE UNITED STATES. DIVISION OR SECTION. Cattle. Horses, mules, and asses and burros. Swine. Sheep. Total. Horses. Mules. Asses and burroe. Goats. United States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central .. West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central.. Mountain 100.0 2.2 6.8 15.9 28.6 7.8 6.4 17.3 9.8 5.2 100.0 1.5 5.3 19.3 31.2 7.7 9.0 15.2 6.2 4.6 100.0 1.8 6.2 22.2 34.3 6.6 5.8 11.8 7.2 5.1 100.0 (') 1.2 6.2 17.0 17.8 23.8 30.6 1.2 2.2 100.0 0.1 0.6 5.1 21.1 3.2 14.9 28.2 23.7 3.1 100.0 0.7 3.1 24.9 36.6 10.2 9.3 12.1 1.1 2.0 100.0 0.8 3.6 18.2 9.7 4.8 4.8 4.2 43.4 10.7 100.0 0.1 0.3 1.2 3.9 7.2 6.8 43.8 26 3 Pacific 11 4 The North 53.5 31.6 15.0 57.3 31.9 10.8 64.4 23.2 12.3 24.5 72.2 3.3 27.0 46.2 26.8 65.2 31.7 3.1 32.2 13.7 64.1 5 5 The South 57 8 The West 36 7 Eastof the Mississippi Westof the Mississippi 39.1 60.9 42.8 57. 2 41.6 58.4 49.1 50.9 24.0 76.0 48.2 51.8 32.1 67.9 15.6 84.4 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The West North Central division has the largest proportion of any division of the total number in the case of cattle, of horses, mules, and asses and burros combined, and of swine, the Mountain divi- sion much the largest proportion of the sheep, and the West South Central division much the largest propor- tion of the goats. The North has more than half of the total number of cattle and nearly two-thirds of the horses and the swine ; but the South has a larger proportion of the mules, asses and burros, and goats than the North or the West; while the West has more than half of the sheep of the country. The territory west of the Mississippi River contains a larger num- ber of each kind of animals than the territory east of the river. Table 6 shows, for 1910 and 1900, the 10 states leading in the total value of live stock on farms and in the number of the several classes or groups of domestic animals, respectively, the states being ar- ranged in the order of their rank. The wide distribution of most classes of live stock is indicated by the fact that the 10 states which lead in the total value of live stock together report less than one-half of the total for the United States. Texas has been at the last two censuses the leading state with respect to the number of all cattle and the number of horses, mules, and asses and burros considered to- gether. At both censuses New York has led with respect to the number of dairy cows, and Iowa with respect to the number of swine, Wyoming had the largest number of sheep and goats, taken together, in 1910, but Montana had the greatest number in 1900. Table 6 STATES LEADING IN NUMBER OF ANIMALS ON FARMS. ^ § » OF ALL LIVE STOCK. All cattle. Dairy cows. Horses, mules, and asses and burros. Swine. Sheep and goats. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1 Iowa Texas Illinois Missouri... Kansas Nebraska. . Ohio New York. Indiana Minnesota.. Iowa Texas...;.. Iowa Kansas Nebraska. . Wisconsin.. Missouri Illinois New York. Minnesota.. California.. Texas Iowa Kansas Oklahoma . Nebraska. . Illinois Missouri . . . New York. Wisconsin.. Ohio New York... Wisconsin — New York. . . Texas Illinois Iowa Missouri Kansas .... Nebraska. . Oklahoma . Ohio Indiana Minnesota.. Texas Illinois Iowa Missouri . . Kansas Ohio Nebraska . Indiana... Minnesota. Kentucky. Iowa Illinois Missouri. . Indiana... Nebraska . Ohio Kansas Texas Oklahoma Wisconsin. Iowa Illinois Missouri . . Nebraska . Indiana... Kansas Ohio Texas Wisconsin Tennessee. Wyoming. . . Montana Ohio New Mexico Idaho Texas Oregon California. .. Michigan Missouri 2 Texas Illinois Kansas Missouri Nebraska Ohio New Mexica Wyoming. Ohio. Utah. Oregon. 3 Illinois Wisconsin Pennsylvania Texas Ohio 4 5 6 7 Minnesota — Illinois Texas Pennsylvania Ohio 8 New York... Indiana Pennsylvania Missouri Minnesota Kansas Michigan. California. Texas. 9 10 Missouri Michigan 312 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS— VALUE OF THE SEVERAL CLASSES, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 7 DIVISION OK STATE. tTnited States . . . GEOGEAPmc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio TndiaTift Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Teimessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon California ALL UVE STOCK. 1 1910 $4,925,173,610 97,896; 349, 159; 976,329 1,551,708, 360,534 309,034 589,837; 388,746, 235,926; 25, 161 11,910; 22,642; 20,741 3,276, 14, 163 183,090, 24,588, 141,480, 197,332 173,800, 308,804 137,803 158,529; 161,641; 393,003; 285,839; 108,249; 127,229; 222,222; 253,523 6,817 32,570; 152; 74,891 43,336, 62,649; 45, 131 80,393 20,591 117,486; 110,706; 65,594, 75,247 74,058, 44, 152,432, 318,646, 85,663 49,775; 65,605; 70, 161 43,494 26,050; 28,781 19,213 48,865, 59,461 127,599; 1900 $3,075,477,703 74,826,332 245,635,518 604,633,707 972,343,643 194,302,808 213,320,732 403,138,495 243,830,888 123,379,580 17,106,034 10,554,646 17,841,317 15,798,404 2,593,659 10,932,212 125,583,715 17,612,620 102,439,183 125,954,616 109,5.50,761 193,758,037 79,042,644 96,327,649 89,063,097 278,830,096 160,540,004 42,430,491 65,173,432 145,349,587 190,956,936 4,111,054 20,855,877 125,326 42,020,737 30,571,259 30, 100, 173 20,199,859 35,200,507 11,160,016 73,739,106 60,818,005 30,105,799 42,657,222 37,483,771 28,869,506 '96,208,263 240,576,955 52,161,833 21,657,974 39,145,877 49,954,311 31,727,400 15,545,687 21,474,241 12,109,565 22,159,207 33,917,048 67,303,325 Percent of in- crease. 60.1 30.8 42.1 61.5 59.6 88.6 73.0 40.3 59.4 91.2 47.1 12.8 20.9 31.3 26.3 29.6 45.8 39.6 38.1 50.7 58.7 59.4 74.3 64.6 81.5 40.9 78.0 155.1 95.2 52.9 32.8 56.2 22.0 78.2 41.8 108.1 123.4 128.4 84.4 59.3 82.0 81.7 76.4 97.6 54.8 58.4 32.5 64.2 129.8 67.6 40.5 37.1 67.6 34.0 57.9 120.5 75.3 89.6 DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 1910 $4,760,060,093 92,462,323 330,213,413 935, 450, 253 1,505,717,901 351,328,058 350,043,904 570,926,692 383,272,141 228,639,348 23,989,501 11,237,704 21,990,630 19,208,712 2,902,316 13,133,340 174,500,658 22,325,409 133,327,286 187,523,324 165,867,178 296,019,153 131,740,348 153,700,250 156,771,855 380,201,586 273,306,602 106,761,317 124,841,010 217,849,050 245,920,421 6,243,368 30,049,901 145,573 71,192,843 41,318,436 60,050,731 43,790,143 78,118,098 19,818,905 112,605,412 100,008,122 63,574,674 73,255,756 71,794,480 43,314,683 148,652,983 313,164,540 84,999,659 49,076,971 65,384,559 68,840,485 43,191,913 24,376,530 28,330,215 19,071,809 47,370,775 58,243,921 123,024,652 $2,979,197,586 70,994,088 234,366,768 581,889,163 948,080,154 184,152,273 203,784,314 394,471,373 241,842,845 119,010,008 10,298,422 10,062,877 17,373,169 14,730,169 2,281,817 10,247,634 120,673,101 16,269,548 97,424,119 120,466,134 105,048,528 186,856,020 75,997,051 93,521,430 86,620,643 271,844,034 154,295,363 41,951,659 04,287,578 142,769,629 186,317,248 3,733,335 19,636,844 122,019 39,831,552 29,231,832 28,242,147 19,167,229 33,499,683 10,687,632 70,488,187 58,043,895 34,408,932 40,843,300 35,739,425 27,757,301 » 94,746,713 236,227,934 61,724,113 21,389,853 39,080,158 49,359,781 31,644,179 15,375,286 21,175,867 12,093,608 21,437,628 33,172,342 65,000,738 Percent of in- crease. 30.2 40.9 60.8 58.8 90.8 74.7 4G.3 58.5 91.1 47.2 11.7 26.6 30.4 27.2 28.2 44.7 37.2 36.9 55.7 57.9 58.7 73.4 64.3 81.0 39.9 77.2 154.5 94.2 52.6 32.0 67.2 56.1 19.3 78.7 41.3 112.6 128.5 133.2 85.4 59.8 83.7 84.8 79.4 100.9 56.0 56.9 32.6 64.3 129.4 67.3 39.5 30.5 58.5 33.8 57.7 121.0 75.6 89.3 1910 $164,663,220 5,238,461 17,775,385 39,070,998 44,226,308 13,031,507 11,873,198 11,910,031 4,656,963 6,279,709 1,131,921 649, 121 607,787 1,492,961 368,018 988,663 7,879,388 2,221,610 7,674,387 9,532,672 7,762,016 11,696,650 5,610,958 4,468,703 4,646,960 12,269,881 11,870,972 1,486,463 2,356,465 4,219,158 7,377,469 560,146 1,858,570 6,477 3,396,962 1,628,700 2,212,670 1,206,615 2,088,653 673,814 4,461,871 3,757,337 1,807,239 1,840,751 2,063,432 1,326,014 3,713,943 4,806,«42 628,436 598, 190 194,078 1,012,251 250,466 1,645,966 327,908 93,668 1,367,440 1,067,743 3,844,526 1900 $85,807,818 3,011,608 10,095,094 20,819,900 22,596,723 8,645,899 8,063,073 7,012,990 1,302,014 3,099,851 756, 153 407, 104 421, 195 1,018,119 305,047 644,050 4,310,755 1,300,853 4,483,486 5,085,921 4,222,409 0,415,033 2,685,829 2,410,714 2,274,649 6,535,464 5,720,359 477,358 850, 966 2,374,930 4,356,997 367,475 1,158,020 3,108 1,886,768 963,805 1,434,158 889,953 1,468,055 394,557 2,723,221 2,275,864 1,469,269 1,655,319 1,540,006 1,057,889 2 1,416,127 3,598,908 296,806 203,127 60,397 393,219 62,419 103,298 186,922 55,826 014,838 682,524 1,002,489 Percent of in- crease. 80.2 45.0 70.1 87.7 95.7 59.5 47.2 50.5 241.9 102.0 49.7 39.0 44.3 46.6 20.6 53.6 82.8 70.8 71.2 87.4 83.8 82.3 108.9 85.4 104.3 87.7 107.6 211.2 176.0 77.7 69.3 56.7 60.5 108.4 80.0 69.0 54.3 36.6 43.3 70.8 63.8 65.1 28.2 11.6 34.0 26.4 162.3 33.6 111.7 194.5 221.3 157.4 310.9 1,396.7 76.4 67.8 122.4 83.3 102.1 $10,373,615 1910 195,959 1,100,587 1,800,931 1,729,683 1,574,577 1,117,145 997,825 784,066 1,006,852 40,357 23,593 44,349 39,683 6,138 41,839 646,848 41,560 478, 179 275,726 230,478 487,733 446,464 300,630 221,781 517,329 584,549 3,080 31,650 152,676 218,612 13,609 01,603 790 302,623 388,937 386,683 134,622 187,242 98,468 419,379 340,619 212,921 144,226 200,049 58,188 64,261 075,327 32, 112 100, 148 20,493 308,008 46,300 104,374 123,568 48,453 120,896 160,164 729,793 $10,178,087 200, 151 1,104,581 1,897,103 1,008,512 1,004,036 1,459,835 1,053,502 492,539 631, 108 51,469 24,605 46,953 35,751 6,795 40,528 693,784 39,219 631,678 402,561 278,864 486, 164 352,469 377, 105 107,280 443,923 508,217 1,474 10,088 199,503 277,907 20,244 61,013 199 308,417 375,622 429,808 142,677 242,769 83,827 527,098 486,636 287,598 158,603 264,340 54,316 » 45, 423 749,483 8,139 64,994 5,322 195,096 20,802 00,603 111,452 20, 131 106,841 160,382 363,885 1 Totals include a small amount for the value of special classes of animals (buffaloes, deer, etc.) not Included under " domestic animals." • Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE, 313 CATTLE ON FARMS. TTnited States as a whole. — Comparisons between the censuses of 1910 and 1900 with reference to the statistics of cattle are rendered difficult, not only by the change in the date of enumeration, already men- tioned, but by changes in the definitions of the sev- eral classes of cattle which seemed necessary in view of the change in the date of enumeration.^ The tabular statement below shows the exact desig- nations of the various classes as they appeared upon the schedules for the two censuses, and the number reported in each class. The age limits, expressed in months, which correspond to the dates specified in 1910, and the limits, expressed in date of birth, which correspond to the ages specified in 1900, are also stated. For purposes of comparison it is necessary to combine all steers and bulls at both censuses. Table 8 1910 (Apkil 15). 1900 (June 1). CLASSES FOB COMPARISON Class as defined in Corre- sponding age limits. Number. Class as defined in schedule. Corresponding limits of date of birth. Number. Designation in comparative tables. Number. Nominal increase.* schedule. 1910 1900 Numljer. Per cent. Total 61, 803,86* Total 87,719,410 Total Dairy cows other cows Heifers 61,803,866 67,719,410 -5,916,544 -8.7 Over loi months. Over loj months. 3i to 15i months. Over 15J months. 3i to loi months. Under 3i months. Cowskeptformilk 2 years old and over. Cows and heifers not kept for milk 2 years old • and over. Heifers 1 and un- der 2 years. [Bulls 1 year and 1 over. 1 Steers 2 years and I over. Steers 1 and under 2 years. Calves under 1 year. Before June 1, 1898. Before June 1, 1898. June 1, 1898, to June 1, 1899. Before June 1, 1899. Before June 1, 1898. June 1, 1898, to June 1,1899. June 1, 1899, to June 1, 1900. Cows and heifers kept for milk bom before Jan. 1, 1909. Cows and heifers not kept for milk bom before Jan. 1, 1909. Heifers bom in 1909 20,625,432 12,023,682 7,293,880 ]■ 7,598,258 5,450,289 7, 806, .539 17,135,633 11,559,194 7,174,i83 1,315,132 8,266,273 6,953,113 15,315,582 20, 025, 432 12,023,682 7,295,880 13,048,547 7,806,539 17,135,633 11,559,194 7,174,483 16,534,518 15,315,582 3,489,799 464,488 121,397 -3,485,971 -7,509,043 20.4 4.0 1 7 Steers and bulls bom be- fore Jan. 1, 1909. Steers and bulls bom in 1909. Calves bom after Jan. 1, Steers and bulls. Calves -21.1 49 1910. > A minus sign (— ) With respect to the total number of cattle, the com- parability of the returns is affected only by the change in the date of enumeration from June 1 at the Twelfth Census to April 15 at the Thirteenth Census. The period of six weeks between April 15 and June 1 is, however, one in which an exceedingly large number of calves are born. There were at least as many cows to produce calves in 1910 as in 1900 (probably some- what more), so that presumably had the enumeration of 1910 been made as of June 1 there would have been at least as many calves less than 1 year old as there were in 1900, namely, 15,316,000. Much the greater part of these would have consisted of calves born between January 1 and June 1, 1910, as many more calves are born during the first five months of the year than during the last seven months, and, more- over, of those born in the later months of the year a much larger proportion would be slaughtered by June 1. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that had the 'At the census of 1900 the ages of cattle, as well as of other domestic animals, were stated in years — for example, less than 1 year old, 1 to 2 years, 2 years and over. This method of reporting prob- ably gave reasonably accurate results when the date of enu- meration was June 1, but had it been employed when the date of enumeration was April 15 the results would have been unsatis- factory. That date is in the very middle of the period when the greater number of animals are bom. Farmers of course do not keep accurate records of the ages of their animals, and many would have found it impossible to state on April 15, 1910, which animals were under or over 1 year or 2 years of age. Moreover, a clas- sification which would divide a group of animals bom during the same spring and put some in one class and some in another would obviously be unsatisfactory. It was therefore considered necessary at the census of 1910 to base the classification of age upon calendar years, calling for all animals bom after, during, or before the year 1909, respectively. This involved radical changes in the age limits of some of the groups, as compared with those employed in 1900. denotes decrease. enumeration of 1910 been made as of June 1, there would have been twelve or thirteen million calves reported as bom during 1910, or five or six million more than were actually reported on April 15 as born during that year (7,807,000). On the other hand, a certain number — probably one or two million — of the older cattle would have been slaughtered or otherwise eliminated between April 15 and June 1, so that the net addition to the total number of cattle on June 1 would have been perhaps four or five million. Instead, therefore, of a decrease in the total number of cattle from 67,719,000 on June 1, 1900, to 61,804,000 on April 15, 1910 (a decrease of 5,916,000, or 8.7 per cent), there would probably have been a decrease of not more than three million, and possibly not over one million, had the enumeration of 1910 been made as of June 1. Even a comparatively small decrease in the number of cattle, however, is significant when considered in connection with the increase of 21 per cent in population during the decade. The number of dairy cows reported in 1910 was 20,625,000, and the number reported in 1900 was 17,136,000, so that there was a nominal increase of 20.4 per cent. The number of dairy cows, however, as reported at the census of 1910, includes all born prior to January 1, 1909, or, in other words, all over 15^ months old, while the class in 1900 included only those 2 years of age or over. It would be necessary, in order to make the 1910 figures exactly comparable with the 1900 figures, first, to subtract from the number of cows reported on April 15, 1910, the number of those cows which were born between June 1, 1908, and January 1, 1909, since these would have been counted as heif- 314 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. ers if the age classification had been, the same as at the census of 1900; and, second, to subtract also the num- ber of such cows slaughtered or otherwise eliminated between April 15 and June 1, 1910. Neither of these deductions would be large, and it is certain that, after making all necessary allowances, there was a very- considerable increase in the number of dairy cows. Cows and heifers not kept for milk increased nomi- nally by 4 per cent during the decade, but in the absence of any change in the date of enumeration or the method of classification, some little decrease would possibly have appeared in this group. The number of animals classed as steers and bulls declined from 16,535,000 in 1900 to 13,049,000 in 1910, or 21.1 per cent, and had there been no change in the date of enumeration or method of classification the decline would have been even greater. The number of heifers at the two censuses is approxi- mately comparable, since in each case it includes the animals born during a 12-month period. This class shows very little change in numbers between the two censuses. Taken as a whole, the census returns show that the dairy industry is increasing in importance, while the business of raising cattle for slaughter is declining. Table 9 shows, for 1910 and 1900, the value of the principal classes of cattle, as well as the number of farms reporting each class in 1910. There was a very considerable increase in the total value of dairy cows, but a decrease in the value of all the other classes shown in the table. Table 9 1910— Number Value Average value.. Farms report'g.. Per cent of all farms , 1900— Number . .. Value Average value.. All cattle (including calves). 161,803,866 » $1,499,523,607 24.26 5,284,916 83.1 67,719,410 $1,475,204,633 $21. 78 Dairy cows. 20, 625, 432 $706,236,307 $34.24 5,140,869 80.8 17, 135, 633 $508,616,501 $29.68 Other cows. 12,02.3,682 $269, 160, 193 $22. 39 1,444,733 22.7 11,559,194 $271,302,682 $23. 47 Heifers. 7,295, $103,194,026 $14. 14 2,374,507 37.3 7,174,483 $121,528,076 $16.94 Steers and bulls. 13,048,547 $347,901,174 $26.66 16,534,518 $436, 467, .373 $26.40 1 Includes 1,003,786 uncla-ssifled cattle, valued at $21,031,774. Divisions and states. — Table 14 (pages 316 and 317) shows, for each geographic division and each state, the number and value of the several classes of cattle on farms at the last two censuses. Table 10 below shows the percentage distribution of each class among the divisions and. sections, and also the average number of all cattle (excluding calves) and of dairy cows per 1 ,000 acres of land in farms and of improved farm land. The distribution of calves is not shown, because the difference in climate so affects the relative number of calves born before April 15 in the different divisions that such a distribution would not represent normal conditions. Table lO PER CENT OF TOTAI NUMBER IN THE tJNITED STATES. AVERAGE NUMBER PER 1,000 ACRES OF ALL LAND IN FARMS. AVERAGE NUMBER PEE 1,000 ACRES OF IM- PROVED LAND 2f FARMS. DrViaiON OB SECTION. AU cattle. AU cattle (excluding calves). Dairy COWS. other COWS. Heifers. steers and bulls. All cattle (excluding calves). Dairy COWS. AU cattle (excluding calves). 1 Dairy COWS. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 TTnited States New England 100.0 2.2 6.8 15.9 28.6 7.8 6.4 17.3 9.8 5.2 100.0 2.4 7.0 15.6 29.7 6.5 5.4 21.0 8.7 3.8 100.0 2.2 6.5 15.5 28.4 7.9 6.4 17.5 10.4 6.2 100.0 2.5 7.2 15.1 29.4 6.7 5.2 21.2 9.1 3.7 100.0 4.1 12.6 23.4 25.8 8.8 7.9 10.9 2.5 4.0 100.0 5.2 15.2 23.1 26.4 8.1 7.4 9.5 1.9 3.1 100.0 0.8 2.1 7.0 23.8 7.6 4.2 25.8 21.6 7.1 100.0 0.6 1.3 4.5 23.9 5.6 2.3 37.6 19.5 4.7 100.0 1.9 5.8 17.5 30.1 7.5 7.3 15.9 9.2 4.8 100.0 2.9 8.1 16.4 29.9 6.0 5.2 18.8 8.8 3.8 100.0 0.7 2.0 10.9 37.6 6.7 6.0 19.4 11.6 5.2 100.0 0.9 2.6 13.5 36.2 6.2 5.0 22.7 9.4 3.5 61 59 82 71 66 41 42 56 95 55 63 64 84 68 77 34 34 63 103 41 23 43 60 41 23 17 20 13 9 16 20 43 58 34 23 13 16 9 7 11 113 161 120 94 93 88 79 162 354 127 126 162 122 91 114 76 68 279 567 103 43 116 89 54 32 37 37 39 32 38 41 110 Middle Atlantic 85 East North Central West North Central Pnnth Atlant.ifi. . , . 46 33 30 East South Central West South Central Mountain 31 41 39 Pacific 29 The North 53.5 31.6 15.0 54.6 32.9 12.5 52.6 31.8 15.6 54.2 33.0 12.8 65.9 27.6 6.5 70.0 25.0 5.1 33.7 37.6 28.7 30.3 45.5 24.2 55.3 30.7 14.0 57.4 30.0 12.6 51.1 32.1 16.8 53.1 34.0 12.9 69 48 76 74 48 71 33 16 12 31 12 9 98 114 222 109 137 247 47 38 35 46 The South 34 The West 32 East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 39.1 60.9 36.9 63.1 38.5 61.5 36.6 63.4 50.8 43.2 59.0 41.0 21.7 78.3 14.3 85.7 40.0 60.0 38.7 61.3 26.2 73.8 28.2 71.8 57 65 62 71 32 17 28 15 95 128 91 164 54 34 48 35 The West North Central division ranked first in number of all cattle (excluding calves) in 1910, with 28.4 per cent of the total number, followed by the West South Central, with 17.5 per cent, and the East North Central, with 15.5 per cent. The distribution of dairy cows was somewhat differ- ent from that of the other classes of cattle. The West North Central division ranked first, reporting 25.8 per cent of the total number in 1910, but was very closely followed by the East North Central. The Middle Atlantic and West South Central divisions ranked third and fourth. In the North were found 52.6 per cent of the total number of cattle (excluding calves) in 1910, and 65.9 per cent of the dairy cows; in the South, 31.8 per cent and 27.6 per cent, respectively; and in the West, 15.6 per cent of the total number of cattle (excluding calves), but only 6.5 per cent of the dairy cows. The average number of all cattle (excluding calves) per 1,000 acres of land in farms was highest in the Mountain division, 95, the Middle Atlantic division following closely, with 82, while the South Atlantic division shows the lowest average, 41. This average is exaggerated in the Mountain division, where con- siderable tracts used for grazing are not reported as in farms. The divisions ranked very differently, how- ever, with respect to the average number of dairy cows per 1,000 acres. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 315 The following statement, based on Table 14, shows the increase or decrease in the number of each class of cattle between June 1, 1900, and April 15, 1910. The figures of the two censuses for all cattle (excluding calves) are somewhat more nearly comparable than those for all cattle, but are not exactly comparable, the figures for 1910 being relatively somewhat too liigh (see below). Table 11 INCREASE IN NTJMBEK, JUNE 1, 1900, TO APBIL 15, 1910.1 DIVISION OK SECTION. AU cattle. All cattle (excluding calves). Dairy cows. other cows. Heifers. Calves. Steers and bulls. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. United States.... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central — West South Central... -6,915,644 -270,065 -500, 699 -713,217 -2,441,385 407,571 274,005 -3,481,130 144,826 664,550 -8.7 -16.8 -10.6 -6.8 -12.2 9.2 7.5 -24.5 2.4 26.2 1,693,499 -148,016 -234,470 482, 170 -96,683 773,811 730,249 -1,645,548 865,778 866,208 3.0 -11.2 -6.2 6.1 -0.6 22.2 26.7 -14.8 18.2 44.7 3,489,799 -51, 780 -5, 136 867,046 799,803 427,435 363,779 614,599 184,862 289, 191 20.4 -5.S -0.2 21.9 17.7 30.9 28.8 37.6 56.1 5.3.9 464,488 34,940 97,327 317,991 99,197 268,026 242,740 -1,245,669 343,352 306,584 4.0 52.4 62.7 61.2 3.6 41.7 92.1 -28.6 15.3 56.2 121,397 -69.366 -164,030 99,301 48,477 112,657 160, 718 -189, 105 40,198 82,547 1.7 -a3.2 -28.1 8.4 2.3 26.0 43.2 -14.0 6.4 30.5 -7,509,043 -122,049 -266,229 -1,195,387 -2,344,702 -366, 240 -456, 244 -1,83.=), 582 -720,952 -201,658 -49.0 -42.1 -27.5 -45.2 -50.2 -38.9 -48.6 -59.0 -62.5 -33.4 -3,485,971 -01,810 -162,631 -802, 168 -1,079,305 -163,661 -47,420 -1,224,413 -42,751 98,188 -21.1 -41.9 -38.5 -36.0 -18.0 -15.9 -5.7 -32.6 -2.8 16.8 The North -3,92.5,366 -2,799,554 809,376 -10.6 -12.6 9.6 3,001 -141,488 1,731,986 • (') -0.8 25.9 1,609,933 1,405,813 474,053 13.4 32.8 54.7 549,455 -734,903 649,936 15.7 -14.0 23.2 -85,618 84,270 122,745 -2.1 3.9 13.6 -3,928,367 -2,658,066 -922,610 -45.8 -53.3 -58.5 -2,105,914 -1,435,494 55,437 -24.0 The South -25.5 The West 2.6 East of the Mississippi. West of the Mississippi. -802,405 -5, 113, 139 -3.2 -12.0 1,603,744 -10,245 8.4 (') 1,601,344 1,888,456 15.8 26.9 961,024 -496,536 58.3 -5.0 139,280 -17,883 5.0 -0.4 -2,406,149 -5,102,894 -41.6 -53.5 -1,237,690 -2,248,281 -26.6 -18.9 1 X minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease. The total number of cattle (excluding calves) in- creased in the East North Central, South Atlantic, East South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions, but decreased in the other four divisions. Table 12 ATXBA.OE VALUX FEB BEAD. DIVISION. All cattle. AU cat- tle (ex- cluding calves). Dairy cows. other cows. Heifers. Calves. Steers and buUs. TTnlted Stotei: 1910 $24.26 21.78 126. 81 25.53 $34.24 29.68 $22.39 23.47 $14. 14 16.94 $6.66 8.96 $26.66 1900 26.40 New England: 1910 31.60 24.21 32.77 23.87 27.70 23.23 25.48 25.30 18.50 14.97 19.13 16.97 18.96 17.68 24.13 22.56 25.76 22.54 35.29 28.04 37.96 28.28 31.28 28.21 28.32 29.69 20.22 17.52 21.02 20.58 20.65 20.20 25.35 25.35 28.44 26.87 39.60 31.52 43.25 32.15 37.12 31.35 33.25 31.64 26.39 21.97 26.97 24.19 26.30 23.03 39.69 35.77 39.81 35.22 33.37 23.63 25.53 24.80 26.66 29.41 26.81 29.68 13.32 11.42 15.60 17.70 18.61 19.96 23.89 24.72 25.17 25.73 15.03 14.82 16.83 16.97 15.78 18.28 14.94 19.97 10.31 10.62 10.06 12.70 11.70 13.95 16.36 18.51 15.66 18.01 5.98 6.82 6.66 6.74 7.00 8.30 6.72 10.78 5.74 5.51 5.61 6.47 6.43 8.71 8.30 11.04 7.06 8.66 40.02 1900 27.72 Middle Atlantic: 1910 31.25 1900 22.74 East North Central: 1910 28.11 1900 27.62 West North Central: 1910 29.82 1900 31.71 South Atlantic: 1910 22.16 1900 18.23 East South Central: 1910 19.74 1900 19.53 West South Central: 1910 22.12 1900 Mountain: 1910 21.48 27.41 1900 26.83 Pacific: 1910 26.43 1900 24.36 « Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The number of dairy cows increased in all of the divisions except the New England and Middle Atlantic. There was a decrease in steers and bulls in every division except the Pacific, but, on the other hand, cows not kept for dairy purposes increased in every division except the West South Central, and heifers increased in all but three of the divisions. Table 12 shows the average value of each class of cattle in 1910 and 1900. The average value of all cattle on farms and ranges was $24.26 in 1910, as compared with $21.78 in 1900. Had the census of 1910 been taken as of June 1, how- ever, after more spring calves had been bom, the average value of the cattle reported would have been somewhat lower than on April 15. The changes in the average value of most of the specified classes of cattle appear to be due mainly to changes in the age limits. The average value of dairy cows, however, increased from $29.68 to $34.24, though the minimum age limit was somewhat lower in 1910 than in 1900. Table 13, below, gives the number of aU cattle on farms (excluding calves) and the number of dairy cows, by geographic divisions, for the censuses of 1910, 1900, 1890, and 1880. The data for each census except that of 1910 were collected as of the same date and on the same basis of classification. Table 13 ALL CATTLE (EXCLUDING CALVES). DAIRY COWS. DIVISION. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1910 1900 1890 1880 United States 63,997,327 1,168,528 3,530,602 8,369,644 15,325,303 4,264,112 3,460,270 9,447,815 5, 627, 878 2, 803, 175 52,403,828 1,316,544 3,765,072 7,887,474 15,421,986 3,490,301 2,730,021 11,093,363 4, 762, 100 1,936,967 157,848,792 1,411,852 4,049,872 9,033,132 115,568,301 3,890,107 3,822,184 110,677,962 I 6, 811, 182 12,384,200 139,675,533 1,503,452 4,293,844 7, 629, 040 1 8, 205, 181 13,951,728 3,095,993 16,619,740 12,765,312 1 1,611,243 20,625,432 841,698 2, 597, 652 4, 829, 527 5,327,606 1,810,754 1,628,061 2,249,553 514,466 826,115 17,135,633 893, 478 2,602,788 3,962,481 4,527,803 1,383,319 1,264,282 1,634,954 329,604 536,924 16,511,950 822,001 2,529,060 3,752,237 4,488,762 1,369,466 1,312,074 1,517,583 218,689 502,078 12,443,120 746, 656 Middle Atlantic 2,444,089 East North Central 2,990,852 West North Central 2,411,229 1,280,761 East South Central 1,145,403 West South Central 1,002,037 124,844 Pacific.. 297,249 1 Includes estimated number of cattle on public ranges. 316 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. CATTLE ON FARMS— NUMBER AND VALUE, BY AGE AND [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change in classification.] Table 14 DIVISION OE STATE. XTnlted states.. Geographic div.: New England.. . Middle Atlantic. E. North Central. W. North Central South Atlantic . . E. South Central W. South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts... Bhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York , New Jersey Pennsylvania E. North Central: Ohio , Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota , Iowa Missouri North Dakota. . . South Dakota... Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist.of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia. .. North Carolina . . South Carolina. . Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Te.xas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ALL cattle. Number. 1910 161, 803, 866 1,336,550 4,232,521 9,819,097 117,647,714 » 4,839,321 > 3, 942, 526 > 10,721,012 16,060,725 13,204,400 256,523 167,831 430,314 252,416 34,148 195,318 2,423,003 222,999 1,586,519 1,837,607 1,363,016 2,440,577 1,497,823 2,680,074 2,347,435 4,448,006 2,561,482 743,762 11,635,276 12,932,350 13,079,403 54,986 287,751 982 1859,067 620,288 1 700,861 1389,882 11,080,316 1845,188 1,000,937 1996,529 1932,428 11,012,632 11,028,071 1 804, 795 11,953,560 16,934,586 1 943, 147 1 453,807 1767,427 11,127,737 11,081,663 1824,929 1412,334 1 449,681 1 402, 120 1725,255 12,077,025 1900 67,719,410 1,606,615 4,733,220 10,532,314 20,089,099 4,431,750 3,668,521 14, 202, 142 5,915,899 2,539,850 338,847 226,792 501, 940 285,944 36,034 217,058 2,596,389 239,984 1,896,847 2,053,313 1,684,478 3,104,010 1,370,408 2,314,105 1,871,325 5,367,630 2,978,589 657,434 1,546,800 3,176,243 4,491,078 54,180 292,646 1,462 825,512 639,782 624,518 342,898 899,491 751,261 1,083,248 912,183 799,734 873,356 894,535 670,295 2 3,209,116 9,428,196 968,387 363,534 687,284 1,433,318 991,859 742,635 343,690 385, 192 394,923 700,303 1,444,624 Value. 1910 i$l,499,523,607 $1,475,204,633 1900 42,240,849 138,685,253 271,944,120 1449,654,307 189,539,532 •75,401,279 1203,239,500 1146,269,549 182,549,218 7,784,384 5,240,122 11,828,892 9,348,076 1,309,088 6,730,287 83,062,242 8,393,117 47,229,894 51,403,341 39,110,492 73,454,745 40,500,318 67,475,224 50,306,372 118,864,139 72,883,664 17,711,398 136,257,234 173,074,057 180,557,443 1,648,333 7,869,526 75,305 121,124,071 15,860,764 112,550,054 17,088,259 114,060,958 19,262,262 25,971,571 120,690,718 113,469,626 115,269,364 115,460,666 111,605,354 143,187,601 1 132,985,879 127,474,122 111,330,639 122,697,387 131,017,303 120,409,965 114,624,708 18,948,702 •9,766,723 •12,193,465 117,570,685 152,785,068 12 901,949 997,472 710,351 193,536 321,262 253, 269 117,313 449,400 260,081 585,545 546,630 528,795 130, 917 165,797 944,265 735, 174 199, 107 063,191 560,246 964,524 170,907 165,256 849,418 248,958 518,902 656,807 810,637 847,933 469,498 640,801 340,885 853,121 54,471 838,847 058,427 667,950 334,714 828,498 344,349 987,741 401,051 793,556 070,921 885,627 580,996 421,786 228,904 362,016 389,954 393,191 532,738 977,931 367,466 152,844 273,260 440,038 164,897 655, 146 DAIRY cows. Number. 1910 20,625,432 841,698 2,597,652 4,829,527 5,327,606 1,810,754 1,628,061 2,249,553 514,466 826, 115 156,819 101,278 265,483 171, 936 23,329 122,853 1,509,594 154,418 933,640 905,125 633,591 1,050,223 767,083 1,473,505 1,085,388 1,406,792 856, 430 259, 173 369,764 613,952 736,107 35,708 166,859 857 356,284 239,539 308,914 180,842 405,710 116,041 409,834 397, 104 391,536 429,587 425,793 279,097 530,796 1,013,867 77,527 86,299 32,699 144, 734 51,451 28,862 75,810 17,084 186,233 172,550 467,332 1900 17,135,633 893,478 2,602,788 3,962,481 4,527,803 1,383,319 1,264,282 1,634,954 329,604 536,924 173,592 115,036 270,194 184,562 23,660 126,434 1,501,608 157,407 943,773 818, 239 574,276 1,007,664 563,905 998,397 753,632 1,423,648 765,386 125,503 270,634 512,544 676,456 32,591 147,284 1,251 281,876 205,601 233, 178 126,684 276,024 78,830 364,025 321,676 279,263 299,318 312,577 184,815 2 276,5.39 861,023 45,036 51,929 18,272 100,116 16,775 17,965 65,905 13,606 107,232 122,447 307,245 Value. 1910 $706,236,307 33,333,262 112,358,529 179,274,884 177,116,353 47,779,085 43,901,866 59,165,583 20,418,519 32,888,226 5,874,228 3,916,441 9,527,660 7,815,701 1,089,074 ' 5, 110, 158 69,110,608 7,141,572 36,106,349 33,963,472 23,898,428 41,189,997 29,312,252 60,910,735 33,276,653 48,651,418 30,620,097 8,738,468 11,502,951 20,029,378 24,297,388 1,315,266 5,580,210 68,535 10,285,422 7,563,400 7,839,055 4,719,950 8,386,700 2,020,547 13,728,018 11,999,755 8,569,538 9,606,555 9,522,368 5,912,779 16,072,908 27,657,528 3,407,090 3,434,134 1,387,273 5,961,316 1,706,201 1,273,076 2,586,544 662,885 7,988,133 6,302,765 18,597,328 1900 $508,616,501 28,162,946 83,676,301 124,214,431 143,239,750 30,396,379 30,576,691 37,651,230 11,790,181 18,908,592 5,060,048 3,615,354 7,740,908 6,546,954 937, 137 4,262,545 48,694,512 5,840,228 29,141,561 24,725,382 18,285,504 34,279,218 17,281,805 29,642,522 21,513,337 46,349,012 23,514,794 4,078,546 8,400,818 17,192,120 22,191,123 993,972 4,339,777 50,399 6,641,677 5,694,302 4,426,709 2,541,723 4,658,971 1,048,849 10,518,031 8,137,474 5,512,940 6,408,246 6,349,801 3,607,033 2 7,699,069 19,995,327 1,886,580 1,797,122 720,693 3,797,997 510,048 577,693 2,037,367 462,681 4,076,189 4,093,333 10,739,070 other cows. Number. 1910 12,023,682 101,559 252,577 837,880 2,865,372 910, 106 506,234 3,103,235 2,594,190 852,529 1900 11,559,194 17,975 16,175 27,612 20,100 2,524 17,173 138,461 14,896 99,220 142,261 133,709 281,957 106,801 173, 152 218,948 614,930 306,681 119,510 341,959 705,191 558,153 3,497 18,816 87,697 63,740 106,553 65,319 245,303 319, 181 101,232 119,718 146,354 138,930 146,199 183,550 304, 165 2,469,321 372,798 148.907 307, 189 405,884 579,601 384,091 185,174 210,546 58,140 217,480 576,909 66,619 155,250 519,889 2,766,175 642,080 263,494 4,348,904 2,250,838 545,945 Value. 1910 $269,160,193 12,483 13, 102 21,715 9,946 1,379 7,994 98,466 7,977 48,807 87,040 88,619 228,931 46,205 69,094 68,665 461,031 324,198 108,146 270,285 674,025 850,925 1,866 9,490 38 40,735 36,870 61,082 42,235 164,052 285,712 51,745 49,660 76,560 85,629 79,667 124, 769 2 774,698 3,369,880 311,513 100,606 244,8.59 483,039 502,865 357, 719 96,849 153,388 58.395 183,100 304,450 2,373,332 6,447,442 22,341,550 76,808,285 12,122,883 7,897,542 67,740,079 61,970,884 21,458,196 393,705 372,250 586,806 512,381 66,703 441,487 3,739,506 423,250 2,284,686 3,671,000 3,720,123 8,436,327 2,679,663 3,934,437 4,616,179 17,715,974 8,692,733 3,256,904 9,232,917 18,585,1.79 14,708,399 78,966 413,661 1,789,833 1,544,213 1,455,032 954,236 2,496,331 3,390,621 2,289,579 2,097,049 1,691,238 1,819,676 2,077,157 2,650,249 6,489,690 46,522,983 11,259,752 3,713,295 9,410,305 11,083,972 10,924.867 6,742,626 4,017,265 4,818,802 1,530,758 5,129,426 14,798,012 1 Includes unclassified animals. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. SEX GROUPS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change in classification.] 317 11 12 13 14 1.5 '16 17 18 .19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Table 14— Continued. DIVISION OR STATE. ITnited States Geogkaphic divlsions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central W«st North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas , Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Tacific: Washington Oregon California YEARLINO HEIFERS. Number. 1810 7,295,880 208,858 584,076 1,179,729 2,145,502 433,240 372,097 1,349,229 630,722 271,030 27,346 17,932 45,921 24,587 2,939 20,767 234,728 17,625 167,693 235,392 180,545 306,969 205,000 351,124 323,948 564,219 306,951 104,203 194,580 303,661 336,417 5,260 27,226 50 94,709 75,603 88,187 51,928 126,554 76,480 125,791 132,649 131, 179 143, 196 137,849 102,995 202,337 716,943 100,784 53,727 83,896 114,815 121,018 93,113 50,126 53, 441 51,995 83,102 218,480 1900 7,174,483 $103, 194, 026 S121, 528, 076 45,877 29,574 68,664 34,452 3,815 26,476 335,844 23,609 224,623 217,571 183,193 332,472 161,174 285,319 211,162 592,076 312,749 69,338 167,607 345,275 447,296 6,373 28,930 76 71,952 60,268 68,732 33,879 93,585 70,445 104,861 94,224 83,027 89,985 103,555 66,076 s 224, 763 954,835 97,899 40,398 67,888 151,627 114,045 73,437 40,461 44,967 44,113 78,628 148,289 Value. 1910 2,095,920 7,069,138 20,183,222 32,779,162 5,626,390 5,358,607 13,507,986 10,976,173 5,638,428 386,897 266,545 626,616 420,164 51,315 344,484 4,186,454 334,080 2,548,604 3,784,857 3,119,858 5,346,736 3,034,174 4,897,597 3,842,647 8,714,358 6,198,647 1,660,721 2,845,771 5,536,493 5,090,626 85,928 407,692 1,742 1,232,807 1, 123, 158 775,949 464,482 893,207 651,425 1,853,379 1,536,217 873,968 1,095,043 1,211,494 877,642 2,650,755 8,828,095 1,965,734 851,588 1,658,749 2,054,943 1,682,450 1,287,024 685,560 789, 125 844,480 1,245,353 3,448,595 3,094,829 9,327,584 21,567,308 42,836,754 4,600,636 4,726,849 18,819,545 11,672,879 4,881,693 621,354 462,468 889,081 687,080 73,276 461,570 6,161,703 470,484 3,705,397 3,969,411 3,660,138 0,735,360 2,686,813 4,626,586 3,299,866 12,242,609 6,040,689 1,379,618 3,347,421 7,413,817 9,112,935 91,933 495,742 1,367 1,029,067 990,666 561,321 291,705 680,407 458,458 1,880,432 1,243,158 703,459 899,800 1,064,074 620,250 2 3,661,837 13,473,384 2,002,199 762,889 1,549,469 3,156,858 1,766,334 961,818 681,040 792,272 805,326 1,380,105 2,696,263 Number. 1910 7,806,539 168,022 701,919 1,449,453 2,322,411 575,209 482,256 1,273,197 432,847 401,225 31,901 18,603 67,673 26,571 3,773 20,601 438,329 27,934 235,666 256,682 184, 163 824,079 236,050 449,489 373,537 669,003 296,475 130,683 205,607 364,968 382,248 7,153 39,064 62 83,926 69,518 89,066 48,291 153,886 94,253 102,493 114, 187 115,487 150,089 169,240 120,461 261, 194 722,302 82,626 49,289 45,987 86,201 49,381 57,887 33,042 28,434 57,188 76,238 267,799 1900 Value. 1910 1900 15, 315, 582 $52, 000, 133 S137, 290, 001 290,071 968,148 2,644,840 4,667,113 941, 449 938,500 3,108,779 1,153,799 602,883 61,794 40,434 101,584 43,621 6,338 37,300 507,140 39,685 421,323 494,684 428,109 723,322 376,482 623,343 565,994 1,290,279 633,317 166,420 343, 141 754,600 023,462 0,363 65,465 69 162,053 134, 107 142,686 87,734 211,579 138,393 250,502 236,000 213,397 238,601 254, 473 169,825 2 536,220 2,148,261 187,533 86,398 126,770 269,154 188,762 135, 181 78,940 81,061 105, 130 168,323 329,430 1,005,314 4,676,025 10,143,006 15,605,540 3,303,304 2,654,890 8,183,618 3,593,978 2,834,468 229,739 123,908 326,718 167,200 23,441 134,308 2,785,121 217,613 1,673,291 1,919,714 1,626,445 2,476,016 1,544,681 2,677,251 1,952,281 3,836,951 2,608,087 876,807 1,352,522 2,439,504 2,640,408 72,031 335,659 1,366 633,193 422,136 398,094 225,057 661,368 554,400 812,882 698,481 454, 175 689,352 822, 170 622,073 1,690,424 5,048,951 793, 113 373,546 472,620 710,698 387, 193 406,341 235,357 215, 110 421,618 529,317 1,883,523 1,979,525 6,526,958 22,178,540 50,322,843 5,183,657 6,071,611 27,068,181 12,736,954 5,221,732 411,104 305,896 666, i30 357,542 46,537 293,317 3,144,954 349,937 3,032,067 4,186,576 4,197,697 7,195,897 2,490,467 4,107,904 4,254,414 14,413,586 6,943,267 1,540,116 3,782,871 8,757,661 10,630,929 83,940 463,971 605 1,273,728 1,102,228 549,844 361, 454 770,968 586,919 2,480,227 1,606,949 826,805 1,157,630 1,418,961 817,872 2 5,302,544 19,528,804 2,229,419 883,908 1,788,934 3,130,465 1,989,648 1, 138, 178 729,551 851,851 889,058 1,536,473 2,796,201 STEERS AND BULLS. Number. 1910 13,048,547 85,779 260,327 1,423,207 4,903,201 868,001 782,728 2, .535, 863 1,508,185 681,256 22,482 13,843 23,725 10,222 1,583 13,924 101,891 8,126 150,310 299,147 231,018 477,349 182,889 232,804 345,614 1,293,062 794,945 130, 193 410,255 880,459 1,048,673 3,368 35,786 23 233,894 181,988 107,646 42, 461 140,928 121,907 261,587 231,542 141,092 148,507 146. 128 103,433 619,676 1,666,626 260,700 85,379 254,530 355, 242 191,387 178. 129 61, 135 121,683 44,831 150,713 485,712 1900 16,534,518 147,589 422,958 2,225,375 5,982,506 1,031,662 830,148 3,760,276 1,550,936 583,068 45, 101 28,646 39,783 13,363 1,842 18,854 153,331 11,306 258,321 435,879 410,281 811,621 229,642 337,952 271,972 1,600,696 942,939 198,027 495, 133 889,899 1,583,940 4,987 51,477 28 268,896 202,936 118,840 52,366 154,251 177,881 312,115 210,723 147, 487 169,823 144,373 124,810 21,396,896 2,094,197 326,406 84,203 229, 495 429,382 169,412 158,333 61,535 92, 170 80,053 147,805 355,210 Value. 1910 $347,901,174 899,815 560,978 761, 193 432,630 78,555 699,850 3,240,553 276,602 4,616,964 8,064,298 6,846,638 16,005,670 4,029,648 6,065,204 6,618>632 39,945,438 25,864,100 3,289,498 11,014,703 26,357,920 33,110,415 96, 152 1,132,304 3,662 7,075,166 5,207,867 2,074,684 721,644 1,529,790 1,394,869 7,289,713 4,329,771 1,806,707 2,027,629 1,787,440 1,330,514 15,236,066 37,741,205 8,401,168 2,210,866 8,567,389 10,643,645 4,068,904 3,357,651 1,263,869 2,824,427 1,286,846 3,891,260 12,830,672 1900 $436,467,373 4,090,676 9,616,937 61,458,845 189,701,439 18,810,730 16,213,508 80, 756, 669 41,615,008 14,203,561 1,221,022 . 843,827 859,802 377,251 71,844 716,930 3,350,767 303,275 6,962,905 11,341,806 12,044,081 26,722,047 4,509,278 6,841,633 5,491,668 65,198,471 29,906,040 5,387,354 14,324,949 28,553,180 50,839,787 124,613 1,346,190 1,160 7,085,640 5,374,963 1,454,347 611,699 1,248,017 1,565,201 8,749,627 3,451,943 1,753,241 2,258,697 1,768,028 1,607,317 2 33,811,561 43,569,763 9,972,841 2, 180, 182 7,402,798 11,639,675 3,857,877 2,792,813 1,352,033 2,416,789 1,946,963 3,595,879 8,660,719 2 Includes Indian Territory. 318 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. ALL CATTLE ON FARMS. NUMBER, BY STATES: APRIL 15, 1910. 200,000 cattle. 150,000 to 200,000 cattle. 100,000 to 150,000 cattle, 50,000 to 100,000 cattle. Less than 50,000 cattle. 1-/- i O • • • i •OKLA.41 'v!^ • • 9 ® • • • • • • TEXAS • m ,—^ • • • • \ • • o The heavy lines («■) show geographic divisions. N^ DAK. •, 9 « J MINN, f^^^ • •• iWl?*** S. DAK. ; ^^ XjB WIS. • • • o I ^ ^.Jai* • • • NEBR.# \ •©JLJL /^* L« • • 3 V i«'Li..« A KANS. A ' '^'^- • • •,• • • ! • • •^ 9 ."^^^ 9 DAIRY COWS ON FARMS. NTOIBER, BY STATES: APRIL 15, 1910. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 319 HORSES, MULES, AND ASSES AND BURROS ON FARMS. United States as a whole. — The draft animals on farms in the United States consist mainly of horses and mules, comparatively few oxen being used. The age classification of horses and mules used in 1910 differed from that employed m 1900 in the same way as in the case of cattle, and the change in the date of enumeration also affects the returns. The data are, however, somewhat more nearly comparable than those for cattle, because a much larger proportion of horses and mules are of mature age. The following statement shows the definitions of the classes at each census and the number reported for the United States as a whole in each class, and also the totals for asses and burros: Table 15 1910 (Apeil 15). 1900 (June 1). nominal inceease.i Class as defined in schedule. Corresponding age Number. Class as defined in schedule. Corresponding limits of date of birth. Number. Number. *Per cent. 24,148,580 Hones, moles, and asses and burros. 21,625,800 2,522,780 11.7 All horses 19,833,113 18,267,020 1,566,093 8.6 Over 15J months 3i to liii months. Under 3i months. Horses 2 years old and over Before June 1, 1898 June 1,1898, to June 1, 1899. After June 1, 1S99 Bom before Jan. 1, 1909 17,430,418 1,731,982 612,775 15,505,966 1,440,225 1,314,829 1,924,452 285,757 —702,054 12.4 Colts born in 1909 Horses 1 and under 2 years 19 8 Colts born after Jan. 1, 1910 53 4 All mules 4,209,769 3,264,615 945,154 29 Over 15i months. 3i to 15} months . Under 3| months. Mules 2 years old and over Before^une 1, 1898 June 1,1898, to June 1, 1899. After June 1, 1899 Born before Jan. 1, 1909 3,787,316 313,196 109,257 2,753,486 279,501 231,628 1,033,830 33,695 -122,371 37 5 Colts born In 1909 Mules 1 and under 2 years 12 1 Colts born after Jan. 1, 1910 Colts under 1 year — 52 8 Asaes and bnrros (all ages) 105,098 94,165 11,633 12.2 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. The total number of horses reported as on farms on April 15, 1910, was 19,833,000, as compared with 18,267,000 on June 1, 1900, an increase of 1,566,000, or 8.6 per cent. The numbers of mules at the same dates were 4,210,000 and 3,265,000, respectively, show- ing an increase of 945,000, or 29 per cent. Had the enumeration of 1910 been made as of June 1, however, the increase in both classes would have been somewhat greater on account of the addition of colts bom between April 15 and June 1. The number of horse colts under 1 year of age reported on June 1, 1900, was 1,315,000. Assuming that the rate of increase during the decade in the number of young colts was about the same as the rate for yearlings (about 20 per cent, which, it should be noted, is a greater relative increase than that in older horses) there would have been on June 1, 1910, nearly 1,600,000 horse colts under 1 year of age. Of these; however, a comparatively small number would have been bom between June 1, 1909, and January 1, 1910, and would already be included in the returns for the class of "colts bom in 1909." After de- ducting these there would have remained on June 1, 1910, perhaps between twelve and fourteen hundred thousand colts born after January 1, 1910, or from six to eight hundred thousand more than were re- ported on April 15, 1910 (613,000). Since a certain number of older horses living on April 15, 1910, would have died before June 1 , the addition to the total num- ber of horses of all ages which would have resulted from an enumeration on June 1 would have been perhaps 200,000 less than this addition to the number of colts. Similar calculations in the case of mules indicate the probabiUty that had the enumeration of 1910 been taken as of June 1, there would have been in the neighborhood of 100,000 more mules than were reported for April 15. With respect to animals of the oldest age group, which may be roughly designated as "mature horses" and "mature mules," the fact that the minimum age limit for the group in 1910 (15^ months) was lower than in 1900 (2 years) results in throwing some animals into this group at the later census which would have been classed as "yearlings" in 1900. Even after de- ducting these, however, and allowing for animals dying between April 15 and June 1, the increase in mature animals during the decade would doubtless be nearly as great as indicated by the figures of the above table. The actual increase would probably be in the neighborhood of 10 or 11 per cent for mature horses and at least 30 per cent for mature mules. There should be fairly close comparability with Re- spect to the older group of colts, which may for convenience be roughly designated by the term "yearlings." The returns for this group at each census represent animals born during a period of 12 months. A considerable increase occurred during the decade in this group in the case of both horses and mules. The number of horses reported in 1910 was about four and three-fourths times as great as the number of mules, whereas in 1900 there were about five and one- half times as many horses as mules. Table 16 shows statistics with regard to the value of horses, mules, and asses and burros in the United States as a whole, and the number and percentage of farms reporting these animals. 320 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Table 16 1910— Number Value Average value Farms reporting Per cent of all farma . All horses, mules, and asses and boiros. 24,148,580 $2,622,180,170 $108.69 1900— Number \ 21.625,800; Value I$l . 098,546, 464 Average value $50. 80 Farms reporting Per cent of all farms Horses. 19,833,113 $2,083,588,195 $105.06 4,692,814 73.8 18,267,020 $896,513,217 $49. "" 4,630.628 79.0 Mules. 4,209, $525,391,863 $124.80 1,869,005 29.4 3,264,615 $196,222,053 $60.11 1,480,652 25.8 Asses and burros. 105,698 $13,200,112 $124.89 43,927 0.7 94,165 $5,811,184 $61.71 33,584 0.6 This table shows a remarkable increase in the total value, which in turn is due primarily to the great increase in value per head. The combined value of horses, mules, and asses and burros in 1910 was 138.6 per cent greater than the value in 1900. Divisions and states. — ^Table 21 (pages 322 and 323) shows, for each geographic division and state, the number and value of horses, mules, and asses and burros on farms, by classes. Table 17 shows certain percentages and averages, by divisions and sections. Table 17 DIVISION OB SECTION United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific The North The South The West East of the Mississippi River. . West of the Mississippi River. PEE CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER IN THE UNITED STATES. All horses, I mules, I and asses j and burros. I' All horses. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 100.0 1.5 5.3 19.3 31.2 7.7 9.0 15.2 6.2 4.6 57.3 31.9 10.8 42.8 57.2 100.0 1.8 6.3 20.1 28.8 7.5 9.5 14.8 6.4 4.9 56.9 31.8 11.2 45.2 54.8 100.0 1.8 6.2 22.2 34.3 5.6 6.8 11.8 7.2 6.1 64.4 23.2 12.3 41.6 68.4 Mature horses. 1 Yearling horses.' 62.9 24.6 12.6 44.2 65.8 100.0 2.0 6. 22. 33. 6. 6. 11. 6.7 6.0 64.9 23.4 11 42.7 67.3 100. 0. 3. 21. 38. 4. 5. 21 11. 4 9. 2 6. 63. 4| 63.8 25.1; 20.9 11.6 15.3 45.61 35.2 54.4 64.8 100.0 0.9 4.8 22.0 33.5 4.2 4 11.8 12.2 6.7 61.2 20.9 17.9 36.8 63.2 Horse colts. I 1910 1900 100. 100. 0.2| 0.6 1.8 3.8 18. 6| 21.3 37.11 33.7 4.6l 4.3 6.9 6.8 15. li 13.1 8.5 11.9 7.2 5.4 57.7 26.6 15.7 32.0 68.0 59.6 23.2 17.3 35.8 64.2 All mules. 1910 1900 100.0 100.0 (») (>) 1.2 1.4 6.2 6.6 17.0 16.4 17.8 17.0 23.8 26.1 .30.6 28.8 1.2 0.8 2.2 2.9 24.5 24.6 72.2 71.8 3.3 3.7 49.1 60.9 51.1 Mature mules.i 1910 1900 100.0 1.3 6.8 14.9 19.4 24.4 31.0 1.0 2.1 22.0 74.8 3.2 51.0 49.0 100.0 (») 1.5 6.2 13.8 19.1 26.3 29.6 0.7 2.9 21.6 74.9 3.6 63.0 47.0 Yearling mules.i 1910 1900 100.0 («) 0.5 9 36.4 3.3 18.7 26.2 2.4 2.7 46.7 48.2 6.1 32.3 67.7 100.0 (^) 1.5 8.0 29.0 7.4 25.0 25.1 1.3 2.8 38.5 67.4 4.1 41.8 58.2 Mule colts.' 1910 1900 100.0 {») 0.2 10.0 34.3 2.5 18.6 29.3 1.7 3.6 44.5 60.3 5.2 100.0 0.1 0.6 10.1 32.4 4.0 24.9 23.4 1.7 2.8 43.1 52.3 4.6 39.7 60.3 All asses and burros. 1910 1900 100.0 0.1 0.6 6.1 21.1 3.2 14.9 28.2 23.7 3.1 27.0 46.2 26.8 24.0 76.0 100.0 0.2 1.0 4.6 16.5 2.4 18.8 23.7 29.8 2.9 22.3 46.0 32.7 27.0 73.0 AVEEAGE NUMBEB OF HOESES, MULES, AND ASSES AND BUEEOS. Per 1,000 acres of all land in farms. 1910 1900 Per 1,000 acres of improved land. 1910 1900 52 48 44 50 46 35 51 80 164 56 47 55 90 1 For definition of these terms at the two censuses, see page 319. Of the total number of horses, mules, and asses and burros, considered together, in 1910, 31.2 per cent were reported from the West North ' Central division, 19.3 per cent from the East North Central, and 15.2 per cent from the West South Central, these three divisions together containing about two-thirds of the entire number. The North reported 57.3 per cent of the total, the South 31.9 per cent, and the West 10.8 per cent. The geographic distribution of horses is quite dif- ferent from that of mules. Although the use of mules is rapidly increasing in the North, it is in the South th^t they have been found particularly useful. In the North there were more than twelve times as many horses as mules in 1910, but in the South only about one and one-half times as many. There is a wide difference among the several geo- graphic divisions in the extent to which the breeding of horses and mules is carried on, as is shown b}'- the differences between the distribution of "mature" ani- mals and that of "yearhngs " and "colts," and still more clearly by a comparison of the ratios which the num- bers of "colts" or " yearhngs " reported from the several divisions bear to the numbers of mature animals re- ported from the same divisions. At the census of 1910, the number of yearhng horses (that is, those born during the year 1909) was equal in New England to only 2.9 per cent of the number of mature horses and in the Middle Atlantic division to only 5 per cent, » Less than one-tenth of 1 -per cent. whereas in the West North Central division the ratio was 11.3 per cent, in the Pacific division 11.4 percent, and in the Mountain division 14.2 per cent. The average number of horses, mules, and asses and burros combined, in 1910, to each 1,000 acres of land in farms in the country as a whole was 27, and the aver- age number to each 1,000 acres of improved land was 50. The East North Central division shows the largest number (40) per 1,000 acres of aU land in farms, and the New England and South Atlantic divisions stand lowest, with 18 in each case. The number per 1,000 acres of improved land ranged from 94 in the Mountain division to 38 in the South Atlantic. Table 18 shows, by divisions and sections, the increase or decrease from 1900 to 1910 in the number of horses, mules, and asses and burros. Separate data for colts are not given as they have little signifi- cance, but the totals include colts. In the number of horses, mules, and asses and bur- ros combined an increase took place between June 1, 1900, and April 15, 1910, in all the geographic divi- sions except the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions. Much the greatest increase, both absolute and relative, was in the West North Central division, but there was also a very conspicuous mcrease (mainly in mules) in the West South Central division. The number of mules increased in every geograpliic divi- sion except the Pacific. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 321 Table 18 INCREASE Of NUMBER JUNE ] ,1900, TO APRIL 15, 1910.1 All horses, mules, and asses and burros. Horses. Mules. All asses and DIVISION OR SECTION. All horses. Mature horses.* Yearlings.* All mules. Mature mules.' Yearlings.2 burros. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent Num- ber. Per cent XTnitedStetM 2,522,780 -30,640 -77.873 323,989 1,309,873 235,317 109,741 465,302 121,530 65,541 11.7 -7.9 -5.7 7.5 21.0 14.4 5.3 14.5 8.8 6.2 1,566,093 -30,941 -83,757 278,988 1,122,384 40,117 -41,440 110,305 102,481 67,956 8.6 -8.0 -6.4 6.8 19.8 3.7 -3.5 4.9 7.7 7.1 1,924,452 -21,219 -33,218 392,044 1,152,761 52,890 -29,720 162,394 173,798 74,722 12.4 -5.8 -2.8 11.1 24.3 5.6 -2.9 8.6 17.5 9.4 285,753 -3,329 -11,400 53,823 181,220 15,530 22,291 21,106 -10,204 16,720 19.8 -25.0 -16.4 16.9 37.4 25.5 31.7 12.4 -5.8 20.2 945,154 334 6,156 43,885 180, 815 194,128 153,153 347,591 22,128 -3,036 29.0 23.9 13.3 20.4 33.8 36.0 18.0 37.0 82.5 -3.2 1,033,830 590 9,974 47,999 185,153 211,055 201,652 357,665 20,625 -883 37.6 55.0 24.5 28.3 48.8 40.2 27.9 43.9 10.8 -1.1 33,696 -50 -2,579 8,288 33,123 -10,370 -11,059 12,055 3,724 563 12.1 -48.5 -62.8 36.9 40.9 -50.5 -15.9 17.2 10.0 7.2 11,533 -33 -272 1,116 6,674 1,072 -1,972 7,406 -3,079 621 12.2 18.3 Middle Atlantic 28.4 25.9 West North Central 42.8 46.6 East South Central -11.1 33.1 -11.0 Pacific 23.1 The North 1,525,349 810,360 187,071 12.4 11.8 7.7 1,286,674 108,982 170,437 11.2 2.4 7.5 1,490,368 185,564 24S.520 15.2 4.8 13.9 220.314 58,927 6,516 24.9 19.5 2.5 231,190 694,872 19,092 29.0 29.6 15.7 243,716 770,372 19,742 41.3 37.3 19.8 38,782 -9,374 4,287 36.0 -5.8 37.2 7,485 6,506 -2,458 35.6 The South 15.4 The West -8.0 East of the Mississippi River. West of the Mississippi River. 560,534 1.962,246 5.7 16.6 162,967 1,403,126 2.0 13.8 360,777 1,563,675 5.1 18. S 76,915 208,842 14.5 22.8 397,656 547,498 23.8 34.3 471,270 562,560 32.3 43.5 -15,770 49,465 -13.5 30.4 -89 11,622 -0.3 16.9 « A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. The following table shows the average value per head of the various classes in 1910 and 1900. In compar- ing the averages for the two censuses the differences in classification should be kept in mind. Table 19 AVEBAOB VALUE PER HEAD. DIVISION. Horses.> Mules.i All asses and burros. All horses. Mar ture horses. Yeai^ lings. Colts. All mules. Ma- ture mules. Year- lings. Colts. ITnltedStatei: 1910 1900 )105.06 49. 08 1112.36 53.03 »58.82 33.40 933.68 19. 70 $124.80 60.11 $131.49 64.74 $73.04 42.06 $41.61 26.78 $124.89 61.71 New England; 1910 124.19 69.59 130.21 73.48 111.17 65.97 110.91 50.30 109.22 55.93 103.16 63.13 77,74 30,43 78.91 23.43 99.85 36.77 126.00 70.84 133.93 76.23 117.71 59.71 119.56 54.67 114.89 58.83 108.57 55.32 82.96 33.07 88.27 27.33 108.73 40.49 69.01 55.76 72.69 56.38 65.68 42.66 61.13 34.54 62.18 40.74 68.94 45.71 45.14 19.09 40.58 14.90 53.47 21.14 49.35 32.42 43.92 31.96 34.57 24.08 33.24 20.84 34.29 23.42 48.59 30.16 31.15 12.69 25.07 8.31 31.51 13.20 163.64 67.17 146.83 75.46 121.05 57.91 126.47 56.17 143.87 68.62 124.63 64.12 112.99 54.81 106.78 37.33 130.38 53.39 167.01 87.26 43.46 32.61 41.43 39.12 38.93 29.69 42.48 28.15 38.44 29.93 47.94 29.13 38.15 21.56 34.04 18.74 39.18 20.76 87.23 1900 75.47 149.02 78.43 131.66 63.56 141.61 64.71 145.26 69.89 129.35 68.64 118.60 58.74 118.70 42.84 140.93 57.61 54.22 85.45 58.49 75.11 44.48 79.20 42.14 71.98 50.87 76.78 46.09 62.11 34.82 60.85 29.23 71.95 37.28 33.04 Middle Atlantic: 1910 126.97 1900 34.61 E. North Central: » 1910 176.69 1900 85.84 W. North Central: 1910 221.90 1900 118.83 South Atlantic: 1910 140.59 1900 E. South Central: 1910 93.97 149.22 1900 85.54 W.South Central: 1910 105.56 1900 61.95 Mountain: 1910 26.39 1900 8.19 Pacific: 1910 175.22 1900 76.37 » For definition of the subclasses at the two censuses, see page 319. > For definition of these classes at the two censuses, see page 319. In the United States as a whole the average value of all horses per head in 1910 was $105.06, as compared with $124.80 per head for mules. The average value of "mature horses" increased from $53.03 per head in 1900 to $112.36 in 1910, and that of "mature mules" mcreased from $64.74 to $131.49. Even in the case of "yearlings" and " colts" the average value was much higher at the later census than at the earlier, notwithstanding the fact that the average age of the animals classed in these groups was lower. Increase in average values appeared in all of the geo- graphic divisions for all of the age groups. The average value of " mature horses " ranged in 1910 from $82.96 in the West South Central division to $133.93 in the Middle Atlantic, and that of "ma- ture mules" from $118.60 in the West South Central division to $167.01 in New England. Table 20 presents a comparison of the number of horses, mules, and asses and burros for the last four censuses. Horse and mule colts are excluded in order to make the figures more nearly comparable, but they are still not precisely comparable, the figures for 1910 being relatively too large because of the lower age limit of the colts excluded. There was a rapid increase in the combined number from 1880 to 1890, but only a comparatively moderate increase during the last two decades. Table 20 HORSES, Mtn.ES, AND ASSES AND BURROS (EXCLUDINQ HORSE AND MULE COLTS). HORSES (EXCLUDING COLTS). MULES AND ASSES AND BURROS (EXCLUDING MULE COLTS). 1910 1900 1890 1880 1910 1900 1890 1880 1910 1900 1890 1880 TTnited States New England 23,426,548 355,667 1,271,362 4,541,623 7,267,431 1,832,861 2,101,765 3,540,460 1,447,067 1,068,312 20,079,343 379,708 1,308,857 4,038,353 5,704,263 1,562,684 1,920,573 2,972,960 1,219,247 972,698 117,681,318 370, 106 1,412,441 4,108,809 1 5, 122, 717 1,298,151 1,636,298 11,921,647 1848,385 1862,764 12,170,296 325,562 1, 268, 138 3,278,968 2,727,862 1, 148, 183 1,405,536 1,352,570 224,039 439,438 19,220,338 353,804 1,218,425 4,287,697 6,566,754 1,082,963 1,102,457 2,256,357 1,374,904 976,977 16,952,191 378,352 1,263,043 3,841,830 5,228,536 1,014,543 1,109,886 2,065,983 1,168,354 881,664 115,266,244 368,849 1,370,015 3,912,858 14,661,006 880.758 989,455 1 1,472,506 1809,671 1 801, 126 10,357,488 324,066 1.230,885 3,072,210 2,394,821 801,239 865,026 1,056,367 205,209 407,665 4,206,210 1,863 52,937 253,926 700, 677 749,898 999,308 1,284,103 72,163 91,335 3,127,162 1,366 45,814 196,523 475,727 548,141 810,687 906,977 50,893 91,034 2,315,074 1,257 42,426 195,951 461,711 417,393 646,843 449, 141 38,714 61,638 1,812,808 1,496 37,253 Middle Atlantic 206,758 East North Central 333,041 West North Central 346,944 South Atlantic 540,510 East South Central 296,203 West South Central 18,830 Mountain . . 31,773 Pacific 1 Includes estimated number of horses on public ranges. 72497°— 13- -21 + 322 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. HORSES, MULES, AND ASSES AND BURROS ON FARMS— NUMBER AND VALUE OF HORSES AND [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change in classification.] Table 21 DIVISION OE STATE. TTnited States Oeoqeaphic di\isions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. . South Atlantic. East South Central. . West South Central. . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine , New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centeal: Ohio Indiana niinols Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centeal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana , Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacdtc: Washington , Oregon California ALL HOESES, mules, AND ASSES AND BUREOS. Number. 1910 84,148,680 356,631 1,282,787 4,666,291 7,532,378 1,863,817 2, 164, 134 3,665,167 1,501,023 1,116,352 107,954 46,454 81,232 64,572 9,621 46,798 595,344 93,016 594,427 933,562 897,458 1,603,583 613,966 617,722 759,178 1,649,364 1,428,964 658,427 682,119 1,093,901 1,360,425 39,018 178,206 617 391,229 191,868 341,879 235,719 416,180 69,101 672,754 633,553 384,054 473,773 480,014 313,371 1,005,748 1,866,034 320,290 202,155 158,348 312,007 206,314 110,645 119,113 72,161 292,930 282,183 641,239 1900 21,625,800 387,271 1,360,660 4,342,302 6,222,505 1,628,500 2,054,393 3,199,865 1,379,493 1,050,811 106,700 54,990 85,887 75,383 11,433 52,878 632,089 98,955 629,616 895,226 819,440 1,477,392 589,570 560,674 704,969 1,450,152 1,269,333 366,924 487,767 851,174 1,102,186 34,482 166,574 935 346,408 196,658 295,588 196,035 335,247 56,573 647,621 614,897 346,532 446,343 431,070 339,026 * 636, 648 1,793,122 332,829 172,275 137,184 248,843 162,366 133,765 118,888 83,343 246,836 296,683 508,293 Value. 1910 $2,622,180,170 44,353,827 167,894,587 521,653,254 848,994,801 229,632,663 245,527,291 331,109,901 118,493,632 114,520,214 14,440,930 5,297,663 8,646,935 8,717,159 1,435,962 5,815,178 80,732,061 12,639,560 74,522,966 101,748,029 97,087,699 182,071,929 71,830,231 68,915,366 89,824,462 185,831,164 160,469,138 84,633,666 76,183,223 113,626,618 139,426,661 4,219,899 19,866,498 60,886 42,674,780 19,948,697 42,260,375 34,040,450 58,249,863 8,411,225 72,046,486 76,495,920 46,372,248 52,612,637 60,749,974 27,484,883 93,161,190 169,723,864 27,616,223 20,413,716 12,703,100 29,318,193 9,494,368 4,682,267 10,226,578 4,040,197 31,639,551 26,617,708 56,462,955 1900 $1,098,646,454 26,939,945 100,033,054 243,575,108 317,214,620 98,157,231 119,072,930 120,965,695 32,268,440 40,319,431 7,079,288 3,848,307 5,342,359 5,848,851 983,993 3,837,147 48,215,212 7,938,766 43,879,076 61,119,437 44,475,215 77,341,758 36,070.225 34,568,473 42,753,099 81,458,106 68,688,989 23,218,108 20,450,317 39,951,676 50,694,426 2,113,871 10,754,026 63,412 18,320,400 11,116,918 17,642,369 13,284,779 21,592,900 3,368,556 36,113,306 36,685,769 21,145,589 26,228,267 20,376,384 17,313,284 » 22, 788, 578 60,487,449 7,907,421 4,204,618 3,286,842 7,686,283 2,468,129 1,857,606 3,470,718 1,386,823 8,705,100 9,011,732 22,602,599 ALL HORSES. Number. 1910 119,833,113 354,755 1,229,686 4,401,442 16,794,192 1,111,187 1,144,599 12,349,029 1 1,427,057 11,021,166 107,574 46,229 80,781 64,283 9,547 46,341 591,008 88,922 549,756 910,224 813,644 1,452,887 610,033 614,654 753.184 1,492,226 1,073,387 660,599 1669,362 1 1,008,378 1,147,056 33,066 166,438 664 330,424 179,991 166,151 79,847 120,067 45,640 443,034 349,709 136,636 216,220 264,716 181,286 1742,959 11,170,068 1315,956 1197,772 1156,062 1294,036 1 179,526 199,678 1115,676 168,4K 1280,672 1271,708 1468,886 1900 18,267,020 385,696 1,313,443 4,122,454 5,671,808 1,071,070 1,186,039 2,238,724 1,324,576 953,210 106,299 54,806 85,531 75,034 11,390 52,576 628,438 94,024 590,981 878,205 751,715 1,350,219 586,559 555,756 696,469 1,392,673 967,037 359,948 480,768 796,318 979,696 29,722 148,994 864 298,622 185,188 159, 163 78,419 127,407 42,811 451,697 352,388 152,643 229,311 253,690 194,372 » 621,330 1,269,432 329,972 170,120 136,643 236,646 131,153 126,063 115,884 80,295 243,985 287,932 421,293 Value. 1910 i$2, 083, 688, 196 44,058,076 160,111,303 489,290,485 1753,512,291 121,359,125 118,071,299 1182,618,200 1112,606,228 > 101, 961, 188 14,364,756 5,266,389 8,591,357 8,671,997 1,424,177 5,739,400 80,043,302 12,012,512 68,055,489 98,910,638 87,118,468 163,363,400 71,312,474 68,585,505 89,068,872 177,999,124 113,976,563 83,461,739 173,442,978 1102,804,907 112,758,108 3,461,791 16,787,467 55,026 34,857,610 18,583,381 18,428,134 10,147,178 14,193,839 4,854,699 44,796,120 39,320,044 13,651,284 20,303,851 23,152,209 11,789,696 163,651,661 184,024,636 127,115,764 119,832,423 12,426,838 1 27,382,926 17,868,314 14,209,726 19,999,836 13,770,402 129,680,849 126,181,143 147,099,196 1 Includes unclassified animals. 2 Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 323 MULES, BY AGE GROUPS, AND OF ASSES AND BURROS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change In classification.] MATUBE HORSES. YEARLING HORSES. HORSE COLTS. Number. Value. Number. Value. i Number. Value. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 i 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1 17,430,418 IS, 505, 966 11,958,564,817 »822,317,707 1,731,982 1,446,225 9101,883,668 148,298,639 612,775 1,314,829 920,635,831 925,896,871 2 343,826 365,045 43,322,612 25,860,181 9,978 13,307 688,532 742,021 951 7,344 46,932 238,091 3 1,160,154 1,193,372 155,380,823 90,970,287 58,271 69,671 4,235,865 3,927,904 11,201 50,400 494,015 1,610,841 4 3,915,950 3,523,912 460,941,612 210,406,428 371,741 317,918 24,416,182 13,561,186 113,745 280,624 3,932,691 6,756,751 5 5,896,776 4,744,015 705,002,548 259,332,434 665,741 484,521 40,695.232 16,736.828 227,438 443,272 7,559,473 9,237,064 6 1,006,489 953,599 115,636,163 56,098,624 76,474 60,944 4,755,035 2,482,859 28,224 56,627 967,927 1,324,033 7 1,009,795 1,039,515 109,635,147 57,505,865 92,662 70,371 6,388,491 3,216,928 42,142 76,163 2,047,661 2,296,238 8 2,057,662 1,895,268 170,709,873 62,673,946 191,821 170,715 8,658,033 3,259,602 92,672 172,741 2,886,634 2,191,659 9 1,166,007 992,209 102,922,196 27,114,567 165,941 176,145 6,734,082 2,624,806 52,153 156,222 1,307,304 1,297,588 10 873,753 799,031 95,003,843 32,355,375 99,353 82,633 5,312,216 1,740,506 44,189 71,540 1,392,594 944,606 11 103,505 99,510 14,070,531 6,778,904 3,705 3,955 270,476 201,548 364 2,834 17,749 78,537 12 45,073 52,621 6,192,638 3,726,007 1,081 1,543 70,269 90,816 75 702 3,682 23,847 13 77,043 79,190 8,381,854 5,072,032 3,513 3,852 200,625 181,727 225 2,489 8,878 65,838 14 63,161 71,937 8,576,453 5,619,159 948 2,298 86,054 160,121 174 799 9,490 47, 177 15 9,434 11,120 1,411,234 962,429 93 179 10,833 13,779 20 91 2,110 4,740 16 45,610 50,667 6,684,002 3,701,660 638 1,480 50,275 94,030 93 429 5,123 17,952 17 562,310 578,378 78,032,682 45,556,014 25,083 30,033 1,851,349 1,771,023 3,615 20,027 159,271 650,894 18 86,032 89,144 11,725,055 7,188,643 2,207 3,054 201,762 240,380 683 1,826 85,695 153,261 19 511,812 525,860 65,623,086 38,225,630 30,981 36,584 2,182,754 1,916,501 6,963 28,547 249,649 806,696 20 814,507 765.549 93,373,221 45,725,947 73,620 67,332 4,787,578 3,037,402 22,197 66,324 749,839 1,395,896 21 714,091 644,469 81,433,050 36,968,203 71,863 64,820 4,714,861 2,365,668 27,690 52,426 970,557 1,308,117 22 1,264,202 1,126,875 152,396,330 62,604,632 138,447 115,377 9,210,361 4,576,418 50,238 107,967 1,766,703 2,518,050 23 560,936 517, 135 68,278,456 33,450,482 41,474 38,406 2,775,456 1,711,641 7,623 31,018 258,562 746.534 24 562,220 479,884 65,460,549 31,667, 164 46,437 41,983 2,927,926 1,871,157 5,997 33,889 197,030 788, 154 25 675,509 599,666 84,779,112 39,252,715 63,069 61,399 3,840,249 2,031,667 14,606 45,604 449,511 970,772 26 1,289,973 1,134,467 165,638,084 69,370,107 159,679 133,689 10,873,651 5,369,392 42,574 124,527 1,487,389 2,991,078 27 932,269 846,646 105,564,793 38,747,179 108,615 63,214 6,820,643 2,070,506 37,603 68,177 1,591,127 1.277,129 28 664,313 299,192 78,762,790 21,054,668 61,671 32,131 3,873,395 1,127,100 24,615 28,625 825,554 546,743 29 571,800 380,985 68,788,279 18,015,647 60,966 62,669 3,759,940 1,369,292 23,723 47,124 667,466 700,748 30 870,111 665,460 96,141,203 33,061,792 100,804 73,082 5,547,013 2,316,583 37,099 66,776 1,088,946 1.284,984 31 992,801 828,709 105,328,287 39,830,326 106,937 78,447 5,980,341 2,462,398 47,318 72,639 1,449,480 1,465,610 32 29,632 26,229 3,285,872 1,641,088 2,311 1,903 133,793 84,427 1,122 1,590 32,126 42.110 33 137,278 130.114 15,886,073 8,666,416 12.318 9,938 723,072 455,204 5,842 8,942 178,322 231,074 34 35 563 288,869 814 258,974 54,970 55,297 24 1,476 1 16 56 590 32,552,971 14,104,537 29,972 20,291 1,891,589 780,009 11,593 19,257 413,050 441,868 36 159,657 160,278 17,419,881 9,610,189 16,973 12,963 1,047,242 601,504 3,461 11,947 116,258 264,857 37 155,949 147,419 17,845,638 8,430,054 6,834 5,927 459,952 233,882 3,368 5,807 122,544 131,675 38 76,971 72,530 9,971,960 4,615,538 2,134 3,188 146,949 161,587 742 2,701 28,269 69.778 39 114,666 118,854 13,880,577 6,802,754 3,918 4,525 253,141 189,539 1,484 4,028 60,121 99,935 40 43,015 38,387 4,738,221 2,172,751 2,014 2,185 99,297 75,232 611 2,239 17,181 42,156 41 387,795 400.283 41,190,070 22,057,785 38,089 24,927 2,737,998 1,428,700 17,150 26,487 868,052 1,062,057 42 300,327 305,426 35,981,004 18,024,501 32,698 23,109 2,467,838 993,396 16,684 23,853 871,202 663,620 43 125,264 136,073 13,110,385 7,403,511 7,347 7,846 425,172 299,118 3,025 8,724 115,727 203,492 44 196,409 197,733 19,353,688 10,020,068 14,528 14,489 757,483 495,714 5,283 17,089 192,680 367,069 45 228,479 222,596 21,878,918 9,493,685 17,382 14,179 939,768 381,735 8,855 16,815 333,523 289,075 46 164,604 168,786 11,296,815 6,184,115 11,210 12,076 368,084 274,190 5,472 13,510 124,796 166,312 47 643,418 2 426,708 59,223,145 2 15,222,452 64,996 2 47,635 3,295,586 2 980,188 34,111 2 46,987 1,110,190 • 2 636,372 48 1,021,161 1,077,178 78,310,995 31,773,694 98,233 96,825 ■4,054,595 1,623,489 44,234 95,429 1,318,125 1,099,900 49 251,134 245,284 24,411,464 6,584,595 41,491 44,850 1,785,979 839,334 11,717 39,838 295,478 364,743 50 162, 711 131,076 18,185,360 3,708,771 22,449 20,832 1,166,362 278,326 8,450 18,212 269,486 136,246 51 127,275 99,077 11,259,690 2,783,644 20,638 19,754 840,676 297,109 5,078 16,712 137,177 144,443 62 254,581 185,541 25,655,649 6,487,282 29,601 27,360 1,419,805 530,164 9,388 23,645 271,777 291,280 53 145,151 97,937 7,128,138 1,943,884 17,500 16,550 369,739 177,458 4,468 16,666 63,713 99,127 54 74,788 83,804 3,681,406 1,466,417 11,276 22,283 256,106 152,878 5,775 18,976 79,422 82,610 65 94,290 90,974 9,149,915 3,026,122 14,070 13,515 660,117 247,348 4,541 11,395 132,091 122,843 66 56,077 58,516 3,450,674 1,113,852 8,916 11,001 236,298 102,188 2,736 10,778 58,160 56,296 57 241,624 191,314 27,839,750 7,794,016 27,272 30,312 1,498,683 502,760 11,071 22,359 325,941 253,658 58 229,646 234,112 23,393,536 7,903,406 30,154 27,682 1,424,342 480,133 10,081 26,138 299,005 267,621 59 402,584 373,605 43,770,557 16,657,953 41,927 24,639 2,389,191 763,613 23,037 23,049 767,648 423,427 324 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. HORSES. MULES, AND ASSES AND BURROS ON FARMS— NUMBER AND VALUE OF HORSES AND MULES, [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change in classification.] Table 31— Continued. DIVISION OB STATE. United States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Ehode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio.. Indiana niinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PACinc: Washington Oregon California Number. 1910 4,209,769 1,729 52,416 259,423 715,932 749,257 003,804 286,378 48,957 91,873 358 195 429 268 63 416 4,052 4,041 44,323 22,850 82,168 147,833 3,700 2,872 5,775 55,524 342,700 7,695 12,424 83,405 208,409 5,935 22,-667 53 60,022 11,717 174,711 155,471 295,348 23,333 225,043 275,855 247,146 265,760 222,200 131,554 257,066 675,558 4,174 4,036 2,045 14,739 14,937 3,963 2,277 2,786 12,185 9,927 69,761 1900 3,264,616 1,396 46,260 215,538 535,117 556,129 850,651 938,787 26,829 94,909 363 97 331 298 38 278 3,313 4,888 38,059 16,771 66,717 124,644 2,916 4,490 8,339 55,747 283,519 6,880 6,804 55,124 118,704 4,745 17,511 81 47,474 11,354 135,610 117,369 207,321 13,664 190,665 253,657 192,070 214,259 175,001 143,970 1112,535 507,281 2,729 1,793 1,227 6,784 5,311 4,077 2,116 2,792 2,600 7,446 84,773 Value. 1910 $525,391,863 282,928 7,696,310 31,404,071 90,544,355 107,799,330 125,108,538 145,350,358 6,227,444 11,978,529 72,446 29,681 63,540 43,385 11,155 72,721 650,497 621,774 6,424,039 2,776,831 9,678,014 18,140,335 493,826 316,066 732,723 7,561,818 43,438,702 1,149,001 1,668,617 10,374,076 26,629,418 764,133 3,043,581 5,860 7,696,516 1.339,760 23,699,687 23,830,361 43,974,611 3,545,821 26,402,090 35,100,810 31,677,217 32,028,421 27,128,027 15,624,962 28,618,224 73,979,145 445,278 481,301 248,572 1,798,535 1,463,012 399,449 157,497 233,800 1,776,297 1,185,788 9,016,444 190d 1196,222,053 93,704 3,490,899 12,480,773 30.056,974 38,036,487 54,539,552 51,455,760 1,001,561 6,067,343 19,530 6,072 21,847 20,685 2,835 22,736 229,172 364,037 2,907,690 941,211 3,717,083 7,420,611 168,475 243,493 486,680 3,586,761 15,482,282 476,366 345,609 3,171,460 6,507,916 345,401 1,394,522 6,050 2,941,765 725, 134 8,677,298 8,415,623 14,454,822 1,074,972 11,105,553 16,200,550 13,104,642 14,128,807 9,989,704 10,636,982 « 5,707,455 26,121,619 102,741 70,642 61,609 325,547 183, 132 123,539 58,860 85,601 138,185 318,249 4,610,909 mature mules. Number. 1910 3,787,316 1,663 50,723 217,775 564,316 736,343 924,878 1,172,266 39,700 79,654 342 186 405 259 63 409 3,840 3,960 42,923 20,904 69,493 121, 450 3,329 2,599 5,213 46,485 265,601 7,164 10,495 67,186 162,172 5,676 21,498 63 56,016 10,800 171,135 154,806 293,231 23,128 195,675 240,282 242,285 246,636 206,452 128,667 219,990 617, 166 3,021 2,993 1,675 11,602 13,175 3,607 1,664 2,163 9,949 7,708 61,997 1900 2,753,486 1,073 40,749 169,776 379,162 525,288 723,226 814,600 19,076 80,537 240 72 280 214 36 231 2,939 4,499 33,311 13,986 52,232 97,646 2,379 3,633 6,804 42,462 194,984 5,962 5,143 42,252 81,565 4,349 16,970 81 40,399 9,791 126,034 113,768 200,811 13,185 149,010 200,302 179,522 194,392 165,369 136,420 190,164 433,657 1,749 1,309 779 5,017 4,118 3,080 1,278 1,745 1,927 5,341 73,269 Value. 1910 9497,982,330 277,738 7,558,868 28,671,206 79,913,033 106,961,436 119,631,758 139,030,282 4,712,502 11,225,517 71,431 28,836 51,616 42,906 11,155 71,796 633,272 616,389 6,309,197 2,656,354 8,849,572 16,396,322 469,927 299,031 697,461 6,877,871 37,683,467 1,112,691 1,537,901 9,353,668 22,649,984 748,326 2,967,983 5,860 7,337,186 1,278,071 23,472,903 23,787,489 43,831,302 3,532,316 24,372,211 32,489,724 31,285,918 31,483,906 26,198,831 15,485,703 26,428,433 70,917,315 380,307 411, 147 226,432 1,605,500 1,376,570 379,905 125,278 207,363 1,628,923 1,044,573 8,552,021 1 Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 325 BY AGE GROUPS, AND OF ASSES AND BURROS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900— Continued. [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change in classification.] YEAELIKQ MULES. MXJLE COLTS. ALL ASSES AND BUBEOS. Number. V'alue. Number. Value. Number. | Value. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1 1900 1910 1900 1910 1 1 1900 1910 1900 1 313,196 279,601 $22,874,502 $11,755,416 109,257 231,628 $4,535,031 $6,201,899 106,698 94,166 $13,200,112 $5,811,184 2 53 103 4,625 5,585 13 210 565 7,142 147 180 12,823 5,948 3 1,529 4,108 130,657 240,260 164 1.403 6,795 54,882 685 957 86,974 33,123 4 30,725 22,437 2,307,669 007,086 10,923 23,325 425,106 692,575 5,426 4,310 958,698 369,970 5 114,108 80,985 9,037,902 .3,412,773 37,509 74,970 1,593,420 2, 110, 194 22,254 15,580 4,938,155 1,851,320 6 10,182 20,552 732,886 1,045,582 2,732 9,289 105,008 277,980 3,373 2,301 474,208 216,228 7 58,699 09,758 4,507,a36 3,214,847 20,227 57.667 969,744 1,679,732 15,731 17,703 2,347,454 1,514,347 8 82,078 70,023 5,098,056 2,438,377 32,035 54,164 1,222,020 1,167,656 29,760 22,364 3,141,343 1,384,728 9 7,454 3,730 453,560 100,017 1,803 4,024 61,382 75,400 25,009 28,088 659,960 220,919 10 8,368 7,805 602,111 290,980 3,851 6,667 150,901 136,338 3,313 2,692 580,497 205,601 11 11 21 745 970 5 92 270 2,675 22 48 3,728 760 12 7 13 726 630 3 12 120 232 30 27 1,593 1,565 13 23 13 1,865 630 1 38 60 1,315 22 26 2,038 915 14 S 27 366 1,480 4 57 116 2,260 21 61 1,777 1,709 15 2 27 182 926 16,346 65 1,810 9,160 11 41 284 6 24 338 630 3,057 38,262 210 16 17 7 191 20 192 660 6,162 780 21 880 8,109 18 61 322 4,660 20,823 20 67 725 2,844 63 43 5,274 2,455 10 1,277 3,004 109,652 210,286 123 1,144 5,190 45,876 348 676 43,438 22,559 20 1,601 1,321 107,501 60,244 346 1.464 11,976 46,525 488 250 61,560 18,981 21 9,388 7,320 094,621 324,363 3,287 7,165 133,821 216,355 1,646 1,008 291,217 116,144 22 19, 181 13,194 1,467,711 685,666 7,202 13,804 276,302 401,070 2,863 2,529 568,194 223,147 23 309 188 21,641 7,866 62 349 2,257 0,000 233 06 23,932 3,193 24 246 414 16,195 19,867 27 543 840 10,625 196 428 13,795 8,505 25 444 813 31,077 39,020 118 722 4,195 24,682 219 161 22,857 11,475 26 7,557 6,807 612,601 333,830 1,482 6,488 61,346 207,356 1,614 1,832 280,212 150,768 27 57,750 47,111 4,836,860 1,939,879 19,349 41.424 918,366 1,140,502 12,877 8,777 3,053,873 1,111,893 28 421 510 31,780 25,237 110 408 4,530 11,615 133 96 22,915 13,231 29 1,563 743 116,940 30,180 366 918 13,776 24,573 333 196 71,628 19,021 30 12,467 6,671 885,050 203,366 3,753 6,201 134,458 182,875 2,118 732 447,635 116,756 31 33,906 18,330 2,522,685 751,271 12,331 18,800 456,749 518,591 4,960 3,787 1,039,035 428,176 32 173 289 12,750 17,930 . 86 107 3,057 5,450 18 16 3,975 845 33 34 35 869 1,136 63,006 66,408 300 405 11,690 15,192 101 69 35,450 6,810 3,170 4,196 224,565 192,701 836 2,870 33,765 83,918 783 412 121,654 52,231 36 777 852 56,018 41, 149 140 711 5,671 24,293 160 116 25,556 15,234 37 2,734 5,600 106,891 256,401 842 3,076 29,893 81,927 1,017 826 132,554 69,460 38 528 3,081 37,602 187,207 137 520 5,270 18,937 401 247 62,911 22,353 39 1,754 5,021 128,402 261,684 363 • 1,480 14,817 44,951 765 519 81,403 45,850 40 177 377 12,660 22,102 28 102 845 3,312 128 98 10, 705 3,446 41 21,240 20,945 1,640,308 035,563 8,128 20,710 389,571 600,746 4,677 5,259 848,276 459,210 42 26,486 28,674 2,150,423 1,284,211 9,087 24.681 460,663 724,608 7,989 8,852 1,075,066 703, 702 43 3,743 7,853 248,218 300,664 1,118 4,695 43,081 134,232 1,272 1,810 143, 747 134,826 44 7,230 12,286 468,087 606,409 1,894 7,581 76,429 220,146 1,793 1,773 280,365 216,609 45 11,203 10,908 741,838 433,326 4,545 8,734 187,358 209,940 3,098 2,479 469,738 222,186 46 47 2,261 25,795 42,819 6,225 > 11,810 120,251 1,746,555 293,765 1426,637 626 11,281 2,325 ' 10.561 19,008 443,236 52,950 1254,782 531 5,723 683 12,783 70,226 881,305 51,685 1242,111 48 41,080 2,480,412 1,284,649 16,583 32,544 572,418 649,984 20,408 16,409 1,720,074 868, 747 49 60 51 52 53 54 as 66 1,023 806 325 2,408 1,458 338 575 521 404 209 239 874 632 552 380 440 61,206 50,840 20,600 165,238 77,447 17,167 28,364 23,689 12,021 6,610 9,451 33,300 15,307 13,384 9,775 9,169 130 237 45 729 304 118 138 102 576 275 209 893 561 446 458 607 3,765 10,305 1,540 27,797 8,995 2,377 3,855 2,748 12,806 6,253 3,730 22,303 8,040 7,273 6,279 8,716 160 347 241 3,233 11,852 7,104 1,160 912 128 362 414 5,513 15,902 4,625 888 266 55, 181 99,992 27,690 136, 732 163,032 73,092 68,246 35,995 16,008 10,733 10,037 52,010 64,528 32,162 15,555 28,886 67 68 69 1,673 1,782 4,913 322 1,014 6,469 125,587 124,857 351,667 12,992 30,013 247,975 663 437 j 2,851 441 1,091 5,035 21,787 16,358 112,756 10,669 20,882 104,787 173 548 2,592 160 306 2,227 82,405 150,777 347,315 16,481 42,423 146,697 326 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Alili HORSES, MULES, AND ASSES AND BURROS ON FARMS. NUMBER, BY STATES: APRIL 15, 1910. ALI, SWINE ON FARMS. NUMBER, BY STATES: APRIL 15, 1910. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 327 SWINE ON FAKMS. United States as a whole. — The following table shows, for 1910 and 1900, the principal facts with regard to swine on farms for the United States : Table 22 WIO— Number (April 15) ... . Value Average value Farms reporting Per cent of all farms UOO— Number (June 1) Value Average value Farms reporting Per cent of all farms All swine. 58,185,676 $399,338,308 $6.86 4,351,751 68.4 62,868,041 $231,978,031 $3.69 4,335,363 75.6 Hogs and pigs bom before Jan. 1. 35,134,097 $352,157,958 $10.02 4,092,391 64.3 Pigs bom after Jan. 1. 23,051,579 $47, 180,, 350 $2.05 1,868,672 29.4 1 No age classification in 1900. The number of swine reported for June 1, 1900, was 62,868,000 and the number reported for April 15, 1910, 58,186,000, an apparent decrease of 4,682,000, or 7.4 per cent. The change in the date of enumeration, however, has a very serious effect on the compara- bility of the statistics for 1900 and 1910, since the number of swine bom between April 15 and June 1 undoubtedly greatly exceeds the number slaughtered during that period. It is probable that if the enu- meration of 1910 had been made as of June 1 the num- ber of swine would have been greater than in 1900, but it is impossible to make any close estimate. Notwith- standing the decrease in the number of swine at the census of 1910, as compared with that of 1900, the aggregate value of swine on farms increased from $231,978,000 in 1900 to $399,338,000 in 1910. Divisions and states. — Table 25 (page 328) shows, for each geographic division and state, the number and value of swine on farms at the last two censuses. The following statement shows, by geographic divi- sions and sections, the distribution of swine and the increase or decrease during the decade: Table 23 INCREASE IN number: 1900 TO 1910 > PER CENT OP TOTAL NUMBER IN UNITED STATES. AVEBAOE NUM- BER PER 1,000 ACRES OF LAND IN FARMS. DIVISION OB SECTION. Amount. Per cent. All swine. "32 P4 All swiae. 1910 1900 1910 1900 MS 03 3^- United States.... New England -4,682,366 34.443 -169,186 -1,580,192 -3,145,529 401,158 -1.206,742 '619,466 241,231 128,986 -7.4 9.S -8.6 -9.9 -12.9 7.2 -18.2 9.7 60.4 12.2 100.0 0.7 3.1 24.9 36.6 10.2 9.3 12.1 1.1 2.0 100.0 o.c 3.1 25.5 38.9 8.8 10.6 10.2 0.6 1.7 100.0 0.7 3.1 21.7 36.0 U.O 10.4 13.8 1.2 2.1 100.0 0.7 3.1 29.6 37.5 9.1 7.7 9.5 1.0 1.9 66 20 41 123 91 57 67 42 11 23 76 18 44 138 122 53 82 36 9 22 40 12 Middle Atlantic East North Central... West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central... West South Central... Mountain 25 65 54 37 45 29 7 Paelflc 15 The North -4,866,464 -186,118 370,217 -11.4 -1.0 25.3 65.2 31.7 3.1 68.1 29.6 2.3 61.5 35.2 3.3 70.9 26.2 2.9 92 52 17 112 51 16 52 The South 35 The West 10 East of the Mississippi. WestoftheMississippi. -2,526,519 -2,155,846 -8.3 -6.7 48.2 51.8 48.6 51.4 46.9 53.1 50.1 49.9 77 59 83 69 45 36 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. In considering the geographic distribution of the total number of swine reported for April 15, 1910, it should be noted that the number reported for that date presumably corresponds more closely to the av- erage number on hand during the entire year in the case of some sections of the country than in the case of others, since, on account of differences in climate and in the prevailing practice as to hog raising, the proportion which the number of pigs born before April 15 represents of the entire number born during the year varies materially in different sections. More- over, the distribution of the number of swine living on a given date does not indicate very closely the impor- tance of the several sections of the country in the hog raising industry, for the reason that in some sections the hogs are slaughtered at an earlier average age than in other sections. In 1910 the West North Central division reported considerably more than one-third (36 per cent) of the total number of "mature" swine (that is, those born before Jan. 1, 1910) in the United States, and the East North Central division some- what over one-fifth (21.7 per cent). Most of the re- mainder were in the three southern divisions. For reasons already indicated the distribution of young pigs differs somewhat from that of other swine. In considering the increase or decrease in the num- ber of swine of all ages it should be borne in mind that the change in the date of enumeration probably affects the comparability of the statistics for the two censuses in a more marked degree in some divisions than in others. Fewer swine were reported on April 15, 1910, than on June 1, 1900, in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central divisions, and also in one southern division, the East South Central, but there was an increase in the other five divisions. The following table shows average values per head: Table 24 AVERAGE VALUE PER HEAD. DIVISION All swine. Hogs and pigs bom before Jan. 1, 1910. Pigs bom after Jan. 1, 1910. 1910 1900 United States $6.86 10.09 8.18 7.10 8.62 3.83 4.70 4.65 7.98 7.02 $3.69 6.79 5.38 3.83 4.35 2.29 2.39 2.56 4.64 4.11 $10. 02 13.92 11.17 11.64 13.18 4.94 6.08 5.85 10.88 9.53 $2.05 New England Middle Atlantic 4.33 3.68 East North Central 2.04 West North Central 1.95 South Atlantic 1.76 1.84 West South Central 1.98 Mountain 2.89 Pacific 2.76 For the United States as a whole the average value of all swine in 1910 was $6.86, as compared with $3.69 in 1900. Had the enumeration of 1910 been made as of June 1, however, the average value per head would have been considerably less than that based upon the values reported for April 15. The average value per head of swine born before January 1, 1910, which furnishes a better basis for comparison among divisions than that of all swine, was much lower in the three southern divisions than in the divisions of the North and West. 328 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. SWINE ON FARMS— NUMBER AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900, [See text with reference to date of enumeration.] Table 25 MVISION OB STATE. TTni ted States Obogbaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nobth Centeal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centeal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ALL SWINE. hogs and figs boen befobe JAN. 1, 1910. pigs boen a 1910 FTEE JAN. 1, Number. Value. 1910 1000 1910 1900 . Number. Value. Number. Value. 58,185,676 62,868,041 $399,338,308 $231,978,031 36,134,097 $352,167,958 23,051,579 $47,180,350 396,642 362, 199 4,002,424 2,460,845 238,351 3,317,046 158,291 685,378 1,790,821 1,960,007 14,656,806 10,550,806 1,076,591 12,030,104 714,230 2,626,702 14,461,059 16,047,251 102,738,278 61,404,163 7,634,179 88,825,333 6,826,880 13,912,945 21,281,509 24,427,038 183,456,287 106,372,079 12,642,984 166,637,349 8,638,626 16,818,938 5,963,920 5,562,762 22,834,358 12,738,747 3,877,400 19,167,812 2,086,520 3,666,546 5,438,606 6,645,348 25,551,000 16,865,699 3,664,939 22,286,615 1,773,667 3,264,385 7,021,945 6,402,479 32,631,977 16,367,505 4,842,112 28,312,087 2,179,833 4,319,890 640,911 399,680 6,114,499 1,853,665 408,069 4,441,808 232,842 672,691 1,190,263- 1,061,277 8,352,679 4,364,522 749,472 7,139,804 440,791 1,212,875 87,156 79,018 948,094 516,016 54,326 804,965 32,830 143,129 45,237 61,211 504,174 367,573 28,506 - 431,973 16,732 72,201 94,821 96,090 974,779 620,169 64,537 798,831 40,284 175,948 103,018 78,926 978,989 649,617 62,368 809,431 40,650 169,658 14,038 11,508 123,647 90,614 8,157 98,492 5,881 25,166 52,372 46,447 472,741 326,857 30,468 373,364 21,914 99,387 666,179 676,639 6,905,272 3,794,332 364,375 4,698,066 301,804 1,207,206 147,006 175,387 1,127,040 926,179 86,699 936,728 60,306 191,312 977,637 1,107,981 7,624,«4 5,830,295 626,517 6, 3%, 310 352,120 1,228,184 3,105,627 3,188,563 19,412,730 11,813,168 1,574,009 16,180,493 1,631,618 3,232,237 3,613,906 3,763,389 23,739,586 13,804,893 1,906,268 20,433,328 1,707,648 3,306,258 4,686,362 5,915,468 36,210,179 23,616,781 2,603,062 32,416,806 2,083,300 3,793,374 1,245,833 1,165,200 9,755,042 4,688,898 655,921 8,284,483 589,912 1,470,659 1,809,331 2,014,631 13,620,741 7,680,423 894,929 11,610,224 914,402 2,110,517 1,520,257 1,440,806 13,929,127 6,865,590 833,970 12,277,431 686,287 1,651,696 7,545,853 9,723,791 69,693,218 43,764,176 4,299,499 63,976,664 3,246,354 5,716,664 4,438,194 4,524,664 31,937,573 16,633,936 2,800,281 28,578,662 1,637,913 3,359,021 331,603 191,798 3,152,909 930,470 199,707 2,797,423 131,896 355,486 1,009,721 823,120 10,387,093 3,540,072 658, 181 9,598,656 351,540 788,437 3,436,724 4,128,000 29,M9,482 18,660,932 1,970,895 27,157,456 1,464,829 2,492,026 3,000,167 3,694,859 24,706,885 17,076,904 1,880,461 22,251,277 1,119,706 2,466,608 49,260 46,732 337,910 234,472 34,101 288,364 15,169 49,546 301,583 317,902 1,765,857 1,329,143 196,415 1,476,180 105,168 289,677 665 802 9,382 4,097 435 7,831 230 1,651 797,635 946,443 4,165,680 2,572,524 526,328 8,607,001 271,307 658,679 328,188 442,844 2,087,392 1,389,808 211,463 1,779,050 116,725 308,342 1,227,625 1,300,469 4,638,046 2,516,410 802,279 3,861,361 425,346 776,685 665,211 618,995 2,552,344 1,411,516 421,973 2,158,347 243,238 393,997 1,783,684 1,424,298 5,429,016 2,677,950 1,141,385 4,547,835 642,299 881,181 810,069 464,277 1,848,731 702,827 543,021 1,641,843 267,048 306,888 1,491,816 1,954,537 8,951,692 5,176,183 1,038,488 7,934,000 453,328 1,017,692 1,387,938 1,976,984 7,329,622 4,838,713 1,031,137 6,593,762 356,801 735,860 1,266,733 1,423,329 4,366,520 2,887,230 815,446 3,678,508 451,287 678,012 1,292,119 1,290,498 4,913,166 2,963,673 779,868 4,080,345 512,251 832,821 1,518,947 1,713,307 6,170,924 2,981,309 1,150,767 4,607,057 368,180 563,867 1,327,605 788,426 3,824,046 1,494,284 838,321 3,183,728 489,284 640,318 1,839,030 11,236,133 11,997,641 14,286,226 1,211,876 10,440,178 627,154 1,667,463 2,336,363 2,665,614 11,639,366 7,605,687 1,641,148 10,081,124 695,215 1,668,2^ 99,261 49,496 868,829 281,402 56,342 720,365 42,919 138,464 178, 346 114,080 1,398,727 480,338 118,907 1,246,634 59,439 152,093 33,947 15,471 301,716 78,145 23,301 271,694 10,646 30,022 179,294 101,198 1,568,168 482,722 110,922 1,360,907 68,372 207,261 45,409 20,426 275,861 81,644 31,784 241,813 13,625 34,038 17,208 18,103 113,714 80,587 10,422 91,479 6,786 22,236 64,286 65,732 445,653 293,115 42,107 382,284 22,179 63,309 23,160 15,174 161,861 75,712 14,284 126,632 8,876 25,219 206,135 181,535 1,674,927 830,704 127,356 1,431,286 78,779 243,641 217,577 281,406 1,570,949 1,057,037 139,306 1,361,694 78,271 209,256 766,551 698,336 6,106,803 2,476,781 482,810 4,346,824 283,741 769,979 1 Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 329 Table 26 shows the number of swine reported at each of the last four censuses. The figures for 1910, as already stated, are not closely comparable with the others. The increase in the number of swine since 1880 has fallen far short of keeping pace with the growth of population. It is probable, however, that, on account of the improvement in methods of raising and marketing swine, the increase in the actual annual production for market (both in number and in weight) has been more rapid than the increase in the number of hogs and pigs hving on any given date^ as shown in this table. SHEEP AND GOATS ON FARMS Table 26 DIVISION. (JWINE. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1 United States 68,185,676 396,642 1,790,821 14,461,059 21,281,509 5,963,920 5,438,606 7,021,945 640,911 1,190,263 62,868,041 362,199 1,960,007 16,047,251 24,427,038 5,563,762 6,645,348 6,402,479 399,680 1,061,277 167,426,859 407,590 2,345,759 14,995,448 22,629,184 5,082,321 6,544,683 14,353,903 1175,429 1892,542 149,772,670 362, 133 2,158,944 13,590,908 1 14,527,709 15,720,132 6,790,000 15,422,141 1105,015 1 1,095,688 New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific 1 Includes estimated number of swine on public ranges. United States as a whole. — The effect of the change in the date of enumeration and method of classifica- tion in rendering the statistics of the last two cen- suses incomparable is probably somewhat greater in the case of sheep than in the case of cattle. No age classification was made at either census for goats. The following statement shows the designations ap- plied to the several classes of sheep at each of the last two censuses and the number reported in each class, and also the totals for goats: Table 27 1910 (April 15). Class as defined on schedule. All ahMp and goats ... Sheep and Iambs. Ewes bom before Jan. 1, 1910 Rams and wethers bom before Jan. 1, 1910. Lambs bom after Jan. 1, 1910 Goats and kids (all ages) , Corresponding age limits. Over 34 months.. Over 31 months.. Under 3) months. Number. W,3«2,98e 62,447,861 31,933,797 7,710,249 12,803,815 2,915,1% 1900 (June 1). Class as defined on schedule. All iheep and Koati... Sheep and lambs. Sheep (ewes) 1 year old and over. Sheep (rams and wethers) 1 year old and over. Lambs under 1 year Ooats (all ages) Corresponding limits of date of birth. Before June 1,1899.. Before June 1, 1899. . After June 1,1899. Number. 63,374,318 61,503,713 31,857,652 7,995,315 21,650,746 1,870,599 nominal INCEEASE.l Number. -8,011,326 -9,055,852 76,145 -285,066 -8,846,931 1,044,526 Per cent. -12.6 0.2 -3.6 -40.9 55.8 > A minus sign ( The total number of sheep reported as on farms and ranges on April 15, 1910, was 52,448,000, as compared with 61,504,000 on June 1, 1900, a decrease of 9,056,000, or 14.7 per cent. This decrease, however, is due partly to the change in the date of enumera- tion. Many lambs are born during the interval be- tween April 15 and June 1. Furthermore, on many ranches in the West the lambs are not definitely counted so early in the year as April 15, and it seems likely that in some such cases ranchmen failed to make any estimate of the lambs. In view of the fact that, even after making necessary allowances, as discussed below, the number of ewes 1 year of age or over on June 1, 1910, was probably less than 1,000,000 short of the number on the same date in 1900, it seems likely that, if the enumeration of 1910 had been made as of June 1, there would have been nearly as many lambs less than 1 year old as were reported 10 years before, probably in the neigh- borhood of 21,000,000, as compared with 21,651,000 in 1900. Of these, however, a comparatively small number would have consisted of animals born between June 1, 1909, and January 1, 1910, which are already included, under the classification of 1910, in the re- turns of ewes and rams and wethers. After deducting these there would probably have remained on June 1, 1910, about 19,000,000 or 20,000,000 spring lambs, or 6,000,000 or 7,000,000 more than the number reported on April 15, which was 12,804,000. The number of — ) denotes decrease. older sheep, however, would, on account of slaughter and deaths from other causes, have been less on June 1 than on April 15 — perhaps by between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000. In view of all these considerations, it would seem that, if the enumeration of 1910 had been made as of June 1, there would have been between 56,000,000 and 58,000,000 sheep and lambs, as com- pared with 61,504,000 on June 1, 1900. The number of ewes was reported in 19 10 as 3 1,934,000 and in 1900 as 31,858,000, there being thus nominally a shght increase. In order to make the figures compa- rable, however, it would be necessary to deduct from the number of ewes reported on April 15, 1910, the com- paratively small number born between June 1, 1909, and January 1, 1910, which would have been classed as lambs at the census of 1900, and also to deduct the comparatively small number of ewes slaughtered or oth- erwise eUminated during the six weeks from April 15 to June 1 . The whole number to be deducted would prob- ably be less than one mUUon. In the case of rams and wethers, the number to be deducted from the returns of 1910, on account of slaughter between April 15 and June 1, would be relatively greater than in the case of ewes, so that had the date of enumeration and the method of classification been the same at the two censuses a considerably greater decrease would have appeared than is shown in the table. Despite the change in the date of enumeration, the number of goats and kids increased from 1,871,000 in 1900 to 2,915,000 in 1910. 330 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The following statement shows the value of sheep and goats and the number of farms reporting them : Table 28 SHEEP. 1 All goats and kids. All sheep and Iambs. Ewes. Rams and wethers. Lambs. 1910— Number 52,447,861 $232,841,585 $4.44 610,894 9.6 61,503,713 $170,203,119 $2.77 31,933,797 $164,855,314 $5.16 590,878 9.3 31,857,652 $101,288,730 $3.18 7,710,249 $38,660,830 $5.01 297,138 4.7 7,995,315 $26,898,061 $3.36 12,803,815 $29,325,441 $2.29 470,626 7.4 21,650,746 $42,016,328 $1.94 2,915,125 $6,176,423 Average value Farms reporting Per cent of all farms. 1900— Number $2.12 82,755 1.3 1,870,599 $3,265,349 Average value $1.75 1 For definition of the subclasses at the two censuses, see preceding table. It will be seen that, despite the decline in the number of sheep, the value of the sheep reported on April 15, 1910, $232,842,000, was 36.8 per cent greater than the value on June 1, 1900, $170,203,000. The value of goats and kids nearly doubled during the decade. Divisions and states. — -Table 32 (pages 332 and 333) shows, for each geographic division and state, the num- ber and value of sheep and goats at the last two censuses. Table 29 below shows, by geographic divisions and sections, the increase in number during the decade, the per cent distribution, and the average number per 1,000 acres of land in farms: Table 29 INCEEASE IN NUMBES: 1900 TO 1910 ' PEE CENT or TOTAL NUMBEE IN UNITED STATES. AVEEAGE NUMBEE PEE 1,000 ACEES OF LAND IN FAEMS. DrVISION OE SECTION. All sheep. Sheep (exclud- ing lambs). All goats. All sheep and goats. All sheep. s . "so o 1 15 All goats. All sheep and goats. All sheep. i 01 i All goats. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 TTnlted States. New England Middle Atlantic — East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central -9,056,852 -491,886 -1,480,485 -1,674,039 100,726 -185,362 73,182 -260,777 -4,195,861 -941,350 -14.7 -53.3 -44.5 -14.9 2.0 -6.9 3.0 -10.6 -15.6 -14.4 -208,921 -256,774 -709,907 -365,336 369,218 -153,501 24,103 -176,673 1,525,400 -465,451 -0.5 -45.6 -36.0 -5.3 11.7 -9.0 1.6 -9.6 8.5 -11.0 1,044,526 1,016 3,376 9,523 18,715 5,812 -12,005 544,450 362.752 110,887 55.8 46.6 80.2 37.3 19.8 2.8 -5.7 74.4 96.8 50.0 100.0 0.8 3.3 17.3 9.4 4.9 4.9 6.3 42.5 10.7 100.0 1.5 5.3 17.7 8.0 4.6 4.2 5.0 43.1 10.7 100.0 0.8 3.5 18.2 9.7 4.8 4.8 4.2 43.4 10.7 100.0 1.5 5.4 18.2 8.1 4.4 3.9 4.0 43.8 10.6 100.0 0.8 3.2 16.5 8.9 3.9 3.8 4.2 49.2 9.5 100.0 i:o 4.6 23.5 12.0 7.5 7.7 4.1 25.5 14.2 100.0 0.1 0.3 1.2 3.9 7.2 6.8 43.8 25.3 11.4 100.0 0.1 0.2 1.4 5.1 11.0 11.3 39.1 20.0 11.8 63 22 43 81 22 26 33 21 395 115 76 45 74 97 25 28 32 18 589 143 60 22 43 81 22 24 31 13 383 109 73 45 74 96 25 26 30 14 581 138 46 16 29 55 15 15 19 10 328 74 16 6 14 26 7 9 12 3 55 35 3 (») ^\ 2 8 12 7 S (») (*) (1) (*) 2 3 4 8 Pacific 5 The North -3,545,684 -372,957 -5,137,211 -17.4 -4.9 -15.3 -962,799 -300,071 1,059,949 -7.6 -6.1 4.8 32,030 538,257 473,639 25.8 46.9 79.4 30.8 16.1 53.2 32.4 13.8 53.8 32.2 13.7 54.1 33.2 12.3 54.5 29.3 11.9 58.7 41.0 19.3 39.6 5.5 57.8 36.7 6.8 61.4 31.9 41 25 266 54 24 364 41 20 256 53 21 357 28 13 210 13 7 46 10 '% The South The West 6 East of Mississippi.. West of Mississippi. -3,758,590 -5,297,262 -18.3 -12.9 -1,461,415 1,252,494 -11.6 4.6 7,722 1,036,804 1.7 72.9 31 2 68.8 33.2 66.8 32.1 67.9 33.5 66.5 28.2 71.8 44.2 55.8 15.6 84.4 23.9 76.1 47 74 57 90 46 70 56 87 31 56 16 14 1 5 1 3 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. In considering the geographic distribution of the total number of sheep and of goats reported for April 15, 1910, it should be borne in mind that, owing to differences in climatic conditions, the spring lambs and kids are bom earlier in some sections than in others. Greater significance attaches to the figures for "ma- ture " sheep. Of the sheep born before January 1,1910, the Mountain division reported nearly one-half (49.2 per cent) and the East North Central division about one-sixth (16.5 per cent). The North as a whole contained 29.3 per cent, the South 11.9 per cent, and the West 58.7 per cent. For reasons indicated above there were marked differences in 1910 in the ratios of lambs to ewes in the several divisions. In the East North Central di- vision the number of lambs reported was equal to 54.3 per cent of the number of ewes, and in the Pacific division to 62.7 per cent, whereas in the Mountain division the ratio was only 21.4 per cent. There are also decided differences among the several divisions with respect to the ratio which the number of rams and wethers bears to the number of ewes, as shown by Table 32. In some divisions most of the male animals are sold for slaughter at an early age, while in others a large proportion are kept for wool. The distribution of goats is quite different from that of sheep. The leading division is the West South * Less than 1 animal per 1,000 acres of land. Central, which reported 43.8 per cent of the total in 1910. Very few goats are found in the North. The average number of sheep and goats combined per 1,000 acres of land in farms in the United States as a whole was 63 on April 15, 1910, as compared with 76 on June 1, 1900. Of "mature" sheep, the figures for which are more nearly comparable, the average num- ber per 1,000 acres was 45 in 1910, and 48 in 1900. In 1910 there were in the Mountain division 328 sheep bom before January 1 per 1,000 acres of land in farms, but it should be noted that many sheep in this division are kept on public range land and not on farms. Comparisons among the several geographic divi- sions with respect to the increase or decrease between 1900 and 1910 in the total number of sheep are much less satisfactory than comparisons based on the num- ber of mature sheep. There was a considerable in- crease in the number of mature sheep of both sexes combined in the Mountain and West North Central divisions, and a small increase in the East South Cen- tral division. As shown by Table 32, however, mature ewes decreased in the East North Central division, while rams and wethers decreased in the East South Central division and increased in the East North Central. In all of the divisions except the four above mentioned there was a decrease in both these classes during the decade. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 331 The following statement shows the average value per head of sheep and goats at the last two censuses: Table 30 AVERAGE VALUE PEE HEAD DIVISION. All sheep. Ewes. Rams and weth- ers. Lambs bom after Jan. 1. All goats and Tuds. 1910 1900 1910 1910 1910 1910 1900 TTnited States... New England 4.29 4.85 4.09 4.60 3.61 3.73 3.29 4.90 4.02 $2.77 2.90 3.24 2.86 3.22 2.51 2.64 2.02 2.73 2.60 15.16 4.99 5.98 5.23 5.67 4.34 4.32 3.70 5.29 4.88 $5.01 6.53 5.45 4.88 5.69 3.58 3.71 3.92 5.28 4.60 $2.29 2.35 2.58 1.72 2.14 2.60 2.92 1.82 2.58 2.38 $2.12 5.77 5.51 3.16 2.87 1.12 1.33 2.13 2.36 4.45 $1.75 5.38 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central.... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central.... 4.37 2.69 3.44 0.85 0.94 1.44 2.05 Pacific 2.93 The average value of all sheep per head on April 15, 1910, was $4.44, as compared with $2.77 on June 1, 1900. These figures are less significant than those for the "mature" animals alone. The average value of ewes for the country as a whole increased from $3,18 in 1900 to $5.16 in 1910, notwithstanding the fact that the average age of the animals classed as ewes was somewhat lower in 1910 than in 1900. The aver- age value of rams and wethers in 1910 was $5.01, as compared with $3.36 in 1900. The average value of all goats was $2.12 in 1910, as compared with $1.75 in 1900, thus showing a much smaller increase than the value of sheep. An extraordinary range appears in the average value of goats. In the West South Central division, which leads in the total number of goats, the average value was $2.13. For ewes bom before 1910 the average value was highest ($5.98 per head) in the Middle Atlantic division, next 'highest ($5.67) in the West North Central division, and lowest ($3.70) in the West South Central division. The following statement shows the number of sheep (excluding lambs) at each census from 1880 to 1910. The figures for 1910, as already explained, should be reduced, perhaps by 3 or 4 per cent, in order to make them strictly comparable with the returns for 1900. It is probable that some lambs were included with the sheep at the enumerations of 1880 and 1890. The returns, as given below, would indicate a gradual though slight decrease in the total number of sheep (excluding lambs) during each decade since 1880. Table 31 SHEEP (EXCLUDINO LAMBS). 1910 1900 1890 1880 ITnlted States 39,644,046 306,443 1,260,455 6,534,854 3,524,749 1,552,698 1,513,833 1,662,445 19,509.675 3,778,894 39,852,967 563,217 1,970,362 6,900,190 3,155,531 1,706.199 1,489,730 1,839,118 17,984,275 4,244,345 140,876,312 936,532 3, 196, 495 9,449,783 12,882,371 2,445,386 2,316,279 14,710.918 •9,519,933 15,418,615 142,192,074 1,362,234 3,608,798 10,566,266 13,096,623 12,579,006 2,308,290 14,089,021 1 7, 097, 442 New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central ... . West South Central Mountain Pacific 1 7, 484, 394 > Includes estimated number of sheep on public ranges. ALL SHEEP ON FARMS. NUMBER, BY STATES: APRIL 15,1910. # 200,000 sheep. 9 150,000 to 200,000 sheep. 3 100,000 to 150,000 sheep. O 60,000 to 100,000 sheep. O Less than 50,000 sheep. The heavy lines (■») show geographic divisions 332 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. SHEEP AND GOATS ON FARMS— NUMBER AND VALUE OF SHEEP, BY AGE [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change in classification.] Table 32 DIVISION OE STATE. XTnited States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York , New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana , Illinois , Michigan Wisconsin , West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ALL SHEEP. Number. 1910 52,447,861 1900 61,603,713 430,672 .844,067 542,234 065,009 513,553 496,221 193,657 770,291 592, 167 206,434 43,772 118,551 32,708 6,789 22,418 930,300 30,683 883,074 ,909,162 ,336,967 ,059,846 ,306,476 929,783 637,582 ,145,549 ,811,268 293,371 611,264 293,500 272,475 7,806 237,137 1, 804,873 910,360 214,473 37,559 187,644 113,701 363,013 795,033 142,930 195,245 144,189 178,287 62,472 ,808,709 380,746 010,478 397,161 426,214 346,984 226,733 827,180 154,795 475,556 699,136 417,477 922,558 3,324,542 11,216,273 4,964,283 2,698,915 2,423,039 2,454,434 26,966,152 6,533,517 Value. 1910 1232,841,585 190O $170,203,119 1,846,797 8,934,933 39,009,830 23,287,792 9,085,747 9,299,829 7,226,258 111,656,290 22, 494, 109 420,116 105,113 296,576 62,559 11,207 36,987 1,745,746 47,730 1,531,066 4,020,628 1,742,002 1,030,581 2,747,609 1,675,453 589,878 1,056,718 1,087,213 681,952 775,236 611,273 262,013 11,765 191,101 692,929 968,843 301,941 71,538 336,278 124,520 1,297,343 496,011 317,053 312,632 256,929 219,844 •88,363 1,889,298 6,170,483 3,121,532 5,099,613 2,044,814 4,899,487 924,761 3,818^423 887,039 929,873 3,040,291 2,563,353 813,976 192,346 538,991 166,498 32,637 112,349 4,839,651 161, 138 3,934,144 14,941,381 5,908,496 4,843,736 9,646,565 3,669,652 2,693,424 5,748,836 7,888,878 1,257,737 3,002,038 1,486,948 1,209,931 36,898 1,142,965 2,679,634 10,767,037 32,130,946 15,980,743 6,761,269 6,393,873 4,970,206 73,501,804 17,017,607 3,300,026 3,400,901 559,217 81,362 308,212 256,166 5,573,998 3,009,196 299,919 416,716 327,984 343,046 253,864 6,301,364 29,028,069 15,897,192 29,666,228 6,856,187 12,072,037 4,400,514 8,634,735 5,101,328 1,931,170 12,213,942 8,348,997 1,116,483 309,451 881,402 193,596 41,282 137,420 5,921,941 202,490 4,642,606 10,956,308 5,794,976 3, 706, 642 7,162,664 4,510,356 1,740,088 3,956,142 3,350,846 1,987,136 2,434,206 1,678,498 833,827 43,588 696,531 2,089,779 2,664,556 477,421 111,770 438,363 239,261 4,191,205 1,179,424 488,299 534,945 437,317 333,040 < 217, 732 3,982,117 18,165,404 8,294,776 16,310,096 5,584,897 10,643,514 1,901,764 10,256,488 2,344,866 2,450,929 7,563,447 7,003,231 Number. 1910 31,933,797 289,454 1,057,902 5,536,905 3,053,164 1,345.456 1,342,911 1,163,916 15,262,412 2,891,677 143,738 29,075 78,996 20,912 3,952 12,781 568,829 15,719 473,364 2,188,951 742,676 583,487 1,433,263 588,628 417,652 676,687 1,014,469 187,249 412,648 177,877 166,582 3,924 119,806 1900 31,867,652 527,301 1,732,622 6,006,474 2,669,058 1,381,330 1,223,888 1,215,247 13,827,002 3,274,830 413,273 499,064 120,810 22,368 105,041 61, 170 723,682 429,902 80,276 109,051 80,285 100, 494 41,609 931,528 3,251,686 1,810,944 3,954,463 1,111,336 2,359,565 752,413 1,340,595 681,410 226,377 1,447,785 1,217,515 240,717 61,296 168,292 30,441 6,901 20,656 938,315 24,744 769,463 2,090,093 940,387 548,853 1,508,503 918,638 329,984 576, 104 587,767 340,273 422,042 279,073 133,825 6,360 101,006 Value. 1910 9164,855,314 1,443,342 6,325,992 28,966,091 17,313,989 6,845,194 5,795,000 4,267,001 80,791,568 14, 107, 137 353,549 497; 247 164, 105 40,478 162,704 55,881 647,838 256,032 167,830 162, 188 130,700 114,414 145,959 924,174 2,995,795 1,611,090 2,498,914 1,089,680 2,850,876 452,271 1,893,802 434,574 459,158 1,480,282 1,335,390 655,661 148,381 430,077 111, 140 21,601 76,482 3,678,912 93,277 2,553,803 10,341,677 4,400,050 3,500,963 7,740,957 2,982,554 2,190,295 4,381,645 5,707,617 913,530 2,304,684 974,667 841,651 19,535 648,094 1900 2,022,836 2,410,161 367,950 51,845 184,193 140,590 3,469,817 1,897,706 181,767 245,710 211,703 210,300 192,834 3,652,164 18,690,188 11,294,338 22,938,391 5,465,629 9,149,625 3,031,764 6,709,694 3,512,039 1,121,445 8,070,909 4,914,783 $101,288,730 1,741,887 6, 490, 238 20,692,825 10,268,049 3,767,442 3,372,779 2,589^6 42, 747, 743 9,618,141 709,720 201,388 597, 117 125,357 22,575 85,730 3,729,631 109,540 2,651,067 6,790,239 3,776,066 2,341.230 4,737,021 3,048,269 1,205,275 2,610,908 2,060,859 1,193,611 1,603,327 1,102,871 491,198 22,899 381,448 1,135,069 1,554,696 276,389 66,202 221,603 109, 136 2,172,170 651,780 259,428 289,401 240,681 185,840 1 125,588 2,037,617 10,105,384 4,947,388 9,391,096 3,417,731 6,828,816 1,061,358 5,695,818 1,300,152 1,382,745 4,188,763 4,046,633 > Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 333 AND SEX GROUPS, AND OF GOATS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1910 AND 1900. [See text with reference to date of enumeration and change In classification.] EAM3 AND -WETHERS. LAMBS. ALL OOATS AND KIDS. Number. Value. Number. Value. Number. Value. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1910 1900 1 7,710,249 7,995,315 (38,660,830 $26,898,061 12,803,815 21,650,746 $29,326,441 $42,016,328 2,916,126 1,870,599 $6,176,423 $3,265,349 2 16,989 35,916 110,942 147,519 124,229 359,341 292,513 790,228 3,195 2,179 18,426 11,715 3 202,553 237,840 1,104,926 925, 126 583,602 1,364,180 1,504,015 3,351,673 7,688 4,212 41,834 18,399 4 997,949 893,716 4,873,680 3,283,882 3,007,380 4,316,083 5,170,059 8,154,239 35,059 25,636 110,771 68,595 5 471,585 486,473 2,681,105 2,003,162 1,540,260 1,808,752 3,292,698 3,709,532 113,215 94,500 324,714 325, 176 •6 207,242 324,809 742,315 755,264 960,855 992,716 2,498,238 2,238,563 211, 101 205,289 235,758 173,764 7 170,922 265,842 633,565 640,381 982,388 933,309 2,871,264 2,380,713 198,647 210,652 264,565 198,543 8 508,529 623,871 1,994,385 1,540,070 531, 212 616,316 964,872 840,510 1,270,231 731, 781 2,719,056 1,050,654 9 4,247,263 4,157,273 22,439,895 14,430,839 3,260,616 8,981,877 8,424,827 16,323,222 737,644 374,892 1,738,171 769,636 10 887,217 969,515 4,080,017 3,171,818 1,813,273 2,289,172 4,306,955 4,227,648 332,445 221,558 723,128 648,967 11 6,196 11,496 32,643 42,087 56,500 167,903 125,672 364,706 682 279 2,177 1,091 12 2,126 4,023 12,661 16,538 12,671 39,795 31,414 92,626 496 208 3,459 916 13 5,364 13,875 41,028 58,264 34, 191 114,409 67,886 226,021 261 102 1,033 444 14 1,787 3,428 13,898 16,719 10,009 18,690 31,460 51,520 1,251 1,254 7,990 7,188 15 254 728 1,912 3,563 2,683 4,678 9,124 15,164 106 23 982 131 16 1,262 2,366 8,910 11,388 8,376 13,966 26,967 40,302 600 313 2,785 1,946 17 37,290 46,201 281,814 252,127 324,181 761,230 878,926 1,940,183 3,476 1,316 21,432 6,442 18 1,076 1,019 8,341 9,384 13,888 21,367 59,520 83,566 674 699 4,614 3,006 19 164,187 190,020 814,771 663,616 245,633 671,583 566,570 1,327,924 3,539 2,197 15,788 8,951 20 701,212 658,157 3,074,671 1,795,218 1,018,999 1,372,378 1,525,233 2,370,851 5,379 5,432 17,843 15,975 21 69,851 70,261 435,658 337,709 624,540 731,354 1,072,788 1,681,201 7,290 4,484 20,905 8,920 22 74,997 80,297 463,735 376,616 401,362 401,431 879,048 989,897 12,436 8,877 38,564 19,932 23 111,978 117,427 679,784 490,322 761,236 1,121,679 1,225,824 1,936,321 6,080 2,861 14, 192 10,008 24 39,911 67,574 219,932 285,118 301,244 689,241 467,166 1,176,969 4,876 3,882 19,267 12,760 25 34,419 29,344 193,642 124,256 185,511 230,560 309,487 410,557 4,688 3,821 18,480 12,908 26 93,230 81,764 587,375 399,619 375,632 398,850 779,916 945,615 20,664 41,468 64,239 146,708 27 101,720 75,946 694,295 290,638 695,079 423,610 1,686,966 999,349 72,416 24,487 187,409 64,786 28 54,143 111,164 244,907 412,119 51,979 230,515 99,300 381,406 1,074 1,122 5,618 5,308 29 88,393 86,296 473,063 355,828 110,223 267,898 224,291 475,051 2,337 2,915 11,422 15,050 30 62,239 66,877 380,679 245,269 63,384 175,323 131,602 330,358 3,290 2,399 11,945 9,126 31 37,441 46,082 207,144 175,433 68,452 82,106 161,136 167,196 8,847 18,288 25,601 71,290 32 491 604 2,698 3,610 3,391 4,801 14,665 18,079 88 143 328 619 33 34 36 6,446 10,514 38,791 46,835 110,886 79,681 466,080 268,248 1,182 1,179 9 5,306 6,116 4,023 39 26,446 38,576 154,771 136,929 366,154 300,804 1,122,419 817,781 7,327 28,286 10,002 36 67,888 75,492 314,500 242,289 343,408 396, 104 676,260 867,571 5,748 847 20,682 2,123 37 19,260 44,707 53,509 76,109 74,403 93,129 137,758 124,923 35,019 42,901 43,039 37,997 38 5,558 11,958 12,694 20,203 9,633 19,102 16,923 25,365 24,750 26,576 27,728 24,450 39 48,209 96,190 82,959 132,597 34,394 77,384 41,060 84,163 89,616 84,624 70,059 61,972 40 33,945 46,828 82,493 97,692 18,686 21,811 33,083 32,433 47,371 43,705 40,521 32,639 41 54,472 68,320 276,356 239,384 684,859 581,185 1,827,826 1,779,651 29,869 11,967 61,665 19,763 43 40,435 61,772 186,379 137,901 324,696 188,207 925,111 389,743 43,560 25,884 82,666 38,938 43 28,836 71,468 64,959 124, 718 33,818 87,755 53,193 104,153 79,347 117,413 76,361 94,258 44 47,179 74,282 105,872 138,378 39,015 76,162 65,134 107, 166 45,871 55,388 43,873 45,594 4S 16,232 38,061 41,478 73,128 47,672 88,168 74,803 123,608 58,294 51,839 84,938 58,788 46 38,814 54,820 84,321 97,454 38,979 50,610 48,425 49,746 57,102 38,308 57,354 35,697 47 7,287 115,224 31,682 145,761 13,576 127,180 29,348 146,383 25,591 114,301 62,687 132,392 48 446,196 515,766 1,836,904 1,323,727 430,985 449,358 812,296 620,873 1,135,244 627,333 2,514,077 923,777 49 1,708,149 1,219,419 9,347,063 4,253,491 420,911 1,955,269 990,818 3,806,529 5,045 1,713 22,416 7,870 50 299,386 354,377 1,898,361 1,193,622 900,148 1,156,065 2,704,493 2,153,766 5,719 4,481 36,697 20,167 51 872,102 828,271 5,193,297 3,317,543 570,596 1,772,428 1,534,540 3,601,457 2,739 2,666 16,128 11,884 52 194,260 263, 143 1,089,087 1,022,872 120,618 691,991 301,471 1,144,294 31,611 37,433 80,644 73, 141 53 535,419 482,867 2,107,914 1,444,135 452,000 1,565,744 814,498 2,370,563 412,050 224,136 939,702 472,961 54 164,187 216, 187 635,520 491,578 310,133 256,303 733,230 348,828 246,617 98,403 555,327 167, 863 55 330,295 659,332 1,502,373 2,241,804 156,290 1,265,289 422,768 2,318,866 29,014 1,427 75,547 2,702 66 143,465 133,677 666,280 465,794 329,920 318,788 923,009 578,919 4,849 4,633 11,710 12,948 67 68,887 98,864 331,798 339,544 180,291 371,851 477,927 728,640 8,621 2,876 31,662 10, 757 68 510,557 481,073 2,421,520 1,455,064 740,793 1,078,936 1,721,513 1,919,620 185,411 109,661 370,637 375,229 69 307,773 389,578 1,326,699 1,377,210 892,189 838,386 2,107,515 1,579,388 138,413 109,021 320,829 262, 981 334 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. POULTRY ON FARMS. The change in the date of enumeration from June 1, at the census of 1900, to April 15, at the census of 1910, should have no very material effect upon the comparability of the statistics of poultry, for the reason that according to the schedules used at both censuses only fowls 3 months of age or over were to be reported. The following table shows for 1910 and 1900. the principal facts with regard to each class of fowls in the United States as a whole : Table SS All fowls. Chickens. Turkeys. Ducks. Geese. Guinea fowls. Pigeons. Peafowls. Ostriches. 1110— Number 295,880,190 $154,663,220 $0.52 5,585,032 87.8 250,624,038 280,345,133 $140,205,607 $0.50 5,578,525 87.7 233,566,021 3,688,708 $6,605,818 $1.79 871,123 13.7 6,594,695 2,906,525 $1,567,164 $0.54 503, 704 7.9 4,785,850 4,431,980 $3,194,507 $0.72 662,324 10.4 5,676,788 1,765,031 $613,282 $0.35 339,538 5.3 (2) 2,730,994 $762,374 $0.28 109,407 1.7 6,458 $18,328 $2.84 1,807 (') (') 5,361 Value $1,696,140 $316. 39 2» (') 1900— Number 684 I Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. » Included with cliickens. » Not reported. The total number of all fowls reported at the census of 1910 was 295,880,000, of which 280,345,000, or 94.7 per cent, consisted of chickens. The number of fowls reported in 1900 was 250,624,000. Excluding pigeons and peafowls, which were not reported in 1900, there was an increase between 1900 and 1910 of 42,519,000, or 17 per cent. The increase was wholly confined to chickens, as there was a marked decrease in turkeys, ducks, and geese. The total value of all fowls in 1910 was $154,663,000, or an average of 52 cents per fowl, while the total value in 1900 was $85,808,000, or an average of 34 cents per fowl, the average value having thus increased 52.9 per cent. The average values of the separate classes of poultry were not reported in 1900. The following table gives, for each geographic division and section, statistics as to the number and value of the different kinds of fowls reported. It shows also what percentage of the total number was found in each division. Table 34 DmSION Oa SECTION. TTnited states.. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central West South Central. . . Mountain Pacific TheNorth The South. The West East of the Mississippi. West of the Mississippi Number. 1910 280,345, 6,841, 24,449, 69,471, 85,192. 25,627: 24,495! 29, 176: 5,467: 9,623 133 918 500 413 651 003 054 294 343 ,957 185,955,482 79,298,351 15,091,300 150,884,888 129,460,245 19001 666,021 440,678 511,436 104, 189 364,879 293,912 965,751 333,880 116,639 434,657 151,421,182 72,593,543 9,551,296 131.315,966 102,250,055 Per ct. of in- crease. 20.0 6.2 13.7 19.6 30.3 15.0 6.7 6.7 75.4 49.6 22.8 9.2 58.0 14.9 26.6 Value. 1910 $140,205,607 4,975,551 16,346,161 36,609,410 41,207,295 11,894,700 10,272,636 10,393,418 3,005,103 5,501,333 99,138,417 32,560,754 8,506,436 80,098,458 60,107,149 Number. 1910 3,688,708 24,255 252,546 701,342 833,472 526,518 483,741 620,791 86,703 159,340 1,811,615 1,631,050 246,043 1,988,402 1,700,306 1900 6,594,695 46,851 483,081 1,501,307 1,571,149 810,975 792,170 1,084,212 81,408 223,542 3,602,388 2,687,357 304,950 3,634,384 2,960,311 Per ct. of in- crease.* -44.1 -48.2 -47.7 -53.3 -47.0 -35.1 -38.9 -42.7 6.5 -28.7 -49.7 -39.3 -19.3 -45.3 -42.6 Value. 1910 $6,605,818 74,725 628, 191 1,330,198 1,563,291 906,226 792,289 771,598 183,042 356,258 3,596,405 2,470,113 539,300 3,731,629 2,874,189 Number. 1910 2,906,525 51,929 369, 706 545,672 809,620 330,054 344,453 348,852 42,242 63,997 1,776,927 1,023,359 106,239 1,641,814 1,264,711 1900 4,785,850 91,421 362, 159 1,018,726 1,397,601 458,918 559, 111 697,937 51,477 148,500 2,869,907 1,715,966 199,977 2,490,335 2,295,515 Per Ct. of in- crease.* -39.3 -43.2 2.1 -46.4 -42.1 -28.1 -38.4 -50.0 -17.9 -56.9 -38.1 -40.4 -46.9 -34.1 -44.9 Value. 1910 $1,567,164 51,014 295,835 319,815 411,787 151,377 129,862 127,488 32,407 47,679 1,078,451 408,727 79,986 947,903 619,261 DIVISION OR SECTION. TTnited Statas New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific TheNorth The South The West East of the Mississippi . . West of the Mississippi. . Number. 1910 4,431, 27, 84, 638, 961, 679, 1,145, 824, 26, 43, 1,711,951 2,649,921 70,108 2,576,707 1,855,273 1900 ,676,788 27,296 117,231 933,817 965,209 908,908 ,534,894 ,054,270 15,676 119,487 2,043,553 3,498,072 135, 163 3,522,146 2,154,642 Per ct of in- crease.' -21.9 -0.3 -27.7 -31.6 -0.4 -25.2 -25.3 -21.8 71.9 -63.9 -16.2 -24.2 -48.1 -26.8 -13.9 Value. 1910 $3,194,507 57,553 140,328 656,291 862,561 402, 756 548,150 425,262 45,451 56,155 1,716,733 1,376,168 101,606 1,805,078 1,389,429 GXnNEA FOWLS.' Number, 1910 1,765,031 37,852 166, 729 232,312 223,998 413,032 342,026 333,408 8,383 7,291 Value. 1910 $613,282 25,865 81,501 77, 197 75,129 143,165 104, 202 95,7151 5,247j 5,261! 259,692 343,082: 10,508: 431,930- 181,352: Nmnber. 1910 1,514,070 1,216,918 Value. 1910 $762,374 53,468 281,768 76,744 103,051 91,279 23,013 31,501 19,536 82,014 515,031 145, 793 101,550 526, 272 236, 102 Num- ber. 1910 6,458 29 351 574 1,210 1,175 1,416 1,120 220 363 2,164 3,711 583 3,545 2,913 Value. 1910 $18,328 285 1,601 1,343 3,254 2,704 3,046 3,149 1,177 1,769 6,483 8,c09 2,946 8,979 9,349 PER CENT OF TOTAL NUMBER IN tJNITED STATES. All fowls. 1910 65.5 29.2 5.4 54.0 46.0 I Includes guinea fowls. 1900 63.8 32.1 4.1 56.2 43.8 Chickens and guinea fowls, 1910 66.1 28.5 5.4 53.9 46.1 1900 100.1 2.1 64.8 31.1 4.1 56.2 43.8 Turkeys. 1910 1900 0100.0 7 0. 8 7.3 O] 22.8 61 23.8 3| 12.3 12.0 16.4 1.2 3.4 49.1 44.2 6.7 64.6 40.8 4. 53.9 55.1 46.1 44.9 Ducks. 1910 100.0 1.8 12. 18.8 27.9 11.4 11.9 12.0 1.5 2.2 61.1 35.2 3.7 56.5 43.5 1900 Geese. 1910 100.0100.0 1.9 7.6 21.3 29.2 9.6 11.7 14.6 1.1 3.1 60.0 35.9 4.2 52.0 48.0 1900 100.0 0.5 2.1 16.4 17.0 16.0 27.0 18.6 0.3 2.1 36.0 61.6 2.4 62.0 38.0 > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 3 Included with chickens in 1900. Not reported in 1900. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 335 It win be seen that in 1910 the West North Central division reported 30 per cent of the total number of fowls in the country. The East North Central divi- sion ranked next with 24.3 per cent, and the West South Central next with 10.6 per cent. There has been no marked change in the distribution of fowls since 1900. The distribution of the number of chickens and guinea fowls naturally corresponds more or less closely with that of all fowls, but the distribution of turkeys, ducks, and geese is somewhat different. The absolute increase in number of chickens between 1900 and 1910 was greatest in the West North Central division, but the percentage of increase was not so high in that division as in the Mountain and Pacific divi- sions. The two South Central divisions show relatively low percentages of increase in the number of chickens. In nearly every division the number of turkeys, of ducks, and of geese fell off. Table 35 in .the next column shows the average value of fowls on farms. In the case of chickens, turkeys, and ducks the average values in 1910 were lowest in the West South Central division and highest in New England. New England also shows the highest average for geese, while the lowest is that for the East South Central division. The average value of fowls of all classes combined shows a marked increase from 1900 to 1910 in every division. Table 35 United Statei.. New Engiand ■. . Middle AtlanUc East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central. Mountain Pacific AVERAGE VALUE or ALL JOWLS. 1910 1900 10.62 0.74 0.68 0.54 0.50 0.49 0.44 0.38 0.82 0.62 $0.34 0.55 0.45 0.34 0.33 0.35 0.31 0.25 0.42 0.45 AVESAOB valve: 1910 $0.50 0.73 0.G7 0.53 0.48 0.46 0.42 0.36 0.55 0.57 tl.79 3.08 2.49 1.90 1. 1.72 1.64 1.24 2.11 2.24 $0.54 0.98 0.80 0.59 0.51 0.46 0.38 0.37 0.77 0.74 o $0.28 0.50 0.41 0.22 0.16 0.33 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.29 $316. 3» 427.17 393.08 338.88 211.96 Table 36 (page 336) shows, for each geographic divi- sion and state, the number and value of all fowls on farms at the censuses of 1910 and 1900, together with the number of chickens and guinea fowls com- bined and the number of turkeys, ducks, and geese combined. Alili FOWLS ON FARMS. NUMBER, BY STATES: APRIL 15, 1910. 336 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. POULTRY AND BEES ON FARMS— NUMBER AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES; 1910 AND 1900. Table 36 DIVISION OR 8TATK. TTnltedSUtes... OEOOiurHic DiviaoNs: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nokth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ALL FOWLS.! Number. Value. 1910 8M, 880,190 7,078,636 26,004,625 71,941,382 88,684,488 27,858,263 26,918,569 31,501,899 5,708,606 10,183,722 1,735,962 924,859 938,524 1,798,380 415,209 1,265,702 10,678,836 2,597,448 12,728,341 17,342,289 13,789,109 21,409,835 9,967,039 9,433,110 10,607,075 23,482,880 20,897,208 3,268,109 5,251,348 9,351,830 15,736,038 876,081 2,908,958 8,349 6,099,581 3,310,155 5,053,870 2,946,414 5,328,584 1,326,271 8,764,204 8,056,145 5,028,104 5,070,116 5,788,570 3,542,447 8,501,237 13,669,645 1,053,876 341,050 1,721,445 531,625 268,762 691,941 133,217 2,272,775 1,823,680 6,087,267 1900 250,(84,038 6,606,246 22,473,907 61,558,039 69,298,838 24,472,713 25,851,926 30,170,335 3,265,650 6,926,384 1,585,564 877,939 843,163 1,680,693 520,514 1,098,373 9,352,412 2,076,514 11,044,981 15,018,352 11,949,821 17,737,262 8,405,060 8,447,544 8,142,693 20,043,343 16,076,713 1,489,380 3,178,285 7,812,239 12,556,185 665,282 2,305,645 8,293 5,041,470 3,053,071 4,379,961 2,908,319 4,926,452 1,184,220 7,855,468 6,971,737 5,186,536 5,838,185 6,092,876 4,299,479 '4,916,598 14,861,382 556,679 540,009 149,564 1,017,120 163,015 174,972 556,753 107,538 1,356,715 1,373,203 4,196,466 1910 81l>4,663,220 5,238,461 17,775,385 39,070,998 44,226,368 13,631,607 11,873,198 11,910,631 4,656,963 6,279,709 1,131,921 649,121 607,787 1,492,961 368,018 988,653 7,879,388 2,221,610 7,674,387 9,532,672 7,762,015 11,696,650 5,610,958 4,468,703 4,646,960 12,269,881 11,870,972 1,485,463 2,356,465 4,219,158 7,377,469 560,146 1,858,570 6,477 3,395,962 1,628,700 2,212,570 1,206,615 2,088,653 673,814 4,461,871 3,757,337 1,807,239 1,846,751 2,063,432 1,326,614 3,713,943 4,806,642 628,436 598,190 194,078 1,012,251 256,466 1,545,966 327,908 93,668 1,367,440 1,067,743 3,844,526 1900 185,807,818 3,611,668 10,095,094 20,819,906 22,596,723 8,545,899 8,063,673 7,612,990 1,362,014 3,099,851 756,153 467,104 421,195 1,018,119 305,047 644,050 4,310,755 1,300,853 4,483,486 5,085,921 4,222,409 6,415,033 2,685,829 2,410.714 2,274,649 6,535,464 5,720,359 477,358 856,966 1*2,374,930 4,356,997 367,475 1,158,020 3,108 1,886,768 963,805 1,434,158 889,953 1,458,055 394,557 2,723,221 2,275,864 1,409,269 1,655,319 1,540,006 1,057,889 > 1,416,127 3,598,968 296,806 203,127 60,397 393,219 62,419 103,298 186,922 55,826 614,838 682,524 1,902,489 chickens and GtnNEA FOWLS. Number. 1910 1900 282,110,164 233,566,021 6,879,770 24,616,229 69,703,725 85,416,649 26,040,035 24,837,080 29,509,702 5,475,726 9,631,248 1,718,240 907,807 915,526 1,716,436 396,981 1,225,781 10,265,939 2,342,451 12,007,839 16,904,166 13,273,585 20,647,947 9,724,713 9,153,314 10,304,776 22,730,118 19,992,410 3,097,692 4,936,814 9,033,353 15,321,486 798,345 2,702,403 7,433 5,738,011 3,121,066 4,643,447 2,778,122 4,991,612 1,259,607 8,047,178 7,410,314 4,708,474 4,671,114 5,234,957 3,291,128 8,093,918 12,889,699 923,173 1,013,401 325,365 1,648,246 511,845 253,118 673,911 126,667 2,205,934 1,756,340 5,668,974 6,440,678 21,511,436 68, 104, 189 65,364,879 22,293,912 22,965,751 27,333,880 3,116,639 6,434,657 1,564,853 870,461 806,451 1,625,269 500,618 1,073,026 8,964,736 1,993,594 10,553,106 14,269,525 11,103,006 16,600,728 8,033,531 8,097,399 7,730,940 18,907,673 14,903,601 1,409,285 3,028,700 7,417,837 11,966,843 628,866 2,113,544 8,004 4,590,311 2,759,585 3,871,858 2,664,784 4,549,144 1,107,816 6,849,079 6,184,210 4,737,606 5,194,856 5,393,157 3,890,563 » 4, 487, 858 13,562,302 531, 774 616,412 142, 136 968, 761 156,853 165,200 534,842 100,661 1,196,639 1,290,818 3,947,200 TURKEYS, DUCKS, AND GEESE. Number. 1910 1900 11,027,213 103,386 707,049 1,885,921 2,604,137 1,536,444 1,974,123 1, 793, 763 155,891 266,499 13,280 6,959 18,759 38,111 8,353 17,924 300,756 69,254 347,040 382,328 463,364 617,469 202,778 219,982 346,765 564,669 832,570 132,015 199,527 214,016 314,675 23,082 134,098 196 321,930 181,300 384,000 139, 713 293,480 58,645 686,930 627,493 286,233 373,467 537,028 226,258 346,904 683,573 31,731 32,016 11,002 43, 135 10,780 8,023 14,716 4,488 44,086 51,665 170,858 17,057,333 165,568 962,471 3,453,860 3,933,959 2,178,801 2,886,176 2,836,419 148,561 491,529 iSd^tad^L'VTrriS'"'''''^'"'^'"'''''*"'*"^^^^ 20,711 7,478 36,712 55,424 19,896 25,347 387,676 82,920 491,875 748,827 846,815 1,136,634 371,529 350,145 411,753 1,135,670 1,173,112 80,095 149,585 394,402 689,342 36,416 192, 101 289 451,159 293,486 508,103 243,635 377,308 76,404 1,006,389 787,527 448,930 643,329 699,719 408,916 « 428, 740 1,299,044 24,905 23,597 7,428 48,359 6,162 9,322 21,911 6,877 160,076 82,385 249,068 COLONIES OF BEES. Number. 1910 1900 3,445,006 40,627 291,669 545,938 646,693 678,439 506,962 379,842 172,654 282,192 7,592 4,644 10,215 7,464 1,267 9,445 156,360 10,484 124,815 98,242 80,938 166,846 116,274 95,638 66,677 160,025 203,569 495 6,565 45,625 73,737 6,410 23,166 151 104,006 110,673 189,178 75,422 130,549 38,895 152,991 144,481 135,140 74,360 92,731 29,691 19,413 238,107 6,313 21,903 4,596 71,434 10,052 23,770 26,185 8,401 33,884 47,285 201,023 4,108,239 60,713 362,996 654,979 632,877 854,909 730,234 559, 150 146,482 216,899 10,867 6,620 12,836 8,381 1,681 11,43*8 187,208 14, 118 161,670 151,391 117, 148 179,953 100,397 106,090 45,877 138,811 205,110 279 2,063 52,143 88,594 10,187 28,013 59 139,064 111,417 244,539 93,958 187,919 39, 763 203,820 225,788 205,369 96,257 111,138 35,231 » 20, 137 392,644 1,801 19,240 1,020 59, 756 6,164 18,991 33,818 5,692 30,870 55,686 129,444 Value. 1910 810,373,615 195,959 1,166,587 1,800,931 1,729,683 1,574,577 1,117,145 997,825 784,066 1,006,862 40,367 23,693 44,349 39,683 6,138 41,839 646,848 41,560 478,179 275,726 230,478 487,733 446,464 360,630 221,781 517,329 584,549 3,086 31,650 152,676 218,612 13,609 61,603 790 302,623 388,937 386,683 134,622 187,242 98,468 419,379 340,619 212,921 144,226 200,040 58,188 64,261 675,327 32,112 100,148 20,493 308,608 46,300 104,374 123,568 48,453 126,895 150,164 729,793 810,178,087 Pigeons and peafowls not enumerated prior to 1910. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 337 BEES ON FABMS. The number of colonies of bees and their value at the censuses of 1910 and 1900 are shown, by divisions and states, in Table 36 (page 336) in connection with the statistics for poultry. In the United States as a whole there were reported 3,445,000 colonies of bees on farms in 1910, as compared with 4,108,000 in 1900, a decrease of 663,000 colonies, or 16.1 per cent. There was, how- ever, a slight increase in the total value. The average value per colony increased from $2.48 to $3.01. The number of farms reporting bees also decreased mate- rially, being 586,000 in 1910 as against 707,000 in 1900. Such farms represented 9.2 per cent of the total number of farms in 1910, as compared with 12.3 per cent in 1900. The average number of colonies per farm reporting was 5.9 in 1910, or practically the same as in 1900. Table 37 shows the percentage of the total number of colonies of bees in each geographic division and the average value per colony. The South Atlantic division reported in 1910 almost one-fifth of the entire number of colonies of bees in the United States, a larger proportion than any other geographic division. The other divisions which rank relatively high in bee culture are the West North Central, East North Central, East South Central, and West South Central, in the order named. The Mountain and Pacific divisions, however, reported a decidedly larger proportion of the total number of colonies in 1910 than in 1900. The average value per colony in 1910 ranged from $4.82 in the New England division and $4.54 in the Mountain division to $2.20 in the East South Central division; in every division it was higher in 1910 than in 1900, the change being most marked in the Mountain and Middle Atlantic divisions. Table 37 DIVISION. PEE CENT OF TOTAL COLONIES. AVERAGE VALUE PEE COLONY. 1910 1900 1910 1900 United States 100.0 1.2 8.5 15 8 15.9 19.7 14.7 11.0 6.0 8.2 100.0 1.2 8.8 15.9 13.0 20.8 17.8 13.6 3.6 5.3 •3.01 j 4.82 4.00 3.30 3.16 2.32 2.20 2.63 4.54 3.57 12.48 4.07 Middle A tlati tic 3 21 East North Central 2^90 West North Central 3 02 South Atlantic L95 East South C«ntral 2 00 West South Central 1 88 Montit^tln 3.36 2.92 Pacific DOMESTIC AlflMAIS NOT ON FARMS. In compliance with the requirements of the Thir- teenth Census act the Census Bureau collects statis- tics of domestic animals, not only on farms, but also in barns and inclosures not on farms — in cities and villages and elsewhere. Animals not on farms con- sist mainly of those kept more or less permanently, such as draft animals and dairy cows, but they also include considerable numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine which are temporarily held in cities and villages pending slaughter or sale. The statistics for the sev- eral classes are not subdivided according to age groups in this bulletin. It may be stated, however, that a relatively larger proportion of the animals not on farms are of adult age than in the case of those on farms, and for this reason comparison between the censuses of 1900 and 1910, with reference to the total number of animals of each kind, is less seriously affected by the change in the date of enumeration than in the case of animals on farms. Table 38 (pages 338 and 339) shows, by geographic divisions and states, the number of domestic animals not on farms at the censuses of 1910 and 1900 and their value at the census of 1910 only, statistics of value for such animals not having been collected in 1900. As might be expected, draft animals are relatively much more important in cities and villages than other domestic animals. Of the total value of domestic animals not on farms in 1910, $463,280,000, or nearly 72497°— 13 22 + seven-eighths, represents the value of horses, mules, and asses and burros. All cattle, with a value of $60,816,000, made up the larger part of the remainder. It is noteworthy that in each of the four geo- graphic divisions constituting the North there was a decUne between 1900 and 1910 in the number of cattle not on farms, while in each of the five geo- graphic divisions constituting the South and West there was an increase. The same statement holds true with regard to horses, except that a slight in- crease took place in the number of horses in the Middle Atlantic division. Differences in the ratio which urban population bears to rural population and differences in the rate of growth in urban population among the different divi- sions of the country doubtless have something to do with the differences among them in the rate of increase of cattle and of horses not on farms. In the country as a whole urban population (that is, that in cities and villages of 2,500 or more inhabitants) increased more than three times as fast as rural population between 1900 and 1910. It should be noted, however, that in many of the larger cities increasing stringency of sanitary regulations has tended to reduce the number of cattle kept for dairy purposes, and also that in the larger cities the increased use of automobiles has tended to reduce the number of horses and other draft animals. 338 ABSTIUCT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. DOMESTIC ANIMALS NOT ON FARMS— VALUE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS NOT ON FARMS, BY [See text with reference to date of enumeration.] Table 38 DIVISION OB STATE. TTnlted Statoi. Oboorafhic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PACmc: Washington Oregon CaUfomla VALUE of ALL DOMESTIC AinUALS 1910 9536,361,526 40,439,958 121,903,902 105,497,651 84,646,348 45,348,963 33,796,963 51,212,264 22,162,408 31,353,069 4,796,026 2,584,475 2,581,230 20,482,394 3,372,254 6,623,579 63,722,021 17,623,864 40,658,017 25,221,650 16,697,433 34,791,066 15,700,343 13,087,159 12,862,351 17,929,607 20,814,834 3,415,679 4,942,544 10,361,943 14,319,390 1,213,301 7,195,972 1,786,985 6,835,454 4,941,574 6,293,163 3,790,112 9,162,242 4, 130, 160 10,330,988 10,307,140 7,483,063 5,675,772 6,631,812 6,625,811 11,685,338 26,269,303 3,474,331 3,058,357 1,488,409 7,255,060 1,773,512 1,562,564 2,667,162 883,013 7,558,077 4,997,977 18,797,015 Number. 1910 1,878,782 50,495 153,719 283,200 317, 753 233,996 258,464 399,326 96,917 84,912 9,700 4,473 5,876 19,896 2,654 7,896 47,508 14,512 91,699 62,388 54,157 77,255 47,385 42,015 53,946 61,705 75,941 12,429 17,033 40,488 56,211 1,172 14,710 629 36,661 31,524 36,528 22,396 63,172 27,204 55,719 55,292 75,297 72,156 63,632 57,900 72,980 204,814 11,200 10,040 4,536 30,498 13,649 8,529 16,459 2,006 21,730 17,006 46,176 1900 1,616,422 Value. 1910 $60,816,261 57,171 173,305 325,728 342,153 148,418 174,616 269,383 56,637 69,011 15,623 5,079 8,401 18,451 1,643 7,974 55,555 17,405 100,345 64,612 52,619 115,034 49,292 44,171 47,412 79,880 84,270 9,653 15,375 43,999 61,564 1,240 14,064 615 28,391 15,762 20,899 15,259 37,886 14,302 36,491 50,370 49,736 38,019 45,740 29,336 126,892 167,415 6,458 5,683 2,686 20,653 4,931 2,238 12,931 1,057 19, 121 15,296 34,694 2,050,638 5,919,042 10,710,926 11,120,590 6,520,006 7,475,455 10,609,804 3,396,552 3,013,248 Number. 362,654 166,668 207,608 875,189 117,436 321,093 2,017,616 680,897 3,220,529 2,240,857 2,144,226 3,223,121 1, 745, 203 1,357,519 1,721,245 2,229,183 2,720,956 401,580 634,208 1,469,662 2,043,756 43,647 484,112 27,532 1,078,182 1,053,931 996,410 657,496 1,530,692 648,004 2,398,411 1,606,067 1,730,548 1,740,429 1,374,763 1,292,087 1,971,439 6,971,525 400,723 357,699 160,415 1,392,350 343,242 203,017 481,140 57,966 820,526 588,005 1,604,717 1910 3,182,789 238,037 626,990 732,992 571,221 203,928 143,383 297,686 161,211 207,341 29,622 18, 101 18,806 115, 186 17,802 38,520 303,256 96,384 227,350 188,041 120,632 234,629 100,238 89,452 83,654 123,370 132,068 22,214 34,622 69,762 105,631 7,219 40,121 11,604 35,908 22,256 26,702 14,517 31,528 14,073 49,462 43,753 26,965 23,203 33,040 33,281 77,852 163,513 24,366 20,620 10,484 48,129 17,350 15,031 18,287 6,944 44,617 30,203 132,521 1900 2,936,881 271,001 609,383 749,389 672,584 158,660 119,172 212, 109 108,036 136,657 34,011 22,367 20,365 133,619 19,980 40,659 305,937 83,191 220,255 189,965 128,229 242,919 102,639 85,737 85,660 154,775 129,513 16, 114 24,945 68,621 92,966 6,702 39,734 11,599 28,094 18,097 15,780 9,855 21,104 7,585 45,648 39,216 18,676 15,733 26,610 26,346 135,823 124,431 17,275 12,208 9,371 36,763 9,725 6,390 13,002 3,302 22,459 20,027 94,171 Value. 1910 $422,204,393 37,866,416 110,424,383 89,083,221 65,775,491 28, 690, 522 18,400,120 29,974,135 . 16,372,221 25,617,886 4,341,987 2,363,802 2,305,409 19,423,642 3,206,056 6,226,519 60,371,030 16,476,601 33,576,752 21,669,209 13,445,162 28,833,742 13,660,280 11,474,828 10,809,499 14,628,589 14,919,261 2,854,134 4,167,070 7,758,601 10,648,437 1,092,074 6,952,420 1,589,340 4,549,316 2,912,306 3, 700, 148 2,157,501 4,701,251 2,036,166 • 6,156,048 6,079,213 3,454,633 2,710,226 3,595,799 3,177,907 7,691,073 16,509,356 2,833,966 2,612,517 1,145,358 5, 157, 786 1,083,447 1,121,618 1,865,027 652,502 6,350,366 4,124,678 16,142,841 Number. 1910 270,371 834 25,127 24,933 31,064 56,285 46,229 64,626 9,491 13, 793 1900 67 46 192 271 76 183 3,490 1,619 20,118 6,840 6,710 10,838 700 845 1,017 3,477 15,245 716 794 2,859 6,946 353 3,669 1,154 6,629 6,608 8,436 6,474 16,556 7,606 11,061 14,302 12,907 6,959 9,728 12,226 11,696 30,975 491 679 728 3,324 1,629 1,321 488 931 1,804 1,377 10,612 173,908 657 25,199 16,500 26,376 26,269 29,^60 38, 792 6,969 4,3% Value. 1910 $39,374,534 60 30 31 490 9 47 1,866 1,123 22,210 4,772 4,423 6,468 380 457 827 5,238 12,742 235 509 2,800 4,025 297 2,223 276 3,102 3,495 3,176 2,832 7,600 3,258 7,445 10,691 7,362 4,362 7,383 7,012 15,027 19,370 361 507 820 2,412 637 731 161 340 407 510 3,479 1 Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. 339 CLASSES, IN 1910, WITH NUMBER OF EACH CLASS, IN 1910 AND 1900, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. [See text with reference to date of enumeration.) Table 38— Continued. DIVISION OE STATE. United States Geoqeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central- West South Central . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire .... Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centbal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Sox^H Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California ASSES AND BtmHOS. Number. 1910 1900 16,602 96 387 934 2,198 524 974 3,750 6,395 1,244 19 6 2 36 8 26 144 66 188 139 243 412 74 66 100 199 710 23 66 326 776 4 66 6 71 56 74 64 162 42 246 463 141 135 269 112 671 22 41 28 1,362 1,662 2,878 53 349 114 73 1,057 15,847 108 1,100 1,057 2,198 675 1,366 3,275 5,440 18 11 5 66 1 18 421 78 601 212 226 420 56 503 668 18 43 308 613 4 72 1 209 68 02 64 126 69 379 543 200 244 254 270 >305 2,446 17 229 52 2,029 1,567 1,466 39 41 23 45 560 Value. 1910 $1,701,386 5,687 30,137 172,035 602,617 75,678 180,156 435,583 106,558 93,035 1,460 170 100 1,587 380 1,990 16,427 2,898 11,812 14,294 53,466 94,263 6,001 4,011 20,608 52,227 191,447 7,655 18,563 96,604 215,513 795 10,525 486 10,480 8,720 9,205 6,836 25,380 4,152 47,585 85,914 16,387 30,270 51,505 8,974 172,460 202,644 8,155 8,234 425 29,265 18,454 27,270 6,810 7,945 32,105 15,816 46,114 Number. 1910 390,887 7,495 28,392 55,472 53,650 10, 195 12,360 8,058 145,922 60,343 2,023 345 201 4,320 108 480 23,608 207 4,577 8,868 6,633 31,060 6,463 3,449 2,162 1,206 17,850 1,188 884 20,029 10,331 15 671 1 2,882 1,358 1,579 369 2,914 406 1,954 3,487 1,783 5,136 1,187 2,602 261 4,008 33,579 7,874 11,080 8,473 23,938 1,131 39, 789 20,058 2,957 1,755 64,631 1900 231,301 11,113 38,416 79,862 24,617 15,829 16,278 14,639 8,725 21,822 7,093 589 945 2,259 78 149 18,048 10,301 10,067 9,393 6,309 54,891 5,474 3,795 4,128 2,857 8,707 439 428 6,026 2,032 11 2,975 30 2,685 1,836 1,122 522 5,762 3,489 3,266 6,404 3,119 2,666 2,099 >378 9,496 97 1,044 152 763 3,060 123 3,415 71 1,115 2,476 18,231 Value. 1910 11,822,943 32,394 186,390 303,820 322,838 28,434 38,763 23,399 631,322 255,583 7,331 1,756 1,269 18,792 558 2,688 156,874 3,049 26,467 38,505 25,647 191,308 32,231 16,129 10,497 7,154 106,615 5,156 5,023 140,496 47,998 75 3,242 3 9,522 6,133 3,115 1,100 6,409 836 8,626 12,625 4,241 13,371 2,945 6,003 796 13,655 128,146 42,047 58,082 36,694 74, 487 2,817 216,443 72,606 17,431 5,580 232,572 Number. 1910 1900 114,670 1,399 8,932 6,747 3,115 9,663 9,661 22,246 43,322 9,586 39 59 20 643 243 396 2,623 2,111 4,208 1,134 922 1,900 2,116 676 373 417 1,422 133 106 304 361 30 384 78 513 255 1,744 1,044 3,267 2,349 907 2,066 4,918 1,770 2,084 3,775 1,486 14,901 60 94 641 4,008 24,410 12,779 1,368 62 789 1,684 7,113 78,363 936 11,344 7,056 3,190 7,391 8,760 17,770 17,846 4,072 36 45 49 403 76 237 3,046 1,760 6,648 1,140 707 2,984 603 1,622 807 988 58 54 384 611 62 384 64 1,010 672 1,124 681 2,046 1,348 636 1,467 4,762 1,895 1,777 2,091 >525 13,377 10 19 3 3,946 12,216 1,591 42 19 132 334 3,606 Value. 1910 1366,749 10,519 62,820 29,679 15,484 27,827 21,340 46,703 111,020 40,357 227 389 133 4,820 1,068 2,973 20,861 16,503 25,456 6,852 3,434 10,253 6,128 3,012 2,076 1,857 5,191 1,073 563 1,719 3,005 165 2,331 587 2,253 1,542 6,222 3,144 7,375 4,208 3,651 6,367 8,200 3,122 4,453 8,824 6,254 28,172 402 820 2,795 11,852 61,626 29,783 3,490 252 3,694 4,034 32,629 Number. 1910 1,287,960 32,063 142,821 179,397 223,522 230,418 192,852 238,836 28,549 19,502 5,668 4,012 3,522 12,010 2,960 3,882 32,316 9,264 101,241 47,125 36,549 70,973 13,894 10,856 10,365 46,427 78,667 2,461 7,426 42,379 36,907 3,729 24,424 170 38, 771 25,406 50,241 13,017 52,562 22,098 40,117 55,729 53,283 43,723 56,173 40,564 48,404 03,695 2,538 2,851 743 13,957 2,312 1,304 4,252 592 4,274 3,060 12,168 1900 1,818,114 44,193 235,476 391,936 434,074 229,204 211,508 220,725 16,265 34,733 9,545 5,759 5,420 17,219 1,360 4,890 52,176 25,954 157,346 97,226 77,395 166,944 22,908 27,463 17,845 128, 138 109,678 3,016 9,133 93,094 73, 170 4,130 41,910 332 52,829 22,185 40,009 12,030 40,157 15,622 54,462 82,912 51,018 23,126 53,010 24,392 » 30,056 113,267 933 3,467 139 3,047 1,440 712 6,036 491 5,569 6,135 24,029 Value. > Includes Indian Territory. 340 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. DOMESTIC ANIMALS ON FARMS AND NOT ON FARMS— VALUE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS ON AND NOT ON [See text with reference to date of enumeration.) Table 39 DinaiON OB STATE. TTolted StatM Oeoqbaphic divisions: New England Middle AtlanUo East North Central . . West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centeal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centkal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri.. North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Vii^ia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Gewgia Florida East South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon California VALUE or ALL domestic animals: 1910 16,896,421,619 132,902 452,117 ,040,953 ,500,364 396,677 389,840, 628,138; 405,434 250,992 28,785, 13,822 24,571 39,691 6,274, 19,756. 238,282, 39,849, 173,985, 212,744; 182,564; 331,410; 147,446, 166,787, 169,634; 398,131 294,181 110,176, 129,783 228,210, 260,245 7,456; 37,845; 1,932; 78,028; 46,260 66,343 47,580 87,280 23,949 122,936 116,915 71,057 78,931 78,426; 49,940, 160,338 339,433 88,473; 52,135 66,872 76,095; 44,965 25,939 30,997 19,954, 54,928 63,241 141.821 Number. 1910 63,682,648 1,387,045 4,386,240 10,102,297 17,965,467 5,073,317 4,200,990 11,120,338 6,157,642 3,289,312 266,223 172,304 436,190 272,312 36,802 203,214 2,470,511 237,511 1,678,218 1,899,995 1,417,173 2,517,832 1,545,208 2,722,089 2,401,381 4,509,711 2,637,423 756,191 1,552,309 2,972,838 3,135,614 56,158 302,461 1,611 895,728 651,812 737,389 412,278 1,143,488 872,392 1,056,656 1,051,821 1,007,725 1,084,788 1,091,703 862,695 2,026,540 7,139,400 954,347 463,847 771,963 1,158,235 1,095,312 833,458 428,793 451,687 423,850 742,261 3, 123, 201 1900 69,335,832 1,663,786 4,906,525 10,858,042 20,431,252 4, 580, 168 3,843,137 14,471,525 5,972,536 2,608,861 354,470 231,871 510,341 304,395 37,677 225,032 2,651,944 257,389 1,997,192 2,117,925 1,737,097 3,219,044 1,425,700 2,358,276 1,918,737 5,447,510 3,062,859 667,087 1,562,175 3,220,242 4,552,642 55,420 306,710 2,077 853,903 655,544 645,417 358,157 937,377 765,563 1,119,739 962,553 849,470 911,375 940,275 699,631 •3,236,008 9,595,611 974,845 369,217 689,970 1,453,971 996,790 744,873 356,621 386,249 414,044 715,599 1,479,218 Value. 1910 $1,560,339,868 44,291,487 144,604,295 282,655,046 460,774,897 96,059,538 82,876,734 213,849,304 149,666,101 85,562,466 8,147,038 5,406,780 12,036,500 10,223,265 1,426,524 7,051,380 85,079,858 9,074,014 50,450,423 53,644,198 41,254,718 76,677,866 42,245,521 68,832,743 52,027,617 121,093,322 75,604,620 18,112,978 36,791,442 74,543,719 82,601,199 1,691,980 8,353,638 102,837 22,202,253 16,914,695 13,546,464 7,745,755 15,591,650 9,910,266 28,369,982 22,296,785 15,200,174 17,009,793 16,835,419 12,897,441 45,159,040 138,957,404 27,874,845 11,688,338 22,857,802 32,409,653 20,753,207 14,827,725 9,429,842 9,824,689 13,013,991 18,158,690 54,389,785 BOSSES. Number. 1910 23,016,902 592,792 1,856,676 5,134,434 7,365,413 1,315,115 1,287,982 2,646,715 1,588,268 1,228,507 137, 196 64,330 99,587 179,469 27,349 84,861 894,264 185,306 777, 106 1,098,265 934,276 1,687,516 710,271 704, 106 836,838 1,615,596 1,205,455 672,813 703,984 1,078,140 1,252,587 40,284 195,559 12,168 366,332 202,247 192,853 94,364 151,595 59,713 492,496 393,462 162,601 239,423 287,756 214,567 820,811 1,323,581 340,322 218,392 166,546 342,164 196,875 114,609 133,963 75,397 325,189 301,911 601,407 1900 Value. 1910 21,203,901 12,606,792,688 656,697 1,922,826 4,871,843 6,244,392 1,229,620 1,305,211 2,450,833 1,432,612 1,089,867 140,310 77,233 105,896 208,653 31,370 93,235 934,375 177,215 811,236 1,068,170 879,944 1, 593, 138 689,098 641,493 782, 129 1,547,348 1,096,550 376,062 505,713 863,939 1,072,651 36,424 188,728 12,453 326,616 203,285 174,933 88,274 148,511 50,396 497,245 391,604 171,318 245,044 279,100 220,717 1557, 153 1,393,863 347,247 182,328 144,914 273,309 140,878 131,453 128,886 83,597 266,444 307,959 515,464 81,924,491 270,535,686 578,373,706 819,287,782 150,049,647 136,471,419 212,592,335 128,978,449 127,579,073 18,706,743 7,630,191 10,896,766 28,095,639 4,630,233 11,964,919 140,414,332 28,489,113 101,632,241 120,579,847 100,563,630 192, 197, 142 84,972,754 80,060,333 99,878,371 192,627,713 128,895,824 86,315,873 77,600,048 110,563,408 123,406,545 4,543,865 22,739,887 1,644,366 39,406,926 21,495,687 22, 128, 282 12,304,679 18,895,090 6,890,865 50,952,168 45,399,257 17,105,917 23,014,077 26,748,008 14,967,602 71,342,734 99,533,991 29,949,730 22,344,940 13,572,196 32,540,712 8,951,761 5,331,344 11,864,862 4,422,904 36,031,215 29,305,821 62,242,037 Number. 1910 4,480,140 2,563 77,543 284,356 746,986 804,542 1,049,033 1,351,003 58,448 105,666 425 240 621 539 139 599 7,542 5,560 64,441 29,690 87,878 158,671 4,400 3,717 6,792 59,001 357,945 8,411 13,218 86,264 215,355 6,288 26,236 1,207 66,651 18,225 183, 147 160,945 310,904 30,939 236,104 290,157 260,053 262, 719 231,928 143,780 268,762 706,533 4,665 4,715 2,773 18,063 16,466 5,284 2,765 3,717 13,989 11,304 80,373 1900 3,438,523 2,052 71,459 232,038 561,493 581,388 880,411 977,579 32,798 99,305 403 127 362 788 47 325 5,179 6,011 60,269 21,543 71,140 131,112 3,296 4,947 9,166 60,985 296,261 7,115 7,313 57,924 122,729 5,042 19,734 367 50,576 14,849 138, 786 120,201 214,921 16,922 198, 110 264,248 199,432 218,621 182,384 150,982 1117,562 526,651 3,090 2,300 2,047 9,196 5,948 4,808 2,277 3,132 3,097 7,956 88,252 ' Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK ON FARMS AND ELSEWHERE. FARMS, BY CLASSES, IN 1910, WITH NUMBER OF EACH CLASS, IN 1910 AND 1900, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. [See text with reference to date of enumeration.] 341 Table 39— Continued. DIVISION OR STATE. trnited states.... GEoaKAPmc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio TnHtftTlft Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centbal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada ; PAcmc: Washington Oregon California asses and bubsos. Number. IMO 1900 122,200 243 1,072 6,360 24,452 3,897 16,705 33,510 31,404 4,557 41 35 24 57 19 67 428 108 536 627 1,889 3,275 307 262 319 1,813 13,687 156 398 2,444 5,736 156 6 854 216 1,091 455 927 170 4,922 8,442 4,413 1,928 3,367 643 6,394 23,106 182 4,595 13,514 9,982 1,213 1,261 287 621 3,649 110,012 288 2,057 5,367 17,778 2,976 19,069 25,629 33,528 3,320 66 38 30 106 6 42 750 121 1,177 402 1,234 2,958 184 529 216 2,335 9,435 114 238 1,040 4,400 19 141 1 621 174 917 301 645 157 5,638 9,395 2,019 2,017 2,733 953 13,088 18,855 145 591 466 7,542 17,469 6,091 927 297 183 350 2,787 Value. 1910 114,901,498 18,510 U7,lll 1,130,733 5,540,772 549,786 2,527,610 3,576,926 | 766,518 673,532 ^,188 1,763 2,138 3,364 1,010 6,047 53,689 8,172 55,260 75,854 344,663 662,457« 29,933 17,806 43,466 332,439 3,245,320 30,570 90,191 544,239 1,254,648 4,770 46,975 485 132,134 34,276 141,759 68,747 106,783 14,867 895,861 1,160,980 160,134 310,635 521,243 79,200 1,053,765 1,922,718 63,336 108,226 28,115 165,997 181,486 100,362 75,056 43,940 114,510 166,593 392,429 Number. 1910 52,838,748 438,167 1,872,449 9,597,706 5,118,659 2,523,748 2,508,581 2,201,715 22,916,213 5,661,510 206,467 44,117 118,752 37,037 6,897 22,907 953,906 30,890 887,061 3,918,030 1,342,600 1,090,016 2,312,929 933,232 639,744 1,146,756 1,829,118 294,569 612, 148 313,629 282,806 7,821 237,808 1 807,766 911,718 216,052 37,928 190,658 114,107 1,364,967 798,620 144,713 200,381 146,376 180,889 62,733 1,812,717 5,414,326 3,018,352 5,408,241 1,434,687 3,370,922 1,227,864 1,866,969 1,174,853 478,512 2,700,890 2,482,108 1900 61,736,014 933,671 3,362,958 11,296,135 4,988,900 2,714,744 2,439,317 2,469,073 26,974,877 6,566,339 427,209 105,702 297,621 64,818 11,286 37.136 1,763,794 68,031 1,641,133 4,030,021 1,748,311 1,086,472 2,753,083 1,679,248 694,006 1,059,676 1,005,920 682,301 775,664 617,299 964,045 11,776 194,076 30 605,614 970,679 303,063 72,060 342,040 125,406 1,300,832 499,277 323,457 315,751 259,595 221,943 ' 88, 741 1,898,794 6,170,580 3, 122, 576 5,099,765 2,045,577 4,902,547 924,884 3,821,838 887,110 930,988 3,042,767 2,581,584 Value. 1910 $234,664,528 1,879,191 9,121,323 39,313,650 23,610,630 9,114,181 9,338,592 7,249,657 112,287,612 22.749.692 821,307 194,102 640,260 175,290 33,195 115,037 4,996,525 164,187 3,960,611 14,979,886 5,934,143 5,036,044 9,678,796 3,686,781 2,703,921 6,766,990 7,996,393 1,282,893 3,007,061 1,627,443 1,257,929 36,973 1,146,207 3 3,309,548 3,406,034 562,332 82,462 313,621 257,001 5,682,624 3,021,721 304,160 430,087 330,929 349,049 254,660 6,315,019 29,156,215 15,939,239 29,724,310 6,892,881 12,146,524 4,403,331 8,851,178 6,173,934 1,948,601 12,219,522 8,581,569 Number. 1910 3,029,795 4,694 16,520 41,806 116,330 220,764 208,308 1,298,476 780,966 342,031 621 564 281 1,894 349 895 5,998 2,686 7,837 6,613 8,212 14,336 7,196 6,560 4,061 21,081 73,837 1,207 2,442 3,694 9,206 127 1,566 78 7,840 6,003 36,763 25,794 92,873 49,720 30,776 45,626 84,265 47,641 60,378 60,877 27,076 1, 160, 146 5,105 5,813 3,280 35,619 436,460 259,396 30,382 4,911 9,410 187,095 145,526 1900 1,948,952 3,114 15,556 32,591 97,690 212,680 219,402 749,551 392,738 225,630 315 253 151 1,747 96 660 4,362 2,449 8,745 6,681 6,281 11,861 3,464 5,404 4,109 42,275 25,475 1,180 2,960 2,783 18,890 205 1,663 73 6,316 1,519 44,025 27,267 86,670 45,063 12,603 27,341 122,176 67,283 63,616 40,399 > 14,826 640,710 1,723 4,500 2,669 41,379 236,352 99,994 1,469 4,652 3,008 109,995 112,627 Value. 1910 96,542,172 28,945 104,664 140,450 340,198 263.585 285,905 2,765,759 1,849,191 763.485 2,404 3,848 1,166 12,819 2,950 6,758 42,293 21,117 41,244 24,696 24,339 48,817 20,320 22,279 20,566 66,096 192,600 6,691 11,966 13,664 28,606 493 7,446 587 30,639 22,224 49,261 30,872 77,434 44,729 65,316 89,033 84,661 46,995 89,391 66,178 67,941 2,642,249 22,818 37,517 18,923 92,496 1,001,328 585,110 79,037 11,962 35,356 374,671 353,458 Number. Value. 1910 59,473,636 428,706 1,933,642 14,640,456 21,505,031 6,194,338 5,631,458 7,260,781 669,460 1,209,766 1900 64,686,155 1409,414,568 406,392 2,195,483 16,439,187 24,861,112 5,791,966 6,856,856 6,623,204 415,945 1,096,010 92,824 49,249 98,343 115,028 17,007 56,254 698,405 166,269 1,078.878" 3,152,752 3,660,466 4,757,336 1.259,727 1,820,187 1,630,^2 7,591,280 4,516,751 334,064 1,017,147 3,478,103 3,037,064 52,989 326,007 836 836,406 363,694 1,277,866 678,228 1,836,246 832,167 1,531,933 1,443,667 1,320,016 1,336,842 1,676,120 1,368,169 1,887,434 2,430,068 101,799 181, 197 34,690 193,251 47,721 18, 512 68,538 23,752 210,409 220,637 778,719 88,563 56,970 100,510 96,144 12,868 51,337 728,815 201,341 1,265,327 3,285,789 3,840,784 6,082.412 1,188,108 2,042,094 1,468,651 9,851,929 4,634,342 194,814 832,253 4,221,094 3,668,029 60,862 359,812 1,134 999,272 465,029 1,340,478 631,026 1,464,466 479,890 2,008,989 2,059,896 1,474,347 1,313,624 1,766,317 812,817- • 1,265,189 2,778,881 50,429 117,547 15,610 104,245 21,866 18,815 71,768 15,665 187, 104 286,541 622,365 ' Includes Indian Territory. 342 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. DOMESTIC AiriMAIS ON FARMS AND NOT ON FAEMS. The table presented on the two preceding pages shows, by geographic divisions and states, the com- bined number of domestic animals both on farms and not on farms for 1910 and 1900, respectively, and also the value for 1910. The following statement com- pares, for the United States as a whole, the data with regard to domestic animals on farms with those for animals not on farms: Table 40 1910— Number: Total On forms Not on forms IMO— Number: Total On forms Not on farms Increase, 190(V-1910:> Total- Number Percent On farms- Number Percent Not on farms- Number.: Percent Per cent of total, 1910: On farms Not on farms Value, 1910: Total On farms Not on farms Average value per head, 1910: Total On farms Not on farms Farms and Inclosures report- otal Farms Bams, and other inclosures not on forms % All domestic animals. $.5,296,421,619 $4,760,060,093 $536,361,526 8,048,346 6,034,783 2,013,563 AUoattte. 63,682,648 61,803,866 1,878,782 69,335,832 67,719,410 1,616,422 -5,653,184 -8.2 -5,915,544 -8.7 282,360 16.2 97.0 3.0 $1,560,339,868 $1,499,623,607 $60,816,261 $24.50 $24.26 $32.37 6,184,262 6,284,916 899,346 Daily cows. 21,795,770 20,625,432 1,170,338 18,108,666 17,135,633 973,033 3,687,104 20.4 3,489,799 20.4 197,305 20.3 94.6 5.4 $753,237,930 $706,236,307 $47,001,623 $34.56 $34. 24 $40.16 6,008,095 5,140,869 867,226 HOBSES, MULES, AND ASSES AND BUBBOS. Total. 27,618,242 24,148,580 3,469,662 24,752,436 21,625,800 3,126,636 2,865,806 11.6 2,522,780 11.7 343,026 11.0 87.4 12.6 $3,085,460,483 $2,622,180,170 $463,280,313 $111.72 $108.59 $133.52 Horses. 23,015,902 19,833,113 3,182,789 21,203,901 18,267,020 2,936,881 1,812,001 8.5 1,666,093 245,908 8.4 86.2 13.8 $2,505,792,588 $2,083,588,195 $422,204,393 $108.87 $105.06 $132.65 6,085,585 4,692,814 1,392,771 Mules. 4,480,140 4,209,769 270,371 3,438,523 3,264,615 173,908 1,041,617 30.3 945,154 29.0 96,463 55.5 94.0 6.0 $564,766,397 $525,391,863 $39,374,534 $126. 06 $124.80 $145.63 1,943,671 1,869,005 74,666 Asses and burros. 122,200 105, 698 16,502 110,012 94,165 15,847 12,188 11.1 11,533 12.2 655 4.1 86.5 13.5 $14,901,498 $13,200,112 $1,701,386 $121.94 $124.89 $103. 10 52,143 43,927 8,216 Swine. 59,473,636 58,185,676 1,287,960 64,686,155 62,868,041 1,818,114 -5,212,519 -8.1 -4,682,365 -7.4 -530, 154 -29.2 97.8 2.2 $409,414,568 $399,338,308 $10,076,260 $6.88 $6.86 $7.82 4,699,687 4,351,751 347,936 Sheep. 52,838,748 52,447,861 390,887 61,735,014 61,503,713 231,301 -9,055,852 -14.7 159,586 69.0 99.3 0.7 $234,664,528 $232,841,585 $1,822,943 $4.44 $4.44 $4.66 617,034 610,894 6,140 Ooats. 3,029,795 2,915,125 114,670 1,948,952 1,870,599 78,353 1,080,843 55.5 1,044,526 55.8 36,317 46.4 96.2 3.8 $6,542,172 $6,176,423 $365,749 $2.16 $2.12 $3.19 106,500 82,755 23,745 » A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. It will be seen that in 1910 the total value of do- mestic animals, both on farms and not on farms, was $5,296,422,000, of which domestic animals not on farms contributed $536,362,000, or a little over one- tenth. Of the total number of horses, mules, and asses and burros in the country those not on farms constituted 12.6 per cent, while the corresponding proportion for cattle was only 3 per cent, for swine only 2.2 per cent, and for sheep only seven-tenths of 1 per cent. Of the cattle not on farms about three- jGfths were dairy cows. Between 1900 and 1910 there was an increase of 16.2 per cent in the number of cattle not on farms, as against a decrease in those on farms. The rate of increase in the number of horses, mules, and asses and burros taken together was nearly the same for those not on farms as for those on farms. The changes in the number of swine and sheep not on farms have probably little significance. For every class of animals, except the unimportant class of asses and burros, the average value per head in 1910 was higher in the case of those not on farms than in the case of those on farms. This is due in part to the fact that a relatively larger proportion of the animals not on farms are of adult age than in the case of those on farms. Chapter 12. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS, AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS SOLD OR SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS. Introduction. — This chapter summarizes the data collected by the Thirteenth Decennial Census for dairy products, wool and mohair, poultry and eggs, honey and wax, and domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms. The returns for these items at the census of 1910, like those for crops, relate to the activities of the calendar year 1909. It is impossible to give a total representing the value of the annual production of live stock products, for the reason that the total value of products of the business of raising domestic animals for use, sale, or slaughter can not be calculated from the census returns. And even if a total representing the value of the annual production of Uve stock products could be obtained and were added to the value of all crops (data for which are presented in Chapter 13), the sum would not accurately represent the total value of farm products for the year, because much duplication would result from the fact that part of the crops are fed to the live stock. DAIEY PEODUCTS. United States as a whole: 1909 and 1899.— The census statistics of dairy products are somewhat less complete and accurate than is believed to be the case with the statistics of the principal crops. While many farms make the dairy business the main or an impor- tant feature of their operations, yet for the great majority it is more or less incidental, cows being kept chiefly for breeding purposes or to supply milk and butter for the farmer's family. On such farms in particular, records of dairy products are seldom kept, and farmers are usually able to make only rough esti- mates regarding them, and in many cases are unwill- ing to make any estimates at all. Especial diflSculty is encountered in securing reports of the total quantity of milk produced. In many instances, even when farmers make replies to all the inquiries, it is probable that they understate the production, particularly by neglecting or underestimating the home consumption of milk and other dairy products. The incompleteness of the returns is indicated by the fact that, while there were 5,140,869 farms in the United States for which the enumerators reported dairy cows on April 15, 1910, for only 4,413,333 of these farms were dairy products of any kind reported as produced in 1909, and for only 4,021,460 was the quantity of milk produced in 1909 stated. The total number of dairy cows on farnis April 15, 1910, was reported as 20,625,000, while the number on farms which reported the production of any kind of dairy products in 1909 was 18,746,000, or 90.9 per cent of the total number, and the number on farms which reported the production of milk in 1909 was 16,069,000, or 77.9 per cent of the total. In considering these figures, however, it should be borne in mind that there is no precise distinction between dairy cows and cows not kept for their milk. In a considerable number of cases enumerators probably reported as dairy cows animals which in fact were primarily kept for breeding purposes and which were only milked for short periods, if at all, during the preceding year. Because of this indefiniteness in the returns for dairy cows it has not been considered desirable to make estimates of the production of milk or other dairy products on farms which reported dairy cows but failed to report the quantity of milk produced or failed to report dairy products of any kind. At the Twelfth Census estimates of this character were made to a considerable extent, and for this reason the statis- tics published for that census are not closely com- parable with those for the Thirteenth Census. The statistics of butter and cheese for the two censuses are, however, more nearly comparable than those for milk. Table 1, on page 344, shows, for the United States, data regarding dairy products in 1009, as reported by the enumerators, together with certain items for 1899, as published in the reports of the Twelfth Census. The total quantity of milk reported as produced on farms in 1909 was 5,814,000,000 gallons. There were, on April 15, 1910, 16,069,000 dairy cows on the farms reporting this milk. Assuming that there were the same number of cows in 1909, the average production of milk per cow would be 362 gallons. The total value of dairy products of farms in 1909, exclusive of milk and cream consumed on the farm, was reported as $596,413,000. This represents the sum of the receipts from the sale of milk, cream, and butter fat (amounting in all to $372,403,000), and the value of all butter and cheese produced on farms, whether sold or retained for home use (amounting to $224,010,000). (343) 844 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Table 1 Dairy cows on farms April 15, 1910 On farms reportlne dairy products In 1909. On farms reporting milk produced in 1909. Specified dairyproducts of farms, 1900: Milk reported Butter made Cheese made Milk sold Cream sold Butter fat sold > . Butter sold Cheese sold Total receipts from sales, 1909 Total value of milk, cream, and butter fat sold and butter and cheese made, 1909 Specified dairy products of farms, 1899: Butto: made Cheese made Butter sold Cheese sold Butter and cheese made in factories: Butter— 1909« 1899 Cheese-1909» 1899 Total production of but- ter and cheese: Butter— 1909« 1899 Cheese— 1909« !!!!!!!!] 1899 FABMS BXPOBTINO. Number. 6,140,8691 80.8 4,413,333 69.4 4,021,460 63.2 3,787,749 12,054 493,916 164,117 361,126 1,785,408 6,019 ,617,366 16,669 69.5 0.2 7.8 2.6 5.7 28.1 0.1 Number or quantity. 20,625,432 18,745,662 16,069,296 Unit. 5,813,699,4741 Gals. 994,650,610 Lbs. 9,405,864 Lbs. 1,937,255,864 54,933,683 305,662,587 415,080,489 8,136,901 63.01 1,071,626,056 16,372,318 518,042,767 14,692,542 624,764,653 420,126,546 311,126,317 281,972,324 1,619,415,263 1,491,752,602 320,532,181 298,344,642 Gals. Gals. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Total. $222, 861, 440 $0.22 1,148,708 0.12 252,436,757 37,655,047 82,311,511 100,378,123 987,974 473,769,412 696,413,463 86,570,973 1,342,444 179,510,619 84,079,754 43,239,924 26,519,829 402,372,059 44,388,632 0.13 0.69 0.27 0.24 0.12 0.17 0.09 0.29 0.20 0.14 0.09 0.25 0.14 1 While butter fat does not constitute a separate product, large quantities of cream and milk are sold on the basis of a specified price per pound for the butter fat which they contain; hence i t is proper to speak of the quantity of butter fat sold. s In addition, 2,381,212 pounds of butter, valued at $664,171, and 49,413 pounds of part-cream cheese, valued at $5,745, were produced by establishments engaged In the manufacture of products other than those covered by creameries and cheese fiu;tories. The census schedules did not call for the combined value of all dairy products as one item, nor did they call for the total value of milk produced. In order to obtain a true total for the value of dairy products, it would be necessary to ascertain the value of milk, cream, butter, and cheese consumed on the farm, in- cluding milk fed to animals, and to add to this the reported value of products sold. In the belief that no satisfactory results could be secured from such an in- quiry, the census schedules did not call for the value of milk and cream consumed on the farm, and it has not been considered feasible to estimate this value from the other data reported. Such estimates were made at the Twelfth Census, but they can not be con- sidered as more than very rough approximations. The total reported value of dairy products sold in 1909 was $473,769,000, of which the value of milk, cream, and butter fat sold represented nearly four- fifths and that of butter most of the remainder. The quantity of milk sold as such was reported as 1,937,000,000 gallons, or substantially one-third of the total reported as produced; but it should be borne in mind that a great deal of milk sold or delivered to creameries for butter making is paid for on the basis of the cream or butter fat content, in which case the quantity of such cream or butter fat was usually re- ported on the census schedules and not the quantity of milk. The greater part of the milk reported as sold was doubtless consumed as such, chiefly in cities and villages, but a considerable quantity represents milk delivered to condensed-milk and cheese factories, and a small part represents milk which was delivered to creameries for the production of butter and reported as milk instead of on the basis of the cream or butter fat contained. The reported farm production of butter and of cheese in 1909—994,651,000 pounds and 9,406,000 pounds, respectively — was considerably less than the produc- tion for the year 1899 as given in the published reports of the Twelfth Census, but this difference is doubtless due in part to the fact that the latter included some estimates for farms with incomplete reports. The manufacture of butter and cheese is, however, grad- ually being transferred from farms to factories. The combined farm and factory production of butter was 1,619,415,000 pounds in 1909 and 1,491,753,000 pounds in 1899. The increase during the decade was thus 127,663,000 pounds, or 8.6 per cent. The factory pro- duction alone increased 48.7 per cent. Of the total product, that made in factories constituted 38.6 per cent in 1909 and 28.2 per cent in 1899. The production of cheese on farms and in factories was 320,532,000 pounds in 1909, as compared with 298,345,000 pounds in 1899, an increase of 7.4 per cent. At both censuses much the greater part of the cheese was made in factories, but the proportion in 1909 (97.1 per cent) was higher than that in 1899 (94.5 per cent). Prodnction of dairy products, by divisions and states. — Table 2 shows, by geographic divisions, the total number of farms reporting dairy cows, the num- ber reporting dairy products, and the number report- ing the quantity of milk produced, with the number of dairy cows reported by the farms of each class. Dairy products and milk production appear to have been much more completely reported in some divisions than in others. In the New England division, for ex- ample, the number of farms reporting dairy products was 91.9 per cent of the number reporting dairy cows, and the number reporting the quantity of milk pro- duced, 83.6 per cent, while in the Mountain division the number of farms reporting dairy products was only 70.9 per cent of the number reporting dairy cows, and the number reporting the quantity of milk produced, 63.8 per cent. In general, it may be said that the reports of dairy products for the four northern divi- sions appear to be more complete than those for the other divisions, the deficiency being greatest in those divisions where cows not kept for dairy purposes considerably outnumber the dairy cows. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. 345 Tables TTnlted States. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central South AOantlc East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific DAIBT cows ON rAKMS APRIL 15, 1910 Total. Farms report- ing. 5,140.869 147,028 400,473 1,009,479 989,135 794,716 815,423 724,466 120,328 139,821 Number of cows. On farms report- ing dairy products in 1909. £^ i Number Xg";*" ! otoows. 20,625,432 4, 841, 2,597, 4,829, 6,327, 1,810, 1,' " 2,249, 514, ,652 ,527 ,606! ,754;! ,061^ ,653i ,466J ,11611 413,33318,745, 135, 180 805, 368,336 924,481 859,550 658,507 692,436 579,641 1, 86,345 401, 109,867 723, 2,474, 4,580, 4,890, 1,567, 1,421, On farms report- ing milk produced in 1909. Farms report- ing. Number of cows. ,021,46016, 122,884 308,042 808,709 726,153 635,948 683,239 76,759 99,733 on, 298 730,820 043,586 817,196 894,317 464,875 391,307 792,126 343,694 591,377 Table 3 shows statistics of the production of dairy products on farms, by geographic divisions. The distribution of the farm production of dairy products among the geographic divisions naturally conforms more or less closely to the distribution of the number of dairy cows, but the correspondence is by no means exact. The imperfections of the reports, both as to the number of dairy cows and as to the quantity of dairy products, especially milk produced, renders close comparison impossible. Of the total value of dairy products in 1909 (exclud- ing the value of milk and cream consumed on the farm where produced), the East North Central division reported $159,674,000, or 26.8 per cent, the Middle Atlantic division $130,773,000, or 21.9 per cent, and the West North Central division $108,825,000, or 18.2 per cent, these three divisions together reporting over two-thirds of the total. It is probable, however, that the relative importance of the home consumption of milk and cream is considerably greater in the South and somewhat greater in the West than it is in the North, and that if the value of all dairy products, including such consumption, could be accurately computed, the southern and western divisions would show somewhat larger percentages of the aggregate for the United States than appear in Table 3. Because of the considerable degree of incompara- bility between the reports of the number of dairy cows and those of milk production, the average quantity of milk per cow is not presented for divisions or states. According to the figures reported, the average production per cow (based on the number of dairy cows in 1910 on farms reporting milk produced in 1909 and the quantity of milk produced in 1909) was very much greater in the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and Pacific divisions than in any of the others. This doubtless conforms approximately to the facts. Table 3 Total value of dairy products of farms:' 1909 Milk reported (gallons): 1909 BXTTm If ADS ON rAXMS. CHXUE MADE ON FABMS. PEE CENT OF TOTAL. DiviaioiT. Quantity (pounds). Value: 1909 Quantity (pounds). Value: 1909 Num- ber of dairy cows on farms April 15, 1910 Total value of dairy prod- ucts:" 1009 Mflk report- ed: 1909 1899 1909 1890 1909 TTnlted States $696,413,463 50, 720, 766 130,772,563 159,673,557 108,824,533 35,578,455 30,200,917 32,394,027 12,991,603 35,257,042 5,813,699,474 347,872,803 1,001,269,980 1,564,282,966 1,266,991,620 418,843,384 400,476,625 416,401,603 116,468,996 281,091,588 994,660,610 40,732,783 88,242,228 230,966,876 201,172,278 123,270,552 136,239,873 128,188,799 18,116,811 27,721,410 1,071,626,056 51,454,627 154,829,824 287,878,290 251,226,460 89,111,226 97,541,277 88,382,063 14,869,383 36,332,916 $222,861,440 11,704,089 22,996,544 53,108,927 44,748,964 26,054,017 25,739,427 25,838,528 4,992,172 7,678,172 9,405,864 673,865 1,910,540 1,891,208 473,196 480,805 93,971 424,482 457, 740 3,000,048 16,372,318 1,003,103 3,50(>,096 3,636,013 1,084,109 480,448 137,327 330,113 720,696 4,868,613 $1,148,708 89,189 194,472 215,395 59,999 51,024 9,703 44,697 70,897 413,432 100.0 4.1 12.6 23.4 25.8 8.8 7.9 10.9 2.5 4.0 100.0 8.5 21.9 26.8 18.2 6.0 6.1 5.4 2.2 5.9 100 New England 6 Middle Atlantic 17 2 East North Central 26 W&st North Central 21 8 South Atlantic 7.2 East South Central 6.9 West South Central 7.2 2 Pacific 4 8 1 Excluding milk and cream Table 4, on the next page, shows the production of butter and cheese on farms and in factories, by geo- graphic divisions, and Table 5 shows the percentage of the respective totals reported for each division. In 1909 the production in factories formed 67.3 per cent of the total production of butter in the Pacific division and 54,8 per cent in the West North Central division, while in the three southern divisions taken together it represented only 2.3 per cent. In the other four divisions less butter was made in factories than on farms, but there was no such great difference as in the South. Of the total production of butter on farms and in factories in 1909, the West North Cen- tral division reported 27.5 per cent and the East North Central 26.2 per cent, the production in the Middle Atlantic division, which ranked next, con- stituting only 10.2 per cent of the total. used on the farms producing. While the butter production is very widely dis- tributed, cheese is produced only to a limited extent outside of two divisions. The East North Central division in 1909 produced 56.3 per cent of the total farm and factory output, and the Middle Atlantic 36.9 per cent. In fact, as shown by Table 10, two states, Wisconsin and New York, produced about four-fifths of the total. The quantity of butter made on farms was less in 1909 than in 1899 in the four geographic divisions of the North, and also in the Pacific division, but in all of these divisions, except the Middle-Atlantic and the New England, the factory production was decidedly greater in the later year than in the earlier. In the three southern divisions, where practically all the butter is still made on farms, there was an increase in farm production between 1899 and 1909, the percentage of increase for the three di- visions taken together being 41. 346 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Table 4 BUTTEE PEODUCKD (POUNDS). 1909 XTnlted States: Total* Made on farms Made In factories*. Nbw England: Total Made on farms Made in factories Middle Atlantic: Total Made on farms Made in factories East Nobth Centbal: Total Made on farms Made in factories West North Centeal: Total Made on farms Made in factories South Atlantic: Total Made on farms Made in factories East South Centeal: Total Made on farms Made in factories West South Centeal: Total Made on farms Made in factories Mountain: Total Made on farms Made in factories Pacdic: Total , Made on farms Made in factories 1,619,415,263 994,650,610 624,764,653 («) 40,732,783 (•) 165,392,518 88,242,228 77,150,290 424,137,997 230,966,876 193,171,121 444,724,204 201,172,278 243,551,926 (») 123,270,552 (») (») 136,239,873 (') (») 128,188,799 (») (') 18,115,811 (?) 84,780,111 27,721,410 67,058,701 1899 1,491,752,602 1,071,626,056 420,126,546 92,032,196 51,454,627 40,577,569 233,986,350 154,829,824 79,156,526 403,208,930 287,878,290 115,330,640 407,632,767 251,226,460 156,406,307 92,883,312 89,111,226 3,772,086 (») 97,541,277 («) 88,856,542 88,382,053 474,489 (') 14,869,383 (>) 54,653,831 36,332,916 18,320,915 Increase.! Amount. -10,721,844 (•) -68,593,832 -66,587,596 -2,006,236 20,929,067 -56,911,414 77,840,481 37,091,437 -50,054,182 87,145,619 (») 34,159,326 (=) («) 38,698,596 (») (») 39,806,746 (') (») 3,246,428 (») 30,126,280 -8,611,506 38,737,786 Per cent. 8.6 -7.2 48.7 (») -20.8 (») -29.3 -43.0 -2.5 5.2 -19.8 67.5 9.1 -19.9 55.7 («) 38.3 (») 39.7 (») 45.0 («) (') 21.8 (') 55.1 -23.7 211.4 cheese peoduced (pounds) . 9,208,931 3,000,048 6,208,883 -9.9 -38.4 16.0 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. Butter. 1909 1899 100.0 61.4 38.6 (») (») (») 100.0 53.4 46 6 100.0 54.5 45.5 100.0 45.2 54.8 m (») (») (') (») («) («) (») (») 100.0 32.7 67.3 100.0 71.8 28.2 100.0 55.9 44.1 100.0 66.2 33.8 100.0 71.4 28.6 100.0 61.6 38.4 100.0 95.9 4.1 (») (») (») 100.0 99.5 0.5 100.0 66.5 33.5 Cheese. 1909 1899 100.0 2.9 97.1 100.0 18.3 81.7 100.0 1.6 98.4 100.0 1.0 99.0 («) (») («) 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.6 67.4 100.0 5.5 94.5 100.0 14.4 85.6 100.0 2.5 97.5 100.0 3.0 97.0 100.0 12.3 87.7 100.0 81.0 19.0 («) s 100.0 71.0 29.0 (») 100.0 47.6 52.4 * See footnote 2, Table 1, p. 344. > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Table 5 XTiUted States. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central, Mountain Fadflc PEE CENT OF UNITED STATES TOTAL. Total. 1909 1899 100.0 100.0 (I) 6.2 10.2 15.7 26.2 27.0 27.5 27.3 (!) 6.2 (M (1) <\) 6.0 (^) (1) 5.2 3.7 Made on farms. 1909 1899 100.0 4.1 8.9 23.2 20.2 12.4 13.7 12.9 1.8 2.8 100.0 4.8 14.4 26.9 23.4 8.3 9.1 8.2 1.4 3.4 Made in factories. 1909 1899 100.0 0) 12.3 30.9 39.0 0) (1) ('} 0) 9.1 100.0 9.7 18.8 27.5 37.2 0.9 0) 0.1 (1) 4.4 Cheese. Total. 1909 1899 100.0 1.1 36 56.3 ( ( 100.0 2.3 47.3 40.3 4.6 0.2 (1) 0.2 (>) 3.4 Made farms; 1909 100.0 7.2 20.3 20.1 5.0 6.1 1.0 4.5 4.9 31.9 Made in facto- ries: 1909 100.0 1.0 37.4 67.4 ?! i|o > Can not be shown separately, as to do so would disclose Individual operations. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Tables 9 and 10, on subsequent pages show, by states, statistics of the dairy products of farms, and the quan- tity of butter and cheese made in factories, with the total made on farms and in factories. In 1909 the lead- ing dairy states, as judged by the total value of the farm production (excluding milk and cream used at home), were New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Illi- nois, Iowa, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and California, in each of which the value reported exceeded $20,000,000. In the production of butter (on farms and ia factories combined) Wisconsin was the leading state, followed by Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and New York. A large part 2 Can not be shown separately, as to do so would disclose Individual operations. of the milk produced in New York is sold for consump- tion in the cities, and a large proportion is also used in making cheese. New York ranked next to Wis- consin in the production of cheese, and in no other state did the quantity produced equal one-seventh of that reported for New York. In the combined production of butter and cheese Wisconsin led, with 279,992,000 pounds, followed by New York, with 174,944,000 pounds. Sales of dairy prodncts, by divisions and states. — Table 6 shows, by geographic divisions, the quantity and value of dairy products sold by farmers. Sales of butter and cheese by factories are not shown, as they are substantially the same as the production. Comparisons between divisions as to the percentage which mUk sold as such — which does not include milk paid for on the basis of cream or butter fat content — forms of the total milk produced would have compara- tively little significance. As shown by the percent- ages in Table 6, there are wide differences among the geographic divisions with respect to the ratio which the quantity of butter and, to a less degree, of cheese, sold bears to the total production. In the North and West a large proportion of the butter made on farms is sold, the percentages in 1909 ranging from 42,2 in the Mountain division to 72.5 in New England. In the South a much smaller proportion is sold, the per- centages ranging from 16.7 in the East South Central division to 27.5 in the South Atlantic. In a majority LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. 347 Table 6 TTnlted States: Quantity sold Amount received. New England: Quantity sold Amount received Middle Atlantic: Quantity sold Amount received East North Centeal: Quantity sold Amount received West North Central: Quantity .sold Amount received South Atlantic: Quantity sold Amount received East South Central: Quantity sold Amount received West South Central: Quantity sold Amoimt received Mountain: Quantity sold A mount received PAcmc: Quantity sold Amount received Amount received from sales of dairy products by farmers: 1909 Milk sold (gallons) : 1909 $473,769,412 $47,538,217 $122,989,049 $138,401,771 $84,390,336 $17,137,738 $9,301,281 $11,922,158 $10,141,383 $3i,'947,"479 1,937,255,864 $252,436,757 175,209,759 $31,344,948 750,556,634 $93,644,462 661,302,433 $73,063,198 144,537,918 $18,214,700 45,378,866 $8,603,975 22,593,^4 $4,126,971 21,070,626 $4,700,646 31,108,665 $5,346,099 85,497,749 $13,391,758 Cream sold (gallons): 1909 54,933,583 $37,655,047 4,469,060 $3,168,909 2,446,696 $1,713,979 15,272,040 $10,157,366 22,599,643 $14,530,377 1,027,441 $743,112 368,959 $265,754 1,064,000 $795,188 1,549,881 $1,230,340 6,135,863 $5,050,022 Butter fat sold (pounds): 1909 305,662,587 $82,311,511 14,599,430 $4,413,631 44,023,628 $12,223,106 85,099,734 $23,128,671 123,176,904 $31,270,493 505,904 $125,727 217,860 $59,062 4,465,810 $1,015,068 4,799,182 $1,352,095 28,774,135 $8,723,658 BUTTER SOLD BY FARMERS (POUNDS). 1909 415,080,489 $100,378,123 29,528,001 $8,533,864 57,828,247 $15,229,862 135,159,149 $31,855,809 88,186,732 $20,333,127 33,888,871 $7,622,916 22,688,468 $4,842,959 24,321,179 $5,381,690 7,635,776 $2,166,918 15,844,067 $4,410,978 1899 518,042,767 $86,570,973 38,854,031 $8,193,207 106,919,914 $20,153,645 162,381,475 $24,820,189 122,614,081 $17,875,635 24,432,566 $4,214,943 16,500,683 $2,731,995 15,745,423 $2,499,218 7,092,465 $1,518,094 23,502,129 $4,564,047 CHEESE SOLD BY TARMERS (POUNDS). 1909 8,136,901 $987,974 591,008 $76,865 1,752,682 $177,640 1,718,462 $196,727 334,300 $41,639 385,920 $42,008 64,748 $6,535 270,967 ' $29,566 307,141 $45,931 2,711,673 $371,063 1899 870,036 $98,667 3,358,354 $306,052 3,317,844 $273,200 1,331,797 $126,771 436,703 $25,040 77,591 $7,847 231,316 $20,370 554,371 $61,123 4.614,530 $423,374 BATIO OF SALES TO TOTAL PRODUCTION (PEE CENT). Butter. 1909 1899 41.7 72.5 65.5 58.5 43.8 27.6 16.7 19.0 42.2 57.2 48.3 76.6 69.1 66.4 48.8 27.4 16.9 17.8 47.7 64.7 1909 1890 86.5 87.7 91.7 9a9 70.6 80.3 68.9 63.8 67.1 90.4 86.7 95.8 9L3 79.1 90.9 56.6 68.8 76.9 92.7 of the divisions a smaller proportion was sold in 1909 than in 1899. In total value of dairy products sold by farmers in 1909, the East North Central division ranked first, followed by the Middle Atlantic and West North Central, these three divisions together reporting 73 per cent of the total for the United States. Table 7 shows, by geographic divisions, the average value per gallon or per pound of the several classes of dairy products sold by farmers. Table 7 AVEBAOE VALTJX OF PRODUCTS SOLD BY FARMERS. DIViaiON. Milk, gaUon: 1909 Cream, per gallon: 1909 Butter fat per pound: 1909 Butter, per pound. Cheese, per poona. 190» 18W 1909 1899 TTnlted States.... New England $0,130 0.179 0.125 0.110 0.126 0.190 $0,685 0.709 0.701 0.665 0.643 0.723 $0,269 0.302 0.278 0.272 0.254 0.249 0.271 0.227 0.282 0.303 $0,242 0.289 0.263 0.236 0.231 0.225 0.213 0.221 0.284 0.278 $0,167 0.211 0.188 0.153 0.146 0.173 0.166 0.159 0.214 0.194 $0,121 0.130 0.101 0.114 0.125 0.109 0.101 0.109 0.150 0.137 $0,091 0.113 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central. . . . Soutn Atlantic 0.091 0.082 0.095 0.057 East South Central.... West South Central.... Mountain 0.183 0.720 0.223 0.747 0.172 0.794 0.157 1 0.S23 0.101 0.088 0.110 Ptwiflc 0.094 The average value of butter sold by farmers in the United States as a whole was 24.2 cents per pound in 1909, as compared with 16.7 cents in 1899, an increase of 44.9 per cent. In 1909 the average value was highest in New England, 28.9 cents, and lowest in the East South Central division, 21.3 cents. The average value of cheese sold increased from 9.1 cents per pound in 1899 to 12.1 cents in 1909, or 33 per cent. In the latter year the average ranged from 10.1 cents in the Middle Atlantic and East South Central divisions to 15 cents in the Mountain division. Table 8 shows, by states, the sales of dairy products. Table 8 TTnlted Statei N. England: Maine N. Hampshire Vermont. Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut.. Mid. Atlantic: New York . . . New Jersey.. Pennsylvania E. N. Cent.: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan... Wisconsin.. W.N. Cent.: Minnesota.. Iowa Missouri . . . N. Dakota . . . 8. Dakota Nebraska Kansas S. Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. of Col... Virginia W.Virginia.. N.Carolina... S. Carolina... Georgia Florida E. S. Cent.: Kentucky Tennessee.... Alabama Mississippi... W. S. Cent.: Arkansas Loui.siana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wvoming. . . . Colorado New Mexico. . Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Wash Oregon Caiuomia 473,769,4121,937,255,864 SALES of SPECIFIED OAIBY PBODUCTS BY FARMERS: 1909 Receipts from sales (dollars). Milk (gallons). 54,933,683 6,722,779 5,130,057 11,501,577 14,840,927 2,017,444 7,325,433 74,939,815 9,685,352 38,363,882 25,674,635 12,768,710 26,720,849 22,099,178 51,238,399 25,214,222 26,429,743 8,187,850 2,876,298 4,501,430 7,631,658 9,549,129 966,173 4,784,232 116,116 3,772,617 2,532,324 1,787,245 626,305 1,974,011 578,715 3,729,237 3,211,978 1,358,504 1,001,562 1,505,882 1,588,338 3,366,515 5,461,423 1,646,693 1,379,390 338,925 3,407,723 434,199 842,210 1,648,655 443,588 7,693,479 5,170,703 19,083,297 12,784,866 21,132,268 33,998,934 64,496,692 8,796,847 34,000,152 524,279,723 56,8.50,550 169,420,361 99,430,948 32,562,414 158,031,333 74,025,769 297,251,969 53,181,785 55,241,511 15,733,185 1,644,150 2,385,781 6,500,380 9,851,126 4,425,909 19,424,325 339,345 8,577,893 4,050,741 2,380,029 919,745 3,872,098 1,388,781 10,415,482 6,814,209 3,397,426 1,966,097 3,952,322 4,501,119 3,626,217 8,990,968 3,684,689 2,060,111 1,377,607 10,037,067 1,036,922 3,347,723 8,471,713 1,192,833 25,524,209 14,640,108 45,333,432 Cream (gallons). 737,706 380,944 2,353,686 501,876 42,421 452,427 1,207,174 79,485 1,100,037 2,191,997 1,347,660 2,104,352 2,485,061 7,142,970 5,756,165 8,062,449 1,399,989 834, 103 2,232,961 1,952,908 2,361,008 25,809 455,490 302,217 104,696 21,329 11,282 97,564 9,048 159,016 145,976 28,385 35,582 53,302 32,433 526,193 452,072 274,979 319,542 46,680 440,257 9,679 37,744 270,225 150,775 1,911,261 827,541 3,397,061 Butter fat (pounds). 305,662,687 4,060,344 566,229 7,756,395 1,148,019 5,347 1,063,096 36,249,617 249,557 7,524,454 7,563,527 6,361,831 4,637,745 18,287,691 48,248,940 40,414,151 42,917,696 4,927,383 2,185,377 5,776,689 12,371,699 14,583,909 18, 149 343, 148 97,558 8,421 9,224 10,023 17,286 2,095 154,427 32,345 21,744 9,344 74,607 7,073 3,137,112 1,247,018 652,097 1,191,867 67,303 1,087,681 11,248 665,850 914, 133 209,003 Butter I Cheese (pounds), (iwunds). 416,080,489 8,136,901 8,389,817 3,510,593 12,892,124 2,220,311 177,322 2,337,834 12,630,113 2,003,029 43,195,iai 39,252,326 24,715,894 24,442,251 30,010,783 16,737,895 18,016,409 17,917,387 14,64(i,771 7,019,169 5,941,092 11,652,068 12,993,836 1,024,945 5,082,228 1,800 7,983,430 7,077,664 5,670,590 1,752,209 4,385,354 310,651 8,421,827 9,009,307 2,805,021 2,452,313 3,694,311 1,019,420 7,465,824 12,141,624 1,234,263 1,417,663 461,952 2,914,143 410,634 120,951 919,581 156,588 4,386,283 3,112,326 5,211,133 2,446,158 19,176,719 10,285,583 94,244 168,706 238,319 32,490 2,176 55,075 334,301 42,462 1,375,919 518,650 39,858 54,502 284,028 821,426 79,045 61,160 104,539 9,974 7,380 55,528 16,674 200 251,071 41,612 55,363 28,982 8,415 165 112 38,851 11,883 2,435 11,579 8,496 180,976 11,765 69,730 44,571 61,203 6,435 56,413 24,918 50,181 62,065 1,355 43,530 154,328 2,513,816 348 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. DAIRY PRODUCTS OF FARMS, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. Table 9 DrVISION OB STATI. TTnlted States... Oboobafbic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific Mew England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut MiDDtE Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware , Maryland District of Columbia, Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama , Mississippi , West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma. Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico , Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon California Total value, excluding home use of milk and cream: 1909 1696,413,463 50, 720, 766 130,772,563 159,673,557 108,824,533 35,578,455 30,200,917 32,394,027 12,991,603 35,257,042 079,692 589,711 128,465 187, 774 065,941 669,183 807, 161 156,600 808,802 666,374 542,209 727,638 868,028 219,406 196,883 685,318 872,304 192,608 566,275 091, 739 089,497 480,900 117,335 704,326 000,138 789,583 800,605 ,631,585 974,486 ,055,813 ,715,441 ,396,198 ,033,465 ,587,428 ,761,380 ,365,295 ,679,924 ,093,594 ,962,500 539,423 ,174,270 726,692 909,411 ,067,634 518, 179 ,746,041 ,067,024 ,443,977 Milk reported (gallons): 1909 6,813,699,474 347,872,803 1,001,269,989 1,564,282,966 1,266,991,620 418,843,384 400,476,525 416,401,603 116,468,996 281,091,588 66,026,334 35,033,153 114,317,169 86,304,347 10,441,951 45, 749, 849 597,363,198 67,698,219 336,208,572 307,590,755 194,736,962 320,240,399 283,387,201 458,327,649 273,319,603 318,954,506 188,297,972 70,637,899 82,428,514 160,610,359 172,742,767 7,859,857 41,094,421 555,342 95,555,051 71,230,033 82,601,779 37,361,666 74,908,776 7,676,459 125,566,917 117,101,970 78,728,345 79,079,293 83,081,876 32, 702, 130 103,677,644 197,039,964 16,982,145 20,861,072 6,453,634 33,631,723 6,815,942 6,881,608 20,486,317 4,356,555 70,083,033 56,106,599 154,901,956 BUTTER MADE. Quantity (pounds). 1909 994, 650, 610 40,732,783 88,242,228 230,966,876 201,172,278 123,270,552 136,239,873 128, 188, 799 18,115,811 27,721,410 13,299,229 5,065,188 15,166,692 3,364,516 339,607 3,498,551 23,461,702 3,622,411 61, 158, 115 63,669,132 43,181,817 46,609,992 50,405,426 27,200,509 34,708,669 38,679,568 42, 105, 143 16,414,439 13,629,647 26,986,931 29,647,881 1,563,161 8,739,620 6,165 26,651,244 18,969,699 26,059,685 12,329,667 27,246,247 1,706,274 38,130,687 39,827,906 29,550,695 28,730,685 29,907,337 6,232,006 27,056,242 64,993,214 2,820,674 3,542,135 1, 192, 122 5,856,132 1,477,617 325,980 2,497,366 403,885 6,751,575 5,667,964 15,301,871 1899 1,071,626,056 51,454,627 154,829,824 287,878,290 251,226,460 89,111,226 97,541,277 88,382,053 14,869,383 36,332,916 16, 174, 173 6,385,611 18,834,706 4, 980, 262 488,086 4,591,789 74,714,376 6,894,363 74,221,086 79,561,299 61,042,396 62,493,450 60,051,998 44, 739, 147 41,188,846 61,789,288 45,509,110 9,178,815 17,400,970 34,518,659 41,640,772 1,629,949 9,096,662 3,478 19,905,830 16,913,129 16,913,802 8,150,437 15,111,494 1,386,445 30,446,381 29,091,696 19,121,964 18,881,236 21,686,258 4,918,229 > 13,887,074 47,991,492 2,464,072 2,620,316 888,554 4,932,482 313,003 379,311 2,812,122 569,523 7,372,106 8,107,460 20,853,360 Value: 1909 9222,861,440 11,704,089 22,996,544 63, 108, 927 44,748,964 26,054,617 25,739,427 25,838,628 4,992,172 7,678,172 3,786,054 1,509,706 4,185,028 1,041,482 104, 161 1,077,658 1,059,935 15,668,223 14,306,607 9,402,994 10,493,217 11,805,872 7,101,237 8,593,233 9,061,041 8,744,025 3,508,579 3,024,509 5,385,494 6,432,083 400,428 2,010,106 1,754 5,683,060 4,054,498 5,213,783 2,662,561 5,636,255 492, 172 7,117,905 7,392,901 5,657,610 5,571,011 5,883,584 1,430,059 6,613,253 12,911,632 811, 792 982,397 331,021 1,565,224 402,263 105,347 672, 479 121,649 1,992,249 1,599,931 4,085,992 CHEESE MADE. Quantity (pounds). 1909 9,406,864 673,866 1,910,649 1,891,208 473,196 480,805 93,971 424,482 457,740 3,000,048 118,216 180,996 245,884 45,753 3,860 79, 156 390,049 77,824 1,442,676 613,233 63,619 81,918 291, 176 841,262 106,076 78,538 159, 785 22,754 14,344 63,773 27,927 700 259,386 97,263 70,473 39,353 12,909 399 322 56,148 18,592 5,528 13, 703 20,435 190,089 18,968 194,990 49,988 90,675 10,276 69,895 81,869 60,690 84, 102 10, 245 62,970 169, 205 2,777,873 1899 16,372,318 1,003,103 3,506,096 3,636,013 1,684,109 480,448 137,327 336, 113 720,596 4,868,613 425, 102 104,339 406,669 19,629 6,751 40,623 2,624,552 24,377 857, 167 .1,167,001 178, 733 323,485 331, 176 1,635,618 290,623 306,428 323,439 70,881 136,863 264,430 291,446 104 338,453 31,697 74,243 28,883 1,081 2,236 3,751 45,769 26,622 36,374 28,572 18,385 135, 104 146,491 136,133 30,924 196,952 24,327 103, 184 68,571 33,305 169,'251 94,082 161,669 467,266 4,249,588 » Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. 349 FACTORY PRODUCTION AND TOTAL PRODUCTION OF BUTTER AND CHEESE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. Table lO DIVISION OB STATE. TTalted States*. . . Geooeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central., Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centbal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Centbal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska. Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Bast South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West Soxtth Centbal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Moxtntain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Or^on California BUTTEE AND CHEESE MADE IN FACTOEIE3. Butter (pounds). liNW 624,764,653 («) 77,150,290 193,171,121 243,551,928 0) (•) (») 0) 67,068,701 2,106,622 1,740,235 20,227,495 1,888,307 0) 1,960,036 45,897,216 768,857 30,484,217 17,491,251 11,712,450 24,570,976 36,511,700 103,884,684 88,842,846 88,582,187 10,261,876 3,683,679 9,495,608 23,973,162 18,712,568 627,300 1,118,530 158,863 (0 78,058 549,929 0) 360,834 («) 4,110,978 2,133,590 1,307,777 2,357,386 783,585 6,351,691 0) 1,053,869 3,722,784 1,039,784 11,302,591 8,472,660 37,283,450 1899 420,126,646 40,577,569 79,156,526 115,330,640 156,406,307 3,772,086 («) 474,489 0) 18,320,915 4,461,399 6,034,270 22,453,381 4,591,919 148,195 3,888,406 40,693,846 1,325,519 37, 137, 161 8,087,631 3,553,483 34,055,312 7,820,712 61,813,502 41,174,409 77,233,264 1,440,616 463,188 6, 172, 107 11,726,180 18,196,483 2,541,716 170,621 41,000 48,960 184,663 207,823 17,357 0) 168,575 » 53, 200 252,714 34,238 432,570 0) 1,566,639 424,083 2,519,214 623,402 3,198,421 1,975,357 13,147,137 Clieese (pounds). 1909 311,126,317 3,002,744 116,428,935 178,532,241 0) (») (') 6,206,883 66,691 184,497 2,782,666 106,194,898 11,234,037 11,860,601 424,597 4,799,235 13,382,160 148,085,648 2,736,883 999,559 219,112 (>) n,122 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 (1) 550,622 421,043 1,060,122 422,290 4,218,953 1,567,640 1899 281,972,324 5,955,597 137,753,475 116,643,076 11,982,895 112,860 (') 137,268 (>) 6,354,234 553,948 116,741 4,713,105 250,542 321,263 127,386,032 100,000 10,267,443 18,156,527 1,260,168 9,055,119 10,422,582 77,748,680 3,285,019 4,242,637 1,072,751 225,399 420,779 313,600 2,422,710 16,000 67,000 40,860 28,000 8,201 10,000 0) 12,600 » 66, 378 68,290 194,380 (') 1,465,257 373,752 1,874, 17C 80,150 1,482,127 1,195,564 2,676,543 BUTTEE AND CHEESE MADE ON FABMS AND IN FACTORIES. Butter (pounds). 1909 1,61»,41&,263 (0 165,392,518 424,137,997 444,724,204 (1) 0) (>) (') 84,780,111 15,404,861 6,805,423 35,393,187 5,252,823 (') 5,449,486 69,358,918 4,391,268 91,642,332 81,060,383 54,894,267 71,180,968 85,917,188 131,065,193 123,551,615 127,261,755 52,367,019 20,098,118 23,125,256 49,960,093 48,360,449 2,190,461 9,858,150 6,156 26,810,097 0) 26,059,586 12,329,567 27,324,306 1,705,274 38,880,616 39,827,906 0) 28,730,885 30,268,171 (') 31,167,220 67,126,804 4,128,351 5,899,521 1,975,707 12,207,823 0) 1,379,849 6,220,150 1,443,660 18,054,166 14,140,624 52,585,321 1899 1,491,752,602 92,032,196 233,986,350 403,208,930 407,632,767 92,883,312 (1) 88,856,642 (») 64,653,831 20,635,672 11,419,881 41,288,087 9,572,181 636,281 8,480,194 115,408,222 7,219,882 111,358,248 87,638,930 54,595,879 86,648,762 67,872,710 106,552,649 82,363,315 139,022,562 46,949,726 9,642,003 23,573,077 46,244,839 59,837,255 2,599,838 11,838,378 3,478 20,076,351 16,954,129 16,913,802 8,150,437 16,160,454 1,388,446 30,631,044 29,299,519 19,139,321 0) 21,753,833 4,918,229 » 13, 940, 274 48,244,206 2,488,310 2,952,886 (0 6,499,121 313,003 803,394 5,331,336 1,192,925 10,570,527 10,082,807 34,000,497 Cheese (iwunds). 1909 320,632,181 3,676,609 118,339,484 180,423,449 0) 0) 93,971 (>) 0) 9,206,931 173,807 365,493 3,008,540 45,753 3,860 79,156 105,584,947 77,824 12,676,713 12,473,834 488,216 4,881,153 13,673,336 148,906,910 2,841,958 1,078,097 378,897 (') 14,344 140,895 (') (') 259,386 0) 0) 39,353 12,909 399 322 58,148 18,592 5,628 13,703 20,436 0) 18,968 (') 49,988 0) 620,517 81,869 481,733 1,144,224 10,245 475,260 4,388,158 4,345,513 * See footnote 2, Table 1, p. 344. I Can not be shown separately, as to do so would disclose individual operations. • Includes Indian Territory. 350 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. WOOL AND MOHAIR. Wool production in the United States as a whole: 1909 and 1899.— The reports of the enumerators at both the Twelfth and the Thirteenth Censuses were somewhat deficient with respect to wool production, and it has been deemed necessary to make estunates to cover this deficiency.^ Table 11 shows for the United States as a whole the actual returns of the Thirteenth Census and the estimated totals for 1909 and 1899, respectively. Table 11 Sheep of shearing age on lanns April 15, 1910 Wool produced, as re- ported, 1909 On farms reporting sheep April 15, 1910.. On other arms Total production of wool (partly estimated): 1909 Increase, 1899 to 1909 ». . Per cent of increase ' . Num- ber of farms reiwrt- ing. 598,047 458,311 423,580 34,731 Shee^ of shearing 39,644,046 31,636,132 WOOL PRODUCED. Fleeces. 35,336,830 33,849,587 1,487,243 42,320,580 43,999,229 -1,678,649 -3.8 Weight (poimds). 241,882,318 232,357,180 9,525,132 289,419,977 276,567,584 12,852,393 4.6 Value. $54,964,020 52,708,093 2,255,927 65,472,328 45,670,053 19,802,275 43.4 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. According to the returns there were on April 15, 1910, 598,047 farms with sheep of shearing age, the number of such sheep being 39,644,000. Of these farms, how- ever, there were only 423,580, with 31,636,000 sheep of shearing age, for which the enumerators reported the production of any wool in 1909. The number of fleeces reported for these farms was 33,850,000. The enumer- ators reported also the production of 1,487,000 fleeces in 1909 on 34,731 farms with no sheep of shearing age April 15, 1910. The total number of fleeces reported was thus 35,337,000. It is believed that a much closer approximation to the true total can be obtained by an estimate based on the assumption that the entire production of wool in 1909 bore the same relation to the entire number of sheep of shearing age on April 15, 1910, as the produc- tion of wool on those farms reporting both production and sheep bore to the number of sheep reported on such farms. On the basis of such an estimate, the total production of wool in 1909 was 42,321,000 fleeces. The production in 1899, also in part estimated at that time, was 43,999,000 fleeces, so that there was a decrease of 1,679,000 fleeces, or 3.8 per cent. Never- theless, the estimated total weight increased from 276,568,000 pounds in 1899 to 289,420,000 in 1909, or 4.6 per cent, and the reported average weight per fleece increased from 6.3 pounds to 6.8 pounds. The value of the wool clip increased from $45,670,000 in 1899 to $65,472,000 in 1909, or 43.4 per cent. The average value per pound rose from 17 to 23 cents, and the average value per fleece from $1.04 to $1.55. Wool production, by divisions and states: 1909 and 1899. — Table 12 shows, by geographic divisions, the number of fleeces of wool actually reported and the estimated total number produced in 1909. Compari- sons of the reported production and the estimated total production will show that in some geographic divisions the returns of the enumerators were much more nearly complete than in others. — ^- Table 12 WOOL PBODUCXD, AS REPORTED: 190» DmsiON. AGE APRIL 15, 1910 Total. On farms reporting sheep April 15, 1910. On farms not reporting sheep AprU 15, 1910. Total production of wool, partly estimated (fleeces): 1909 Famw report- ing. Number of sheep. Farms report- ing. Fleeces. Farms report- ing. Number of sheep of shearing age Apnl 15, 1910. Fleeces. Farms report- ing. Fleeces. United States 598,047 19,888 50,281 218,693 103,227 74,765 85,835 18,742 15,027 11,589 39,644,046 306,443 1,260,455 0,534,854 3,524,749 1,552,698 1,513,833 1,662,445 19,509,675 3,778,894 458,311 16,565 42,771 178,768 72,959 58,737 60,992 11,062 8,218 8,239 35,336,830 298,362 1,197,730 6,110,086 2,828,460 1,335,639 1,217,989 1,854,732 16,074,406 4,419,426 423,580 15,038 39,205 166,425 66,072 54,896 56,279 10,290 7,769 7,606 31,636,132 264,889 1,098,357 5,512,231 2,519,677 1,270,6.37 1,108,185 1,282,979 15,369,378 3,209,799 33,849,587 277,399 1,126,133 5,726,760 2,561,904 1,274,292 1,144,184 1,781,254 15,692,354 4,265,317 34,731 1,527 3,566 12,343 6,887 3,841 4,713 772 449 033 1,487,243 20,903 71,597 383,336 266,556 61,347 73,805 73,478 382,052 154, 109 42,320,680 320,647 1,292,189 6,780,541 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central 3,588,936 South Atlantic 1,560,105 1,56.3,103 2,293,160 East South Central West South Central Mountain 19,910,938 5,010,961 Pacific Table 13, on the following page, shows, by divi- sions, the amounts and percentages of increase or decrease in the estimated total wool production from 1899 to 1909. ' There are various reasons for this failure of the enumerators to report the entire wool production. In some cases enumerators reported the number of sheep and neglected to report the wool produced in 1909. In other cases, farmers who did not have sheep in 1910 did have some in 1909, and it can not be assumed that the wool produced by such sheep in 1909 was in all cases reported, for the enumerator, after ascertaining that the farmer had no sheep in 1910, might neglect the subsequent inquiry as to wool produced in 1909. The number of farms which reported the production of wool in 1909 but no sheep on hand on April 15, 1910, was less than one-fourth of the number which reported sheep in 1910 but no wool production in 1909. Again, particularly in the case of tenant farms, the farmer who occupied a farm at the time of the enumera- tion might not have occupied the same farm the preceding year. In cases of this sort the new occupant of the farm would be fairly well able to estimate the production of crops, from the acreage of stubble, but would often hesitate to make an estimate for the wool. In making the estimate of the total production of wool which is presented in the table no account was taken of the 1,487,000 fleeces reported as produced in 1909 on farms with no sheep of shearing age in 1910, for this figure represents the wool production of only a part of the sheep which the estimate is designed to cover. Estimates were made for the several states, and combined to make the totals for geographic divisions and the United States. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. 351 There was a decrease between 1899 and 1909 in the number of fleeces produced in each of the divisions except the West North Central and Mountain divi- sions. The percentage of decrease was greatest in the New England division and next greatest in the Middle Atlantic, while the absolute decrease in number of fleeces was greatest in the Middle Atlantic division. In the Mountain division, which produced nearly half of the total wool clip of 1909, the increase in that year as compared with 1899 was 4.4 per cent. The percentages of increase or decrease in the weight of wool produced differ considerably from those based on the number of fleeces. In every division except the New England and Middle Atlantic there was a con- siderable increase between 1899 and 1909 in the value of wool produced, the increase in average value per pound more than offsetting the decrease in the quantity produced in four of the divisions. Table 13 mcBKASS : > 1899 to 1909 DIVISION. Fleeces. Weight. Value. Nmnber. Per cent. Founds. Per OKlt. Amount. Per cent. United States New England -1,678, 649 -282,194 -776,851 -583,675 185,529 -234,879 -89,831 -176,667 846,212 -687,403 -8.8 -45.0 -37.6 -7.9 6.5 -13.1 -5.4 -7.1 4.4 -10.6 12,862,893 -1,551,190 -5,032,373 -2,799,077 2,270,470 -1,216,184 -412,891 208,018 22,640,950 -1,256,330 4.6 -43.6 -37.1 -6.4 10.1 -16.4 -6.3 L9 1&6 -3.4 819, 802, 276 -168,644 -308,667 3,603,550 2,148,014 366,325 361,896 760,388 11,039,843 2,020,671 43.4 —22.7 Middle Atlantic -11.0 East North Central West North Central South Atlantic 33.8 64.0 22.2 East South Central West South Central 27.1 46.2 60.8 Pacific 42.8 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Table 14 shows for 1909 and 1899, in percentages, the distribution of the total number of fleeces pro- duced among the geographic divisions, and also the average weight per fleece, the average value per fleece, and the average value per pound, in each division. Table 14 DIVISION. PER CEKT DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF FLEECES. AVERAGE WEIGHT PER FLEECE. AVERAGE VALUE PER FLEECE. AVERAGE VALUE PER POUND. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 TTnlted States.... 100.0 0.8 3.1 16.0 8.5 3.7 3.7 5.4 47.0 11.8 100.0 1.3 4.7 16.7 7.7 4.1 3.8 5.6 43.3 12.7 6.8 6.3 6.6 7.2 6.9 4.3 3.9 5.0 7.3 7.2 6.3 6.1 6.6 7.0 6.6 4.4 4.0 4.5 6.4 6.7 $1.66 1.79 1.93 2.11 1.71 1.25 1.05 1.07 1.47 1.36 81.04 1.28 1.35 1.45 1.17 0.89 0.78 0.68 0.95 0.84 80.226 0.286 0.292 0.293 0.248 0.293 0.269 0.215 0.201 0.187 80.168 0.209 Middle Atlantic East North Central... West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central. . . West South Central. . . MonntAin 0.207 0.207 0.177 0.203 0.198 0.151 0. 148 Pacific 0.127 The distribution of the number of fleeces naturally conforms approximately to the distribution of the num- ber of sheep. In 1909 the Mountain division produced 47 per cent of the total estimated number of fleeces; the East North Central 16 per cent; and the Pacific 11.8 per cent. These three divisions together contrib- uted substantially three-fourths of the total number. The average weight of fleeces in 1909 was higher in the three geographic divisions just named than in any of the other divisions, and decidedly lower in the three southern divisions than elsewhere. The extreme range was from 7.3 pounds per fleece in the Mountain divi- sion to 3.9 pounds in the East South Central. The average weight was greater in 1909 than in 1899 in six of the divisions; in the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions it was shghtly lower; and in the Middle Atlantic there was no change. The average value of wool per pound in 1909, as reported by the producers, was lowest (18.7 cents) in the Pacific division. The maximum value (29.3 cents) is shown for the East North Central and South Atlantic divisions. The average value per pound increased materially in each of the geographic divisions between 1899 and 1909. In 1909 the average value per fleece was lowest ($1.05) in the East South Central division and highest ($2.11) in the East North Central. Table 15, which appears on the following page, shows that in 1909 the leading states in the production of wool were Wyoming, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio, California, Idaho, Oregon, and Texas in the order named, each of these states having reported more than 2,000,000 fleeces. Mohair and goat hair: 1909 and 1899. — Table 15 shows also the reported number of fleeces, and the weight and value of mohair and goat hair produced in 1909 and 1899, respectively, by geographic divi- sions and states. The reports for the production of mohair are pre- sumably about as defective as those for wool. The agricultural schedules, however, on account of the minor importance of goats, did not distinguish them by age, and it is scarcely possible to approximate the total production of mohair from the number of goats and kids of all ages taken together. In many sections of the country the number of goats on farms is insig- nificant and a considerable proportion of those which are kept are not shorn for mohair; consequently the production of mohair in several of the geographic divisions is of little significance. The total reported production of mohair in 1909 was 1,683,000 fleeces, or more than three and one-half times as many as were reported in 1899. The re- ported weight of the mohair was 3,779,000 pounds, and the value, $902,000. It is noteworthy that the average value of mohair per pound was somewhat lower in 1909 than in 1899, so that, although the aver- age weight per fleece increased shghtly during the decade, the average value per fleece decreased. More than three-fifths of the mohair reported in 1909 was produced in the West South Central divi- sion, and nearly all of the remainder in the Mountain and Pacific divisions. The number of fleeces pro- duced in the West South Central division was over five times as great in 1909 as in 1899, and in the Mountain division over three times as great. Very high relative increases also appear in some of the divisions where the number of fleeces produced is still very small. 352 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. PRODUCTION OF WOOL AND MOHAIR, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. Table 15 DIVISION OR STATE. TTnlted States GEOGRAPHIC DIVS.: New England Middle Atlantic. . East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic — East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific SHEEP OF SHEARINO AGE. April 15, 1910 39,644.046 New England: Maine New Hampshire... Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dalcota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentuclcy Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon California 306,443 1,260,455 6,534,854 3,524,749 1,552,098 1,513,833 1,662,445 19,509,675 3,778,894 149,934 31,201 84,3601 22,699 4,206 14,043 606,119 16,795 637,541 2,890,163 812,427 658,484 1,545,241 628,539 452,071 769,917 1,116,189 241,392 501,041 240, 116 204,023 4,415 126,251 Junel, 1900 39,858,967 563,217 1,970,362 6,900,190 3,155,531 1,706,199 1,489,730 1,839,118 17,984,275 4,244,345 WOOL PRODUCED (PARTLY ESTIMATED). Fleeces. 1909 48,320,580 252,213 65,318 182, 167 33,869 6,629 23,021 984,516 26,363 959,483 2,648,250 1,010,648 ©9,150 1,625,930 986,212 359,328 657,868 663,703 451,437 507,338 335,950 179,907 6,964 111,520 438,719 666,952 140,070 27,926 153,250 95,115 778,154 470,337 109, 112 156,230 96,517 139,308 48,896 1,377,724 4,959,835 2,110,330 4,826,565 1,305,596 2,894,984 916,600 1,670,890 824,875 295,264 558,022 1,958,342 1,961,355 1,525,288 1,724,968 392,125 572,739 208,812 52,436 258,894 102,709 716,158 307,804 229,298 236,470 168,761 169,234 '61,183 1,439,940 4,215,214 1,965,467 3,327,185 1,352,823 3,333,743 668,458 2,553,134 568,251 320, 647 1,292,189 6,780,541 3,588,936 1,560,105 1,563,103 2,293,160 19,910,938 5,010,961 1899 Weight (pounds). 1909 43,999,229 289,419,977 157, 455 32,996 90,716 21,667 4,353 13,460 616,247 16,140 659,802 3,073,450 784,432 682,337 1,595,959 644,363 453,583 729, 484 1,138,502 261,985 529,088 310,762 165,532 3,150 122,071 431,694 558,095 157,811 28,167 165,448 93,669 793,537 495,979 120,039 153,548 101,318 137,985 46,492 2,007,365 4,724,747 2,250,570 5,115,789 1,253,686 3,092,784 918,690 1,663,074 322,444 582,841 2,069,040 7,364,216 3,403,407 1,794,984 1,652,934 2,468,717 19,064,726 5,598,364 258,300 67,438 191,884 35,067 6,828 23,324 1,038,428 28,353 1,002,259 2,897,604 1,052,753 674,625 1,734,228 1,005,006 376,009 715,334 679,442 469,831 520,219 410,975 231,597 7,021 113,598 2,006,040 8,520,646 48,670,564 24,709,945 6,677,028 6,123,485 11,359,271 145,311,085 36,041,913 1899 399, 113 587,381 240,189 55,233 282,628 109,821 755,172 346, 715 299,118 251,929 194,726 171,269 '64,187 2,038,535 4,348,568| 2,183,100 3,390,571 1,390,400 3,659,417 791,361 2,676,763 624,546 947,622 209,518 625,722 127,897 24,009 71,272 4,235,707 94,726 4,190,213 21,685,258 5,360,044 4,971,380 11,965,405 4,688,477 3,259,282 5,484,702 7,343,222 1,676,830 3,598,246 2,177,355 1,170,308 19,059 705,320 576,555 2,125,717 2,139,504 2,562,800 2,882,305 1,937,252 2,719,684 493,882 86,819 427,943 287,069 3,448,848 1,854,172 339,884 480,581 376,877 442,865 281,750 10,257,779 37,669,031 16,377,265 42,827,866 7,563,219 16,994,017 5,503,800 12,102,220 6,273,667 3,135,348 276,567,584 3,557,230 13,553,019 51,469,641 22,439,475 7,892,212 6,536,376 11,151,253 122,670,135 37,298,243 1,478,018 409,465 1,334,253 195,876 35,180 104,438 6,674,165 146,628 6,732,226 20,350,721 6,891,601 4,799,742 12,202,844 7,224,733 2,612,737 5,015,965 4,145,137 3,030,478 3,246,945 2,788,839 1,599,374 32,350 632,119 Value. 1909 $66,472,328 574,677 2,492,257 14,276,742 6,127,159 1,955,262 1,648,579 2,442,998 29,211,379 6,743,375 1899 2,020,735 3,123,455 797,176 175,290 777,189 333,898 3,617,497 1,395,295 744,274 779,310 636,474 647,641 '329,136 9,638,002 30,437,829 15,474,447 27,758,309 8,543,937 15,209,199 3,352,937 17,050,977 4,842,500 5,268,088 536,708j 618,975 18,841,862 18,349,660 3,782,721 2,396,741 14,064,703 13,680,495 2,423,946 1,707,088 266,080 57,460 192,002 33,670 6,835 18,530 1,163,846 22,482 1,305,929 6,749,005 1,532,914 1,299,218 3,428,320 1,267,285 816,866 1,413,711 1,947,060 381,722 847,012 464,183 256,605 6,126 199,909 664,386 839,555 130, 724 20,432 117,871 77,260 974,347 466,459 86,677 122,096 86,045 99,424 55,187 2,202,342 8,223,754 3,345,037 8,912,608 1,458,003 3,131,971 983,761 2,093,827 1,062,418 845,670,053 743,221 2,800,924 10,673,192 3,979,145 1,599,937 1,296,684 1,682,610 18,171,536 4,722,804 318,585 84,103 268,967 40,291 8,741 22,534 1,387,969 31,266 1,381,689 4,299,025 1,491,743 966,746 2,454,399 1,461,279 460,305 992,334 822,871 503,744 625, 652 426,344 247,895 6,618 142,966 409,602 636,012 150,610 31,637 165,811 66,881 737,632 263,351 150,943 144,758 118,922 90,317 '45,249 1,428,122 6, 136, 668 2,210,790 4,036,227 1,115,331 1,954,171 426,318 2,699,638 692,403 MOHAIR PRODUCED. Fleeces. 1909 1,682,912 168 180 97 636 1 316 1,596 53 1,017 1,624 1,421 4,117 1,559 1,104 1,952 8,703 24,061 118 399 629 2,311 70 466 2,614 3,248 335 196 198 46 2,967 1,342 383 531 3,118 538 3,774 1,077,463 2,357 2,835 2,729 2,547 156,980 103,226 13,040 2,070 5,164 141,588 102, 134 1899 454,932 750 413 2,004 19,230 676 1,062 194,930 81,297 154,670 24 10 1 529 3 183 134 Weight (pounds). 1909 3,778,706 4,445 8,797 36,044 116,057 21,009 13,241 2,016,736 738,226 825,151 1899 961,328 1,749 1,103 6,476 61,619 1,718 2,747 278,411 175,955 4fl,650 279 95 276 953 497 183 350 10,760 3,861 329 660 1, 1,674 139 73 127 30 299 8 168 572 237 85 700 118 '582 193,530 1,264 3,473 2,427 814 65,765 13,874 187 3,503 1,335 79,258 73,977 471 1,695 2 1,009 5,412 187 3,198 5,840 4,472 14,922 5,677 4,133 6,929 29,206 66,684 470 1,538 2,425 8,805 210 1,570 8,047 8,991 1,020 486 520 165 7,702 3,428 808 1,303 7,265 1,044 10,503 1,997,924 8,328 16,412 14,238 7,894 394,895 246,032 44,708 5,719 19, 120 623,435 282,596 105 44 5 1,120 10 465 383 Value. 1909 8901,587 1,276 2,834 9,680 26,806 6,980 3,686 472,316 184,305 193,717 720 469 867 2,793 1,833 514 556 28,080 10,203 1,220 5,801 4,066 343 140 416 73 726 20 524 1,486 469 268 1,763 385 '1,453 274,810 2,750 11,688 8,100 1,843 113,645 27,030 409 10,590 4,000 267, 780 169,770 207 191 136 509 1 231 1,742 56 1,036 1,684 1,194 4,008 1,712 1,082 1,987 7,261 14,338 133 390 602 2,005 52 474 $267,864 2,913 2,699 469 128 177 2,038 1,063 238 356 1,616 226 2,354 468,219 2,056 4,384 3,868 2,024 96,168 63,120 11,240 1,455 4,666 128,230 60,821 ' Includes Indian Territory. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. 353 POUITEY AND EGGS. United States as a whole: 1909 and 1899. — As in the case of wool, the reports of the enumerators as to the production of poultry and eggs in 1909 were somewhat incomplete, and it was deemed desirable to make estimates to cover this deficiency, particularly in order to make the data comparable with those for 1899, which included estimates. Table 16 shows the actual returns of the quantity and value of eggs and of poultry produced in 1909, with estimated totals for that year and for 1899. No estimates have been made regarding the sale of eggs and poultry in 1909, although this was done at the preceding census, and it is probable that the reported figures, which are also given in the table, are less than the true totals, although perhaps not so deficient as the reported production. Table 1« Number Number of PRODUCT. reporting. hand. 1 Qiuuitity. Value. Fowlson forms April 15, 1910. 5,585,032 4,833,759 751,273 4,883,507 205,880,100 273,256,924 22,624,266 On farms repbrting' eggs produced in 1909 Eggs produced, as reported, 1909 Dozent. 1,457,385,772 1,501,311,371 1,203,662,433 207,648,038 23.0 026,465,787 1281,157,080 306,688,960 Total production of eggs (partly estimated): 1909 1899 144,240,541 162, 448, 410 Increase, 1899 to 1909 112.6 Eggs sold, as reported, 1909 — Fowls on farms April 15, 1910: On farms reporting poul- try raised m 1909 3,860,067 4,761,774 823,258 4,832,406 180,768,240 270,540,664 25,330,626 Poultry raised, as re ported, 1909 yo. (4 fowl*. 445,650,124 488,468,354 185,300,856 202,506,272 Total poultry raised (partly estimated): 1909 1899 136,830,152 Increase, 1899 to 1909 65,676,120 Per cent of increase 48 Fowls sold, as reported, 1909. . 3,038,932 163,600,160 75,273,524 The total number of farms which reported fowls on hand April 15, 1910, was 5,585,032, and the number of fowls, 295,880,000. Of these farms, however, the enumerators reported the production of eggs for only 4,833,759, the number of fowls on such farms in 1910 being 273,256,000, or about 8 per cent less than the total. The number of eggs reported (including that on the small number of farms, about 50,000, which reported eggs produced in 1909 but no fowls on hand in 1910) was 1,457,386,000 dozens. These returns may somewhat imderstate the production of eggs even on the farms to which they relate, since farmers seldom keep accurate records of egg production and are apt to imderestimate it, particidarly by underes- timating the home consumption; but there is no means of judging the extent of the deficiency due to this cause. An estimate may, however, be made for farms which reported no eggs produced in 1909, although they had fowls in 1910.* In this way a total of 1,591,311,000 dozens is obtained as the approximate production of eggs in the country in 1909. The production of 1899 (also partly estimated) was 1,293,662,000 dozens, the increase in 1909 as compared with 1899 being 23 per cent. The value of eggs produced in 1909 (including esti- mates) was $306,689,000, or considerably more than twice as much as that for 1899. The average value per dozen, as reported by the farmers, increased from $0,111 to $0,193. About three-fourths of the farmers who reported the production of eggs in 1909 reported also that they sold eggs during that year. The number sold by them, as reported, was 926,466,000 dozens. * The reaaons for the incompleteness of the reports of poultry and eggs produced are similar to those in the case of wool, set forth in a preceding footnote. The method of estimate used for poultry and eggs is slightly different from that used in the case of wool, and theoretically somewhat less correct. Instead of calculating the total production by applying to the total number of fowls the ratio between (1) the number of fowls on hand April 15, 1910, on farms reporting alfio the production of fowls or eggs in 1909, and (2) the total reported production of fowls or of eggs in 1909 on the same farms, it was calculated from the ratio between (1) the number of fowls on hand April 15, 1910, on farms reporting also the production of fowls or eggs in 1909, and (2) the total reported production of fowls or eggs in 1909, which includes a small production on farms not reporting fowls on hand in 1910. The quantity produced on farms of the latter class was so insignificant as not to justify the addi- tional labor of a sei>arate tabulation. -Table 17 TTnited States . New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West Nortli Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central Mountain Pacific rOWia OK HAITD AHOL 16, 1M9 Total. Farms reporting. 5,585,032 150,643 428, 443 1,045,736 1,007,771 971, 758 897,145 808,267 126.986 148,283 Number. 295, 880, 190 7,078,636 26,004,625 71,941,382 88,684,488 27,858,263 26,918,569 31,501,899 5,708,606 10,183,722 On farms reporting eggs produced in 1909. Farms report- ing. 4,833,759 135,310 390,783 959, 187 885,546 843,964 762, 182 645,347 92, 715 118,725 Number. 273,255, 6,629, 24,546, 68, 126, 82,504, 25,771, 24,583, 27,476, 4,626, 8,991, On farms reporting fowls raised in 1909. Farms report- mg. ,781,774 127,114 379, 783 941, 238 874,560 840,235 760,641 637,835 88,163 112,205 Number. 270,540,564 6,439,950 24, 124, 144 67,634,087 82,201,207 25,512,240 24,391,225 27,089,614 4,492,690 8,655,407 egos pboduced, as bepobted: 1909 Farms report- mg. 4,883,507 142,165 396,012 966,240 891,590 850,796 769,893 651,667 94,781 120,363 Quantity (dozens). 1,457, 51, 152, 370, 413, 125, 117, 136, 28, 60, 385,772 487,518' 222,031 965,805 838,848 634,154 141,106 787, 145 518,888 790,277 Total pro- duction of eggs, partly estimated (doisens): 1909 1,591,311,371 55,078,175 161,921,598 392,304,118 446,336,192 136,073,7671 129,133,681 165,557,865! 35,504,102! 69,401,873 fowls baised, as bepobted: 1909 Farms report- ing. 4,832,496 135,278 386,012 950,627 882,408 854,310 771,066 647,003 91,165 114,627 Number. 445,650,124 10,143,637 33,689,001 96,463,041 114,871,313; 64,779,063 55,402,822 50,796,202 6,912,613 12,592,432 Total num- ber of fowls raised, partly estimated: 1909 488,468,354 11,139,430 36,313,031 102,496,192 123,853,667 70,792,154 61.199,837 59,066,127 8,799,190 14,808,717 72497°— 13 23 + 364 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. On the basis of similar estimates for farms with in- complete reports, the total number of fowls raised in 1909 (including those sold, killed, or on hand April 15, 1910) was 488,468,000 and their value $202,506,000. The census of 1900 did not call for the number of fowls raised in 1899, but the value of fowls raised in that year (partly estimated) was $136,830,000, the increase between 1899 and 1909 being 48 per cent. The number of fowls reported sold in 1909 was about one-third of the number raised. Divisions and states: 1909 and 1899. — Table 17, on the preceding page, shows, by geographic divisions, the production of fowls and of eggs as reported for 1909, with estimates of the total production. There is a decidedly greater difference in the Moun- tain, West South Central, and Pacific divisions than elsewhere between the reported production of eggs and fowls and the estimated total production. Table 21 shows, by divisions and states, the total number and value of eggs produced and the total value of fowls raised (including estimates) in 1909 and 1899, respectively, and also the sales as reported. The relative importance of the several geographic divisions in the production and sale of eggs and of fowls may be more conveniently judged by Table 18, which shows the percentages of the totals which were reported from each division. Table 18 PER CENT OF UNITED STATES TOTALS. Eggs produced. Quan- eggs sold: 1909 Fowls raised. DIVISION. Quantity. Value. Num- ber: 1909 Value. Num- ber of fowls sold: 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 TTnited States New England 100.0 3.5 10.2 24.7 28.0 8.6 8.1 10.4 2.2 4.4 100.0 3.9 10.9 27.0 28.4 8.1 8.1 9.1 1.4 3.1 100.0 4.9 12.2 24.5 25.3 8.7 7.3 8.6 2.8 5.7 100.0 6.2 13.6 26.1 25.4 8.1 7.1 7.1 2.1 4.4 100.0 4.0 11.9 27.7 29.8 7.4 6.8 6.5 1.5 4.5 100.0 2.3 7.4 21.0 25.4 14.5 12.5 12.1 1.8 3.0 100.0 3.6 10.6 23.7 25.8 12.1 9.4 8.7 2.2 3.8 100.0 3.7 11.4 26.5 24.5 11.4 10.2 7.9 1.4 3.0 100.0 3.4 10.7 25.1 23.8 13.5 10.0 8.3 1.4 3.8 Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central.... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central.... Mountain Pacific The distribution of the production of eggs and of poultry among the divisions naturally conforms more or less closely to the distribution of the number of fowls on hand. In 1909 the West North Central division produced 28 per cent of the eggs and 25.4 per cent of the fowls, the corresponding percentages for the East North Central division being 24.7 and 21, respectively. The West South Central division ranked third in the production of eggs, but the South Atlantic ranked third in the number of fowls raised. In some of the divisions a considerably larger pro- portion of the eggs produced and of the fowls raised are sold than in other divisions, so that certain differ- ences appear between the percentages showing the distribution of sales and those showing the distribu- tion of production. Table 19 shows, by geographic divisions, the increase in the quantity and value of eggs produced, and in the value of fowls raised, between 1899 and 1909. Table 19 increase: 1899 TO 1909 DrVISION. Eggs produced. Fowls raised. Quantity (dozens). Per cent. Value. Per cent. Value. Per cent. United States New England 297,648,938 4,391,595 20, 844, 178 42,784,628 79,191,972 30,723,771 24,267,321 48,327,365 17,343,535 29,774,573 23.0 8.7 14.8 12.2 21.6 29.2 23.1 41.2 95.5 75.1 $162,448,419 6,192,593 17,858,461 37,614,304 40,908,806 14,858,386 12,009,679 16,203,524 5,601,807 11,200,859 U2.6 69.1 90.9 100.0 111.8 127.1 116.9 159.0 187.9 178.2 $85,676,120 2,315,087 5,948,589 11,694,914 18,787,032 8,860,158 5,225,245 6,814,959 2, 486, 450 3,543,686 48.0 45.9 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Altantic 32.2 56.0 57.0 37.6 62.7 131.8 85.0 East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific The absolute increase, both in the quantity of eggs produced and in the value of fowls raised, was greatest in the West North Central division, but the percentages of increase were higher in some of the divisions of the South and the West. Table 20 shows, by geographic divisions, the average value of eggs and of fowls produced and sold, respec- tively, in 1909 and of eggs produced in 1899. Table ZO average value. DIVISION. Eggs per dozen. Fowls. Produced. Sold: 1909 Raised: 1909 Sold: 1909 1899 1909 ITnited States $0,193 0.275 0.232 0.192 0.174 0.195 0.173 0.159 0.242 0.252 $0,111 0.177 0.139 0.108 0.100 0.111 0.098 0.087 0.164 0.159 $0,195 0.278 0.232 0.192 0.173 0.197 0.172 0.161 0.245 0.253 $0,415 0.661 0.593 0.468 0.423 0.345 0.313 0.299 0.497 0.521 $0,490 709 New England Middle Atlantic 642 East North Central 522 West North Central 490 South Atlantic 403 East South Central 373 West South Central 0.345 0.561 Pacific 560 The average value of eggs produced in 1909, as reported by the farmers, ranged from 27.5 cents per dozen in the New England division to 15.9 cents in the West South Central. In most divisions the average value of eggs sold was reported at a slightly liigher figure than that of eggs produced. In every division the average value of eggs produced was very much higher in 1909 than in 1899. The average value of all fowls raised in 1909 ranged from 66.1 cents each in the New England division to 29.9 cents in the West South Central, while the value of those sold ranged from 70.9 cents to 34.5 cents. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. PRODUCTION AND SALES OP EGGS AND POULTRY, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES. 355 Table 21 DmSION OE STATE. EGGS PRODUCED (PARTLY ESTIMATED). Quantity (dozens). 1909 TTnited States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Ck>lumbia . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South (Carolina Oeorgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California 1,691,3U,371 55 IGl 392; 446, 136, 129, 165, 35 078,175 921,598 304,118 336,192 073, 767 133,681 557,865 504, 102 401,873 72, 14, 74, 100, 80, 100, 59, 50, 53, 109, 111, 17, 25, 46, 81, 4, 15, 35, 19, 23, 111 20, 6i 44, 42, 22, 20, 27, 14. 46, 77, 6, 6, 2, 10, 2, 1, 4, 935,050 499,470 037,082 145,240 894,081 566,343 349,034 842,859 729,708 889,599 755,437 119,418 915, 8il 623,813 807,974 760,487 816,603 294,322 067,489 929,923 659,304 448,482 533,732 51,945 100,693 159,006 556,124 049,468 703,350 380,056 313,377 043,104 234,713 542,487 054,674 657,544 000,600 845,047 004,051 492,270 091,716 652,396 976,233 744,081 672,866 870,489 472,575 906,903 022,305 1899 1,293,662,433 50,686, 141,077; 349,519, 367,144 105,349, 104,866, 117,230, 18,160; 39,627, 13,304 7,005; 6,271 12,028, 3,217, 7,959, 62,096, 11,942; 07,038; 91,766, 70,782, 86,402; 54,318, 46,249, 43,208, 99,621 85,203, 7,438, 17,340, 41,132, 73, 190, 3,571 12,511 42; 25,550, 17,242 17,704; 0,007; 16,505 4,214 35,337, 31,807, 18,778, 18,042, 25,604, 12,820, > 20, 674; 58,040, 3,002, 2,879; 937, 5,704 839 819, 3,387 589; 7,473; 7,709; 24,443; Value. 1909 1899 FOWLS RAISED (PARTLY ESTIMATED). Number. 1909 $306, 688, 960 1144, 240, 541 15,155,991 37,507,552 75,237,900 77,493,327 20,545,679 22,283,364 26,395,765 8,582,548 17,486,834 3,702,335 2,043,338 1,715,221 4,280,445 848,527 2, 476, 125 17,101,732 3,908,005 16,502,815 19,748,658 15,287,205 18,940,454 11,734,790 0,526,784 0,767,410 10,235,600 10,345,602 3,045,687 4,244,201 7,000,377 13,864,360 068,070 3,235,759 15,277 6,882,276 3,672,193 4,256,769 2,162,797 3,071,760 1,370,878 7,605,116 7,258,146 3,762,445 3,657,657 4,450,272 2,448,502 7,544,445 11,043,546 1,610,766 1,548,431 501,386 2,444,006 683,441 530,746 999,959 263,813 4,311,291 2,912,849 10,262,694 8,963,398 19,649,091 37,623,596 36,584,521 11,687,293 10,273,685 10,192,241 2,980,741 6,285,975 2,038,225 1,213,703 050,965 2,671,341 656,846 1,623,319 8,630,062 1,038,304 9,060,725 10,280,760 7,441,944 8,942,401 6,104,462 4,854,020 4,437,148 10,016,707 8,315,371 782,790 1,727,392 4,068,002 7,237,111 488,401 1,572,682 6,492 2,836,809 1,877,675 1,810,110 025,066 1,615,638 553,624 3,460,607 3,115,335 1,825,078 l,8n,765 2,338,500 1,281,713 '1,009,832 4,672,187 631,143 465,504 163,517 852,978 157,175 163,274 424,628 122,522 1,259,225 1,162,071 3,864,679 488,468,354 11,139,439 36,313,031 102,496,192 123,853,007 70,792,154 61,199,837 59,066,127 8,799,190 14,808,717 Value. 1899 $202, &06, 272 9136, 830, 152 2,601,733 1,394,654 1,282,524 3,212,339 602,335 2,045,854 13,980,792 4,847,288 17,484,951 23,433,005 23,067,814 32,352,888 12,877,637 10,764,948 11,862,787 20,990,147 31,913,210 4,043,481 6,186,427 16,274,150 24,683,465 1,562,370 6,949,469 15,614 16,290,508 5,643,096 15,227,685 8,811,348 14,030,716 2,461,368 10,247,287 17,415,208 12,467,486 12,060,856 10,808,768 6,337,010 16,264,003 25,656,356 1,432,741 1,653,272 519,169 2,706,945 932,045 392,286 971,917 190,816 3,722,257 2,655,492 8,430,968 361,038 527,077 972,887 337, 180 413,963 128,878 681,375 373,143 710,731 1,454,816 879,014 769,362 2,411,078 482,015 1,374,754 8,403,162 3,846,020 9,277,886 10,007,633 10, 720, 137 15,404,028 6,101,440 4,653,640 4,714,010 13,014,085 14,672,686 1,630,402 2,355,667 6,866,606 0,382,214 838,633 3,011,382 0,102 6,146,236 2,238,606 4,406,767 2,548,170 4,110,870 1,006,198 6,937,008 6,774,175 3,168,471 3,240,224 2,868,562 1,043,516 5,388,133 7,481,165 707,460 800,700 260,538 1,393,039 367,907 225,640 412,359 115,510 1,873,608 1,416,608 4,420,515 045,961 678,488 277,973 550, 148 553,805 903,633 866,416 886,693 167,045 056,468 610,006 680,100 1,407,681 398,790 984,207 6,161,420 2,265,816 7,161,243 8,847,009 8,172,093 11,307,690 4,551,045 3,308,427 2,927,717 0,401,810 0,525,262 604,761 1,020,382 3,400,044 6,401,183 606,391 2,077,490 5,480 3,744,654 1,843,752 2,680,970 1,630,765 2,481,610 674,703 4,970,063 4,282,740 2,263,346 2,fe7,484 2,179,634 1,425,116 U, 950, 304 5,311,362 398,487 282,468 79,488 587,536 90,152 114,884 262,503 71,175 848,291 826,687 2,492,067 eggs sold, as reported. Quantity (dozens). 1909 926,466,787 37,025,214 110,099,444 256,349,132 275,973,530 08,946,260 62,699,562 60,044,751 13,654,183 41,673,721 Value. 1900 $180,768,249 10,288,343 25,491,087 49,181,738 47,835,052 13,615,214 10,808,834 9,654,886 3,341,609 10,561,486 10,340,134 4,948,014 4,451,120 0,614,504 2,246,679 6,424,763 48,074,481 9,578,886 62,446,077 69,575,637 63,809,416 62,036,857 38,668,386 32,268,836 34,347,776 70,836,349 71,886,146 6,464,074 14,226,323 25,380,607 62,833,166 3,346,683 10,526,637 16,660 21,113,160 11,762,888 10,471,867 2,766,646 6,136,303 2,806,437 24,744,940 24,697,440 7,666,603 5,601,560 10,814,504 5,622,297 18,860,825 24,747,035 2,116,624 2,370,346 542,643 4,260,285 882,856 820,377 2,315,120 346,932 8,572,408 6,233,626 26,867,687 2,659,117 1,373,432 1,092,678 2,914,755 669,984 1,678,477 11,394,611 2,536,668 11,660,908 13,608,860 10,213,390| 11,745,316 7,547,202 6,066,971 0,212,270 12,387,353' 12,462,508 1,142,043 2,371,666 4,322,484 8,046,830 720,306 2,191,615 5,700 4,180,630 2,260,362 1,908,721 547,894 1,177,460 623,628 4,250,081 4,248,340 1,303,303 1,007,110 1,735,524 920,544 3,131,023 3,867,795 584,953 573,098 133,157 981,851 212,679 250,488 499,088 105,305 2,302,128 1,531,932 6,717,426 FOWLS sold, as reported. Number. 1909 153,600,169 5,166,345 16,392,968 38,497,611 36,611,202 20,774,474 15,338,379 12,727,015 2,215,484 6,886,691 $75,273,68« 1,213,689 623,002 679,614 1,596,472 295,413 848,065 5,806,367 2,540,200 8,046,401 0,123,564 8,127,981 12,096,388 5,289,794 3,850,884 3,704,433 10,388,067 10,656,882 588,492 1,314,046 3,750,040 6,207,442 623,200 2,273,501 6,152 6,059,990 2,009,220 4,617,041 1,554,709 2,004,116 727,646 5,036,361 5,330,639 2,676,890 2,294,489 2,344,601 1,058,236 3,562,200 5,761,978 371,847 370,776 106,375 670,128 194,917 134,098 298,015 60,328 1,250,839 693,092 957,644 584,46a 3,678,208 2.018,866 » Includes Indian Territory. 356 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. HONEY AND WAX. United States and states: 1909 and 1899.— Table 22 shows, for each division and state, the quantity of honey and of wax produced, respectively, and their combined value, in 1909 and 1899. The figures are as reported by the enumerators, and probably somewhat understate the true production. Table 22 DIVISION OB STATE. HONEY PBODUCED , (POUNDS). 1 ■WAX PRODUCED (POUNDS). VALUE OF HONEY AND WAX. DIVISION OE STATE. honey produced (POUNDS). WAX PRODUCED (POUNDS). VALUE OF HONEY AND WAX. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 Vnlted States.. 54,814,890 61,099,290 904,867 1,763,595 $5,992,083 $6,656,611 W. No. Central — Continued: 527,868 009,785 62,777 306,367 3,657 1,344,360 1,550,739 1,809.127 653,119 884,662 747,832 1,558,670 1,468,123 891,954 559,012 913,515 340, 134 140,234 3,093,097 163,510 1,011,068 138,924 2,306,492 439,528 1,025.282 1,138,091 354,905 503,580 839,981 10,264,715 866.200 l,187,5C9i 101,410; 306,788; 530; 1,708,320; 1,673, 120; 2,477,800, 872,690 1,650,745 677,540 2,681,720 2,404,650 1,930,410 1,048,490 1,405,320 426,490 3,336 4,332 2,756 4,358 16,090 19,236 1,960 7,860 73,398 84, 437 8,235 39, 244 477 173,927 231.630 230,586 78,936 101,888 60,906 202,242 183,002 99,977 64,802 112,968 33,911 24,096 322,798 21,935 594, 117 5,184,1(3 7,778,545 0,744,008 7,302,640 4,477,759 4,486,980 6,577,800 11,608,276 732,078 6,122,949 11,399,724 8,055,778 9,408,843 8,065,170 6,784,654 4,682,426 5,177,668 8,251 66,393 132,735 93, 633 172,996 111,369 92,177 88,447 138,866 29,802 153,017 221,220 175,384 379, 192 343,900 245,060 74, 410 141,610 108,623 676.363 972,834 864,367 925,829 550,143 493,773 574,983 826,268 119,581 681,566 1,315,385 1,037,016 1,029,233 861, 123 692,018 413,692 506,397 105,676 New England Middle Atlantic... E. North Central.. W. North Central.. 151,873 South Atlantic: 10,536 Maryland District ol Col 38,857 55 E. South Central. . W. South Central.. 23,883 11,090 70,400 12,440 23,434 18,635 17,307 28,864 50,043 15, 156 20,403 12,284 60,110 30,180 135,920 37,500 73,372 32,290 53,120 79,590 162,020 49,170 59,340 20,440 15,590 159,690 130 6,560 340 24,930 2,260 13,080 23,740 3,380 9,540 16,740 115,330 195,886 West Virginia North Carolina... South Carolina... 199,089 263,730 Pacific 92,857 169, 723 New England: Maine New Hampshire... 112,051 65,038 160,283 96,802 14,221 145,722 3,191,733 152,072 1,840,360 1,001,179 687,097 1,428.640 2,507,810 2,153,819 976,262 2,374,080 2,105,815 11,084 139,714 200,080 89,260 182,278 109,050 28,450 122,960 3,422,497 174,250 2,526,202 1,980,530 1,681,554 2,961,080 2,099,460 2, 677, 100 986,446 2,539,784 3,018,929 7,530 49,320 2,260 792 2,899 1,019 185 1,096 43,198 1„372 21,823 7,454 15, 115 26,240 28,524 65,402 16,880 44,266 23,784 92 943 6,570 3,350 8.652 6,250 890 4,090 84,075 7,640 61,302 34,620 27,780 75,290 38.860 44,670 20,626 49,314 69,258 90 770 20,686 13,623 26,166 19, 176 2,959 25,913 389,642 22,917 262,804 133,891 105,715 200,763 296,742 235,723 124,617 285,429 274, 174 34,461 17,686 27,290 18,412 5,156 16,576 352,795 23,479 305,292 252,321 219, 110 343,200 230,012 270,742 118,884 305.183 348.604 58,500 E. South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W.SouTH Central: 291,179 259,691 Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut 197, 232 113,021 156,943 Middle Atlantic: Louisiana Oklahoma Texas 46,200 121,348 468,527 New Jersey 4, 780, 204; i 58.402 Pfinn.sylvania E. NoETH Centeal: Mountain: 19,940 379,450 19,220 1,732,630 139,998 930,420 1,292,118 178,650 530,790 979, 140 3, 667, 738 394 8,018 1,663 33,682 6,345 15,012 16, 667 7,766 4,038 8,383 126,445 3.706 Ohio 88,3821 42.725 Wyoming 16,725 234,334 39,639 57,203 79; 763 37,002 66,391 94,510 665,367 2,676 Illinois 171,740 Michigan New Mexico 13,836 Wisconsin 67, 489 Utah 94,364 Nevada 17,156 Iowa Pacific: Washington 65,211 1,809 1.149 109,247 South Dakota 20,443 6,247 California 331,939 1 Includes Indian Territory. The total production of honey in the United States in 1909 was reported as 54,815,000 pounds, a decrease of 10.3 per cent as compared with 1899. Wax, which is a relatively unimportant product, showed a much greater decrease. The combined value of honey and wax in 1909 was $5,992,000, or 10 per cent less than in 1899. The geographic distribution of the production of honey naturally corresponds quite closely to that of the colonies of bees. The business of raising honey is very generally distributed throughout the country. There was a decrease in the production of honey between 1899 and 1909 in each of the geographic divisions except the Mountain and the Pacific. DOMESTIC ANIMALS SOLD OR SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS. United States as a whole. — Table 23 shows, for the United States as a whole, the number and value of each class of domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms during: 1909. Table 23 DOMESTIC ANIMALS .SOLD OE SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS IN 1909. All classes. Cattle (exclusive of calves). Calves. Horses. Mules. Asses and burros. Swine. Sheep. Goats. Total sold or slaughtered: Number 21,981,637 689,375,710 31.36 7,874,348 59,775,179 7.59 1,768,342 210,264,479 118.90 716,862 94,359,550 131.63 17,734 1,833,101 103.37 52,878,676 691,611,885 13.08 19,520,982 84,774,271 4.34 526,552 1,181,312 2.24 Value dollars. . Average value dollars. . 1,833,175,487 Sold: Number.. 20,572,997 657,686,916 31.97 1,408,640 31,688,794 22.50 6,742,748 52,328,181 7.76 1,131,600 7,446,998 6.58 1,768,342 210,264,479 118.90 716,862 94,359,550 131.63 17,734 1,833,101 103.37 37,500,158 463,011,115 12.35 15,378,517 228.600,770 14.86 18,991,456 82,506,542 4.34 529,526 2,267,729 4.28 407 563 Value dollars . . 1,562,936,694 946,810 2.32 Average value dollars. . Slaughtered: Number 118,989 Value dollars. . 270,238,793 234, 502 Average value dollars. . 1.97 The value of all domestic animals sold during 1909 was $1,562,937,000, and that of animals slaughtered on the farm $270,239,000, making a total of $1,833,- 175,000. To the total value of animals sold, cattle (including calves) contributed $710,015,000, or 45.4 per cent; horses, mules, and asses and burros together $306,457,000, or 19.6 per cent; swine $463,011,000, or 29.6 per cent; and sheep and goats $83,453,000, or 5.3 per cent. The number of cattle and sheep slaugh- tered on farms was equal to but a very small fraction of the number sold, but the number of swine slaughtered was more than two-fifths as great as the number sold. LIVE STOCK PRODUCTS. 857 The value of domestic animals sold as reported for 1909 ($1,562,937,000) is not at all comparable with the value of animals sold as reported at the Twelfth Census ($722,614,000), for the reason that the inquiry at the Thirteenth Census related to all animals sold from the farm, while that at the Twelfth Census related only to the sale of animals which had been raised on the farm reporting. A very considerable number of the animals sold dur- ing any given year are animals previously purchased by the farmers, often during the same year. The prac- tice of buying cattle, swine, and sheep to fatten for market is very common among farmers in some sec- tions. Consequently the gross sales of domestic animals include much duplication. On the other hand, if the sales of animals not raised on the farm reporting are excluded, the additional value (often very great) which such animals may acquire between the time of purchase and the time of sale is omitted from the statistics. Finally, it should be noted that the value of animals sold or slaughtered, no matter how determined, by no means represents the true product of the stock raising industry. An animal, such as a horse or a cow, for example, which is raised by a farmer and retained indefinitely for draft or dairy purposes is just as much a product of agriculture as one sold or slaughtered; this is true, in fact, even though such animal merely replaces another which dies of age or disease. Divisions and states. — Table 24 shows, by geographic divisions, the combined value of all domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms in 1909. Table 24 United States New England . . . Middle Atlantic. E. North Central. W. North Central South Atlantic. . E. South Central. W. South Central Mountain Padflc VALtJE OF ALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS SOLD OR SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS IN 1909. Total. $1,833 30, 89, 422, 715, 102, 129, 181, 100, 61, Sold. Slaughtered. 11,562,936,694 24,287,381 62,359,683 366,849,902 664,809,849 66,917,658 91,782,197 149,019,393 93,035,953 53,874,678 (270,238,793 6,129,399 27,203,385 56,075,953 50,526,586 45,591,034 38,213,908 31,983,812 7,079,154 7,435,562 PER CENT OF TOTAI. VALUE OF ANIMALS. Sold or slaugh- tered. 100.0 1.7 4.9 23.1 39.0 5.6 7.1 9.9 5.5 3.3 Sold. 100.0 l.G 4.0 23.5 42.5 3.6 5.9 9.5 6.0 3.4 Slaugh- tered. 100.0 2.3 10.1 20.8 18.7 16.9 14.1 11.8 2.6 2.8 Of the total value of animals sold or slaughtered on farms, the West North Central division reported 39 per cent, the East North Central 23.1 per cent, aiid the West South Central 9.9 per cent, these three divisions to- gether reporting nearly three-fourths of the total. With respect to the value of domestic animals slaugh- tered on farms, the East North Central division ranked first, followed by the West North Central and the South Atlantic. Table 25 shows, by geographic divisions, the number and value of each separate class of domestic animals sold or slaughtered on farms during 1909. Table 25 New England: Number Value dollars. Average value . . . .dollars. Middle Atlantic: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. East North Central: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. West North Central: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. South Atl-vntic: Nimiber Value dollars. Average v alue dollars. East South Central: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. West South Central: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. Mountain: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. Pacific: Number Value dollars. Average value dollars. CATTLE (EXCLTmiNa calves). Sold. 434,103 14,063,746 32.30 850,906 28,433,677 33.42 2,788,939 107,686,696 38.61 7,334,405 283,647,784 38.67 1,030,151 29,366,065 28.51 1,527,324 32,728,694 21.43 3,993,760 83,712,953 20.96 1,720,298 50,144,682 29.15 893,021 27,902,619 31.25 Slftu^- tered. 75,679 1,778,913 23.51 160,473 4,364,379 27.13 214,287 6,637,160 26.31 317,527 7,406,246 23.51 158,646 2,880,386 18.16 129,846 1,907,530 14.69 151,371 2,406,722 15.90 115,113 3,078,640 26.74 85,698 2,178,818 25.42 Sold. 437,321 2,338,235 5.36 1,397,252 9,847,792 7.06 1,065,546 14,637,203 7.46 1,137,087 10.947,101 9.63 398,606 3,036,567 7.62 318,428 2,283,029 7.17 747,037 6,360,162 8.61 133,240 1,384,458 10.39 208,231 1.493,634 7.17 Slaugh- tered. 101,608 617,424 6.09 295,923 1,706,488 6.77 289,063 1,996,796 6.91 146,964 1,036,764 7.10 67,909 370,706 6.40 27,723 175,417 6.33 39,236 300,863 7.67, I 38,572 371,991 9.64 I 135,5321 971,550! 7.17! Hones sold. 33,894 4,667,190 134.46 103,705 12,714,225 122.60 476,628 64,620,499 135.37 636,602 79,264,856 124.52 85,519 9,270,128 108.40 98,074 10,013,375 102.10 155,430 13,141,491 84.55 110,040 9,102,421 82.72 68,550 7,690,294 112. 19 Mules sold. 276 47,842 173.34 6,516 938,963 144.12 89,665 11,477,495 128.00 251,347 35,08f),146 139.59 42,659 6,652,701 132.51 160,392 21,258,297 132.54 146,840 17,554,241 119.65 7,327 778,709 106.28 11,841 1,565,166 132. 18 Asses and burros sold. 11 234 21.27 198' 7,310 36.92 2,668 170,814 04.02 6,925 846,274 142.83 632 39,692 62.80 2,313 394,504 170.56 4,636 292,650 63.13 1,028 40,972 39.86 323 40,661 125.86 Sold. 326,828 2,551,918 7.83 1,076,690 7,060,488 6.56 11,464,960 148,970,626 12.99 17,179,803 241,711,507 14.07 1,104,162 6,132,246 4.65 2,454,112 19,979,697 8.14 2,772,498 25,930,428 9.35 392,900 4,106,278 10.45 730,205 7,567,967 10.36 Slaugh- tered. 177, 154 3,647,1.38 20.59 1,135,912 20,698,021 18.22 2,944,811 48,161,673 16.36 2,664,171 41,796,756 15.69 3,201,206 42,172,962! 13.171 2,556,039' 35,966,1001 14.07| 2,213,493 29,147,393 13.17 208,106 2,992,716 14.38 277,625 4,018,011 14.47 Sold. 181,504 723,623 3.99 733,204 3,347,996 4.57 3,944,079 19,338,167 4.90 2,694,142 13,182,975 4.89 995, 135 4,387,828 4.41 1,157,673 5,072,379 4.38 506.421 1,658,693 3.28 6,787,685 27,298,628 4.02 1,991,613 7,496,253 3.76 Slaugh- tered. 41,719 185, .313 4.44 80,724 443,342 6.49 57,686 277,929 4.82 45,612 221,074 4.85 36,701 151,433 4.13 34,236 133,959 3.91 20,195 61,340 3.04 153,572 652,670 3.60 59,081 240,609 4.07 Sold. 1,048 4,593 4.38 1,966 9,242 4.70 13,439 48,402 3.60 47,825 133,146 2.78 16,007 32,431 2.03 29,825 62,322 1.75 170,084 368,775 2.17 77,821 179,805 2.31 49,549 118.094 2.38 Slaugh- tered. 157 611 3.89 274 1,155 4.22 739 2,395 3.24 2,297 6,746 2.94 10,134 15,648 1.63 18,629 30,902 1.66 37,831 67,494 1.78 39,383 83,137 2.11 9,54J» 26,514 2.78 In every geographic division except the East North Central the value of cattle and calves sold in 1909 exceeded that of any other class of animals, but in the East North Central division the value of swine sold was greater than that of cattle and calves. Marked differences appear among the geographic divisions with respect to the ratio between the num- ber of animals — particularly swine — sold and the number slaughtered on the farm. In the leading hog raising sections, the East and West North Central divisions, the number sold in 1909 was several times greater than the number slaughtered on the farm, but 358 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. in the Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and East South Central divisions the number sold was less than the number slaughtered. It should be noted that the wide variations in aver- age value for asses and burros sold are due to the fact that in some sections the sales include many high- priced breeding jacks, while in others they represent chiefly pack burros. Table 26 presents data regarding animals sold or slaughtered on farms in individual states. NUMBER AND VALUE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS SOLD OR SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS, BY STATES: 1909. Table 26 TTnited States . . New England: Maine New Hampshire. . . Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut— Kiddle ATLAN-ac: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. NoETH Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri " North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. of Columbia . . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California , 11,562,936,694 VALUE or ALL DOMESTIC ANIMALS. Sold. 9270,238,793 6,531,033 3,482,591 5,990,550 5,014,442 580,949 2,687,816 29,333,508 3,433,924 29,592,251 74,632,856 81,437,250 132,622,547 35,915,379 42,241,870 34,121,517 208,069,001 143,967,066 11,409,158 35,722,056 100,784,287 130,736,764 768,034 5,399,89C 16,519 20,124,957 14,159,182 7,209,308 2,430,169 5,459,350 1,350,243 43,080,628 37,637,861 5,543,718 5,519,990 12,914,397 2,933,052 54,524,144 78,647,800 20,346,948 11,791,655 13,573,935 22,453,959 10,099,489 4,531,545 5,899,382 4,339,040 7,771,950 14,972,615 31,130,113 Slaugh- tered. 847,159 1,468,345 1,006,088 165,634 753,285 9,927,603 1,562,926 15,712,856 14,964,130 11,458,882 14,438,127 7,652,048 7,562,766 6,942,498 10,147,302 15,272,156 3,047,590 2,637,084 5,293,468 7,186,488 570,575 3,069,871 7,937 8,857,649 4,296,936 11,317,680 4,360,448 10,410,370 2,699,568 11,652,749 12,209,506 7,606,346 6,745,307 7,409,195 2,847,114 6,575,550 15,151,953 1,262,151 1,074,048 650,745 1,754,216 842,396 315,552 756,854 423,192 2,477,396 2,461,159 2,497,007 number, by classes. Cattle (excluding calves). Sold. 20,572,997 1,408,640 83,93; 54,904 145,955 81,601 11,177 56,564 451,265 30,954 368,687 558,420 463,825 1,029,835 319,063 417,796 442,034 2,130,255 1,300,754 159,392 519,607 1,221,743 1,560,620 7,070 56,863 344 314,925 257,733 163,015 57,301 112,127 60,773 535,429 540,891 198,226 252,778 379,676 139,319 939,546 2,535,219 272,996 145,948 198,970 437,215 306,347 146,852 110,780 101,190 94,368 249,733 548,920 Slaugh- tered. Calves. Sold. Slaugh- tered. 6,742,7481,131,600 1,768,342 18,755 9,116 18,832 13,521 6,699 8,756 68,793 3,175 88,505 54,040 27,122 38,466 43,619 51,040 79,226 73,454 32,059 31,570 28,475 42,083 30,660 551 5,870 8 20,058 18,753 36,132 17,657 37,605 22,012 19,011 33,483 42,946 34,406 19,755 12,216 9,810 26,818 16,316 10,773 8,208 11,217 25,087 24,292 36,319 98,577 64,347 102,781 95,486 9,653 66,477 814,704 112,885 469,663 362,046 251,470 410,590 293,525 647,915 176,970 256,071 254,702 22,263 48,862 96,821 281,398 19,292 92,359 416 119,002 58,815 52,137 14,541 39,507 2,537 140,896 114,620 30,694 32,218 38,088 86,235 26,209 15,490 23,043 132,870 64,031 512,442 18,389 19,098 13,716 33,934 16,169 7,525| 20,754 3,655 30,291 30,473 147,467 27,396 10,650 41,375 14,187 1,175 6,915 212,962 14,025 68,936 31,180 21,731 81,079 61,896 93,167 80,493 18,235 8,779 14,419 7,034 5,458 11,536 414 2,110 28 5,086 5,108 14,602 6,669 22,323 1, 4,546 9,54S 7,87: 5,75 8,379 2,667 5,745 22,445 8,748 4,789 1, 11,557 3,658 1,144 5,312 1,416 44,238 40,756 60,538 Horses sold. 12,003 4,966 7,158 5,963 579 3,225 39,552 4,921 59,232 104,500 110,115 165,925 52,432 43,656 45,790 181,556 124,585 36,983 50,858 91,218 105,512 1,453 10,549 9 31,878 19,456 12,236 2,818 5,453 1,667 43,301 39,011 7,787 7,975 22,073 4,109 59,751 69,497 31,037 13,484 12,711 23,821 11,208 4,357 7, 6,353 18,106 21,455 28,989 Mules sold. 716,862 44 58 55 16 8 95 377 245 5,893 3,864 32,577 52,426 484 314 687 15,612 150,438 636 1,511 17,541 64,924 307 1,882 8 7,021 2,290 10,885 4,346 15,028 892 60,392 78,170 12,661 25,443 3,229 47,193 70,975 950 495 295 2,697 2,038 216 382 254 1,240 1,685 8,916 Asses and burros sold. 17,734 1 1 1 2 77 1 120 320 242 2,028 50 28 341 96 3,316 78 332 1,006 756 5 64 596 1,535 88 94 530 12 1,002 3,032 6 15 5 403 379 69 79 72 86 71 166 Swine. Sold. 37,500,158 88,167 43,008 93,720 63,930 7,725 29,278 407,915 88,639 579,136 2,317,507 3,030,547 3,745,309 981,880 1,389,717 1,038,711 5,524,519 4,425,428 115,414 721,838 2,495,969 2,867,924 20,979 143,415 17 293,493 121,650 246,796 80,633 136, 651 60,528 1,160,301 1,082,134 123,078 88,599 376,466 61,794 1,591,469 742,769 37,471 150,230 10,740 124,667 20,280 9,780 30,072 9,660 121,886 129,641 478,678 Slaugh- tered. 15,378,517 47,319 22,563 50,786 27,754 3,674 25,058 386,264 73,709 675,939 768,195 646,581 762,545 381,247 386,243 314,597 507, 167 949,318 136,227 117,781 261,515 377,566 27,588 180,406 383 537,797 206,701 783,247 309,922 860,409 294,753 733,642 742,123 581,615 498,659 616,350 287,447 424,436 886,260 33,143 47,437 13,064 52,081 21,929 3,299 31,210 5,943 92,600 102,755 82,270 Sheep. Sold. 18,991,456 89,522 14,340 64,044 6,558 1,153 5,887 403,307 9,356 320,541 1,287,373 584,778 534,030 1,140,614 397,284 242,613 594,869 883,160 75, 459 227,837 395,872 274,332 1,301 76,827 410,025 410,133 75, 437 3,894 14,602 2,916 671,321 456,484 18,539 11,329 49,366 13,864 41,768 401,433 1,543,632 1,021,847 1,276,011 977,460 1,009,504 205,496 425,689 328,046 177, 169 998,484 815,960 Slaugh- tered. 529,526 23, 277 5,987 6,609 2,412 749 2,685 51,277 1,229 28,218 16,754 3,714 4,284 17,818 15,116 16,231 6,180 7,461 4,342 7,246 1,753 2,399 87 2,952 9,185 8,269 9,763 1,409 3,552 1,484 10,650 13,490 5,251 4,845 6,705 3,965 1,129 9,396 13,785 8,494 20,832 19,945 68,839 8,125 16,579 6,973 7,380 15,786 36,915 Goats. Sold. 407,563 313 215 179 275 7 59 1,085 82 3,838 1,685 4,232 2,410 1,274 815 16,776 24,500 121 1,067 2,059 3,488 15 319 1,994 819 2,876 1,916 4,782 3,286 6,915 9,988 8,022 4,900 8,675 3,636 5,049 162,724 1,159 701 89 5,641 48,398 17,765 4,068 966 28,832 19,761 Slaugh- tered. 118,989 Chapter 13. FAEM CROPS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. (With Statistics of Purchase and Sale of Crops Suitable for Feeding Animals, and of Farm Expenditures for Labor and Fertilizers.) Introduction. — This chapter presents in condensed form the main results of the Thirteenth Census of the United States with reference to the production of crops in 1909. It also contains statistics relating to the purchase and sale of crops suitable for feeding animals and to farm expenditures for labor and ferti- lizers. Statistics pertaining to Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and other outlying possessions are not included in the tables. The tables give figures for each crop by states, though in the case of less important crops states are not named where the production is insignificant. AH of the data published in this chapter regarding any particular state can also be found in the supplement for that state, where additional detail concerning the acreage and production of the principal' crops by counties is also published. The tables in general state the acreage, production, and value of each crop, by states, for the census years 1909 and 1899. In the case of orchard and tropical fruits, grapes, and nuts, the census inquiry was as to the number of trees or vines rather than the acreage. For certain seeds and for straw and cornstalks, acre- age was not tabulated because it would largely dupli- cate the acreage of primary crops. Forest products and maple sugar and sirup are mainly derived from unimproved land and statistics of acreage, even if they could be obtained accurately, would have little significance. In any comparison of the crop of one year with that of another, acreage, where reported, forms a more accurate index than either the amount or the value of the crop. The crop yield is subject to variations' from year to year, according to the prevalence of adverse or favorable weather conditions, while aggre- gate values reflect changes in the price per unit as well as in the amount of the crop. On the other hand, in the comparison of one crop with another the respective acreages do not indicate the relative impor- tance so accurately as do aggregate values, since the value of the yield per acre for one crop may be much greater than for another. CEOPS IN GENEEAL. UNITED STATES AS A WHOLE. Acreage and valne of all crops: 1909 and 1899. — The principal results of the census of agriculture which relate to crops for 1909 and for 1899 for the United States as a whole are given in Table 1 , on the following page. The total value of all the crops of the United States in 1909 was $5,487,000,000, as compared with $2,999,000,000 in 1899. The increase in the later year as compared with the earlier was therefore $2,488,000,000, or 83 per cent. The value of the crops for which reports of acreage were secured amounted in 1909 to $5,074,000,000, or about nine-tenths of the value of all crops. The total acreage of crops with acreage reports in 1909 was 311,293,382. In April, 1910, the land in farms in the United States, according to the census returns, amounted to 878,798,325 acres, of which 478,451,750 acres were improved. The crops with acreage reports, therefore, occupied 35.4 per cent of the total land in farms and 65.1 per cent of the total improved land. If the acreage of fruit and nut crops grown on im- proved land were added, the proportion of improved land occupied by all crops would probably be between 66 and 67 per cent. The crops with acreage reports in 1899 occupied 283,218,280' acres, or 68.3 per cent of the improved land reported- at the census of 1900. The area devoted to these crops increased by 9.9 per cent between 1899 and 1909, while improved land in farms increased by 15.4 per cent in the same period. The improved land not occupied by the crops specified includes land in improved pastures, land occupied by orchards, for which acreage was not reported, land lying fallow, and land in house yards and barnyards. It is possible that, because of the difficulty in dis* criminating precisely between improved and unim- proved land, the figures for the improved land at the last two censuses are not wholly comparable. Attention is called to the fact that improved farm land, as reported, increased by 64,000,000 acres, while land in crops for which the acreage was given increased only 28,000,000 acres. It should be noted, however, that the acreage devoted to orchards and vine- yards probably increased during the decade. There was also an increase of 20.4 per cent in the number of dairy cows, and doubtless a considerable increase in the improved land in pastures. In addition to these increases, it is quite probable that the amount of land lying fallow is greater at the present time than it was a decade ago because of the constant cropping. (359) 360 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE OF ALL CROPS, FOR THE UNITED STATES: 1909 AND 1899. Table 1 1909 1899 All crops With acreage reports ... ,311 . 293, 382 283, 218, 280 With no acreage reports! Cereals Corn Oats Wheat Barley Buckwheat Rye Kafir corn and milo maize Emmer and spelt Rough rice Other grains and seeds... With acreage reports . . Dry edible beans Other beans Dry peas Peanuts Flaxseed Miscellaneous seeds. . Grass seed Flower and vegetable seeds Hay and forage Tobacco Cotton and cotton seed . Cotton Cottonseed' Sugar crops With acreage reports. . . Sugar beets Sorghum cane Sugar cane Maple sugar and sirup Other minor crops With acreage reports . . Broom corn Hemp Hops All other With no acreage reports Vegetables Potatoes Sweet potatoes and 3rams Other vegetables Fruits and nuts Small fruits Strawberries Blackberries and dewberries Raspberries and lo- ganberries Cranberries All other Orchard fruits Apples Peaches and nectar- ines Pears Plums and prunes. . . Cherries Apricots All other Grapes. Tropical and subtrop- ical fruits Oranges Lemons Pomeloes (grape- fruit) Figs : Pineapples Olives Another Nuts Almonds Pecans Wahiuts (Persian or English) All other Flowers and plants Nursery products Forest products of farms. 191.395,963 98,382,665 35, 159, 441 44,262.592 7.698,706 878, 048 2,195,561 1,635,153 573,622 610, 176 5,157,374 802,991 14,947 1,305,099 869,887 2,083,142 81,308 72,280,776 1,294,911 32,043,838 1,285,031 364,093 444,089 476,849 390,784 326, 102 7,647 44,693 12,342 7,073,379 3,668,855 641,255 2,763,269 272,460 143,045 49,004 48,668 18,431 13,312 28,075,102 184,982,220 94,913,673 29,539,698 52,588,574 4,470,196 807,060 2,054,292 266,513 342,214 Jncrease.1 Amount. 4,075,120 453,841 25,738 968,370 516,654 2,110,517 61,691,069 1,101,460 24,275,101 790,308 110, 170 293,152 386,986 286,213 178,584 16,042 55,613 35,974 5,638,220 2,938,778 537,312 2, 162, 130 309,770 151,363 50,211 60,916 20,364 26,916 18,248 80,618 6,413,743 3,468,992 5,619,743 -8,325,982 3,228,510 70,988 141,269 1,368,640 573,622 267,961 1,082,254 349, 150 -10,791 336, 729 353,233 -27,375 81,308 Per cent. 9.9 3.5 3.7 19.0 -15.8 72.2 8.8 513.5 78.3 10,589,707 193,451 7,768,737 494,723 253,923 150,937 104,571 147,518 -8,395 -10,920 -23,632 1,435,159 730,077 103,943 601, 139 -37,310 -8,318 -1,207 -12,248 -1,933 -13,604 9,307 59,492 26.6 76.9 -41.9 34.8 68.4 -1.3 PRODUCTION. Unit. 17.2 17.6 32.0 62.6 230.5 51.5 23.2 36.5 82.6 —52.3 -19.6 -65.7 25.5 24.8 19.3 27.8 -12.0 -5.5 -20.1 -9.5 -50.5 8,941 21, 126 96.1 35.5 Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. 1909 Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu. Tons. Lbs.. Bales. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Lbs.. Lbs.. Lbs.. Bu. Qts... Qts... Qts... Qts... Qts... Qts... Bu... Bu... Bu... Bu... Bu... Bu... Bu... Bu... Lbs. . Boxes, Boxes, Boxes. Lbs. . . Crates, Lbs. . , Lbs. . . Lbs... Lbs... Lbs. . . Lbs. . . 4,512,564,465 2,552,189,630 1,007,142,980 683,379,259 173,344,212 14,849,332 29, 520, 457 17,597,305 12,702,710 21,838,580 11,251,160 179, 733 7,129,294 19,415,816 19,512,765 6,671,348 97,453,735 1,055,764,806 10,649,268 6,324,634 3,932,857 1,647,262 6,240,260 1899 5, 169, 113 9,002,886 5,064,490 143,388 9,440,210 11,964,109 19,979,492 4,865,078 79,251,562 868,112,865 9,534,707 4,767,363 78,959,968 7,483,296 40, 718, 748 389,194,965 59,232,070 426,566,863 265,702,036 66,343,570 60,918,196 38,243,060 16,369,002 216,083,695 147,522,318 35,470,276 8,840,733 16,480,170 4,126,099 4,150,263 493,836 2,671,065,205 19,487,481 2,770,313 1, 189, 250 35,060,395 778, 661 16,406,493 62,328,010 6,793,539 9,890,769 22,026,524 8 23,617,178 793,353 1,910,046 4,202,202 Increase. 1 Amount. Per cent. 1,806,270 18,202,173 187,651,941 1,114,661 667,281 3, 139, 504 -262,784 2,038,058 90,947,370 11, 750, 630 49,209,704 273,318,167 42,617,412 463,218,612 257, 427, 103 62,189,885 76, 628. 107 31,600,512 35,373,005 212,366,600 175,397,600 15,432,603 6,625,417 8,764,032 2,873,499 2,642,128 630,321 1,300,984,097 6,167,891 876,876 30,790 12,994,834 95,456 5,063,637 40.028.825 7,142,710 3,206,860 10,668,065 '19,011,200 > A minus sign (-) denotes decrease. -11,987,412 -4,267,335 -8,490,956 115,876,798 16,714,658 -36,652,749 -1,725,068 -6,846,315 -16,709,911 6,642,648 -19,014,003 3,718,095 -27,875,282 20,037,673 2,216,316 6,716,138 1,252,600 1,508,135 -136,485 1,270,081,108 13,319,690 1,893,437 1,158,460 22,066,561 683,195 11,361,856 22,299,185 -349, 171 6,683,919 11,358,469 4,605,978 VALUE (DOLLABS). 1909 1899 Increase.i Amount. 5, 487, 161, 223 2, 998, 704, 412 2, 488, 456, 811 5, 073, 997, 594 2, 768, 339, 569 2, 305, 658, 025 413,163,629 230,364,843 182,798,786 395.7 -13.8 48.6 -13.2 -36.3 -17.3 42.4 39.3 -7.9 -0.7 -20.5 21.0 -53.8 1.8 -15.9 129.8 33.4 76.6 43.6 57.1. -21.7 97.6 216.0 215.9 3,762.3 169.8 715.7 224.6 66.7 -4.9 208.4 106.5 24.2 18,068,658 13,987,552 5, 134, 434 412, 699 7,844,745 595,674 4,081,106 418, 110, 154 166,423,910 35,429,176 216,257,068 222,024,216 29,974,481 17,913,926 3,909,831 6.132,277 1,756,613 1,262,834 140,867,347 83,231,492 28,781,078 7,910,600 10,299,496 7,231.160 2,884,119 529,403 22,027,961 24,706,753 17, 566, 464 2,993,738 2,060,610 803,810 734,090 404,674 143,467 4, 447, 674 711,970 971,696 2,297,336 < 466, 77f 34.872,329 21,050,822 195.306,283 9,590,792 8,800,834 3,588,414 646,338 4,081,929 584,153 789,958 238,631,761 98,380,110 19,869,840 120,281,811 133,048,721 26,029,757 83,760,961 14,090,234 8,227,838 < 1,949,931 18,758,864 10,123,873 109,864,774 29,044,253 26,603,165 16,557,484 ♦,071,355 5,874,316 2,541,098 8,477,866 6, 186, 718 1,646,020 -133,639 3,762,816 11,521 3,291,148 179,578,393 68,043,800 15,559,336 95,976,267 88,975,495 4,944,724 67,116,386 7, 937, 727 16,478,915 2,497,743 16,113,465 10,926,949 86,441,509 Per cent. 83.0 83.3 79.3 70.2 83.0 122.5 117.3 157.9 89.1 88.4 498.2 66.7 28.6 96.4 88.4 68.9 43.1 -24.5 92.2 2.0 416.6 75.3 69.2 78.3 79.8 66.9 19.8 200.3 128.1 85.9 107.9 77.8 ' Estimated. « Does not include coconuts, which are reported by number. ♦ Includes value of coconuts. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 361 The total value of crops in 1909 was equal to $59.66 per capita of tlie population of the United States, while the value per capita in 1899 was $39.46.^ There were 6,361,502 farms in the United States in 1910, so that the value of crops in 1909 was equal to an aver- age of $863 per farm, while the average value of crops per farm for 1899 was $523. ^ The Census Bureau has made no attempt to ascer- tain the total net value of farm products for 1909, including both that of crops and that of animal prod- ucts. Merely to add the value of these two groups of products together would involve extensive duplication, since large quantities of the crops reported are fed to the animals on the farms. It is impossible to ascer- tain accurately the amount of such duplication, and the attempt to do so which was made at the Twelfth Census was not considered satisfactory in its results. For this reason the relative importance of crops in the aggregate as a factor in the agricultural produc- tion of the United States can not be determined with accuracy. Belative importance of different crops: 1909 and 1899. — In comparing the statistics for individual crops shown in Table 1, it should be noted that the returns are probably more accurate for the leading crops than for the minor crops. The reported pro- duction of fruits and vegetables is in all probability less, than the true production, as a large proportion of these products are consumed on the farm and farmers are apt to underestimate the amount of such home consumption. The relative importance of the various individual crops and groups of crops can best be judged from Table 2, which shows, for 1909 and 1899, the per- centage of the total improved land occupied by each important crop for which acreage was reported and the percentage which the value of each important crop formed of the total for all crops. The table gives also the average value of each crop per acre wherever data are available. In 1909, as already stated, crops with acreage re- ports occupied 65.1 per cent of the total improved land. Cereals occupied 40 per cent — nearly five- eighths of the total acreage of land in crops with acre- age reports — hay and forage 15.1 per cent, and cotton 6.7 per cent. These three leading groups together thus occupied 61.8 per cent of the improved land. The distribution of the total value is somewhat differ- ent. Cereals in 1909 contributed 48.6 per cent of the total value of crops, hay and forage 15 per cent, cotton (including cotton seed) 15 per cent, vegetables (including potatoes and sweet potatoes and yams) 7.6 per cent, fruits and nuts 4 per cent, forest prod- ' These per capita figures are based on the population of the United States on April 15, 1910, and June 1, 1900, respectiA'ely. * These averages are based on the number of farms in the United States on April 15, 1910, and June 1, 1900, respectively. ucts of farms 3.6 per cent, tobacco 1.9 per cent, and sugar crops 1.1 per cent, leaving only 3.1 per cent for the other minor crops. Among the individual crops, corn, which occupied 20.6 per cent of the im- proved farm land in 1909 and contributed 26.2 per cent of the total value of crops in that year, is the most important. None of the other cereals has so great a value as either hay and forage or cotton (in- cludiag cotton seed). As judged by value, wheat ranks fourth among the crops, oats fifth, and (dis- regarding forest products as being a combination of items) potatoes sixth. There was no change in the ranking of the leading crops between 1899 and 1909, but there were, never- theless, considerable changes in the proportion of im- proved land occupied by some of them, and in the proportion contributed to the total value of crops. Table 2 PEE CENT OF IKPEOVED FARU LAND OCCUPIED. PER CENT OF TOTAL VAUm OF CROPS. AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 All crops 100.0 92.6 7.5 100.0 92.3 7.7 With acreage reports •5.1 •8.S 116.30 $9.77 Cereals 40.0 ao.e 7.3 9.3 1.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 44.6 22.9 7.1 12.7 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 ■■'o.i' 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 48.6 26.2 7.6 12.0 1.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 15.0 1.9 15.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 7.6 3.0 0.6 3.9 4.0 0.5 2.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.4 3.6 49.4 27.6 7.2 12.3 1.4 0.2 0.4 (') ""6.' 2' 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 16.1 1.9 12.4 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.1 'o\ 8.0 3.3 0.7 4.0 4.4 0.8 2.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.3 3.7 13.93 14.62 11.79 14.86 12.01 10.63 9.30 6.62 9.73 26.25 27.11 8.40 21.00 13.91 8.01 Com 8.73 Oats 7.36 Wheat 7.03 9.31 Buckwheat 7.12 Rye 5.98 Kafir com and milo maize Emmer and spelt 6.13 Rice 18.50 Other grains and seeds: 16.82 Dry peas 8.17 Peanuts 14.07 Flaxseed 9.30 Grass seed and flower and veg- Hay and forage 15.1 0.3 6.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 14.9 0.3 5.9 (') 0.1 0.1 11.40 80.55 25.74 54.60 22.91 55.40 7.85 Tobacco 51.74 Cotton (including cotton seed) Sugar crops: Sugar beets 15.27 30.16 Sorghum cane 20.82 Sugar cane 63.08 Maple sugar and sirup. Sundry minor field crops: 0.1 8 1.5 0.8 0.1 0.6 1.4 0.7 0.1 0.5 15.74 63.97 175.53 20.00 34.06 Hops 73.40 Potatoes 45.36 55.25 78.26 33.48 Sweet potatoes and yams, Other vegetables 36.98 55.63 Small fruits 0.1 0.1 110.01 80.80 Grapes Nuts Flowers and plants. 0) ?! 1,911.02 261.12 2,015.57 Nursery products 170.17 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. By reason of the fact that the wheat area dimin- ished and that of com failed to keep pace with the increase in improved land, both of these leading crops, and the cereal group as a whole, occupied a smaller percentage of the improved farm land of the coimtry in 1909 than in 1899, while hay and forage 362 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. LAND AREA, PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION: APRIL 15, 1910. (Crop Acreage: 1909.) IMPROVED LAND, PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION: 1909. IMPROVED LAND, PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION: 1899. VALUE OF ALL CROPS, PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY CROPS: 1909. VALUE OF ALL CROPS, PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY DIVISIONS: 1909. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 363 and cotton occupied a larger percentage. Hay and forage as well as the cereals, however, contributed a somewhat smaller proportion of the total value of crops in 1909 than in 1899, while cotton (including cotton seed) contributed a materially larger propor- tion. The combined acreage of cereals increased only 3.5 per cent during the decade 1899-1909, while that of hay and forage increased 17.2 per cent and that of cotton 32 per cent. Certain minor crops show higher percentages of increase in acreage than these leading crops. The average value of crops per acre, for all crops with acreage reports combined, was $9.77 in 1899, and $16.30 in 1909. Naturally great differences ap- pear among the individual crops with respect to average value per acre. These differences in no way indicate the relative profitableness of the different crops, however, as some crops require the use of much more valuable land and more expensive methods of cultivation than others. Belation of prices to increase in value: 1899 to 1909. — A large part of the extraordinary increase in the total value of farm crops between 1899 and 1909 is attributable to higher prices. While the acreage of crops with acreage reports increased only 9.9 per cent, the value of such crops increased 83.3 per cent. The percentages of increase in the quantity of the various individual crops, as shown in Table 1, were in nearly all cases much less than the percentages of increase in the value. Thus, for all cereals taken together, the production increased only 1.7 per cent, while the value increased 79.8 per cent; for hay and forage the production increased 23 per cent and the value 70.2 per cent; and for cotton (including cotton seed) the production increased 11.7 per cent and the value 122.5 per cent. Table 3 shows, for the leading individual crops for which both quantity produced and value were re- ported at both censuses, the average value per unit in 1899 and 1909, with the percentage of increase. It also shows the value which would have been reported for each crop in 1909 if the average value per unit had been the same in that year as in 1899. In each case a comparison of the value of the 1909 crop computed on this basis with the actual value of the crop of 1899 shows the increase in value during the decade which was due to increased production; while a com- parison of this computed value with the actual value of the crop in 1909 shows the increase duriag the decade which was due to the increase in prices. For certain crops, principally fruits and nuts, the values were not reported separately in 1900, and for certain other crops quantities were not reported at either census, but the table covers nine-tenths of the crops of the country as measured by value. Table 3 All crops Crops compared Crops not compared , Cereals Corn Oats Wheat Barley Buckwheat Rye Kafir com and milo maize Emmer and spelt. . . Rough rice Drv edible beans. Other beans Dry peas Peanuts Flaxseed Grass seed Hay and forage. Tobacco Cotton Cottonseed Sugar beets Sorghum cane.. Broom com Hemp Hops Potatoes Sweet potatoes and yams Small fruits... Orchard fruits. Nuts Unit. Bu... Bu... Bu... Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Bu... Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Bu.. Ton. Lb.. Bale Ton. Ton. Ton. Lb.. Lb.. Lb.. Bu.. Bu.. Qt.. Bu.. Lb.. AVEBAOE VALUE PEK UNIT. 190» SO. 50365 0.41176 0.96236 0.53338 0.62835 0.69179 0. 61469 0.43960 0.73355 1.93504 1.34121 1.53784 0.94108 1.48470 2.26906 8.45534 0. 09879 66.07208 22. 73902 5.05503 6. 17659 0.06503 0.05515 0. 19266 0. 42761 0.59814 0.07027 0. 65191 0.07136 1899 to. 31061 0. 23013 0. 56177 0.34799 0.51167 0.48069 0.26446 0.70306 1.50729 0. 93511 0.83780 0. 60769 0.98225 1. 69132 6.11035 0.06565 33. 95575 9.84835 4.18885 3. 19526 0. 03946 0.04649 0.08295 0.35995 0.46733 0.05403 0.39437 0.04871 Increase: 18W to 190» $0.25304 0. 18163 0.40059 0.18539 0.11668 0.21110 0.35023 0.43960 0.03049 0.42775 0.40610 0.70004 0.33339 0.50245 0. 57774 2.34499 0.03314 32. 11633 12.89067 0.86618 2.98133 0.02557 0.00866 0. 10971 0.06766 0.13081 0.01624 0.25754 0.02265 Per cent. 81.5 78.9 71.3 53.3 22.8 43.9 132.4 4.3 28.4 43.4 83.6 54.9 51.2 34.2 38.4 50.5 94.6 130.9 20.7 93.3 64.8 18.6 132.3 18.8 28.0 30.1 65.3 46.5 96,487,161.223 4, 934 , 489 . 828 Va, 962, 358, 477 552.671,395 VALUE OF CROPS. As reported: 1M« Computed for 1909 on basis of prices of 1899. 12,998,704,412 2, 691, 978, 541 306,725,871 2,665,539,714 1,438,553,919 414,697,422 657,656,801 92,458,571 9,330,592 20,421,812 10,816,940 5,584,050{ 16,019,607 21,771,482 241,060 10,963,739 18,271,929 28,970,554 15,137,683 824,004,877 104,302,856 703,619,303 121,076,984 19,880,724 10,174,457 5,134,434 412,699 7,844,745 166,423,910 35,429,176 29,974,481 140,867,347 4,447,674 1,510,529,214 792,735,621 231,773,814 383,901,966 60,322,052 7,597,958 14, 190, 188 4,653,783 "'is,' 353,' 832 16,958,761 168,070 5,972,923 11,798,797 19,166,412 11,283,384 595,476,430 69,310,960 361,603,882 52,438,859 16,474,148 5,263,430 3, 115, 760 347,898 3,377,620 140,090,728 27,680,923 23,047,354 85,216,927 3,035,997 As reported: 1899 92.488,466,811 83.0 2,242,511,287 83.3 245, 945, 524 80. 2 1,482,603,049 828,192,388 217,098,584 369,945,320 41,631,762 5,747,853 12,290,540 1,367,040 6,329,562 7,633,636 134,084 7,908,966 7,270,515 19,624,901 8,228,417 484,254,703 56,987,902 323,758,171 46,950,575 3,323,240 6, 103, 102 3,588,414 546,338 4,081,929 98,380,110 19,869,840 25,029,757 83,750,961 1,949,931 increases: 1899 to 1909 > On basis of values as reported. Amount. Per cent. 1,182,936,665 610,361,531 197,598,838 287,711,481 50,826,809 3,682,739 8,131,272 9,449,900 5,584,050 9,690,045 14,137,846 106,976 3,054,773 11,001,414 9,345,653 6,909,266 339,756,174 47,314,954 379,861,132 74,126,409 16,557,484 4,071,355 1,546,020 -133,639 3,762,816 68,043,800 15,559,336 4,944,724 57,116,386 2,497,743 79.8 73.7 91.0 77.8 122.1 62.3 66.2 691.3 153.1 185.2 79.8 38.6 151.3 47.6 84.0 70.2 83.0 117.3 157.9 498.2 66.7 43.1 -24.5 92.2 69.2 78.3 19.8 68.2 128.1 On basis of prices ofl899forcrops of 1909. Amount. 9270,379,936 27,926,165 -36,456,767 14,675,230 13,966,646 18,690,290 1,850,105 1,899,648 3,286,743 9,024,270 9,325,125 33,986 -1,936,043 4,528,282 -458,489 3,054,967 111,221,727 12,323,058 37,845,711 5,488,284 13,150,908 -839,672 -472,654 -198,440 -704,309 41,710,618 7,811,083 -1,982,403 1,465,966 1,086,066 Per cent. 10.0 91,972,131,351 1.9 -4.3 6.8. 3.8 44.9 32. 2| 15. 5j 240.4 142.6 122.2 25.3 -24.5 62.3 -2.3 37.1 23.0 21.6 11.7 11.7 395.7 -13.8 -13.2 -36.3 -17.3 42.4 39.3 -7.9 1.8 55.7 EXCESS OF ACTUAL VALUES OF CBOP3 OF 1909 OVER VALUES COM- PUTED FOR 1009 ON BASIS or PRICES OF 1899. Amount. 1,155,010,500 645,818,298 182,923,608 273,754,835 32,136,519 1,732,634 6,231,624 6,163,157 5,584,050 665,775 4,812,721 72,990 4,990,816 6,473,132 9,804,142 3,854,299 228,528,447 34,991,896 342,015,421 68,638,125 3,406,576 4,911,027 2,018,674 64,801 4,467,125 26,333,182 7,748,253 6,927,127 55,650,420 1,411,677 Per cent. 76.5 81.6 78.9 71.3 53.3 22.8 43.9 132.4 4.3 28.4 43.4 83.0 54.9 51.2 34.2 38.4 50.5 94.6 130.9 20.7 93.3 64.8 18.6 132.3 18.8 28.0 30.1 65.3 46.5 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. 364 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The total reported value of crops in 1899, compared in Table 3, was $2,691,979,000, and the total reported value of the same crops m 1909, $4,934,490,000, an increase of 83.3 per cent. Had the prices of 1899 prevailed, however, the value of these crops in 1909 would have amounted to $2,962,358,000, or an increase of only 10 per cent over 1899, which indicates substantially the increase in the volume of the prod- uct. The difference between $2,962,358,000 and $4,934,490,000, or $1,972,132,000, represents the amount added to the value of these crops by reason of the increase in prices over those for 1899, the average percentage of increase in prices being thus 66.6. For the most important individual crop, corn, the table shows that the actual value in 1909 was $1,438,554,000, or 73.7 per cent more than the value of the crop of 1899. If there had been no change in value per bushel the value of the 1909 crop would have been $792,736,000, or less than the value of the crop of 1899. The difference, $645,818,000, represents the addition to the value of the com crop of 1909 by reason of the increase of 81.5 per cent in the average value per bushel. Increase of crop prodnction and consumption: 1899 to 1909. — The percentage given above, 10 per cent, as representiQg the increase in the value of the crops of 1909, on the basis of the 1899 prices, over the value of the same crops in 1899, is nothing else than a con- solidated expression of the general increase in the quan- tity of crops produced. Covering, as it does, nin&- tenths of the crops of the country, it may properly be compared with the increase of 21 per cent in the popu- lation of the United States between 1900 and 1910. During the decade the increase in the number of farms was 10.9 per cent, the increase in rural population 11.2 per cent, and the increase in urban population 34.8 per cent. As already stated, the total acreage of crops with acreage reports increased 9.9 per cent between 1899 and 1909. It would appear, therefore, that in the aggre- gate there was practically no difference in the average quantity of crops produced per acre in the two years. The increasing consumption of crops in the country has been supplied only in part by an increased produc- tion, the remainder being furnished in large measure by a curtailment of agricultural exports. Thus in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1900, the exportations of domestic breadstuffs amounted to $262,744,078 * in value, while in the fiscal year 1910 the exports of such commodities had sunk to almost one-half of this value, namely, $133,191,330.* In view of the increase of prices in the 10 years, it will readily be understood that the exports have decreased in quantity considerably more than appears from the decrease in value. Acreage of leading crops: 1879 to 1909. — ^Because of the difficulties arising from changes in prices, as well as because of some differences in the classification of ' See Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1910, Table 217, page 431. crops, a complete comparison of the census returns for 1909 with those obtained by the censuses prior to 1899 is not practicable. For some of the leading crops, however, a comparison with the censuses of 1879 and 1889, as well as of 1899, can be made upon the basis of acreage. The acreage of all cereals in 1879 was 119,000,000. It advanced in 1889 to 140,000,00a and in 1899 to 184,000 000. The increase in the acreage of some other important crops was more marked. In 1879 the acreage of hay and forage was 30,000,000, advancing to 53,000,000 in 1889, to 62,000,000 in 1899, and in 1909, to 72,000,000, which was considerably more than double the acreage of 30 years before. During the same period of time the cotton acreage has more than doubled, the acreage in 1879 being 15,000,000 and in 1909 32,000,000 Tobacco advanced comparatively little in acreage from 1879 to 1889 (639,000 to 695,000), but in 1899 tobacco was harvested from 1,101,000 acres and in 1909 from 1,295,000. Thus, among these four crops for which acreage figures are available for four cen- suses, the increase in the combined cereals has been less than that of the other crops, and in their propor- tion of the aggregate acreage represented by these crops the cereals are at the present time less important than they were 30 years ago. For these four crops the increase in the acreage from 1879 to 1909 amounted to 80.5 per cent, while the population of the country increased 83.4 per cent between 1880 and 1910. DIVISIONS AND STATES. Distribution of all crops, by divisions: 1909 and 1899. — Table 4 shows for each of the nine geographic divisions and also for certain larger sections of the country the total acreage and value of all crops with acreage reports, and the total value of all crops, in- cluding those without acreage reports, in 1909 and 1899. Table 5 gives percentages and averages based on Table 4. The North includes the first four geo- graphic divisions, the South includes the next three, and the West the last two. In the West North Central division, where the pro- portion of improved land occupied in 1909 by crops with acreage reports was highest, these crops occupied 69.8 per cent of the total improved farm acreage in that year, while in the Pacific division, where the pro- portion was lowest, they occupied 48.3 per cent. The Pacific division has a larger amount of land devoted to fruits and cultivated nuts than any of the other geographic divisions, but it is probable that even in that division the land in such crops in 1909 scarcely exceeded one-sixth of the land in crops for which the acreage was reported. Of the total value of all crops those without acreage reports represent somewhat less than 10 per cent. Such crops are relatively important in the New Eng- land and Pacific divisions, where fruit crops and forest FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 365 products of farms contribute a considerable proportion of tlie value of all crops. The contribution of such crops to the total value is relatively least in the West North Central division. Table 4 ACEEAGE OF CROPS WITH ACEEAOE REPOETS. ! VALUE OF CSOPS "WITH ACEEAGE EEPOETS. VALUE OF ALL CBOPS. DIVISION OE SECTION. 1909 1899 Increase.' 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase. Acres. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. United States. . New England 311,293,382 4,658,850 17,329,196 59,790,579 114,689,460 30,279,427 25,775,920 39,273,594 8,859,062 10,637,294 283,218,280 4,865,803 18,619,446 59,223,811 101,243,210 28,337,150 25,315,596 29,857,098 5,392,495 10,363,671 28.075,102 -206.953 -1,290,250 566.768 13,446,250 1,942,277 460,324 9,416,496 3,466,567 273,623 9.9 -4.3 -6.9 1.0 13.3 6.9 1.8 31.5 64.3 2.6 15,073,997,594 114,399,237 359,434,892 1,047,989,193 1,403,517,581 673,225,482 509,467,342 600,133,113 152,358,297 213,472,457 12,768,339,569 79.380.064 263,721,811 622,755,503 714,017,756 319,874,805 287,920,942 321,007,404 54,187,588 105,467,696 $2,305,658,025 35,019,173 95,713,081 425,233,690 689,499,825 353,350,677 221,540,400 279,125,709 98,170,709 108,004,761 83.3 44.1 36.3 08.3 90.6 110.5 76.9 87.0 181.2 102.4 $5,487,161,223 141,113,829 416.248.625 1,117,182,100 1,445,909.494 742,105,246 551,282,286 628,343,039 163,897,753 281,078,791 $2,998,704,412 9,5,220,019 304,829,335 674,955,402 736,910,961 348,918,717 307,782,583 332,651,290 56,731,550 140,704,549 $2,488,456,811 45,893,810 111,419,290 442,220,758 708,998,533 393, 186, 529 243,499,703 295,691,749 107,166,197 140,374,242 83.0 48.2 Middle Atlantic East North Central. . :. West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... tVest South Central... 36.5 65.5 96.2 112.7 79.1 88.9 188.9 Pacific 99.8 The North 196,468,065 95,328,941 19,496,356 183,952,270 83,509,844 15,756,166 12,515,815 11,819,097 3,740,190 6.8 14.2 23.7 S 2,925,340,903 ! 1,782,825,937 1 365,830,754 1,679,875,134 928,809,151 159,655,284 1,245,465,769 74.1 854,016,786 91.9 206,175,470 129.1 3,120,454,108 1,921,730,571 444,976,544 1,811,915,717 989,352,590 197,436,105 1,308,538,391 932,377,981 247,540,4.39 72.2 The South 94.2 The West 125.4 East of the Mississippi. Westolthe Mississippi. 137,833,972 173,459,410 136,361,806 146,856,474 1,472,166 26,002,936 1.1 18.1 2,704,516,14(1 2,369,431,448 1,573,659,12,5 1,194,680,444 1,130,857,021 1,174,801,004 71.9 98.3 2.967,932, 14(i 2-, 519, 229, 077 1,731,706,056 1,266,998,356 1,236,226,090 1,252,230,721 71.4 98.8 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Table 5 AVERAGE PER CENT or PEE CENT OF VALUE OF TOTAL FAEM IMPROVED DISTRIBU- CROPS WITH ACREAGE IN FARM LAND TION OF ACREAGE CEOP3 WITH IN CE0P8 VALUE OF REPORTS PER DIVISION OB SECTION. ACREAGE WITH ACEE- ALL CROPS. ACRE OF REPORTS. AGE REPORTS. LAND IN SUCH CROPS. 1909 1899 1M» 18W 1909 1899 1909 1899 United Stet0s.. S6.4 3S.8 65.1 «8.S 100.0 100.0 16.80 9.77 New England 23.6 23.7 64.2 59.8 2.6 3.2 21.56 16.31 Middle Atlantic 40.1 41.5 59.1 60.6 7.6 10.2 20.74 14.16 East North Central . . . 50.7 50.9 67.2 68.3 20.4 22.5 17.53 10.52 West North Central... 49.3 50.4 69.8 74.6 26.4 24.6 12.24 7.05 fiouth Atlantic 29.2 27.2 62.5 61.5 13.5 11.6 22.23 11.29 East South Central . . . 31.6 31.2 58.7 62.9 10.0 10.3 19.77 11.37 "West South Central.. . 23.2 16.9 67.4 75.1 11.5 11.1 15.28 10.75 14.9 20.7 11.6 21.9 66.7 48.3 64.2 55.3 3.0 5.1 1.9 4.7 17.20 20.07 10.05 Pacific 10.18 The North 47.5 48.1 67.8 70.4 56.9 CO. 4 14.89 9.13 The South 26.9 23.1 63.3 66.2 35.0 33.0 18.70 11.12 The West 17.6 16.8 51.4 58.0 8.1 6.6 18.76 10.13 "East of the Mississippi. 37.6 37.1 63.2 64.3 54.1 57.7 19.62 11.54 West of the MLs,sissippi 33.8 31.2 66.0 72.5 45.9 42.3 13.66 8.14 In the value of all crops (including those without acreage reports) the West North Central division ranks first, its crops in 1909 being valued at $1,445,909,000, or 26.4 per cent of the total for the country. This 0) (0 7.6 4.0 31.5 6.2 14.2 5.3 9.5 3.3 25.6 11.8 26.5 6.4 17.1; 7.5 17.4- 11.9 34.9 10.1 13. 3i 6.5 9.1| 5.6 4.4 10.0, 8.4, 5.7: 3.8 6.0 1.7i 2.4; 3.0 3.2 20.1 18.2 36.81 17.2, 17. 3i 8.8: 4.9 4.7 23.2 21.3 6.4 6.4 8.1 3.2 4.1 7.5 7.5 8.5 U.9 9.2 9.2 8.6 11.2 7.6 9.3 7.9 3.4 2.3 1.5 7.8 2.0 0.7 1.8 4.0 (') 0.2 1.1 0.7 3.6 3.7 1.5 1.1 3.1 1 1.0 0.8 2.3 3.2 0.5 10.0 6.1 6.3 4.8 1.7 6.7 8.3 33.1 3.6 14.2 22.6 13.3 8.4 7.9 8.3 5.0 1.9 4.8 2.5 2.7 0.9 4.9 6.4 2.7 1.2 3.8 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 3.8 5.3 10.1 9.9 8.0 3.2 3.9 5.6 7.1 4.4 4.5 5.8 4.6 1.2 3.0 1.8 3.7 1.0 0.6 2.8 0.8 0) 0.7 4.8 5.9 1.9 1.8 3.2 4.7 10.0 16.3 6.2 8.0 9.9 3.6 2.9 1 2.4 11.5 3.7 4.3 1.2 1.6 8.7 6.2 0.9 1.8 2.0 3.2 55.6 5.4 1.6 5.2 1.5 3.1 11.4 2.2 2.5 3.2 2.0 1.5 24.2 2.8 2.1 5.6 3.7 1.9 14.6 4.9 8.6 13.4 0.1 2.5 9.0 11.2 pee cent of improved faem land (1909) in— 100.0 ^ s 65.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 67.3 63.8 73.7 56.2 47.2 54.1 56.5 61.8 61.8 59.5 66.9 72.3 63.9 71.8 75.0 69.1 58.3 77 77.2 70.7 66.5 61.6 57.6 58.1 43.1 33.9 65.1 84.5 78.6 67.7 42.1 58.4 74.3 68.4 66.6 68.0 67.9 67.2 50.8 59.0 62.6 60.8 43.1 54.5 55.2 52.2 53.8 53.4 43.2 Cereals. 40.0 6.8 3.5 8.2 4.7 6.8 7.5 17.5 27.9 34.1 39.8 51.7 59.0 34.4 41.6 51.6 51.0 41.7 58.1 51.8 51.4 52.3 43.3 39.6 8.8 28.8 18.8 36.9 32.1 31.8 36.0 30.1 38.0 29.3 25.2 31.8 36.7 47.0 24.5 17.5 30.5 14.9 24.6 14.9 21.5 21.8 4.6 40.7 29.1 17.3 20.6 0.6 2.1 2.6 3.6 5.4 6.3 3.5 14.7 10.9 20.4 28.9 35.8 12.4 12.2 10.2 31.3 28.9 0.9 12.9 29.8 27.1 26.5 19.3 8.3 18.8 12.2 27.9 25.7 27.5 33.6 23.9 28.9 26.5 24.1 28.2 30.2 33.7 18.8 0.3 0.3 0.7 7.6 5.9 4.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.5 7.3 5.1 1.2 4.4 0.7 1.0 1.0 4.0 9.0 9.3 9.9 14.9 11.1 18.2 15.2 15.8 4.4 10.5 9.8 9.7 3.1 0.6 1.5 0.3 2.1 1.9 2.6 5.3 3.3 2.4 1.2 3.1 2.7 1.1 2.4 0.6 3.5 1 9.2 10.9 9.9 6.4 2.3 1.7 5.9 1.0 4.2 7.9 1.7 9.3 0.1 (') (') 0) (') 0.1 1.9 4.6 9.7 9.5 12.3 7.8 6.3 1.2 16.7 1 8.2 40.0 20.3 10.9 20.0 15.6 17.6 7.0 3.8 5.7 0.7 0.8 (') 4.7 5.7 0.1 (') 0.7 (') 6.7 1.2 7.1 14.4 3.3 7.9 2.2 5.7 13.0 1.9 33.2 17.9 4.2 15.1 53.2 57.0 63.1 44.6 34.4 40.6 34.0 22.3 24.4 17.2 13.6 11.9 21.2 25.9 20.1 17.1 14.8 14.0 21 18.5 13.2 11.3 11.9 18.7 7 12.8 4.3 3.4 2.1 3.0 6.7 9.7 2.5 2.5 5.4 3.4 7.7 4.8 31.2 26.4 46.6 29.9 25.1 29.3 29.6 46.6 11.6 22.0 22.2 6.7 « 0) 0.3 (') 14.5 41.9 39.7 14.6 0.1 7.2 38.5 37.7 26.7 18.1 11.3 36.3 0.1 (') 0) 0.3 5'> 0) 0.5 1.6 (1) 0) 0.3 0.6 0.1 0) (') 0.3 8 (') 0.8 1.9 0.3 2.5 0.5 0) 0.2 3.3 0.8 (•) (') (') (') (') (') C) 0) 1.5 6.8 2.8 2.2 5.3 5.6 4.1 3.8 10.1 2.8 1 1 1.0 3.6 3.0 1 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 6.3 4.6 25.6 2.6 1.6 2.4 1.8 1.5 4.9 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.2 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.9 2.7 1.0 1.6 1.6 0.9 1.3 1 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.5 0.3 1.1 1.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 4.8 1.0 1.9 0.1 0.5 5.2 3.3 0.1 0.6 1.5 0.7 4.9 1.8 0.4 4.6 4.8 3.5 9.0 0.7 1.2 2.5 1.5 1.4 7.5 1.5 0.8 1.3 0.7 0.2 3.6 2.1 2.2 2.2 (') 0.2 0.7 2.4 ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Relative importance of the divisions and sections in the production of leading crops : 1909.— Table 9 shows, for 1909, by percentages, the distribution of the total acreage of each of the important crops for which acreage was reported among the divisions and sections of the country. For comparison, the distribution of FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 36d the improved farm land and of the total acreage of crops with acreage reports is also shown. In tliis table the combined cereals are treated as a unit; the corresponding distribution of the individual cereals among the divisions and sections is shown in Table 19. Several of the most important crops, including the cereals as a group, hay and forage, potatoes, miscel- laneous vegetables, small fruits, flowers and plants, and nursery products, are very widely distributed over the country. The distribution of the cereal acreage corresponds more closely. to the distribution of the total acreage of improved farm land than does that of any other class of crops, but the East and West North Central divi- sions report somewhat larger percentages of the cereal acreage than of the improved farm land. Few of the remaining crops are very widely distributed. Several crops — cotton, sugar cane, sweet potatoes and yams, and peanuts — are largety concentrated in the southern divisions. Table 9 DIVISION OK SECTION. United States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central. . . . South Atlantic East South Central West South Central .... Mountain Pacific The North The South The West East of the Mississippi. West of the Mississippi PER CENT or TOTAL ACBEAGE: 1909 100.0 1.5 6.1 18.6 34.3 10.1 9.2 12.2 3.3 4.0 60.6 31.5 7.9 45.6 54.4 100.0100.0 l.Sl 0.2 5.6 19.2 36.8 9.7 8.3 12.6 2.8 3.4 63.1 30.6 6.3 44.3 55.7 Other ^ins and seeds with acreage reports. 3.9 22.1 43.7 8.0- 7.1, 10.2; 1.8 3.0; 100.0 2.1 14.6 52.6 1.1 3.2 2.3 0.4 3.8 19.8 70.0 25.3 4.8 41.3 58.7 70.4 6.0 23.6 74.8 25.2 100.0 0.1 0.3 17.4 2.1 61.2 15.6 10.6 2.2 0.5 19.9 77.4 2.7 84.5 15.6 100.0 i:i 72.9 15.4 11.6 0.1 99.9 (') 88.3 11.7 100.0 ^') (') 0.5 97.4 5'> (•) 0.1 2.0 (') 97.9 0.1 2.0 0.5 90.6 100.0 5.3 11.8 20.4 37.9 4.0 3.4 4.5 6.9 5.8 75.4 11.0 12.7 44.9 55.1 100.0 1.7 3.5 13.3 0.4 37.6 43.3 C.l 18.9 81.1 99.4 0.6 100.0 0.3 28.1 24.7 46.9 (> (• 0.3 99.7 52.8 47.2 Sugar crops with acreage reports. CQ 100.0, 0) ! io:5i 6.7; 9.4 15.8 37.6 13.4 6.4 17.3 62.8 19.9 36.8 64.2 100.0 (') 0.4 27.5 3.7 (') 0.1 0.2 45.6 22.5 31.6 0.4 68.0 28.1 71.9 24.3 74.1 1.7 56.0 ♦4.0 I IOO.OJIOO.0 (') 0.1 7.8 16.4 14.1 34.0 26.0 1.5 0.2 12.0 10.9 77.0 (') 100.0 22.9 77.1 Sundry minor crops with acre- age reports. m 100.0 ^') (') 12.0 14.4 0.1 0.6 69.4 3.1 0.4 26.4 70.1 3.5 12.6 87.4 100.0 0.2 4.5 0.2 (>) 89.6 0.5 1.0 3.9 4.9 90.2 4.9 94.3 5.7 100.0; 26.9 0.1 (') 27.0 0.1 72.9 27.1 72.9 Vegetables. 100.0 4.7 15.7 23.2 16.5 16.0 8.9 7.3 3.5 4.3 60.1 32.2 7.7 68.4 31.6 100.0 6.4 19.9 30.1 21.4 6.5 3.3 3.2 4.6 4.6 77.7 13.0 9.3 66.2 33.8 a^ 100.0 (') 3.7 2.1 2.4 46.1 25.1 19.7 0.1 0.8 8.2 90.9 0.9 77.0 23.0 100.0 3.7 12.9 18.8 13.4 21.6 12.5 9.9 2.7 4.6 48.7 44.0 7.3 69.4 30.6 100.0 5.1 20.3 20.9 13.1 16.7 7.0 7.1 2.6 7.6 100.0 12.5 35.3 21.1 6.5 8.1 3.5 3.4 1.3 8.1 69.3 30.8 9.9 30.1 75.5 15.1 9.4 80.7 19.3 100.0 3.3 17.0 17.1 20.6 12.4 10.1 7.1 2.1 10.3 58.0 29.6 12.5 59.8 40.2 i Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The distribution among the geographic divisions and sections of the value of those crops of any impor- tance for which there were no reports of acreage is shown in Table 10. For comparison, the distribution of the value of all crops and of the value of crops with acreage reports is shown. Table le DIVISION OS SECTION. TTnlted States . . New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North C«ntral . . . South Atlantic East South Central West South Central . . . Mountain Pacific The North The South The West East of the MLssissippi. West of the Mississippi PER CENT OJ TOTAL VALVE: 1900 100.0 2.6 7.6 20.4 26.4 13.5 10.0 11.5 3.0 5.1 56.9 35.0 8.1 54.1 45.9 .as •- o. 100.0 2.3 7.1 20.7 27. 13.3 10.0 11.8 3.0 4.2 57.7 35.1 7.2 53.3 46 Crops with no acreage reports. 100.0 6.5 13.8 16.7 10.3 16.7 10.1 6.8 2.8 16.4 47.2 33.6 19.2 63.8 36.2 100.0 0.3 2.3 40.4 36.5 1.3 3.9 1.6 6.4 7.4 79.4 6.8 13.8 48.2 51.8 100.0 27.2 33.1 36.8 0.9 1.8 0.2 (') (') (') 100.0100.0 5. 2 0. 5 20.3 98.0 2.0 99.0 1.0 o C 17.3 10.5 11.2 7.9 3.8 5.4 18.4 22.5 14.2 5.3 4.1 1.6 1.4 0.6 49.9 53.3 42.4 22.8 7.1 23.9 60.6 61. 9! 42.9 38.1! 57.1 100.0 C) 0) (1) 29.3 0.8 1.8 0.3 67.8 100.0100.0 0. 0) 31.9 68.1 30.1 O fr. 8.3 24.6 67.1 14.4 85.6 9.0 9.8 16.5 10.2 22.5 1.5.0 10.8 1.3 4.9 45.5 48.3 6.2 72.8 27.2 > Less than one-teuth of 1 per cent. The geographic distribution of the value of crops with no acreage reports is veiy different from that of crops with acreage reports. Whereas the Pacific divi- 72497°— 13 24 + sion reported only 4.2 per cent of the value of crops with acreage reports and 4.6 per cent of the improved farm land, that division reported 16.4 per cent of the value of crops with no acreage reports. This is largely due to the concentration of the production of fruits and nuts on the Pacific coast. The West North Central division reported 27.7 per cent of the value for the crops with acreage reports, but only 10.3 per cent for the crops with no acreage reports. Acreage and value of all crops, by states : 1909 and 1899.— Table 11 presents by states, for 1909 and 1899, the acreage and value of all crops with acreage re- ports and the value of all crops, including those with- out acreage reports. The map on page 371 shows the distribution of the value of all farm crops among the states. It will be seen that, as judged by the total value of all crops, Illinois was in 1909 the leading agricul- tural state, followed by Iowa, Texas, Ohio, Georgia, Missouri, Kansas, New York, and Indiana, each reporting more than $200,000,000. The first four states named occupied the same rank in 1899, but Georgia ranked only fifteenth among the states in that year. With respect to the progress made by these leading states from 1899 to 1909, it may be noted that only in Georgia and Kansas did the rate of increase for the total value of all crops exceed that for the United 870 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. States as a whole. Moreover, these two states, together with Texas, are the only ones in the group which report any considerable extension of the acreage of crops with acreage reports. In Indiana the acreage of such crops was 1.8 per cent higher than in 1899, but lUinois, Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and New York all report a decrease in acreage. During the period 1899 to 1909 the most conspicu- ous relative advances in the value of all crops took place in the states of Idaho, Washington, North Dakota, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and Colorado, in each of which the crops of 1909 were more than three times as valuable as those of 1899. Except in North Dakota and Oklahoma, these high rates of increase represent comparatively small absolute increases. The greatest absolute increase in the value of all crops occurred in Illinois, where it amounted to $157,000,000. Other states in which the absolute increase exceeded $100,000,000 were Georgia, Texas, North Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. During the decade there was an increase of over 1,000,000 acres in land devoted to crops in each of the following states : North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, Washington, Geor- gia, and Colorado. New Mexico reported the highest percentage of gain, 222.8, followed by North Dakota, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Washington, and Idaho. In Iowa and California the loss in acreage reported was over one and one-half million, and in New York and Pennsylvania it exceeded half a million. Besides these four states fourteen others had less land in crops in 1909 than in 1899, the relative decrease being greatest in Cahfomia, followed by New Hampshire, Connecti- cut, and Massachusetts. ALL FARM CROPS— ACREAGE AND VALUE, BY STATES: 1909 AND 1899. Table 11 New England: Maine New Hami»shire. Vermont Massachusetts Khode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. NoETH Centbal: Ohio Indiana lUinois Michigan Wisconsin W. NoETH Centeal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina. . . South Carolina. . . Georgia Florida E. South Centeal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon Callfonua aceeaoe of crops with acreage eepoets. 1909 1,588,065 593,093 1,203,795 654,844 84,207 534,846 8,387,731 1,114,903 7,826,562 11,431,610 11,331,395 20,273,916 8,198,578 8,555,080 14,731,464 20,374,925 14,335,588 15,888,7,56 12,226,772 17,231,205 19,900,750 438,522 1,931,972 2,982 4,256,226 1,874,382 5,737,037 5,152,845 9,662,383 1,223,078 6,046,819 6,365,143 7,205,239 6,158,719 6,376,484 3,586,348 11,921,670 18,389,092 1,848,113 1,638,479 786,650 2,614,312 632,769 190,982 755,370 392,387 3,431,273 2,281,288 4,924,733 1899 1,543,277 688,107 1,203,513 735, 134 92,415 603,357 9,041,199 1,212,772 8,365,475 11,614,165 11,134,726 20,519,034 7,741,175 8,214,711 15,119,570 21,985,377 14,351,177 7,821,705 8,843,905 15,044,428 18,077,048 437,168 1,940,093 3,396 4,345,537 1,992,403 5,609,144 4, 722, 151 8,267,290 1,018,968 6,349,926 6,680,504 6,714,786 5,570,380 5,017,894 3,408,944 ''6,317,711 15,112,549 1,146,093 918, 124 435,621 1,549,503 196,023 150, 781 669,824 326,526 1,901,381 2,027,856 6,434,434 Increase.' 44,788 -95,014 282 -80,290 -8,208 -68,511 -653,468 -97,869 -538,913 -182,555 196,669 -245, 118 457,403 340,369 -388, 106 -1,610,452 -15,589 8,067,051 3,382,867 2,186,777 1,823,702 1,354 ^8,121 -414 -89,311 -118,021 127,893 430,694 1,395,093 203,110 -303,107 -315,361 490,453 588,339 358,590 177,404 5,603,959 3,276,543 702,020 720,355 351,029 1,064,809 436,746 40,201 85,546 65,861 1,529,892 253,432 -1,509,701 Per cent. 2.9 -13.8 (2) -10.9 -8.9 -11.4 -7.2 -8.1 -6.4 -1.6 1.8 -1.2 5.9 4.1 -2.6 -7.3 -0.1 103.1 38.3 14.5 10.1 0.3 -0.4 -12.2 -2.1 -5.9 2.3 9.1 16.9 19.9 -4.8 -4.7 7.3 10.6 7.1 5.2 88.7 21.7 61.3 78.-5 80.6 68.7 222.8 26.7 12.8 20.2 80.5 12.5 -23.5 VALUE OF CEOPS WITH ACREAGE EEPOETS. 1909 $31,440,942 11,441,698 21,877,448 27,062,235 3,410,442 19,166,472 174,475,689 37,003,915 147,955,288 215,250,975 193,395,392 362,464,951 141,976,000 134,901,875 185,832,198 304,491,033 204,286,256 180,279,872 124,400,789 192,741,710 211,485,723 8,489,539 39,690,648 541,996 86,434,239 33,120,053 127,822,068 136,313,422 214,463,237 26,350,280 125,880,988 108,517,537 135,942,678 139, 126, 139 109,332,380 73,002,698 130,502,155 287,295,880 28,459,747 32,007,527 9,791,830 45,795,093 8,076,854 4,958,938 17,488,271 5,780,037 70,770,261 42,293,157 100,409,039 1899 $18,432, 9,153 14,993; 19,893 2,679i 14,227, 127,872. 24,615 111,233; 141,943 111,736 207,355; 80,455 81,263 112,420, 189,013 113,239; 53,911 44,002; 91, 139, 110,290, 5,713 27,655; 667 62, 100; 20,805, 62,225; 56,613; 82,450 11,643; 72,606, 63,943 70, 119; 81,358, 55,431 60,959; '42,773, 161,842; 10,449, 8,565 3,095; 16,389 2,798 2,249 7,794 2,845; 21,487, 19,396 64,683 Increase.' $13,008 2,288; 6,883; 7,168; 730, 4, 46,603 12,388 36,721 73,306 81,658; 155, 109 61, ,520; 63,638, 73,411 115,477; 91,046, 126,368; 80,397; 101,602, 101, 194 2,776 12,034 -125; 34,333; 12,314 65,596; 79,699; 132,012; 14,707; 53,375, 44,573 65,823 57,767, 53,900, 12,042 87, 728; 126,463; 18,009 23,441 6,696 29,405 5,278 2,709; 9,603; 2,934 49,282 22,896; 35,825 Per cent. 70.6 25.0 45.9 36.0 27.3 34.7 36.4 50.3 33.0 51.6 73.1 74.8 76.5 66.0 6.5.3 61.1 80.4 234.4 182.7 111.5 91.7 48.6 43.5 -18.8 6.5.9 59.2 105. 4 140.8 160.1 126.3 73.6 69.7 93.9 71.0 a7.2 19.8 205.1 77.5 172.4 273.7 216.3 179.4 188.7 120.5 124.4 103.2 229.4 118.0 65.5 VALUE OP ALL CEOPS. 1909 $39,317, 16,976; 27,446; 31,948; 3,937; 22,487; 209,168, 40,340, 166, 739, 230,337, 204,209, 372,270, 162,004 148, 359, 193,451 314,666; 220,663; 180,635 126,507; 196, 125; 214,859; 9,121 43,920; 546 100, .531 40,374 142, 890; 141,983 226,595 36, 141 138,973 120, 706; 144,287; 147,315; 119,419 77,336 133,454 298. 133; 29,714 34,357 10,022 50,974; 8,922; 6,496 18,484 5,923; 78,927 49,040i 153,111, 1899 $21,954 12,272; 18, 170; 23, 157; 3,040, 16,625; 149,918, 27, 916 126,994; 156,852 122,502; 214,832 92,625; 88,142: 115,694 195,552; 121,455; 64,040 44, 175 92,469 113,522, 6,275 30,216, 669 58,701 25,696; 68,624 58,890, 86,345 13,498, 78,962, 70, 745; 73, 190, 81,883, 69,272 62,654 » 43, 759; 166,964, 10,692 9,267 3,133; 16, 970; 3,064 2,472 8,242 2,887 23,532 21,806; 96,366 Increase.' Amount. $17,363,593 3,703,943 9,276,657 8,790,551 896,756 5,862,410 69,249,883 12,423,650 39,745,757 73,485,623 81,707,538 157,437,764 69,378,966 60,216,867 77,756,537 119,113,751 99,208,698 126,594,703 81,331,634 103,666,306 101,336,904 2,846,449 13, 703, 180 -122,730 41,829,415 14,678,587 74,265,280 83,092,941 140,250,093 22,643,314 60,010,262 49,960,969 71,0%, 627 62,431,845 60,146,813 14,681,600 89,694,681 131,168,755 19,022,048 26,090,590 6,889,238 34,004,370 5,857,830 3,024,524 10,241,630 3,036,967 65,394,903 27,234,038 57,745,301 Per cent. 79.1 30.2 51.1 38.0 29.5 35.3 39.5 44.5 31.3 46.9 66.7 73.3 74.9 68.3 67.2 60.9 81.7 234.3 184.1 112.1 89.3 45.4 45.4 -18.3 71.3 57.1 108.2 141.1 162.4 167.8 76.0 70.6 97.1 73.5 101.5 23.4 205.0 78.6 177.9 270.7 219.8 200.4 191.2 122.3 124.2 105.1 235.4 124.9 60. e > A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. » Includes Indian Territory. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 371 ALL FARM CROPS. VALUE, BY STATES: 1909. •-->,'- WVO, • ® I •N.OAK.* • S. OAK.« 1 •» I •••• — *••• T ~. I • • NEBR. • • \VA • $8,000,000 9 $6,000,000 to $8,000,000 '^ $4,000,000 to $6,000,000 O $2,000,000 to $4,000,000 O. Less than $2,000,000 ^ — Lf The heavy lines ("») show geographic divisions • COI.O.# ••o Sale and purchase of crops suitable for feeding animals: 1909. — In the case of some minor crops the entire product, or the larger part of it, is usually retained upon the farm for family consumption; this is notably true of vegetables. Of certain other crops practically the entire quantity, except such as is required for seed, is sold. These crops, which are frequently referred to as money crops, are mainly intended for human consumption, direct or indirect. Cotton, tobacco, sugar cane, hemp, hops, and to a slightly less extent wheat, are examples. Besid&s crops of these two classes, there are several crops, the most important being com, oats, barley, and hay and forage, which are used chiefly as feed for animals. A majority of the farmers who raise these crops retain the entire product or a considerable proportion of it for their own animals; others sell their surplus mainly for consumption by animals in cities, towns, and villages, or by animals on farms where such crops are not raised or are raised only in small quantities. At the census of 1910 the agricultural schedules con- tained inquiries designed to ascertain not only the quantity and value of the leading "feedable" crops produced, but also the quantity and value of such crops sold and the amounts expended by farmers for the purchase of feed for animals. Table 12 presents statistics of such sales and purchases by geographic divisions and sections, and Table 15 shows them in loss detail by states. It is probable that these statistics are somewhat less accurate than those of crop produc- tion, and are on the whole an understatement both of sales and of purchases. Table 12 DIVISION OR SECTION. United States. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . West North Central.. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central . . Mountain Pacific The North. The South. TheWest.. Amount expended for feed: 1909 $299,839, 34,613, 54,696, 40,611, 76,207, 19,255. 15,607, 24,723, 13,204, 20,920, 206,128,686 59,586,099 34,125,072 East of the Mississippi. . West of the Mississippi. 164,784,082 135,055,775 Receipts from sale of feedable crops: 1909 $609, 4, 21, 195, 174, 14, 15, 28, 20, 33, 395,999,708 59,302,111 53,951,703 251,955,453 257,298,069 EXCESS OF RE- CEIPTS FROM SALE OVER AMOtTNT EXPENDED.! Amount. $209,413, *30,267, *33,111, 155,051, 98, 198, *4,577, 76, 4,217, 7,626, 12,200, 189,871,022 *283,988 19,826,631 87,171,371 122,242,294 Per cent. 41.1 *696.3 *153. 4 79.2 56.3 *31.2 0.5 14.6 36.6 36.8 47.9 *0.5 36.7 34.6 47.5 RECEIPTS FROM SALE OF SPECIFIED FEEDABLE CROPS: 1900 Corn. Quantity (bushels). 460,572,574 145,814 4,419,668 197,015,428 190,410,330 12,815,516 17,406,876 36,880,404 998,458 480,080 391,991,240 67, 102, 796 1,478,538 231,803,302 228,769,272 Amount received. $255,191,944 100,952 3,007,230 107,806,684 100,638,243 9,781,438 11,989,973 20,840,778 651,255 375,391 211,553,109 42,612,189 1,026,646 132,686,277 122,505,667 Oats. Quantity (bushels). 261,325, 384, 4,551, 128,053, 94,511, 1,588, 1,503, 7,389, 12, 164, 11,178, 227,501,689 10,480,617 23,343,066 136,081,080 125,244,292 Amount received. $107, 2, 51, 36. 1, 3, 5, 5, 242,769 217,879 387,688 279,242 678,888 034,972 786,448 434,317 927,921 495,414 90,563,697 5,255,737 11,423,335 55,706,229 51,536,540 Barley. Quantity (bushels). 76,297,901 9,656 326,228 10,858,789 43,056,403 26,426 22,085 69,829 3,741,566 17,186,919 54,251,076 118,340 20,928,485 11,243,184 64,054,717 Amount received. $41,314,430 8,272 214,002 6,457,495 21,221,923 18,993 14,771 42, 158 2, 106, 953 11,229,863 27,901,692 75,922 13,336,816 6,713,533 34,600,897 Hay and forage. Quantity (tons). 10,679, 272, 1,116, 2,981, 2,393, 281, 238, 527, 1,417, 1,451, Amount received. 1105, 4, 15, 30, 15, 3, 2, 4, 12, 16, 6,763,572 1,047,150 2,868,677 4,889,735 5,789,664 504,379 019,544 975, 138 119,593 866,935 841,952 893,187 623,124 144,767 020,139 65,981,210 11,358,263 28,164,906 56,849,414 48,654,965 • An asterisk (*) indicates an excess of expenditures over receipts from sales. 872 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The total amount reported by farmers as received during 1909 from the sale of com, oats, barley, and hay and forage was $509,254,000. The amount re- ported by farmers as expended for feed for live stock was $299,840,000. The excess of receipts from sale over expenditures for purchase was $209,414,000, or 41.1 per cent. This excess should represent in a rough way the value of crops of this character sold by farmers for consumption by animals in cities, towns, and villages, for export, or for human consumption in the United States. Marked differences appear among the geographic divisions with respect to the relation of sales of f eedable crops to purchases. In the East and West North Central divisions there was in 1909 a great excess of sales over purchases, while in the New England and Mddle Atlantic divisions the sales were much less than the purchases, in the South Atlantic division considerably less, and in the East South Central division practically the same. In other words, in the northeastern divisions, and in parts of the South, the farmers do not raise enough feed for theii* own ani- mals, but have to supply the deficiency by purchase from other sections of the country. The total value of the corn, oats, barley, and hay and forage produced during 1909 was $2,769,715,000, so that the value of such crops sold represents only 18.4 per cent of the total. Of the total quantity of corn produced, less than one-fifth was reported as sold ; of oats slightly more than one-fourth ; of barley about two-fifths ; and of hay and forage only a little more than one-tenth. For further details see Table 13. Table 13 DmSION OK SECTION. TTnited States.. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central . . . Mountain Paeiflc The North The South The West East of the Mississippi . West of the Mississippi PEE CENT OF TOTAL PRODUCTION EEPOETED AS SOLD: 1909 Com. 18.0 1.8 6.3 23.3 19.1 7.1 8.3 15.8 13.6 21.0 Oats. 20.4 10.8 15.4 17.7 18.5 25.9 5.2 7.1 34.3 21.8 7.5 12.9 27.1 30.0 39.6 25.9 17.4 33.9 28.4 23.7 Barley. 43.4 2.3 15.8 40.7 43.5 6.5 18.4 38.5 38.2 49.6 Hay and forage. 42.3 16.6 47.1 37.8 44.6 11.0 5.8 9.9 14.6 6.6 9.6 9.3 15.6 16.5 19.9 9.3 11.8 18.0 11.7 10.4 EXPENDITURES FOR LABOR AND FERTILIZERS ON FARMS. Expenditures for labor : 1909 and 1899. — The sched- ules of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Censuses contained inquiries as to the amount paid by farmers for hired labor during the year preceding the taking of the census. No attempt was made to ascertain the num- ber of persons hired. In many cases farmers hire labor only for a few days or a few weeks during the year and it would be impossible to determine the true average number employed for the year; and the actual number employed on any selected date, even if ascer- tained correctly, might be by no means typical of average conditions throughout the year. The schedule inquiry as to wages distinguished between money pay- ment and the value of house rent and board furnished. It is probable that the latter item is, in general, less correctly reported than the former, and that it is in most cases somewhat understated. The two classes of payment are combined in most of the tables. Table 14 presents statistics regarding expenditures for labor for each geographic division and section. As an aid to interpreting the data, the distribution of the total and of the improved acreage of farm land among the divisions and sections by percentages is also shown. The amounts paid for labor in individual states, together with other data, are shown in Table 15. Table 14 AMOUNT EXPENDED FOE LABOR. AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR FERTILIZERS. PER CENT OF UNITED STATES TOTAL. DmSION OR SECTIOK. 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase." Amount expended for labor. Amount expended forfertilizers. All land in farms. Improved land in farms. Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1910 1900 1910 1900 TTnited States... $651,611,287 34,500,407 78,021,579 117,880,195 135,924,234 66,607,245 35,308,883 59,980,738 46,939,012 76,448,994 $357,391,930 20,727,980 60,469,890 67,556,520 75,764,460 37,086,040 19,575,416 29,871,225 20,372,255 35,968,144 $294,219,357 13,772,427 27,551,689 50,323,675 60,159,774 29,521,205 15,733,467 30,109,513 26,566,757 40,480,850 82.3 66.4 54.6 74.5 79.4 79.6 80.4 100.8 130.4 112.5 $114,882,541 9,407,759 18,221,474 8,058,881 983,216 59,625,130 12,901,239 3,225,927 159,342 2,299,573 $53,130,910 4,297,705 11,344,290 5,866,520 1,407,175 22,732,670 6,337,708 1,374,116 77,116 993,610 $61,451,631 5,110,054 6,877,184 2,192,361 -423,959 36,892,460 7,563,531 1,851,811 82,226 1,305,963 115.0 118.9 60.6 37.4 -30.1 102.3 141.7 134.8 106.6 131.4 100.0 5.3 12.0 18.1 20.9 10.2 5.4 9.2 7.2 11.7 100.0 5.8 14.1 18.9 21.2 10.4 5.5 8.4 5.7 10.1 100.0 8.2 15.9 7.0 0.9 61.9 11.2 2.8 0.1 2.0 100.0 8.0 21.2 11.0 2.6 42.5 10.0 2.6 0.1 1.9 100.0 2.2 4.9 13.4 26.5 11.8 9.3 19.2 6.8 5.8 100.0 2.5 5.3 13.9 24.0 12.4 9.7 21.0 5.5 5.7 100.0 1.5 6.1 18.6 34.3 10.1 9.2 12.2 3.3 4.6 100.0 2.0 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic 7.4 20.9 32.7 11.1 East South Central West South Central Mountain 9.7 9.6 2 Pacific 4 5 The North 366,326,415 161,896,866 123,388,006 214,518,850 86,532,681 56,340,399 151,807,565 75,364,185 67,047,607 70.8 87.1 119.0 1 36,671,330 75,752,296 2,458,915 22,915,690 29,444,494 1,070,726 13,755,640 46,307,802 1,388,189 60.0 157.3 129.6 31.9 65.9 2.1 42.9 55.1 2.0 47.1 40.3 12.6 45.6 43.2 11.2 60.6 31.5 7.9 63 The South 24.8 24.2 18.9 15.8 30 4 The West 6 6 East of the Mississippi. . \\ est of the Mississippi. 332,318,309 319,292,978 195,415,846 161,976,084 136,902,463 157,316,894 70.1 97.1 108,214,483 6,668,058 49,678,893 3,852,017 58,635,590 2,816,041 118.3 73.1 51.0 49.0 54.7 45.3 94.2 5.8 92.8 7.2 41.7 58.3 43.8 56.2 45.6 54.4 51.1 48.9 I A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 373 The total amount reported as expended for farm labor (including the value of rent and board furnished) in the coimtry as a whole in 1909 was $651,611,000, as compared with $357,392,000 in 1899 — an increase of 82.3 per cent. This increase is due in part to higher rates of wages, and in part to employment of addi- tional laborers, or employment for longer periods of tmie. Table 15 AMOUNT EXPENDED BY FAEMEES FOE- New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont MassachusctU . . Rhode Island . . . Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . E. N. Centeal: Ohio Indiana lUinois Michigan Wisconsin W. N. Centeal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota . . South Dakota . . Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland DIst. Columbia . Virginia Labor. 1909 1899 Fertilizers. 1909 $5,633,10612,667,260 3,374,126 4,748,003 12,101,959 1,761,594 6,881,619 41,312,014 11,097,727 2.5,611,838 25,631,185 17,682,079 36,308,376 19,063,082 19,195,473 2,304,620 3, 133, 140 7,487,280 1,032,360 4,103,420 27, 102, 130 6,720,030 16,647,730 14,502,600 9,685,540 22,182,550 10,717,220 10,468,610 22,330,14916,657,820 24,781,59216,375,670 18,644,695 21,740,149 12,831,944 15,028,468 9,803,610 9,207,220 5,528,070 7,399,160 •20,567,237,10,792,910 1,612,471 1,075,960 8,802,172 6,715,520 238,833 197,420 13,. 354, 194' 7,790,720 $4,069,479 612,580 570,752 1,96.5,682 335,103 1,954,163 7,142,265 4,277,604 6,801,605 4,180,486 2,189,695 615,594 945,354 127,753 74,653 109,670 671,073 10,003 11,294 31,021 76,602 864,577 3,387,634 16,975 6,932,455 1899 $819,680 367,980 447,065 1,320,600 264, 140 1,078,240 4,493,050 2,165,320 4,685,920 2,695,470 1,553,710 830,"- 492,360 294,320 251,120 337, 190 370,630 13,855 12,940 153,080 268,360 539,040 2,618,890 22,600 3,681,790 Feed. 1909 $7,267,854 4,614,938 4,758,703 10,878,178 1,678,183 5, 416, 108 29,545,703 5,947,181 19,203,160! 8,445,761 6,893,901 13,915,628 5,682,916 6,672,916 6,041,925 18,582,251 17,148,006 2,003,028 3,049,255 12,567,838 17,815,252 337,841 2,445,066 130,077 3,504,660 BECEIFTS FROM SALE or FEED- ABLE CEOPS. 1909 $1,567,463 447,535 966,276 738,987 116,079 610,307 10,349,957 2,076,981 9, 157, 120 31,396,130 32,749,631 104,425,194 12,234,203 14,857,856 19,741,965 57,034,312 20,077,983 6,679,840 16,373,129 31,587,632 22,911,128 713,022 3,240,590 180 3,753,316 AMOUNT EXPENDED BY FAEMEES FOE- Labor. Fertilizers. 1909 South Atlantic— i Continued. | West Virginia .. $4,035, 764l$2, North Carolina .\ 9,220,564 South Carolina.. 10,770,758 Georgia 13,218,113 Florida . E. 8. Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. S. Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico . . . Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington ... Oregon Calilomia 5,354,376 12,243,851 8,448,059 7,454,748 7,162,225 7,654,571 16,704,125 9,837,541 25,784,501 10,930,477 6,701,604 6, 174, 164 10,818,465 3,645,423 2,604,984 3,160,917 2,993,978 15,370,931 11,101,864 49,976,199 1S99 1,041, 6,444, 6, 107, 7,244, 1,468, 6,613, 4,730, 4,314, 3,917, 3,171, 10,692, '3,675, 12,331, 6,077, 2,250, 2,615, 4, 100, 1,951, 1.152, 1,837, 1,386, 5,280, 4,842, 25,845, 1909 $528,937 12,262,533 15,162,017 16,860,149 3,609,853 1,350,720 1,216,296 7,630,952 2,703,271 596,653 2,004,919 29,092 595,363 12,323 20,737 6,302 61, 113 25,371 6,080 20,037 8,379 87,023 68,557 2,143,993 1899 $405,270 4,479,030 4,494,410 5,738,520 753, 120 908,250 898,070 2,599,290 932,098 172,510 1,076,890 124,716 3,940 17,150 12,700 23,225 2,880 2,921 14,300 29,165 27,395 937,050 Feed. 1909 $1,938,233 3,151,190 1,830,815 4,097,043 1,820,356 4,014,998 3,570,551 4,041,486 3,980,638 4,275,587 3,784,140 5,863,373 10,800,046 1,741,071 2,122,709 1,508,828 4,592,799 1,527,037 541,371 727,409 443,285 5,045,297 3,198,363 12,676,903 EECEIPTS FEOM sale OF FEED- ABLE CROPS. 1909 $1,212,228 2,061,78.3 1,164,874 2,045,033 486,329 6,282,120 6,713,697 1,744,732 943,830 2,700,067 1,515,043 16,430,110 8,295,157 3,942,518 5,275,620 1,238,522 5,010,168 1,44.5,063 1,445,838 1,336,199 1,136,968 7,277,118 4,514,161 21,329,528 ' Includes Indian Territory. The distribution of the payments for labor among the geographic divisions does not conform very closely to the distribution of the total acreage of farms, or of the improved acreage. In particular, the New Eng- land, Middle Atlantic, Mountain, and Pacific divi- sions report a lal-gcr proportion of the total expendi- tures for labor than of either of the other items men- tioned, while the East and West South Central divisions report a much smaller proportion. These differences are probably due partly to differences in the prevailing rate of wages, but more largely to differences in the method of managing farms. Thus in the vSouth there is less hired labor because oi the prevalence of small tenant farms, • These differences among the divisions in the extent to wliich farmers hire labor are further brought out by Table 16, which sliows for 1909 the proportion which the farms in each division which reported expendi- tures for labor in 1909 form of the total ntmiber ot farms and the average expenditure per farm reporting. As a guide to the interpretation of this average, the average size of all farms in each division is shown, it being impossible to state the average size of the farms which hire labor. Table 16 DIVISION OR SECnON. United States. . New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central ... West South Central... Mountain Pacific The North The South The West East of the Mississippi . West of the Mississippi EXPENDITURES FOB LABOR. Per cent farms report- ing form of all farms 1909 45.9 66.0 65.8 62.7 51.0 42.2 31.6 35.6 46.8 58.0 55.1 36.6 52.5 46.4 45.3 Aver' age per farm re- port- ing: 1909 $223 277 253 199 240 142 107 178 547 094 230 143 630 Average per acre.' All land in farms. 1909 1899 $0.74 1.75 1.81 1.00 0.58 0.64 0.43 0.35 0.79 1.49 182 291 0.89 0.46 1.11 0.91 0.62 $0.43 1.01 1.13 0.58 0.38 0.36 0.24 0.17 0.44 0.76 0.56 0.24 0.60 0.53 0.34 Improved land in farms. 1909 1899 $L36 4.76 2.66 1.33 0.83 1.37 0.80 1.03 2.96 3.47 1.26 1.07 3.25 1.52 1.23 $0.86 2.55 1.64 0.78 0.66 0.80 0.49 0.75 2.42 1.92 0.82 0.69 2.07 0.92 0.80 EXPENDITURES FOR FERTILIZERS. Per cent farms , report- M re Aver- age per farm re- port- ing: 1909 28.7 60.9 57.1 19.6 2.1 60.2 .33.8 6.4 1.3 6.4 21.7 38.2 3.9 43.8 4.1 8«3 69 64 169 Average per acre.' All land in farms. 1909 1890 $0.13 0.48 0.42 0.07 (') 0.57 0.16 0.02 (') 0.04 0.09 0.21 0.02 0.30 0.02 $0.06 0.21 0.25 0.05 0.01 0.22 0.07 0.01 (») 0.02 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.13 0.01 Improved land in farms. 1909 1899 $0.24 1.30 0.62 0.09 0.01 1.23 0.29 0.06 0.01 0.10 $0.13 0.63 0.37 0.07 0.01 0.40 0.13 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.50 0.06 0.50 0.03 0.09 0.23 0.04 0.23 0.02 AVERAGE ACREAGE PER FARM. All land in farms. 1910 1900 138.1 104.4 92.2 105.0 209.6 93.3 78.2 170.3 324.5 270.3 143.0 114.4 296.9 146.2 107.1 92.4 102.4 189.5 108.4 89.9 233.8 457.9 334.8 133.2 138.2 386.1 Improved land in farms. 1910 190O 75.2 38.4 62.6 79.2 148.0 43.6 42.2 61.8 86.8 116.1 100.3 48.6 101.7 93.0 211.3 229.0 55.4 107.4 72.2 42.4 0.3.4 76.3 127.9 47.9 44.5 52.7 82.9 132.5 90.9 48.1 111.8 57.8 98.4 > Based on acreage In 1910 of all farms and not of those hiring labor. 2 Less than 1 cent. 374 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The table further shows for 1909 and 1899 the aver- age expenditure for labor per acre of land in farms and per acre of improved land in farais, both of these averages being based on the acreage of all farms and not that of farms reporting expenditures for labor. From the figures given it appears that of the farms in the New England division 66 per cent hired labor in 1909, the average expenditure per farm reporting being $277, while in the East South Central division, where there are many small tenant farms, only 31.8 per cent of all farms hired labor, and the average expenditure per farm was only $107. Table 17 distinguishes between money payment for labor and the value of house rent and board furnished. For the United States as a whole, 80.1 per cent of the total amount expended for labor in 1909 was in the form of cash, the remainder (19.9 per cent) repre- senting the value of rent and board furnished. Table 17 AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR LABOR." 1909 DIVISION. Total. Cash. Rent and board furnished. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. tTnited States $651,611,287 34,500,407 78,021,579 117,880,195 135,924,234 66,607,245 35,308,883 59,980,738 46,939,012 76,448,994 $521,729,941 27,603,492 59,913,169 91,591,170 105,023,453 55,413,285 28,662,434 62,219,927 37,384,652 63,918,359 80.1 80.0 76.8 77.7 77.3 83.2 81.2 87.1 79.6 83.6 1129,881,346 6,896,915 18,108,410 26,289,025 30,900,781 11,193,960 6,646,449 7,760,811 9,554,360 12,530,635 19.9 20.0 Middle Atlantic 23.2 East North Central West North Central South Atlantic 22.3 22.7 16.8 East South CentrtH West South Central Mountain 18.8 12.9 20.4 Pacific 16.4 Expenditures for fertilizers : 1909 and 1899. — At the last two censuses the agricultural schedules contained inquiries as to the amount expended for fertilizers. These expenditures are made chiefly for commercial or artificial fertilizers, but to some extent for the pur- chase of manure or other natural fertilizers derived chiefly from cities, towns, and villages. Table 14 pre- sents data regarding expenditures for fertilizers by geographic divisions and sections. Less detailed data for each state appear in Table 15. The total amount reported as spent for fertilizers by the farmers of the United States in 1909 was $114,883,000, an increase of 115 per cent as compared with the expenditure in 1899. There is a wide diversity among the sections of the country with reference to the practice of buying fer- tilizers. The great bulk of the expenditure reported in 1909 was in New England, the Middle Atlantic di- vision, the states of Ohio and Indiana in the East North Central division, the South Atlantic division (which reported more than half of the total), and the East South Central division. In the other sections of the country the fertility of the soil, in so far as any attempt is made to conserve it, is usually maintained rather by rotation of crops, letting the land lie fallow, or using manure derived from live stock. Differences in the character of the soil and in the kinds of crops raised have a direct bearing on the use of commercial fertilizers. The South Atlantic division shows a higher rate of increase in expenditures for fertilizers (162.3 per cent) between 1899 and 1909 than any other. In the West North Central division, where the expenditures for fertilizers at both censuses were very low, they were considerably less in 1909 than in 1899. The percentages and averages in Table 16 show further the differences among the geographic divisions with respect to the practice of buying fertilizers. In the country as a whole in 1909, 28.7 per cent of the farms bought fertiUzers, the average expenditure per farm being $63. In the South Atlantic division 69.2 per cent of all the farms reported some expenditure for fertilizers in 1909, the average per farm reporting being $77, while in the West North Central division only 2.1 per cent of the farms bought fertilizers, and the average amount spent per farm was only $41, notwithstanding the fact that the farms of this section average much larger than those in the South Atlantic division. The expenditures for fertilizers in the South Atlanfic divi- sion were equal to $1.23 for each acre of improved land in farms (based on aU farms and not merely those reporting expenditures for fertilizers), while in the West North Central division the corresponding average was only $0.01. THE CEREALS. Considered as an aggregate the cereals are, both in acreage and value, the most important of the crops of the United States. In 1909 they occupied 40 per cent of all improved farm land, and contributed 48.6 per cent of the value of all crops. The acreage, produc- tion, and value of the combined cereals in 1909, with comparative figures for 1899, are given in Table 21. Attention has already been called to the large share which the two North Central divisions have in the acreage of cereals. With upwards of 126,000,000 acres in 1909 these two divisions contained nearly two-thirds of the total cereal acreage of the country, though at the same time it should be noted that these divisions contained shghtly more than one-half of all the improved farm land. Seven states — Illinois, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, North Dakota, Missouri, and Minne- sota — with an aggregate of 92,000,000 acres, contained nearly one-half of the total acreage in cereals in 1909. Comparing 1909 with 1899, the figures for the United States as a whole show an increase of 3.5 per cent in the acreage of cereals and of only 1.7 per cent in pro- duction, the difference in the rate of increase being due to a slightly smaller production per acre. During the decade the population increased 21 per cent, while the per capita production of cereals, which in 1899 was 58.4 bushels, was in 1909 only 49.1 bushels. With a FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 375 production only slightly larger, the value of the cereal crop in 1909 exceeded that in 1899 by $1,183,000,000, or 79.8 per cent. The sHght gain which has been noted in the cereal acreage was far from being evenly distributed through- out the country. Indeed, all divisions east of the ' Mississippi River lost in acreage, the aggregate loss being over 6,000,000 acres. West of the Mississippi River, on the other hand, all divisions except the Pacific increased their acreage, with a net gain of over 12,000,000 acres. Twenty-seven states had a smaller acreage of cereals in 1909 than in 1899. Of the seven leading states mentioned above, North Dakota in- creased its acreage enormously during the decade, Kansas made a considerable, and Nebraska a slight gain, but in lEinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri decreases occurred. The distribution of production throughout the several divisions and the increase or decrease from one year to another follow the conditions observed in re- gard to acreage approximately, but not exactly, since variations in the average yield in different sections make some changes in the proportions. For the United States as a whole the production was practically the same in 1909 as in 1899, with an increase of only 1.7 per cent in the later year as compared with the earlier. Twenty-one states reported a smaller production in 1909 than in 1899. Of the seven leading states, North Dakota shows an increase in production even greater relatively than that in acreage, and Minnesota shows a slight increase in production, in spite of a decrease in acreage, while lUinois, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, and Missouri show a decrease in production, though Kansas and Nebraska gained in acreage. Table 21 shows that the remarkable increase in the value of the cereal crop disclosed by the census gen- erally was shared by all divisions. In only one state, Cahfomia, was there any decrease in the value of the cereal production in 1909 as compared with 1899. Elsewhere the general advance in values more than offset such losses as occurred in production. While the cereals will later be discussed individually, it is of interest to consider here the relative importance of the different crops. This is shown in Table 18, which gives for the United States and for each geo- graphic division and section the percentage of the ag- gregate cereal acreage which was occupied by each crop in 1909. In the United States as a whole a little more than one-haK of the acreage devoted to cereals is in com, a little less than one-fourth in wheat, and somewhat more than one-sixth in oats. In each of the nine divi- sions except the Pacific the three leading cereals — com, wheat, and oats — occupy, as in the United States at lai^e, much more than three-fourths of the total cereal acreage. In the Pacific states the acreage of com is insignificant and that of barley exceeds that of oats. Com occupies the leading place in the im- portant cereal producing regions, but in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions the first place is held by oats, and in the Pacific and Mountain divisions by wheat. The cereals included under the head of "all other" in the final column of the table are emmer and spelt, kafir corn, and rice. The share of these in the aggregate acreage in most divisions is shght, but in the West South Central division kafir com occupies 5.7 per cent and rice 3 per cent of the total cereal acreage. Table 18 PEE CENT OF TOTAL CEEEAL ACEEAOE (1909) IN- - DIVISION OE SECTION. AU i cereals.' Com. Wheat Oats. Bar- ley. Rye. Buck- wheat. AU other. trnlted States . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 , 100.0 1 100.0 100.0 , 100.0 1 100.0 . 100.0 100.0 51.4 38.9 29.1 61.8 42.9 74.5 83.4 76.6 13.8 1.6 23.1 1.0 21.5 16.6 30.9 14.7 9.7 8.0 38.3 57.9 18.4 47.6 33.9 26.5 18.8 9.0 6.4 6.6 34.7 13.8 4.0 3.5 1.2 2.4 5.7 0.1 (») 0.1 9.3 25.4 1.1 2.8 6.4 2.3 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 6.1 8.0 0.3 (') 0.6 1.5 ^ 1.1 0.2 (') 8.8 2.9 Middle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central... Mountain Pacific 0.8 The North 100.0 100.0 100.0 45.0 77.9 6.1 25.8 10.6 60.7 22.2 7.3 21.5 4.4 0.1 19.5 1.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 (') 0.7 The South 3.6 The West 1.5 East of the Mississippi. West of the Mississippi. 100.0 100.0 1 69.4 45.8 15.4 28.5 20.5 16.9 1.4 6.8 2.1 0.6 1.1 "L > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. In the South corn occupies over three-fourths of the total cereal acreage, but in the North the propor- tion is less than one-half. In both of these sections wheat is second in importance, with oats a close third. In the West, however, wheat occupies one-half the cereal acreage, and oats and barley each about one- fifth, while the acreage of com is insignificant. Table 19 shows the distribution of the total acreage of each particular crop among the different geographic divisions and sections. Table 19 PEE CENT OF TOTAL ACEEAOE IN THE UNITED STATES: 1909 DIVISION OB SECTION. All cereals. Com. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Rye. Buck- Wheat. United States New England 100.0 0.2 3.9 22.1 43.7 8.0 7.1 10.2 1.8 3.0 100.0 0.2 2.2 22.3 36.5 11.6 11.5 15.2 0.5 0.1 100.0 '1. 15.9 58.4 6.1 3.0 3.5 2.9 7.6 100.0 0.6 7.2 31.9 44.7 3.9 2.5 3.6 3.3 2.3 100.0 0.2 1.1 13.1 61.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 4.1 19.2 100.0 0.6 21.5 44.1 21.4 7.2 2.3 0.3 1.5 1.2 100.0 3.3 Middle Atlantic .67.4 East North Central West North Central South Atlantic 15.9 3.0 9.7 East South Central West South Central 0.5 Pacific 0.1 The North. 70.0 25.3 4.8 61.2 38.2 0.6 78.0 11.6 10.5 84.4 10.0 5.6 76.3 0.5 23.2 87.7 9.7 2.6 89.6 The South 10.2 The West 0.2 East of the Mississippi. . West of the Mississippi . 41.3 68.7 47.7 52.3 27.6 72.4 46.1 53.9 14.7 85.3 75.7 24.3 96.9 3.1 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. This distribution reflects in part the size of the differ- ent divisions and sections of the country, or, rather, the amount of improved land in them. Hence for the three leading cereals, corn, oats, and wheat, the largest proportion of the acreage is found in the West North 376 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Central division and the next largest in the East North Central division. In the acreage of barley the prominence of the West North Central division is even more clearly marked, but the Pacific division shows a larger proportion of the total than the East North Central. The center of buckwheat production is in the Middle Atlantic division, which has more than two-thirds of the total acreage. In the case of rye the East North Central division leads, followed by the Middle Atlantic and West North Central, which have almost identical proportions. Of the acreage of cereals not shown in the table, 95.5 per cent of that in rice is in the West South Central division; 67.7 per cent of that in kafir com is in the same division; and 91.1 per cent of that in emmer and spelt is in the West North Central division. About three-fifths of the corn acreage and more than three-fourths of that of each of the other cereals men- tioned in the table are in the North. The South has a much larger proportion of the acreage of com than of that of the other cereals, while the West has nearly one-fourth of the acreage of barley. Table 20 gives the acreage of the cereal group as a whole and of the several cereal crops, as reported at each census from 1879 to 1909. The distribution of the acreage of all cereals in 1909 among the states is shown by the map below. The acreage of the cereals increased rapidly during the 20 years preceding 1899, being in that year nearly 45,000,000 greater than in 1889 and 66,000,000 greater than in 1879. In the last decade, however, the in- crease in the acreage of the cereal crops amounted to but little more than 6,000,000. Corn and wheat made their greatest gains in the decade ending with 1899, and since that time the increase in the acreage of com has been relatively small, while the acreage of wheat has fallen off more than 8,000,000. After an increase of over 12,000,000 in the acreage of oats between 1879 and 1889 this crop made a comparatively slight increase in the following 10 years, but in the decade ending with 1909 gained nearly 6,000,000 acres. Of the minor cereals, barley shows a substantial increase in each decade, while the acreage of rye increased about one- sixth between 1879 and 1889, but shows compara- tively little change during the next 20 years, and the acreage of buckwheat has remained practically station- ary during the 30 years covered by the table. The acreage of rice changed but little during the first decade, but practically doubled during each succeed- ing one. ^ At each census corn has occupied more than half of the cereal acreage, while wheat has ranked sec- ond and oats third. Table 20 CROP. AU cereals Com Oats Wheat Barley Buckwheat Rye Rough rice Emmer and spelt Kafir com and milo maize ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES. 1909 191,395.963 98,382,665 35,159,441 44,262,592 7,698,706 878,048 2,195,561 610, 175 573,622 1,635,153 1899 1889 184,982,220 94,913,673 29,539,698 52,588,574 4,470,196 807,060 2,054,292 342,214 0) 266,513 140,378,857 72,087,752 28,320,677 33,579,514 3,220,834 837,164 2,171,604 161,312 0) (') 1879 118,805.952: 62,368,504 16,144,593 35,430,333 1,997,727 848,389 1,842,233 174, na 0) 0) > Not reported separately. ALL CEREALS. ACREAGE, BY STATES: 1909. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 377 ALL CEREALS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.) Table 21 DIVISION OR STATE. United States... Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West Nortli Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire... . Vermont Massachusetts. Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey PeniLsylvania East North Cintkal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin We.st North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAaFic: Washington Oregon California 1909 191,395,963 468,617 7,430,170 42,305,757 83, 705, 743 15,282,740 13,575,676 19,468,212 3,354,674 5,804,374 159,616 32,928 134,611 55,267 12, 112 74,083 2,602,461 503,651 4,324,058 7,649,873 8, 752, 732 16,536,457 4,415,629 4,951,066 10rl39,850 15,041,039 10,255,476 11,887,141 8,203,519 12,540,049 15,638,669 309,288 1,329,201 452 2,841,114 1,038,931 3,250,870 1,955,696 3,906,703 650,486 4,323,702 4,136,647 2,844,824 2,270,503 2,564,898 1,938,357 8,248,653 6,716,304 635,807 847,138 186,947 1,057,905 218,037 75,269 298,613 34,958 2,591,582 1,242,300 1,970,492 1S99 184,982.220 605,327 8,452,125 43,553,749 75,771,149 16,964,662 15,601,376 15,919,053 1,636,980 6,677,799 166,896 42,335 160,127 53,385 10,562 72,032 3,125,077 588,863 4, 738, 196 8,214,960 8,471,709 16,769,010 4,721,126 6,376,944 11,207,060 16,920,095 10,423,745 5,610,374 6,211,223 12,071,703 13,326,940 318,772 1,368,265 543 3,166,332 1,307,428 3,794,064 2,251,050 4,150,886 607,322 5,066,529 5,055,328 3,088,454 2,372,065 2,980,684 1,573,759 14,431,819 6,932,791 254,231 369,788 50,528 525,299 9(),402 53,958 255,699 31,075 1,350,897 1,222,648 4,004,254 Increase. Amount. Perot. 6,413,743 -36, 710 -1,021,955 -1,247,992 7,934,594 -1,681,922 -2,025,700 3,549,159 1,717,694 -773,426 . -7,280 -9,407 -26,516 1,882 1,560 2,051 -522,616 -85,202 -414, 137 -565,067 281,023 -232,553 -906,497 -428,878 -1,067,219 -1,879,056 -168.269 6,276,767 1,992,296 468,346 2,311,729 -9,484 -39,064 -91 -325,218 -268,497 -543,194 -295,355 -244, 183 43,164 -761,827 -918,681 -243,630 -101,562 -415,788 364,598 3,816,834 -216,487 381,576 477,350 136,419 532,606 121,635 21,311 42,914 3,883 1,240,685 19,652 -2,033,762 3.6 —7.3 -12.1 -2.9 10.5 -9.9 -13.0 22.3 104.9 -11.8 -4.4 -22.2 -15.9 3.6 14.8 2.8 -16.7 -14.6 -8.7 3.3 -1.4 -6.6 -7.9 -9.6 -11.1 -1.6 111.9 32.1 3.9 17. S -3.0 -2.9 -16.8 -10.3 -20.6 -14.3 -13.1 -5.9 7.1 -15.0 -18.2 -7.9 -4.3 -13.9 23.2 86.1 -3.1 150.1 129.1 270.0 101.4 126.2 39.5 16.8 12.5 91.8 1.6 -50.8 production (bushels). 1909 4.512.564,465 16,972,973 182,950,097 1,382,640,124 1,936,411,197 231,040,725 237,760,717 309,793,487 88,929,191 126,089,954 5,395,168 1,365,965 4,351,467 2,402,738 469,384 3,008,251 e0,2»,218 14,035,621 99,675,368 247, 749,763 281,488,700 680,954,423 121,862,638 160,684,600 269,148,531 489,803,118 246,786,298 217,246,973 174,903,749 286,078,947 263,443,681 6,648,644 29, 183, 197 13,232 60,283,074 22,116,677 41,117,292 27,493,764 46,536,619 7,648,336 94,836,975 79,148,649 34,072,032 29,709,061 42,666,839 37,273,196 129,816,483 100,047,969 I 21,239,157; 26,528,174; 4,523,3101 22,322.328 2,975,383 1,878,960 8,296,625 1,165,254 60,610,807 26,343,230 39,105,917 1899 4,438,857,013 17,447,477 213,777,362 1,371,560,131 1,877,640,699 220,394,303 251,846,755 326, 732, 734 36,715,523 122,742,029 5,291,655 1,677,226 5,706,140! 1,894,036| 350, 110: 2,526,312' Amoimt. Perct 73,707,452 -474,504 -30,827,265 11,079,993 58,770,498 10,646,422 -14,080,038 -16,939,247 52,213,668 3,317,925 103,513 -321,260 -1,366,673 508,703 109,274 481,939 80,413,666: -11,174,477 18,553,475 117,810,192 -1,617,964 -18,134,834 246,967,865 1,791,906 249,448,647 32,043,053 600,107,3781 -19,152,966 105,359,403; 16,503,236 170,689,848! -20,105,248 242,853,903; 16,294,628 593,978,3581-104,175,240 252, 772, 272J -5, 985, 974 90,430,446; 126,816,527 101,194,100 73,709,649 297,865,366 -12,786,419 298,646,264 -35,102,673 6,775,575 30,985,936 16,300 49,470,178 23, 162, 6681 42,090,432J 22,834,720 39,372,927 5,695,567 92,422,5661 82,095,132 37,610,914 39,718,143 60,627,456 28,594,874 1100,318,982 147,291,423 7,599,180 8,394,800 1, 195, 775 10,501,528 1,653,102 1,147,262 5,381,125 842,751 30,430,585 23.225,515 69,065,929 -127,031 -1,802,739 -3,068 812,896 -1,035,991 -973, 140 4,659,034 7,163,692 1,952,769 2,414,409 -2,946,483 -3,538,882 -10,009,082 -7,871,616 8,678,322 29,497,501 -47,243,454 13,639,977 18,133,374 • 3,327,535 11,820,800 1,322,281 731,698 2,915,500 322,503 30,180,222 3,117,715 -29,980,012 1.7 -2.7 -14.4 0.8 3.1 4. -5.6 -5.2 142.2 2.7 2.0 -19.2 -23.8 26.9 31.2 19.1 -13.9 -9.8 -15.4 0.7 12.8 -3.2 16.7 -11.8 6.7 -17.6 -2.4 140.2 72.8 -4.3 -11.8 -1.9 -6.8 -18.8 1.6 -4.6 -2.3 20.4 18.2 34.3 2.6 -3.6 -9.4 -25.2 -15.6 30.4 29.4 -32.1 179.5 216.0 278.3 112.6 80.0 63.8 54.2 38.3 99.2 13.4 -43.4 1909 12,665,539,714 $1,488,603,049 10,664,849 123,246,651 731,015,347 1,089,912,479 194,466,951 173,832,911 194,958,491 56,779,935 90,662,100 3,100,902 879,631 2,651,877 1,617,131 376,097 2,039,211 43,099,988 9,797,937 70,348,726 137,907,934 151,898,146 297,523,098 70,844,250 73,141,919 140,864,148 230,205,315 147,980,414 149,133,451 98,063,060 163,666,662 169,109,449 4,692,329 21,908,730 9,935 39,993,929 15,997,700 37,848,797 25,434,539 42,405,019 6,175,973 60,738,651 55,302,278 30,927,210 26,864,772 31,262,922 24,786,984 71,798,662 67,109,923 12,251,345 16,026,676 2,744,502 14,787,519 2,382,996 1,570,853 6,092,281 923,763 44, 762, 138 17,860,136 28,039,826 1899 7, 722, 703 92,032,936 428,806,352 547,296,135 111,068,436 114,349,649 109,968,922 16,220,286 55,137,630 2,138,203 774,243 2,446,585 922,127 189,657 1,251,888 34,284,705 6,938,690 50,809,641 91,748,320 81,858,826 164,784,437 41,819,042 48,595,728 85,817,556 147,919,076 79,574,841 40,126,051 34,506,061 75,730,442 83,622,109 3,032,513 14,505,992 7,039 23,759,479 11,571,334 22,082,175 12, 722, 415 20,481,157 2,906,332 39,692,771 36,914,592 18,424,318 19,317,968 20,233,270 14,491,796 128,111,290 47,132,566 3,267,726 3,212,387 528,481 4,700,271 979,903 673,639 2,386,789 471,090 12,191,397 9,271,500 33,674,733 Increase. Amount. Perct. 91,182,936,665 2,942,146 31,213,715 302,208,995 542,616,344 83,398,515 69,483,262 84,989,509 40,559,649 35,524,470 %2,699 105,388 205,292 695,004 186,440 787,323 8,815,283 2,859,247 19,639,185 46,169,614 70,039,321 132,738,661 28,725,208 24,546,191 55,046,593 82,286,239 68,405,573 109,007,400 64,446, 77,936,210 88,487,340 1,659,816 7,402,738 2,896 16,234,450 4,426,300 15,760,622 12,712,124 21,923,862 3,269,641 21,045,880 18,387,686 12,502,892 7,546,804 11,029,652 10,295,188 43,687,372 19,977,357 8,983,619 12,814,289 2,216,021 10,087,248 214.6 1,403,093 143.2 897,214 133.2 3,705,492| 155.3 452,673 96.1 32,570,741 8,588,636 -6,634,907-16.7 I Includes Indian Territory. 878 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Corn. — For the United States as a whole the area of com harvested increased from 94,914,000 acres in 1899 to 98,383,000 in 1909, or 3.7 per cent, but the production decreased from 2,666,000,000 bushels to 2,552,000,000 bushels, or 4.3 per cent. The total value of the crop of 1909, however, was $1,439,000,000, as compared with $828,000,000 in 1899, an increase of $610,000,000, or 73.7 per cent. Corn in 1909 occupied 20.6 per cent of the improved farm land of the coun- try and contributed 26.2 per cent of the total value of crops. The statistics are presented by divisions and states, in Table 23. Table 22 gives, for the nine geographic divisions and for the five leading producing states, percentages and averages derived mainly from Table 23. Table 22 acreage; 1909 AVERAGE YIELD IN BUSHELS AVERAGE VALUE PER BUSHEL. AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE. DIVISION OE STATE. Per cent of United States total. Per cent of im- proved land. PER ACRE. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 United States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central . Mountain 100.0 0.2 2.2 22.3 36.5 11.6 11.5 15.2 0.5 0.1 20.6 2.5 7.4 24.6 21.9 23.5 25.8 25.6 2.9 0.4 25.9 45.2 32.2 38.6 27.7 15.8 18.6 15.7 15.8 24.0 28.1 39.4 34.0 38.3 31.4 14.1 18.4 21.9 16.5 25.2 $0.56 0.67 0.65 0.51 0.51 0.83 0.72 0.61 0.63 0.78 $0.31 0.51 0.43 0.30 0.26 0.47 0.43 0.32 0.50 0.47 $14. 62 30.54 21.05 19.83 14.00 13.13 13.33 9.59 9.89 18.82 $8.73 20.04 14.63 11.51 8.07 6.60 7.98 6.98 8.31 Pacific 11.80 Illinois 10.2 9.4 8.2 7.4 7.2 35.8 31.3 27.1 29.8 28.9 38.8 37.1 19.1 24.8 26.9 38.8 39.1 27.8 28.8 28.1 0.51 0.49 0.52 0.49 0.56 0.29 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.29 19.74 18.16 9.96 12.14 15.09 11.21 Iowa 9.92 7.03 6.99 Missouri 8.25 The percentage of the acreage in each geographic division has already been discussed . The leading states in acreage of com are Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri, in the order named. Each of these states had more than 7,000,000 acres in corn in 1909, their aggregate acreage being nearly 42,000,000, or over two- fifths of the total corn acreage of the United States. The distribution of the com acreage of 1909 among the states is shown by the map on page 384. In the United States as a whole corn occupies about one-fifth of the improved land in farms, this propor- tion being exceeded in each of the five principal agri- cultural divisions. In the five states mentioned above corn occupies more than one-fourth of the improved land in farms, while in Illinois it occupies more than one- third and in Iowa almost one-third. Table 23 shows that by far the most extensive change in the acreage of corn during the decade from 1899 to 1909 was in the West South Central division, where the area harvested increased 3,731,000 acres, or 33.4 per cent, almost all of this increase taking place in the single state of Oklahoma. It may be noted also that the gain in this state is equivalent to 98.4 per cent of the entire net increase in the total corn acreage of the United States. For the Mountain division a very high percentage of increase is recorded, though the acreage is still small. A marked relative decrease is shown for the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions, but in neither is the production of corn very important. Among the leading com states, there were increased acreages in Minnesota, North. Dakota, and South Dakota, and decreased acreages in Iowa and Missouri. The average yield for the United States was 25.9 bush- els per acr6 in 1909 and 28.1 bushels in 1899. Among the geographic divisions which have a considerable acreage in corn, the highest yield in 1909 was in the East North Central division and the lowest in the West South Central division. In the West North Central and West South Central divisions, which contain about one- half of the total corn acreage, the average yield in 1909 was conspicuously lower than in 1899. In the other divisions the average per acre changed but little. Among the principal corn states, Kansas showed a very conspicuous falling off in average yield, and of the five states named in the table, Illinois was the only one in which the yield did not decrease. By reason of these differences in average yield per acre, the changes in the total production of the various divisions and states do not correspond very closely with the changes in acreage. Two divisions with increased acreages report a smaller production in 1909 than in 1899, and two with reduced acreages report a greater production. In each of the five states which lead in acreage both the acreage and the production decreased during the decade, but in Kansas and Nebraska the decrease in production was much more pronounced than that in acreage. The average value of corn per bushel ia 1909 was $0.56, as compared with $0.31 in 1899. The divisions from which the highest average values are reported are, with the exception of the South Atlantic and East South Central divisions, those having a comparatively small acreage in com. With the great advance in average value per bushel, there was a corresponding advance in the average value per acre, though by reason of a decreased yield per acre the percentage of increase was not so great. For the crop as a whole, however, the advance in the average value per bushel, despite a diminished produc- tion, resulted in an enormous increase in aggregate value, in which every state except Vermont shared. The per capita production of com in 1909 was 27.7 bushels, as compared with 35.1 bushels in 1899. The decreased production per capita, with the accompany- ing increase in price, has resulted in a great falling off in exports. For the year ending June 30, 1900, ex. ports amounted to 213,123,000 bushels, equal to 8 per cent of the crop of 1899, while for the year ending June 30, 1910, they amounted to only 38,128,000 bushels, or 1.5 per cent of the crop of 1909. With the exception of the year 1908, this is the smallest proportion of the com crop exported in any year since 1870. Of the 1899 crop the amount remaining for home use was 2,453,000,000 bushels, while of the 1909 crop it was 2,514,000,000 bushels — the amount retained in 1909 being the greater by 61,000,000 bushels. Thus in 1899, 32.3 bushels per capita remained for home use, and in 1909, 27.3 bushels. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 379 CORN— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A miniis sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 23 DinaiON OB 8TATB. United Statei — Oeoqbaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central . Mountain Paciflo New Enolakd: Maine New Hampshire. . . . Vermont Massachusetts. Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nobth Centbal: Ohio TnHi^m^^ niinois Michigan Wisconsin West Nobth Centbal: Minnesota Iowa MiSBoail North Dakota South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas....... South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina Georgia Florida East Sooth Centbal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West Soi^h Centbal; Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington. Oregon. California 1909 98,382,665 182,065 158,554 ,910,191 ,945,297 386,984 ,328,268 ,912,067 463,991 95,248 15,213 10,814 42,887 41,766 9,679 62,717 612,442 265,441 1,380,671 3,916,060 4,901,054 10,045,839 1,589,696 1,467,652 2,004,068 9,229,378 7,113,953 185,122 2,037,658 7,266,057 8,109,061 188,765 647,012 426 1,860,359 . 676,311 2,459,457 1,565,832 3,383,061 605,771 3,436,340 3,146,348 2,572,968 2,172,612 2,277,116 1,590,830 6,914,069 6,130,052 9,514 9,194 9,268 326,559 85,999 15,605 7,267 585 26,033 17,280 51,935 1899 94,913,673 198,377 2,434,743 21,590,260 35,529,298 12,024,742 11,713,504 11,181,133 160,211 81,406 16,856 25,694 60,633 39,131 8,149 47,914 658,662 295,258 1,480,833 3,826,013 4,499,249 10,266,335 1,501,189 1,497,474 1,441,580 9,804,076 7,423,683 62,373 1,196,381 7,336,187 8,266,018 192,025 658,010 462 1,910,065 724,646 2,720,206 1,772,057 3,477,684 569,567 3,319,257 3,374,574 2,743,360 2,276,313 2,317,742 1,343,756 12,501,945 5,017,690 3,301 4,582 1,976 85,256 41,345 11,654 11,517 680 10,483 16,992 63,930 Increase. Amount. Per ct. 3,468,992 -16,312 -276, 189 319,931 415,999 -637,758 -385,236 3,730,934 303,780 13,843 -1,643 -5,880 -17,746 2,624 1,530 4,803 -146,210 -29,817 -100,162 90,037 401,805 -220,496 88,407 -39,822 562,488 -574,698 -309,730 122,749 841,277 -69,130 -156,957 -3,270 -10,998 -36 -49,726 -48,335 -260,749 -206,225 -94,623 36,204 117,083 -228,226 -170,392 -103,701 -40,626 247,074 3,412,124 112,362 6,213 4,612 7,292 241,303 44,654 3,951 -4,250 5 15,550 288 -1,995 3.7 -8.2 -11.3 1.5 1.2 -5.3 -3.3 33.4* 189.0 17.0 -9.7 -22.9 -29.3 6.7 18.8 10.0 -22.2 -10.1 -6.8 2.4 8.9 -2.1 6.9 -2.7 39.0 -6.9 -4.2 196.8 70.3 -0.9 -1.9 -1.7 -1.7 -7.8 -2.6 -6.7 -9.6 -11.6 -2.7 6.4 3.5 -6.8 -6.2 -4.6 -1.8 18.4 136.4 2.2 188.2 100.7 369.0 283.0 108.0 33.9 -36.9 0.9 148.3 1.7 -3.7 PEODUCTION (BUSHELS). 2,562,189,630 8,238,394 69,610,602 845,298,285 996,358,997 179,511,702 210,164,917 233,402,007 7,326,043 2,288,683 648,882 916,263 1,715,133 2,029,381 398,193 2,530,542 18,116,034 10,000,731 41,494,237 167,613,300 195,496,433 390,218,676 52.906,842 49,163,034 67,897,061 341,760,460 191,427,067 4,941,152 65,558,737 180,132,807 164,651,703 4,839,548 17,911,436 12,667 38,295,141 17,119,097 34,063,531 20,871,946 39,374,569 7,023,767 83,348,024 67,682,489 30,695,737 28,428,667 37,609,544 26,010,361 94,283,407 75,496,695 274,103 318,181 176,354 4,903,304 1,164,970 298,664 169,688 20,779 563,025 451,767 1,273,901 Increase. 1899 Amount. Per ct 2,666,324,370 -114,134,740 7,807,920 82,873,430 827,065,540 1,114,154,560 169,468,960 215,124,577 245,126,328 2,647,733 2,065,322 645,040 1,080,720 2,322,450 1,539,980 288,220 1,931,510 20,024,850 10,978,800 51,869,780 152,055,390 178,967,070 396,149,140 44,584,130 63,309,810 47,256,920 383,453,190 206,844,870 1,284,870 32,402,540 210,974,740 229,937,430 4,736,680 19,766,510 14,980 36,748,410 16,610,730 34,818,860 17,429,610 34,032,230 6,311,060 73,974,220 67,307,390 35,053,047 38,789,920 44,144,098 22,062,580 168,949,300 109,970,350 75,838 111,528 38,000 1,275,680 677,305 204,748 250,020 14,614 218,706 359,523 1,477,093 430,474 -13,262,828 18,232,745 -117,795,563 10,042,742 -4,969,660 -11,724,321 4,678,310 233,361 3,842 -164,457 -607,317 489,401 109,973 599,032 -1,909,216 -978,069 -10,375,543 6,457,910 16,529,363 -7,930,464 8,322,712 -4,146,776 20,640,131 -41,702,730 -17,417,783 3,656,282 23,156,197 -30,841,933 -75,285,727 102,968 -1,855,074 -2,313 1,546,731 506,367 -755,329 3,442,336 5,342,339 1,712,717 9,373,804 375,099 -4,357,310 -10,361,253 -6,534,554 3,947,781 25,334,107 -34,471,666 198,265 206,653 138,354 3,627,624 487,665 93,916 -80,332 6,165 344,319 92,234 -203,192 5.5 -16.0 2.2 -10.6 5.9 -2.3 -4.8 176.7 11.4 0.6 -15.? -26.2 31.8 38.2 31.0 -9.6 -8.9 -20.0 3.0 9.2 -2.0 18.7 -7.8 43.7 -10.9 -8.3 284.6 71.5 -14.6 -32.7 2.2 -9.4 -15.4 4.2 3.1 -2.2 19.8 15.7 32.2 12.7 0.6 -12.4 -26.7 -14.8 17.9 36.7 -31.3 261.4 185.3 364.1 284.4 72.0 45.9 -32.1 42.2 167.4 26.7 -13.8 1909 $1,438,563,919 $828,192,388 5,560,074 45,434,191 434,424,336 503,264,949 149,479,304 150,975,613 143,035,538 4,587,706 1,792,208 434,834 621,306 1,102,222 1,372,144 335,629 1,693,939 11,439,169 6,664,162 27,330,860 82,327,269 98,437,988 198,350,496 29,580,929 25,727,664 30,510,145 167,622,834 107,347,033 2,403,303 26,395,985 88,234,846 80,750,803 2,903,442 11,015,298 9,635 28,885,944 11,907,261 31,286,102 20,682,632 37,079,981 6,709,009 50,449,112 45,819,093 28,677,032 26,030,376 27,910,044 16,480,322 48,060,554 60,564,618 185,367 191,395 101,465 2,673,584 984,052 293,847 134,396 23,600 404,367 810,430 1,077,411 1899 $610,361,531 3,976,367 35,612,050 248,570,575 286,872,473 79,406,051 93,440,189 78,023,053 1,330,780 960,850 328,824 638,738 1,180,505 771,277 164,138 994,885 9,181,782 4,633,473 21,896,795 48,037,895 51,752,946 115,075,901 17,798,011 15,905,822 11,337,105 97,297,707 61,246,305 397,278 7,263,127 51,251,213 58,079,738 1,725,452 7,462,594 6,322 16,233,756 7,698,335 17,304,407 9,149,806 17,155,868 2,669,509 29,423,996 28,059,508 17,082,751 18,873,934 17,672,170 10,327,723 116,698,289 34,424,871 41,626 55,880 19,569 508,488 419,936 151,564 121,872 11,845 104,263 155,693 700,894 Increase. Amount. Perct, 1,583,707 9,822,141 185,853,761 216,392,476 70,073,253 57,635,424 65,012,485 3,256,926 831,358 108,010 82,568 -78,283 600,867 171,491 699,054 2,257,387 2,130,689 5,434,065 34,289,374 46,685,042 83,274,595 11,782,918 9,821,832 19,173,040 70,325,127 46,100,728 2,006,025 19,132,858 36,983,633 22,671,065 1,177,990 3,552,704 3,313 12,652,188 4,208,926 13,981,695 11,532,824 19,924,113 3,039,500 21,025,116 17,759,585 11,694,281 7,156,442 10,337,874 6,152,599 32,382,265 16,139,747 143,741 135,515 81,896 2,165,096 564,116 142,283 12,524 11,755 300,104 164,737 376,517 1 Includes Indian Territory. 380 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Wheat. — For the United States as a whole the area harvested in 1909 was 44,263,000 acres, as compared with 52,589,000 acres in 1899, a decrease of 15.8 per cent. On the other hand, the production in 1909 was 683,000,000 bushels, or 3.8 per cent greater than in 1899, when it was 659,000,000 bushels. The value of the crop of 1909 was $658,000,000, an advance of $288,000,000, or 77.8 per cent, over the value in 1899, $370,000,000. Wheat in 1909 occupied 9.3 per cent of the total improved farm land, and its value repre- sented 12 per cent of the total for all crops. Details in regard to the production of wheat in 1909 and 1899 are given in Table 25, while a summary of averages and percentages, derived mainly from this table, is given in Table 24. Table 24 acreage: 1909 AVERAGE YIELD IN BUSHELS AVERAGE VALUE PER AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE. DrnSION OE STATE. Per cent of United States total. Per cent of im- proved land. PER ACRE. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 TTnited States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain 100.0 (') 3.6 15.9 58.4 5.1 3.0 3.5 2.9 7.6 9.3 0.1 5.5 7.9 15.7 4.6 3.0 2.7 8.1 15.2 15.4 23.5 18.6 17.2 14.8 11.9 11.7 11.0 23.1 17.7 12.5 18.0 14.9 12.9 12.2 9.5 9.0 11.9 19.2 15.6 $0.96 1.07 1.07 1.01 0.95 1.08 1.03 1.01 0.87 0.88 $0.56 0.89 0.08 0.63 0.52 0.72 0.65 0.53 0.48 0.49 $14.86 25.04 19.81 17.32 14.07 12.82 12.05 11.10 20.17 15.56 $7.03 15.99 10.16 8.17 3.35 6.80 5.80 6.32 9.24 Pacific 7.66 North Dakota Kansas 18.5 13.5 7.4 7.3 40.0 20.0 16.7 20.3 14.3 13.0 17.4 14.6 13.5 10.2 14.5 10.5 0.93 0.95 0.98 0.91 0.53 0.49 0.53 0.50 13.33 12.40 17.09 13.33 7.13 5.03 7.71 South Dakota 5.26 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Considerably more than one-half of the acreage in wheat in 1909 was found in the West North Central division. The East North Central division, which reported the next largest acreage, contained 15.9 per cent of the total, and the Pacific, which is third in rank, 7.6 per cent. The map on page 384 shows the dis- tribution of the wheat acreage among the states. Wheat occupies in the United States as a whole nearly 10 per cent of the improved land in farms, but in the West North Central and Pacific divisions the proportion exceeds 15 per cent. The proportion is in- significant in the New England division and is smaller in the southern than in the other northern divisions. The leading state in wheat production is North Dakota, with an acreage exceeding 8,000,000 and greater than that of any geographic division except the West North Central, in which the state is situated. Kansas, with nearly 6,000,000 acres of wheat, and Minnesota and South Dakota, with over 3,000,000, follow. The four states named have nearly 21,000,000 acres in wheat, or over two-fifths of the wheat acreage of the United States. Between 1899 and 1909 there was a gain of 778,000 acres, or 3.1 per cent, in the West North Central division and a gain about half as large in the Mountain division. In all other divisions the acreage decreased, the greatest absolute loss being that of over 3,000,000 acres in the East North Central division. Of the 48 states reporting wheat, 37 show a loss in acreage. Among the four leading states already mentioned,. North Dakota and Kansas show conspicuous gains in acreage, but South Dakota and Minnesota show decreases, the acreage in the latter having fallen off one-half. The average yield of wheat in 1909 was 15.4 bushels per acre. Of the divisions with a large acreage, the West North Central had a slightly lower and the East North Central and Pacific a slightly higher yield per acre than the average for the United States. The three southern divisions fell considerably below that average. As compared with the yield of 12.5 bushels per acre in 1899, that of 1909 was considerably larger. With the exception of the West South Central division, larger yields were reported in all the divisions in 1909 than in 1899, and the same was true of each of the four leading wheat states listed in the table. In the country as a whole the increased yield per acre was sufiicient to counterbalance the decrease in acreage* In the West North Central and Mountain divisions, which gained in acreage, there was a still greater gain in production. In the other divisions, except the West South Central, the loss in production was not so great as in acreage. In the states of North Dakota and Kansas, the percentage of increase in production was greater than that in acreage. In South Dakota the increased yield per acre caused an increase in pro- duction, although the acreage was smaller, and in Minnesota the loss in production was less pronounced than that in acreage. The average value of wheat per bushel in 1909 was $0.96, but three divisions only, the West North Central, Mountain, and Pacific, reported an average value of less than $1. This represents an enormous increase over the value in 1899, when the average for the United States was $0.56 per bushel. The average value of the wheat crop per acre more than doubled between 1899 and 1909. In each division, except the New England, East South Central, and West South Central divisions^ the increase in average value per bushel more than offset the loss in production and the total crop had a greater aggregate value in 1909 than in 1899. It may, however, be noted that 20 states show a falling off in the value of the wheat crop, the most notable decreases being in California, Texas, and Iowa. In 1899 the per capita production of wheat was 8.7 bushels and in 1909, 7.4 bushels. This falling off in production per capita was counterbalanced largely by a decrease in the amount exported. Wheat imports are insignificant and may be disregarded. In the year ending June 30, 1900, there was exported in the form of wheat and flour the equivalent of 186,097,000 bushels, or 28.3 per cent of the crop of 1899. Ten years later the exports were only 87,364,000 bushels, or 12.8 per cent of the crop of 1909. For home consump- tion there remained of the crop of 1899, 472,437,000 bushels, or 6.2 bushels per capita, as compared vnih 596,015,000 bushels, or 6.5 bushels per capita, retained of the crop of 1909. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 381 WHEAT— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 25 DIVISION OR STATE. 1909 1S99 TTnlted States 44. 262. 592 •Geogeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . . West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... West South Central . . . Mountain Pacific ;Nbw England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic; New York New Jersey Pennsylvania .'East Noeth Ckntral: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota. South Dakota Nebraska Kansas iSouTH Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Colombia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida ^ast South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas iMountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacitic: Washington Oregon California 4,893 598,325 038,364 ,863,556 241,345 315,243 556,087 285,360 359,419 3,407 70 678 109 13 616 289,130 83,637 1,225,558 1,827,932 2,062,83.5 2,185,091 802,137 140,369 3,276,911 526,777 2,017,128 6,188,782 3,217,255 2,662,918 5,973,786 111,215 689,893 692,907 209,315 501,912 43,028 93,065 10 631,323 619,861 13,665 394 60,428 65 1,169,420 326,176 258,377 399,234 41,968 340,729 32,341 20,028 178,423 14,260 2,118,015 763, 187 478,217 52,588,574 9,237 2,204,350 10,410,893 25,085,308 3,368,872 2,987,483 2,934,687 942,858 4,644,886 e,6«7 271 1,796 95 15 393 567,736 132,571 1,614,043 3,209,074 1,826,143 1,925,760 556,614 6,560,707 1,689,705 2,056,219 4,451,251 3,984,659 2,538,949 3,803,818 118,740 634,446 17 927,266 447,928 746,984 174,245 319, 161 85 1,431,027 1.426,112 123,897 6,447 379,453 214 •1,527,073 1,027,947 92,132 266,305 19,416 294,949 37,907 24,377 189,235 18,537 1,088,102 873,379 2,683,405 Increase. Amount. Per ct -8,325,982 -4,344 -606,025 -3,372,529 778,248 -1,127,527 -1,672,240 -1,378,600 342,502 -1,285,467 -3, am -201 -1,118 14 -2 223 -268,606 -48,934 -288,485 -1,381,142 -810,458 368,948 -1,123,632 -416,245 -3,283,796 -1,162,928 -39,091 3,737,531 -767,404 123,960 2,166,967 -7,525 -44,553 -17 -234,359 -238,613 -245,072 -131,217 -226,096 -75 -749,704 -806,251 -110,232 -6,063 -319,027 -149 -357,653 —701,771 166,246 132,929 22,552 45,780 -5,566 -4,349 -10,812 -4,277 1,029,913 -110, 192 -2,205,188 -15.8 -47.0 -27.5 -32.4 3.1 -33.6 -56.0 -47.0 36.3 -27.7 -48.9 -74.2 -62.2 («) (>) 56.7 -48.2 -36.9 -19.1 -43.0 -28.0 19.7 -68.3 -74.8 -50.1 -68.8 -1.9 84.0 -19.3 4.9 57.0 -6.3 -7.0 -25.3 -53.3 -32.8 -75.3 -70.8 (') -52.4 -56.5 -89.0 -93.9 -84.1 -89.6 -23.4 -68.3 180.4 49.9 116.2 15.6 -14.7 -17.8 -5.7 -23.1 94.7 -12.6 -82.2 PRODUCTION (bushels). 1909 683,379,259 114,998 29,717,833 121,097,675 384,092,121 26,650,768 15,374,422 17,096,127 29,654,968 69,580,347 85,119 1,311 14,087 2,404 aos 11,800 6,664,121 1,480,233 21,564,479 30,663,704 33,935,972 87,830,732 16,025,791 2,041,476 57,094,412 8,055,944 29,837,429 116,781,886 47,069,500 47,686,746 77,677,115 1,643,672 9,463,457 8,076,989 2,575,996 3,827,145 310,614 762,868 137 8,739,260 6,516,539 113,953 4,670 626,414 488 14,008,334 2,560,891 6,261,946 10,237,609 738,098 7,224,057 499,799 362,875 3,943,910 396,075 40,920,390 12,456,751 6,203,206 Increase. 1899 Amount. 658,534,252 166,126 32,947,945 134,698,890 306,602,028 31,902,857 26,864,542 35,046,935 18,084,360 72,230,570 24,845,007 116,720 4,035 34,650 1,760 310 8,660 10,412,676 1,902,600 20,632,680 50,876,800 34,966,280 19,795,500 20,535,140 9.005,170 95,278,660 22,769,440 23,072,768 69,888,810 41,889,380 24,924,620 38, 778, 450 1,870,670 9,671,800 410 8,907,610 4,326,150 4,342,351 1,017,319 1,765,947 800 14,264,500 11,924,010 628,776 37,257 2,449,970 2,345 •20,328,300 12,266,320 1,899,683 5,340,180 348,890 5,587,770 603,303 440,252 3,413,470 450,812 21,187,527 14,508,636 36,534,407 -51, 127 -3,230,112 -13,601,215 77,490,093 -5,252,089 -11,480,120 -17,950,808 11,570,608 -12,650,223 -81,601 -2,724 -20,563 6S4 -102 3,209 -3,748,664 -413,357 931,790 -19,n3,096 -1,050,308 18,036,232 -4,509,349 -6,363,604 -38,184,248 -14,713,496 6,764,661 56,893,076 5,170,210 22,761,225 38,798,666 -208,343 -410 -830,521 -1,750,164 -515,206 -706,705 -1,013,089 -663 -5,626,240 -6,407,471 -514,822 -32,687 -1,923,556 -1,857 -6,319,966 -9,705,429 4,352,262 4,897,429 389,808 1,636,287 -103,504 -77,377 530,440 -54,737 19,732,863 -2,051,885 -30,331,201 Per ct. 3.8 -30.8 -9.8 -10.1 25.3 -16.6 -42.7 -51.2 64.0 -17.6 -27.1 -67.5 -59.3 37.4 -32.9 37.1 -36.0 -21.7 4.8 -30.1 -3.0 91.1 -22.0 -70.7 -40.1 -64.6 29.3 95.0 12.3 91.3 100.0 -12.1 -2.2 -9.3 -40.6 -11.9 -69.6 -57.4 -82.9 -38.7 -45.3 -81.9 -87.6 -78.6 -79.2 -31.1 -79.1 229.1 91.7 110.8 29.3 -17.2 -17.6 16.6 -12.1 93.1 -14.1 -83.0 1909 1657,656,801 122,532 31,665,041 121,885,650 363,923,162 28,725,004 15,851,025 17,278,603 25,930,395 62,275,389 91,664 1,406 14,279 2,516 211 12,567 7,176,523 1,668,880 22,920,638 31,112,975 33,693,141 38,000,n2 16,686,868 2,601,954 66,007,436 7,703,205 29,926,209 109,129,869 42,878,223 44,225,930 74,082,291 1,607,639 9,876,480 8,776,061 2,607,141 4,420,322 385,835 871,494 132 8,812,460 6,913,335 120,873 4,348 632,712 608 13,854,322 2,891,061 6,329,389 8,412,587 644,261 6,463,926 608,726 410,214 3,765,017 396,285 35,102,370 10,849,036 6,323,983 1899 Increase. Amount. Per ct 1369,945,320 147,742 22,393,223 85,051,479 159,281,250 22,903,064 17,339,440 18,547,956 8,715,518 35,565,648 107,396 3,428 29,078 1,515 246 «,0S0 7,332,697 1,347,660 13,712,976 32,856,834 22,228,916 11,929,458 12,921,925 6,116,346 60,601,948 11,467,808 13,520,012 31,733,763 20,957,917 11,877,347 19,132,456 1,247,066 6,484,088 349 6,161,000 3,040,314 3,463,726 958,158 1,547,773 601 8,923,760 7,882,097 602,240 80,743 1,383,916 1,888 • 10,110,675 7,051,477 1,077,210 2,131,953 191, 195 2,809,370 390,616 276,639 1,576,064 263,471 9,028,209 6,368,395 20,179,044 $287,711,481 -25,210 9,271,818 36,834,171 204,641,912 5,821,940 -1,488,415 -1,269,353 17,214,877 16,709,741 -16,842 -2,022 -14,799 1,000 -34 6,487 —157,074 221,230 9,207,662 -1,742,859 11,364,225 26,071,254 3,664,943 -2,533.392 5,405,487 -3,754,603 16,406,197 77,396,106 21,920,306 32,348,583 64,019,836 450,484 3,392,392 -349 2,615,061 -343, 173 956,596 -572,323 -676,279 -469 -111,291 -969,362 -381,367 -26,395 -851,204 -1,380 3, 743, 647 -4, 160, 416 4,252,179 6,280,634 453,056 3, 654, 556 118,110 133,575 2,189,953 132,814 26,074,161 4,490,641 -13,855,061 I Per cent not calculated where base Is less than 100. » Includes Indian Territory. 382 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Oats. — The acreage of oats harvested in the United States increased from 29,540,000 in 1899 to 35,159,000 in 1909, or 19 per cent, while the production increased 6.8 per cent, from 943,000,000 bushels in 1899 to 1,007,000,000 bushels in 1909. The value of the crop, however, which was $217,000,000 in 1899, was $415,000,000 in 1909, or 91 per cent greater. The acreage of oats in 1909 was 7.3 per cent of the total improved farm acreage, and their value 7.6 per cent of the total for all crops. Detailed figures concerning the production of oats in 1909 and 1899 are given in Table 27, and a summary of the averages and percent- ages for the geographic divisions and leading states, derived mainly from this table, is presented in Table 26. The map on page 385 shows how the acreage of oats is distributed among the states. Table 26 acbeaqe: 1909 AVERAGE YIELD IN BUSHELS FEB AVERAGE VALUE PER AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE DIVISION OE STATE. Per 1 Per ACKE. United States total. im- proved land. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 rnl ted States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain 100.0 0.6 7.2 31.9 44.7 3.9 2.5 3.6 3.3 2.3 7.3 3.1 8.6 12.6 9.6 2.8 2.0 2.2 7.3 3.6 28.6 32.9 25.5 33.3 27.5 15.5 13.4 21.4 34.9 35.3 31.9 35.9 30.9 37.4 32.0 11.7 11.1 25.8 30.4 31.4 10.41 0.55 0.51 0.40 0.38 0.63 0.56 0.47 0.48 0.48 90.23 0.35 0.31 0.22 0.21 0.39 0.35 0.23 0.38 0.33 111.79 18.04 13.15 13.27 10.35 9.78 7.51 10.00 16.90 16.91 97.35 12.72 9.50 8.12 6.60 4.63 3.88 5.83 11.41 10.23 Iowa 13.2 11.9 8.5 6.7 6.2 6.1 15.8 14.9 15.2 9.7 18.2 10.5 27.5 36.0 31.5 22.6 33.0 30.7 35.9 39.5 33.6 30.1 35.5 28.3 0.38 0.40 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.37 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.21 0.26 10.54 14.29 11.43 8.22 13.24 11.23 7 08 Illinois 8.09 Minnesota 7.19 Nebraska 5.89 7 58 North Dakota 7.50 Of the total acreage of oats, 44.7 per cent was re- ported from the West North Central division and 31.9 per cent from the East North Central. In the latter, oats occupy about one-eighth, in the former somewhat less than one-tenth, of the improved land in farms. They are also a crop of some importance in the Middle Atlantic division, in which they occupy about one- twelfth of the improved land in farms. The leading state in the acreage of oats in 1909 was Iowa, with 4,655,000 acres, closely followed by Illinois, with 4,176,000. Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and North Dakota, ranking in the order named, also had each more than 2,000,000 acres in oats. These six leading states had together over 18,000,000 acres of oats in 1909, or more than one-half of the acreage for the whole country. Comparing 1909 with 1899, the Middle Atlantic and West South Central divisions show an aggregate loss of 257,000 acres, but an aggregate gain of 5,876,000 acres was reported for the remaining divisions, or a net gain of 5,620,000, or 19 per cent, for the whole country. The greatest absolute gain — over 3,600,000 acres — was in the West North Central division, but larger relative increases occurred in the Mountain and Pacific divisions. Among the states. North Dakota shows an increase of over 1,300,000 acres. A gain of more than 500,000 acres each is also reported for South Dakota, Minnesota, Ohio, and Indiana. Of the six states named above as leading in the acreage of oats, three — Iowa, Illinois, and Wisconsin — show decreases for the decade, while increases took place in the remainder. The average yield in 1909 of 28.6 bushels per acre for the country as a whole was exceeded in the East North Central division, but was not attained by the West North Central division, nor by the Middle Atlantic division. Of the divisions where the acreage of oats is less important, the New England, Mountain, and Pacific divisions exceeded this average, while the remainder fell below it. For the United States as a whole the average yield per acre in 1909 was somewhat below that of 1899. This was true also of the three divisions with the largest acreage and of the New England and West South Central divisions, but in the other divisions the average yield in 1909 was greater than in 1899. There was in the United States as a whole a some- what larger crop of oats in 1909 than in 1899. Two divisions which lost in acreage had also a smaller pro- duction, while two others showed a diminished produc- tion in combination with an increase in acreage. Among the remaining divisions, the rate of increase in production was considerably less than that in acre- age in the West North Central division, which produced over two-fifths of the entire crop, but in the divisions with a smaller production the crop increased more rapidly than the acreage. Among the several states, the largest gain in the production of oats was in North Dakota, where the crop of 1909 was nearly three times as great as that of 1899. A considerable gain was also made in Minnesota, but in the other states which have been noted as leading in acreage there was a diminished production, especially in Iowa, the first on the list as measured by acreage. The average value per bushel of the oat crop was $0.41 in 1909, as compared with $0.23 in 1899, an ad- vance of 78.3 per cent. As is frequently the case, the average values are somewhat higher in the divisions with relatively small production than in those with large production. All divisions, however, show a marked advance for 1909 as compared with 1899. By reason of the smaller yield per acre the value of the crop per acre did not increase in the same proportion as the average value per bushel. As a result of the increased acreage in the country as a whole, however, there was an increase in the aggregate value of the crop, amounting to 91 per cent. This increase is shared by all divisions, though, as already noted, some show a decrease in acreage and some a decrease in production. The effect of the change in value is particularly noticeable in the case of the state of Iowa, which leads in the acreage of oats. In the 10 years the acreage in that state remained practically stationary, the pro- duction fell off nearly one-fourth, but the value of the crop increased nearly one-half. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. OATS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] 383 Table 27 DIVISION OE STATE. TTnlted States Oeoghaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New Enqland: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: MLonesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland , District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina , Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico , Arizona Utah Nevada Pacitic: Washington Oregon California , 1909 35,159,441 223,221 518,886 225,445 ,710,495 368,832 870,762 276,534 164,204 801,062 120,991 10,860 71,510 7,927 1,726 10,207 ,302,506 72,130 ,144,248 787,496 667,818 176,485 429,076 164,670 977,258 655,164 073,325 147,032 558,643 365,774 933,309 4,226 49,210 13 204,465 103,758 228,120 324, 180 411,664 43,206 174,315 342,086 257,276 97,065 197,449 29,711 609,373 440,001 333,195 302,783 124,035 275,948 33,707 5,867 80,816 7,853 269,742 339,162 192,158 1899 29, 539, 698 212,737 2,579,559 10,087,121 12,109,758 1,268,061 855,842 1,472,449 412,190 541,981 106,661 12,589 73,372 6,702 1,530 9,883 1,329,753 76,959 1,173,847 1,116,149 1,017,385 4,570,034 1,019,438 2,365,115 2,201,325 4,695,391 916,178 780,517 691,167 1,924,827 900,353 5,247 44,625 42 275,394 99,433 270,876 222,544 318,433 31,467 316,590 235,313 216,873 87,066 280,115 28,033 •317,076 847,225 133,938 64,739 26,892 120,952 15,848 1,641 43,394 4,786 126,841 261,406 153,734 Increase. Amount. ! Per ct. 5,619,743 10,484 -60,673 1,138,324 3,600,737 100,771 14,920 -195,915 752,014 259,061 12,330 -1,729 -1,862 1,225 196 324 -27,245 -3,829 -29,699 672,347 650,433 -393,649 409,638 -200,545 775,933 -40,237 157,147 1,366,515 867,476 440,947 32,956 -1,021 4,585 -29 -70,939 4,325 -42,756 101,636 93,231 11,739 -142,276 106,773 40,403 10,019 -82,666 1,678 292,297 -407,224 199,257 238,044 97,143 154,996 17,859 4,226 37,422 3,067 142,901 77,756 38,424 5.0 -2.4 11.3 29.7 7.9 1.7 -13.3 182.4 47.8 11.3 -13.7 -2.5 18.3 12.8 3.3 -2.0 -5.0 -2.5 60.3 63.9 -8.6 40.2 -8.6 36.2 -0.9 17.2 176.1 125.6 22.9 3.7 -19.6 10.3 (>) -25.8 4.3 -15.8 45.7 29.3 37.3 -44.9 45.4 18.6 11.6 -29.5 6.0 92.2 -48.1 148.8 I 367.7 ! 361.2 '] 128.1 112.7 257.6 86.2 64.1 112.7 29.7 25.0 PRODUCTION (bushels). 1909 1899 1,007,142,980 943,389,375 7,350,601 7,643, 64,344,715 79,630, 373,803,573 377,300, 432,660,477 386,978, 21,206,000 14,874, 11,646,687 9,480, 27,273,695 37,927, 40,604,255 12,519, 28,252,977 17,034, 4,232,309 3,799, 386,419 497, 2,141,357 2,742, 268,500 240, 48,212 47, 273,804 316, 34,795,277 40,785, 1,376,752 1,601, 28,172,686 37,242, 57,591,046 42,050, 50,607,913 34,565, 150,386,074 180,305, 43,869,502 36,338, 71,349,038 84,040, 93,897,717 74,054, 128,196,055 168,364, 24,828,501 20,545, 66,886,702 22,125, 43,565,676 19,412, 53,360,185 58,007, 22,923,641 24,469, 96,239 131, 1,160,663 1,109, 375 2,884,495 3,269, 1,728,806 1,833, 2,782,508 2,454, 5,745,291 2,661, 6,199,243 3U16, 606,380 297, 2,406,064 4,009, 4,720,692 2,725, 3,251,146 1,882, 1,268,785 862, 3,212,891 3,909, 420,033 316, 16,606,154 »9,511, 7,034,617 24,190, 13,805,735 4,746, 11,328,106 1,956, 3,361,425 763, 2,642,855 3,080, 720,560 342, 189,312 43, 3,221,269 1,436, 334,973 151, 13,228,003 5,336, 10,881,286 6,725, 4,143,688 4,972, Increase. Amoxmt. Per ct 63,763,605 -292,574 -15,285,605 -3,496,982 45,681,866 6,331,112 2,166,662 -10,653,783 28,084,602 11,218,307 432,874 -110,691 -600,783 27,610 1,092 -42,676 -5,990,623 -224,858 -9,070,124 15,540,136 16,042,843 -29,919,556 7,531,357 -12,691,762 19,843,567 -40,166,116 4,283,151 43,761,371 24,153,186 -4,646,955 -1,546,339 -33,721 51,103 -245 -384,936 -105,034 327,740 3,083,621 3,083,633 308,950 -1,603,766 1,995,362 1,369,086 405,980 -696,109 103,963 7,094,414 -17,156,051 9,059,504 9,371,608 2,598,055 4,562,725 377, 783 146,066 1,785,064 183,797 7,891,517 4,155,458 -828,668 6.8 -3.8 -19.2 -0.9 11.8 42.6 •22.9 -28.1 224.3 65.9 11.4 -22.3 -21.9 11.4 2.3 -13.5 -14.7 -14.0 -24.4 37.0 46.4 -16.6 20.7 -15.1 26.8 -23.9 20.8 197.8 124.4 -8.0 -6.3 -25.6 4.6 -39.5 -11.8 -6.7 13.4 115.9 99.0 103.9 -40.0 73.2 72.7 47.1 -17.8 32.9 74.6 -70.9 190.9 479.0 340.4 148.1 110.2 337.7 124.3 121.6 147.9 61.8 -16.7 1909 $414,697,422 4,027,338 33,111,736 149,004,329 162,647,073 13,388,578 6,635,286 12,764,241 19,673,773 13,545,068 2,293,947 216,938 1,169,223 157,381 28,661 161,188 17,977,155 712,609 14,421,972 23,212,352 18,928,706 59,693,819 18,506,195 28,663,257 34,023,389 49,046,888 10,253,990 24,114,345 16,044,785 19,443,570 9,720,106 51,022 584,395 165 1,609,973 912,388 1,741,561 3,809,345 4,236,625 443,104 1,216,187 2,378,464 2,117,703 822,932 1,641,752 250,588 7,172,267 3,699,634 6,148,021 5,067,051 1,828,711 4,177,267 459,306 130,384 1,671,065 191,968 6,870,857 6,037,164 2,637,047 1899 $217,098,584 2,705,249 24,515,326 81,881,022 79,970,336 5,869,687 3,317,185 8,590,119 4,704,766 5,544,894 1,374,573 184,025 941,711 84,850 16,631 103,459 12,929,092 .492,341 11,093,893 10,236,251 7,458,682 36,990,019 9,264,385 17,931,685 15,829,804 33,254,987 4,669,185 5,852,615 4,114,456 11,333,393 4,915,896 43,337 340,475 206 1,103,616 637, 176 991,516 1,226,575 1,383,758 143,028 1,247,928 887,940 797,684 383,633 1,263,101 117,312 21,968,915 6,240,791 1,790,938 702,955 292,630 1,121,745 154,347 21,144 553,847 67,160 1,765,547 2,078,950 1,700,397 Increase. Amoimt. $197,598,838 1,322,089 8,596,410 67,123,307 82,676,737 7,518,891 3,218,101 4, 174, 122 14,969,007 8,000,174 919,374 32,913 227,512 72,531 12,030 67,729 5,048,063 220,268 3,328,079 12,976,101 11,470,024 22,703,800 9,241,810 10,731,672 18,193,585 15,791,901 5,584,805 18,261,730 11,930,329 8,110,177 4,804,210 7,685 243,920 -41 506,357 275,212 750,045 2,582,770 2,852,867 300,076 -31,741 1,490,524 1,320,019 439,299 378,651 133,276 5,203,352 -1,541,157 4,357,083 4,364,096 1,536,081 3,055,522 304,959 109,240 1,117,218 124,808 4,105,310 2,958,214 936,650 1 Per cent not calculated where base Is less than 100. * Includes Indian Territory. 384 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. CORN. ACREAGE, BY STATES: 1909. — — -T— .— J MINN. 8.0AK. •• •••• L 400,000 acres. 300,000 to 400,000 acres. 200,000 to 300,000 acres. 100,000 to 200,000 acres. Less than 100,000 acres. The heavy lines (^) show geographic divisions. • • • • ^#-: • M^Sa KANS. . * A I MO. !••*; KANS.9*! MO. • • •• • !••••« i ••••• I OKLA. !••••••; ARK ••••• • TEXAS 9 WHEAT. ACREAGE, BY STATES: 1909. 400,000 acres. 300,000 to 400,000 acres. 200,000 to 300,000 acres. 100,000 to 200,000 acres. Less than 100,000 acres. The heavy lines (— •) show geographic divisions. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 385 OATS. ACREAGE, BY STATES: 1909. HAT AND FORAGE. ACREAGE, BY STATES: 1909. 72497 386 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Minor cereals. — The minor cereals occupy only 7.1 per cent of the entire acreage devoted to cereals in the United States. Statistics are given for each in Tables 28^0 33. Barley. — Of the minor cereals, barley (Table 28), which occupies 4 per cent of the entire cereal acreage of the United States, is by far the most important. Of the aggregate barley acreage of 7,698,706, considerably more than one-half was found in the West North Central division. Other divisions where this is an important crop are the Pacific and the East North Central, the three divisions named containing together 94.1 per cent of the total acreage in 1909. Four states, Min- nesota, North Dakota, California, and South Dakota, ranking in the order named, have an acreage in excess of 1,000,000 each, and together contain more than two- thirds of the total for the whole country. Large acre- ages are also reported for Wisconsin and Iowa. The acreage in bartey was larger in 1909 than in 1899 by 3,228,510 acres, or 72.2 per cent. Almost three- fourths of this increase was reported from the West North Central division, where the acreage more than doubled during the period. The percentage of increase in the Mountain division was greater than in any other. Only in divisions of small acreage was there a decrease. In the three divisions which led in acreage there was an increase in the acreage of every state except Ohio and Iowa. The crop of 1909, 173,000,000 bushels, exceeded that of 1899, 120,000,000 bushels, by 44.9 per cent, the average yield per acre being 22,5 bushels in 1909 and 26.8 bushels in 1899. The increase in production in 1909 over 1899 for the country as a whole was there- fore somewhat less relatively than the increase in acreage. The same statement is true for each of the divisions which are prominent in the production of bar- ley, but in some of the less important divisions the increase in production was greater than that in acre- age. Divisions with a decreased acreage had also a decreased production. In the three divisions which led in production all the states, with the exception of Ohio, Iowa, Indiana, and Nebraska, show increases in production. The value of the crop m 1909, $92,459,000 (equal to 1.7 per cent of the total value of crops) was more than twice as great as in 1899, the average value per bushel increasing from 35 to 53 cents, or 51.4 per cent, and the average value per acre from $9.31 to $12.01, or 29 per cent. In the New England, Middle Atlantic, and West South Central divisions there was a decrease in total value, but it was considerably less relatively than that in either acreage or production. Rye. — Judged by acreage, rye (Table 29) is somewhat less than one-third as important as barley. Of the 2,195,561 acres in rye in the United States in 1909 about three-fourths were located east of the Mississippi River. The leading division in acreage is the East North Central, the Middle Atlantic ranking next. There is, however, almost no difference in the acreage of the West North Central and the Middle Atlantic divisions. The leading states in the acreage of rye are Michigan, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, and Minnesota, in the order named. Together these four states reported in 1909 nearly 1,300,000 acres, or more than one-half of the area devoted to rye in the United States. The increase in the acreage of rye in 1909 as com- pared with 1899 amounted to 6.9 per cent. Five divi- sions, including two with a considerable acreage of this crop — the Middle Atlantic and the West North Central — show decreases, whUe increases occurred in four divisions. The gain was conspicuous in the prin- cipal rye producing section, the East North Central, where it amounted to 43.2 per cent. A much larger percentage of increase is shown for the Mountain divi- sion, but the absolute gain in acreage was less than one-tenth as large. Of the four leading states, Michigan and Minnesota more than doubled their rye acreage, but Wisconsin and Pennsylvania both show a decrease. The production in 1909, 29,520,000 bushels, was 15.6 per cent greater than in 1899, indicating, in connection with the increase of only 6.9 per cent in acreage, a greater yield per aqre for the crop as a whole (13.4 bushels in 1909 and 12 .4 in 1899) . The divisions which lost in acreage had also, with the exception of the West North Central division, a smaller production. The value of the rye crop in 1909, $20,422,000, rep- resented 0.4 per cent of the total value of crops. It was nearly two- thirds greater than in 1 899 . While five divisions had a diminished acreage and four a decreased production, there were only two in which the value of the crop was smaller in 1909 than in 1899. The aver- age value per bushel increased from 48 to 69 cents, and the average value per acre from $5.98 to $9.30. Buckwheat. — Buckwheat (Table 30) has a much smaller area of cultivation than the cereals thus far considered. There were 878,000 acres harvested in the United States in 1909, of which the region east of the Mississippi contained 96.9 per cent. The Middle Atlantic states had about two-thirds of the total acre- age reported for buckwheat, this being almost equally divided between New York and Pennsylvania. The increase in the area harvested in 1909 as compared with 1899 was over 70,000 acres, more than one-half of which was in the Middle Atlantic division. The New England and West North Central divisions lost in acreage but all others gained, the most significant increase being that in the South Atlantic division, amounting to 29,322 acres, or 52.8 per cent. Pennsyl- vania shows an increase of 17.2 per cent in the acreage of buckwheat and New York a decrease of 1.2 per cent. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 887 The production of 1909 amounted to 14,849,000 bushels, which was 32.2 per cent more than that of 1899. The increase in production was relatively greater than that in acreage, and New England was the only division reporting a smaller production in 1909 than in 1899. Measured by production, New York appears as the leading state, showing a gain of 49.2 per cent in this respect, despite a slight loss in acreage. The crop of 1909, valued at $9,331,000, was nearly two- thirds greater in value than that of 1899. In 1909 the average yield per acre was 16.9 bushels; the average value per bushel, 63 cents; and the average value per acre, $10.63. Emmer and speJi. — Emmer and spelt (Table 31) are old grains known to the ancient world and still in use as a food crop in parts of Europe and Asia. Nearly all the "emmer and spelt" reported is emmer, spelt being cultivated in only a few scattered localities. These grains are, botanically, species of wheat, but commercially they are more closely related to the other cereals, since they are used as food for stock. More- over, the price per bushel of emmer and spelt cor- responds much more nearly to that of com or oats than to that of wheat. No regular statistics of these crops were gathered in 1900. Emmer and spelt are considered good crops for dry farming, and like kafir com have been introduced principally in the districts of comparatively light rainfall, though on account of the heavy yield and the value of the grains as feed for stock, they are sown in parts of the grain region in which com is not an established crop. The area of emmer and spelt harvested in 1909 was 573,622 acres, the production 12,703,000 bushels, and the value $5,584,000. The average production per acre was thus 22.1 bushels; the average value per bushel, 44 cents; and the average value per acre, $9.73. Of the total acreage, the West North Central divi- sion reported 522,487 acres, or 91.1 per cent; the Mountain, 18,644; the East North Central, 14,941; and the West South Central, 13,295. Of the total produc- tion in 1909, 11,673,000 bushels, or 91.9 per cent, were reported from the West North Central division; 407,000 bushels from the Mountain division; and 372,000 bushels from the East North Central divisioil. The state having the largest acreage in 1909 was South Dakota, with 259,611 acres, or 45.3 per cent of the total area harvested, while North Dakota came next with 101,144 acres, or 17.6 per cent of the total — the combined acreage for the two Dakotas representing over three-fifths of the total area in this crop. The states ranking next in acreage were Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, and Colorado. Kafir com and milo maize. — Statistics for kafir corn and milo maize (Table 32) were first obtained by the Census Bureau in 1900. The acreage in 1899 was about one-third as great as that of buckwheat, but in 1909 it was almost twice as large. Kafir corn and milo maize are cereals belonging to the millet family. They are grown extensively in Africa and somewhat in Asia, the grain being used for food. In this country they have made great headway as dry- farming crops and are being introduced more gen- eraUy in sections of light rainfall. The grains are here used primarily for feeding live stock, although to a limited extent they are ground for flour. Aside from the use made of the grain, the stalks, if cut before they are entirely ripe, make a valuable fodder. Of the 1,635,153 acres in kafir corn and milo maize in 1909, over 1,000,000 acres were in the two states of Texas and Oklahoma and nearly 400,000 acres in Kansas. The only other considerable acreages were in New Mexico and California. The acreage harvested was more than six times as great in 1909 as in 1899. In 1899 over one-half the crop was harvested in the state of Kansas, but the recent extension of the cultivation of these cereals in Texas and Oklahoma has placed those states at the head of the list. The production increased from 5,169,000 bushels in 1899 to 17,597,000 bushels in 1909. The rate of increase was only half as rapid as that in acreage, the yield per acre, which was 19.4 bushels in 1899, being only 10.8 bushels in 1909. The decrease in yield per acre is due mainly to the fact that the crops are becom- ing popular in regions of comparatively light rainfall where the yield is normally small. In 1909 the aver- age value per bushel was 61 cents and the average value per acre $6.62. Rice. — The area devoted to the cultivation of rice (Table 33) in 1909 was 610,175 Acres, located almost exclusively in the West South Central division. Lou- isiana, with 317,518 acres, and Texas, with 237,586 acres, far exceed any other state or any other division in acreage. A small acreage only is reported for the East South Central division, and 27,080 acres for the South Atlantic division. During the decade the area devoted to rice cultiva- tion increased 267,961 acres, or 78.3 per cent. There was a great loss in acreage in the South Atlantic division, but this was much more than counter- balanced by the great gain in the West South Central division, the principal rice producing area. The production of rough rice in 1909 was 21,839,000 bushels, and the value $16,020,000. The increase in both production and value between 1899 and 1909 was more rapid than that in acreage, and shows about the same distribution as respects the two producing areas, the South Atlantic and the West South Central divisions. 388 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. BARLEY— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 28 DIVISIOK OR STATE. United States. Geoqbaphic divisions: New Bngland Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic E«st South Central.... West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Cknteal: Ohio Indiana IlUnois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas SotTTH Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky ' . . . Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Centeal: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California 1909 7,698,706 16,242 87,733 1,007,102 4,762,928 15,561 5,388 14,253 313,606 1,475,893 4,136 848 10,586 349 182 141 79,956 152 7,625 24,075 10,188 63,325 93,065 816,449 ,573,761 571,224 7,915 ,215,811 ,114,531 113,571 166, 115 31 4,494 9,890 408 504 189 44 1 2,738 2,567 41 42 82 10,283 3,888 27,242 132,412 8,561 71,411 2,131 32,897 26,752 12,200 171,888 108,847 , 195, 158 1S99 4,470,196 23,554 121,577 665,678 2,305,281 5,717 2,848 21,334 111,887 1,212,320 1,596 12, 152 638 222 137 111,658 336 9,583 34,058 9,533 21,375 44,965 555,747 877,845 627,851 1,727 287,092 299,510 92,098 119, 158 3 1,515 2,768 253 475 281 395 . 27 953 1,590 273 32 304 16 » 16,634 4,380 22,848 32,798 1,225 21,949 1,110 16,270 8,644 7,043 122,298 60,375 1,029,647 Increase. Amount. Percent, 3,228,610 -7,313 -33,844 341,424 2,457,647 9,844 2,540 -7,081 201,719 263,573 -4,673 -748 -1,566 -289 -40 4 -31, 702 -184 -1,958 655 41,950 48,100 260, 702 695,916 -56,627 6,188 928, 719 815,021 21,473 46,957 28 2,979 7,122 155 •29 -92 -351 -26 1,785 977 -232 10 -222 -16 -6,351 -492 4,394 99,614 7,336 49, 462 1,021 16,627 18,108 5,157 49,590 48,472 165,511 72.2 -31.0 -27.8 51.3 106.6 172.2 89.2 -33.2 180.3 21.7 -53.0 -46.9 -12.9 -45.3 -18.0 2.9 -28. 4 -54.8 -20.4 -29.3 6.9 196.3 107.0 46.9 79.3 -9.0 358.3 323.5 272.1 23.3 39.4 (') 196.6 257.3 61.3 6.1 -32.7 -88.9 187.3 61.4 -85.0 (1) -73.0 -38.2 -11.2 19.2 303.7 598.9 225.3 92.0 102.2 209.5 73.2 40.6 80.3 16.1 PEODUCTION (bushels). 1909 173,344,212 428,617 2,062,189 26,705,278 98,997,430 409, 615 119,922 181,346 9,785,511 34,654,304 106,674 20,764 285,008 9,021 4,676 2.474 1,922,868 3,082 136,239 669,279 234,298 1,613,559 2, 132, 101 22,156,041 34,927,773 10,964,184 134,253 26,365,758 22,396,130 1,987,516 2,221,816 422 135,454 253,649 8,407 7,535 3,483 655 10 65,59€ 53,201 372 753 1,267 127,641 52,438 753,268 4,598,292 189,057 1,889,342 43,490 1,008,442 891,471 412, 149 5,834,615 2,377,735 26,441,954 1899 119,634,877 704,957 3,145,218 21,865,348 59, 695, 149 109,559 42,138 433, 625 3,333,342 30,305,541 252,850 46,680 380,940 14,987 6,100 3,400 2,943,250 4,790 197, 178 1,053,240 260,550 686,580 1,165,288 18,699,690 24,314,240 18,059,060 28,969 6,752,060 7,031,760 2,034,910 1,474,150 40 42,660 53,346 3,660 4,237 3,106 2,290 320 17,772 21,636 2,400 330 2,809 110 • 350,340 80,366 844, 140 969,214 29,690 531,240 24, 107 458,776 252,140 224,035 3,641,056 1,615,150 25,149,335 Increase. Amount. Per cent, 53,709,335 -276,340 -1,083,029 4,839,930 3i/, 302, 281 300,056 77,784 -252,279 6,452,169 4,348,763 -146, 176 -25,916 -95,932 -5,966 -1,424 -926 -1,020,382 -1,708 -60,939 -483,961 -26,252 926,979 966,813 3,456,351 10,613,533 -7,094,876 105,284 19,613,698 15,364,370 -47,394 747,666 382 92,894 200,303 4,747 3,298 377 -1,635 -310 47,824 31,565 -2,028 423 -1,542 -110 -222,699 -27,928 -90,872 3,629,078 159,367 1,358,102 19,383 549,666 639,331 188,114 2,193,559 862,585 1,292,619 44.9 -39.2 -34.4 22.1 65.8 273.9 184.6 -58.2 193.6 14.3 -57.8 -55.6 -25.2 -39.8 -23.3 -27.2 -34.7 -35.7 -30.9 -46.0 -10.1 135.0 829.7 18.5 43.6 -39.3 363.4 290.5 218.5 -2.3 60.7 (') 218.3 343.3 129.7 77.8 12.1 -71.4 -96.9 269.1 145.9 -84.5 128.2 -63.6 -34. 8 -10.8 374.4 536.7 255.6 80.4 119.8 253.6 84.0 60.2 56.9 5.1 1909 $92,458,571 342,659 1,414,366 15,240,518 47,400,962 276,981 79, 171 107,835 5,566,331 22,029,748 86,230 17,292 225,803 7,177 4,126 2,031 1,316,117 1,967 96,282 311,741 133,591 880,706 1,232,344 12,682,136 17,213,817 5,320,708 80,245 11,962,036 10,873,522 870,846 1,079,788 288 79,231 179,712 6,640 6,863 4,297 942 42,929 36,363 336 543 1,136 75,050 31,640 478,811 2, 322, 705 130,392 1, 100, 753 35,626 714,834 472,816 310,394 3,331,930 1,513,310 17,184,508 1899 $41,631,762 364,226 1,493,648 8,158,220 17,603,097 53,245 21,215 115,856 1,401,107 12,521,148 137,448 25,189 187,004 9,264 3,465 1,856 1,402,184 2,301 89,163 402,977 100,480 242,834 494,994 6,916,935 7,220,739 5,342,363 11,232 1,996,082 2,003,640 545,432 383,709 30 18,776 25,007 1,832 2,335 2,899 2,048 318 8,157 11,273 1,682 203 1,278 61 > 81, 163 33,364 341,308 312, 730 15,375 246,510 \ 12,475 823,985 '121,826 126,898 1,268,480 606,945 1.0,645,723 Increase. Amount. Per cent. $50,826,809 -21,567 -79,282 7,082,298 29,897,866 223,736 57,956 -8,021 4,165,224 9,508,600 -51,218 -7,897 38,799 -2,087 661 175 -86,067 -334 7,119 -91,236 33, 111 637,872 737,350 5,765,201 9,993,078 -21,655 69,013 9,965,954 8,869,982 325,414 696,079 258 60,455 154,705 3,808 4,528 1,398 -1,106 -310 34,772 24,090 -1,246 340 -142 -61 -6,104 -1,714 137,503 2,009,975 115,017 854,243 23, 151 490,849 350,990 183,496 2,063,450 906,365 6,538,785 » Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. ' Includes Indian Territory. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. RYE— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] 389 Table 29 DIVISION OR STATE. United States — Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atl.vntic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Teimessee , Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas , Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAcmc: Washington Oregon , California , 1909 2,195,561 13,221 472,132 968,568 470,582 157,546 50,091 5,926 32,115 25,390 292 260 1,115 3,476 477 7,601 130,540 60,032 272,560 67,912 83,440 58,973 419,020 339,213 266,567 42,042 20,001 48,188 13,778 62,827 17,179 1,017 28,093 13 47,890 15,679 48,685 2,958 12,352 859 26,813 22,798 437 43 1,080 19 4,291 536 6,034 3,295 1,516 15,715 257 21 5,234 43 5,450 12,913 7,027 1890 2,054,292 18,655 556,431 676,303 556,406 114,319 35,985 10,582 9,519 76,092 611 350 2,264 4,657 691 10,282 177,416 68,967 310,048 17,583 43,562 78,869 174,096 362,193 118,869 89,172 21,233 27,995 39,253 178,920 80,964 1,103 21,621 22 31,534 13,758 28,074 4,256 13,185 766 17,618 16,556 1,708 103 2,883 55 >3,660 3,984 2,003 1,304 1,006 2,148 48 15 2,866 129 3,077 10,090 62,925 Increase. Amount. Per ct 141,269 -5,434 -84,299 292,255 -85,824 43,227 14,106 -4,656 22,596 -50,702 -319 -90 -1,149 -1,081 -114 -2,681 -46,876 65 -37,488 50,329 39,878 -19,896 244,924 -22,980 147,098 -47,130 -1,232 20,193 -25,475 -116,093 -63,785 -86 6,472 -9 16,356 1,921 20,611 -1,298 -833 93 9,196 6,242 -1,271 -60 -1,803 -36 631 -3,448 4,031 1,991 510 13,567 209 6 2,368 2,373 2,823 -55,898 6.9 -29.1 -15.1 43.2 -15.4 37.8 39.2 -44.0 237.4 -66.6 -62.2 -26.7 -60.8 -23.7 -19.3 -26.1 -26.4 0.1 -12.1 286.2 91.6 -26.2 140.7 -6.3 124.3 -62.9 -6.8 72.1 -64.9 -64.9 —78.8 -7.8 29.9 (') 61.9 14.0 73.4 -30.6 -6.3 12.1 52.2 37.7 -74.4 -58.3 -62.5 (>) 17.2 -86.5 201.2 152.7 50.7 631.6 (>) (') 82.6 -66.7 77.1 28.0 production (bushels). 1909 29,520,467 230,458 6,458,475 13,443,196 6,907,788 1,322,474 400,709 49, 137 439,767 268,453 4,815 4,534 16,689 59,183 7,546 137,692 2,010,601 951,271 3,496,603 921,919 1,121,689 787,519 6,814,394 4,797,776 4,426,028 570,996 205,813 689,233 194,672 660,631 160,416 11,423 357,562 190 438,345 148,676 280,431 20,631 69,937 5,279 255,532 140,925 3,736 516 7,354 193 37,240 4,350 111,214 40,241 20,479 198,025 2,913 261 65,754 880 50,746 147,024 70,683 1899 25,568,625 317,964 7,207,830 9,199,566 6,798,638 862,549 275,363 104,627 123,458 678,630 9,290 6,320 31,950 60,294 7,710 203,400 2,431,670 831,410 3,944,750 257,120 664,300 1,104,670 2,130,870 5,142,606 1,866,150 1,179,970 220,338 368,240 464,860 1,901,820 807,26(f 12,380 279,550 290 246,834 111,031 133,730 19,372 54,492 4,870 155,365 107,912 11,123 963 19,125 372 « 42,360 42,770 33,120 16,580 15,580 26,180 1,064 190 28,630 2,114 44,945 109,234 524,451 Increase. Amount. Per ct 3,951,832 -87,506 -749,355 4,243,630 109,150 459,925 125,346 -55,490 316,309 -410, 177 -4,476 -786 -15,261 -1,111 -165 -65,708 -421,069 119,861 -448, 147 664,799 557,289 -317, 151 3,683,524 -344,831 2,559,878 -608,974 -14,525 320,993 -260, 188 -1,241,189 -646,845 -957 78,012 -100 191,511 37,645 146,701 1,259 5,445 409 100, 167 33,013 -7,387 -447 -11,771 -179 -5, 120 -38,420 78,094 23,661 4,899 171,845 1,849 71 37, 124 -1,234 5,801 37,790 -453,768 15.5 -27.6 -10.4 46.1 1.6 53.3 46.6 -53.0 256.2 -60.4 -48.2 -14.8 -47.8 -1.8 -2.1 -32.3 -17.3 14.4 -11.4 258.6 98.8 -28.7 172.9 -6.7 137.2 -61.6 -6.6 87.2 -67.2 -65.3 -80.1 -7.7 27.9 -34.5 77.6 33.9 109.7 6.5 10.0 8.4 64.5 30.6 -66.4 -46.4 -61.6 -48.1 -12.1 235.8 142.7 31.4 656.4 173.8 37.4 129.7 -58.4 12.9 34.6 -86.5 1909 920,421,812 206,852 4,959,172 9,011,568 4,216,576 1,106,617 337,152 41,165 300,134 242,576 4,388 4,680 14,633 52,396 7,007 123,848 1,578,408 707,260 2,673,514 636,276 743,782 523,374 3,944,616 3,163,520 2,679,987 357,220 156,852 411,728 115, 126 383,736 111,927 252,691 136 344,241 122,258 269,666 32, 197 69,366 7,995 202,534 129,846 4,314 459 6,834 236 30,364 3,731 82,669 28,976 14,791 123,530 2,650 239 46,338 941 43,974 132,756 65,846 1899 112,290.640 178,971 3,906,606 4,381,609 2,700,264 493,519 166,526 56,281 64,659 342,105 6,126 3,529 18,012 34,291 4,751 112,262 1,393,313 442,446 2,070,847 128,072 266,487 509,688 1,033,416 2,443,946 783,852 480,817 103, 192 138,771 164,860 712,759 316,013 5,831 141,433 162 124, 195 58,784 86,228 18,405 62,937 5,544 88,315 68,381 9,075 756 11,428 323 « 17,108 27,362 16,546 8,328 9,574 13,876 701 157 13,761 1,716 23,566 67,053 251,486 Increase. Amount. Perct, $8,131,272 27,881 1,052,566 4,629,959 1,516,312 613,098 170,626 -15,116 235,476 -99,529 -1,738 1,151 -3,479 18,105 2,256 11,586 185,096 264,804 602,667 508,204 477,295 13,686 2,911,200 719,574 1,896,135 -123,597 53,660 272,957 -49,734 -329,023 -204,086 2,338 111,258 -27 220,046 63,474 183,338 13,792 16,428 2,451 114,219 61,464 -4,761 -296 -4,594 -87 13,196 -23,631 66,123 20,648 6,217 109,654 1,949 82 32,577 -776 20,408 65,703 -185,640 I Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. > Includes Indian Territory. 390 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. BUCKWHEAT— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. States are not named when the acreage was less than 1,000 in 1909.] Table 30 DIVISION OR STATE. TTnlted States Gkoqeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Cente-il: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee 1909 878,048 28,725 592, 159 139,971 25,955 84,864 4,772 121 316 1,165 15,552 1,052 7,659 1,630 2,797 286,276 13,155 292,728 26,073 6,995 4,696 75,909 26,298 10,309 9,066 1,676 1,039 1,904 1,205 4,002 10,388 25,481 33,323 11,606 1,887 2,867 1899 807,060 42,767 555,464 123,357 27,505 55,542 1,267 107 158 893 25,292 1,835 9,910 2,262 3,423 289,862 15,762 249,840 13,071 8,684 6,220 55,669 39,713 6,700 13,834 2,715 1,121 232 1,652 8,047 19,251 21,410 5,168 84 1,173 Increase. Amount. Percent 70,988 -14,042 36,695 16,614 -1,550 29,322 3,505 14 ij 158 272 -9,740 -783 -2,251 -632 -626 -3,586 -2,607 42,888 13,002 -1,689 -1,524 20,240 -13,415 3,609 -4,768 -1,039 -82 1,672 225 2,350 2,341 6,230 11,913 6,438 1,803 1,694 8.8 -32.8 6.6 13.5 -5.6 52.8 276.6 13.1 100.0 30.5 -38.5 -42.7 -22.7 -27.9 -18.3 -1.2 -16.5 17.2 99.5 -19.4 -24.6 36.4 -33.8 53.9 -34.5 -38.3 -7.3 720.7 23.0 142.3 29.1 32.4 55.6 124.6 (>) 144.4 pbodttction (bushels). 1909 14,849,332 602,715 10,701,643 1,897,474 349,316 1,216,608 51,525 987 7,931 21, 133 316,782 26,312 174,394 32', 926 61,751 5,691,745 212,548 4,797,350 483,410 84,991 68,125 958,119 302,829 144,861 120,659 20,289 17,066 28,551 9,876 53,903 152,216 332,222 533,670 144, 186 18,074 33,249 1899 11,833,615 807,336 7,972,605 1,427,420 292,669 704, 147 9,552 924 2,152 16,710 468,320 43,360 196,010 36,034 62,962 3,815,350 234,275 3,922,980 164,305 102,340 65,050 605,830 489,895 82,687 151, 120 21,480 10,760 2,790 8,629 23,980 115,950 244,321 267,257 52,572 879 8,597 Increase. Amount. 3, 615, 817 -204,621 2,729,038 470,054 56,647 512,461 41,973 63 5,779 4,423 -151,538 -17,048 -21,616 -3,108 -11,211 1,876,395 -21,727 874,370 319, 105 -17,349 3,075 352,289 -187,066 62, 174 -30,561 -1,191 6,306 25,761 1,247 29,923 36,266 87,901 266,413 91,614 17, 195 24,652 32.2 -25.3 34.2 32.9 19.4 72.8 439.4 6.8 268.6 26.5 -32.4 -39.3 -11.0 -8.6 -17.8 49.2 -9.3 22.3 194.2 -17.0 4.7 68.1 -38.2 75.2 -20.2 -5.5 58.6 923.3 14.5 124.8 31.3 36.0 99.7 174.3 1,956.2 286.8 1909 $9,330,592 400,081 6,625,613 1,222,109 230,356 791,646 37,268 854 6,920 15,945 189,516 17,842 122,060 24,678 45,532 3,687,558 141,997 2,895,968 303,220 56,617 48,040 594,748 219,484 89,058 86,941 16,296 9,135 16,816 7.221 30,839 99,216 196, 196 351,171 113,677 12,028 25,078 1899 85,747,853 350,148 4,112,076 762,559 164,305 341,567 5,355 744 1,397 9,702 185,836 19,334 90,276 20,930 33,346 2,045,737 120,479 1,945,860 87,242 51,300 36,225 306,311 281,481 43,741 84,842 12,079 7,439 2,073 5,109 10,773 58,623 111,731 134,893 25,482 615 4,( Increase. Amount. Percent, $3,582,739 49,933 2,613,437 459,560 66,051 449,979 31,913 110 6,523 6,243 3,680 -1,492 31,775 3,748 12,186 1,541,821 21,518 960,098 215,978 5,317 11,815 288,437 -61,997 45,317 2,099 4,217 1,696 14,743 2,112 20,066 40,593 84,465 216,278 88,095 11,413 20,388 62.3 14.3 61.1 60.3 .40.2 131.7 695.9 14.8 395.3 64.3 2.0 -7.7 36.2 17.9 36.5 75.4 17.9 247.6 10.4 32.6 94.2 -22.0 103.6 2.5 34.9 22.8 711.2 41.3 186.3 69.2 75.6 160.3 345.7 1,855.8 434.7 > Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. EMMER AND SPELT— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909. [States are not named when the acreage was less than 1,000 in 1909.] Table 31 division or state. TTnlted States . . . Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic .... East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central, Mountain Pacific Middle Atlantic: New York East North Central: Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Acreage. 573,622 202 1,795 14,941 522,487 13,295 18,644 1,861 1,382 1,633 6,742 6,090 Production (bushels). 12,702,710 5,418 42,993 371,864 11,672,769 6, 2, 139, 407, 55, 33,890 41, 154, 166, Value. $5, 584, 050 4, 28, 212, 5,009, 4, 1, 81. 205, 35, 22,110 division oe state. West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas West South Central: Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Wyoming Colorado Acreage. 30,891 7,256 7,935 101, 144 259,611 65,681 49,969 8,659 4,624 1,308 1,521 15,523 Production (bushels). 757,339 139,839 104,540 2,564,732 6,098,982 1,221,975 785,362 94,680 44,316 39,830 35,677 324,713 Value. $338,841 65,436 47,543 1,102,782 2,627,533 484,791 342.846 64.690 27,118 24.643 22,918 153.068 FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 391 KAFIR CORN AND MILO MAIZE— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. States are not named when the acreage was less than 1,000 in 1909.] Table 32 ACREAGE. PRODUCTION (BUSHELS). VALUE. DIVISION OR STATE. 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1S99 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase. Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. Amount. 1 Per cent. XTnited States 1,636,153 266,513 1,368,640 513.6 17,697,306 5,169,113 12,428,192 240.4 $10,816,940 91,367,046 $9,449,900 ! 691.3 Geographic divisions: 48 686 1,185 404,433 230 493 1,107,406 76,436 44,336 48 685 1,048 246,840 190 470 1,019,066 76,279 24, 114 1,772 11,647 22,779 5,372,284 3,561 6,453 10,536,612 703,484 938,713 1,772 11,633 19,967 2,253,240 2,943 5,829 8,916,022 698,659 518,127 1,084 8,203 14,242 3,219,619 2,918 4,998 6,330,665 509,163 726,048 1,084 8,196 13,354 2,415,209 2,611 4,714 5,964,863 507,104 532,765 Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central.... South Atlantic 1 137 157,693 40 23 88,340 157 20,222 (>) 765.0 156.6 (») (>) 1,153.5 48,585.4 119.2 14 2,812 3,119,044 618 624 1,620,590 4,825 420,586 (') 710.1 72.2 476.2 934.1 650.2 14,479.8 123.2 7 888 804,410 307 284 366,802 2,059 193,283 1,503.8 300.2 850.5 East South Central West South Central Mountain 1,659.9 1,630.6 24,628.6 Pacific 276.6 ' West North Central: Missouri 13,543 2,016 388,495 1,294 632,615 673,384 11,971 63,670 44,308 1,990 742 154,706 109 i65,418 22,813 18 138 20,218 11,663 1,274 233,789 1,186 467,097 650,671 11,953 63,432 24,090 680.6 171.7 151.1 1,087.2 714.0 2,413.4 (•) 45,966.2 119.2 228,386 ! 38,497 20,212 13,607 5,115,415 3,063,781 15,284 1,722 4,668,752 «1. 136.772 189,889 6,605 2,051,634 13,662 3,621,980 6,378,348 138,932 638,877 617,697 493.2 48.6 67.0 787.6 309.8 1,115.6 46,003.3 12,0-17.2 123.1 152,246 15,712 3,046,799 12,074 2,631,036 3,785,463 94,486 392,393 725,704 12,836 6,189 785,276 808 •234,980 130,014 131 1,778 193,244 139,410 10,523 1,086.1 Nebraska 202.8 Klansas 2,261,523 ! 288.0 West South Central: 11,266 2,296,056 3,655,449 94,365 390,615 532,460 1,394.3 Oklahoma 977.1 Texas 6,860,444 139,234 643,350 938,049 482,096 302 4,473 420,452 2,811.6 72,026.7 21,969.1 275.5 Mountain and Pacitic: Colorado New Mexico California > Per cent not calculated where base b less than 100. ' Includes Indian Territory. ROUGH RICE— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES : 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 33 acreage. production (bushels). 1 VALUE. DIVISION OR STATE. 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase. Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. Amount. Per cent. United Stateg 1610,175 342,214 267,961 78.3 121,838,580 9,002,886 12,835,694 142.6 1 $16,019,607 $6,329,662 $9,690,045 183.1 Geographic divisions: South Atlantic 27,080 660 682,623 127,369 4,424 210,421 -100,289 -3,864 372,102 -78.7 -87.3 176.8 713,966 10,006 21,114,548 2,470,726 69,934 6,472,227 -1,756,760 -49,928 14,642,321 -71.1 -83.3 226.2 691,372 10,547 16,317,648 2,000,996 69,455 4,269,111 -1,309,624 -48,908 11,048,537 65 5 East South Central West South Central -82.3 258.8 South Atlantic: Virgmia 25 22,279 77,657 21,998 5,410 2,329 2,095 25 201,685 8,711 -26 -21,768 -68,166 -16,553 -4,787 -2,060 -1,814 27,394 116,833 228,875 157 283,906 1,703,602 401,963 81,097 33,343 26,591 310 6,213,397 258,520 -157 -272,649 -1,162,032 -253,266 -68,756 -28,173 -21,755 1,282,520 4,626,576 8,733,225 94 208,475 1,366,628 338,667 87,332 30,891 28,564 235 4,044,489 224,387 -94 -198,206 -846,528 -192,754 -72,042 -25,712 -23,196 1,157,868 4,008,733 5,881,936 521 19,491 6,445 623 279 281 27,419 317,518 237,686 -97,7 -74.9 -70.7 -88.6 -88.0 -86.6 (») 67.4 2,627.4 11,357 641,670 148,698 12,341 5,170 4,836 1,282,830 10,839,973 8,991,745 -96.0 -68.2 -63.0 -84.8 -84.5 -81.8 413,709.7 74.5 3,378.2 10,269 620,000 145,813 15,290 5,179 5,368 1, 158, 103 8,053,222 6,106,323 95.1 South Carolina -61.9 56 9 Georgia Florida -82.6 -83.2 81.2 East South Central: Alabama Mississippi West South Central: 492,680.9 99.1 2,621.4 Texas 1 Includes 12 acres, 60 bushels, valued at $40, in stated not shown. * Per cent not calculated where base Is less than 100. ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. OTHEB GBAINS AND SEEDS. According to ordinary usage, the term "grain" refers to the several cereals only, but it is sometimes applied to other seeds also, such as beans and peas and pea- nuts. The more comprehensive definition conforms to the usage of the Department of Agriculture, which has been adopted by the Census Bureau. Among the other seeds are included flaxseed, grass seed, flower and vegetable seeds, etc. The combined value of the production of the minor grains and seeds, of which the most important are beans, peas, peanuts, flaxseed, grass seed, and flower and vegetable seeds, amounted in 1909 to $97,536,000, representing 1.8 per cent of the total value of all crops, including forest and nur- sery products. The statistics of acreage were not tabulated for grass seeds, or flower and vegetable seeds, chiefly for the reason that in many cases the raising of these seeds was incidental to the produc- tion of hay and forage crops and of flowers and vege- tables, so that a presentation of the acreage would involve dupUcation. The total acreage of the minor grains and seeds for which acreage reports were se- cured amounted in 1909 to 5,157,000, or 1.1 per cent of the improved farm land of the country. Dry edible beans. — Table 34 shows the statis- tics for dry edible beans. It does not include beans used green from vegetable gardens nor varieties of beans which are used mainly for feeding animals, such as horse beans, stock beans, and velvet beans, nor castor beans (the total acreage of which is very small). Beans used green from gardens are included with vegetables. The acreage of dry edible beans in 1909 was 802,991, forming only 0.2 per cent of the total improved farm acreage of the country. The acreage in 1909 was 76.9 per cent greater than in 1899, and the production, which amounted^ to 11,251,000 bushels in 1909, was considerably more than twice as great. The value of the product increased from $7,634,000 in 1899 to $21,771,000 m 1909, or 185.2 per cent, the average value per bushel having advanced from $1.51 to $1.94. The value of the crop raised in 1909 represented 0.4 per cent of that of all crops. The East North Central division contained more than half of the total acreage of dry edible beans in the countiy in 1909. Other divisions with large acreages were the Pacific and Mddle Atlantic, but in the latter the acreage was less in 1909 than in 1899. The total acreage of the various other kinds of beans (not reported as dry edible beans or as beans used green from gardens) was 14,947 in 1909, as com- pared with 25,738 in 1899; the production was 179,733 bushels ha 1909 and 143,388 in 1899; and the value $241,060 in 1909, as compared with $134,084 in 1899. DRY EDIBLE BEANS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 34 DIVISION OE STATE. United States... Geographic divs. : New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan.-. Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada PAanc: Washington Oregon California 1909 1899 802,991 16,619 117,370 422,256 9,189 25,776 18,481 3,551 30,847 158,902 10,341 3,180 2,390 446 54 208 115,698 403 1, 1,139 1,721 1,153 403,669 14,574 4, 615 1,281 544 809 1,173 70 55 1196 14,777 18,111 1 5,521 11,528 1 2,947 1 2,641 1 12,434 13,398 11,557 11,092 1819 1311 1575 11,846 342 1,915 273 5,040 20,766 2,301 196 14 353 562 157,987 453,841 16,734 131,681 188,292 12,495 30,492 14,110 5,458 7,581 46,998 10,252 2,892 2,404 629 216 341 129,298 201 2,182 1, 2,999 3,451 167,025 12,989 3,290 2,427 4,376 270 397 887 848 100 605 1 6,411 5,221 5,381 1,657 1,927 9,189 5,633 5,563 1,765 1,149 1,490 335 »755 2,878 101 457 26 2,634 3,349 805 176 33 841 45,861 production (bushels). 1909 11,251,160 145,111 1,696,468 5,472,850 94,841 162,853 114,022 25,052 200,402 3,339,561 87,565 22,546 26,359 4,979 817 2,845 1,681,506 2,941 12,021 13,665 15,238 6,866 5,282,511 154,570 62,822 5, — 9,385 5,073 5,285 5,941 636 648 1,833 29,435 39,794 35,937 6,825 16,546 31,835 70,557 19,526 15,212 8,727 4,080 5,557 2,520 12,895 2,958 33,816 1,876 53,926 85,795 18,457 3,352 222 3,311 8,032 3,328,218 1899 5,064,490 212, 1,387, 2,028, 128, 373, 126, 53, 80, 673, 137,290 29,990 27,172 7,"" 3,330 6,428 1,360,445 2,888 23,957 19,042 30,171 30,122 1,806,413 143,182 36,317 24,903 45,647 2,389 4,218 7, 7,284 1,333 4,754 12 56,189 52,815 49,518 14,925 17,489 176,304 49,106 48,736 17,865 11,162 15,682 3,371 »6,130 28,129 1,110 5, — 285 28,570 36,022 6,637 536 3,830 11,077 658,515 1909 1899 $21,771,482 $7,633,636 432,501 3,723,350 10,054,082 199,498 291,885 189,809 45,717 506,185 6,328,455 275,334 62,783 72,873 12,382 2,084 7,045 3,689,064 6,150 28,136 30,082 30,929 12,842 9,716,315 263,914 124,996 12,428 20,354 12,862 12,575 14,962 1,321 1,387 3,342 61,864 81,049 57,528 12,778 30,018 43,919 105,309 40,966 19,887 23,647 6,588 6,982 5,942 26,205 8,511 76,314 5,018 128,701 232,023 44,997 10,006 615 9,656 23,342 6,295,457 437,110 2,517,273 2,692,908 194,441 377,428 142,511 68,574 153,204 1,050,187 290,885 62,799 51,629 15,088 6,477 10,232 2,472,668 5,886 38,719 33,307 46,281 46,084 2,361,020 206,216 49,685 38,296 73,850 3,872 6,448 12,805 9,485 1,822 7,038 38 66,066 80,494 50,703 13,936 17,982 139,349 57,672 57,660 15,507 11,672 17,046 3,948 » 6,928 40,652 2,221 9,979 746 49,169 73,001 12,700 4,085 1,303 7,034 20,567 1,022,586 1 A considerable amount of this acreage is probably a duplication of other crop acreage. • Includes Indian Territory. Dry peas. — Table 35 presents statistics for dry peas; it does not cover green peas, which are included under "vegetables." In 1909 the acreage of dry peas in the United States as a whole was 1,305,099, equivalent to 0.3 per cent of the total improved farm acreage of the country. Although the acreage reported in 1909 was 34.8 per cent greater than in 1899, the production (7,129,000 bushels) showed a decrease of 24.5 per cent. On ac- FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 393 count of the material increase in the average value per bushel, however, the total value of the crop ad- vanced from $7,909,000 in 1899 to $10,964,000 in 1909, when it constituted 0.2 per cent of the total value of all farm crops. DRY PEAS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 35 DIVISION OR STATE. United Statei.... Geographic divs.: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central.. West North Central . South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. North Central: Ohio TiMUftym Ullnois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa , Missouri , North Dakota South Dakota ;. Nebraska Tfansa-i SoirrH Atlantic: Delaware , Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. Sodth Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma. Texas MotlNTAIN: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon Caluomia 1909 1, SOS, 099 824 4,185 227,430 27,635 667,705 203,229 138,902 28,598 6,591 537 122 127 30 4 4 4,00V 91 87 323 13,082 41,076 94,932 78,017 835 731 23,036 399 1,783 26 825 1,615 »742 1899 968, 370; 3,050 15,275 154,216 7,943 440,378 251,851 81,033 7,733 6,891 > 12,091 1232 > 169,934 > 265,632 » 210,315 •7,144 « 8,465 136,640 « 85,034 » 73,090 » 52,730 133,150 > 6,245 » 46,777 1,184 234 328 24,230 »2,485 13 126 3,196 436 2,959 2,300 146 408 122 45 29 14,748 45 482 506 533 12,982 71,376 68,819 6701 1,556| 5,319 84 371 126, 161, 51* 947| 22,206 323' 88,407 143,070 167,032 17,875: 8,394 82,S4L 91, 126: 69,490 31,414! 15, 190: »455 33,974 1,512 170 13 3,621 2,220 50 143 4 3,573 1,304 2,014 PRODUCTION (BUSHELS). 1909 1899 7,129,294 9,440,210 7,784 73,358 2,603,773 164,873 2,242,- 882,471 678,746 328,201 157,844 244 3, 4,963 934 1,262 480 73 72 71,486 3,041 88,254 185,020 1,162,403 1,166,065 14,964 9,007 109,367 6,643 10,698 169 5,235 12,521 6,603 66,488 1,«0 651,567 711,853 48,130 259,068 2,351,614 96,144 ,568,991 2,099,677 730,703 114, 180 171,813 35,991 1,533 6,946 2,259 940 462 251,889 806 6,363 7,521 7,357 103,386 1,134,431 1,098,819 9,021 27,606 54,763 710 462 1,686 2,006 4,650 12,459 1909 1899 $10,963,72917,908,966 15,348 121,369 3,396,025 241,082 3,805,792 1,660,726 1,095,149 495, 132 233,116 58,506 239,095 1,639,048 106,461 2,874,088 1,962,651 766,548 92,708 169,871 219, 142 3,613 876, 167 1,162,705 736,0091,130,441 56,713 159,814 44,772 133,924 418,007 285,768 229,444 161,659 33,282 264,361 21,670 4,875 9,231 258,281 30,829 93 3,222 91,032 9,344 57,468 83,089 760,663 665,388 690,637 245,894 146,298 « 5,049 333,462 32,265 2,S06| 232 47,461 28, 071 1 866 2,694 85 91,899 22,615 57,299 10,134 1,955 2,092 944 102 121 117,558 1,711 2,100 5,298 133,996 273,373 1,337,430 1,646,928 18,384 11,609 180,391 8,368 11,223 308 10,739 25,278 11,143 127,211 3,312 1,024,228 1,311,464 1,204,783 98,383 84,514 246,434 660,270 670,608 376,076 252,362 63,857 402,854 37,757 9,160 9,552 397,540 35,077 293 5,763 116,066 16,035 101,016 44,618 2,210 7,730 2,125 1,195 628 230,609 868 7,618 7,410 7,348 110,554 689,133 824,603 9,338 24,473 66,701 1,001 591 2,041 2,306 6,086 12,725 218,477 3,731 649, 194 869,932 953,241 171,702 90,739 767,840 536,793 567,279 255,709 156,843 > 4,690 349,306 33,273 4,068 305 29,906 20,365 1,205 3,504 92 78,124 21,114 70,633 ' A considerable amount of this acreage is probably a duplication of other crop acreage. ' Includes Indian Territory. The leading division with respect to acreage of dry peas is the South Atlantic, which in 1909 reported more than half of the total, but the production in this division was less in 1909 than that in the East North Central division, which ranked second in acreage. The marked increase reported in the acreage devoted to this crop in the South Atlantic division is probably- more apparent than real, inasmuch as peas are often planted in conjunction with some other crop, and it seems certain that for 1 909 the enumerators more fre- quently duplicated such acreage in their reports than they did for 1899. The East South Central and West South Central divisions ranked third and fourth, respec- tively, in acreage and production in 1909. Peannts. — Table 36 shows that the production of peanuts is practically confined to the southern states. PEANUTS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 36 STATE. TXnited States Alabama Arkansas California Florida Georgia Kansas Louisiana Mississippi Missouri New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolbia Tennessee Texas Virginia AH other states 1909 1899 869,887 100,609 10,192 99 126,150 160,317 48 25,020 13,997 130 126 195, 134 1,564 7,596 18,952 64,327 145,213 413 616,664 78,878 5,233 433 69,452 100,589 2251 3, 1071 5,853 271 II 96,856 >2,205 7, 162i 19,634 10,734 116,914 207 PRODUCTION (BUSHELS). 1909 19,415 1,573; 168, 2, 2,315, 2,569, 2, 412, 284, 3, 1, 6,980, 31, 154, 547, 1,074, 4,284, 7, 1890 11,964,109 1,021,708' 78,237 15,461 967,927 1, 435, 775 4,516 45,713 95,738 6,679 10 3,460,439 » 50, 428 131,710 747,668 184,860 3,713,347 3,893 1909 918,271, 1,490, 183, 2, 2,146, 2,440, 2, 422, 317, 4, 2, 5,368, 34, 144, 386, 1,075, 4,239, 9, 1899 92917, 654 ,270,515 583,223 69,632 12,650 699, 713 935,749 4,306 44,785 89,350 6,407 12 852,110 » 30, 190 106,018 392,648 178,542 261,148 4,032 1 Includes Indian Territory. The acreage of peanuts in 1909 was 869,887, repre- senting 0.2 per cent of the total improved farm acreage in the country as a whole. In the South the propor- tion of the improved farm acreage that was devoted to peanuts was 0.6 per cent. The total acreage of peanuts in the United States in 1909 was 68.4 per cent greater than in 1899, and the production in 1909, 19,416,000 bushels, was 62.3 per cent greater than 10 years before. The value of the crop in 1909, $18,272,000, which formed 0.3 per cent of the total value of all crops, was more than two and one-half times as great as that in 1899. The average value per bushel increased from $0.61 to $0.94. The leading states in the produc- tion of peanuts are North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia, Florida, and Alabama, in the order named, the acre- age in each of these states in 1909 exceeding 100,000. Other states in which there has been a very marked increase in the acreage of peanuts are Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Flaxseed. — In the United States flax is raised pri- marily for the sake of the seed, much less use being made of the fiber than in some of the other countries where this crop is grown. The production of flaxseed, as shown by Table 37, is almost wholly confined to the North Central and Mountain divisions. The total acreage in flax in 1909 was 2,083,142, or 0.4 per cent of the total improved farm acreage of the country, and the total production was 19,513,000 bushels. Both acreage and production in 1909 were 894 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. slightly less than in 1899, but the value increased from $19,625,000 in 1899 to $28,971,000 in 1909, or 47.6 per cent, the average value per bushel increasing from $0.98 to $1.48. In 1909 the value of this crop repre- sented 0.5 per cent of the total for all crops. The values given in the table represent the seed only. The Census Bureau did not undertake to ascertain the total value of flax straw produced, but an inquiry was made as to the amount received from sales of flax straw and flax fiber, an item which probably represents approxi- mately the value of the straw produced, since it is used but little on the farm. The reported receipts from sales of flax straw and fiber in 1909 amounted to $90,832. FLAXSEED— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 37 STATE. TJnited States California Colorado Idaho HUnois Indiana Iowa Kansas Louisiana Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New York North Dakota. . . Ohio Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota... Washington Wisconsin Wyoming All other states. . 1909 .083,142 240 2,887 81 115 39 15,549 45,014 312 261 358,426 20,630 37,647 2,934 58 ,068,049 552 1,036 38 518,566 9,423 1,110 174 1899 ,110,517 904 434 17,239 394 171 126,453 192, 167 566,801 100,952 16 7,652 159 773,999 3,092 13,544 2,016 302,010 149 11,263 219 PRODUCTION (BUSHELS). 1909 1899 19,512,76519, 1,882! 13,462 1,156 179 140,906 302,491 2,215 2,943 3,277,238 154,532 447,484 20,647 400 10,245,684 4,' " 9,093 391 4,759,794 14 118, 793 5,983 2,061 979,492 12,610 1,820 134, 180 4,336 1,394 413,380 417,770 9,309 ,895,479 611,888 220 54,394 1,350 ,766,610 29,821 20,110 8,740 ,452,528 850 140,765 1,938 1909 $28,970, 3, 17, 1, 182, 327, 4, 4, 4,863, 168, 676, 30, 15,488, 6, 11, 7,001, 1899 167, 7, 3, 554 $19; 2241 485 916 548 245 569 402 920 951 328 771 945 135 837 016 307 345 567 717 20 624,931 10,559 1,851 121,682 4,705 1,412 380, 102 262,487 10,108 1,898,556 519,929 268 53,793 1,485 ',735,640 28,935 116,622 8,564 !, 422, 269 767 143,239 1.5 1 Includes Indian Territory. The acreage of flax in North Dakota in 1909 was more than half of the total for the country. South Dakota ranked next and Minnesota third, while no other state had as much as 50,000 acres. Between 1899 and 1909 there was a marked falling off in the acreage of flax in Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, IVIinnesota, and Missouri, but a marked increase in North Dakota and South Dakota, and in Montana, where the crop, which was insignificant in 1899, had become of considerable importance in 1909. Grass seed and flower and vegetable seeds. — Table 38 presents statistics of grass seed and flower and vegetable seeds, by states. As already stated, the acreage from which grass seed and flower and vegetable seeds were raised has not been tabulated. In some cases such acreage was not reported, and in many other cases it would represent a duplication of the acreage reported for hay and for- age, flowers and plants, and vegetables. The reported production of flower and vegetable seeds doubtless represents chiefly that of farms producing such seeds for sale, small quantities raised by farmers for their own use presumably being often, if not generally, omitted. Since statements of quantity for all classes of flower and vegetable seeds combined would obvi- ously have no significance, only the total value of these seeds is shown in Table 38. For the country as a whole the value in 1909 was $1,411,000. The most impor- tant states in the production of such seeds in 1909 were California, Illinois, New York, and Ohio. GRASS SEED AND FLOWER AND VEGETABLE SEEDS. Table 38 United States.. New England: Maine New Hampshire . . . Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California GRASS seed. Production (bushels). 1909 6,671,348 1899 4,865,078 527 142 601 3,397 19 765 17,879 12,804 24,454 288,605 165,488 ,289,996 151,567 262,301 945,666 ,118,044 257,872 74, 162 424,623 120,423 324,231 5,878 15,080 49,031 2,645 2,071 314 2,197 1,136 612,406 58,486 537 361 1,180 11,268 25,825 21,351 14,204 30,463 17,411 51,208 9,092 22,598 52,604 530 3,355 151,016 25,535 936 4' 168 167 536 314 11,449 5,187 50,122 388, 721 525,145 552, 705 88,541 141,766 561,973 ,292,072 278, 497 14,645 80,196 49, 972 281,388 3,515 11,100 25,104 4,384 1,646 221 506| 37 278,680 84,366 876 509 500 271 14,813 20,492 1,226 3,505 5,080 13,635 45 1,752 35,367 157 837 26,385 15,522 Value. 1909 $15,137,683 1,544 556 1,538 4,163 39 2,429 88,239 14, 799 116, 108 1,352,136 785, 041 1, 719, 420 964,655 1, 499, 401 1,496,438 1, 721, 289 756,445 99,024 594, 570 451,347 796,397 29,928 72,785 74,979 8,726 4,963 459 2,508 4,290 538, 219 92,3Sa 1,110 1,028 4, 30,343 149,070 39,135 96,103 172,012 85,120 162,822 46,935 156,840 313,814 3,363 9,388 364,852 206,034 1899 $8,228,417 flower and vegetable seeds. Value. 1909 1899 $1,411, 013 $826, 019 3,810 121 296 387 1,235 248 47,790 2,795 182,500 1,418,689 1,820,149 650,463 315,000 446,730 529,301 1,215,763 423,395 10,054 30, 141 69, 782 292, 597 14,290 46,780 40,600 16, 1091 3,921 243 442 37 198,793 104,477 1,027 1,032 2,039 500 13,332 13,974 3,682 13,785 20,206 53,295 320 6,958 127,988 938 1,546 21,460 69,397 950 1,319 2,670 291 2,564 37,302 72,991 53,300 36,316 67,303 8,414 194,626 44,106 42,583 6,645 4,853 17,726 1,075 25,914 39, 737 20,827 507 8,792 5,583 190 2,501 91 975 200 15,658 1,668 240 19 836 3,083 7,253 22,932 760 5,398 250 275 75 13,395 11,113 151 700 10 37,571 6,089 594, 724 3,082 855 463 40,692 1,900 44, 181 54,148 43,191 104,229 33,989 8,502 71,456 28,700 15,336 9,249 6,044 15,416 653 77,495 44,431 1,861 7,183 3,384 750 8,382 505 3,669 3,622 458 1,510 153 2,447 5,000 14,835 2,901 10,330 900 11,667 10,448 121,896 1 Includes Indian Territory. Table 39 shows, by geographic divisions, for 1909 and 1899, the total quantity and value of grass seed produced, and also, for 1909, the production and value of the leading classes. The acreage of grass seed is not shown, for the reason that in most cases it would involve duplication of the acreage reported for the grasses themselves under hay and forage crops. The total value of the grass seed produced in 1909 was $15,138,000, which constitutes 0.3 per cent of the FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 395 total value of farm crops and represents an increase of 84 per cent over the value in 1899. Much the larger part of the production of grass seed, considered as a group, was reported from the West and East North Central divisions. As measured by value, clover seed is the most important kind of grass seed, followed by timothy and alfalfa. The East North Central division leads in the production of clover seed, the West North Central in that of timothy seed and millet seed, and the Moimtain in that of alfalfa seed. GRASS SEED— PRODUCTION AND VALUE. Table 39 TTnited States New England liiddlc Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific AH. GRASS SEED. Production (bushels). 1909 6,671,348 5,451 55,137 2.157,957 3,265,021 78,352 671,790 59,624 106,110 179,906 1899 Value. 1909 4,865,078 2,168 66,758 1,696,878 2,558,743 46,513 364, 431 26,076 60,767 42,744 115437,683 10,269 219, 146 6,320,653 5,915,610 198,638 632,743 223,441 1,037,009 580,274 1899 228. 417 6,097 233, OSo 651,031 571.033 122,422 305,329 19.845 227,172 92,408 CLASSES OF GRASS SEED: 1909 Clover. Produo- tion (bush- els). Vahie. 1,025. 816^6. 925, 122 500j ■ 2,066 22, 109i 164,201 746,820 5,021,888 202,259 17,365 8,200 2,118 7,931 18,514 1,373,395 115.078 58,408 11.375 55,204 122,607 Timothy. Produc- tion (bush- els). Value. 2,878,79014,018,951 1,715 27,9691 34.5, 471 ! 2,455,911 13,628 14, 159 1.497 15,106 3,334 3,868 47,280 558.557 3,329,264 21,456 17,052 2,345 32, 4.39 0,690 Alfalfa. Produc- tion (bush- els). 263,328 247 1,058 85,801 2 64 15, 194 128.913 32,049 Value. 82,051,840 2,479 5,105 713,339 20 516 147,685 911,708 270,988 Millet. Produc-I tion (bush- els). Value. 588, 270 3,014 3,483 35.215 423,778 2,293 49.534 29.166 41,699 8491,566 2,925 3,405 26.282 338,349 2,943 52,308 32,890 32,294 170 All other. Produc- tion (bush- els). 1,915,144 222 1,329 1,029,393 97,272 45,064 599,833 11,649 4,461 125,921 Value. $1,650,204 510 1.781 708,821 161,163 59, 141 604,459 29,146 5,364 179,819 Minor seeds. — Table 40 shows, for 1909, the acreage, quantity, and value of the minor seeds produced in the United States as a whole and in the states which lead in the production of each kind. Mustard seed is used mainly as a condiment and sunflower seed probably largely for poultry feed, but the other classes of seeds are for the most part raised for the purpose of planting. It is probable that the quantities reported do not represent the entire production of these classes of seeds, as they were not listed by name in the census schedule. The combined acreage of all these classes of seeds in 1909 was only 81,308, and the total value $769,000. Of the total acreage reported, 72,497 were devoted to sorghum cane seed. The quantity pro- duced was reported to be 833,707 bushels, valued at $544,322. Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, and Oklahoma lead in production. It is believed that in most cases the acreage shown in this table for seeds is separate from and additional to the acreage of the corresponding products, and therefore does not involve duplication. MINOR SEEDS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE: 1909. Table 40 KIND or 8RED AND STATE. Total Sorghum cane seed, total Colorado Ulinois Kansas Missoori Nebraska New Mexico Oklahoma Texas All other states Mustard seed: California Sunflower seed, total California Illinois Indiana Ail other states Hemp seed : Kentucky Chulas seed: Georgia Broom com seed, total... Illinois New Mexico Texas All other states Tobacco seed, total Pennsylvania All other states All other seeds' Acreage. 81,308 72, 497 704 155 53,706 4.')6 7,209 193 4,250 5,483 341 1,964 4,731 257 3,969 430 76 663 481 1,071 30 184 702 155 1 ^'^ 1 (•) Production (bushels). 833,707 9,147 3,122 656,522 6,054 83,134 1,021 30,435 38,683 5,689 » 3, 168, 270 63,677 6,865 49.004 6,330 1,488 5,416 12,531 6,833 1,011 583 1,216 4,023 1389 »200 >189 Value. $768,625 544, .',22 5,799 1,884 404,329 4,775 46,899 1,248 23,079 60,255 6,054 100,731 58,318 6,264 44,539 5,894 1,621 20,007 28,194 14, 752 5,050 1,627 3,404 4,671 1,789 1,400 389 612 Exnessed in pounds * Less than 1 acre, dudes golden seal seed and anise seed. 896 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. HAY AND FORAGE. The acreage devoted to hay and forage (Table 42) in 1909 was 72,281,000 and in 1899 was 61,691,000, repre- senting an increase of 17.2 per cent. During the same period the production increased from 79,252,000 tons in 1899 to 97,454,000 in 1909, or 23 per cent, while the value of the crop reported in 1909 was $824,000,000, or 70.2 per cent greater than that reported in 1899, $484,000,000. In 1909 hay and forage occupied 15.1 per cent of all improved farm land and contributed 15 per cent of the total value of all crops. A map on page 385 shows the distribution of the hay and forage acreage among the states. The hay and forage acreage in 1909 was equal to 37.8 per cent of that devoted to all cereals and 73.5 per cent of that occupied by com alone, but was much larger than that of any of the other cereals. It was equivalent to 15.1 per cent of the improved farm land of the country, but it may be noted that, particularly in the regions west of the Mississippi River, considerable hay is harvested on land which has never been under the plow and which is probably mostly reported as unimproved land. Of the hay and forage acreage reported in 1900 over one-third was in the West North Central division. This division has an acreage nearly twice as great as the East North Central, which ranks second, and over three times as great as the Middle Atlantic, which ranks third. Among the states with a large acreage Iowa and New York are almost equally important, each having in excess of 5,000,000 acres. One other state, Nebraska, has over 4,000,000 acres, eight other states over 3,000,000 acres, four more over 2,000,000 acres, and seven have between 1,000,000 and 2,000,000 acres. The crop is thus more widely distributed than any cereal crop. Table 41 gives the share of each geographic division and of the more important states in the hay and for- age acreage, and the percentage which the acreage of this crop forms of the total improved land in farms in each division and state, together with the average yield per acre and the average value per ton and per acre. Each of the 11 states here listed had at least 4 per cent of the total hay and forage acreage in the United States for 1909, and together they contained 58.9 per cent of this total. In only 3 of these states, Illmois, Missouri, and Kansas, does the proportion of improved land in farms which is devoted to hay and forage fall below the average for the United States. In New York the acreage of hay and forage is equal to about one- third of the improved land in farms, in Wisconsin and Pennsylvania to practically one-fourth, and in South Dakota and Minnesota to about one-fifth. During the decade the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions lost slightly in acreage, but in the other divisions the gains, both absolute and relative, were for the most part considerable. In the two divisions which lost in acreage there was a decrease in all the states except Vermont. In those divisions which had a greater acreage in 1909 than in 1899 the only states which did not share in the increase were Indiana and Kansas. Table 41 DIVISION OE STATE. United States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Pacific acreage: 1909 Per Per cent of cent of United im- States proved total, land. Iowa New York Nebraska Klansas Minnesota Missouri South Dakota. Illinois Ohio Pennsylvania. . Wisconsin 100.0 6.3 11.8 20.4 37.9 4.0 3.4 4.5 6.9 5.8 7.0 7.0 6.3 6.5 6.6 6.0 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.3 15.1 52.3 29.1 16.6 16.7 6.9 6.7 6.6 31.2 19.1 AVERAGE YIELD IN TONS PEE ACRE. 17.1 34.0 18.6 13.2 20.1 14.8 21.7 11.9 17.2 24.4 26.9 The average yield of hay and forage per acre in the United States in 1909 was 1.35 tons. This average was exceeded considerably in the Mountain and Pacific divisions, but of the more easterly divisions only the East North Central showed a yield larger than the average. The average yield per acre in the country as a whole was slightly greater in 1909 than m 1899. In one division only, the West South Cen- tral, was the yield appreciably smaller in 1909, though in three, the West North Central, East South Central, and South Atlantic, it was the same or practically the same in the two years. In only two of the states named in the table, Kansas and Itlissouri, was the yield per acre smaller in 1909 than 10 years earlier. As the result of the increases in acreage or in yield per acre there was, in every division except the West South Central, an increase in the total yield. In that division the falling off in average yield more than balanced the effect of the increased acreage. In the New England and the Middle Atlantic divisions larger crops were harvested in 1909 than in 1899, in spite of a decrease in acreage. In the East North Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions the percentages of increase in production were greater than those in acreage. In the West North Central division, where the largest crop was harvested, and in the East South Central and South Atlantic divisions the relative gain in production follows closely that in acreage. The unfavorable conditions in the Southwest are reflected by a decreased production in Oklahoma and Texas, where the acreage increased. In Kansas there was a relative decrease in production greater than that in acreage. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. HAY AND FORAGE— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 42 DIVISION OE STATE. TTnited States Geographic divlsions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . , West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific i.. New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri...... North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Wasliington Oregon California 1909 1899 72,280,776 61,691,069 3, 797, 598 8,532,793 14,750,878 27,398,258 2,856,398 2, 487, 554 3,276,291 4,965,543 4,216,463 l,255,0ir 829,817 1,030,618 519,503 61,327 401,322 6,043,373 401,315 3,088,106 3,306,461 2,300,579 3,349,435 2,715,301 3,079,102 3,946,072 6,046,185 3,628,348 2,864,218 3,436,666 4,620,034 3,957,745 80,669 398,842 962 773,577 708,900 376,795 209,767 263,167 54,729 966,377 1,052,816 , 238,656 229,705 435, 915 180,811 1,347,598 1,311,967 1,135,376 732,886 585,386 1,285,064 368,409 102,490 405,394 350,538 742, 137 939,979 2,533,347 4,050,025 8,869,016 13,528,065 22, 147, 977 2,161,201 1,513,370 2,370,292 3,582,660 3,468,563 1,270,264 615,042 1,006,376 610,023 69,776 478,666 6,164,965 444,610 3,269,441 3,016,261 2, 442, 414 3,34.3,910 2,328,498 2, 397, 982 3,167,600 4,649,378 3,481,506 1,410,534 2,287,875 2,823,652 4,337,342 74,800 374,848 1,228 612,962 601,935 229,998 106,124 137,312 21,994 683,139 645,617 85,363 99,261 239, 426 97,136 1 1, 095, 706 938,024 875,712 513,656 380,769 952,214 87,358 92,674 388,043 292,134 497,139 731, 823 2,239,601 Increase. Amount. Perot. 10,589,707 17.2 -252, 427 -336,223 1,222,813 5,250,281 695, 197 974,184 905,999 1,382,983 746,900 -16,243 -85,226 24,243 -90,620 -8,449 -77,233 -111,602 -43,296 -181,336 291,200 -141,835 6,525 386,803 681,120 788,382 396,807 146,842 1,453,684 1,147,781 1,696,382 -379,597 6,869 23,994 -266 160,616 106,966 146,797 103,643 116,845 32,736 283,238 407,199 163,303 130,444 196,489 83,676 251,892 373,943 259,664 219,230 204,617 332,850 281,051 9,816 17,351 58,404 244,998 208,156 293,746 -6.2 -3.8 9.0 23.7 32.2 64.4 38.2 38.6 21.5 -1.2 -13.9 2.4 -14.8 -12.1 -16.1 -2.2 -9.7 -6.6 9.7 -6.8 0.2 16.6 28.4 26.0 8.5 4.2 103.1 50.2 60.1 -8.8 7.8 6.4 -21.7 26.2 17.8 63.4 97.7 84.4 148.8 41.5 63.1 179.6 131.4 82.1 86.1 23.0 39.9 29.7 42.7 53.7 35.0 321.7 10.6 4.5 20.0 49.3 28.4 13.1 production (tons). 1909 97,453,736 4,659,906 11,302,178 20, 391, 562 36, 326, 167 2,917,870 2,665,716 3,383,010 8,600,736 7,306,500 1,113,096 582,454 1,502,730 831,955 80,306 549,366 7,056,429 669,442 3,677,307 4,621,409 2,880,104 4,354,466 3,632,939 6,002,644 6,096,747 7,823,181 4,091.342 3,010,401 3,651,024 6,776,476 6,936,907 103,676 477,564 2,148 823,383 639,104 369,332 186,131 261,333 65,300 957,241 1,077,836 251,403 279,236 461,817 245,815 1,417,533 1,257,845 1,692,656 1,584,365 853,515 2,241,566 431,053 269, 750 1,015,913 521,918 1,391,664 1, 587, 796 4,327,130 1899 79,251,562 4,576,865 10,551,446 16,462,276 29, 696, 529 2,194,115 1,563,909 3,519,416 5,707,443 4,979,563 1, 133, 932 653,265 1,329,972 848,950 75,410 536,336 6,319,475 465, 137 3,766,834 3,629,722 2,905,608 3,948,563 2,703,214 3,275,169 4,339,328 6,600,169 4,062,199 1,747,390 2,378,392 3,502,380 7,066,671 79,303 415, 197 2,241 627,979 641,084 246,820 108,886 150,224 22,381 655,066 679, 450 100,061 129,332 271,616 163,443 11,617,905 1,466,452 1,059,268 899, 125 462, 101 1,643,347 195,324 177,504 850,962 419, 812 826,897 1,117,400 3,035,266 Increase. Amount. Per ct 18,202,173 83,041 750,732 3,929,286 6,629,638 723, 755 1,001,807 -136,406 2,893,293 2,327,027 -20,837 -70,811 172,758 -16,995 4,896 14,030 735,054 104,305 -89,627 801,687 -26,604 405,903 929,725 1,727,475 1,607,419 1,223,012 29,143 1,263,011 1,272,632 2,274,095 -1,129,674 24,272 62,367 -93 195,404 98,020 122, 512 77,246 111, 109 32,919 302,175 398,386 151,342 149,904 190,201 82,372 -200,372 -208,607 633,388 685,240 391,414 598,219 235, 729 82,246 164,951 102,106 564,767 470, 396 1,291,864 23.0 1.8 7.1 23.9 22.3 33.0 64.1 -3.9 60.7 46.7 -1.8 -10.8 13.0 -2.0 6.6 2.6 11.6 22.4 -2.4 24.6 -0.9 10.3 34.4 52.7 39.1 18.5 0.7 72.3 63.6 64.9 -16.0 30.6 16.0 -4.2 31.1 18.1 49.6 70.9 74.0 147.1 46.1 58.6 151.2 115.9 70.0 50.4 -12.4 -14.2 59.8 76.2 84.7 36.4 120.7 46.3 19.4 24.3 68.3 42.1 42.6 1909 $824. 004. 877 59,112,700 130,611,620 184, 707, 528 211,305,443 37,836,676 29,644,661 29, 783, 321 66,442,108 74,560,820 15,115,821 7,846,143 16,335,530 11,280,989 1,309,717 7,224,500 77,360,645 7,627,402 46,623,673 42,367,364 24,883,461 40,560,220 36,040,087 40,866,396 26,724,801 59,360,226 33,845,094 12,368,014 15,243,664 31,729,691 32,033,954 1,174,473 6,011,749 25,633 10,266,998 7,492,747 4,781,562 3, 189, 122 4,056,907 847,485 10,306,344 12,617,538 3,367,132 3,363,647 4,887,139 2,433,101 9,638,648 12,824,433 12,344,606 12,099,963 6,077,354 17,282,276 4,469,709 2,653,228 7,429,901 4,185,071 17,147,648 15,225,957 42,187,215 1899 $484, 254, 703 $339, 750. 174 Increase. Amount. Per ct. 43,662,239 98,297,195 115,904,044 105,962,362 28,926,431 16,079,741 14,583,492 29,424,695 31,414,504 10,641,546 6,336,252 10, 544, 825 9,056,854 1,081,482 6,001,280 56,237,446 6,644,970 37,514,779 29,047,532 20,227,197 25,568,619 21,792,987 19,267,709 14,586,281 30,042,246 20,467,501 5,182,917 6,964,229 11,230,901 18,499,287 4,709,072 22,772 7,670,082 5,517,073 4,242,661 2,304,734 3,034,992 435,297 6,100,647 6, 811, 577 1,707,638 1,459,879 1,913,163 1,353,118 14,022,761 7,294,450 5, 974, 850 4,238,993 2,332,028 8,159,279 1,427,317 1, 362, 112 3,862,820 2,067,296 5,831,088 6,147,018 19,436,398 15,450,461 32,314,425 68,803,484 105,343,081 8,910,245 13,564,920 15, 199, 829 37,017,413 43,146,316 4,474,275 1,509,891 5,790,705 2,224,135 228,235 1,223,220 22, 123, 199 2,082,432 8, 108, 794 13,309,832 4,656,204 14,991,601 14,247,100 21,598,687 12,139,520 29,317,979 13,377,593 7,185,097 9,289,435 20,498,790 13,534,667 184,625 1,302,677 2,861 2,586,916 1,975,674 539,001 884,388 1,021,916 412, 188 4,205,697 5,805,961 1,649,494 1,903,768 2,973,976 1,079,983 5,615,887 5,529,983 6, 369, 756 7,860,970 3,745,326 9,122,997 3,042,392 1,191,116 3,567,081 2,117,775 11,316,560 9,078,939 22,750,817 1 Includes Indian Territory. 398 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. A considerable increase is noted in the average value per ton in 1909 ($8.46) as compared with 1899 ($5.76), and this combined with a larger yield per acre resulted in an even greater advance in the value of the crop per* acre. As a result of this fact, together with the large increase in acreage, the total value of the hay and forage crop in 1909 was greatly in excess of that in 1899, representing an increase of $339,750,000, or 70.2 per cent. The component elements of the hay and forage crop and their distribution among the several geographic divisions are exhibited in Table 43. Table 43 ACREAGE OF HAY AND FORAGE AND THE CLASSES THEREOF: 1909 DIVISION OR SECTION. AH hay and forage. Timothy alone. Timothy and clover mixed. Clover alone. Alfalfa. Millet or Hungarian grass. other tame or cultivated grasses. Wild, salt, or prairie grasses. Grains cut green. Coarse forage. Boot forage. TTnlted States 72,280,776 3,797,598 8,532,793 14,750,878 27,398,258 2,856,398 2,487,554 3,276,291 4,965,543 4,215,463 14,686,393 595,037 2,306,312 6, 192, 134 3,942,465 650, 159 473,619 48,779 335,699 142,189 19,542,382 1,756,188 4,818,714 6,508,367 5,571,387 917,313 428,163 79, 774 228,273 234,203 2,443,263 15,697 158,532 1,168,404 546,537 148,312 287,367 28,853 23,310 66,851 4,707,146 1,265 41,664 90,220 1,778,369 8,710 41, 784 290,157 1,755,526 699,461 1,117,769 32,625 26,285 78,322 581,212 30,423 122,550 183,046 59,595 3,711 4,218,957 1,100,999 649,086 290,262 464,071 390, 176 574,795 239,018 330,559 179,991 17,186,522 99,968 108,292 588,066 12,956,493 104,800 119,025 1,064,778 1,645,734 499,366 4,324,878 79,404 72,228 166,318 242,0-14 506,161 340,829 305,297 275,606 2,336,991 4,034,432 116,623 350,697 666,620 1,314,807 100, 141 99,404 1,036,556 302,926 46,658 19,034 New England 402 Middle Atlantic 983 East North Central 2,165 West North Central 873 South Atlantic 203 East South Central 18 West South Central. 33 8,315 Padflc 6,042 TheNorth 54,479,527 8,620,243 9,181,006 13,035,948 1,172,557 477,888 17,654,656 1,425,250 462,476 1,888,570 464,532 90, 161 1,911,508 340,651 2,454,987 718,444 336,019 63,306 2,504,418 1,203,989 510,560 13,752,819 1,288,603- 2,145,100 559,994 1,152,287 2,612,5<.7 2,448,747 1,236,101 349,584 4,423 254 The South The West 14,357 East of the Mississippi West of the Mississippi 32,425,221 39,855,555 10,217,261 4,469,132 13,428,745 6,113,637 1,777,712 665,551 183,633 4,523,513 290,205 827,564 3,005,318 1,213,639 1,020,151 16,166,371 1,164,940 3,159,938 1,333,485 2,700,947 3,771 15,263 The most prominent classes included in the table are, in the order of importance as measured by acreage, timothy and clover mixed, "wild, salt, or prairie grasses," "timothy alone," alfalfa, grains cut green, "other tame or cultivated grasses," and coarse forage. The table brings out clearly the predominance of the North in the growing of hay and forage, the area devoted to these crops being over six times as great in the North as in the South. In the West, also, a somewhat larger area is devoted to these crops than in the South. The predominance of the North is evident in the case of each of the individual crops except alfalfa, grains cut green, and root forage, which are more extensively grown in the West than else- where; these crops, together with "wild, salt, or prairie grasses," are the only hay and forage crops that cover a greater acreage in the West than in the South. In the West South Central division there is a considerable acreage of "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" and about the same acreage of coarse forage, which, however, forms a much larger proportion of the total, causing the division to rank second in the acreage of the latter crop. More than half of the entire acreage in hay and forage is west of the Mississippi River, but the indi- vidual crops are quite differently distributed. East of the Mississippi is found by far the greater part of the acreage devoted to timothy alone, clover alone, timothy and clover mixed, and "other tame or cul- tivated grasses." These classes cover an aggregate of 40,891,000 acres, of which 28,429,000 are east of the Mississippi River. Of the other hay and forage crops included in this table, the greater part of the acreage is west of the Mississippi River. This excess is considerable in the case of the important group of "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" and of alfalfa, but is not so marked for the other hay and forage crops. VEGETABLES. Potatoes (Table 46). — ^Potatoes were harvested in 1909 from 3,669,000 acres, as compared with 2,939,000 acres in 1899, an increase of 24.8 per cent. On the other hand, the production of potatoes increased 42,4 per cent, bemg in 1909, 389,000,000 bushels, and in 1899, 273,000,000 bushels, while the value of the crop increased in still greater degree, from $98,000,000 in 1899 to $166,000,000 in 1909, or 69.2 per cent. The crop occupied 0.8 per cent of the total acreage of im- proved farm land in 1909, and represented 3 per cent of the value of all crops. There is a considerable acreage of potatoes in each of the geographic divi- sions, but more than three-fourths of the entire acre- age is in the four northern divisions. Among the states. New York has the largest acreage, closely fol- lowed by Michigan. The increase in the acreage of potatoes between 1899 and 1909 for the United States as a whole was 730,000 acres, or 24^8 per cent, in which increase all divisions shared to some extent. Both in the East North Central and in the West North Central divisions there were nearly 150,000 acres added to the area har- vested. Conspicuous gains in aggregate acreage are also noted in the Mountain, South Atlantic, and Pacific divisions. The percentage of increase in potato acreage is greatest in the Mountain division, where the acreage more than doubled. The four divisions constituting the North increased their potato acreage less rapidly than the rest of the country. The New England division is the only one in this section in which the rate of increase for the decade was greater than the average for the United States as a whole. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 399 Table 44 gives percentages and averages derived mainly from Table 46. Table 44 * aceeage: 1909 ! AVEBAOB TIELD IN BUSHELS AVEEAOE VALUE PEE AVEEAGE VALUE PEE DIVISION OE STATE. Per cent of United states total. Per cent of im- proved land. PEE ACEE. 1909 i 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 XTnited States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain 100.0 6.4 19.9 30.1 21.4 6.5 3.3 3.2 4.6 4.6 0.8 3.2 2.5 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.8 106.1 176.9 107.5 100.9 91.9 92.2 82.1 63.0 142.8 131.4 93.0 130.3 95.2 84.6 95.4 77.2 63.0 66.8 112.8 129.2 $0.43 0.49 0.48 0.34 0.42 0.64 0.61 0.73 0.36 0.45 10.36 0.43 0.41 0.31 0.26 0.55 0.52 0.60 0.41 0.41 145.36 74.89 51.13 33.84 38.39 68.77 49.70 46.19 51.36 58.71 933.48 56.06 39.34 26.64 24.36 42.49 33.04 33.33 46.43 Pacific 63.06 New York 10.7 10.0 7.9 7.1 6.1 5.8 4.6 3.8 3.7 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.5 5.8 0.6 123.2 104.6 110.2 83.0 119.8 95.5 86.8 88.1 210.3 73.0 96.2 75.3 95.9 95.5 99.8 81.8 98.4 94.9 136.7 97.8 0.42 0.28 0.25 0.55 0.29 •0.46 0.45 0.53 0.36 0.47 0.39 0.29 0.24 0.43 0.23 0.42 0.22 0.36 0.38 0.22 61.58 27.13 27.29 45.70 34.36 44.07 39.10 46.37 75.29 34.05 37.90 21.67 22.68 Pennsylvania Minnesota 41.24 23.24 Ohio 34.31 Iowa 22.01 nilnoLs 34.46 61.72 Nebraska 21.71 Potatoes are grown on less than 1 per cent of the improved farm land of the country, but in the New England division the proportion exceeds 3 per cent and in the Middle Atlantic division it exceeds 2 per cent. Among the leading states Maine shows much the highest proportion of improved farm land devoted to potatoes, 5.8 per cent. Aroostook County, Me., far exceeds any other county in the United States in the production of potatoes. The yield per acre in 1909 for the United States, 106.1 bushels, was greatly exceeded in the New Eng- land division. High yields were also reported in the Mountain and Pacific divisions, while the Middle Atlantic and East North Central divisions conformed more closely to the average. Among the chief produc- ing states, Maine shows an extraordinary yield per acre, but the other states do not depart so widely from the general average. The yield per acre was greater in 1909 than in 1899 in the United States as a whole and in all divisions except the West North Central and West South Central. The value per bushel was higher in 1909 than in 1899 in the country as a whole and in all but two of the divisions, but the increase was much less marked than in the case of the cereal crops. The average value of the crop per acre, by reason of the increased average yield, increased to a somewhat greater degree than the average valye per bushel. Sweet potatoes and yams (Table 47) . — The acreage of this crop in 1909, 641,000, was greater by nearly one-fifth than that of 1899, 537,000. The absolute increase was not widely different in the three southern divisions, though it was smallest in the South Atlantic and greatest in the West South Central. There was a wider difference in the percentage of increase, which was over three times as great in the West South Cen- tral division as in the South Atlantic. The greatest absolute gain in acreage in any state was in Louisiana. The production in 1909 was 59,232,000 bushels and in 1899,42,517,000 bushels, the increase for the decade being 39.3 per cent, a relative gain twice as great as that in acreage. The greatest absolute gain was in the South Atlantic division, but the percentage of gain was less than that in either of the other southern divisions, though not so much smaller as in the case of acreage. In the value of the yield there was a great increase, the aggregate crop of 1909 being valued at $35,429,000 (equal to 0.6 per cent of the value of all crops), or 78.3 per cent more than that of 1899. In the East South Central division the value was more than twice as great, and in the West South Central division nearly twice as great, as in 1899. In the South Atlantic divi- sion the aggregate value of the crop was three-fourths greater than in 1899. Including insignificant areas in the New England and Mountain divisions, sweet potatoes and yams, as shown by Table 47, are represented in all divisions, though the three southern divisions, led by the South Atlantic, contained in 1909 over 90 per cent of the entire acreage of this crop. In these divisions North Carolina and Georgia had each somewhat over 84,000 acres in sweet potatoes and yams, while Alabama, Mis- sissippi, and Louisiana likewise had acreages in excess of 50,000. Table 45 gives figures derived mainly from Table 47. Table 46 IXnSION OB STATE. Per cent of United States total. United State!.. . Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. West South Central. All other divisions.. North Carolina. Georgia Alabama Louisiana Mississippi aceeage: 1909 100.0 3.7 2.1 2.4 46.1 25.1 19.7 0.9 13.2 13.1 10.4 8.9 8.7 Per cent of Im- proved land 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 (') 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.6 AVEEAGE VI ELD IN BUSHELS PEE ACEE. 1909 1890 M.4 139.0 102.6 110.3 100.1 84.4 71.4 (') 100.2 88.4 79.8 74.6 79.0 79.1 110.4 65.2 84.4 82.9 69.3 73.4 («) 84.1 72.0 68.0 68.2 73.8 AVEEAOE VALUE PEE BUSHEL. 1909 1899 $0.60 0.49 0.65 0.66 0.54 0.67 0.69 (») 0.51 0.59 0.67 0.55 0.69 90.47 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.42 0.52 0.50 (») 0.37 0.46 0.49 0.40 0.62 AVEEAGE VALUE PEE ACEE. 1909 1890 965.25 68.51 56.54 71.24 54.57 66.71 49.57 («) 61.14 61.76 5.3.72 41.40 54.84 936.98 65.99 40.26 45.62 34.80 35.83 36.69 (') 30.84 33.34 33.17 31.41 38.21 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent i Not calculated because of unimportance of crop. It will be noted that the South Atlantic division is the only geographic division in which these crops are grown on as much as one-half of 1 per cent of the improved farm land. An average yield of 92.4 bushels per acre was reported for the coimtry as a whole in 1909. This was exceeded in the leading division, the South Atlantic, but was not attained in either of the other southern divisions, where the acreage was con- siderable. In both the South Atlantic and the East South Central divisions the yield per acre was greater in 1909 than in 1899. Better prices were obtained in 1909 than in 1899, and this, combined with larger aver- age yields, brought about a considerably higher value per acre for the crop, which was common to all divisions. 400 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE POTATOES— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 46 DrViaOK OR STATE. 1909 United States Oeookaphic divisions: Now England Sflddle Atlantic East North Central.... West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central . . . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma •. . . Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California 8,668,855 233,095 729,323 1,106,032 783,813 239,762 119,541 117,761 169,678 169,850 135,799 17,370 26,859 24,459 4,649 23,959 394,319 72,991 262,013 212,803 99,504 138,052 365,483 290,185 223,692 169,567 98,259 54,067 50,052 111,151 79,025 9,703 39,299 ; 226 86,927 42,621 31,990 8,610 11,877 8,509 55,750 40,963 14,486 8,342 29,719 19,655 32,295 36,092 20,710 28,341 8,333 85,839 6,230 1,151 14,210 4,864 57,897 44,265 67,688 1899 2,938,778 180,025 676,403 957,193 637, 184 157,481 80,138 72,876 80,226 97,252 71,765 19,422 28,353 27,521 5,816 27,148 395,640 52,896 227,867 167,590 84,245 136,464 311,963 256,931 146,659 175,888 93,915 21,936 33,567 79,901 85,318 5,755 26,472 194 51,021 30,123 23,619 8,068 8,477 3,752 37,160 27,103 9,505 6,370 26,486 9,220 115,360 21,810 9,613 9,313 2,809 44,075 1,122 626 10,433 2,235 25,119 30,035 42,098 Increase. Amount. Per ct 730,077 53,070 52,920 148,839 146,629 82,281 39,403 44,835 89,452 72,598 64,034 -2,052 -1,494 -3,062 -1,167 -3,189 -1,321 20,035 34,146 45,218 15,259 1,588 53,520 33,254 77,033 -6,321 2,344 32,131 16,485 31,250 -6,293 3,948 12,827 32 35,906 12,498 8,371 542 3,400 4,757 18,590 13,860 4,981 1,972 3,233 10,435 16,935 14,282 11,097 19,028 5,524 41,764 5,108 525 3,777 2,629 32,778 14,230 25,590 24.8 29.5 7.8 15.5 23.0 52.2 49.2 61.6 111.5 74.6 89.2 -10.6 -5.3 -11.1 -20.1 -11.7 -0.3 38.0 15.0 27.0 18.1 1.2 17.2 12.9 52.5 -3.6 2.5 146.5 49.1 39.1 -7.4 68.6 48.5 16.5 70.4 41.5 35.4 6.7 40.1 126.8 50.0 51.1 52.4 31.0 12.2 113.2 110.3 65.5 115.4 204.3 196.7 94.8 455.3 83.9 36.2 117.6 130.5 47.4 60.8 PRODUCTION (bushels). 1909 389,194,965 41,245,977 78,395,736 111,606,777 72,067,551 22,102,630 9,816,160 7,413,887 24,232,109 22,314,138 28,556,837 2,360,241 4,145,630 2,946,178 552,677 2,684,414 48,597,701 8,057,424 21,740,611 20,322,984 8,905,679 12,166,091 38,243,828 31,968,195 26,802,948 14,710,247 7,796,410 5,551,430 3,441,692 8,117,775 5,647,049 880,360 3,444,311 32,028 8,770,778 4,077,066 2,372,260 782,430 886,430 856,967 5,120,141 2,922,713 1,128,564 644,742 2,096,893 1,183,525 1,897,486 2,235,983 3,240,696 4,710,262 932, 162 11,780,674 295,255 97,141 2,409,093 766,826 1899 273,318,167 23,466,222 64,372,759 80,988,131 60,812,316 12,150,748 5,051,854 4,867,562 9,046,736 12,661,839 9,813,748 2,420,668 3,547,829 3,346,590 843,853 3,493,534 38,060,471 4,542,816 21,769,472 13,709,238 6,209,080 12,951,871 23,476,444 24,641,498 14,643,327 17,305,919 7,786,623 2,257,350 2,909,914 7,817,438 8,091,745 414,610 1,991,357 15,586 4,409,672 2,245,821 1,636,445 1 651,916 553,129 232,212 2,661,774 1,404,097 587,711 398,272 1,783,969 549,280 11,191,997 1,342,316 1,332,062 1,035,290 262,338 4,465,748 72,613 33,927 1,483,570 361,188 7,667,171 3,557,876 4,822,962 3,761,367 9,824,005 5,242,596 Increase. Amount. Per ct, 115,876,798 17,779,755 14,022,977 30,618,646 11,255,235 9,951,882 4,764,306 2,546,325 15,185,373 9,752,299 18,743,089 -60,427 597,801 -400,412 -291,176 -809,120 10,537,230 3,514,608 -28,861 6,613,746 2,696,599 -785,780 14,767,384 7,326,697 12,159,621 -2,595,672 9,787 3,294,080 531,778 300,337 -2,444,696 465,750 1,452,954 16,442 4,361,106 1,831,245 735,815 130,514 333,301 624,756 2,458,367 1,518,616 540,853 246,470 312,924 634,245 705,489 893,667 1,908,634 3,674,972 669,824 7,314,926 222,642 63,214 925,523 405,638 4,109,295 1,061,595 4,581,409 75.8 21.8 37.8 18.5 81.9 94.3 52.3 167.9 77.6 191.0 -2.5 16.8 -12.0 -34.5 -23.2 27.7 77.4 -0.1 48.2 43.4 -6.1 62.9 29.7 83.0 -15.0 0.1 145.9 18.3 3.8 -30.2 112.3 73.0 105.5 98.9 81.5 45.0 20.0 60.3 269.0 92.4 108.2 92.0 61.9 17.5 115.5 59.2 66.6 143.3 355.0 255.3 163.8 306.6 186.3 62.4 112.3 115.5 28.2 87.4 1909 $166,423,910 17,456,938 37,292,509 37,427,211 30,088,015 14,091,735 5,940,784 5,439,504 8,715,380 9,971,834 10,224,714 1,204,626 1,743,049 1,993,923 408,429 1,882,197 20,338,766 4,979,900 11,973,843 9,377,955 3,816,126 6,401,598 9, to, 778 7,917,754 7,685,259 6,629,234 4,470,135 2,079,125 1,967,550 3,785,224 3,471,488 453,400 1,782,954 20,231 5,667,557 2,278,638 1,755,413 609,424 684,427 839,691 2,724,043 1,790,233 884,497 542,011 1,439,991 924,311 1,250,052 1,825,150 1,298,830 1,583,447 524,489 3,704,768 234,636 98,597 873,961 396,652 2,993,737 2,098,648 4,879,449 1899 $98,380,110 10,092,191 26,608,645 25,501,069 15,524,932 6,691,072 2,647,924 2,428,721 3,725,046 6,160,510 3,711,999 1,090,495 1,333,730 1,800,937 440,372 1,714,658 15,019,135 2,192,456 9,397,054 5,750,068 2,463,074 4,702,033 6,759,342 5,826,552 3,408,997 3,870,746 2,756,695 587,498 680,530 1,734,666 2,485,800 221,411 1,020,003 9,546 2,494,627 1,133,381 862,509 435,468 326,853 187,274 1,260,100 817,419 324,628 245,777 855,140 309,082 1539,354 725, 145 661,163 442,489 138,368 1,717,111 49,552 33,928 487,816 194,619 1,312,948 1,210,034 2,637,528 Increase. Amount. Perct, $68,043,800 7,364,747 10,683,864 11,926,142 14,563,083 7,400,663 3,292,860 3,010,783 4,990,334 4,811,324 6,512,715 114,131 409,319 192,986 -31,943 167,539 5,319,631 2,787,444 2,576,789 3,627,887 1,353,052 1,699,565 3,154,436 2,091,202 4,276,262 2,758,488 1,713,440 1,491,627 1,287,020 2,050,558 985,688 231,989 762,951 10,685 3,172,930 1,145,257 892,904 173,956 357,574 652,417 1,463,943 972,814 559,869 296,234 584,851 615,229 710,698 1,100,005 637,667 1,140,958 386,121 1,987,657 185,084 64,669 386,145 202,033 1,680,789 888,614 2,241,921 I Includes Indian Territory. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 401 SWEET POTATOES AND YAMS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. States are not named when the acreage was less than 1,000 in 1909.] Table 47 DIVISION OE STATE. tXnited States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Padflc Middle Atlantic: New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illiaois West North Central: Iowa Missouri Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Pacotc: California 1909 641.256 23,923 13,300 15,381 295,879 160,756 126,407 439 5,121 22,604 1,306 1,143 1,561 10,568 2,274 7,938 4,883 5,229 7,956 40,838 2,079 84,740 48,878 84,038 21,995 11,882 26,216 66,613 56,&15 22,388 56,953 5,056 42,010 5,111 1899 537, 312 24,104 15,394 17,660 263,925 128,586 87,780 169 1,686 20,588 "3,443 3,796 3,989 7,534 2,688 e,S44 4,570 2,265 6,460 40,681 3,393 68,730 48,831 70,620 22,791 14, 178 23,374 50,865 38,169 13,271 27,372 «3,576 43,561 1,607 Increase. Amount. Percent 103,943 41 -181 -2,094 -2,279 31,954 34,170 38,627 270 3,435 1,916 -2,137 -2,653 -2,428 3,034 -414 -1,906 313 2,964 1,487 157 -1,314 16,010 47 13,418 -796 -2,296 2,842 15,748 17,876 9,117 29,581 1,480 -1,551 3,504 19.3 (») -0.8 -13.6 —12.9 12.1 27.0 44.0 159.8 203.7 9.3 -62.1 -69.9 -60.9 40.3 -16.4 -19.4 6.8 130.9 23.0 0.4 -38.7 23.3 0.1 19.0 -3.5 -16.2 12.2 31.0 46.8 68.7 108.1 41.4 -3.6 218.0 production (bushels). 1909 1899 Increase. Amount. Per cent. 59,232,070 42,517,412 16,7U,6JS8 39.3 4,818 567 4,251 749.7 3,326,190 2,662,046 664,144 24.9 1,364,256 1,004,277 359,979 35.9 1,696,111 1,491,275 204,836 13.7 29,628,153 21,881,977 7,746,176 35.4 13,573,580 8,772,133 4,801,447 54.7 9,025,928 6,439,547 2,586,381 40.2 38,877 19,064 19,813 103.9 574, 157 246,528 327,631 132.9 3,186,490 2,418,641 767,858 31.7 128,770 234,724 -105,954 -45.1 133,798 249,767 -115,969 -46.4 178,300 239,487 -61,187 -25.5 1,060,932 511,605 539,237 105.4 232,413 224,622 7,791 3.5 876,234 743,377 132,857 17.9 558,021 474,810 83,211 17.5 733,746 222,165 511,581 230.3 1,065,956 677,848 388,108 57.3 5,270,202 4,470,602 799,600 17.9 215,582 202,424 13,158 6.5 8,493,283 5,781,587 2,711,696 46.9 4,319,926 3,369,957 949,960 28.2 7,426,131 5,-087,674 2,338,457 46.0 2,083,666 2,049,784 33,881 1.7 1,320,245 025,786 400,459 43.3 2,504,490 1,571,575 932,915 59.4 5,314,857 3, 457, 386 1,857,471 63.7 4,427,988 2,817,386 1,610,602 57.2 1,685,308 998,767 686,641 68.7 4,251,086 1,865,482 2,385,604 127.9 359,451 •276,163 83,288 30.2 2,730,083 3,299,135 -569,052 -17.2 672,814 239,029 333,785 139.6 1909 136,429,176 4,543 1,638,902 751,929 1,095,724 16,146,222 9,116,510 6,265,750 52,596 357,000 $19,869,840 346 1,349,588 619,833 805,669 9, 183, 650 4,536,187 3,220,595 14,207 139,765 1,527,074 104,434 104, 181 139,886 506,760 125,763 567,413 373,432 276,679 483,751 2,681,472 170,086 4,333,297 2,606,606 4,349,806 1,231,238 839,454 1,625,056 3,578,710 3,073,290 1,359,069 2,357,729 350,553 2,197,799 355,624 1899 $15,659,336 4,197 289, 314 132,096 290,055 6,962,572 4,580,323 3, 045, 155 38,389 217,235 1,213,010 130,990 158, 103 155,585 303,638 128,981 424,470 224,049 96,566 317,462 1,720,188 125,523 2,119,956 1,538,205 2,354,390 898,282 507,038 883,620 1,687,039 1,458,490 534, 616 859,733 •137,231 1,689,015 135,612 Increase. Amount. Per cent, 314,064 -26,556 -53,922 -15,699 203,122 -3, 218 142,943 149,383 180,113 166,289 961,284 44,563 2,213,341 1,068,401 1,995,416 332,956 332,416 741,436 1,891,671 1,614,800 825,053 1,497,996 213, 322 508,784 220,012 78.8 1,210.1 21.4 21.3 36.0 75.8 101.0 94.6 270.2 155.4 25.9 -20.3 -34.1 -10.1 66.9 -2.6 33.7 66.7 186.5 52.4 55.9 35.5 104.4 69.5 84.8 37.1 65.6 83.9 112.1 110.7 154.3 174.2 155.4 30.1 162.3 1 Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. Other vegetables (Table 48). — Except for potatoes and sweet potatoes and yams, which are generally grown in considerable quantities, it is practically impossible to obtain a correct total of the acreage, production, or value of individual kinds of vegetables. Enumerators were instructed to obtain from every farm a separate report for any vegetable grown for sale in considerable quantities, and in all cases to ascertain the total acreage in vegetables of all classes combined, whether grown for farm use or for sale, and the total value of the product. It is scarcely likely, however, that the total acreage and value reported are as accurate in the case of vegetables as in the case of the major crops, since on many farms the production of vegetables is practically confined 72497°— 13 26 + « Includes Indian Territory. to small kitchen gardens. In fact, 707,763 farms reported farm gardens in which vegetables other than potatoes were grown for farm use, but failed to give any acreage or value. In all probability, therefore, the totals obtained from the returns are understate- ments. In tabulating the statistics the Census Bureau has distinguished between farms which reported the pro- duction in 1909 of vegetables (other than potatoes and sweet potatoes and yams) valued at $500 or more and those on which the product was valued at less than that amount. Farms of the former group usually produce vegetables chiefly for sale, while on a large proportion of the other farms they are raised primarily, if not exclusively, for home consumption. 402 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The acreage of vegetables covered by the table was 2,763,269 in 1909, which was equal to 0.6 per cent of the total improved farm acreage of 'the country, and was 27.8 per cent greater than the acreage reported 1899. The value of the vegetables reported increased from $120,282,000 in 1899 to $216,257,000 in 1909, or 79.8 per cent, and in 1909 constituted 3.9 per cent of the total value of farm crops. The acreage of vegetables on farms which produced at least $500 worth of vegetables amounted in 1909 to 566,517, or a little over one-fifth of the total acreage in vegetables, but the value of the vegetables grown on such farms, $60,105,000, represented 27.8 per cent of the total value reported. As judged by the acreage and by the value of the product, the South Atlantic was the most important division in the production of miscellaneous vegetables, the East North Central ranking second. The produc- tion of vegetables is, however, widely distributed over the entire country. VEGETABLES (EXCLUDING POTATOES AND SWEET POTATOES AND YAMS)— ACREAGE AND VALUE. Table 48 produced on all farms taken together. PRODUCED ON FARMS REPORTING A PRODUCT VALUED DIVISION or STATE. produced on all farms taken together. PRODUCED ON FARMS REPORTING A PRODUCT VALUED DIVISION OR STATE. Acreage. Value. AT $500 OR over: 1909 Acreage. Value. AT $500 OR OVER: 1909 1909 1899 1909 1899 Acre- age. Value. 1909 1899 1909 1899 Acre- age. Value. TTnlted States.. 2,763,269 2,162,130 $216,257,068 $120,281,811 666,517 $60,104,504 South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Dist. Columbia. Virginia West Virginia . . North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia Florida 22,939 108,084 964 124,354 43, 624 95,980 61,994 91,413 67,600 115,007 100,055 69,468 61,223 60,261 38,221 51,011 124,690 7,300 10,029 2,933 32,422 8,219 4,302 7,006 1,952 24, 410 23,129 79,163 23,987 100,403 985 99,002 29,290 64,698 40,771 73,907 26,762 83,634 76,408 65,822 60,689 46,355 26,506 133,463 111,899 4,272 6,332 1,431 16,496 4,034 2,192 6,023 924 13,848 16,345 32,401 $1,102,620 6,729,400 167, 376 8,989,467 4,519,894 6,496,308 3,705,991 5,580,368 6,314,313 8,287,497 7,015,686 5,379,677 5,868,275 4,843,442 3,000,864 2,610,239 8,099,306 928,906 1,007,667 332, 120 2,349,634 667,164 379,293 717,776 264,122 2,988,610 2,448,917 6,886,885 $826,244 3,978,267 87, 616 4, 868, 459 1,697,028 3,121,492 2,091,174 3,053,898 1,954,802 4,418,816 3,445,653 2,642,666 2,831,710 2,245,587 1,753,850 11,439,614 5,260,638 378,792 391,316 87,882 1,131,950 207,424 136,508 396,099 98,781 1,040,668 1,074,468 2,858,832 3,710 59,762 862 19,512 1,769 6,281 9,228 9,492 33,482 4,227 3,624 3,846 4,302 1,176 6,603 1,819 19,439 1,046 1,026 228 8,836 $239,450 2,713,405 154,729 1,876,624 193,266 440,363 797, 547 596,069 4, 697, 220 Geographic divs.: New England Middle Atlantic. E.N. Central.... W.N. Central... South Atlantic... E.S. Central W.S. Central.... 101,436 355,740 519,003 369, 447 596,852 345,753 274,173 74,163 126,702 79,793 301,223 406,704 328,731 459, 705 265,453 217,223 40,704 62,594 12,888,885 33,543,797 39,164,621 24,078,158 42,605,737 26,551,035 18,553,851 6,546,672 12,324,312 7,808,535 21,981,048 21,890,473 15,081,722 21,678,980 13,338,645 10,699,689 2,828,751 4,973,968 27,380 129,547 106,443 36,410 144,088 15,999 29,036 16,240 61,374 5,987,028 15,458,878 10,532,517 2,937,542 11,707,673 1,684,997 3,025,167 2,308,016 6,462,686 Mountain Pacific E. S. Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi W. S. Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas 447,345 New England: Maine 25,288 8,855 8,548 37,220 5,275 16,250 175,402 86,227 94,111 123,461 114,267 120,291 90,861 70,123 46,021 80,402 129,570 13,383 15,150 36,164 48,757 20,012 7,357 5,131 29,779 5,165 12,349 144,318 77,779 79,126 103,346 95,434 110,845 57,501 39,678 28,361 83,193 116,236 4,289 7,954 34,532 54,166 2,153,003 1,071,551 872, 183 6,189,857 636,656 1,965,635 15,963,384 7,566,493 10,013,920 11,393,791 7,498,024 9,392,2% 6,286,645 4,593,865 3,359,052 5,266,411 8,268,281 1,069,125 1,033,163 2,118,393 2,963,733 1,245,235 627,271 371,744 3,745,348 552,035 1,266,902 10,656,068 5,020,130 6,304,860 6,446,236 4,524,435 5,304,903 3,394,265 2,220,634 1,503,401 3,509,127 5,544,337 256,206 389,717 1,438,629 2,440,305 1,534 904 832 17,269 2,105 4,736 59,208 62, 492 17,847 26,226 16,829 36,796 11,933 14,660 6,196 14,437 8,648 321 667 2,664 4,488 277,204 158,447 111,530 4,277,296 360,995 801,666 7,661,639 5,186,969 2,710,270 3,259,193 1,327,017 3,291,585 1,528,349 1,126,373 614,895 773,011 860,488 41,109 82,852 182,924 382,263 343,784 420,322 New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts . . . Rhode Island . . . Connecticut Middle Atlantic: 473,646 121,472 731,573 131,364 2,040,76& 236,693 194,239 New York New Jersey Pennsylvania ... E. N. Central: Ohio Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah 61,687 1.110.421 Indiana 984! ' 1 44'. 4a'i Illinois 1,670 1,630 920 4,154 3,861 63,369 184, 623 Michigan Wisconsin W. N. Central: Minnesota Iowa 225,613 160,373 964, 00& 672,679 4,836,001 Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon . . . Missouri California North Dakota . . . South Dakota . . . Nebraska Kansas 1 Includes Indian Territory. TOBACCO. Detailed statistics concerning the tobacco crop of 1909, with comparative figures for 1899, are given in Table 50. Table 49 gives percentages and averages for the important producing divisions and states, based mainly on Table 50. The tobacco crop is more localized than most other staple crops. In the aggregate, 1 ,294,91 1 acres were in tobacco in 1909, representing 0.3 per cent of the improved farm acreage of the country. In the distri- bution of this acreage, the East South Central division, containing 43.3 per cent of the total, led all others. This figure was closely approximated, however, by the South Atlantic division, which contained 37.6 per cent of the total acreage. The combined acreage in the East North Central and Middle Atlantic divisions was only about half as great as that in the South Atlantic division alona The acreage of tobacco in New England was small and that in the region west of the Mississippi was quite insignificant. The state of Kentucky had the greatest area in tobacco — 469,795 acres. North Carolina was next in order, but had an acreage less than half that of Kentucky. The only other states having an acreage in excess of 100,000 were Virginia and Ohio. These four states had three-fourths of the entire acreage devoted to this crop. The proportion of the improved farm land in to- bacco was larger in the East South Central divi- sion (1.3 per cent) than in any other, though in the South Atlantic division it was only slightly less (1 per cent). The leading states exceeded this proportion considerably. In 1909, as compared with 1899, there was an in- crease in the area in tobacco of 193,451 acres, or 17.6 per cent. In the division having the largest acreage, FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 403 the East South Central, the gain was over 100,000 acres, or 22.4 per cent. An absolute gain about half as great occurred in the East North Central division, where the relative increase was nearly 50 per cent. It is noticeable that in the South Atlantic division the increase was much less, amounting to only 4.6 per cent. Next to Kentucky, where the acreage in 1909 was 84,990 more than in 1899, the greatest gain was in Ohio. Table 49 acbeaoe: 1909 AVEBAOE YIELD IN POUNDS AVERAGE VALUE PER AVERAGE VALUE PER DIVISION OE STATE. Per cent of United States total. Per cent of im- proved land. PER ACKE. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 TTnited States... New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. All other divisions.. 100.0 1.7 3.6 13.3 37.6 43.3 as 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.3 (') 816 1,746 1,123 919 686 834 (») 788 1,675 1,420 1,035 645 794 (») 80.10 a 15 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 (») 80.07 0.17 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 (») 880.66 260.75 94.41 87.71 67.38 81.26 («) 861.74 288.59 105.75 71.66 39.99 46.63 («) Kentucky ;. 36.3 17.1 14.3 a2 3.3 2.6 1.9 0.6 848 626 717 832 817 628 607 923 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.0C 0.07 84.86 62.41 65.63 84.51 4a 19 North Carolina Virginia 39.59 39.11 Ohio 68.10 » Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. * Not calculated becaase of unimportance of crop. The production in 1909 was 1,056,000,000 pounds and was greater by 31-6 per cent than that in 1899, 868,000,000 pounds. The greatest absolute increase was in the East South Central division, but larger per- centages of increase are noted in the case of the West North Central and New England divisions. The average yield per acre in 1909 was 815 pounds. In New England it was more than double this amoimt, and in the Middle Atlantic and East North Central divi- sions it was considerably higher than the average. In these divisions tobacco is grown in limited areas pecu- liarly adapted to its cultivation. As compared with 1899, the United States as a whole and each of the divi- sions except the Middle Atlantic and East North Central show a larger yield per acre in 1909, indicating a greater relative increase in the production than in the acreage. The average value per pound was greater in 1909 than in 1899, and this, combined with an increased yield per acre, brought about a very marked increase in the value per acre. The total value of the crop was much greater in 1909 ($104,303,000) than m 1899 ($56,988,000). The value of tobacco constituted 1.9 per cent of the total value of crops in 1909. TOBACCO— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— } denotes decrease. States are not named when the acreage was less than 1,000 in 1909.] Table SO DIVISION OR STATE. United states. Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central.... South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Massachusetts Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Wisconsin West North Central: Missouri South Atlantic: Maryland Virginia West Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee 1909 1,294,911 21,745 45,852 in, 973 6,709 487,411 560,523 1,683 11 4 5,521 16,042 4,109 41,742 106,477 23,694 1,313 40,458 5,433 26,072 185,427 17,928 221,890 30,082 2,025 3,987 469,795 90,468 1899 1,101,460 14,212 39,069 115,810 4,706 465,754 457,998 3,857 8 46 Increase. Amount. Per ct 193,461 3,826 10, 119 11,307 27,760 71,422 8,219 2,242 33,830 4,361 42,911 184,334 5,129 203,023 25,993 2,304 2,056 384,805 71,849 7,533 6,783 56,163 1,003 21,657 102,525 -2,174 3 -42 17.6 1,095 5,923 -7, 198 13,982 35,055 15,475 -929 6,628 1,072 -16,839 1,093 12,799 18,867 4,089 -279 1,931 84,990 18,619 53.0 17.4 48.5 21.3 4.6 22.4 -56.4 (') 0) 44.3 58.6 -63.7 50.4 49.1 188.3 -41.4 19.6 24.6 -39.2 0.6 249.5 9.3 15.7 -13.1 93.9 22.1 25.9 PEODTTCTION (POUNDS). 1M» 1,066, 764, 8M 37,961,893 51,510,925 157,959,785 5,704,572 334,569,496 467,348,072 700,915 3,457 5,691 9,549,306 28,110,453 1899 888,112,866 Increase. Amount. Per ct. 187,661,941 23,810,624 55,461,710 119,851,780 3,349,811 300,194,090 363,820,310 1,592,830 2,510 29,300 6,406,570 16,930,770 5,345,035 13,958,370 46,164,800 41,502,620 88,603,308 21,387,824 1,029,616 46,909,182 5,372,738 17,845,699 132,979,390 14,356,400 138,813,163 25,583,049 1,485,994 3,505,801 398,482,301 68,756,599 14,151,369 -3,950,785 38,108,005 2,354,761 34,375,406 103,527,762 -891,915 947 -23,609 65,957,100 6,882,470 l,4f7,150 45,500,480 3,041,996 24,589,480 122,884,900 3,087,140 127,503,400 19,895,970 1,105,000 1,125,600 314,288,050 49,157,550 3,142,736 11,179,683 -8,613,335 4,662,180 22,646,208 14,505,354 -417,534 1,408,702 2,330,742 -6,743,781 10,094,490 11,269,260 11,309,763 5,687,079 380,394 2,380,201 84,194,251 19,599,049 21.6 59.4 -7.1 31.8 70.3 11.5 28.5 -56.0 37.7 -80.6 1909 8104,302,866 49.1 66.0 -61.7 11.2 34.3 210.8 -28.9 3.1 76.6 -27.4 8.2 365.0 8.9 28.6 34.4 211.5 26.8 39.9 5,670>002 4,328,854 15,082,892 713,321 32,843,156 45,548,716 114,452 778 685 1899 866,987,902 1,218,060 4,415,948 402,517 3,926,116 8,998,887 2,145,193 80,389 3,855,033 676,479 1,457,112 12,169,086 1,923,180 13,847,659 2,123,576 297, 167 1,025,476 39,868,753 5,661,681 4,101,428 4,131,623 8,298,696 245,720 18,627,038 21,355,283 222,392 408 5,308 Increase. Amount. Per ct, 847,314,954 956,399 3,074,022 1,172,236 2,959,304 4,864,191 445,658 85.411 2,898,091 218,991 > 1,438,169 7,210,195 228,620 8,038,691 1,297,293 159,659 254,211 18,541,982 2,748,495 1,568,574 197,231 6,784,196 467,895 14,216,118 24,193,433 -107,940 370 -4,623 83.0 261,661 1,341,926 -769,719 966,812 4,134,696 1,699,535 -5,022 956,942 457,488 18,943 4,958,891 1,694,560 5,808,868 826,283 137,508 771,265 21,326,771 2,013,186 38.2 4.8 81.7 190.3 76.3 113.3 -48.5 90.7 -87.1 27.4 43.7 -65.7 32.7 85.0 381.4 -5.9 33.0 208.9 1.3 68.8 741.2 72.3 63.7 86.1 303.4 115.0 106.0 ' Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. * Corrected from 1900 Report on Agriculture, Part II. 404 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. COTTON AND COTTON SEED. Cotton (Table 52).— Of the 32,043,838 acres of cot- ton harvested in 1909, the West South Central divi- sion contained nearly half, the South Atlantic division 28.1 per cent, and the East South Central division 24.7 per cent. Though cotton is reported from three otlier divisions, the acreages are comparatively insig- nificant. There are, however, three counties in south- eastern Missouri ia which the cotton acreage is considerable. Texas, with nearly 10,000,000 acres, has considerably over one-fourth of the total area in this crop, and Georgia has about half the acre- age of Texas, while Alabama and Mississippi, which follow in the order named, have each more than 3,000,000 acres in cotton. The four states named report about 70 per cent of the total acreage. The accompanying map shows graphically the distribution of the cotton acreage among the states. The promiuence of cotton in the agriculture of the South is mdicated by the large percentages of the total improved land occupied by this crop in the southern divisions, as shown by Table 51. In the South as a whole cotton occupied 21.2 per cent of the improved farm land. In each of the four states shown in Table 51 the cotton acreage exceeds one- third of all the improved land in farms. The area in cotton increased from 1899 to 1909 by 7,768,737 acres, or 32 per cent. Of this gain more than half was reported from the West South Central division, there being a gain of nearly 3,000,000 acres in the state of Texas and of over 1,000,000 acres in the state of Oklahoma. A gain of over 1,000,000 acres was reported in Georgia. The percentage of increase in the West South Central division exceeded that for the United States as a whole, and that in the South Atlantic division almost equaled it, but the rate of gain in the East South Central division was considerably less. Table 51 acreage: 1909 AVEKAGE YIELD IN BALES PER ACRE. AVERAGE VALUE PEE BALE. AVERAGE VALUE PER DIVISION OE STATE. Per cent of United States total. Per cent of im- proved land. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 United states . . West North Central South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central. All other divisions. . 100.0 0.3 28.1 24.7 46.9 0) 6.7 0.1 18.6 18.0 25.8 0) 0.33 0.56 0.45 0.32 0.27 (2) 0.39 0.56 0.39 0.39 0.39 («) $66.07 62.25 63.45 69.53 66.56 (2) $33.96 33. 20 33.59 34.85 33.62 $21.96 35.14 28.28 22.15 17.98 (2) $13.34 18.61 13.26 13.77 13.09 Texas 31.0 15.2 11.6 10.6 36.3 39.7 38.5 37.7 0.25 0.41 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.45 66.28 63.59 65.70 73.77 33.65 33.02 33.43 36.03 16.39 25.94 19.89 24.45 13.90 13.94 13.14 Mississippi 18.65 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 2 Not calculated because of unimportance of crop. COTTON— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS AND STATES: 1909 AND 1899. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. States are not named when the acreage was less than 1,000 in 1909.] Table 62 ACREAGE. production (running bales). VALUE. DIVISION OR STATE. 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase. 1909 1899 Increase. Amount. Per ct. Amount. Per ct. Amount. Per ct. TTnlted States 32,043,838 24,275,101 7,768,737 32.0 10,649,268 9,534,707 1,114,561 11.7 $703,619,303 $323,758,171 $379,861,132 117.3 OEOGRApmc DrvisioNs: West North Central... South Atlantic East South Central.... West South Central... Mountain 96,563 9,002,776 7,926,019 15,017,347 809 324 45,749 6,842,489 6,725,588 10,661,219 56 50,814 2,160,287 1,200,431 4,356,128 753 324 111.1 3L6 17.8 40.9 (>) 54,508 4,012,942 2,524,714 4,066,704 217 183 25,646 2,701,766 2,656,599 4,150,658 38 28,862 1,311,176 -131,885 -93,954 179 183 112.5 48.5 -5.0 -2.3 (') 3,393,040 254,636,995 175,543,582 270,018,704 15,238 11,744 851,478 90,769,736 92,590,366 139,554,349 2,243 2,641,562 163,877,260 82,953,216 130,464,355 12,995 11,744 298.6 180.6 89.6 93.5 679.4 Pacific West North Central: Missouri 96,527 25,147 1,274,404 2,556,467 4,883,304 263,454 7,811 787,516 3,730,482 3,400,210 2,153,222 957,011 1,976,935 9,930,179 45,696 25,724 1,007,020 2,074,081 3,513,839 221,825 2,396 623,137 3,202,135 2,897,920 1,641,855 1,376,254 « 682, 743 6,960,367 50,931 -577 267,384 482,386 1,369,405 41,629 5,415 164,379 528,347 502,290 511,367 -419,243 1,294,192 2,969,812 111.7 -2.2 26.6 23.3 39.0 18.8 226.0 26.4 16.6 17.3 31.1 -30.5 189.5 42.7 54,498 10,480 665,132 1,^279,866 1,992,408 65,056 3,469 264,562 1,129,527 1,127,156 776,879 268,909 555,742 2,455,174 25,576 10,789 459,707 881,422 1,287,992 61,856 1,369 234,592 1,100,840 1,313,798 709,880 709,041 « 225, 525 2,506,212 28,922 -309 205,426 398,444 704,416 3,200 2,100 29,970 22,687 -186,642 66,999 -440, 132 330,217 -51,038 113.1 -2.9 44.7 45.2 64.7 5.2 153.4 12.8 2.0 -14.2 9.4 -62.1 146.4 -2.0 3,392,440 695,721 42,066,099 80,337,945 126,695,612 4,841,581 223,024 17,966,517 74,205,236 83,148,805 54,559,503 17,324,804 35,399,356 162,735,041 849,199 346,600 15,696,952 29,590,152 42,634,235 2,591,796 52,812 8,192,642 37,004,598 47,340,314 24,671,445 23,523,143 "7,027,048 84,332,713 2,643,241 349, 121 26,369,147 60,747,793 84,161,377 2,249,785 170,212 9,773,875 37,200,638 35,808,491 29,888,058 -6,198,339 28,372,308 78,402.328 299.5 South Atlantic: Virginia , , , 100 7 North Carolina South Carolina Georgia 168.0 171.5 197 9 Florida 86 8 East South Central: Kentucky 322 3 Tennessee. . , 119 3 Alabama 100 6 Mississippi 75 6 West South Central: Arkansas 121 1 Louisiana -26.3 403.8 93.0 Oklahoma Texas ' Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. » Includes Indian Territorv. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 405 The total production of cotton in 1909 was 10,649,000 bales, an increase of 1,115,000 bales, or 11.7 per cent, over that of 1899. The yield of cotton was 0.33 bale per acre in 1909, as against 0.39 bale per acre in 1899. In each of the southern divisions, except the South Atlantic, there was a smaller average yield in 1909 than 10 years earlier. As a result the relative gain in pro- duction for the country is less than the relative gain in acreage. Two divisions, the East and West South Central, reported a smaller crop than 10 years pre- viously. -On the other hand, in the South Atlantic division the crop increased nearly one-half. The average value of cotton per bale, which was $33.96 m 1899, was S66.07 in 1909, an advance of nearly 95 per cent. Hence, with an increased production, the total value of the cotton crop in 1909, $703,619,000, was larger than that of 1899 by $379,861,000, or 117.3 per cent. The increase in the value of the crop was sufficient to offset losses in acreage and yield, except in Louisiana. The value of the cotton crop of 1909 was 12.8 per cent of the total value of crops for the country as a whole; for the South alone cotton represents 36.6 per cent of the total value of crops. COTTON. ACREAGE, BY STATES: 1909. Cotton seed (Table 53) . — The agricultural schedules of 1910 and 1900 did not call for the quantity of cot- ton seed produced or its value, but the schedule of 1910 called for the quantity and value of the cotton seed sold during 1909. It was believed that, for various reasons, it would be impossible for many farmers to report accurately the total quantity of cotton seed produced. Inasmuch, however, as the sales of cotton seed are much less than the total produc- tion, it seemed desirable to make a rough estimate of the total quantity and value of cotton seed produced. It has been the usual custom among farmers and in the cotton trade to assume that (in the case of upland cotton, which constitutes the great bulk of the crop) about one-third of the weight of the seed cotton is lint and two- thirds seed. Although during recent years the ratios have probably been nearer 35 per cent lint and 65 per cent seed, the bureau has made its estimates of the production of cotton seed on the more customary basis. It has further assumed for convenience that a bale of cotton as reported by the farmer contains 500 pounds of lint cotton, which is probably a slight exaggeration, inasmuch as no allow- ance is made for bagging and ties. The production of cotton seed. by counties and states, and for the South as a whole has, in other words, been estimated by the simple method of allowing 1,000 pounds of seed for each bale of cotton. Aside from a considerable margin of error in the total quantity thus estimated for the South as a whole, there is doubtless some addi- tional errorin individual counties. The value of cotton seed has been estimated for 1899 by multiplying the estimated total quantity produced by the average price reported by the cottonseed-oil mills as paid for the seed purchased during that year; and for 1909 by multiplying the estimated quantity produced by the average value per ton reported by farmers for the seed sold by them. It is assumed that the average value of the entire crop is the same as the average 406 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. value of that part sold. Table 53 shows the esti- mated quantity and value of cotton seed produced for 1909 and 1899 for the country as a whole and by geographic divisions. The estimated quantity of cotton seed produced in 1899 was 4,767,000 tons, and in 1909, 5,325,000 tons. The estimated value of the cotton seed in 1899 was $46,951,000, and in 1909, $121,077,000, an increase of 157.9 per cent, as compared with an increase of 117.3 per cent in the value of lint cotton produced. The total quantity of cotton seed reported by farmers as sold during 1909 was 2,075,000 tons, and its value $47,350,000. STTGAE Sugar and related products are obtained in the United States from three widely different classes of plants — cane (sugar cane and sorghum cane), beets, and maple trees. Ordinary sugar is derived from sugar cane and sugar beets. Beet sugar is made alto- gether in large factories, which are covered by the manufactures census, and this report relates only to the production of the beets. Most of the sugar cane also is crushed in mills covered by the manufactures census. Some, however, is crushed in mills on farms and plantations, the operations of which can not be separated from the agricultural operations, so that the products are included in the present report; these mills, however, make practically no sugar, their chief product' being sirup. A part of the sorghum cane produced is used for fodder, but there are numerous small mills which crush it for the purpose of producing sirup. Almost all of these mills are on farms, and the quantity as well as the value of their product in that case is covered by the census of agriculture. Maple sirup and maple sugar are almost wholly made on farms. Sugar cane (Table 54). — The acreage in sugar cane in 1909 was 476,849, an increase of 23.2 per cent as compared with 1899. The production in 1909 was 6,240,000 tons, representing an increase of 48.5 per cent. The value of the sugar cane in 1909, including that of the sugar, sirup, and molasses reported on the agricultural schedules, was $26,416,000, and consti- tuted 0.5 per cent of the total value of farm crops for ihe country. The value of sugar cane produced in the South represented 1.4 per cent of the value of all crops of that section. More than two-thirds of the total acreage of sugar cane in 1909 was in Louisiana, and most of the remainder in Georgia, Texas, Alabama, and Mississippi. Satisfactory comparison can not be made between the total value of the product as reported for 1909 and that for 1899, for the reason that in 1899 reports of many large mills on plantations were included in the agricultural census, while most such nulls in 1909 were covered by the manufactures census. A much larger proportion of the value given for the earlier year therefore consists of the value of the manu- factured product — sugar and molasses. COTTON SEED— ESTIMATED PRODUCTION AND VALUE. Table 53 ESTIMATED PKODUCTION (TONS). ESTIMATED VALUE. DIVIBION. 1909 1899 1909 1899 Per cent of in- crease. United States.... West North Central.. . . South Atlantic 5,324,634 27,254 2,006,471 1,262,357 2,028,362 109 91 4,767,353 12,823 1,350,883 1,328,299 2,075,329 19 $121,076,984 585,969 48,468,186 28,747,084 43,273,088 1,625 1,032 $46,950,575 55,304 14,049,551 12,737,092 20,108,566 62 157.9 959.5 245.0 125.7 115.2 (I) East South Central West South Central.... Moiintain ... Pacific 1 Per cent not calculated where base is less than 100. CROPS. SUGAR CANE— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 54 ACREAGE. PEODUCnON (TONS). VALUE .1 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 United States.. Alabama 476,849 27,211 3,330 12,928 37,046 329,684 24,861 294 7,053 34,315 127 386,986 32,871 460 13,800 26,056 276,966 11,552 25 7,342 17,824 90 6,240,360 226,634 19,868 142,517 317,460 4,941,996 222,600 1,494 59,865 307,502 324 4,202,202 267,857 4,097 140,729 284,410 3,137,338 122,384 199 73,702 170,485 1,001 $26, 415, 952 $20, 541, 636 1 527 166' ' '*''° """ Arlcansas 152,298 1,089,698 2,268,110 17,752,537 1,506,887 10, 697 434,634 1,669,683 4,242 25,285 723, 176 1,480,704 14,627,282 804,870 1,412 429,425 977,053 3,429 Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South CaroUna Texas All other states 1 The values given include the value of sugar, sirup, and molasses, so far as covered by the agricultural census. See text as to incomparability of the two censuses. Of the 6,240,000 tons of sugar cane produced in 1909, 4,639,000 tons were sold,^ the amount received there- from being $16,766,000; in 1899, out of 4,202,000 tons produced, only 1,126,000 tons, valued at $3,882,000, were sold. The average value per ton for the cane sold was $3.61 in 1909 and $3.45 in 1899, and assuming the same value per ton for the rest of the cane, the total value of cane produced in 1909 would be $22,527,000 and the value of that produced in 1899 would be $14,498,000. These figures represent an increase of 55.4 per cent in the total value of the crop. In 1909 the plantation mills covered by the agricul- tural census made 21,633,579 gallons of sirup, 125,647 pounds of sugar, and 4,153 gallons of molasses. The total value of these products was reported as $9,650,000. No satisfactory comparison can be made between 1909 and 1899 as to the amount of sirup, sugar, and molasses made on plantations, for the reason already stated. The total production of cane sugar in factories cov- ered by the manufactures census in 1909 was 326,858 tons; of molasses, 24,588,000^ gallons; and of sirup, 1,450,000^ gallons; these figures all being additional to those derived from the agricultural census. • Including that delivered to mills owned by the plantation but covered by the manufactures census. 2 Does not include the operations of fotir establishments which manufacture sugar, two of which were operated in connection with penal institutions and two of which were engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered oy the industry designated. The output of these establishments was 7,281 tons of sugar and 693,302 gallons of molasses. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 407 Sorghum cane (Table 55). — The acreage of sor- ghum cane in 1909 was 444,089, or 51.5 per cent more than in 1899. And although the production was 13.8 per cent less than in the earUer year, probably on ac- count of unfavorable weather conditions in 1909, the value of the crop, amounting in 1909 to $10,174,000, or 0.2 per cent of the total value of all farm crops, showed a great increase. The value as stated includes that of the sirup made on farms. The amount of such sirup was 16,532,000 gallons, valued at $7,963,000, and the value of the cane sold or used as forage was $2,211,000. The amount of sirup made in 1899 was 16,973,000 gallons and its value, $5,288,000. The crop is quite widely distributed through the country, but is much more important in the South than in the North or the West. The leading states in acreage in 1909 were Kentucky, Texas, Tennessee, Missouri, and Arkansas. SORGHUM CANE— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 55 STATE. United States Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Mexico North Carolina — Ohio Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin AH other states 1909 1899 M4,08» 17,819 586 33,071 647 3,169 379 15,612 15,039 12,253 6,225 15,406 62,327 1,690 416 1,709 17,851 45,088 4,034 2,371 21,227 4,709 25,546 8,445 52,907 65,027 340 8,288 8,607 2,281 1,020 S9S,152 14,831 133 17,684 140 51 11,553 9,158 7,955 8,287 20,689 21,982 937 377 2,283 15,734 30,997 4,778 81 20,227 5,037 « 16, 477 7,250 31,364 26,803 371 8,039 6,870 2,399 665 PEODUCnOM (TONS). 1909 1,647, 72, 1, 93, 3, 7, 2, 64, 90, 79, 28, 60, 226, 6, 2, 13, 55, 201, 10, 2, 86, 28, 64, 27, 205, 101, 1, 41, 48, 13, 5, 18»» 1,910, 93, 122, 1, •10, 78, 84, 65, 58, 88, 152, 6> 2, 14, 119, 201, 14, 112, 38, >49, 49, 226, 174, 3, 73, 56, 16, 4, VAUTE.' 1909 174,457 450,263 13,886 658,075 14,826 43,520 10,113 419,561 496,114 465,618 173,259 251,762 416,565 34,277 18,595 83,966 343,641 036,263 61,025 26,877 641,294 180,543 489,112 185,358 145,932 965,769 12,878 223,224 300,218 84,626 37,297 1899 , Ids, lot 371,356 4,882 368,816 3,788 1,107 250,592 223,344 193,056 218,999 279,029 449,276 18,367 10,486 69,714 323,417 660,624 74,817 1,963 446,897 126,781 •154,111 178,323 647,129 554,790 13,436 196,916 189,935 64,444 16,709 > The values given Include the value of sorghum sirup so far as covered by the agricultural census. ' Includes Indian Territory. Sugar beets. — As shown in Table 56, the acreage of sugar beets in the United States in 1909, 364,093, was more than three times as great as in 1899; the produc- tion, 3,933,000 tons, was nearly five times as great; and the value, $19,881,000, was almost six times as great. The average value per ton in 1909 was $5.06 and in 1899, $4.19. The crop in 1909 occupied 0.1 per cent of the improved farm acreage of the country, and its value constituted 0.4 per cent of the value of all crops. Although sugar beets intended for sugar manufac- ture are now raised in a considerable number of states, much the greater part of the production is in Colorado, California, Mchigan, Utah, Idaho, and Wisconsin. The development in Colorado during the past decade has been particularly striking. In addition to the sugar beets covered by this table, which has been confined as far as practicable to those raised for the purpose of making sugar, small quanti- ties are raised in many states for forage. SUGAR BEETS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 56 STATE. United States Arizona California Colorado Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Montana Nebraska New Mexico New York Ohio Oregon Utah Washington Wisconsin Wyoming All other states 1909 1899 384,093 4,443 78,957 108,082 15,601 1,181 756 1,061 5,851 78, 779 2,238 8,804 4,191 55 1,313 7,036 1,176 27,472 1,820 12,379 1,207 1,701 110,170 41,242 1,094 1,370 40,247 2,114 8,662 1,298 2,053 2,510 7,546 1,863 34 137 PBODUCnON (TONS). 1909 3,932, 49, 845, 1,231, 179, 14, 7, 7, 50, 707, 34, 109, 39, 10, 63, 15, 413, 13, 127, 13, 1899 793,353 356,535 6,656 9,109 216,373 15,959 62,470 3,965 16,003 14,462 85,914 6,149 233 525 1909 $19,880, 236. 4,320, 6,061, 813, 77, 40, 35, 256, 4,014, 118, 546, 180, 1, 59, 319, 74, 1,858, 85, 667, 61, 50, 1899 $3,323,240 1,550,346 26,711 36,223 877,481 69,826 222,258 16,849 75,487 63,322 365,163 26, 176 937 2,461 Maple sugar and sirup (Table 57) . — The total num- ber of maple trees reported by the farmers as tapped in 1909 was 18,899,533; they produced 14,060,000 pounds of sugar and 4,106,000 gallons of sirup, the combined value of which was $5,178,000. The quantity of maple sugar made on farms was 17.9 per cent greater than in 1899, while the quantity of sirup was almost twice as great, and the combined value of the sugar and sirup nearly twice as great as in 1899. Ohio is the leading state in the production of sirup, followed by New York and Vermont; but Vermont far outranks all other states in the production of maple sugar. New York and Pennsylvania ranking second and third, respectively. In the combined value of the two products, New York ranks first. MAPLE SUGAR AND SIRUP— QUANTITY AND VALUE. Table 57 United states Connecticut Illinois Indiana Iowa. Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire... New York Ohio Pennsylvania Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin All other states SUaAR HADE (POt^fDS). 1909 14,060,206 10,207 5,366 33,419 6,173 10,697 15,388 351,908 156,952 293,301 11,399 11,638 558,811 3,160,300 257,592 1,188,049 7,726,817 44,976 140,060 27,199 49,954 1899 ,928,770 4,930 4,090 61,900 2,320 2,340 5,500 264,160 192,990 302, 715 29,580 12,055 441,870 623,540 613,990 429,540 779,870 19,310 141,550 4,180 2,340 SIRUP MADE (GALLONS). 1909 4,106,418 4,236 18,492 273,728 8,596 3,547 43,971 12, 172 53,091 269,093 17, 9,389 111,500 993,242 1,323,431 391,242 409,953 6,046 31,176 124, 117 1,588 1899 ,056,611 948 9,357 179,576 2,662 2,367 16,024 5,825 27,174 82,997 1,079 5,474 41,588 413, 159 923,519 160,297 160,918 1,677 14,874 6,625 471 VALUE OF SUOAB AMD SIRUP. 1909 1899 $5, 177, 809 $2, 23,502 300, 755 11,495 6,681 52, 137 34,386 77,559 333,791 23,362 12,950 182,341 1,240,684 1,099,248 471,213 1,086,933 12,233 46,568 160,088 4,945 ,636,7U 1,736 9,841 166,307 2,920 2,741 15,920 24,183 48,236 100, .596 3,672 6,559 82,626 631,180 665,226 239, 773 598,953 3,350 25,271 6,878 743 408 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. SUNDRY MINOE CROPS. Under this heading are included a variety of crops of comparatively small importance which can not be logically classified under any of the other designations. The individual crops are in no way closely related to one another in use, method of production, or geo- graphic distribution. Table 58 gives statistics of those minor crops for which the acreage was reported, for the leading states. MINOR CROPS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 58 SXAXX. Broom com, total. Arkansas California Colorado nijnois Indiana Iowa ITynMM Kentucky Missouri Nebraska New Mexico Ohio Oklahoma Tennessee Texas Virginia All other states. . . Hemp, total California Illinois Indiana Kentucky Nebraska All other states. Hops, total California New York Oregon Waaiin^n Wisconsin All other states. Chicory, total Michigan All omer states. Chnfas, total Florida North Carolina. All other states. Ginseng:, total Michigan Missouri New York Ohio Pennsylvania. . Wisconsin All other states. Mint, total Indiana Michigan All other states. Teasels, total New York AU other states. Willows, total... Maryland New York All other states. 1909 1899 386,102 332 1,023 6,631 38,452 323 156 41,e64 342 5,339 458 4,470 170 216,350 1,348 9,448 107 1,089 7,647 300 (') 335 6,855 178,684 879 1,669 1,241 95,137 815 2,220 34,383 839 10,219 6,627 14 802 •12,763 3,444 3,743 1,762 2,027 16,042 500 783 157 44,693 8,391 12,023 21,770 2,433 30 46 1,689 1,584 5 1,712 1,072 376 264 23 16 7 8,195 1,814 6,360 21 162 110 52 661 159 405 97 14,107 638 14 55,613 6,890 27,532 15,433 5,296 342 120 3,069 2,823 246 (') 8,591 879 7,648 64 (») 521 23 366 132 PEODTTCnOK.' 1909 78,959,958 106, 576 614,250 1,187,791 19,309,425 153,259 75,370 8,768,853 157,286 1,774,536 157, 146 644,892 92,292 42,741,725 347,064 2,368,490 46,016 414,987 7,483,295 600,000 50 395,467 6,420,232 67,546 40,718,748 11,994,953 8,677,138 16,582,562 3,432,504 13,290 18,301 19,284,000 19,204,000 80,000 32,261 21,500 6,880 3,881 158,091 ( > 36,621 ,\ 121, 169 / 301 78 61 i 17 857 112 667 78 1899 90,947,370 304,690 1,146,000 226,550 60,665,520 384, 170 1,178,130 11,813,310 384,550 3,693,370 2,733,290 5,800 537,160 33,565,610 1,015,460 1,638,150 663,390 992,320 11,750,630 620,000 515,400 10,303,560 305,400 6,270 49,209,704 10,124,660 17,332,340 14,675,577 6,813,830 165,346 97,951 21,495,870 19,876,970 1,618,900 187,427 22,380 164,177 ^ 870 To 1909 35,134,434 ■ 198 509 717 172 461 670 947 641 243 116 492 116 235 733 533 32, 71, 1,457, 13, 6, 593, 13, 115, 11, 33, 2,559, 27, 140, 3, 37, 065 412,699 39,000 5 21,755 348,386 ¥3,588,414 12,688 40,506 10,577 2,367,066 18,285 50,639 458,481 18,209 159,988 106,252 290 26,317 2136,831 47,252 60,313 34,568 50,262 646,338 45,000 21,784 3,653 7,844,745 1,731,110 2,597,981 2,838,860 665,493 9,041 , , 2,260 70,460 70,020 V 440 62,391 43,470 10,629 8)392 151,888 13,794 21.868 27,138 16,639 16,291 26,977 31,181 253,000 58,110 194,391 , 499 13,760 10,760 3,000 44,175 16,800 19,038 8,337 1899 468,464 10,762 348 4,081,929 925,319 1,600,305 937,513 689,582 18,020 11,190 73, 627 64,640 8,987 16,734 13,521 2,007 1,206 (») 143,618 19,557 123,444 617 2,838 22,495 11,190 > Ejroressed in pounds for broom com, hemp, hox>s, chicory, and mint; in bushels for chufas; and in tons for teasels and willows. * Includes Indian Territory. ' Not reported separately. * Reported in small fractions. Broom corn. — The total acreage of broom corn in 1909 was 326,102, an increase of 82.6 per cent over that in 1899. The production, however, was con- siderably less in the later year than in the earlier, although the value increased by 43.1 per cent, amount- ing in 1909 to $5,134,000. About two-thirds of the total acreage in 1909 was iq Oklahoma, and most of the remainder in Kansas and Illinois. The acreage in Illinois was much less in 1909 than in 1899. Hemp. — The production of hemp is mainly con- fined to Kentucky, which in 1909 reported 6,855 out of the total of 7,647 acres. The acreage was less than half as great in 1909 as in 1899, but the produc- tion feU off only 36.3 per cent and the value only 24.5 per cent. The value of the crop in 1909 was $413,000. Hops. — The acreage of hops in the United States was 44,693 in 1909, or about one-fifth less than in 1899. The production fell off in approximately the same ratio, but the value increased 92.2 per cent, amounting in 1909 to $7,845,000. Oregon is the leading hop growing state, with nearly half the total acreage in 1909; New York, California, and Wash- ington are the only other states of importance. Other crops. — In the case of none of the other crops covered by the table did the acreage in 1909 amount to 10,000, and only for mint did the value exceed a quarter of a million doUars. With the exception of ginseng, the crops listed are virtually confined to one or two states. By-products (Table 59) . — Flax fiber, cornstalks, and straw, which are obtained as by-products incidental to the raising of flaxseed and the various cereal crops, have a considerable value for feeding or other pur- poses. They are for the most part consumed on the farms producing them, however, and their value is not included with the value of the main crops from which they are derived. The Census Bureau did not make any attempt to ascertain the total quantity or value of these prod- ucts, the schedules calling only for the quantity and value of those sold during 1909. STRAW AND OTHER BY-PRODUCTS SOLD: 1909. Table 59 TTnited States.. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain Pacific FLAX FIBER AND STRAW. Quan- tity sold (tons). 21,657 14 1,353 20,217 Amount received. $90,832 178 8,726 81,711 OTHER STRAW. Quan- tity sold (tons). 537,699 10,346 157,091 192,039 79,168 46,659 4,489 6,684 17,255 23,968 Amount received. $3,189,424 94,449 1,682,394 699, 719 216, 188 315,543 22,169 33,078 43,946 81,938 CORXSTALKS. Quan- tity sold (tons). 205,585 5,326 27,341 45,790 43,023 24,504 6,656 50,764 1,291 Amount received. 3800,850 33,347 166,236 164, 787 103,916 189,507 41,514 82,601 6,264 12,679 A comparatively small quantity of flax fiber and straw was sold by the farmers. The quantity of other straw sold, however, was considerable, the value amounting to $3,189,000, and the amount received from the sale of cornstalks was $801,000. The amount of straw and cornstalks sold depends very largely upon whether there are in the vicinity cities, towns, or vil- lages where such materials are needed, inasmuch as those by-products are seldom sold by one farmer to another. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 409 FEUITS AND NUTS. The value of fruits and nuts produced in the United States in 1909 amounted to $222,024,000, or 4 per cent of the total value of farm crops. This value exceeds that reported for 1899, $133,049,000, by 66.9 per cent. It is impossible to state the quantity of the product as a single total, but the statistics for individual classes show that in general the value increased by a much larger percentage than the production. Of the total value of fruits and nuts in 1909, $29,974,000 was con- tributed by small fruits, $140,867,000 by orchard fruits, $22,028,000 by grapes, $22,711,000 by citrus fruits, $1,995,000 by other tropical and subtropical fruits, and $4,448,000 by nuts. The value of each of these classes in 1909 was very much greater than in 1899, except in the case of small fruits. The distribu- tion of this value in 1909 among the states is shown by the map on page 417. Small fruits (Tables 60 and 61). — The acreage of small fruits reported in 1909 was 272,460, as com- pared with 309,770 in 1899, thus showing a decrease of 37,310 acres, or 12 per cent. The total production in 1909, 426,566,000 quarts, was 7.9 percent less than ten years earUer, when the quantity produced was 463,219,000 quarts, but the value, $29,974,000, was nearly one-fif tli greater, the value of small fruits being $25,030,000 in 1899. The acreage m 1909 represented 0.1 per cent of the total improved farm acreage of the country, and the value 0.5 per cent of the total value ol farm crops. The production of small fruits taken as a group is widely distributed through the country. In acreage the East North Central division ranked first in 1909, the Middle Atlantic second, and the South Atlantic third, but in value the Middle Atlantic division outranked all others. SMALL FRUITS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION*, AND VALUE, BY DIVISIONS. Table 60 ITnitod States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central . Mountain Pacific ALL SMALL TEXnTS. Acreage. 1909 1899 272,460 13,777 55,243 66,957 35,587 45,403 18,994 19,417 6,765 20,317 U0,77O 13,647 62,672 92,616 34,810 49,403 21,380 17,519 5,127 12,596 Production (quarts). 1909 4M,666,M3 37,631,006 90,300,863 73,745,968 46,275,534 72,300,168 22,182,689 23, 878, 888 10,587,207 49,663,540 1899 463, 34, 87, 137, 45, 73, 26. 22, 7, 26, 218, 6U 456,606 975,716 580,655 374, 254 878,565 751,730 639,210 927,305 634,481 Value. 1909 •74,461 460,094 004,636 813,117 921,982 122, 467 553,767 771,332 946,263 371,823 1899 029,757 183,009 213,239 689,485 797,864 505,119 223,660 174,029 618,663 624,689 STRAWS ERBIES. Acreage. 1909 1899 143,045 4,432 19,202 23,604 16,433 37,280 14,253 13,917 3,115 10,809 161,363 4,203 21,724 35,545 13,873 37,847 17,666 12,993 2,034 5,478 Production (quarts): 1909 255,702, 11,741, 43, 747, 39,698, 26,308, 63,124, 17,648, 19,701, 5,030, 28,700, Value: 1909 913,926 068,887 875,672 037,873 152, 142 565,529 257,412 440,466 441,586 074,359 BLACKBERRIES AND DEWBERRIES. Acreage. 1909 1899 49,004 60,211 795 7,518 10,655 11,516 5,423 3,766 5,106 554 3,776 16, 417 8,524 6,525 1,945 3,855 388 3,065 Produc- tion (quarts): 1909 65,343, 804, 9,029, 10, 437, 12,311, 6,463, 3,580, 3,836, 723, 8, 155, Value: 1909 $3,909,831 80,006 615, 473 812,555 970,774 343,333 210,983 300,524 73,640 502,543 United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific RASPBERRIES AND LOGANBERRIES. Acreage. 1909 1899 48,668 1,003 15,395 16,976 5,403 2,263 833 313 1,820 4,662 60,916 1,139 18,554 24,790 7,389 3,867 1,288 491 1,307 2,091 Produo- tion (quarts): 1909 60,918,196 1,119,007 19,802,119 16,895,570 5,634,788 2,218,296 799,212 288,809 3,194,610 10,985,785 Value: 1909 132,277 149, 646 618,978 505,474 607,053 179,090 73,466 22,959 297,722 677,899 Acreage. 1909 1899 7,862 489 3,239 1,683 934 80 16 46 752 623 12,865 476 3,468 4,935 1,839 207 32 20 757 1,131 Produc- tion (quarts): 1909 10,448,632 483, 291 4,637,483 2,086,723 900,002 89,965 19,795 39,098 1,028,078 1,164,097 Value: 1909 8790,431 45,781 318,993 167,959 88,174 8,307 1,806 4,445 85,488 69,478 GOOSEBERRIES. Acreage. 1909 1899 4,766 129 553 1,482 1,232 310 126 35 524 374 6,752 79 559 2,383 2,059 411 216 40 458 54 Produc- tion (quarts): 1909 5,282, 154, 661, 1,629, 1,085, 379, 134, 31, 610, 595, Value: 1909 1417,034 14,029 48,645 126,007 100,581 24,797 10,071 2,878 47,762 42,264 ALL OTHER SMALL FRUITS. > Acreage. 1909 1899 19,116 7,034 9,336 2,557 69 47 27,663 6, 955 9,670 8,546 1,126 546 233 120 183 284 Produc- tion (quarts): 1909 38,870,687 23,328,051 12,422,548 2,997,218 34,971 23,520 468 634 584 62,693 Value: 1909 11,810,982 1,110,745 526,875 163,249 3,258 1,411 39 60 65 5,280 1 Includes cranberries and all other unclassified small {ruits. Strawberries are the most important of the small fruits, representing in 1909 over half of the total acre- age and about three-fourths of the total value. The acreage of raspberries and loganberries in 1909 was slightly less than that of blackberries and dewberries, but the production and value were considerably greater. The production of strawberries and black- berries is very widely distributed tlirough the coimtry, but that of raspberries, currants, and gooseberries is mainly confined to the North and West, and that of cranberries is almost whoUy confined to Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. ' Reported in small fractions. The acreage of each of the separate classes of small fruits covered by the table was less in 1909 than in 1899; and the production was likewise less except in the case of cranberries for which 38,243,000 quarts were reported in 1909. In 1899 the production of straw- berries was 257,427,000 quarts, that of blackberries and dewberries 62,190,000 quarts, that of raspberries and loganberries 76,628,000 quarts, that of currants 18,593,000 quarts, that of gooseberries 9,321,000 quarts, and that of cranberries 31,601,000 quarts. The value of the separate kinds of small fruits was not called for by the agricultural schedule at the Twelfth Census. 410 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. SMALL FRUITS— ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE, BY STATES. Table 61 ALL small FBUITS. aceeage: 1909 STATX. Acreage. Production (quarts). Value. Straw- berries. Black- berries and dew- berries. Rasp- berries and logan- tierries. Cur- rants. Goose- berries. Cran- berries. All other small fruits. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 trnlted States 272,460 309,770 426,565,863 463,218,612 $29,974,481 $25,029,757 143,045 49,004 48,668 7,862 4,765 18,431 68S New England: 1,260 618 469 9,552 281 1,597 22,496 24,069 8,678 11,591 5,919 11,723 21,419 6,305 3,738 7,211 17,009 399 419 1,411 5,400 8,687 16,595 12 7,295 2,913 6,701 856 988 1,356 4,387 12,539 1,232 836 8,032 3,587 2,745 5,053 562 1,673 106 2,829 66 76 1,416 37 5,508 5,122 9,687 1,585 730 418 8,346 581 1,987 25,051 25,350 12,271 21,121 13,115 16,794 29,197 12,389 3,092 9,635 14,860 67 161 1,171 5,824 10,599 17,522 82 8,796 1,994 6,837 591 1,634 1,348 6,126 12,944 761 1,549 10,819 1,408 21,388 3,904 554 957 37 2,347 48 79 1,052 53 2,845 3,470 6,281 2,285,415 998,244 826,122 29,260,143 437,560 3,823,522 37,857,829 38,822,987 13,620,047 15,721,023 7, 424, 831 13, 602, 676 27,214,659 9,782,779 4,476,575 10,344,052 23,696,221 285,696 401,295 1,594,421 5,477,274 14,425,209 26,277,054 24,109 11,342,980 2,336,562 12,827,427 1,408,099 1,262,155 2,396,573 4,972,702 13,895,493 1,907,193 1,407,301 8,965,572 6,420,207 2,310,367 6,182,742 766,791 2,071,141 96,883 4,294,988 76,532 112, 190 3,118,395 50,287 13,490,930 9,348,490 26,824,120 1,754,688 1,261,176 930, 260 25,882,372 789,698 3,838,502 40,375,854 28, 339, 302 19,360,560 33,736,630 22,088,205 26,129,216 40,168,178 15,459,026 4,542,640 11,327,132 21,484,920 70,152 165,744 1,211,630 6,572,036 13,670,380 27,957,590 126,332 13,473,920 2,388,070 11,934,060 959,305 1,597,928 1,770,980 8,862,560 15,200,120 953,570 1,735,480 14,097,990 1,856,510 21,475,790 5,208,920 1,033,885 1,246,110 37, 330 3,649,230 59,690 129,470 1,694,730 76,860 5,406,996 6,645,534 14,581,951 233,124 107,365 92,030 1,676,790 43,033 316,752 2,875,495 1,954,125 1,175,016 1,296,343 612,725 1, 109, 747 2,028,865 765,437 493,406 966,894 1,761,409 39,641 47,263 159,169 454,200 649,732 1,227,548 1,875 671,843 191,002 853,076 113,254 111,754 302,383 357,597 923,613 165, 386 107,171 601,722 486,988 202,291 480,331 86,586 201, 525 13,984 398,836 9,335 12,987 217,327 5,683 941,415 641,194 1,789,214 157,679 116,830 85,121 1,493,714 51,292 278,373 2,538,363 1,406,049 1,268,827 1,767,357 1,113,527 1,293,233 1,680,249 835,119 330,569 878, 447 1,050,811 7,785 16,629 98,159 406,464 461,621 1,181,054 7,855 765,097 149,391 699,963 59, 486 90,785 189,867 435,462 593,092 54,097 141,009 604,323 172,803 292,223 304,680 79,891 95,115 4,964 294,385 5,768 12,265 117,489 8,786 326,646 386,632 911,411 698 310 276 2,015 140 993 6,382 8,684 4,136 4,706 2,574 5,410 8,051 2,863 1,873 2,917 9,048 88 226 562 1,719 7,194 14,292 11 6,606 709 5,420 815 890 1,343 1,553 10,761 1,167 772 7,361 3,570 825 2,161 265 698 24 1,326 20 58 719 5 3,283 2,941 4,585 145 67 47 287 16 128 1,951 4,332 1,235 2,425 1,347 3,503 2,973 407 145 2,279 5,975 2 5 428 2,682 1,256 1,180 0) 344 1,292 1,233 38 67 13 2,141 1,514 53 58 525 16 1,792 2,T73 34 170 10 16 95 1 769 431 2,576 127 85 80 388 34 289 11,057 1,744 2,594 3,869 1,412 1,945 8,786 964 1,388 1,573 1,331 85 66 247 713 223 846 0) 276 847 40 2 29 (') 564 253 11 5 123 1 85 104 113 496 14 801 12 1 374 9 1,210 1,460 1,992 80 42 58 243 12 54 2,557 124 558 359 165 252 609 298 200 253 92 138 67 86 98 3 36 1 5 30 3 1 1 0) 14 2 4 59 5 6 42 8 9 259 155 139 226 274 603 297 82 71 189 555 86 55 88 188 11 241 ^'^22 30 5 '"■ 151 109 1 6,577 70 123 277 9,030 4 3 4 10 202 1,689 61 A. 0) (I) 1 (') Rhode Island 1 1 Middle Atlantic: 13 12 East North Central: Ohio 3 143 (1) 601 2 West North Central: Minnesota Iowa (') North Dakota , South Dakota ........ Nebraska Kansas 0) South Atlantic: Maryland 0) Virginia 40 2 Wfist Virginia . , , 5 North Carolina Georgia (}) Florida . East Soirrn Central: Kentucky 115 9 1 1 19 ■(V)- 0) Tennessee 0) Alabama n Missi?i Report ed in sma 11 fractions. 21 ncludes Ii adian Ter ritory. Orchard fruits (Table 62).— Neither in 1910 nor i^ 1900 did the census schedules call for the acreage of orchard fruits, but at both censuses the number of trees of bearing age was called for, and at the later census also the number not of bearing age. In the report of the census of 1900, however, the behef was expressed that some trees not of bearing age were re- ported by the enumerators as of bearing age. This doubtless accounts wholly or in part for the decrease in the reported number of trees of bearing age for all classes of orchard fruits combined, from 369,377,000 in 1900 to 301,117,000 in 1910. Decreases also appear in the totals for the United States for every kind of orchard fruit which was reported separately. The num- ber of trees which were not of bearing age in 1910 was 130,973,000. The total production of orchard fruits in 1909 was 216,084,000 bushels, or only slightly more than in 1899, but all the kinds of fruit except apples, in which there was a decrease, show high percentages of increase. The value of all orchard fruits in 1909, however, $140,867,000, was 68.2 per cent greater than the value in 1899, and represented 2.6 per cent of the total value of farm crops. The production of orchard fruits as a group is very widely distributed throughout the country. As meas- ured by number of trees of bearing age in 1910, the East North Central was the leading division, followed by the West North Central and the South Atlantic; but as determined by value of fruit produced in 1909 the ranking is quite different, the Middle Atlantic divi- sion standing first, the Pacific division second, and the East North Central third. The leading states in the value of fruit produced are California and New York. Apples are much the most important of the orchard fruits, their value in 1909 being 59.1 per cent of the total. Peaches and nectarines rank next, with 20.4 per cent of the total, followed by plums and prunes, pears, cherries, and apricots and quinces in the order named. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. Definite conclusions as to the relative importance of different states can not always be drawn from the number of trees of bearing age, since the trees in some states are much more prolific than in others, nor does the production of any given year furnish an altogether satisfactory index, since weather conditions may be favorable in one part of the countiy and unfavorable in another. ORCHARD FRUITS— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 62 Trees of Trees not of PEODDCnON (BUSHELS). VALUE. DIVISION bearing bearing i»i6 age: 1910 1M9 1899 1909 18991 U.S.... 301,117,277 130,973,352 216,083,695 212,365,600 1140,867,347 183,750,961 Geoo. divs.: New Eng. 9,505,622 2,904,978 11,235,5.37 12,006,412 7,327,873 4,329,590 Mid.Atl.. 33,977,615 15, 475, 107 45,114,002 57,577,644 28,641,924 21,113,717 E.N.C... 55,722,972 21,645.205 33,927,577 50,679,428 24,366,592 17,029,503 W.N.C. 52,8a5,414 15,211,756 25,513,920 15,403,365 14,763.345 7,347,031 S.Atl.... 45,951,571 17,881,177 25,544,335 29,550,477 15,706,294 8,581,087 E.S.C... 25,275,885 18,443,210 20,042.253 13,444.525 11,110,041 4,340,252 w.s.c... 38, 179, 158 18,022,455 7,058,045 6,664,017 5,329,866< 3,205,690 Mountain 7,685,221 9,718,919 7,478,006 1,640,677 7,648,646' 1,371,803 Pacific . . . 32,013,819 19,670,645 40,169,421 25,393,055 25,972,860 10,432,288 NewEno.: Me 3,586,452 1,090,768 3,094,251 1,438,919 2,207,748 833,634 N. H 1,368,937 271,153 1,165,044 2,017,880 719,777 707,729 vt 1,266,70» 252,401 1,492,499 1,191,429 801,365 460,429 Mass l,fm,2Z0i 591,796 2,763,679 3, 158, 781 2,074,270 1,170.868 R.I 215,798 94,564 245,822 3(»,298 197,639 155,671 Conn 1,369,515 604,296 1,874,242 3,839,106 1,327,074 1,011,359 N.Y 17,625.093 7,363,614 29,456,291 26,172,310 17,988,894 10,542,272 N.J 3,105,749 2,190,236 2,372,358 6,168,480 1,975,044 2,694,981 Pa E. N Cent.: 13,186,773 5,921,257 13,285,953 25,236,854 8,877,986 7,976,464 Ohio 14,933,813 5,603,742 6,711,208 21,399,273 5,691,530 6, 141, 118 Ind 10,050,759 3,787,631 4,713,637 9,304,482 3,709,275 3,166,338 Ill 15,033,743 3,919,267 4,939,211 9,767,211 3,857,743 3,778,811 Mich 12,842,827 6,679,949 15,220,104 9,859,862 9,020,842 3,675,845 Wis W N Cent • 2,861,830 1,654,616 2,343,517 348,600 2,087,202 267,391 Minn 1,644,590 1,787,107 1,066,659 143,655 801, 112 109,050 Iowa 9,208,387 2,802,548 7,234,168 3,456,422 4,283,873 1,849,767 Mo 23,128,107 5,748,159 11,967,399 6,805,501 6,582,678 2,944,175 N.Dak... 40,296 128,037 5,685 1,647 9,688 1,061 8. Dak... 599,586 721,924 229,907 26,401 209,339 29,568 Nebr 5,061,984 1,750,584 3,572,253 1,456,063 1,932,124 684,751 Kans S Atl • 13,122,464 2,273,397 1,447,849 3,513,686 944,631 1,728,669 Del 2,102,313 675,897 309,274 884,797 196,766 263, 127 Md 3,501,774 1,671,435 2,577,359 3,710,666! 1,517,400 1,266,047 D.C 3,583 74 3,665 1,002' 3,169 773 Va 9,609,799 4,631,587 6,581,101 10,497,4011 3,582,359 2,662,483 W. Va.... 6,770,384 4,589,587 4,709,959 7,642,193 3,040, 192 2,155,509 N.C 8,162,464 2,971,879 6,324,301 6,124,969 3,248,036 1,269,614 8. C 2,169,986 723,892 1,132,668 432, 173 966,376 272,794 Ga 13,179,852 2,517,378 3,670,830 1,028,8331 2,930,793 497,847 Fla 451,416 199,448 235,188 228,453, 232,203 192,893 Ky 8,722,441 3,595,244 9,447,858 6,286.174; 4,506,950 1,943,645 Tenn 8,959,070 3,734,080 6,484,550 5,599,088, 3,459,077 1,479,915 Ala 5,039.618 1,759,888 2,476,640 947,736, 1,818,608 476,674 Miss 2,554,756 1,353,998 1,634,305 610,927 1,326,506 440,118 Ark 15,531,761 7,258,166 4,437,917 3,359,865 3,011,377 1,252,203 La 1,206,920 495,825 392,607 283,087 314,027 225,476 Okla 8,880,445 5,307,392 1,137,288 « 661, 334 943,464 » 382, 588 Tex 12,560,032 4,961,072 1,090,233 2,359,731 1,060,998 1,345,423 Mont 749,104 1,363,798 591,088 45,192 609,078 59,414 Idaho 1,519,389 2,036,368 924,223 452,000 863,516 365,224 Wvo 33,497 97,013 18,586 1,145 39,774 1,420 Colo 2,947,920 3,151,784 4,565,849 354,049 4,651,792 378, 119 N. Mex... 803,068 1,282,211 504,059 267,835 519,677 197,331 Ari« 152,340 116,988 153,885 113,306 241, no %,764 Utah 1,385,681 1,641,755 633,739 397,863 640,904 203,098 Nev 94,222 29,002 86,576 15,287 82,695 10,433 Wash.... 4,944,889 6,951,251 4,244,670 1,180,357 4,274,124 999,487 Oreg..... 4,583,735 4,309,232 4,423,244 1,522,002 3,339,845 906,015 Gal 22,485,195 8,410,062 31,501,507 22,690,696 18,358,897 14,526,786 I Includes value of dried fruits, cider, vinegar, etc. * Includes Indian Territory. Apples (Table 63). — The number of apple trees of bearing age in 1910 was 151,323,000, and there were 65,792,000 trees not of bearing age. The pro- duction in 1909 was 147,522,000 bushels, as compared with 175,398,000 bushels in 1899, a decrease of 15.9 per cent. The value of the apple crop in 1909 was 411 J, 231,000 or 1.5 per cent of the total value of all crops. Values were not reported for individual kinds of fruit in 1899. While apple production is widely distributed, the leading geographic divisions are the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central. There is, however, a marked development in the western sec- tions of the country, which in part explains the fact that in 1910 the ratio of the number of trees not of bearing age to the number of bearing age was much higher in the West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions than in any of the more easterly divisions except the South Atlantic. APPLES— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 63 DIVISION OR STATE. United States. OEOGEAPinc divisions: New England Middle AUantic East North Central . . . West NorUi Central... South Atlantic East South Central . . . West South Central. . . Mountain Pacific 1910 Trees of bearing age. 151,322,840 New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Noeth Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada , Paqfic: Washington Oregon California 8,219, 20,302, 34, 134, 31,744, 20,073, 12,273, 11,838, 4,614, 7,522, 3,476,616 1,240,885 1,183,529 1,367,379 152,009 798, 734 11,248,203 1,053,626 8,000,456 8,504,886 6,764,821 9,900,627 7,534,343 2,430,232 1,380,396 5,847,034 14,369,673 15,941 274,862 2,937,178 6,929,673 429,753 1,288,482 1,654 7,004,548 4,570,948 4,910,171 681,767 1,878,209 8,180 5,538,267 4,838,922 1,468,436 427,652 7,650,103 93,304 2,955,810 1,138,852 696,753 1,005.668 27,773 1,688,425 542,528 62,027 517,039 74,454 3,009,337 2,029,913 2,482,762 Trees not of bearing age. 65,791,848 094,512 849,449 610,319 724,993 064,819 386,555 224,590 679, 166 157,445 1,045,123 207,289 219,833 355,868 54,560 211,839 2,828,51i 519, 749 2,501,185 2,438,246 1,961,974 2,548,301 2,253,072 1,408,726 1,571,816 1,914,325 3,624,833 70,023 460,547 967, 133 1,116,316 263,813 660,685 29 3,435,591 2,772,025 1,835,337 289,044 822,327 6,968 2,106,297 2,117,246 737,689 425,323 3,940,089 96,544 2,060,384 1,127,573 1,308,066 1,539,896 84,024 1,972,914 914,254 53,884 789,260 16,868 4,862,702 2,240,636 1,054,107 1909 Produc- tion (bushels), 147,522,318 10,508,457 37,864,532 25,080,615 22,633,470 18,375,485 13,163,180 3,240,108 5,718,372 10,938,099 3,636,181 1,108,424 1,459,689 2,550,259 212,908 1,540,996 25,409,324 1,406,778 11,048,430 4,663,752 2,759,134 3,093,321 12,332,296 2,232,112 1,044,156 6,746,668 9,968,977 4,374 191,784 3,321,073 1,356,438 183,094 1,822,824 2,952 6,103,941 4,225,163 4,775,693 362,800 895,613 3,405 7,368,499 4,640,444 888,396 265,841 2,296,043 33,875 742, 182 168,008 567,054 659,959 17,836 3,559,094 417, 143 72,814 350,023 74,449 2,672,100 1,930,926 6,335,073 Value. $83,231,492 6,272,720 19,856,752 14,669,289 11,792,016 9,461,189 6,073,710 2,085,260 5,536,183 7,484,367 2,121,816 637,990 752,337 1,780,290 147, 125 833,168 13,343,028 956, 108 5,557,616 2,970,851 1,720,811 2,111,866 5,969,080 1,896,681 769, 114 3,550,729 4,885,544 7,270 158,729 1,612,766 807,865 115,371 902,077 2,162 3,129,832 2,461,074 2,014,670 276,410 ' 555,744 3,849 3,066,776 2,172,475 620,745 213, 714 1,322,785 28,744 573,076 160,655 566,938 610,504 37,580 3,405,442 420,536 109,395 319,691 66,097 2,925,761 1,656,944 2,901,662 1899 Produc- tion (bushels). 175,397,600 11,649,204 52,812,804 47,650,850 14,322,739 26,772,835 12,409,702 3,805,702 882,598 6,091,166 1,421,773 1,978,797 1,170,822 3,023,436 339,445 3,708,931 24,111,257 4,640,896 24,060,651 20,617,480 8,620,278 9, 178, 150 8,931,569 303,373 120,143 3,129,862 6,496,436 1,273 17, 121 1,343,497 3,214,407 702,920 3,150,673 283 9,835,982 7,495,743 4,662,751 251,728 670,889 1,866 6,053,717 5,387,775 719, 175 249,035 2,811,182 68,735 » 333, 800 591,986 43,939 223,662 989 257,563 142,332 13,471 189,882 10,760 728,978 873,980 3,488,208 » Includes Indian Territory. 412 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Peaches and nectarines (Table 64).— The number of peach and nectarine trees of bearing age April 15, 1910, was 94,507,000, and the number not of bearing age 42,266,000. The value of peaches and nectarines produced in 1909 was $28,781,000. The production is very widely distributed . In number of trees of bearing age in 1910 the West South Central division ranked first and the South Atlantic division second; but m the production of 1909 the Pacific division (in which nearly the entire production is in California) decidedly out- ranked all others, with the East South Central division second and the South Atlantic thu-d. PEACHES AND NECTARINES— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 64 DIVISION OR STATE. United States . Geographic divisions: New Englsmd , Middle Atlantic , East North Central — West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central West South Central... Mountain Pacific...... , New England: Maine .' New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island^ Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana nUnois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon CaUXomia 1910 Trees of bearing 94,506,657 723,810 6,056,690 11,035,119 13,265,526 20,583,445 10,312,768 22,284,966 1,605,285 8,639,048 5,102 57,571 5,492 154,592 39,342 461,711 2,457,187 1,216,476 2,383,027 3,133,368 2,130,298 2, 860, 120 2,907,170 4,163 1,571 1,090,749 6,588,034 90 1,815 1.188,373 4,394,894 1,177,402 1,497,724 330 1,585,505 1,424,582 2,661,791 1,336,142 10,609,119 290,850 2,245,402 3,163,737 3,177,331 1,726,298 6,859,962 903,352 4,783,825 9,737,827 538 73,080 46 793,372 136, 191 51,415 544,314 6,329 636,875 273, 162 7,829,011 Trees not of bearing 42,266,243 572,237 5,759,925 6,972,375 2,582,028 6,137,901 3,865,232 8,734,552 1,696,111 5,945,882 3,320 35,213 2,187 162, 114 30,795 338,608 2,216,907 1,363,632 2,179,386 2,092,300 1,145,479 739,358 2,991,090 4,148 3,837 283,308 1,404,429 604 5,259 263,882 620,709 212, 117 805,063 1 780,551 1,441,188 861,042 349, 790 1,531,367 156,782 1,110,744 1,190,727 838,866 724,895 2,884,927 316, 132 2,574,680 2,958,813 3,386 212,995 419 606,001 184,466 32,562 651,233 5,049 1,028,141 508,179 4,409,562 1909 Produc- tion (bushels). 35,470,276 $28, 781, 078 406,903 3,201,493 5,120,841 1,643,257 5,571,628 5, 775, 799 3,279,545 940, 168 9,530,642 2,014 23,218 2,221 91,756 17,704 269,990 1,736,483 441,440 1,023,570 1,036,340 1,174,389 1,222,570 1,686,586 956 599 23,180 1,484,548 35 148 110, 180 24,567 16,722 324,609 3 243,446 328,901 1,344,410 643,040 2,555,499 114,998 1,623,379 1,579,019 1,416,584 1,156,817 1,901,647 290,623 357,644 729,631 128 18,734 5 692,258 32,533 50,102 143,237 3,171 84,494 179,030 9,267,118 632,411 4,018,034 5,172,957 1,250,944 4,888,459 4,098,776 2,761,044 1,071,446 4,887,007 3,205 37,884 4,399 138, 716 30,609 417,598 2,014,088 652,771 1,351,175 1,349,311 1,123,248 999,516 1,700,330 552 659 24,950 1,110,550 71 167 91,129 23,418 21,402 361,617 3 227, 141 368,584 1,041,767 557,303 2,182,613 128,029 1,062,138 1,055,379 1,055,971 925,288 1,502,996 228,084 326,315 703,649 235 28,149 30 764,561 37, 195 80,325 156,451 4,500 118,918 194,314 4,573,775 15,432,603 1899 Produc- tion (bushels). 104,737 1,231,242 716,670 212, 932 1,412,471 549,226 2,192,353 267,365 8,745,607 1,895 6,054 967 27,906 6,140 61,775 466,850 620,928 143,464 240,686 69,333 66,805 339,637 209 190 5,481 61,006 13 8,753 137,489 9,750 172,303 3 357,339 18,100 373,663 129,472 2.59, 728 92,113 34,700 77,678 184,543 252,305 333,642 153,808 •304,663 1,400,240 17 17,793 47,381 76,204 38,092 &5,315 2,563 80,990 101, 190 8,563,427 Pears (Table 65). — The number of pear trees re- ported as of bearing age in 1910 was 15,172,000, and there were 8,804,000 trees not of bearing age. The production increased from 6,625,000 bushels in 1899 to 8,841,000 bushels in 1909, or 33.4 per cent. The value of the crop in 1909 was $7,911,000. In number of trees of bearing age in 1910, the Middle Atlantic and East North Central divisions ranked far above the others, but in the production for 1909 the Pacific divi- sion stood first. California and New York together produced about three-eighths of the total pear crop. Only one other state, Michigan, reported the produc- tion of more than 500,000 bushels of pears. PEARS— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 65 division or state. 1 Includes Indian Territory. United States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. .. West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central. . . West South Central... Mountain Pacific New Englaot): Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsvlvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama Mississippi , West South Central; Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon Calilomia 15,171,624 1910 Trees of bearing 296,874 3,670,094 3,560,083 1,154,426 2,325,714 831,618 1,045,143 312,449 1,975,123 46,683 36,816 26,315 113,365 16,907 56,788 ,141,596 731,616 796,882 899,019 708,723 786,349 , 136, 151 29,841 2,792 191, 125 606,973 24 1,844 59,285 292,383 449,692 540,583 1,045 457, 177 154,908 243,367 105,251 262,982 110,709 337,355 233,407 142,300 118,556 221,764 57,630 207,271 558,478 10,297 65,113 178 99,989 37,220 16,351 79,355 3,946 290,676 273,542 ,410,905 Trees not of bearing 8, 803, 886 97,650 123,242 ,441,505 589, 140 880,461 506,959 936,230 417, 182 811,516 13,013 9,397 7,726 38,378 5,405 23,731 ,502,661 238,401 382,180 333,739 229,548 234,037 623,931 20,250 4,135 123,262 272,213 327 5,087 51,443 132,673 90,917 138, 152 32 255,083 102,826 150,368 54,732 69,534 18,817 131,905 174,675 99,170 101,209 196,753 38,242 252,336 448,899 12,806 76,939 901 171,367 100,201 12,852 39,901 2,215 617,754 795,669 398,093 1909 Pro- duction (bush- els). 8,840,733 $7,910,600 233,845 ,185,204 ,623,176 213,678 975, 162 536, 422 191,518 268,205 613,523 38,964 24,224 20,763 96,071 12,501 41,322 1,343,089 463,290 378,825 374,871 319,925 249,365 666,023 12,992 400 44,449 142,547 8 162 6,700 19,412 105,357 367,359 455 74,486 29,916 84,019 65,680 149,667 98,223 251,536 83,557 100,041 101,288 37,547 35,554 7,450 110,967 7,543 42,649 16 132,536 29,435 13,289 38,654 4,083 310,804 374,622 1,928,097 Value. 258, 2,029, 1,331, 239, 680, 450, 192, 371, 2,356, 43,524 25,206 23,788 110,069 14,577 41,652 1,418,218 254,582 356,240 332,727 243,698 202,965 535,771 16,551 465 58,777 148,789 15 447 9,802 21,543 52,022 168,561 412 63,424 32, 101 81,347 67,685 134,604 80,119 187,951 78,448 86,866 96,777 38,140 31,069 9,248 114,279 12,008 48,045 65 210,685 29,688 21,331 44,365 5,119 328,895 366,977 1,660,963 6,625,417 1899 Pro- duction (bush- els). 183,728 2, 185, 165 782,265 86,804 745,294 180,128 225,265 133, 482 2,103,286 11,200 19,341 10,239 89,011 12,452 41,485 960, 170 790,818 434, 177 244,565 231,713 133,745 170,702 1,540 226 5,014 68,449 157 979 21,978 156,208 301, 702 468 88,400 19,475 25,521 20,439 49,497 83,584 76,940 43,609 22,656 36,923 24,503 29,405 M,939 166,418 24 25,324 3 19,272 14,777 13, 197 59,982 903 78,236 112,225 1,912,825 ' Includes Indian Territory. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. Plums and prunes (Table 66). — Plum and prune trees of bearing age in 1910 numbered 23,445,000 and those not of bearing age 6,924,000. The produc- tion in 1909 was 15,480,000 bushels, or 76.6 per cent greater than that in 1899, 8,764,000 bushels. The value of the crop in 1909 was $10,299,000. The Pacific division in 1910 had over two-fifths of the trees of bearing age, and in 1909 produced nearly four- fifths of the total crop. New York is the most im- portant of the eastern states in the production of plums and prunes. PLUMS AND PRUNES— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 66 DIVISION OR STATE. United States Geogeapiuc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . . West North Central... ■ South Atlantic East South Central. . . West South Central.. . Mountain Pacific New England: Maine Now Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York Now Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan , Wisconsin , West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri , North Dakota , South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . , Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California 1910 1909 Trees of Trees not of bearing ago. Produc- bearing age. tion (bushels). Value. 23.446,000 0,923,881 15,480,170 |10,29»,4S5 176,038 90,498 62,733 110, 178 1,709,712 845,001 858,274 928,673 2,739,635 976,854 568,383 674,671 3,570,012 1,114,982 499,784 535,374 1,152,080 363,099 257,912 236,221 1,324,616 372,010 442,125 314,199 2,337,965 744,987 327,260 287,703 678,268 265,810 366.056 319,651 9,756,683 2,150,460 12,097,643 6,912,825 43,676 22,491 14,637 31,954 23,152 12,562 7,542 14,039 32,920 15,818 7,205 12,927 41,345 23,871 17,814 28,253 4,836 2,556 1,872 3,586 30,209 13,200 13,663 19,419 919,017 328,329 553,522 619, 192 46,547 23,071 9,594 13,476 744,148 .493,601 295,158 396,005 1,001,734 332, 811 215,657 278,505 566,988 177,931 77,065 89,073 600,087 141,480 78,566 80,384 464,917 253,479 181, 188 205,766 105,909 71,153 15,907 20,944 233,736 167,926 19,920 27,808 1,155,041 245,281 158,036 192, 421 917,851 183,828 234,872 211,472 19, 147 35,459 1,048 1,866 268,268 172, 186 31,748 36,872 351,321 184,066 41,910 50,934 624,648 126, lie 12,250 14,001 27,115 3,872 657 540 69,996 29,478 13,526 16, 192 104 8 10 24 171,667 59,127 22,597 22,772 234,859 125,078 32,948 48,522 168,883 45,503 61,406 45,274 82,212 21,657 48,754 37,555 357,323 62,126 60,845 46,366 39,921 16,250 17, 169 18,976 355,858 128,367 139,346 102.446 499,627 108,510 139,093 86,743 211,991 51,979 61,712 45,039 257,140 83,154 101,974 79,971 731,276 179,967 194, 649 137,003 149,929 41,419 31,473 24,641 436,421 195,836 25,916 28,134 1,020,339 327,765 75,222 77,925 21, 140 15,001 8,777 11,642 302,855 98, 017 179, 027 132,804 4,564 7,475 659 1,842 143; 921 68,525 81,539 81,354 51,257 42,351 15, 528 17,054 12, 196 7,898 8,420 16, 261 135,619 23,388 68,249 54,040 6,716 823, 082 3,155 3,857 4,654 122,912 1,032,077 600,503 1,764,896 427,609 1,747,587 838,783 7, 168, 705 1,599,939 9,317,979 5, 473, 539 1809 Produc- tion (bush- els). 8,704,082 24,976 428,583 696,753 428,048 190,561 228,558 397,266 248,223 6,221,064 2,282 4,942 1,529 6,919 571 9,733 303,688 24,685 100,210 81,435 131,529 157,941 213, 682 12,166 21,820 186,312 111,603 365 8,114 42,314 57,520 7,315 19,945 21, 167 19,123 22,074 16, 177 36,920 47,840 76,574 73,315 11,876 66,793 174,734 29,682 U2,037 180, 813 373 164,468 7 15,224 18,492 3,133 45,984 542 229,207 359,821 5,632,036 1 Inq^ides Indian Territory. Cherries (Table 67) . — The number of cherry trees of bearing age in 1910 was 11,822,000, while trees not of bearmg age numbered 5,622,000. The production in 1909 was 4,126,000 bushels, or 43.6 per cent more than that in 1899, 2,873,000 bushels. The crop in 1909 was valued at $7,231,000. The East North Cen- tral was the leadmg division, both in number of trees and in production, while the Pacific division ranked second in production but tliird in number of trees not of bearing age and fifth in number of trees of bearing age. CHERRIES— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 67 DinsioN or state. ITnited states Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . . . West North Central. . . South Atlantic East South Central West SoutJ. Central.... Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Ilampebire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Ulinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska , Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia... Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee , Alabama Mississippi , West South Central: Arkansas , Louisiana , O klahoma Texas , Mountain: Montana Idaho , Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacdtc: Washington Oregon California 1910 Trees of bearing 11,822,044 68,236 1,851,144 3,853,974 2,768,659 1,063,825 453,262 385,502 390,044 986,798 14,288 9,463 18,006 13,396 964 12, 119 673,989 102, 124 ,075,031 ,144,271 815, 742 843,283 760,183 290,495 25, 139 908,764 622,332 5,076 51,613 494,468 661,267 16,145 82,305 435 352, 783 332,429 108,065 60,274 50,723 666 212, 118 201,830 25,566 13,748 60,046 975 295,042 29,439 19,938 61,881 919 203,806 21,925 812 79,775 1,588 241,038 223,456 522,304 Trees not of bearing age. 5,021,660 32,687 659,953 1,523,247 1,117,533 364, 118 257, 112 242,569 681,641 842,900 6,653 6,326 6,659 6,776 453 5,720 342,959 36,743 280,251 342,328 251,959 239,605 640,580 148,776 38,399 229,352 247,425 21, 484 76,293 267,529 237,051 4,598 27, 774 83,323 124,567 74,111 25, 764 23,479 498 102,766 128,406 16,673 9,267 47,556 760 150,541 43,712 24,237 95,423 4,025 319,624 26,818 1,608 109, 119 787 229,067 313,770 300,063 1909 Produc- tion (bush- els). 4,120,099 14,904 791,326 1,410,298 515,690 327, 706 94,873 9,954 147,854 813,494 2,403 1,403 2,506 4,761 214 3,617 271,697 44,636 475,093 338,644 363,993 287,370 338,945 81,340 1,526 260,432 123,314 209 6,924 89,876 34,409 2,634 42,315 235 132,671 79,723 53,788 10,987 4,979 374 62,163 36,303 3,588 2,819 6,993 627 2,372 1,062 7,497 22,609 68 88,937 6,384 476 21,402 481 131,392 181,089 501,013 Value. $7,231,160 38,424 1,541,708 2,362,344 935,537 394,990 143,166 14,401 300,485 1,500,106 7,164 4,133 "7,661 10,848 464 8,104 544,508 87,225 909,975 657,406 508,616 453,474 590,829 152, 119 2,973 455,022 222,510 445 12,981 164,872 76,734 4,850 60, 121 668 134,428 111,043 60,453 15,880 7,199 448 74,340 60,294 4,783 3,749 8,424 921 4,393 663 17,985 41,766 251 173,895 10,684 840 54,170 894 278,547 269,934 951,624 1899 Produc- tion (bush- els). I Includes Indian Territory. 414 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Apricots (Table 68). — The production of apricots is mainly confined to California, which produced 98 per cent of the total crop in 1909. In Kansas, Okla- homa, and Texas there are a good many apricot trees, but the production reported for 1909 was insignificant, perhaps because of temporarily unfavorable chmatic conditions. The number of trees of bearing age in the United States in 1910, as reported, was 3,670,000. The production in 1909 was 4,150,000 bushels, or 57.1 per cent more than that in 1899. The value of the crop in 1909 was $2,884,000. Quinces (Table 68). — The production of quinces is much less important than that of the fruits previously mentioned. The total number of trees of bearing age in 1910 was 1,154,000, and of trees not of bearing age 595,000. The production in 1909, 429,000 bushels, was valued at $517,000, New York, Ohio, and Penn- sylvania being the leading states. This crop was not separately reported at the census of 1900. APRICOTS AND QUINCES— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 68 1910 1909 1899 STATE. Trees of bearing age. Trees not of bearing age. Produc- tion (bushels). Value. Produc- tion (bushels). Apricots, total.. Arizona 3,669,714 6,665 2,992,453 16,841 187,381 16,050 173,515 10,656 10,363 66,533 28,978 36,088 124, 191 1,154,399 76,979 9,826 30,804 56,827 29,893 20,936 7,484 35,461 14,777 169,031 245,040 8,102 176,849 50,708 221,682 956,202 6,992 581,524 10,299 28, 134 3,537 62,930 18,128 7,576 47,895 28,639 80, 722 79,826 594,801 65,471 10,701 12,180 17,858 12,313 9,145 4,531 15,302 8,134 140,703 62,413 5,216 77,071 22,702 131,061 4,150,263 6,849 4,066,823 11,403 374 9,805 1,123 4,616 2,502 1,839 12,047 10,789 22,093 428,672 32,638 4,627 6,723 17,873 11,537 6,359 2,863 13,484 6,442 132,451 81,101 5,354 62,350 13,163 31,707 $2,884,119 10,053 2,768,921 15,658 512 14,490 1,270 7,727 4,497. 2,364 12,037 17,280 29,310 517,243 26,266 7,027 8,037 22,431 11,757 8,383 5,754 16,858 10,583 135,345 101,369 5,140 102,431 18,676 37,186 2,642,128 40,578 2,547,064 2,363 4 236 Colorado TTHnpfl-"! , . . , New York 15,710 I 569 Oklahoma Oregon 1,665 1,634 1 620 Pennsylvania Texas Utah 5,272 5,254 16, 163 Washington All other states Quinces, total... California Connecticut Illinois TndiaTia Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania West Virginia All other states > Includes Indian Territory. 2 Not reported separately. Grapes (Table 69).— The total number of grape- vines of bearing age in 1910 was 223,702,000, and the number not of bearing age 59,929,000. The produc- tion of grapes in 1909, 2,571,065,000 pounds, was nearly twice as great as in 1899. The value in 1909, $22,028,000, represented 0.4 per cent of the total value of farm crops. The value given for 1899, $14,090,000, is not precisely comparable with that for 1909, since it includes the value of such derived products as wine and raisins, while the value given for 1909 represents the fruit alone. Since, however, in all states except California, the larger part of the grapes are sold in their natural condition, the values shown for most of the states are probably quite closely comparable. GRAPES— VINES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 69 DIVISION OB STATE. V. s.... Geog.divs.: New. Eng. Mid.AU.. E.N.C... W.N.C... S.Atl E.8.C.... W.S. C... Mountain . Pacific . . . New Eng.: Me N.H Vt Mass R.I Conn Mid.Atl.: N.Y N.J Pa E.N. Cent.: Ohio Ind Ill Mich Wis W.N.Cent.: Minn Iowa Mo N.Dak.... S. Dak.... Nebr Kans S. Atl.: Del Md D.C Va W.Va N.C s.c Ga Fla E.S.Cent.: Ky Tenn Ala Miss W.S.Cent.: Ark La Okla Tex Mountain: Mont Idaho Wyo Colo N.Mex.... Ariz Utah Nev Pacific: Wash Oreg Calif 223,701,522 Nujnber of vines of bear- ing age: 1910 59,928,644 207,844 38,676,641 22,708,296 9,222,«14 1,903,341 1,308,203 3,937,376 936,328 144,800,979 9,731 15,802 9,318 58,277 7,662 107,054 ,802,097 ,603,280 ,271,264 ,326,800 ,049,232 ,170,340 ,013,576 148,348 61,916 ,983,465 ,026,526 379 38,647 ,221,736 ,889,845 260,963 138,801 5,196 424,701 284,074 411,278 79,708 277,658 20,962 605,002 338,758 287,431 77,012 805,921 31,041 !, 388, 213 712,201 68,269 74 254,292 250,076 131,579 204,445 26,607 322,007 381,302 ,097,670 Number of vines not of bearing age: 1910 92,370 12,613,556 2,825,671 1,740,265 543,306 265,641 943,918 537,267 40,366,650 1,944 3,016 1,845 14,261 9,634 61,670 ,801,800 558,945 ,252,811 455,750 149,441 287,734 ,869,648 63,098 35,950 446,126 486,044 1,464 46,891 380,788 343,002 98,950 44,690 200 136,026 76,465 120,208 19,704 38,233 8,830 77,626 76,040 77,105 34,870 177,624 20,936 447,489 297,869 1,121 124,806 1,147 101,332 122,367 84,510 94,043 7,941 371,733 468,598 ,526,319 2,571,065,205 production (POUNDS). 1909 1,300,984,097 3,413,161 293,527,780 194,730,671 41,088,852 32,439,760 8,143,715 8,265,667 4,858,195 1,984,597,404 231,529 375,164 203,011 1,132,838 152,937 1,317,882 253,006,361 6,501,221 34,020,198 43,933,207 12,817,353 16,582,785 120,695,997 701,329 293,805 11,708,336 17,871,816 360 144,634 4, 752, 217 6,317,684 1,938,267 2,152,382 28,530 4,108,694 3,224,751 15,116,920 2,016,506 2,767,366 1,086,344 3,680,182 1,979,480 1, 723, 490 760,563 2,593,727 106,595 3,762,727 1,802,618 370 604,227 159 1,037,614 425,415 837,842 1,576,353 376,205 1,704,005 3,206,874 1,979,686,525 1899 4,324,300 299,058,493 159,936,481 40, 735, 442 34,579,571 14,817,562 14,228,318 5,286,730 728,017,200 275,800 487,500 240, 100 1,308,300 189, 700 1,822,900 247,698,056 4,235,000 47,125,437 79,173,873 18,651,380 20,009,400 41,530,369 571,459 573,272 7,403,900 13,783,666 1,500 16,061 3,171,034 15,786,019 1,375,300 1,685,900 34,300 3,608,903 2, 192, 147 12,344,001 3,323,835 8,330,485 1,684,700 5,134,215 4,355,122 4,257,600 1,070,625 3,621,100 176,967 « 6, 344, 031 4,086,220 1,330 277,200 1,200 586,300 1,515,900 1,697,200 920,000 287,600 1,194,700 5,389,100 721,433,400 $22,027,961 1909 $14,090,23< 108,348 4,945,342 3,129,363 1,156,625 909,900 348,397 304,454 128,532 10,997,000 6,954 10,926 6,328 30,858 9,759 43,523 3,961,67' 132,957 850,708 858,594 287, 707 426,468 1,531,057 25,537 11,021 330,078 488, 755 14 4,7 137,295 184,673 43,967 53,498 1,059 156,266 92,834 336,083 88,620 99,216 38,357 137,326 85,423 81,386 44,262 97,985 6,099 122,045 78,325 17 18,814 32 28,026 16, 101 25,371 28,126 12,045 51,412 98,776 10,846,812 1899 > 112,614 3,484,987 2,244,659 870,382 721, 124 356,687 371,965 115,206 5,812,610 7,584 14,462 7,035 35,685 4,736 43,112 2,763,711 81,758 639,518 992, 745 350,304 383, 169 503,268 15,173 15,593 166,360 314,807 108 2,158 74, 707 296,649 31,701 43,282 539 87,737 50,874 197,262 82,706 170,603 56,420 112,350 120,199 84,861 39,277 104,803 5,927 « 134, 880 126,355 173 5,721 50 17, 174 33,717 24,779 27,736 5,856 27,242 162,543 5,622,825 • Includes value of wine, grape juice, raisins, etc. > Includes Indian Territory. California had nearly two-thirds of the total num- ber of vines of bearing age in 1910 and produced more than three-fourths of the total grape crop of 1909. The value of the California product, however, in 1909 represented slightly less than half of the total for the country. The two states which rank next in the FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 415 production of grapes are New York and Michigan, but they are raised to some extent in nearly every state. In Cahfornia and Michigan the production increased greatly between 1899 and 1909. Tropical and subtropical fruits (Tables 70 and 71). — The total value of tropical and subtropical fruits produced in 1909 was $24,707,000, or nearly three times the value of such fruits produced in 1899. The value of citrus fruits was $22,711,000, of figs $804,000, of pineapples $734,000, and that of ohves $405,000, other fruits being represented by relatively insignificant amounts. The value of the separate kinds of fruit was not reported for 1899. The production of citrus fruits in 1909 amounted to 23,502,000 boxes, as compared with 7,098,000 boxes in 1899 — an increase of 231.1 per cent. To the value of the citrus fruits in 1909 oranges contributed $17,566,000, lemons $2,994,000, and grapefruit $2,061,000. Much the greater part of the tropical and subtropical fruit produced in the United States is grown in Cahfornia and Florida, the value of the product of the former state in 1909 constituting 67.8 per cent of the total, and that of the latter 28.7 per cent. Oranges. — In 1910 the number of orange trees of bearing age was 9,738,000", and the number not of bearing age, 4,327,000.* The production in 1909 amounted to 19,487,000 boxes, or more than three times the number in 1899. The value of the 1909 crop was $17,566,000. Nearly three-fourths of the 1909 crop was produced in California, and most of the remainder in Florida. The production in the latter state in 1909 was about eighteen times as great as in 1899, the crop of the earlier year having been greatly reduced by disastrous frosts. Lemons. — There were 957,000 lemon trees of bearing age in the United States in 1910, and 396,000 not of bearing age. The production in 1909 amounted to 2,770,000 boxes, as compared with 877,000 boxes in 1899 — an increase of 215.9 per cent. The value of the crop of 1909 was $2,994,000, the average value per box being somewhat greater than in the case of oranges. Nearly the entire production of lemons was in California. Grapefruit. — No other class of fruit shows so great an increase between 1899 and 1909 as pomelo, or grapefruit. While the crop of 1899 was affected by the frosts in Florida, the leading state in the grooving of this fruit, the production during recent years has been very much greater than during even the most favorable years prior to 1900. The total number of grapefruit trees of bearing age in 1910 was 710,000, and of trees not of bearing age 641,000. The produc- tion in 1909 amounted to 1,189,000 boxes, as com- 1 It should be noted that, ae in the case of orchard fruits, the number of tropical and subtropical fruit trees reported as of bearing ^e in 1900 is believed to have included a good many not of bearing age, and to be, therefore, incomparable with the number for 1910. pared with 31,000 boxes m 1899, and the crop was valued at $2,061,000. Other citrus fruits. — The other citrus fruits are relatively unimportant. They include limes, tanger- ines, and kumquats, chiefly produced in Florida, and mandarins, chiefly produced in Louisiana. The total production of limes amounted to only about 11,000 boxes, valued at slightly more than $12,000. That of tangarines nearly 39,000 boxes, valued at almost $69,000, while that of mandarins and kumquats was very small. CITRUS FRUIT&— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 70 1910 1909 1899 STATE. Trees of bearing age. Trees not of bearing age. Produc- tion (boxes). Value. Produc- tion (boxes). All Citrus frnits'.. U, 486,768 6,400,402 '28,502,122 $22,711,448 7,098,486 Oranges, total 9,737,927 33,373 6,615,805 2,766,618 266,116 10,452 42,384 956,920 941,293 11,740 710,040 43,424 656, 213 46,387 45,369 27,271 3,637 23,234 7,227 6,875 1,988 1,955 4,327,271 56,982 2,093,410 1,097,896 155,016 38,637 867,407 296,111 379,676 7,329 640,597 25,589 600,049 80,239 30,088 3,873 34 3,839 1,928 1,900 858 222 19,487,481 32,247 14,436,180 4,852,967 149,979 3,779 10,694 2,770,313 2,756,221 12,367 1,189,250 122,515 1,061,537 11,318 11,302 88,752 3,581 34,871 3,896 3,340 1,112 1,091 17,566,464 52,341 12,951,505 4,304,987 222,339 8,648 22,090 2,993,738 2,976,571 13,753 2,060,610 143, 180 1,907,816 12,478 12,457 68,770 4,188 , 64,082 6,553 5,945 2,826 2,768 6,167,891 11 116 Arizona California 5, 882, 193 273,295 1,288 Florida Mississippi Texas Lemons, total 876,871 874,305 2,359 Florida Pomeloes (grape- fruit), total California 30,790 17,851 12,306 22,839 22,714 Florida Limits, total Florida Tangerines, total CaRfomia (') Florida Mandarins, total Louisiana (») Kumquats, total Florida (') » Includes a small number of citron trees In 1910 and the value of their product In 1909, also a small amount of product In 1899. * Exclusive of a small quantity of citrons. . ' No report. Figs. — The production of figs is somewhat more widely distributed than that of the citrus fruits. The total number of trees of bearing age in 1910 was 822,000, but there was a still larger number not of bearing age. The production in 1909 amounted to 35,060,000 pounds, valued at $804,000; the crop in 1899 amounted to 12,995,000 pounds. The leading state is California, which produced nearly two-thirds of the total crop in 1909. Olives. — The production of olives is practically con- fined to California and Arizona. The crop of 1909, 16,405,000 pounds, was more than three times as great as that of 1899. Pineapples. — The production of pineapples in the United States is virtually confined to Florida. The crop of 1909 amounted to 779,000 crates. The pro- duction as reported for 1899 was expressed in number of pineapples, but on the basis of the average number per crate (about 30) it amounted to about 95,000 crates. 416 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. Other tropical and subtropical fruits. — In addition to the fruits already listed, there are a considerable num- ber of other tropical and subtropical fruits produced in small quantities in the United States, mainly in Florida and California. These include bananas, avo- cado pears, guavas, mangoes, persimmons (Japanese), loquats, pomegranates, and dates. NONCITRUS TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUITS- TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 71 rigs, total Alabama Arkansas California Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi : - - . North Carolina South Carolina Texas Vii^inia All other states Pineapples, total Florida Olives, total Arizona California Bananas, total Florida Avocado pears: Florida Guavas, total California Florida '• Mangoes: Florida Persimmons (Japa' nese), total California Florida Texas Iioquats, total California Pomegranates, total Alabama Arizona California Georgia Nevada Dates, total 1910 Trees of bearing 821,640 62,731 4,174 269,001 12,784 49,424 71,464 65,397 21,054 24,807 230, 171 10, 136 10,497 < 36, 191, 389 36,190,758 816,175 9,353 836,347 23,114 22,032 12,054 15,347 7,031 8,293 4,904 16,491 3,274 4,987 4,449 3,791 3,711 8,933 1,672 776 1,771 1,308 2,887 4,551 Trees not of bearing 1,028,717 33,893 2,518 214,527 12,602 11,813 102,043 38,654 7,783 7,325 585,396 4,925 7,238 > 2, 602, 813 2,602,585 123,784 1,773 121,659 7,515 6,885 23,072 3,807 443 3,364 7,775 17,176 8,801 3,895 2,718 1,011 1,011 9,275 3,652 347 2,745 1,320 641 1909 Produc- tion.! 35,060,395 1,773,126 80,707 22,990,353 474, 287 1, 183, 494 2,025,308 1,949,301 660,624 975, 136 2,411,876 234,057 302, 126 778,651 778,644 16,405,493 264,895 16,132,412 10,060 10,048 4,920 354,062 95,063 258,709 6,278 6,723 2,696 1,615 1,175 4,541 4,516 152,825 19,090 23,360 30,076 27,365 45,550 9,947 Value. $803, 810 80,960 6,963 260,153 20,886 50,326 87,009 107,609 22,632 49,169 97,078 9,652 12,383 734,090 734,069 404,574 3,073 401, 277 5,661 5,638 10,100 11,628 4,018 7,604 5,739 9,087 3,344 2,066 2,136 5,880 5,830 617 477 968 920 915 533 1899 Produc- tion.! 12,994,834 140,970 14,420 10,620,366 66,680 31,880 384,560 61,600 14,610 74,050 611,460 7,840 966,498 95,456 95,441 5,053,637 13,150 5,040,227 1,677,165 31,370 1,645,795 (') 2,721 1,188 1,502 31 « (») (») > Expressed in povmds for figs, olives,guavas, pomegranates, and dates; in crates for pineapples and avocado pears; in bimches for bananas; in boxes lor mangoes and loquats; and in bushels for persimmons (Japanese). * Number of plants. » Not reported separately, Nuts (Tables 72 and 73). — Systematic cultivation of nut trees, which is for the most part comparatively recent in the United States, is as yet largely confined to a few states in the South and on the Pacific coast. Throughout large sections of the country, however, there are many wild nut trees, the aggregate produc- tion of which is considerable; but in most cases the nuts obtained from such trees are not looked upon as a commercial crop and are mainly consumed on the farm. Doubtless the production of such wild nuts reported to the Census Bureau is much less than the actual production. The total nut crop reported for 1909, 62,328,000 pounds, was 55.7 per cent greater than that reported for 1899, and the value, $4,448,000, was 128.1 per cent greater. California is by far the most important state in the production of nuts, and Texas ranks next. No other state reported as much as $100,000 worth of nuts in 1909. NUTS— PRODUCTION AND VALUE, Table 72 Total Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Connecticut Florida Georgia ,.. . Illinois , Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts. . Michigan Mississippi Missouri Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania. . . South Carolina.. Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia. . . Wisconsin All other states., PRODUCTION (POUNDS).' 1909 28 328,010 439,382 35,8.34 787,854 378,115 137,987 382, 5.36 846,663 714, 478 439,644 721,265 402, 714 946,428 796,925 318, 148 134,920 961, 137 866,504 823,368 384,325 254,521 249,626 773,858 244/629 559,093 019,238 177, 632 795,804 376,013 783,570 945, 932 841,572 974,312 609,428 205,666 1899 40, 028, 825 193,570 121,060 633,700 17,775,505 855, 550 98,470 181,710 360,680 688,800 484,860 310,830 403,270 666,770 65,950 462,800 470,700 313,620 1,747,620 93,000 249,900 947,950 3,451,650 244,330 296,250 3 45,330 42,980 6,065,600 213,320 669,660 1,836,970 376,440 602,900 80, 150 289,240 1909 1899 $4,447,674 37,986 4,485 27,513 2,959,845 5,102 47,456 61, 106 20,560 7,344 36,922 7,626 17,231 73, 169 6,687 3,671 18,956 90,855 39,746 8,906 3,684 7,116 74,420 28,535 11,691 62,168 13,208 90,447 26,888 14,041 662,542 22,161 16,049 18, 196 22,373 $1,949,931 6,315 9,328 8,898 1,441,137 17.432 8,453 3,997 6,520 6,254 7,603 6,097 8,365 51, 457 2,055 12,106 7,436 17,158 19,838 1,595 6,329 20,660 71,122 3,413 4,871 8 1,034 2,560 91, 149 3,868 5,828 78,971 6,109 4,488 1,460 7,025 1 Does not include coconuts, which are reported by number. * Includes value of coconuts. ' Includes Indian Territory. ALMONDS, PECANS, AND PERSIAN OR ENGLISH WALNUTS— TREES, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE. Table 73 Almonds, total Arizona. CaUfomia All other states Pecans, total Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Illinois Louisiana Mississippi Mlssoun North Carolina Oklahoma South CaroUna Texas All other states Persian or English walnuts, total California '. Mississippi Oregon All other states 1910 Trees of bearing age. 1,187,962 6,639 1,166,730 14,593 1,619,521 44,683 13,958 42,512 75,519 28,330 36,527 60,624 48,822 6,876 96,766 33,366 1,087,619 44,019 914,270 853,237 2,705 9,526 48,802 Trees not of bearing 389,575 845 365,961 22,769 1,685,066 125,734 13,811 176,207 326, 779 8,223 119,547 148,030 7,214 20, 781 53,796 43,639 621,550 20,766 806,413 546,804 6,513 177,004 77,092 1909 Produc- tion (pounds). 6,793,539 33,759 6,692,513 67,267 9,890,769 228,341 249, 955 307,632 354,046 107,069 723,578 637,293 147,420 74,861 894, 172 159,823 5,832,367 174,212 22, 026, 524 21,432,260 66,492 79,060 448,706 Value. $711,970 4,193 700,304 7,473 971,596 30,540 17,603 43,962 47,845 10,301 70,635 79,930 10,467 8,194 59,481 20,442 556,203 16,987 2,297,336 2,247,193 6,949 8,288 34,906 1899 Produc- tion (pounds). 7,142,710 116,510 6,992,610 33,590 3,206,850 60,670 86,050 46,800 27,440 41,380 637,470 242,300 75, 170 10,900 116,580 13,020 1,810,670 138,400 10,668,065 10,619,976 6,670 6,110 36,310 1 Includes Indian Territory. The most important nut crops are Persian or English walnuts, pecans, and almonds, which are the only nuts that are, on any large scale, produced by cultiva- FARM CROPS, BY STATES. 417 tion. The combined value of these three classes of nuts in 1909 amounted to $3,981,000, or about nine- tenths of the total for all nuts. The crop of Persian or English walnuts in 1909, 22,027,000 pounds, was more than twice as great as that in 1899. ]\rost of these nuts were grown in Cali- fornia. The production of pecans in 1909, 9,891,000 pounds, was more than three times as great as that of 10 years earlier. About three-fifths of the crop was grown in Texas, and most of the remainder in Okla- homa, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida. The production of almonds, which is mainly confined to California, amounted to 6,794,000 pounds in 1909, or somewhat less than in 1899. FRUITS AND NUTS. VALUE, BY STATES: 1909. 72497"— 13 21 + 418 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. FLOWERS AND PLANTS, NUESERY PRODUCTS, AND FOREST PRODUCTS. Flowers and plants. — Table 74 includes statistics both for flowers and plants raised on ordinary farms and for those raised by florists' establishments devoted exclusively to this branch of industry. Often such establishments have comparatively little land, but raise their products chiefly in greenhouses and by highly intensive methods. The acreage statistics, therefore, have comparatively little significance. The acreage reported for the United States as a whole in 1909 amounted to 18,248. The value of the flowers and plants raised was $34,872,000, an increase of 85.9 per cent as compared with 1899. These products contributed 0.6 per cent of the total value of crops in 1909. The value of flower seeds is not included in this table, but appears, together with that of vege- table seeds, in Table 38. As might be expected, the raising of flowers and plants is most extensively carried on in the neighbor- hood of large cities. New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Ohio are the leading states in this industry according to value of products. The raising of flowers and plants is also an important industry on the Pacific coast. Nursery products. — As in the case of flowers and plants, the statistics presented in Table 74 cover the raising of nursery products not only on ordinary farms, but also by establishments which devote them- selves exclusively to this branch of agriculture, and which employ only intensive methods. The acreage in 1909, 80,618, was 35.5 per cent greater than in 1899, while the value of products, $21,051,000, was more than twice as great as 10 years earlier, and was equal to 0.4 per cent of the total value of farm crops. In value of nursery products the Middle Atlantic division ranked first, the West North Central second, the Pacific third, and the East North Central fourth. New York reported a greater value of such products than any other state, California being next in order. Forest products. — The census schedule for 1910 called for the "value of all firewood, fencing material, logs, railroad ties, telegraph and telephone poles, materials for barrels, bark, naval stores, or other forest products cut or produced in 1909, whether used on farms, sold, or on hand April 15, 1910;" and also, as a separate item, for the "amount received from sale of standing timber in 1909." The schedule of the 1900 census was substantially similar, except that it did not specifically mention standing timber; it is- probable that some sales of standing timber were in- cluded in the returns, but that the total value of forest products as reported for 1899 was somewhat lower than it would have been if the schedule had been worded as in 1910. The value of forest products at each census, as shown in Table 74, represents only that derived from farms, which is much less than that de- rived from land not in farms. Most of the forest products of farms are derived from natural forests, as there is yet little systematic planting of forest trees. The total value of the forest products of farms in 1909 was $195,306,283, which is 77.8 per cent greater than that reported for 1899. Of this amount, $102,782,078 was the value of products used or to be used on the farms themselves, $70,800,983 that of products sold or intended for sale, and $21,723,222 the amount received for standing timber. The total value of forest products of farms in 1909 represented 3.6 per cent of the value of all crops. The production of forest products by farmers is widely distributed. In 1909 the South Atlantic divi- sion outranked all others in the value of such products, and was foUowed by the East North Central and East South Central divisions. The states of North Carolina, New York, and Virginia each reported forest products valued at more than $10,000,000. In total value of forest products, including those not produced on farms, the ranking of the states would be very different. FARM CROPS, BY STATES. FLOWERS AND PLANTS, NURSERY PRODUCTS, AND FOREST PRODUCTS OF FARMS: 1909 AND 1899. Table 74 FLOWERS AND PLANTS. NURSERY PRODUCTS. FOREST PRODUCTS OF FARMS. DIVISION OE STATE. Acreage. Value. Acreage. Value. Value. 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899, 1909 1899 1909 1899 United States 18,248 9,307 $34,872,329 118,758,864 80,618 59,492 921,060,822 $10,123,873 $195,306,283 $109,864,774 Geographic divisions: 2,281' 6,447 3,869 1,185 1,485 647 628 233 1,483 1,095 3,182 1,952 638 814 387 290 186 764 4,677,316 11,810,076 9,029,125 2,642,343 1,932,426 1,005,548 846,009 753,914 2,175,572 2,763,771 7,067,038 4,488,606 1,246,913 1,450,924 509,124 229,361 276,269 726,968 2,647 13,675 13,811 16,614 9,963 8,130 5,734 1,731 8,313 1,800 13,221 12,063 12,377 6,050 4,894 4,041 963 4,083 989,080 4,355,340 3,037,823 3,841,690 1,851,361 1,147,669 1,711,284 694,096 3,522,489 647,563 2,523,066 1,794,842 2,052,847 851,511 751,319 612,413 251,787 738,526 17,664,763 19.110,766 32,161,861 19,891,878 44,010,178 29,264,946 21,026,984 2,580,902 9,594,016 10,472,941 Middle Atlantic 14,621,344 27,063,648 West North Central 11,780,749 18,547,791 East South Central 14,784,182 West South Central 7,826,858 740,033 Pacific 4,027,228 New England: Maine 112 93 23 1,203 290 660 2,979 1,436 2,032 1,070 496 1,339 702 252 163 361 383 4 19 94 161 44 478 240 375 25 107 23 144 49 249 239 120 39 26 227 40 335 20 18 6 164 8 6 20 1 340 130 1,013 71 38 38 684 177 187 1,496 613 1,073 686 174 679 220 194 143 140 181 2 11 86 76 30 174 217 143 39 61 28 77 45 132 140 53 62 25 89 «9 167 17 5 5 137 5 2 14 (') 34 58 672 301,006 236,144 78,726 2,465,467 668,543 1,047,431 6,148,949 2,857,709 3,803,418 2,384,830 1,212,891 3,694,801 1,143,764 692,839 603,936 657,393 663,903 47,221 60,008 356,168 273,716 71,429 697,001 303,509 362,488 78,377 126,995 52,094 271,427 69,106 392,409 344,579 168,239 100,321 153,421 126,212 92,016 474,360 104,601 43,314 12,280 468,685 31,121 11,177 81,116 1,620 518,226 268,833 1,388,513 155,131 108, 161 68,675 1,639,760 314,806 487,338 2,867,673 1,953,290 2,246,076 1,399,957 400,730 1,894,960 621,987 270,872 288,055 320,407 409,890 2,900 3,260 142,636 79,766 57,013 355,862 519,565 238,712 44,384 31,163 7,920 154,888 41,417 262,288 175,979 43,960 26,907 25,830 76,628 «6,644 120,249 33,630 2,806 2,480 198,479 4,442 236 34,173 26 50,450 95,872 580,646 67 24 37 1,547 212 770 8,680 2,167 2,828 4,718 1,850 3,454 3,034 766 ^,854 3,430 2,469 472 399 1,997 4,003 182 4,240 (') 669 464 754 21 1,502 2,231 542 3,976 3,079 533 528 502 857 3,847 341 630 (») 241 24 18 577 (») 1,342 2,168 4,803 107 34 74 894 86 605 8,238 1,782 3,201 4,600 1,646 3,142 1,840 736 1,127 2,905 2,971 131 200 1,694 3,449 174 1,276 1 1,200 647 1,149 84 967 663 837 2,838 1,038 181 868 276 >804 2,093 62 115 2 497 32 14 236 6 155 1,014 2,914 23,244 11,897 11,014 605,875 75,544 261,500 2,750,957 681,814 922,669 860,361 411,387 822,284 642,774 301,027 863,014 846,912 529,394 30,997 70,827 563,053 948,493 39,067 466,900 150 169,992 79,268 266,968 4,409 366,433 478,174 115,963 697,703 259,067 74,946 198,579 87,643 171,952 1,263,110 174,427 143,234 1,680 72,090 9,182 4,535 188,455 493 526,681 783,020 2,212,788 46,207 7,012 49,626 260,069 42,296 142,366 1,642,107 339,926 641,032 538,018 254,893 678,306 338,644 86,087 383,105 619,092 349,449 7,249 12,866 234,033 447,053 17,241 123,474 325 214,988 61,700 135,084 4,416 172,143 122,140 114,749 474,133 131,132 31,306 131,045 63,593 n03,264 314,511 17,825 38,431 215 65,936 5,753 2,914 120,648 65 28,699 151,498 668,329 5,573,763 3,610,178 3,638,537 2,668,410 312,022 1,861,853 10,365,651 768,616 7,986,599 6,761,941 6,603,322 3,325,259 7,911,901 9,669,428 5,181,508 3,649,032 8, 406, 823 235,386 257, 126 795,053 1,366,950 346,062 2,349,045 238 10,118,861 4,004,484 11,364,134 4,613,092 8,938,390 2,375,882 7,843,142 8,610,710 6,308,151 6,602,943 6,914,262 3,584,340 1,602,720 8,925,662 541,800 1,280,512 104,259 305,719 253,822 45,312 6,730 42,748 3,754,293 2,889,991 2,949,732 2,652,252 2,296,265 2,108,618 1,944,714 ' 196,472 1,276,720 Middle Atlantic: New York 7,671,108 469,055 6,481,181 East Nobth Central: Ohio 5,625,897 Indiana 5,235,459 Illinois 2,555,890 7,530,369 6,116,033 West North Central: Minnesota 2,602,336 3,266,449 4,442,131 North Dakota 112,807 106,284 412,746 837,997 South Atlantic: 250,481 1,170,362 District of Columbia 50 3,797,116 West Virginia 2,632,980 North Carolina 4,915,991 South Carolina 1,916,280 3,217,119 Florida 648,412 East South Central: 4,179,480 5,086,624 2,494,452 3,023,626 West South Central: A rlrftnWS 2,468,718 Louisiana ' 1,381,867 Oklahoma » 456, 240 Texas 3,620,033 Mountain: Montana 176,134 315,821 14,700 113,055 34,268 48,877 Utah . 13,325 23,853 Pacific: Washington < 1,002,126 Oregon ».. 1,300,724 California 1,724,378 > Less than 1 acre. • Includes Indian Territory. 3 Reported in small fractions. Chapter 14. IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. Introdnction. — ^This chapter contains, in condensed form, the principal data regarding irrigation derived from the Thirteenth Decennial Census, taken in the year 1910. An amendment to the Thirteenth Census act, ap- proved February 25, 1910, contained the following clause relating to irrigation: Inquiries ehall also be made as to the location and character of irrigation enterprises, quantity of land irrigated in the arid region of the United States and iu each state and county in that section under state and Federal laws; the price at which these lands, includ- ing water rights, are obtainable; the character and value of crops produced on irrigated lands, the amount of water used per acre for said irrigation and whether it was obtainable from national, state, or private works; the location of the various projects and methods of construction, with facts as to their physical condition; the amount of capital invested in such irrigation works. As the OflBce of Experiment Stations of the United States Department of Agriculture employs a corps of state irrigation agents, an arrangement was made by which these state irrigation agents cooperated in the supervision in their respective states of the work of the special agents of the Bureau of the Census in collecting statistics of irrigation. The information called for by this law which could be supplied by farm operators was obtained on sup- plemental schedules by the regular census enumerators as a part of the agricultural census. The remaining data, which were supplied by the owners or officials of irrigation enterprises, were obtained on special sched- ules by the special agents. The data relating to crops presented here were taken from the supplemental sched- ules fiUed out by the agricultural enumerators. With the exception of the statistics as to the number of farms irrigated, which were obtained as explained on the following page, all the other data presented here were taken from the special schedules. The law relating to the special irrigation census, quoted above, provided that the inquiry should cover the "arid region of the United States." For the pur- poses of this report the "arid region" has been held to include all sections of the United States where irrigation is generally practiced in the growing of farm crops. As defined in this way, the "arid region" in- cludes the western parts of the tier of states formed by ^the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, and all of the states between these and the Pacific Ocean. In parts of this great territory there is abund- ant rainfall; but in each of the states comprised in it there are considerable sections, and m some veiy extensive areas, where farming is largely dependent upon irrigation. The special inquiry was also extended to the rice growing districts of Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas, but the rice district has been treated separately in this report. (See p. 431.) In accordance with the law, the enterprises have been classified primarily according to their legal status — that is, according to the state or Federal laws by virtue of which they were created, or according to other features of their legal and economic form. The types of enterprises distinguished are as follows : United States Beclamation Service enterprises, established under the Federal law of June 17, 1902, providing for the construction of irrigation works with the receipts from the sale of public lands. United States Indian Service enterprises, established under va- rious acts of Congress providii^ for the construction by that service of works for the irrigation of land in Indian reservations. Carey Act enterprises, established under the Federal law of Au- gust 18, 1894, granting to each of the states in the arid region 1,000,000 acres of land on condition that the state provide for its irrigation, and under amendments to that law granting additional areas to Idaho and Wyoming. Irrigation districts, which are public corporations established under state laws and empowered to issue bonds and levy and collect taxes for the purcha^ie or construction of irrigation works. Cooperative enfbrprises, which are controlled by the water users combined in some oi^anized form of cooperation under state laws. The most common form of organization is the stock company, the stock of which is owned by the water users. In Arizona and New Mexico many of the cooperative enterprises are operated under laws r^nlating "community" ditches. Individual and partnership enterprises, which belong to indi- vidual farmers, or to groups of farmers associated without formal organization. It is not always possible to distinguish between partnership and cooperative enterprises; but as the difference is slight this is unimportant. Commercial enterprises, incorporated or otherwise, which supply water for compensation to parties who own no interest in the works. Persons obtaining water from such enterprises are usually required to pay for the right to receive water and to pay, in addition, annual charges based in some instances on the acreage irrigated and in others on the quantity of water received. (421) 422 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. THE ARID REGION AS A WHOLE. Summary. — Table 1 summarizes the principal data for the arid region as a whole as returned at the census of 1910, and includes corresponding data for the preceding census as far as available. Unless otherwise indicated the figures relate to the year in which the census was taken. In the reports of the censuses of 1900 and 1890 data relating to irrigation on Indian reser- vations were excluded from the totals for the arid region, but for the later census they are included. Since the acreage which was irrigated on Indian reservations in 1909 was only 172,912, or 1.3 per cent of the total acreage reported as irrigated, it has not been deemed advisable to eliminate the figures for Indian reserva- tions in making comparisons between the different censuses. The general agricultural statistics given in the table for purposes of comparison cover the entire areas of the states included in the arid region, as defined on the preceding page, although in some of the states the territory which requires no irrigation vastly exceeds the irrigated territory. The number of farms irrigated is the number of farms on which irrigation is practiced, regardless of the extent of such irrigation, and is equivalent to the term ''number of irrigators " used in previous census reports. The number given for 1909 is made up of the number reported on the supplemental agricultural schedules by the regular enumerators, together with an estimate of the number of farms served by enterprises which were reported by special agents but not by the regular enu- merators. The reports of the special agents stated only the acreage supplied by such enterprises, and the num- ber of farms was estimated on the basis of the average acreage irrigated per farm, as shown by the supple- mental schedules. The acreage irrigated in 1909 is that reported by the special agents from information secured from owners or officials of irrigation enterprises or, in some in- stances, from pubhc records. This acreage is probably in some measure an overstatement. There is a natural tendency for the officials of irrigation enterprises to report as irrigated the entire areas of farms of which only a part is irrigated. Furthermore, some farms re- ceive water from more than one enterprise, and may be reported as irrigated by each, which results in duplica- tion. It is believed, however, that the acreage given is within 10 per cent of the correct figure. In addition to information as to the acreage irrigated in 1909 data were collected as to the acreage the enterprises were capable of supplying with water in 1910 and the total acreage which enterprises completed or imder way in 1910 were designed to supply ultimately (designated as "acreage included in projects"). Table 1 1910 1900 Amount. Per cent. Number of farms ' Approximate land area * acres. Land in farms * acres. Improved land in farms * acres. Number of farms irrigated Acreage irrigated Acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating. Acreage included in projects Number of enterprises • Total length of ditches miles. Length of main ditches miles. Length of lateral ditches miles. Number of reservoirs Capacity of reservoirs acre-feet. Number of flowing wells Number of pumped wells Number of pumping plants Capacity of power plants norsepower. Acreage irrigated with pumped water Acreage irrigated from flowing wells Cost of irrigation enterprises Average cost per acre Average cost of operation and maintenance, per acre. 1, 440, 822 1, 161, 385, 600 388, 606, 991 173, 433, 957 2 158, 713 2 13, 738, 485 19, 334, 697 31, 111, 142 54,700 125, 591 87, 529 38, 062 6,812 12, 581, 129 5,070 14, 558 13,906 243, 435 2 477, 625 2 144, 400 $307, 866, 369 « $15. 92 2 $1. 07 1, 095, 675 1, 161, 385, 600 348, 780, 221 119, 709, 592 3 107, 489 3 7, 518, 527 (*) I*) « $66, 962, 275 7 $8. 91 3 $0.38 345, 147 31.5 39, 826, 770 53, 724, 365 51, 224 6, 219, 958 1L4 44.9 47.7 82.7 $240, 904, 094 $0.69 359.8 18L6 1 Figures relate to entire areas of states in the arid region, the » In 1909. « In 1899. * Not reported. figures for 1900 Including Indian Territory. « Based on cost to July 1, 1910, and acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910. » Cost of systems operated in 1899. ? Based on acreage irrigated in 1899. 8 Figures not comparable. (See explanation in text.) The number of farms on which irrigation was prac- ticed, for purposes other than rice growing, in 1909 in the states of the arid region was 158,713, or 11 per cent of the total number of farms in the same states. While the total number of farms in this region, in- cluding the entire area of states in which irrigation is practiced in the western part, increased 31.5 per cent between 1900 and 1910, the number of farms on IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. 423 which irrigation was practiced increased 47.7 per cent between 1899 -and 1909, the irrigated farms forming a larger percentage of ail farms in 1909 than in 1899. The acreage reported as irrigated in 1909 was 13,738,485, which constitutes 1.2 per cent of the total land area of the same states, 3.5 per cent of the total land in farms, and 7.9 per cent of the improved land in farms. There was an increase of 82.7 per cent in such acreage between 1899 and 1909, a rate of increase much higher than that in the number of farms irrigated, the average irrigated acreage per farm being greater for 1909 than for 1899. The acreage to which enterprises were ready to supply water in 1910 was 19,334,697, or 5,596,212 acres in excess of the acreage irrigated in 1909, while the acreage included in all projects in 1910, whether completed or in process of development, was 31,111,142, or 17,372,657 acres greater than the acre- age reported as irrigated in 1909. The total length of ditches used for irrigation in 1910 was 125,591 miles. There were 6,812 reservoirs hav- ing a combined capacity of 12,581,129 acre-feet, or nearly 1 acre-foot of reservoir capacity for each acre irrigated from any source in 1909. The number of pumping plants reported was 13,906 and the acreage supplied by them 477,625. The total cost of irrigation enterprises to July 1, 1910, was $307,866,369, or $15.92 per acre of the land which these enterprises were capable of supplying with water in 1910. The increases in the items relating to cost are the most conspicuous shown. The total cost of irrigation enterprises increased between 1900 and 1910 by 359.8 per cent, and the average cost per acre covered increased also, although much less in degree. (As to the comparability of the figures for this item, however, see the discussion of this subject following Table 12.) The average cost of operation and maintenance per acre of land irrigated for the year 1909 shows also a large increase — 181.6 percent — over the cost shown for 1899. It is believed, how- ever, that the cost shown for 1899 is not properly comparable with that for 1909. FABMS AND ACBEAQE IBBIOATED. Nnmber of farms irrigated. — Table 2 gives, by states, the number of farms irrigated in 1909, 1899, and 1889, together with the decennial rates of increase. Table 2 FABMS IRRIGATED. 1909 1899 1889 Increase.! 1899-1909 1889-1899 Number. Percent. Per cent. Total 158,713 4,841 39,352 25,857 16,439 1,006 8,970 1,852 2,406 12,795 69 137 6,669 500 4,150 19,709 7,664 6,297 107,489 2,981 25,611 17,613 8,987 929 8,043 1,932 1,906 7,884 54 124 4,636 606 1,252 17,924 3,286 3,721 M,13< 1,075 13,732 9,659 4,323 519 3,706 214 1,167 3,085 7 51,884 1,860 13,741 8,244 7,452 77 927 -80 500 4,911 15 13 2,033 -106 2,898 1,785 4,378 2,576 47.7 62.4 53.7 46.8 82.9 8.3 11.5 -4.1 26.2 62.3 ^5 43.9 -17.5 231.5 10.0 133.2 69.2 98.6 177.3 California 86.5 82.3 Idaho 107.9 Kansas , 79.0 117.0 802.8 63.3 New Mexico North Dakota OklftliomH . 155.6 (») 3,150 189 623 9,724 1,046 1,917 47.2 South Dakota Texas • 220.6 101.0 Utah 84.3 Washington 214.1 94.1 » A minu3 sign (— ) denotes decrease. * Per cent not calculated when base is less than 100. * Exclusive of farms irrigated for rice growing. The total number of farms on which irrigation was practiced in 1909 was 158,713. California contained the largest number of such farms, having about one- fourth (24.8 per cent) of the total number, and Colo- rado the next largest number, nearly one-sixth (16.'3 percent) of the total, while Utah ranked third in this re- spect, with about one-eighth (12.4 percent) of the total. The percentage of increase between 1889 and 1899 in the number of farms irrigated was more than double that during the succeeding decade, but the absolute increases during the two decades were approximately' equal. Nebraska showed the largest percentage of increase during the former period and Texas during the latter period, but in neither state is the actual number of irrigated farms large. In. Nebraska and South Dakota there were decreases between 1899 and 1909. The largest absolute increase in both decades was in California. In the period 1899 to 1909 the next largest increase was in Colorado, and in the period 1889 to 1899 in Utah. Acreage irrigated. — ^Table 3 gives, by states, the acreage irrigated in the arid region in 1909, 1899, and 1889, respectively, with the percentage of increase in each decade. Table 3 Total.... Arizona California Colorado Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico.. North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas* Utah Washington.. Wyoming ACREAGE IRRIGATED. 1909 13,738,485 320,051 2,664,104 2,792,032 1,430,848 37,479 1,679,084 255,950 701,833 461,718 10,248 4,388 686,129 63,248 164,283 999,410 334,378 1,133,302 1899 7,518,527 185,396 1,445,872 1,611,271 602,568 23,620 951, 154 148,538 604,168 203,893 4,872 2,759 388,310 43,676 40,952 629,293 12G, 307 605,878 1889 3,631,381 65,821 1,004,233 890,735 217,005 20,818 350,582 11,744 224,403 91,745 445 177,944 15,717 18,241 263,473 48,799 229,076 Increase. 1899-1909 6,219,958 134,655 1,218,232 1,180,761 828,280 13,859 727,930 107,412 197,665 257,825 5,376 1,629 297,819 19,572 123,331 370, 117 208,071 527,424 Per cent. 72.6 84.3 73.3 137.6 58.7 76.6 72.3 39.2 126.6 110.3 69.0 76.7 44.8 301.2 68.8 164.7 87.1 1889- 1899 Per cent. 107.0 181.7 44.0 80.9 177.7 13.5 171.3 1,164.8 124.7 122.2 994.8 "ii8.'2 177.9 124.5 138.8 158.8 103.8 I Exclusive of land irrigated for rice growing. 424 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. The total acreage reported as irrigated in 1909 was 13,738,485, an increase of 6,219,958 acres, or 82.7 per cent, as compared with 1899. The increase in the preceding decade was 3,887,146 acres, or 107 per cent. In total acreage irrigated California ranked first in 1889, Colorado second, and Montana third. In both 1899 and 1909 Colorado reported the largest irrigated acreage, while CaUfomia and Montana were second and third, respectively. Idaho followed closely in 1909. From 1899 to 1909 California showed the largest absolute increase, followed by Colorado, Idaho, and Montana in the order named. In percentage of increase for tliis decade, however, Texas ranked first, Washington second, Idaho third, and New Mexico fourth. Acreage irrigated in 1909, acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910, and acreage included in projects. — In Table 4 data as to the acreage irrigated in 1909, the acreage enterprises were capable of irri- gating in 1910, and the acreage included in projects are presented, with classification according to the type of enterprise. Table 4 Total.. Arizona California Colorado Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico.. North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas! Utah Washington.. Wyoming ALL CLASSES OF ENTERPEISES. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 13,738,485 10,248 4,388 686,129 63,248 164,283 999,410 334,378 1,133,302 Acreage enter- prises were capable of irrigating in 1910. 19,334,697 320,051 2,664,104 2,792,032 1,430,848 37,479 387,655 3,619,378 3,990,166 2,388,959 139,995 1,679,084 255,950 701,833 461,718 2,205,155 429,225 840,962 644,970 21,917 • 6,397 830, 526 128,481 340,641 1.250,246 470,514 1,639,510 Acreage included in projects. 31,111,142 944,090 5,490,360 5,917,457 3,549,573 161,300 3,515,602 680,133 1,232,142 1,102,297 38,173 8,528 2,527,208 201,625 753,699 1,947,625 817,032 2,224,298 U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 395,646 138,364 400 16,600 47,500 6,953 14,077 30,536 30,000 13,398 1,610 22,000 5,613 55,690 12,905 Acreage enter- prises were capable ofirri- gatlng in 1910. 786,190 164.500 1,200 30,000 113,000 85,245 66,241 90,185 21,467 12,096 45,319 47,568 74,500 34,809 Acreage Included in projects. 1,973,016 370,000 14,200 193,000 295,000 10,677 113,744 107,520 216,185 30,267 24,480 186,000 101, %7 143,096 167,880 U. S. INDIAN SERVICE. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 172,912 19,386 3,490 1,020 3,426 67,417 300 2,597 24,007 429 50 11,520 35,000 4,270 Acreage enter- prises were capable of^irri- gating in 1910. 376,576 20,974 3,490 2.020 21,540 114,340 300 3,381 24,743 86,600 50,000 48,699 Acreage included in projects. 879,068 36,017 3,800 20,020 51,540 CAREY ACT ENTERPRISES. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 288,553 440,940 600 18,060 37,4.55 879 100 106,000 100,000 03,657 485 162,418 9,648 24,750 5,000 86,252 Acreage enter- prises were capable of irri- gating in 1910. 1,089,677 6,085 742,618 49,500 65,500 20,000 205,974 Acreage Included in projects. 2,573,874 59,480 1,098,661 306,997 '"i6,666 633,264 43,000 426,472 Total. Arizona.., California. Colorado.. Idaho Kimsas... Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico. North Dakota. Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota. Texas" Utah Washington Wyoming .. IRRIGATION DISTRICTS. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 528,642 173,793 115,304 140,930 412 76,448 1,500 8,455 11,800 Acreage enter- were capable of irri- gating In 1910. 800,451 294,108 207,570 177,900 6,640 77,228 1,500 8,455 27,050 included in projects. 1,581,465 606,351 487,370 329,796 6,640 91,076 16,400 5,980 10,802 27,050 COOPERATrVE ENTERPRISES. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 4,643,539 101,025 779,020 1,273,141 628,102 27,372 333,926 78,605 78,966 251,911 2,000 149,985 13,601 41,186 687,260 81,122 116,317 Acreage enter- prises were capable of irri- gating in 1910. 6,191,577 120,559 984,570 1,870,447 782,603 135,200 373,022 168,260 88,255 355,327 Acreage included in projects. 8,830,197 360,639 1,388,435 2,436,367 993,746 144,200 518,209 240,009 129,269 482,054 3,000 3,500 169,944 399,632 18,243 22,687 75,011 790,8.55 90,805 165,476 146,795 1,259,351 115,410 INDIVIDUAL AND PARTNERSHIP ENTERPRISES. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 6,257,387 61,196 961,136 1,226,025 403,600 3,154 1,191,060 45,227 581,406 144,212 8,638 2,388 410,078 37,684 49,657 222,448 95,655 813,823 Acreage enter- prises were capable of irri- gating in 1910. 7,666,110 81,422 1,131,951 1,581,941 483,946 4,795 1,495.513 64,472 649,841 185,283 9,821 3,397 454,074 55,820 65,286 257,266 117,145 1,024,137 Acreage included in projects. 10,153,545 175,834 1,512,511 2,039,533 676,508 6,423 1,982,220 86,305 844,128 295,171 13,693 5,028 619,986 69,971 104,044 376,502 192,310 1.153,378 COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES. Acreage irrigated in 1909. 1,451,806 746,265 159,457 44,872 62,544 24,834 8,864 28,190 77,387 6,300 73,440 64,727 66,911 87,935 Acreage enter- prises were capable of irri- gating in 1910. 2,424,116 200 1,204,059 292,103 67,352 80,895 52,724 9,300 58,150 93,750 6,800 200,344 87,070 138,064 133,305 Acreage included In projects. 5,119,977 1,600 1,965,063 681,687 104,322 146,852 154,623 24,500 224,950 692,467 6,900 502,860 151,970 266,216 195,967 1 Exclusive of land irrigated for rice growing. The enterprises were reported in 1910 as capable of irrigating 19,334,697 acres, which is 5,596,212 acres in excess of the acreage actually irrigated in 1909. This excess shows the extent to which the irrigated area can be enlarged without the construction of additional works. It does not, however, represent land avail- able for settlement in the latter year, as much of the land that was under ditch in 1910 but not irri- gated in 1909 was already taken up, being in farms not completely under cultivation. The excess acreage lies principally in Colorado, Idaho, CaUfornia, Montana, andWyoming, these states ranking in the order named in this respect. The acreage included in projects which were either completed or under way July 1, 1910, as reported by the various enterprises — 31,111,142 — was 17,372,657 IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. 425 acres greater than the acreage irrigated in 1909. The figure would indicate the amount by which the irri- gated acreage may be extended upon the completion of existing enterprises, were it not probable that the owners of these enterprises in some cases have over- estimated what they can accomplish. It is certain, however, that much additional land will later be provided with a water supply by works that were in process of construction in 1910. The amount of ex- cess of the acreage included in projects over that irri- gated in 1909 is also greatest in the states named in the preceding paragraph and in Oregon. Table 5 shows by percentages the relative impor- tance of the several classes of enterprises as judged by acreage. Table 5 CLASS OF ENTEBPRISE. Allclaates U. 8. Reclamation Service U. S. Indian Service Carey Act enterprises Irrigation districts Cooperative enterprises Individual and jwrtnership enteriHlses, Commercial enterprises PEp CENT OF TOTAL FOR ARID REOION. Acreage irrigated inlg09. 100.0 2.9 1.3 2.1 3.8 33.8 45. S 10.0 Acreage enterprises were cabbie of irrigating in 1910. 100.0 4.1 1.9 5.6 4.1 32.0 39.6 12.5 Acreage included in projects. 100.0 6.3 2.8 8.3 5.1 28.4 32.6 16.5 Nearly one-half (45.5 per cent) of the acreage irri- gated in 1909 was served by individual and partnership enterprises, and about one-third (33.8 per cent) by cooperative enterprises, which are controlled b}^ the water users. Irrigation districts, which served 3.8 per cent, are also controlled by the water users. Thus about 83 per cent of the acreage irrigated in 1909 received a water supply from works controlled by the water users. United States Reclamation Service and Carey Act enterprises, which irrigated 2.9 per cent and 2.1 per cent, respectively, of this total acreage, are to be turned over to the water users when the rights are paid for, and many of the commercial enter- prises are operating under a similar arrangement. Acreage irrigated, classified by source of water supply. — In Table 6 the acreage irrigated in the arid region in 1909 is classified according to the source of the water supply. Where a supply is received from more than one source, the land is classified under the source from which the principal supply is derived. In the aggregate considerable areas are supplied with water from more than one source. Thus, in California, large areas receive water both by gravity diversion from streams and by pumping from wells, whUe in Texas some of the newer canals on the Rio Grande receive water by gravity when the river is high and by pump- ing when the river is low. In both instances most of this land is classed with the acreage that received water by gravity from streams. The only reservoirs which are treated as independent sources of supply are those fiilled by collecting storm water or from watercourses which are ordinarily dry. When reser- voirs are filled from streams or wells, the primary source is considered the source of supply. Table 6 Total.. Arizona California Colorado Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico. . North Dakota, Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota, Texasi Utah Washington... Wyoming ACREAQE mRIOATED IN 1909. Total. 13,738,488 320,051 2,664,104 2,792,032 1,430,848 37,479 1,679,084 255,950 701,833 461, 718 10,248 4,388 686,129 63,248 164,283 999,410 334,378 1,133,302 Supplied from— Streams. By gravity. By pumping. 12, 763, 797 300,067 2, 216, 757 2,745,035 1,383,718 35,469 1,624,656 254,105 661,299 397,069 7,153 4,205 643,281 47,122 75,496 954,800 301,341 1,112,234 157,775 7,711 29,965 13,248 18,685 20 7,963 18 463 1,533 1,614 SO 3,585 540 59,196 2,559 9,085 1,540 Wells. Flowing. I p^Bp^i^g. 144,400 1,489 74,128 5,171 1,172 2 207 150 48,877 655 1,448 3,710 4,100 3,227 64 307,496 6,096 276,695 3,111 706 1,959 55 139 37 5,952 1 69 805 6,152 300 5,437 75 volrs. Lakes. By I By gravity, i pumping 98,193 487 16,410 16,091 732 2 22,614 1,002 138 1,272 1,280 20 3,279 13,536 6,203 568 299 14,261 58,284 570 15,896 422 4,622 2,574 634 1,535 5,617 5 500 862 406 28 22,915 200 821 163 1,671 295 4,698 120 6,084 12,354 Springs. 196,186 3,631 31,779 8,320 19,679 27 17,967 686 38,840 6,163 200 16 10,788 396 13,068 35,412 4,207 5,008 Total irrigated with pumped water. 477, 62S 13,807 309,134 16,993 20,925 1,979 8,023 157 906 7,485 1,615 119 5,211 548 65,643 2,859 20,606 1,615 1 Exclusive of land irrigated for rice growing. More than nine-tenths (92.9 per cent) of the acreage irrigated in 1909 was supplied with water by gravity diversion from streams, and, including cases where water was pumped, streams constituted the source of supply for 94.1 per cent of the total acreage irrigated. Wells supplied thelnext largest acreage, 3.3 per cent of the total, about one-third of this acreage being watered by flowing wells. Springs furnished the supply for 1 .4 per cent of the total acreage irrigated, and reservoirs and lakes each for less than 1 per cent. Of the total acreage irrigated from wells, California contained 77.6 per cent, and New Mexico 12.1 per cent. In the case of the other sources of supply the acreage irrigated was more generally distributed among the states. 426 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. IRRIGATION WORKS. Number of enterprises and number and length of ditches. — Table 7 shows the number of irrigation enterprises, and the number and length of main and lateral ditches, respectively, reported in 1910. It should be borne in mind that some lateral ditches are much larger than some main ditches, and that the distinction is more or less arbitrary. Table 7 Total.... Arizona California Colorado Idaho Kansas.. Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico.. North Dakota Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota Texas' Utah Washington.. Wyoming Num- ber of enter- prises. 54,700 1,269 13,970 9,065 3,092 716 6,534 474 1,347 2,786 49 114 3,745 395 2,161 2,472 1,934 5,577 Number. Total. 81,837 1,204 14,733 14,017 6,568 128 14,980 1,458 2,525 3,381 93 153 6,100 1,252 3,852 2,780 7,933 Main, ditches c 45,720 891 8,590 8,405 3,209 6,673 420 994 2,101 47 47 3,582 348 636 2,495 1,600 5,593 Lat- erals. 36,117 313 6,143 5,612 3,359 39 8,307 1,038 1,531 1,280 46 106 2,518 332 616 1,357 1,180 2,340 Length (miles). Total. 125,691 2,597 21,129 22,570 12,759 316 18,934 2,728 3,151 5,854 126 85 7,591 1,256 1,663 7,709 3,892 13,231 Main ditches. 87,529 1,727 12, 620 17,564 7,662 274 12,990 1,459 1,938 4,664 52 54 5,539 631 941 5,887 2,594 10,933 Lat- erals. 38,062 870 8,509 5,006 5,097 42 5,944 1,269 1,213 1,190 74 31 2,052 625 722 1,822 1,298 2,298 » Exclusive of enterprises supplying water for the irrigation of rice. Reservoirs. — Table 8 gives, by states, the number and capacity of reservoirs used for irrigation in 1910. The acre-foot, used to express capacity, is the quantity of water required to cover 1 acre to the depth of 1 foot, or 43,560 cubic feet. Most of these reservoirs are filled from streams during flood season and in the winter, the stored water being used in the late sum- mer on land which receives its earlier supply by gravity diversion from streams. Some, however, store storm water flowing in drainage channels which are ordinarily dry. Table 8 KESKEVOIRS. STATE. Number. Capacity (acre-feet). Total 6,812 402 1,583 1,084 243 42 827 44 109 522 22 11 271 314 288 480 156 414 12,581,129 1,349,938 743 269 Arizona CaUfomia Colorado 2,646^593 1,742,303 31,024 680,261 2,098 325,953 454 162 Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico North Dakota 132 187 Oklahoma ' 22 Oregon 1,024,266 216 205 South Dakota Texas' 72,051 588,317 Utah Washington Wyoming 2,550;937 1 EjKSlusive of reservoirs supplying water tor the irrigation of rice. Wells. — Table 9 shows the number and capacity of flowing and pumped wells used for irrigation in 1910. The capacities reported are estimates made by the owners, and are often not very accurate, as few well owners hai,ve facilities for measuring the discharge of wells. In the case of pumped wells many of the state- ments of capacity are. based on the estimated pump capacity, the capacity of the wells themselves never having been tested. Table 9 WELLS. STATE. Flowing. Pumped. Num- ber. Capacity (gallons per minute). Num- . ber. Capacity (gallons per minute). Total... 5,070 214 2,361 313 62 3 15 1,345,596 9,953 4/?, 343 41,989 7,200 30 22,185 14,568 470 10,724 121 24 939 10 66 6 466 1 65 92 4 1,412 27 128 3 5 426 139 Arizona 765,921 4,119,575 53,564 2 826 Idaho Kansas 73' 362 5 263 Nebraska 3,363 1 349 19 673 1,302 669,268 New Mexico 190,690 15 North Dakota Oklahoma 1,791 20,883 51 42 122 1,138 55 2 3,035 14,382 36,939 42,794 18,926 250 24 Texas ' 121,631 4,827 Utah 60,220 835 Wyoming « Exclusive of wells supplying water for the irrigation of rice. Pumping plants. — Table 10 gives the number of pumping plants used for irrigation in 1910, with the capacities of power plants and pumps. The capacities are given as reported by the owners, and in most cases represent the rated capacities claimed by the manu- facturers of the apparatus, which are probably in ex- cess of the capacities obtained in use under ordinary field conditions. Table ID PUMPING PLANTS. STATE. Number. Capacity of power plants (horse- power). Capacity of pumps (gallons per minute). Total 13,906 429 9,297 206 58 698 125 75 18 413 4 68 229 8 1,784 69 391 34 243,435 37,258 128,143 7,969 7,065 1,517 3,511 140 693 14,226 2,038 107 3,095 63 20,916 2,143 13,847 705 9,947,909 851,873 5,276,298 296,937 278,569 128,276 281,199 5,366 24,295 216,355 182,115 4,641 118,514 5,289 Texas 1 1,466,285 Utah 315,057 365,411 142,529 1 Exclusive of plants supplying water for the irrigation of rice. IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. COST. 427 Table 11 gives, by states, the total cost of irrigation enterprises in the arid region as reported at the Elev- enth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth Censuses, and also the estimated final cost of enterprises which were either completed or under way on July 1, 1910, the date of the census of irrigation of 1910. Table 11 Total. Ariiona... IJalifomla . Colorado.. Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico. COST OF lEEIGATION ENTEEPEISES. 1910 Estimated final cost. North Dakota.. Oklahoma Oregon South Dakota. . Texas* Utah Washington. Wyoming... 1424,281,186 24,828,868 84,392,344 76,443,239 58,451,106 1,366,563 32,382,077 9,485,231 12,188,756 .11,640,091 836,482 47,200 39,216,619 3,800,556 8,613,533 17,840,775 22,322,856 20,425,890 Cost to July 1. $307,866,369 17,677,966 72,580,030 56,636,443 40,977,688 1,365,563 22,970,958 7,798,310 6,721,924 9,154,897 836,482 47,200 12,760,214 3,043,140 7,346,708 14,028,717 16,219,149 17,700,980 1809 166,962,275 4,438,352 19,181,610 11,758,703 5,120,399 529,755 4,683,073 1,310,698 1,537,659 4,165,312 16,980 21,872 1,843,771 284,747 705,608 5,865,302 1,525,369 3,973,165 1889 '$29,611,000 465,000 13,005,000 6,369,000 1,029,000 (') 1,623,000 (') 1,251,000 512,000 (») 826,000 (•) (») 2,780,000 197,000 1,281,000 Increase. 1899-1910 > Amount. Per cent, $240,904,094 13,239,614 53,398,420 44,877,740 35,857,289 835,808 18,287,885 6,487,612 5,184,365 4,989,585 819,502 25,328 10,916,443 2,758,393 6,641,100 8,163,415 14,693,780 13,727,815 369.8 298.3 278.4 381.7 700.3 157.8 390.6 496.0 337.2 119.8 4,826.3 115.8 692.1 968.7 941.2 139.2 963.3 345.5 1889-1899 Percent. 126.1 854.5 47.5 84.6 397.6 188.5 22.9 713.5 lU.O 674.3 210.2 > Increase computed on the basis of the cost to July 1, 1910. * Includes $273,000 Tor Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas, which are not shown separately in the report of the census of 1890, these five states being grouped under the designation of "subhumid region.*' ' Separate figures not avajflable. * Exclusive of enterprises supplying water for the irrigation of rice. The cost of irrigation enterprises up to July 1, 1910, as reported at the Thirteenth Census, includes the cost of construction, the cost of acquiring rights, and any added costs incident to construction, such as the purchase of land for rights of way, the buUding of structures for use in operation and maintenance, and engineeriug and legal expenses. For all of the larger enterprises the cost is that given by the owners^ but it is probable that in many cases this is estimated rather than taken from actual accounts. For some of the smaller enterprises the cost was estimated by the special agents of the Census Bureau, and in the case of some schedules received by mail the cost has been estimated in the bureau on the basis of the average cost per acre for other enterprises of the same class in the same vicinity. Many of the smaller ditches were built a number of years ago by their owners without the expenditure of much, if any, money, and many of these have since changed hands. In such cases the cost given by the present owners is only a rough esti- mate. The data as to cost reported for 1899 and 1889 are probably somewhat less accurate than those for 1910. The figure for cost given in the Twelfth Census report is designated as the "cost of construction of systems operated ui 1899." The figure for cost at the Eleventh Census is an estimate consisting of the sum of the amounts obtained by multiplying the acreage irrigated by the average first cost per acre of obtaining water, or of water rights, as given by the irrigators. Although not specifically stated in the reports for the previous censuses, it is probable that the figures there given include the same items represented in the figure for cost in 1910. The total cost of irrigation enterprises up to July 1, 1910, was reported as $307,866,369, which represents an increase of $240,904,094, or 359.8 per cent over the cost reported at the census of 1900. In no state in the arid region was the increase in cost for this period less than 100 per cent, the highest percentage of increase being in North Dakota and the lowest in Oklahoma. With respect to absolute increase Cali- fornia ranked first, Colorado second, Idaho third, and Montana fourth. The year 1910 was in the midst of a period of great activity in the construction of irriga- tion works, and on July 1, 1910, a large number of works were incomplete. The "estimated final cost" reported, $424,281,186, is the sum of the cost up to July 1 and the estimated cost of completing these unfinished works. Average cost per acre. — Table 12 gives the average cost of irrigation enterprises per acre. The averages for 1889 and 1899 are, with one exception, for the acre- age actually irrigated in the respective years. These averages are probably considerably higher than if they had been calculated on the basis of the acreage the en- terprises were capable of irrigating. At the Thirteenth Census the average cost per acre has been computed by dividing the cost to July 1, 1910, by the acreage which enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910. Aver- ages based on the acreage irrigated in 1909 and the cost 428 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. to July 1, 1910, are, however, also presented as a rough basis for comparison with the averages for the pre- vious censuses. In addition, averages based on the estimated final cost of enterprises and the acreage which their owners expect finally to be able to supply with water are given. These latter averages would represent most accurately the true cost of providing works to supply water for irrigation, were it not for a more or less general tendency to underestimate cost and overestimate the acreage it ^vill be possible to serve. Table 12 AVERAGE COST OF IBRIGATION ENTERPRISES PER ACRE. •• 1910 1899 BUTE. Based on cost to Julyl, 1910, and acreage enter- prises were capable of irrigating in 1910. Based on cost to July 1, 1910, and acreage irrigated in 1909. Based on estimated final cost and acreage included In projects. 1889 Total $15.92 45.60 20.05 14.19 17.15 9.75 10.42 18.17 7.99 14.19 38.17 7.38 15.36 23.69 21.57 11.22 34.47 10.80 $22.41 55.23 27.24 20.29 28.64 36.44 13.68 30.47 9.58 19.83 81.62 10.76 18.60 48.11 44.72 14.04 48.51 15.62 $13.64 26.30 15.37 12.92 16.47 8.47 9.21 13.95 9.89 10.56 21.91 5.53 15.52 18.85 11.43 9.16 27.32 9.18 $8.91 23.94 13.27 7.30 13.79 22.43 4.92 8.82 3.05 20.43 3.49 7.93 4.75 6.52 17.23 9.32 I12.-08 6. 6 $8.15 7.07 California 12.95 Colorado 7.15 Idaho 4.74 C) 4.63 V-) Nevada 7.58 New Mexico 5.58 North Dakota (.') Oklahoma 4.64 South Dakota C') Texas ' (S) Utah 10.55 Washington 4.03 Wyoming 3.62 1 Based on acreage under ditch in 1899. » Figures for Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas are not shown separately in the report of the census of 1890, these five states being grouped under the designation of "subhumid region." The average for the sub- bumid region was $4.07. ' Exclusive of land irrigated for rice growing. The average cost per acre based on the acreage irri- gated in 1909 was $22.41; that based on the acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910 was $15.92; and that based on the estimated total cost and the acreage included in projects was $13.64. Between 1889 and 1899 there was no marked increase in the average cost of irrigation enterprises per acre of land irrigated, but in 1910 the average cost per acre was very much higher. The chief reason for this is the fact that, naturally, irrigation enterprises were first undertaken where water could be most easily secured and engineering difl&culties were least serious. The enterprises undertaken during more recent years have been of necessity on a much larger scale than those built formerly, and, in most cases, of a better and more per- manent type of construction Indeed, much of the cost incurred between 1899 and 1910 was for the im- provement of existing works, especially by the addition of reservoirs, which did not provide water for new lands, but rather provided a better supply for land already irrigated. Average cost per acre, by type of enterprise. — Tabic 13 gives the average cost of irrigation enterprises per acre in 1910, computed in the three ways just shown, for each class of enterprises. Table 13 CLASS OF ENTERPRISE. All classes U. S. Reclamation Service U. S. Indian Service Carey Act enterprises Irrigation districts Cooperative enterprises Individual and partnership enterprises Commercial enterprises AVERAGE COST OF IRRIGATION ENTERPRISES PER ACRE. Based on cost to July 1.1910, and acreage en- terprises were capa- ble of irri- gating in 1910. Based on cost to July 1,1910, and acreage irrigated in 1909. $15.92 67.52 12.78 30.53 27.37 12.89 7.09 24.98 $22. 41 134. 17 27.83 115.30 41.44 17.19 8.69 41.71 Based on estimated final cost and acre- age in- cluded In projects. $13.84 48.14 13.33 21.75 20.33 10.07 5.22 16. 7» The highest average cost per acre on each basis is shown for the United States Reclamation Service en- terprises, and the next highest in each case for Carey Act enterprises. Irrigation districts ranked third and commercial enterprises fourth, except in one case where the order is reversed. These four classes comprise the large enterprises which are now en- gaged in developing new lands, and most of their work is of recent date. The works built by indi- viduals or cooperative enterprises, which are smaller and were for the most part built at an earlier period, naturally utilized the sources from which water could be most readily diverted and transported to the land to be irrigated. The larger works of recent date serve land farther from the streams and involve better, more expensive, and more permanent construction, and as a result the average cost per acre is higher than that for the small works. Average cost per acre, by size groups. — The average cost of irrigation works per acre for enterprises classi- fied by size is shown in Table 14. The classification is based on the acreage intended ultimately to be irrigated. It will be noted that in general the cost per acre irrigated increases with the size of enterprises. This condition is due at least in a considerable measure to the fact already noted that most of the larger enter- prises, which are mainly of recent date, have had to seek water more difficult to obtain than that secured by the smaller enterprises, and that they represent a better type of work. IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. 429 Table 14 Number of enterprises Acreage: Irrigated in 1909 Enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910 Induaed in projects Cost: To July 1, 1910 Estimated final Average cost x)er acre based on: Acreage irrigated In 1909 and cost to July 1, 1910 Acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910 and cost to July 1,1910 Acreage included in projects and estimated final cost Total. 54,700 13,738,485 19,334,697 31,111,142 $307,866,360 $424,281,186 $22.41 $15.92 $13.64 ENTERPRISES CONTAINING- Less than 25,000 acres. 54,548 11,395,874 14,789,465 20,632,614 $175,308,121 $207,068,121 $15.38 $11.85 $10.04 25,000 to 50,000 acres. 832,024 1,281,145 2,420,289 $23,411,977 $33,154,836 $28.14 $18.27 $13.70 50,000 to 75,000 75,000 to 100,000 i 100,000 acres acres. acres. and over. 412,685 728,795 1,623,348 $19,524,778 $33,537,574 $47. 31 $26.79 $20.66 16 264,096 493,514 1,309,247 $14,420,824 $21,368,421 $54.60 $29.22 $16.32 34 833,806 2,041,778 5,125,644 $75,200,669 $129,152,234 $90.19 $36.83 $25.20 Operation and maintenance. — Table 15 gives the average cost per acre for the operation and mainte- nance of irrigation enterprises in 1909. The inquirj- as to this item was not extended to individual and partnership enterprises, for the reason that farmers owning their own ditches usually clean and repair them at odd times without keeping any record of the time or money expended. In the case of some enterprises of other classes, no reports were received. The sta- tistics for cost of operation reported at the two previous censuses, for various reasons, are not fairly comparable with those for 1909, and consequently are not shown in the table. For the arid region as a whole, the average cost of operation and maintenance per acre irrigated was $1 .07. The abnormal cost shown for North Dakota (S28.40) relates almost entirely to a single large project which supplied water in 1909 to only a small part of the acreage which it is designed to serve. The lowest average is for Oklahoma ($0.51 per acre). Table 15 Acreage irri- gated in 1909 by enterprises for which cost of opera- tion and maintenance was reported. Total. Arizona... California. Colorado.. Idaho Kansas Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico... North Dakota. Oklahoma Oregon SouUi Dakota. Texas' Utah Washington. Wyoming... 6,379,956 230,429 1.368,247 1,401,670 883,698 34,255 394,507 209,023 88,976 278,439 1,610 1,969 263,855 25,514 109,607 689,994 176, 197 221,875 REPORTED COST OF OP- ERATION AND MAINTE- NANCE IN 1909. Amount. $6,888,433 214,358 2, 109, 431 1,046,268 560,032 54,595 349,662 227,385 86,110 377,972 45.718 1,000 198,111 16,288 356,200 451,283 543,312 190,648 Average per acre for which cost was reported. $1.07 0.93 1.54 0.75 0.63 1.59 0.39 1.09 0.97 1.36 28.40 0.51 0.75 0.04 3.25 0.65 3.08 0.86 > Exclusive of enterprises supplying water for the irrigation of rice. CEOPS. The returns of crops grown on irrigated land, which were made by the regular enumerators of population and agriculture, are somewhat incomplete, for the reason that, owing to the late date at which the pro- visions of law regarding the irrigation census were passed, the enumerators could not be as carefully instructed regarding the special irrigation schedules as regarding the regular agricultural schedules. On many of the schedules the agricultural enumerators reported land as irrigated but failed to return sepa- rately the crops grown on such land. The total acre- age of crops reported as raised on irrigated land formed 52.7 per cent of the total acreage irrigated in 1909; and while part of the remainder was doubtless in pasture, it is evident that part was in crops not reported as grown under irrigation and a part was probably in crops not harvested. Although the totals are thus incomplete, the returns are sufficiently accu- rate to afford reliable averages of yields and values and to show the relative importance of the vaiious crops. Table 16 gives, by states, the total acreage and total value of crops reported as irrigated in 1909, with the average value per acre. Table 16 STATK. CROPS IRRIGATED IN 1909. Acreage. Value. Total. Average per acre. Total 7,241,561 171,302 1,196,767 1,650,356 772,684 22,118 909,342 137,211 356,079 230,034 3,273 , 2,806 368,911 38,438 58,227 679,744 j 160,483 1 583,786 j 1 $181,617,396 4,718,100 52,057,007 39,478,994 16,582,213 477,025 14,535,960 1,973,860 5,339,475 5,705,922 56,215 51,995 7,489.255 505,684 2.645,385 14,642,792 7,994.531 7,362.983 $25.08 Arizona 27.54 California 43.50 Colorado 23.92 Idaho 21.46 Kansas 21.57 Montana 15.90 Nebraska 14.39 Nevada ." 15.00 New Mexico 24.80 North Dakota 17.18 18.53 20.30 South Dsjcota 13.16 Texas • 45.43 Utah 25.26 Washington 49.82 12.61 > Exclusive of rice. The table shows for all crops reported as irrigated an average value per acre of S25.08. The highest average value per acre for crops raised on ii-rigated land is that for Washington, $49.82, which 480 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. these yields were expressed and because the general agricultural schedules do not show the acreage in these crops. is followed by that for Texas, $45.43 (exclusive of rioe), and that for California, $43.50. Wyonung showed the lowest average value per acre, $12.61. As is to be expected, the average value per acre is highest in the states with large areas of fruits, vegetables, and other specialized crops raised by means of irrigation, while in those where forage crops and grains predomi- nate the average is lower. Fruit crops comprised about 12 per cent of the total acreage of irrigated crops in Washmgton in 1909 and about 21 per cent of the total in California, and vegetables and other special crops about 21 per cent of the total acreage of irri- gated crops m Texas, exclusive of rice. In Wyommg, on the other hand, more than 32 per cent of the total acreage of irrigated crops in 1909 was in wild grass, and irrigated fruit crops were insignificant. Table 17 shows the reported acreage and value of each important irrigated crop in the arid region as a whole, with the percentage of the total represented by each. Table 17 Total reported AUaUa WUd, salt, or prairie grasses. Oats. Wheat Barley Orchard fruits and grapes Other tame or cultivated grasses. Grains cut green Timothy alone Sugar beets Timothy and clover mixed Potatoes Corn Tropical and subtropical fruits .. All other CROPS IBRIGATED IN 1909. Acreage. Amoxmt. 241,561 ,216,628 530,669 739, 632 548,173 240, 117 236,385 219,701 209,363 202,817 183,467 183,308 168,014 133,673 99,431 330.183 Per cent of total. 100.0 30.6 21.1 10.2 7.6 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.4 4.6 Value. Amount. {181, 617, 50,850, 11,734, 14,056, 12,826, 4,399, 18,245, 2,571, 2,992, 3,211, 10,511, 3,071, 10,085, 2,423. 15,344, 19,293 Per cent of total. 100.0 28.0 6.5 7.7 7.1 2.4 10.0 1.4 1.6 1.8 5.8 1.7 6.6 1.3 8.4 10.6 In acreage alfalfa ranked first, with 30.6 per cent of the total reported; "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" second, with 21.1 percent; and oats third, with 10.2 per cent. Forage crops, taken together, occupied about 63 per cent of the total reported acreage, cereals about 23 per cent, sugar beets 2,5 per cent, potatoes 2.3 per cent, fruit crops about 5 per cent, and the crops such as vegetables, root forage, cotton, buckwheat, and others (grouped under the head "all other") 4.6 per cent. In value also alfalfa was most important, represent- ing 28 per cent of the total amount reported; but orchard fruits and grapes ranked second in this respect among the crops shown separately and trop- ical fruits third, notwithstanding the relatively small acreages in these crops. Average yields per acre. — Table 18 shows for each of the leading crops grown on irrigated land the aver- age yield per acre in comparison with the average yield of the same crop on unirrigated land in the United States as a whole. Yields for fruit crops are not given because of the large variety of units in which Table 18 Cereals: , , , Com bushels.. Oats!.'! bushels.. Wheat bushels. - Barl?y bushels.. Hay and forage: Alfalfa toils.. Timothy alone tons. . Timothy and clover mixed tons. Othertame or cultivated grasses 2. tons. Wild, salt, or prairie grasses tons. . Grains cut green tons. Sundry crops: Potatoes bushels. Sugar beets tons . AVEKAQE YrELD PEE ACEE. On Irrigated land, arid region. 23.7 36.8 25.6 29.1 2.94 1.73 1.82 1.53 1.06 1.46 163.6 11.89 On unir- rigated land, entire United States. EXCESS OF AVEE- AGE YIELD OH IREIGATED LAND OVEETHATONUN- IBEIQATED LAND.^ 25.9 28.6 15.3 22.3 2.14 1.22 1.26 1.05 1.07 1.23 103.8 9.73 Amount. Percent.. -2.2 8.3 10.3 6.8 0.80 0.51 0.66 0.48 -0.01 0.23 49.8 2.16 -8.5 29.1 67. a 30.5. 37.4 41.8 44.4 46.7 -0.9^ 18.7 48.0 22.2 1 A minus sign (-) indicates that the yield on irrigated land islessthan thatOB unirrigated land. i Includes millet or Hungarian grass. For each of the crops presented in the table except corn and "wild, salt, or prairie grasses," the average yield on irrigated land exceeds that on unirrigated land, the percentages of excess ranging from 18.7 for grains cut green to 67.3 per cent for wheat. As cli- matic conditions in the arid region are not favorable to com, it is not grown to a large extent there. In the case of "wild, salt, or prairie grasses" the average yields on irrigated and unirrigated land are practically equal. A large part of the imirrigated wild grass is cut on river bottom lands where the soil is likely to be wet, even without irrigation, and consequently a difference in favor of irrigated land is not to be expected. A combined average for all the crops listed in Table 18, each being given a weight corresponding to its acreage, shows an excess yield of 28.6 per cent for the crops grown on irrigated land over those grown on unirrigated land. It is, of course, obvious that this difference in no way represents the advantage of irriga- tion over nonirrigation. In some sections where rain- fall is plentiful irrigation would add little to the yield, but in arid sections often little or nothing can be raised without irrigation. Average values per acre. — The average values per acre of the leading irrigated crops reported for the arid region are shown in Table 19 in comparison with averages for the same crops grown on unirrigated land for the United States as a whole, so far as acreage figures are available for these. Among crops grown on irrigated land in 1909, tropical fruits led in average value per acre by a wide margin, orchard fruits and grapes ranking second. Potatoes followed the fruit crops, with an average value of $60.03, and sugar beets were next of the IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATED CROPS. 481 crops shown separately, the average value being $57.29 per acre. Alfalfa, the most important irrigated crop, had an average value per acre of $22.94. In com- paring the average values per acre for different crops it should be borne in mind that the crops with higher average values often require more expensive methods of cultivation than those with lower average values. Table 19 Tropical and subtropical fruits . . . Orchard fruits and grapes Potatoes Sugar beets Wiieat Alfalfa Oats Barley Com Timothy and clover mixed Timothy alone Grains cut green Other tame or cultivated grasses ». Wild, salt, or prairie | Another AVBBAOE VALUE PES ACRE. On irrigated land, arid region. S154.32 77.18 60.03 57.29 23.40 22.94 19.00 18.32 18.13 16.76 15.84 14.29 11.70 7.6r 58.43 Onunlr- rigated. land, entire United States. HL66 51.90 14.75 16.97 11.64 11.81 14.62 13.13 12.76 14.26 10.35 6.06 (•) EXCESS OF AVEE- AGE VALUE FOE tKRIGATED LAND OVER THAT FOR VNIRRIQATED LANS. Amount. $15.37 5.39 8.65 6.97 7.36 6.51 3.51 3.63 3.08 0.03 1.35 3.61 Percent. 34.4 10.4 58.0 35.2 63.2 55.1 24.0 27.6 24.1 0.2 13.0 51.6 > Acreage not reported. < Includes millet or Hungarian grass. ' Comparable figure not available. Each of the crops shown in the table for which comparisons are made had a higher average value per acre for irrigated land than is shown for the same crop grown on unirrigated land for the United States. The excess in favor of the products raised on irrigated land, for the crops included in the com- parison, ranged from 0.2 per cent for grains cut green to 63.2 per cent for oats. The average excess for irri- gated crops for the crops for which <*,omparative figures are given in the table, based on the total acreag(»8 and total values, is about 43 per cent. It should be noted that the comparison just made does not include the crops with the highest average values per acre, such as fruits and vegetables. Comparison with: preceding census. — ^According to the reports of the Twelfth Census the total acreage of irrigated crops in the arid and semiarid states was 5,932,557, while the acreage of such crops reported at the present census of irrigation was 7,241,561, which represents an increase of 22.1 per cent. The fact that this increase is much smaller than the increase in the acreage reported as irrigated (82.7 per cent) is a further indication that the crop reports of the census of irrigation for 1910 are incomplete. Because of this LQcompleteness, the crop figures of the two censuses are not compared directly, but in Table 20 the per- centage which the acreage in each irrigated crop formed ■ of the total acreage reported in such crops is shown for the two censuses. Table 20 Total reported. Alfalfa Wild, salt, or prairie | Oats Wheat Barley Other tame or cultivated grasses '. Grains cut green Sugar beets Potatoes Com Tropical and subtropical fruits Rye Au other ACREAGE OF IRRIGATED CROPS. 1909 Acreage. 7,241,561 2,216,628 1,530,669 739,632 548,173 240,117 219, 701 209,363 183,467 168,014 133,673 99,431 6,054 946,639 Per cent of total. 100.0 30.6 21.1 10.2 7.6 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.1 13.1 1899 Acreage. 5,932, 1,517, 997, 332, 775, 172, 306, 200, 9. 90, 149, 87, 7, 1,285, P«r cento! total. 100.0 25.6 16.8 5.6 13.1 2.9 5.2 3.4 0.2 1.5 2.5 1.5 0.1 21.7 > Includes millet or Hungarian grass. From Table 20 it appears that at both censuses aKalfa was the leading crop grown under irrigation, but that it occupied a considerably larger proportion of the total acreage reported for irrigated crops m 1909 than in 1899. The crop next in importance in re- spect to acreage in both years was "wild, salt, or prairie grasses, " which likewise comprised a larger per- centage of the total in 1909 than in 1899. Oats was third in acreage in 1909, followed by wheat, while in 1899 wheat ranked third and oats fom*th. Oats covered a much larger percentage of the total acreage of irrigated crops in 1909 than in 1899 and wheat a much smaller percentage in the later than in the (earlier year. The most notable relative increase was for sugar beets, the growing of this crop in the irrigated region being largely a development of the last decade. Pota- toes also showed a marked increase in relative im- portance. Tropical and subtropical fruits occupied about the same place in the two censuses. From a comparison of Table 20 with Table 19, it will be seen that, with the exception of "wUd, salt, or prairie grasses," the irrigated crops which are increasiag in acreage most rapidly are all among the crops with relatively high values per acre. IRRIGATION FOR RICE GROWING. As previously stated, the special inquiry into irri- gation for rice growing was confined to the rice growing districts of Louisiana, Texas, and Arkansas. The data collected, except those relating to crops, are summarized in Table 21. The number of farms reporting irrigation for rice growing and the acreage irrigated, as reported at the census of 1910, cover the year 1909, while all other data for that census relate to the year 1910- The reports of the agricultural census of 1910 show that 95.5 per cent of the entire acreage of rice harvested in 1909 was in the three states included in the special irrigation inquiry, and that in all the other states a marked decrease occurred bstweea 1S09 and 1909 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— AGRICULTURE. 432 in tiie acreage in rice. The figures given in the table for the census of 1910 represent, therefore, in a fairly adequate measure, the extent of irrigation for rice growing in the United States. The acreage reported on the special irrigation sched- ules as irrigated for rice growing in 1909 is greater than the total acreage of rice reported in that year on the agricultural schedules for the territory covered. This diBFerence is due principally to the fact that the irriga- tion schedules sliow the total acreage watered, while the agricultural schedules show only the acreage harvested. A considerable acreage planted in rice in 1909 was not harvested because of poor stand, short- age of water, and damage by storms. Table 21 Number of farms reporting irrigation for rice growing Acreage irrigated for rico growing — Acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910 Acreage Included in projects Number of enterprises Total length of ditches miles. . Length o f main ditches . . . miles . . Length of lateral ditches. . miles. . Reservoirs: Number Capacity acre-feet. . Flowing wells: Number Capacity gals, per min. . Pumped wells: Number Capacity gals, per miu. . Fumpmg plants: Number Capacity of power plants, horse- power Capacity of pumps, gals, per min. . Cost of irrigation enterprises to July 1,1910 Average cost per acre i Estimated final cost of existing en- terprises Average cost per acre' Total for specified states. • 4,010 694,800 950,706 1,134,322 2,158 2,339 1,398 941 144 21,795 1 80 1,413 1,822,560 1,897 118,045 9,407,955 $13,587,639 <14.29 $13,667,639 $12.05 Louisiana, 2,690 380,200 553,220 581,965 1,237 1,168 729 439 104 19,482 606 1,108,236 1,007 57,426 5,064,173 $6,859,166 $12.40 $6,914,166 $11.88 Texas. 1,088 286,847 350,350 499,474 611 1,040 638 502 21 2,310 500 445,495 48,179 3,907,380 $6,140,639 $17.53 $6,140,639 $12.29 Arkan- sas. 232 27,753 47,136 52,883 310 131 131 307 268,829 12,440 436,402 $.587,8.34 $12.47 $612,834 $11.69 » Based on acreage enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910. ' Based on acreage included in projects. The total acreage irrigated for rice growing in the three states in 1909 was 694,800, of which 54.7 per cent was in Louisiana, 41.3 per cent in Texas, and 4 per cent in Arkansas. The enterprises which were completed or under way in 1910 were reported as capable of irri- gating 950,706 acres in that year and of sei-ving ulti- mately a total of 1,134,322 acres. The total cost of irrigation enterprises to July 1, 1910, was $13,587,639, or an average of $14.29 per acre for the land to which they were capable of supplying water in 1910. Upon the basis of the acreage irrigated in 1909, the average cost per acre was $19.56. The estimated total cost of enterprises completed or under way in 1910 was $13,667,639, or $12.05 per acre for the land included in these enterprises. From these figures it appears that the works for supplying water for rice irrigation which were under construction in 1910 were relatively insignificant. In the report on irrigation for the Twelfth Census no information relating to the irrigation of rice in Arkan- sas is given, because the rice growing industry in that state was insignificant in 1900. In Table 22 comparisons are made for Louisiana and Texas for the few items that v/ere reported at both censuses. The figures for the Twelfth Census relate to the year 1899. Table 32 Farms reporting irriga- tion for rice growing . . Acreage irrigated Enterprises . . .number. . Length of main ditches, (miles) Cost of irrigation enter- prises Average cost per acre LOUISIANA. Census of— 1910 2,690 380,200 1,237 729 86,859,166 s$12.40 1900 4,531 201,685 596 386 $2,529,319 «$12.54 Per cent of in- crease. (■) -40.6 88.5 107.6 88.9 171.2 (') Census of- 1910 1, 286,847 611 538 ,140,639 $17.53 1900 73 8,700 (') « «$322,000 837.01 Per cent of incieaae. 3,197.1 1,807.0 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease, s Per cent not calculated when base is less than 100. ' Not reported. * Estimated. 6 Based on cost to July 1, 1910, and acreage enterprises were capable of irrigat- ing in 1910. « Based on cost of systems operated in 1899, and acreage irrigated in that year. ' Figures not comparable. (See explanation in text.) In Louisiana considerable increases have takwi place since the census of 1900 in all the items shown in the table except number of farms. The large de- crease in the number of farms reporting the irrigation of rice is probably due to the abandonment of rice growing on farms where only small acreages were planted, and an extension of the industry in sections where rice is grown on a larger scale. In Texas al- most the entire development has taken place since 1899. As the figures for average cost of irrigation enter- })rises per acre at the two censuses are not computed on the same basis, they are not comparable. Although the crop returns for irrigated rice are not complete, they are sufficiently so to afford reliable averages of the yield and value per acre. These are showai in Table 23. Table 23 RICE GROWN ON IRRIGATED LAND IN 1909. STATE. Average yield per acre (bushels). Average value per acre. Louisiana 34.6 38.7 45.9 $25.70 Texas 28.54 41.56 Continuous cropping in rice exhausts the soil, and the districts of Louisiana, where the land has been used for a longer time than in other sections, show the lowest average yield, while Arkansas, where the grow- ing of rice is of comparatively recent date, shows the highest average yield. MANUFACTURES CHAPTER 15.— STATISTICS FOR STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES 72497°— 13 28 + (433) Chapter 15. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES FOE STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. Introduction. — This chapter contains a summary of the statistics of manufactures for the United States for the calendar year 1909, as shown by the Thirteenth Census. The principal facts derived from the census inquiry are presented in four general tables at the end of the chapter, the first giving statistics for individual indus- tries, the second for states and territories, the third for each of the 25 leading manufacturing cities, and the fourth for each city of 10,000 or more inhabitants. Table 110 gives for each industry in 1909, 1904, and 1899 the number of estabhshments; number of per- sons engaged in the industiy during the year, classified as proprietors and firm members, salaried employees, and wage earners; primary power; capital; salaries; wages; cost of materials; value of products; value added by manufacture; and the percentage of increase in average number of wage earners and in value of products, from census to census. The industries are arranged alphabetically. Table 111 gives similar statistics for the different states and territories, arranged geographically. Table 112 gives for each of the 25 leading manu- facturing cities the same items given in Tables 110 and 111; the cities are arranged according to the value of their manufactured products. Table 113 gives, for each city of 10,000 or more inhabitants, the number of establishments, the average number of wage earners, the value of products, and the value added by manufacture for 1909, 1904, and 1899. The cities are arranged alphabetically by states. In addition to these general tables there are inter- spersed in the text discussion a series of special text tables analyzing certain of the data contained in the general tables. Some of these special text tables pre- sent figures only for all industries combined in conti- nental United States as a whole; othei-s give statistics for the principal industries separately; and still others give figures for states and territories. Scope of census : Factory industries. — Census statistics of manu- factures are compiled primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their growth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data throwing light upon character of organization, location of establishments, size of establishments, labor force, and similar subjects. When use is made of the data for these purposes it is imperative that due attention should be given to the limitations of the figures. Particularly is this true when the attempt is made to derive from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of production, or profits. The census of 1909, like that of 1904, was confined to manufac- turing establishments conducted under the factory system, as distinguished from the neighborhood, hand, and building indus- tries. Where statistics for 1899 are given they have been reduced to a comparable basis by eliminating, as far as possible, the latter claaeefl of industries. The census does not include establishments which were idle during the entire year, or had a value of products of less than $500, or the manufacturing done in educational, elee- moejmary, and penal institutions, or in governmental establish- menta, except those of the Federal Government. Period covered. — The returns cover the calendar year 1909, or the business year which corresponds most nearly to that calendar year. The statistics cover a year's operations, except for estab- lishments which began or discontinued business during the year. The establishment. — Asa rule, the term "establishment" rep- resents a separated plant or mill. In some cases it represents two or more plants operated under a common ownership or for which one set of books of account is kept. If the plants constituting an establishment as thus defined were not all located within the same city or state, separate reports were secured in order that the separate totals might be included in the statistics for each city or state. In some instances separate reports were secured for different industries carried on in the same establishment. Classification by industries. — The establishments were assigned to the several classes of industries according to their products of chief value. The value of products reported for a given industry may thus, on the one hand, include minor products very different from those covered by the class designation, and, on the other hand, may not include the total product covered by this designation, because some part of this product may be made in establishments in which it is not the product of chief value. The nimiber of industries for which a separate presentation is made is 264, a much smaller number than in the reports for the cen- sus of 1904, in which 339 industries were shown separately. This decrease is due to the fact that an attempt to make a separate presentation would in the case of many industries be misleading, inasmuch as a large pwirt of the product of the class described by the industry designation is made, not by establishments engaged primarily in manufacturing that class of commodities, but by establishments whose principal product is such as to necessitate their classification elsewhere. In order to avoid this difficulty it is necessary in many cases to combine a number of closely related industries under a more general designation. This condition is constantly becoming more conspicuous in the manufacturing business of the country, and consequently the number of industries which can properly be shown separately is smaller at this census than at previous censuses. Owing to changes in industrial conditions, moreover, it is not always possible to classify establishments by industries in such a way as to permit accurate comparison with preceding censuses, and for some of the industries covered by Table 110, therefore, compara- tive statistics for earlier censuses are necessarily omitted. (436) 436 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. VALUE OF PEODUCTS, BY INDUSTRIES: 1909 AND 1899. MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 600 760 MEAT PACKING FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOPS LUMBER STEEL ROLLINO MILLS FLOUR MILLS PRINTINQ AND PUBLISHINQ COTTON Q0003 CLOTHINQ, MEN'S BOOTS AND SHOES WOOLEN OOOOS TOBACCO RAILROAD SHOPS BAKERIES BLAST FURNACES CLOTHINQ, WOMEN'S COPPER SMELTING LIQUORS, MALT LEATHER SUGAR AND MOLASSES BUTTER AND CHEESE PAPER AND PULP AUTOMOBILES FURNITURE PETROLEUM, REFINING ELECTRICAL APPARATUS LIQUORS, DISTILLED KNIT GOODS COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON ° SILK GOODS LEAD SMELTING AND REFINING CAS, ILLUMLANO HEATING CARRIAGES AND WAGONS CANNING AND PRESERVING BRASS AND BRONZE OIL, COTTONSEED, AND CAKE AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS PATENT MEDICINES CONFECTIONERY PAINT AND VARNISH CARS, STEAM-RAIlROAD chemicals marble and stone Leather goods STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 437 GENERAL SUMMARY. Continental United States and noncontignons terri- tory: 1909.— The following table gives for 1909 the more important figures for the manufactures of conti- nental United States and for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The table does not cover possessions of the United States other than those mentioned. The sta- tistics of manufactures included in the census of the Phihppine Islands taken by the War Department for 1902 are not comparable with those shown in the re- ports for continental United States; and there has been no census of manufactures in Guam, Samoa, or the Canal Zone. The statistics for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico include some small estabhshments of the nature of hand or neighborhood industries, such as are omitted from the canvass for continental United States. Table 1 NUMBEB OK AMOUNT. Total. Number of establishments Persons engaged in manufactures Proprietors and firm members •. . . Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Expenses Services Salaries Wages Materials Miscellaneous Value of products Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) 6, 18, $18, 490, 18, 526, 4, 375, 940, 3,434, 12, 195, 1. 955, 20, 767, 270, 082 707, 751 275, 952 792, 168 639, 931 755, 286 749,000 436,000 634,000 900,000 734,000 019,000 783,000 546,000 8, 572, 527, 000 Continental United States. 6. 18, $18, 428, 18, 454, 4, 365, 938, 3, 427, 12, 142, 1, 945, 20, 672, 268,491 678, 578 273, 265 790, 267 615. 046 675, 376 270,000 090,000 613,000 575,000 038,000 791,000 686,000 052,000 8, 529, 261, 000 Alaska. 152 3,479 135 245 3,099 3 975 $13, 060! 000 9, 454, 000 2, 328, 000 380,000 1, 948, 000 5, 120, 000 2,006,000 11, 340, 000 6, 220, 000 Hawaii. 500 7,572 1,074 594 5,904 41, 930 $23, 875, 000 31, 753, 000 2, 795, 000 686,000 2, 109, 000 25, 629, 000 3, 329, 000 47, 404, 000 21,775,000 Porto Rico. 939 18, 122 1,478 1,062 15, 582 34,005 $25, 544, 000 31, 139, 000 4, 898, 000 1, 259, 000 3, 639, 000 21, 479, 000 4, 762, 000 36, 750, 000 15, 271, 000 The total value of manufactures in the area covered by this table for 1909 was S20,767,546,000, of which 99.5 per cent was contributed by continental United States, the manufactures of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico being comparatively unimportant. The most important industry in Alaska is the canning and pre- serving of fish; in Hawaii, the manufacture of sugar; and in Porto Rico, the manufacture of sugar and of tobacco products. The above table is the only, one in this report in which the statistics for the noncontiguous territories are included, all the other tables relating exclusively to continental United States. Explanation of terms. — With reference to some of the items contained in the above and following tables certain explanations are necessary: Persons engaged in manufacturing industries. — The statistics of the number of proprietors and firm members and the number of sal- aried employees are based on the returns for a single representa- tive day only. In the case of wage earners a report was obtained of the number employed on the 15th of each month, and from these returns the average number employed during the year has been calculated by dividing the sum of the numbers reported for the several months by 12. (See also p. 452.) Capital. — For reasons stated in reports of prior censuses the statis- tics of capital secured by the census canvass are so defective as to be of little value, except as indicating very general conditions. The instructions on the schedule for securing capital were as follows: The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned and borrowed, on the last day of the business year reported. All the items of fixed and live capital may be taken at the amounts carried on the books. If land or buildings are rented, that fact should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or build- ings is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so stated and only the value of the owned property given. Do not include securities and loans representing investments in other enterprises. Materials. — The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the mate- rials used during the year, which may be more or less than the materials purchased during the year. The term "materials" in- cludes fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, as well as materials forming a constituent part of the product. Under the head of "fuel" is included all fuel used, whether for heat, light, or power, or for the process of manufacture. Expenses. — Under "Expenses" are included all items of expense incident to the year's business, except interest, whether on bonds or other forms of indebtedness, and allowances for depreciation. Value of products. — The amounts given under this head represent the selling value at the factory of all products manufactiu-ed dining the year, which may differ from the value of the products sold. Amounts received for work on materials furnished by others are included. Cost of manufacture and profits. — Census data do not show the entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used to show profits. No account has been taken of interest and depre- ciation. Even if the amount of profit could be determined by deducting the expenses from the value of the products the rate of profit on the investment could not properly be calculated, because of the very defective character of the returns regarding capital. Primary horsepower. — This item represents the total primary power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the amount of power, principally electric, rented by them from other concerns. It does not cover the electric power developed by the primary power of the establishments themselves, the inclusion of which would evidently result in duplication. 438 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Oeneral comparison for the United States: 1909, 1904, and 1899.— The following table gives the prin- cipal items of information covered by census inquiries relative to manufactures in continental United States for 1909, 1904, and 1899, together with the percentages of increase from census to census : Table 2 Number of establishments Persons engaged in manufactures Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) Primary horsepower Capital Expenses Services Salaries Wages Material Miscellaneous Value of products Value added by manufacture (value of prod ucts less cost of materials) NUMBER OB AMOUNT. 1909 6, 18, $18, 428, 18, 454, 4, 365, 938, 3, 427, 12, 142, 1, 945, 20, 672, 268, 491 678, 578 273, 265 790, 267 615, 046 675, 376 270,000 090,000 613,000 575,000 038,000 791,000 686,000 052,000 1904 8, 529, 261, 000 5, 13, $12, 675, 13, 138, 3, 184, 574, 2, 610, 8,500, 1, 453, 14, 793, 216, 180 213, 612 225, 673 519, 556 468, 383 487, 707 581,000 260,000 884,000 439,000 445,000 208,000 168, 000 903,000 6, 293, 695, 000 1899 207, 514 R 4, 10, $8, 975, 9, 870, 2, 389, 380, 2,008, 6, 575, 905, 11, 406, 364, 120 712, 763 097, 893 256,000 425,000 132,000 771,000 361,000 851,000 442,000 927,000 4, 831, 076, 000 PER CENT or INCEEASE. 1904-1909 1899-1904 24.2 23.6 21.1 52.1 21.0 38.5 45.4 40.5 37.1 63.4 31.3 42.9 33.9 39.7 35. 5 4.2 42.7 16.0 33.6 41.2 33.1 33.3 50.9 30.0 29.3 60.5 29.7 30.3 1 Figures not available. In 1909 the United States had 268,491 manufactur- ing establishments, which gave employment during the year to an average of 7,678,578 persons, of whom 6,615,046 were wage earners. These manufacturing establishments paid $4,365,613,000 in salaries and wages, and turned out products to the value of $20,672,052,000, to produce which materials costing $12,142,791,000 were consumed. The value added by manufacture, namely, the difference between the cost of materials and the total value of products, was $8,529,261,000. This figure best represents the net wealth created by manufacturing operations, because the gross value of products includes the cost of the materials used, which are either the products of non- manufacturing industries, such as agriculture, for- estry, fisheries, and mining, or else are themselves the product of manufacturing establishments. The value of products derived from this latter class of materials involves a duplication, inasmuch as the value of these materials has already figured in the value of products reported for the establishments manufac- turing them in the first instance; in some cases, indeed, where a given product has passed through several distinct stages of manufacture in different establish- ments before reaching its final form, this duplication may be repeated several times. All such duplica- tions, as well as the original value of materials, are, however, eliminated in the figures for value added by manufacture. This value covers salaries and wages — which represent over one-half of the total — overhead charges, depreciation, interest, taxes, and other ex- penses attendant upon the manufacturing operations, as well as the profits of the undertaking. Table 2 shows that the manufacturing industries of the United States as a whole experienced a more rapid growth during the five-year period 1904-1909 than during the period 1899-1904, although in both periods the progress was very marked. During the first five years of the decade the average number of wage earners increased 16 per cent; during the sec- ond five years, 21 per cent. The value of products increased 29.7 per cent during the first period and 39.7 per cent during the second period. The rate of in- crease in the value added by manufacture shows less difference between the two periods, being 30.3 per cent during the first five years and 35.5 per cent during the second five years. In this connection it may be noted that there was a greater rate of increase in the cost of materials during the second period than during the first. During the 10 years from 1899 to 1909 the number of establishments increased 29.4 per cent; the capital employed, 105.3 per cent; the average number of wage earners, 40.4 per cent; the amount of primary power, 84.9 per cent; the value of materials con- sumed, 84.7 per cent; the value of products, 81.2 per cent; and the value added by manufacture, 76.6 per cent. The gross value of products in 1909 exceeded that in 1899 by more than $9,000,000,000, and the value added by manufacture in 1909 was, in round numbers, $3,700,000,000 more than in 1899. It would be improper to infer that manufactures increased in volume during either of the five-year periods covered by the table to the full extent indi- cated by the increase in value of materials consumed or in the value of products, since the increase shown in these items is certainly due in part to the increase that has taken place in the price of commodities. It may be presumed that the quantity of products increased somewhat more rapidly than the number of wage earners; this might be expected from the fact that the amount of primary power increased much faster than the number of wage earners ; in STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 439 other words, each wage earner, on the average, had greater assistance from mechanical power in 1909 than in 1904 or 1899. It is a matter of interest to note that during both of the five-year periods the wages paid showed a higher percentage of increase than the average number of wage earners, thus indicating an increase in the aver- age wages. Comparison with earlier censuses. — In 1810 the Sec- retary of the Treasury made a report on the condition of manufactures in the United States and estimated that the value of products for 1809 exceeded $120,000,000. An estimate based on the returns of the census of 1810 placed the value of the annual product at $198,613,471. Further efforts to secure statistics of manufactures were made in 1820 and 1840, but the results were more or less unsatisfactory. In 1830 no such attempt was made. The census of 1850 was the first to present fairly complete statistics for manufac- tures. Each census from that time to 1890 was based in part on returns for the preceding calendar year and in part on returns for other 12-month periods, mainly ending during the census year itself. The last three censuses cover principally returns for the preceding calendar year or for 12-month periods ending within that year. In general, in this report the statistics for all censuses are referred to by the year preceding that in which the census was taken. The statistics of manufactures secured at the de- cennial censuses from 1850 to 1900, inclusive, covered the neighborhood, hand, and building industries, as well as the factory industries, while the reports for 1904 and 1909 were confined to factory industries. The statistics for 1899 obtained at the decennial cen- sus of 1900, although originally taken on the broader basis, have, for the purpose of comparison with later censuses, been reduced to the factory basis by ehmi- nating as far as possible the neighborhood, hand, and building trades, but no such elimination is possible with respect to the earher censuses. For this reason the statistics for years prior to 1899 are not entirely comparable with those for 1904 and 1909. Never- theless, for the purpose of showing in a rough way the movement during each decade since 1850, the following summary table is presented. Two sets of figures are given in this table for 1899, the one includ- ing the neighborhood, hand, and building trades, in order to make the data comparable with those for pre- ceding censuses, and the other excluding them in order to make the figures comparable with those for later censuses. The values and wages for 1869 have been reduced to a gold basis, inasmuch as the figures as reported would, because of the inflation of the currency at that time, exaggerate the increase from 1859 to 1869, and understate the increase from 1869 to 1879. Table 3 Number of estab- lish- ments. Capital. Wage earners (average number). Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by- manufacture. Factories and hand and neighborhood indnstilea: 1849 (census of 1850) 1869 (census of I860) Per cent of increase, 1849 to 1859 1869 (censas of 1870) (gold value) Per cent of increase, 1859 to 1869 1879 (census of 1880) Per cent of increase, 1869 to 1879 1889 (census of 1890) Per cent of Increase, 1879 to 1889 1899 (census of 1900) Per cent of increase, 1889 to 1899 Factories, ezclnding hand and neighborhood Indutrlet: 1899 (census of 1900) 1904 (census of 1905) Per cent of increase, 1899 to 1904 1909 (census of 1910) Per cent of increase, 1904 to 1909 Per cent of increase, 1899 to 1909 123,025 140,433 14.1 252,148 79.6 253,852 0.7 355,405 40.0 512, 191 44.1 207,514 216,180 4.2 268,491 24.2 29.4 1533,245,000 1,009,856,000 89.4 1,694,567,000 67.8 2,790,273,000 64.7 6,525,051,000 133.8 9,813,834,000 50.4 8,975,256,000 12,675,581,000 41.2 18,428,270,000 45.4 105.3 957,059 1,311,246 37.0 2,063,996 56.6 2,732,595 33.0 4,251,535 55.6 5, 306, 143 24.8 4,712,763 5,468,383 16.0 6,615,046 21.0 40.4 1236, 755, 000 378,879,000 00.0 620,467,000 63.8 947,954,000 52.8 1,891,210,000 99.5 2,320,938,000 22.7 2,008,361,000 2,610,445.000 30.0 3,427,038,000 31.3 70.6 S555, 124,000 1,031,605,000 85.8 1,990,742,000 93.0 3,396,824,000 90.6 6,162,014,000 52.0 7,343,628,000 42.3 6,575,851,000 8,500,208,000 29.3 12,142,791,000 42.9 84.7 $1,019,107,000 1,885,862,000 85.0 3,385,860,000 79.5 6,369,579,000 74.6 9,372,379,000 74.5 13,000,149,000 38.7 11,406,927,000 14,793,903,000 29.7 20,672,052,000 39.7 81.2 $463,983,000 854,257,000 84.1 1,395,118,000 63.3 1,972,755,000 41.4 4,210,365,000 113.4 5,656,521,000 34.3 4,831,076,000 6,293,695,000 30.3 8,529,261,000 35.6 76.6 This table shows that, although the returns for 1849 included neighborhood, hand, and building trades and those for 1909 did not, nevertheless the value of prod- ucts in the latter year was over twenty times as great as the value reported 60 years before. During the same time the number of wage earners employed increased almost sixfold. As judged by the number of wage earners, the decade showing the greatest percentage of increase was that from 1859 to 1869, during which the average number of wage earners increased 56.6 per cent. The decade 1879 to 1889 also showed an exceptionally high percentage of increase in this respect, while the next largest per- centage of increase occurred during the decade from 1899 to 1909. As respects value of products, the per- centage of increase during the past decade exceeds that in any other except the decade from 1849 to 1859 ; but in value added by manufacture, the percentage of increase during the past 10 years falls below that from 1879 to 1889, as well as that from 1849 to 1859. The absolute increases shown for the various items covered by the table during the decade 1899 to 1909 440 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. were much greater than during any other decade; the increase in value of products, in fact, almost equaled the total value of all manufactured products in 1889. Leading industries. — The relative importance of the leading manufactiu-ing industries in the United States in 1909 and their growth from 1899 to 1909 are shown in Table 4, wliich includes the industries hav- mg a gross value of products in 1909 of $100,000,000 or more. The industries are arranged in the order of the value of products. The table also shows the rank of the industries listed, not only with respect to value of products, but with respect to number of wage earners employed and value added by manufacture, and the percentage of the total of each of these items for all industries combined which is represented by each specified industry. While the column of rank under "Value of products" represents correctly the order of the industries named among all the industries of the country, the ranking shown with reference to number of wage earners and value added by manufac- ture relates only to the relative order of the industries covered by this particular table. There are various industries not named which rank higher in these respects than some of the industries listed in the table. The number of wage earners and the value added by manufacture are, at least from certain standpoints, a better measure of the relative importance of manufac- turing industries than the gross value of products. In some industries the value of the materials used consti- tutes by far the larger part of the total value of products, the manufacturing process involving the addition of only a small amount of labor cost and other expenses and of manufacturer's profit to the cost of the materials. Moreover, in some of the industries there is a much greater duplication in the gross value of products than in others. This duphcation, of course, does not appear in the value added by manufacture. In considering the ranking of the industries in Table 4, it should be borne in mind that some of the industries specified are in a sense groups of in- dustries rather than single industries. As stated in the Introduction, in certain cases, in order to avoid a misleading understatement of the importance of the production of a given minor class of commodities, the returns for establishments making these commodities as their sole or principal product have had to be com- bined with those of establishments in larger indus- tries which produce primarily other commodities, but which incidentally make a large part of the distinctive products in question. In a few instances where a similar condition exists, however, it was deemed best not to make such a combination of industries. As also stated in the Introduction, the report for each estab- lishment, as a whole, has been assigned to a given class of industry according to its products of chief value, so that the figures for any given class must not be taken either as fully covering or as represent- ing exclusively the operations of that branch of man- ufacturing indicated by the industry designation. The following explanations show the scope of those classifications in the table which are not on their face entirely clear: Slaughtering and meat packing, — This classification includes the wholesale slaughtering and meat-pack- ing establishments and those engaged in the manu- facture of sausage, but not the numerous retail butcher shops which in the aggregate slaughter a large number of animals. It includes the manufacture of many by-products, some of which are carried to a high degree of elaboration. Foundry and machine-sTiop products. — This industry includes all allied industries excepting those which manufacture a distinctive product indicated by some other classification, such as cash registers, calculating machines, sewing machines, and electrical machinery. The establishments engaged in the manufacture of bells, gas machines and gas and water meters, hard- Ware, plumbers' supplies, saddlery hardware, steam fittings, structural ironwork, and cast-iron and cast- steel pipe, some of which were reported under separate classifications at previous censuses, are all included under this general heading. Lumber and timber products. — This industry em- braces logging operations, ordinary sawmills, planing mills, and establishments engaged in the manufacture of wooden packing boxes. It does not include sta- tistics of mills engaged exclusively in custom sawing for local consumption. Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills. — This industry embraces the manufacture of steel and the hot rolling of iron and steel. It also includes the mak- ing of forgings and castings and the manufacture of rolled iron and steel into more highly finished forms when conducted as a part of the rolling-mill operations, as well as the few extant forges and bloomeries. It does not, however, include the making of cold-rolled products, nor of forgings, castings, and manufactures of iron and steel by establishments not equipped with steel-making furnaces or hot -trains of rolls. Flour-miM and gristmill products. — This classifica- tion includes statistics for all mills grinding wheat, rye, or buckwheat flour, or corn meal, hominy, grits, or feed, but it does not include statistics for mills doing custom grinding exclusively, or for factories making fancy cereal food or other special food preparations as a chief product. Printing and publishing. — This classification in- cludes job-printing establishments, the printing and publishing of books, newspapers and periodicals, and music, bookbinding, steel engraving, and litho- graphing. Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. — In addi- tion to the statistics for cotton mills proper, there are included under this head the statistics for establish- ments that make a specialty of small wares, such as STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 441 braids, tapes, bindings, corset and shoe laces, and the like. Clothing, men's, including shirts. — This classification includes the making of men's and boys' ready-made clothing; the making of overalls, butchers' aprons, bathing suits, and gymnasium clothing; and the manu- facture of all kinds of shirts — cotton, linen, flannel, etc. — as well as shirt bosoms and shirt waists for men and boys. Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings. — Under this head are included not only factories making the finished product, but those doing the whole or part of the work on materials furnished by others, as well as shops doing stitching, crimping, fitting, and bottoming, or performing other special operations. The manufacture of footwear not coming strictly under the head of boots and shoes, such as overgaiters, moccasins, and leggings, is also covered by this desig- nation. It does not include the manufacture of rub- ber boots and shoes. Clothing, women's. — Besides the making of suits, dresses, skirts, and shirt waists, this industry includes the manufacture of women's underwear and night robes, of infants' clothing, and of such articles as aprons, linings, belts, dress shields, and hose sup- porters. Sugar and molcLsses, not including beet sugar. — Under this classification are included the manufacture of sugar and of some by-products of the sugar indus- try, such as molasses and sirup, and also the opera- tions of sugar refineries, together with the manufacture of maple sugar. It does not, however, include the small plantation or custom sugar mills. Furniture and refrigerators. — This industry embraces the manufacture of wood and metal furniture of all kinds, store and office fixtures, and refrigerators and ice boxes, except where such products are provided for by a distinct classification, such as show cases. Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products. — This classifica- tion. comprises the manufacture of sheet-metal prod- ucts of copper, tin, and iron, including the prepa- ration of copper, tin, or sheet-iron material for build- ing construction. It includes the factory work on cornices, skylights, roofiing, etc., but does not include the erection or installation of the same. Canning and preserving. — This industry includes the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, fish, oysters, clams, etc., and the manufacture of pickles, preserves, jellies, sauces, etc. It includes the prepara- tion of pickled, smoked, and dried fish, and the packing of dried fruits by packing houses which make a spe- cialty of such business, but does not include the drying and packing of fruits by the grower on the farm, nor does it include the canning of meats, soups, and similar products in meat-packing establishments, the statistics for which are included with those for the slaughtering and meat-packing industry. Patent medicines and compounds and druggists^ preparations. — Under this head are included establish- ments making so-called patent medicines, and also some compounds that are not used for medicinal pur- poses, and the manufacture of capsules, extracts, tinctures, and other pharmaceutical preparations, to- gether with perfumery and cosmetics. Chemicals. — This classification includes establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of acids, sodas, potashes, alums, coal-tar products, cyanides, bleaching materials, plastics, compressed or liquefied gases, alkaloids, gold, silver, and platinum salts, chloroform, ether, and other fine chemicals, glycerin, epsom salts, copperas, blue vitriol, and other bases and salts, when they are made as a chief product by the establishment reporting. Chemical substances pro- duced by the aid of electricity are presented in a group by themselves. Chemicals of the class above specified are frequently manufactured as by-products by establishments classified in the census reports under a different head, for example, by establishments making patent medicines and compounds and druggists' prepa- rations, soap, fertilizers, baking powders, and flavoring extracts; by refiners of coal tar for use as roofing ma- terial; by smelters and refiners of lead and zinc; and by establishments engaged in the manufacture of sul- phuric, nitric, and mixed acids and of explosives, in wood distillation, and in making tin and terne plate. It will be seen from Table 4 that some of the indus- tries that hold a very high rank in gross value of prod- ucts rank comparatively low in the number of wage earners employed and in the value added by manu- facture. Where tins is the case it indicates that the cost of materials represents a large proportion of the total value of products, and that therefore the value added by manufacture, of which wages constitute usually the largest item, is not commensurate with the total value of products. Thus the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, which ranks first in gross value of products, and the flour-mill and gristmill in- dustry, which ranks fifth in that respect, both hold a comparatively low rank with regard to number of wage earners and value added by manufacture. The blast-furnace industry, the smelting and refining of copper, the manufacture and refining of sugar and mo- lasses, the manufacture of butter, cheese, and con- densed milk, the refining of petroleum, and the smelt- ing and refining of lead are other industries which rank much higher in gross value of products than in the number of wage earners or the value added by manufacture. There are several industries the rank of wliich according to the number of wage earners and the value added by manufacture is decidedly higher than the rank according to value of products; in other words, the cost of materials is relatively a smaller part of the total value of products for these industries than for 442 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. most others. Among the industries of tliis class are the making of women's clothing, the manufacture of automobiles, furniture, electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies, hosiery and knit goods, silk goods, and agricultural implements, and the confectionery and marble and stone work industries. The foundry and machine-shop industry, the lum- ber industry, the steel works and rolUng mills, the printing and pubUsliing industry, the manufacture of cotton goods, of men's clothing, and of boots and shoes all rank among the first 10 industries in the table on each of the three bases shown in the table. The fig- ures for both value of products and value added by manufacture in the case of the brewery and distillery industries include a very large amount of tax paid to the Federal Government, and are therefore misleading as an indication of the relative importance of these industries from a purely manufacturing standpoint. That importance is best shown by their ranking in number of wage earners; in this respect the brewery in- dustry ranks twenty-fifth among the industries listed, and the distillery industry forty- third. Table 4 All Industries Slaughtering and meat packing Foundry and machine-shop products Lumber and timber products Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills... Flour-mill and gristmill products Printing and publishing Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. . . Clothing, men's, including shirts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and find- ings Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats Tobacco manufactures Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies Bread and other bakery products Iron and steel, blast furnaces Clothing, women's Smelting and refining, copper Liquors, malt Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar. . Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Paper and wood pulp Automobiles, includmg bodies and parts Furniture and refrigerators Petroleum, refining Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. Liquors, distilled , Hosiery and knit goods , Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Smelting and refining, lead Gas, illuminathig and heating Carriages and wagons and materials Canning and preserving , Brass and bronze products , Oil, cottonseed, and cake Agricultural implements Patent medicines and compounds and drug- gists' preparations Confectionery Paint and varnish Cars, steam-raih-oad, not including operations of railroad companies Chemicals Marble and stone work Leather goods All other industries Number of estab- lish- ments. 268,491 1,641 13,253 40,671 446 11,691 31,445 1.324 6,354 1,918 15,822 1,145 23,926 208 4,558 38 1,414 919 233 8,479 777 743 3,155 147 1,009 613 1,374 4,228 852 28 1,296 5,492 3,767 1,021 817 640 3,642 1,944 791 110 349 4,964 2,375 61,887 WAGE EARNERS. Average number. 6,61S,046 89,728 531,011 695,019 240,076 39,453 258,434 378,880 239,696 198,297 168,722 166,810 282,174 100,216 38,429 153,743 15,628 54,579 62,202 13,526 18,431 75,978 75,721 128, 452 13,929 87,256 6,430 129,275 73,615 99,037 7,424 37,215 69,928 59,968 40,618 17,071 50,551 22,895 44,638 14,240 43,086 23,714 65,603 34,907 1,648,441 Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 100.0 1.4 8.0 10.5 3.6 0.6 3.9 5.7 3.6 3.0 2.6 2.5 4.3 1.5 0.6 2.3 0.2 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.3 1.2 1.1 1.9 0.2 1.3 0.1 2.0 1.1 1.5 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.4 1.0 0.5 24.9 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thou- 980,678,058 1,370,568 1,228,475 1.156,129 985,723 883,584 737,876 628,392 568,077 512,798 435,979 416,695 405,601 396,865 391.429 384,752 378,806 374,730 327,874 279,249 274,558 267,657 249,202 239,887 236,998 221,309 204,699 200,144 199,824 196,912 167,406 166,814 159,893 157,101 149,989 147,868 146,329 141,942 134,7% 124,889 123,730 117,689 113,093 104,719 4,561,002 Per cent dis- trlbu. tlon. 100.0 6.6 5.9 5.6 4.8 4.3 3.6 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 22.8 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. PER CENT OF INCREASE.' Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $8,529,261 167,740 688, 464 648,011 328,222 116,008 536, 101 257,383 270,562 180,060 153, 101 239,509 206,188 158,831 70, 791 175,964 45,274 278, 134 79,595 31,666 39,012 102,215 117,556 131,112 37,725 112,743 168,722 89,903 87,242 89,145 15,443 114,386 77,942 55,278 50,761 28,035 86,022 91,566 53,645 45,873 44,977 53,567 75,696 44,692 2,084,399 Per cent dis- tribu tion. 100.0 2.0 8.1 7.6 3.9 1.4 6.3 3.0 3.2 2.1 1.8 2.8 2.4 1.9 0.8 2.1 0.5 3.3 0.9 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.4 1.3 2.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.2 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.5 24.4 Wage earners (average number). 1904- 1909 1899- 1904 81.0 19.0 19.8 30.5 15.7 0.9 18.0 19.9 38.0 23.7 15.0 4.6 19.1 23.3 9.6 32.9 22.6 13.4 8.7 -0.2 18.5 15.2 528.4 12.5 -16.9 44.3 20.1 24.2 38.8 24.4 -2.0 21.8 -10.2 5.3 22.6 9.9 6.7 11.8 23.2 22.4 26.5 19.7 28.4 2.1 18.5 16.0 8.9 3.8 4.7 13 3 21.4 12.2 4.3 10.2 6.0 12.3 20.3 36.4 35.0 -10.6 38.2 12.6 22.0 9.8 -4.1 21.6 32.9 437.7 26.0 37.4 43.9 44.0 24.4 38.4 21.7 -9.0 36.1 5.6 -0.1 22.1 41.2 1.7 7.6 34.9 20.0 4.1 22.6 16.8 23.9 Value of products. 1904- 1909 39.7 48.6 39.5 30.7 46.3 23.9 33.6 39.5 39.7 43.4 36.5 25.8 30.9 47.2 68.8 55.4 57.3 25.6 29.8 0.7 63.2 41.8 729.7 34.9 35.4 57.2 65.9 46.0 66.6 47.7 33.3 2.6 20.4 46.5 63.4 30.6 20.9 64.8 37.5 11.3 56.5 33.3 27.5 41.8 1899- 1904 29.7 17.0 10.3 16.2 12.9 42.2 39.8 32.8 25.6 23.3 28.4 25.6 42.0 53.7 12.1 55.4 45.8 25.9 23.8 15.7 48.2 632.6 36.1 41.2 52.3 35.6 43.0 53.1 24.3 5.9 65.3 12.7 31.3 15.5 64.2 10.7 32.3 43.6 30.6 22.8 20.1 33.3 35.9 41.6 Value added by manufac- ture. 1904- 1909 35.5 51.6 34.2 23.7 41.0 24.7 30.8 66.7 38.5 36.0 33.4 16.8 29.9 39.8 33.9 50.5 2.8 24.6 29.6 -2.7 54.4 32.0 696.3 29.9 5.9 52.4 69.7 49.1 55.8 55.2 -8.5 30.0 -0.5 16.8 38.1 71.2 35.0 17.5 40.1 47.9 26.6 61.5 29.9 18.6 36.6 1899- 1904 80.8 7.3 17.8 32.3 12.8 27.0 40.6 1.0 25.5 34.3 20.9 20.0 46.0 41.4 -29.7 56.7 2.5 20.6 25.3 77.5 15.1 36.4 473.5 37.8 69.0 72.1 29.4 36.1 66.6 28.0 -46.1 59.6 9.6 32.7 3.3.8 20.8 11.3 37.1 51.4 24.9 23.5 18.0 38.4 38.5 47.1 ' Per cent of increase is based on figures in Table 110. A minus sign (-) denotes decrease. The table shows very great differences among the several industries with respect to the percentages of increase in the number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture. The great majority of the industries, however, show an increase in each of these items for each of the five- year periods, the exceptions being the sugar industry and the smelting and refining of lead, which show a decrease in one or more items for each five-year period; the refining of petroleum, which shows a STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 443 PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF VALUE OF PRODUCTS, BY INDUSTRIES: 1909. PER CENT DISTRIBUTION OF AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS, BY INDUSTRIES: 1909. MEAT PACKINQ rOUNDRV AND MACHINE SHOPS LUMBER STEEL ROLLINO MILLS FLOUR MILLS PRINTING AND PUBLISHINO COTTON GOODS CLOTHING, MEN'S flOOTS AND SHOES WOOLEN GOODS TOBACCO AAILROAO SHOPS BAKERIES BLAST FURNACES CLOTHING, WOMEN'S COPPER SMELTING LIQUORS, MALT LEATHER SUGAR AND MOLASSES SUTTER AND CHEESE PAPER AND PULP AUTOMOBILES FURNITURE PETROLEUM, REFINING ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. LIQUORS, DISTILLED KNIT GOODS COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON SILK GOODS decrease in one item, and the manufacture of carriages and wagons, which shows a decrease in two items, for the period 1904 to 1909; and the blast-furnace indus- try and the canning and preserving industry, which show a decrease in one item each during the period 1899 to 1904. By far the highest percentages of increase are shown for the automobile industry, the gross value of products of wliich increased more than sevenfold during the five years 1904 to 1909, and more than fifty fold durmg the decade as a whole. Other industries wliich show exceptionally large increases for both five-year periods in all three items are the making of men's and of women's clotliing, the bakery and the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industries, the manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, and suppUes, and of copper, tin, and sheet-iron products, the distillery in- dustry, the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods and of silk and silk goods, the illuminating-gas indus- try, the manufacture of brass and bronze products, and the confectionery, paint and varnish, and marble and stone work industries. It is interesting to note that the group of "all other industries, " which in- LUMBER FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOPS COTTON GOODS RAILROAD SHOPS PRINTING AND PUBLISHING STEEL ROLLING MILLS CLOTHING, MEN'S BOOTS AND SHOES WOOLEN GOODS TOBACCO CLOTHING, WOMEN'S KNIT GOODS FURNITURE BAKERIES SILK GOODS MEAT PACKING ELECTRICAL APPARATUS PAPER AND PULP AUTOMOBILES COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON CARRIAGES AND WAGONS MARBLE AND STONE LEATHER CANNING AND PRESERVING LIQUORS, MALT AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS CONFeCTIONERY CARS, STEAM-RAILROAD BRASS AND BRONZE eludes the less important industries of the country, shows greater percentages of increase than all indus- tries combined, thus indicating possibly an increased tendency toward diversification in manufacturing industries. The percentage of increase in all three of the items — number of wage earners, gross value of products, and value added by manufacture — was greater during the second five-year period (1904 to 1909) than during the first (1899 to 1904) in the slaughtering and meat- packing and foundry and machine-shop industries, the manufacture of cotton goods, the men's clothing, boot and shoe, and woolen-goods industries, the smelting and refining of copper, the manufacture of automobiles, silk and silk goods, brass and bronze products, agricultural implements, and paint and varnish, the steel works and rolling mills, and the chemical industry. On the other hand, the percentage of increase in all three items was less during the later five-year period than during the earher in the flour-mill and gristmill, rail- road repair shop, bakery, women's clothing, paper and wood pulp, petroleum refining, furniture, illuminating gas, carriage and wagon, and leather-goods industries. -444 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. In all the other industries covered by the table the increases during the second period are in some items greater than during the first period, while in other items they are less, or else the industry shows a decrease during one or both periods. In considering the relative importance of the indus- tries shown in Table 110 and not included in Table 4, it should be noted that there are several industries listed the figures given for which fall far short of being a complete presentation of the statistics for that branch of manufactures covered by the industry designation, for the reason that they cover only establishments engaged primarily in manufacturing the class of products indi- cated by this designation, while large quantities of the same products are manufactured incidentally by estab- hshments classified under other heads. Some conspic- uous examples are the manufacture of glue, candl es, lard, and fertilizers, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles. A large proportion of the glue, lard, and fertilizers are manufactured by slaughtering and meat-packing estab- lishments, and quantities of fertilizers are also made in cottonseed-oil mills. The dyeing and finishing of tex- tiles is done largely in the establishments that manufac- ture the fabric. Candles are manufactured in establish- ments classified under the head of "soap " and in those engaged in the manufacture of petroleum products. For reasons of this characterthe roasting and grinding of coffee and spice, and the manufacture of fertilizers, food preparations, and rubber goods, and the soap industry, for each of which products valued at over $100,000,000 were reported, are not shown in Table 4. Summary by states and geographic divisions. — Table 5 on the next page shows, for each state, the popu- lation, also the number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture in 1909, together with the rank of the state with respect ta each of these items and the percentage of the total reported from each state. It also shows the percent- age of increase with respect to each of these three items from 1904 to 1909 and from 1899 to 1904, respectively. The states are arranged in the order of their rank with respect to value of products. The first seven states in respect to value of products- are also the first seven in respect to number of wage earners and value added by manufacture. Each of these seven states has the same rank in all three respects except that Illinois, which is third in value of products and value added by manufacture, ranks fourth in num- ber of wage earners, Massachusetts advancing to third place. These seven states together reported over three- fifths of the total value of manufactured products for the United States, Most of the other states show approximately the same rank in each of the three items, but there are several states in which, because of the large proportion which the cost of materials represents of the total value of products, the rank according to value of products is materially higher than that in number of wage earners or in value added by manufacture. This is particularly true of states in which the flour-mill and slaughtering indus- tries are the most important. The most noteworthy case of this character is Kansas, which ranks four- VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF MANUFACTURES: 1909. KANS. I MO. V « L^y-- ^^ V-' • O • $150,000,000 9 1112,500,000 to $150,000,000 9 $75,000,000 to $112,500,000 Q $37,600,000 to $75,000,000 O I'Css than $37,500,000 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 445 teenth in value of products, but only thirty-third in number of wage earners and twenty-eighth in value added by manufacture. With only one exception all of the states show an increase in each of the three items from 1904 to 1909; in Montana, however, the value added by manufac- ture shows a decrease for this period, due largely to merely technical differences in methods of account- ing in the smelting industry, which is the principal one in that state. A few of the states showed a decrease in one or more items for the period 1899 to 1904. The greatest percentages of increase are naturally in those states in which the development of manu- facturing industries is comparatively recent. Thus Texas, Washington, Oregon, Utah, Oklahoma, Idaho, North Dakota, and Nevada show exceptionally high rates of increase for both five-year periods. Among the 10 states which are most important in manufac- turing the most conspicuous advances are in Ohio, New Jersey, and Michigan. The absolute increase, as distinguished from the percentage of increase, was greater in New York, the leading manufacturing state, than in any other state. Table 6 New Jersey. Michigan . . . Wisconsin.. Indiana Missouri California Connecticut . Minnesota... Kansas Maryland . . . United States »l,»72,S6e New York 9, 113, 614 Pennsylvania 7, 665, HI Illinois 5, 638, 591 Massachusetts 3, 366, 416 Ohio 4,767,121 2,537,167 2,810,173 2,333,860 2,700,876 3,293,335 2,377,549 1,114,756 2,075,708 1,600,949 1,296,346 Rhode Island 542, 610 Texas 3,896,542 Iowa 2, 224, 771 Louisiana 1 , 666, 388 Kentucky 2,289,905 Washington 1 , 141 , 990 Virginia 2, 061, 612 North Carolina 2, 206, 287 Georgia 2,609,121 Nebraska 1, 192, 214 Tennessee 2,184,789 Maine 742, 371 New Hampshire 430, 572 West Virginia 1, 221, 119 Alabama 2, 138,093 Colorado 799,024 South Carolina i 1, 515. 400 Oregon 672, 765 Mississippi 1,797,114 Arkansas 1, 574, 449 Population Montana. . . Florida.... Vermont.. Utah Oklahoma. Delaware Arizona District of Columbia. Idaho North Dakota South Dakota. Nevada New Mexico . . Wyoming 376,053 752,619 355,956 373,351 1,657,155 202,322 204,354 331,069 325,594 677,056 583,888 81,875 327,301 145,965 Number of estab- lish- ments. SM,i91 44,935 27,563 18,026 11,684 15,138 8,817 9,159 9,721 7,960 8,375 7,659 4,251 5,561 3,435 4,837 1,961 4,588 5,528 2,516 4,776 3,674 5,685 4,931 4,792 2^500 4,609 3,546 1,961 2,586 3,398 2,034 1,854 2,246 2,598 2,925 677 2,159 1,958 749 2,310 726 311 518 726 752 1,020 177 313 268 VAOE EABNXRS. Average number. «,61<,04e ! 1,003,981 877,543 465,764 584,559 446,934 326,223 231,499 182,583 186,984 152,993 115,296 210,792 84,767 44,215 107,921 113,538 70,230 61,635 76,165 65,400 69,120 105,676 121,473 104,588 24,336 73,840 79,955 78,658 63,893 72,148 28,067 73,046 28,750 50,384 44,982 11,655 67,473 33,788 11,785 13,143 21,238 6,441 7,707 8,220 2,789 3,602 2,257 4,143 2,867 Per cent dis- tribu-l tion 100.0 15.2 13.3 7.0 8.8 6.8 4.9 3.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 1.7 3.2 1.3 0.7 1.6 1.7 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.6 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 (») 0.1 (») 0.1 («) VAH7E or PRODUCTS. Amoimt (expressed in thou- sands). «S0,«79,05S 3,369,490 2,626,742 1,919,277 1,490,529 1,437,936 1,145,529 685,109 690,306 579,075 574,111 529,761 490,272 409,420 325,104 315,669 280,344 272,896 259,238 223,949 223,754 220,746 219,794 216,656 202,863 199,019 180,217 176,029 164,581 161,950 145,962 130,044 113,236 93,005 80,555 74,916 73,272 72,890 68,310 61,989 63,682 52,840 50,257 25,289 22,400 19,138 17,870 11,887 7,898 6,249 Per cent dis- tribu- tion 100.0 16.3 12.7 9.3 7.2 7.0 5.5 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 VALUE ADDED BY MANUrACTiTBE. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $8,829,861 1,512,586 1,044,182 758,350 659,764 613,734 425,496 316, 497 243,949 244,700 219,700 204,523 233,013 127,798 66,220 116,620 122, 152 94,717 88,531 89,084 111,975 102,858 94,211 94,794 85,893 47,938 76,201 78,928 66,424 69,072 62,519 49,553 46,885 42,453 43,629 39,981 24,092 46,762 33,487 20,723 19,529 21,902 16,657 15,042 12,480 5,464 6,394 3,521 4,637 3,641 Per cent dis- trlbu-l tion. 100.0 17.7 12.2 8.9 7.7 7.2 5.0 3.7 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.7 1.5 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 (») 0.1 (') FEB CENT OK INCSEASE.l Wage earners (average number). IWH- 1W» S1.0 17.2 15.0 22.8 19.7 22.7 22.5 32.1 20.6 21.3 14.9 14.9 16.1 21.7 24.3 14.6 16.7 43.1 24.6 36.4 9.4 52.9 31.6 42.3 12.8 20.1 21.9 6.7 20.3 46.0 16.0 28.7 22.9 55.2 30.2 35.9 30.1 36.5 2.1 46.4 140.9 15.0 34.4 22.4 168.5 68.9 44.5 181.4 19.1 66.3 189»- 1004 16.0 17.9 15.0 14.0 11.4 18.2 24.5 12.5 10.1 10.9 23.6 30.0 13.7 7.9 31.2 (») 10.3 27.1 11.4 36.6 15.6 43.4 21.2 18.0 11.3 8.5 31.8 7.2 -3.4 32.3 18.0 11.9 26.4 28.1 44.4 5.0 -9.1 18.7 17.6 48.8 129.1 -10.2 63.3 2.3 97.2 29.2 12.0 69.1 39.7 -11.0 Value of products. 1904- 1009 89.7 35.4 34.3 36.1 32.6 49.7 47.9 59.7 43.6 47.0 30.6 44.3 32.8 33.0 64.0 29.7 38.7 81.3 61.4 20.2 40.1 71.4 47.7 52.0 34.3 28.5 30.6 22.2 33.1 63.5 33.7 29.9 42.7 67.6 40.2 39.1 10.3 44.9 8.3 69.2 119.6 28.4 79.0 37.7 155.4 87.3 36.6 283.9 38.4 77.4 lg9»- 1904 n.7 32.9 18.5 25.8 23.8 28.3 40.0 34.2 25.8 16.9 39.0 42.7 17.1 37.6 28.7 15.3 22.1 62.0 20.8 67.3 26.3 81.9 37.0 67.1 69.8 18.9 48.7 27.6 14.9 47.8 51.4 12.4 48.8 61.7 70.4 36.0 26.9 47.1 22.5 116.6 200.7 -0.4 37.4 11.8 192.2 63.2 37.3 145.5 40.5 7.8 Value added by manu- facture. 1904- 1909 88.6 32.7 28.5 33.0 32.6 41.7 40.0 59.0 32.7 41.1 17.3 35.0 31.1 31.3 58.7 24.9 60.7 53.4 28.5 53.0 64.2 44.5 49.9 27.4 55.3 30.0 23.4 31.8 54.8 28.3 33.8 59.4 74.3 37.8 24.7 -6.5 38.5 9.2 48.2 142.1 34.6 23.5 41.5 165.5 75.0 45.7 139.8 33.0 63.9 1899- 1904 80.8 33.5 17.5 29.8 21.7 27.6 39.2 38.6 30.4 22.2 41.8 63.8 22.2 32.6 25.4 14.2 15.0 53.0 22.6 92.7 23.9 92.5 32.3 56.5 49.2 -10.2 63.6 23.6 6.3 49.8 42.8 30.8 28.7 57.7 84.3 48.6 12.4 58.3 22.0 113.8 198.3 -1.9 7.4 18.7 200.0 48.0 44.1 145.1 68.3 17.1 ' Per cent of increase is based on figures in Table 111. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Table 6, on page 448, presents similar data for the nine grand geographic divisions of the United States, arranged in the order of their rank in value of products. The states included in each division are shown in Table 111. The three Middle Atlantic states — New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania — together reported more than one-third of the total value of manufactured products for the country; the East North Central states, about one-fourth; and the New England states, somewhat over one-eighth. These three divisions together con- tributed 72.6 per cent of the total value of manufac- tured products in 1909; they showed, however, some- what lower percentages of increase during the past decade than the other divisions, in which manufactur- ing is of more recent development. 446 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF MANUFACTUBES, BY STATES: 1909 AND 1899. MILUONfi OF DOLLARS I 600 2000 NEW YONK PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS MASSACHUSETTS OHIO NEW JERSEY MICHIQAN WISCONSIN INDIANA MISSOURI CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT MINNESOTA KANSAS MARYLAND RHODE ISLAND TEXAS WWA LOUISIANA KENTUCKY WASHINGTON VIRGINIA NORTH CAROUNA GEORGIA NEBRASKA TENNESSEE MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE WEST VIRGINIA ALABAMA COLORADO SOUTH CAROUNA OREGON MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS MONTANA FLORIDA VERMONT UTAH OKLAHOMA DELAWARE ARIZONA DWT. OF COLUMBIA f IDAHO NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA NEVADA flEWMEXiCb WYOMING STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 447 AYEBAGE NUMBEIt OF WAGE EABNEBS, BY STATES: 1909 AND 1899. NUMBER 480 OOO NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA MASSACHUSETTS II.UNOI8 OHIO NEW JERSEY MICHIGAN CONNECTICUT INDIANA WISCONSIN MISSOURI NORTH CAROLINA CALIFORNIA RHODE ISLAND MARYLAND VIRGINIA GEORGIA MINNESOTA MAINE NEW HAMPSHIRE LOUISIANA TENNESSEE SOUTH CAROLINA ALABAMA TEXAS WASHINGTON KENTUCKY WEST VIRGINIA IOWA FLORIDA MISSISSIPPI ARKANSAS KANSAS VERMONT OREGON COLORADO NEBRASKA DELAWARE OKLAHOMA UTAH MONTANA IDAHO DIST. OF COLUMBIA ARIZONA NEW MEXICO SOUTH DAKOTA WYOMING NORTH DAKOTA NEVADA 448 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Takl«6 VattedStatM If jddle Atlantic East North Central.. New England West North Central.. South Atlantic Pacific East South Central.. West South Central.. Mountain Popula- tion. •l,97S^6e 19.315,892 18,250,621 6,552,681 11,637,921 12,194,895 4,192,304 8,409,901 8,784,534 2,633,517 Number, of estab- lish- ments 868,491 81,315 60,013 25,351 27, 171 28,088 13,579 15,381 12,339 5,254 VAOE EARNERS. Average number. 6,616,046 2,207,747 1,513,764 1,101,290 374,337 663,015 213, 166 2B1,772 204,520 75,435 Per cent di»- trlbu tion. 100.0 33.4 22.9 16. 6 5.7 10.0 3.2 4.0 3.1 1.1 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $80,672,062 7, 141, 761 5, 211, 702 2,670,065 1,803,899 1,381,186 843,512 630,488 625, 443 363,996 Per cent dls- tribu. tion. 100.0 34.5 25.2 12.9 8.7 6.7 4.1 3.0 3.0 1.8 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). $8,629,861 2,982,263 2,177,230 1, 193, 768 562,044 691, 181 349,834 294,325 243, 312 135. 304 Per cent dis- tribu tion. 100.0 35.0 25.5 14.0 6.6 6.9 4.1 3.4 2.9 1.6 PER CENT OF INCREASE. Wage earners (average number). 1904- 1909 21.0 17.0 23.6 17.1 19.8 26.9 29.9 18.3 42.6 42.9 1899- 1904 16.0 17.6 14.1 10.4 17.4 14.0 33.2 24.8 26.5 18.6 Value of products. 1904- 1909 89.7 36.9 44.6 31.8 40.4 41.8 52.9 35.8 50.6 42.9 1899- 1904 89.7 28.1 26.4 22.0 32.0 36.8 51.2 42.8 64.6 32.8 Value added by manu- facture. 1904- 1909 36.6 32.2 39.6 31.2 33.0 39.5 46.3 38.7 44.5 32.8 1899- 1904 80.8 28.0 29.4 20.3 29.8 34.1 69.7 42.8 70.4 33.6 Summary for 60 leading cities: 1909. — Table 7 presents, for the 50 cities which stand highest in value of manufactured products, arranged in order of rank, data similar to those presented for the geographic divisions in Table 6. It should be particularly noted in considering this table that the figures relate only to the manufacturing establishments situated actually within the boundaries of the several cities. In the case of practically every city listed there are important manufacturing establishments in the immediate vicinity, and in the case of several of the cities such outside estabhshments, which virtu- ally constitute a part of the city's industrial in- terests, have a greater value of products than those within the city itself. The most notable instances of this character are Pittsburgh and Boston, which would rank decidedly higher in a table based on metropolitan or industrial districts than they do in the table for cities proper. While the popula- tion of Pittsburgh proper is 533,905, the population of the metropoUtan district of Pittsburgh, as defined by the Census Bureau, is 1,042,855. Similarly, the population of the Boston metropolitan district is 1,520,470, as compared with 670,585 for the city proper. Further details regarding the manufactures of the 25 leading cities are given in Table 112. The rank of the cities of the country with respect to manufactures is in many cases decidedly d^erent from their rank in population. Thus Boston ranks fifth in population, but eighth in value of manufac- tured products; Baltimore, seventh in population, but thirteenth in value of manufactured products; and Loa Angeles, sixteenth in population, but thirty- second in value of products, Kansas City, Kans., on the other hand, by reason of the large slaughtering estabhshments there, ranks fifteenth in value of manu- factured products, but is not among the 50 principal cities from the standpoint of population. Of the 50 cities in the United States which have over 100,000 inhabitants, 14 are not included among the 50 cities having the largest value of manufactures. In the case of some of the cities hsted in the table, the rank with respect to the number of wage earners and the value added by manufacture ia very different from that with respect to the gross value of products, these differences being dependent upon the character of the predominating industries. It is noteworthy, however, that the 13 cities which rank highest in gross value of products are also the 13 which occupy the highest rank with respect to wage earners and value added by manufacture, although considered individu- ally these cities do not in all cases hold the same rank in each of the three respects. Conspicuous instances of cities having higher rank in gross value of products than in number of wage earners or value added by manufacture are Kansas City, Kans., South Omaha, Youngstown, Bayonne, and Perth Amboy. On the other hand, cities which lead in the manufacture of textiles, such as Lawrence, Fall River, Lowell, New Bedford, anci Paterson, have a decidedly higher rank with respect to number of wage earners than with respect to either value of products or value added by manufacture. For every city hsted in the table a greater gross value of products and, with the exception of Omaha, a greater value added by manufacture were reported in 1909 than in 1899. Only two cities — San Francisco and New Orleans — showed a loss in gross value in 1909 as compared with 1904, and only San Francisco a loss in value added by manufacture. Between 1899 and 1904, however, decreases in gross value of manu- factures occurred in four cities. In number of wage earners, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, South Omaha, and Peoria showed a dechne in 1909 as compared with 1899; several other cities showed decreases from 1899 to 1904, but these were more than made up during the second half of the decade. It may be noted that the statistics for the Pittsburgh industrial district, which is more comprehensive than the city, would show de- cided gains and that the decrease in the manufacturing industries in San Francisco is the natural result of the great earthquake and fire. Of the cities reporting products of $200,000,000 or more, Detroit showed the greatest percentage STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 449 of increase in all of the items under consideration and Cleveland the next greatest, with the exception of the number of wage earners, in which it was exceeded bj Milwaukee. Among the smaller manufacturing cities included in the table, those showifig conspicuous increases are Akron, Perth Amboy, Los Angeles, and Seattle. In the case of most of the cities higher rates of in- crease in all three items are shown for the period 1904 to 1909 than for the period 1899 to 1904. Table 7 New York, N.Y.... Chicago, 111 Philadelphia, Pa.... St. Louis, Mo Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich Pittsburgh, Pa Boston, Mass Buffalo, N.Y MUwaukee, Wis Newark, N. J Cincinnati, Ohio Baltimore, Md Minneapolis, Minn.. Kansas City, Kans.. San Francisco, Cal . . Jersey City, N. J.... Indianapolis, Ind . . . Providence, R. I Rochester, N. Y Louisville, Ky South Omaha, Nebr. Youngstown, Ohio.. Lawrence, Miass New Orleans, La Worcester, Mass Bayonne, N. J Atoron, Ohio Perth Amboy, N.J. Lynn, Mass Paterson, N. J Los Angeles, Cal Bridgeport, Conn. . . Fall River, Mass Peoria, III Toledo, Ohio Omaha, Nebr Dayton, Ohio Lowell, Mass Yonkers, N. Y St. Paul, Minn Kansas City, Mo New Bedford, Mass. Denver, Colo Reading, Pa New Haven, Conn. . Seattle, Wash Waterbury, Conn . . . Syracuse, N. Y Camden, N. J Population, 4,766,883 2,185,283 1,549,008 687,029 560,663 465,766 533,905 670,585 423,715 373,857 347,460 363,591 558,485 301,408 82,331 416,912 267,779 233,650 224,326 218, 149 223,928 28,259 79,066 85.892 339,075 145,986 55,545 69,067 32, 121 89,336 125,600 319, 198 102,054 119,295 66,950 168, 497 124.096 116.577 106.294 79,803 214, 744 248.381 96,652 213.381 96,071 133,605 237.194 73,141 137,249 94,538 Number of estab- lish- ments. 25,938 9,656 8,379 2,667 2,148 2,036 1,659 3,155 1,753 1,764 1,858 2,184 2,502 1,102 165 1,796 745 855 1,060 1,203 903 71 lis 162 848 580 97 246 80 431 702 1,325 367 288 283 760 432 513 320 158 719 902 207 766 482 590 751 169 738 365 WAGE EABNEBS. Average number. 554.002 293,977 251.884 87,371 84,728 81,011 67, 474 69,637 51.412 59,502 59,955 60,192 71.444 26,962 12,294 28,244 25,454 31,815 46.381 39,108 27,023 6.306 10.498 30.542 17,186 28,221 7,519 15,831 5,866 27,368 32.004 17.327 25,775 37,139 5,981 18.878 8,023 21,549 32.575 12,711 19,339 14,043 26.566 12,058 24,145 23,547 11,331 20.170 18,148 16,527 VALUE or PEODUCTS. .ATmount (expressed in thou- sands). 12,029,693 1,281,171 746,076 328,495 271,961 252,992 243,454 237,457 218,804 208,324 202,511 194,516 186,978 166,406 164,061 133,041 128, 775 126,522 120,241 113,676 101,284 92,436 81,271 79,993 78,794 77,148 73,641 73,158 73,093 71,503 69,584 68,586 65,609 64,146 63,061 61,230 60,854 60,378 60,271 69,334 58,990 64,704 53,238 61,538 51,135 51,071 60,569 60,350 49,435 49,138 VALUE ADDED BY MANUTACTimE. Amount (expressed in thou- sands). 9937,538 487,701 316,984 140.306 117,046 122,774 94,927 112,880 82,266 87,708 87,832 92,584 79,964 45,412 19,691 56,824 39,458 42,371 55,471 62,002 47, 156 14,763 18,979 34,555 30,062 34,547 14,709 30,087 9,161 30,142 34,856 29,673 27,662 28,622 45,288 27.146 17, 4.39 32,850 27,440 16, 132 28,690 23,742 24,674 20,611 21,287 26,752 21,884 21,624 27,659 21, 754 PER CENT OF INCREASE.' Wage earners (average number). 19(W- 1909 19.2 21.5 10.0 5.6 32.3 67.1 -5.8 17.7 18.0 37.2 18.3 2.7 9.8 24.4 16.8 -26.5 25.1 19.0 16.5 23.1 8.2 11.4 29.7 39.4 -1.6 23.8 6.5 64.5 48.5 27.1 12.3 66.2 32.2 38.4 2.5 20.3 37.8 26.1 11.2 30.0 .34.6 32.6 48.8 24.7 33.7 9.8 77.3 30.9 24.7 30.5 1899- 1904 19.6 9.4 6.6 27.6 15.7 26.3 -0.2 11.9 27.1 (.2 18.2 6.6 -2.3 10.5 n.o 18.0 17.0 27.4 3.7 13.3 8.3 -10.6 -6.7 4.8 7.9 0.9 5L1 16.6 97.0 31.5 -0.1 101.5 14.4 -12.4 -2.7 23.1 10.3 18.6 0.2 29.4 10.3 13.8 17.0 13.8 6.9 21.8 43.9 16.5 23.2 63.5 Value of products. 1904- 1909 33.0 34.1 26.2 22.9 58.2 97.3 15.2 28.8 48.5 61.0 35.0 17.1 24.5 36.5 70.1 -3.4 70.0 53.9 30.7 38.9 21.7 37.1 73.5 66.5 -3.2 47.9 21.5 118.0 110.0 30.0 27.3 97.0 47.2 47.6 4.4 37.6 12.7 62.5 28.6 76.9 53.9 53.8 80.7 40.6 67.7 28.8 99.0 55.6 42.5 46.3 1899- 1904 30.2 19.7 13.7 38.0 23.4 45.1 -3.2 13.3 39.5 24.5 33.1 17.2 11.1 28.3 20.6 28.7 3.9 38.6 16.9 35.9 25.9 -3.0 38.2 15.1 41.7 n.4 57.1 52.4 147.5 39.8 12.7 130.0 32.9 11.2 35.6 39.2 41.8 27.7 13.8 93.9 27.5 50.8 26.0 -3.3 -6.7 13.7 65.8 6.7 30.7 86.9 Value added by manufacture. 1904- 1909 32.3 33.6 22.8 8.3 57.4 99.1 9.5 25.8 39.4 31.1 26.6 11.8 14.9 40.7 56.4 -8.1 46.5 39.1 32.0 43.6 25.7 79.6 62.6 85.6 33.1 37.5 7.8 128.8 104.3 34.6 28.0 84.0 24.3 64.7 1.6 42.6 57.0 65.7 37.4 67.9 52.4 47.9 84.4 31.6 54.5 26.5 98.1 48.1 48.7 65.3 1899- 1904 31.5 23.5 14.8 4L0 18.2 49.1 -3.4 11.5 48.7 30.8 33.5 17.8 16.2 26.6 12.9 49.1 18.9 44.8 16.3 37.4 20.1 -3.2 8.3 10.2 32.4 7.8 184.0 41.4 65.2 50. S 16.1 128.9 36.9 -17.4 41.2 51.3 -38.8 26.4 -4.6 31.7 33.1 45.1 15.2 16.6 -12.1 12.7 71.0 20.4 32.9 74.9 'Per cent of Increase is based on figures in Table 113. A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. Distribntion according to size of commnnities. — It is a matter of interest to know the extent to which the manufacturing enterprises of the country are located in the larger cities as compared with the smaller cities and rural districts. Some indication of tliis is given in Table 8, on page 451, which distributes the total number of establishments, average number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture reported in 1909 and 1899 by classes of places, the classes distinguished being cities of 100,000 inhabitants or over, cities of 25,000 to 100,000 inhabit- ants, cities of 10,000 to 25,000 inhabitants, and the remainder of the country, the latter including the 72497°— 13 29 + smaller cities, towns, and other incorporated places and the rural districts. The aggregate population of each group in 1910 and 1900 is also given. Statistics for 1904 are not given because there was no Federal census of population for that year, and it is impos- sible to determine with accuracy what cities belonged to each group. In considering tliis table it should be noted that each place is classed at each census according to its popula- tion at that census, so that the same community may be in one class in 1900 and in another class in 1910; and consequently the change in the totals for any given class of communities from 1899 to 1909 should not be 450 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. VALUE OF PRODUCTS FOB PRINCIPAL CITIES: 1909. CI no NEW YORK CHICAGO PHILADELPHIA ST. LOUIS CLEVELAND DETROIT PITTSBURG BOSTON BUFFALO MILWAUKEE NEWARK CINCINNATI BALTIMORE MINNEAPOLIS KANSAS CITY, KANS. SAN FRANCISCO JERSEY CITY INDIANAPOLIS PROVIDENCE ROCHESTER LOUISVILLE SOUTH OMAHA YOUNGSTOWN LAWRENCE NEW ORLEANS WORCESTER BAYONNE AKRON PERTH AMBOY UYNH PATERSON LOS ANGELES BRIDGEPORT FALL RIVER PEORIA. TOLEDO OMAHA DAYTON LOWELL YONKERS ST. PAUL KANSAS CITY, MO. NEW BEDFORD DENVER READING NEW HAVEN SEATTLE WATERBURY HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS 160 1000 I3B0 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 451 taken as measuring the increase in manufacturing business in the same communities. The significant figures are the percentages of the totals reported by each class of places at the two censuses. It should be noted further that the statistics of manufactures shown for any given community are those reported from estabhshments lying strictly within the municipal boundaries. Since in many cases large manufacturing estabhshments are located just outside of city bound- aries, the proportion of the manufacturing business of the country as a whole which, in a sense, can be properly credited to places of 10,000 or more inliabitants is somewhat greater than can be shown by the statistics in this table. Table 8 Year. Aggregate. CITIES AND TOWNS HA VINO A POPULATION OP 10,000 AND OVER. DISTKICTS OUTSIDE OP CITIES AND Total. 10,000 to 25,000. 25,000 to 100,000. 100,000 and over. TOWNS HAVING A POPULATION OF 10,000 AND OVEB. Number or amount. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Number or amount. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Number or amount. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Number or amount. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. • Number or amount. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. 1910 1900 1910 1900 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 1909 1899 593 365 277 5,495,594 4,297,118 18,936 15,463 678,467 524,900 11,946,703,215 1,052,639,594 801,766,297 458,679,363 6.0 5.7 7.1 7.5 10.3 11.1 9.4 9.2 9.4 9.5 178 122 8,204,960 5,547,205 27,061 20,147 1,126,253 767,293 $3,582,403,574 1,843,124,785 1,431,652,146 773,117,708 8.9 7.3 10.1 9.7 17.0 16.3 17.3 16.1 16.8 16.0 50 37 20,302,138 14,208,347 89,775 67,308 2,511,922 1,752,246 $8,735,772,018 4,968,799,788 3,760,586,842 2,146,680,856 436 Population 91,972,266 75,994,575 268,491 207,514 6,615,046 4,712,763 120,672,051,870 11,406,926,701 8,529,260,992 4,831,075,210 34,002,692 24,052,670 135,772 102,918 4,316.642 3,044,439 114,264,878,807 7,864,564,177 6,003,005,285 3,377,477,927 37.0 31.7 50.6 49.6 65.3 64.6 69.0 68.9 70.4 69.9 22.1 18.7 33.4 32.4 1 38.0 37.2 42.3 43.6 44.2 44.4 57,969,574 51,941,905 132,719 104,596 2,298,404 1,668,324 $6,407,173,063 3,542,362,524 2,526,255,707 1,453,597,283 63.0 Number of establishments Average number of wage earn- ers. Value of products 68.8 49.4 50.4 34.7 35.4 31.0 Value added by manufacture. . 31.1 29.6 30.1 In 1909 places of more than 10,000 inhabitants, although they included only 37 per cent of the total population of the country, contained a little over one- half of the total number of manufacturing establish- ments in the country. These establishments employed nearly two-thirds of the wage earners employed in manufactures (65.3 per cent), and reported more than two-thirds of the total value of products and of the value added by manufacture, the actual percentages being 69 and 70.4, respectively. It is noteworthy, however, that, whereas commu- nities of this size contained a materially larger pro- portion of the population of the country in 1910 than they did in 1900 — 37 per cent as against 31.7 per cent — there was only a very slight increase in their pro- portion of the total number of manufacturing estabhsh- ments and of wage earners, and of the total value added by manufacture, and practically no change in their proportion of the total value of products. In other words, while these communities, considered as a group, have perhaps a little more than held their own in relative importance in manufacturing industry, they have not gained in this respect commensurately with their gain in population. The foregoing state- ment regarding this group as a whole holds true like- wise for the class of cities having from 25,000 to 100,000 inhabitants and for the class having 100,000 or more inhabitants, except that for the latter group there was a slight decrease in the proportion of the value of products and value added by manufacture. On the other hand, the class of communities having from 10,000 to 25,000 inhabitants reported a slight in- crease in its proportion of the total population in 1910 as compared with 1900, and a slightly larger proportion of the total value of products in 1909 than in 1899, although in respect to number of estab- hshments, average number of wage earners, and value added by manufacture, the proportion for such com- munities was slightly lower in the later year than in the earlier'. PERSONS ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES. Definitions and explanations. — Attention is called to certain differences between the census of 1909 and previous censuses in respect to the manner of collect- ing and presenting statistics of persons engaged in manufacturing industries. At the censuses of 1899, 1904, and 1909 the follow- ing general classes of persons engaged in manufac- tiu-ing industries were distinguished: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superintendents and managers, (4) clerks, and (5) wage earners. In the reports for the censuses of 1904' and 1899 these five classes were shown according to the three main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm mem- bers, (2) salaried officials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. The second group included the three classes of salaried officers of corporations, superintendents and managers, and clerks. In certain tables relating ex- clusively to the present census a somewhat different grouping is employed — ^that into (1) proprietors and officials, (2) clerks, and (3) wage earners. The first 452 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. group includes proprietors and firm members, salaried officers of corporations, and superintendents and managers. In comparative tables covering the cen- suses of 1899 and 1904 it is of course necessary to group the figures for 1909 according to the same classification that was employed in the eariier censuses. At this census the nimiber of persons engaged in the industries, segregated by sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age (whether under 16 or 16 and over), was reported for December 15, or the nearest repre- sentative day. The 15th of December was selected as representing for most industries normal conditions of employment, but where conditions were exceptional, and particularly in the case of certain seasonal indus- tries, such as canning, the December date could not be accepted as typical and an earlier date had to be chosen. In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus reported on December 1§ or other repre- sentative day has been treated as equivalent to the average for the year, since the number of employees of this class does not vary much from month to month in a given industry. In the case of wage earners the average is obtained in the manner explained in the next paragraph. In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the number of wage earners on December 15 or other representative day, a report was obtained of the number employed on the 15th of each month, without distinction of sex or age. From these figures the average number of wage earners for the year has been calculated by dividing the sum of the numbers reported each month by 12. The average thus ob- tained represents the number of wage earners that would be required to perform the work done if all were constantly employed during the entire year. Accord- ingly, the importance of any industry as an employer of labor is beheved to be more accurately measured by this average than by the number employed at any one time or on a given day. The number of wage earners reported for the repre- sentative day, though given in certain tables for each separate industry, is not totaled for all industries com- bined, because in view of the variations of date such a total is beheved not to be significant. It would involve more or less duplication of persons working in different industries at different times, would not rep- resent the total number employed in all industries at any one time, and would give an undue weight to seasonal industries as compared with industries in continual operation. In particular, totals by sex and age for the wage earners reported for the representative day for all industries combmed would be misleading because of the undue weight given to seasonal industries, in some of which, such as canning and preserving, the distribu- tion of the wage earners by sex and age is materially different from that in most industries of more regular operation. In order to determine as nearly as possible the sex and age distribution of the average number of wage earners for a given state as a whole, the per cent distribution by sex and age of the wage earners in each industry for December 15 or the nearest representa- tive day has been calculated from the actual numbers reported for that date. The percentages thus ob- tained have been applied to the average number of wage earners for the year in that industry, to determine the average number of men, women, and children employed. These calculated averages for the several industries have been added up to give the average distribution for each state as a whole and for the entire country. In 1899 and 1904 the schedule called for the aver- age number of wage earners of each sex 16 years and over, and the average number under 16 years of age without distinction of sex, for each month, and these monthly statements were combined in an annual average. Comparatively few manufacturing concerns, however, keep their books in such way as to show readily the number of men, women, and children em- ployed on the average each month. These montlily returns by sex and age were, in fact, largely estimates. It was believed that a more accurate and rehable sex and age distribution could be secured by taking as a basis of estimate the actual numbers employed on 'a single day. Summary for United States: 1909. — The following table shows, for 1909, the distribution of the persons engaged in manufacturing, each class being distributed by sex, and the average number of wage earners by age also: Table 9 CLASS. PERSONS ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURES. Total. Male. Female. All classes 7,678,578 6,162,263 1,516,315 Proprietors and officials r 487, 173 472,914 14,259 Proprietors and firm members 273,265 80,735 133,173 676,359 6,615,046 263,673 78,937 130,304 437,056 5,252,293 9,592 1 798 Salaried officers of corporations .... Superintendents and managers ... 2,869 139,303 Clerks Wage earners (average number) 1,362,753 16 years of age and over 6,463,553 161,493 5,163,164 89,129 1,290,389 72 364 Under 16 years of age The average number of persons engaged in manufac- turing industries during 1909 was 7,678,578. Of these, 6,615,046, or 86.1 per cent, were wage earners; 487,173, or 6.3 per cent, proprietors and officials; and 576,359, or 7.5 per cent, clerks. Of the wage earners, 5,163,164 were males 16 years of age and over; 1,290,389 females 16 years of age and over; and 161,493 children under the age of 16. Statistics of employees for the last three censuses are given for individual industries in Table 110, and for each state and geographic division in Table 111. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 453 Occnpational status by leading industries: 1909. — The following table shows for the 43 leadmg industries the number of proprietors, officers of corporations, superintendents and managers, clerks, and wage earners. respectively, and the percentage which the persons in- cluded in each of the principal groups represent of the total number employed. The figures for wage earners represent the average number for the year. Table lO AU Indottrlei Agricultural implements Automobiles, including bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Brass and bronze products Bread and other bakery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages ana wagons and materials Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam- railroad companies Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad com- panies. Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothinp, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-Iron products Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Flour-mill and gristmill products Foundry and machine-shop products Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather goods Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber and timber products Marble and stone work Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations Petroleum, refining Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Slaughtering and meat packing Smelting and refining, cop Smelting and refining, 1( Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar. . . Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted; and felt goods, and wool hats. All other industnes PERSONS ENGAGED IN MANTJFACTUEES, Total number. 7,678,578 60,229 85,359 215,923 45,441 144,322 31,506 71,972 82,944 301,273 47,094 27,791 271,437 179,021 (4,854 86,934 387,771 106,600 06,054 615,485 144,140 51,007 136,130 43.061 260,762 43,525 67,100 8,328 66,725 784,989 77,276 21,273 21,896 81,473 41,101 16,640 388,466 105,238 108,716 16,832 8,059 15,658 197,637 175,176 1,916,361 Proprietors and officials. Total. 487.178 2,489 2,564 5,752 2,160 29,136 10,480 6,920 8,844 6,974 1,041 1,066 12,041 9,281 3,362 7,260 4,461 4,121 18,763 31,606 7,281 2,966 3,306 1,119 I 4,286 ! 4,209 i 2,331 I 1,111 I 4,362 ! 68,166 8,453 ; 2,167 2,016 2,298 6,647 671 49,333 2,236 3,514 275 132 21,012 3,192 117,932 Proprie- tors and firm members S7S,S66 465 405 1,838 828 26,962 8,019 4,244 6,213 154 8,502 6,482 1,832 4,423 377 439 14,570 9,851 2,667 277 1,134 48 47 2,552 784 563 639 48,825 6,028 110 456 250 2,802 42 30,424 664 1,659 7 204 17,634 732 59,096 Salaried officials of corpo- rations. 80,735 £69 758 1,027 584 801 i,dte 968 1,166 1,877 241 367 1,089 842 766 1,288 1,726 997 1,486 9,348 2,170 990 799 262 779 760 629 217 1,819 6,616 867 576 793 773 1.427 211 7,266 480 731 53 44 140 809 782 23,811 Sujyerin- tendents and managers. 183,173 1,455 1.401 2,887 748 1,353 1,429 1,708 1,465 5,095 793 565 2,460 1,957 764 1,558 2,358 2,685 2.707 12,406 2,454 1.719 1,375 809 3,460 897 918 331 1,904 12,724 1,560 1,481 767 1,275 1,418 418 11,643 1,092 1,124 215 445 2,569 1,678 35,025 Clerks. 576,359 7.189 7,074 11,874 2,663 14,970 2,595 5,064 4,172 12,125 2,967 2,991 19,700 15,997 6,854 6,050 4,430 14,223 7.838 52.869 8,407 10,806 3,547 3,513 16,400 4,409 2,567 787 7,784 21,805 3,219 2,035 5,640 3,197 12,559 2,040 80,700 3,965 15,474 929 603 1,343 9,815 3,262 149,988 Wage earners (average number). 6,615,046 50.551 75.721 198,297 40,618 100,216 18,431 59,968 282,174 43,086 23,714 239,696 153,743 44,638 73,615 378,880 87,256 39,453 531,011 128,452 37,216 129,275 38,429 240,076 34,907 62,202 6,430 54,579 695,019 65,603 17,071 14,240 75,978 22,895 13,929 268,484 99,037 89,728 15,628 7,424 13,626 166,810 168,722 1,648,441 Per cent of total. Proprie- tors and officials. 6.3 4.1 3.0 2.7 4.8 20.2 33.3 9.6 10.7 2.3 2.2 3.9 4.4 5.2 6.1 8.4 1.2 3.9 28.4 6.1 5.1 6.9 2.4 2.6 1.6 9.7 3.5 13.3 6.5 8.7 10.9 10.2 9.2 2.8 13.7 4.0 12.7 2.1 3.2 1.6 1.6 6.0 10.6 1.8 6.2 Clerks. 7.6 11.9 8.3 5.5 6.9 10.4 8.2 7.1 5.0 4.0 6.3 10.8 7.3 8.9 12.5 7.0 1.1 13.6 11.9 8.6 5.8 21.2 2.6 8.2 6.3 10.1 3.8 9.4 11.7 2.8 4.2 9.6 25.8 3.9 30.6 12.3 20.8 3.8 14.2 6.5 6.2 8.6 6.0 1.9 7.8 Wage earners (average num- ber). 86.1 83. » 88.7 91.8 89.4 69.4 58.5 83.3 84.3 91.5 85.3 88.3 86.9 81.4 84.7 97.7 82.6 69.7 86.3 89.1 73.0 95.0 89.2 92.1 80.2 92.7 77.2 81.S 88.5 84. » 80.* 65. 0> 93. a 65.7 83.7 66.5 94.1 82.5. 92. » 92.1 86.4 84.4 96.3 86.0 The highest proportion of proprietors and officials shown for any individual industry covered by the table, 33.3 per cent, is for the butter, cheese, and con- densed-milk industry. Many of the establishments in this industry are carried on by cooperative asso- ciations, and the practice in 1909, as at prior censuses, was not to include the members of such associations as proprietors in the totals, but to omit them al- together. From the information contained in the reports, it is impossible, in some instances, to distin- guish such associations from partnerships, and the large number of proprietors and officials shown for this industry indicates the probabihty that the mem- bers of some associations were inadvertently included as partners. The high percentage of proprietors and officials in the flour-mill and gristmill and the bakery industries is explained by the fact that the majority of the estabhshments are small and the work is to a large extent done by the proprietors or their imme- diate representatives, while in the large flour mills automatic machinery has reduced the amount of labor to a minimum. A factor wliich has much to do with the proportion of clerks among the total number of employees in an industry is the method of marketing the product. Thus there are high percentages of clerks in the manufacture of patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations, and in the paint and varnish, illuminating-gas, and printing and publish- ing industries. In these industries the average num- 454 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. ber of customers or patrons for each establishment is lai^e and tliis necessitates a large force of em- ployees for soliciting trade, correspondence, account- ing, and collection. In general, though not in all cases, the larger the average size of establishments in an industry, the smaller is the proportion of proprietors, officials, and clerks, and the larger the proportion of wage earners. Thus the four textile industries — the cotton, woolen, hosiery and knit-goods, and silk-manufacturing in- dustries — which are mainly conducted in large fac- tories, show the largest proportions of wage earners. An unusually large proportion of wage earners is shown also for the paper and pulp nulls, the steel works and rolling mills, the construction of steam- railroad cars, the smelting and refining of copper and lead, the tanning and finishing of leather, JDoots and shoes, and the repair shops of steam railroads. Comparison with previous censuses as to occupational status. — In order to compare the distribution of per- sons engaged in manufacturing industries according to occupational status in 1909 with that shown at the census of 1904, it is necessary to use the classification employed at the earher census. (See p. 451.) Such a comparison is made in the following table. Com- parable figures for 1899 are not available. Table 1 1 PERSONS ENGAGED IN MANUFACTURES. 1909 1904 Per Number. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Number. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. cent of in- crease, 1904- 1909. Total 7,678,678 273,265 790,267 6,615,046 100.0 3.6 10.3 86.1 6,213,612 225,673 519,556 5,468,383 100.0 3.6 8.4 88.0 S3 6 Proprietors and firm members Salaried employees 21.1 52 1 Wage earners (average number) 21.0 A greater percentage of increase is shown for salaried employees than for the other two classes. This is due in part to the changes from individual and firm ownership to corporate organization, a change which frequently involves the transfer of proprietors and firm members to the class of officials. At the same time there is no doubt that the number of clerks here classified with the other salaried employees has in- creased relatively faster than the number of wage earners. This may indicate an increase of the practice on the part of the manufacturers of direct sale of goods without the interposition of so many middlemen as formerly handled the product. Sex and age distribution, by leading industries: 1909. — Table 12, on the opposite page, shows, for the 43 lead- ing industries, the number and per cent distribution, by age and sex, of wage earners as reported for December 15, or the nearest representative day. As a means of judging the true importance of the several industries as employers of labor, the average number employed for the entire year is also given in each case, this num- ber, in the case of seasonal industries, being much smaller than the number on the representative day. The per cent distribution for all industries combined, based on the average number employed as shown in Table 9, is also presented. In all industries combined 78 per cent of the average number of wage earners were males 16 years of age or over, 19.5 per cent females 16 years of age or over, and 2.5 per cent children under the age of 16. The industries for which the largest proportions of males 16 years of age or over are shown are those in which the work is of a nature requiring much physical strength or a high degree of skill. Thus in the smelting and refining of both copper and lead males 16 years of age or over constitute 99.9 per cent of the total number of wage earners, and in the blast furnaces they constitute 99.8 per cent. Other industries in which males of 16 years or over represent more than 99 per cent of the wage earners are the gas industry, construction of steam-railroad cars, steel works and rolling mills, marble and stone work, the repair shops of steam railroads, and the manufacture of cotton- seed oil. The proportion of women and children, naturally, is larger in those industries in which the processes require dexterity rather than strength. In six of the industries covered by Table 12 — the making of men's and women's clothing, the confectionery industry, and the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods, of patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations, and of silk and silk goods — more than half of the wage earners are females 16 years of age or over. The proportion of wage earners under 16 years is larger in three of the textile industries — the cotton goods, silk and silk goods, and hosiery and knit-goods industries — than in any other of the principal industries of the country. The proportion is also relatively high in the canning and preserving, confectionery, and woolen-goods industries. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 455 Table 12 All mdnstrles Agricultural implements Automobiles, including bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Brass and bronze products Bread and other balcery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages and wagons and materials Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies. ; . . Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothing, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products '. Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Flour-mill and gristmill products Foimdry and machine-shop products Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and Icnit goods Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather goods Leather, tanned, cumed, and finished Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber and timber products Marble and stone work Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' prepantions Petroleum, refining .' Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Slaughtering and meat packing Smelting and refining, copper Smelting and refining, lead Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats WAGE EAENEES. Average number. 6,616,0ie 50,551 75,721 198,297 40,618 100,216 18,431 59,968 69,928 282, 174 43,086 23,714 239,096 153,743 44,638 73,616 378,880 87,256 39,453 531,011 128,452 37,215 129,275 38,429 240,076 34,907 62,202 6,430 54,579 695,019 66,603 17,071 14,240 75,978 22,805 13,929 258,434 99,037 89,728 15,628 7,424 13,526 166,810 168,722 Number Dec. 15, or nearest representative day. Total. (0 55,429 97,250 211,507 46,230 104,443 19,323 155,847 72,783 302,080 58,274 25,341 257,128 162,859 52,421 78,909 387,698 102,950 42,496 604,167 138,829 37,396 136,713 47,278 284,264 36,502 66,717 8,130 54,135 838,160 67,921 29,601 14,426 78,672 24,683 14,873 272,027 102,369 94,854 16,029 8,002 25,134 181,036 175, 171 16 years of age and over. Male. (0 54,529 96,060 132,411 42,908 84,956 17,743 67,219 71, 104 301,431 58,046 24,102 109, 139 58,316 18,836 66,797 197,420 78,605 41,787 587,636 132, 176 37,308 37,419 47,184 281,801 29,868 64,005 7,008 52,865 826,978 67,575 29,551 13,207 68,497 11,503 14,657 204,388 35,785 88,352 16,013 8,001 24,626 90,417 92,820 Female. 0) 674 982 70,457 2,774 17,407 1,468 77,593 1,126 455 190 1,061 142, 781 103,063 30,453 9,716 150,057 23,398 565 11,895 3,677 71 88,183 10 1,114 5,738 2,230 1,111 1,040 4,027 112 49 1,137 9,909 12,672 170 60,973 58,441 5,960 1 376 84,193 72,409 Under 16 years of age. 0) 8,639 548 2,080 112 11,035 553 194 38 178 5,208 1,480 3,132 2,396 40,221 947 143 4,636 2,976 17 11,111 84 1,349 896 482 11 230 7,156 234 91 82 266 508 46 6,666 8,143 542 16 132 6,426 9,942 Per cent of total. 16 years of age and over. Male. Female. 78.0 19.8 98.4 1.2 98.8 1.0 62.6 33.3 92.8 6.0 81.3 16.7 91.8 7.6 43.1 49.8 97.7 1.5 99.8 0.2 99.6 0.3 95.1 4.2 42.4 55.5 35.8 63.3 35.9 58.1 84.6 12.3 50.9 38.7 76.4 22.7 98.3 1.3 97.3 2.0 95.2 2.6 99.8 0.2 27.4 64.5 99.8 (') 99.1 0.4 81.8 15.7 95.9 3.3 86.2 13.7 97.7 1.9 98.7 0.5 99.5 0.2 99.5 0.2 91.5 7.9 87.1 12.6 46.6 51.3 98.6 1.1 75.1 22.4 35.0 57.1 93.1 6.3 99.9 99.9 (') 98.0 1.5 49.9 46.5 53.0 41.3 Under 16 years of age. S.S 0.4 0.2 4.1 1.2 2.0 0.1 7.6 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 2.0 0.9 6.0 3.0 10.4 0.9 0.3 0.8 2.1 (») 8.1 0.2 0.6 2.5 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 2.1 0.3 2.4 8.0 0.6 0.1 0.6 3.0 6.7 1 No totals given for reasons explained oa page 462. In addition to the industries shown in the above table, which were selected according to their importance with respect to gross value of products, certain others are of interest because of the relatively large number of women and children employed. Table 13, on the following page, shows the sex and age distribution of wage earners in all industries not covered by the preceding table in which there were at least 5,000 women, or in which the women constituted over 40 per cent of the wage earners and numbered not less than 500. The table shows that there are a large number of industries, some of considerable importance, in which women 16 years of age or over represent more than 40 per cent of the total number of wage earners. In the manufacture of corsets, of artificial flowers, feathers, and plumes, and of steel pens, more than 80 per cent * Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. of the wage earners are women. Other industries in which female wage earners 16 years of age or over constitute over three-fourths of the total number employed are the manufacture of men's furnishing goods and of millinery and lace goods, and the grading, roasting, cleaning, and shelling of peanuts. Large numbers of women are also employed in several indus- tries listed in this table in which, however, the propor- tion which these represent of the total number of wage earners is less than 40 per cent. Of the industries shown in Table 13, those in which the proportion of children under 16 years of age ex- ceeds 5 per cent are the manufacture of bags, other than paper; cigar boxes; fancy and paper boxes; horse clothing; cordage and twine; needles, pins, and hooks and eyes; lead pencils; stationery goods, not elsewhere specified; and the cork-cutting industry. 456 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Table 13 ArUflcial flowers and feathers and plumes Awnings, tents, and sails Bags, other than paper Bags, paper Baking powders and yeast Boots and shoes, rubber Boxes, cigar Boxes, fancy and paper : Buttons Carpets and rugs, other than rag Clocks and watches, including cases and materials. . . Clothing, horse Cordage and twine and Jute and linen goods Cork, cutting Corsets Dyeing and finishing textiles Ffreworks ' Flags, banners, regalia, society badges, and emblems Flavoring extracts Food preparations Fur goods Furnishing goods, men's Gloves and mittens, leather Gold and silver, leaf and foil Hair work Hats, fur-felt Hats, straw House-furnishing goods, not elsewhere specified Jewelry Jewelry and instrument cases Millinery and lace goods Needles, pins, and nooks and eyes Paper goods, not elsewhere specified Peanuts, grading, roasting, cleaning, and shelling Pencils, lead Pens, steel Pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified Surgical appliances and artificial limbs Umbrellas and canes WAGE EAENKRS. Number Dec. 15, or nearest representative day. Per cent of total. Average number. Total 16 years of age and over. Under 16 years 16 years and over. Under 16 years Male Female. of age. Male. Female. of age. 10,016 10,769 1,416 9,017 336 13.1 83.7 3.1 4,242 4,043 2,264 1,715 64 56.0 42.4 1.6 7,968 8,437 2,870 4,794 773 34.0 66.8 9.2 3,212 3,299 1,680 1,561 58 50.9 47.3 1.8 2,155 2,273 1,199 1,020 54 52.7 44.9 2.4 17,612 18,528 10,995 7,060 473 59.3 38.1 2.6 6,115 6,554 2,914 3,260 380 44.5 49.7 6.8 39,514 43,239 14,198 25,961 3,080 32.8 60.0 7.1 16,427 17,873 10, 721 6,530 622 60.0 36.5 3.5 33,307 34,874 19,601 13,859 1,414 56.2 39.7 4.1 23,857 25,574 15, 775 9,262 537 61.7 36.2 2.1 1,648 1,789 580 1,047 162 32.4 58.5 9.1 25,820 26,941 13,019 12,083 1,839 48.3 44.8 6.8 3,142 3,239 1,756 1,310 173 54.2 40.4 6.3 17,564 18, 1S2 2,291 15,234 627 12.6 83.9 3.5 44,046 45,841 36,486 8,269 1,086 79.6 18.0 2.4 1,403 1,380 756 564 60 54.8 40.9 4. a 3,572 3,552 1,267 2,192 93 35.7 61.7 2.& 1,229 1,270 722 522 26 56.8 41.1 2. a 14,968 17,786 12,070 5,449 267 67.9 30.6 1.5 11,927 14.450 8,539 5,853 58 59.1 40.5 0.4 38,482 41,970 9,153 31,926 891 21.8 76.1 2.1 11,354 12, 188 5,202 6,697 289 42.7 64 9 2.4 1,383 1,417 612 756 49 43.2 53.4 3.5 3,534 3,885 1,338 2,464 83 34.4 63.4 2.1 25,064 30,292 21, 182 8,468 642 69.9 28.0 2.1 8,814 10,328 3,512 6,641 175 34.0 64.3 1.7 4,907 5,371 2,713 2,570 88 50.5 47.8 l.fr 30,347 33,914 23,336 9,645 933 68.8 28.4 2.8 2,070 2,343 1,045 1,239 59 44.6 52.9 2.5 39,201 40,522 8,061 31,290 1,171 19.9 77.2 2.9 4,638 4,955 2,262 2,313 380 45.6 46.7 7.7 19,211 20,500 10, 141 9,707 652 49.5 47.4 3.2 1,949 2,346 473 1,833 40 20.2 78.1 1.7 4,134 4,412 1,843 2,244 325 41.8 60.9 7.4 699 729 113 591 25 15.5 81.1 3.4 56,168 60,842 63,159 6,799 884 87.4 11.2 1.5 6,206 6,417 3,405 2,635 377 53.1 41.1 5.9 4,241 4,440 2,193 2,113 134 49.4 47.6 3.0 5,472 5,837 2,586 3,017 234 44.3 51.7 4.0' Sex and age distribution, by states : 1909. — Table 14 shows, for each geographic division and each state, the distribution of wage earners by sex and age and the per cent that each class represents of the total average number of wage earners. The numbers of each sex and each age period are obtained by applying to the average number employed in each industry in each state the percentages of each age and sex in the number of wage earners reported for December 15, or the nearest representative day, and then totaling the result, as more fully explained on page 452. The relative number of males 16 years of age or over, females 16 years of age or over, and children imder 16 employed in each state depends primarily upon the character of the industries in that state, but the number of persons under 16 employed is also affected by the legislation of the several states with regard to child labor. The largest proportions of female wage earners 16 years of age or over are found in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions, owing chiefly to the importance of the textile and clothing industries in these divisions. Next to these two divisions in this respect ranks the South Atlantic division, and in this division appears the largest pro- portion of wage earners under 16 years of age, 6.3 per cent. This large proportion is due chiefly to the predominance of the textile industries in the South Atlantic states. The proportions of females 16 years of age or over and of children under 16 are lowest in the West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divi- sions, where the textile and clothing industries arc relatively unimportant. Among the individual states the largest proportion of female wage earners 16 years of age or over, 32.3 per cent, is found in Rhode Island, and the next largest proportion in New Hampshire, followed closely by Massachusetts and New York. The proportion of children employed is largest in South Carolina, 12.9 per cent, and next largest in North Carolina. Among the Northern states Rhode Island shows the largest percentage of children. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 45 DmsiON AND STATE. ITnlted States.... Geogeaphic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central... West North Central.., South Atlantic East South Central . . . West South Central. . Mountaia Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Noeth Centbal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina , Georgia , Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee , Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana , Oklahoma , Texas Mountain: Montana , Idaho , Wyoming , Colorado New Mexico , Arizona , Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California average number or wage E.4.RNERS. 6,616,046 1,101, 2,207, 1,513, 374, 663, 261, 204, 7.5, 213, 79,955 78,658 33,788 584,559 113,538 210,792 1,003,981 326,223 877,543 446,934 186,984 465,764 231,499 182,583 84,767 61,635 152,993 2,789 3,602 24,336 44,215 21,238 107,921 7,707 105,676 63,893 121,473 73,046 104,588 57,473 65,400 73,840 72,148 50,384 44,982 76,165 13,143 70,230 11,656 8,220 2,867 28,067 4,143 6,441 11,785 2,257 69,120 28,750 115,296 16 years of age and over. Male. Female. 5,163,164 760,639 1,618,967 1,271,013 311,140 517,456 228,788 191,353 71,142 192,666 60,612 53,574 28,946 390,544 72,239 154,724 702,637 236,499 679,831 372,694 161,117 382,691 197,777 156,734 73,038 51,128 119,980 2,489 3,099 20,763 40,643 17,205 72,416 6,861 88,191 58,335 86,082 50,848 83,998 53,520 55,072 63,016 63,413 47,287 43,763 70,153 12,345 65,092 11,436 8,035 2,810 25,808 3,995 6,366 10,470 2,222 66,042 26,406 100,218 14390,389 307,076 544,316 220,194 57,471 103,703 24,995 9,724 3,834 19,076 17,956 23,888 4,631 173,280 36,674 50,647 293,525 82,180 168,605 68,996 22,255 76,156 31,205 21,582 4,505 21,693 12,793 14,549 3,012 9,495 8,379 5,082 2,039 694 4,473 675 3,882 189 155 45 2,094 82 38 1,205 26 2,812 2,246 14,018 Under 16 years of age. 161,493 33,575 44,464 22,557 6,726 41,856 7,989 3,443 469 1,424 1,387 1,196 211 20,736 4,625 5,421 7,819 7,538 29,107 6,244 3,612 6,917 2,517 4,267 11,423 306 9,460 1,047 29,196 3,818 243 67 457 46 3,356 217 3,337 235 3,504 629 28,957 6,548 827 19 13,863 3,622 1,053 13,698 9,406 6,041 941 833 2,445 3,653 1,058 525 1,539 123 1,256 266 98 1,060 per cent of total. 16 years of age and over. Male. 78.1 69.1 73.3 84.0 83.1 78.0 87.4 93.6 94.3 90.4 75.8 68.1 85.7 66.8 63.6 73.4 70.0 72.6 77.5 83.4 86.2 82.2 86.4 85.8 86.2 83.0 78.4 89.2 86.0 86.3 91.9 81.0 67.1 89.0 83.6 91.3 70.9 69.6 80.3 93.1 84.2 85.3 87.9 93.9 97.3 92.1 93.9 92.7 98.1 97.7 98.0 92.0 96.4 96.6 91.8 86.9 Un- der 16 years Fe- of age. male. 19.5 27.9 24.7 14.6 15.4 15.6 9.5 4.7 5.1 22.6 30.4 13.7 29.6 32.3 24.0 29.2 25.2 19.2 15.4 11.9 16.3 13.5 11.8 13.5 15.3 19.1 8.7 12.7 13.8 7.6 16.5 26.8 10.7 13.1 7.1 17.9 17.5 13.9 5.2 14.6 11.3 7.0 4.0 1.5 5.9 6.1 5.5 1.6 1.9 1.6 7.5 2.0 0.6 10.2 1.2 4.1 7.8 12.2 2.4 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.6 6.3 3.1 1.7 0.6 0.7 1.7 1.6 0.6 3.5 4.1 2.6 0.8 2.3 3.3 1.2 1.9 1.5 1.1 2.3 0.4 1.7 Z6 2.0 1.3 0.9 0.6 Z6 6.1 0.2 3.4 1.6 11.3 12.9 6.8 1.6 1.3 3.3 6.1 2.1 1.2 2.0 0.9 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.9 Comparison with previous censuses as to sex and age. — The following table shows, for all industries combined, the distribution of the average number of wage earners according to age periods, and in the case of those 16 years of age or over according to sex, for 1909, 1904, and 1899. As ab-eady explained (p. 452), the distribution for 1909 is estimated on the basis of the actual proportions reported for a single represent- ative day, while the figures for the other two censusc represent averages computed from the number of eac class reported for each month of the year. Table 15 AVERAGE NUUBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1909 1904 1899 Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Per cent distri- bution. Number. Pel cen distr butio Total 6,615,046 6,453,553 5, 163, 164 1,290,389 161,493 100.0 97.6 78.1 19.5 2.4 5,468,383 5,308,498 4,242,643 1,065,855 159,885 100.0 97.1 77.6 19.5 2.9 4,712,763 4,551,487 3,632,977 918,510 161,276 100 16 years of age and over. Male 96 77 Female 19 Under 16 years of age.. 3 From an examination of this table it will be see that, while the numbers of men and women workei increased at each census, the number of children unde 16 years of age has been comparatively stationary For all industries combined there was a slight nc increase during the 10 years in the number of childre employed, although from 1899 to 1904 the numbt decreased. The percentage which children represer of the total number of wage earners, however, d( creased from census to census. The proportion of add female wage earners has been the same at each censui while the proportion of adult males has increase slightly. Comparison of sex and age distribution in selects industries: 1909, 1904, and 1899. — Table 16 shows, i percentages, the distribution of wage earners accorc ing to sex and age periods, in 1909, 1904, and 189( for all industries of any importance in which the pre portion of women and children is relatively high or i which the absolute number of women and children i large. The percentages for the three years are con parable though not precisely parallel, for the reaso that those for 1909 relate to the number employe on December 15, or the nearest representative daj which in the case of many establishments in som industries was in another month than Decembei while those for 1904 and 1899 (in which years report were made for each month of the average number c wage earners by sex and age) are based upon th average number in each group for the month c December. Nevertheless, the figures should be ver closely comparable for nearly all industries. In about three-fifths of the 61 industries shown i: this table the number of females 16 years of age o over and of children under the age of 16, take: together, formed a smaller proportion of the wag earners reported for December in 1909 than i] 1899, or, in other words, the proportion of males 1 years of age or over increased during the decade. Ii the cotton-goods industry, in which the number o women and children is greater than in any othe industry, each of these classes represented a smalle 458 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. percentage of the total number of wage earners in 1909 than in 1899. Similar changes have occurred in the men's clothing and the hosiery and knit-goods indus- tries, both of which are important as employers of women and children. In the silk and woolen industries the proportion of women has increased slightly, but the proportion of children under 1 6 has decreased. For the tobacco-products industry, in which the proportion of children has likewise decreased, a marked increase is shown in the proportion of women employed. Among the 61 industries listed in the table there were 22 in which the percentage of children was higher in 1909 than in 1899, but most of these are relatively unimportant industries. The most conspicuous in- crease in the proportion of children employed is in the manufacture of bags, other than paper. Table 16 PER CENT OF ALL WAGE EABNEBS EMPLOYED.l 16 years of age and over. 1909 1904 1S99 Female. 1909 1904 1899 Under 16 years of age. 1909 1904 1899 Artificial flowers and feathers and plumes. Awnings, tents, and sails Bags, other than paper , Bags, paper Baking powders and yeast Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings. Boots and shoes, rubber Boxes, cigar Boxes, fancy and paper Bread and other bakery products Buttons Canning and preserving Carpets and rugs, other than rag Clocks and watches, including cases and materials. Clothing, horse Ctothing, men's, including slilrts , Clothing, women's , Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding. Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products Cordage and twine and jute and linen goods . Cork, cutting Corsets Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. . Dyeing and finishing textiles Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Fireworks Flags, banners, regalia, society badges, and emblems. Flavoring extracts Food preparations Foundry and machine-shop products. Fur goods Furnishing goods, men's Gloves and mittens, leather Gold and silver, leaf and foil Hair work Hats, fur-felt Hats, straw Hosiery and knit goods House-fiimishing goods, not elsewhere specified! Jewelry Jewelry and instrument cases Leather goods ] '. Mattresses and spring beds '...'. Millinery and lace gcK)ds ". Needles, pins, and hooks and eyes Paper and wood pulp Paper goods, not elsewhere specified !.!.!!!!]]!!!!!!! Patent medicines and compoimds and druggists' preparations! Peanuts, grading, roastmg, cleaning, and shelling Pencils, lead Pens, steel V....\.[\\\[..[[ Pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products. ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! . Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Slaughtering and meat packing Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified Surgical appliances and artificial limbs Tobacco manufactures Umbrellas and canes !!!!.!...!!!!!!!!!!!!]!]' Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool liats \\.\\.\....\[\\[ 13.1 56.0 34.0 60.9 52.7 62.6 59.3 44.5 32.8 81.3 60.0 43.1 56.2 61.7 32.4 42.4 35.8 59.4 35.9 84.6 48.3 54.2 12.6 50.9 79.6 76.4 54.8 35.7 56.8 67.9 97.3 59.1 21.8 42.7 43.2 34.4 69.9 34.0 27.4 50.5 44.6 81.8 79.9 19.9 45.6 87.1 49.5 46.6 20.2 41.8 15,5 87.4 75.1 35.0 93.1 53.1 49.4 49.9 44.3 53.0 12.3 7.6 2.3- 4.7 10.0 2.4 6.4 54 4.7 4.1 7.3 neai^Jt7eJ?^matlve^iy.' P*"^°**g«^ ^^« based on the average numbers reported for the month of December; for 1909, on the number employed on Dec. 15. or th« Comparison of sex and age distribution, by states: 1899, respectively, the percentage of the average num- 1909, 1904, and 1899.— Table 17 shows, for each ber of wage earners employed during the year repre- geographic division and state, for 1909, 1904, and sented by males 16 years of age or over, females 16 14.1 59.5 34.0 52.0 47.0 63.4 57.1 44.5 29.3 79.6 50.8 48.2 51.0 61.8 36.8 37.6 34.9 60.3 35.9 85.0 57.6 45.1 10.9 46.6 80.2 80.6 55.7 32.8 51.7 59.0 97.3 57.3 14.1 39.6 45.5 17.8 70.3 33,4 24.2 56.0 71.9 47.7 79.7 79.7 13.4 47.5 85-9 41.5 42.2 19.7 42.1 9,3 85.8 74.5 34.1 92.0 49.6 48.4 54.1 39.3 52.8 12.9 65.1 81.3 53.6 49.9 63.6 60.3 46.4 27.9 79.2 47.4 55; 6 48.4 63.8 25.2 33.9 29.6 51.9 44.7 86.7 55.2 43.8 9.9 44.8 81.9 82.8 54.7 28.2 51.2 65.6 97.7 45.3 14.7 30.9 51.0 13.9 70.2 25.0 57.3 67.2 48.5 84.4 77.0 16.9 50.9 83,2 460 44.5 35.8 13.6 87.2 74 8 36 6 93.1 42.9 54.3 57.8 39.9 53.0 83.7 42.4 56.8 47.3 44.9 33.3 38.1 49.7 60.0 16.7 36.5 49.8 39.7 36.2 58.5 55.5 63 3 39.1 58.1 12,3 44.8 40.4 83.9 38.7 18.0 22.7 40.9 61.7 41.1 30.6 2.0 40.5 76.1 54.9 53.4 63.4 28.0 64.3 64.5 47.8 28.4 52.9 15.7 18.4 77,2 46.7 12,6 47.4 51.3 78.1 50.9 81.1 11.2 22.4 57.1 6.3 41.1 47.6 46.5 51.7 41.3 80,7 39 4 60.2 45.2 51.3 33.2 39,8 50.0 64.5 18.1 45.9 45.7 43.3 36.9 56.6 60.0 64.4 38.3 59.3 12.4 35.6 46.7 86.3 40.5 15.9 18.3 39.0 65.6 46.5 39.2 1.9 42.3 84.3 58.3 51.8 80..5 27.6 65.6 66.2 41.5 26.1 51.0 17.3 18.8 85.1 46.5 13.7 55.3 55.4 75.4 54.0 83.7 11.8 22.9 56.7 6.7 46.5 49 8 41.3 56.0 39.6 79.1 34.0 65.3 45.4 48.4 33.4 38.2 49.4 65.9 17.7 47.2 40.0 44.1 34.4 65.5 63.4 69.4 46.1 49.8 9.2 36.8 48.2 87.4 41.9 14.4 15.8 36.7 68.9 46.5 31.7 1.4 53.9 83.3 67.1 46.8 85.8 28.4 64.5 40.5 31.0 47.5 12.3 20.4 81.9 44.0 16.5 51.6 53.9 51.9 78.8 10.5 20.6 53.4 4.5 50.7 40.3 37.6 56.0 39.7 3.1 1.6 9.2 1.8 2.4 4.1 2.6 5.8 7.1 2.0 3.5 7.1 4.1 2.1 9.1 2.0 0.9 1.4 6.0 3.0 5.3 3.5 10.4 2.4 0.9 4.3 2.6 2.0 1.5 0.8 0.4 2.1 2.4 3.5 2.1 2.1 1.7 8.1 1.6 2.8 2.5 2.5 1.7 2.9 7.7 0.3 3.2 2.1 1.7 7,4 3.4 1.5 * 2.4 8.0 0.6 5.9 3.0 3.6 4.0 5.7 5.2 1.2 5.9 2.7 1.7 3.4 3.1 5.5 6.2 2.3 3.3 6.1 5.7 1.4 2.4 0.8 1.4 4.8 2.6 6.7 8.3 2.8 12.9 3.9 1.0 5.3 1.6 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.4 1.6 2.1 2.8 1.7 2.1 0.9 9.6 2.5 2.0 1.3 3.0 1.5 1.5 6.0 0.4 3.2 2.4 4.9 3.8 7.0 2.4 2.6 9.2 1.2 3.9 1.8 4.6 4.7 7.6 8.0 0.9 3.4 1.0 1.7 3.1 1.5 4.2 6.2 3.1 5.4 4.4 7.5 1.8 9.3 2.8 0.9 2.0 5.4 4.1 8.1 8.0 2.7 13.3 3.7 l.S 8.6 2.9 2.3 2.7 0.9 0.7 2.0 2.0 3.3 0.4 1.4 10.5 2.3 1.8 4.0 3.3 2.6 1.3 5.1 0.4 2.4 1.6 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 41 years of age or over, and children under 16 years of age. For 1909 the percentages have been computed from the returns for a representative day in the man- ner described on page 452 ; for the other two years the bases of calculation are average numbei*s computed for the year from the returns made for each month. Table 17 PER CENT OF AVEBAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EABNEBS. 16 years of age and over. Under 16 of age years DIVISION AND STATE. Male. Female. 190» 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1900 1904 2.9 1899 TTnlted States 78.1 77.6 77.1 19.6 19.6 19.6 2.4 S.4 Geographic Drv'isiONs: 69.1 73.3 84.0 83.1 78.0 87.4 93.6 94.3 90.4 69.1 73.9 83.8 83.6 75.4 85.9 92.6 93.6 88.6 68.4 73.3 84.4 83.4 74.7 86.2 91.3 94.4 85.5 27.9 24.7 14.5 15.4 15.6 9.5 4.7 5.1 8.9 28.0 23.5 14.5 14.2 17.0 9.7 5.5 5.2 10.3 28.7 23.4 13.2 13.6 17.4 9.0 6.4 4.2 12.6 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 6.3 3.1 1.7 0.6 0.7 2.9 2.7 1.7 2.3 7.6 4.3 1.9 1.3 1.2 2.9 Middle Atlantic 3.3 East North Central West North Central 2.4 3.0 7.9 East South Central West South Central 4.8 2.4 1.3 Pacific 1.9 New England: 75.8 68.1 85.7 66.8 63.6 73.4 70.0 72.5 77.6 83.4 86.2 82.2 85.4 85.8 86.2 83.0 78.4 89.2 86.0 85.3 91.9 81.0 67.1 89.0 83.5 91.3 70.9 69.6 80.3 93.1 84.2 85.3 87.9 93.9 97.3 92.1 93.9 92.7 98.1 97.7 98.0 92.0 96.4 98.8 88.8 98.4 95.5 91.8 86.9 75.6 68.1 85.5 66.9 63.0 73.1 70.4 73.4 77.9 83.4 85.3 82.8 84.3 85.4 87.4 83.0 79.5 86.7 87.4 85.5 90.4 80.5 67.4 89.1 81.0 90.0 64.9 63.3 78.5 94.2 82.8 85.4 86.0 91.4 96.9 89.4 92.0 93.3 97.7 95.8 97.8 92.4 97.4 98.9 84.9 98.5 96.9 90.9 84.4 72.1 67.1 85.0 66.6 62.7 72.3 69.3 73.3 77.7 84.0 86.0 82.6 86.2 86.0 88.5 83.1 78.1 90.7 91.4 86.9 89.9 79.8 65.5 87.1 79.5 89.0 65.0 61.9 80.4 94.8 84.1 85.1 87.0 90.8 96.7 85.0 94.7 93.2 98.1 96.5 98.5 93.4 96.5 98.0 86.1 95.4 97.2 90.4 79.7 22.5 30.4 13.7 29.6 32.3 24.0 29.2 25.2 19.2 15.4 11.9 16.3 13.5 11.8 13.5 15.3 19.1 8.7 12.7 13.8 7.5 16.5 26.8 10.7 13.1 7.1 17.8 17.5 13.9 5.2 14.5 11.3 7.0 4.0 1.5 5.9 5.1 5.5 1.6 1.9 1.6 7.5 2.0 0.6 10.2 1.2 4.1 7.8 12.2 22.4 30.5 13.8 30.1 31.6 24.5 28.6 23.6 17.6 15.2 12.5 15.9 13.8 1).9 12.1 14.8 17.1 11.3 11.2 12.5 7.6 16.0 26.7 9.7 14.9 7.4 21.4 20.2 13.6 5.0 13.9 10.9 7.3 5.3 1.5 8.2 6.0 5.1 1.6 2.9 1.8 6.2 1.5 0.7 12.6 1.0 2.9 8.0 14.0 24.8 30.4 14.1 30.6. 31.6 25.6 29.0 23.1 17.4 14.7 11.4 14.4 12.2 9.9 10.4 12.9 18.5 6.8 3.0 9.2 7.2 16.1 28.6 11.7 14.9 8.5 20.9 20.1 12.1 4.3 11.8 10.6 6.6 5.4 1.3 12.3 3.2 4.4 0.9 2.1 0.7 5.5 2.4 0.9 10.7 1.2 2.0 7.7 17.9 1.7 1.5 0.6 3.6 4.1 2.6 0.8 2.3 3.3 1.2 1.9 1.6 1.1 2.3 0.4 1.7 2.5 2.0 1.3 0.9 0.5 2.5 6.1 0.2 3.4 1.6 11.3 12.9 5.8 1.6 1.3 3.3 5.1 2.1 1.2 2.0 0.9 1.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.9 2.0 1.5 0.7 3.0 5.4 2.4 0.9 3.0 4.6 1.4 2.2 1.3 1.9 2.7 0.5 2.2 3.4 2.0 1.3 2.0 2.0 3.5 5.9 1.2 4.0 2.6 13.6 16.4 7.9 0.8 3.3 3.6 6.6 3.3 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.7 0.7 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.1 0.4 2.4 0.5 0.2 1.1 1.6 3.1 2 4 9 2.8 5 7 Connecticut Middle Ai-lantic: 2.1 1 7 3 7 4.0 East North Central: Ohio 13 2.5 3.0 Michigan 1.6 Wisconsin 40 West North Central: 1.1 4.0 3,5 North Dakota 2 5 South Dakota 4.9 3 9 2 9 South Atlantic: 4 1 6.0 District of Columbia 1.2 5.5 West Virginia 2.4 14,1 18,0 7 5 Florida 9 East South Central: 4,2 4 3 Alabama 6 5 3 8 West South Central: ?. ?, 7 Oklahoma 2 1 Texas 9, 4 Mountain: Montana 1.1 Idaho 1.4 Wyoming 7 Colorado 1 New Mexico 10 Arizona '. . 1 1 Utah 3 2 Nevada 3.4 Pacific: Washington Oregon 0.8 1.9 2.4 In every geographic division except New England, children under 16 years of age constituted a smaller proportion of the average number of wage earners in 1909 than in 1899, while the proportion in New Eng- land rose slightly, wholly on account of increas proportions in Massachusetts and Connecticut. T proportion of children decreased during the decade all but five of the states, the exceptions being Mass chusetts, Connecticut, Marjdand (where there was ve little change), Florida, and New Mexico. In the Mi die Atlantic, East North Central, West North Centr East South Central, and Mountain divisions wom 16 years of age or over represented a larger proporti of the total in 1909 than in 1899, but in the otl divisions they constituted a somewhat smaller pi portion. Most of the individual states show co: paratively little change in the proportion of wom( the most conspicuous increases being in certain sta1 where the manufacturing industries are still compai tively undeveloped, such as South Dakota and J» braska. Marked decreases in the proportion of wom took place in Louisiana and California. Wage earners employed, by months. — The followi table gives the number of wage earners" employed the 15th of each month during the year 1909 for industries combined. For purposes of comparis figures for 1904 are also given, but these are or slightly different basis, since at that census each estf lishment was asked to report the average numl employed for each month rather than the numl employed on a specified day of each month. Table 18 wage earners in all manufacture industries. I month. Number. Per cent o maximum 1909 1904 1909 191 6,210,063 6,297,627 6,423,517 6,437,633 6,457,279 6,517,469 6,480,676 6,656,933 6,898,765 6,997,090 7,006,853 6,990,652 6,262,472 5,330,471 5,450,736 5,493,343 5,512,373 5,463,804 5,323,966 5,420,618 5,608,412 5, 676, 920 5,587,028 5,490,453 88.6 89.9 91.7 91.9 92.2 93.0 92.6 95.0 98.5 99.9 100.0 99.8 March Mav July October 1 I The numbers for 1909 represent the number employed on the 15th of « month, or the nearest representative day; those for 1904, the average number ployed during each montn. In 1909 the largest number of wage earners, 7,006,8i was employed in November, and the smallest numb 6,210,063, in January, this number being equal to 8^ per cent of the maximum. In 1904 the largest nu: ber was employed in October and the smallest numl in January, the minimum representing 92.7 per ce of the maximum. In 1909 a fairly constant increj in employment was shown from January to Novemb except that the number employed in July was a lit lower than in June. The figures for employment by months for all indi tries combined fail to show fully the variations employment, since a variation in one direction in o industry may be offset by a variation in the oppos direction in another industry. Except for distinci 460 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTUREa seasonal industries, however, the employment in most of the important industries of the country appears to have been comparatively steady throughout the year 1909. The following table shows the amount of varia- tion in certain industries. It gives (1 ) the 14 industries which reported the largest average number of wage earners, including all reporting 100,000 or more, and (2) the 12 industries which show the greatest variations in employment, including all (except one or two em- ploying less than 1,000 wage earners each) m which the number for the month of least activity is less than one-half that for the month of greatest activity. Table 19 Principal induttries. Lumber and timber products. . Foimdry and macnme.sbop products Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Cars and general shop con- struction and repau^ by steam-railroad companies... Printing and publisbmg Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Clothing, men's, including shirts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats Tobacco manufactures Clothing, women's Hosiery and knit goods Furniture and refrigerators Bread and other bakery prod- ucts Indtutries showing large variation. Brick and tile Canning and preserving. . Fertilizers Oil, cx>ttonseed, and cake. Ice, manufactured. Artificial stone Hats, straw Beet sugar Sugar and molasses Vinegar and eider Grindstones Bice, cleaning and polishing. WAGE EARNERS. .\.verage number. 695,019 531,011 378,880 282, 174 258,434 240,076 239,696 198,297 168,722 166,810 153,743 129,275 128,452 100,216 76,528 59,968 18,310 17,071 16,114 9,957 8,814 7,204 4,127 1,542 1,394 1,239 Maximum number. Month. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. Nov. Dec. Oct., Nov. Nov. Oct.. July.. Sept.. Mar.. Nov.. July.. Aug.. Mar.. Nov.. Nov.. Oct.. May., Oct.. Number. 739,160 597,234 383,529 301.538 269,884 283,629 251,349 207,452 173,943 176,369 167,525 134,640 136,615 102,770 104,930 154,800 29,310 29,334 22,872 12,884 11,488 16,807 15,761 3,464 1,665 2,017 Minimum number. Month. Jan... Jan... Jan . . . May. July. Mar., Jan.. May. Jan.. Jan.. July. Jan.. Jan.. Jan.. Jan.. Jan.. July. July. Jan.. Jan.. July. Feb. Feb. Mar. Jan.. July. Number. Per cent of maxi- mum. 649,239 482,080 374,433 268,700 251,757 215,076 230,650 190,382 158,318 161,563 135,034 123,308 120,524 96,639 38,312 19,998 14,264 5,174 9,847 4,856 4,700 2,206 559 886 795 436 87.8 80.7 97.6 89.1 93.3 75.8 91.8 91.8 91.0 91.6 80.6 91.7 88.2 94.0 36.5 12.9 48.7 17.6 43.1 37.7 40.9 13.1 3.5 25.6 47.7 21.6 Considering first the principal industries, it will be seen that the greatest regularity of employment was in the manufacture of cotton goods, in which the number employed during the month of least activity, January, was equal to 97.6 per cent of the number employed in the month of greatest activity, Decem- ber. Other industries in which the number for the month of least activity was more than 90 per cent of the number for the month of greatest activity are the manufacture of boots and shoes, bakeries, the men's clothing industry, the tobacco-products industry, the manufacture of woolen goods and of hosiery and knit goods, and printing and publisliing. Among the princi- pal industries the greatest variation appears in the steel works and rolling mills, in which the number employed during March, the month of least activity, was only 75.8 per cent of the number employed during Decem- ber, the month of greatest activity. The women's clothing and foundry and machine shop industries also show a comparatively large degree of variation in the number employed. The lumber industry, as already stated, includes logging camps as well as sawmills, and also includes planing mills and wooden packing-box factories. The variation in employment in aU of these branches taken together for the country as a whole is not very great, the number employed during the month of least activity being 87.8 per cent of the number employed during the month of greatest activity. For the log- ging camps alone, however, there is greater variation, the number employed duiing July, 170,587, being only 76.6 per cent of the number employed in December, which was 222,564. Furthermore, since in different sections of the country the active season in the woods covers different months, if the operations of the logging camps in each geographic division are considered sep- arately, a much wider variation appears in the number employed, this being particularly true in the Northern states. There are a number of industries which are con- spicuously seasonal in character. In the case of some of these the weather will not permit work except at certain seasons, and in others the raw material used is available only at certain seasons and must be handled immediately, while in the case of the remainder the demand for the products is conspicuously seasonal. The most variable large industry is canning and pre- serving, which naturally is confined mainly to the period at which fruits and vegetables are harvested. The industry includes the canning and preserving of fish and oysters, which is carried on in the winter months; if this were excluded there would necessarily be a much greater variation in the numbers employed. In this industry the number employed during Janu- ary, the month of least activity, formed only 12.9 per cent of the number employed during September. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 46 CHARACTEK OF OWNERSHIP. Summary for United States. — The table that follows has for its purpose the presentation of conditions in respect to the character of ownership, or legal organi- zation, of manufacturing enterprises. Comparative figures are given, covering all industries combined, for the censuses of 1909 and 1904. Similar data for 1899 are not available. Table 20 CHABACTEB OF OWNERSHIP. Number Average ofestab- 1 number lish- I of wage ments. | earners. AllelasMi: 1909 268,491 1904 216,180 Average per es- tabUsbment— 1809 1904 Individual: 1909 1904 Average per establish- ment— 1909 1904 Firm; 1909 1904 Average per establish- ment— 1909 1904 Corporation: 1909 1904 Average per establish- ment— 1909 1904 other: 1909 1904 Average per establish- ment — 1909 1904 Per cent of total— 1909 1904 Individual: 1909 1904 Firm: 1909 1904 Corporation: 1909 1904 Othe • 19(S 1904 6,615,046 5,468,383 140,605 113,946 54,265 47,934 GO. 501 51.097 4.120 3,203 100.0 100.0 52.4 62.7 20.2 22.2 25.9 23.6 1.5 1.5 804,883 755,923 794,836 841,242 5,002.393 3,862,698 12,934 8,520 100.0 100.0 12.2 13.8 12.0 15.4 75.6 70.6 0.2 0.2 Value of products. 880,672,051,870 14,793,902,563 76,993 68,433 Value added bv manu- facture. 2,042.061,500 1,702,830,624 14,523 14,944 2,184,107,632 2,132,536,604 40,249 44,480 16,341,116.634 10,904,060,307 235,121 213,399 104.766.104 54,460,028 25,429 17.005 100.0 100.0 9.9 11.5 10.6 14.4 79.0 73.7 0.5 0.4 $8,529,260,993 6,293,694,753 31,767 29,113 968,824,072 824,292,887 6,890 7,234 951,383,741 930,143,823 17,532 19,405 6,582,207,117 4,526,055,153 94,721 88,578 26,846,062 13,202,890 6,616 4,122 100.0 100.0 11.4 13.1 11.2 14.8 77.2 71.9 0.3 0.2 The most important distinction sho\vn is that be- tween corporate and all other forms of ownership. Of the total number of establishments reported as en- gaged in manufacturing industries in 1909, 25.9 per cent were under corporate ownership. The corre- sponding figure for 1904 was 23.6 per cent. While cor- porations thus controlled only about one-fourth of the total number of establishments, they gave employ- ment to a large proportion of all wage earners reported, namely, 75.6 per cent in 1909 and 70.6 per cent in 1904^ The value of the products of the factories operated by corporations represented 79 per cent of the total value of products for all establishments in 1909 and 73.7 per cent in 1904. These figures show that even during this short period of five years the corporate form of ownership increased so greatly that it represented an appreciably larger proportion of the manufacturing interests of the countrv in 1909 than in 1904. Partnerships (including limited partnerships) coi trolled about one-fiith of the total number of mam facturing establishments in 1909, and individua rather more than one-half of the total number. Thes two classes of establishments were about equal in vo ume of business, each reporting in the neighborhood < one-eighth of the total number of wage earners an one-tenth of the total value of products in 1909. Du ing the five years from 1904 to 1909 partnerships loi ground, relatively, to a greater degree than ind vidual ownersliip, presumably because of the inco poration of many concerns previously operated b firms. In 1909 there were 4,120 establishments operated b cooperative companies and other miscellaneous forn of ownership that could not be classified as ind vidual, firm, or corporate ownership. These estabhsl ments gave employment to only two-tenths of 1 p( cent of the wage earners, and the value of their proc ucts was only five-tenths of 1 per cent of the total vali reported for all establishments. From 1904 to 1909 the average number of wa^ earners per establishment decreased for all three pru cipal classes of ownership, while the average value ( products per establishment decreased for the estal lishments under individual and firm ownership but ii creased for corporate ownership. Proportion of business done by corporations in tl principal industries: 1909 and 1904. — Table 21 on th following page, shows, for the principal industries, th number of manufacturing establishments operated b corporations in 1909 and 1904, and the percentag which they represent of the entire number of estabhsl ments; also the value of the manufactured product made inestabhshments under corporate ownership an the percentage which this represents of the tott value. The figures as to total value, on which th percentages are based, will be found in Table IK Two important industries, the repair shops of stear railroads and the smelting and refining of copper, ar not shown separately in tliis table, as to do so woul disclose the operations of individual establishments. This table shows that in industries where a larg investment in plant and macliinery is necessary t the proper conduct of the business, the estabhsh ments are as a rule operated by corporations, i being easier under this form of ownership to obtaii the necessary capital. All of the establishments en gaged in the smelting and refining of lead in 1909 wer operated by corporations, and more than 90 per cen of the blast furnaces, steel works and rolhng mills cottonseed-oil mills, and establishments manufactur ing steam-railroad cars were under this form o ownersliip. The general tendency has been towar( an increase in the proportion of the establishment operated b}^ corporations, and 35 of the 41 selectee 462 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. industries show an increase in this respect. In 24 of the 41 selected industries, less than 50 per cent of the establisliments were operated by corporations. As a rule corporations control a much larger pro- portion of the output of manufactures than they do of the number of estabhshments. In 16 of the 41 indus- tries the value of the products reported by corporations formed in 1909 more than 90 per cent of the value reported for all establishments, and in all but 5 of the industries the corporations reported more than 50 per cent of the total value of products. In only 1 of the selected industries, the manufacture of women's clotMng, did the proportion of the total value of prod- ucts reported by corporations fall as low as one-fourth. In this industry it formed only 23.6 per cent of the total value reported for 1909. Table 2 1 All Industries Agricultural implements Automobiles includmg bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Brass and bronze products Bread and otner bakery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages and wagons and materials Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothing, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products , Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Flour-mill and gristmill products Foundry and machine-shop products . . . Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather goods Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Luml)er and timber products Marble and stone work Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' prep- arations Petroleum, refining ].[, Printing and publishing , Silk and silk goods, including throwsters .\"\\][] .[[[[[[ . Slaughtering and meat packing Smelting and refining, lead Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats All other industries NUMBEB OF ESTABUSHMENTS. Total. 1909 868,491 640 743 1,918 1,021 23,926 8,479 3, 767 5,492 110 349 6,354 4,558 1,944 4,228 1,324 1,009 11, 691 13,253 3,155 1,296 1,374 208 446 2,375 919 613 1,414 40, 671 4,%4 817 791 777 3,642 147 31,445 852 1,641 28 233 15,822 985 63,070 1904 216,180 648 178 1,895 813 18,226 8,926 3,168 5,588 73 275 5,145 3,351 1,348 2,540 1,154 784 10,051 10,765 2,593 1,019 1,144 190 415 1,918 1,049 805 1,530 25,153 2,608 715 639 761 2,777 27,793 624 1,221 32 344 16,827 1,074 49,923 Disrated by corporations. Number. 1909 69,S01 349 478 734 417 838 1,313 1,167 884 104 266 824 583 595 1,034 1,113 720 2,271 6,408 1,499 1,091 651 195 424 569 454 229 996 6,969 811 756 626 633 1,610 131 7,184 468 488 28 114 722 578 22,277 1904 61,097 327 113 561 271 483 1.385 940 806 67 207 538 319 384 591 922 524 1,732 4,542 1,128 931 476 182 385 403 391 178 930 4,900 467 677 360 587 1,161 83 5,354 315 298 28 112 563 518 15,958 Percent of total. 1909 25.9 64.5 64.3 38.3 40.8 3.5 15.5 31.0 16.1 94.6 76.2 13.0 12.8 30.6 24.5 84.1 71.4 19.4 48.4 47.5 84.2 47.4 93.8 95.1 24.0 49.4 37.4 70.4 17.1 16.3 92.5 66.5 81.5 44.2 89.1 22.8 54.9 29.7 100.0 48.9 4.6 58.7 36.3 1904 23.6 50.5 63.5 29.6 33.3 2.6 15.5 29.7 14.4 91.8 75.3 10.5 9.5 28.5 23.3 79.9 66.8 17.2 42.2 43.5 91.4 41.6 95.8 92.8 21.0 37.3 22.1 60.8 19.5 17.9 94.7 56.3 77.1 41.8 84.7 19.3 50.6 24.4 87.5 32.6 3.3 48.2 32.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS OPERATED BY CORPORATIONS. Amount. 1904 $16,341,116,634 140, 663, 575 235,802,964 365,716,678 134,981,702 140, 238, 713 113, 493, 556 116,496,603 109,348,007 120,486,355 115,290,377 187, 167, 188 90,696,932 96,821,995 149,640,465 598, 770, 236 213,088,053 688,189,883 1,082,715,968 192,097,264 165, 108, 539 142,021,832 386,361,866 980,546,617 61,627,700 250,296,374 180, 427, 167 338,480,960 793,810,129 54,859,987 141,730,982 106,349,811 248,435,331 111,493,887 232,539,969 516, 400, 736 134,495,867 1,215,428,015 167, 405, 650 255,895,127 277, 102, 771 363,283,846 4, 425, 406, 968 $10,904,069,307 105,325,880 26,454,851 210,493,693 89,004,043 86, 595, 177 61,309,638 78,308,836 96,894,926 109,079,572 66,786,129 46,168,946 52,802,483 80,398,170 417,926,307 133,777,339 429,736,098 724,924,320 128,051,459 123,788,392 226, 518, 168 666,630,620 39,869,146 168, 736, 461 116,399,668 263, 219, 137 536,795,071 93,817,578 75,473,279 160,665,695 81,831,451 169,548,502 368,729,392 92, 403, 120 793,971,346 185,366,977 223,864,504 188,186,069 239,816,937 3,136,410,027 Per cent of total. 1909 79.0 96.1 94.6 71.3 90.0 36.3 41.3 7H.2 68.4 97.4 98.0 32.9 23.6 71.8 74.9 96.3 96.3 66.6 88.1 80.1 99.0 71.0 98.7 99.6 58.8 76.3 88.1 90.3 68.7 48.5 95.8 86.2 92.8 78.5 98.1 70.0 68.3 88.7 100.0 91.6 66.5 83.3 82.8 1904 73.7 94.0 88.1 68.8 86.9 32.1 36.5 60. 0' 62.2 98.1 87.5 18.6 60.6 67.0 92.8 95.0 60.3 82.3 72.0 98.9 97.7 98.9 48.6 97.3 83.1 69.7 96.9 66.7 69.3 86.1 80.7 56.8 75.1 83.3 Proportion of business done by corporations, by states : 1909 and 1904.— Table 22 shows, for the geo- graphic divisions and for each state, the number of manufacturing estabhshments operated by corpora- tions in 1909 and 1904, and the percentage which they represent of the entire number of estabhshments; also the value of the manufactured products made in estabhshments under corporate ownership, and the percentage which this represents of the total value. The figures as to total value for each of the states, on which the percentages are based, will be found in Table 111. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. Table 22 DIVISION AND STATE. ITnlted States . . . QEOGEAPmc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South A tlantic East South Central. West South Central. Mountain Paciflc New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle .\ tlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Bast Noeth Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West Nortu Centkal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Centr.u.: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona .' Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS. Total. 1909 868,481 25,351 81,315 60,013 27,171 28,088 15,381 12,339 6,254 13,579 3,546 1,961 1,958 11,684 1,951 4,251 44,935 8,817 27,563 15,138 7,960 18,026 9,159 9,721 5,661 5,628 8,376 752 1,020 2,500 3,435 726 4,837 518 5,685 2,586 4,931 1,854 4,792 2,159 4,776 4,609 3,398 2,598 2,925 2,516 2,310 4,588 677 725 268 2,034 313 311 749 177 3,674 2,246 7,659 1904 216,180 22,279 67,699 51,754 21,492 19,564 10,311 8,279 3,610 11,192 3,145 1,618 1,699 10,723 1,617 3,477 37,194 7,010 23,496 13,786 7,044 14,921 7,440 8,558 4,766 4,785 «6,464 507 686 1,819 2,475 631 3,852 482 3,187 2,109 3,272 1,399 3,219 1,413 3,734 3,175 1,882 1,520 1,907 2,091 1,123 3,158 382 364 169 1,606 199 169 606 lis 2,751 1,602 6,839 Operated by corporations. Number. 1909 69,601 7,300 17,785 17,755 6,649 6,765 3,558 3,403 1,743 4,543 861 424 372 3,483 669 1,501 9,345 2,660 6,880 5,123 2,363 6,209 2,638 2,422 1,326 1,317 2,447 133 216 487 723 202 873 122 1,099 813 1,339 564 1,252 501 1,147 1,068 788 555 640 910 501 1,352 203 200 »68 698 »96 1122 294 '70 1,444 640 2,459 1904 61,097 5,572 12,460 14,093 4,816 4,820 2,672 2,298 1,114 , 3,252 671 338 309 2,555 512 1,187 0,086 1,834 4,640 4,008 1,915 4,145 2,044 1,981 922 1,041 1,847 81 112 359 454 > 160 650 91 702 638 879 464 931 >308 785 578 447 518 700 1242 839 118 105 155 •478 153 71 203 34 926 409 1,917 Per cent of total. 1909 1904 85.9 28.8 21.9 29.6 24.5 24.1 23.1 27.6 33.3 33.5 24.3 21.6 19.0 29.8 33.8 35.3 20.8 29.0 21.3 33.8 29.7 28.9 28.8 24.9 23.8 23.8 29.2 17.7 21.2 19.5 21.0 27.8 18.0 23.6 19.3 31.4 27.2 30.4 26.1 23.2 24.0 23.2 23.2 21.4 21.9 36.2 21.7 29.5 30.0 27.6 25.0 34.3 30.4 38.6 39.3 37.3 39.3 28.5 32.1 28.6 25.0 18.4 27.2 22.4 24.7 25.9 27.8 30.9 29.1 21.3 20.9 18.2 23.8 31.7 34.1 16.4 26.2 19.3 29.1 27.2 27.8 27.4 23.1 19.4 21.8 28.0 16.0 16.3 19.7 18.3 25.0 16.9 18.9 22.0 30.3 26.9 33.2 28.9 21.7 23.1 24.7 30.7 29.4 27.2 33.5 21.6 26.6 30.9 28.8 32.0 29.8 25.6 42.0 33.5 29.6 33.7 25.5 28.0 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF ESTABLISHMENTS OPERATED BY CORPORATIONS. 1909 $16,341,116,634 2, 173, 5,133, 4,434, 1,513, 1,059, 494, 509, 328, 695, 136, 156 126,642 42,641 1,182,935 243,426, 441,267, 2,108,026. 971,904 2,063,458, 1,249,778 495,570, 1,646,518, 571,102 471,360, 330,924 189, 182 508,761 13,586, 9,870 175,621 285,637 36,071 207,102 16,544 163,780 140,385 182, 140, 102,403 165,057 45,815 178,650, 133,750 123,502 58,719 55,585 183,303; 39,390; 231,059; 68,458 16,982 14,664 116,991 16,253 148,305 56,234 110,761 185,171 70,781 439,064 1904 $10,904,069,307 1,509, 3,417, 2,913, 1,044, 701, 349, 315, 230, 423, 101,575 88, 159; 36,373 810,543 158,322; 314,484; 1,396,924 617,236 1,403,081 777,392 317,481 1,179,028; 328,185 310,912, 234,013 116,246 379,405 5,146; 6,003 138,623 164,565 128,921 147,744 10, 150 109,546 78,951 113,516 70,493 114,976; 127,239, 117,046; 97,285 92,725 42,169 38,724 138,977; 1 17,401 120, 133 63,369 6, 136, 12,751 89,377 1 4,645 27,135 34,765 2,220, 103,215 40,034 280, 742 79.0 1 Includes establishments operated under other forms of ownership, to avoid disclosing individual operations. There were eight of these establishments in 1909 and seven in 1904 which were included in the total for geographic divisions but are not included in the total for the United States. 464 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Table 22 shows that in most of the states in 1909 the number of manufacturing establishments owned by corporations represented between one-fifth and one-third of the total number of manufacturing estab- lishments. Vermont, North Dakota, Nebraska, Maiy- land, and Virginia were the only states in which less than one-fifth of the establishments were owned by corporations, and Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ohio, Ijouisiana, and five states in the western part of the country were the only ones in which over one- third were under this form of ownership. In a large majority of the states the proportion of es- tablishments operated by corporations was larger in 1909 than in 1904, the exceptions being Nebraska, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Montana, Idaho, Wyo- ming, and Arizona. In most of the states between three-fifths and nine- tenths of the total value of manufactured products in 1909 was reported by estabHshments under corporate ownership. The only state in which the proportion was less than three-fifths was South Dakota, while in Connecticut, South Carolina, Montana, Colorado, Ari- zona, Utah, and Nevada the proportion was nine- tenths or more. Among the great manufacturing states. New York is conspiciious for the comparatively small proportion, 62.6 per cent, of the value of its prod- ucts contributed by this class of establishments. In almost every state a larger percentage of the total value of products was reported by such establishments in 1909 than in 1904, thus indicating that the tendency toward the incorporation of manufacturing concerns, particularly the larger concerns, is general and to a considerable degree independent of variations in state legislation regarding corporations. The only states in which the proportion of the total value produced by corporations was less in 1909 than in 1904 are Nebraska, Delaware, Alabama, Mississippi, Montana, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Arizona, and the difference in each case was slight. SIZE OF ESTABLISHMENTS. Summary for United States. — The tendency for manufacturing to become concentrated in large estab- lishments, or the reverse, is a matter of interest from the standpoint of industrial organization. In order to throw some light upon it, Table 23 groups the establishments in all industries combined according to the value of their products, and shows for each group, for 1909 and 1904, the number of wage earners, value of products, and value added by manufacture, together with the percentage of the respective totals represented by each group. It also gives the average size of establishments as measured by these three items; the changes in this average are, however, much less significant than the changes in the percentages for the several groups. Of the 268,491 establishments reported as engaged in manufacturing industries in 1909, there were 3,060, or 1.1 per cent, whose products were valued at more than $1,000,000 each. The corresponding figures for 1904 were 1,900 establishments out of 216,180, or nine-tenths of 1 per cent. While these establishments represented a comparatively small proportion of the total number of establishments, they gave employment to a much larger proportion of all the wage earners reported, namely, 30.5 per cent in 1909 and 25.6 per cent in 1904. The value of products of such estab- lishments represented 43.8 per cent of the total value of products in 1909 and 38 per cent in 1904. The %ures indicate that establishments of this class produced a considerably larger proportion of the manu- factures of the country in 1909 than in 1904. It should be noted that the increased proportion is due partly to the fact that certain establishments included in the other groups in 1904 were included in this group in 1909 as the result of an increase in the value of their output. Table 23 VALUE OF PEODUCTS. Number of estab- lish- ments. Average number of wage earners. Value of products. Value added bv manu- facture. All classes: 1909 268,491 216,180 93,349 71,147 86,988 72,791 57,270 48,096 27,824 22,246 3,060 1,900 6,616,046 5,468,383 $20,672,051,870 14,793,902,563 $8,529,260,992 6,293,694,753 1904 Less than $5,000: 1909 142,430 106,353 470,006 419,466 1,090,449 1,027,047 2,896,532 2,515,064 2,015,629 1,400,453 222,463,847 176,128,212 904,645,664 751,047,759 2,544,426,711 2,129,257,883 7,946,935,255 6,109,012,538 9,053,580,393 5,628,456,171 144,246,008 114,781,124 509,907,934 424,129,643 1,258,317,991 1,090,271,887 3,572,746.038 2,782,641,883 3,044,043,021 1,881,870,216 1904 $5,000 and less tlwn $20,000: 1909 1904 $20,000 and less than $100,000: 1909 1904 $100,000 and less than 81,000,000: 1909 1904 $1,000,000 and over: 1909 1904 Per cent of total: 1909 100.0 100.0 34.8 32.9 32.4 33.7 21.3 22.2 10.4 10.3 1.1 0.9 100.0 100. 2.2 1.9 7.1 7.7 16.5 18.8 43.8 46.0 30.5 25.6 25 25 100.0 100.0 1.1 1.2 4.4 5.1 12.3 14.4 38.4 41.3 43.8 38.0 $76 993 100 1904 100.0 1 7 Less than $5,000: 1909 1904... . 1.8 6 $5,000 and lessthan $20,000 : 1909 1904 6 7 $20,000 and less than $100,000: 1909 14 8 1904 $100,000 and less than $1,000,000: 1909 41 9 1904 44 2 $1,000,000 and over: 1909 35 7 1904 Average per estab- lishment: 1909 «11 7ft7 1904 68 433 "^ '1' ' In 1909 establishments with a product valued be- tween $100,000 and $1,000,000, gave employment to 43.8 per cent of the wage earners, and the value of their products formed 38.4 per cent of the total. Establish- ments with a product valued between $20,000 and $100,000 gave employment to about one-sixth of the wage earners, and the value of their i)roducts formed about one-eighth of the total. The establishments which STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 465 had a product valued between $5,000 and $20,000, con- stituted about one-third of the whole number, but gave employment to only 7.1 per cent of the wage earners, and the value of their products formed only 4.4 per cent of the total. Establishments that had a product in 1909 valued at less than $5,000 also formed about one- third of the total number, but they gave employment to only 2.2 per cent of the wage earners and turned out products whose value amounted to only 1.1 per cent of the total. In this class of establishments a large proportion of the work was done by the proprietors and firm members. Of the five classes designated, the class of establish- ments with products valued at $1,000,000 or over is the only one that reported a larger proportion of the total value of products in 1909 than in 1904, every other class having lost relatively. The same state- ment is true as to the number of wage earners, except that the establishments of smallest size, as well as those of lai^est size, have gained somewhat in their proportion of the total number employed. During the five years 1904-1909 the average value of products per establishment increased from $68,433 to $76,993, and the average value added by manu- facture from $29,113 to $31,767. These changes can scarcely be taken as in themselves indicating a tend- ency toward concentration, as the increased values shown are due in part to the increase that has taken place in the prices of commodities. The average num- ber of wage earners per establishment was the same at the two censuses, namely, 25. Relative importance of large establishments in the principal industries: 1909 and 1904. — The following table shows for the principal industries of the United States, for 1909 and 1904, the number of estab- lishments manufacturing products to the value of $1,000,000 or more, and the percentage which such establishments represent .of the total number of estab- lishments; also the value of products made by estab- lishments of tliis class and the proportion which that value represents of the total for all establishments in the industry. Table 24 All indattriei Agricultural Implements Automobiles, including bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Brass and bronze products'. Bread and other bakery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages and wagons and materials Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam- railroad companies Cars, steam-rauroad, not Including operations of railroad com- panies Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothing, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Flour-mill and gristmill products Foundry and machine-shop products Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber and timber products Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and comiwunds and druggists' preparations. Petroleum, refining Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Slaughtering and meat packing Smelting and refining, copper Smelting and refining, lead Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats All other industries mmBKB or KSTABUSHMEirTS. ToUI. IMW 968,401 640 743 1,918 1,021 23,926 8,470 3,767 6,492 1,145 110 349 6,354 4,558 1,944 4,228 1,324 1,009 11,691 13,253 3,155 1,296 1,374 208 446 919 613 1,414 40,671 817 791 777 3,642 147 31,445 852 1,641 38 28 15,822 985 69,459 1904 n6,180 648 178 1,895 813 18,226 8,926 3,168 5,588 1,140 73 275 5,145 3,351 1,348 2,540 1,154 784 10,051 10,765 2,593 1,019 1,144 190 415 1,049 805 1,530 25,153 715 639 761 2,777 27,793 624 1,221 40 32 16,827 1,074 53,613 Reporting products valued at $1,000,000 or over. Number. Per cent of total. IMW 8,060 34 56 135 24 21 9 13 13 94 25 31 84 22 12 27 163 31 138 180 11 28 25 86 186 78 39 67 72 17 26 50 19 35 74 37 166 32 21 64 86 729 1904 1,900 27 10 >62 «17 14 (») 4 8 68 25 18 58 11 5 16 99 TTi 87 111 8 24 11 49 131 22 46 »26 9 16 30 »14 19 >43 23 •110 31 18 43 63 455 1909 1.1 5.3 7.5 7.0 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 8.2 22.7 8.9 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 12.3 3.1 1.2 1.4 0.3 2.2 1.8 41.3 41.7 8.5 6.4 4.7 0.2 2.1 3.3 6.4 0.5 23.8 0.2 4.3 10.1 84.2 75.0 0.4 8.7 1.0 1904 0.9 4.2 6.6 3.3 2.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.0 34.2 6.5 LI 0.3 0.4 0.6 8.6 2.8 0.9 1.0 0.3 2.4 1.0 25.8 31.6 4.6 2.7 3.0 0.1 L3 2.5 3.9 0.5 19.4 0.2 3.7 9.0 77.5 66.2 0.3 5.9 0.8 VALUK OF PBODUCTS OF ESTABUSHUENTS SEPOBT> ma PBODUCTS valued at $1,000,000 ob oveb. Amount. 1909 $8,063,580,393 94,138,206 170,386,862 244,547,642 85,947,143 36,385,586 11,933,853 23,468,494 23,926,135 189,111,816 99,841,717 70,806,560 167,971,252 30,612,144 18,998,220 44,988,549 332,345,643 126,375,340 319,047,659 356,015,899 20,070,913 %, 395, 457 37,125,550 335,992,823 896,764,339 157,911,458 148,433,755 138,046,347 103,756,410 35,974,829 44, 109, 139 93,580,398 33,632,561 208,671,648 137,082,261 68,579,806 1,176,461,413 375,135,093 166,045,144 203,894,122 248,343,985 1,880,724,222 1904 $5,628,466,171 58,479,820 13,995,669 » 119,079,802 '51,736,503 23,083,467 0) 5,627,911 13,957,216 125,671,900 98,706,346 36,296,917 101,380,521 14,037,712 7,733,842 25,257,976 197,881,132 85,154,294 202,952,454 193,749,471 12,523,557 73,898,211 15,018,710 173,321,243 570,175,787 91,557,225 101,537,912 84,069,197 '35,550,164 21,351,063 29,873,089 47,301,706 '26,851,722 154,549,485 '82,419,052 39,778,944 '773,222,035 238,328,190 181,011,667 123,000,821 135,993,881 1,242,336,558 PercentoftotaL 1900 43.8 64.3 68.4 47.7 57.3 9.2 4.3 14.9 15.0 46.6 80.7 60.2 29.6 8.0 14.1 22.5 52.9 57.1 36.1 29.0 8.4 57.8 18.6 85.8 91.0 48.2 72.5 36.8 9.0 24.3 35.3 35.0 23.7 88.0 18.6 34.8 85.8 99.0 99.2 48.9 57.0 37.2 1904 88.0 52.2 46.0 33.3 50.5 8.6 4.3 9.0 40.6 88.8 48.3 24.9 5.7 8.9 21.1 43.9 60.5 28.5 22.0 7.0 69.0 11.0 74.8 84.6 36.3 77.4 28.2 4.0 22.1 32.9 25.1 22.9 88.3 14.9 29.8 83.9 99.0 97.4 37.1 42.6 33.9 1 The statistics for three establishments omitted, to avoid the disclosure of individual operations. ' The statistics for two establishments omitted, to avoid the disclosure of individual operations. > The statistics for one establishment omitted, to avoid the disclosure of individual operations. 72497°— 13- -30 + 466 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. The total value of products for each industry as a whole, from which the percentages in the last two col- umns are calculated, appears in Table 110. Three important industries, the manufacture of leather goods, marble and stone work, and sugar and molasses, are not shown in the table in order to avoid the dis- closure of individual operations. While the gross value of products is in some respects not the best criterion of the relative importance of different industries or of different states or sections in respect to manufacturing business, it is a fairly satis- factory standard for comparing different classes of estabhshments within- the same industry. Table 24 shows, as might be expected, exceedingly wide varia- tion among the different industries in respect to the proportion of large establishments, and in respect to the proportion of the total value of products which is reported by such estabhshments. The industry in which estabhshments reporting products to the value of $1,000,000 or more constitute the largest propor- tion of the total number of establishments is the smelting and refining of copper, followed, in order, by the smelting and refining of lead, steel works and rolling mills, blast furnaces, the refining of petroleum, and the construction of steam-railroad cars. In each of these industries in 1909 establishments of this class consti- tuted more than one-fifth of the total number, and in the smelting and refining of copper they constituted about five-sixths of the total. In these industries, moreover, estabhshments of this*size reported exceptionally high proportions of the total value of products. The smelt- ing and refining of lead and of copper ranked highest in this respect, with 99.2 and 99 per cent, respectively, of the total value of products reported by establishments with a value of products above $1,000,000. The slaugh- tering and meat-packing industry, also, though its pro- portion of large establishments is not conspicuously high, shows a very high proportion of the total value of products, 85.8 per cent, reported from such estab- lishments. On the other hand, there are a number of industries in which the smaller estabhshments predominate and in which only a very small proportion of the total value of products is contributed by establishments manufacturing products to the value of $1,000,000 or more. In the bakery, butter, cheese, and condensed- milk, women's clothing, furniture, and lumber indus- tries the proportion of the total value of products reported by such estabhshments is less than 10 per cent, and there are several other industries of impor- tance in which the proportion is less than 20 per cent. In practically every industry named in the table the number of estabhshments manufacturing products to the value of $1,000,000 or more increased materially from 1904 to 1909, and constituted a larger proportion of the total number of estabhshments in the later year than in the earher. In the same way the value of the products of such establishments in nearly every indus- try constituted a larger proportion of the total value in 1909 than in 1904, the only exceptions being in the manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies, the construction of railroad cars, the illuminating-gas industry, the distillery industry, and the refining of petroleum. Relative importance of large establisliineiits, by- states : 1909 and 1904. — Table 25 presents, by states grouped according to geographic divisions, statistics showing the relative importance of the establishments having a product valued at $1,000,000 or over for the census years 1909 and 1904. Certain states are not shown separately, as to do so would disclose indi- vidual operations. The differences among the several states with re- spect to the extent to which manufacturing is carried on in large establishments are dependent in part upon the character of the industries predominant in each state. It also depends in part upon the degree to which those industries have been developed; in those states in which manufactures are extensive the large estabhshments are likely, other conditions being equal, to do a greater proportion of the manufacturing than in states where manufactures are relatively unimportant. The state in which establishments manufacturing products to the value of $1,000,000 or more represented the largest proportion of the total number of estab- lishments in 1909 was Rhode Island, with 3.5 per cent, followed by Arizona and Massachusetts, in the order named. The proportion in New York, the leading man- ufacturing state, was comparatively low, 1 per cent. There are several states in which such establishments represented only a small fraction of 1 per cent of the total number. In most of the states the large establishments con- tributed a very considerable proportion of the entire value of manufactured products. The state in which this proportion was the highest in 1909 is Arizona, with 84.1 per cent, followed by Nebraska, Montana, Kansas, New Jersey, Illinois, Utah, and Pennsylva- nia, in each of which states the products of establish- ments of this class represented more than one-half of the total value. The predominance of the smelting and refining of copper and lead in the Mountain states named, of the slaughtering and meat-packing industry in Kansas and Nebraska, of the slaughtering and the iron and steel industries in Illinois, of the iron and steel industry in Pennsylvania, and of the smelting and refin- ing of copper and the refining of petroleum in New Jersey serve in a large measure to explain these high STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 467 percentages. In New York, the most important manu- facturing state, 37 per cent of the total value of products was reported by establishments of the class under con- sideration, this comparatively low percentage being the result in part of the great magnitude in that state of the clothing industries, which are mostly conducted in small establishments. Of the states given in the table those in which the proportion of the total value of products reported by large establishments is less than 10 per cent are Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Florida. Table 25 United States New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Meissacliusetts Rliode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nokth Centkal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Centbal: Minnesota Iowa Missouri Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Centkal: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas MOtJNTAIN: Montana Colorado Arizona Utah Pacific: Washington Oregon California All other states ' numbeb or establishments. ToUl. 1909 868,491 3,546 1,961 1,958 11,684 1,951 4,251 44,935 8,817 27,563 15,138 7,969 18,026 9,159 9,721 6,S«1 6,528 8,875 2,500 3,435 726 4,837 518 5,685 2,586 4,931 1,854 4,792 2,159 4,776 4,609 3,398 2,925 2,516 2,310 4,688 677 2,034 311 7« 3,674 2,246 7,659 5,853 1904 816,180 3,145 1,618 1,699 10,723 1,617 3,477 37, 194 7,010 23,495 13,785 7,044 14,921 7,446 8,658 4,756 4,785 6,464 1,819 2,476 631 3,852 482 3,187 2,109 3,272 1,309 3,219 1,413 3,734 3,175 1,882 1,907 2,091 1,123 3,158 382 1,606 169 606 2,751 1,602 6,839 3,560 Reporting products valued at $1,000,000 or over. Number. 1«H> S,060 25 34 4 293 69 93 470 194 400 245 92 273 1904 1,900 17 20 6 191 41 65 294 121 284 136 45 168 41 58 0) (') Per cent of total. 1909 1.1 0.7 1.7 0.2 2.5 3.5 2.2 1.0 2.2 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.0 0.9 1.2 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.9 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.9 1904 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.4 1.8 2.5 1.9 0.8 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.2 1.1 0.5 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.6 1.0 4.1 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.2 VALUE OF PRODUCTS OF ESTABUSHMENTS REPOETINQ PRODUCTS VALUED AT $1,000,000 OB OVER. Amount. 1909 9,063,580,393 57,250,905 80,784,016 7,195,281 719,811,362 135,285,205 241,562,058 1,245,968,072 649,848,742 1,331,111,312 666,243,771 272,679,094 1,078,746,101 258,341,090 228,084,707 198,507,729 95,585,315 271,595,930 137, 133, 162 204,385,280 16,892,803 124,580,041 5,012,734 69,124,982 62,481,895 58,6f.8,316 24,887,094 34,054,085 4,450,609 62,164,920 30,567,045 42,048,999 6,443,573 75,417,505 4,884,270 102,054,306 49,871,216 58,645,700 42,276,901 33, 100, 176 42,379,727 14,398,817 202,103,929 17,938,958 1904 19,628,466,171 32,815,822 45,309,594 8,475,059 458,142,511 80,055,916 157,691,418 816,099,837 384,853,547 901,539,525 331,726,477 134,974,371 755,157,-389 100, 138, 409 124,948,292 132,541,419 41,089,284 189,330,754 110,013,438 114,177,287 13,711,604 95,606,842 (■) 34,071,439 25, 154, 989 30,411,050 17,817,006 20,604,194 38,590,336 18,796,261 25,070,580 54, 118, 186 39,030,054 52,545,498 60,670,463 22,761,981 20,978,066 28,001,570 7,873,317 105,272,449 8,162,677 Per cent of total. 1909 43.8 32.5 49.1 10.5 48.3 48.3 49.3 37.0 56.7 50.7 46.3 47.1 56.2 37.7 38.6 48.5 36.9 47.3 68.9 62.9 32.0 39.5 19.8 26.9 38.6 27.1 22.0 16.8 6.1 27.8 17.0 7.3 33.7 9.1 37.4 68.1 45.1 84.1 53.4 19.2 15.5 38.2 10.8 1904 88.0 22.8 36.7 13.4 40.8 39.6 42.7 32.8 49.7 46.1 34.5 34.3 53.5 23.3 30.4 43.1 25.6 43.1 71.0 57.6 33.3 39.3 22.9 25.4 21.3 22.4 13.7 24.2 13.6 23.0 29.0 '26.' 9 79.1 50.6 81.0 53.9 21.7 14.2 28.7 8.0 > Excluded to avoid disclosures of individual establishments, but Included in the total for the United States. » All other states embrace Idaho, Mississippi, Nevada, North Dakota, and Wyoming in 1909 and Arkansas, District of Columbia, Mississippi, and New Mexico in 1904. In a large majority of the states, establishments manufacturing products to the value of $1,000,000 or more represented a larger proportion of the total number of establishments in 1909 than in 1904, and reported a larger proportion of the total value of products in the later year than in the earlier. The only states where this was not true with respect to the value of products are Vermont, Delaware, South Carolina, Nebraska, Montana, Colorado, Utah, and Washington. 468 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Establishments grouped according to number of wage earners: 1909.— In some respects, and especially from the standpoint of conditions under which persons en- gaged in manufactures work, the best classification of establishments to bring out the feature of size is a classification according to the number of wage earners employed, which is shown by Table 26. Table 26 ISIABUaHllXMTS BMPLOTIKCI — Total No wage earners 1 to 5 wage earners 6 to 20 wage earners 21 to 50 wage earners 61 to 100 wage earners. . . 101 to 250 wage earners. . 251 to 500 wage earners . . 601 to 1,000 wage earners Over 1,000 wage earners. KSTABUSHMENTS, WAGE EARNERS, AND PER CENT or TOTAL. Number of estab- lishments. 2S8,491 27,712 136,289 57,198 23,544 10.964 8,116 2,905 1,223 540 Average number of wage earners. 6,615,046 311,704 640,793 764,408 782, 298 1,258,639 1,006,457 837, 473 1,013,274 Per cent of total. Estab- lish- ments. 100.0 10.3 50.8 21.3 8.8 4.1 3.0 1.1 0.5 0.2 Wage earners. 100.0 4.7 9.7 11.6 11.8 19.0 15.2 12.7 15.3 Of the 268,491 establishments reported for all in- dustries, 10.3 per cent employed no wage earners; 50.8 per cent, from 1 to 5; 21.3 per cent, 6 to 20; and 8.8 per cent, 21 to 50. The most numerous single group consists of the 136,289 establishments employing from 1 to 5 wage earners, and the next of the 57,198 estab- lishments employing from 6 to 20 wage earners. There were 4,668 establishments that reported the employment of over 250 wage earners ; 540 of these employed over 1,000. The single group having the largest number of wage earners was the group comprising the establishments employing from 101 to 250. This group employed 1,258,639 wage earners, or 19 per cent of the total number. Table 27 shows, for 1909, for all industries combined and for 43 industries individually the number of estab- lishments and average number of wage earners, by groups, and the percentage of wage earners in each group for these industries. Table »7 All Industries Agricultural implements Automobiles, including bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Brass and bronze products Bread and other bakery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages and wagons and materials Cars and general shop construction and repaire by steam-railroad companies. . Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothing, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products — Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Flour-mill and gristmill !products Foundry and machine-shop products. . . Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather goods Leather, tanned, curried, and finished. . Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber and timber products Marble and stone work Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations Petroleum, refining Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Slaughtermg and meat packing Smelting and refining, copper Smelting and refining, lead Sugar and molasses Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats All other industries ESTABLISHMENTS EMPLOYING — Total. Estab- lish- ments. 268,491 640 743 1,918 1,021 23,926 8,479 3,767 6,492 1,145 110 349 6,354 4,658 1,944 4,228 1,324 1,009 11,691 13,253 3,165 1,296 1,374 208 446 2,375 919 613 1,414 40,671 4,964 817 791 777 3,642 147 31, 445 852 1,641 38 28 214 15,822 985 61,906 Wage earners (average number). 6,615,046 50,551 75,721 198,297 40,618 100,216 18, 431 59,968 69,928 282,174 43,086 23,714 239,696 163,743 44,638 73,615 378,880 87,256 39,453 531,011 128,462 37,215 129,276 38,429 240,076 34,907 62,202 6,430 54,679 696,019 65,603 17,071 14,240 75,978 22,895 13,929 258, 434 99,037 89,728 15,628 7,424 4,127 166,810 168,722 1,657,840 No wage earn- ers. Estab- lish- ments. 27, 712 40 12 49 56 3,643 1,026 92 440 11 191 68 136 183 3 22 ,849 639 96 108 31 1,051 6,940 3 4,995 30 4,601 1 to 20 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. 193,487 372 393 839 717 19,761 7,332 3,015 4,462 251 12 203 3,713 2,438 1,376 3,498 139 607 9,587 8,561 1,666 939 466 11 1,876 379 487 752 33,902 4,010 511 602 193 2,396 75 22,264 243 1,206 160 9,823 219 44,041 Wage earners. 952,497 2,067 2,716 6,176 4,421 60,112 12,634 17,575 23,141 2,409 130 1,432 3.3,185 23,813 7,194 17,635 1,418 3,988 26,023 54,963 11,569 4,811 4,386 126 287 9,818 2,664 1,798 7,078 186, 140 19,650 5,703 3,073 2,231 8,193 718 93,683 2,612 6,096 1,463 34,483 1,578 243,350 21 to 100 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments 34,508 133 195 538 174 426 115 571 484 310 36 88 2,045 1,754 313 407 405 243 239 2,902 1,106 180 521 78 94 333 350 76 661 4,569 595 301 117 362 165 43 1,877 335 247 7 3 62 695 346 10,137 Wage earners. 1, 546, 706 6,406 9,483 27,268 7,416 17,977 4,862 24,519 21,765 16,841 1,886 4,004 86,702 74,965 14,647 16,962 22,851 11,357 9,326 133,613 53,607 8,377 26,620 5,082 5,683 14,390 17,765 3,132 24,636 196,704 24,955 10,772 6,139 17,849 6,767 1,810 79,316 17,604 11,404 453 167 2,298 30,070 19,924 450,452 101 to 500 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. 11,021 77 108 414 61 101 418 39 36 353 292 115 124 573 117 13 1,009 287 58 323 105 187 58 142 9 80 1,214 92 5 33 216 27 23 344 243 62 19 16 2 258 334 2,844 Wage earners. 2,265,096 17,902 23,768 97,691 12,422 17,880 945 15,459 17,729 101,068 8,628 70,846 51,014 20,145 26,931 135,735 23,885 2,124 203,427 53,468 11,529 68,069 22,454 49,965 10,061 26,890 1,500 15,034 241,234 17, 176 596 5,397 43,930 4,971 6,295 63,240 52,830 13,911 4,343 4,940 366 55,483 67,460 566, 708 Over 500 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments 1,763 18 35 78 13 5 166 22 11 52 6 4 16 204 20 3 142 12 11 33 14 139 1 66 383 Wage earners. 1,860,747 24,176 39,764 67,162 16,359 4,247 2,415 7,293 161,856 31,401 9,652 49,963 3,951 2,752 12,087 218,876 48,026 1,980 139,008 9,818 12,498 30,210 10,763 184,141 638 14,883 7,831 70,941 3,822 631 11,968 2,974 5,106 22,195 26,091 58,317 10,832 2,261 46,774 79,760 397,330 Per cent wage earners in establishments employ- ing specified number form of total. Ito 20 wage earn- ers. 14.4 4.1 3.6 3.1 10.9 68.5 29.3 33.1 0.9 0.3 6.1 13.8 15.6 16.2 23.9 0.3 4.5 65.9 10.3 9.0 12.9 3.4 0.3 0.1 28.2 4.3 28.0 12.9 26.8 30.0 33.4 21.5 2.9 35.8 5.1 36.3 2.6 0.7 36.4 20.6 1.0 21 to 100 earn- ers. 12.7 12.5 13.8 18.2 17.9 26.3 40.9 31.1 6.0 4.4 16.9 35.7 48.7 32.6 23.1 6.0 13.0 23.6 25.2 41.8 22.5 20.6 13.3 2.4 41.3 28.5 48.8 45.2 28.3 38.0 63.1 36.1 23.4 29.5 13.0 30.7 17.8 12.8 2.9 2.2 55.7 18.0 11.8 101 to 500 wage earn- ers. 34.? 36.4 31.3 49.2 30.6 17.9 5.1 25.8 25.3 22.5 36.4 29.5 33.1 45.1 36.6 35.9 27.4 6.4 38.3 41.6 31.0 62.6 58.4 20.8 28.8 43.2 23.3 27.6 34.7 26.2 3.5 37.9 57.9 21.7 46.2 24.4 53.3 16.5 27.8 66.5 40.0 Over 500 wage earn- ers. 28.0 47.8 52.5 33.9 40.2 4.2 4.0 10.4 57.4 72.8 40.7 20.8 2.6 6.2 16.4 57.7 55.0 5.0 26.1 7.6 33.6 23.4 28.0 76.7 1.8 24.0 14.4 10.2 6.8 4.4 15.8 13.0 36.6 8.6 26.4 65.0 69.3 30.5 28.1 47.2 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. In 17 of the 43 industries listed separately in the table, establishments employing from 1 to 100 wage earners reported more than one-half of the total num- ber employed in each industry. In 5 of these in- dustries, establishments employing from 101 to 500 wage earners reported more than one-half of the total number, wldle 8 establishments employing over 500 wage earners reported more than one-half of the total. The highest proportion (76.7 per cent) of wage earners employed by estabhshments reporting an average of more than 500 was in the steel works and rolling mill branch of the iron and steel industry. Table 28 shows, for 1909, for geographic divisions and states, the number of establishments and average number of wage earners, by groups, and the percent- age of wage earners in each group, for these divisions and states. Table 28 DIVISION AND 8TATK. TTnlted Statei... Qbooraphic divisions: New England , Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain , Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana nUnois , Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri , North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California establishments emplotino— Estab- lish- ments. 268,491 25,351 81,315 60,013 27,171 28,088 15,381 12,339 5,254 13,579 3,54« 1,961 1,958 11,684 1,951 4,251 44,935 8,817 27,563 15,138 7,969 18,026 9,159 9,721 5,561 5,528 8,375 752 1,020 2,500 3,435 726 4,837 518 5,685 2,586 4,931 1,854 4,792 2,159 4,776 4,609 3,398 2,598 2,925 2,516 2,310 4,588 677 725 268 2,034 313 311 749 177 3,674 2,246 7,659 Wage esoners. 6,815,046 1,101,290 2, 207, 747 1,513,764 374,337 663,015 261,772 204,520 75,435 213, 166 79,055 78,658 33,788 584,559 113,538 210,792 1,003,981 326,223 877,543 446,934 186,984 465,764 231,499 182,583 84,767 61,635 152,993 2,789 3,602 24,330 44,215 21,238 107,921 7,707 105,676 63,893 121,473 73,046 104,588 57,473 65,400 73,840 72,148 50,384 44,982 76,165 13,143 70,230 11,655 8,220 2,867 28,067 4,143 6,441 11,785 2,257 69,120 28,750 115,296 No wage earn- ers. Estab- lish ments. 27,712 2,132 8,918 7,274 3,667 1,669 911 1,028 677 1,436 386 158 131 943 158 444 4,667 712 3,539 1,521 692 2,518 1,200 1,343 603 643 1,123 125 146 481 546 46 504 75 270 200 171 60 231 112 403 306 131 71 169 118 262 479 92 56 40 325 31 36 74 23 322 232 882 1 to 20 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. 193,487 17,116 55,764 42,252 20,787 21,271 12,270 9,645 4,079 10,303 3,716 1,409 1,514 7,548 1,196 3,733 31,323 6,088 18,353 10,483 5,966 12,361 6,297 7,145 4,362 4,340 6,183 601 850 1,8C9 2,592 534 3,538 351 4,689 1,920 3,852 1,411 3,589 1,387 3,801 3,679 2,714 2,076 2,368 1,799 1,949 3,529 513 617 216 1,511 256 245 582 139 2,713 1,759 6,831 Wage earners. 962,497 21 to 100 wage earners. Estab- ILsb* ments. 34,508 91,068 291,378 192,201 78,209 118,935 62,682 49,180 16,775 52,069 12,363 7,201 7,023 43,134 7,046 14,301 169,732 32,544 89,102 62,368 26,681 60,101 28,054 25,007 16,648 16,072 26,287 1,610 2,291 6,295 9,006 3,222 18,629 1,937 25,491 8,726 21,027 7,990 22,164 9,749 16,724 18,617 14,877 12,464 12,493 11,797 7,039 17,851 2,000 2,402 603 6,859 1,003 940 2,478 490 15,858 7,695 28,516 4,012 12,427 7,411 2,051 3,854 1,710 1,262 360 1,421 387 256 255 2,109 359 646 7,107 1,354 3,966 2,162 956 2,287 1,154 852 448 443 764 24 21 121 230 101 596 83 562 323 654 209 779 547 462 471 411 308 430 436 52 41 3 147 17 16 71 13 483 200 738 Wage earners. 1,546,706 183,104 556,007 340,201 90,275 169, 759 74,579 53,546 16,232 63,003 18,190 11,326 10,343 95,989 17,352 29,904 307,812 64,402 183,793 99,146 44,434 102,346 54,516 39,759 20,096 19,412 33,819 932 827 5,358 9,831 4,216 26,269 3,665 25,570 15,183 30,288 9,394 33,430 21,744 20,780 21,271 17,698 14,830 12,843 18,873 3,462 18,368 2,286 1,786 164 6,942 756 786 2,825 687 21,821 8,954 32,228 101 to 500 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. Wage earners. U,Q21 2,266,096 1,699 3,632 2,647 574 1,135 447 373 119 395 123 114 55 867 195 345 1,637 557 1,438 834 299 735 447 332 131 92 268 2 3 23 55 38 169 8 138 125 232 145 175 105 102 143 127 75 73 157 10 133 153 52 190 303,839 742, 393 540,595 117,981 231,455 89,188 74,471 25,988 79,186 25,207 24,621 11,852 185,876 45,366 70,917 321,531 119,964 300,898 168,458 60,492 149,670 91,443 70,532 26,590 18,845 55,632 247 484 4,989 11,194 6,807 34,176 1,547 27,112 26,191 47,013 33,116 34,448 21,045 19,830 26,348 26,505 16,505 14,087 33,497 1,888 24,999 3,854 1,614 1,347 10,887 1,701 3,172 2,970 443 28,931 10,279 39, 976 Over 500 wage earners. Estab- lish- ments. 1,763 392 574 429 92 159 43 31 19 24 22 24 3 217 43 83 201 106 267 138 56 125 61 49 Wage earners. 1,860,747 463,279 617,909 440, 707 87,872 142,806 35,323 27,323 16,440 18,908 24,195 35,510 4,570 259,560 43, 774 95,670 204,906 109,313 303,750 126,972 55,377 153,647 57,486 47,285 21,433 7,306 37,255 7,1594 14,184 6.993 28,847 558 27,503 13,793 23,145 22,546 14,546 4,935 8,066 7,604 13,068 6,585 5,559 11,998 754 9,012 3,515 2,418 753 3,379 683 1,543 3,512 637 2,510 1,822 14,576 Per cent wage earners in establishments employ- ing specified number form 01 total. Ito 20 wage eam- ears. 14.4 8.3 13.2 12.7 20.9 18.0 23.9 24.1 22.3 24.4 15.5 9.1 20.7 7.3 6.2 6.8 16.9 10.0 10.1 11.7 14.3 12.9 12.1 13.7 19.6 26.0 17.2 57.7 63.6 25.9 20.4 15.1 17.2 25.1 24.2 13.6 17.3 11.0 21.2 16.9 25.6 25.2 20.6 24.7 27.8 15.5 53.5 25.4 17.1 29.3 21.0 24.4 24.2 14.6 21.0 21.7 22.9 26.7 24.7 21 to 100 wage earn- ers. 23.4 16.6 25.1 22.5 24.1 25.6 28.5 26.2 21.5 29.5 22.8 14.4 30.6 16.4 15.3 14.2 30.7 19.7 21.0 22.2 23.8 22.0 23.6 21.7 23.8 31.5 22.1 33.4 23.0 22.0 22.3 19.9 24.3 47.5 24.1 23.7 25.0 12.9 32.0 37.8 31.7 28.8 24.5 29.4 28.6 24.8 26.4 26.1 19.6 21.7 5.7 24.8 18.3 12.2 24.0 30.5 31.6 31.1 27.9 470 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. DISTEIBUTION OF EXPENSES. Expenses in leading industries. — ^As stated in the Introduction, the census does not purport to furnish figures that can be used for determining the total cost of manufacture and consequently the profits. Facts of interest can, however, be brought out concerning the relative importance of those classes of expenses which are reported. The following table shows in percentages the distribution of these expenses among the classes indicated, for all industries combined and for the 43 principal industries separately. Table 29 All Industries Agricultural implements Automobiles, including bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stocls: and findings. Brass and bronze products Bread and other bakery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages and wagons and materials Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothing, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products Cotton goods, including cotton small wares Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.. . Flour-mill and gristmill products Foundry and machine-shop products Furniture and refrigerators Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods Iron and steel, blast furnaces Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather goods Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber and timber products Marble and stone work Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations Petroleum, refining Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwsters Slaughtering and meat packing Smelting and refining, copper Smelting and refining, lead Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats. . All other industries PEK CENT OP TOTAL EXPENSES REPORTED. S.l 8.6 4.5 3.9 4.1 4.0 1.4 5.6 5.7 4.3 4.3 6.5 5.2 6.0 7.6 5.8 2.6 10.0 1.5 8.7 7.3 10.9 4.4 L8 2.9 7.2 2.2 1.0 7.6 4.8 6.7 3.1 9.3 4.0 14.9 1.8 16.7 4.2 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.9 4.6 2.6 6.4 Wages. 18.6 24.3 23.1 20.6 17.3 17.4 4.3 13.5 27.0 23.0 15.0 20.7 23.0 13.1 22.4 24.0 24.5 2.6 29.8 30.8 18.4 25.5 6.8 18.3 19.3 10.5 1.6 13.7 32.0 44.8 4.3 7.4 17.2 8.7 4.4 26.6 21.8 3.9 3.8 3.4 2.8 19.0 18.7 21.1 Mate- rials. 65.8 51.1 62.5 69.6 72.6 91.0 72.0 68.9 66.7 68.2 57.9 61.1 67.9 63.7 66.9 53.8 92.8 50.1 61.0 46.2 62.7 88.4 73.9 64.6 81.2 18.4 32.2 61.0 39.4 87.7 71.1 69.7 44.1 89.6 32.6 60.8 91.3 94.4 94.8 92.6 48.4 72.9 62.1 Mis- cellane- ous ex- penses. 10.5 16.0 6.9 6.0 3.3 9.0 8.4 1.8 6.0 10.3 16.2 9.9 11.4 8.1 6.5 11.7 3.1 11.4 10.9 24.5 7.4 3.0 4.8 6.1 79.0 46.5 12.2 9.1 4.9 12.2 9.1 32.4 4.2 24.1 13.2 3.3 1.1 0.9 3.7 28.0 5.8 10.5 This table shows that, for all industries combined, 65.8 per cent of the total expenses reported were in- curred for materials, 23.7 per cent for services (that is, salaries and wages), and 10.5 per cent for other pur- poses. As would be expected, these proportions vary greatly in the different industries. The item of sala- ries takes on large proportions in such industries as the gas industry, the manufacture of patent medi- cines, and printing and pubUshing, which require a large force of employees for accounting and collecting. The industries for which the highest percentages for wages are shown — in each case over 30 per cent — are marble and stone work, steam-railroad repair shops, the lumber and timber industry, and the furniture industry. The cost of materials constituted over 90 per cent of the expenses reported in the smelting and refining of copper and lead, flour and grist milling and the manufacture of sugar and molasses, slaughtering and meat packing, and the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry. Miscellaneous expenses, which are made up principally of rent, taxes, insurance, and advertising, are relatively largest in the distillery and brewery industries, the manufacture of patent medicines and compounds, and the tobacco- products industry, all of which are subject to internal- revenue taxes; they are also large in the gas and the printing and publishing industries. Expenses, by states. — ^Table 30 shows, for each geo- graphic division and each state, the per cent distri- bution in 1909 of the total expenses reported among the principal items. The variation among the several divisions and states in the percentage of the total expenses which is represented by each class follows closely the varia- tion in the character of the predominating industries. Thus the percentage of expenses incurred for materials is highest and that incurred for wages lowest in the West North Central division, this condition being due to the predominating importance in those states of the flour-milling and the slaughtering industries, in which materials contribute the greater part of the value of products. The proportion of expenses incurred for materials is also high in the Mountain division, on account of the influence of the smelting and refining industries. Wages represent the highest percentage of the total expenses, 23.7, in the New England division, where the textile and other highly elaborative industries predominate. Among the individual states the highest percentage for materials is shown for Kansas and the next highest for Nebraska, while this percentage is lowest in Florida; the highest percentages for wages are shown for Wyoming, New Mexico, and Florida, in the order named. Among the great manufacturing states of the East and North there is no very great variation in the distribution of expenses among the various items. Of the 10 most important manufacturing states, Massachusetts has the highest proportion for wages and is among the lowest for miscellaneous expenses. The exceptionally high percentage for miscella- neous expenses in Kentucky, 25.8, is due to the importance there of the distillery industry, in the miscellaneous expenses of which are included very large sums paid as internal-revenue tax. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 471 Table 30 DIVISION AND STATE. United States Geographic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central .. AVest North Central. South Atlantic East South Central. . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine Now Hampshire Vermont Massachusf)tts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Centbal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas PER cent of total EXPENSES REPORTED. Salaries. 4.8 5.4 5.4 4.2 4.7 5.2 4.5 3.9 4.9 3.7 2.8 4.7 4.8 4.4 6.0 6.2 4.7 4.7 5.6 5.0 6.3 5.9 4.9 4.1 4.7 5.6 3.6 3.9 3.0 2.4 Wages. 18.6 23.7 18.6 17.8 12.4 20.1 18.3 17.4 17.8 20.4 24.3 24.3 28.9 22.8 22.8 25.6 18.7 16.4 19.3 19.1 18.2 15.8 20.1 17.9 12.6 13.9 15.5 10.3 14.6 7.6 8.5 Mate- rials. 6«.8 62.6 65.3 65.1 75.1 64.9 60.2 68.1 71.6 65.4 62.7 65.8 58.2 62.9 65.3 59.8 62.2 69.7 67.2 64.2 63.7 67.0 62.3 65.9 74.9 73.2 67.9 79.1 72.7 82.3 84.7 Miscella- neous expenses. 10.6 10.8 11.7 8.3 10.3 16.2 9.9 6.7 9.3 9.2 7.1 8.3 9.5 7.5 8.6 12.9 9.2 8.8 Il.O 13.1 12.0 11.6 11.4 8.4 8.2 11.1 6.9 8.9 7.1 4.4 DIVISION AND STATE. South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia West Virginia , North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky , Tennessee , Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona , Utah Nevada Pacitic: Washington Oroeon Caliiomia per cent of total expenses reported. Salaries. 4.9 4.8 9.0 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.9 6.1 7.8 4.8 5.8 5.1 5.3 5.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 3.1 6.2 6.6 4.9 5.4 1.9 3.6 3.4 5.0 4.9 4.8 Wages. 21.9 15.9 24.4 19.4 22.8 18.4 20.9 19.8 3o.4 13.9 17.8 21.1 27.3 29.5 16.4 15.3 15.5 16.3 29.1 37.2 17.4 36.8 13.4 16.6 17.9 25.4 24.2 17.7 Mate- rials. 65.9 69.6 50.0 64.0 64.2 65.4 68.1 66.4 41.3 45.6 65.4 64.6 63.7 53.9 66.1 72.3 72.8 73.6 62.6 46.6 70.2 46.3 81.7 76.1 75.6 60.1 61.6 68.3 Miscella- neous expenses. 7.2 9.7 16.6 11.9 9.0 12.5 7.1 8.7 14.5 25.8 11.0 9.2 13.6 11.3 13.1 8.0 7.3 7.0 13.2 10.6 7.5 11.5 3.0 4.8 3.2 9.6 9.3 9.2 ENGINES AND POWER. Summary for United States : 1909, 1904, and 1899. — The following table shows for all industries combined the number of engines or motors employed by manu- facturing concerns and their horsepower at the censuses of 1909, 1904, and 1899. The figures for the total primary power used exclude duphcations and represent the primary power of engines, water wheels, etc., owned by the manufacturing establishments themselves plus the electric or other power rented from outside concerns. A separate presentation is made of the number and horsepower of electric motors operated by current generated within the establish- ments, which, of course, as it represents secondary power, is not included in the totals. This item plus the electric power rented makes up the total for electric power, which is shown separately. Table 31 POWEK. NUHBER OF ENGINES OE MOTORS. HOBSEPOWEB. PER CENT distribution OF HOESEPOWEE. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 18»» 408,478 281,863 168,143 18,675,376 18,487,707 10,097,893 100.0 100.0 100.0 Owned 209,163 169,774 168,143 16,802,706 12,854,805 9,778,418 90.0 95.3 96.8 Steam 153,525 34,356 20,079 1,203 127,287 21,515 19,595 1,397 130,710 14,334 23,099 (') 14,199,339 .'51,186 1,807,439 15,449 29,293 1,872,670 10,825,348 289,423 1,641,949 5,931 92, 154 632,902 8,1.39,579 134,742 1,454,112 49,985 319,475 76.0 4.0 9.7 0.1 0.2 10.0 80.3 2.1 12.2 (') 0.7 4.7 80.6 Gas 1.3 14.4 (') other... . 0.5 Rented 199,309 61,589 (>) 3.2 Electric 199,309 61,689 0) 1,749,031 123,639 441,589 191,313 182,562 136,913 9.4 0.7 3.3 1.4 1.8 other 1.4 Electric motors 888,854 134,708 16,891 4,817,140 1,692,476 492,936 100.0 100.0 100.0 189,546 199,309 73,119 61,589 16,891 3,068,109 1,749,031 1,150,886 441,589 310,374 182,562 63.7 36.3 72.3 27.7 63.0 37.0 1 Not reported. » Less than on e-tenth of 1 per cent. The total horsepower of manufacturing estabUsh- ments was 18,675,376 in 1909, as compared with 13,487,707 in 1904 and 10,097,893 in 1899. In 1909, 90 per cent of the horsepower was that of engines or motors owned by the manufacturing establishments themselves, and 10 per cent was rented power, mostly electric. Especially striking is the increase in the use of gas engines and of electric power, both that rented ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. 472 from outside concerns and that generated by the manu- facturing concerns themselves. The total horsepower of electric motors in 1899, includmg both those oper- ated by purchased current and those operated by current generated in the establishment, was 492,936; in 1909 it was 4,817,140, or nearly ten times as great. The practice of renting electric power is rapidly becom- ing more conunon among small establishments and even among large estabUshments, while the large concerns more and more tend to use electric motors for the purpose of applying the power which they themselves generate. The amount of water power owned by manufactur- ing establishments shows only a comparatively moder- ate rate of increase during the decade, but not a little of the electric power rented by manufacturers is gener- ated in the first instance by utilizing water power. Horsepower, by leading industries. — The following table shows, for the 43 leading industries, the amount of each of the several kinds of power used in 1909 : Table SS All ladnstries Agrlcultaral Implements Automobiles, including bodies and parts Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings Brass and bronze products Bread and other balcery products Butter, cheese, and condensed milk Canning and preserving Carriages and wagons and materials Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies Chemicals Clothing, men's, including shirts Clothing, women's Confectionery Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products Cotton goods, including cotton small wares , Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies Flour-mill and gristmill products , Foundry and machine-shop products , Furniture and refrigerators , Gas, illuminating and heating Hosiery and knit goods , Iron and steel, blast furnaces , Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills Leather goods Leather, tanned, curried, and finished Liquors, distilled Liquors, malt Lumber and timber products Marble and stone work , Oil, cottonseed, and cake Paiiit and varnish Paper and wood pulp Patent medicines and compounds and druggists' preparations Petroleum, refining Printing and publishing Silk and silk goods, including throwstCTS Slaughtering and meat packing , Smelting and refining, copper , Smelting and refining, lead. Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar Tobacco manufactures Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats All other industries Total horse- power (excluding duplica- tion). 18,675,376 100,601 75,550 96,302 106,120 65,298 101,349 81, 179 126,032 293,361 97, 797 208,604 42,725 22,294 35,870 62,366 1,296,517 158,768 853,584 869,305 221,451 128,350 103,709 1, 173, 422 2,100,978 28,148 148,140 46,120 347,726 2,840,082 187,686 192,342 56, 162 1,304,265 25,659 90,268 297,763 97,947 208,707 158, 126 26,954 160,603 28,514 362,209 3,646,423 OWNED BY ESTABLISHMENTS EEPOETING— Steam engines. 14,199,339 71,394 39,325 60,772 78, 101 25,506 90,802 70,362 82,911 254,942 89,123 103,273 16,003 4,112 25,090 34,650 869,838 99,883 473,363 646,206 184,425 115,332 74,560 1,033,033 1,955,346 10,028 131,311 44,623 330, 705 2,587,487 132,236 183,440 42,166 469,089 15,938 83,707 59,240 72,059 190,636 114,862 23,090 158,682 21,929 261,364 2,868,395 Gas engines. 751,186 4,433 7,000 3,532 4,890 8,166 3,373 4,519 13,120 3,140 1,148 1,147 5,259 1,958 1,408 8,572 2,812 6,753 62,681 96,966 5,830 7,128 1,235 125,230 79,391 1,381 7,231 321 1,261 38,628 10,874 1,674 3,290 6,675 1,712 5,870 32, 152 1,277 2,208 1,107 35 395 795 2,077 172,532 Water wheels. 1,807,439 8,387 287 2,798 3,370 251 1,403 364 4,604 138 370 10,913 1,335 190 416 302,288 1,078 259, 138 18,341 6,743 2,755 12,015 294 5,829 1,337 1,546 252 116 139,392 9,451 125 2,004 785,961 250 600 8,383 30 12,725 243 78,909 122,808 Water motors. lfi,449 17 4 83 62 34 63 312 153 45 16 736 36 4,993 361 105 59 23 •15 224 1,111 167 50 2 2,185 14 1,720 ...... 2 341 2,439 other. 29,293 500 131 30 17 700 215 6 12 5 7,363 14 208 2,754 612 182 200 1,500 140 150 1,065 836 241 25 275 121 378 94 210 7 10,163 Electric motors. 1,749,031 15,684 27,641 17,381 18,399 31,160 5,366 5,469 24,969 33,786 6,456 92,057 18,816 15, 175 8,607 17,898 108,512 50,045 49,901 192,977 20,420 2,723 13,286 14,850 58, 797 14,946 6,487 708 14,190 62,200 32,062 6,394 7,814 38,610 6,882 28 197,692 10,354 15,047 29,413 3,829 1,316 5,367 13,783 431,534 other. 123,639 200 1,297 11,802 1,356 129 212 401 348 145 846 1,261 843 745 821 4,968 959 3,300 11,700 3,316 171 2,390 115 420 1,415 66 165 10,428 2,655 470 861 1,470 742 285 6,265 5,874 740 171 5,735 38,552 ELECTBIC UOTOBS. Total. » 4,817,140 38,905 41,829 32, 381 33,462 39,795 8,276 8,728 39,424 161,288 61,060 156, 699 22,894 16,085 16,983 30, 771 235,902 164,540 67,066 623, 914 43,252 17,336 25,485 135, 143 716,609 16,663 35,919 3,786 66,519 130, 707 53,748 10,855 17,037 130, 120 11, 175 8,808 229,312 23,758 78, 677 55,229 12,166 18,730 11,203 79,223 1,085,678 Run by current generated by estal)- llshment. 3,068,109 23,221 14,188 15,000 15,063 8,636 2,910 3,259 14,455 127,502 54,604 64,642 4,078 910 8,376 12,873 127,390 114,495 17,165 430,937 22,832 14,613 12,199 120,293 657,812 1,717 29,432 3,078 52,329 68,507 21,686 4,461 9,223 91,510 4,293 8,780 31,620 13,404 63,630 25,816 8,337 17,414 5,836 65,440 654,144 > Includes the horsepower of motors run by rented current and also of those run by current generated by the establishment. This table shows very wide differences among the industries with respect to the relative importance of the several kinds of power. These differences are due partly to differences in the geographic location of the industries, which affect the character of power avail- able, and partly to differences in the character of machinery used, which affect the adaptability of the different kinds of power. The power developed by the use of gas engines represents a larger proportion of the total power employed in establishments engaged in the manu- facture of carriages and wagons, flour mills and grist- mills, foundries and machine shops, blast furnaces, steel works and rolling mills, lumber mills, and print- . ing and publishing establishments than in any of the other industries listed. The largest absolute amount of power derived from gas engines is reported for the blast furnaces, and the next largest for the foundries and machine shops. A very large proportion of the total power derived from water wheels is used in four industries, namely, the manufacture of cotton goods, flour mills and grist- STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 473 mills, the lumber and timber products industry, and the manufacture of paper and wood pulp. In the last-mentioned industry the horsepower developed by water wheels amounts to 785,961, about 60 per cent of the total power used in that industry. The extent to which electric motors are utilized in applying the power employed varies considerably in the different industries. In a considerable number of industries the electric power, including that gen- erated by the manufacturing establishments them- selves and that rented from other concerns, is equal to more than one-half of the total primary power. These industries are the manufacture of automobiles, » bread and other bakery products, the construction of steam-railroad cars, the repair shops of steam- railroad companies, the chemical industry, the making of men's and of women's clothing, the manufacture of electrical machinery, apparatus, and suppUes, the foundry and machine-shop industry, the manufacture of leather goods, and the printing and publishing industry. In the electrical-machinery industry the horsepower of electric motors installed is greater than the total primary power; this may be accounted for by reason of the provision of motors for the operation of machinery which is not in constant use. The largest absolute amount of electric power is reported by the steel works and rolling miUs, and the next largest, by the foundries and machine shops. In the former the electric power is equal to a little over one-third of the total amount of primary power and in the latter to nearly three-fourths. Horsepower, by states: 1909. — Table 33 shows, by states grouped according to geographic divisions, the amount of each of the several kinds of power used in manufacturing industries in 1909. The rank of the states with respect to the amount of power used in manufacturing industries is some- what different from that with respect to value of products and other leading items in the statistics of manufactures. Although New York ranks first among the states in most of the leading items, Penn- sylvania outranks it in respect to the amount of power used in manufacturing industries. New York stands second, Ohio third, Massachusetts fourth, and Illinois fifth. The relative total amount of power used is largely dependent upon the character of the industries predominant in each division or state. The relative extent to which the different kinds of power are used in the several divisions and states is also dependent in part upon the character of the industries and in part upon the situation of each state with reference to suppHes of coal, petroleum, and gas, and with reference to the availability of water power. In every division — in fact in every state, except Maine and Vermont — steam engines are the most im- portant source of power. The proportion which power generated by gas engines represents of the total power is larger in the East North Central division than in any other division, partly on account of the proximity of gas wells. The Middle Atlantic states rank next in the proportion of the total power which is developed by gas engines. With respect to power obtained from water wheels owned by the manufacturing estabhsh- ments. New England ranks far ahead of the other divi- sions both in the absolute amount of power and in the proportion which water power represents of the total. More than two-fifths of the total power derived from water wheels owned by manufacturing establishments is found in New England, and more than one-fourth of the total power utilized by the factories of New England is derived from water wheels. The Middle Atlantic division ranks next in this respect. The largest absolute amounts of power utilized by means of electric motors (including both those operated by pur- chased current and those operated by current generated in the establishment) are reported from the Middle Atlantic division, the East North Central division, and New England, in the order named, and in these three divisions also the proportion which electric power rep- resents of the total is unusually large, no very great difference appearing among the three divisions in tliis respect. The proportion of electric power is also high in the Mountain, Pacific, and West North Central divisions. The individual states which lead in the use of gas engines to develop power are Pennsylvania, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Illinois, Kansas, and New Jersey, in the order named. The absolute amount of power of this character is greatest in Pennsylvania, and the pro- portion which such power represents of the total power used is greatest in Indiana. The power derived from water wheels owned by manufacturing establishments is greater in New York than in any other state, but the proportion which such power represents of the total power is greatest in Maine. Other leading states in respect to the absolute amount of such water power are Massachusetts, Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Connecticut, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Virginia, North Carolina, and Michigan; the leading states in respect to the proportion which it represents of the total power are Vermont, New Hampshire, Oregon, Wisconsin, New York, Minnesota, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Virginia, and Montana. In the absolute amount of electric power utihzed for manufacturing, Pennsylvania leads and is followed by New York, Ohio, Massachusetts, Ilhnois, Indiana, and New Jersey, in the order named. With respect to the proportion which electric power represents of the total Nevada ranks first, and is followed by Cahfornia, Utah, Ilhnois, New York, Montana, Arizona, Indiana, and Massachusetts in the order named. In Nevada the power of electric motors forms 54.1 per cent and in California 40.3 per cent of the total power reported for these states. 474 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Table 33 DinsiOK AND STATK. ITnlted States OxooKAPmc divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central. Mountain Pacific .-... New England: Maine New Hampshire •Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania East Nobth Centkal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesofa Iowa , Missouri , North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia. . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyommg Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada pAcmc: Washington Oregon California Total horse- power (excluding duplica- tion). 18,676,376 715, 121 531,502 382,070 101,990 832,001 030,500 873,350 400,766 802,016 459,599 293,991 159,445 1,175,071 226,740 400,275 1,997,662 612,293 2,921,547 1,583,155 633,377 1,013,071 598,288 554, 179 297,670 155,384 340,467 13, 196 17,666 64,466 213, 141 52,779 218,244 16,563 283,928 217,496 378,556 276,378 298,241 89,816 230,224 242,277 357,837 206,222 173,088 346,652 71, 139 282,471 90,402 42,804 7,628 154,615 15,465 39,140 42,947 7,765 297,897 175,019 329, 100 owned by establishments reporting — steam engines. 14,199,339 1,656,911 4,151,662 3,491,418 838,988 1,431,423 953,511 805,640 306,786 563,000 168,595 139,128 64,252 834,701 175,293 274,942 1,080,877 529,668 2,541,117 1,362,134 448,528 838,199 465,520 377,037 199,777 121,882 280,489 10, 170 12,257 44,806 169,607 42,266 181,326 12, 169 221,303 184,591 271,944 193,052 240,264 84,508 207,591 215,338 328,275 202,307 168,152 331,370 66,643 249,475 49,654 35,529 6,467 135,645 11,781 34,193 28,984 4,533 257,230 112,244 193,526 Gas engines. 751,186 41,801 274,274 283,450 57,434 36,441 12,270 29,291 4,188 12,037 3,933 1,238 2,160 18,326 3,300 12,844 20,867 153,508 103,801 109, 105 37,025 13,988 19,531 7,174 8,025 11, 159 1,304 2,784 4,408 22,580 766 5,736 1,073 3,664 16,705 2,356 1,264 3,380 1,497 4,724 1,853 4,616 1,077 1,374 3,496 8,676 15,745 223 242 182 1,464 365 1,285 226 201 1,494 428 10, 115 Water wheels. 1,807,439 753,920 466,541 206,393 82,791 182,076 29,040 3,060 21,345 62,273 256,480 127,490 78,881 185,996 31,376 73,697 394,221 18,558 53,762 15,777 7,446 12, 178 41,442 129,550 56,631 6,326 3,532 530 927 7,361 7,484 5,183 11,953 775 45, 122 10,546 41,619 38,422 28,288 168 5,320 9,670 13,812 238 65 470 1,886 13,583 2,403 456 1,377 74 129 2,926 397 7,842 47,041 7,390 Water motors. 15,449 3,412 3,947 2,048 3,539 1,082 275 48 198 900 1,912 521 181 520 41 237 1,397 1,118 1,432 330 447 613 577 181 2,939 85 206 12 75 222 12 121 33 71 307 75 460 3 57 107 111 71 2 223 397 280 Other. 29,293 2,055 11,736 4,766 939 5,321 1,690 2,513 224 49 179 30 415 895 39 497 3,583 180 7,973 1,586 599 1,433 16 1,132 25 147 5 1,069 43 38 1,035 2,400 536 200 915 4 732 39 52 2,401 60 105 19 100 Electric motors. 1,749,031 218,642 568,723 375,876 115,002 171, 146 38,580 31,807 66,956 162,299 27,203 21,209 12,917 109,996 13,697 33,620 389,945 33,157 145,621 93,592 65,548 117,007 74,270 25,459 30,297 18,463 44,056 1,164 1,683 7,530 11,809 4,502 17,108 2,433 13,356 5,330 60,044 41,130 23,890 3,353 11,314 14,666 10,104 2,496 2,581 9,077 6,281 14,868 26,604 4,606 514 15,874 3,245 3,314 10,592 2,307 30,951 14,811 116,537 Other. 123,639 38,380 54,619 18,119 3,297 4,512 1,194 991 1,069 1,458 1,297 4,375 639 24,637 2,994 4,438 27,740 8,745 18, 134 5,935 1,704 6,716 2,475 1,289 827 456 1,020 28 3 210 753 50 931 70 412 253 1,251 35 1,423 87 303 639 187 65 256 233 67 436 375 20 electric motors. 101 200 48 325 138 98 1,222 Total.' 4,817,140 663,143 1,737,236 1,297,447 266,534 343,393 108,409 78,893 113,984 208, 101 54,266 45,351 21,233 402,492 42,130 97,671 689,976 182,475 864, 785 417,844 233,193 398,621 133,064 114,725 52,212 40,736 106,941 1,698 2,084 15,942 46,921 17,910 44,921 4,527 42,043 28,543 86,002 67,620 44,264 7,563 31,268 29,586 39,928 7,627 7,417 27, 139 7,887 36,450 27,301 8,409 801 35,944 4,586 15,100 15,402 6,441 43,615 20,802 143,684 > Includes the horsepower of motors run by rented current and also of those run by current generated by the establishment. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. SITPPLEMENTAEY DATA EEGARDING IMPORTANT INDUSTKIES. 475 (With statistics for laundries and custom sawmills and sristmllls.) For certain industries the Census Bureau collects, by means of special schedules, details regarding the quan- tity and value of materials and products and other information for securing which no provision is made on the general schedule. Data of this character are here presented for a number of important industries. As far as possible the statistics are grouped according to the character of the finished products. The statistics in each table relate to the United States as a whole, not including Alaska, Hawaii, Porto Rico, or other outlying possessions. FOOD AND KINDBED PKODUCTS, Butter, cheese, and condensed milk. — The following table presents statistics for the butter, cheese, and condensed-milk industry. The figures cover only the manufacture of the factory products. The statistics for this class of products made on farms are not avail- able for 1909; in 1899, however, 1,071,626,056 pounds of butter and 16,372,318 pounds of cheese were made on farms, of which 518,042,767 pounds of butter and 14,692,542 pounds of cheese were sold. The value of the factory products of this industry more than doubled during the period 1899-1909. Condensed milk, for which the ratio of increase was highest, nearly trebled in value, while butter more than doubled. Since 1899 the increase in prices has been quite pronounced in this industry, as shown by the fact that the butter product increased 113.5 per cent in value and only 48.7 per cent in quantity, and the output of cheese 63 per cent in value and only 10.3 per cent in quantity. As shown by the note to the table, considerable quantities of butter, cheese, and condensed milk were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. nrable 34 HATEEIAi.S Total cost Milk: Pounds Cost Cream: Pounds Cost Skimmed milk: Pounds Cost Sugar: Pounds Cost All other materials PE0DUCT3, Total value Butter: Pounds Value , Packed solid- Pounds Value Prints and rolls- Pounds Value Cheese: Pounds , Value Full cream- Pounds Value Part cream- Pounds Value 1909 «88<,646,0e4 8,888,727,303 1118,675,613 1,406,143,908 S95,025,fi07 66,974,760 tll0,469 78,457,978 $3,674,174 118,060,301 < «S74,6S7,718 624,764,653 $179,610,619 410,692,616 $115,098,056 214,072,037 $64,412,563 311,126,317 $43,239,924 287,110,383 $40,817,073 10,803,392 $1,188,000 liMM $142,980,877 12,147,304,550 $99,729,745 588,186,471 $28,371,040 36,071,335 $59,398 67,810,031 $3,315,892 $11,444,202 '1168,188,789 531,478,141 $113,189,453 364,432,996 $74,483,306 167,045,145 $38,706,147 317,144,872 $28,611,760 239,652,634 $22,024,853 1899 $108,841,800 11,678,082,821 $91,256,436 203,673,958 $8,154,068 s 50,873,859 $2,589,687 $6,841,000 $130,783,349 420,126,546 $84,079,754 328,956,590 $63,961,893 91,160,956 $20,117,861 281,972,324 $26,619,829 225,776,105 $21,363,477 PEODUCTS— continued . Cheese — Continued. Skimmed— Pounds Value other kinds- Pounds Value Condensed milk: Pounds Value Sweetened— Pounds Value Unsweetened- Pounds Value Cream sold: Pounds Value Skimmed milk sold: Pounds Value Casein dried from skimmed milk Pounds Value All other products EQUIPMENT. Cream separators, number 1909 7,770,812 $429,519 6,441,730 $805,332 494,796,544 $33,563,129 214,518,310 $17,345,278 280,278,234 $16,217,851 81,211,374 $9,828,972 352,594,574 $629,136 13,018,298 $795,644 $6,990,395 5,624 1904 3, 459, 582 $148,668 74,032,656 $6,438,339 308, 485, 182 $20,149,282 198,355,189 $13,478,376 110,129,993 $6,070,906 28,131,914 $2,364,407 1,161,414,457 $1,368,738 11,581,874 $654,099 $1,946,060 8,842 1899 (') 66,196,219 $5,156,352 186,921,787 $11,888,792 (0 61,764,552 $4,436,444 2,253,494,156 $2,531,460 12,298,405 $383,581 $944,489 9,701 > Not reported separately. > In addition, 2,381,212 pounds of butter, to the value of $664,171; 49,413 pounds of part cream cheese, to the value of $5,745; 401 ,.300 pounds of condensed milk, to the value of $24,078; and other dairy products to the value of $25,388 were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those ■covered by the industry designation. ' In addition, 1,971,120 pounds of butter, to the value of $448,729, and other dairy products to the value of $71,588 were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry designation. Canning and preserving. — ^Table 35 includes statis- tics for establishments engaged in the various branches of the canning industry and also for those manufac- turing pickles, preserves, and sauces. The table does not include meats and other products canned in slaughtering and meat-packing establishments (see Table 38). The total value of all classes of products of canning and preserving estabhshments in 1909 was $157,101,201 and in 1899, $99,335,464, the increase for the decade being 58.2 per cent. Of the two groups of products listed separately in the table, fruits and vegetables show the largest ratio of increase in value from 1899 to 1909, 88.3 476 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS-MANUFACTURES. per cent. Fish and oysters show an increase of 47 per cent. The statistics for dried fruits cover the product of fruit drying and packing estabhshments wliich buy the fruit or do drying and packing for others, and of cooperative associations, but do not include fruits dried by the grower on the farm. The bulk of the product is from California, the value of the factory dried-fruit product of that state in 1909 being $16,137,716, or 81.3 per cent of the total value of this class of products. Table 35 Total value. FruUt and vegetables. Value Canned vegetables: Cases Value Tomatoes- Cases Value Com— Cases Value Peas- Cases Value Beans- Cases Value Asparagus- Value Pumpkins- Cases , Value Sweet potatoes- Cases Value All other- Cases Value Canned fruits: Cases Value Peaches- Cases , Value Apples- Value... Apricots- Cases... Value. . . Pears- Cases. .. Value... Berries- Cases Value... Cherries- Cases... Value... All other- Cases Value... Dried fruits: Pounds. Value... Raisins- Pounds. Value... Prunes- Pounds. Value... Apples- Pounds. Value... Peaches — Pounds. Value... Apricots- Pounds. Value... All other- Pounds. Value... 1909 1 $157,101,201 $84,347,783 32, 752 $51,568, 12,909, $18,747, 7,461 $10, 332, 5,901 $10,247 3, 392, $6,013; 228, $1, 975 4^ $570 347, $531 2,080, $3, 144 5,501 $12,938; 1,467 $3,753, 1,205 $1,898: 630 $1, 825; 637, $1,833; 815, $1,754, 390 $1,019 354 $853 400,328 $19, 840; 111, 774 $4,837, 138,498, $5,130, 44,568 $3, 098; 46,843 $2,423; 29,205 $2,277; 29,438 $2,073, 1904 > $130,466,976 $72,998,766 29,579,616 $45,610,993 9,411,084 $14, 020, 846 11, 209, 597 $15,952,386 4,694,492 $7, 928, 791 2,588,015 $4, 133, 810 (») (') 246,557 $346, 497 192,997 $284, 385 1,236,874 $2,944,278 4,628,241 $11,722,979 1, 304, 867 $3,902,441 490,341 $738,013 539, 815 $1,641,919 789, 120 $2,192,910 489,637 $1,058,659 319,350 $825,522 695, 111 $1, 363, 515 343,579,623 $15, 664, 784 121,409,881 $6,349,381 117,808,181 $3,299,628 40,737,089 . $1,758,610 25,861,074 $1,702,205 19, 559, 573 $1,410,838 18,203,825 $1, 144, 122 1S99 $99,336,464 $44, 802, 666 19,323,730 $28, 734, 598 8, 700, 538 $13,666,660 6,336,984 $8,191,383 2, 543, 722 $4,465,673 1, 493, 517 $2,025,123 8 138, 078 $202,404 83,526 $124,245 27, 365 $59, 210 4,467,817 $11,311,062 1,449,356 $4,283,165 645, 762 $1, 125, 119 531,648 $1,583,252 672,485 $2,188,201 600, 419 $1,092,975 114,367 $307, 788 453,780 $730, 562 85, 439, 406 $4, 757, 005 14,984,221 $1,062,268 25, 413, 763 $970, 927 33, 212, 309 $1, 906, 642 5,662,390 $312,495 5,465,217 $455, 394 701,509 $49,276 Table 35— Cont'd. PRODUCT. FisU and oysters. Valne Canned fish and oysters: Pounds Value Salmon — Pounds Value Sardines : Pounds Value Oysters- Pounds Value All other- Pounds Value Smoked fish: Pounds Value Herring— Pounds Value Salmon- Pounds Value Finnan haddie— Pounds Value All other- Pounds Value Salted fish: Pounds .' Value Cod- Pounds Value Mackerel- Pounds Value Herring- Pounds Value Haddock- Pounds Value All other- Pounds Value A II other prodiicts, including pickles, pre- serves, and sauces. Value 1909 $27,648,289 235,418,713 $17,573,311 99, 831, 528 $8, 723, 565 90,094,284 $4, 931, 831 28,192,392 $2, 443, 101 16, 700, 509 $1,474,814 39, 814, 989 $2,900,417 21,369,856 $931,611 6, 836, 099 $950, 540 4,513,222 $304,620 7, 095, 812 $713, 646 128, 539, 299 $7, 174, 561 49, 494, 338 $3,077,612 9,045,469 $740, 513 21, 718, 467 $461,287 7, 873, 156 $319, 248 40, 407, 869 $2, 575, 901 $45,105,129 1904 $22,194,636 207,077,976 $13,531,786 48, 128, 926 $4,251,387 87, 224, 524 $4, 380, 498 59,249,043 $3, 799, 412 12, 475, 483 $1, 100, 489 36,617,904 $2, 528, 240 19, 737, 537 $631, 352 6, 833, 560 $831, 184 3, 014, 160 $174,234 7,032,647 $891,470 111,728,665 $6,134,609 48, 757, 819 $3,013,320 8,326,566 $678, 326 15, 824, 192 $409,223 4,737,975 $213, 394 34,082,113 $1,820,346 $35,272,586 1899 $18,807,642 $12,868,572 62, 652, 792 $5, 679, 324 44,951,244 $4, 212, 351 $2, 054, 800 9, 625, feS $922,097 21,108,066 $957, 741 12, 576, 429 $330,590 1,975,647 $136, 331 1, 360, 500 $75,360 5, 195, 490 $415, 460 117,780,031 $4,981,229 64,731,210 $3,081,045 10,458,313 $662,008 13,933,426 $332,220 6,927,919 $197,360 21, 729, 163 $708,696 $35,725,26? » In addition, products to the value of $5,423,199 were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation, as follows: Total. Canned vegetables cases. . Canned fruits cases. . Dried fruits pounds. . Canned fish pounds . . Smoked fish pounds. . Salted fish pounds. . Pickles, preserves, and sauces Number. 769,017 27,474 1,007,033 531,054 924, 785 4,630,322 Value. $5,423,199 1,714,909 76,964 53, 159 19,649 38,841 143,540 3,376,137 » In addition, 140,263 cases of fruits and vegetables, to the value of $288,138; 1,847,625 pounds of fish, to the value of $274,403; and oysters, to the value of $12,900, were canned and preserved by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. ' Not reported separately. ♦ Not reported. Flour-mill and gristmill products. — Table 36 presents statistics for flour-mills and gristmills, but does not include data for establishments engaged ex- clusively in custom grinding (see table on p. 513). The total quantity of all kinds of grain milled in 1909 was 806,247,961 bushels, as compared with 729,061,820 bushels in 1899, an increase of 10.6 per cent. The largest increases were in wheat and com, STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 477 the former showing a gain of about 25,000,000 bushels and the latter a gain of about 29,000,000 bushels. The increase in the value of all products of flour mills and gristmills for the period 1899-1909 was 76.2 per cent. This gain was due mainly to advances in price, for the increases in quantity were relatively much smaller. The value of the wheat flour produced increased 64.7 per cent, but its quantity only 6 per cent, while the production of rye flour increased 54 per cent in value and only 6.2 per cent in quantity. The figures in the table indicate that higher imit values prevailed for all classes of products during 1909 than during the two prior census years. For the decade as a whole the percentage of increase in cost of materials, which constitutes by far the greater part of the value of products, was, however, even higher than that in value of products. Table 36 HATERIALS. Total cost Orain ground or milled, bushels. Wheat Com Rye Buckwheat Barley Oats other PKODUCTS. Total Talne Wheat flour: Barrels , Value White- Barrels Value Graham- Barrels Value y Kye flour: Barrels Value Buckwheat flour: Pounds Value Barley meal: Pounds Value Com meal and com flour: Barrels Value Hominy and grits: Founds Value Feed: Tons (2,000 pounds) Value Oflal: Tons (2,000 pounds) Value All other cereal products — "breakfast foods," oatmeal, rolled oats, etc All other products 1909 1767,676,479 806,247,961 496,480,314 209,281,237 11,503,909 7,156,062 24,509,770 50,241,598 7,075,011 >|««3,684,405 105,756,645 S550,116,254 105,321,969 1548,017,654 434,676 •2,098,600 1,532,139 66,383,538 176,081,891 64,663,561 28,550,952 6486,000 21,552,737 666,941,095 827,987,702 612,509,493 5,132.369 6140,541,915 4,104,042 689,814,427 64,720,106 67,408,016 19M 1899 6619,971,161 754,945,729 494,095,063 178,217,321 11,480,370 6,531,306 18,628,552 45,381,009 612,069 '6713,033,395 104,013,278 6480,258,514 103,608,350 6478,484,601 404,928 61,773,913 1,503,100 65,892,108 175.354.062 64,379,359 68,508,655 6922,884 23,624,693 656,368,556 756,861,398 68,455,420 3,456,786 676,096,127 4,468,626 676,105,532 (•) 64,554,895 6428,116,797 729,061,820 471,306,986 180,573,076 10,068,381 5,490,156 10,067,348 47,175,766 4,360,107 6501,396,804 99,763,777 6333,997,686 ?! 1,443,339 64,145,565 143,190,724 63, 190, 152 91.275,646 6963,710 27,838,811 652,167,739 291,726,145 62,567,084 3,993,080 663,011,421 3,164,408 636,679,196 (') 64,673,751 ' In addition, merchant-ground products, valued at 61,637,228, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry desifcnation. The items covered by this amount were wheat flour, 105,477 barrels, valued at $614,952; com meal, 32,804 barrels, valued at 687,507; rye flour, 2,620 barrels, valued at $12,330; feed. 33,765 tons, valued at 6907,165; and oflal, 627 tons, valued at $15,274; and in addition, "breakfast foods." to the value of $36,978,613, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of food preparations. See note to table on page 513, for custom ground by-products. » In addition, " breakfast foods," to the value of $23,904,952, were made by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of food preparations. » Not reported separately. Rice, cleaning and polishing. — The following table presenting statistics for the cleaning and pohshing of rice includes the quantity of rice milled, whether on a custom or exchange basis or in merchant mills. In 1909 there were 974,747,475 pounds of rice treated, as compared with 398,602,018 pounds in 1899, an increase of 144.5 per cent. The amount for 1909, however, was a httle less than that for 1904. In 1909 there were only 3,873,735 pounds of foreign rough rice treated, as against 39,414,459 pounds in 1899. At- tention is called to the fact that in 1909 whole rice formed 76.3 per cent of the total quantity of cleaned rice and broken rice 23.7 per cent, whereas in 1904 whole rice formed 65.9 per cent and broken rice 34.1 per cent of the cleaned-rice product. Table 37 KouKh rice milled, pounds. Domestic Foreign Total value. Clean rice: Pounds Value Whole- Pounds Value Broken— Pounds Value Polish: Pounds Value Bran: Pounds Value Hulls and waste .. All other products 1909 974,747,475 970,873,740 3,873,735 > 622, 371,457 626.089,489 620,685,982 477,589,004 617,398,736 148,500,485 63,287,246 29,821,813 6362,052 91,208,529 6736,215 6166,147 6421,061 1904 999,727,650 990,473,025 9,254,025 618,294,916 023,900,245 615,357,133 411.208,943 612,077,124 212,691,302 63,280,009 33,290,331 6267,647 120,694,130 6501, 193 6116,300 654,583 1899 398,602,018 359,187,559 39,414,459 68,723,726 243,031,200 (•) (•) (') (') (') 15,134,648 (») 69,265,012 (') (') (») • In addition, 48,150 pounds of clean rice, valued at 61.449, were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture oi products other than those covered by the mdustry designation. ' Not reported separately. Slaughtering and meat packing. — Table 38 presents statistics for the wholesale slaughtering and meat- packing industry. It includes the manufacture of sausage when done in connection with slaughtering or meat packing or when carried on in independent establishments, but it does not include the rendering of lard in independent estabhshments or the opera- tions of retail butchers. The cost of all materials reported for the industry was $1,202,827,784 in 1909 and $685,310,099 in 1899, an increase of 75.5 per cent. The total value of products increased from $788,367,647 in 1899 to $1,370,568,101 in 1909, or 73.8 per cent. A portion of the dressed meat reported as material was obtained from slaughtering estabhshments in- cluded in the tabulation, and therefore is duplicated in the total value of products. On account of the higher prices in 1909, the per- centages of increase in value from 1899 to 1909 for the different kinds of products are somewhat greater than the percentages of increase in quantity. This is ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. 478 especially marked in the case of pork, which shows an increase of only 16,421,398 pounds, or less than 1 per cent, from 1899 to 1909, while the value of the product increased $166,376,042, or 51.9 percent. The quantity of lard increased 223,785,765 pounds, or 21.9 per cent, while its value increased $73,256,353, or 119.8 per cent. Table 38 UATERULS. Total cost Animals slaughtered Beeves- Number Cost Weight, pounds— On the hoof... Dressed Calves- Number Cost Weight, pounds— On the hoof... Dressed Sheep- Number Cost Weight, pounds— On the hoof... Dressed Hogs- Number Cost Weight, pounds— On the hoof... Dressed Goats and kids- Number Cost All other Dressed meat, purchased . All other materials PEODUCTS. Total value Beef:« Pounds Value Freeh- Pounds Value Salted or cured— Pounds Value Veal, fresh: Pounds Value Mutton, fresh: Pounds Value Pork: > Pounds..^ Value Freeh- Pounds Value 1909 $1,802,887,784 $960,725,681 8,114,860 $392,127,010 8,265,991,836 4,409,718,922 2,504,728 $25,030,014 419,604,080 262,315,076 12,255,501 $59,924,931 987,566,521 496,640,869 33,870,616 $483,383,848 6,866,832,417 5,201,902,778 33,224 $121,230 $138,548 $93,409,286 $148,692,917 $1,370,568,101 4,335, $339, 4,209, $327, 126, $12, 252, »25, 495, $50, 4,377, $486, 1,547, $158, 674,330 742,608 196,668 683,466 477,662 159,162 997,078 068,886 457,894 735,116 127,187 845, 161 494,184 714,862 1904 $811,426,562 $675,893,676 7,147,835 $289,040,930 7,485,407,944 4,066,264,877 1,568,130 $12,665,567 261,683,672 161,049,581 10,875,339 $44,359,804 930,168,367 464,872,621 30,977,639 $329,765,480 6,586,349,782 6,048,832,850 (') (') $61,905 $53,114,957 $82,416,929 $922,037,588 3,884,952,074 $266,204,676 3,748,065,377 $247,096,724 136,896,697 $8,107,952 154,212,652 $12,856,309 460,754,244 $36,880,466 4,147,834,872 $340,586,644 1,224,932,910 $91,749,323 1809 $685,310,099 $570,183,432 5,625,824 $247,146,262 6,908,165,706 3,222,733,617 883,857 $7,252,645 124,354,340 79,498,483 9, 110, 172 $36,859,832 764,269,802 389,132,646 30,595,522 $278,370,494 6,676,709,331 6,203,280,487 (') (1) $554,299 $64,247,986 $60,878,681 $788,367,647 3,055,241,979 $220,495,401 2,917,653,476 $210,833,647 137,588,603 $9,661,764 84,548,128 $7,709,772 400,812,014 $32,681,457 4,360,705,789 $320,469,119 1,222,007,411 $83,934,324 PBODUCTS— continued . Pork » —Continued . Salted- Pounds Value Hams- Pounds Value Shoulders- Pounds Value Bacon and sides — Pounds Value Sausage, fresh or cured All other fresh meat: Pounds Value Canned goods: Pounds Value Lard: Pounds Value Tallow or oleo stock: Pounds Value Oleo oil: Gallons Value Other oils: Gallons Value Oleomargarine: Pounds Value Stearin: Pounds Value Glue and gelatine: Poimds Value Fertilizers and fertilizer materials: Tons (2,000 pounds) Value Hides: Number Pounds Value Sheep pelts: Number Value Goat and kid skins: Number Value Wool: Pounds Value Amount received for custom or contract work , All other products 1909 952,130,657 $96,959,048 789,861,744 $101,089,390 346,294,769 $33,226,458 741,345,933 $97,856,403 $59,664,682 267,809,083 $16,392,768 121,376,837 $16,345,643 1,243,567,604 $134,396,587 202,844,139 $13,499,669 19,692,172 $16,475,726 11,343,186 $6,360,745 42,912,466 $5,963,981 54.957,997 $6,871,936 27,936,035 $1,944,338 362, 136 $8,726,818 9,560,138 604,663,930 $68,401,515 11,691,308 $11,404,556 33,359 $20,679 21,858,926 $8,327,096 $1,329,739 $93,170,064 1904 1,558,886,266 $116,626,710 1,364,015,706 $132,210,611 $33,179,235 124,307,681 $9,579,718 (') $16,114,665 1,169,086,400 $82,540,964 0) 0) 19,454,799 $10,201,911 4,893,133 $2,695,951 ?i s 17,626,456 $1,087,719 369,074 $7,204,061 8,039,204 456,443,857 $44,206,107 11,344,644 $8,964,643 (') 16,377,333 $5,229,521 $198,825 $55,406,064 1899 1,371,384,691 $88,363,629 1,767,313,787 $148,171,168 $25,982,709 80,387,411 $7,810,653 112,443,021 $9,166,931 1,019,781,839 $61,140,234 (1) 19,111,120 $11,482,542 8,240,569 $3,438,358 ?! 168,506 $3,300,042 6,249,414 335,968,207 $33,883,026 (>) 0) ^'} (') 13,176,685 $3,334,439 $141,154 $47,331,910 • Figures not available. Sugar. — ^Tables 39, 40, and 41 show the quantity and value of the products made from sugar beets and sugar cane of domestic growth, and the quantity of beets grown and the acreage devoted to this crop. They do not include statistics for maple sugar and sirup, or for sirup produced on farms from sugar and sorghum cane, or the data for establishments engaged primarily in the refining of cane sugar or molasses. The value of products of the domestic beet- sugar and cane-sugar mills amounted to $77,991,683. In 1909 the value of products of the refineries above mentioned aggregated $248,628,659. Of this value the cost of materials, which consist chiefly of raw sugar imported from Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the Phihppines, represented 90.9 per cent. The ' Includes only the products specified. combined value of products of all establishments producing raw or refined sugar was $326,620,342 in 1909. This amount includes some duplication in the case of raw sugar produced by cane mills and used as material for the refineries. As shown by Tables 39, 40, and 41, the total pro- duction of sugar in 1909 from beets and cane of domestic growth was 828,540 tons, of which beet sugar consti- tuted 60.6 per cent and cane sugar 39.4 per cent. The output of beet sugar increased more than five- fold in quantity since 1899, while the production of cane sugar, for which statistics for previous censuses can not be presented in comparable form, has in- creased but slightly. The ton of 2,000 founds is used in showing quantities. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 479 Table 39 1909 Tons. Value. Xotal $77,991,683 48,122,383 29,869,300 828,540 501,682 326,858 72,033,302 Beet 45,937,629 26,095,673 5,958,381 Beet 2,184,754 3,773,627 The following table presents the statistics for the beet-sugar industry for the censuses of 1909, 1904, and 1899: Table 40 Acreaee of sugar beeti, total planted. Directly by factory By tenants of factory On contract by others than tenants of factory Beets used, tons Grown directly by factory Grown by tenants of factory Grown on contract by others than tenants of factory PRODUCTS. Total valne. Sugar: Granulated- Tons Value Raw- Tons Value Molasses or sirup: Gallons Value Beet pulp All other products. 1909 415,964 29,459 18, 166 368,339 8,966,356 26C, 71.8 163, 843 3,534,745 $48,122,383 496,807 •45,645,810 4,875 1291,819 20,812,747 •1,129,905 •795,900 •258,949 1904 240,757 20,484 20,223 200,050 2,176,417 lli9, 839 210,247 1,795,331 •24,393,794 248,309 •23,493,373 5,612 •431,229 9,609,542 •221,097 •202,070 •46,025 1899 135,305 10, 239 13, 074 111,992 794,658 23,241 95,071 676,346 •7,323,857 57,843 •5,580,527 2.3,886 •1,642,054 13,551,856 •25,102 •21,822 •54,352 Table 4 1 > Includes quantities for which no value could be given; also wastage. The statistics for cane mills for 1909 are shown in detail in Table 41. 1909 Total valae Sugar: ' Tons Value Vacuum pan — Tons Value Brown (open-kettle process) — Tons Value Molasses (liquid product from which more or less sugar has been extracted): Gallons Value Sirup (liquid product from which no sugar has been extracted): Gallons , Value » All other products ' 1 •30,620,788 326,858 $26,095,673 323,180 $25,794,287 3,678 $301,386 24, 587, 581 $2, 845, 659 1,449,860 $365,632 $1,313,874 » Does not include the operations of four establishments which manufacture sugar, two of which were operated in coimection with penal institutions and two of which were engaged primarily in the manufacture of^products other than those covered by the Industry designation. The output of these establishments was 7,281 tons of sugar and 693,302 gallons of molasses. > Cane sugar manufactured direct from cane, not including the reflning of raw sugar purchased . * The value of sirup produced by establishments which manufacture no sugar is included under "All other products." TEXTILES, Statistics are presented for several branches of the textile and allied manufacturing industries, designated as follows: Carpets and rugs, other than rag; cordage and twine and jute and linen goods; cotton goods, in- cluding cotton small wares; hats, fur-felt; hosiery and knit goods; oilcloth and linoleum; shoddy; silk and silk goods, including throwsters; and woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats. Table 42 shows the development of the textile industry since 1850. It covers all the industries mentioned above except the manufacture of fur-felt hats and of oilcloth and linoleum, for which statistics are shown in separate tables, and also includes the dyeing and finishing of textiles. Table 42 1909 (census 1904 (census 1899 (census 1889 (census 1879 (census 1869 (census 1859 (census 1849 (census of 1910) of 1905) of 1900) of 1890) of 1880) of 1870) Of 1860) of 1850) Number of estab- lish- ments. 5,352 4,737 4,521 4,420 4,143 4,855 3,058 3,025 NUHBES ENOAOED IN INDDSTEY.l Salaried employees. 31,208 24,372 17,024 « 10,851 Wage earners (average number). 881,128 742,529 664,429 520,196 « 387,557 275,655 194,394 146,877 Capital. $1,841,242,131 1,351,451,715 1,049,636,201 772,673,605 414,179,946 298,611,518 150,205,852 112,513,947 Salaries. $49,123,634 32,862,121 23,532,773 '12,743,405 (') (') (•) ') Wages. $335,398,736 250,514,233 210,069,411 169,422,053 105,642,824 86,784,211 40,410,946 (») Cost of materials. $992,635,299 753,174,981 527,209,771 454,272,489 306,495,799 354,452,813 113,082,036 76,715,959 Value of products. $1,684,636,499 1,225,686,444 940,052,688 768,357,254 538,401,222 522,312,413 215,166,444 128,769,971 Value added by manufacture. $695,001,200 472,511,463 412,842,917 314,084,766 231,905,423 167,859,600 102,084,408 52,054,012 1 Not inchiding proprietors and firm members. « Includes proprietors and firm members with their salaries. • Not reported separately. < Includes 2,115 officers and clerks whose salaries were not reported. ' Not reported fully. The combined products of the industry in 1909 were valued at $1,684,636,499, an increase of $744,583,811, or 79.2 per cent, over the total for 1899. The total includes considerable duphcation of values, but probably no more, relatively, than at previous censuses. The percentage of increase since 1899 is the highest for any decade since that from 1859-1869. In 1909 cotton goods contributed 37.3 per cent of the value of all products represented in the total; the products of the woolen industries, including carpets and rugs, 30.1 per cent; hosiery and knit goods, 11.9 per cent; silk goods, 11.7 per cent; cordage and twine and jute and linen goods, 3.6 per cent; shoddy, four-tenths of 1 per cent; and the dyeing and finishing of textiles by independent estabhshments, 5 per cent. 480 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. The following table gives the number of producing spindles in active textile mills at the time of each cen- sus from 1869 to 1909, inclusive. It does not include spindles in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than textiles, nor spin- dles employed on flax, hemp, jute, and allied fibers, of which latter class 142,169 were returned in 1909. Table 43 NTTMBEB OF SPINDLES. Total.. Cotton. SUk. Woolen. Worsted. 1909 (censusof 1910).. 1904 (censusof 1905).. 1899 (census of 1900).. 1889(censu80fl890).. 1879 (census of 1880).. ISeO (census of 1870).. 33,866,479 28,721,742 23,901,557 118,092,133 » 13,170,743 » 9,338,953 28,178,862 23,672,064 19,463,984 14,384,180 10,653,435 7,280,800 1,777,962 1,394,020 1,213,493 718,360 262,312 12,040 2,156,849 2,456,389 2,229,181 2,332,269 1,915,070 1,845,496 1,752,806 1,199,269 994,899 657,324 339,926 200,617 1 Includes some accessory spindles, except for silk. The percentage of increase in the total number of spindles was greater from 1899 to 1909 than for any other decade shown. In 1909 cotton spindles formed 83.2 per cent of the total number, silk spindles 5.2 per cent, and woolen and worsted spindles combined 11.5 per cent. In 1909 cotton spindles represented a slightly larger proportion of all spindles than in 1904 and 1899 and woolen and worsted spindles a slightly smaller proportion. The loom equipment of active establishments at the time of the several censuses, beginning with that of 1869, is presented in the following table. It does not include looms in establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than textiles, nor looms employed on flax, hemp, jute, and similar fibers. Cotton looms operated by power formed 80.6 per cent of the total number of power looms in 1909; silk looms, 9.1 per cent; and those employed in the woolen industry, which includes the manufacture of woolen and worsted goods and carpets and rugs, 10.2 per cent. In 1899 the corresponding percentages were 79.5 for cotton looms, 7.7 for silk, and 12.8 for those in the woolen industries. Table 44 CLASS or LOOMS AND CENSUS. Power: 1909 1 19041 18991 18891 18791 18691 Hand: 1909 1904 1899 1889 1879 1809 census of 1910) census of 1905) census of 1900) census of 1890) census of 1880) census of 1870) (census (census (census (census (census (census of 1910) of 1905) of 1900) of 1890) of 1880) of 1870) NUMBER OF LOOMS. Total. 825,478 096,785 573,214 412,441 285,494 200,791 248 1,039 1,311 4,823 7,929 4,163 Used in the manufacture of— Cotton 665,652 559,781 455,752 324,866 227,383 157,748 ^'> C) (■) (') (') (') Silk goods. 75,406 69,775 44,257 20,822 5,321 1,281 (») 283 173 1,747 3,153 188 Woolen goods. 33,148 38, 104 36,734 38,523 32,955 34,183 Worsted goods. 39,476 28, 123 26,630 19, 929 11,703 6,128 41 66 83 448 781 (') Carpets and rugs. 11,796 11,002 9,841 8,301 8,132 1,451 207 690 1,055 2,628 3,995 3,975 1 Not reported. * Included with power looms. Carpets and mgs.— The following table presents statistics for the manufacture of carpets and exclusive of rag and grass carpets and rugs. rugs, Table 45 MATEBIALS. Total cost Wool, in condition purchased: Pounds Cost....i Equivalent of above in scoured con- di tion, pounds Animal hair: Pounds Cost Cotton: Pounds Cost Partly manufactured materials not made in mill reporting: Waste and noils- Pounds Cost Yarns- Woolen — Pounds Cost Worsted — Pounds Cost Cotton- Pounds Cost Linen — Pounds Cost Jute, ramie, and other vegetable fiber — Pounds Cost Chemicals and dyestuffs All other materials. PRODUCTS. Total valne Carpets: Square yards Value Axminster and Moquette Square yards Value Wilton- Square yards Value Brussels- Square yards Value Tapestry velvet- Square yards Value Tapestry Brussels- Square yards Value Ingrain — Square yards Value Rugs, woven whole: Square yards Value Axminster and Moquette- Square yards Value Wilton- Square yards Value Brussels — Square yards Value Tapestry velvet- Square yards Value Tapestry Brussels — Square yards Value Ingrain art squares- Square yards Value Smyrna — Squareyards Value other- Square yards Value All other products . MACHINERY. Sets of cards , Woolen Worsted Cotton Spindles Producing Doubling and twisting. Looms, all classes 1909 $39,563,004 64,135,020 $11,752,396 51,474,353 5,400,944 $474,057 5, 147, 130 $533, .302 2,732,034 $513,392 25,718,747 $5,036,118 11,292,749 $5,588,915 26,166,241 $4,772,594 8,792,876 $1,606,009 55,592,343 $3,926,694 $1,729,492 $3,630,035 ' $71,188,162 57,176,729 $48,475,889 12,507,261 $13,680,806 4,676,368 $8,737,768 3,960,626 $5,216,607 » 6, 927, 198 » $5, 514, 130 11,405,514 $8,576,906 17,799,762 $6,749,67* 24,042,152 $18,490,449 3,184,097 $3,691,900 767,248 $1,381,562 475,831 $333,582 3,732,972 $3,613,063 5,672,962 $4,422,427 6,131,862 $2,408,960 1,400,233 $1,660,322 2,676,947 $1,078,633 $4,221,814 745 456 180 109 252,096 211,472 40,624 12,271 1904 $37,947,954 51,320,521 $10,431,146 31,551,895 6,805,802 $593,588 1,997,369 $251, 112 2,172,481 $341,309 32,431,400 $6,648,001 11,355,993 $5,405,072 27,421,831 $4,757,850 8,228,200 $1,355,892 49,119,558 $3,404,516 $1,467,476 $3,291,992 1 $61,586,433 66,426,033 $43,991,125 6,413,686 $6,368,757 1,297,872 $2,726,667 3,024,162 $3,898,675 •8,033,288 '$7,754,681 14,099,074 $9,955,043 33,557,951 $13,287,302 16,244,810 $12,870,650 1,767,920 $2,107,383 1,097,186 $1,983,777 ?i 2,009,834 $1,509,673 7,135,546 $2,785,457 3,828,282 $4,134,500 406,042 $349,860 $4,724,658 389 238 59 255,347 211,331 44,016 13,863 1899 $48,192,361 2,686,493 $2,979,867 4,280,066 $3,743,363 8,737,449 $5,520,665 39,920,849 $14,368,930 12,171,289 $8,146,232 327,598 $342,262 339,784 $545,967 (') (•) (») 18,750 $9,000 2,722,323 $1,175,951 3,651,661 $3,680,618 6,111,173 $2,391,434 $4,641,193 <468 209,206 167, 123 42,083 12,511 » In addition, in 1909 carpets and rugs, to the value of $479,161 , and in 1904, to the value of $70,000, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufactur* of products other than those covered by the industry designation. * Includes Wilton velvet. ' Not reported separately. * Not reported fully. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. The aggregate production of carpets and rugs increased from 76,410,050 square yards in 1899 to 81,218,881 square yards in 1909, or only 6.3 per cent, but the value of the output increased from $43,551,158 in 1899 to $66,966,338 in 1909, or 53.8 per cent. The increase has been in all classes of rugs except Smyrna and "other rugs" and in all classes of carpets except ingrain. The cost of materials used increased at a rate almost equal to that of the value of products. The total carpet product decreased 1 1 per cent in quantity during the decade, but increased 36.9 per cent in value. The output of pUe carpets increased 61.9 per cent in quantity and 98.3 per cent in value, while that of woven ply or ingrain carpets decreased 55.4 per cent in quantity and 53 per cent in value. The production of rugs woven whole increased 97.5 per cent in quantity and 127 per cent in value. More than two-thirds of the fiber material used in the manufacture of carpets is yam purchased, and to the extent that this yarn is manufactured by carpet miUs there is a duplication in the products. ' Cordage and twine and jute and linen goods. — ^Table 46 presents statistics for the manufacture of cordage and twine and jute and linen goods, including nets and seines, but does not include the figures for these classes of goods produced in penal institutions or in establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of prod- ucts other than those covered by the industry desig- nation. The principal products manufactured in this coun- try from flax, hemp, and jute fibers are twine, rope, and thread, and yarns for sale to estabhshments using chiefly cotton, wool, and sUk fibers. The production of linen toweling and other linen woven goods increased decidedly between 1899 and 1909, but this item is not shown separately in the table, because a very large proportion of the total product is manufactured by one estabhshment. The output of gunny bagging decreased from 74,090,760 square yards in 1899 to 69,311,288 square yards in 1909, while its value increased from $3,462,479 to $3,507,482. The aggregate rope and twine product in 1909 was 504,020,697 pounds, valued at $42,864,658, as compared with 343,656,384 pounds, valued at $31,250,468, in 1899. In 1899 cotton rope and twine formed 3 per cent of the total output of the cordage and twine industry, and in 1909, 7.4 per cent. This class of products increased 260.6 per cent in quantity and 372.9 per cent in value during the dec- ade, while rope and twine of all other fiber increased 40 per cent in quantity and 21.6 per cent in value. In addition to the cotton rope and twine product included in the figures given above, 21,319,678 pounds, valued at $3,581,917, were made in 1909 in mills engaged primarily in the manufacture of cotton goods. 72497°— 13- — 31 + Table 46 MATERIALS. Total cost. Hard fibers: Sisal and manila hemp — Pounds Cost Other kinds — Pounds Cost Soft fibers: Jute — Pounds Cost Jute butts- Pounds Cost Flax and flax tow- Pounds Cost Hemp and hemp tow — Pounds Cost Cotton: Pounds Cost Yams, purchased: Cotton- Pounds Cost Flax hempjute, and ramie- Pounds Cost All other materials . Total ndne. Rope and binder twine Sisal- Pounds Value Manila — Pounds Value Cotton rope — Pounds Value Jute rope — Pounds Value AU other- Pounds Value Twine, not including binder Cotton- Pounds Value Jute- Pounds Value Henip— Pounds Value Flax- Pounds Value Flax or hemp mixed with jute- Pounds Value Yams for sale Jute- Pounds Value Flax and hemp — Pounds Value other- Pounds Value Linen thread: Pounds Value Gunny bagging: Square yards. Value Jute carpets and rugs: Square yards Value All other products . 190» 140,914,810 335,460,574 $19,314,306 17,222,998 $707,802 121,992,427 $4,134,265 138,364,122 $2,033,176 26,954,785 $3,174,609 19,724,070 $1,496,125 27,624,490 $2,922,933 7,077,959 $1,291,699 2,676,367 $445,378 $5,394,617 I $61,019,986 $33,930,306 225,756,526 $15,960,280 150,169,682 $12,892,347 16,760,763 $3,011,613 27,749,512 $1,566,160 7,767,561 $499,906 $8,934,352 20,412,631 $3,518,036 35,516,217 $2,557,744 8,013,349 $1,091,291 2,967,053 $830,969 8,907,403 $936,312 $5,434,037 62,512,247 $4,361,550 5,486,891 $982,742 732,120 $89,745 6,530,503 $3,407,008 69,311,288 $3,507,482 2,206,114 $549,221 $5,257,580 1 In addition, cordage and twine and jute and linen goods to the value of $890,629 were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manuf^tura of products other than those covered by the industry designation. • Not reported. 482 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. — Table 47 presents the statistics for cotton manufactures, not including cotton hosiery and knit goods. The aggregate value of cotton woven goods manu- factured, exclusive of narrow weaves, such as tape and webbing, was $456,089,401 in 1909, compared with $243,253,155 in 1899, an increase of 87.5 per cent for the decade. The rate of increase, however, in quan- tity was very much less, 6,348,568,593 square yards of woven goods being reported in 1909, compared with 4,523,430,616 in 1899, an increase of 40.3 per cent. The output of almost every class of woven goods increased during the decade. The total production of yarn in cotton mills in 1909 was 2,040,290,743 pounds, of which 470,370,995 pounds, valued at $109,314,953, were made for sale. Part of this yarn was sold to other cotton mills, thus involving duplication in the total value of prod- ucts for the industry. Some of it was sold to woolen and silk mills and a large quantity to knitting mills. Table 47 Total cost. Cotton: Pounds... Cost Domestic- Pounds. . . Cost Foreign- Pounds... Cost Cotton yarn: Pounds Cost Cotton waste: Pounds Cost Starch: Pounds Cost Chemicals and dyestufls. All other materials PRODUCTS. Total value Woven goods: Square yards Value Plain cloths for printing or con- verting- Square yards Value Brown or bleached sheetings and shirtings — Square yards Value Twills and sateens- Square yards Value Fancy woven fabrics- Square yards Value Ginghams- Square yards Value Duck- Square yards Value Drills- Square yards Value Ticks, denims, and stripes — Square yards Value Cottonades — Square yards Value 1909 1371,009,470 2,335,344,906 $274,724,210 2,269,312,974 $261,547,820 76,031,932 $13,176,390 126,707,003 $34,384,791 80,044,061 $4,225,790 71,774,574 $2,114,756 $4,886,514 $50,673,409 1 $628,391,813 6,348,568,593 $456,089,401 2,224,677,848 $111,097,889 1,484,353,529 $88,802,985 388,314,961 $34,274,107 426,710,359 $47,498,713 537,430,463 $37,939,040 162,476,322 $27,485,892 238,869,407 $17,750,151 264,870,508 $27,350,162 25,676,286 $3,343,533 1901 $286,255,303 1,876,437,150 $222,212,749 1,832,736,744 $214,615,844 43,700,406 $7,596,905 105,411,516 $24,611,200 76,678,645 $3,814,290 54,489,534 $1,506,804 $4,573,375 $29,536,885 $450,467,704 5,110,308,812 $324,747,837 1,818,216,172 $80,311,612 1,172,309,182 $61,253,376 366,142,513 $23,701,305 306,254,685 $28,486,342 302,316,132 $22,471,867 122,601,212 $17,005,982 194,735,303 $12,596,063 256,375,486 $23,797,578 25,362,346 $2,998,971 1S99 $176,651,627 1,817,643,390 $125,169,616 1,761,798,458 $119,098,443 55,844,932 $6,071,173 94,692,864 $17,622,568 41,234,900 $1,515,591 53,800,734 $1,227,010 $5,718,107 $25,298,635 $339,200,320 4,523,430,616 $243,253,155 1,581,613,827 $57,780,940 1,212,403,048 $55,513,032 235,860,518 $14,301,302 237,841,603 $21,066,310 278,392,708 $16,179,200 129,234,076 $14,263,008 237,206,549 $11,862,794 181,800,853 $16,446,633 26,323,947 $2,791,431 PRODUCTS— continued . Woven goods— Continiied. Napped fabrics- Square yards Value Corduroy, cotton, velvet, and plush- Square yards Value.. Mosquito and other netting — Square yards Value Upholstering goods — Square yards Value Tapestries (piece goods and curtains)— Square yards , Value Lace and lace curtains- Square yards Value Other- Square yards Value Bags and bagging- Square yards. . ; Value Cotton towels and toweling— Square yards Value 1909 Tape and webbing . . . Yarns for sale: Pounds Value Thread: Pounds Value Twine: Pounds Value Cordage and rope: Pounds Value Cotton waste for sale: Poimds Value All other products MACHINERY. Producing spindles, number. Looms, all classes, number... 305,655,804 $25,695,367 19,706,438 $6,965,634 59,100,819 $2,103,560 94,840,051 $14,882,842 10,657,385 $4,723,907 81,007,314 $8,922,082 3,175,352 $1,236,853 63,107,568 $4,862,451 52,778,170 $6,037,075 $5,531,674 470,370,995 $109,314,953 23,700,967 $20,516,269 13,715,771 $2,417,391 7,603,907 $1,164,526 310,513,348 $10,874,386 $22,483,213 27,425,608 665,049 1904 330,808,140 $26,108,315 16,014,556 84,790,573 36,232,918 $794,953 66,692,212 $12,111,698 9,605,006 $4,242,506 53,511,222 $7,208,211 2,476,984 5660,981 57,067,663 $3,953,732 40,280,292 $4,365,470 $4,060,488 364,634,753 $79,939,687 17,163,741 $15,043,043 7,301,589 $1,428,994 C) 247,649,640 $10,062,057 $15,186,598 23, 195. 143 559,296 1899 268,862,716 $18,231,044 7,961,523 $2,682,017 41,885,023 8875,868 61,314,609 $8,705,384 10,166,638 $4,168,600 37, 826, 198 $3,585,138 3,322,873 $961,646 32,739,616 $2,654,192 (^) h $2,521,402 332,302,621 $55,216,066 15,907,068 $11,908,671 11,642,718 $1,646,611 270,862,613 $5,563,570 $19,190,845 19,050,952 456,752 by thl'taSry°302 24,286 33,235 1,051 284 > Not f oUy reported. Hats, fur-felt and wool-felt. — The total output in 1909 of establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of fur-felt or wool-felt hats was 42,962,508 hats of all varieties, valued at $47,089,253; in 1904 it was 36,695,952 hats, valued at $36,604,304; and in 1899, 32,325,564 hats, valued at $28,546,867. Fur-felt hats, generally known as felt hats, formed 83.5 per cent of the total number in 1909 and 69.9 per cent in 1899, while wool-felt hats, generally known as wool hats, formed 16.5 per cent of the total in 1909 and 30.1 per cent in 1899. There is some duplication in value of products, due to the use of felt hat bodies and hats in the rough made at one estabhshment as material at another. The following table gives the quantity and value of the materials and products of the fur-felt hat industry m 1909, 1904, and 1899. The products increased in value 72.1 per cent during the decade, and the number of fibnished hats increased 58.8 per cent. Table 49 1909 1904 1899 MATERIALS. Total cost $22,109,231 8,645,576 $9,278,922 406,447 $2,575,248 $843,587 $9,411,474 1 $47,864,630 2,989,252 $43,442,466 366,370 $2,703,738 $1,164,872 $553,554 $15,976,206 6,718,359 $6,743,936 211,760 $1,351,372 $1,140,281 $6,739,617 1 $36,629,363 2,611,875 $34,314,234 88,986 $660,959 $1,093,361 $560,799 $13,613,668 6,166,269 $6,376,991 148,212 Uatters' fur: Cost Fur-felt hat bodies and hats In the rough: Dozens Cost $882 986 Chemicals and dyestufls $656,794 $5,596,897 $27,811,187 1,882,372 $25,385,506 165,010 $992,730 $941,032 $491,919 All other materials PRODUCTS. Total value Fur-felt hats: Dozens Value Fur-felt hat bodies and hats in the rough: Dozens Value All other products Work on materials for others ' In addition, in 1909, fur-felt hats, to the value of $806,601, and In 1904, to the value of $333,441, were made by estal)lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry designation. The statistics for the manufacture of wool-felt hats are given in the following table. The increase in the total value of all products for the decade was 22.1 per cent. The output of finished wool hats in 1909, though greater than in 1904, showed a decrease of 27.2 per cent as compared with 1899. Table &0 190» 1904 188» UATESIALa. Total cost $2,47S,86S 1,203,498 $404,127 989, 110 1,281,764 $661,172 21,864 $83,020 $104,503 $1,219,441 1 $4,888,411 590,957 $3,646,787 53,896 $309,492 $426, 132 $1,369,810 1,633.525 $495,594 1,231,576 287,363 $119,407 12,089 $25,997 $63,005 $664,907 $2,467,266 446,121 $2,290,070 18,587 $100,491 $66,705 $8,048,203 2,713,374 $788,973 1,898,605 862,982 $370, 792 Wool, in condition purchased: Pounds Cost Equivalent of above in scoured con- dition, pounds Wool waste and noils: Pounds Cost Wool-felt hat bodies and hats in the rough: Dozens 4 939 Cost $13 920 Chemicals and dyestufls $108,502 $760,015 $3,691,940 811 425 All other materials PRODUCTS. Total value Wool-felt hats: Dozens Value $3,16i;361 56,006 Wool-felt hat bodies and hats In the rough: Value $120, 262 All other products $310,317 > In addition, wool-felt hats, to the value of $904,643, were made by establishments engaged primarily In the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. Hosiery and knit goods. — Table 51, presenting the statistics for hosiery and knit goods, includes hand- knit as well as machine-knit goods. The total cost of materials in the hosiery and knit- goods industry was $110,241,053 in 1909, $76,789,348 in 1904, and $51,195,330 in 1899. The cost of cotton and cotton yarn represented 51.7 per cent of the total cost of material used in 1909, 52.4 per cent in 1904, and 50.3 per cent in 1899. A portion of the yam re- ported as material was purchased from other establish- 484 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. ments included in this classification and is therefore duphcated in the value of products. The increase in the total cost of materials in 1909 over the cost fox 1899 was 1 15.3 per cent, and the increase in the total value of products was 108.8 per cent. Of the total value of the products, shirts and drawers contributed 34.8 per cent in 1909 and 47.7 per cent in 1899, while hosiery contributed 34.3 per cent in 1909 and 28.6 per cent in 1899. The hosiery product increased in value from $27,420,029 in 1899 to $68,721,825 in 1909, or 150.6 per cent, and shirts and drawers from $45,675,594 to $69,592,817, or 52.4 per cent. Sweaters, cardigan jackets, etc., show the largest relative increase in value for the decade, and combination suits the next largest, the value of the former increasing from $3,498,837 to $22,430,817, or more than fivefold, and that of the latter from $3,691,847 to $14,853,536, or about threefold. Table 51 IfATEBIALS. Total cost Cotton: Pounds Cost Wool, in condition purchased: Pounds Cost Equivalent of above In scoured condition, pounds Shoddy, purchased: Pounds Cost Wool waste and noils, purchased: Pounds Cost Ytuns, purchased: Cotton- Pounds Cost Worsted- Pounds Cost Woolen- Pounds Cost Merino — Pounds Cost Silk and spun sills: — Pounds.'. Cost Chemicals and dyestuffs. All other materials Yamt made in mill for tue therein. Cotton, pounds . . . Woolen, pounds. . Worsted, pounds. Merino, pounds. . . Total value , Hosiery: Dozen pairs Value Cotton, merino, and woolen — Hose- Dozen pairs Value Cotton- Dozen pairs Value Merino or mixed — Dozen pairs Value Woolen or worsted- Dozen i)airs Value Half hose — Dozen pairs Value Cotton- Dozen pairs Value Merino or mixed — Dozen pah-s Value Woolen or worsted — Dozen paira Value 1909 1110,241,093 75,416,023 S8, 803, 509 7,068,788 $2,919,055 5,582,839 7,482,553 $919,970 8,586,261 $2,813,129 216,987,611 $48, 165, 749 10,370,004 $10, 116, 325 6, 140, 265 $3,834,094 4,014,609 $2,667,051 982, 753 $3,606,599 $2,541,939 $23,853,633 69,171,277 8,316,349 223,404 20,856,989 ■$200,143,527 62,825,069 $68, 721, 825 34,499,562 $37,903,011 32, 499, 104 $34,078,622 834,029 $1,466,283 1, 166, 429 $2,358,106 27,891,093 $27,218,398 24,805,917 $21, 831; 365 2,023,641 $3,299,912 1,061,535 $2,087,121 1904 $76,789,348 50,586,760 $5,869,317 17,300,616 $6, 153, 858 13,909,144 7,489,358 $923, 719 6,020,459 $1,711,669 161.500,466 $34; 372, 910 8,789,570 $7,457,690 4,839,343 $2,798,454 2,568,890 $1, 118, 999 320,671 $1,200,259 $1,677,252 $13,505,221 39,954, i $137,076,454 44, 186, 063 $44,113,260 25,999,813 $26,152,043 24, 169, 804 $22,764,799 746,226 $1, 182, 164 1,083,783 $2,205,080 18, 144, 185 $17,438,914 15, 223, 243 $11,821,830 1,611,066 $2,214,678 1,309,876 $3,402,406 1899 $51,195,330 49,451,301 $3,561,592 17,953,907 $5,262,135 13,031,308 3,770,626 $488, 792 5,276,454 $1,487,907 131,820,068 $22,204,918 5,823,215 $4,865,304 2,621,893 $1,257,587 1,981,484 $642,535 266,247 $946, 801 $1,023,161 $9,454,598 $95,833,692 29,903,899 $27,420,029 16, 641, 769 $16,203,372 15,028,173 $13, 275, 732 436,891 $659,959 1,176,705 $2,267,681 13,249,558 $11,030,244 11,352,081 $7,906,945 957,520 $1,384,764 939,957 $1,738,535 PEODUCTS— continued. Hosiery— Continued. SUk— Dozen pairs Value Shirts and drawers: Dozens Value All cotton — Dozens Value Merino or mixed — Dozens Value All wool- Dozens Value Silk and silk mixed — Dozens Value Combination suits: Dozens Value All cotton — Dozens Value Merino or mixed — Dozens Value All wool- Dozens Value Silk or silk mixed — Dozens Value Sweaters, cardigan jackets, etc.: Dozens Value Gloves and mittens: Dozen pairs Val ue Hoods, scarfs, nubias, etc.: Dozens Value Shawls: Dozens Value Boot and shoe linings: Square yards Value Yams for sale Cotton — Pounds Value , Woolen, worsted, and merino — Pounds , Value , All other products MACHINERY. Sets of cards Cotton Woolen Worsted Spindles Producing Doubling and twisting Knitting machines, all classes Sewing machines, all classes 1909 434, 414 $3,600,416 25,337,779 $69,592,817 22,567,121 $50,007,598 2,536,473 $17,055,624 178, 163 $1,820,521 56,022 $709,074 2,473,103 $14,853,536 2,047,637 $9,713,597 364,387 $4,217,432 50,102 $683,289 10,977 $239,218 2,221,410 $22,430,817 2,527,889 $7,296,887 888,223 $3,217,985 218,923 $916,294 9, 726, 770 $1,209,464 $1,785,531 7,457,412 $1,568,417 488,322 $217, 114 $10, 118, 371 2,681 1,827 844 10 736, 774 729,935 6,&39 115,019 43,885 1904 42,065 $522,303 19. 723, 141 $56, 643, 860 17,107,958 $39, 658, 762 2,113,810 $13,031,754 485,328 $3,647,934 16,045 $305, 410 1,440,420 $6,793,947 1,260,301 $4,478,664 105.242 $1,199,949 68,067 $965,132 6,810 $150, 202 811,629 $8,345,369 2.260,508 $5,556,260 589,315 $1,774,862 435,306 $1,293,348 11,768,961 $1,249,401 $1,000,083 3.304,615 $654, 234 491.559 $345,849 $10,306,064 2,001 1,000 977 24 603,180 596,362 6,818 88,374 30, 410 1899 12,572 $186,413 15, 873, 700 $45,675,594 12,058,431 $26,882,902 2,675,416 $13,293,829 1,085,049 $4,980,818 54,807 $518,045 986, 855 $3,691,847 824, 632 $2,240,566 139,994 $1, 133, 328 9,501 $201,667 12,728 $116, 286 594,090 $3,498,837 1,898.587 $4,244,046 343,429 $1,002,392 157, 622 $328,720 10, 406. 440 $2,205,003 $498, 790 2, 419, 282 $422,100 134,529 $76,690 $7,268,434 1,161 0) 1,161 (>) 521,871 510, 172 11,699 89,047 24,535 1 Not reported. « In addition, in 1909, hosiery and knit goods, to the value of $2,975,749, and In 1904, to the value of $1,579,6S3, were made by establlshmenls engaged prlmarUy in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. Oilclotli and linoleum. — ^Table 52 presents the sta- tistics of the production of oilcloth, linoleum, and artificial leather. Artificial leather, which at former censuses was included under upholstering materials, was reported separately for the first time at the census of 1909. At the census of 1899 oilcloth and linoleum were not reported in detail, but the total value of these products was $11,402,620. This had increased to $13,977,137 in 1904 and to $22,525,940 in 1909. The production of oilcloth in 1909 was in the aggregate 96,862,068 square yards and in 1904 71,057,684 square yards, an increase for the five years of 36.3 per cent. The linoleum product increased rela- tively much more; it amounted to 30,676,254 square yards in 1909 and 16,891,462 square yards in 1904, an increase of 81.6 per cent. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. Table 53 Total value OUcloth Floor- Square yards Value. ." Enameled — Square yards Value Table- Square yards Value Linoleum Linoleum, Including cork carpet- Square yards Value Inlaid linoleum- Square yards Value Artificial leather: Square yards Value All other products 1909 ' $26,253,796 $11,681,012 18,354,851 $3,776,660 17,338,440 $2,265,146 61, 168, 777 $5,639,206 $10,844,928 26,215,979 $7,850,437 4,460,275 $2,994,491 11,869,875 $3, 448, 617 $279,239 1904 $14,792,246 $8,648,337 21,456,615 $3,565,689 11,574,986 $1,542,467 38,026,083 $3,540,181 $5,328,800 14,765,284 $4,223,992 2, 126, f78 $1,104,808 (•) $815, 109 ' In addition, products to the value of $33,328 were reported by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other tnan those covered by the Industry designation. The production of artificial leather is included under '' up- holstering materials" in Table 110. ' Figures not available. -• Shoddy. — The statistics given in the following table relate only to establishments primarily engaged in the manufacture of shoddy, mungo, and wool extract, and do not include those for spinning and weaving mills and hosiery and knit^oods factories which manu- facture shoddy for their own use or for sale. Mills engaged in the cutting of flocks and the cleaning and garnetting of waste are included, as in previous cen- suses. The total cost of materials used was S5,000,706 in 1909, and the total value of the products was $7,446,364, both of these amounts being somewhat larger than in 1899 but smaller than in 1904. The total output of the products specifically classified was 57,888,999 pounds in 1909, 63,787,770 pounds in 1904, and 47,684,714 pounds in 1899. Table 63 UATERULS. Total cost Tailors' clippings, rags, etc.: Pounds Cost Waste and noils of wool, mohair, camel's hair, etc.: Pounds Cost Wool, in condition purchased: Pounds Cost Equivalent of above in scoured con- dition, pounds Chemicals and dyestuffs. All other materials Total valne.... Shoddy and mungo: Pounds Value Wool extract: Pounds Value Waste: Pounds Value Flocks: Pounds Value All other products Work on materials for others. MACHINEET. Pickers, number. Gamett machines, number. 1909 $6,000,706 64,561,713 $3,051,045 7,567,679 $917,976 237,097 $98,032 196,097 $138,241 $795,412 > $7,446,864 48,375,724 $5,699,260 5,637,514 $865,528 2,237,748 $275,545 1,638,013 $107,697 $26»,708 $229,626 346 158 1904 $6,0N,781 68,921,097 $4,295,641 8,177,846 $909,754 597,492 $127,927 421,492 $142,455 $579,954 $8,406,425 54,401,295 $6,831,689 6,375,768 $727,912 42,504 $1,544 2,968,203 $143,536 $365,805 $335,939 317 116 1899 $4,875,192 79,623,312 $3,558,706 4,236,028 $693,972 422,349 $127,099 242,997 $111,095 $384,320 $6,730,974 39,014,661 $5,388,378 4,980.825 $620,504 1,608,470 $148,043 2,080,758 $131,894 $151,494 $290,661 (') Silk and silk goods. — The following table, which presents statistics for the manufacture of silk and silk goods, includes data for establishments that make a specialty of throwing and winding silk: Table 54 UATES1A.LS. Silk: Total cost. > In addition, shoddy to the value of $367,278 was made for sale by establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. « Mot reported. Raw- Pounds Cost Spun- Pounds Cost Artificial- Pounds Cost Organziue and tram, purcbasod— Pounds Cost Friiue and floss, including waste, nous, etc., purchased— Pounds Cost Yams, other than sUk: Cotton, including mercerized— Pounds Cost Woolen or worsted- Pounds Cost Mohair- Pounds Cost All other- Pounds Cost Chemicals and dyestufls. All other materials PBODCCTS. Total value Broad silks: Yards Value Plain and fancies— AU silk- Yards Value Silk mixed- Yards Value Jacquard— All silk- Yards Value : Silk mixed- Yards Value , Piece-dyed— AU silk- Yards Value Silk mixed- Yards Value Velvets: Yards Value Plushes: Yards Value Tapestries and upholstery: Yards Value 1909 Ribbons Laces, nets, veils, veiling, etc. ...>■■. Embroideries Fringes and gimps Braids and bindmgs Trimmings Machine twist: Pounds Value Sewing, embroidery, wash, fringe, and lioss silks: Pounds Value Organzine and tram, for sale: Pounds Value Spun silk, for sale: Pounds Value All other products Work done on materials for others . $107,766,916 17,472,204 $67,787,037 2,212,972 $4,848,789 914,494 $1,926,894 3,377,972 $14,679,719 2,402,960 $1,637,187 14,111,878 $5,811,582 010,588 $765,989 710, 108 $640,529 353,780 $456,597 $1,062,313 $8,150,280 •$196,911,667 $133,288,072 1904 $75,861,188 11,572,783 $45,318,416 1,951,201 $4,310,001 466, 151 $1,623,473 3,236,744 $14,552,425 » 49,811 1 $187, 159 9,018,295 $3,057,989 443,155 $409,867 138,389 $137,097 130,930 $108,841 $666,992 $5,488,868 185,707,316 $107,881,146 81,934,158 $53,282,704 24,742,556 $14,207,801 13,249,090 $9,835,345 6,043,686 $3,473,799 19,693,393 $11,353,242 40,044,4.33 $15, 728, 195 10,093,583 $4,767,990 2,759,411 $2, 104, 768 226,717 $382,820 $32,744,873 $1,350,850 $485,322 $824,527 $4,4a3,248 $3,850,448 1,088,780 $0,341,719 747,246 $4,179,355 2,740,319 $12,550,510 779,462 $2,104,066 $4,495,675 $8,364,350 124,871,215 $66,917,762 68,393,042 $40,741,480 9,061,025 $5,343,472 8,143,091 $5,927,063 2,336,120 $1,229,648 21,3.34,584 $9,276,445 15,603,353 $4,399,654 7,262,315 $3,161,206 2,547,367 $1,340,815 1,766,210 $1,559,982 $21,890,604 $745,489 $112,362 $1,016,954 $3,493,977 $3,107,697 932,998 $5,521,055 8U,711 $4,625,016 2,025,645 $9,190,650 570,529 $1,660,647 $5,227,800 $3,716,056 » Does not include waste, noils, etc. » Not reported separately. • In addition, silk and silk goods to the value of $1,218,101 were made by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. 486 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. The increase in the cost of materials and in the value of products for the period 1899-1909 was 72.7 and 83.6 per cent, respectively. Considerable dupUcation occurs in the total cost of materials and in the total value of products shown in the preceding table. To eliminate this duphcation the following method may- be used: (1) organzine and tram, reported as material and product, is deducted from both materials and products, respectively; (2) spun silk, reported as a product, is deducted from both materials and prod- ucts; (3) fringe and floss, reported as material, is de- ducted from both materials and products; and (4) amount received for contract work, reported as product, is deducted from products. The total production of broad weaves in 1909 was 198,787,027 running yards, single width, valued at $115,136,724, compared with 97,940,935 yards, valued at $58,122,622, in 1899, the increase in quantity being 103 per cent and that in value 98.1 per cent. Broad silks formed over nine-tenths of aU broad weaves in 1909, the increase in the output between 1899 and 1909 being 111.9 per cent. The increase in the output of all other broad weaves combined — velvets, plushes, tapestries, and upholsteries — was only 26.9 per cent. In 1899 all-silk goods constituted 78.1 per cent of the broad-silk product, and silk-mixed goods 21.9 per cent, whereas in 1909 the proportion for the latter had risen to 38.1 per cent and that for the former had fallen to 61.9 per cent. The change was due to an increase durLug the decade of 268.9 per cent in the output of silk-mixed broad silks, while that for all-silk was only 67.9 per cent. Between 1899 and 1909 the rate of increase in the output of broad woven silk goods was much greater than that for either broad woven cotton or broad woven woolen goods, the increases for the three classes being 103, 40.3, and 33.8 per cent, respectively. Woolen and worsted goods. — The following table presents statistics for estabUshments engaged primarily in the manufacture of woolen and- worsted goods. The total value of products for the industry involves considerable dupUcation, due to the use of partly finished products of some estabUshments as material for others. In 1909 the establishments in this in- dustry produced 570,743,797 square yards of woven goods, exclusive of upholstery goods and sundries, compared with 505,821,956 square yards in 1904 and 426,572,856 in 1899, the increase for the decade being 33.8 per cent. The value of these goods was $296,447,594 in 1909, $234,737,036 in 1904, and $183,306,664 in 1899, an increase for the decade of 61.7 per cent. The highest rate of increase was reported for the aU-wool woven group, the output of which increased 49.3 per cent in quantity. The output of unions decreased decidedly, while that of cotton-warp woven goods increased 37.6 per cent in quantity. The aU-wool yardage constituted 56.6 per cent of the total in 1909 and 50.7 per cent in 1899, while the union yardage constituted 6.6 per cent of the total in 1909, as compared with 13.4 per cent in 1899. Cotton-warp fabrics formed about the same proportion of the total in both years — somewhat over one-third. There has thus been a considerable shift during the decade from the manufacture of cotton- mixed to that of all-wool goods. Table 55 MATERIALS. Total cost Wool: In condition purchased— Pounds Cost Domestic- Pounds Cost Foreign- Pounds Cost Equivalent in scoured condition, iwunds Mohair, camel, alpaca, and vicuna hair: Pounds Cost Cow and other animal hair: Pounds Cost Cotton: Pounds , Cost Tailor's clippings, rags, etc.: Pounds Cost Shoddy, mungo, and wool extract purchased: Pounds Cost Waste and noils of wool, mohair, camel's hair, etc., purchased: Pounds Cost Tops purchased: Pounds Cost 1909 9273,438,670 474,755,366 $136,666,917 310,602,279 $85,018,238 164,153,087 $51,648,679 290,706,970 7,805,422 $2,399,123 17,356,100 $932,911 20,024,061 $2,515,409 40,402,460 $2,856,966 21,454,187 $3,058,214 26,473,311 $7,523,283 20,828,245 $14,614,527 1901 $197,489,306 418,703,811 $105,433,451 319,800,490 $78,673,136 98,903,321 $26,760,315 241,280,065 6,507,631 $1,957,581 22,987,332 $1,369,776 32,613,408 $4,072,907 79,367,290 $5,668,634 31,919,456 $4,472,666 26,032,838 $6,056,227 9,160,929 $5,073,078 1899 $148,087,178 330,178,552 $78,803,830 250,393,205 $59,046,158 79,785,347 $19,757,672 192,705,519 5,003,966 $1,857,707 20,535,079 $1,170,756 40,244,710 $3,280,000 33,036,767 $4,070,836 15,714,171 $3,891,369 5,566,108 $2,865,546 UATEBiALS— continued . Yarns purchased: Woolen- Pounds Cost Worsted- Pounds Cost Merino- Pounds Cost Cotton- Pounds Cost Silk and spun silk- Pounds Cost All other — Pounds Cost Chemicals and dyestufls. All other materials PRODUCTS. Totalvalue All-wool woven goods: Square yards Value Wool cloths, doeskins, cassi- meres, cheviots, etc. — Square yards Value Worsted coatings, serges, and suitings — Square yards Value 1909 1 Not reported separately. • In addition, in 1909, woolen and worsted goods, manufacture of products other than those covered by 931,222 $558,270 59,148,771 $56,033,701 1,971,709 $318,456 39,169,388 $10,492,185 282,536 $1,142,663 1,046,735 $40,739 $8,820,928 $25,464,278 2 $419,743,621 322,944,365 $219,853,767 40,843,979 $29,291,059 119,655,069 $101,903,153 1904 1809 5,750,088 $2,622,882 31,047,516 $24,904,511 2,458,085 $581, 107 32,598,072 $8,032,773 412,307 $1,679,883 411,779 $21,118 $7,456,550 $18,086,162 J $307,941,710 260,567,4S8 $158,390,336 42,487,566 $29,556,252 59,592,811 $56,731,196 5,906,862 $2,675,143 25, 110, 939 $19,495,251 3,634,679 $664,527 35,342,726 $6,814,279 131,915 $529,789 1,127,926 $65,434 $6, 595, 160 $15,307,551 $238,744,608 216,359,702 $117,757,169 34,298,426 $22,645,869 54,033,679 $43,003,550 to the value of $1,281,292, and in 1904, to the value of $362,966, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the the industry designation. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. Table 55— Continued. PEODUCTs — continued . All-wool woven goods— Continued. Woolen overcoatings, cloaldngs, kerseys, etc. — Square yards Value Worsted overcoatings and cloak- Square yards Value Wool dress goods, sackings, tri- cots, etc., and opiera and similar flannels — Square yards Value Worsted dress goods, cashmeres, serges, bunting, etc.— Square yards Value , Carriage cloths- Square yarda. Value Flannels for underwear- Square yards Value Blankets — Square yards Value Horse blankets- Square yards Value Woven shawls- Square yards Value All other- Square yarda Value Union, or cotton mixed, woven goods: Square yards Value Unions, tweeds, cheviots, cassi- meres, etc. — Square yards Value Overcoatings and cloakings— Square yards Value Sackings, tricots, dress goods, and opera and similar flannels-— Square yards Value Flannels for underwear — Square yards Value Blankets- Square yards Value All other- Square yards Value Cotton-warp woven goods: Square yards Value Wool filling cassimeres, doe- skins, jeans, tweeds, coatings, etc.— Square yards Value Worsted filling cassimeres, doe- skins, jeans, tweeds, coatings, etc.— Square yards Value Wool filling overcoatings and cloakings— Square yards Value Satinets and linseys — Square yards Value 1909 14,697,770 $11,230,856 654,404 $821,688 29,099,956 116,385,498 106,801,349 <54,030,376 1.782,855 1947,862 3,856,353 $1,257,271 5,137,903 $3,228,797 247,395 $185,430 704,153 $404,583 463,179 $167, 194 37,453,351 $14,327,973 18,917,478 $7,780,854 4,281,739 $2,363,381 4,319,639 $1,776,721 7,063,572 $1,308,369 1,717,758 $650,714 1,153,265 $447,934 210,346,081 $62,265,854 45,244,866 $12,107,320 29,220,252 $15,009,081 2,075,502 $771,879 5,102,460 $912, 182 1904 22,411,530 $16,934,112 1,057,668 $546,170 48,874,396 $19,826,017 66,428,825 $27,802,181 1,741,765 $964,557 8,710,131 $2,045,858 7,316,179 $2,751,029 740,237 $418,219 895,777 $557,370 310,603 $257,375 63,197,407 $26,288,407 35,103,110 $15,050,726 5,373,053 $3,353,768 11,690,740 $4,926,696 7,273,761 $1,628,928 3,114,110 $1,196,706 642,633 $229,693 182,057,061 $50,058,293 34,602,16£ $10,877,081 16,688,620 $6,969,402 8,198,406 $2,478,878 22,339,112 $4,074,800 1S99 18,729,194 $16,131,709 877,133 $567,390 33,594,212 $12,976,489 57,712,086 $16,316,392 1,220,408 $696,999 9,324.720 $2,344,559 5,454,173 $2,316,968 514,952 $256,211 600,104 $500,523 615 $510 67,334,570 $23,111,690 30,767,916 $13,696,830 6,087,366 $3,618,613 11,178,752 $3,669,584 6,217,094 $1,284,678 1,530,696 $561,649 1,564,747 $381,442 152,878,584 $42,437,799 37, 160, 449 $11,024,638 12,663,719 $7,267,508 3,917,498 $1,430,430 13,051,729 $2,873,181 PEODUCTS — continued. Cotton-warp woven goods— Con td. Worsted filling dress goods, cash- meres, serges, mohairs, etc.— Square yards Value Wool filling dress goods, and repellents- Square yards Value Domett fiannels and shirtings — Square yards Value Linings, Italian cloths, and last- ings— Square yards Value Blankets- Square yards Value , Horse blankets- Square yards Value Carriage robes- Square yards Value All other- Square yards Value Upholstering goods and stindries Woolen and worsted — Square yards Value Another Partially manufactured products for sale Yams: Woolen- Pounds Value Worsted- Pounds Value Woolen, union or merino- Pounds Value Worsted, union or merino- Pounds Value All other- Pounds Value Worsted tops and slubbing— Pounds Value Noils- Pounds Value Waste- Pounds Value 1909 All other products Work on materials for others. MACH INERT. Sets ol cards Woolen Worsted Cotton Spindles Producing Doubling and twisting. Looms, all classes Wool-combing machines.. 65,112,981 $14,798,965 12,916,060 $2,741,816 4,571,765 $911,967 28,928,148 $9,008,799 9,746,841 $2,684,919 4,210,098 $1,676,942 2,889,444 $1,396,595 327,664 $245,389 $1,986,330 1,176,642 $1,528,648 $467,682 $116,032,485 28,520,493 $7,505,412 88,323,953 $80,395,543 10,249,625 $2,143,416 3,761,737 $3,522,812 3,195,653 $974,570 11,321,279 $8,027,231 27,479,293 $8,938,589 24,057,680 $3,524,912 $3,250,857 $3,026,255 6,316 4,600 1,681 234 4,287,640 3,553,194 734,446 72,532 1,978 1904 49,300,369 $12,711,554 12,139,080 $3,230,561 4,285,838 $769,476 17,619,325 $4,505,927 9,267,144 $2,218,243 6,307,836 $1,083,154 1,309,166 $1,139,217 1899 $1,625,233 1,060,730 $908,937 $716,296 $66,466,672 42,878,320 $9,993,894 55,475,235 $40,142,077 8,824,064 $2,638,018 3,314,549 $2,460,558 2,799,060 $1,162,795 4,772,582 $2,855,171 15,379,600 $4,865,976 17,946,076 $2,448,183 $3,924,232 $1,188,537 6,990 5,178 1,387 425 3,747,934 3,228,423 619,511 63,867 1,440 ?i «5,605 3,277,607 2,873,528 404,079 61,395 1,317 > Worsted tops and slubbing included with worsted yarn. mON AND STEEL. Tables 56 to 61, inclusive, present statistics for blast furnaces, steel works and rolling mills, tin and terne plate plants, and wire mills. In many establishments other industries are carried on in connection with the operations of steel works and rolUng mills. In these cases a separation of the data for the industries as de- fined by the Census Bureau was secured by taking separate reports for the different departments of the respective establishments. In this way the statistics for blast furnaces operated in connection with steel » Cards not fully reported. works were segregated and combined with those for furnaces independently operated, and the statistics for the tin and teme plate dipping departments of estab- lishments which also roll the black plate were sepa- rated and combined with those for establishments which dip only purchased plate. Statistics for the finished wire products of mills which roll wire rods as well as draw wire and manufacture wire nails, fencing, etc., were secured and are given in combination with those for wire mills which manufacture only from pur- chased wire rods. The finished wire products manu- 488 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. factured in rolling mills are, however, included in the products of these mills, so that the statistics for wire mills and rolUng mills to this extent duphcate each other. It should also be explained that the rolhng- rnill departments of tin and teme plate estabhshments are credited with their entire output of black plate, as if it were produced for sale instead of for further treatment at the same estabUshment. Blast furnaces. — The statistics for the blast-furnace industry are given in the following table. In 1909, 25,651,798 tons of pig iron, valued at $387,830,443, were produced and in 1899, 14,447,791 tons, valued at $206,512,755, the increase in quantity during the decade being 77.5 per cent and that in value 87.8 per cent. Since 1904 was a year of par- tial depression in the iron and steel industry and the pig-iron product was less in that year than in 1903 or 1902, neither the small increases shown in quantity and value for 1904 as compared with 1899 nor the large increases shown for 1909 as compared with 1904 are representative of the normal rate of growth for the industry. Features in the development of the industry are the increase in the proportion of pig iron produced for consumption in other departments of the works of the producing company and the increase in the proportion of the product passed on in a molten condition to undergo further processes with- out being cast into pigs. The ton of 2,2Jfi pounds is used in showing quantities except when otherwise stated. Table 56 MATEKIALS. Total COlt Iron ore: Tons Cost Domestic — Tons Cost Foreign- Tons Cost Mill cinder, scrap, etc.: Tons Cost Fluxes: Tons Cost Fuel,* Coke- Tons (2,000 pounds) . Cost Charcoal- Bushels Cost Anthracite coal *— Tons Cost Bituminous coal *— Tons Cost AU other materials. PRODUCTS. Total value Pig iron: Tons Value All other products Piffiron, classified according to fuelused: Bituminous, chiefly coke- Tons Value Anthracite coal and coke mixed and anthracite alone- Tons Value Charcoal- Tons Value Pig iron, classified accordinf to dispo- tUion: Produced for consumption in works of company reporting— Tons Value 1909 $320,637,889 48,353,677 $187,264,601 46,605,930 $177, 589, 789 1, 747, 747 $9, 674, 812 1,982,530 $5, 544, 859 13,570,845 $12,239,493 $105,994,112 31,436,536 $102, 134, 423 38,032,618 $2,787,026 265,401 $904, 102 102,833 $168,561 $9,594,824 $391,429,283 25,651,798 $387,830,443 $3,598,840 * 24, 608, 572 $369,684,636 670, 991 $10,962,150 372,235 $7,183,657 15,858,203 $239,387,017 1904 1 $178,941,918 30,032,862 $100, 945, 369 29, 202, 944 $96, 206, 246 829,918 $4, 739, 123 1,865,385 $3, 830, 961 8,325,209 $6, 888, 647 $62,802,660 19,739,671 $57,126,997 3 37,273,569 '$2,521,887 560,637 $1,812,779 801,640 $1,340,997 $4,474,281 $231,822,707 16,623,625 $228,911,116 $2,911,591 14,909,029 $203,814,049 1,305,094 $18,103,982 409,502 $6,993,085 9,926,545 $138,867,586 18991 $131,603,655 25,366,894 $65,902,922 24,612,511 $61, 795, 473 754, 383 $4, 107, 449 1,600,313 $3,772,385 7,324,743 $5,054,725 $44,199,382 16,461,533 $38,976,770 30,677,585 $1,823,881 886,564 $2,297,419 832, 235 $1,101,312 $12,574,241 $206,766,667 14,447,791 $206,512,755 $243,802 12,253,818 $173,763,091 1,841,857 $26,678,705 ' 352, 116 $6,070,959 (•) (•) PRODUCTS — continued . Pig iron, classified according to dispo- sition — Continued . Produced for sale- Tons Value Pig iron, classified by grades (tons): Bessemer, (0.04 to 0.10 per cent in phosphorus) Low phosphorus (below 0.04 per cent in phosphorus) Basic Foundry Forge or mill Malleable Bessemer White, mottled, and miscellane- ous Direct castings Ferroalloys Spiegeleisen Ferromanganese Ferrosilicon, including Besse- mer ferrosilicon (7 per cent or over in silicon) and fer- rophosphorus 1909 Pig iron, classified by method of delivery or casting (tons): Delivered in molten condition. . . Sand cast Machine cast Chill cast Direct castings EQUIPMENT. Furnaces in active establishments: Completed stacks at end of year- Number Daily capacity, tons Active during the year- Number Daily capacity, tons In course of construction at end of year- Number Daily capacity, tons Pig-casting machines, number Granulated slag pits: Number Annual capacity, tons Gas engines operated with blast-fur- nace gas: Number Horsepower 9,793,595 $148, 443, 426 10,147,052 248,720 7,741,759 5,539,410 586,685 934, 211 110,810 16, 181 326, 970 142,223 82,208 102,539 12,197,686 7,655,568 5,096,797 685,566 16, 181 101,447 370 98,973 10 4,100 85 5,699,259 85 198,040 1904 > 6,697,080 $90,043,530 8,894,584 192,795 2,553,940 3,675,310 601, 677 316,964 98,627 9,469 280,259 169,630 57,072 53,557 5,898,744 6,078,844 4,307,108 329, 460 343 78,180 317 73,884 4 1,375 i S?*- including the statistics for a blast furnace operated by a penal institution. 3 M^f ^^^l% "''■ o ^ '^i'Z.^l ^"^S' f°'' ^n^elting only ; those for 1904 and 1899 include fuel for steam raising. ^ araVand"^kf ^feftS'K baS^ke.^'^ ^"''''' '^' "^^ "' ''""^^ ^^ »"^' *»^"^« '^'''^ ^ ^^P^'^^- » Includes 52,992 tons of mixed charcoal and coke pie iron • Not reported. 1899' (•) 47 3,338,200 8,475,530 (•) 937,439 3,510,300 1,057,616 (•) 208,323 7,123 251,460 163,672 51,878 35,910 (•) (*) (•) (•) 7,123 343 54,425 (•) 326 16 7,276 (•) Steel works and rolling mills.— Table 57 presents comparative statistics of steel works and rolUng mills, including those of forges and bloomeries. Section I of the table deals with materials. The second section deals with products. It shows separately each of the products properly designated as rolled and forged steel and iron, but contains also a miscellaneous item, which includes the value added to such products in their conversion into more highly manufactured articles by the same establishment, so that the total includes the entire value of output of the estabhshments in the industry. This total and also the separate total for STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 489 rolled and forged products alone include no duplica- tion of quantity or value of products within any given establishment itself, but there is considerable dupli- cation due to the use of the product of one establish- ment as raw material for another establishment, whether the latter be owned by a separate concern or by the same company. Section III of the table, headed " Steel," gives the entire quantity of crude steel produced by the steel works, including that subjected to further processes of manufacture whether by the establishment in wliich produced or by other establishments. The value of this steel appears, therefore, distributed among various items under Section II. Section IV of the table gives in detail the quantity and value of the more higlily elaborated products made by the rolling mills them- selves from the rolling-mill products specified in Sec- tion II. The entire value of these products appears in Section II, either as p^-rt of the various items of rolled products or in the miscellaneous item of value added to rolling-mill products by further manufacture. The fifth section of the table deals with products sold for export by rolling-mill concerns; it includes only the products so sold directly by the establishments producing them and not suoh as may be sent abroad by others who purchase from the manufacturer. The sixth section deals with equipment. In 1909 the rolled, forged, and cast-steel products specifically classified aggregated 26,723,274 tons, valued at $863,342,711, and in 1899, 15,055,626 tons, valued at $510,906,040, the increase in tonnage being 77.5 per cent and in value 69 per cent. The ton of 2,240 pounds is used in showing quantities except when otherwise stated. Table 57— Continued. Table 57 I. MATERIALS. Total coit Iron and steel: > Forfurnacet and hot rolU — Tons Cost Pig Iron and ferroalloys — Tons Cost Pig iron- Tons Cost Ferroalloys — spiege 1 ei s e n , ferromanganese, etc. — Tons Cost Scrap, including old rails not in- tended for rerolllng- Tons Cost Ingots, blooms, billets, slabs, muck and scrap bar, rerolllng rails, and sheet and tin-plate bars- Tons Cost Rolled forms for further manufacture— Skelp— Tons Cost AVire rods — Tons Cost Iron ore: Tons Cost All other materials 1009 9667,500,M6 30,388,755 $515,769,588 19,076,889 $297,471,122 18,712,304 $282,663,740 364,585 $14,807,382 4,803,617 $72,722,831 6,508,249 $145,575,635 176,717 $5,704,866 146,425 $4,252,695 835,338 $4,292,963 $127,480,754 1004 $441,204,432 22,235,682 $349,971,512 12,191,228 $172,101,436 (•) (•) (») (') 5,124,277 $67,601,248 4.920,177 $110,268,828 259,643 $7,331,935 161,914 $4,774,383 549,995 $2,396,792 $76,729,810 18M $390,895,877 18,414,717 $315,726,895 10,411,281 $151,064,348 (») 4,126,980 $66,852,621 3,876,456 $97,809,926 136,725 $5,419,617 346,310 $1,348,809 $68,399,956 For footnotes, n. PEODUCTS. Totalvalue Rolled, forged, and other classified products, steel and iron: Tons Value Rails- Tons Value Bessemer steel- Tons Value Open-hearth steel, basic- Tons Value ReroUed or renewed rails- Tons Value RaU fastenings (splice bars, tie- plates, fishplates, etc.}— Tons Value Structural shapes, not including plaies used for making girders- Tons Value Steel- Tons Value Open-hearth — Tons Value Bessemer- Tons Value Iron- Tons Value Bars and rods, including mer- chant, shovel, finger, and; horse- shoe bars, spike, chain bolt, and nut rods, etc. (but not in- cluding wire rods, sheet and tin- plate t>ars, splice bars, and bars for reenforocd concrete): Tons Value Bars for reenforoed concrete: Tons Value - Wire rods: Tons Value Plates and stieets, not including black plates or sheets for tin- ning, nail and tack plates, tie- plates, fishplates or armor plates: Tons Value Black plates, or sheets, for tinning: Tons Value Skelp, flue and pipe: Tons Value Hoops, bands, and cotton ties: Tons Value Nail and tack plates: Tons Value Axles, car, locomotive, automo- bile, wagon, carriage, etc., rolled or forged: Tons Value Armor plates, gun lorgings, and ordnance: Tons Value Blooms, billets, and slabs, pro- duced for sale or for transfer to other works of same company : Tons Value... Rolled forging blooms and billets pro $673,965,026 18,218,233 $585,288,243 « 2, 194, 605 $58,256,750 2,065,024 $54,627,488 128,681 $3,608,562 99,530 $2,480,328 174,065 $6,663,052 954,637 $32,730,901 950,062 $32,586,701 618,391 $21,496,531 331,671 $11,089,170 4,475 $145,200 2,442,810 $84,069,122 1,792,704 $52,995,031 1,856,469 $77,802,001 504,025 $25,297,079 1,557,690 $46,780,202 337,223 $12,760,010 86,601 $2,462,076 83,586 $2,875,829 24,433 $10,549,620 4,823,685 $109,611,104 150,926 $3,940,998 377,665 $16,743,727 490 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Table S 7— Continued. 1909 n. PRODUCTS— continued. Rolled, forged, and other classified products, steel and iron— Continued. Ingots produced for sale or for trans- fer to other works of same com- Tons Value Direct steel castings: Tons Value All other forged steel and iron, not including remanufactures of roll- ing-mill products: Tons Value All other products Miscellaneous steel and iron prod- ucts not rolled, including value added to iron and steel rolling- mill products by further manufac- ture Scrap steel or iron produced for sale or for transfer to other works of same company: Tons Value All products other than steel and iron Total production: Tons Value (Included above). Classified according to process: Open-hearth — Tons Value Basic- Tons Value Acid- Tons Value , Bessemer- Tons Value Crucible and miscellaneous- Tons Value 1904 Classified according to form; Ingots- Tons Value Castmgs— Tons Value Duplex process— open-hearth steel partly Surifled in Bessemer converters before nishing in open-hearth furnaces (in- cluded above), tons Alloyed steels, nickel, tungsten, titanium, chrome, vanadium, etc. (included above), tons Classified according to process; Ojwn-hearth Basic Acid Bessemer Crucible and miscellaneous Classified according to form; Ingots Castings IT. MANTTFACTURES FROM ROLUNQ-MILL PRODUCTS. (Made in mill producing, value pre- viously included.) Wire and wire products: Tons (2,000 pounds) Value Pipes and tubes: Wrought welded— Tons Value Seamless, hot-rolled or drawn- Tons Value All other, including clinched, rivet- ed, etc., but not including cast: Tons Value Bolts, nuts, rivets, forged spikes, washers, etc.: Kegs (200 pounds) Value Cut nails and spikes: Kegs (100 potinds) Value 142,745 $3,593,726 504,856 $38,862,448 365,986 $18,740,241 $122,379,823 $86,534,369 1,238,554 $18,163,624 $17,681,830 « 23, 473, 718 $478,736,988 14,192,278 $293,528,201 13,210,419 $262,529,822 981,859 $30,998,379 9,174,067 $177,064,776 107,373 $8,144,011 22,968,862 $439,874,540 504,856 $38,862,448 622,682 158,216 100,335 86,242 14,093 45,324 12,557 151,300 6,916 1,634,855 $71,624,024 1,314,771 $68,471,573 54,273 $5,650,739 17,561 4,471,985 $20,538,858 1,009,319 $2,218,207 196,404 $3,985,310 287,325 $20,600,136 274,061 $15,684,967 $88,676,783 $61,977,284 877,177 $11,079,831 $15,619,668 •13,666,408 $260,884,712 5,817,957 $120,322,707 5,062,152 $94,390,927 755,805 $25,931,780 7,768,141 $134,549,580 80,310 $6,012,425 13,379,083 $240,284,576 287,325 $20,600,136 (') (') C) C) U) (') (') (') 1,416,494 $67,551,443 849,047 $43,985,728 20,636 $2,290,234 3,105,827 $13,854,635 1,311,549 $2,394,108 1899 103,707 $2,781,145 177,156 $14,609,893 81,009 $6,665,741 $86,305,676 (') (') (') 10,685,000 $212,538,875 3,044,356 $71,855,172 2,153,835 $43,509,506 890,521 $28,345,666 7,532,028 $132,113,984 108,616 $8,569,719 10,507,844 $197,928,982 177,156 $14,609,893 C) (J) (■) (') (') 879,296 $47,728,784 (') (') (') (') (') (') 1,658,443 $3,292,063 IV. MANUFACTURES FROM ROLLING-MILL PROD UCTS— continued. Horse and mule shoes: Kegs (200 pounds) Value Springs, car, furniture, and all other, not including wire springs: Tons Value Switches, frogs, crossings, etc.: Tons Value Galvanized plates or sheets: Tons Value Stamped ware: Tons Value Shovels, spades, scoops, etc 1909 V. PRODUCTS SOLD FOB EXPORT. (By establishments producing.) Total tons Hails Rail fastenings Pipes and tubes, wrought welded. Sheet and tin-plate bars Plates and sheets Galvanized plates or sheets Structural shapes Bars and rods Wire rods Blooms, billets, and slabs Skelp Miscellaneous VI. EQUIPMENT. steel plants: Daily capacity of steel fur- naces and converters, tons of steel, double .urn Open-hearth furnaces — Number .• .*. . , Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn Basic- Number Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn Acid- Number Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn Converters, Bessemer or modified Bessemer- Number Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn Crucible furnaces- Number Number of pots that can be used at a heat Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn All other steel furnaces- Number Daily capacity, tons of steel, double turn Metal mixers — Number Capacity, tons Rolling mills: Daily capacity of rolled steel and iron, double turn, tons 996,383 $7,202,897 6,191 $374,924 28,608 $2,471,008 431,658 $25,912,056 24,612 $2,296,707 $540,321 1904 !67,646 (') 17,455 (0 20,118 (') 89,377 85,123 (') 80,706 (') 79,246 i] 69,764 48,938 8 18,738 18,021 v) 10,703 (7) 29,457 (') 150,403 768,253 $5,483,137 22,022 $1,708,632 C) (') (') C) C) $292,923 $410,500 1S99 108, 716 76,482 53,745 687 481 307 61,601 34,243 18,245 549 339 168 55,273 26,902 12, 151 138 142 139 6,328 7,341 6,094 'lOl 81 70 48,823 41,448 34,925 257 146 159 3,840 2,457 2,528 840 693 575 16 36 (') 292 98 56 59 14,343 (') V) (') (') 105, 591 C) (') (') (') (') (') (') (') (') 86,964 1 Includes materials purchased or transferred to the establi^ment reporting from other works of the company. ' Not reported separately. ' In addition, steel castmgs and rolled steel valued at $6,627,039 in 1909 and 8347,264 in 1904 were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. * Includes 900 tons of iron rails, valued at $20,700, in 1904, and 880 tons, valued at $31,180, in 1899. 6 Includes 149,688 tons of steel, valued at $4,537,625, not distributable by kind into open-hearth or Bessemer. «In addition, 49,481 tons of steel, valued at $4,140,344. in 1909, and 4,184 tons, valued at $347,264, in 1904, distributed as to topnage as indicated below, were pro- duced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation: Tons of steel Classified according to process: Open-hearth Bessemer Crucible and miscellaneous Classified according to form: Ingots Castings ' Not reported. 1909 1904 49,481 36,099 6,066 7,316 5,102 44,379 4,184 2,440 774 970 4,184 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 491 The following table gives, for 1909, statistics of materials consumed, classified as purchased or as pro- duced by the establishment consuming, and statistics of products, classified as sold or as consumed by the establishment producing. This information was not secured at former censuses. Eighty per cent of the pig iron used was made in blast furnaces operated by the consumer. The difference between the 15,252,736 tons of pig-iron material reported as produced by the consumer and the 15,858,203 tons reported in the table for blast furnaces as made for consumption in works of the producer — a little over 600,000 tons — represents the consumption in foundries and other shops owned by the producing companies but not covered by the preceding table. Table 58 Prodttced and purchated. Pig iron and ferroalloys Pig iron Ferroalloys— spiegeleisen, (er- romanganese, etc Scrap Ingots, blooms, billets, slabs, muck and scrap bar, reroUing rails, and sheetand tin-plate bars, not pro- duced in the works Skelp Wire rods ._ QUANTITY (TONS). Total. 16, 076, 889 18,712,304 364,585 9,929,710 6,508,249 1,578,290 1,465,221 Produced by the comi>any reporting— In the works where con- sumed. 5,126,093 1,401,573 1,318,790 Trans- ferred from other works of the company 15,252,736 15,106,244 144,492 773,843 3,080,672 35,221 128,291 Pur- Chased. 3,824,153 3,604,060 220,093 4,029,774 3,427,577 141,496 18, 134 Consumed and told. Steel ingots Open-hearth Basic Acid Bessemer Crucible and miscellaneous. . Blooms, billets, and slabs Rolled forging blooms and billets Muck and scrap bar Sheet and tin-plate bars Bars and rods Wire rods Plates and sheets Black plates and sheets Skelp Nail and tack plates Miscellaneous rolled iron or steel. Miscellaneous forged iron or steel. Scrap QUANTITY (TONS). Total. 22,968,862 13,725,783 12,952,840 772,943 9,145,542 97,537 16,263,418 160,997 1,366,324 2,094.398 3,784,248 2,295,279 3,332,733 631,435 2,084,286 68,557 462,071 365,986 0,364,647 For oonsumption- In the works pro- ducing. 22,826,117 13,626,241 12,864,514 761,727 9,103,816 96,060 11,375,622 76,614 1,191,828 441,637 632,679 1,318,796 463,665 1,401,573 42,690 66,581 64,548 5,126,093 Trans- ferred to other works of the company 112,301 72,433 69,815 2,618 39,726 142 3,045,977 20,065 27,353 465,161 61,954 575, 160 102,027 2,113 '398,436 For sale. 30,444 27,109 18,511 8,598 2,000 l,33.'i 1,841,81? 84,383 154,431 1,625,408 3,151,569 511,322 2,807,114 56,275 580,686 25,867 393,377 301,438 840, 118 Tin and terne plate. — The statistics for the tin and terne plate industry are given in the following table. Nearly 98 per cent of the black plates dipped were rolled by the establishment reporting. The value of all products was $47,969,645 in 1909 as com- pared with $31,892,011 m 1899, an increase of 50.4 per cent. The development of the tin and terne plate industry has taken place almost entirely within the last 20 years, the production in 1891 being only about 2,236,000 pounds, or less than one five-hun- dredth of the 1909 output. Table 59 MATEBIALS. Total cost Black plates or sheets: Pounds Cost Produced by the establishment reporting: Pounds Cost Purchased: Pounds Cost Coating metals: Pounds Cost Tin, includ ing tin contents of terne mixture purchased— Pounds Cost Lead, including lead contents of terne mixture purchased— Pounds Cost In condition purchated— Pig tin- Pounds Cost Pig lead- Pounds Cost Terne mixture- Pounds Cost All other materials PRODUCTS. Total valno Tin and terne plates: Pounds Value Tin plates- Pounds Value Terne plates- Pounds Value Other sheet iron or sheet steel tinned or teme-plated, taggers tin, etc.: Pounds Value .". All other products EQmPMENT. Tin or terne tets at end of year: Completed— Number Usually employed on tin plates Usually employed on terne plates Daily capacity, single turn, IKjunds Tin plates Terne plates Daily capacity as operated, whether on single, double, or triple turn, pounds Building, number Black-plate department of establith- mentt making their black platet: Hot black-plate mills at end of year- Completed- Number Annual capacity on triple turn, long tons Building- Number Annual capacity on triple turn, long tons Cold mills, completed, number 1909 $41,889,484 11,321,071,691 $28,981,151 1,291,048,109 828,245,234 30,023,582 $735,917 40,927,759 $9,670,037 31,077,651 $9,235,718 9,850,108 $434,319 28,686,267 $8,490,794 2,708,496 $117,656 9,632,996 $1,061,587 $3,238,246 ' $47,969,846 1,315,313,132 $45,815,146 1,123,968,875 $38,259,885 191,344,257 $7,555,261 19,400,934 $520,465 $1,634,034 663 450 113 2,795,972 2,055,915 740,057 7,016,293 49 335 1,042,088 20 36.600 268 1904 $31,876,714 1,019,608,657 $22,992,006 943,798,583 $21,154,388 '75,810,074 $1,837,618 32,445,104 $7,075,722 24,243,851 $6,709,164 8,201,253 $366,558 (•) (•) («) $1,307,986 $36,288,860 1,026,384,851 $34,549,543 867,526,985 $28,429,971 158,857,866 $6,119,572 6,555,855 $217,476 $516,341 598 478 120 3,261,298 2,694,115 667,183 7,121,350 315 707,405 (0 (•) 272 > Domestic; no foreign plates reported; Includes 8,726,538 pounds of Iron plates; balance steel, not distributable by kind of steel. ' Includes S3,900 pounds of foreign plates, costing $3,769; the domestic plates reported were distributed by kind as follows: Bessemer steel, 911,063,989 pounds; open-hearth steel, 106,911,401 pounds; iron, 949,367 pounds. > Includes 2,358,007 pounds of foreign plates, costing $78,282. < Not reported. "• Consumption ofestablishments not equipped for the manufacture of black plates. « Terne mixture purchased not reported separately; contents reported as tin and lead. T In addition 8,389,200 pounds of tin and terne plate and taggers tin, valued at $398,143, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. * Includes Idle establishments. 492 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Wire. — The following table presents the statistics for wire manufactures in 1909. Comparable statistics in detail for 1904 and 1899 are not available for the total wire production, as special reports were not se- cured prior to the present census from wire mills draw- ing wire from purchased rods. The total value of the steel and iron wire product more than doubled from 1899 to 1909. The total value of all wire and manufac- tures of wire reported in 1909 was $173,349,614, of which 69.6 per cent represents the value of products made from steel and iron, 27.2 per cent that of products made from copper, and 3.2 per cent that of products made from other metal, chiefly brass. Estab- lishments rolling wire from rods manufactured by them reported 54.3 per cent of the wire products in value, and mills drawing wire from purchased rods produced 4,5.7 per cent. The ion of 2,000 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table 60 PRINCIPAL MATERUM. Metal used, cost Wberods Steel- Tons Cost Open-hearth— Tons Cost Basic- Tons Cost Acid— Tons Cost Bessemer- Tons Cost Crucible and other steel- Tons Cost , Iron- Tons Cost Copper- Tons Cost Other metal—* Tons Cost Purchased wire, plain or coated: Tons Cost PRODUCTS. Total value . Total. Wire, and manufactures of wire Steel and Iron- Tons Value Wire drawn for sale — Tons Value Plain- Tons Value Coated— Tons Value Wire nails and spikes — Kegs (100 pounds) Value Wire brads, tacks, and staples- Tons Value 9116,666,487 $112,799,516 2,514,504 167,439,887 1,359,256 138,532,177 1,255,747 $35,046,106 103.509 $3,486,071 1,148,353 $28,340,445 6,895 $567,265 4,849 $207,846 151,951 $40,916,084 17,944 $4,235,699 57,922 $2,855,911 |180,083,6§^ $173,349,614 2,471,858 $120,585,637 826,451 $38,845,081 472,046 $22,632,230 354,405 $16,212,851 13,926,861 $27,575,774 28,125 $1,324,170 Wire mills (wire rods purchased). $61,240,373 $50,810,983 850,729 $23,021,867 285,961 $8,536,361 233,105 $6,695,310 52,856 $1,841,051 558,048 813,936,178 6,720 $549,328 1,055 $62,203 102,394 $27,462,312 935 $264,601 8,943 $429,390 $84,486,618 $79,249,869 821,929 $47,934,204 343,905 $18,823,035 188,846 $11,349,868 155,059 $7,473,167 3,449,753 $7,142,047 7,334 $320,224 Wire depart- ments of rolling mills* (wire rods roUed). $64,416,054 $61,988,533 1,663,775 $44,418,020 1,073,295 $29,995,816 1,022,642 $28,350,796 50,653 $1,645,020 590,305 $14,404,267 175 $17,937 3,794 $145,643 49,557 $13,453,772 17,009 $3,971,098 48,979 $2,426,521 $96,697,004 $94,099,745 1,649,929 $72,651,433 482,546 $20,022,046 283,200 $11,282,362 199,346 $8,739,684 10,477,108 $20,433,727 20, 791 $1,003,946 Total. PRODUCTS — continued. Wire and manufactures of wire— Contd. Steel and iron— Continued. Barb wire- Tons Value Woven wire, fencing, and poul- try netting- Tons Value Wire rope and strand- Tons Value Other manufactures— springs, bale ties, cold-rolled flat wire, etc. — Tons Value Copper- Tons Value , Wire drawn for sale — Tons Value Manufactures of wire — Tons Value Other metal— 1 Tons Value Wire drawn for sale — Tons Value Manufactures of wire- Tons Value All other products Wiredrawn, whether for consumption or for sale, tons: steel and iron Copper Other metal * EQUIPUENT. Wire-drawing blocks: Number » Annual capacity, tons Wire-nail machines: Number Annual capacity (kegs of 100 pounds) Woven-wire fence machines: Number Annual capacity, tons 323,565 $13,881,517 422,127 $21,419,170 45,303 $6,683,771 129,945 $10,856,154 154,231 $47, 184, 164 139, 482 $42,336,274 14, 749 $4,847,890 17,407 $5,579,813 15,583 $4,993,376 1,824 $586,437 $6,733,908 2,389,136 147,156 17,411 43,697 3,213,574 4,428 18,756,995 446 481,373 Wire mills (wire rods purchased). 76,268 $3,343,856 115,889 $6,724,077 34,140 $5,450,064 71,906 $6,130,901 102,604 $30,831,646 102,418 $30,736,728 186 $94,918 1.048 $484; 019 1,008 $459,583 40 $24,436 $5,236,649 787,322 101,890 1,051 28,119 1,065,250 1,207 4,693,513 198 134,803 Wire depart- ments of rolling mills » (wire rods rolled). I Includes the wire departments of iron and steel, copper, and brass rolline mills. » Brass, bronze, German silver, zinc, etc.. chiefly brass 3 Includes rod, redrawing, and fine wire blocks. The comparative statistics for steel and iron wire products, 1909, 1904, and 1899, are as follows: 247,297 $10,537,661 306,238 $14,695,093 11,163 $1,233,707 58,039 $4,725,253 51,627 $16,352,518 37,064 $11,599,546 14,563 $4,752,972 16,359 $5,095,794 14,575 $4,533,793 1,784 $562,001 $1,497,259 1,601,814 45,266 16,360 15,578 2,148,324 3,221 14,063,482 248 346,570 Table 61 PRODUCT. 1909 1904 1899 Total value $120,686,637 $47,934,204 1,649,929 $72,651,433 $83,363,966 $15,802,513 1.416,494 $67,551,443 $62,871,387 $5,142,603 879.296 $47, 728; 784 Wire mills Wire departments of rolling mills: Tons Value LEATHER AND ITS PEODUCTS. The primary or underlying industry of this group is the converting of hides and skins into leather by the various processes of tanning, tawing, currying, and finishing. The designation employed for this indus- try is "leather, tanned, curried, and finished." The group also includes the manufacture of boots and shoes and the manufacture of leather gloves and mittens. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 493 leather. — The following table gives the statistics of the leather industry in detail for 1909, 1904, and 1899. The number of hides and skins treated, including those treated as custom work for others not tanners, curriers, or finishers, as well as those used in further manufacture by the establishments treating them, was 146,328,586 in 1909 and 131,011,956 in 1904. Comparative figures for this aggregate for 1899 are not available. Exclusive of custom work, 116,040,986 hides and skins, costing $195,058,557, were treated by tanneries in 1909, and 99,709,343, costing $123,545,969, in 1899, the increase in number being 16.4 per cent and that in cost 57.9 per cent. The increase for the decade in the number of hides used was 15.9 per cent; that in calf and kip skins, 120.6 per cent; that in sheepskins, 6.4 per cent; and that in goatskins, less than 1 per cent. The cost of purchased rough leather used increased 43.4 per cent and that of all other materials, which include tanning and finishing materials, 76.1 per cent. The value of leather manufactured in 1909 was $306,476,720, as compared with $194,202,063 in 1899, an increase of 57.8 per cent, which is practically the same as the percentage of increase in the cost of hides and skins treated. There is considerable duplication in the value of products, due to the sale of leather in the rough as product of one establishment and its use as material in another. Table 62 HATKRIALS. Total cost Hides' (allkiods): Number Cost Skins: > Number Cost Cai; and kip- Number Cost Goat- Number Cost Sheep — Number Cost •.... All other- Number Cost Rout;h leather purchased Whole sides- Number Cost Ora ins- Sides Coat Splits AU other All other materials PRODUCTS. Total value Leather Sole Hemlock — Sides Value Oak- Sides Value Union- Sides Value Chrome — Sides Value Upper, other than caU or kip skins Grain, satin, pebble, etc. (side leather)— Sides Values 1909 1348,278,938 » 18,360,415 1119,410,767 97,680,571 $75,647,790 19,732,638 831,790,572 48,077,6b4 $27,833,214 26,082.060 $12,231,618 •3,788,209 83.792,386 $9,556,257 1,468.213 $4,967,781 525,786 81.201,842 81,442,505 81,944,129 843,664,119 4 8387,874,187 8306,476,720 888,331,713 7,963,728 832,237,151 3.805,861 820,083,793 5,756,227 828,375,815 279.436 81,634,954 839,951,460 7,946,760 824,198,993 1904 1191,179,078 17,581,613 889,126,593 90,625,064 856,341,332 12.481,221 815,725,616 47,665,603 826,756,012 27.492,359 810,547,883 2.985,881 83,311.821 810,852,655 2,414.102 88,136,661 342,332 8980,260 81,108.243 8627,491 834,858,493 * |8<8,620,986 8236.765.803 869,205,600 9.929.904 832,676,015 3,607.903 819,157,805 4,400,011 817,371,780 (') h 824,815,835 6,850,469 815,487,252 1899 8155,000,004 15,838,862 877,784,760 83.870,481 845,701,209 8.944,454 810,792,485 48.046,897 824,950.223 24,507,642 88,457,905 2,371,488 81.560.506 80,663,395 1,086,602 83,534,097 165.938 8467,125 81.320,589 81,341,584 824,790,640 $204,038,187 8194,202,063 855,481,625 9,810,996 829,305,561 2,562,814 813,359,a'<6 3,096.162 812,807,262 2,100 88,966 825,311,838 8.141,093 817,478,802 PRODUCTS— continued. Leather— Continued. Upper— Continued . Finished splits- Number Value Patent and enameled shoe- Sides Value Horsehides and coltskin»— Number Value Calf and kip skins, tanned and finished- Number Value Grain finished- Number Value Flesh finished- Number Value Goatskins, tanned and finished- Number Value Black- Number Value Colored- Number Value , Sheepskins, tanned and finish^— Number Value Belttag— Sides Value Harness- Sides Value Carriage, automobile, and furni- ture — Hides Value Trunk, bag, and pocketbook Bookbinder's Glove Sold in rougli Another All other products Work on materials for others. 1909 8,134,229 87,410,740 2,705,291 88,341,727 1,342,938 84,953,145 19,012,064 842,412,256 17,516,910 839,982,447 1,495,154 82,429,809 47,907,211 840,882,640 40,351,192 833,949,575 7,666,010 86,033,065 19,665,155 812,236,687 J, 042, 070 86,995,133 3,946,235 824,802,734 1,398,842 814,266,742 86,198,544 82,450,155 84,913,543 86,335,599 811,746,369 88,632,689 812,764,778 1904 6,205,050 85,993,231 1,356,777 83,335,352 1,529,395 84,596,065 12,014,223 822,508,335 10,211,885 818,990,551 1,802,338 83,611,784 45,691,492 837,887,349 40,019,614 832,822,282 6,671,878 85,065,067 20, 597, 598 811,168,829 859,564 84,754,456 4,369,561 820,274,188 827,104 87,780,804 84,920,750 82,283,761 83,344,614 810,180,949 813,044,268 87,665,223 88,189,960 1899 8,790,382 86,740,502 236,943 81,092,534 223,378 8843, US 8,264,272 814,619,150 7,112,859 812,127,439 1,151,413 82,491,711 47,043,932 835,672,981 38,176,816 829,050,886 8,867,116 86,622,095 20,290,985 88,353,756 1,472,016 87,092,778 3,444,616 816,712,056 619,741 85,748,387 82,611,326 81,688,413 83,084,837 86,864,345 810,117,454 85,514,396 84,321,669 • In addition, in 1909, 1,903,278 hides and 27,936,887 skins and in 1904, 961,431 hides and 21,792,110 skins, were treated for others, not tanners, curriers, or finishers; and in 1909, 252,639 hides and 194,796 skins and in 1904, 12,453 hides and 39,285 skins were treated by establishments using the leather for further manufacture. ' Cattle hides only. ' Includes horsehides. * In addition, in 1909, leather to the value of 86,231,374, and in 1904 to the value of 8164,932, was tanned, curried, or finished and consumed by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry designation. ' Not reported separately. Boots and shoes. — The full designation for this in- dustry is "boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings." The total value of products was $512,797,642 in 1909, as compared with $357,688,160 in 1904 and $290,047,087 in 1899, an increase for the decade of $222,750,555, or 76.8 per cent. In addi- tion, in 1909 there were boot and shoe products to the valueof $1,439,280, and in 1904 to the value of $89,000, 494 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. The schedule employed did not call for segregation of value of products. The following table shows the number of pairs of the different kmds of shoes and slippers reported at each of the last three censuses. Table 63 Boots and shoes Men's Boys' and youths' Women's Misses' and children's. Slippers .-.- Men's, boys', and youths Women's, misses', and children's — Infants' shoes and slippers All other. NUMBER OF PA.IE3. 1909 247,643,197 93,888,892 23,8;«,626 86.595,314 43,320,365 17,507,834 4,802,841 12,704,993 15,000,721 4,865,429 1904 216,039,401 83,434.322 21,717,236 69,470,876 41,416,967 17,518,291 4,403,097 13,115,194 8,552,343 1899 195,689,173 67,742,839 21,030,479 64,972,653 41,843,202 17,092,841 4,446,965 12,645,876 (') 5,283,405 ^ > Not reported separately. There were 247,643,197 pairs of boots and shoes manufactured in 1909, 216,039,401 pairs in 1904, and 195,589,173 pairs in 1899, the increase being 26.6 per cent for the decade and 14.6 per cent for the 1904- 1909 period. In 1909 men's boots and shoes formed 37.9 per cent of the total number of boots and shoes; women's, 35 per cent; misses' and children's, 17.5 per cent; and boys' and youths', 9.6 per cent. The total output of slippers reported for 1909 was 17,507,834 pairs, practically the same as at each of the two preceding censuses. The figures indicate a con- siderable decrease since 1904 in women's, misses', and children's slippers, but it is probable that infants' shoes and slippers, reported separately in 1909, were to some extent included with children's slippers in 1904. The number of pairs of the different kinds of boots, shoes, and slippers manufactured by the various meth- ods was reported for the first time in 1909, and is shown in the next table. Of the total number manufactured, 43.2 per cent were of the McKay type, 35.3 per cent machine or hand welt, 10.6 per cent turned, 8.8 per cent wire-screw or metal-fastened, and 2.1 per cent wooden-pegged. Table 64 Boots and shoes Men's Boys' and youths' Women's Misses' and children's Slippers Men's, boys', and youths' Women's, misses', and children's Infants' shoes and slippers AU other NT7HBEB Or PAIBS. Total. 247,643,197 93,888,892 23,838,626 86,595,314 43,320,365 17,507,834 4,802,841 12,704,993 15,000,721 4,865,429 Machine or hand welt. 87,391,763 53,212,450 4,423,934 25,871,899 3,883,480 1,318,995 648,007 670,988 1,979,593 1,429,249 Turned. 26,317,990 989,240 50,377 14,281,764 10,996,609 7,611,748 1,733,742 5,878,006 11,447,508 1,189,742 McKay. 107,063,644 20,438,585 15,016,611 44,518,966 27,089,482 8,396,874 2,286,652 6,110,222 1,520,072 1,286,281 Wooden- pegged. 5,226,161 3,921,652 567,939 533,579 202,991 28,918 16,851 12,007 41,731 321,082 Wire-screw or metal- fastened. 21,643,639 15,326,965 3,779,765 1,389,106 1,147,803 151,299 117,589 33,710 11,817 639,075 Gloves and mittens, leather. — The quantity and value of the different kinds of products reported for this branch of the leather industry for 1909, 1904, and 1899 are shown in the following table : Table 65 Total value Gloves, mittens, and gauntlets: Dozen pairs Value Men's— Dozen pairs Value Lined — Dozen pairs Value TJnlined— Dozen pairs Value Women's and children's: Dozen pairs Value Lined- Dozen pairs Value Unlined— Dozen ptdrs Value i $23,630,598 3,368,655 $22,525,861 2,585,977 $17,060,797 921,259 $5,222,174 1,664,718 $11,838,623 782,678 $5,465,064 365,477 $1,718,198 417,201 $3,746,866 All other products $1^ I04, 737 1909 1904 $17,740,385 3,370,146 $17, 122, 772 2,915,415 $14,515,770 1,317,083 $6,333,081 1,598,332 $8,182,689 454,731 $2,607,002 241,361 $1,030,843 213,370 $1,576,159 $617,613 1899 I $16,926,156 2 2,895,001 2$16,039,168 2,267,327 $12,418,258 952,820 $4,959,902 1,314,507 $7,458,356 604,330 $3,470,258 267, 149 $1,247,916 337, 181 $2,222,342 $886,988 . ^,^^t?o?.P 1909,36,944 dozen pairs of gloves, mittens, and gauntlets, to the . ,0^"^ $264,961; m 1904, gloves, mittens, and gauntlets, to the value of $166,164; and in 1899, gloves, mittens, and gauntlets, to the value of $217,157, were made by estab- Ushments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those cov- ered by the industry designation. j Includes 24,004 dozen pairs of gauntlets, valued at $150,652, not distributed bv kinds. •' The greater increase in value was due to the higher prices paid for hides and skins, and an increased pro- duction of the better grades of gloves. The number of men's gloves manufactured largely outnumbered that of women's and children's at each census, but importations of kid gloves for women probably greatly reduce the demand for American makes. The number of men's gloves increased during the decade 14.1 per cent, and the number of women's and children's 29.5 per cent. CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS. The industries in this group comprise those which produce chemicals as products or which employ to a large extent chemical processes in manufacture. The grouping is necessarily somewhat arbitrary. Separate tables present the statistics for each of the following industries : Chemicals. Coke. Dyestufts and extracts. Explosives. Fertilizers. Gas, illuminating and heating. Glucose and starch. Oil, cottonseed, and cake. Oil, essential. Paint and varnish. Petroleum, refining. Salt. Soap. Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. Turpentine and rosin. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 495 Chemicals. — Table 66 presents the statistics for the general chemical industry as classified by the Bureau of the Census, but reference should be made to the groups and items specified in the table for information as to the products included under this head. It does not include products listed independently in the pre- ceding paragraph, nor does it include the products of wood distillation or chemicals made by estabhsh- ments engaged in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations. The value of all products of the "chemical" indus- try, including the same commodities made by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products, was $126,794,345 in 1909 and $78,285,646 in 1904. The products of estabhshments classified as chemical factories proper were valued at $117,688,887 in 1909 and $48,039,595 in 1899, an increase for the decade of $69,649,292, or 145 percent. Some of the groups show very large gains, notably products made with the aid of electricity, many of wliich can not be be shown separately without disclosing individual oper- ations. The value of these products increased from $1,305,368 in 1899 to $17,968,277 in 1909 and the value of the output of sodas, the leading group of products in tliis respect, increased from $11,596,915 to $21,417,982. The value of the sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acid product, shown in Table 80, should be added to the value of the acids given in the following table in order to ascertain the total production of the principal acids. Including these acids, the value of the acid product (not including acids consumed by establishments mak- ing the same or those produced as by-products of other industries) was $19,493,663 in 1909, $14,538,137 in 1904, and $9,371,615 in 1899, the increase for the de- cade being 108 per cent. The ton of 2,000 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table 66 Total value Acids ' Acetic — Pounds Value Boric- Pounds Value atric— Pounds Value Hydrofluoric — Pounds Value Muriatic- Pounds Value Oleic— Pounds Value Phosphoric — Pounds Value other , Sodas Soda ash — Tons V^alue , Sal soda- Tons , Value Bicarbonate of soda — Tons Value , Caustic soda' — Tons Value 1909 19M $117,688,887 2 |76,232,2i9 1899 811,926,389 51,963,788 SI, 136, 134 5,554,414 8295,739 2,102,206 $777,200 4,790,963 $214,657 128,394,736 $1,171,082 13,337,717 $680,015 25,702,606 $505,791 $7,145,771 $21,417,982 646,007 $10,361,756 76,285 $977, 712 82,800 $1,515,031 112, 152 $4,230,954 $7,583,059 27,001,322 $537,542 6,956,896 $527,190 2,265,631 $598,718 2,932,358 $151,218 127,502,682 81,180,910 991,050 $68,541 $4,518,940 $16,858,929 518,789 $8,202,292 56,870 $792,248 68,867 $1,135,610 80,159 $2,924,182 $48,039,695 $3,161,743 24,945,558 $396,323 2,684,935 $198,212 i? 698,000 $34,890 116,675,109 $1,015,915 (♦) (*) (.') . (*) $1,516,403 $11,596,915 386,361 $4,768,383 63,231 $779, 166 68,185 $1,324,843 78,779 $2,917,955 Table 66- Contd. Sodas— Continued. Borax — Tons Value other Potashes- Pounds Value Alums , Alum cake — Pounds Value Potash alum — Pounds Value AU other Coal-tar products Coal-tar distillery products , Chemicals made from ooal-tar dis- tillery products Cyanides Yellow prussiate of potash — Pounds Value All other Bleaching materials Hydrogen peroxide- Pounds , Value Bisulphites- Tons , Value Another Chemical substances produced by the aid of electrid ty Calcium carbide- Pounds Value Caustic soda — Tons Value Chlorates- Pounds Value Hypociilorites— Tons Value All other 1909 Plastics Pyroxylin plastics. All other- Pounds Value Compressed or liquefied gases. Anhydrous ammonia — I'ounds Value Carbon dioxide — Pounds Value Laueliinggas — Pounds Value Oxygen— Gallons Value Ail other- Pounds Value Fine chemicals AUialoids— Oimces Value Gold salts- Ounces Value Silver salts- Ounces Value Platinum salts- Ounces Value Chloroform- Pounds Value Ether- Pounds Value , Acetone — Pounds , Value All other Chemicals not elsewhere specified: Glycerin — Pounds Value Epsom salts — Pounds Value Blue vitriol- Pounds Value 20,154 $1,766,910 $2,565,619 1,866,570 $88,940 $2,578,842 26,884,880 $273,711 7,939,702 $128,623 $2,176,508 $2,675,327 $2,462,330 $212,997 $1,941,893 3,510,208 $463,983 $1,477,910 $1,635,046 9,403,717 $850,417 14,528 $202,504 $582,125 $17,968,277 121,946,967 $2,984,001 19,428 $1,032,647 11,568,915 $904,525 68,016 $1,506,831 $11,540,273 $7,180,172 $5,389,819 10,234,928 $1,790,353 $4,969,805 11,802,076 $2,503,315 47,238,267 $2,317,808 72,675 $33,689 4,777,977 $98,150 364,014 $16,843 $10,956,666 3,482,492 $3,188,691 42,544 $430,944 2,027,719 $726,222 1,561 $19,123 1,861,435 $472,759 1,177,886 $199,448 6,927,886 $719,895 $5,199,584 33,986,974 $4,838,826 47,785,318 $357,728 810,958 $37,626 1904 20,882 $2,122,808 $1,681,789 5,113,706 $563,489 $2,126,612 (0 (*) (*) («) (•) $844,817 $340,641 $504,176 $1, 179, 104 5,027,264 $683,277 $495,827 $777,750 ?! $777,750 $5,896,632 (0 $5,896,632 $4,755,761 $2,857,093 (•) $1,898,668 $2,787,689 («) $1, 173, 184 35,991,627 $1,343,906 (*) (•) $270,539 $9,145,853 4,949,525 $2,925,789 59,969 $449,864 1,743,882 $683,761 19,068 $175,682 616,670 $165,604 660,783 $334,935 1,300,395 $161,320 $4,248,898 18,791,997 $2,345,205 15,935,837 $145,801 50,100 $2,500 For footnotes, see page 496. 496 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Table 66— „„„„^ Oontd. PRODUCT. 1909 1904 1899 Chemicals not elsewhere specified— Continued. Copperas- 24,199,526 $71,081 35,178,354 $634,292 12,992,233 $1,194,546 43,204,652 $1,477,486 $21,207,939 $4,530,024 8,815,059 $28,061 12,018,815 $243,822 9,573,719 $904,679 $13,289,416 $5,743,070 14,097,905 Value $58,581 PhOTphates of soda- 3,478,350 Value $104,554 Tin salts- 4,677,471 Value $470, 159 Zinc salts- (0 (•) By-products and residues sold to other $15,786,497 > In addition, products to the value of $9,105,458 were produced by establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation, including the foUowmg: Acids: Acetic Hydrofluoric Muriatic Oleic Stearic Othera Sodas: Sal soda tons.. Other* tons.. Potashes Alums Coal-tar distillery products Bleaching materials: Hydrogen per- oxide Bisulphite Other Pounds. Value ,959,985 051,951 805,743 959,346 094,774 10,822 75,902 ,293,552 ,450,260 521,851 ,062,000 $200,740 79,722 587,253 165,091 399,386 49,530 184,297 1,835,292 525,054 443,513 1,610,792 20,124 23,650 20,703 Pyroxylin plastics. Compressed or liq- uefied gases: Anhydrous am- monia<: Carbon dioxide. . , Laughing gas Oxygen.... gais.. Other Chloroform Acetone Glycerin d Blue vitriol Copperas Phosphates of soda , Zinc salts Other chemicals Pounds. Value. 167,710 454,354 24,500 23,826,325 8,250 2,007,560 1,022,920 37,185,585 3,031,566 310,588 4,312,988 $282,560 40,923 19,262 4,900 79,319 9,072 4,779 210,287 123,472 ,496,645 53,372 27,034 103,503 505,183 a Not including acids reported by manufacturers of explosives and fertilizers. t> Including sodas reported by manufacturers of paints and varnishes and fertil- izers. cNot Including 4,871,014 pounds, value $448,455, reported by manufacturers of ooke. d Not including 52,518,919 pounds, value $6,790,264, reported by manufacturers of soap. » In addition, products to the value of $3,063,397 were produced by establish- ments engaged primarili? in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation, including the following: Poimds. Value. Pounds. Value. Acids: Muriatic 47,018,080 1,750,000 1,217,578 $431,938 140,000 71,668 146,716 29,561 668 363,765 532,185 238,645 Bleaching materials: Bisulphite., tons. 536 520,000 193,628 1,350,000 107,160 81,816 1,103,222 $11,937 53,000 92,466 13,500 5,994 586 Stearic Hydrofluoric Ether Other Epsom salts Blue vitriol Copperas Sodas: Sal soda tons.. 1,763 14 14,200 33,074,349 Caustic tons.. Tin salts 188,301 742,467 Other tons.. Other chemicals Coal-tar distillery products ' See Table 80 for sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. * Not reported separately. » See chemical substances produced by the aid of electricity for additional product. • Not reported. Coke. — ^Table 67, which presents the statistics for the manufacture of coke, does not include those for gas-house coke, which are shown in Table 71. The total production of coke, including gas-house coke sold and that made and consumed in gas manufacture, was 41,947,949 tons in 1909 as compared with 27,857,441 tons in 1904, an increase of 50.6 per cent. The gas- house coke included in these figures formed 6.3 per cent of the total product in 1909 and 9.9 per cent in 1904. The value of all products of the coke industry proper was $98,078,383 in 1909, $51,728,647 in 1904, and $35,585,445 in 1899, an mcrease for the decade of 175.6 per cent. A marked feature of the industry- is the increasing use of retort ovens. Although the retort coke product was not reported separately in 1899, the by-products of this branch of the industry were given and aggregated $952,027 in value. In 1909 the value of the retort by-products was $8,112,900, The value of the coke and by-products made by retort ovens constituted 29.1 per cent of the total value of all products pf the industry in 1909. Of the total value of the products made by retort ovens, two-fifths is contributed by the by-products. The ton of 2,000 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table 67 MATEEIALS. Total cost Coal charged into ovens: Tons Run of mine — Unwashed W ashed. Slack- Unwashed Washed Cost All other materials PRODUCTS. Total value > Coke: » Tons Value Made in beehive ovens- Tons Value Made in retort or by-product ovens- Tons Value By-products obtained from retort or by- product ovens — Gas made, cubic feet (thousands) .. Used in process or wasted, cubic feet (thousands) Sold— Cubic feet (thousands) Value Tar- Gallons Value Ammonia, sulphate or reduced to equivalent in sulphate — Pounds Value Anhydrous ammonia — Pounds Value Ammonia liquor — Gallons Value All other EQTTIPMENT. Ovens, number In existence at end of year Building at end of year Abandoned during the year 1909 1 $65,388,124 159,354,937 40,594,842 6,007,760 6,926,484 5,825,851 1 $62, 203, 382 $3,184,742 1 $98,078,383 39,315,065 $89,965,483 33,060,421 $69,530,794 6,254,644 $20,434,689 76,590,763 60,799,543 15,791,220 $2,609,211 60,126,006 $1,408,611 123,111,197 $3,227,316 4,871,014 $448,455 (») (') $419,307 103, 982 2,950 201 19M $29,884,532 36,781,006 24,872,731 2,649,251 4,414,326 4,844,698 $28,360,121 $1,524,411 2$61,728,647 24,733,063 $49,002,051 22,516,280 $42,885,773 2,216.783 $6,116,278 18,761,101 14,878,301 3,882,800 $684, 464 23,074,225 $551,836 26,050,713 $681, 427 (*) 4,339,679 $697,644 $111,225 76,099 2.127 178 1899 $19,665,532 30,157,829 20,844,637 1,457,961 5,036,675 2,818,556 $18,355,252 $1,310,280 $35,685,445 19,640,798 $34,633,418 (*) («) 1,171,943 $225,022 10,468,733 $207,952 11,984,931 $330, 921 1,572,325 $180,642 $7,490 47,142 («) (♦) 1 Includes coal and coking products produced by establishments engaged prima- rily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry desig- nation, viz: Coal used, unwashed, 566,539 tons, cost, $1,363,597; products valued at $2,381,761, comprising retort coke, 415,472 tons, valued at $1,464,162; tar, 4,398,576 gallons, valued at $87,639; ammonium sulphate, 9,952,744 pounds, valued at $235,605; gas sold, 2,160,915 thousand cubic feet, valued at $534,075; and ot^.er prod- ucts, $60,280. ' In addition, 410,225 tons of coke, valued at $1,302,572, were produced by estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. » The statement for coke made in gas establishments will be found in detail under the classification " Gas, illuminating and heating." * Not reported. » Reported in part as anhydrous ammonia and in part as ammonium sulphate or reduced equivalents. Dyestuffs and extracts. — The statistics for dyestuffs and extracts given in Table 68 cover the products of establishments manufacturing the same for sale, and do not include those made by dye and print works or tanneries and consumed by the same in further pro- cesses of manufacture. The total value of products was $15,954,574 in 1909 and $7,350,748 in 1899, an increase of 117 per cent. The chief products were oak and chestnut extract, STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 497 which together increased almost ninefold in quantity and even more in value during the decade. Artificial dyestuffs nearly doubled in quantity and in value, but the production of natural d^-^es tuffs (included under " All other products") has fallen off greatly, the value of the product being $1,035,711 in 1899 and only $233,935 in 1904. It was materially less in 1909, but can not be shown separateh' without disclosing individual operations. The census report on Forest Products for 1909 gives 386,817,895 pounds as the total consump- tion of tanning extracts in that year, which quantity exceeds the quantity of oak, chestnut, hemlock, and su- mac extracts here reported by over 83,000,000 pounds. This difference can be taken as representing approxi- mately the amount of tanning extract imported or made and consumed in tanning establishments. Table 68 Total Talne Artificial dyestuffs: Pounds Value Extracts: Hemlock- Pounds Value Logwood — Pounds Value Oak and chestnut- Pounds Value Sumac- Pounds Value Ground sumac: Pounds Value Ground bark: Pounds Value Ground and chipped wood: Pounds Value Gums and dextrins: Pounds Value Iron liquors: Pounds Value Mordants: Pounds Value Sizes: Pounds Value Tannic acid: Pounds Value Turkey-red oil: Pounds Value other tanning liquors: Pounds Value liNW All other products* 11,573,248 $1,724,298 >Slfi,»64.<74 12,267,399 13,462,436 12.588,078 $280,487 22.317,248 $991,974 287,908,285 $6,061,162 3,148,790 $107,456 554,032 $24,531 25,142,076 $176,510 15,046.954 $143,720 16,148,931 $610,999 3,079,418 $30,282 1,735,887 $60,515 54,054,711 $1,735,600 5,085,748 $249,297 1,048,719 $72,053 9,285,048 $365,304 1904 1 $10,898,118 4,600,462 $1,764,454 18,833,450 $406,619 29,799,606 $1,472,047 156,520,123 $2,411,184 4,093,619 $95,958 6,061,333 $65,190 38,001,017 $249, 101 9,999,906 $95,237 6,651,731 $231,708 1,860,744 $30,757 733.245 $64,656 7,812,433 $217,850 5.165.500 $200,136 3.022,470 $150,666 44,418,929 $1,704,243 18M $7,360,748 6,581,850 $1,806,730 26,011,714 $563,591 39,252,743 $1,485,971 28,963,036 $529,670 4,349,742 $103,085 9,284,000 $114,660 27,028,000 $149,365 12,690,037 $201,931 s 954,240 $7,525 734,000 $85,466 101,920 $2,548 1,326,515 $149,662 2,210,000 $14,757 16,144,292 $405,659 $1,730,128 >In addition, dyestuffs and extracts, to the value of $834,102, in 1909 and $19,111 in 1904, were produced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. ' Not reported separately. » Includmg a small production of natural dyestuffs in 1909, a production In 1904 valued at $233,935, and a production in 1899 valued at $1,035,711. Note.— The following products were made and consumed in establishments- •where produced: Ground and chipped wood pounds. . Groimd bark pounds. . Ground leaves pounds. . 936,578,482 293.062,168 1,955,040 1904 524,505,744 40,390,640 3,586,171 Explosives. — Table 69 presents the statistics for the explosives industrj^. The value of all products was $40,139^661 in 1909 as compared with $17,125,418 in 1899, an increase of 134.4 per cent. 72497°— 13 32 + The production of explosives in the industry proper was 469,481,252 pounds in 1909, 360,980,734 pounds in 1904, and 215,980,720 pounds in 1899, an increase for the decade of 117.4 per cent. If the explosives made by establishments operated by the Federal Government and by establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of other products be added, the total production in 1909 was 471,181,650 pounds. The output of dyna- mite formed about three-eighths of the total output of explosives, and its value approximately one-half of the total value of explosives reported. The most important product m respect to quantity of output was blasting powder, including "permissible explosives." Permis- sible explosives, known in Pennsylvania as safety ex- plosives, were reported separately for the first time in 1909. They are specially designed for use in dusty and gaseous coal mines. The ton of 2,000 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table 69 MATERULS. Total COlt Nitrate of soda: Tons Cost Acids: Mixed- Pounds Cost Nitric- Pounds Cost Sulphuric — Tons Cost Sulphur or brimstone: Tons Cost All other materials. PRODUCTS. Total ralne Dynamite: Pounds Value Nitroglycerin, sold as such: Pounds Value Blasting powder: Kegs (25 pounds) Value Permissible explosives: Pounds Value Gunpowder: Pounds Value Other explosives:* Pounds Value All other products $2,155,793 1909 $88,811,648 188,889 $7,892,336 51,764,694 $1,512,626 7,591,756 $541,314 22,501 $406,204 17,389 $367,866 $12,091,202 I $40,139,661 177,155,851 $18,699,746 28,913,253 $3,162,434 9,339,087 $9,608,265 9,607,448 $863,209 12,862,700 $1,736,427 7,464,825 $3,913,787 19(H $17,808,667 133,034 $5,608,557 105,552,404 $3,093,429 2,699,500 $122,047 18,298 $247,301 19.574 $507,469 $7,624,864 2 $29,602,884 130,920,829 $12,900,193 7,935.936 $1,620,117 8,217,448 $7,377,977 (') (») 10,383,944 $1,541,483 6,303.825 $4,256,193 $1,906,921 1899 $10,334,974 88,524 $2,902,866 66,900,146 $1,505,754 467,587 $17,171 7 864 $130,' 699 12,742 $317,383 $5,461,101 $17,126,418 85,846,456 $8,247,223 3,618,692 $783,299 3,907,012 $3,857,974 25,638,804 $1,452,377 3,201,468 $2,610,103 $174,442 ' In addition, 1,481,042 pounds, to the value of $802,948, were made by Federal establishments, and 219,356 pounds, to the value of $135,979, by establishments en- gaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the in- dustry designation. 2 in addition, 1,104,532 pounds, to the value of $(390,032, were made by Federal establishments and by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. ' Not reported separately. < Includes smokeless powder and guncotton or pyroxylin, to avoid disclosing operations of individual establishments. Note.— The following products were made and consumed in the establishments where produced: Saltpeter pounds. . Nitroglycerin pounds. . Sulphuric acid tons. . Nitric acid tons. . Charcoal bushels. . Cellulose nitrates i)ounds. . Nitrate of ammonia pounds. . 1909 12,050,225 70,289,667 42,555 31,484 737,884 5,000,226 10,904,319 1904 3.559,376 44,077,828 30,994 18,988 1,150,918 6,299,317 498 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Fertilizers. — The following table giving statistics for the fertilizerindustry does not include the product of estabUshments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than fertilizers, cliief of which are slaughtering and meat-packing establishments and cottonseed-oil mills. The value of all products of the industry proper, which includes some that are not fer- tihzers, was $103,960,213 in 1909, as compared mth $44,657,385 in 1899, an increase of 132.8 per cent. Including the fertilizer by-products of other indus- tries, the total production of fertilizers in 1909 was 5,618,234 tons, valued at $100,089,971. During the period 1899-1909 the tonnage of the fertihzer prod- ucts of the establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of fertilizers increased 87.5 per cent. Some of the materials, such as sulphuric acid, are the products of establishments engaged in this industry, and therefore are duplicated in the total value of products. The ton of 2,000 'pounds is used in showmg quantities. Table 70 IIATEBIALS. Total cost Ammonia tes: Tons Cost Ammonium solpbate: Tons Cost Kainlt: Tons Coat Nitrate of sods: Tons Cost Phosphate rock: Tons Cost Potash salts: Tons Cost Pyrites: Tons Cost Sulphuric acid: Tons Cost Sulphur or brimstone: Tons Cost Superphosphates: Tons Cost Fish 1909 $69,521,920 $16, S3, Vi, 778,639 ,065,978 63,381 ,640,592 322, 720 ,783,658 85,714 ,730,070 ,529,124 ,621,094 257,766 327,549 456,574 831,994 603,672 312,687 4,236 168,924 415,656 ,946,440 ,031,437 1904 $39,287,914 > $9, 915, 648 10,540 $600,856 190,493 $1,891,073 42,213 $1, 760, 432 888,571 $4,244,554 122, 107 $3,606,701 342,962 $2,020,759 197,865 $1,084,304 4,210 $92,234 320,559 $2,912,010 $847, 142 All other materials $14,161,497 $10,312,201 1899 $28,958,473 i$9,934,145 4,120 $186,609 54,700 $520,833 19,518 $709,841 787,927 $3,554,174 (') $3,098,400 288,778 $1,466,285 231,527 $1,355,382 12,728 $268, 670 $2, 176, 245 $183,542 $5,504,347 PRODUCTS. Total value Fertilizers: Tons Value Superphosphates from minerals bones, etc.— Tons Value Ammonia ted— Tons Value Concentrated phosphate — Tons Value Complete — Tons Value Other- Tons Value Sulphuric acid (reduced to 60* Baum4): Tons Value other acids — Tons Value All other products 1909 1904 ^$103,960,213 5,240,164 $92,369,631 1,201,354 $13,318,529 472, 757 $10,061,193 •313,888 $3,638,210 2, 717, 797 $57,243,899 534,368 $8,107,800 153,057 $923, 492 30,651 $611,288 $10,055,802 '$56,541,253 3, 267, 777 $50,460,694 766,338 $7,515,257 775,987 $12,901,057 (?) 1,329,149 $25,673,511 394,703 $4,370,869 24,502 $194,578 45,689 $241,500 $5,644,475 1899 $44,657,385 2, 794, 705 $40,545,661 923, 198 $8,471,943 142,898 $2,449,388 (^) (») 1,436,682 $25, 446, 046 291,927 $4, 178, 284 71, 176 $437,925 (») $17,872 $3,655,927 ' Includes for 1904, 125,888 tons of ammonlates classified as such, valued at $2,445,061; cottonseed meal, valued at $2,376,448; and bones, tankage, and oflal, valued at $5,094,149; and for 1899, cottonseed meal, valued at $167,410; and bones, tankage, and oflal, valued at $9,766,735. > Not reported. » In addition, in 1909, 231,287 tons of complete fertilizer, valued at $4,806,832; 49,632 tons of ammoniated fertilizer, valued at $943,197; 22,615 tons of superphos- phates, valued at $426,302; 63,581 tons of "other" fertilizer, valued at $1,365,931; 10,955 tons of concentrated phosphate, valued at $178,078; and other products to the value of $190,928; and in 1904, fertilizers, to the value of $2,069,714, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. Gas,illnminating and heating. — The statistics for the gas industry presented in Table 71 include only those establishments which made gas as their main product. The total production of gas made for sale by such establishments and by retort coke ovens combined — but not including the by-products of establishments outside these two industries — was in 1909, 166,627,013 thousand cubic feet, valued at $141,224,520; in 1904, 116,432,779 thousand cubic feet, valued at $113,347,032; and in 1899, 68,265,496 thousand cubic feet, valued at $69,657,604. The in- crease in quantity for the period 1899-1909 was thus 144.1 per cent, and that in value 102.7 per cent. In addition to the product above reported for 1909, 1,730,563 thousand cubic feet were made and con- NoTE.— The following products were made and consumed in establishments where produced: Acid phosphate tons. . Sulphuric acid tons. . 1909 1,838,865 841,935 1904 884,211 692,904 sumed in gas plants and 60,799,543 thousand cubic feet were made and consumed or wasted by retort coking estJibhshments. There is also a large con- sumption of producer gas and blast-furnace gas by establishments in other industries which produced the gas themselves. The value of products of the illuminating-gas indus- try proper aggregated $166,814,371 in 1909 as com- pared with $75,716,693 in 1899, an increase of 120.3 per cent. Only about four-fifths of this value repre- sents that of the gas itself. The industry shows a progressive decrease from census to census in unit values for aU kinds of gas with the exception of acetylene gas. The ton of 2,000 'pounds is used for showing quantities. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 499 Table 71 Total coft. Coal: Tods Cost Oil: Gallons Cost Coke: Tons Cost All other materials , PE0DUCT8. Total value Oas:> Cubic feet (thousands). Value Straight coal- Cubic feet (thousands). Value Straight water- Cubic feet (thousands). Value Carburettcd water- Cubic feet (thousands). Value Mixed coal and water- Cubic feet (thousands). Value OU— Cubic feet (thousands). Value Acetylene- Cubic feet (thousands). Value All other- Cubic feet (thousands). Value Cok«: Bushels Value Tar: Gallons Value 1909 1904 All other products Receipts from rents and sales of lamps and appliances 152,427,844 4,940.598 J16,304,832 579,657,152 $17,346,750 501,919 $2,667,706 $16,109,556 I $166,814,871 150,835,793 $138,615,309 19,985,253 $18,065,841 1,726,082 $1,289,031 79,418,486 $69,513,749 40,775,283 $36,953,543 8,688,880 $12,111,458 25,186 $361,348 216,643 $330,339 82,049,683 $5,723,215 » 78, 339, 880 $1,875,549 •$13,556,908 $7,043,390 > $37,180,066 4.431,774 $14,607,485 410.989,564 $15,015,602 435,534 $1,602,762 $5,954,217 $125,144,945 112,549,979 $112,662,568 12,693,034 $12,868,604 715,550 $832,440 54,687,418 $4S,t)71, 180 40,980,414 $45,605,263 3,441,352 $5,141,460 7,881 $104,267 24,330 $39,354 89,146,434 $5,195,461 67,515,421 $2,064,343 $972,992 $4,249,581 1899 $20,605,366 2,487,287 $7,164,472 194,857,296 $8,168,657 217,354 $726, 736 $4,545,491 $75,716,693 67,093,553 $69,432,582 8 8 a 8 $4,283,204 $2,000,907 > Does not include $4,013,885 paid for lamps and appliances. * In addition, products of g^ manufacture to the value of $261,802 were pro- duced by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. The items covered by these products were 27,558 (tliousands) cubic feet of coalgas, valued at $29,419; 13,070 (thousands) cubic feet of acetylene gas, valued at $224,618; 44,347 bushels of coke, valued at $3,399; 38,370 gallons of tar, valued at $1,372; and receipts from sale of lamps and appliances to the amount of $2,994. > Statistics of the gas made in coke establishments are shown in detail under the classilication "Coke. * Not reported separately. ' In addition, there were 13,813,058 gallons for which no value was reported. * Includes 49,720,220 gallons of ammonia liquor, valued at $725,702, una 1 ,154,319 pounds of hydrocarbons, valued at $44,509. Note.- The following products were made and consumed in establishments where produced: 1909 Coke bushels . . Tar -. gallons. . Gas, cubic feet thousands.. Benzene or benzol 49,550,153 31,590,178 1,730,563 302,994 1904 46,561,185 14,772,878 1,363,757 Glucose and starch. — Statistics are presented in Table 72 for the glucose and starch industry for the years 1909 and 1904. Com is the principal material used. The value of all products of the industry was $48,799,311 in 1909 and $32,649,836 in 1904, the increase for the five-year period being 49.5 per cent. The starch product (gross, including duplication), increased in quantity 89.9 per cent and in value 60.3 per cent, the entire gain being in cornstarch. The percentages of increase in the value of glucose, grape sugar, and com oil are large, notably that for corn oil. In 1899 the produc- tion of starch (in part estimated) was 543,040,000 pounds, greatly exceeding the figures for 1904. The decrease in production from 1899 to 1904 was due in large measure to the decrease in the export trade of this commodity. Some establishments included in the industry are engaged primarily in reprocessing starch, resulting in a duphcation of products. In 1909 105,299,010 pounds of cornstarch were used as material by such factories, 104,597,648 pounds of cornstarch being obtained as products. The deduction of this duphca- tion from the total gives the quantity of marketable cornstarch produced in 1909 as 534,227,718 pounds. Table 72 MATERIALS. Total cost. Com: Pounds Cost Wheat and roots: Pounds Cost Potatoes: Pounds Cost Cornstarch: Pounds Cost Wheat flour: Pounds Cost All other materials. Total Talue Starch: Pounds Value Com- pounds Value Wheat and root — Pounds Value Potato— Pounds Value Glucose, including all sirups: Pounds Value Grape sugar: Pounds Value Cora oil: Gallons Value Stock food All other products . 1909 $36,898,771 2,240,508,915 $26,674,779 1,940,000 $21,435 210,608,127 $541,339 105,299,010 $1,763,173 19,545,824 $482,263 $7,415,762 $48,799,311 677,535,647 $17,514,823 638, 825, .366 $15,962,916 12,127,686 $626,337 26,582,595 $925,570 769,660,210 $17,922,514 169,060,478 $3,620,816 8,164,175 $2,802,768 $6,013,968 $924,422 1904 $25,518,876 (') $19,074,738 s 209,372,549 $563,651 $5,880,497 < $32,649,88« 356,695,335 $10,927,538 311,140,814 $8,878,450 17,845,121 $1,124,612 27,709,400 $924,476 (') $12,352,616 (') $2,264,746 (') $1,164,466 $4, 446, 479 $1,503,992 ' Not reported. * Not reported separately. » In addition, 1 ,3' 9,691 pounds of cornstarch, valued at $48,059, were made by establlsfamnnts engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. Cottonseed, oil and cake. — The following table pre- sents the statistics for cottonseed products : Table 73 Cotton seed cmshed tons.. PRODUCTS. Total value Primary products manufactured, whether for sale or for further use: Oil gallons. . Meal and cake tons.. Hulls tons. . Linters pounds. . 1909 > 8.798,949 $147,867,894 157,115,689 1,661,734 1,258,612 174,620,099 1904 > 8,308,930 $96,407,621 132,051,801 1,343,977 1,201,079 116,707,298 1899 2,479,386 $68,726,632 93,325,729 884,391 1,169,286 57,272.053 1 In addition, products to the value of $2,017,"05 were produced by establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation; th«se establishments crushed 28,752 tons of seed and groduced 1,212,852 gallons of crude oil, 12,811 tons of meal and cake, 8,926 tons of ulls, and 1,152,978 pounds of liuters. * In addition, establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation crushed 36,440 tons of seed and produced 1,705,971 gallons of crude oil, 16,195 tons of meal and cake, 12,265 tons of hulls, and 1,085,671 pounds of linters. The amount of seed crushed in mills engaged primarily in the industry increased from 2,479,386 tons in 1899 to 3,798,549 tons in 1909, or 53.2 per cent, while the value ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. 600 of all products, including fertilizer, ice, feed, etc., where carried on in connection with the manufacture of cottonseed products, increased from $58,726,632 to $147,867,894, or 151.8 per cent. A marked feature of the industry is the progressive increase in quantity of oil, meal, and linters, and decrease in quantity of hulls per ton of seed crushed . The ton of 2,000 founds is used for showing quantities. Oil, essential. — The products of the essential-oil in- dustiy, given in the following table, increased in value from $813,495 m 1899 to $1,737,234 m 1909, or 113.6 per cent. The output of natural oils increased in value 68.2 per cent, and of witch-hazel over sevenfold. * 4 * PRODUCT. 1909 1904 1899 1 «,737,234 $1,108,603 305,781 $519,079 07,053 $102,045 33,400 $83,283 22,281 $68,983 $335,213 679. 190 $412,322 $216,309 1 $1,464,662 $1,023,937 130,022 $470,037 (') (') 4,737 $15,579 327,908 $538,321 797,700 $367,873 $72,&52 $813,495 $700, 709 Peppermint- 202,550 Value $188,559 Black birch- (») (») Spearmint— Pounds ^*} Value (») Wintergreen— Pounds 2,166 $3,638 Other- Pounds 638,024 $508,512 Witch-hazel: 110,260 $54,649 $58, 137 1 In addition, essential oils to the value of $117,489 in 1909 and $14,500 in 1904 were produced by establishments engaged priniarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. « Not reported separately. » The products classified under this head include 49,327 jwunds, valued at $44,494; quantities not reported for the remainder. Paint and varnish. — The inquiry at the present cen- sus in regard to specific materials used in the manu- facture of paints and varnishes was confined to pig lead and alcohol, the comparative statistics for which, including establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation, are as follows : Table 75 MATERIAL. 1909 1904 1899 Pig lead: Tons (2/)00 pounds) 145,917 $12,014,859 1,683,382 $920, 080 1,327,157 $693,362 356,225 129,629 $11,214,961 1,416,746 $928,946 1,357,682 $790,243 59,064 $138,703 99,052 Cost $8. 585. 688 Alcohol: Gallons 388,368 Cost $461,417 310 059 Wood- Cost $285 510 Grain- Gallons 78,309 $175,907 Cost $226, 724 The statistics for paint and varnish products are given in the following table, which does not include the pigments ground in establishments classified as en- gaged in the manufacture of kaolin and ground earths, the blacks made by establishments classified as engaged in the manufacture of bone, carbon, and lamp black, nor lead or zinc oxide made by lead and zinc smelters. During the period 1899 to 1909 the value of all products increased from $69,562,235 to $124,889,422, or 79.5 per cent. Paints in oil constitute the most important group. The output of pigments, including white lead in oil, increased 141.9 per cent, and that of varnishes and japans 69 per cent in value. Table 76 Total value. Pigments White lead, dry- Pounds Value Oxides of lead- Pounds Value Lanipblack and other blacks — Pounds Value Iron oxides and other earth colors- Pounds Value Other dry colors — Pounds Value Barytes— Pounds Value Pulp colors, sold moist — Pounds Value Paints in oil White lead in oil- Pounds Value Paste — Pounds Value Already mixed for use — Gallons Value Varnishes and japans Oleoresinous varnishes- Gallons Value Damar and similar turpentine and benzine varnishes — Gallons Value Spirit varnishes not turpentine — Gallons Value Pyroxylin varnishes — Gallons Value Dryers, japans and lacquers- Gallons Value All other Fillers Liquid- Gallons Value Paste — Pounds Value Dry- Pounds Value Putty- Pounds Value Water paints and kalsomine: Dry or in paste — Pounds Value Already mixed for use — Gallons Value Linseed oil: Gallons Value Bleached shellac: Pounds Value 1909 All other products. '$124,889,422 $16,985,588 85, 234, 414 $3,921,803 63,404,846 $3,662,062 1,810,445 $105,063 111,674,675 $876, 331 162,409,565 $6,874,333 49.496,025 $268, 757 28, 435, 722 $1,277,239 $56, 763, 296 246,567,570 $15,234,411 162,356,330 $11,279,459 33,272,033 $30, 249, 426 $31,262,535 18,476,523 $17,350,113 3,48L231 $2,836,341 1,181,746 $1, 408, 048 1,880,141 $2,351,425 9.474,939 $5,094,973 $2, 221, 635 $3, 126, 271 1,159,569 $823,063 14.050,329 $887,948 50,983.472 $295,728 63,502,048 $1,119,532 47,465.265 $1,917,038 522,283 $61,969 3,477,004 $1,912,594 3.014.195 $578,650 $12,281,481 1904 $90,839,609 $11,965,806 62,395,868 $2,877,109 49, 734, 330 $2,591,772 757. 244 $49,809 48.345,978 $331, 416 98,194,081 $5,066,083 22.299.980 $134, 174 25,351,515 $915, 383 $40,390,059 216, 496, 450 $11,228,889 131, 940, 464 $8, 713, 183 22,379,020 $20,447,987 $22,871,486 17, 162, 719 $15,702,997 1,553,562 $2, 180, 713 148,320 $162, 163 (*) $3,346,355 $1,479,258 $2,344,636 1,051,148 $785,617 68, 761, 174 $1,559,019 27,932,447 $924, 807 123,400 $9,230 $12,333,585 1899 $69,562,236 » $13, 319, 487 » 116,102,316 $4,211,181 50,759,623 $2,550,340 1,065,000 $60,250 33,453,896 $318, 242 167,479,090 $5,317,943 20,060,935 $861,531 (») 306,410,398 $17,601,459 16,879,595 $14, 864, 126 $18,502,219 14,282,851 $14,333,554 549,811 $905,229 160,127 $178,826 0) $3,084,610 (•) (•) s? s 5*> 8 $5,274,944 1 In addition, paints and varnishes, to the value of $2,583,3971n 1909 and $1,221,338 In 1904, were made by establishments engaged primarily In the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. » Includes white lead in oil. ' Not reportedseparately. * Not reported. Note.— The following products were made and consumed in establishments where produced: White lead, dry pounds.. Lead oxides pounds. . Varnishes gallons. . Drying japans and dryers gallons. . Collodion and other cellulose nitrate solu- tions gallons. . Pyroxylin and other cellulose nitrates pounds. . Copperas pounds. . 1909 162,702.089 4. 526. 425 4.407,312 3,090,756 20,600 24,750 11,531,006 1904 122, 288, 484 13,589,147 1,202,674 988,979 1,576,442 12,000 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 501 Petrolenm refining. — The products of the petroleum- refining industry, statistics for which are presented in the following table, aggregated $236,997,659 in value m 1909 i?.s compared with $123,929,384 in 1899, the increase during the decade being 91.2 per cent. This conforms closely to the increase in the cost of crude petroleum used, which was 89.4 per cent. The crude petroleum used increased in quantity from 52,011,005 barrels of 42 gallons in 1899 to 120,775,439 barrels in 1909, or 132.2 per cent, and the refined-oil products aggregated 40,290,985 barrels of 50 gallons in 1899, 46,454,062 barrels in 1904, and 89,082,810 barrels in 1909, an increase for the decade of 136.2 per cent. Table 77 Crude petrolenm used: Barrels (42 gallons). Cost Total value . Oils: Illuminating- Barrels (50 gallons) Value Fuel (including gas oils) — Barrels Value Lubricating— Barrels Value Naphtha and gasoline (including gas naphtha)— Barrels Value ParaflBn wax- Barrels Value... , OH asphaltum— Tons (2,(XX) pounds) Value Residuum or tar — Barrels Value , Greases (lubricating, etc.)— Barrels Value Coke and black naphtha- Value Sludge acid- Tons (2,000 pounds) Value , All other products. EQUU'MENT. 2,305 451 424,564 16 6,200 1,928 1,656,534 529 79 357 678 242,590,505 Storage tanks for refined petroleum: Number 6, 476 Capacity, gallons 1, 041, 627, 444 Cooper shops, number 53 Tin shops, number I 14 Stills, number Ueated by steam- Number Capacity (barrels 42 gallons) . Heated by superheated steam — Number Capacity (barrels 42 gallons) . Heated by fire — Number Capacity (barrels 42 gallons) Agitators, number Chilling houses for paraffin, number.. Hydraulic or other presses, number.. Storage tanks for crude petroleum: Number Capacity, gallons 1M9 19M 1899 120,775,439 $162,807,040 66,982,862 9107,487,091 1236,997,669 33,495,798 •94,547,010 34,034,577 S36,462,883 10,745,885 $38,884,236 10,806,550 $39,771,989 946,830 •9,388,812 233,328 $2,724,752 1,787,008 $2,215,623 138,302 $1,567,647 $507,695 133,215 $402,295 $10,524,747 $176,006,320 27,135,094 $91,366,434 7,209,428 $9,205,391 6,298,251 $23,553,091 5,811,289 $21,314,837 794,068 $10,007,274 s 3,187,921 $3,138,361 202,439 $1,394,130 $149,653 165,104 $400,480 $14,475,669 1,907 282 (•) (•) 15 1,610 (•) 374 67 311 304 245,760,493 3,576 576,458,825 64 17 62,011,005 $80,424,207 $129,929,384 25,171,289 $74,094,297 6,095,224 $7,550,664 3,408,918 $10,897,214 5,615,554 $15,991,742 774,924 $7,791,149 (•) (•) 596,615 $688,455 672,140 $2,454,617 $176,281 $3,684,965 (») 1,774 290 m (•) (») 1,458 327 48 510 257 (•) 2,860 48 13 1 In 1909, 48,680 tons of sulphuric acid, and in 1904, 49,379 tons, were made and consumed in establishments where produced. » Not reported separately. • Not reported. The largest gain was that in the output of fuel oils, which increased from 7,209,428 barrels in 1904 to 34,034,577 barrels in 1909, as the result of the increase in the refining of low-grade crude oils. The output of lubricating oils and naphtha also increased very rapidly. The decrease in the value of "all other prod- ucts" in 1909 as compared with 1904 is due in part to the fact that the products of the box, cooperage, tinware, and paint shops operated by the refineries were included in 1904, but when possible separate reports were obtained for these departments m 1909 and the statistics for them were included with those for other industries at this census. Salt. — The statistics for the salt industry are given in the following table.^ The value of all products increased from $7,966,897 m 1899 to $11,327,834 in 1909, or 42.2 per cent. The production of salt in- creased from 15,187,819 barrels in 1899 to 29,933,060 barrels in 1909, or 97.1 per cent, while the value of the product increased from $5,869,362 to $8,311,729, or 41.6 per cent, the average value per barrel decreas- ing from 39 cents in 1899 to 28 cents in 1909 on account of the greatly increased proportion of the lower grades of salt manufactured. The barrel of £80 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table 78 Total Talue . Salt: Barrels Value Bromine: Bounds Value All other products Salt, cUutiflfd by grade (barrelt). Table and dairy Commoaftie , Common coarse Packers Coarse solar Rock salt, mined Milling, other grades, and brine. Process employed. Total number of establishments. Number reporting: .Solar Kettle Grainer Open pan Vacuiun pan 1909 $11,327,884 29,933,060 $8,311,729 « 728.875 $92,735 $2,923,370 3,042,824 7, 745, 204 2,843.393 385,802 1,109,396 5,938,721 8,867,720 124 46 1 60 11 21 1904 1 $9,437,662 17,128,572 $6,955,734 261,665 $72,584 $2,409,344 3,119,091 6,254,293 1,878,666 498,943 1,677,182 3,416,835 283,562 146 63 7 70 12 20 1899 $7,966,897 15,187,819 $5,869,362 279.437 $64,921 $2,032,614 1,866,058 6,866.126 2,635,282 182,930 910,974 2,543,679 182,770 159 1 In addition, 25,043 barrels of salt, to the value of $8,415, were produced by e.stab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of oroducts other than those covered by the industry designation. > Includes {Mtassium bromide. » Not reported. Soap. — The statistics for the soap industry given in Table 79 for 1909 and 1904 mclude those for the soap factories opfsrated by the owners of slaughter- ing and meat-packing establishments as well as for establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of soap. In 1899 the manufacture of soap anad of candles was reported as one industry, the value of products being $53,231,017. In 1904 the value of the combined products of these industries was $72,164,062 and m 1909, $114,488,298. The cost of the materials used in the soap industry was $72,179,418 in 1909 and $43,625,608 in 1904, the ' The statistics differ from those published by the United States Geological Survey, which include Hawaii and Porto Rico. 502 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. increase for the five-year period being 65.5 per cent. The value of all products was $111,357,777 in 1909 and $68,274,700 in 1904, the increase for the five-year period being 63.1 per cent. With the addition of the by-products from establishments in other industries the total value of soap products was $115,455,172 in 1909. The chief soap product was hard soap, which, including that made in establishments engaged pri- marily in the manufacture of products other than soap, aggregated 883,583 net tons in 1909. Glycerm is an important product of the soap industry. Reference should be made to Table 66 for the glycerin product of chemical establishments. Table 79 MATERIALS. Total coit Tallow, grease, and other fats: Pounds Cost Cocoanut and palm-kernel oil: Gallons Cost Cottonseed oil: Gallons Cost Rosin: Pounds Cost Foots: Pounds Cost Caustic soda: Tons (2,000 pounds) Cost Soda ash: Tons (2,000 pounds) Cost 1909 $73,179,418 413 $23; ,969,787 ,341,905 All other materials . Total value... Hard soap: Pounds Value Soft soap: Pounds Value Glycerin: Pounds Value Special soap articles. All other products. . . 207, S4, 856,837 876,294 221,712 718,988 296,447 362,412 050,892 453,609 19M $2, 52,172 212,232 $2, 121,016 281,787 $21,933,191 1 $111,357,777 1,736,740,466 $88,550,830 44,052,615 $943,676 '39,689,300 $5,713,558 $731,823 $15,417,890 $43,625,608 475,618,277 $19,723,311 6,833,132 $2,692,034 13,276,006 $3,882,987 168,107,246 $2,734,848 59,761,740 $1,222,982 71,551 $2,843,988 53,777 $1,011,694 $9,513,764 1 $68,274,700 1,355,358,649 $56,878,486 33,613,416 $667,064 27,660,661 $2,958,115 $554,881 $7,216,154 ' In addition, the following products were made by establishments engaged pri- marily m the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation: ■' 1909 1904 Soap: Hard- Pounds 30,424,855 $1,279,004 15,984,055 $325,511 3 7,206,721 $1,076,706 $1,416,174 31,251,795 $1,148,920 10,286.839 $94,017 565,000 $45,200 $148,981 Value Soft— Pounds Value Gljrcerin: Pounds Value All other products 1 1° addition, 5,597,519 pounds were reported with no value. » In addition, 25,319 pounds were reported with no value, Note.— The following products were made and consumed In establishments wnere produced: J^^o" gallons.. Tallow pounds Cottonseed oil "gallons" Caustic lye, 30" Baum6 laUons' ' Sodium silicate .■.■.■.■.■.'.".■ pounds.' ' giycerm pounds. Framed soap pounds.. 1909 3,176,795 17,709,219 2,422,843 15,931,639 37,466,246 5,816,279 627,370,128 1901 1,149,346 10,613,271 920,410 9,568,622 1,597,886 3,433,359 114,452,424 Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. — Comparative statistics for the products of establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids are given in the following table. The total value of products was $9,884,057 in 1909, as compared, with $8,596,390 in 1899, an increase of 15 per cent. This increase was chiefly in sulphuric acid, the output of which increased in quantity (on the basis of 50° acid) 88.8 per cent and in value 38.3 per cent. The ton of 2,000 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table SO Total valne . Acids Sulphuric: Tons, reduced to 50° Baum6 Tons Value 66° Baume — Tons Value 60" Baum^— Tons Value 50° Baum6— Tons Value Nitric: Pounds Value Mixed: Pounds Value All other products . 1909 1 $9,884,067 $7,667,274 865, 191 703,185 267,476 $3,158,097 73,073 $401,734 « 362,636 $2,069,665 8,396,326 $499,303 45,361,626 $1,438,475 $2,316,783 1901 1 $9,062,646 $6,955,078 467,614 364,374 $4,286,312 199,663 $2,886,179 13,634 $121,432 5 151,077 $1,278,701 30,306,555 $1,446,471 42,812,894 $1,222,295 $2,097,568 1899 $8,596,390 $6,209,872 452,942 324,365 $4,071,848 250,328 $3,244,580 13,650 $199,380 60,387 $627,882 20,402,570 $1,028,266 42,301,319 $1,109,758 $2,386,518 J In addition, the following products were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation: 1909 1904 Acids: Sulphuric (50°)— Tons 621,801 $4,465,263 18,929,620 $857,795 11,820,542 $422,312 $511,532 433,377 $3,655,899 15,957,526 $804,473 22,518,433 $735,061 Value Nitric- Pounds Value Mixed- Pounds Value All other products » Includes the equivalent of 27,602 tons of oleum. ' Includes the equivalent of 13,268 tons of oleum. Note.— In 1909, 1,271,536 tons of sulphuric acid (.50°) and 110,760,619 pounds of nitric acid, and in 1904, 968,455 tons of sulphuric acid (50°) and 62,116,3(36 pounds of nitric acid were made and consumed In establishments where produced. Including by-products from establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation, the total production of these acids for sale in 1909 and 1904 was as follows: Table 81 KIND. 1909 1904 Sulphuric acid (60°): Tons 1,476,992 $10,084,759 27,325,946 $1,357,098 57,182,168 $1,860,787 900,991 $7,942,211 46,264,081 $2,250,944 65,331,327 $1,957,356 Value Nitric acid: Pounds Value Mixed acids: Pounds Value A large amount of sulphuric acid made and con- sumed in the establishments where manufactured, particularly in fertiUzer factories, must be taken into STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 503 account in considering the total production. The following table gives the total production for the three census years : g2 * SULPHUBIC ACID. 1909 1904 189» Total, reduced to 50** Baum^ acid — tons. . 2,748,527 1,476.992 1,271,535 1,869,437 900,992 968.445 1,548,123 783,768 764,355 Turpentine and rosin. — The products of the turpen- tine and rosin industry for which statistics are pre- sented in the following table increased in value from $20,344,888 in 1899 to $25,295,017 in 1909, or 24.3 per cent, but the gain was due wholly to the great in- crease in the price of rosin. The turpentine product decreased in both quantity and value during the decade. The output of rosin also decreased 24.9 per cent, but its value increased 145.2 per cent. The average value of rosin per barrel increased from $1.18 in 1899 to $3.85 in 1909. Table g3 PBOD17CT. 190» 1904 isn Total value itU,S9S,017 28,968,964 112,654,228 3,263,857 112,676,721 164,068 tM.9S7,024 30,687,051 $15,170,499 3,606,347 $8,725,619 $40,906 $S0,S44,>M Turpentine: Gallons 38,488,170 Value $14,960,236 Rosin: Barrels (280 pounds) 4,348,094 Value $5,129,288 Dross and other products $256,386 > In addition, 682,702 gallons of turpentine, valued at$243,491, was produced b^ wood distillation. CLAY, QLASS, AND STONE PRODUCTS. Under this general head are assembled the indus- tries using clay, sand, aiid stone as basic materials, namely, the manufacture of brick, tile, pottery, terra- cotta, and fire-clay products, and that of cement, glass, and lime. The statistics for all these industries, except glass manufacture, were collected in 1909 in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, and the tables include, except as otherwise stated, the respective products made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products as well as those estabhshments making such products as their principal business. Brick and tile, and pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products. 1 — Table 84 summarizes the statistics in regard to the products of the brick and tile, pot- tery, and terra-cotta and fire-clay products indus- tries. The total value of these classes of products was $168,895,365 in 1909 and $95,533,862 in 1899, the increase during the decade being 76.8 per cent. Of the total value of products in 1909, that of brick formed 57.5 per cent, that of tile and allied products 23.2 per cent, and that of pottery 18.4 per cent. The percentages were practically the same in 1904 and 1899. Some of the classes show large ratios of in- ' The statistics differ from tho?e published by the United States Geological Survey, which include Porto Rico. crease, notably porcelain electrical supplies and build- ing terra cotta, including architectural terra cotta, fireproofing, and tiling. Table 84 1909 Total value Brick and tile, terra-cotta, and fire- clay products Briclc Common — Thousand Value Fire- Thousand Value Vitrified, paving, etc.— Thousand Value Front, including fancy colored and fancy or ornamental — Thousand Value Sand lime Enameled Drain tile Sewer pipe Architectural terra cotta Fireproofing, terra-cotta lumber and hollow building tile, or blocks Tile, not drain Stove lining other Potterr Wnite ware, including C. C. ware, white granite, semiporcelain ware, and semivitreous porce- lain ware Sanitary ware Stoneware and yellow and Rock- ingham ware Porcelain electrical stipplies China, l>one china. Delft and Bel- leek ware Red earthenware Other AU other products $168,895,366 $136,387,846 $97,137,844 9,787,671 $57,216,789 838,167 $16,620,695 1,023,654 $11,269,586 821,641 $9,886,292 $1,150,580 $993,902 •9,798,978 $10,322,324 $6,261,625 $4,466,708 $5,291,963 $423,583 $2,694,821 $31,048,341 $13,728,316 $5,989,295 $3,993,859 $3,047,499 •$1,766,766 $804,806 $1,717,800 $1,459,178 1904 $136,362,864 $109,003,306 $78,728,083 8,683,897 $51,239,871 678,362 $11,752,625 715,559 $7,256,088 626, 142 $7,335,511 $698,003 $445,985 $5,522,198 $8,416,009 $3,792,763 $4,317,312 $2,725,717 (>) $5,501,224 $25,834,513 $9,195,703 $3,932,506 $3,481,521 $1,500,283 $3,478,627 $821,695 $3,424,178 $515,035 1899 $96,533,861 $76,551,645 $58,640,228 7,654,528 $39,674,749 800,862 $8,636,562 590,720 $4,828,456 451,420 $5,170,492 0) $329,969 $3,662,184 $4,560,334 $2,027,532 $1,665,031 $1 276,300 $416,236 $4,303,801 $17,222,040 $6,376,361 $2,211,877 $2,130,263 $470,355 $1,297,978 $762,260 $3,972,966 $1,760,177 » Not reported se. » Product of Ohio included in "other" pottery. Cement. — The statistics of products for the cement industry for 1909 and 1904, given in the following table, show a total value of $63,205,455 in 1909 as compared with $29,873,122 in 1904, the rate of increase for the five-year period being 111.6 per cent. In 1899 the statistics for the lime and cement industries were combined, the products aggregating $28,673,735 in value. The value of the combined lime and cement product in 1909 was $81,157,442, the increase for the decade being 183 per cent. During the period 1904-1909 the output of cement increased 110.5 per cent in quantity, all of the in- crease being in Portland cement, while the output of natural cement and of puzzolan cement decreased greatly. Portland cement formed 97.5 per cent of the total in 1909, as compared with 83.7 per cent in 1904. Table g 5 FBODUCT. 1909 1004 $63,205,466 06,689,715 $53,610,563 64,991,431 $52,858,354 1,537,638 $652,756 160,646 $99,453 $9,594,892 $29,873,123 Cement: 31,675,257 $26,031,920 Portland- 26,505,881 $23,355,119 Natural— 4,866,331 $2, 450, ISO Puzzolan— 303,045 $226,651 $3,841,202 504 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Glass. — The following table presents comparative statistics for the glass industry, giving the total cost of materials and the total value of products, together with the quantities of the principal materials and products, for the years 1909, 1904, and 1899. There was an increase of 62.9 per cent in the value of all products for 1909 as compared with 1899. The increase in the value of building glass amounted to 53.9 per cent; that in the value of pressed and blown glass to 60.4 per cent; and that in the value of bottles and jars to 66.2 per cent. The ton of 2,000 pounds is used in showing quantities. Table 86 PRINCIPAI. MATEKIALS. Total cost. Glass sand, tons Soda ash (carbonate of soda), tons. Salt cake (sulphate of soda), tons. . Nitrate of soda, tons Limestone, tons Lime, bushels Arsenic, poimds Carbon, tons Manganese, pounds Litharge and red lead, pounds Potash or pearlash, pounds Grinding sand, tons Rouge, pounds PRODUCTS. Total value. Building glass Window — 50-foot boxes Value Plate- Total cast, square feet. Polished — ' Square leet Value Rough, made for sale- Square feet Value Cathedral— Square feet Value 1909 $32,119,499 ,004,086 373,764 76,540 19,676 156,377 ,256,117 140,720 5,480 882,465 653,149 938,355 706,689 383,182 1 $98,095,803 S26,308,438 6,921,611 $11,742,959 60,105,694 47,370,254 $12,204,875 205,690 $37,431 7,405,980 $569,848 1904 $26,145,522 769,792 215,462 53,905 11,915 115,655 1,166,342 2,676,650 3,750 3,096,939 9,613,649 6,446,338 410,856 1,098,566 2 $79,607,998 $21,697,861 4,852,315 $11,610,851 34,804,986 27,293,138 $7,978,253 17,784 $3,529 6,615,093 $293,623 1899 $16,731,009 581,720 157,779 53,257 10, 770 91,015 993,349 2,349,261 4,155 1,493,538 8,386,106 4,406,211 265,438 837,536 $56,539,712 $17,096,234 4,341,282 $10,879,355 21,172,129 16,883,578' $5,158,598 628,684 $75,887 8,846,361 $567,252 PRODUCTS— continued . Building glass— Continued. Skylight- Square feet Value All other Pressed and blown glass Tableware, 100 pieces Jellies, tumblers, and goblets, dozen. Lamps, dozen Chimneys, dozeni Lantern globes, dozen ' Globes and other electrical goods, dozen Shades, globes, and other gas goods, dozen Blown tumblers, stem ware, and bar goods, dozen Opal ware, dozen Cut ware, dozen Bottles and jars Prescriptions, vials, and druggists' wares, gross Beer, soda, and mineral, gross Liquors and flasks, gross MiUc jars, gross Fruit jars, gross Battery jars and other electrical goods, gross Patent and proprietary, gross Packers and preservers, gross Demijohns and carboys, dozen 1909 15,409,966 $788,726 $964,599 $27,398,445 1,286,056 11,687,036 322,482 6,652,967 952,620 11,738,798 1,541,449 9,182,060 3,095,666 206,336 $36,018,333 3,624,022 2,345,204 1,887,344 440,302 1, 124, 485 1,637,798 1,237,175 122,570 All other products $2, 369, 987 1904 15,255,541 $678,391 $1,133,214 $21,956,158 1,283,974 7.346,214 487,017 7,039,756 1,765,247 1,901,415 878,244 6,282,606 1,091,208 83,736 $33,631,063 3,202,586 2,351,852 2,157,801 253,651 1,061,829 19,974 1,657,372 1,237,065 64,450 $2,322,916 1899 3.679,694 $165,086 $250,056 $17,076,125 655. 141 8,544,050 807,765 0,901,192 1,044,816 (=) 2,673,854 6,127,367 3,750,443 134,726 $21,676,791 2,423,932 1,351,118 985,374 146. 142 789,298 (») 1,296,131 784,688 83,243 $690,562 1 In addition, 42,639 gross of bottles and jars, valued at $90,490, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. • In addition, glassware to the value of $9,663 was made by estabUshments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. • Not reported. Lime.^ — The total value of the lime reported as manu- factured in 1909 was $13,763,604 as compared with $9,951,456 in 1904, an increase for the five-year period of 38.3 per cent. The quantity reported in 1909 was 3,467,523 tons (2,000 pounds), "of which 1,904,202 tons was used for building or structural purposes; 591,792 tons for fertilizing; and the remainder in various manufacturing establishments, such as paper mills, tanneries, sugar factories, and alkali works. The value of all products reported by establishments engaged" primarily in the manufacture of lime was $17,951,987 m 1909 and $14,751,170 in 1904. VEHICLES FOR LAND TEANSPORTATION. Under the above heading are given statistics for the manufacture of automobiles, bicycles, motorcycles, and carriages and wagons, and the construction of steam and electric railroad cars, and also for the operations of the construction and repair shops of railroads. Automobiles.— The statistics for automobiles are presented in Table 87. Under "all other products " are included the products of establishments engaged ' The statistics differ from those published by the United States Geological Survey, which include Hawaii and Porto Rico. in the manufacture of automobile bodies and parts, which are sold largely to automobile manufacturers, as well as the value of bodies and parts made and sold separately by automobile manufacturers. The total value of products for the industry thus in- volves considerable duplication. The growth of the automobile industry has been phenomenal. In 1899 the general statistics for the industry were included with those for carriage and wagon manufacture, and only 3,897 automobiles were reported. In 1904 the total number, including automobiles made by con- cerns classified under other industries, was 22,830, while in 1909 the number was 127,287, or nearly thirty-three times the number reported in 1899. The value of all products of the industry proper was $249,202,075 in 1909 and $30,033,536 in 1904. Gasoline machines formed 95.1 per cent of the total number made in 1909 and 86.2 per cent in 1904. Of the total number manufactured in 1909, 3,226, or 2.5 per cent, were rated at 50 horsepower or more; 51,218, or 40.5 per cent, at from 30 to 49 horsepower; 35,257, or 27.8 per cent, at from 20 to 29 horsepower; 29,353, or 23.2 per cent, at from 10 to 19 horsepower; and 7,539, or 6 per cent, at less than 10 horsepower. Passenger ve- hicles constituted 97.4 per cent of the total number and business vehicles 2.6 per cent. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 505 Tables? Total value. Automobiles. Gasoline. Electric. Steam... Passenger fefticZ^s (pleasure, fam- ily, and public conveyances).. Gasoline Electric Steam Buggies Gasoline Electric Runabouts Gasoline Electric Steam Touring cars Gasoline Electric Steam Closed (limousine, cabs, etc. ) . . Gasoline Electric All other (omnibuses, siKht- seeing wagons, ambulances, patrol wagons, etc.) Gasoline Electric Steam 1909 126,593 120,393 3,826 2,374 Business vehicles (merchandise) Gasoline Electric Steam Delivery wagons Oasoline Electric Steam Trucks Gasoline Electric All other Gasol ine Electric All other products, including bod< iea and parts Amount received for custom work and repairing 1.233 799 409 25 3,255 2,760 495 1,862 1,645 217 1,366 1,090 276 27 25 2 $249,202,076 164,209,324 153,529,653 7,259,430 3, 480, 241 123,338 159,039,301 117,633 149,530,232 3,331 6,028,828 2,374 3, 480, 241 4,582 2,391,250 4,314 2,039,129 268 352, 121 36,204 28,030,479 35,347 27,116,901 496 648,630 361 264.948 76,114 113,403,188 73,883 109,844,295 243 387, 526 1,988 3,171,367 5,206 12,729,304 3,290 8, 762, 768 1,915 3,066,636 2,485,080 1,767,139 674,015 43,926 5,230,023 3,999,421 1,230,602 1,918,856 1,474,063 444,793 3,165,512 2,384,703 780,809 145,655 140,655 5,000 > 78, 584, 763 6,317,998 1904 Number. 21,692 18,699 1,425 1,568 21,281 18,504 1,211 1,566 (») 12,131 10,999 455 677 7,220 6.444 39 737 Value. 3 $30,033,536 23,751,234 19,566,941 2,496,255 1,688,038 22,804,287 19,300,654 1,819,595 1,684,038 1,930 1,061 717 152 411 196 214 2 251 140 109 2 160 56 105 («) 8 8,831,504 7,976,821 453,304 401,379 11,781,521 10,576,023 55,038 1,150,460 2,191,262 747,810 1,311,253 132,199 946,947 266,287 676,660 4,000 455, 457 215,897 235,560 4,000 491,490 50,390 441,100 5,431,240 851,063 > In addition, 694 automobiles, valued at $830,080, and bodies and parts valued at $4,415,260, were made by establishments engaiged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. » In addition, 1,138 automobiles, valued at $879,205, were made by establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covere Not reported separately. * None reported. ^ Includes custom work and repairing by establishments manufacturing bodies and parts. Bicycles and motorcycles, and parts. — The fallowing table presents the comparative statistics of products for the bicycle and motorcycle industry. It does not include children's bicycles and tricycles. A marked feature is the decline in the manufacture of bicycles and tricycles and the increase in the manufacture of motorcycles. Table gg PEODUCT. 1909 1904 1899 1 $10,698,667 168,824 $2,436,996 (») 1 $6,153,240 225,309 $3,203,505 32 $3,350 2,300 $354,980 $1,591,405 1 $31,916,908 Bicycles: N umber 1,112,880 Value $22,127,310 Tricycles: Number 328 Value $17,261 Motorcycles: Number 18,628 $3,015,988 $5,245,583 160 Value $33,674 All other products, including i)arts $9,737,663 ' In addition, the following products were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation: In 1909, 64,883 bicycles, valued at $791,193, and other products, inclua- ing parts, etc., valued at $579,927; in 1904, 2,5,178 bicycles, valued at $537,418; 28 motorcycles, valued at $4,200; and other products, including parts, valued at $34,341; and in 1899, 69,811 bicycles, valued at $1,529,177, and other products valued at $24,000. ' None rejwrted. The total value of products of the industry decreased from $31,915,908 in 1899 to $5,153,240 in 1904, but by 1909 it had risen again to $10,698,567, or more than double the figures for 19(T4. Carriages and wagons and materials. — The following table presents statistics for the manufacture of car- riages and wagons, including under "All other prod- ucts" the products of establishments engaged in the manufacture of carriage and wagon materials, but not including children's carriages and sleds. The total value of products increased from $138,261,763 in 1899 to $159,892,547 in 1909, or 15.6 per cent. The value of wagons increased $8,852,172, or 28.5 per cent, though the number manufactured was very little larger in 1909 than in 1899. The carriages reported were both fewer in number and lower in value in 1909 than in 1899. Public conveyances also show a decrease in value, but a slight increase in number. In each of these three classes the decreases that appear for the decade as a whole have taken place entirely since 1904, in which year the numbers and values reported exceeded those for 1899. The decreases are ]>resumably due to the growth of the automobile industry. Table g9 PBODCCT. 190B 1904 1899 Total Tftltifi . > $169,892,647 828,411 $47,766,118 587,685 $39,932,910 154,631 $16,440,816 429,952 $22,615,876 3,102 $876,219 2,243 $939, 267 100,899 $2,065,850 544 $569, 119 $68,629,283 ) $166,868,849 937,409 $55,750,276 643. 755 $37,195,230 133,422 (•) 605,025 (•) 5,308 (') 2,711 $1,314,952 127,455 $2,694,560 199 $235,675 $58,678,156 $188,261,768 Carriages (family and pleasure): Number 904,639 Value $51,295,393 Wagons: Number 570,428 Value. $31,080,738 Businew— Number 8 Value Farm— Nimiber 8 Value Government, municipal, etc.— (•) (•) Public conveyances (cabs, hacks, hansoms, hotel coaches, omnibuses, etc.): 2,218 $1,114,090 Sleighs and sleds: Number 117,006 $2, 290, 903 Automobiles:* 174 Value $129,053 All other products, including parts, and amount received for repair work. $52,351,586 > In addition, 14,908 carriages, valued at $1,078,935; 42,112 wagons, valued at $2,093,288; 104 public conveyances, valued at $5,615; 8,209 sleighs and sleds, valued at $165,917; and parts and materials, valued at $1, 184,256, were made by establish- ments engaged primarily in ihe manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. ' In addition, carriages and wagons, valued at $612,173, were made by establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. ' Not reported separately. < Automobiles manufactured in establishments devoted primarily to the manu- facture of carriages and wagons. Cars and general shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies. — Table 90 presents sta- tistics of the work done by construction and repair shops operated by steam-railroad companies, not in- cluding roundhouses where nmning repairs are made. The total value of such work was $405,600,727 in 1909 and $218,238,277 in 1899, the rate of increase 506 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. for the decade being 85.9 per cent. Moat of the value represents that of repahs, comparatively little repre- senting new construction. Table 90 CLASS or WOBK. Total Talne Motive power and machinery depart- ment Locomotives built: Number Value Repairs to locomotives, motors, Work for other corporations All other products or work Car department Cars built Passenger- Number Value Freight- Number Value Other- Number Value Repairs to cars of all kinds. . Work for other corporations . All other products or work.. Bridge and building departments (^opwork) Repairs and renewals Work for other corporations All other products or work All other products and work, not clas- sified 19W $406,600,727 $184,971,870 215 $3,289,140 $127,928,773 $4,735,004 $49,018,953 $199,768,939 $13,326,171 218 $1,291,354 13,972 $11,767,664 359 $267, 153 $147,194,065 $8,784,239 $30,464,464 $2,799,898 $1,906,737 $46,496 $846,665 $18,060,020 IWM $309,775,089 $149,643,953 148 $1,853,939 $101,326,805 $5,681,307 $40,781,902 $149,748,820 $12,990,011 414 $2,337,977 14,742 $10,006,642 2,000 $645,392 $105,319,032 $6,946,990 $24,492,787 $5,096,141 $4,351,487 $40,581 $704,073 $5,286,175 18991 $218,238,277 $94,447,260 272 $3,276,393 $57,383,143 $3,338,589 $30,449,135 $118,376,552 $16,521,352 390 $1,441,733 26,543 $15,079,619 ?! $74, 665, 500 $7,084,857 $20, 104, 843 $5,414,465 $3,937,170 $241, 626 $1,235,669 (') > Includes Alaska. > None reported. Cars and general shop construction and repairs by street-railroad companies. — The following table pre- sents statistics of the operations of the construction and repair shops of street-railroad companies, includ- ing all electric systems and interurban electric lines — all railroads, in fact, except steam roads. The work done, which consists almost wholly of repairs, was not reported in detail in 1899, but its aggregate value in that year was $9,370,811, as compared with $13,437,121 in 1904 and $31,962,561 in 1909, an increase for the decade of 241.1 per cent. Table 91 CLASS OF WORK. Total value. Motive power and machinery department . Repairs to motors, etc Work for other corporations All other products or work Car department Cars built Passenger — Number Value Freight- Number Value other- Number Value Repairs to cars of all kinds . . Work for other corporations . All other products or work . . Bridge and building department (shopwork). Repairs and renewals Work for other corporations All other products or work All other products and work not classified. 1909, $31,962,561 $4,510,332 $4,004,336 $88, 070 1 $417, 926 $25,835,463 $626, 752 129 $498, 709 63 $59,102 51 $68,941 $22,869,777 $624,805 $1,714,129 $330,948 $273,581 $5,093 $52,274 $1,285,818 1904 $13,437,121 $510,946 $2,626 $508,320 $12,581,365 $605,144 288 $580, 669 13 $11,366 tlZ, 109 $11,254,505 $36, 714 $685,002 $327,855 $253, 133 $74,722 $16,955 1 Includes value of three electric locomotives. Cars, steam-railroad. — The statistics of establish- ments constructing steam-railroad cars given in the following table do not include the work of steam- railroad companies in their repair shops or that of concerns primarily engaged in the construction of street cars. The total value of products of this in- dustry was $123,729,627 in 1909, as compared with $90,510,180 in 1899, an increase for the decade of 36.7 per cent. The freight cars made in 1909 were fewer in number and lower in aggregate value than those made in either 1904 or 1899, and the cars for passen- ger service made in 1909 were fewer in number and lower in aggregate value than those made in 1904. In fact, while there are a number of classes of prod- ucts, such as passenger cars (day coaches) and ore cars, wliich show an increase in number and value for the five-year period 1904-1909, the increase in value for the total is more than covered by the in- crease in the value of '' all other products." Table g^ PKODUCT. 1909 1904 1899 Total value 1 $123,729,627 1,601 $13,829,607 216 $1,105,779 95 $600,912 957 $7,209,425 333 $4,913,491 73, 177 $61,691,825 29,728 $23,982,446 11,473 $9,419,655 3,232 $2,033,801 900 $784,476 90 $70,515 19,607 $18,128,186 2.618 $2,747,957 2,349 $1,586,008 537 $525,605 2,643 $2,413,176 603 $2,023,922 558 $1,903,317 45 $120,605 $46,184,273 ) $111,178,310 2,030 $18,140,293 199 $896,185 95 $576,230 428 $2,955,517 1,308 $13,712,361 100,616 $69,148,955 38, 184 $28,508,632 27,998 $21,367,218 5,412 $2,893,154 2,840 $1,727,771 801 $505,000 9,518 $5,518,084 3,353 $3,042,835 4,235 $2, 453, 123 160 $150,977 8,115 $2,982,161 418 $994,654 331 $930,791 87 $63,863 $22,891,408 $90,510,180 Steam-railroad cars: Passenger service— Total number 979 Value $7,368,299 Baggage and express- Number 72 $238,554 Mail- Number 42 Value $197,465 Passenger- Number 331 Value $1,975,469 Chair, dining and bufltet, parlor, sleeping, and all other— 534 $4,956,811 Freight service- Total number 116,590 $62,161,013 Box- Number 47,838 Value $26,562,893 Coal and coke — 28,857 Value $18,414,718 Flat- Number 4,525 Value $1,923,525 Fruit- Number 1,620 Value $665,354 Furniture- Number 1,717 Value $1,148,265 Gondola or ore — Number 11,821 Value $6, 873, 145 Refrigerator- Number 2,354 Value $1,956,097 Stock- Number 2,760 Value $1,426,800 Caboose- Number 193 Value $184,865 other- Number 14,905 $3,005,351 Street-railroad cars: Number Value 935 $1,090,854 Passenger- Number Value 902 $1,062,172 other- Number Value All other products 33 $28,682 $19,890,014 ' In addition, 8,977 cars, valued at $5,924,871, and parts and repairs to the value of $210,487, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. ' In addition, 2,541 cars, valued at $1,012,820, and parts and repairs to the value of $101,073, were reported by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. Cars, street-railroad. — The following table present- ing comparative statistics of products for establish- ments constructing street or electric railroad cars does not include cars made in the shops of railroad com- panies or by concerns primarily engaged in making steam-railroad cars. In 1899 the value of all products was $7,305,368 and in 1909 only $7,809,866, a slight increase thus being shown for the decade. The value of products in 1904, however, exceeded that in 1909. The decrease in the construction of open cars since 1904 is especially marked. Table 93 PEODUCT.l 1909 1904 Total Talne * $7,809,866 1,922 $4,602,435 1,323 $3,500,781 369 $704,309 95 $141,008 92 $179,293 43 $77,044 167 $111,813 $3,096,618 > $10,844,196 Electric-railroad cars: Number 3,966 Value $8,302,512 Closed- Number 2,621 Value $5,777,257 Combination- 502 Value $1,240,864 Open- Number 554 Value $860,349 16 Freight, express, and mail- Number Value $24,022 <273 $400,020 Other varieties- Number Value Steam-railroad cars: Freight service, all classes - Number 136 Value $59,663 $2,482,021 All other products 1 Products were not shown in detail for 1899; the total value was $7,305,368. * In addition, 607 cars, valued at $2,0.'}3,922, were made by establLshracnts engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry -uesignation. < In addition, 418 cars, valued at $994,654. were made by establishments engaged primarilv in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. * Includes 38 horse cars, valued at $29,182. Summary for railroad cars. — The following table assembles the statistics of all railroad cars con- structed, including those made in establishments not engaged primarily in the construction of railroad cars : Table 94 PBODXJCT. 1909 1904 1899 Total Talud $108,187,896 $94,874,287 1,819 $15,120,961 96,648 $79,753,326 2,772 $7,263,109 $110,249,982 $100,346,912 2,446 $20,486,260 117,494 $79,860,652 4,694 $9,902,310 $86,050,664 1,369 $8,810,032 143,133 Passenger service- Number Value Freight service i — Number Value $77,240,632 Streets-railroad cars: ' Value (») ' Including all service not passenger. » Chiefly electric. ' Not reported separately; the total value of products of establishments en- gaged primarily in the construction of street-railroad cars amounted to $7,305,368. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIES. Statistics for all industries that can not properly be classified with any of the groups before presented, on account of the character "either of the products or of the raw materials used, are given under the above head. Agricultural implements. — Table 95 presents com- parative statistics of the production of agricultural implements. The value of all products increased from $101,207,428 in 1899 to $146,329,268 in 1909, or 44.6 per cent. This includes the value of miscellaneous agricultural implements and parts not classifiable under either of the four groups shown separately and of a large number of products not distinctively agricultural, but made by manufacturers of agricultural imple- ments, such as windmills, carriages and wagons, en- gines, presses, castings, lawn swings, etc. In 1909 the aggregate value of the four groups of agricultural im- plements — seeders and planters, implements of culti- vation, harvesting implements, and separators — was $94,524,494, compared with $79,335,400 in 1904, an increase of 19.1 per cent. Table 95 Total value. Implements of cultivation Seeders and planters Harvesting implements Seed separators All other products Amount received for repair work. Principal kind of implementt, bf number. Implements of cultivation: Cultivators — Beet Small Wheeled Cotton scrapers Harrows- Disk Spring-tooth Spike-tooth Plows- Disk Oang Shovel steam Sulky or wheel Walking Seeders and planters: Seeders- Broadcast Combination Com planters- Hand Horse Listers Cotton planters Potato planters Drills- Corn Disk Grain All other Seed sowers Harvesting implements: Grain cradles Harvesters- Bean Com Grain Harvesters and thrasherscom- bined Other Hay carriers Hayforks, horse Hay loaders Hayrakes, horse Haystackers Hay tedders Mowers Potato diggers, horse R capers Seed separators: Clover hullers Com buskers Com buskers and shredders Com shellers— Hand Power Fanning mills Thrashers- Horsepower steam power 1909 > $146,329,268 $35,240,0.30 $13,679,921 $34,508,131 $11,030,412 $48,690,082 $3,114,092 3,172 469,696 435,429 20,180 193,000 112,832 394,988 22,132 91,686 254,737 2,355 134,936 1,110,006 38,007 23,963 96,465 122,780 44,840 79,271 23,092 20,137 21,292 68,611 32,507 7,847 22,635 1,409 19,693 129,274 543 1.707 45,064 43,675 34,705 266,260 17,212 34,396 359,264 25,632 68,294 437 372 1,240 74,223 9,049 33,805 822 23,586 1904 ' $112,007,344 $30,607,960 $11,225,122 $30,862,435 $0,039,883 $;}0,703,048 $1,968,296 3,459 239, 173 313,088 22,519 104,323 86,408 262,442 39,146 (') 121,899 1,599 138,899 956,898 33,546 86,553 90,929 23,012 127,052 35,756 28,228 (') 76,929 600 59,910 30,050 665 6,924 108,810 3,161 85,121 62,801 27, 174 236,297 8,670 35,745 273,385 11,703 60,996 351 1,327 1899 47. 189 6,082 22,994 2,237 7,950 ' In addition, agricultural implements, to the value of $2,989,276, in 1909, and to the value of $1,349,679, in 1904, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry designation. 2 Not reported separately. Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. — Table 96 summarizes the statistics of the output of electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies, and 508 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. includes figures for such products made by establish- ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of other products, as well as for all products of establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of electrical macMnery, apparatus, and supphes. The value of all products was $243,965,093 in 1909, as compared with $105,831,865 in 1899, an increase for the decade of 130.5 per cent. Among the leading groups the highest rate of increase is for incandescent lamps, the value of which was $3,515,118 in 1899 and $15,714,809 in 1909. Table 96 Total value Dynamos: Number Kilowatt capacity Value Dynamotors, motor generators, boost- ers, rotary converters, and double current generators Transformers Switchboards, panel boards, and cut- out cabinets Motors: Total number Horsepower Value For power- Number Horsepower ■\^lue For automobiles — Number Horsepower Value For fans- Number Horsepower Value For elevators — Number Horsepower Value •. For railways, and miscellaneous services, Including value of parts and supplies — Number "Horsepower Value Stor^e batteries, including value of parts and supplies: Weight of plates in pounds Value Primary batteries, including value of parts and supplies: Number Value Arc lamps: Number Value Searchlights, projectors, and focusing lamps Incandescent lamps , Carbon filament Timgsten , Gem, tantalum, glower, and vacuum and vapor lamps , Decorative and miniature lamps. X-ray bulbs, vacuum tubes, etc Sockets, receptacles, bases, etc Electrio-lightmg fixtures of all kinds . . Tel^raph apparatus Telephone apparatus Insulated wires and cables Electric conduits Annunciators— domestic, hotel, and office Electric clocks and time mechanisms. Fuses Lightning arresters Rheostats and resistances Heating, cooking, and welding appa- ratus Electric flatirons Electric measuring instruments Electrical therapeutic apparatus Magneto-ignition apparatus, sparks, coils, etc Electric switches, signals, and attach- ments Circuit fittings of all kinds . i i ! ] " ! .' ] ! All other products 1909 1 $243,965,093 16, 791 1,405,950 $13,081,048 $3,154,733 $8,801,019 $5,971,804 504,030 2,733,418 $32,087,482 243,423 1,683,677 $18,306,451 2,796 12,471 $294, 152 199, 113 178,033 $2,450,739 4,988 63,585 $1,188,653 63,710 795,652 $9,847,487 23,119,331 $4,678,209 34,333,531 $5,934,261 123.985 $1,706,959 $935,874 $15,714,809 $6,157,066 $6,241,133 $2,715,991 $600,619 $4,521,729 $6,128,282 $1,957,432 $14,259,357 $51,624,737 $5,098,264 $235,567 $352,513 $1,001,719 $940, 171 $2,674,963 $1,003,038 $951,074 $7,800,010 $1,107,858 $6,092,343 $5,377,843 $1,080,287 $39,691,708 1904 1 $169,561,402 15,080 996, 182 $11,084,234 $1,740,534 $4,468,567 1899 '$105,831,865 10,527 578, 124 $10,472,576 $379,747 $2,962,871 $3,766,044 ! $1,846,624 206,343 1,493,012 $22,370,626 79,877 678,910 $13,120,948 1,819 19,907 $152,685 102,535 30,796 $1,168,254 1,333 13,398 $638,473 20,779 750,001 $7,290,266 16,113,073 $2,645,749 6,623,162 $1,598,144 195, 157 $1,574,422 $114,795 $6,953,205 $6,703,454 $249,751 $2,010,860 $3,294,606 $1, 111, 194 $15,863,698 $34,519,699 $2,416,245 $185,870 $373,926 $868,079 $587, 124 $932,925 $395,827 $5,004,763 $1,036,962 $678,077 $1,451,337 $3,525,446 $28,978,444 159,780 1,221,482 $19,505,504 35,604 515,705 $7,551,480 3,017 8,220 $192,030 97,577 12,766 $1,055,369 385 6,730 $2,623,901 23, 197 678,061 $8,182,724 $2,559,601 2,654,765 $1,119,444 158, 187 $1,827,771 $225,635 $3,515,118 $3,442,183 $72,935 $593,929 $3,750,670 $1,642,266 $10,512,412 $21,292,001 $1,066,163 $224,885 $132, 149 $595,497 $1,186,878 $1,842,135 (») (') $1,129,891 (») $17,448,098 » Includes values of electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies made by estab- Ushments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered 1899 $^13 397^30" "^^'^°^"*'°' ** follows: 1909, $22,656,530; 1904, $18,742,033; and » Not reported separately. Ice, manufactured. — Table 97 includes the product of all establislunents engaged primarily in manufacturing ice for sale, but does not include estabhshments making ice for their own use. Ice made for sale by establislmaents engaged chiefly in some other business, such as breweries, is reported in a footnote. The value of all products of the industry proper increased from $13,874,513 in 1899 to $42,953,055 in 1909, or 209.6 per cent. The quantity of ice produced increased at about the same rate, and amounted to 12,647,949 tons in 1909. Table 97 MATERIALS. Ammonia used Compressor system — Anhydrous — Pounds Cost Absorption system — Anhydrous — Pounds Cost Aqua- Pounds Cost PEODUCTS. Total value Tons (2,000 pounds) . Value (2,000 pouds).. Can— Tons (2.000 pounds). Value (2,000 pounds) Plate- Tons (2,000 pounds) . Value (2,000 pounds) All other products 1909 $1,021,913 3,097,191 $826,222 369,093 $100,283 1,670,698 $95,408 > $42,953,055 12,647,949 $39,889,263 11,671,547 $37,085,533 976,402 $2,803,730 $3,063,792 1904 $613, 138 11,944,266 1 $493,524 136,604 $37,506 1,347,561 $82,108 1899 $359,549 946,666 $249,838 109,869 $29,842 1,323,454 $79,869 : $23,790,045 >$18,874,513 7,199,448 $22,450,503 6,695,789 $21,020,547 603,659 $1,429,956 $1,339,542 4,294,439 $13,303,874 4, 139, 704 $12,863,160 154,675 $440,714 $570,639 1 Includes 148,373 pounds of aqua ammonia, costing $8,755. >In addition, in 1909, 1,582,259 tons of ice, valued at $4,249,790, and in 1904, 814,689 tons, valued at $1,899,912, were produced by establishments engaged pri- marily in the manufacture of products other than ice. 3 Includes, for puriwses of comparison, products valued at $93,535, not included in the general tables for this Industry at census of 1900. Lumber and timber products. — Beginning with 1906 an annual canvass of forest products has been made by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture. The statistics for the year 1909 given in the following table are compiled from this annual report; those for 1904 and 1899 are from the regular census reports. The totals for 1909 include statistics for some smal neighborhood mills sawing chiefly or exclusively for local consumption, also a relatively small number of estabhshments using logs or bolts as material and engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the classified lumber and timber products industry, which classes are not repre- sented in the totals for the other two years. Detailed statistics for the lumber and other forest-products industries will be found in the several annual reports published by the Bureau of 'the Census. The figures given in Table 98 can not be compared with those given in Table 110 because in the latter table the statistics cover not only the products of the sawmills, shingle and lath mills, but also the products of planing mills operated independently of sawmills, logging camps, veneer mills, and box factories. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 509 Table 98 Total value Lumber: Total quantity (M feet, board measure) Total value Softwoods — Quantity Value Yellow pine — Quantity Value Western pine — Quantity Value White pine- Quantity Value Douglas fir— Quantity Value Hemlock- Quantity Value Spruce- Quantity Value Cypress- Quantity Value Redwood- Quantity Value Cedar- Quantity Value All other- Quantity Value Bardwoodt— 1909 $724,705,760 1904 1466,163,662 ^alue. Oak- Quantity.. Value Maple- Quantity., value Redgum— Quantity.. Value Chestnut — Quantity.. Value Birch- Quantity.. Value Basswood— Quantity.. Value Elm- Quantity.. Value Cottonwood— Quantity.. Value Ash— *alue. Hickory- Quantity. Value Walnut— *alue. Sycamore- Quantity Value All other- Quantity Value Lath: Quantity (thousands). Value SIuMles: Quantity (thousands). Value 44,509 $684,479; 33,896 $477,345 16,277 $206,505; 1,499, $23,077 3,900, $70,830, 4,866, $60,435, 3,051 $42,580, 1,748, $29,561 955 $19,549 521 $7,720, 346, $6,901; 740, $10, 182; 10,612 $207,134 4,414 $90,512; 1,106 $17,447 706 $9,334 663 $10,703 452 $7,666, 399, $7,781 347 $6,088 265 $4,794; 291 $7, 116, 333 $10,283; 46 $1,972; 56 $834; 1,528, $32,599; 3,703 $9,963 14,907 $30,262; 34,135 $435,708 27,353 $319,835; 11,621 $114,780, 1,290, $14,686; 6,332 $79,594; 2,928 $27,862; 3,268, $38,938; 1,303 $18,289; 749 $13, 115; 519, $6,66i; 223 $3,201 215, $2,806, 6,781 $115,872 2,902 $60,832 687 $8,780, 623 $5,693; 243 $3,366, 224 $3,469, 228, $3,845 268, 13,732 321 $4,797 169 $3, 174; 106 $2,557 31 $1,435, 18 $236 1,166, $23,969; 2,647 $5,436 14.547 $24,009 1899 $414,058,487 327 » 35, 084 I $390, 489 26,153 $268,481 9,658 $81, 740; 944, $9,163 7,742 $98,002; 1,736, $15,050, 3,420 $34, 136, 1,448, $16,322 495 $6,604; 360, $3,646 232 $2,642 113 $1,271 8,634, $116,817 4.438 $61, 174, 633, $7,495; 286; $2,747 206, *2,764, 132 $1,657; 308; $3,954, 456, $5,240, 415 $4,303 269 $4,263; 96 $1,814; 38 $1,411 29 $327; 1,323 $19,662; 2,523 $4,698 12, 102 $18,809 548 300 312 884 021 102 027 120 466 052 069 626 731 530 124 544 120 599 636 500 746 279 909 017 705 « Includes 297,082 M feet of lumber, board measure, valued at $5,191,569, reported aa "other sawed products," and not by kinds of wood. Pianos and organs and materials. — Table 99 includes the statistics for pianos and organs, and materials therefor, but does not include the products of estab- lishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of jother musical instruments. The value of all products increased from $41,024,244 in 1899 to $89,789,544 in 1909, or 118.9 per cent, the increase being almost wholly in the value of pianos and player attachments for pianos. A marked feature is the gain in the num- ber of pianos with player attachments manufactured, the output of which increased during the period 1904 to 1909 from 1,868 to 34,495, or seventeen fold. A large decrease occurred between 1904 and 1909 in the number of reed organs made. Table 99 Total value Pianos: Number Value Upright- Number Value Without player attachment- Number Value For or with player attach- ment- Number Value Grand- Number Vtdue Player attachments made separate from pianos: Number Value Organs: Number Value Pipe- Number Value Reed- Number Vajue Parts and materials. A II other products . . 1909 1 $89,789,644 374,154 $59,501,225 365, 413 $55,402,556 330,918 $46,187,555 34,495 $9,275,001 »8,741 $4,038,669 10,898 $1,474,630 65,335 $5,309,016 1,224 $2,713,587 64,111 $2,596,429 $20,417,762 $3,086,911 1904 1 $66,092,630 261, 197 $41,476,479 253,825 $37,816,056 251,967 $37,397,674 1,868 $417,382 7,372 $3,661,423 20,391 $2,004,266 113,966 $6,152,032 901 $1,989,979 113,065 $4,162,063 $12,626,892 $3,832,961 1899 1 $41,024,244 171,011 $27,002,a52 166,760 $25,301,432 166,536 $25,256,687 224 $44,745 4,251 $1,701,420 6,158 $607,873 107,258 $5,217,261 564 $1,177,021 106,694 $4,040,240 \ $8,196,258 I In addition, in 1909, parts and materials to the value of $680,188; in 1904, 1,695 organs, valued at $140,114; and in 1899, 2.')0 pianos, valued at $37,610; and 1,144 organs, valued at $59,508, were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. > Includes a fey pianos with player attachments. , Paper and wood pulp. — Table 100 includes statistics for all establishments engaged in the manufacture of wood pulp and in the manufacture of paper, either separately or in conjunction. The total production of wood pulp in 1909 was 2,495,523 tons; in 1904, 1,921,768 tons; and in 1899, 1,179,535 tons. The percentage of increase for the decade was 111.6. Sulphite fiber shows the highest rate of increase, 144.6 per cent. An increasing proportion of the wood pulp is made by establishments which themselves consume it in making paper; in 1909, 63.5 per cent was so consumed by the establishments making it. The value of all products, which includes some duplication, increased from $127,326,162 in 1899 to $267,656,964 in 1909, or 110.2 per cent. The output of paper products increased from 2,167,593 tons in 1899 to 4,216,708 tons in 1909, or 94.5 per cent, and their value from $107,909,046 to $232,741,049, or 115.7 per cent. Paper stock used for which quantities are re- ported aggregated 4,588,160 tons in 1909, of which wood pulp formed 61.6 per cent; old and waste paper, 21.4 per cent; rags, 7.8 per cent; straw, 6.6 per cent; and manila stock, 2.6 per cent. The tonof 2,000 'pounds is used for showing quantities. 610 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. Table lOO MATERIAL. Total OOlt. Pulp wood Wood pulp, purchased: Tons Cost Ground- Tons Cost Soda fiber- Tons Cost Sulphite fiber- Tons Cost Other chemical fiber- Tons Cost Rags, including cotton and flax waste and sweepings: Tons Cost Old and waste papex: Tons Cost Manila stock, including Jute bagging, rope, waste, threads, etc.: Tons Cost Straw: Tons Cost All other materials. PRODUCTS. Total value News paper: In rolls for printing- Tons Value In sheets lor printing- Tons Value Book paper: Book- Tons Value Coated— Tons Value Plate, lithograph, map, wood- cut, etc. — Tons Value Cover- Tons Value Cardboard, bristol board, card mid- dles, tickets, etc.— Tons Value Finepaper: Writing- Tons Value AU other- Tons Value Wrapping paper: Manila (rope, jute, tag, etc.)— Tons Value Heavy (mill wrappers, etc.)— Tons Value Straw- Tons Value 1909 $160,442,841 $33,772,475 1,341,914 $43,861,357 452,849 $9,487,508 154,626 $6,862,864 626,029 $27, 184, 726 8,410 $326,259 357.470 $10,721,559 983,882 $13,691,120 117,080 $3,560,033 303,137 $1,460,282 $58,375,515 i$867,«6,064 1,091,017 $42,807,064 84,537 $4,048,496 575,616 $42,846,674 95,213 $9,413,961 1904 6,498 $555,352 17,578 $1,982,853 51,449 $3,352,151 169,125 $24,906,102 29,088 $4,110,536 73,731 $6,989,436 108,561 $4,380,794 32,988 $870,419 $111,261,478 $20,800,871 877, 702 $27,033,164 317,286 $5,754,259 120,978 $.5,047,105 433,1(50 $16,507,122 6,278 $264,678 294,552 $8,864,007 588.543 $7,430,335 107.029 $2,502,332 304,585 $1,502,886 $42,517,283 $188,715,189 840,802 $32,763,308 72,020 $3, 143, 152 434,500 $31,156,728 (') 19,837 $1,458,343 22,150 $2,023,986 39,060 $2,764,444 131,934 $19,321,045 14,898 $2,928,125 86.826 $6,136,080 96,992 84,035.^)88 54,232 $1,389,348 1899 $70,530,236 $9,837,516 644,006 $1,8,369,404 261,962 $4,301,211 94,042 $3,430,809 273. 194 $10,112,189 14,808 $465,2.55 234,514 $6,595,427 356, 193 $4,869,409 99,301 $2,437,256 367,305 $1,395,659 $27,025,505 $127,326,162 464.572 $15,754,992 114,640 $4,336,882 282,093 $19,466,804 (») 22,366 $2,018,958 18, 749 $1,665,376 28,494 $1,719,813 90,204 $12,222,870 22,503 $3,673,104 89, 419 $.5,929,764 82.875 $4,143,240 91,794 $2,027,518 PRODUCTS— continued . Wrapping paper— Continued. Bogus or wood manila, all grades — Tons Value All other- Tons Value Boards: AVood pulp — Tons Value Straw- Tons Value News- Tons Value All other- Tons Value Other paper products: Tissues- Tons Value Blotting— Tons Value Building, roofing, asbestos, and shea thing- Tons Value Hanging — Tons Value Miscellaneous- Tons Value Wood pulp made for sale or for con- sumption in mills other than where produced: Ground- Tons Value Soda fiber- Tons , Value , Sulphite fiber — Tons , Value , All other products Wood pulp. Quantity produced (Including that used in mills where manufac- tured), total tons Ground, t^s Soda fiber, tons Sulphite fiber, tons EQUIPMENT. Paper machines: Total number Capacity, yearly, tons Fourdrinier- Number Capacity per 24 hours, tons. Cylinder- Number Capacity per 24 hours, tons. Pulp: Grinders, number Digesters, total number Sulphite fiber, number Soda fiber, number Capacity, yearly, tons of pulp... Ground, tons Sulphite, tons Soda, tons 1909 367,932 $19,777,707 179,855 $10,202,035 71,036 $2,639,496 171,789 $3,750,851 74.606 $2,215,469 514,208 $17,539,768 77,745 $8,553,654 9,577 $1,186,180 225,824 $9,251,368 92, 158 $4,431,514 %,577 $6,869,169 310, 747 $5,649,466 155,844 $6,572,152 444.255 $17,955,748 $4,738,549 2,495,523 1,179,266 298,626 1,017,631 1,480 5,293,397 804 10,508 676 6,316 1,435 542 348 194 3,405,621 1,809,685 1,250,983 344,953 1904 228,371 $10,099,772 177,870 $8,774,804 60,863 $2,347,250 167,278 $4,367,560 38,560 $1,174,216 253,950 $9,070,531 43,925 $5,056,438 8,702 $1,046,100 145,024 $4,845,628 62,606 $3,013,404 106,296 $6,729,820 273,400 $4,323,495 130,366 $5,159,615 376,940 $13,661,464 $1,924,195 1,921,768 968,976 196, 770 756,022 1,369 3,857,903 752 8,569 6lV 4,740 1,362 517 309 208 2,644,753 1,515,088 885,092 244,573 1899 203,826 $9, 148, 677 67,338 $3,293,174 44,187 $1,406,130 157,534 $3,187,342 32, 119 $930,531 131,777 $4,829,316 28,406 $3,486,652 4,351 $580,750 96,915 $3,025,967 54,330 $2,265,345 49,101 $2,795,841 280,052 $4,433,690 99,014 $3,612,602 271,585 $10,451,400 $919,415 1,179,536 586,374 177, 121 416,037 1,232 2,782,219 (') (') 569 1,168 426 (') (') 1,536,431 (') («) (') I Not repiorted. ooverSl hv'^th«?A,I^St^H^«i^2?.LP"'P *° ^^^ ^*'"® *" $2,567,267 was made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. » Not reported separately. > Not renortcd. Phonographs and graphophones.— The following table gives comparative statistics for the manufacture of phonographs and graphophones. The value of all prod- ucts increased from $2,246,274 in 1899 to SI 1,725,996 in 1909, or over fivefold, the bulk of the increase being m the first haK of the decade. An important feature of the industry is the manufacture of records and blanks, the value of which formed 42.7 per cent of the total value of products in 1909 45 7 ner rpnt in i^° addition, records and parts to the value of $31,889 were made by estabUsh- ■I f^f^A J « ^ t-i v^^ui^us ui J.yu», to. 4 per CeUl m ments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered 1904, and 24 per cent m 1899 by the industry designation. X- '-^ yjv,i. » Not reported. Table 101 PRODtrCT. 1909 1904 1899 Total value 1 $11,726,996 344,681 $5,406,684 27,183,959 $5,007,104 $1,312,208 $10,237,076 (») $2,966,343 $4,678,547 $2,592,185 $2,246,274 Phonographs and graphophones: Number (') $1,240,503 (») $539,370 $466,401 Value Records and blanks: Number Value All other products STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 511 Printing and publishing. — The statistics for printing and publishing given in the following table include book and job printing and publishing; the printing and publishing of music; newspapers and periodicals; bookbinding and blank-book making; engraving, in- cluding plate printing; and hthograpliing. Under the head of job printing is included the job printing done by newspaper, periodical, and other establishments, as well as that of regular job-printing establishments. The value of products reported for the bookbinding and blank-book industry includes the value of all products of concerns engaged primarily in these branches, as well as the value of bookbinding and blank books reported by printing and pubUshing establishments. In like manner there is included under electrotyping, engraving, and lithographing the value of all products of establishments engaged primarily in these branches. The value of all products was $737,876,087 in 1909, $552,473,353 in 1904, and $395,186,629 in 1899, the rate of increase for the period 1899-1909 being 86.7 per cent. The income of newspapers and periodicals from subscriptions, sales, and advertising was $337,- 596,288 in 1909, as compared with $175,789,610 in 1899, the rate of increase for the decade being 92 per cent. Of the total income from these sources, that from advertising formed 60 per cent in 1909 and 54.5 per cent in 1899, having increased niuch faster than that from subscriptions and sales. Newspapers and periodicals increased in number from 18,793 in 1899 to 22,141 in 1909, or 17.8 per cent, and their aggregate circulation increased 53.9 per cent. The average circulation per issue was 7,428 in 1909, as compared with 6,866 in 1904 and 5,688 in 1899. The greatest relative increases in circulation during the decade were reported for dailies and month- Ues. In the circulation of the latter, however, there was a decrease between 1904 and 1909. Table 102 1«0» 1«M Total value Publications: Newspapers and periodicals Subscriptions and sales . . Advertising Newspapers Subscriptions and sales. . . Advertising Periodicals Subscriptions and sales. . . j Advertising | Ready prints, patent Insides and | outslaes I Books and pamphlets— ; Published, or printed and | published Printed tor publication by | others i Sheet music and books of music— j Published or printed and j published Printed tor publication by others Products tor sale and In execution of orders: Job printing Book binding and blank books . . Electrotyping, engraving, and lithographing All other products $737,876,087 |56S,47S,8S3 NEWSPAPEBS AND PERIODICALS. number AKregate circulation Byperiod of issue: Daily (exclusive of Sunday) — Number Aggregate circulation Sunday- Number Aggregate circulation Semlweekly and triweekly — Number Aggregate circulation Weekly- Number Aggregate circulation. Monthly- Number Aggregate circulation. All other — Number Aggregate circulation. By character: News, politics, and family read- ing- Number Aggregate circulation Religious — Number Aggregate circulation Agrictiltural, horticultural, dairy, stock raising, etc. — Number Aggregate circulation $337,596,288 $135,003,043 $202,533,245 $232,993,094 $84,438,702 $148,554,392 $104,603,194 $50,624,341 $53,978,853 $2,293,077 $62,930,394 $10,209,509 $5,510,608 $1,000,966 $207,940,227 $50,552,808 $47,056,979 $11,885,141 SS,141 164,468,040 2,600 24,211,977 520 13,347,282 708 2,648,308 15,097 40,822,965 2,491 63,280,535 725 20,151,973 17,698 61,074,990 1,251 29,523,777 316 11,327,253 $256,816,282 $111,298,691 $145,517,591 (•) (') (') $53,312,492 («) $4,673,685 0) $149,262,070 $40,788,768 $35,018,234 $12,601,822 21,848 lM,009,7i!3 2,452 19,632,603 494 12,022,341 703 3,233,658 15,006 36,226,717 2,500 64,306,155 14,588,249 17,032 53,355,893 1,287 22,383,631 360 8,106,275 18M $395,186,629 $175,789,610 $79,928,483 $95,861,127 (') $219,397,019 18,798 106,889,334 2,226 15, 102, 156 («) 3,061,478 12,979 34,242,052 1,817 37,869,897 505 16,613,751 (•) (•) (») 15,506 307 NEW8PAPEES AND FEBIODICAU— continued. By c'larocfer— Continued. Commerce, iinancc, insurance, railroads, etc. — Number Aggregate circulation Trade journals generally — Numljer. Aggregate circulation General literature, includirig montlily and quarterly maga- zines — Number Aggregate circulation , Medicine and surgery — Number Aggregate circulation Law — Number Aggregate circulation Science and mechanics — Number Aggregate circulation Fraternal orgainizations — Number Aggregate circulation Education and history- Number Aggregate circulation Society, art, music, fashions, etc. — Number Aggregate circulation College and school iieriodicals — Number Aggregate circulation Miscellaneous — Number Aggregate circulation IM9 Bylan{/uafe: English — Number , Aggregate circulation Foreign (including foreign and English)— Number Aggregate circulation French— Numl^er Aggregate circulation German- Number Aggregate circulation Italian — Number Aggregate circulation Scandinavian — Number Aggregate circulation Letto Slavic — Number Aggregate circulation All other- Number Aggregate circulation 264 1,411,738 685 3,572,441 340 31,322,035 197 931,584 56 151,346 139 1, 421, 955 419 6,982,235 202 1,879,383 104 13,445,661 271 330, 705 139 1,087,937 20,744 155,432,243 1,397 9,030,797 39 446, 739 692 4, 434, 146 104 500,475 161 1,118,601 169 917,649 232 1,613,187 1904 364 2,470,832 627 3,428,596 328 30,615,677 192 1,054,948 81 194,035 83 525,523 450 5,356,427 173 2,119,797 155 15,289,431 178 248,240 538 4,860,518 20,599 142,441,068 1,249 7,568,655 46 252, 135 700 3,922,227 63 319,450 162 1,149,619 18M 128 605,987 150 1,319,237 (•) (•) (•) (•) (») (•) («) (') (•) («) (») 190 520 239 111 62 66 200 139 293 17,761 (») (») («) (•) (•) (') (•) (') 1,032 35 115 76 I Not reported separately. • Included with circulation of dailies. ' Not reported. 612 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. The statistics in regard to the number of books and pamphlets published in 1909, classified by character, are given below. Comparative statistics for earlier censuses are not available. Table 103 BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. Total ntuttber published. . . Biography, correspondenco Description, geography, trav ol Domestic and rural Education Fiction Fine arts, illustrated gift books History Humor and satire Juvenile Law Literature and collected works Medical, hygiene Philosophy Physical and mathematical science. Poetry and the drama Political and social science Scientific and similar associations. . Sports and amusements Theology and religion Useful arts Works of reference Titles or editions. Volumes. Copies. 46,739 64,eso 161,361,844 554 616 657,464 847 952 4,540,647 330 336 2,023,193 10,390 12,159 41,636,847 14,606 15,772 46,942,399 541 587 2,849,371 613 954 2,923,187 208 211 885,262 4,167 4,202 10,184,030 535 862 1,496,194 2,047 3,841 5,037,972 681 738 1,519,480 222 252 265,077 291 307 356,413 1,387 1,574 1,980,824 658 689 1,862,429 1,082 1,141 1,258,562 412 423 2,430,074 6,096 6,639 23,608,230 512 538 1,104,599 1,560 1,927 7,799,590 Shipbuilding, including boat bnilding. — The follow- ing table shows the value of work done on the different classes of water craft during the several census yeQ,rs, not including that done in Government establishments, and also the value of repair work and all other prod- ucts of the shipbuilding industry. The total value of products was lower in 1909 than in 1904 or 1899. Table 104 PRODUCT. 1 1909 1904 1899 Total value > $73,360,315 42,310,925 37,718,018 4,592,907 20,800 3,155,375 1,416,732 26,678,643 4,370,747 > 982,769,239 56,121,227 53,119,935 3,001,292 $74,632,277 V7 71 Q WS Work done during the year on vessels »inf1 YtnAts Vessels of 5 gross tons and over. . . Boats of less than 5 gross tons Steam 35,750,473 1,968,835 Motor, gasoline, electric, and other 1,879,288 1,122,004 22,829,040 3,818,972 1,059,365 909, 470 23,134,436 13,678,533 Sailboats, rowboats, canoes, scows, etc Repair work AH other products > Not including work done in Government shipyards.valued in 1909 at 825.872.033' In 1904, at $17,265,469; and in 1899, at $11,022,312. ... » In addition, the following items were reported by establishments engaged pri- marily m the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry designation: Work done on vessels of 6 tons and over, launched, $418,905; vessels buUdmg but not launched, $30,184; boats of under 5 tons, $145,155: and other boat products and repairs, $182,462; or a total of $776,706. •In addition, the following items were reported by establishments engaged pri- mejily m the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry ae^gnation: Work done on vessels of 5 tons and over, launched, $463,018; boats of ^KT Lo '^' *^*''>*^; ^tb6r boat products and repairs, $46,782; or a total of The value of the products of governmental shipyards in 1909 was $25,872,033; in 1904, $17,265,469; and in 1899, $11,022,312. Thus the total value of products reported for all establishments, governmental and pri- vate, was $99,232,348 in 1909, $100,034,708 in 1904, and $85,554,589 in 1899. The increase of $13,677,759, or 16 per cent, shown for the period 1899-1909, was due entirely to work of governmental establishments. The following table shows the number of vessels of each class launched during the census years 1909, 1904, and 1899. These figures are not strictly comparable with those giving values presented in the preceding table, since the former cover all work done during the year, both on vessels launched during the year and on those not yet launched at its close. The number of vessels of nearly every class was less in 1909 than at the two preceding censuses, but the number of boats increased greatly, the number made by all establish- ments aggregating 8,577, of which number 97.3 per cent were gasoline motor boats. Table 105 CLASS OF VESSELS. Vessels of 5 gross tons and over launched dur- ing the year: i Number Gross tons Net tons Steel vessels— Number Gross tons '. Net tons steam — Number Gross tons Net tons Motor- Number Gross tons Net tons Sail, with and without auxlUary— Number Gross tons Net tons Unrigged— Number Gross tons Net tons Wooden vessels— Number Gross tons Net tons Steam- Number Gross tons Net tons Motor — Number Gross tons Net tons Sail, with and without auxiliary — Number Gross tons Net tons Unrigged— Number ; . . . Gross tons Net tons Boats of less than 5 gross tons, number * Steam Motor Gasoline Electric other 1909 8 1,584 467,219 381,198 168 264,986 193, 144 219,617 159,297 15 2,4C6 2,078 3 2,046 1,735 44 30,857 30,034 1,426 212,233 188,054 85 15,016 9,662 430 6,923 5,146 116 16,413 12,955 796 174,881 160,291 5 8,677 8 8,569 8,342 12 215 1904 »2,114 504,020 424,708 155 164,314 106,826 122 140,047 93,365 4,779 4,591 8,870 1,959 349,706 317,882 186 35,048 23,365 307 i. 3, 157 i . 2,333 :. 341 59,836 50,483 I 1,125 261,665 241,701 •3,499 1899 2,081 687, 159 642,324 134 262,616 186,509 123 237,379 164,313 21,086 18,348 6 4,062 3,848 1,947 424,643 355,815 396 48,932 32,846 3,499 C) (') 642 69,209 61,772 909 316,502 271,198 1,687 1,687 ' Not including vessels launched in Government shipyards as follows: In 1909, 3 steel and 28 wooden vessels, the steel vessels having a total of 350 gross tons and the wooden a total of 1,709 gross tons, and in 1904, 17 steel and 14 wooden vessels, the steel vessels having a total of 23,850 gross tons and the wooden a total of 3,402 gross tons. ' In addition, there were built by establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of products other than those covered by the mdustry designation, 8 steel and 14 wooden vessels, the steel vessels having a total of 5,429 gross tons and the wooden a total of 7,106 gross tons. ' In addition, there were built by establishments engaged primarily in the manu- facture of products other than those covered by the industry designation, 3 steel and 131 wooden vessels, the steel vessels having a total of 408 gross tons and the wooden a total of 21,919 gross tons. * Not tocluding 53 boats built In Government shipyards in 1909 and 52 In 1904. » In addition, 412 boats were built by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the industry designation. « In addition, 365 boats were built by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the Industry designation. ' Not reported separately. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 513 Laundries. — Steam laundries are not generally con- sidered as manufacturing establishments, and there- fore statistics for them have been excluded from prior censuses. Since the industry has, however, developed so rapidly, large amounts of capital now being invested, and many wage earners being em- ployed, it should no longer be omitted from the indus- trial census. The establishments are conducted according to factory^ methods, and therefore the sta- tistics are associated with those for the manufacturing industries of the Thirteenth Census. They are not included, however, m the general tables or in the totals for manufacturing industries. During the year 1909 there were in the United States 5,186 laundries operated by the use of mechanical power. The capital reported by these establishments as invested in the industry amounted to S68, 935,000. In addition, such establishments rent a great deal of property, the aimual rental paid by laundries for plant and equipment amounting in 1909 to $2,277,000. The value of the work done was $104,680,086. In addition to ascertaining the average number of wage earners employed during the entire year, the census calls for the actual number of wage earners, by sex and age periods, employed on December 15, 1909, or the nearest representative day. On that date there were employed 112,064 wage earners, of whom 31,947, or 28.5 per cent, were men; 79,152, or 70.6 per cent, women; and 965, or 0.9 per cent, children under 16 years of age. The following statement summarizes the statistics: Number of establishmenta 5, 186 Capital invested $68, 935, 000 Cost of materials used $17, 696, 000 Salaries and wages, total $53, 007, 747 Salaries $8, 180, 769 Wages $44, 826, 978 Miscellaneous expenses $14, 483, 497 Value of products or amount received for work done. . $104, 680, 086 Employees: Number of salaried officials and clerks Average number of wage earners employed dur- ing the year Actual number of wage earners employed on Dec. 15, 1909, or nearest representative day. . Men 16 years and over ". Women 18 years and over Children under 16 years — Male Female Primary power used, horsepower 9,170 109, 484 112, 064 31, 947 79, 152 274 691 123, 477 The number of wage earners employed each month and the per cent which this number represented of the greatest number employed in laundries in any month were as follows: 72497°— 13 33 + Table 106 January . . February . March April May June WAGE EARNERS. Per cent Number, of maxi- mum. 103,746 103,937 104,970 106,422 108, 1« 111,313 90.6 90.7 91.6 92.9 94.4 97.2 July August September . October . . . November . December . WAGE EARNERS. Number. 114,211 114,539 113,738 111,500 110,479 110,805 Per cent of maxi- mum. 99.7 100.0 99.3 97.3 96.5 96.7 The different kinds of primary power, the number of engines, and the horsepower used in laundries during 1909 are shown in the following tabular statement: Table 107 KIND. Number of engines or motors. Horse- power. Primary power, total 123,477 109,870 105,272 4,073 456 Owned 4,527 4,119 379 18 11 Steam Gas Water wheels Water motors 69 Rented 13,607 11 157 Electric 2,401 other 2,450 The kind and amount of fuel used in laundries shown in the following statement: are Table 108 rj^d. Unit. Quantity. Anthracite coal Tons (2,240 lbs.) .. Tons (2,000 lbs.) .. Tons (2,000 lbs.) .. 178,640 886,734 14,785 94,723 372,586 2,729,324 Bitimiinous coal Cx)ke Wood Oil Gas 1,000 feet Small custom sawmills and gristmills. — Statistics for small custom sawmills and gristmills are not included in the general tables or in the totals for manufactur- ing industries, but are presented in the following sum- mary. The cost of materials and value of products for gristmills include an estimate of the grain ground, but it was impossible to estimate the value of the lumber sawed in the custom sawmills. Table 109 Number of establishments Persons engaged in industry Proprietors and firm members. . . Salaried employees Wage earners (average number) . Primary horsepower Capital Expenses Services , Materials MLscellaneous . Value of products. Small custom sawmills. 4,133 12,836 5,702 44 7,090 93,280 $5,655,145 2,160,271 1,696,152 97,574 366, 545 4,515,881 Small custom gristmills. 11,961 22,596 15,435 147 7,014 272,763 $21,258,510 48,110,565 1,186,540 > 46,314,868 009,157 '55,115,553 1 Includes estimated value of all grain ground. 2 Includes estimate of value of products from all grain ground. In addition, custom ground products, valued at $1 , 1 70,751 , were made by establishments engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other than those covered by the indus- try designation. 514 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899. NOTBS— The ngures for some industries do not represent the total production, because important establishments that manufacture the same class of products may ^ ' Mmw^'hoiSpowM^tadUKios powe°^n^ manufacturing establishments plus electric and other power rented from outside sources; it does not include electric ^''in th^^UstiM of Mwer for ?899 there is a dif^rcnee'o?154,7& horsepower between the total and the sum of the figures for the various industries. This is due to the Impo^biUty of making correct revision of the figures for each industry for comparison with 1904 and 1909. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table no All Indastries. Agricultural implements. Artificial flowers and feathers and plumes. Artificial stone ■ . . Artists' materials. Automobiles, including bodies and parts. Awnings, tents, and sails Axle grease. Babbitt metal and solder. Bags, other than paper.. . Bags, paper. Baking iMwdersand yeast Baskets, and rattan and willow ware. Beet sugar Belting and hose, leather. Belting and hose, woven and rubber. B Icycles, motorcycles, and parts. Billiard tables and ma- terials. Blacking and cleansing and polishing prepara- tions. Bluing. Bone, carbon, and lamp black. Boots and shoes, includ- ing cut stock and find- ings. Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1,918 1," 2,253 > Included In "marble and stone" in 1899. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 515 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table llO— Contd. Boots and shoes, robber. . Boxes, cigar. Boxes, fancy and paper. Brass and bronze prod- ucts. Bread and other bakery products. Brick and tile. Brooms and brushes >. Butter, cheese, and con- densed milk. Batter, reworking Battons. Galdum lights. Candlest Canning and preserving. . Card cutting and design- ing. Carpets and rugs, other than rag. Carpets, rag. Carriages and sleds, chil- dren's. Carriages and wagons and materials. Cars and general shop con- struction and repairs by s t e a m-railroacl com- panies. Cars and general shop con- straction and repairs by s t r e 8 t-railroad com- panies. Cars, steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies. Cars, street-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies. Cash registers and calcu- lating machines. Cement >. Cen- sus. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. Charcoal . 909 274 904 297 315 949 796 729 1,021 813 695 23,926 18,226 14,836 4,216 4,634 5,423 1,282 1,316 1,523 8,479 8,936 9,242 24 35 10 444 276 238 10 22 19 16 17 3,767 3,168 2,570 68 60 43 139 139 133 428 363 805 84 78 77 5,492 5,588 6,792 1,145 1,140 1,292 541 86 108 110 73 65 14 14 20 50 32 18 135 129 76 74 183 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bCTS. 18,899 19,815 2 6,852 7,036 301 384 43,568 36,194 816 786 45,441 36,962 828 784 144,322 109,673 26,982 20,037 86,764 75,006 4,286 5,295 15,143 13,958 1,451 1,551 31,506 25,865 8,019 6,801 418 526 10 32 18,004 11,637 519 302 26 85 7 28 649 930 71,972 66,022 7 26 4,244 3,460 702 834 79 72 34,706 34,393 134 149 2,688 2,331 489 468 5,769 4,379 50 52 82,944 90,751 6,213 6,575 301,273 250,199 2 23,699 11,551 47,094 36,367 7 6 4,005 4,997 1 3 9,249 5,012 7 10 29,511 18,887 731 1,025 17 26 75 77 Salaried em- ployees. 1,287 822 483 436 370 216 3,239 2,326 1,368 3,995 3,000 1,813 17,124 8,358 9,167 4,951 3,600 2,426 1,639 982 900 5,056 3,507 2,818 113 90 29 1,058 768 4 16 6 103 7,760 5,628 4,199 66 25 1,265 1,023 687 217 137 57 419 324 172 6,803 6,294 5,026 19,097 13,329 7,094 1,281 499 201 4,001 2,303 1,366 421 264 144 1,777 923 327 2,719 1,383 25 25 23 Wage earners (average number), 17,612 18,991 14,391 6,116 6,282 4,609 39,514 32,082 27,653 40,618 33,168 27,166 100,216 81,278 60,192 76,528 66,021 61,979 12,153 11,426 10,346 18,431 15,557 12,799 295 404 148 16,427 10,567 8,686 16 41 56 539 816 59,968 56,944 67,012 525 696 325 33,307 33,221 28,411 1,982 1,736 1,318 5,300 4,003 2,726 69,928 77,882 73,812 282,174 236,870 173,595 22,418 11,052 7,025 43,086 34,058 33,453 3,583 4.730 3,585 7,465 4.079 2,067 26,775 17,478 631 923 1,786 Primary horse- power. 26,903 26.084 26,017 6,049 6,648 4,274 23,323 15,117 9,286 106,120 69,494 47,257 65,298 37,241 22,472 341,160 266.362 176,700 8,800 6,441 4,482 101,349 93,845 88,062 1,471 1,684 631 12,831 6,982 4,165 53 132 80 931 81,179 60,831 38,624 269 222 219 38,553 33,046 26,740 2,651 1,667 5,281 3,633 2,462 126,032 106,159 83,771 293,361 167,973 95,087 35,794 3,154 6,443 97,797 55,994 33,395 15, 161 7,054 4,865 6,944 4,139 1,340 3n,799 149,604 165 356 164 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of P'oducts. Value added by manu- facture (value of products Jess cost of mate- rials). Expressed in thousands. $43,906 39,442 33,668 $1,415 874 697 $8,544 8,867 6,427 5,403 4,457 3,288 471 333 172 2,234 2,120 1,440 35,476 22,601 14,979 3,709 2,313 1,269 14,016 10,208 8,152 109,319 77,438 61,120 6,640 3,778 2,297 23,677 17,666 13,699 212,910 122,353 80,902 13,764 6.273 6,063 59,351 43.172 27,864 174,673 119,957 82,086 5.439 3,530 2,025 37,139 28,646 21,883 18,982 12,052 9,616 1,661 925 758 5,404 4,380 3,788 71,284 47,256 36,303 3,591 1,376 912 11,081 8,413 6,146 3,543 1,719 256 128 85 30 186 252 68 15,640 7,784 4,213 1,299 711 296 6,789 3,680 2,826 66 144 96 4 12 6 U 24 24 2,959 3,004 161 136 246 294 119,207 79,246 55,481 7,864 5,231 3,479 19,082 16,336 13,705 684 488 338 93 53 22 238 261 136 75,627 56,781 44,449 2,209 1,397 881 15,536 13,724 11,121 1,546 1,100 867 182 87 30 860 675 443 6,883 4,336 2,907 490 341 159 2,217 1,783 1,090 175,474 152,345 128,962 7,960 6,581 4,759 37,595 38,363 33,565 238,317 146,886 119,473 17,339 11,920 6,208 181,344 142,153 96,007 38,899 12,906 10,782 1,204 543 194 14,486 7,013 4,405 139,805 88,179 88,324 6,138 2,&55 1,538 27,135 20.248 16,087 14,168 12, 976 7,615 594 398 235 2,177 2,840 1,951 27,224 7,588 6,242 2,736 1,109 329 6,312 2,442 1,250 187, 398 85,759 3,653 1,858 15,320 8,814 641 717 811 23 22 16 253 343 431 $29,577 32,000 22,683 4,313 3,810 3,061 25,716 16,686 11,765 99,228 6.S,653 61,189 238,034 155,989 95,052 23,736 16,317 11,006 15,578 10,999 9,544 235,546 142,920 108,841 7,424 6,247 1,345 9,541 4,144 2,803 24 35 36 2,176 2,911 101,823 83,147 63,668 374 478 313 39,503 37,948 27,229 489 622 4,129 2,840 1,996 81,951 77,528 66,772 199,413 151,105 109,472 15,168 5,463 4,337 78, 753 75.657 61,743 4,260 5,341 3,967 3,552 1,516 921 29,344 12,215 448 612 405 $49, 721 70,065 41,090 8,491 7,786 5,857 54,450 36,867 27,316 149,989 102,407 88,654 396,865 269,583 175,369 92, 776 71,152 51,270 29,126 21,104 18,484 274,558 168,183 130,783 8,200 7,271 2,115 22,708 11,134 7,696 52 135 119 3, 1.30 3,889 157, 101 130,466 99,335 1,031 1,083 618 71,188 61,586 48,192 2,568 1,918 1,755 8,805 6,371 4,290 159,893 155,869 138,262 405,601 309,775 218,114 31,963 13,437 9,371 123, 730 111,175 90,510 7,810 10,844 7,305 23,708 9,875 5,675 63,205 29,873 872 1,292 1,134 $20,144 38,065 18,407 4,178 3,976 2,796 28,734 20,181 15,551 50,761 36, 754 27,466 158,831 113,594 80,317 69,040 54,835 40,264 13,548 10, 105 8,940 39,012 25,263 21,942 776 1,024 770 13,167 6,990 4,893 28 100 84 954 978 5.5,278 47,319 35,667 657 605 305 31,625 23,038 20,963 1,879 1,429 1,133 4,676 3,531 2,294 77,942 78,341 71,490 206,188 158,670 108,642 16,795 7,974 5,034 44,977 35,518 28,767 3,550 5,503 3,338 20,156 8,359 4,754 33,861 17,658 424 650 729 PER CENT OF INCREASE. Wage e.irners (aver- age num- ber). -7.3 32.0 -2.7 36.3 23.2 16.0 22.5 22.1 23.3 35.0 15.9 6.5 6.4 10.4 18.5 21.6 -27.0 173.0 55.5 21.7 -63.4 -25.5 -33.9 5.3 -0.1 -24.6 114.2 0.3 16.9 14.2 31.7 32.4 46.8 -10.2 6.6 19.1 36.4 102.8 57.3 26.5 1.8 -24.2 31.9 83.0 97.3 63.2 -31.6 -48.3 1 Includes 898 establishments reported as "brooms" and 384 as "brushes" in 1909. ' Included In "soap" in 1899. » Included in "lime" in 1899. 616 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES. BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table no— Contd. Chemicals i. China decorating. Chocolate and cocoa products. Clocks and watches, in- cluding cases and mate- rials. Cloth, sponging and re- flnishing. Clothing, horse. Clothing, men's, button- holes. Clothing, men's, includ- ing shirts. Clothing, women's. CofTee and spice, roasting and grindmg." Coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods. Coke. Confectionery. Cooperage and wooden goods, not elsewhere specified. Copper, tin, and sheet- iron products. Cordage and twine and jute and linen goods. Cordials and sirups. Cork, cutting. Corsets. Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. Crucibles. Cutlery and tools, not elsewhere specified. Dairymen's, poulterers', and apiarists' supplies.^ Dentists' materials Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 Num- ber of estab- lish, ments. 349 275 433 40 28 49 27 25 24 120 97 109 57 65 46 33 29 26 146 141 149 6,354 5,145 6,419 4,558 3,351 2,701 607 421 458 284 239 217 315 278 241 1,944 1,348 962 1,693 1,719 1,798 4,228 2,540 1,985 164 145 160 117 63 39 62 50 62 138 109 138 1,324 1,154 1,055 12 11 11 838 721 233 176 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 27,791 22,707 436 273 3,404 2,396 25,439 23,891 1,167 922 1,830 1,168 1,031 1,075 271.437 19C.366 179,021 131,538 13, 516 9,245 11,448 9,797 31,226 20,440 54,854 42, 729 29,717 31, 133 86,934 60, 713 27,214 26,442 3, 376 3,080 19,611 11,948 387, 771 323,287 398 340 37, 161 29,004 6,4.31 3,273 1,982 2,291 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 181 164 8,502 7,006 6,482 4,913 497 442 161 168 101 73 1,832 1,3G6 1,760 1,853 4,423 2,851 377 432 814 827 206 165 79 Salaried em- ployees 3,923 2,778 2,123 63 18 31 568 291 1,529 1,249 676 125 59 39 142 73 55 20 23,239 15,671 11,906 18, 796 10, 920 6,715 5,529 2,844 2,749 1,948 1,161 1,852 1,386 915 8,384 5,124 4,304 1,688 1,537 8,896 4,827 2,924 1,314 1,050 449 171 112 185 136 136 1,956 877 815 8,514 6,981 4,902 3,351 1,989 1,464 1,354 500 340 290 182 Wage earners (average number) 23, 714 19,806 19,020 328 225 298 2,826 2,090 1,314 23,857 22,579 17, 155 975 795 634 1,648 1,063 575 830 903 944 239, 696 173, 689 157,549 153, 743 115, 705 83, 739 7,490 5, 9.59 6,387 9,339 8,468 6,840 29,273 18, 981 16,999 44,638 36, 239 26,866 26,269 27,743 25,323 73, 615 53,035 38,317 25,820 25,332 21,651 1,095 660 362 3,142 2,895 2,340 17,564 10,975 12,297 378,880 315,874 302,861 335 280 671 32,996 26, 188 19,642 4,871 2,608 1,573 1,922 1,017 Primary horse- power. 208,604 132, 262 90,349 10, 593 5,217 2,756 14, 957 10, 731 7,251 704 322 109 1,454 656 271 176 137 113 42,725 29,829 20,457 22,294 14, 916 9,962 22,334 16, 703 16,270 16,490 13, 178 8,927 62,602 66,669 34, 767 35,870 24,292 19, 410 65,108 56,988 38,462 62,366 30,229 28,829 78,549 66,244 47,999 1,1.54 782 573 3, 746 2,589 1,563 4,581 3,284 3,638 1,296,517 986, 604 796,834 816 627 760 68,294 54,397 38,283 3,994 865 1,113 375 Capital. Sala- ries. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of mate- rials). Expressed in thousands. 1 Includes * Includes » Included $155,144 96,621 89,069 559 261 13.685 8,379 6,891 57,500 42, 189 31,514 629 401 3,279 1,499 654 225 262 247 275. 320 176,557 140, 191 129,301 73,948 48,432 46,042 38, 735 28,437 25,843 18,632 1.3,585 152,321 90,713 36,503 68,326 43,125 26,319 50,342 36, 756 25,602 217, 532 147, 608 49, 679 76,020 66,467 43, 153 4,804 1,666 1, 153 6.327 4,009 2,684 18,033 9,589 7,290 822,238 613,111 467, 240 2,051 1.577 1,844 67.380 43, 729 30, 152 15.188 6,030 6,258 4,681 2,112 $6,137 4,048 2,923 $14,085 10,790 9,393 80 16 21 191 99 122 970 463 371 1,269 822 526 2,181 1,638 957 12.944 11.892 8,315 127 62 35 651 604 268 171 72 47 492 342 177 12 5 6 389 380 332 26,723 15, 740 12,032 106,277 68,459 56, 391 20,418 9,976 6,574 78,568 51,180 32,686 6,596 3, 216 2,951 3,676 2,830 2,487 2,411 1,345 1,023 4,633 4,120 3,077 2,072 1,247 797 16,454 9,304 7,086 9,137 4.840 3,525 15,615 11,699 8,020 2,047 1,752 963 11,715 11,843 9,860 10,288 6,070 2,810 39,601 26,269 16,924 1,863 1,597 1,021 9,133 8,824 6,554 627 242 121 603 235 117 267 198 196 1,098 888 688 2,871 1,010 966 6,464 .3,600 3,646 14,412 10, 2,38 7,350 132.859 96,206 86,690 130 116 154 180 159 251 4,182 2,333 1,606 17,581 13,125 9,434 1,416 359 2,671 1,167 545 334 184 744 949 509 ■'sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids" and "wood distillation, not 'peanuts, gradmg, roasting, cleaning, and shelling" in 1899. m other classifications in 1899. $117,689 75,222 62,637 786 327 485 22,390 14.390 9,666 35.197 29,790 22,110 1,644 1,053 566 4,135 2,140 1,305 781 700 681 568,077 406,768 323, 8.39 384,762 247,662 159, 340 110.5.33 84, 188 69, 527 24, 526 20,266 13,952 95, 697 61,729 35,586 134, 796 87,087 60,644 60, 248 57,956 42,025 199,824 119,933 78,359 61,020 64,064 49,078 9,662 3.510 2,107 5.940 4.491 4,392 33, 257 14,802 14, 451 628.392 450. 468 339,200 1,849 1,343 2,607 53,266 39,022 28, 146 15, 463 6,545 10,8.36 7,810 3,721 including turpentine and rosin" in 1899. $64, 122 42,063 34,546 311 108 207 15,623 9,723 6,877 11,131 9.872 8,819 85 39 17 2,773 1,329 105 95 297,515 211,433 168, 169 208,788 130,720 84,705 83,205 66,847 55,112 11,964 9,601 6,946 64,025 29,885 19,666 81,161 48,810 35,354 36,928 34, 971 23, 619 112,582 63,921 42,602 40,915 46,031 33,064 6,341 2,149 1,505 3,435 2,459 2,404 16,640 6, 1,35 6,357 371,009 286,255 176, 552 1,089 702 1,673 18, 279 13,278 9,748 6,089 3,203 8,101 5,510 2.109 PER CENT OF INCREASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). $53, .567 33, 159 28,091 475 219 278 6 867 4,667 2,789 24,066 19.918 13,291 1,459 1.014 549 1,362 811 457 676 605 683 270,562 195,335 155, 670 175.964 116,942 74,635 27,328 18,341 14,415 12,562 10,765 7,007 31,672 21,844 15,919 53,645 38,277 25,290 23,320 22,985 18,406 87,242 56,012 35, 757 20,105 18,633 16,014 4,321 1,361 602 2,505 2,032 1,988 17,617 8,727 8,094 257,383 104,213 162,648 70O 581 934 34,987 25, 744 18,398 9,374 3,342 2,735 2,300 1,612 19.7 4.1 56.5 20.1 45.8 -24.5 140.4 -32.8 35.2 59.1 55.6 48.9 5.7 31.6 18.2 34.7 22.6 48.9 46.6 86.0 55.0 84.9 93.2 64.0 -8.1 -4.3 11.6 2.8 38.0 10.2 39.7 25.6 32.9 38.2 55.4 66.4 25.7 -■5. 7 31.3 21.1 10.3 23.8 21.0 46.3 54.2 11.7 85.0 45.4 23.2 34.9 64.8 43.6 -5.3 9.6 4.0 37.9 38.8 38.4 66.6 5.3.1 1.9 17.0 -5.6 31.8 65.9 82.3 175.3 66.6 8.5 23.7 32.3 2.3 60.0 -10.8 123.8 2.8 19.9 4.3 39.5 32.8 19.6 -68.3 37.7 -48.5 26.0 33.3 36.5 38.6 86.8 136.3 -18.2 89.0 38.7 109.9 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 517 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table no— Contd. Drug grinding. Dyeing and finishing tex- tUes. Dyestuffs and extracts . . . Electrical machinery, ap- I>aratus, and supplies. Electroplating. Emery and other abrasive wheels. Enameling and Japan- ning.' Engravers' iiiut«rlals. Engraving and diesinUng Engraving, wood . Explosives. Fancy articles, not else- where specified. Fertilizers. Files. Firearms and ammuni- tion. Fire extinguishers, chem- ical. Fireworks. Flags, banners, regalia, society badges, and em- blems. Flavoring extracts Flax and hemp, dressed . Flour-mill and gristmill products. Food preparations. Foundry and machine- shop products.* Foundry supplies Fuel, manufactiu^d ' Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 Num- ber of estab- Ush- ments. 25 27 26 426 360 107 98 77 1,009 784 581 461 312 302 51 34 34 108 124 167 18 10 11 253 305 277 82 114 144 124 97 494 435 496 550 399 422 67 62 86 66 62 65 31 35 17 42 34 46 211 171 145 420 377 350 16 17 4 11,691 10,051 9,476 1,213 766 645 13,253 10,765 11,046 49 34 30 PEESONS ENQAGED DT INDUSTEY. Total. 1,152 1,111 47,303 38,071 3,015 3,150 105,600 71,485 3,558 2.458 2,446 1,000 2,418 10,657 1,782 2,100 480 505 7,058 7,113 14,194 11,748 21,950 16,091 4,521 3,450 16,042 14,400 300 267 1,567 1,637 4,522 3,517 2,634 2,599 216 246 66,054 59,623 20,965 14, 739 615,485 502,185 710 414 112 Pro. prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 318 310 439 400 554 371 105 99 300 352 129 477 483 323 294 207 169 377 384 14,570 13,098 1,131 749 9,851 9,370 Salaried em- ployees. 214 107 102 2.939 2,196 1,318 553 361 229 17,905 10,619 5,067 287 144 115 483 188 125 188 595 307 47 6 13 174 175 75 73 38 22 763 1,289 768 1,526 1,066 875 3,317 1,613 1,712 316 109 127 1,297 728 432 95 66 47 142 132 136 743 476 306 1,028 672 594 30 15 12 12,031 7,415 5,522 4,866 2,657 1,538 74,623 49,406 34,286 219 77 75 22 Wage earners (average number), 922 981 641 44,046 35,565 29,776 2,397 2,707 1,647 87,256 60,466 42,013 2,717 1,943 2,086 1,943 801 546 2,125 9,963 7,835 129 49 76 1,308 1,573 964 318 338 336 6,274 5,800 4,502 12, 191 10,199 8,451 18,310 14,184 11,581 4,158 3,276 3,160 14,715 13,634 9,713 195 178 64 1,403 1,480 1,638 3,572 2,872 2,078 1,229 1,543 1,251 164 214 211 39,453 39, 110 32,226 14,968 11,333 8,214 531,011 443,409 426,985 464 315 278 Primary horse- power. 3,322 2,866 4,697 107,746 84,868 69,238 22,213 17,671 11,409 158,768 105,376 43,674 4,461 2,588 2,933 4,005 1,965 1,044 1,605 7,856 3,052 549 135 105 768 1,032 616 39 45 47 28,601 29.665 19, 195 8,310 5,886 4,386 64,711 47,989 38,680 7,383 6,697 4,836 17,840 21,408 7,470 215 140 26 517 347 219 1,173 949 435 1,060 873 704 1,147 600 187 853,584 775,318 670, 719 55,166 28,162 15,485 869,305 606,165 443,085 4,995 3,543 3,505 1,290 Capital. Sala- ries. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of uroducls less cost of mate- rials). Expressed in thousands. $5,187 4,991 2,838 S268 155 127 $464 483 292 114,093 88,709 60,643 5,035 3,407 2,267 21,227 15.469 12,726 17,935 14,904 7,839 942 609 312 1,291 1,264 788 267,844 174,066 83,660 20,193 11,091 4,632 49,381 31,842 20,579 2,324 1,287 1,322 243 132 93 1,652 1,093 949 6,231 2,249 1,490 667 217 127 1,156 451 303 2,880 18,571 9,302 204 814 309 922 3,830 2,334 393 98 101 68 11 22 90 31 45 1,449 1,211 720 168 160 63 821 1,032 543 193 185 231 82 42 23 259 245 206 60,168 42,307 19,466 1,134 1,797 914 4,304 3,309 2,384 15,768 9,501 6,854 1,728 1,037 739 5,096 4,080 3,023 121,537 68,917 60,686 4,406 1,934 2,125 7,477 5,127 4,185 10,413 5,866 3,858 338 170 154 1,978 1,514 1,277 39,377 22,493 13,635 1,920 1,100 614 8,427 7,755 5,103 527 338 137 134 59 39 127 108 33 2,209 1,543 1,086 217 141 146 579 536 507 5,781 3,916 2,406 710 482 259 1,489 1,128 620 5,341 4,405 3,314 1,082 698 654 558 653 478 785 239 72 29 9 7 64 60 46 349, 152 265,117 189,281 12,517 7,352 5,258 21,464 19,822 16,285 64,685 51,784 21,401 5,865 2,999 1,495 7,043 4,398 3,099 1,514,332 1,034,135 790, 741 93,795 59,703 39,318 321,521 246,573 219,870 2,688 1,516 982 255 73 79 276 156 136 432 22 50 S3, 454 3,024 3,315 35,261 19,621 17,958 9,684 6,829 4,746 108,566 66,837 49,458 1,205 747 784 2,651 705 509 1.496 7,394 5,522 609 96 142 351 376 203 126 60 63 $6,007 5,146 4,308 83,556 50,850 44,963 15,955 10,893 7,351 221,309 140,809 92,434 4,510 2,905 2,720 6,711 2,062 1,382 3,316 16.316 10,194 921 171 282 2,250 2,422 1,468 711 648 614 22,812 17,204 10,335 40,140 29,003 17,125 10,361 7,5,37 5,943 22,6.32 17,594 12,896 69,522 39,288 28,958 103,960 50,541 44,657 1,596 1,311 1,166 5,691 4,392 3,404 17,021 12,339 8,742 34,112 28,206 18,472 305 229 71 754 582 218 896 769 628 2,269 1,987 1,786 3,810 2,506 2,144 8,114 5,608 4,088 4,458 3,936 3,291 8,828 7,772 6,308 336 233 91 467 347 159 767,576 619,971 428,117 883,584 713,033 501,396 83,942 37,068 24,777 125,331 61,180 39,837 540,011 367,412 363,036 1,228,475 880,514 798,454 1,272 625 628 2,298 1,059 1,129 155 311 $2,553 2,122 993 48,295 31,229 27,005 6,271 4,064 2,605 112,743 73,972 42,976 3,305 2,218 1,936 4,060 1,357 873 1,820 8,922 4,672 312 75 140 1,899 2,046 1,265 585 588 551 17,328 12,399 6,790 12,271 10,057 6,953 34,438 17,253 15.699 4,096 3,081 2,238 17,091 15,867 9,730 449 353 147 1,373 1,218 1,157 4,304 3,102 1,944 4,370 3,836 3,017 131 114 68 116,008 93,062 73,279 41,389 23,512 15,060 688,464 513, 102 435,418 1,026 434 501 156 PEE CEKT OF INCBEASE. Wage fiamp.r. Totals for 1899 and 1904 include some establishments classed as "copper, tin, and sheet-Iron products," in 1909. ' Includes "locomotives, not made by railroad companies," and "stoves and furnaces, not including gas and oil stoves," in 1899. » None reported in 1904 or 1899. -6.0 52.3 23.8 19.4 -11.5 64.4 44.3 43.9 39.8 -6,9 142,6 46,7 -78.7 27.2 163.3 -35.5 -16,8 63,2 -5.9 0.6 8.2 19.5 20.7 29.1 22.5 26.9 3.7 7.9 40.4 9.6 178.1 -5.2 24.4 38.2 -20.4 23.3 -23.4 1.4 0.9 21.4 32.1 38.0 19.8 3.8 47.3 13.3 518 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued, [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table no— Contd. •»rf\TTOii»tiir Fur goods J'umisbing goods, men's Tumltore and refriger- ators. Fiirs, dressed. Qalvanlzing. Gas and electric fixtures and lamps and reflect- ors. Qas, illuminating and heating. Glass. Glass, cutting, staining, and ornamenting. Gloves and mittens, leather. Glucose and starch. Glue. Gold and silver, leaf and foU. Gold and silver, reducing and refining, not from the ore. Graphite and graphite re- fining. Grease and tallow. Grindstones.. Hidrdothi. Hair work . Hammocks. Hand stamps and stencils and brands. -Hat and cap materials . 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 "Hats and caps, other than 1909 felt, straw, and wool. 2 ! 1904 1899 Hats, fur-felt. Hats, straw'. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 Num- ber of ments. 1,241 867 734 900 647 457 3,155 2.593 1,909 93 85 92 46 36 28 619 405 377 1,296 1,019 877 363 399 355 583 453 411 377 339 394 118 140 132 65 58 61 11 11 353 300 287 14 23 25 14 250 125 158 15 14 13 361 327 360 74 65 70 494 415 644 273 216 171 68 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 16, 152 11,787 43,935 30,476 144,140 125,093 1,472 1,324 1,689 1,457 22,906 14,653 51,007 40,043 72,573 67,105 11,090 9,626 12,950 11,712 5,827 5,409 3,840 3,258 1,553 1,594 690 439 262 257 5,504 4,415 1,485 766 4,383 1,137 325 316 2,539 2,149 2,618 2,615 7,609 7,617 27,091 23,666 9,704 6,084 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 1,717 1,245 1,022 2,657 2,286 115 109 431 334 277 71 617 504 458 427 86 111 108 106 364 306 298 148 375 363 264 252 Salaried em- ployees 2,508 1,172 1,141 4,431 2,697 2,149 13,031 8,642 6,751 116 110 46 2;6 167 52 3,614 1,749 1,294 13,515 9,406 5,904 3,575 3,040 2,268 1,111 743 475 1,138 640 659 968 619 553 530 352 159 62 86 35 173 95 76 96 33 16 783 481 256 85 50 60 551 126 44 39 26 21 513 280 171 188 114 50 720 418 643 1,763 1,367 726 799 438 Wage earners (average nimiber), 11,927 9,370 7,768 38,482 27,185 30,322 128, 452 114, 165 90,591 1,241 1,105 835 1,447 1,256 535 18,861 12,570 11,238 37,215 30,566 22,459 68,911 63,969 62,818 9,362 8,379 4,914 11,354 10,645 14,345 4,773 4,679 5,943 3,265 2,864 1,618 1,383 1,402 1,163 456 287 219 162 218 137 4,357 3,628 2,040 1,394 706 1,167 3,534 8&3 820 272 271 339 1,651 1,506 1,470 2,367 2,414 1,371 6,201 6.594 12,544 25,064 22,047 18,880 8,814 6,567 Primary horse- power. 2,120 1,994 907 12, 116 5,421 3,552 221,451 169, 774 119,608 2,103 1,260 1,063 1,367 1,603 409 15,862 8,444 6,991 128,350 73, 101 31,797 123, 132 91,476 52,943 4,897 3,973 2,098 2,889 2,725 2,165 28,257 35,986 26,642 15,596 14,280 6,806 259 278 149 1,735 1,008 705 1,472 922 805 14,613 11,738 8,031 5,700 2,602 2,677 995 218 62 23 157 171 113 903 721 462 2,922 2.239 1,770 990 797 3,252 19, 245 16,630 11,843 3,482 2,366 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of mate- rials). Kxpressed in thousands. $29,249 17,990 12,484 49,009 28,044 20,576 227, 134 158,986 109,267 1,672 1,296 798 4,197 2,690 1,776 36,835 28,002 15,855 915,537 725,035 567,001 129,288 89, 389 61,424 10,2% 7,365 4,001 16,909 10,706 9,090 38,866 24,053 52,083 14, 289 10,673 6,144 1,184 1,072 1,087 3,894 2,326 1,944 1,786 478 411 16,676 10,284 7,071 4,939 1,869 903 2,281 4,716 1,132 760 344 290 308 2,439 1,915 1,736 6,183 4,265 1,744 5,275 4,185 8,394 35,734 23,268 16,7(U 11,538 6,036 $2,553 1,229 1,006 5,210 2,158 2,188 15,501 9,524 6,692 135 110 49 257 192 47 4,340 2,198 1,492 12,385 8,464 5,273 4,994 3,940 2,792 1,295 776 487 1,256 585 547 1,413 655 732 747 465 192 78 85 36 249 127 83 115 30 21 991 583 266 159 81 434 98 33 34 27 16 433 224 141 231 127 60 783 436 675 2,097 1,488 944 1,427 487 $7,788 5,123 3,927 15,093 8,7C0 9,730 65,618 51,788 30,920 806 755 478 787 620 229 10,393 6,408 5,188 20,931 17,058 12,436 39,300 37,288 27,085 6,249 4,359 2,394 4,764 3,840 4,183 2,666 2,641 2,855 1,571 1,529 685 637 663 499 346 206 141 108 64 2,629 2,114 1,067 638 275 407 252 1,610 335 287 95 91 102 952 797 947 849 434 3,421 3,354 5,025 14,223 11,282 9,119 4.471 2,434 $31,777 21,202 14,281 49,125 26,566 23,670 108, 775 76,892 57,406 811 1,642 520 6,719 4,745 1,678 20,467 11,078 7,962 62,428 37,180 20,605 32, 119 26; 146 16,731 6,246 4,845 3,635 13,208 10,001 9,483 36,899 25,519 21,680 7,525 6,186 3,767 1,518 1,476 1,604 21,984 17,538 10,932 405 117 217 15,543 12,369 8,752 468 264 264 1,614 6,081 728 311 190 243 1,127 737 663 5,380 4,217 2,798 6,308 10,907 22,109 15,975 13,514 11.468 5,510 $55,938 37, 119 25,899 87,710 49,032 44,346 239,886 177,795 130,634 2,391 3,216 1,400 7,338 6,419 2,471 45,067 26,560 19,821 166,814 125,146 75,717 92,095 79,608 56,540 16, 101 13,138 8,750 23,631 17,740 16,926 48,799 32,650 30,927 13,718 10,035 6,389 2,630 2,695 2,666 23,612 18,724 11,812 1,140 342 429 23,419 18,815 11,953 788 1,089 2,230 11,216 1,782 1,406 678 447 3,673 2,811 2,611 8,236 6,440 3,849 13,689 12,956 21,393 47,865 36,629 27,811 21,424 10,357 $24, 161 15,917 11,618 38,585 22,467 20,676 131,111 100,903 73,228 1,580 1,574 1,619 1,674 793 24,590 15,482 11,859 114,386 87,965 56,112 59,976 53,462 39,809 9,865 8,293 5,216 10,423 7,739 7,443 11,900 7,131 9,347 6,193 3,849 1,622 1,112 1,219 1,062 1,628 1,186 735 225 212 7,876 6,446 3,201 1,220 524 825 5,136 1,054 910 267 257 237 2,546 2,074 1,948 2,856 2,223 1,051 10,486 25,756 20,654 14,297 9,956 4,847 PER CENT or INCREASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 27.3 20.8 41.6 -10.3 12.6 26.0 12.3 32.3 15.2 134.8 50.0 11.9 21.8 36.1 7.7 21.1 11.7 70.5 6.7 -25.8 2.0 -21.3 14.0 77.0 -1.4 20.6 58.9 31.0 -25.7 59.1 20.1 77.8 91.4 -39.6 309.5 5.2 0.4 -20.1 9.6 2.4 -1.9 76.1 -6.0 -47.4 13.7 16.8 1 Included in other classifications in 1904 and 1899. > Includes "hats, straw, " in 1899. » Included in " hats and caps, other than felt, straw, and wool. " in 1899. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899-Continued . [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table llO-Contd. INDUSTBr. Cen- sus. Hones and whetscones. . . Horseshoes, not made in steel works or rolling mills. Hosiery and Icnit goods. . . House-furnishing goods, not elsewhere specified. Ice, manufactured. Ink, printing. Ink, writing. InstrumentSiprofessional and scientific. Iron and steel, blast fur- naces. Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills. Iron and 8teel,bolts, nuts, washer8,and rivets, not made in steel works or rolling mills. Iron and steel, doors and shutters. Iron and steel forgings. Iron and steel, nai^ and spikes, cut and wrought, including wire naite, not made in steel works or roiling mills. Iron and steel pipe, wrought. Jewelry. Jewelry and instrument cases. Kaolin and ground earths Labels and tags I-apidary work JLard , refined , not made in slaughtering and meat- packing establishments. Lasts Lead , bar, pipe, and sheet Leather goods 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1890 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1,374 1.144 1,006 2G0 237 a09 2,004 1,320 775 71 60 60 47 42 44 283 225 261 208 190 223 446 415 445 108 29 24 13 172 138 90 57 76 102 27 19 1,537 1,023 851 120 97 63 119 131 145 67 47 77 54 60 7 9 19 60 55 05 33 32 34 2,375 1.918 1,568 PERSONS ENOAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 173 251 360 273 136, 130 109,489 5,916 5,555 21,107 13,179 1,854 1,117 824 607 6,175 4,145 43,061 37,3.35 280.762 221,9.56 12.395 8,771 1,816 811 9,193 6,347 3,239 4,147 7,309 5,723 36,992 26,119 2,441 1,923 2,351 2,501 2,880 1,610 515 528 2,029 1,453 1.044 834 43,525 40,508 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 1,1.34 1,067 236 234 1,066 746 222 200 1.846 1,436 139 126 2,. 552 2,148 Salaried em- ployees. Wage earners (average numl)er) 152 220 189 293 232 231 6,721 1 129,275 4.330 I 104,092 2,8.31 1 83,691 773 543 584 3,927 2,3,32 1,531 695 361 253 282 141 148 1,136 606 380 4,584 2,231 1,757 20,6.39 14.330 7,454 1,012 632 420 197 93 20 036 605 322 432 406 431 193 4,799 2,603 1,806 232 121 52 308 253 232 482 197 96 169 102 43 110 77 54 254 186 97 2.34 177 151 6,066 4,171 3,207 4,907 4,778 5,212 16,114 10, 101 C,880 1,121 711 503 606 430 285 4,817 3,437 2,775 38,429 35,078 39,241 240,076 207,562 183,249 11,346 8,090 7,660 1,601 699 117 8,168 5,665 4,688 2,765 3,681 4,477 6,817 5,416 5,536 30,347 22,080 20,468 2,070 1,676 819 1,990 2,157 2,094 2,313 1,348 754 627 507 399 441 499 1,728 1,208 1,131 802 646 605 34,907 34,189 29,274 Primary horse- power. 677 684 503 1,045 1,014 545 "103,709 78,769 67,346 9,328 8,748 8,531 317,789 191,660 100,421 5,857 3,384 1,805 169 224 369 4,856 2,110 2,471 1,173,422 773,278 497,272 2,100.978 1.649,299 1,100,801 22,113 13,825 0,165 1,007 069 223 27,803 16,069 7,697 7,723 10,533 12,853 20,656 15,094 11,717 11,204 7,872 6,656 527 359 208 20,920 17,325 18,404 919 392 679 554 212 723 598 714 3,386 2,865 1,951 3,179 2,487 2,007 28,148 16,257 10,947 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products of mate- rials). Expressed in thousands. 1382 423 217 $6 20 6 $72 94 73 1,396 1,227 46.> 99 54 36 166 127 117 163,641 106,943 82,000 7.691 4.455 3,138 44,740 31,615 24,434 12,784 9,872 10,634 1,007 582 628 2,035 1,880 1,838 118,641 66,592 38,020 3,868 2.001 1,226 9,779 5,549 3,403 7,144 4,610 2,945 1,092 630 346 773 475 298 2,114 1,287 877 376 191 134 203 170 114 11,724 5,383 4,476 1,233 532 402 2,925 1,823 1,429 487,581 236,146 143,159 6,525 2,891 2,304 24,607 18,935 18,484 1,004,735 700, 182 430,232 26,191 17,860 9,433 163,201 122.492 102,336 30,250 18,913 10,800 1,373 912 571 5,793 3,642 2,002 3,045 1,120 262 224 117 19 874 407 86 27,755 28,246 9,676 1,300 824 411 6,003 3,428 2,550 8,898 8,742 10,751 562 454 444 1,353 1,684 2,042 22,266 13,053 18,344 657 369 266 3,063 2,473 2,496 63,811 39,679 27,872 5,838 2,939 1,842 18,358 12,593 10,644 1,841 1,438 548 232 107 35 954 624 323 13,226 10, 196 12,212 417 329 257 897 899 821 3,857 2,118 848 541 258 120 1,123 609 289 4,808 2,384 3,087 195 109 51 889 657 499 1,434 1.163 1,336 108 108 80 180 219 238 3,061 2,009 1.485 412 223 108 l,2a3 798 650 20,587 5,015 3,949 360 239 202 510 405 322 69,814 50,919 33,895 6,701 4,148 2,829 17,921 15,707 11,892 SllO 103 64 356 25C 211 110,241 76,789 51,195 12,371 9,627 9,198 11,317 6,011 3,312 4,176 2,613 1,636 1,078 858 673 2,918 1,350 1,363 320,638 178,942 131,504 657,501 441,204 390,895 12,804 7,807 8,071 1,283 602 116 10,240 5,752 6,213 3,972 4,686 8,562 22,942 12,747 15,524 36,675 24, 177 22,235 1,221 843 436 2,042 1,869 1,651 1,910 957 388 6,560 6,224 4,656 9,631 5,640 7,497 1.324 768 527 7,412 7,910 6,280 60,027 44,435 33, 195 $268 308 196 1,015 799 200,143 137,076 95,834 18,509 15,011 14,278 42,953 23,790 13, 781 8,865 6,774 3,080 2,505 1,881 1,293 10,504 5,378 4,853 391,429 231,823 206,757 985,723 673,965 597,212 24,485 14,687 13,978 3,006 1,477 320 20,293 12,110 10,438 8,192 8,923 14, 777 30,886 17,401 21,292 80,350 53,226 46,129 3,116 2,292 1,157 4,681 4,439 3,722 4,670 2,462 1,105 9,173 7,647 5,786 10,326 6,129 8,631 4,159 2,520 1,880 9,145 9,277 7,478 104, 719 82, 121 60,414 $158 205 132 659 543 287 89,902 60,287 44,639 6,138 5,384 5,080 31,636 17, 779 10,469 4,690 3,161 1,544 1,427 1,023 720 7,586 4,028 3,490 70, 791 52,881 75,253 328,222 232, 761 206,317 11,681 6,880 6,907 1,723 875 204 10,053 6,358 5,225 4,220 4,237 6,215 7,944 4,654 5,768 43,675 29,049 23,894 1,895 1,449 721 2,639 2,570 2,071 2,760 l,5a5 717 2,613 1,423 1,130 695 489 1,1.34 2.8.35 1,752 1,353 1,733 1,367 1,198 44.692 37,686 27,219 520 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899-Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table llO— Contd. Leather, tanned, curried, and finished. Lime I. Liquors, distilled. Liquors, malt. Liquors, vinous. Locomotives, not made by railroad companies.* Looking-glass and pic- ture names. Lumber and timber prod- ucts. Malt. Marble and stone work ». . Matches. Mats and matting. Mattresses and spring beds Millinery and lace goods . Mineral and soda waters. Mirrors. Models and patterns, not Including paper pat- terns. Moving pictures Mucilage and paste. Musical instruments and materials, not sx>ecified. Musical instruments, pianos and organs and materials. Needles, pins, and hooks and eyes. Oakum. Oil, castor. 1909 1904 Oil, cottonseed, and cake > Includes "cement" and Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1^9 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 Num- ber of estab- lish, ments. 919 1,049 1,306 853 526 998 613 805 905 1,414 1,530 1,507 290 435 359 16 15 437 442 362 40,671 25, 153 28, 133 114 141 146 4,964 2,608 2,952 26 23 22 12 12 930 716 1,579 860 591 4,916 3,468 2,763 148 119 103 709 547 530 127 HI 116 187 181 229 507 444 390 49 46 52 817 715 PEESONS ENGAGED IN INDU.STRY. 67,100 61,002 15,659 12.383 8,328 7,229 66,725 58,068 2,726 2,801 16,945 25,979 7,470 8,076 784,989 593,342 2,237 2,594 77,275 57,866 4,220 3,368 1,040 14,109 12,438 46,301 31,417 22,060 16,554 3,509 3,068 5,450 3,678 901 728 2,269 2,554 41,882 36,106 4,978 4,196 129 158 21,273 18,832 Pro- prie- tors firm mem- bers. Salaried ployees. 784 1,112 794 500 503 794 639 876 236 396 431 467 48,825 30, 738 6,026 3,300 1,934 1,163 5,743 4,099 131 117 840 656 108 100 187 190 297 303 110 63 4,114 3,251 2,442 968 731 1,406 1,335 1,080 661 11,507 9,055 7,146 579 492 344 2,029 1,164 1,018 984 884 41, 145 30,038 20,940 425 444 290 5,646 3,456 2,606 543 176 66 85 58 42 1,918 1,254 851 5,166 2,754 1,692 3,170 1,576 1,423 384 302 269 439 242 118 207 255 158 166 260 225 158 3,565 2,722 1,518 313 200 135 11 10 12 14 12 4,092 3,229 1,569 Wage earners number). 62, 202 57,239 52. 109 13,897 11,152 19,085 6,430 5,355 3,720 54,579 48. 137 39,459 1,911 1,913 1,163 14,909 24,806 6,021 6,625 6,029 695,019 532,566 508,766 1,760 2,054 1,990 65,603 51. 110 41,686 3,631 3,185 2,047 937 625 1,197 11,322 10,427 7,649 39,201 27,500 16,871 13,147 10,879 8,788 2,994 2,649 2,555 4,171 2,780 2,607 506 538 470 458 1,822 2,139 2,405 38,020 33,081 21,309 4,638 3,965 2,653 113 142 171 54 43 49 17,071 1.5,540 11,007 Primary horse- power. 148, 140 117,450 88,860 27,671 18, 198 93,540 46,120 42,349 31,427 347,726 206, 159 197,901 6,771 6,713 3,416 35,102 29,806 5,3.30 4,653 3,357 2,840,082 1,886,624 1,658,594 26,441 20,288 13,834 187,686 102,887 83,119 6,224 3,539 2,666 1,433 1,524 1,733 17,689 13,220 7,980 7,918 4,737 1,852 19,392 12, 214 8,037 3,862 2,795 2,333 5,486 4,358 3,021 2,335 1,505 1,426 1,423 1,603 1,417 41,623 30,134 20,789 4,542 2,440 2,103 367 375 385 500 260 192,342 150,246 73,071 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of mate- rials). Expressed in thousands. $332. 727 242,584 173,977 $6,744 4,452 3,159 $32, 103 27,049 22,591 32.520 22,596 48,787 1,080 703 1,416 5,980 4,597 7,741 72,450 50,101 32,540 1,988 1,393 890 3,074 2,657 1,733 671, 158 515,630 413,767 22,804 17,316 13,038 41,206 34,541 25,776 27,908 17,775 9,838 863 573 365 972 1,002 446 52,060 38,421 2,297 1,675 8,914 16,798 9,058 7,634 5,500 1,119 955 789 3,261 3,315 2,550 1,176,675 733,708 541,. -595 47,428 31,737 18,715 318. 739 245.834 188,395 60,286 47, 934 39,288 884 747 471 1,348 1,457 1,183 114,842 79,170 52,982 6,386 4,000 2,440 42,546 31,899 22,843 11,953 5,334 3,893 723 178 87 1,390 1,101 613 4,051 839 994 95 67 31 385 249 237 23,735 14,514 7,999 2,039 1,253 770 5,771 4,816 3,102 35,705 17,850 10,765 5,381 2,296 1,393 16,308 10,307 5,818 42,305 28,098 19,727 2,846 1,393 1,161 6,902 5,488 4,080 4,890 3,859 3,184 450 332 277 1,763 1,375 1,232 5,576 2,896 2,250 490 238 113 2,929 1,788 1,565 19,428 396 335 2,717 2,430 1,220 353 166 155 286 237 193 3,298 3,743 3,896 343 252 142 992 1,162 1,232 103,234 68,482 43,810 5,552 3,728 2,015 22,762 18,527 11,543 6,705 5,332 4,618 393 253 147 2,064 1,596 1,067 342 488 416 14 14 17 42 49 51 1,038 625 539 27 27 17 32 28 29 91,086 73, 770 34,451 4,295 3,062 1,579 5,835 4,838 3,143 $248, 279 191,179 155,000 $327,874 252,621 204,038 6,731 5,437 11,040 17,952 14,751 28,674 35,977 25,626 15,145 204.699 131,270 96,794 96,596 74,907 61,598 374,7-30 298, .346 236,915 6,626 5,693 3,689 13,121 11,098 6,547 15,000 27, 703 31,582 59,552 5.525 4.975 4,729 1.3,475 13,270 10,847 508. 118 360, 325 364,964 1,1,56.129 884, 267 760,992 30,464 23, 621 14,817 38,252 30,289 19,374 37,397 26,569 21,546 113,093 84,844 63,667 4,599 3,285 3,421 11,353 5,647 6,006 1,067 574 516 2,432 1,243 1,165 20,483 15,326 10,227 35,783 27,755 17,956 45,040 26,259 15,654 85,894 50,778 29,469 16,466 10,002 8,565 43,508 30,251 23,269 5,905 4,587 4,996 9,571 7,605 8,004 2,876 922 825 8,868 4,545 3,834 2,192 4,206 3,283 2,301 1,613 4,918 3,556 2,556 890 1,130 1,205 3,228 3,482 3,395 43, 765 27,987 17,371 89,790 66,093 41,024 2,329 1,584 1,228 6,694 4,751 3,238 232 • 241 284 338 361 440 661 487 293 905 643 395 119,833 80,030 45,166 147,868 96,408 68,727 $79, 595 61,442 49,038 11,221 9,314 17,634 168, 722 105, (i44 81,649 278, 134 223,4,39 185,317 6,495 5,405 2,858 16,522 31,849 7,950 8,295 6,118 648,011 523,942 396,028 7.788 6,668 4,557 75,696 58,275 42,121 6,754 2,362 2,585 1,365 669 649 15,300 12,429 7,729 40,854 24,519 13,815 27,042 20,249 14,704 3,666 3,018 3,008 5,992 3,623 3,009 2,014 1,635 1,255 943 2,338 2,352 2,190 46,025 38,106 23,653 4,365 3,167 2,010 106 120 156 244 156 102 28,035 16,378 13,661 PER CENT OF INCREASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 8.7 9.8 24.6 -41.6 20.1 44.0 13.4 22.0 -0.1 64.5 -9.1 30.5 4.7 -14.3 3.2 28.4 22.6 14.0 55.6 49.9 -47.8 8.6 36.3 42.5 63.0 20.8 23.8 13.0 3.7 50.0 6.6 14.5 2.6 -14.8 -11.1 14.9 55.2 17.0 49.5 -20.4 -17.0 25.6 -12.2 9.9 41.2 'wall plaster" in 1899. » Included in "foundry and machine-shop products" in 1899. » Includes "artificial stone" in 1899. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. COMPAHATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table 1 lO-Contd. Oil, essential. Ofl, Unseed . Oil, not elsewhere speci- fied. Oilcloth and linoleum . . . Oleomargarine Optical goods Paint and varnish Paper and wood pulp. . . Paper goods, not else- where specified. Paper patterns Patent medicines and compounds and drug- gists' preparations. Paving materials Peanuts, pradinc, roast- ing, cleaning, and shell- inc > Pencils, lead Pens, fountain, stylo- graphic, and gold. Pens, steel Petroleum, refining. Phonographs and graph- ophones. Photographic apparatus and materials. Photo-engraving . Pipes, tobacco.. . Pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products. Prhiting and publishing . , Pnip goods Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 186 201 31 27 27 12 14 24 217 122 91 600 777 761 763 403 308 246 27 26 15 3,642 2,777 2,154 49 54 99 46 30 11 8 7 65 5 5 3 147 98 67 18 14 11 103 130 153 313 223 203 62 68 822 873 1,000 31,445 27,793 23,814 14 17 22 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 408 237 1,753 1,518 3,144 2,116 6,557 4,112 773 730 7,809 4,742 21.896 16,480 81,473 70,051 22,385 16,696 1,755 1,790 41,101 32,248 1,731 2,106 2.177 1,490 4,513 3,351 1,820 1,196 755 736 16,640 18,768 5,928 3,940 6,596 5,041 7,277 5,071 3,090 2,111 61,022 56,730 388,466 316,047 882 759 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Salaried em- ployees, 456 439 250 309 228 236 2,802 2,293 233 227 452 550 30,424 28,368 292 15( 285 1,311 663 810 •345 217 153 166 206 394 1,248 316 375 7.200 4,408 3,710 5,245 3,778 2,935 2,946 1,734 1,092 812 693 92 15,404 9,483 8,094 281 157 173 103 116 375 283 81 544 224 146 56 72 13 2,669 1,974 1,201 727 637 144 1,342 1,155 469 1,701 968 484 245 82 120 4,402 3,752 2,777 99,608 68,592 40,685 Wage earners (average number), 290 132 168 1,452 1,349 1,328 1,715 1,305 1,456 5,201 3,883 3,230 606 522 1,084 6,398 4,330 3,715 14,240 11,633 9,697 75,978 65,964 49,646 19,211 14,726 9,727 921 1,082 22,895 20,472 19,028 1,419 1,919 2,436 1,949 1,356 4,134 3,0('>5 2,162 1,225 933 663 473 13,929 16,770 12,199 6,199 3,397 1,267 6,195 3,812 3,444 5,343 3,876 2,601 2,775 1,947 1,585 56,168 52,428 43,714 258,434 219,087 195,260 783 696 691 Primary horse- 1,218 849 1,048 13,211 9,473 8,491 6,772 5,207 3,432 16,125 10, 112 7,561 2,408 1,560 1,356 5,725 3,410 2,544 56,162 41,288 30,443 1,304,265 1,093,708 762,118 27,067 16,226 10,421 751 38 9 25,659 17,008 12,707 5,757 5,156 34,397 2,827 1,602 3,448 2,625 1,360 349 627 244 294 138 90,288 46,019 36,127 6,371 2,522 1,082 8,637 6,061 3,412 2,638 1,925 1,040 1,506 1,058 855 110,017 104,918 75,802 297,763 166,380 119,775 3,125 2,368 1,314 Capital. Sala- ries. Cost of materials. Value ! added by manu- Valueof fa<'ture j'JrJlt ?1 (value of products. : products I less cost j ofmate- ; rials). Expressed in thousands. $1,365 723 576 18,932 . 9,850 15,461 18,441 11,229 19,634 13,803 8,879 3,558 1,551 3,024 10, 147 5,381 4,212 103,995 75,486 60,053 409,348 277,444 167,508 48,662 27,345 18, 152 4,578 2,237 256 99,942 75,007 66,173 11,410 5,218 13,464 3,646 1,100 7,867 4,981 2,227 3,121 1,545 1,087 804 576 357 181,916 136,281 95,328 14,363 8,741 3,348 18,918 7,720 5,518 5,474 4,071 1,994 3,528 1,256 1,111 141,3.50 110,926 65,952 588,346 432,8.54 333,003 2,680 3,198 2,317 $61 40 25 $123 70 61 740 423 446 893 786 693 1,923 882 991 1,060 752 738 649 361 295 2,826 1,944 1,628 276 253 412 413 316 534 1,157 427 287 3,394 1,923 1,599 10,378 6.677 5,017 8,271 6,264 4,926 9,510 6.097 4,501 40,805 32,019 20,746 3,701 1,993 1,342 8,169 5,577 3,658 675 490 72 407 445 202 17,007 9,97.5 8,205 9,897 7,913 6,910 373 197 184 7.50 953 1,144 209 122 351 205 697 396 112 1,712 1,059 683 554 198 148 712 533 371 86 60 21 230 205 138 3,929 2,724 1,811 9,830 9,989 6,717 945 666 179 2,841 1,684 608 1,462 1,109 453 3,037 1,796 1,443 1,849 934 450 4,750 2,916 1,750 283 81 109 1,255 831 738 5,813 4,628 3,012 29,753 25,178 17,692 103,458 67,748 39,475 164,628 127, 196 99,816 124 83 92 377 284 284 $1,255 1,111 689 31,035 23,153 24,396 21,407 14,438 10,975 15,550 10.050 7,550 6.497 4,398 7,640 4,187 2,320 2,101 79.016 59,827 44,739 165,442 111.252 70,530 31.249 19,645 14,191 646 337 125 50,376 39,494 31,950 3,478 2,666 1,582 8,612 6,324 3,596 1,804 1,031 2,246 1,166 664 95 103 52 199,273 139,387 102,859 3,099 4,161 828 6,708 4,162 3,378 2.134 1,303 725 2,459 1,354 1,106 21,911 16,501 11,915 201,775 142,514 103,654 971 719 647 $1,737 1,465 813 36, 739 27,577 27,184 30,865 22,923 18,612 23,339 14, 792 11,403 8,148 5,574 12,500 11,735 6,117 5,211 124,889 90,840 69,562 267,657 188,715 127,326 65,171 33,946 24,355 2,611 2,265 562 141,942 117,4.36 88,791 G,229 5,0,33 3,936 9,737 7,261 7,379 4,426 2,222 4,739 2,774 1,706 577 474 294 230,998 175,005 123,929 11,726 10, 237 2,246 22,561 13,023 7,799 11,624 7,268 4,190 5,312 2,834 2,472 76,119 64,201 44,263 737,876 552, 473 395,187 1,770 1,467 1,267 $482 354 224 6,704 4,424 2,788 9,458 8,485 7,637 7,789 4,742 3,853 1,651 1,176 4,860 7,548 3,797 3,110 45, 873 31.013 24,823 102,215 77,463 56,796 23,922 14. 301 10,164 1,965 1,928 437 91,566 77,942 56,841 2,7.51 2,367 2,354 l,li5 937 3,783 2.622 1,191 2,493 1,608 1,042 482 371 242 37,725 35,618 21,070 8,627 6,076 1,418 15,853 8,861 4,421 9,490 5,965 3,465 2,853 1,480 1,366 54,208 47,610 32,348 536,101 409,959 291,533 799 748 620 PER CENT OF INCREASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). Value of prod- uct*. 119.7 -21.4 18.6 80.2 7.6 1.6 33.2 1.4 31.4 -10.4 34.6 23.2 33.9 20.2 57.8 29.7 16.1 -51.8 46.2 -55.4 47.8 16.6 91.8 17.4 22.4 20.0 37.6 30.6 15.2 32.9 41.8 48.2 30.5 51.4 62.6 39.4 -14.9 29.6 15.3 303.0 ir.8 7.6 20.9 32.3 -26.1 -21.2 23.8 27.9 43.7 34.1 34.9 41.8 66.7 99.2 31.3 34.1 70.8 62.6 5.4 40.2 21.7 61.2 -16.9 37.4 35.4 41.2 5.3.0 168.1 14.5 355.8 36.3 10.7 73.2 67.0 37.8 44.0 59.9 7a 5 42.5 22.8 87.4 14.6 7.1 19.9 18.6 45.0 l&O 12.2 33.6 39.8 12.5 0.7 20.7 15.8 » Included in "coffee and spice, roasting and grinding," in 1899. 622 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, im, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table 11 0—Contd. Pumps, not including steam pumps. Rice, cleaning and pol- ishing. Hoofing materials. Cen- sus. Rubber goods, not else- where specified. Rules, ivory and wood . . Safes and vaults. Salt. Sand and emery paper and cloth. Sawa Scales and balances. Screws, machine. Screws, wood. Sewing machines, cases, and attachments. Shipbuilding, including boat building. Shoddy.... Show cases. Signs and advertising novelties.i Silk and silk goods, in- cluding throwsters. Silverware and plated ware. Slaughtering and meat packing. Smelting and refining, copper. Smelting and refining, lead. Smelting and refining, zinc. Smelting and refining, not from the ore. 909 Num- ber of estab- lish, ments. 1,353 1,097 1,107 97 105 149 141 102 852 624 483 183 158 169 1,641 1,221 1,080 38 40 47 28 32 39 29 31 31 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTEY. Total. 2,623 1,721 1,777 1,961 3,530 10, 162 31,284 23,651 4,060 3,918 5,580 5,171 779 356 5,767 5,301 4,275 3,641 1,863 2,189 3,758 1,647 20,556 18,064 44,949 54,424 2,320 2,371 3,943 3,522 7,277 105,238 84,153 664 525 18,774 16,305 114 120 108,716 88,819 1,659 1,324 16,832 13,562 7 1 8,059 8,102 5" 7,156 6,884 3 2 2,596 1,994 73 57 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 87 113 46 314 102 103 1,463 1,190 83 110 154 135 211 Salaried em ployees. 400 204 95 500 436 169 1,019 1,029 695 4,661 2,364 1,825 9 15 14 709 415 272 570 418 406 159 40 63 841 576 312 672 431 305 164 209 108 293 158 139 1,246 924 704 2,980 2,480 1,405 196 172 139 399 305 106 1,526 5,537 4,027 2,657 2,050 1,324 1,129 17,329 12,096 10,317 1,197 809 Wage earners (average nimiber). 635 524 425 354 208 376 225 203 2,136 1,404 632 1,239 1,492 651 2,465 8,819 7,593 26,521 21,184 20,404 109 149 213 3,343 3,488 2,033 4,936 4,666 4,774 611 305 274 4,832 4,650 3,216 3,559 3,133 2,775 1,667 1,965 1,557 3,464 1,488 1,970 19,296 17, 121 13,365 40,506 50,754 46,747 2,041 2,089 1,926 3,390 3,082 1,363 5,540 99,037 79,601 65,416 16,610 14,861 12,205 89,728 75,399 69,264 15,628 12,752 11,324 7,424 7,573 8,319 6,655 6,528 4,869 2,147 1,712 Primary horse- power. 4,214 2,569 1,245 19,519 15,866 7,546 9,431 23,022 18,217 79,062 48,381 40,835 167 318 303 5,546 4,090 2,209 27,263 19,434 23,865 3,351 1,133 11,852 7,491 6,493 6,183 3,251 2,466 3,319 3,201 1,407 5,618 3,715 3,490 19,426 17, 162 10,069 88,063 78, 127 61,797 13,820 12,244 11,455 4,746 4,087 1,232 3,790 97,947 71,760 57,397 15,183 12,873 8,486 208,707 119,311 87,060 158, 126 76,524 61,630 26,954 25,667 16,342 21,457 18,404 11,145 10,705 17,111 8,633 Capital. Sala- ries.- Wages. C(iitof m^rials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of mate- rials). Expre$ed in thousands. $6,018 3,230 1,261 13,347 8,821 2,601 15,349 16,925 10, 814 98, 507 46,298 39,302 104 253 203 8,944 7,326 5,480 29,012 25, 586 27,123 4,400 1,206 1,372 14,855 11,288 8,509 10,183 8,513 6,308 3,728 4,133 2,467 9,570 5,969 5,465 33,104 32,583 20,804 126, 118 121,624 77,341 6,887 5,804 5,273 5,369 3,143 1,153 9,647 152, 158 109,557 81,082 46,759 37,732 30,628 383,249 240,419 190,209 111,443 76,825 53,063 132,310 63,823 72,149 27,760 23,702 14,142 13,834 9,807 5,201 $420 215 84 613 549 182 1,381 1,162 663 5,406 2,857 2,216 11 15 12 1,058 723 283 719 487 500 210 78 966 623 329 815 477 297 199 244 126 375 193 169 1,423 1,152 933 4,035 3,340 2,007 290 245 167 505 330 1,476 7,527 4,742 3,134 2,745 1,730 1,457 20,054 13,453 10,211 2,419 1,527 955 1,476 888 755 993 581 440 570 354 229 $1^258 719 247 564 641 1,339 4,008 3,072 14,120 9,412 8,082 51 55 67 2,072 2,162 1,017 2,531 2,066 1,911 370 183 144 2,856 2,707 1,693 2,186 1,755 1,437 970 942 703 1,454 556 721 11,102 9,493 7,331 25,268 29,241 24,825 907 835 749 2,017 1,681 708 3,105 38,570 26,768 20,982 10,282 8,625 6,531 51,645 41,067 33,846 13,396 10,827 8,529 5,431 5,375 5,089 4,210 3,856 2,356 1,281 995 632 $2,487 1,193 638 19,501 13,315 7,576 12, 458 10,842 82, 192 38,912 33,482 31 55 73 3,443 3,211 1,689 5,203 4,166 3,336 2,382 1,055 681 4,912 4,036 2,600 2,704 1,633 1,533 1,160 951 797 2,309 732 923 11,455 10,701 9,458 31,214 37,463 33,475 5,001 6,056 4,875 3,140 2.374 1,058 4,709 107, 767 75,861 62,407 18,332 14,459 11,659 1,202,828 811,426 685,310 333,532 196,737 122, 174 151.963 168,958 144, 195 25.230 17,028 13,286 23,162 13,760 5,900 $5,583 2,853 1,342 22,371 16,297 8,724 19,204 19,871 13,691 128,436 62,9% 52,622 144 249 208 8,491 7,861 3,928 11,328 9,438 7,967 4,3.58 1,477 1,176 11,636 9,820 6,444 8,786 6,003 5,240 3,014 2,712 2,059 6,199 2,134 2,600 28,262 26,142 21,125 73,360 82,769 74,532 7,446 8,406 6,731 7,167 5.722 2,468 13,546 196,912 133,288 107,256 42,229 32,840 26, 114 1,370,568 922,038 788,368 378,806 240,780 165, 132 167,406 185,827 175,466 34,206 24,791 18, 188 28,072 17,403 7,785 $3,096 1,660 704 2,870 2,982 1,148 6,746 9,029 6,805 46,244 24,084 19,140 113 194 135 6,048 4,650 2,239 6,125 6,272 4,631 1,976 422 495 6,624 5,784 3,844 4,370 3,707 1,854 1,761 1,262 3,890 1,402 1,677 16,807 15,441 11,667 42, 146 45,306 41,057 2,445 2,350 1,856 4,027 3,348 1,410 8,837 89,145 57,427 44,849 23,897 18,381 14,466 167,740 110,612 103,058 45,274 44,043 42,958 15,443 16,869 31,271 8,976 7,763 4,902 4,910 3,643 1,885 PEE CENT OF INCP.EASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 52.1 122.2 -17.0 129.2 -72.0 16.1 25.2 3.8 -26.8 -30. -4.2 71.6 5.8 -2.3 100.3 11.3 3.9 44.6 13.6 12.9 -15.2 26.2 132.8 -24.5 12.7 28.1 10.0 126.1 24.4 21.7 11.8 21.8 19.0 8.9 22.6 12.6 -2.0 -9.0 1.9 34.1 26.4 74.2 t Included In other classifications in 1904 and 1899. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. COMPARATIVE STMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued, [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.] Table 11 0—Contd. Soap». Soda-water apparatus . . Sporting and athletic goods. Springs, steel, car and carriage. Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified. Statuary and art goods ' Steam packing Stereotyping and electro- typing. Stoves and furnaces, In- cluding gas and oil stoves.' Sugar and molasses, not Including beet sugar.< Sulphuric, nitric, and rnixed acids.^ Surgical appliances and artificial limbs. Tin plate and temeplate Tin foil . Tobacco manufactures. . . Toys and games Turpentine and rosin Type founding and print- ing materials. Typewriters and supplies Umbrellas and canes Upholstering materials. . . Vault lights and ventila- tors. Vinegar and cider . Wallpaper. Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1889 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. 420 436 558 63 37 30 180 152 143 54 52 153 143 113 194 135 153 106 97 174 146 140 576 494 233 344 657 42 32 324 284 306 31 36 57 10 14 15 15,822 16,827 14,959 226 161 169 1,585 1,287 1,503 92 66 47 256 204 202 230 236 270 37 24 14 963 568 613 45 44 51 'Jtotal. 18,393 14,501 2,399 1,829 5,993 4,757 3.573 2,774 7,938 5,095 2,172 1,812 4,968 3,240 3,661 3,301 42,921 37,292 15,658 15,799 2,582 2,757 5,805 4,049 5,846 5,132 762 847 197,637 187,652 6,072 4,792 44,524 37,526 2,597 2,255 12, 101 7,509 6,505 6,155 4.777 5,405 453 278 3,073 2,514 4,740 4,425 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. Salaried em ployees. 329 399 275 191 244 306 204 364 316 289 17.634 19,011 185 133 2,567 1,997 299 242 214 244 1,050 645 5,065 3,058 2,738 562 333 J27 517 361 353 270 106 1,629 685 453 193 114 1,238 4.50 290 678 490 330 5, .547 3,582 1,928 1.886 1,867 330 308 1,248 607 440 490 284 333 71 70 45 13, 193 9,235 7,836 582 329 204 2,446 2,147 1,889 493 308 247 ,248 532 734 527 587 4% 449 358 28 11 481 341 451 497 512 Wage earners (average number) 12,999 11,044 9,487 1,797 1,469 963 5,321 4,260 2,225 3,196 2,476 2,102 6,206 4,295 3,032 1.699 1,507 3,648 2.734 1,147 2.850 2,679 2,408 37,130 33,404 13,526 13,549 14,129 2,252 2,447 4,241 3,153 1,788 5,352 4,847 3,671 766 682 166,810 159.406 132,520 5,305 4,330 3,316 39,511 33,382 41,864 2,026 1,803 1,984 9,578 6.232 4,340 5,472 5,386 5,640 4,067 4,712 5,098 327 222 138 1,542 1,528 1,557 4,037 3,913 4,172 Primary horse- 28,360 20,228 17,514 2,894 1,533 1,183 3,243 2,995 1,133 7,349 5,510 3,185 6,842 3,396 1,706 462 466 11,129 8,846 4,488 4,076 2,878 1,470 45,524 32,017 160,603 140.650 152,569 6.494 5,416 5.752 3.214 1,254 8,154 8,990 3,615 1.699 1,388 864 28,514 24.604 22,290 5,323 4,757 3,155 4,129 1,175 866 1,948 1,497 1,331 6,845 4,455 2,272 2,413 2,122 1,457 17,456 15,604 11,351 • 234 174 103 10,081 10,556 16,849 5,680 4,867 4,573 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of mate- rials). Expressed in thousands. J71,951 54,816 38,068 $5,506 3,503 2,777 $6,227 4,763 3,755 $72, 179 43,626 33,143 $111,358 08,275 53,231 8,589 3,415 4,202 624 296 244 1,239 835 550 2,443 1,924 997 6,556 4,6.34 3,015 6,617 4,249 2,015 617 319 167 2,165 1,641 810 5,565 2,963 1,802 11,052 7,032 3,628 8,784 4,016 4,684 590 353 275 1,853 1,243 1,001 4,727 2,742 3,025 9,005 5,741 5,090 13,508 6,929 4,495 1,897 751 412 2,736 1,500 958 7,744 3,920 2,128 16,647 8,867 5,066 2,221 1,669 225 127 1,339 1,030 680 392 3,442 2,417 14,126 12,253 2,691 1,356 594 326 1,811 1,273 525 6,650 3,896 1,546 12,160 8,952 3,494 3,826 3,298 2,389 800 517 312 2,312 1,993 1,459 1,765 1,032 767 6,384 5,005 3,772 86,944 62,953 6,975 4,499 22,944 19,770 29,338 22,271 78,853 62,133 153, 167 165,468 184,033 2,392 2,1.54 1,682 7,484 7,576 0,918 247,583 244,753 221,385 279,249 277,285 239,711 18,728 12,762 651 656 1,495 1,505 5.386 4,973 9,884 9,053 11,046 5.825 2,778 1,488 594 414 2,129 1,376 "67 6,372 2,866 1,418 12,399 7,269 4,682 10,995 10,813 6,650 620 310 291 3,315 2,383 1,890 41,889 31,376 26,728 47,970 35,283 31,892 2,505 1.918 2,094 92 86 69 304 303 228 2,277 1,888 1,074 3,419 2,795 1,593 245,660 323,982 111,517 16,779 8,800 8,593 69,355 62,039 47,975 177, 186 120,086 92,867 410,095 331,111 263,713 6.541 4,831 3,279 661 36(; 184 2,227 1,615 1,119 3,554 2,289 1,665 8,264 5,578 4,010 12,401 6,961 11,848 1,655 1,152 779 9,363 8,383 8,394 4,911 3,775 6,186 25,295 23,937 20,345 6,793 5,926 3,175 560 387 274 1,191 1,123 1,036 1,772 1,119 1,270 4,703 3,935 3,931 26,309 10,042 8,400 2,707 1,246 480 6,221 3. 409 2,404 4,077 1,870 1,402 19,719 10,640 0,932 9,556 8,951 4,605 915 474 504 2,253 1,820 1,869 10,056 8.250 8,381 15,804' 13,290 13,009 10,297 9,293 7,594 587 526 364 1,689 1,807 1,715 8,069 7,977 5,882 13,054 12,078 10,048 607 241 121 109 31 13 228 154 81 338 161 141 957 484 338 10,879 7,520 5,630 539 359 391 723 725 652 4,964 3,852 3,134 8,448 7,265 5,932 14, 153 12,354 8,890 1,054 692 817 2,039 1,868 2,074 7,623 6,058 0,073 14,449 12,037 10,663 $39, 179 24,049 20,088 4,11 2,710 2,018 5,487 4,069 1,826 4,278 2,999 2,005 8,903 4,947 2,938 2,702 2,025 5,510 5,050 1,948 4,019 3,973 3,005 49.515 39,802 31,666 32,532 18,326 4,498 4,080 7,027 4,403 3,264 0,081 3,907 5,104 1,142 907 519 239,509 205,025 170,846 4,710 3,289 2,345 20,384 20,162 14, 159 2,931 2.810 2,661 15.642 8,770 6,530 5,808 5,046 5,288 4,985 4,701 4,106 619 323 197 3,484 3,413 2,798 6,826 5,979 4,590 ' Includes "candles" in 1S99. ' Included In other classifications in 1899. » " Stoves and furnaces, not including gas and oil stoves," Included in "foundry and machine-.shop products" in 1899. < Includes 214 establishments reported as "sugar and molasses" and 19 as "sugar, refining, not including beet sugar, " in 1909. ' Included in "chemicals" in 1899. 624 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES: 1909, 1904/ AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory notes on the first page of this table.) Table 11 0—Contd. Wall plaster" Washing machines and clothes wringers. Waste. Wheelbarrows . Whips. Windmills. Window shades and fix- tures. Wire. Wirework. including wire rope and cable. Wood carpet . Wood distillation, not in- cluding turpentine and rosin.' Wood preserving Wood, turned and carved. Wool pulling. . . Wool scouring. Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats. All other industries' . Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 219 144 56 25 29 611 649 596 10 20 31 120 141 53 26 21 1,050 1,097 1,166 37 34 34 28 27 25 985 1,074 1,281 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 5,624 4,459 2,294 1,861 2,129 1,716 775 665 1,946 1,771 2,742 2,341 4,770 3,165 19,945 5,325 14,994 15,967 221 445 3,095 2,655 2,875 859 16, 243 16,837 759 786 1,262 852 175,176 152, 306 132 494 ' Included in "lime and cement" in 1899. •Included in "chemicals" hi 1899. ' All other industries embrace ' specified," 2; and "whalebone cutt. specified," 6; "whalebone cutting," _, specified," 4; " whalebona cutting," 3, in 1899. Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 194 132 484 652 1,097 1,226 732 958 Salaried em- 773 629 383 171 104 191 116 58 310 174 228 387 387 281 646 409 292 1,846 581 94 2,162 1,936 9S5 28 50 49 318 301 471 115 54 1,007 924 565 91 65 35 102 55 45 5,722 4,593 3,808 25 50 97 Wage earners (average number). 4,791 3,758 1,835 1,622 1,509 1,897 1,559 1,091 664 584 321 1,546 1,554 1,287 2,337 1,929 2,045 3,930 2,624 1,801 18,084 4,737 1,603 12,348 13,379 9,142 184 373 608 2,721 2,272 2,403 737 478 14, 139 14,687 11,558 631 681 475 1,142 779 720 168,722 146, 755 130, 697 436 1,215 Primary horse- power. 25,892 20,054 3,351 3,504 2, 732 4,286 3.863 2,193 1,486 1,282 762 1,321 1,068 818 3,301 3,694 2,214 5,737 2,705 1,927 71,959 25,856 9,979 20,131 18,280 12, 772 473 534 9,854 4,620 10,647 3,439 1,007 48,447 47, 595 31,133 1,366 1,324 820 6,782 3,478 2,900 362, 209 288,969 244, 825 136 1,767 2,354 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Costo^ materi/ils. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of mate- rials).. Expressed in thousands. $16,885 13,204 5,318 2,952 2,405 6,125 3,586 2,437 1,510 1,045 514 3,900 3,368 1,894 5,636 5,837 4,309 10, 334 5,977 5,184 60,157 14,899 4,242 34,970 26,894 16,345 423 330 412 13,017 10,507 12,408 2,935 1,230 18,334 16,842 10, 280 3,248 2,534 945 3,258 1,188 1,061 430,579 314,081 265,730 254 3,860 4,078 $1,049 620 $2,391 1,890 466 148 104 904 684 549 290 164 85 716 495 327 81 76 27 321 296 127 323 1S4 246 704 603 478 479 392 250 1,403 969 940 807 480 323 1,918 1,086 752 2,199 793 136 10,316 2,859 860 2,674 2,117 940 6,331 6,100 3,894 33 45 35 138 269 362 355 298 1,463 1,067 517 158 57 1,066 315 205 1,045 829 488 6,213 6,031 4,371 132 74 35 387 365 248 143 78 72 558 398 339 10,097 6,781 5,574 72,427 57, 073 46, 812 39 59 113 67 263 687 $6,007 4,726 2,837 2,213 2,175 8,837 6,825 4,000 715 494 180 1,585 1,253 1,278 3,331 2,308 2,172 12,653 5,947 5,575 60,543 30,063 7,014 24,394 17,856 10, 813 228 351 418 5,876 4,848 9,328 2,463 1,825 9,744 8,578 5,830 4,103 104 54 2,122 215 194 282,878 204, 613 153,930 115 386 $12,804 10,164 5,825 3,839 3,735 11,398 8,343 4,880 1,625 1,178 454 3,949 3,147 2,734 6,677 4,795 4,354 18,671 8,931 8,073 84,486 37,914 9,421 41,938 33,038 19,840 490 801 1,057 9,737 7,813 14,099 3,368 2,396 22,199 20,169 14,318 5,181 882 531 3,289 1,053 890 435,979 319,348 2^8, 798 390 1,058 2,650 $6, 797 5,438 2.988 1,626 1,560 2,561 1,518 910 684 274 2,364 1,894 1,456 3,346 2,487 2,182 5,918 2,984 2,497 23,943 7,851 2,407 17,544 15, 182 9,027 262 450 639 3,861 2,965 4,771 905 571 12, 455 11,591 1,078 778 477 1,167 838 153, 101 114,735 94,868 275 672 1.662 PER CENT OF INCREASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 27,5 26.0 13.1 7.5 51.7 2.8 21.7 42.9 36.6 71.0 13.7 81.9 37.9 159.5 -0.5 20.7 25.5 15.1 21.2 -5.7 39.2 10.1 49.8 45.7 107.9 10.6 281.8 195.5 122.8 302.4 -7.7 46.3 26.9 66.5 -50.7 -38.7 -38.8 -24.2 19.8 24.6 226.1 54.2 318.6 40.6 -3.7 27.1 10.1 40.9 -7.3 43.4 487.4 66.1 46.6 8.2 212.3 18.3 15.0 12.3 36.5 28.4 -78.0 -64.1 -&3.1 -60.1 Value of prod- ucts. wood," 2; "straw goods, not elsewhere • than wood," 1; "straw goods, not elsewhere wood," 3; "straw goods, not elsewhere STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 525 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Note.— Primary horsepower includes power generated in manufacturing establishments plus electric and other power rented from outside sources: it does not Include electric power generated by primary units of the establishments reporting. [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 111 DIVISION AND STATE. TTnited States.. Oeogbaphic divi- sions: New England Middle Atlantic. East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic . . . £a.4t South Central. West South Central. Mountain. Pacific. Mew England: Maine New Ilampshlre. . Vermont. Massachusetts . Rhode Island. Connecticut. Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Sast North Centeal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 268.491 216.180 207,514 25,351 22,279 22,576 81,315 67,699 65,834 60,013 51,754 50,521 27,171 21,492 20,732 28,088 19,564 19,144 15,381 10,311 10,058 12,339 8,279 7,174 5,254 3,610 3,146 13,579 11,192 8,329 3,540 3,145 2,878 1,961 1,618 1,771 1,958 1,699 1,938 11,684 10.723 10,»29 1,951 1,617 1,678 4,251 3,477 3,382 44,935 37, 194 35,957 8,817 7,010 6,415 27,563 23,495 23,462 15,138 13,785 13,868 7,969 7,044 7,128 18,026 14,921 14,374 PERSONS ENOAOED IN INDUSTBT. Total. 7,678,578 6,213,612 1,212,158 1,023,708 2,576,677 2,148,379 1,786,808 1,415,888 464.460 .374,787 745,830 578,989 305,465 249,892 240,902 166,040 89,862 61,812 256,416 193,517 88,476 82,109 84,191 69,758 38,580 37,015 644,399 532,481 122,641 104,299 233,871 198,046 1,203,241 996,725 371,265 296,262 1,002,171 855,392 523.004 417,946 218,263 176,227 561,044 447,947 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 273,265 225,673 24, 171 22,698 85,516 74,525 57,271 50,531 26,683 21,394 30,783 21,745 17.208 11,449 12.944 8,299 4,849 3,302 13,840 11,730 3,661 3.379 2,014 1,726 2,113 1,856 11,194 11,258 1,721 1,561 3,468 2,918 47,569 41,766 Salaried em- ployees. 790. 267 519, 556 364, 120 8,204 6,730 29,743 26,029 14,719 13,657 7,674 7,191 17,357 13,990 86, 697 60,258 45,402 283.414 187,289 127,326 215,773 140,829 103,350 63,440 41,032 30,606 52,0.32 34,6:» 24,368 26,485 17,214 11,204 23,438 14,871 8,-255 9,578 5,720 3,486 29,410 17,710 10,123 4,860 3,772 3,103 3,519 2,666 2,068 2,679 2.053 1,095 48,646 32,824 25,256 7,382 5,420 4,022 19,611 13,523 9,258 151,691 98,012 68,030 36,838 23,196 15,361 94,885 66,081 43,935 61,351 39,991 28,109 23,605 14.862 10.447 77,923 54,521 40,964 Wage earners (average number). 6,615,046 5.468.383 4.712,763 1,101,290 940, 752 851,903 2,207,747 1,886,565 1,604,844 1,513,764 1,224,528 1,073,3-22 374,337 312,361 286,051 663,015 5-22,611 458,344 261,772 221,229 177,208 204,520 143,470 113,388 75,435 52,790 44,497 213, 166 164,077 123,206 79,955 74,958 69,914 78,658 65,366 67,646 33,788 33,106 '28, 179 584,559 488,399 438,234 113,538 97, 318 88,197 210,792 181,605 159,733 1,003,981 856,947 726,909 326.223 266,336 213,975 877,543 763,282 663,960 446,934 364,298 308,109 186,984 154, 174 139,017 465,764 379,436 332,871 Primary horse- power. 2, 715, 121 2,125,815 1,792,342 6,531,502 4,255,204 3, 139, 128 4,382,070 3,120,3t.9 2,401,808 1,101,990 753.700 605,098 1,832,001 1,2-21.040 851,050 1,036,560 753,928 513,425 873,350 555,717 397,471 400,766 241,825 123,012 802,016 460,049 274.559 4M,M9 343,027 250,232 293,091 218,344 200,975 159,445 140,616 126,124 1,175,071 938.007 796,061 226,740 181,017 153,619 400,275 304,204 256,331 1,997,662 1,516,592 1,099,931 612,293 436,274 322,503 2,921,547 2,302,398 1,716,694 1,583,155 1,116,932 783,665 633,377 380,758 325,919 1,013,071 741,555 559,347 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of materials) E.xpressed in thousands. 2,503,854 1,870,995 1,507,630 6,505,675 4,742,357 3,450,619 4,647,225 2,895,440 2,056,117 1,171,572 857,904 577,453 1,368,475 930.420 583,328 686,276 405,3(il 234,014 647,739 328,900 193,969 348,977 220,569 126,7-24 848.477 42:J,0-23 '245,402 202,260 143,708 114,008 139,990 109,495 92,146 73,470 62,659 43,500 1,279,687 965,949 781,868 290.901 215.901 176,901 517,546 373,283 299,207 2,779,497 2,031,460 1,523,503 977, 172 715,060 477,301 2,749,006 1,995,837 1,449,815 1,300,733 856,989 570,909 508,717 312,071 219,321 1,548,171 975,845 732,830 $938,575 $3,427,038 574,439 2,610,445 380,771 2,008,361 112,284 72,799 63,396 345,266 213,371 141,943 250,508 151,992 101,500 69,504 41.303 29, 127 57,272 34, -201 2-2,408 29,008 17,417 10,386 25,382 15, 190 7,334 12,522 7,541 3,897 36,829 20,025 10,781 6,797 3,989 3,051 4.191 2,972 2,200 2,803 2,103 1,610 63,279 39,654 29,480 10,577 7,041 5,300 25,637 17,040 11,755 186,032 111,145 76,740 48,337 28,957 19,058 110,897 73,269 46,145 72, 147 43, 435 28,151 26.305 15,029 9,971 91,449 60,560 40,549 557,631 439,050 307,674 1,182,508 9-26, 145 729,365 827,152 615,643 473,040 204,792 157,843 117,209 244.378 175,461 130,864 102, 191 83,942 56,003 97,646 67.128 42,715 56,870 39,046 27,714 153,810 106. 187 63,777 37,632 32, 692 25,731 36,200 27,693 26,850 17,272 15,221 11,426 301,174 232.389 195,278 55,234 43,113 35,995 110,119 87,942 73,394 657,231 430,015 337,324 169,710 128,169 95,165 455,627 367,961 296,876 245,450 182,429 136,428 95,510 72,058 59,280 273,319 208,405 159, 104 $12,142,791j $20,672,052 8,500,208 14,793,903 6,575,851 11,406,927 1,470,297 1,116,273 904,037 4,159,498 2,961,995 2,311,404 3,034,472 2,045,537 1,647,577 1,241,855 862.011 647,565 790,005 550,102 395,686 336,163 252,156 176,506 382, 131 240,832 153,610 228,692 152,813 115,606 493,678 312,489 223,960 97,101 80,042 61,210 98,157 73,216 60,163 34,823 32,430 26,385 830,705 620,411 498,655 158, 192 112,872 87,952 257,259 191,302 169,672 1,856,904 1,348.603 1,018,377 720,034 470, 449 334,726 1,582,500 1,142,943 958,301 824,202 527,637 409,303 334,375 220,507 195, 103 1,160,927 840,057 681,450 2,670,065 2,025,999 1,660,348 7,141,761 5,218,260 4,074,719 5,211,702 3,005,368 2,853,050 1,803,899 1,284,446 972,969 1,381,186 974.028 711,800 630,488 464,336 325,086 625, 443 415,232 252,314 363,996 254,663 191,825 843,512 551, 5a5 364,810 176,029 144,020 112,959 164,681 1 '23, 611 107,591 68,310 63,084 51,515 1,490,529 1,124,092 907,627 280,344 20-2,110 105,550 490,272 309,082 315, 106 3,369,490 2,488,346 1,871,831 1,145,529 774,369 553,006 2,626,742 1,955,551 1,649,882 1,437,936 960,812 748,671 579, 07.5 393,954 337,072 1,919,277 1,410,342 1,120,868 $8,529,261 6, 293. 695 4,831,076 1,193,768 909,726 750,311 2,982,263 2,250,27.1 1,763,315 2, 177, 230 1,559,831 1,205,479 562,044 422, 4;{5 325,404 501,181 423.926 316,114 294,325 212.180 148,580 243,312 108, 400 98,804 135,304 101,850 76, 219 349,834 239,076 140,850 78,928- 63,978 51,749 66,424 50,395 47,428 33,487 30,654 25, 130 669,704 497, 681 408,972 122, 152 89,238 77,598 233,013 177,780 145, 434 1,612,586 1,139,743 853,454 425,495 303,920 218,280 1,044,182 812,008 691,581 613,734 433,175 339,368 244,700 173,447 141,909 758,350 670,285 439, 418 526 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory note on the flist ppge of this table.] Table 1 1 1— Contd. DIVISION AND STATK. East North Centkal— Continued. Michigan. Wisconsin. Wist North Central Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska... Kansas 8ot;th Atlantic: Delaware Maryland District of Columbia . Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida East SotJTH Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 Num- l)erof estab- lish- ments. 9,159 7,446 7,310 9,721 8,558 7,841 5,561 4,756 4,096 6,528 4,785 4,828 8,375 6,464 6,853 752 507 337 1,020 2,500 1,819 1,695 3,435 2,475 2,299 726 631 633 4,837 3,852 3,886 518 482 491 5,685 3,187 3,186 2,586 2,109 1,824 4,931 3,272 3,465 1,854 1,399 1,369 4,792 3.219 3,015 2,159 1.413 1,275 4,776 3,734 3,648 4,609 3,175 3,116 3,398 1,882 2,000 2,598 1,520 1,294 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 271,071 200,196 213,426 173,572 104,406 83,301 78,360 61,361 185,705 156,586 4,148 2,545 5,226 3,582 31,966 25,356 54,649 42,057 23,984 20,567 125,489 107,303 9,758 7,778 120,797 71,463 48,880 133,453 93, 142 78,040 63,071 118,036 102, 305 64,810 46,985 79,060 69,755 87,672 69,287 81,972 67,884 56,761 42,966 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 8,965 7,732 8,556 7,961 5.376 4,524 5,323 4,758 8,226 6,299 723 494 942 649 2,522 1,904 3,571 2,766 722 641 5,376 4,505 475 473 6,570 3,643 2,599 2,230 5,451 3,731 1,737 1,241 5,141 3,512 2,712 1,769 5,050 4,108 5,415 3,805 3,769 1,948 2,974 1,588 Salaried em- ployees 30,607 17,235 13,350 22,287 14,220 10,480 14,263 9,141 6,625 11,402 7,122 5,159 24,486 17,119 12,474 636 296 152 682 441 5,108 3,192 2,296 3,721 3,612 2,024 1,451 1,189 12,192 8,624 6,741 1,576 1,006 957 8,551 4,970 3,828 4,971 2,892 1,744 6,529 4,072 2,894 3,257 2,389 1,419 8,307 6,104 3,815 4,625 3,125 1,781 8,610 5,853 4,356 8,417 4,910 3,329 6,055 3,7C3 2,259 3,403 2,688 1,200 Wage earners (average numtjer) 231, 499 175,229 155,800 182,583 151,391 137,525 84,767 69,636 64,557 61,635 49,481 44,420 152,993 133, 167 107,704 2,789 1,755 1,358 3,602 2,492 2,224 24,336 20,260 18,669 44,215 35,570 27, 119 21,238 18,475 20,562 107,921 94, 174 94, 170 7,707 6,299 6,155 105, 676 80,285 66,223 63,893 43, 758 33,080 121,473 85,339 72,322 73,046 59, 441 47, 025 104,588 92, 749 83,336 57,473 42,091 35,471 65,400 59,794 51,735 73,840 60,572 45,963 72,148 62,173 52,711 50,384 38,690 26,799 Primary horse- power. 598,288 440,890 368,497 554,179 440,234 364,380 297,670 220,934 180,124 155,384 118,065 106,664 340,467 247,861 189,117 13,196 9,873 7,351. 17,666 11,154 11,776 64,466 46,372 41,826 213, 141 99,441 68,242 52,779 49,490 40,134 218,244 165,449 132,052 16,563 12,592 10,256 283,928 176,998 136. 696 217,496 138, 578 91,894 378, 666 216, 622 164, 467 276, 378 197,479 112. 697 298,241 220,419 136,499 89,816 43,413 36,356 230, 224 174, 025 144, 161 242,277 176,780 130,318 357,837 293, 185 173, 208 206,222 110,338 66,738 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of materials). Expressed in thousands. $583,947 337,894 246,996 605,657 412,647 286,061 275,416 184,903 133,077 171,219 111,428 85,668 444,343 379,369 223,781 11,585 5,704 3,512 13,018 7,685 6,051 99,901 80,235 66,906 166,090 88,680 59,458 60,906 50,926 38,791 251,227 201,878 149,165 30,553 20,200 17,901 216,392 147,989 92,300 150, 922 86,821 49, 103 217, 185 141,001 68,283 173,221 113,422 62,750 202,778 135,211 79,303 65,291 32,972 26,682 172, 779 147,282 87,996 167,924 102, 440 63,140 173, 180 105.383 60,166 72,393 50,256 22,712 $34,870 17,470 12,336 $118,968 81,279 62,532 25,737 15,498 10, 493 93,905 71,472 56,696 15,451 9,033 6,064 47,471 35,843 29,029 10,972 5,948 4,233 32,642 22,997 18,021 28,994 19,002 13,295 80,843 66,644 46,714 629 258 130 1,787 1,032 671 616 294 176 2,297 1,422 1,130 5,491 3,075 2,107 13,948 11,022 8,842 7,351 3,693 3,123 26,904 18,883 12,802 2,322 1,629 1,337 10,296 8,158 8,457 13,617 8,844 6,845 45,436 36,144 32,414 1,846 1,207 872 4,989 3,059 3,023 9,101 4,875 3,630 38,164 27,943 20,274 5,710 2,899 1,519 33,000 21,163 12,640 6,903 3,795 2,395 34,355 21,375 14,052 3,756 2,366 1,307 20,361 13,869 9,130 9,062 6,927 3,204 34.805 27,393 19,958 4,955 2,670 1,299 22,982 15,767 10,916 9,603 5,871 4,185 27,888 24,439 18,454 9,186 5,081 3,048 28,251 22,806 14,727 6,566 3,867 2,069 27,284 21,878 14,912 3,654 2,598 1,093 18,768 14,819 7,910 $368,612 230,081 175,966 $685, 109 429, 120 319,692 346,356 227,255 185,695 590,305 411,140 326,753 281,622 210,554 160,299 409,420 307,858 223,693 170,707 102,844 85,779 259,238 160,572 132,871 354,411 252,268 184,189 674,111 439,549 316,304 13,674 7,096 . 4, 151 19,137 10, 218 6,260 11,476 8,697 6,484 17,870 13,086 9,530 151,081 124,052 95,925 199,019 154,918 130,302 268,884 156,510 120,738 325,104 198,245 154,009 30,938 24,884 24,725 52,840 41,160 41,321 199,049 150,024 129,355 315, 669 243,376 211,076 10,247 7,732 7,475 26,289 18,359 16,426 125,583 83,649 59,360 219,794 148,857 108,644 92,878 54,419 37,228 161,949 99,041 67,007 121,861 79, 208 44,854 216, 656 142, 521 85,274 66,351 49, %9 30,486 113,236 79,376 53,336 116,970 83,625 49,356 202,863 151,040 94,532 26,128 16,532 12,847 72,890 50,298 34,184 111,779 86,545 67,406 223,764 159, 754 126, 509 104,016 79,352 54,669 180,217 137,961 92, 749 83,442 60,458 37,998 145,962 109,170 72,110 36,926 25,801 16,543 80,566 57,451 33,718 $316, 497 199,039 143,726 243,949 183,885 141,058 127,798 97,304 73,394 88,531 57,728 47,092 219,700 187,291 132, 115 6,463 3,122 2,109 6,394 4,389 3,046 47,938 30,866 34,377 66,220 41,735 33, 271 21,902 16,276 16,696 116, 620 93,352 81,721 15,042 10, 627 8,951 94, 211 66,208 49,284 69, 071 44, 622 29, 779 94, 795 63,253 40,420 46,885 29,407 22,850 85,893 67,415 45, 176 46,762 33,766 21,337 111,975 73,209 59,103 76,201 58,009 38,190 62,520 48,712 34,112 43,629 31,650 17,175 PER CENT OP INCREASE. Wage earners Value (aver- age num- ber). 21.7 7.9 24.6 11.4 61.4 20.8 14.9 23.6 30.6 39.0 68.9 29.2 87.3 63. J 44.5 12.0 36.6 37.3 20.1 8.5 28.5 18.9 24.3 31.2 64.0 28.7 15.0 -10.2 28.4 -0.4 14.6 (1) 29.7 15.3 22.4 2.3 37.7 11.8 31.6 21.2 47.7 37.0 46.0 32.3 03.5 47.8 42.3 18.0 52.0 67.1 22.9 26.4 42.7 48.8 12.8 11.3 34.3 69.8 36.5 18.7 44.9 47.1 9.4 15.6 40.1 26.3 21.9 31.8 30. ft 48.7 16.0 18.0 33.7 51.4 30.2 44.4 40.2 70.4 > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 527 COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory note on the first page of this table.] Table 111— Contd. DinSIQN AND STATE. Wbst South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas MotmTAiN: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arisona Utah Nevada PAaFic: Washington Oregon California Cen- sus. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1809 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 2,925 1,907 1,746 2,516 2,091 1,826 2,310 1,123 495 4,588 3,158 3,107 677 382 395 725 364 287 268 160 139 2,034 1,606 1,323 313 199 174 311 169 154 749 606 575 177 115 99 3,674 2,751 1,926 2,246 1,602 1,406 7,659 6,839 4,997 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 51,730 37,557 86,563 63,735 18,034 7,456 84,575 57,892 13,604 10,196 9,909 3,791 3,393 2,163 34,115 25,888 4,766 3,891 7,202 6,217 14, 133 9,650 2,650 1,016 80,118 51,459 34,722 22,018 141,576 120,040 j Pro- I prie- ! tors and firm mem- bers. Salaried em- ployees. 3,455 2,140 2,295 1,899 2,698 1,187 4,496 •3,073 659 334 831 371 263 150 1,722 1,398 288 189 261 133 619 137 108 3,264 2,602 2.499 1,726 8,077 7,402 3,293 2,328 1,549 8,103 5,977 3,576 2,193 813 9,849 5,753 2,861 1,380 905 508 858 359 92 263 179 87 4,326 2,677 1,870 335 224 88 500 291 205 1,660 970 599 256 106 37 7,734 3,658 2,103 3,473 1,769 1,143 18,203 12,283 6,877 Wage earners (average number). 44,982 33,089 31,525 76,165 55,859 40,878 13,143 5,456 2,381 70,230 49,066 38,604 11,655 8,957 9,854 8,220 3,061 1,552 2,867 1,834 2,060 28,067 21,813 19,408 4,143 3,478 2,490 6,441 4,793 3,126 11,785 8,052 5,413 2,257 802 504 60,120 45,199 31,523 28,750 18,523 14,459 115,296 100,355 77,224 Primary horse- power. 173,088 109,509 79,560 346,652 251,963 190, 182 71,139 29,608 11,572 282,471 164,637 116,157 90,402 46,736 43,679 42,804 16,087 5,6« 7,628 3,«04 3,820 154,615 124,907 43,434 15,465 5,948 3,658 39,140 21,412 8,537 42,947 19,397 12,674 7,765 2,834 1,561 297,897 168,342 87,601 175,019 81,348 60,005 329,100 210,359 126,953 Capital. Sala- ries. Wages. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of materials). Expressed in thousands. $70, 174 46,306 25,385 221,816 150,811 100,875 38,873 16,124 4,054 216,870 115.665 63,655 44,588 52,590 38,225 32,477 9,689 2,130 6,105 2,006 2,048 162,668 107,664 58,173 7,743 4,638 2,161 32,873 14,396 9,517 52,627 26,004 13,219 0,806 2,892 1,251 222,261 96,953 41,575 89,082 44,023 28,359 537,134 282,047 175,468 »3,461 2,310 1,262 S19,113 14,544 10,184 9,008 6,044 2,934 33,386 25,316 14,725 2,045 718 219 7,240 2,799 894 10,868 6,118 2,919 37,907 24,469 16,912 2,054 1,506 786 10,901 8,652 7,377 984 379 66 5,498 2,059 818 311 206 91 2,081 1,261 1,209 5,648 3,549 2,059 19,912 15,100 11,708 383 264 91 2,591 2,153 1,199 798 472 269 5,505 3,969 2,287 1,966 1,039 501 8,400 5,158 2,763 378 128 34 1,982 694 353 9,827 4,093 2,064 49,766 30,087 17,065 4,047 2,133 1,222 19,902 11,443 6,822 22,955 14,399 7,495 84,142 64,657 39,890 $34,935 21,799 18,288 $74,916 53,865 39,888 134,865 117,035 75,404 223,949 186,380 111,398 34,153 16,394 5,430 53,682 24,459 8,134 178, 178 91,604 54,388 272,8% 150.528 92,894 49,180 40,930 30,068 73,272 66,415 52,745 9,920 4,069 1,439 22,400 8,769 3,001 2,608 1,301 1,370 6,249 3,523 3,268 80,491 63,114 60,751 130,044 100,144 89,068 3,261 2,236 1,999 7,898 5,706 4,061 33,600 14,595 7,877 50,257 28,083 20,439 41,266 24,940 11,440 61,989 38,927 17,982 8,366 1,628 662 11,887 3,096 1,261 117.888 66,166 38,277 220,746 128,822 70,831 50,552 30,597 20,789 93,005 55,525 36,503 325,238 215,726 164,894 529,761 367,218 257,386 $39,981 32,060 21,600 89,084 69,345 35,994 19,529 8,065 2,704 94,718 58,924 38,606 24,092 25,485 22,677 12,480 4,700 1,562 3,641 2,222 1,898 49,563 37,030 28,317 4,637 3,470 2,062 16,657 13,488 12,562 20,723 13,987 6,542 3,521 1,468 699 102,858 62,656 32,664 42,453 24,928 15,804 204,523 151,492 92,492 PER CENT or INCREASE. Wage ! earners Value (aver- age num- ber). 36.9 5.0 36.4 36.6 20.2 67.3 140.9 129.1 119.6 200.7 43.1 27.1 81.3 62.0 30.1 -9.1 10.3 25.0 168.5 97.2 156.4 192.2 66.3 -11.0 77.4 7.8 28.7 11.9 29.0 12.4 19.1 39.7 38.4 40.6 34.4 53.3 79.0 37.4 46.4 48.8 59.2 116.5 181.4 69.1 283.0 145.5 52.9 43.4 71.4 81.0 55.2 28.1 67.6 51.7 14.9 30.0 44.3 42.7 of prod- ucts. 39.1 35.0 * Includes Indian Territory. 528 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE 25 PRINCIPAL CITIES: 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Note.— The figures for some cities do not agree with those published In 1904 because it was necessary to revise the totals in order to Include data only for those establish- ments located within the corporate limits of the cities. , . . , , ^ „ ^ ^ i "^ *^ [A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 112. New York, N.Y Chicago, III Philadelphia, Pa St. Louis, Mo Cleveland, Ohio Detroit, Mich Pittsburgh, Pa Boston, Mass Buffalo, N.Y Milwaukee, Wis Newark, N. J Cincinnati, Ohio Baltimore, Md Minneai>olIs, Minn . . . Kansas City, Kans. . . San. Francisco, Cal . . . Jersey City, N. J Indianax)olis, Ind Providence, R.I Rochester, N. Y Louisville, Ky South Omaha, Nebr.. Yoimgstown, Ohio. . . Lawrence, Mass New Orleans, La Cen- sus. Num- ber of estab- lish- ments. 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 25,938 20,839 19,243 9,656 8,159 7,668 8,379 7,087 7,503 2,667 2,482 2,646 2,148 1,616 1,350 2,036 1,362 1,259 1,659 1,562 1,301 3,155 2,747 2,878 1,753 1,538 1,478 1,764 1,527 1,419 1,858 1,600 1,573 2,184 2,171 2,454 2,502 2,158 2,274 1,102 876 165 100 114 1,796 2,251 1,748 745 628 536 855 810 697 1,080 881 929 1,203 1,109 1,221 903 842 860 71 41 41 115 113 103 162 187 167 848 690 688 PERSONS ENGAGED IN INDUSTRY. Total. 680,510 552,952 356,954 289,529 294,498 259,878 104,587 95,962 72,362 95,841 55,718 79,625 81,407 85,158 71,421 61,246 50,390 68,933 49,843 69,986 57,463 72,488 68,954 83,473 74,234 33,923 26,045 14,333 11,761 36,910 46,666 30,239 23,312 37,929 31,431 51,667 43,748 46,617 37, 128 32,397 28,817 7,659 6,571 11,851 8,903 31,589 22,726 20,938 20,406 Pro- prie- tors and firm mem- bers. 29,055 24,650 8,156 7,269 9,162 8,140 1,869 1,883 1,718 1,445 1,804 1,312 1,553 1,516 2,873 2,833 1,489 1,559 1,472 1,393 1,704 1,631 2,015 2,180 2,660 2,432 1,012 847 2,544 3,047 614 580 631 591 1,017 893 1,042 1,084 669 706 145 183 754 606 Salaried em- ployees. 97,453 63,586 43,783 54,821 40,276 32,406 33,452 22,839 17,498 15,347 11,381 12,240 6,876 5,064 13,026 5,923 4,947 10,598 8,273 5,850 12,648 9,428 7,691 8,345 5,264 3,767 7,959 6,084 4,077 8,327 5,135 4,146 10,281 8,190 6,164 9,369 6,752 5,501 5,949 3,527 2,158 1,897 1,150 2,063 6,122 5,190 3,413 4,171 2,379 1,614 5,483 4,115 2,325 4,269 3,051 2,493 6,467 4,265 3,061 4,705 3,126 2,491 1,290 875 769 1,259 722 414 902 633 648 2,998 2,332 1,579 Wage earners (average number), 554,002 464,716 388,586 293,977 241,984 221, 191 251,884 228,899 214, 775 87,371 82,698 64,832 84,728 64,041 55,341 81,011 48,483 38,373 67,474 71,618 71,794 69,637 59,100 52,853 51,412 43,567 34,275 59,502 43,366 41,220 59,955 50,697 42,878 60, 192 58,584 54,942 71,444 65,050 66,571 26,962 21,671 19,620 12,294 10,529 9,483 28,244 38,429 32,555 25,454 20,353 17,391 31,815 26,725 20,985 46,381 39,804 38,368 39^108 31,779 28,049 27,023 24,985 23,062 6,306 5,662 6,327 10, 498 8,095 8,679 30,542 21, 910 20,899 17, 186 17,468 16,185 Primary horse- pwwcr. 429,003 525,236 365,950 163,615 199,898 114, 190 307,666 68,419 121,791 94,254 78,263 88,597 76,764 89,247 31,885 49,934 35,917 50, 872 56, 410 39, 277 49,926 11,859 140,907 73,066 38,145 Capital. Sala- ries. Cost of materials. Value of products. Value added by manu- facture (value of products less cost of ma- terials). Expressed in thousands. $1,364,353 1,042,946 853,238 $122,074 73,028 51,656 $323,698 248, 128 196,656 971,841 637,743 511,249 65,925 45,601 32,068 174, 112 136,405 108,727 691,397 520,179 445,725 39,446 25,396 18,931 126,381 107,640 94,737 269,392 265,937 150,526 19,671 13,475 10,079 48,535 42,642 29,145 227,397 156,321 101,243 15,506 8,299 5,453 48,053 33,450 26,518 190,125 91,038 67,224 15,260 6,126 4,726 43,007 22,558 15,317 283,139 260,765 211,774 12,683 9,753 6,351 39,973 39,805 37,635 175, 182 131,563 130,143 15,641 10,464 8,180 39,910 31,873 28,209 193,041 137,023 95, 740 9,347 5,542 3,429 28,727 21,622 15,678 219,391 101,494 105,504 9,405 5,837 4,305 31,437 20.809 17, 102 154,233 119,026 97,182 11,777 6,685 5,256 33,076 25,622 20,365 150,254 130,272 103,464 12,759 9,077 6,437 31,101 27,390 23,104 164,437 146,961 107,217 10,571 6,997 5,871 31, 171 25,507 23,493 90,382 66,135 50,177 6,277 3,536 2,113 15,638 11,418 9,383 42,817 27,773 18,236 2,138 1,216 1,911 7,027 5,449 4,259 133,824 102,362 69,643 8,086 6,630 3,929 22,381 25,015 17,259 79,794 82,395 78,612 5,049 2,990 2,039 13,216 10,021 7,965 76,497 53,420 34,736 6,494 4,096 2,248 16,557 12,620 8,844 118,512 95.666 79,686 5,650 3,819 3,053 24,449 19,555 16,931 95,708 69,807 45,210 7,734 4,529 3,131 21,518 14, 702 11,366 79,437 79,999 44,016 5,533 3,307 2,595 12,460 10,812 8,436 19,877 20,564 10,382 1,559 950 736 3,544 3,210 3,115 87,160 40,956 22,064 1,593 870 478 7,835 5,460 4,730 79,550 60,063 48,827 1,581 971 997 13,787 8,908 8,197 56,934 56,995 42,858 3,240 2,386 1,667 8,020 7,396 6,176 $1,092,155 818,029 634,210 793,470 589,914 502,222 429,092 333,352 295, 175 188, 189 137,740 101,838 154,915 97,578 76,465 130,218 66,581 47,007 148,527 124,581 128,458 124,577 94,603 82,295 136,538 88.367 65,939 120,621 71,103 59,694 114,679 80,689 60,772 101,932 83,258 71,391 ■ 107,024 80,555 75,223 119,993 88,882 68,910 144,390 83,883 68,875 76,217 75,946 65,535 89,317 48,799 50,266 84, 151 51,763 38,287 64,770 49.973 42,551 50,674 37,918 28,245 54, 128 45,682 34,876 77,673 59, 193 61,018 62,292 35,183 23, 133 45,438 29, 416 24,842 48,732 58,828 40,385 $2,029,693 1,526,523 1,172,870 1 281, 171 955,036 797,879 746,076 591,388 519,982 328,495 267,307 193,733 271,961 171,924 139,356 252,992 128,247 88,366 243,454 211,259 218, 198 237,457 184,351 162, 765 218,804 147,378 105,627 208,324 137,995 110,854 202,511 150,055 112,728 194,516 166,059 141,678 186,978 150, 171 135,108 165,405 121, 163 94,408 164,081 96,473 80,023 133,041 137, 788 107,024 128,775 75,741 72,930 126,522 82.228 59,322 120,241 91,981 78,657 112,676 81,109 59,669 101,284 83,204 66, 110 92,436 67,415 69,509 81,271 46,853 33,908 79,993 48,037 41,742 78,794 81,411 57,446 $937, 538 708,494 538,660 487, 701 365,122 295,657 316,984 258,036 224,807 140,306 129,567 91,895 117,046 74,346 62,891 122, 774 61,666 41,359 94,927 86,678 89,740 112,880 89, 748 80,470 82,266 59.011 39,688 87,703 66,892 51,160 87,832 69,366 51,956 92,584 82,801 70,287 79,954 69,616 59,885 45,412 32,281 25,498, 19,691 12,590 11, 148 56,824 61,842 41,489 39,458 26,942 22,664 42,371 30,465 21,035 55,471 42.008 36,106 62,002 43, 191 31,424 47, 156 37,522 31,234 14.763 8.222 8.491 18.979 11.670 10,775 34,555 18,621 16,900 30,062 22,583 17,061 PER CENT OP INCREASE. Wage earners (aver- age num- ber). 19.2 19.6 33.0 30.2 21.5 9.4 34.1 19.7 10.0 6.6 26.2 13.7 5.6 27.6 22.9 38.0 32.3 15.7 58.2 23.4 67.1 26.3 97.3 45.1 -5.8 -0.2 15.2 -3.2 17.7 11.9 28.8 13.3 18.0 27.1 48.5 39.5 37.2 5.2 51.0 24.5 18.3 18.2 35.0 33.1 2.7 6.6 17.1 17.2 9.8 -2.3 24.5 11.1 24.4 10.5 36.5 28.3 16.8 11.0 70.1 20.6 -26.5 18.0 -3.4 28.7 25.1 17.0 70.0 3.9 19.0 27.4 5,3.9 38.6 16.5 3.7 30.7 16.9 23.1 13.3 38.9 35.9 8.2 8.3 21.7 25.9 11.4 -10.5 37.1 -3.0 29.7 -6.7 73.5 38.2 39.4 4.8 66.5 IS.l -1.6 7.9 -3.2 41.7 STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 529 CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR OVER— NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, AND VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE: 1909, 1904, AND 1899. Note.— The figures for some cities do not agree with those published in 1904, because It was necessary to revise the totals In order to include data only for those establishments located within the corporate limits of the cities. Figures for 1904 and 1899 are available for cities which had between 8,000 and 10,000 inhabitants in 1900 and are included, but for cities having less than 8,000 inhabitants in 1900 comparative data are not available. Table 113. Alabama: Anniston Bessemer Birmingham. Oadsden Mobile Montgomery. Selma Aeizona: Phoenix. Tucson.. Arkansas: Argenta Fort Smith.. Hot Springs. Little Rock.. Pine Bluff... California: Alameda Bakersfleld Berkeley Eureka Fresno Long Beach Loe Angeles Oakland Pasadena Pomona Redlands Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino. San Diego San Francisco. . , San Jose , Santa Barbara.. Santa Crus Stockton Vallejo CJCLOEADO: Colorado Springs . Cripple Creek Denver , Leadvllle Pueblo Trinidad Anaconda Billings Butte . Helena Missoula Nebraska: Grand Island Lincoln Omaha South Omaha Nevada: Reno New Hampshire: Berlin Concord Dover Keene Laconia Manchester Nashua Portsmouth New Jersey: Asbury Park Atlantic City Bayonne Bloomfleld town . Bridgeton Camden East Orange Elizabeth Garfield borough. Hackensack town Harrison town... Hoboken Irvington town. . . 80 58 63 105 182 2,036 39 104 524 59 14 19 169 193 169 64 34 52 101 42 82 203 47 61 194 63 1,102 69 719 38 21 66 35 77 902 31 261 2,667 75 108 25 44 167 432 71 20 111 51 64 43 175 104 36 27 94 97 45 74 365 42 163 25 46 54 244 51 65 57 65 120 173 1,362 34 70 388 13 15 147 157 98 47 31 45 70 47 74 179 38 46 163 54 876 39 614 36 58 45 56 612 28 219 2,482 50 82 19 128 318 41 17 80 42 50 55 1.55 78 27 62 58 33 61 298 17 124 23 41 279 63 46 71 75 177 1,259 26 63 382 14 14 117 129 74 56 29 38 67 47 78 184 33 36 126 47 789 30 537 32 66 41 45 585 32 184 2,646 57 79 12 81 307 41 40 57 53 166 72 38 36 63 39 62 322 22 141 21 41 194 average number of wage earners. VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1909 1,059 1,432 573 4,175 4,737 81,011 720 7,088 17,590 1,940 201 66 4,797 6,272 5,285 2,125 498 1,700 4,522 1,739 1,580 5,990 1,005 1,220 6,083 807 26,962 626 19,339 688 188 2,032 648 799 1,524 428 1,202 2,445 1,336 830 14,643 999 5,390 87,371 935 2,131 170 97 226 662 420 428 616 2,140 8,023 6,306 1,790 2,693 3,030 1,769 2 146 24,735 7,312 992 1904 1,502 1,245 549 3,389 4,450 48,483 949 2,161 15,514 73 3,967 5,666 2,982 2,084 738 1,489 3,078 1,296 2,136 4,445 895 1,108 3,987 724 21,671 414 14,363 955 1.953 1,346 316 1,031 1,811 262 680 11,039 496 4,663 82,698 974 2,158 138 478 349 1,617 5,822 5,662 2,282 2,654 2,859 1,685 1,957 17,579 6,159 638 381 7,057 1,893 2,276 12,661 854 12,335 812 4,040 7,227 1899 1,030 1,202 623 2,051 4,309 38,373 520 1,960 12,929 90 80 3,715 3,870 1,425 2,103 836 1,703 3,078 1,092 2,026 4,205 317 909 3,658 520 19,620 607 13,019 829 1,965 &34 648 987 1,238 299 682 9,699 656 5,095 64,832 909 1,710 126 411 264 1,104 5,276 6,327 2,810 2,432 2,797 1,576 1,535 17,862 5,777 1,323 305 4,670 1,612 2,182 7,742 690 487 2,859 5,712 1909 $6,085 3,964 1,866 20,174 10,294 252,992 1,074 24,118 42,231 4,622 377 132 14,006 17,904 16,567 3,344 1,254 3,728 9,648 5,894 3,588 18,833 4,619 2,289 17,180 3,723 165,405 2,299 58,990 2,686 519 11,199 1,251 3,113 4,238 1,114 2.229 6,195 5,446 4,136 64,704 1,984 17,626 328, 495 2,333 5,382 777 501 1,243 2,464 1,303 1,171 1,837 7,010 60,854 92,430 5,897 6,477 6,370 3,483 3,818 46,812 17,326 2,871 602 2,260 73,641 5,895 4,070 49,138 3,725 29,147 8,894 1.978 13,142 20,413 3,018 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE (VALUE OF PRODUCTS LESS COST OF MATERIALS). Expressed in thousands. 1904 $4,897 2,905 1,386 12,298 8,809 128,247 1,333 6, 177 30,690 202 247 8,348 13,142 6,887 3,257 2,364 2,974 6,319 3,047 3,715 10,079 2,412 2,177 10, 139 3,422 121,163 1,800 38,319 2,784 7,850 3,267 820 1,888 3,564 3,927 3,006 35,573 801 11,574 267,307 1,692 5,293 1,760 1,163 6,222 54,004 67, 415 5,989 5,374 6,043 2,691 3,097 30,697 12,858 2,602 975 60,634 4,645 2,9ti4 33,587 2,327 29,301 1,488 8,409 14,077 1899 $2,125 2,273 1,377 6,301 9,011 88,366 610 4,713 22,229 146 195 6,710 7,186 2,942 3,625 1,586 4,076 4,628 2,471 3,627 8,653 728 1.201 7,811 1,887 94,408 1,561 30,056 1,801 6,013 1,924 1,115 1,368 2,699 3,061 2,325 23,588 792 11.362 193,733 1,283 3,434 354 1,517 776 2,764 38,074 69,509 6,985 4,211 5,440 2,584 2,182 24,628 10,096 3,961 608 38,601 3,371 2,259 17,970 2,087 22,861 782 6,087 10,483 1909 $1,935 1,663 856 13,106 4,647 122, 774 710 10, 147 22,495 2,038 176 80 5,838 8,399 7,765 2,055 698 2,071 4,710 2,654 1,639 8,424 1,496 1,106 8,336 995 45,412 957 28,690 1,038 357 3,869 626 1,145 1,764 425 1,081 1,879 1,794 1,778 23,742 892 6,573 140,306 1,117 2,334 264 434 478 1,644 810 826 3,146 17,439 14,763 2,243 2,931 3,134 1,646 1,805 16,315 6,947 1,510 308 1,124 14,709 3,594 2,073 21,754 1,957 12,718 2,919 1,079 7,729 10,944 675 19frl $2,068 1,220 612 8,314 3,861 61,666 929 2.408 16,268 124 105 4,076 6,246 3,414 1,983 972 1,601 2,793 1,312 1,968 4,712 985 1,079 5,505 893 32,281 683 18,831 1,300 2,576 1,215 317 895 1,408 1,440 1,046 16,048 402 4,754 129,567 867 1,901 243 1,192 735 2,531 11.111 8,222 2,324 2,543 2,173 1,314 1,377 11,990 4,. 375 1,714 610 13,650 2,895 1,725 13, 164 1,219 12,320 801 4.780 7,497 » Does not include statistics for Great Falls. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR OVER^NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, AND VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory note on the first page of this table.) Table 113— Continued. New Jbbskt— Continued. Jersey City Kearny town Long Branch MillviUe Montclalr town Morristown town New Brunswiclt Newark: Orange Passaic Paterson Perth Amboy Phillipsburg town Plainfleld Trenton Union town West Hoboken town... West New Yorlc town. . West Orange town New Mexico: Albuquerque New Yoek: > Albany Amsterdam Auburn Batavia village Bingham ton Busalo Cohoes Coming Cortland Dunkirk Elmira Fulton Oeneva Glens Falls Gloversville Homell Hudson Ithaca Jamestown Johnstown Kingston Little Falls Lockport Middletown Mount Vernon Newburgh New Rochelle New York Niagara Falls North Tonawanda Ogdensburg Olean Ossining village Oswego Peekskill village Plattsburg Port Chester village Poughkeepsie Rensselaer Rochester Rome Saratoga Springs village Schenectady Syracuse Troy Utica Watertown Watervliet White Plains village. . . Yonkers NoKTH Cabouna: Asheville Charlotte Durham Greensboro Raleigh Wilmington Winston NOBTH Dakota: Fargo .• Grand Forks V.U.UE ADDED BY MANDFAO- VALUE OF PEODUCTS. 1 TUBE (VALUE OF PEODUCTS NUMB L EE OF ESTAB- [SHMENTS. AVEEAGE NtrUBEE EAENEES. OF WAGE LESS COST OF MATEBIALS). Expressed in thousands. 1M» 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 1909 1904 1899 745 628 536 25,454 20,353 17,391 $128,775 $75,741 $72,930 $39,458 $26,942 $22, 664 18 11 16 2,820 1,303 986 8,306 4,428 1,607 3,043 923 623 34 26 11 415 294 96 1,117 577 281 533 370 172 39 35 18 2,761 2,767 2,239 4,182 3,719 2,514 2,583 2,335 1,595 23 19 23 252 151 169 1,026 621 664 357 202 278 31 26 22 201 307 252 724 705 596 355 406 286 93 71 72 5,264 4,590 3,836 10,005 8,917 5,791 5,456 4,759 2,797 1,858 1,600 1,573 59,955 50,697 42,878 202,511 150,055 112,728 87,832 69,366 51,956 85 66 74 4,383 2,450 1,640 9,176 6,151 2,996 5,488 3,509 1,416 169 95 70 15,086 11,000 6.399 41,729 22,783 12,805 17,394 9,673 5,387 702 513 487 32.004 28,509 28,542 69,584 54,673 48,502 34,856 27,232 23,447 80 53 47 5,866 3,950 2,005 73,093 34,800 14,061 9,161 4,484 2,714 39 32 34 3,432 3,148 2.216 9,150 6,684 4,585 4,380 3,118 1,782 60 49 32 1,758 1,986 1,384 3,649 3,572 2,437 2,119 2,418 1,024 340 311 246 18,543 14,130 13.138 49,009 32,360 28,458 21,336 14,809 11,877 83 n 67 2,894 1,856 1.376 7,941 3,512 3,403 4,402 2,120 1,995 137 05 66 2,782 3,562 2,733 5.577 5,947 4,769 3,089 2,825 2,240 66 1,508 476 587 9,861 9,274 748 1,288 22,826 1,865 349 704 12,305 10 31 395 490 611 8,976 8,106 20,209 17,269 10,832 9,762 97 89 98 10,284 7,993 6.261 22,440 15,007 10,643 9,254 6,154 4,653 140 111 120 6,497 6,660 0,895 15,961 13,421 9,575 7,024 5.176 4,363 59 51 64 2,007 1.603 1,673 4,401 3,589 2,673 2,620 1,806 1,327 266 241 219 6.823 5,636 5,011 17,114 13,907 10,539 8,388 7,486 5, 177 1,753 1,538 1,478 51,412 43,567 34,275 218,804 147,378 105,627 82,266 59,011 39,688 103 98 112 8.209 6.910 8,273 14,831 10,290 11,031 6,655 4,006 5,123 45 57 49 2,074 2,355 1.600 3,050 3,084 2,273 2,186 2,009 1,353 51 53 46 2,356 2,282 1,412 6,395 4,574 3,064 2,821 1,976 1,268 57 38 41 2,756 3,395 2,533 6,576 9,909 5,226 3,368 5,160 2,211 154 142 144 3,647 3,208 3,570 8,067 6,308 6,597 4,477 3,307 2,695 45 2,799 1,526 7,867 3,010 56 54 49 1,580 1,180 5,154 4,952 2,716 2,163 1,956 1,066 68 49 67 2,774 2,052 3,101 4,877 2,825 3,994 2,568 1,533 2,135 187 180 183 5,741 5,048 7,813 14,171 9,341 9,070 6,109 4,089 3,816 45 45 48 2,183 2,200 1,549 3,648 3,163 2.431 1,770 1,699 1,123 45 48 46 1,302 1,524 1,132 3,506 4,116 2,604 1,443 2,038 1,270 81 67 62 873 873 861 1,920 2,080 1,501 1,080 1,261 845 156 149 108 6,789 5,237 4,528 14,720 10,350 7,731 7,336 6,099 3,937 138 100 115 2.589 2,426 3,695 6,574 4,543 5,123 2,649 1,982 2,138 99 96 109 3,281 2,636 2,042 5,986 4,812 3,952 3,404 2,700 2,049 55 49 52 4,211 2,621 2,980 8,460 4,471 4,071 3,537 1,936 1,838 109 109 124 2,138 2,323 2,359 8,168 5,808 5,353 2,818 2,492 2,256 59 50 51 1,733 1,596 1,396 4,658 3,356 2,155 1,753 1,400 830 90 64 37 1,207 670 438 3,376 1,877 910 2,090 1,092 582 104 79 93 4,344 4,013 3,074 9,928 7,036 5,358 5,085 3,760 2,710 42 28 25 735 517 198 1,669 1,103 508 855 641 230 25,938 20,839 19,243 554,002 464,716 388,586 2,029,693 1,526,523 1,172,870 937,538 708,494 5;J8, (>60 156 85 93 6,089 4,574 2,840 28,652 16,916 8,540 14,381 7,724 3,652 81 38 34 2,824 2,025 1,666 9,600 6,499 6,294 3,211 1,965 2,050 75 55 74 1,259 929 809 4,948 3,057 2,261 1,440 794 7,50 54 41 47 2,259 1,176 1,793 10,005 4,677 6,210 2,277 1,380 1,395 34 356 3,817 1,329 10,413 863 4,310 81 77 75 3,746 3,457 7,592 7,487 2,875 3,175 52 46' 37 2,055 1,957 1,281 7,888 7,252 1,783 4.946 4,970 1,022 41 39 39 1,049 760 621 3,137 1,057 1,043 1,392 647 519 34 2,122 3,299 6,243 9,151 1,689 5,284 111 108 118 3,775 2,810 7,207 5,57« 3,674 2,595 33 763 2.296 1,130 1,203 1,109 1,221 39,108 31,779 28,049 112,676 81,109 59,669 62,002 43,191 31,424 119 89 87 3,633 3,209 2,274 14,423 8,631 6,549 4,219 2,937 2,087 39 35 44 833 590 602 2,337 1,709 1,334 1,454 1,007 656 134 103 83 14,931 14.316 8,494 38,165 33,084 17,605 16,213 16,587 7,680 738 637 630 18,148 14,554 11,809 49,435 34,687 26,546 27,659 18,605 13,998 363 311 327 20,020 19,114 22,933 37,980 31,861 28,739 22,354 18,115 17,277 317 333 311 13,153 10,882 8,898 31,199 22,880 16,479 14,553 10,106 8.285 107 85 91 3,291 3,020 3,223 8,527 7,251 6,888 4,706 3,909 3,180 36 36 41 753 1,111 1,000 1,669 1,738 1,507 853 899 774 33 249 12,711 816 59,334 444 16,132 158 106 107 9,779 7,555 33,549 17,304 10,219 7,762 52 45 37 984 792 804 3,250 1,918 1,300 955 671 479 108 73 57 4,199 2,234 2,787 10,460 4,850 4,187 3,929 1,981 1,583 61 3,718 952 23,271 13,461 61 63 43 1,098 677 2,031 1,744 926 925 766 418 55 42 39 1,023 585 549 2,376 1,087 947 1,100 575 514 64 53 50 1,213 1,594 1,553 3,005 2,904 2,283 1,102 1,189 891 52 47 30 6,708 4,850 2,894 16,778 11,353 4,888 9,882 7,510 3,255 61 47 36 510 386 307 2,477 1,161 1,231 1,067 606 448 38 350 1,910 659 ' Does not include statistics for Lackawanna. 534 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. CITIES OF 10 000 INHABITANTS OR OVER-NITMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, ^ VALUE OF PRODUCTS, AND VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE: 1909, 1904, AJfD 1899-Continued. (See explanatory note on the first page of this table.] Table 113— Continued. Omo:i Akron Alliance Ashtabula Bellaire Cambridge Canton Chillicothe Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dayton East Liverixwl. Elyria Findlay Hamilton Ironton Lancaster Lima Lorain Mansfield Marietta Marion Massillon Middletown Kewarlc Norwood Piqua Portsmouth Sandusky Springfield Steuljenville Tiflin Toledo Warren Youngstown Zanesville Oklahoma: Chickasha Enid Guthrie McAlester Muskogee Oklahoma City. Shawnee Tulsa Oregon: Portland . Salem Pennstlvanu: Allentown Altoona Beaver Falls Iwrough . . Bethlehem borough » Braddock borough Bradford Butler borough Carbondale Carlisle borough Carnegie borough Chambersburg borough. Chester Columbia borough Connellsville borough.. . Dutwis borough Dunmore borough Easton Erie Greensburg borough Harrisburg Hazleton Homestead borough Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport McKees Rocks borough. Mahanoy City borough . Meadvilie Mount Carmei borough . Nanticoke borough New Castle Norristown lx)roueh Oil City Philadelphia Phoenixville hwrough... Pittsburgh Pittston NTTMBEB Of E3TAB- USHMENTS. 1909 246 44 44 36 32 204 57 2,184 2,148 586 513 82 58 74 125 63 42 85 57 121 66 55 56 41 72 49 82 75 91 195 55 75 760 68 115 109 30 65 34 29 64 171 40 53 649 62 1904 186 40 36 37 34 158 64 2,171 1,616 459 431 81 50 71 113 57 42 77 43 109 73 47 52 47 78 76 81 93 157 72 87 597 53 113 99 437 257 73 42 175 62 27 82 300 103 75 29 62 19 12 71 84 36 7,087 31 1,562 40 1899 178 39 29 30 28 164 46 2,454 1,350 408 425 75 32 80 97 53 36 76 26 95 77 34 49 41 100 81 164 54 75 445 44 103 115 33 216 57 47 175 45 15 66 284 97 67 48 39 47 44 131 121 44 53 34 24 15 18 97 106 261 260 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1909 15,831 2,524 1,471 2,597 1,230 9,964 1,674 60,192 84,728 16,428 21,549 4,873 2,673 1,376 6,895 1,920 1,532 3,607 6,697 3,204 1,288 2,019 1,934 2,576 3,913 3,907 2,683 3,728 2,118 7,405 4,267 1,632 18,878 1,798 10,498 3,150 364 303 282 180 381 1,398 1,014 462 12,214 597 11,481 8,409 2,180 1,583 1,040 1,318 2,823 1,503 1,334 422 1,364 6,986 2,773 1,035 1,015 1,308 3,388 9,796 310 9,743 2,682 171 10,574 7,957 5,591 8,246 3,591 590 2,048 600 348 5,339 3,818 1,338 251,884 2,599 67,474 792 ' Does not include statistics for 5 While the population for 1900 17 71 77 42 ,503 32 ,301 27 Lakewood. was in exce.ss of 1904 9,626 1,442 846 2,183 814 5,938 1,553 58,584 64,041 14,350 17,093 5,228 1,144 1,343 6,107 1,800 1,695 2,733 3,102 3,021 1,314 1,721 1,995 1,814 3,627 2,044 4,072 2,323 6,258 4,184 1,645 15,697 1,505 8,095 3,098 333 720 8,171 9,540 2,232 1,225 1,490 2,093 1,475 1,340 7,955 1,406 307 6,914 8,693 4,387 238 1,300 197 229 5,433 3,517 1,557 228,899 2,888 71,618 830 1899 8,259 1,486 373 1,928 768 5,149 1,112 54,942 55,341 13,787 14,408 4,171 638 1,107 5,147 1,577 1,069 1,980 2,233 2,622 1,511 1,171 1,474 1,578 2,075 1,955 4,153 1,453 6,299 1,773 1,238 12,747 1,832 8,679 3,405 220 5,380 7,355 6,573 2,174 815 1,200 792 1,023 1,121 843 7,061 3,034 612 6,972 2,519 1,057 1,133 2,720 8,415 817 614 3,202 8,032 6,439 822 164 5,600 7,504 4,475 7,213 301 1,201 109 140 4,529 2,944 1,683 214,775 2,249 71,794 357 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1909 $73,158 6,135 3,459 10,091 4,291 28,583 4,345 194,516 271,961 49,032 60,378 6,629 8,065 3,487 18,184 7,118 4,074 7,754 38,987 8,173 3,214 5,667 4,788 16,517 7,851 9,684 6,931 7,277 5,947 19,246 21,187 3,254 61,230 5,988 81,271 9,145 1,867 2,453 1,443 451 2,279 7,868 2,081 1,563 46,861 2,208 26,263 16,763 6,400 3,712 6,094 3,887 11,058 2,523 2,496 3,099 2,456 19,373 4,807 1,971 1,890 1,851 6,915 24,226 726 22,725 4,707 659 48,106 15,979 11,429 42,495 9,787 868 3,559 785 423 38,038 7,413 4,122 746,076 6,876 243,454 1.969 VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE (VALUE OF PRODUCTS LESS COST OF MATERIALS). Expressed m thousands. 1904 $33,559 3,547 1,895 10,712 2,441 10,591 3,147 166,059 171,924 39,530 39,597 6,437 2,933 2,925 13,811 4,755 3,848 4,828 14,491 7,354 2,599 3,228 3,707 8,538 5,613 4,036 6,645 4,879 13,382 12,370 2,434 44,501 4,414 46,853 6,347 1,200 3,671 28,651 16,841 14,350 4,908 4,125 3,192 6,832 2,316 1,986 1,085 16,645 3,887 2,607 1,460 5,059 18,639 16,571 2,186 713 28,892 14,648 6,978 23,054 431 2,075 620 358 28,923 5,925 3,082 591,388 5,500 211,259 1,475 1899 $22,016 3,203 884 8,838 2,202 9,575 1,616 141,678 139,356 34,748 31,015 4,749 1,221 1,686 10,656 6,411 1,905 6,223 9,481 6,076 2,398 2,426 2,749 6,800 2,879 6,552 6,659 2,834 12,116 4,547 1,902 31,976 4,585 33,908 5,708 649 16,904 14,990 11,273 6,229 4,091 3,125 1,403 1,146 1,708 ""sis 14,940 4,214 1,768 1,132 5,425 16,493 14,996 999 266 21,365 12,750 7,658 36,058 401 1,668 393 310 20,016 4,107 5.164 519,982 3,322 218, 198 1909 $30,087 3,282 1,375 2,932 1,406 13,939 1,307 92,584 117,046 23,828 32,850 4,108 3,570 1,393 8,544 2,124 1,023 3,885 14,765 3,817 1,427 3,090 2,498 8,567 3,869 5,663 3,079 3,383 3,112 10,327 6,744 2,002 27,146 2,924 18,979 3,641 682 646 496 256 801 2,722 918 20,785 1,031 10,682 7,629 3,385 1,382 1,747 1,445 3,464 1,270 1,065 658 1,286 7,797 2,136 1,154 964 1,181 3,491 12,162 396 8,642 2,005 337 15,758 7,138 4,651 15,199 4,380 485 1,843 369 243 7,064 4,139 1,822 316,984 2,159 94,927 902 1904 $13,149 1,646 899 3,396 921 6,997 1,219 82,801 74,346 20,286 21,092 4,330 1,338 1,346 7,427 1,332 1,347 2,673 4,783 3,831 1,233 1,876 2,125 4,846 3,180 2,128 3,125 2,743 7,620 4,127 1,434 19,035 2,366 11,670 3,056 499 11,627 6,968 7,102 2,666 1,387 1,599 2,172 1,203 867 516 337 6,223 6,369 1,434 1,642 882 615 910 642 2,375 2,232 9,212 8,286 6,244 1,056 448 9,137 7,050 3,699 10,744 1,111 193 198 7,711 3,058 1,748 258, a36 2,477 86,678 747 10,000, statistics for that census are not available. STATES, CITIES, AND INDUSTRIES. 535 CITIES OF 10,000 INHABITANTS OR OVER— NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, AND VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. [See explanatory note on the first page of this table.] Table 113— Continued. PiirasYLVANiA— Continued. Plymouth borough Pottstown borough Pottsville borough Reading Scran ton Shamolcin borough Sharon borough Shenandoah borough South Bethlehem borough. Steelton l)orough ' Sunbury twrough Union town borough Warren twrough Washington borough West Chester borough Willtes-Barre Willcinsburg borough Williamsport Yorlc All other cities* Rhode Island: Central Falls Cranston Cumberland town East Providence town. Newport Pawtucket Providence Warwick town Woonsocket South Carolina: Charleston Columbia Greenville Spartanburg... South Dakota: Aberdeen Sioux Falls.... Tennessee: Chattanooga. Jackson Knoxville... Memphis Nashville Texas: Austin Beaumont. . . Brownsville. Cleburne Dallas Denison El Paso Fort Worth.. Galveston . . . Houston Laredo Marshall Palestine Paris San Angelo.. San Antonio. Sherman Temple Tyler Waco Utah: Ogden Salt Lake City. Vermont: Barre Burlington. Rutland VreonnA:* Alexandria.. Danville Lynchburg.. Norfolk Petersburg... Portsmouth . Richmond... Roanoke Staunton NUMBER ok estab- lishments. 19W 1904 18W 23 78 91 482 293 39 45 39 41 72 75 35 176 24 159 218 99 43 28 29 26 54 217 1,080 49 130 116 55 41 36 185 42 159 329 384 108 56 9 24 305 29 88 147 81 249 23 22 20 45 26 194 36 37 23 93 68 245 139 82 63 54 52 82 215 72 31 380 62 44 23 77 79 402 258 48 37 30 46 18 32 35 129 30 115 228 33 13 19 21 46 186 881 37 103 108 41 36 35 177 42 138 289 357 247 25 54 102 67 209 18 141 39 63 192 105 67 51 51 34 55 121 72 28 300 54 24 65 77 403 247 46 35 23 38 18 20 43 35 138 16 142 241 36 13 10 16 43 191 039 27 104 104 41 22 28 48 149 33 102 223 337 177 39 38 68 100 146 14 113 31 51 154 146 78 61 57 46 61 140 77 22 376 38 AVEEAQE NUMBER OF WAQE EARNERS. 1909 3,650 2,872 24,145 12,851 1,623 3,316 242 7,985 2,069 335 1,489 2,136 916 7,553 185 5,641 10,492 18,283 2,475 1,711 5,359 2,041 736 15,375 46,381 6,471 10,703 3,874 3,533 1,182 1,773 396 •77 «,410 1,405 3,773 7,927 9,731 754 863 51 835 4,883 833 1,753 3,059 1,094 5,338 313 977 745 541 115 3,105 273 366 484 1,033 1,323 4,287 2,340 2,371 1,636 1,470 3,076 4,026 4,749 3,887 842 14,849 3,544 339 1904 827 3,457 1,904 18,053 10,912 897 1,812 170 5,754 4,656 1,457 1,174 849 5,920 184 6,296 7,962 2,443 587 4,574 1,381 849 12.054 39,804 6,153 8,672 3,460 2,393 1,204 1,650 466 6,430 1,268 2,999 7,374 8,033 641 733 3,445 736 1,158 1,423 761 5,056 515 644 210 2,457 307 368 947 1,013 2,776 3,198 2,300 1,803 1,291 3,018 2,534 2,935 3,288 551 12,444 3,089 1899 756 2,681 1,699 16,892 11,139 762 1,827 107 4,645 4,762 968 1,050 497 4,749 100 4,717 6,851 2,372 493 1,500 836 881 10,712 38,368 5,465 7,591 3,187 2,091 770 1,361 311 4,729 1,018 4,203 6,626 6,726 496 1,006 2,842 668 716 943 1,422 3,188 373 481 263 2,683 314 431 1,004 678 2,154 1,875 2,232 1,496 859 2,933 1,487 2,638 3,608 471 13,715 2,431 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. 1909 $1,179 12,505 9,138 51,135 26,385 3,544 9,881 888 26,417 4,450 1,347 5,744 4,837 2,146 13,526 538 13,348 18,622 103,288 5,471 5,625 9,827 7,146 1,379 37,696 120,241 10,589 28,218 6,951 6,872 2,142 3,276 1,676 3,889 16,036 2,710 8,149 30,242 39,650 3,845 4,831 121 1,677 36,969 1,314 3,637 8,661 6,308 33,015 321 1,787 1,313 1,430 318 13,435 4,676 1,346 996 4,769 3,713 13,351 3,852 6,800 2,680 4,420 5,389 10,188 10,341 8,896 1,528 47,358 7,261 1,223 VALUE ADDED BY MANtJFAC- TURE (VALUE OF PRODUCTS LESS COST OF MATERIALS). Expressed in thousands. 1904 S860 8,145 6,806 30,491 20,453 1,444 5,671 595 15,275 15,746 2,593 4,666 2,121 11,000 472 11,367 13,333 5,091 1,639 5,965 5,544 1,347 25,847 91,981 7,052 19,261 6,007 4,677 1,677 2,127 14,361 3,318 6,699 30,043 31,667 1,569 2,610 15,628 1,235 2,378 5,668 2,997 13,564 454 736 866 7,402 2,641 629 2,980 2,507 7,544 3,373 6,356 2,523 2,187 4,775 4,965 5,739 5,891 945 27,745 5,545 1899 $533 7,357 4,830 32,682 24,742 1,147 3,765 302 9,964 14,034 1,868 3,681 869 8,617 246 9,726 10,560 4,511 1,403 1,766 5,347 1,575 19,272 78,657 6,020 14,745 5,713 3,134 967 1,591 884 10,518 1,577 6,202 14,233 15,301 765 1,913 9,488 840 1,213 3,488 3,675 7,492 331 704 743 5,989 1,461 682 2,294 1,242 4,279 2,761 6,066 1,959 1,539 3,694 2,994 4,692 5,293 960 24,669 5,398 1909 $475 3,506 3,211 21,287 12,083 1,415 3.198 552 10,450 2,222 968 2,068 2,390 1,479 7,093 276 6,288 9,756 25,328 2,090 2,738 5,209 2,086 809 16,156 55,471 5,195 11,456 2,722 2,294 914 1,191 564 1,280 7,602 1,495 3,048 12,391 12,194 1,218 1,387 75 718 9,993 721 2,141 3,395 2,041 8,694 147 984 691 568 185 6,483 629 512 459 1,804 1,648 6,736 2,744 2,477 1,473 1,689 2,153 3,720 4,859 3,137 752 23,106 3,217 327 « Included in "all other cities" for 1909. * Includes: Coatesville, Duquesne, Monessen, North Braddock, Old Forge, South Sharon, and Steelton boroughs, to avoid disclosure of individual operations. * Does not include statistics for Newport News. 636 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MANUFACTURES. CITIES OF 10.000 INHABITANTS OR OVER-NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS, AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, AND VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE: 1909, 1904, AND 1899— Continued. (See explanatory note on the first page of this table.] Takle 118-€k>ntinued. Washington: Aberdeen Bellingham Everett North Yakima SeatUe Spokane Taooma WaUa Walla... West Vibqinu: Bloefleld Charleston Hontlnxton.... Martinsourg... Parkersburg... Wheeling Wisconsin: Appleton Ashland Beloit Eau Claire Fonddu Lao... Green Bay Janesville Elenosba La Crosse^' Madison Manitowoc Marinette Milwaukee Oshkosh Racine Sheboygan Superior Wausau..< Wyoming: Cheyenne All other cities > ... NUMBER OK ESTAB- USHMENTS. 1909 1904 1S99 43 96 94 36 751 286 276 48 15 63 67 39 75 176 97 3S 51 75 97 102 78 62 151 116 80 43 1,764 159 142 109 99 67 22 142 467 188 236 33 108 37 44 73 85 103 73 45 150 84 76 37 1,527 134 148 96 72 58 352 84 174 34 72 178 41 43 64 74 79 72 38 131 69 62 45 1,419 129 135 80 75 56 AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. 1909 1,509 1,566 2,375 602 11,331 3,989 5,765 388 670 951 3,156 1,420 1,495 7,809 2,125 1,116 2,986 2,524 2,707 2,579 1,451 6,449 3,329 1,792 1,525 1,491 59,502 5,778 8,381 5,988 1,847 2,092 853 16,331 1904 1,314 6,390 2,428 4,457 242 887 2,229 1,444 7,127 2,486 1,361 2,471 1,985 2,566 2,111 1,348 4,354 2,644 1,476 1,321 1,645 43,366 4,840 6,504 5,903 1,343 1,945 552 8,401 1899 1,502 4,440 1,060 3,552 213 1,717 1,237 6,190 1,561 1,812 1,845 1,758 1,520 1,427 1,398 3,090 2,763 1,365 975 2,485 41,220 4,226 6,138 4,992 1,765 1,716 423 6,892 VALUE OF PRODUCTS. VALUE ADDED BY MANUFAC- TURE (VALUE OF PRODUCTS LESS COST OF MATERIALS). 1909 $3,590 4,600 7,423 2,175 50,569 18,880 22,450 2,317 1,465 3,235 6,511 2,516 5,499 27,077 6,734 2,748 5,886 5,855 8,227 6,235 5,156 23,182 14,103 6,467 5,939 3,309 208,324 14, 739 24,673 11,299 6,574 6,287 1,577 82,537 Expressed in thousands. 1904 $3,294 25,406 8,831 14,264 1,486 2,101 4,407 3,778 21,797 6,673 4,210 4,485 3,602 5,600 4,873 3,846 12,363 8,139 3,291 4,428 3,633 137,995 8,652 16,459 9,751 6,357 4,645 925 22,346 1899 12,629 15,323 3,756 10,301 964 1,262 3,642 3,101 15,074 3,861 3,600 2,800 3,876 2,861 2,7C9 3,184 7,334 7,677 2,689 1,935 4,411 110,854 8,081 11,676 6,907 6,836 3,381 722 15,272 1909 $1,418 2,178 3,564 1,225 21,884 8,637 8,734 932 576 1,098 3,129 1,239 1,939 11,052 2,477 1,262 3,447 2,881 3,153 2,342 2,279 8,409 6,306 3,130 1,976 1.606 87,703 7,658 13, 161 5,210 2,302 2,962 970 22,218 1904 $1,643 11,048 4,131 6,107 557 1,103 1,731 1,290 9,308 2,647 2,018 2,650 1,803 2,289 2,177 1,790 4,971 3,414 1,998 1,488 2,052 66,892 4,220 9,316 4,198 1,709 2,096 617 11,389 1899 $1,076 6,459 1,723 3,960 343 603 1,144 1,215 6,668 1,504 2,084 1,462 1,764 1,226 1,346 1,415 2,311 3,032 1,551 1,099 2,697 51,160 3,799 5,750 3,195 1,810 1,473 433 i'i2*^"^^o^"^' ^°**"' ^"^^^^ ^^"*' ^*>"'-» Lackawanna, N. Y., Lakewood, Ohio, and Newport News, Va., in 1909, and Great Falls, Mont., and Newport News, Va. Ill I9U4 ftiuQ xoW* MINES AND QUARRIES Chapter 16.— STATISTICS OF MINES AND QUARRIES FOR INDUSTRIES AND STATES. (537) Chapter 16. STATISTICS OF MINES AND QUARRIES FOR INDUSTRIES AND STATES. Introdnction. — This chapter contains a summary of the statistics of mining for the United States for the calendar year 1909, as shown by the Thirteenth Census. The statistics relate both to mines in the narrower sense and to quarries and petroleum and gas wells, but for brevity all these enterprises are often called "mines," using the term in its broad sense. The principal statistics of mining industries derived from the census inquiry are given in a series of general tables at the end of the chapter. Table 25 gives a comparative summary of the results of the inquiries of 1909 and 1902, comparing for each geographic divi- sion and state the expenses of operation and develop- ment, the primary power, and the value of products. Table 26 gives a similar comparative summary for each industry. Table 27 gives for the several geo- graphic divisions and for each state the number of operators; the number of mines, quarries, or wells; capital; expenses of operation and development; num- ber of persons engaged in the industry; acreage of land controlled; primary power; and value of products. Table 28 gives similar information for each industry. Table 29 gives information similar to that contained in Table 28 for nonproducing mines, quarries, and wells, in which operations are as yet confined to devel- opment work. The explanatory text deals almost exclusively with the producing mines, quanies, and wells, and gives for all mining industries combined and for a number of the more important industries separately further statistics ampUfying the figures given in the geueral tables, together with averages, percentages, etc., derived from the figures in those tables. In order to avoid any misapprehension as to the significance of the statistics here published, it seems advisable to offer a few brief explanations of the terms used in the census of mining industries. Scope of census. — ^The Thirteenth Census covered all classes of mines and quarries that were in operation during any portion of the year 1909, both those which were producing and those whose operations were confined to development work, and petroleum and gas wells that were in operation at the end of that year. Mines, quarries, or wells that were idle during the entire year 1909 were omitted from the canvass. The following operations were likewise omitted from the canvass: Prospecting; the digging or dredging of sand and gravel for the construction of roads and for building operations; the production of mineral waters; and the operation of small bitiuninous coal banks producing less than 1,000 tons an- nually. VkTiere the mineral products are not marketed in their crude condition, but are dressed or washed at the mine or quarry^ the statistics of mining cover the entire work of obtaining the crude material and its preparation for the market. Period covered. — The returns cover the calendar year 1909, or the business year which corresponds moat nearly to that calendar year. The statistics cover a year's operations, except for enterprises which began or discontinued business during the year. Number of operators. — As a rule, the unit of enumeration was the "operator." Every individual, firm, or corporation was required to furnish one report for all mines, quarries, or wells which were operated under the same management, or for which one set of books of account was kept. Where several mines, quarries, or wells managed separately were owned by the same operator, it was optional with the operator to furnish one report for all his operations, or a separate report for each of his properties. Separate reports were obtained for all properties operated in different states, even where they were owned by the same operator. Likewise, where the operations of one individual, firm, or corporation covered more than one class of mines and quarries, such as coal, iron, limestone, etc., a separate report was received for each industry. The total number of operators, accordingly, as shown by the original returns, included a small amount of duplication. As far as practicable, all duplications of this character within the same industry were eliminated by the consolidation of the reports for the same operator. All such duplications have been eliminated for the coal, petroleum and natural gas, iron, and copper industries. Number of mines, quarries, and wells. — ^This figure represents the total number of mines and quarries in operation or in the course of development at any time during the calendar year 1909, or the business year that corresponds most nearly to that calendar year, and the number of completed petroleum and natural gas wells in operation on December 31, 1909. In most mining and quarrying industries the number of mines or quarries varies but little from the number of operators, the principal variations being found in the mining of anthracite coal, iron, and copper, with an average of more than two mines per operator; in the mining of tungsten, with an average of more than five mines per operator; and in the quarrying of gypsum, with an average of nearly three quarries per operator. In the production of petroleum and natural gas there was an average of more than twenty wells to one operator. Expenses of operation and development. — A certain amount of development work is incident to the operation of every mine. The expenses reported for producing mines include the cost both of operation and of development work which was done in connection with operation. Wages. — The amount shown as wages includes only the com- pensation of regular wage earners hired by the day, week, or month, or under the piecework system. There is a class of miners variously known under the local names of "leasers," "block lessees," etc., who are compensated by a share of the product. The compensation of such miners is included under the payments for "Contract work " in the general tables. Supplies and materials. — This item includes the cost of lumber and timber used for repairs, mine supports, track ties, etc.; iron and steel for blacksmi thing; rails, frogs, sleepers, etc., for tracks; (539) 540 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. renewals of tools and machinery and materials for repairs; and sup- plies, explosives, oil, etc., as well as the cost of fuel and the rent of power. The schedule called only for the cost of such supplies and materials as had been used diuing the year covered by the report. Accurate figiu-es, however, could be furnished only in those cases where the operators kept an account of supplies and materials used, or had an inventory made of all in stock at the beginning and at the end of the year. Such a system of accounting is far from general among mine operators, and there is reason to believe that in many cases the reported cost of supplies and materials covered all pur- chased during the year rather than those used during the year. The crude product of some operators was purchased by others for further dressing or refining; the cost of such materials is shown in a sepa- rate column in the general tables for producing mines, but in all other tables it is included in the general item of cost of supplies and materials. Miscellaneous expenses. — In the general tables royalties and the rent of mines, taxes, and the amounts paid for contract work are shown in separate columns. All other expenses not enumerated separately are combined imder the head of "Rent of offices and other sundry expenses, " which includes rent of offices and buildings other than those at the mine, quarry, or well, use of patents, insurance, ordinary repairs of buildings and machinery (not including materials therefor where carried in separate accounts), advertising, damages, traveling expenses, and all other simdry expenses. Value of products. — Statistics of the value of each mineral prod- uct were obtained by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, but the two bureaus follow different methods in presenting these statistics. The Geological Survey shows separately the value of each mineral product, whereas the Bureau of the Census presents the value of products of each mining industry. The value of products given for each mining industry often includes the value of some products not covered by the industry designation. The crude product of metal- liferous mines may include varying combinations of metals, such as gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, and iron. Similarly,the total value of all products of the granite quarri.es is not identical with the value of the total output of granite, but may include the value of some marble or other stone quarried in connection with the principal product. The value of products for 1909 in most cases represents the value of the products marketed during that year, not the value of those mined during that year. In this respect the data differ from those usually obtained for manufactiu-ing establishments. In order to ascertain the value of the products mined during the year 1909, ac- count would have had to be taken of the inventories at the begin- ning and at the close of the year. In many mining industries, however, no such inventories are made, by reason of the purely speculative value of the crude product lying on the dump. Another element of inaccuracy inherent in the statistics as to the value of products is due to the combination of mining with manu- facturiQg. Most of the product of iron mines is not sold, but is used in blast furnaces operated by the owners of the mines. A large pro- portion of the output of coal is likewise used in iron and steel works operated by the owners of the coal mines, while a considerable pro- portion also is controlled by railway companies and other industrial concerns which own the coal mines, either directly, or indirectly through subsidiary companies. In such cases the reported value of the mining product is often a mere item of bookkeeping which may or may not reflect the actual market value of the product. The total value of products for some industries includes a cer- tain amount of duplication, due to the fact that the crude product of some operators was used as material by others whose mines or quarries were equipped with dressing or refining plants; the total value of products for the industry, accordingly, includes both the crude product and the refined product made from it. In order to eliminate this duplication and to obtain the approximate value of products for each industry, the cost of such materials, which is shown in a separate column in the general tables for producing mines, should be subtracted from the total value of products for the iadustry. There is, however, a certain degree of inaccuracy in- volved in such a computation, because the purchaser of the crude product usually figures freight as a part of the cost of his materials,, whereas the value reported by the producer represents the selling value at the mine. Cost of production and profits. — It can be seen from the preceding explanations that the difference between the reported value of products and the total expenses reported does not accurately repre- sent profits. As already stated the product reported usually repre- sents that sold rather than the actual output in producing which the expenses were incurred. Furthermore, the census inquiries did not call for depreciation, which is a particularly important element in mining because of the exhaustion of the mine. Few mining con- cerns keep a separate account for depreciation. Moreover, the heterogeneous character of the returns regarding capital precludes the computation, from census statistics, of the rate of return on. the investment. Capital. — The census schedule required every operator to state the total amount of capital invested in the enterprise on the last day of the business year reported, as shown by his books. There is, however, a great diversity in the methods of bookkeeping in use by different operators. As a result, the statistics for capital lack uni- formity. Some of the reported figures apparently represent capital stock at face value; others include large investments in mineral lands which are not at present being actively mined, but are held in reserve; still others may include expenditures for unproductive mining ventures in no way related to the operations carried on during the census year. Persons engaged in mining industries. — The statistics of the num- ber of proprietors and officials, clerks, and wage earners, are based on the returns for December 15, or the nearest representative day. The reported number of wage earners includes overseers and fore- men performing work similar to that of the men over whom they have charge; those whose duties are wholly supervisory are classed as superintendents and managers. Because of the very common prac- tice of shutting down mines at frequent intervals, it is impossible to ascertain with any satisfactory degree of accuracy the average number of employees — that is, the number who, if continuously employed, would be required to produce the actual output of the year. Primary horsepower. — ^This item represents the total primary powergenerated by the mining enterprises plus the amount of power, principally electric, rented by them from other concerns. It does not cover the horsepower of electric motors operated by current generated by the enterprises themselves, the inclusion of which would evidently result in duplication. INDUSTRIES AND STATES. GENERAL SUMMARY. 541 Continental United States and noncontiguous terri- tory: 1909. — Table 1 gives for 1909 the principal statistics collected by the Bureau of the Census for all mines and quarries and petroleum and gas wells within the area of enumeration. In addition to continental United States this area included in 1909 Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The figures here given include nonproducing as well as producing mines and constitute the most general summary of the results of the investigation. Number of operators Niunber of mines and quarries Number of petroleum and gas wells Persons engaged in mining industries, Dec. 15, 1909. . Proprietors and firm members, total Number performing manual labor in conneC' tion with mines, quarries, and wells Salaried employees Wage earners Primary horsepower Capital Expenses of operation and development Services Salaries Wages Supplies and materials Royalties and rent of mines Contract work Miscellaneous Value of products NUMBEE OB AMOITNT: 1909 Total. 24, 355 27,260 166, 448 1, 175, 188 35, 208 10, 740 46,694 1,093,286 4, 722, 479 13, 710, 356, 533 1, 087, 437, 081 662, 422, 226 56, 286, 988 606, 135, 238 263,019,615 65, 683, 384 32, 335, 580 63, 976, 276 1,255,370,163 Continental United States. 23,664 27, 240 166, 448 1, 166, 948 33, 691 10, 299 46, 475 1,086,782 4, 699, 910 $3, 662, 527, 064 1, 074, 191, 429 655, 584, 467 55, 878, 478 599, 705, 989 260, 110, 898 64, 154, 926 30, 690, 458 63, 650, 680 1, 238, 410, 322 Alaska. 673 8,025 1,501 441 219 6,305 22, 347 $47, 749, 164 13, 220, 200 6, 819, 850 408, 510 6, 411, 340 2, 902, 956 1, 527, 995 1, 645, 063 324, 336 16, 933, 427 Hawaii. 45 2 43 197 $45, 700 19,760 14, 058 14, 058 5,371 206 125 20, 955 Porto Rico. 14 14 170 14 156 25 $34, 605 5,692 3,851 3,851 390 257 59 1,135 5,459 Of the total number of persons engaged in mining industries in the area covered by the preceding table, only a little more than one-half of 1 per cent were in Alaska, while the mining operations in Hawaii and Porto Rico were insignificant. Owing to the fact that a certain number of mines in continental United States and Alaska were engaged in development work only, during the census year, the figure for value of products in 1909, $1,255,370,163, relates to a smaller number of enterprises than the figures for persons engaged in the industries, expenses, etc. Of the total, representing the value of the prod- ucts of all mines in the entire area covered by the can- vass, Alaska contributed $16,933,427, or 1.3 per cent, while Hawaii contributed only $20,955 and Porto Rico $5,459. A rough but somewhat convenient measure of the relative importance of mining operations in the areas concerned is found in the per capita production (that is, value of products divided by total popula- tion), which was $13.46 for continental United States, $263.12 for Alaska. $0.11 for Hawaii, and less than 1 cent for Porto Rico. The further discussion of mining operations in this chapter is confined to the data reported for conti- nental United States (referred to simply as the United States) . Producing and nonproducing mines. — In some as- pects of the statistics of mining industries the distinc- tion between producing and nonproducing mines is important. So far as it is possible to bring the fig- ures in regard to production into relation with the various factors of operation, particularly the number of employees and the expenses of operation, it is nec- essary to confine comparisons to the producing mines. Table 2 gives comparative figures for producing and nonproducing mines in the United States. Table 3 Number of operators Numberof mines and quar- ries Number of wells Persons engaged in mining industry Proprietors and Qim members, total Number perform- ing manuallabor. Salaried employees . . . Wage earners Primary horsepower... Capital $3 All enterprises. 23,664 27,240 166,448 1,166,948 33,691 9,937 46,475 1,086,782 4,699,910 662,527,004 Expenses of operation and development Services Salaries Wages Supplies and materials. Royalties and rent of mines Contract work Miscellaneous ,074,191,429 655,584,467 55,878,478 599,705,989 260,110,898 64,154,926 30,690,458 63,650,680 Value of products 1, 238,410,322 Producing enterprises. 19,915 18,164 166,320 1,139,332 29,922 8,861 44,127 1,065,283 4,608,253 $3,380,525,841 1,042,642,693 640,167,630 53,393,551 586,774,079 247,866,304 63,973,585 28,887,898 61,747,276 1,238,410,322 NONPEODUCING ENTEBPBISES. Number or amount. 3,749 9,076 128 27,619 3,769 1,076 2,348 21,499 91,657 $282,001,223 31,548,736 15,416,837 2,484,927 12,931,910 12,244,594 181,341 1,802,560 1,903.404 Per cent of total. 15.8 33.3 (•) 2.4 11.2 10.8 5.1 2.0 2.0 7.7 2.9 2.4 4.4 2.2 4.7 0.3 5.9 3.0 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 542 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSU&— MINING. Perhaps the most satisfactory index of the relative importance of the two classes of mines shown in the preceding table is the number of wage earners and the amount of primary power, the figures for ;ionproducing mines representing exactly 2 per cent of the total in each instance. The average number of wage earners per operator for the nonproducing mines is 6 and for the producing mines 53. Additional details in regard to nonproducing mines are given in Table 29 (p. 564), which presents separate figures for most of the different mining industries. The further discussion in this chapter of the statistics for 1909 will deal primarily with the producing mines, with only incidental reference to the nonproducing enterprises. There were in all mining industries in the United States in 1909, as shown by the previous table, 19,915 operators of producing mines, who employed 1,065,- 283 wage earners and reported products valued at $1,238,410,322. G-eographic distribution of producing enterprises. — The distribution of the mining industries by geographic divisions and states is shown in Table 8, which gives the number of wage earners employed and the value of products for each division and state, with the per- centage which such number or value forms of the total. Table 3 DIVISION AND STATE. United State8. . . Geographic divs.: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. West North Central South Atlantic East South Central . West South Central Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylvania E. North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin W. North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota FKOD17CING ENTERPRISES: 1909 Num- ber of opera- tors. 19,915 510 6,333 4,152 2,300 1,358 830 1,229 1,972 1,538 97 45 137 139 21 71 1,351 131 4,851 1,876 1,010 915 83 268 153 373 1,021 53 39 Num- ber of mines and quar- ries. 18,164 586 3,903 2,662 2,003 1,652 1,109 452 3,728 1,610 102 53 182 147 27 75 752 151 3,000 964 480 759 173 286 250 431 1,224 53 43 Num- ber of wells. 166,320 71, 122 56,379 3,450 15, 146 1,110 14,700 97 4,316 11,342 59,780 35,067 10,373 10,918 21 Wage earners (Dec. 15, or nearest repre- sentative day). Number, 1, 065, 283 18,254 402,937 213,660 88,458 118,006 70,856 28,252 93,072 31,788 2,471 1,520 8,388 3,508 677 1, 11,303 6,801 384,833 57,185 27,559 82,436 40,397 6,083 18,114 19,010 29,676 860 3,866 Per cent of total 100.0 1.7 37.8 20.1 8.3 11.1 6.7 2.6 8.7 3.0 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.6 36.1 5.4 2.6 7.7 3.8 0.6 1.7 1.8 2.8 0.1 0.4 Value of products. $1,238,410,322 17,327,242 370,742,262 237,534,170 130,252,538 105,714,462 49,143,289 47,530,937 205,053,900 75,111,522 2,056,063 1,308,597 8,221,323 3,467,888 897,606 1,375,765 13,334,975 8,347,501 349,059,786 63,767,112 21,934,201 76,658,974 67,714,479 7,459,404 58,664,852 13,877,781 31,667,525 564,812 6,432,417 Per cent of total. 100.0 1.4 30.0 19.2 10.5 8.5 3.9 3.8 16.6 6.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.1 1.1 0.7 28.2 5.1 1.8 6.2 5.5 0.6 4.7 1.1 2.5 (') 0.5 DIVISION AND state. W. North Central Continued. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic:* Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida E. South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama W. South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington Oregon California PRODUCING enterprises: 1909 Num- ber of opera- tors. 18 643 126 150 798 118 29 92 36 437 216 177 33 864 236 373 174 66 672 98 135 116 1,329 Num- ber of mines and quar- ries. 20 582 9 173 244 718 130 32 109 96 442 365 302 146 2 212 92 543 370 95 1,576 285 251 235 374 170 161 1,279 Num- t)erof wells. 3,402 15,146 1,109 1 62 246 12,113 2,279 4,316 Wage earners (Dec.15, or nearest repre- sentative day). Number. 491 16,441 628 7,745 16,893 78,404 2,825 2,014 4,014 5,483 22,033 18,028 30,795 6,422 953 13,920 6,957 20,503 3,592 8,499 24,769 5,682 13,451 11,004 5,572 7,343 1,087 23,358 Per cent of total. (0 1.5 (') 0.7 1 7.4 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 2.1 1.7 2.9 0.6 0.1 1.3 0.6 1.9 0.3 0.8 2.4 0.5 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.1 2.2 Value of products Amount. $322,517 18,722,634 516,213 5,782,045 8,795,646 76,287,889 1,358,617 1,252,792 2,874,595 8,846,665 12,100,075 12,692,547 24,350,667 4,603,845 6,547,050 25,637,892 10,742,150 54,991,961 8,649,342 10,572,188 45,680,135 5,587,744 34,217,651 22,083,282 23,271,597 10,537,556 1,191,512 63,382,454 Per cent of total. 0) 1.5 ^'o^.5 0.7 6.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.9 1.0 2.0 0.3 0.5 2.1 0.9 4.4 0.7 0.9 3.7 0.4 2.8 1.8 1.9 0.9 0.1 5.1 > Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. Whether the importance of the mining industry be measured by the value of its products or by the num- ber of wage earners employed, the Middle Atlantic divi- sion easily ranks first among the several geographic divisions, the value of its mineral products in 1909 amounting to $371,000,000, or 30 per cent of the total for the United States. Next in order was the East North Central division, with products valued at $238,000,000, or about one-fifth of the total. The mineral products of these two divisions consist largely of coal. Other divisions with a considerable mineral production are the Mountain, West North Central, and South Atlantic. The prominence of the Middle Atlantic division in mineral production is due ahnost wholly to the state of Pennsylvania, which, with products (mainly coal) valued at nearly $350,000,000 in 1909, reported more than one-fourth of the value of all mineral products in * No mineral production in District of Columbia or Mississippi. the United States. No other state approaches it in importance. lUinois and West Virginia, which rank next in importance, each had products valued at a little more than $76,000,000, or less than one-fourth the value shown for Pennsylvania. Other states where the value of mineral products exceeded $50,000,000 are Michigan, Ohio, California, Minnesota, and Mon- tana. The eight states named reported in 1909, 65.4 per cent of the value of all mineral products for the United States. There are several states in which the mineral produc- tion is quite insignificant. In the District of Colum- bia and Mississippi no mineral production was re- ported. Rhode Island, North Dakota, Nebraska, and Delaware each contributed less than one-tenth of 1 per cent of the whole value of mineral products, while the contribution of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, North Carolina, South INDUSTRIES AND STATES. VALUE OF PRODUCTS, MINING INDUSTRIES: 1909. 543 VALUE OF PRODUCTS, MINING INDUSTRIES, BY STATES: 1902 AND 1909. (Based on Table 26.) MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 40 M laO l«IA 200 t40 PENNSYLVANIA ILLINOIS WEST VIRGINIA MICHIGAN OHIO CALIFORNIA MINNESOTA COLORADO MISSOURI ALABAMA INDIANA KANSAS IOWA NEW YORK KENTUCKY TENNESSEE TEXAS WASHINGTON VIRGINIA FLORIDA IDAHO WISCONSIN NEW JERSEY VERMONT LOUISIANA SOUTH DAKOTA MARYLAND '////////////M. '////,//////////. ■m'M////////. wv^/Am7/. w//////'7/////, ramm'/M. V//M/////M, '////////////M 7Xy//////VA ^^^1 ^S^a ^^^^ 'V//////7////A '////"////////, ^g !■ r r r ■ '^^^^^^^^^^^S^^^^l^iiim ^^^^msm, 'r^r^ PERQKNTAGE DISTRIBUTION, BY DIVISIONS. (Based on Table 27.) 1009 ■■■^ leos t^}}fw^ff/jj\ 1902 544 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. Carolina, Georgia, Arkansas, New Mexico, and Oregon was less than one-half of 1 per cent in each case. The distribution of the wage earners employed in producing mines among the divisions and states fol- lows approximately the distribution of the total value of products. Where coal is the chief mineral prod- uct, however, the number of wage earners is rela- tively greater than elsewhere. The Middle Atlantic division reported a considerably greater percentage of all wage earners in the producing mines of the country than of the total value of mineral products. In less marked degree the same statement holds true of the East South Central, South Atlantic, East North Cen- tral, and New England divisions, while each of the remaining divisions reported a larger percentage of the total value of products than of the total number of wage earners. Pennsylvania employed 36.1 per cent of all the wage earners, Illinois 7.7 per cent, and West Vii^inia 7.4 per cent, these three leading coal states together reporting more than one-half of all the wage earners employed in mining industries. Principal mining industries. — Table 4 shows the rel- ative importance of the principal mining industries in 1909. Tattle 4 AH Industries. Coal. Anthracite.. Bituminous. Petroleum and natural gas. Metals: Copper Iron Precious metals Deep mines Placer mines Lead and zinc Structural materials. Limestone Granite Sandstone Marble Slate Traprock..., Bluestone Miscellaneous: Phosphate rock.. Gypsum Sulphur Clay All other PEODUCINQ ENTEBPEISES: 1909 Number of oi)er- ators. 19,915 3,695 192 3,503 7,793 161 176 2,282 1,604 678 977 ,665 707 595 77 185 196 563 51 78 4 261 449 Wage earners (Dec. 15, or near- est representa- tive day). Number. 1,065,283 743,293 173,504 39,831 53,143 52,230 37,815 33,616 4,199 21,603 92,350 37,695 20,561 9,908 6,313 9,438 6,260 2,175 3,778 408 3,871 8,775 Per cent of total. 100.0 69.8 16.3 53.5 3.7 5.0 4.9 3.6 3.2 0.4 2.0 8.7 3.5 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.6 a2 0.8 0.4 (') 0.4 0.8 Value of products. Amount. $1,238,410,322 577,142,935 149,180,471 427,962,464 185,416,684 134,616,987 106,947,082 94,123,180 83,885,928 10,237,252 31,363,094 75,992,908 29,832,492 18,997,976 7,702,423 6,239,120 6,054,174 5,578,317 1,588,406 10,781,192 5,812,810 4,432,066 2,945,948 8,835,436 Per cent of total. 100.0 46.6 12.0 34.6 10.9 8.6 7.6 6.8 as 2.5 6.1 2.4 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.9 as a 4 a 2 0.7 ' Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. The foregoing table presents statistics for 9 indus- tries which in 19Q9 had products exceeding $10,000,000 m value. These 9 industries employed 95.2 per cent of all the wage earners engaged in producing enter- prises and contributed 96 per cent of the total value of the products of minmg industries. Statistics are also given in the table for 8 other mining industries havmg products between $1,500,000 and $10,000,000 m value. The 17 industries shown separately in the table employed over 99 per cent of the wage earners engaged in productive enterprises and contributed more than 99 per cent of the total value of products of mining industries. Coal mining far outranks any other industry in im- portance. In 1909 it furnished occupation to more than two-thirds of all the wage earners employed by producing mines, quarries, and wells, and contributed only a little less than one-half of the total value of products reported. Of the total value of coal pro- duced, the anthracite mines furnished approximately one-fourth and the bituminous mines three-fourths. Another fuel industry — the production of petroleum and natural gas — cranks second in importance in value of products, but employs comparatively few wage earners. Of the metals, copper and iron outrank the precious metals both in the value of the product mined and in the number of wage earners, but lead and zinc fall con- siderably below the precious metals in both respects. General comparison for the United States: 1902- 1909. — Table 5 on the next page gives statistics regard- ing expenses, value of products, and mechanical power for producing mines, quarries, and petroleum and gas wells in the United States for 1909 and 1902, together with the percentages of increase. The figures in this table for 1909 vary slightly from those shown in preceding tables by reason of the differences between the present census and that of 1902 in the classification of mining industries. There are many industries on the border line between min- ing and manufacturing. Certain mechanical and chemical processes required for the preparation of the mineral for the market after its extraction from the ground may be performed either at the mine or at the factory where the mineral is used as material. The practices in this respect vary from industry to industry and from period to period. At the Thirteenth Census the production of cement was classified as a manufacturing industry. The burn- ing of lime was likewise classified as a manufacturing industry, and where the lime was burned at the limestone quarry the quarrying was regarded as a subordinate part of the manufacturing operations . At the special census of mines and quarries in 1902, however, the cement industry was included, and the burning of lime was treated as a part of the operations of the limestone quarries. In order to make the statistics for the two censuses comparable, the figures given in Table 5 include for 1909 those for the burning of lime, elsewhere treated as a manufacturing industry, and exclude for 1902 those relating to the production of cement. On the other hand, the special census of 1902 did not include the conversion of coal into coke at the coal mines. In the Thirteenth Census reports the coke industry is treated both in the report on manufactures and in that on mines. Where coal was turned into coke at the mines, estimates were obtained for the coke- manufacturing operations and included in the statis- tics of manufactures. At the same time, since the INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 545 mining of the coal and its conversion at the mines into coke form, in fact, integral parts of one industrial opera- tion, the complete report for both processes is included in the statistics for bituminous coal mines. In order, however, to make the statistics for 1909 comparable with those for 1902, all statistics relating to coke have been eliminated from the table which follows. By reason of these adjustments the figures here printed do not correspond either to those given in the report for 1902 or to those printed elsewhere for 1909. Table 5 NUHBEB OB AMOUKT. 19M Expenses of operation and development: Services $625, 610,068 Suppliesand materials ' 208,771,046 Royalties and rent of mines ! 62, 456, 760 Contract work 24,091,986 Value of products ; 1, 175, 475,001 Primary norsepower ! 4,656,170 1W» $401,225,547 114,515,832 34,476.227 20,638,127 771,486,926 2,663,964 Per cent of in- crease. 55.9 82.3 81.2 16.7 52.4 71.0 The item "taxes, rent of offices, and other sundry expenses," which is included with the expenses of operation and development in the tables giving statis- tics for 1909 only, is not shown in this table for the reason that at the special census of mines and quarries in 1902 the corresponding item of expenses included interest, which was excluded at the Thirteenth Cen- sus. In 1902 the item of interest on bonds amounted to more than $13,000,000. The amount of interest paid on other loans was not reported separately. The aggregate expenses shown in the preceding table represent 96.3 per cent of the total expenses reported for 1902 exclusive of interest on bonds, while the aggregate for, 1909 represents 90.6 per cent of the total expenses for that year. In 1902 the products of mining industries were valued at $771,486,926, but in 1909 the value was reported as $1,175,475,001, an increase of 52.4 per cent in the seven years. BITUMINOUS COAL PETROLEUM. NAT. CA6 ANTHRACITE COAL IRON COPPtR rRECIOUS METALS CIMCSTONE LEAD AND ZINC ORANITC AND TRAPROCK •AN08T0NC PHOSPHATK ROCK MARBLK •LATt OyPSUM SULPHUR AND PYRITE CLAY TALC AND aOAPSTONE QUICKSILVER WBsm ^^^^ ^ i» y//mm9 ^?;y//. 1 20 80 40 "TT ^m ^m ^B 1 1 CAUFORNIA UTAH r n LEAD AND ZINC MILLIONS. OF DOLLARS MISSOURI WISCONSIN KANSAS OKLAHOMA k LIMESTONE MILLliONS OF DOLLARS GRAN IT E MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PENNSYLVANIA ■■ ILLINOIS » ■i INDIANA ■i OHIO ■ NEW YORK ■ MISSOURI ■ 10 MASSACHUSETTS ■ MAINE ■ CALIFORNIA ■ WISCONSIN I HEW HAMPSHIRE 1 PHOSPHATE ROCK MILLIONS OF DOLLARS FLORIDA TENNESSEE SOUTH CAROLINA m INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 541 IHDUSTRY AND STATE. Coal, anthracite Pennsylvania Coal, bltomlnoas Pennsylvania Illinois West Virginia Ohio , Alabama Colorado Indiana Iowa Kentucky Kansas W yoming Washington Tennessee Oklahoma Missouri Montana Petrolenm and natural sag ■ ■ Pennsylvania Ohio California West Virginia Illinois Oklahoma Kansas Texas Copper Montana Arizona Michigan California Utah Iron Minnesota Michigan A labama New York Wisconsin Precious metals. Deep mines- Colorado Nevada Callfomia Utah Idaho South Dakota Precious metals, Placer mines California Lead and zinc Missouri Wisconsin Kansas Oklahoma Umestone Pennsylvania Illinois Indiana Ohio New York Missouri Granite Vermont Massachusetts Maine California Wisconsin New Hampshire Phosphate rock Florida Tennessee South Carolina Num- ber of oper- ators. 192 189 3,503 689 470 307 441 112 86 223 258 240 118 35 32 85 56 173 48 7,793 3,030 1,188 339 442 323 711 217 163 in 35 43 7 9 22 176 20 24 25 14 6 1,604 439 218 395 108 60 13 678 392 977 617 88 189 47 1,665 311 81 126 144 127 144 707 51 82 85 62 21 40 51 26 23 5 ■WAGE EARNERS (DEC. 15, OE NEAR- EST REPRESENTA- TIVE DAY). Number. 173, 504 173,263 569,789 184,408 74,445 69,666 44,405 23,479 15,461 22,357 17,623 19,655 12,791 7,839 6,155 11,154 8,814 9,528 4,612 39,831 7,397 5,897 7,007 7,093 4,059 3,066 1,302 1.405 53,143 13,697 11,394 19,022 2,510 3,304 52,230 16,218 16,125 5,666 2,542 1,455 33,616 7,586 3,818 6,622 3,905 3,077 3,466 4,199 3,073 21,603 16,319 1,753 848 724 37, 695 7,179 3,276 3,724 3,746 3,104 2,437 20,561 2,035 2,278 2,132 1,318 1,448 1,305 8,186 5,105 1(725 1,307 Per cent of total. 100.0 99.9 100.0 32.4 13.1 12.2 7.8 4.1 2.7 3.9 3.1 3.4 2.2 1.4 1.1 2.0 1.5 1.7 0.8 100.0 18.6 14.8 17.6 17.8 10.2 7.7 3.3 3.5 100.0 25.8 21.4 35.8 4.7 6.2 100.0 31.1 30.9 10.8 4.9 2.8 100.0 22.6 11.4 19.7 11.6 9.2 10.3 100.0 73.2 100.0 75.5 8.1 3.9 3.4 100.0 19.0 8.7 9.9 9.9 8.2 6.5 100.0 9.9 11.1 10.4 6.4 7.0 6.3 100.0 62.4 21.1 16.0 VALUE or PRODUCTS. Amount. Per cent of total. 1149, 180, 471 148,957,894 427,962,464 147,466,417 53,030,545 46,929,592 27,353,663 18,459,433 15,782,197 15,018,123 12,682,106 10,003,481 9,835,614 9,721,134 0,226,793 6,688,454 6,186,078 5,881,034 5,117,444 185, 416, 684 39,197,475 29,620,959 29,310,335 28,188,087 18,895,815 17,685,092 6,681,780 6,391,313 134,616,987 45,960,517 31,014,116 30,165,443 10,104,373 8,432,099 106,947,082 57,076.135 32,168,133 4,939,149 3.095.023 2,972,584 83,886,928 27,147,937 17,807,945 9,690,956 8,541,522 7,926.602 6,120,970 10,237,252 8,751,032 31,363.094 22,565,528 1,989,907 1,059,540 695, 235 29,832,492 4,733,819 3,977,359 3,616,696 3,363,149 2,656,142 2,027,902 18,997,976 2,829,522 2,185,986 1,761,801 1,518,916 1,433,105 1,205,811 10, 781, 192 8.488,801 1.395,942 862,409 100.0 99.9 100.0 34.5 12.4 11.0 6.4 4.3 3.7 3.5 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 100.0 21.1 16.0 15.8 15.2 10.2 9.5 3.6 3.4 100.0 34.1 23.5 22.4 7.6 6.3 100.0 63.4 30.1 4.6 2.9 2.8 100.0 32.4 21.2 11.6 10.2 9.4 7.3 100.0 85.5 100.0 71.9 6.3 3.4 2.2 100.0 15.9 13.3 12.1 11.3 100.0 14.9 11.5 9.3 8.0 7.5 6.3 100.0 78.7 12.9 8.0 Statistics are given for each of the states where the industry in question is important either by reason of the absolute value of the product or of its pro- portion of the total for the industry. In most of the industries here shown the production is so concen- trated that the states given represent upward of nine-tenths of the entire production, but in the case of the lead and zinc, limestone, and granite industries, the aggregate value of the products reported by the states named falls short of this fraction. Of the value of the products of the bituminous coal mines in 1909, Pennsylvania contributed more thai one-third, and a group of five states — Pennsylvania West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois — togethei reported more than two-thirds of the total. Includ- ing those just named, the table shows 16 states, situated in all parts of the Union, which had a prod- uct valued at more than $5,000,000. The anthracite coal production is practically confined to the state of Pennsylvania. Petroleum and natural g^s also show production centers in various parts of the country. Pennsyl- vania leads, with a little over one-fifth of the total value of products for the industry, but does not report so large a proportion of the total as in the case of coal. More than one-third of the value of products for the copper industry in 1909 was represented by the product of Montana, while Arizona and Michigan each con- tributed over one-fifth. More than one-half of the value of products for the iron industry in 1909 was contributed by Minnesota and somewhat less than one-third by Michigan. In the production of precious metals by placer mining California was the only important state, while nearly one-third of the value of products for deep mines was reported from Colorado and over one-fifth from Nevada. The production of Alaska is not in- cluded in the table, which relates exclusively to con- tinental United States It may, however, be noted that the canvass of mines in Alaska by the Bureau of the Census gave $12,762,000 as the value of the products of placer mining in that territory. The inquiry of 1909 was the first attempt to secure information con- cerning placer mining in Alaska by census methods. The wide extent of the field and the difficulties of the inquiry lead to the belief that the product reported is considerably short of the actual product of the Alaska placer mines. The lead and zinc industry is geographically far more closely concentrated than any thus far con- sidered. In 1909 Missouri reported 71.9 per cent of the total value of products of this industry and employed 75.5 per cent of the wage earners en- gaged therein. The phosphate rock industry shows a marked concentration in the state of Florida, which reported 78.7 per cent of the total value of products and employed 62.4 per cent of all wage earners in the industry. On the other hand, the production of lime- stone and granite is widely distributed. In the case of the limestone industry, the six states which had a product exceeding $2,000,000 in value together re- ported but little more than two-thirds of the total value of products; and in the case of the granite industry the six states having a product in excess of $1,000,000 in value reported only 57.5 per cent of the total. In addition the variation in value of products among the states named in the table is much less marked in the case of these industries than in most of the other industries listed. 548 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. PEBSOXS ENGAGED IN MINING INDUSTRIES. The number of persons engaged in raining industries, by classes, was ascertained as far as possible for De- cember 15 of the year 1909. In those cases, however, where the mines were not in operation on that date, or the time records for that date were not obtainable, the numbers were ascertained for the nearest repre- sentative date. In addition to this information, the number of wage earners, without classification, was ascertained for the 15th day of every month.' The whole number of persons engaged in connection with producing mines, quarries, and wells, as re- ported on December 15, or the nearest representative day, was 1,139,332, of whom 1,065,283 were wage earners. Since the representative day was taken in some other month than December, in many cases, because the mines were not in operation on December 15, as stated above, this number of wage earners is greater than the number actually engaged at any given time. The greatest number simultaneously employed in all producing mines was 1,022,885, this number being reported for November 15. This does not, however, represent the entire number of persons who gave all or a part of their time to mining in 1909. The busiest months do not coincide for all mining industries nor for all mines within a given industry. Mining, moreover, affords some contrast to manufac- tures with respect to emplojmient. Whereas in the manufacturing cities there is some opportunity for wage earners to pass from one industry where employ- ment is temporarily slack to another where labor is in greater demand, there is rarely sufficient diversity of mining industries in a given locality to permit such a shifting. Furthermore, even within an industry as widespread as bituminous coal mining, distance would largely prevent the employees of a mine temporarily shut down from seeking employment in other coal mines. The total number of wage earners reported for December 15, or the nearest representative day, namely, 1,065,283, may therefore be' accepted as less, if anything, than the total number of wage earners who derived a livelihood from mining during the year 1909. Distribution by sex and age.— Table 10 shows the classification of the persons employed in producing mines on the 15th day of December, or the nearest representative day. Women were employed only in supervisory and clerical capacities, none being reported as wage eam- ' It must be borne in mind that the business year for which retiims were obtained did not in all cases coincide with the cal- endar year As a result, the total for the month of December includes a few returns for December, 1908, when the business year ended before Dec. 31 1909. In such cases it was assumed that the number employed on the 15th day of December, 1909 T^o approximately equal to the number reported for Dec. 15' 1908 The same applies to the figures for other months, some of which were reported for 1908 and others for 1910. The statistics ot the number of wage earners must, therefore, be regarded as approximations; they are sufficiently close, however, for purposes of general comparison. > f ^v^^^^ ers in mining operations proper. It will be noted, moreover, that the reported number of boys under 16 years of age, 8,151, is less than 1 per cent of the whole number of wage earners employed. Table 10 CLASS. persons engaged in producing enterprises: 1909 Total. Male. Female. All classes 1,139,332 . 1.135,528 3.804 Proprietors and officials 49,374 47,931 1,443 Proprietors and firm members 29,922 5,657 13,795 24,675 1,065,283 28,571 5,577 13,783 22,314 1,06.5,283 1,351 80 12 2,361 Salaried officers of corporations Superintendents and managers Clerks and other salaried employees Wage earners 16 years of age and over 1,057,132 8,151 1,057,132 8, 151 Under 16 years of age Distribution by industrial status. — Tabic 1 1 shows for all mining industries and for the nine most important industries separately the distribution of the persons engaged in producing enterprises according to general character of occupation or industrial status, together with the percentage that each class forms of the total. Table 11 All Industries .. Coal Anthracite Bituminous Petroleum and natural gas Copper Iron Precious metals Lead and zinc , Limestone Granite Phosphate rock pebsons engaged in producing enterprises: 1909 Number. Total. 1,139,332 770,681 178,004 592,677 62, 172 65,258 55,176 43,191 24,397 41,029 22,211 8,573 Pro- prie- tors and offi- cials. 49.374 12,935 1,315 11,620 19,353 661 1,109 4,508 2,525 2,645 1.248 214 Clerks and other sala- ried em- ploy- ees. 24, 675 14,453 3,185 11,268 2,988 1.454 1,837 402 173 Wage earn- ers. 1,065,283 743,293 173,504 569,789 39,831 53,143 52,230 37,815 21,603 37, 695 20,561 8,186 Per cent of total. Pro- prie- tors and offi- cials. 4.3 1.7 0.7 2.0 31.1 1.1 2.1 10.4 10.4 6.4 5.6 2.5 Clerks and i other i ■a.r„„„ sala- ;^*«^ ploy- I ees. 2.2 93.5 1.9 96.4 1.8 97.5 1.9 ! 90.1 4.8 2.7 3.3 2.0 1.1 1.7 1.8 2.0 64.1 96.2 94.6 87.6 88.5 91.9 92.6 95.5 Of the whole number of persons engaged in produc- ing enterprises, 4.3 per cent were proprietors and officials, 2.2 per cent were clerks and other salaried employees, and 93.5 per cent were wage earners. The proportion of proprietors and officials ranges, among the industries given, from 1.1 per cent in the copper industry to 31.1 per cent in the petroleum and natu- ral gas industry. Large proportions for proprietors and officials occur also in the production of the pre- cious metals and of lead and zinc. In the anthracite branch of the coal industry proprietors and officials formed only 0.7 per cent of all persons engaged in the industry. The range of difference with respect to the proportion of clerks is much less than with respect to the proportion of proprietors and officials. INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 549 Proprietors performing manual labor. — Table 12 gives, for the principal mining industries, the number of proprietors and firm members compared with the number and percentage who perform manual labor. Table 12 All industries Coal, bituminous Petroleum and natural gas Precious metals: Placer mines Deep mines Lead and zinc Limestone Granite pkoprietors and firm members in producing enterprises: 1909 Total. 29.922 3.-39 16,213 951 2,011 1,947 1,634 730 Performing manual labor. Number. 8,861 1,713 2.155 673 951 1,171 640 318 Per cent. 29.6 45.8 13.3 70.8 47.3 60.1 39.2 43.6 Mine operators of the old type who operate their mines without the assistance of hired help or with little help are still quite numerous, as appears from the fact that out of a total of 29,922 proprietors and firm members in 1909, 8,861, or nearly three-tenthSj were personally performing manual labor in or about their enterprises. The industries in which proprietors of this type were relatively the most numerous include bituminous coal mining, in which 45.8 per cent of the proprietors and firm members were performing manual labor; lead and zinc mining, and placer mining (surface gold washing), in each of which industries a majority of the proprietors were working in their own mines; and deep gold and silver mines, in which nearly one-half of all proprietors belonged to this class. There are also a considerable number of proprietors and firm members performing manual labor in the petroleum and natural gas industry, but as the whole number of proprietors and firm members is very large, they constitute a comparatively small percentage of the total. Wage earners by occnpation. — Table 13 gives for all mining industries and for the nine most important industries separately the number of wage earners in producing mines classified by specific occupation and by age group, distinguishing those who work above and those who work below ground. Table 13 CLASS OF WAGE EARNERS. All wac* earners (producing enterprises only ) If en 1 6 years of age and over Engineers, firemen, mechanics, etc Miners, miners' helpers, quarrymen, and stonecutters All other wage earners Boys under 16 years of age Above ground, total Men 16 years of age and over Engineers, firemen, mechanics, etc Miners, miners' helpers, quarrymen, and stonecutters All other w^o earners , Boys under 16 years of age Below ground, total Men 16 years of age and over Engineers, firemen, mechanics, etc Miners and miners helpers All other wage earners Boys under 16 years of age AU mining industries. 1, 066, 283 1,057,132 103,519 627,613 326,100 8,151 366,962 361,928 93,586 78,380 189,962 5,034 098,321 695,204 9,933 549,133 136, 138 3,117 Total. 743,293 736,325 42,098 467,179 227,048 6,968 142,843 138,792 34,141 104,651 4,051 600,450 597,533 7,957 467,179 122,397 2,917 Bitu- minous. (69,789 566,068 29,826 384,023 152,219 3,721 94,090 93,2r3 24,389 68,884 817 475,699 472, 795 5,437 384,023 83,335 2,904 Anthra- cite. 173,(04 170,267 12,272 83,156 74,829 3,247 48,753 45,519 9,752 35,767 3,234 124,751 124,738 2,520 83,156 39,062 13 Petro- leum and natural gas. 39,831 39,820 27,063 12,757 11 39,831 39,820 27,063 12,757 11 Copper. S3, 143 Iron. 52,830 53,077 6,860 28,570 17,647 66 22,481 22,420 6,238 1,269 14,913 61 30,662 30,657 622 27,301 2,734 5 51,741 7,073 24,926 19,742 24,889 24,5(59 6,597 4,736 13,236 320 27,341 27,172 476 20,190 6,506 Precious metals. 37, 815 37,803 5,710 21,855 10,238 12 15,333 15,324 5,112 2,870 7,342 22,482 22,479 598 18,985 2,896 3 Lead and zinc. 21.603 21,673 3,745 12,552 5,276 30 8,062 8,037 3,584 427 4,020 25 13,541 13,536 161 12,126 1,260 5 Lime- stone. 37,695 37,572 3,224 26,748 8,600 123 37,695 37,572 3,224 25,748 8,600 123 Oranite. 20,561 20,474 1,921 14,290 4,263 87 20,561 20,474 1,921 14,290 4,263 87 Phos- phate rock. 8,186 8,119 1,049 4,376 2,695 67 7,925 7,858 1,049 4,117 2,692 67 261 261 258 3 This table gives further information in regard to the employment of boys under 16 years of age. Only eight-tenths of 1 per cent of the wage earners in aU mining industries were boys under 16 years of age, and of these only three-eighths were employed below ground. The largest number of boys under 16 years of age (3,721) were employed in bituminous coal mining, though 3,247 were employed in the anthracite coal- mining industry, where they formed nearly 2 per cent of the whole number of wage earners — a higher per- centage than in any other industry shown in the table. Most of the boys in the anthracite coal indus- try, however, were employed above ground. In none of the other industries shown in the table did the pro- portion of boys under 16 years of age reach 1 percent of the whole number of wage earners. Miners and miners' helpers, quarrymen, and stone- cutters constitute the most numerous class of wage earners, forming, in 1909, 58.9 per cent of the whole number employed in all industries combined. The proportion of miners and miners' helpers reached 67.4 per cent in the bituminous coal industry and 47.9 per cent in anthracite coal mining. It was about the same in the iron mines, but somewhat greater in the other industries employing miners. In the limestone and granite industries quarrymen and stonecutters are naturally the largest numerical group. The wage earners included under the heading of " Engineers, firemen, mechanics, etc.," constituted 9.7 per cent of all wage earners employed in mining in 1909. The proportion was lowest in the coal in- dustry, where such wage earners formed 5.7 per cent 650 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. of the total, and highest in the petroleum and natural gas industry, where they constituted 67.9 per cent. The miscellaneous group "All other wage earners," which is composed mostly of unskilled laborers, com- prised 30.6 per cent of all wage earners employed. The proportion in tliis class was largest in anthracite coal mining (43.1 per cent) and smallest in the granite industry (20.7 per cent). In all mining industries about one-third of the wage earners (34.4 per cent) were employed above ground and about two-thirds (65.6 per cent) below ground The two branches of the coal-mining industry have a larger proportion of their wage earners below ground than any other mining industry. In the phosphate rock industry only 3,2 per cent of the wage earners were employed below ground, while three of the indus- tries named in the table — the petroleum and natural gas, hmestone, and granite industries — are exclusively surface industries. Contract work. — In addition to the work performed by wage earners regularly engaged in mining and by the proprietors who contribute their own labor to the operation of the mines, a portion of the work inci- dent to mining is done by contract. The number of wage earners employed by contractors can not be ascertained, because the work is temporary and the same men after completing one job are shifted to another place. A special form of contract work com- mon in certain metalliferous mines is the working of mines in return for a share of the product. Under this system a miner "leases" a block in a mine on a royalty basis; the product is dehvered by him to the mine owner, who disposes of it, deducts the royalty, and pays the "lessee" his share. In the operation of petroleum and natural gas wells, little labor is required. This condition has called into existence a special class of mechanics who contract with individual operators to take care of their properties, devoting to each prop- erty only a part of their time. The relative importance of work done under con- tract, as compared with the work performed by regu- lar wage earners, is shown by a comparison of the total amount paid out in wages with the total expenditure for contract work. While thfe total wages paid in the United States in 1909 amounted to $586,774,000, the total expenditure for contract work amounted to $28,888,000, which included $3,798,000 paid to miners compensated by a share of the product, and $1,035,000 paid to part-time men for taking care of petroleum and natural gas wells. There were 3,261 operators, or 16.4 per cent of the total number in the United States, whose properties we're operated exclusively by contract work, as defined above. This form of operation was more or less general with operators of petroleum and natural gas wells, of whom 3,021, or 38.8 per cent, belonged to this class. Next in point of numbers were 104 operators of deep mines of pre- cious metals, or 6.5 per cent of all operators engaged in that industry, who employed contract labor exclu- sively. In all other industries combined this class in- cluded only 136 operators, or 1.3 per cent of the total. Number of persons employed, by months. — Table 14 shows the number of wage earners reported for the 15th of each month in producing enterprises in all mining industries combined and in coal mining sep- arately, the latter industry, as already noted, includ- ing nearly 70 per cent of all wage earners in producing enterprises. Table 14 January... Febraary. March April May , June July , August September, October November. December. WAGE EAENERS IN PRODUCING ENTElftEISES: 1909 All mining industries. Number. 940, 119 936,418 943,493 928,563 937,002 949,615 961,940 971,263 993,075 1,013,326 1, 022, 885 1,013,895 Per cent of maxi- mum. 91.9 91.5 92.2 90.8 91.6 92.8 94.0 95.0 97.1 99.1 100.0 99.1 Coal. Number. 691,244 686,322 679,791 649,870 646,592 652,894 659,434 667,146 685,234 704,939 720,341 729,273 Per cent of maxi- mum. 94.8 94.1 93.2 89.1 88.7 89.5 90.4 91.5 94.0 96.7 98.8 100.0 All other m inin g industries. Number. 248, 875 250,096 263,702 278,693 290,410 296,721 302,506 304,117 307,841 308,387 302,544 284,622 Per cent of maxi- mum. 80.7 81.2 85.5 90.4 94.2 96.2 98.1 98.6 99.8 100.0 98.1 92.3 For all industries combined the largest number of wage earners, 1,022,885, was reported for November and the smallest, 928,563, or 90.8 per cent of the maxi- mum, for April. The figure for April, however, is only slightly below the figures for the three preceding months of the year. From April to November the number increased gradually, but December showed a slight falling off. In coal mining the month of greatest activity was December, and that of least activity was May, when the number employed was equal to 88.7 per cent of the number employed in December. From May to December there was a steady increase in the number of wage earners employed. It should be noted that the figures in this table furnish only a most unsat- isfactory indication of the regularity of employment. In the coal-mining industry in particular many mines operate only part of the days each week or each month, and while the number of wage earners on the rolls on the 15th of the month (which is more often reported than the number actually drawing pay) may be sub- stantially the same from month to month, yet the average number of days each miner works during the year may be much less than the possible number of working days. In other words, there is a good deal of unemployment so distributed through the year as not to cause much fluctuation in the monthly returns. For the principal industries Table 15 shows the month of maximum and of minimum employment, the number reported for each of these months, and the percentage which the minimum represents of the maximum. INDUSTRIES AND STATES. Table 15 All Industries... Coal Anthracite Bituminous Petroleum and natural Copper Iron Precious metals Lead and elnc Limestone Granite Phosphate rock WAGE EARNERS IN PEODUCINQ ENTERPRISES: 1909 Maximum. Month. Nov.. Dec... Mar... Dec... Nov..., Oct.... Oct.... Juiy..., Dec.... Sept... Sept... July..., Number. 1, 022. 885 729,273 173,02.5 660,089 39.932 53,148 61,055 33,869 18,374 37,209 21,899 8,114 Minimum. Month. Apr.. May. Aug.. May., Feb.. Dec.. Jan.. Dec.. Jan.. Jan.. Jan.. Oct.. Number. Per cent of maxi- mum. 928,663 646,592 165,740 478,455 33,521 50,151 43,491 30,751 15,330 17,908 13,732 7,610 90.8 88.7 95.8 85.4 83.9 94.4 85.2 90.8 83.4 48.1 82.7 93.8 The coal industry is divided in this table into its two constituent branches. Anthracite mining shows greater regularity of employment from month to month than bituminous mining. It will be noted that the months of maximum and minimum employment for the two branches do not correspond. For the remaining industries the month of maximum employ- ment is generally in the fall of the year except in the case of the production of precious metals and of phos- phate rock, where it is July. The quarrying indus- tries, limestone and granite quarrying, show a wide divergence between the months of maximum and mini- mum employment, due to the fact that they are sur- face industries and much affected by weather condi- tions. For both industries the smallest number of wage earners was reported for January. Prevailing hours of labor. — ^In Table 16 producing mines and quarries have been classified according to the prevailing hours of labor per day in each enterprise. Petroleum and natural gas wells are not included in this table, because many of them are operated without hired labor, or by men who give to each enterprise only a part of their time. Neither are those enter- prises included in which all labor is performed by contractors. The table shows the percentage of the total number of enterprises f alUng into each group, and a percentage distribution in which each enterprise has been given a weight according to the total number of wage earners employed on December 15, 1909, or the nearest representative day. It should be clearly borne in mind that these latter percentages do not show pre- cisely the proportion of the total number of wage earn- ers working the specified number of hours per day, since in many cases some of the employees work a greater oi* less number of hours than those generally prevailing in the enterprise. The table shows that about one-half of the enterprises have adopted the 8-hour day, while the other half are operated on a 9-hour or 10-hour basis. There is considerable variation in this respect among the several mining industries. The prevailing hours are 8 or less per shift in more than nine-tenths of the deep gold and silver mines, more than five-sixths of the copper mines, about three- fourths of the lead and zinc mines, more than two- thirds of the bituminous coal mines, about three-fifths of the placer mines, and slightly less than one-half oi the granite quarries. The 9-hour shift is predominant in anthracite coal mines and the 10-hour day in iron mines, limestone quarries, and the phosphate rock in- dustry. In very few mines do the prevailing hours exceed 10 per shift, the only conspicuous exception being the phosphate rock industry, in which 11 or 12 hours per shift constitute the prevailing hours for over one-fourth of the enterprises. Table 16 ENTERPRISES. Percent distribu- OnXJSTRT AND HOURS FEB DAT. Number. Per cent. tion of enter- prises weighted according to num- ber of wage earners. A111n<1n!;tTl«R. , 12,192 6,876 1,822 4,393 31 70 100.0 48.2 14.9 36.0 0.3 0.6 100 R hnnrs and iindnr 44.5 26 9 9 hours 10 hours 27 5 11 hours 3 12 hours 8 Coal, anthracite 353 13 289 50 1 4,284 2,922 554 804 4 200 170 17 12 1 293 15 19 254 4 1 1,302 1,192 49 45 16 48S 288 46 138 4 9 807 597 130 70 1 9 1,544 120 187 1,231 4 2 692 332 171 188 1 69 1 60 8 10 100.0 3.7 81.9 14.1 0.3 100.0 68.2 12.9 18.8 0.1 100.0 85.0 8.5 6.0 0.5 100.0 6.1 6.5 86.7 L4 0.3 100.0 91.6 3.8 3.5 1.2 100.0 59.4 9.5 28.5 0.8 1.9 100.0 74.0 16.1 8.7 0.1 1.1 100.0 7.8 12.1 79.7 0.3 0.1 100.0 48.0 24.7 27.2 0.1 100.0 1.4 72.5 1L6 14.5 100 8 hours and under 1 7 9 hours 97 9 10 hours. 014 100 12 hours Co«i, h'tflminons. . , 8 hours and under 69 5 9 hours 13.9 10 hours 25 7 12 hours. . . . '. 9 Copper 100 8 hours 81 8 9 hours 12 5 10 hours 5 3 12 hours 3 Iron 100 8 hours 3.9 9 hours 3.9 10 hours 90.4 11 hours 1.5 12 hours 0.3 Precious metals, Deep mines 100.0 8 hours and under 95.4 9 hours 2.7 10 hours 1.7 12 hours 0.2 Predoas metals, Placer mines 100.0 8 hours and under 69.5 9 hours 12.2 10 hours 15.0 11 hours 1.6 12 hours 1.7 Lead and zinc 100.0 8 hours and under 82.1 9 hours 8.0 10 hours. 9.6 11 hours... 0.2 12 hours 0.1 T,|i)ne!7toTie 100.0 3.4 9 hours... 6.3 88.8 0.4 1.1 Granite 100.0 8 hours. 54.6 9 hours 18.5 10 hours *. 26.7 0.2 Phosphate rock 100.0 8 hours ^'^7. 10 hours 11 hours 11.8 12 hours '. 20.7 > Less than one -tenth of 1 per cent. 552 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. LAND TENURE. In mining, as in agriculture, the land is the source from which wealth is drawn, and the control of land is an important factor in mining operations. The Thirteenth Census was the first at which the inquiry into land tenure was extended to all branches of the mining industry. Table 17 gives, for all mining indus- tries combined and for the nine most important in- dustries separately, statistics of the land controlled, distinguishing the character of the land and also the form of tenure. Table 17 All industries . Coal. Anthracite . . Bituminous . Petroleum and natural gas . Copper Iron Precious metals Lead and zinc . . Limestone Granite Phosphate rock . ACREAGE OF LAND CONTROLLED BT PBODUCING ENTERPRISES: 1909 All land. Total. 84,215,611 8,182,749 465,134 7,717,615 12,694,838 275,598 1,313,214 588,263 125,322 128,495 51,398 340,697 Owned. 19,389,121 •5,952,110 1316,867 5,635,243 686,268 270,771 1,064,227 461,158 102,569 96,084 42,960 327,726 Held under 114,838,179 12,242,328 1159,956 2,082 372 12,008,570 4,827 248,987 127,105 22,753 32,411 8,438 12, 971 Percent owned. 38.8 68.1 73.0 5.4 98.2 81.0 78.4 81.8 74.8 83.6 96.2 Mineral and oil land. Total. 21,414,662 6,847,545 274,359 6,673,186 12,694,838 126,851 387,608 469,455 103,555 88,152 39,548 243,221 Owned. a 6, 920, 673 a 4, 732, 556 8 183,144 4,549,412 686,268 122,798 282,661 397,097 81,418 58,774 32,036 230,405 Held under lease. 2 14,504,964 s 2, 125, 964 2 102, 190 2,023,774 12,008,570 4,053 104.947 72,358 22,137 29,378 7,513 12,816 Timber land. 1,138,901 435,216 71,851 363,365 57,781 456,682 33,745 10,120 9,176 3,266 92,580 other land. 1,662,048 118,924 781,064 90,966 468,924 85,063 11,647 31,167 8,684 4,896 1 Inclusive of 11,689 acres reiwrted both in acreage owned and acreage held under lease. " Inclusive of 10,975 acres reported both in acreage owned and acreage held under lease. The total acreage of all land controlled by producing enterprises was 24,216,000 acres. Of course, not all of this area was in actual use, lai^e tracts being held ia reserve. The greater part of this land was mineral and oil land, but there were 1,139,000 acres of timber land and 1,662,000 acres of other land. Under these two headings are comprised land which had not been prospected and whose mineral resources were still un- known, as well as some land used for building and other purposes. In comparing the statistics of land controlled for different industries or different states, it should be noted that the area of land is not necessarily an mdex of the importance of the holdings, as some land is far more rich in minerals than other land. Of the total area controlled by operators of mining enterprises in 1909, more than one-half was connected with the petroleum and natural gas industries. Of the remainder, by far the largest part was reported for the coal industry. The holdings of the bituminous mines are far more extensive in comparison with the value of the products of those mines than those of the anthracite mines. The holdings of land by operators of iron mines are also very considerable. Some indication of the amount of reserve land held in the different industries is afforded by the propor- tion reported under the description of "Timber land" and "Other land." This proportion is greatest in the iron industry. Of the total amount of land controlled by mine operators, 38.8 per cent was owned by the operators themselves and the remainder held under lease. The petroleum and natural gas industry, in which most of the land is held under lease, presents a marked con- trast to all the other industries shown in the table. Excluding the land controlled in the petroleum and natural gas industry, operators in other mining indus- tries controlled 11,521,000 acres, of which 8,703,000 acres, or 75.5 per cent, were owned by the operators. The two industries showing the widest departure from this proportion are the copper industry, in which the operators owned 98.2 per cent of the land controlled, and the phosphate rock industry, where the proportion of land owned was 96.2 per cent. The proportions owned in the coal industry and its two branches — 72.7 per cent for the industry as a whole, 68.1 per cent for the anthracite branch, and 73 per cent for the bituminous branch — fell somewhat below the propor- tion given above for all mining industries exclusive of the petroleum and natural gas industry. FORM OF ORGANIZATION. Table 18 on the next page has for its purpose the presentation of conditions with respect to the form of organization of producing mining enterprises for all mining industries combined and the nine leading industries separately. The most important distinction brought out by the table is that between corporate and all other forms of organization. Among 19,915 operators of producing mines, quarries, and wells, 7,041, or 35.4 per cent, were corporations. These incorporated enterprises, INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 558 however, employed 90.6 per cent of the wage earners engaged in mining enterprises, and reported 91. '4 per cent of the total value of products. Individuals formed 32.1 per cent of the whole number of operators, but they employed only 3.9 per cent of the wage earners and are credited with only 3 per cent of the total value of products. The proportions for firms differ but little from those for individuals, being slightly less in the case of the number of operators and slightly greater in the case of the number of wage earners and the value of products. Moreover, it may be noted that while the average value of products was $160,832 per operator for corporations, it was only $9,136 for firms and only $5,723 for individuals. Corporations constituted a majority of the opera- tors in the phosphate rock industry (88.2 per cent), the iron industry (73.3 per cent), the copper indus- try (67.4 per cent), and the coal industry (52.6 per cent). In the copper industry corporations employed 99 per cent of the total number of wage earners. Other industries where a very large percentage of the wage earners were employed by corporations are iron mining (98.1 per cent), the phosphate rock industry (95.8 per cent), and coal mining (93.6 per cent). More than 90 per cent of the total value of products in the mining industry as a whole was cred- ited to corporations. The largest percentages for the individual industries were as follows: The iron industry, 99.6 per cent; the copper industry, 99.1 per cent; the phosphate rock industry, 96.4 per cent; the coal-mining industry, 94.4 per cent; and the precious metal industries, 92.2 per cent. The two quarrying industries — the limestone and granite industries — are the only ones shown in the table in which as much as 25 per cent of the total value of products is credited to other than corporate enterprises. Table 18 INDUSTBY AND FORM OF ORGANIZATION. All industries Indivldiial Firm Corporation other Coal Individual Firm Corporation Otlier Petroleum and nat ural gas Individual Firm Corporation other Copper Individual Firm Corporation Iron Individual Firm Corporation Precious metals. . . Individual Firm Corporation other Lead and sine Individual Firm Corporation Limestone Individual Firm Corporation other Oranlte Individual Firm Corporation Other Phosphate rock . . . Firm Corporation 19,915 6,387 6,262 7,041 225 PEODUciNG enterprises: 1909 Num- ber of oper- ators. 1, 065, 283 41,908 50,777 965,483 7,115 3,695 1,058 664 1,942 31 7,793 2,298 3,360 1,966 169 161 26 26 109 176 23 24 129 2,282 622 674 976 10 522 366 1,666 911 295 451 707 323 166 215 3 Number of wage earners. $1,238,410,322 36,551,114 57,209,620 1,132,418,758 12.230,830 743,293 17,475 24,699 695,985 5,134 39,831 2,020 3,085 32,636 2,090 53,143 168 344 52,631 52,230 481 536 51,213 37, 815 2,591 2,783 32,232 209 21,603 779 2,926 17,898 37, 696 7,781 5,178 24,551 185 20, 661 3,745 3,225 13,490 101 8,186 346 7,840 Value of products. 677,142,936 10,490,068 17,111,132 644,885,641 4,656,094 185.416,684 9,662,086 18,954,985 149,358,498 7,441,115 134,616,987 163,908 1,038,831 133,414,248 106,947,082 222,946 201,411 106,522,725 94. 123, 180 3,228,424 3,997,463 86,750,458 146,835 31,363,094 824,504 3,601,589 26,937,001 29, 832, 492 4,181,655 3,486,343 22,061,746 102,748 18,997,976 3,029,150 2,967,938 12,923,039 77,849 10,781,192 389 207 10,391,985 Per operator. $62,185 5,723 9,136 160,832 54,359 156, 193 9,915 25,770 280,585 ^50,197 23,793 4,204 5,641 75,971 44,030 836, 130 6,304 39,955 1,223,984 607, 664 9,693 8,392 825,757 42,146 5,190 5,931 88,884 14,684 32, 101 9,264 6,899 73,598 17,917 4,590 11,818 48,917 12,844 26,871 9,378 17,879 60,107 25,950 211,396 64,868 230,933 100.0 32.1 31.4 35.4 1.1 PEE CENT OF TOTAL. feS a® 100.0 3.9 4.8 90.6 0.7 100.0 28.6 18.0 52.6 0.8 100.0 29.5 43.1 25.2 2.2 100.0 16.3 16.3 67.4 100.0 13.1 13.6 73.3 100.0 27.3 29.5 42.8 0.4 100.0 9.1 53.4 37.5 100.0 54.7 17.7 27.1 0.5 100.0 45.7 23.5 30.4 0.4 100.0 11.8 88.2 100.0 2.4 3.3 93.6 0.7 100.0 5.1 7.7 81.9 5.3 100.0 0.3 0.7 99.0 100.0 0.9 1.0 18.1 100.0 6.9 7.4 85.2 0.5 100.0 3.6 13.5 82.9 100.0 20.7 13.7 65.1 0.5 100.0 18.2 15.7 65.6 0.5 100.0 4.2 95.8 100.0 3.0 4.7 91.4 0.9 100.0 1.8 3.0 94.4 0.8 100.0 5.2 10.2 80.6 4.0 100.0 0.1 0.8 99.1 100.0 0.2 0.2 99.6 100. 3.4 4.2 92.2 0.2 100.0 2.6 11.5 85.9 100.0 14.0 11.7 74.0 0.3 100.0 16.0 15.6 68.0 0.4 100.0 3.6 96.4 SIZE OF ENTEEPBISES. The tendency toward concentration in the mining industries can be measured by a classification of mine operators according to the number of wage earners employed or according to the value of the products per operator. Classification according to number of wage earners. — Table 19, on the next page, gives, for all mineral indus- tries combined and for the most important individual industries, a classification of producing enterprises according to the number of wage earners employed, and shows for each class the number of operators and the number of wage earners. It does not include those mines and quarries which were worked on contract or for a share of the product, nor does it include the petroleum and gas wells which were cared for by part-time employees. It is worthy of note that the most numerous type of mine operator is the small producer, about three-fifths of all operators employing only from 1 to 20 men each, while more than one-tenth of all operators employed no wage earners at all. On the other hand, more than one-half of the total number of mine workers were employed by operators emplojdng more than 500 men each, although such operators constituted only 1.7 per cent of the total number of operators. The degree of concentration varies in different industries. In anthracite coal mining over five-sixths of all wage earners were employed by the 18 largest operators, each of whom employed 1,000 or more men. Copper mining follows next, three-fourths of the wage earn- ers in this industry being employed by the 12 largest operators, with a force of over 1,000 men each. Iron mining holds the third place, with 9 operators of this class employing more than one-half of the wage earners. There is also a large degree of concentration in bituminous coal mining, where 77 operators of this class, constituting 2.2 per cent of the total num- ber, employed nearly one-half of the wage earners. 554 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. In the production of petroleum and natural gas the degree of concentration is not as high as in the min- ing of coal, iron, and copper; the 8 largest operators, however, employed over two-fifths of the wage earners. On the other hand, in precious metal mining, lead and zinc mining, and stone quarry- ing, small-scale production is still the predominant type. Table 19 INDUSTRY AND NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS' FER OPERATOR. PBODCONO enterprises: 1909 Operators. All industries No wage earners lto6 6to20 21 to 50 61 to 100 lOltofiOO 501 to 1,000 Over 1,000 Anthracite coal No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 61 to 100 101 to 500 501 to 1,000 Over 1,000 Bitaminoos coal No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 61 to 100 101 to 500 601 to 1,000 Over 1,000 Petroleum and natural gas No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 500 Over 500 Copper No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 500 601 to 1,000...' Over 1,000 Number. 16,657 2,187 6,292 3,837 1,973 983 1,105 155 125 192 7 39 28 19 19 44 18 18 3,476 23 600 939 575 466 693 103 77 4,778 1,324 2,749 519 104 40 168 8 48 30 17 16 19 Wage earners.' Percent distri- Number, bution. 100.0 13.1 37.8 23.0 11.8 5.9 6.6 0.9 0.8 100.0 3.6 20.3 14.6 9.9 9.9 22.9 9.4 9.4 100.0 0.7 17.3 27.0 16.5 13.4 19.9 3.0 2.2 100.0 27.7 57.6 10.9 2.2 0.8 0.6 0.2 100.0 6.1 30.4 19.0 10.8 10.1 12.0 5.1 7.6 1,065,283 14,788 43,083 64,327 71,045 242,999 110,191 518,850 173,504 102 317 612 1,459 12,082 11,857 147,075 569,789 2,162 10,183 18,988 33,820 156,523 73,517 274,596 39,831 4,875 5,313 3,144 2,823 5,687 17,989 53,143 144 360 579 1,248 4,998 5,508 40,306 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 1.4 4.0 6.0 6.7 22.8 10.3 48.7 100.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.8 7.0 6.8 84.8 100.0 0.4 1.8 3.3 5.9f 27.5 12.9 48.2 100.0 12.2 13.3 7.9 7.1 14.3 45.2 100.0 0.3 0.7 1.1 2.3 9.4 10.4 75.8 INDUSTRY AND NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS I PER OPERATOR. Iron No wage earners 1 to5 6 to 20 21 to 50 : 51 to 100 101 to 500 501 to 1,000 Over 1,000 Precious metals No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 Over 50 Lead and zinc . . No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 500 601 to 1,000 Over 1,000 Limestone No wage earners lto5 6to20 21 to 50 61 to 100 Over 100 Granite No wage earners 1 to5 6to20 21 to 50 61 to 100 Over 100 Phosphate rock 1 to 5 wage earners 6to20 21 to 60 51 to 100 Over 100 PRODUCING enterprises: 1909 Operators. Number. 173 4 12 30 36 24 49 9 9 2,169 378 913 527 203 148 950 133 293 289 184 39 5 4 3 1,642 96 665 526 282 104 704 10 199 265 132 63 46 51 2 11 11 6 21 Percent distri- bution. 100.0 2.3 6.9 17.4 20.8 13.9 28.3 5.2 6.2 100.0 17.4 42.1 24.3 9.4 6.8 100.0 14.0 30.9 30.4 19.4 4.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 100.0 5.9 34.4 32.0 17:2 6.3 4.2 100.0 1.4 28.3 37.6 18.8 7.5 6.4 100.0 3.9 21.6 21.6 11.8 41.2 Wage earners.* Number. 52,230 39 374 1,227 1,742 11,399 7,132 30,317 37, 815 2,330 5,802 6,648 23,035 21,603 814 3,500 5,910 2,691 826 3,346 4,617 37,695 1,453 6,168 9,201 7,432 13,441 20,561 638 3,069 4,367 3,830 8,657 8,186 17 179 463 1,024 6,503 Percent distri- bution. 100.0 0.1 0.7 2.4 3.3 21.8 13.7 58.0 100.0 6.2 15.3 17.6 60.9 100.0 3.8 16.2 27.4 12.4 3.8 15.6 20.9 100.0 3.8 16.4 24.4 19.7 35.7 100.0 3.1 14.9 21.3 18.6 42.1 100.0 0.2 2.2 6.7 12.5 79.4 1 Based on number reported for Dec. 15, 1909, or nearest representative day. A marked distinction with respect to the degree of concentration exists between regular producing mines, quarries, and wells, on the one hand, and nonproducing properties on the other. The latter includes for the most part enterprises which are still in the develop- ment stage, as well as others which have had a product in the past but whose present operations are confined to the maintenance of the property, or to development work with a view to resuming production. About two-thirds of all the wage earners engaged in nonproducing mining properties were employed by operators employing not exceeding 20 wage earners each. The largest enterprises in this class were repre- sonted by 12 operators employing from 101 to 500 wage earners each. On the other hand, more than one-half of all wage earners engaged in producing mines were employed by operators with a working force of 500 men or over. Table 20 shows the distribution of operators accord- ing to the number of wage earners for producing and nonproducing properties separately. Table 20 PRODUCING ENTERPRISES. NONPRODUCING ENTERPRISES. WAGE EARNERS 1 Operators. Wage earners.! Oi)erators. Wage earners.* PER OPERATOR. Num- ber. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Number. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Num- ber. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Num- ber. Per cent dis- tribu- tion. Total No wage earners. 16,667 2,187 6,292 3,837 1,973 983 1,105 155 125 100.0 13.1 37.8 23.0 11.8 5.9 6.6 0.9 0.8 1,065,283 100.0 3,396 196 2,253 779 127 28 12 100.0 6.8 66.4 23.0 3.7 0.8 0.3 21,499 100.0 lto5 14,788 43,083 64,327 71,045 242,999 110, 191 518,850 1.4 4.0 6.0 6.7 22.8 10.3 48.7 6,207 7,659 3,751 1,961 1,921 28.9 35 6 6to20 21 to 50 17 6 61 to 100 9 1 101 to 500 501 to 1,000 8.9 Over 1,000 1 Based on number reported for Dec. 15, 1909, or nearest representative day. INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 555 Classification according to value of products. — Table 21 gives, for all mining industries and for the most important industries separately, a classijfica- tion of the operators according to value of products per operator, and shows, for each class, the numbei of operators and the total value of products. Table 21 INDU3TET AND VALUE OF PEODUCTS FES OPEBATOB. All industries Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1.000,000 $1,000,000 and over Coal Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over Anthracite coal Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over Bltnmlnons coal Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over Petroleum and natural gas Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over Copper Less t han $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000 $1,000,000 and over PEODUCING ENTERPEISES: 1909 INDUSTRY AND VALUE OF PRODUCTS PER OPERATOR. Iron Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000. . . $1,000,000 and over Precious metals Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000. . . $1,000,000 and over Lead and zinc . . Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000. . . $1,000,000 and over Limestone Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000... Oranite Less than $5,000 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 to $1,000,000... Phosphate rock Less than $5,fJ00 $5,000 to $20,000 $20,000 to $100,000 $100,000 and over PRODUCING enterprises: 1909 Operators. Number. 176 42 34 47 38 15 2,282 1,571 347 208 140 16 977 531 231 173 38 4 1,665 940 401 270 54 707 276 235 149 47 51 9 11 8 23 Per cent distri- bution. 100.0 23.9 19.3 26.7 21.6 8.5 100.0 68.8 15.2 9.1 6.2 0.7 100.0 54.4 23.6 17.7 3.9 0.4 100.0 56.5 24.1 16.2 3.2 100.0 39.0 33.2 21.1 6.7 100.0 17.6 21.6 15.7 45.1 Value of products. Amoimt. 106, 947, 082 54,003 363,050 2,416,815 14,023,823 90,089,331 94, 123, 180 1,775,238 3,599,027 9,226,301 38,704,156 40,818,458 31,363,094 901,363 2,407,108 7,776,942 7,339,203 12,938,478 29, 832, 492 1,370,469 4,177,822 12,318,129 11,966,072 18,997,976 585,023 2,590,945 6,415,992 9,400,016 10, 781, 192 21, 132 106,680 445,855 10,207,525 Percent distri- bution. 100. ( 0.1 o.a 2.1 13.1 84.2 100. ( l.£ 3.S 9. J 41.1 43.4 100. ( 2.£ 7.7 24.5 23.4 41.2 100. ( 4.f 14. ( 41. J 40.] 100. ( 3.1 13. e 33. S 49. £ 100. c 0.2 l.C 4.1 94.7 The relative importance of small-scale and large- scale production in mining can be seen from the fact that the 11,384 operators reporting products valued at less than $5,000, though they constituted 57.2 per cent of the total number of operators, reported only 1.5 per cent of the total value of products, while the 164 operators reporting products valued at more than $1,000,000, though they formed less than 1 per cent of the whole number of operators, reported 57.5 per cent of the total value of products. The degree of con- centration varies in the different industries, operators reporting products of more than $1,000,000 in value contributing 92.7 per cent, as measured by value, of the copper product, 84.2 per cent of the iron ore, 84.2 per cent of the anthracite coal, 52.1 per cent of the bitumi- nous coal, 46.2 per cent of the petroleum and natural gas, 43.4 per cent of the precious metals, and 41,2 per cent of the lead and zinc. In the phosphate rock industry which reported a total value of products of $10,781,192 there was one operator whose products were valued at more than $1,000,000. The other mining industries do not show so high a degree of concentration. EXPENSES. The census does not purport to furnish figures which can be used for determining profits or exact cost of production. Table 22 shows, however, for 1909, in percentages, the distribution of expenses in producing enterprises by classes for all mining industries combined and for the most important industries separately. This table shows that for all industries combined 61.4 per cent of the total expenses were incurred for services — that is, salaries and wages — 23.8 per cent for sup- phes, materials, and fuel, 6.1 per cent for royalties and rent of mines, and 8.7 per cent for all other purposes. Table 22 INDUSTRY. per cent OF TOTAL EXPENSES REPORTED FOE PRODUCING ENTERPRISES.! Salaries. Wages. Supplies, materials, and fuel. Royal- ties and rent of mines. Miscella- neous. 5.1 3.2 5.5 5.3 3.4 . 4.6 5.6 4.1 7.2 6.6 8.0 66.3 66.3 74.3 20.0 45.9 40.1 44.4 43.2 59.0 68.6 43.3 23.8 19.2 12.1 37.8 44.2 23.3 37.7 37.6 22.0 16.6 30.4 6.1 5.7 3.1 15.7 1.7 20.5 1.7 9.4 2.0 1.2 4.7 8.7 Coal: 5.6 5.0 Petroleum and natural gas 21.2 4.8 11.5 10.6 5.7 9.7 7.0 13.6 ' For absolute figures on which these percentages are based, see Table 28, p. 562. 556 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. As would be expected, the proportions vary con- siderably in the different industries. The largest per- centage for services (79.8) is shown for the bituminous branch of the coal-mining industry, the smallest per- centage (25.3) being reported for the petroleum and natural gas industry. The proportion for suppHes, materials, and fuel varies from 44.2 per cent for the copper industry to 12.1 per cent for bituminous coal mining; the proportion for royalties and rent of mines, from 20.5 per cent for iron mining to 1.2 per cent for granite quarrying; and the proportion for miscellane- ous expenses, from 21 .2 per cent for the petroleum and natural gas industry to 4.8 per cent for the copper industry. POWEE. Table 23 shows, for all mining industries and for the most important industries separately, the number of engines or other motors, according to their character, employed in generating power (including electric motors operated by purchased current), and their total horsepower. It also shows separately the num- ber and horsepower of electric motors which were run by current generated by the same establishment. Ta1»le 23 All Indnstries Coal Anthracite Bituminous Petroleum and natural gas Copper Iron Precious metals Lead and «inc Limestone Granite Phosphate rock PRODUCING enterprises: 1909 Primary jwwer. Aggregate horse- power. 4,608,253 1,904,154 676,753 1,227,401 1.221,969 376.464 346,534 228,244 110,559 125,024 61,095 50,626 Owned. Total horsepower. 4,402,554 1,877,450 675,343 1,202,107 1,221,809 324,178 342.069 144,502 107,276 115,573 54,213 50, 426 Steam engines. Number. 70,573 19,318 7,580 11,738 36,928 699 3,563 1,074 2,158 2,166 1,346 549 Horse- I)ower. 3, 786, 552 1,874,001 674,571 1,199,430 746,658 303,848 326, 753 84,953 94,220 112,390 ,52,549 46,817 Gas or gasoline engines. Number, 23,296 374 25 349 21,762 71 27 429 214 119 65 32 Horse- power. 518, 542 3,101 772 2,329 475, 151 2,325 2.651 12.9S7 2,911 1,142 3,609 Water wheels. Num- ber. 908 15 30 704 3 9 Horse- power. 97,460 348 ' '348 18,005 12,665 49,853 69 272 522 Electric motors operated by rented current. Number. 872 32 840 6 819 55 2,142 59 206 159 1 Horse- power. 26,704 1,410 25,294 160 52,286 4,465 83,742 3,283 9,451 6,882 100 Electric motors run by current generated by same establishment. Number., 14, 203 10,869 1,1.52 9,717 454 536 326 574 361 170 57 339 Horse- power. 493, 721 375,386 46,088 .329,298 25,888 13,295 16,054 12,048 5,291 1,346 21,388 Of the total primary power used in mining, 4,402 554 horsepower, or 95.5 per cent, was owned by the mine operators, only 205,699 horsepower, all of which was electric power, being rented. The total amount of electric power used, including that generated at the mines, aggregated 699,420 horsepower. Nearly three- fourths of the total rented power was reported from the Mountain and Pacific states, where the abundance of water power and the scarcity of coal makes the transmission of electric power profitable. The owner- ship of water power by mine operators was insignifi- cant, except in the production of the precious metals, which is mainly confined to the group of states above mentioned. Of the horsepower generated by gas or gasohne engines, 91.6 per cent was utilized in the petro- leum and natural gas industry. QUANTITY OF MINERALS. The statistics relating to quantity of minerals were collected in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey, but the results given in Table 24 vary slightly from those published by that bureau. The latter relate in every case to the calendar year 1909, whereas the census data are for the business year of each establishment, to accord with the statistics of persons employed in mining industries as well as with the expenses incurred . Moreover, the figures presented in the table deal with products sold or used by the mine operators, whereas the statistics of the United States Geological Survey in many cases show the quantities actually produced during the calendar year. For metalliferous, other than iron, mines the United States Geological Survey publishes the quantities of metals recovered by refineries which the ore ultimately reaches, whereas Table 24 relates to the crude prod- ucts sold by mine operators. Thus the gold content of all domestic ore mined in contuiental United States, and sold in the crude state, together with the assay content of mill and placer bullion, as given in the table, aggregated 3,876,943 fine ounces, whereas the produc- tion of refined gold in continental United States, a& estimated by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Director of the Mint, was 3,837,773 ounces; the difference does not exceed 1 INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 557 per cent of the total production. Likewise, the assay- content of all silver ore and mill and placer bullion produced in the United States, as reported by mine operators, was 57,294,492 ounces, whereas the total production of refined bullion in the United States, in- cluding Alaska, as estimated by the Director of the Mint and reported by refineries to the Bureau of the Census, aggregated in round figures 54,500,000 fine ounces, the variance being due in greater part to losses in recovery. No quantities for structural materials are presented in the table below, by reason of the great diversity in the units of measure, depending on quality as well as on the uses for which the stone is intended. The only com- mon measure for the production of building stone is value. Where the products of a given industry were mar- keted by some establishments in crude state and by others in dressed or refined state, the figures below are presented as reported by the operators. Table 24 Unit of measure. Fuels: Coal, anthracite Coal, bituminous Petroleum Natural gas * Peat .Metals:' Iron Gold, total" Continental U. S. Alaska Silver Copper, total Lake' Western < Lead: Argentiferoas < ... Nonargentiferous . Zinc: Argentiferous* ... Nonargentiferous . Quicksilver Manganese Tungsten Tons, 2,000 lbs Tons, 2,000 Ite Barrels M cubic feet . . Tons, 2,000 lbs Tons, 2,240 lbs Fine ounces... Fine ounces. . . Fine ounces. . . Fine ounces. . . Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Tons, 2,000 lb6^ Pounds Tons, 2,000 lbs' Pounds net . . . Tons, 2,240 lbs Toas, 2,0001 bs Total. 80,968,130 376,865,510 171,557,485 430,956,466 15,671 50,521,208 4,860,871 3,876,943 983,928 57,294,492 1,089,800,000 234,137,051 855,662,949 434,880,257 249,936 98,882,379 818,821 1,563,675 1,644 1,619 Crude. 171,557,485 i,'264' 50,521,208 855,662,949 434,880,257 249,935 98,882,379 818,821 1,544 1,619 Dressed or refined. 14,417 234,137,051 1,563,675 Miscellaneous: Asbestos Barytes Bauxite Clay Conmdum and emery. Feldspar Fluorspar Fullers' eartti Garnet Graphite Gypsum Mica: Sheet Scrap Monazite and zircon. . Phosphate rock Pumfce Pyrite Quartz Sulphur Talc and soapstone . . . Unit of measure. Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, Tons, 2.000 lbs . 2,000 lbs. 2,000 lbs . 2,000 lbs . 2,000 lbs . 2,000 lbs . 2,000 lbs. 2,000 lbs . 2,000 lbs . 2,000 lbs . 2.000 lbs . Pounds Tons, 2, Tons, 2, Tons, 2 Tons, 2, Tons, 2, Tons, 2, Tons, 2 Tons, 2, 000 lbs. 000 lbs, 240 lbs . 000 lbs. 240 lbs . 000 lbs. OOOlbs. 000 lbs. Total. 3,233 48,984 142,341 2,159,647 1,580 76,539 48,750 43, 169 2,932 16,222 1,845,000 1,809,582 4,090 268 2,320,623 15,103 247,070 117, 578 268,029 120,837 Crude. 2,330 42,979 136,641 2,159,647 628 31,037 46,319 19,861 90 13,248 346,069 1,809,582 2,320,623 15,103 247,070 106,248 268,029 30, 898 Dressed or refined. 903 6,005 7,700 952 45,502 2,431 23,308 2,842 2,974 1,498,931 4,090 268 11,330 89,' 939 See explanation in the text. * Assay content of ore. > .\ssay content of mill bullion and ore shipped. * Concentrate. ' Metallic copper. PRODUCING MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS '—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1909 AND 1902. T'able 25 QEOoaArmc nnrisioN and state. Xrmted states * . Oeoorapbic divisions: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central.. West South Central . Mountain . Pacific . Census. itot 1900 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 4|6a6,610,06S 401,825,647 PRINCIPAL EXPENSES OP OPEBATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Salaries and wages. 11,093,136 10,484,388 212,534,186 127,847,369 129,342,721 89,261,566 55,134,454 33,998,514 53,154,421 31,916,461 31,848,088 22,559,863 9,221,489 4,976,130 82,758,040 57,029,455 28,627,961 18,128,437 Supplies, ma- terials, and fuel.s 1208,771,046 114,616,832 3,903,951 2,638,713 54,917,283 31,582,205 34,944,431 25,966,245 21,116,725 9,936,373 18,226,801 11,496,991 6,843,506 3,941,987 4,368,820 1,216,670 36,741,950 20,390,291 21,956,212 6,557,854 Royalties and rent of mines. Contract work. 162, 458, 760 34,476,227 124, 061, 886 20,638,127 190,947 178,812 15,928,491 11,190,610 12,338,469 9,024,556 14,720,084 5,691,636 8,638,145 4,544,772 1,374,027 765,974 1,608,985 358,555 1,880,957 1,593,738 2,973,092 803,039 120,440 1,853 6,048,025 5,959,507 5,882,397 4,959,358 2,709,833 770,773 4,665,497 5,374,382 976,671 661,402 303,062 1,491,266 728,712 770,931 523,657 570,016 Value of products. » 11,178,475,001 771,486,926 19,312,271 16,608,696 353,775,070 240,365,682 233,002,528 172,894,450 129,023,910 72,257,703 102,375,877 69,202,161 46,394,609 34,820,772 22,400,222 9,857,364 170,306,955 112,270,912 71,076,741 36,092,355 Primary horse- power. 4,566,170 2,663,964 60,120 43,670 1,748,375 1,191,487 919,427 609,641 371,548 120,421 532,824 292,981 180,503 58,122 55,199 21,873 399,398 220,774 184, 172 85,203 PES CENT OP INCREASE. Salaries and wages. Royal- ties and rent of mines. Value of prod- ucts. Horse- power. 66.8 81.2 S2.4 7L0 5.8 6.8 16.3 37.7 66.2 42.3 47.2 46.7 44.9 36.7 34.8 50.8 62.2 158.6 78.6 208.5 66.5 90.1 47.9 8L9 4L2 79.5 33.2 210.6 85.3 348.7 127.2 152.4 45.1 18.0 51.7 80.9 57.9 270.2 96.9 116.2 > Exclusive of governmental institutions, and of the coke and cement industries, but including figures for the lime industry. * Exclusive of duplications resulting from the use of products of some enterprises as materials for others within the same industry. 3 Embraces Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and South Carolina for both years and the District of Columbia for 1909. These states are not shown sepaiately nor are they Included in the totals for their respective geographic divisions, because to do so wpuld disclose individual operations. * Exclusive of the amount paid to miners compensated by a share of the product for both years, and also of the w natural gas industries for 1909, which are included under " Contract work " in other tables for 1909. 1 wages of part-time employees for the petroleum and ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. 558 PRODUCING MINES QUARRIES, AND WELLS '-COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES rrwui^uvii^vj .uxi^ , v« ^^^^ ^^^^ 1902— Continued. Table 25— Continued. OKOOBiLPBIC DIVISION AND STATE. Nkv England: Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts . . . Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New Yorlc New Jersey Pennsylvania East North Central: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan ^sconsin Census. West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota, South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia North Carolina Georgia Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama West South Ceiwral: Arkansas Louisiana . Texas Mountain: Idaho... Colorado All other*... FAcmc: Washington. Oregon California... 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 .1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 principal expenses of operation and development. Salaries and wages. $1,696,617 2,478,603 979,840 875,465 4,899,736 3,490,476 2,516,534 2,739,230 1,000,409 900,614 5,693,286 4,517,851 3,155,929 2,277,652 203,684,971 121,051,866 30,226,878 25,479,977 16,092,359 11,819,897 49,838,660 28,539,154 29,344,947 21,277,047 3,839,877 2,145,491 13,592,568 6,887,017 11,461,923 7,279,272 15,667,995 9,989,027 426,910 231,014 3,446,944 3,593,242 186,582 103,936 10,351,532 5,915,006 287,742 250,669 3,816,561 4,696,260 5,501,589 3,876,656 38,177,028 19,905,757 1,005,826 599,959 1,495,562 1,276,362 2,870,113 1,310,898 8,800,326 5,802,221 8,054,131 5,483,714 14,993,631 11,273,928 3,325,154 2,137,007 1,199,658 41,977 4,696,677 2, 797, 146 4,444,259 4,480,194 19,959,195 21,518,169 58,354,586 31,031,092 6,342,392 4,063,773 854,979 1,222,178 21,430,590 12,842,486 Supplies, ma- terials, and fuei.s $1,032,965 476,964 155,358 134,128 1,386,827 1,076,143 854,090 727,665 474,711 223,813 2,647,861 1,627,489 1,067,226 892,030 51,202,196 29,062,686 8,850,679 9,836,370 2,557,423 3,389,898 9,973,037 3,315,552 11,898,749 8,637,172 1,664,543 787,253 8,904,544 2,839,332 1,561,553 961,414 7,071,069 2,856,858 108, 187 86,467 1,496,495 1,962,937 57,493 11, 173 1,917,384 1,218,192 178,432 45,361 714,571 807,796 1,855,201 837,287 12,801,951 8,513,767 268,315 118,494 415,841 556,229 1,992,490 618,057 1,537,544 1,110,291 1,638,019 835, 754 3,667,943 1,995,942 585,357 244,379 1,586,427 7,354 2,197,036 964,937 2,225,762 1,626,153 7,273,927 6,969,796 27,242,261 11,794,342 1,196,670 615,807 296,489 408,112 20,463,053 5,533,935 Royalties and rent of mines. $22,279 12,714 4,271 2,372 85,632 101,546 58,589 44,325 20, 176 17,855 468,646 357,637 101,523 110,163 15,358,322 10,722,810 3,668,862 4,190,544 595,475 1,807,948 3,579,960 474,475 4,048,981 2,311,479 445,191 240, 110 10,732,309 3,678,964 349,470 220,698 1,955,492 1,398,827 10,647 1,407 4,776 8,736 1,551 823 1,665,839 382, 181 4,392 16, 187 136,.772 141,570 421,863 318,763 7,796,597 3,874,780 21,412 19,971 59,317 42,008 197,792 131,493 422,702 156,562 618,177 414,367 333, 148 195,045 194,179 40,818 496, 198 23,207 918,608 294,530 27,632 28,103 1,017,847 1,064,653 835,478 500,982 141,231 56,558 16,935 60,499 2,814,926 685,982 Contract work. $14,448 ""9,' 246 64,988 18,637 1,853 13, 121 371.435 350,663 40,799 10,770 5,632,791 5,598,074 2,745,089 2,692,557 265,259 2,159,980 2,360,424 26,016 472,605 77,047 39,020 3,758 2,157,108 339,244 40,791 48,106 135,384 172,514 1,325 2,795 50 406 5,494 369,681 207,708 5,800 11,148 8,499 119,043 35,964 4,307,288 5,194,279 3,340 9,000 1,187 122,619 217,691 4,021 165,913 219,627 43,623 174,496 767,035 267,279 111,974 860 60,310 105,858 - 130, 778 1,384,548 22,665 43,442 123,828 393,985 582,219 333,504 23,849 29,600 3,240 19,522 496,568 520,894 Value of products.' $3,270,766 3,656,134 1,308,597 1,176,312 8,471,725 5,904,705 4,332,218 4,499,401 1,928,965 1,372,144 • 13,849,494 9,682,457 8,548,858 4,042,047 331,376,718 226,641,178 59,931,837 56,340,184 22,324,647 26,896,393 77,214,343 37,377,226 64,956,299 48,022,962 8,575,402 4,257,685 58,975,781 25,620,677 13,979,453 9,659,330 30,378,747 20,279,481 564,812 325,967 6,415,788 6,697,797 322,517 148,391 18,386,812 9,526,060 516,213 448,467 6, 164, 122 7, 162, 113 8,999,920 6,280,148 73,452,935 48,362,664 1,402,765 924,676 2,924,741 3,080,287 8,915,181 2,943,806 12,100,005 8,304,706 11,803,400 9,268,074 22,491,204 17,247,992 4, 764, 784 2,840,341 6,539,850 279,327 11,095,588 6, 737, 696 8,749,650 8,214,671 39,397,859 40,508,286 122,159,446 63,547,955 10,826,503 5,393,659 1,237,292 2,087,389 59,012,946 28,611,307 Primary horse- power. 8,345 6,939 3,771 2,617 25,916 14,979 15,620 11,170 6,468 7,965 102,640 63,953 18,390 13,008 1,627,445 1,114,626 298,635 204,341 95,929 120,511 226, 124 88,500 271,891 184,278 26,848 12,011 152, 153 28,492 23,528 14,673 109,971 46,384 2,025 839 15,648 12,265 815 296 67,408 17,472 1,480 1,396 19,060 12,400 35,554 15,539 417,282 240, 170 6,225 3,746 10,848 9,373 42,375 10,357 t 53,480 18,682 34,376 12,007 92,647 27,433 14,217 7,396 8,445 4,440 32,537 10,037 26,363 18, 703 98, 777 83,039 274,258 119,032 20,987 11,910 8,070 3,761 155,115 69,532 PER CENT OF INCREASE.' Sal-ies^K- „„„„» rent of wages. -31.5 11.9 '46.' 4 -8.1 "ii.'i 38.6 "68.'3 18.6 36.1 74.' 6 37.9 '79.0 97.4 57.5 '56.'9 £4.8 '-4.'i 79.5 '75.' 6 14.8 -72 -18.7 75.2 80.1 Value of prod- ucts 43.5 32.2 -3.7 13.0 '46.6 -7.8 "43.'2 -67.1 '654.'5 75.2 "85."4 191.7 58.3 '39.'8 656.7 -45.'3 88.4 "335.'8' 41.9 'gi.'s 67.6 "i7.'2 'iis.'g 51.7 46.9 '33.0 55.6 2, 757. 67.' -0.8 66.1 -30.0 'ee.'g' 32.3 7.2 111.5 "■46." 2 6.4 -17.0 'ioe.'e 36.3 "ioi.'i 44.7 '49.'8 73.3 -4.'2 117.3 "93.'6' 15.1 -13.9 101.2 51.8 41.2 '56."4 170.0 49.2 'to.'s' 375.7 2,038.1 2,241.3 211.9 -1.7 149.7 -72.0 'sio.'a' 51.7 202.8 45.7 27.4 '36."4 67.8 64.7 6.5 -2.7 ' '92.' 2 100.7 -40.7 "i66.'3' figures for the lime industry, for others within the same industry. * Includes a small production of bituminous coal for Georgia. * Embraces Arizona, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. INDUSTRIES AND STATES. PRODUCING MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS '—COMPARATIVE SUMMARY FOR THE UNITED STATES. BY INDUSTRIES: 1909 AND 1902. Table 26 Census All Indnstriea » Fuels: Coal, total Anthracite Bituminous Petroleum and natural gas Metals: Iron Copper Precious metals, total Deep mines Placer mines Lead and linc QuicksUyer Manganese Tungsten Strcctitbal materials: Limestone Oraniteand traprock Sandstone Marble Slate Miscellaneous: Asbestos Aspbaltum and bituminous rock Barytes Bauxite Buhrstones and millstones Clay Conmdum and emery Feldspar Fluorspar Fuller's earth Qamet Graphite Grindstones and pulpstones Gypsum Infusorial earth, tripoli, and pumice Marl Mica Mineral pigments Oilstones, scythestones, and whetstoues. Phosphate rock Precious stones Quartz Sulphur and pyrite Talc and soapstone 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1002 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 ,1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 1909 1902 PEINCIPAL EXPENSES OF OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Salaries and wages. $625,610,068 401,225,647 399,697 237,557 96,900, 41.623 302,796; 195,934 34,333 20,962; 33,121 23,641 45,060; 22,919 37,766; 41,154, 34,666: 39,011 3,100 2,143 11,190 5,156, 486, 1,035, 17 84 211 1 22,860, 16,496 15,067 12,168; 5,362, 7,011 3,462 2,563 4,494 3,512 41 10 173 127; no; 146 230 92, 16 44 1,586 1,109, 4 38 135 127, 193 137 156 43 44 68 186 95 174 112 2,372 1,059 67 17 13 6 139 57! 60 159 74 43 3,806 2,285 134 116 94 81 898 448! 607; 342 Supplies, materials, and fuel.' $208,771,046 114,515,832 72,043,898 37,517,821 26,697,966 12, 740, 780 45,345,932 24,777,041 41,391,608 24.320,673 17,229,717 8,973,168 23,104,451 11,083,175 22,075,916 16,699,768 19,205,870 15,908,782 2,870,046 790,986 6,896,892 2,611,657 185,378 322,267 3,969 17,228 94,203 210 11,992,669 6,378,932 3,976,162 2,447,761 1,389,149 1,328,466 806,016 825,822 849,158 680,361 23,620 8,233 79,757 21,928 28,224 7,772 55,289 40,019 508 1,809 389,342 272.823 260 26,114 56,744 50,278 59,109 31,374 83,807 28,966 26,286 10,128 105,523 51,840 114,032 31,349 1,560,117 341,760 23,619 2,297 2,988 2,755 22,769 11,961 22,485 58,073 11,658 7,662 2,259,025 799,414 31,461 17, 781 29,526 19,592 1,180,447 217,262 262,393 125,932 Royalties and rent of mines. $62,456,760 34,476,227 20,016,639 11,799,559 7,980,739 4,359,051 12,035,900 7,440,508 21,282,820 11,463,786 15,174,736 6,503,908 269,245 130,215 1,306,701 1,423,399 1,163,985 1,277,632 141,716 145,767 2,301,860 1,625,368 6,268 7,078 1,996 1,375 549,096 422,693 476,850 194.892 154,513 204,517 47,911 65,385 271,252 269,267 45 1,517 2,856 14,232 27,300 6,909 2,090 271 636 85,403 59,387 708 1,091 9,238 10,584 1,917 7,900 582 6,850 1,341 5,765 520 3,348 2,003 74,916 49, 912 3,587 1,050 6,684 3,142 3,469 13,326 1,061 475 345,568 212,350 437 2,959 7,638 887 7,048 31,287 31,364 Contract work.' 124,091,986 20, 638, 127 3,893,257 1,650,535 1,701,514 406,421 2,191,743 1,244,114 15,700,864 17,389,696 2,698,842 422,044 406,999 188,768 318,303 626,090 226,147 606,137 93, 156 19,953 166,985 108,607 4,197 23,164 2,400 254,312 36,381 123,808 44,340 600 27,344 28,962 400 15,646 10,060 3,576 1,000 600 44,318 13,241 8,681 949 300 67 4,021 4,000 900 25,597 16,558 406 2,430 15,288 '"6,'622' 251,849 157,402 16,351 3,091 3,587 3,550 Value of products.' $1,175,475,001 771,486,926 65,140 46,200 466,461 236, 728 224,766 203,164 670,829 128,206 34,441 59,808 2,945,948 2,061,072 18,185 104,605 271,437 250,424 288,509 275,682 315, 762 98,144 101,920 132,820 344, 130 227,508 413,296 667,431 6,812,810 2,089.341 172, 157 55,994 13,307 12, 741 206,794 118,849 151,015 360,885 206,028 113,968 10,781,192 4,922,943 315,464 328,450 251,025 187, 294 5,109,050 947,089 1,174,516 1,138,167 Primary horsepower. 4,556,170 2, 663, 964 550,513,866 1,904,154 366,642,015 909,160 149, 180, 471 676,753 76,173,586 416,012 401,333,395 1,227,401 290,468,429 493,148 175,627,807 1,221,969 102,034,690 1,008,710 106,947,082 346,534 65,460,985 103,974 99,493,799 297,769 51,178,036 193,272 87,671,553 228,244 82,482,052 181,819 77,434,301 200,966 77,154,326 173,961 10,237,252 27,278 5,327,726 10,868 28,668,547 109,544 14,600,177 39,374 868,458 784 1,550,090 1,748 20,436 175 177,911 364 563,457 486 5,976 220 47,784,479 152,651 30,278,877 63,182 24,576,293 90,306 18,042,943 46,441 9,290,829 36,656 10,954,634 27,576 6,239,120 21,779 5,044,182 14,161 6,054,174 29,777 6,696,051 26,269. 380 105 828 720 262 110 1,565 624 3,985 110 993 1,204 1,179 669 1,739 460 316 420 2,647 769 1,648 1,235 17,685 7,319 581 410 105 50 463 185 849 1,790 448 193 50,526 14, 144 109 150 1,219 760 8,872 5,935 9,433 3,945 PER CENT OP INCREASE.^ Salaries and 55.9 68.3 132.8 "54.'5 "63."8 96.6 '-8."2 -11.1 "44.'7 117.1 -63.1 -79.7 i6,'684.6 38.6 23.8 -23.7 36.6 '28.0 279.9 "'35.'4 -24.0 'i48.'i -6L9 "43.'6 -87.8 "'"6."i' 40.6 "258.'6 -35.1 "m.'s 54.7 "i23.'9 279.2 "96." 7 142.1 -ei.'g 74.0 'ee.'e' 15.5 "l6.4 100.2 "77.'i' Royal ties and rent of mines. 81.2 83.1 61.8 '85.' 7 133.3 99.1 '-8.'3 -8.9 '-2.' 8 60.9 -25.'6 29.9 144.7 -24.' 4 -26.7 "'6.'7 -46.9 -47.9 'me -57.4 '43.' 8 -35.1 -i2.'7 -75.' 7' 410.8 1,008.7 67.1 50.1 '24i.'6 80.9 -74.'6 123.4 "ei"? -61.3 -87.'4' ■-6.' 2 Value of prod nets. 62.4 60.2 95.8 '38.' 2 '72.'6 63.4 94.4 "e.'s 0.4 "92.' 2 95.7 -44.'6 -88.5 9,'336.'2 57.8 36.2 -i5.'2 23.7 "e.'s 97.0 'io.'e 423.2 -42.'4 42.9 -82.' 6 8.4 '4.' 7 221.7 -23.'3 61.3 -38.' i 178.2 '267.'5 4.4 '74.'6 -58.2 "so.' 8 119.0 -i'o' 23.3 '439.'4' "'3.'2' > Exclusive of governmental institutions and of the coke and cement industries, but including figures for the lime industry. » Exclusive of duplications resulting from the use of the products of some enterprises as materials for others within the same industry. ' Exclusive of the amount paid to miners compensated by a share of the product for both years, and also of the wages of part-time employees for the petroleum and natural gas industry for 1909, which are included uaider "Contract work" in other tables for 1909. * A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. » The totals for all industries include, besides those specified, a few Industries which could not be separately shown without disclosing the operations of Individual operators. The value of products of those Industries was less than 0.1 per cent of the total for all industries In 1909 and 0.3 per cent In 1902. 660 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. PRODUCING MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS— CAPITAL, EXPENSES, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, PERSONS ENGAGED Table 37 DIVISION AND STATE. XTnited States 1 19, 916 Geogeaphic divisioxs: New England Middle Atlantic East North Central . . West North Central. South Atlantic East South Central . . West South Central. Mountain Pacific New England: Maine New Hampshire . Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Middle Atlantic: New York New Jersey Pennsylviiia.. East Noeth Centbal: Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin West North Central: Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota , South Dakota Nebraska , Kansas South Atlantic: Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia. . North Carolina. South Carolina. Geoipa Florida East South Central: Kentucky Tennessee Alabama West South Central: Arkansas Louisiana Oklahoma Texas. . . . ; Mountain: Montana Idaho Wyoming Colorado New Mexico. Arizona Utah Nevada Pacific: Washington. Oregon California... Num- ber of oper- ators. Num- ber of mines and quar- ries. 510 6,333 4,152 2,300 1,358 830 1,229 1,972 1,538 1,351 131 4,851 1,876 1,010 915 83 153 373 1,021 53 39 18 643 9 126 150 798 118 29 92 36 437 216 177 236 373 174 66 672 98 135 93 116 1,329 18,164 686 3,903 2,662 2,603 1,652 1,109 452 3,728 1,610 Number of wells. Capital. 166,320 752 151 3,000 964 480 759 173 286 250 431 1,224 53 43 20 582 173 244 718 130 32 109 96 442 365 302 146 2 212 92 543 370 95 1,575 285 251 235 374 170 161 1,279 71,122 56,379 3,450 15,146 1,110 14,700 97 4,316 11,342 59,780 35,067 10,373 10,918 21 3,402 15,146 1,109 1 62 246 12, 113 2,279 4,316 > 93,380, 525, 841 27,950,080 919,992,103 469,041,901 321,757,330 341,053,471 145,688,421 110,680,029 709,074,649 275,819,077 3,825,931 1,546,503 13,992,096 5,054,093 567,015 2,964,442 45,171,232 8,613,663 866,207,208 161,324,529 59,764,947 116,959,707 119,331,987 11,660,731 176,950,369 8,481,483 60,549,081 1,058,649 32,697,991 222,428 41,797,329 959,078 25,169,678 55,992,693 219,466,909 5,985,112 1,209,390 11,475,710 20,794,901 26,786,640 33,819,977 85,081,804 7,200,417 13,207,232 70,696,411 19,575,969 145,135,510 48,892,888 9,505,365 144,639,558 40,125,674 119,772,781 81,000,043 120,002,830 13,074,691 9,166,834 253,677,552 EXPENSES or OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Total. $1, 042, 642, 693 14,696,118 315,473,663 200,211,992 101,600,234 96,151,345 46,133,257 40, 200, 158 166,586,458 61,589,468 1,876,341 1,204,966 6,795,268 2,987,175 673,877 1,158,491 9,987,768 4,507,940 300,977,955 53,852,530 20,312,752 68,718,121 51,819,838 5,508,751 38,574,180 13,694,714 27,515,101 570, 140 5,154,263 260,049 15,831,787 508,937 5,006,157 8,863,954 71,347,631 1,416,075 1,034,823 2,064,236 5,909,532 11,721,722 11,969,257 22,442,278 4,309,211 6,641,555 21,071,609 8,177,783 46,520,545 7,198,763 9,053,467 38,630,288 5,553,423 28,608,216 16,606,028 14,415,728 7,800,722 1,223,468 52,565,278 Services. Salaried officers of corpora- tions, super- intendents, and man- agers. > $32, 823, 748 603,790 8,066,471 5,986,494 2,570,135 3,463,174 2,217,967 1,647,442 4,863,504 2,481,872 87,779 45,619 227,650 153,683 29,948 59, 111 495,776 183,690 7,387,005 1,749,762 736,347 2,058,102 1,255,559 186,724 694,277 320,951 993,190 34,372 113, 109 12,900 401,336 61,900 196,609 357,255 2,197,617 81,646 55,065 146,888 366, 194 667,739 609,021 941,207 162,502 148,386 972,829 363,725 718,596 269,251 255,635 1,441,869 234, 187 577,885 755,233 610,848 213, 198 91,387 2,177,287 Clerks and other salaried employees. 3 $20, 569, 803 293,492 5,961,915 3,434,660 1,789,303 2,267,740 1,413,822 802,375 3,004,691 956,406 31,847 7,869 142,587 59,675 27,941 23,573 212,089 79,491 5,670,335 1,025,222 365, 174 1,054,553 917,963 71,748 874,463 220,024 281,730 28,217 94,028 3,745 287,096 8,115 131,838 255,366 1,631,267 41,396 27, 175 43,018 129,565 297,409 379,267 737, 146 75,965 178,645 369,728 178,037 694,477 88,627 191,772 671,071 210,947 440,295 442,294 265,208 131,468 33,446 791,492 Wage earners. 9586,774,079 9,814,166 204,992,523 118,672,711 50,566,348 49,886,136 29,443,806 15,671,675 82,081,073 25,645,641 1,332,242 926,352 4,449,315 1,966,997 409,883 729,377 4,717,595 2,801,066 197,473,862 26,769,229 14,782,488 46,378,727 27,660,908 3,081,359 11,907,049 10,870,446 14,393,570 364,321 3,224,675 169,937 9,636,350 217,727 3,339,682 5,229,787 35,980,738 862,762 626,429 1,278,159 2,350,854 7,827,514 7,358,683 14,257,709 3,026,140 872,627 7,775,413 3,997,495 21,361,406 4,045,547 6,266,787 18,463,296 3,529,356 13,502,760 8,986,851 5,925,070 5,891,007 705,192 19,049,442 Supplies, materials, and fuel. Supplies and materials. $173,411,438 1,847,736 47,736,970 28,179,361 15,605,588 14,722,485 5,386,232 7,922,941 32, 190, 652 19,819,473 219,579 100,931 905, 157 363,698 130,947 127,424 1,886,937 674,962 45,175,071 7,360,280 1,823,904 8,472,837 9,800,415 721,925 6,736,806 1,307,919 4,730,342 95,352 1,054,532 35,474 1,645,163 152,054 478,555 1,173,866 11,647,711 152,714 124,618 254,021 738,946 1,322,406 1,571,612 2,492,214 368,207 859,456 4,897,176 1,798,102 9,837,503 1,847,458 1,385,594 5,459,666 805,487 5,559,367 3,920,414 3,375,163 843,025 186,796 18,789,652 Purchased ore and natural gas (duplica- tion in product). $29,318,316 3,164,839 5,656,650 1,919,554 893,664 170, 135 173,100 14,577,714 2,762,660 Fuel and rent of power. $45,136,550 65,656 '3,099,183 5,376,075 22,595 101,980 156,000 1,471,553 ' '55,'i39 392,862 893,664 41,959 128,176 7,200 130,587 35,313 6,559,820 4,930,144 1,370,391 106,910 1,610,449 2,762,660 753,714 7,327,680 7,399,712 5,190,869 3,418,805 1,912,689 1,505,758 14,509,236 3,118,087 84,683 54,427 362,438 153,258 26,991 71,917 585,161 319,329 6,423,190 892,671 551,821 1,325,880 4,193,347 435,993 2,024,606 221,740 2,220,657 12,835 421,048 22,019 267,964 26,378 104,156 484,527 1,212,825 103,319 117,899 146,666 1,223,035 218,489 645,376 1,048,824 138,987 726,971 384,186 255,614 3,628,050 356, 199 376, 187 1,955,984 203,083 5,603,989 1,074,119 1,311,625 245,852 96,592 2,775,643 divfeiS"^^^^ of duplications, 307 operators having reported in two or more states. Such duplications have not been excluded in the totals for the several geographic « Includes $59,468 780 which could not be distributed among the several states such c^5'rwSSsffio''^lm^\^o°o'iS«Tffl^^^^^^^^ °/ T'^ ''f ^'' ^" ^"^"^ enternrises being managed through one central administrative office. In which were r^TwrtS^ 1 in,;^^^ l^® ^'^^i^^l °S^® ^"'"'^ ^ ^"^ particular state; this was also the case in respect to contract work and taxes, rxp^Ss^rSdlbr^ach stTe an^ tLest?^^^^^ expenses were accordtagly apportioned among the sev^al states prorata to the tota Iwwever, the numtor of oificers aSd salaffod^mnW^.T/^oif «°^fS'^?""'^H^"''®^^*^^°'®^ ^^'"^ ""^^^ ^"^ " ^""'^''y expenses." In the totals for the United States, amounts tSis Included in the Item of^" salarles,and the amount of contract work and taxes, appear under the proper heads. The clerl^m5,399rS,$K«- ^™ TOnt^t w^^^ individual states and distributed la the totals for the United ^tatSlre as foUows: (Jffloers. $922,899; INDUSTRIES AND STATES. 561 IN MINING INDUSTRIES, LAND CONTROLLED, AND POWER, FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES: 1909. EXPENSES OF OPEEATION AND DEVELOPMENT— COntd. Value of products. PERSONS ENGAGED IN MININQ INDUSTRIES. Land controlled (acres). Miscellaneous. Aggregate. Proprietors and officials. Clerks and other salaried em- ployees. Wage earners Bee. 15, or nearest representa- tive day. Royalties and rent of mines. Taxes. Contract work. Rent of offices and other sundry expenses. Total. Proprie- tors and firm members Salaried officers of corpora- tions, superin- tendents, and Primary horse- power. managers. 1 163,973,585 •$17,798,763 •128,887,898 • $43,950,513 $1,238,410,322 < 1,139, 332 49,374 29,922 *19,ibZ < 24, 675 1,065,283 24,215,611 4,608,253 2 186,637 154,826 110,705 932,052 17,327,242 19,590 938 515 423 398 18,254 67,575 61,259 3 15,945,607 5,920,809 6,533,563 9,823,280 370,742,262 427,091 16,325 11,520 4,805 7,829 402,937 5,874,701 1,738,613 4 12,335,880 3,332,106 6,154,644 9,059,774 237,534,170 229,255 11,301 7,451 3,850 4,294 213,660 4,139,440 913,857 5 14,718,304 3,280,108 2,762,943 3,rt97,022 130,252,538 95,637 5,230 3,547 1,683 1,949 88,458 1,425,461 370,390 6 8,639,760 1,307,777 4,862,717 6,689,087 105,714,462 124,512 3,509 1,350 2,159 2,997 118,006 6,503,321 536,648 7 1,373,504 376,047 1,006,660 2,832,395 49,143,289 75,004 2,184 501 1,683 1,964 70,856 2,368,739 179,650 8 4,391,962 456, 134 2,469,045 6,159,726 47,530,937 31,387 2,156 1,056 1,100 979 28,252 1,844,933 149,602 3,410,506 2,143,200 4,308,511 5,497,371 205,053,900 99,711 4,158 2,023 2,135 2,481 93,072 1,022,459 467,184 10 2,972,425 683,456 617,309 2,532,139 75,111,522 36,171 3,263 1,959 1,304 1,120 31,788 968,982 191,050 11 16,302 16,241 6,728 80,940 2,056,063 2,686 168 98 70 47 2,471 11,655 8,141 12 4,271 6,251 9,246 51,000 1,308,597 1,610 75 42 33 15 1,520 7,979 3,771 13 84,332 72,147 64,698 486,944 8,221,323 8,901 311 160 151 202 8,388 35,327 25,668 14 55,409 40,187 16,272 177,996 3,467,888 3,805 222 121 101 75 3,508 8,077 15,031 15 8,552 16,771 3,343 36,272 98,900 897,606 1,375,765 737 37 18 19 23 677 659 2 :i50 16 17,657 i3,'76i' 1,851 125 76 49 36 1,690 3,878 6,298 17 465,454 173,989 513,042 872,069 13,334,975 14,230 2,641 2,294 347 286 11,303 495,579 101,758 18 101,026 47,354 44,489 256,533 8,347,601 7,176 227 96 131 148 6,801 26,809 18,048 19 15,379,127 6,699,466 5,976,032 8,694,684 349,050,786 405,685 13,457 9,130 4,327 7,395 384,833 5,352,313 1,618,806 20 3,667,382 856,766 2,970,544 3,184,599 63,767,112 62,874 4,333 3,064 1,269 1,356 . 57,185 2,135,777 294,763 21 595,274 176,369 295,982 962,798 21,934,201 31,292 3,260 2,628 631 474 27,559 522,176 95,039 22 3,579,472 287,460 2,370,956 3,082,154 76,658,974 86,389 2,643 1,425 1,218 1,310 82,436 990,389 225, 33C 23 4,048,606 1,948,756 470,205 1,. 524, 079 67,714,479 42,133 680 118 562 1,056 40,397 452,602 273,861 24 445,146 62,755 40,957 300,144 7,459,404 6,507 386 216 170 98 6,083 38,496 24,864 25 10,731,959 2,824,161 2,157,108 623,751 58,664,852 19,596 547 169 378 935 18,114 337,792 151,834 26 349,440 43,574 40,836 319,784 13,877,781 19,904 668 423 245 226 19,010 81,458 23,453 27 1,954,092 158,086 162,084 1,149,797 31,667,525 32,462 2,450 1,783 667 336 29,676 339,677 109,072 28 10,647 4,300 1,325 18,771 564,812 960 79 51 28 21 860 34,695 2,025 29 4,776 102,063 50 84,843 6,432,417 3,987 75 31 44 46 3,866 31,933 15,018 30 1,551 414 5,593 8,416 322,517 527 28 16 12 8 491 1,038 815 31 1,665,839 147,570 395,947 991,660 18,722,634 18,201 1,383 1,074 309 377 16,441 598,808 66,943 32 4,392 1,624 5,800 30,947 516,213 671 30 9 21 13 628 642 1,480 33 133,786 88,559 8,303 524,669 6,782,045 8,201 279 101 178 177 7,745 109,419 18,118 34 418,353 150,074 119,028 675,698 8,795,646 17,596 329 86 243 374 16,893 294,416 34,030 35 7,796,172 965,443 4,465,926 4,556,270 76,287,889 82,808 2,236 909 1,327 2,168 78,404 6,569,353 416,282 36 20,212 7,565 37,386 109,075 1,358,617 3,094 231 165 66 38 2,825 75,296 6,062 37 10,336 10,783 6,680 .■a, 838 1,252,792 2,079 45 13 32 20 2,014 47,899 7,012 38 58,717 13,236 1,903 121,623 2,874,595 4,267 186 58 128 67 4,014 136, 129 10,698 39 197,792 70,493 217,691 614,962 8,846,665 5,796 173 9 164 140 5,483 270, 167 42,366 40 422,579 96,122 184,903 684,561 12,100,076 23,393 870 338 532 490 22,033 710,636 53.203 41 617,097 94,575 54,372 597,396 12,692,547 18,968 482 87 395 458 18,028 807, 131 34,523 42 333,828 185,350 767,385 1,550,439 24,350,667 32,643 832 76 756 1,016 30,795 850,972 91,924 43 193,990 18,084 117, 195 208,141 4,603,845 6,739 215 75 140 102 6,422 110,526 14,080 44 496, 198 67,501 62,440 3,222,131 6,547,050 1,163 131 72 59 79 953 102,251 8,445 45 2,783,975 308,216 2,137,314 1,312,185 25,637,892 15,842 1,349 648 701 573 13,920 1,211,893 95,074 46 917,799 62,333 152,096 417,269 10,742,150 7,643 461 261 200 225 6,957 420,263 32,003 47 1,822,875 453,386 394,499 1,0«,933 54,991,961 21,791 i 769 504 265 519 20, .503 119,642 174,389 48 27,632 158,145 23,036 382,868 8,649,342 3,940 284 169 115 64 3,592 48,920 26,278 49 107,834 61,409 61,542 .346,707 10,572,188 8,983 306 202 104 178 8,499 85,550 30,338 50 1,017,447 542,972 2,996,083 1,151,756 45,680,135 26,783 1,411 647 764 603 24,769 213,875 98,777 51 78,995 40,410 132,535 318,423 5,687,744 6,112 210 86 124 220 3,682 397, 174 18,042 52 8,256 431,829 238,982 874,462 34,217,651 14,104 301 100 201 352 13,451 44,217 47,272 53 71,911 211,920 265,066 771,310 22,083,282 11,735 390 102 288 341 11,004 74,650 47,226 54 275,556 243,129 196,7^ 601,912 23,271,597 6,263 487 213 274 204 5,672 38,431 26,862 55 141,231 93,593 14,462 226,886 10,537,5.56 7,653 162 43 114 148 7,343 107,989 20,742 56 16,935 12.917 7,717 72,486 1,191,512 1,299 174 112 62 38 1,087 33,708 8,070 57 2,814,259 576,946 595,130 2,232,767 63,382,454 27,219 2,927 1,799 1,128 934 23,3.58 827,285 162,238 * The following numbers of persons, which could not be distributed by states, are Included under the proper headings in the United States totals: Aggregate, 974; salaried officers of corporations, superintendents, and managers, 310; and clerks, 664. 72497°— 13- -36 + 662 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. PRODUCING MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS-LAND CONTROLLED, CAPITAL, EXPENSES, VALUE OF PRODUCTS, Table 38 AU industries (V. S.) Fuels: Coal, anthracite Coal, bituminous Petroleum and natural ga Peat Metals: Iron Copper Precious metals- Deep mines . . Placer mines ., Lead and zinc Quicksilver Manganese Tungsten STEUCTURAt MATEEIAL8 . Limestone Granite Sandstone Marble Slate Traprock Bluestone Miscellaneous: Asbestos Asphaltum and bitumi- nous rock. Barytes Bauxite Bubrstones and millstones . Clay Corundum and emery Feldspar Fluorspar Fuller's earth Garnet Graphite Grindstones Gypsum Infusorial earth Magnesite Marl Mica Mineral pigments Monazite and zircon Oilstones, scythestones, and whetstones. Phosphate rock Precious stones Pumice Pyrite Quartz Sulphur Talc and soapstone TripoU 61 All othee industries < . Num- ber of oper- ators. 19,915 192 3,503 7,793 10 176 161 1,604 678 977 12 3 22 3,988 1,665 707 695 77 185 196 563 6 12 23 10 14 261 4 22 13 16 3 19 13 78 14 6 3 73 23 4 21 61 23 3 11 14 4 39 4 10 Num- ber of mines, quar- ries, and wells. 423 6,013 166,320 10 483 368 2,845 880 1,142 12 8 116 4,603 1,916 826 677 108 219 220 637 20 19 42 10 14 336 6 28 15 21 4 20 25 222 16 13 3 78 26 4 45 153 27 4 12 14 4 46 7 27 Land controlled (acres). 24,215,611 465,134 7,717,615 12,694,838 1,629 1,313,214 275,598 374,685 213,578 125,322 22,837 3,457 7,624 341,695 128,495 51,398 65,580 43,445 19,897 18,085 14,795 3,045 7,137 14,079 14,214 506 69,053 1,553 3,556 3,434 6,644 5,396 5,984 2,604 54,215 2,305 2,369 2,250 12,255 1,337 60,550 3,928 340,697 2,858 320 9,179 1,877 6,747 11,576 874 27,843 Capital. 13,380,525,841 246,928,078 1,062,197,083 68.3,268,497 318,024 300,735,917 301,896,296 443,715,258 66,840,870 62,627,935 2,718,812 960,000 • 1,468,428 1132,641,780 44,089,476 26,422,307 15,758,466 20,272,755 12,177,350 8,745,653 1,299,789 88,000 2,567,273 472,751 3,023,414 9,685 6,780,077 316,909 506,769 195,215 1,362,427 181,868 1,606,768 304,324 10,213,284 147,900 89,016 70, 146 1,261,780 386,501 63,000 247,478 30,642,666 701,945 4,400 1,717,410 343,883 6,293,900 8,659,744 170,800 6,891,550 EXPENSES OF OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Total. 91,042,642,693 139,324,467 396,907,026 135,638,644 96,034 74,071,830 107,679,212 68,764,692 6,810,482 24,453,299 718,861 21,725 365,780 63,641,685 23,875,507 16,192,138 6,626,438 4,842,835 6,831,266 5,090,538 1,182,873 72,747 301,673 176,967 316,221 18,354 2,289,198 7,459 238,896 319,426 274,776 98,206 328,690 339,261 4,905,662 61,083 62,444 17,812 182,828 115,860 50,909 99,269 7,421,430 195,908 6,087 734,365 166,418 4,638,389 1,036,371 42,493 740,874 Salaried officers of corpora- tions, superin- tendents, and managers. ^2,823,748 2,317,223 12,724,418 4,848,224 17,178 1,749,989 1,928,167 2,816,906 359,376 896,722 63,441 4,620 29,901 2 3,642,297 1,227,758 741,171 398,383 281,018 306,899 244,777 53,052 7,940 39,809 13,623 24,878 225 180,863 1,044 25,367 19,649 33,880 3,550 23,588 20,572 288,954 4,990 5,338 2,895 13,670 15,082 3,100 4,083 430,523 36,169 34,573 10,447 64,290 71,334 6,000 38,950 Clerks and other salaried employees. $20,669,803 2,266,081 9,076,477 2,393,657 3,018 1,639,973 1,785,861 980,474 71,397 195,844 15,140 480 3,240 » 1,504,442 490,238 328,361 132,086 102,089 98,580 102,317 8,446 2,200 4,320 6,500 7,608 44,024 3,336 5,024 4,470 900 2,426 6,373 262,935 120 2,105 1,030 960 1,800 600 1,000 160,467 2,700 90 20,329 2,679 46,059 31,678 840 12,086 Wage earners. $586,774,079 92,317,659 294,196,488 27,091,650 40,313 29,731,456 49,382,979 30,868,371 2,669,674 10,477,657 407,544 11,988 178,345 39,661,871 14,082,185 11,112,195 3,993,340 3,079,023 4,088,653 2,638,964 767,511 31,189 128,977 90,310 198,273 16,625 1,361,622 3,675 106,653 168,445 118,629 40,204 160,069 148,323 1,820,877 27,627 32,479 9,587 124,658 43,974 5,046 69,884 3,215,661 95,972 4,778 408,419 81,648 324,538 604,116 22,657 373,269 Supplies, materials, and fuel. Supplies and materials. $173,411,438 23,504,740 40,064,899 39,947,013 6,490 12,597,428 23,718,373 14,100,617 2,194,444 4,836,023 130,847 3,461 85,556 8,800,184 3,754,125 1,921,912 909,955 544,327 521,761 1,018,090 130,014 23,120 66,169 21,766 21,665 483 280,953 260 40,852 .34,695 35,797 19,491 69,601 99,470 986,658 4,432 6,282 1,463 10,377 14,710 1,760 4,957 898,657 30,449 639 152,143 17,461 248,383 196,054 7,407 125,340 $29,318,316 Purchased ore and natural gas (duplica- tion in product). 433,801 9,888,877 10,596,964 6,451,627 1,947,047 Fuel and rent of power. $45,136,550 3,193,226 7,509,947 1,444,595 17,974 4,632,289 13,324,157 5,105,253 675,602 2,400,724 54,631 498 8,648 3,482,054 1,507,628 757,078 319,961 261,689 327,397 279,082 29,219 400 13,598 6,468 33,624 25 108,389 15,892 24,414 48,010 5,795 36,922 14,562 673,450 9,235 7,566 1,625 12,392 7,775 770 6,601 1,360,368 1,012 71,537 12,065 708,384 66,339 2,006 138,929 » Includes $4,876,095 which can not be distributed among the several industries. 2 In some cases the same operator conducted two or more quarries producing different kinds of stone, all quarries being managed through one central administra- tive office. In such instances it was Impossible to assign the corporate officers and the central office force to any particular quarry; this was also the case in respect to taxes, wliich were reported in a lump sum for all properties. The total central office expenses were accordingly apportioned among the severfll industries in proportion to the total expenses of each, and the estimated amounts of such administrative expenses were added to " Sundry expenses" for each industry. In the totals for " Structural materials," however, the number of officers and salaried employees, as well as their salaries, and the amount of taxes, appear under the proper heads. The 2'52'S*-^ ^^^ included in the item of " Sundry expenses" for individual industries and distributed m the totals for " Structural materials " are as follows: Officers, $389,239; Clerks, $242,326; and taxes, $27,767. PERSONS INDUSTRIES AND STATES. ENGAGED IN MINING INDUSTRIES, AND POWER, FOR THE UNITED STATES, BY 56d INDUSTRIES: 190». EXPENSES OF OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT— Continued. Value of products. PERSONS ENGAGED IN MININQ INDUSTRIES. Primaiyi horse* ! power. Miscellaneous. Per cent of total. Aggre- gate. Proprietors and officials. Clerks and other salaried em- ployees. Wage earners Dec. 15, or nearest repre- sentative day. Royalties and rent of mines. Taxes. Contract work. Rent of offices and other sundry expenses. Serv- ices. Sup- plies. Mis- cella- neous. Total. Proprietors and firm members. Salaried officers of cor- pora- tions, super- intend- ents, and man- agers. Total. Num- ber per- forming manual labor. 1 163,973,585 117,796, 763 928,887,898 143,950,513 61.4 23.8 14.8 91,238,410,322 1,139,332 49,374 29,922 8,861 19,452 24,675 1,065,283 4,608,253 2 3 4 5 7,980,739 12,082,488 21,282,820 800 15,174,735 1,789,656 1,163,985 141,716 2,301,850 6,268 2,681,877 4,481,816 2,576,986 907 3,970,355 1,934,158 1,084,576 119,369 167,188 6,957 678 3,213 > 496, 235 161,117 113,097 53,075 70,616 33,192 32,301 5,070 846 5,694 1,967 3,993 28 25,147 11 1,473 1,012 2,863 4,869 3,401 2,134 39,062 813 252 247 852 1,255 303 1,211 86,869 1,746 1,701,514 2,209,672 16,736,510 3,361,408 13,127,020 9,428,312 9,354 1,876,763 2,574,335 2,588,899 479,422 1,032,985 25,255 69.5 79.8 25.3 63.0 44.7 49.3 50.4 45.5 47.3 67.6 78.7 57.8 70.4 66.2 75.2 68.3 71.5 77.1 56.7 70.0 56.8 57.4 62.5 73.0 91.8 69.3 63.3 56.7 60.6 67.1 45.6 66.6 61.4 48.4 53.6 63.9 75.8 76.1 52.5 17.2 75.5 51.3 68.8 80.0 63.1 61.0 9.6 58.6 69.4 57.3 19.2 12.1 37.8 25.5 23.3 44.2 37.3 42.2 37.6 25.8 18.2 25.8 19.3 22.0 16.6 18.5 16.6 14.6 25.6 13.6 32.3 26.4 15.9 17.5 2.8 17.0 3.5 23.7 18.5 30.5 25.7 32.1 33.6 31.8 22.4 22.2 16.8 12.5 19.4 5.0 11.7 30.4 16.1 8.8 30.5 19.0 21.1 25.3 22.1 35.7 11.3 8.1 36.9 11.5 32.0 6.6 12.3 12.3 16.1 6.6 3.1 16.4 10.3 11.8 8.2 13.2 11.9 8.4 17.8 16.6 10.9 16.2 21.6 9.6 6.4 13.7 33.2 19.6 21.0 12.4 28.8 11.3 15.0 19.8 24.0 13.9 7.4 11.4 28.1 77.8 12.8 18.3 15.1 11.2 6.4 20.0 69.3 16.1 8.5 7.0 149,180,471 427,962,464 185,416,684 109,047 106,947,082 134,616,987 83,885,928 10,237,252 31,363,094 868,458 20,435 563,457 75,992,908 29,832,492 18,997,976 7,702,423 6,239,120 6,054,174 6,578,317 1,588,406 65,140 466,461 224,766 670,829 34,441 2,945,948 18,185 271,437 288,509 315, 762 101,920 344,130 413,296 5,812,810 75,503 68,403 13,307 206,794 151,015 64,472 206,028 10,781,192 315, 'i04 30,097 676,984 231,025 4,432,066 1,174,516 66,557 778,938 178,004 692,677 62,172 203 65,176 55,258 37,755 5,436 24,397 640 65 227 » 101, 129 41,029 22,211 11,025 6,649 10,121 6,748 3,020 88 241 372 726 79 4,351 19 363 376 380 120 436 430 4,215 99 84 38 608 246 34 232 8,573 145 25 1,160 208 460 1,452 73 560 1,315 11,620 19,353 15 1,109 661 3,359 1,149 2,525 27 7 45 »6,744 2,645 1,248 913 188 499 317 827 6 20 35 27 19 404 2 28 27 27 7 26 16 163 23 8 7 133 35 8 25 214 33 5 22 18 13 64 11 20 188 3,739 16,213 1 76 79 2,011 951 1,947 3 4 32 4,106 1,634 730 587 49 221 116 769 72 1,713 2,155 24 42 951 673 1,171 i" 20 1,827 640 318 215 6 70 22 556 1,127 7,881 3,140 14 1,033 582 1,348 198 578 24 3 13 3 2,638 1,011 518 326 139 278 201 58 5 20 12 26 1 160 2 17 19 24 2 24 11 157 7 6 3 17 15 2 6 197 28 is' 11 13 48 7 3,185 11,268 2,988 6 1,837 1,454 780 88 269 16 1 5 »2,035 689 402 204 148 184 171 18 4 6 7 9 76' io' 7 8 1 6 6 274 1 2 2 2 ? 1 173 5 2 27 6 39 52 2 13 173,504 669, 789 39,831 182 52,230 63,143 33,616 4,199 21,603 598 57 177 92,350 37,695 20,561 9,908 6,313 9,438 6,260 2,175 79 215 330 690 60 3,871 17 325 342 345 112 404 408 3,778 75 74 29 473 209 25 206 8,186 107 18 1,111 184 408 1,336 60 527 676,753 1,227,401 1,221,969 1 416 6 7 8 9 10 11 1? 2,606,842 644,562 3,603,984 99,582 197,259 9,878 346,534 376,464 200,966 27,278 110,559 784 176 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 n 1,375 1,439,445 488,919 194,349 97,604 47,911 271,252 282,501 66,909 45 1,617 14,232 6,909 271 85,403 708 9,238 1,917 682 6,850 5,766 3,348 74,916 735 253 40,976 463,590 201,880 65,744 73,359 27,344 28,962 60,204 6,097 400 16,546 14,346 14,527 » 4, 151, 467 1,961,657 958,231 648,675 428,818 154,560 532,302 120,555 6,607 26,053 7,705 19,271 697 154,729 1,701 27,404 63,321 30,478 16,547 23,918 19,882 842,243 10,701 8,179 1,065 8,299 7,407 2,740 3,840 671,478 27,860 490 37,592 10,296 3,092,768 116,512 208 40,715 486 303,443 125,024 61,095 33,487 21, 779 29,777 29,211 3,068 386 m 82« 24 23 1 18 244 11 is" 77 262 1,565 ?fi 27 48,068 8,868 29 30 31 3? 8,681 949 67 11 8 3 5 2 6 6 16 3 4 116 20 6 19 17 5 5 4 7 7 4 3 2 2 2 4 1 2 63' 2 9* ...j'. 993 1,179 1,739 316 33 34 35 36 V 4,000 25,597 16,558 2,430 2,647 1,648 17,085 316 126 88 105 39 40 41 42 43 44 5,684 3,469 100 1,061 346,668 6,036 20,388 30,500 6,622 251,849 463 849 45 448 50,526 109 4fi 190 887 2,959 46 47 48 6,145 1,512 53,606 15,501 713 8,933 2,730 16,351 361 3,550 5,758 1,219 3,114 49 31,287 2,662 2,152 16 4 4 2 3 9,433 265 61 500 3,141 » The following numbers of persons, which could not be distributed among the several industries, are Included under the proper headings in the totals for building stone: Aggregate, 326; officers of corporations, 107; and clerks, 219. * Includes enterprises as follows: Antimony, 1; bismuth, 1; borax, 2; chromite, 2; manganiferous iron, 2; nickel and cobalt, 1; and tin, 1. 564 ABSTRACT OF THE CENSUS— MINING. NONPRODUOING MINES, QUARRIES, AND WELLS— PERSONS ENGAGED IN MINING INDUSTRIES, LAND CONTROLLED, POWER, CAPITAL, AND EXPENSES: 1909. Table 29 All Industries (TTnlted States) . FXTELS: Coal, anthracite , Coal, bituminous Petroleum and natural gas MXTALS: Iron Copper Precious metals: Deep mines... Placer mines. Lead and zinc... Quicksilver Manganese Tungsten Steccttjral materials: Limestone Oranite Marble Slate IbSCELLANEOVS: Asbestos Clay Fluorspar Graphite Gypsum Mica Oilstones, scythestones, and whetstones . Phosphate roclc Precious stones AU. OTHEB INDUSTBIES >. Num- ber of oper- ators 3,749 38 20 13 3,078 132 63 18 5 12 Num- ber of mines, quar- ries, and wells. 55 «128 21 13 8,352 192 71 84 PERSONS ENGAGED IN MINING INDUSTRIES. Aggre- gate. 27,616 327 765 1,917 804 799 20,453 772 494 139 42 109 25 46 14 35 25 29 13 137 27 292 Proprietors and oflQcials. Total. S,494 50 396 23 4,426 199 150 27 9 14 19 31 Proprietors and firm members. Total. 3,769 207 3,135 152 123 19 6 7 Num' ber per- forming manual labor Offl- clals. 1,076 881 103 28 1,725 Clerics and other salaried em- ployees 623 18 39 1,291 47 27 8 3 7 Wage earners Dec. 15, or near- est rep- resenta- tive day. 21,499 321 685 1,451 753 706 15,628 568 336 111 33 94 136 12 61 78 19 30 10 26 21 24 7 127 16 246 Land controlled (acres). 1,969,067 513 89,700 1,115,101 30,420 15,579 598,832 54, 154 4,737 9,139 4,016 3,470 Primary horse- power. 91, 657 Capital. $282,001,223 1,945 2,609 8,577 3,471 4,248 59,224 5,001 3,486 120 248 127 8,024 76 4,136 395 15,534 22,728 9,402,665 14,166,314 4,850,839 11,073,777 233,123,939 3,364.271 1,094,711 893,800 105,650 459,602 273,121 13,990 486,352 166,081 264,734 34,760 116,500 258,018- 46,741 13,708 2,600 132,000 22,125 1,612,197 All Industries (United States) Fuels: Coal, anthracite Coal, bituminous Petroleum and natural gas Metals: Iron Copper Precious metals— Deep mines Placer mines Lead and zinc Quicksilver Manganese Tungsten Structural materials: Limestone Granite Marble Slate [['.'.[...['.'. Miscellaneous: Asbestos Clay ;;::;::;;::: Fluorspar Graphite !!!!.!.!.!!!! Gypsum Mica ;.;;.;:!:;;;;;: Oilstones, scythestones, and whetstones Phosphate rock Precious stones '..'.'.'.'.'.'. All other industries 2 expenses of operation and development. Total. $31,548,736 263,501 748,867 7,044,383 862,301 900,252 ,321,074 506,426 241,450 96,904 19,167 83,877 77,112 4,574 43,531 29,175 36,893 6,996 4,218 62,801 6,290 5,343 1,805 37,567 2,227 142,002 Services. Salaried officers of corporations, superintend- ents, and managers. $2,092,650 7,151 37,795 191,155 18,068 57,882 1,630,738 49,685 16,501 7,050 2,203 15,412 874 600 7,380 3,890 8,177 900 1,320 I 11,100 i 120 I 600 Clerks and other salaried employees. $392,277 3,009 14,878 25,543 15,962 34,556 276,360 1,375 2,712 900 816 2,592 600 1,420 4,825 19,224 1,508 '2,378' "356' 7,318 Wage earners. $12,931,910 173,438 229,028 1,002,383 316,530 475,123 10,086,470 243,336 86,442 69,354 12,324 42,204 22,612 2,395 19,054 19,532 14,311 3,773 2,010 14,577 4,130 708 937 24,673 1,811 64,755 ' Exclusive of wells not completed on Dec. 31, 1909 Supplies, materials, and fuel.i Supplies and materials. $10,877,732 58,956 164,677 4,937,764 237,882 167,906 5,017,908 145,138 39,205 10,367 2,168 14,960 42,424 1,510 8,379 2,625 1,422 1,000 449 2,225 1,635 1,102 165 1,421 301 16, 143 Fuel and rent of power. $1,366,882 2,563 2,137 198,552 83,674 75,113 951,148 6,219 24,161 1,970 1,262 565 679 2,206 2,427 245 108 5 70 3,828 9,930 Contract work. $1, 802, 580 1,351 214,310 303, 162 63,775 12,698 1,089,536 27,487 63,336 4,420 'i,m 40 'ii,'628' 9,117 Miscellaneous expenses. $2, 084, V 45 17,033 86,042 385,824 126,410 76,974 1,268,914 33,186 9,093 7,263 1,210 9,920 3,511 69 4,112 701 11,563 1,283 194 22,255 400 55 633 2,470 115 15,515 earth, uranium ?^- ufKX^'stonraMfthinm and bituminous rock, 2; bluestone, 1; borax, 1; chromite, 1; feldspar, 1; garnet, 1; grindstones, 1; infusorial iiim, 1; al??a^adium;i.' ^^^^^' ^' °iagnesite, 1; mineral pigments, 2; molybdenum, 4; monazito and zircon, 1; peat, 2; pyrite, 1; qiiartz, 1; tin, 1; titanium, 1; INDEX TO THE ABSTRACT TABLES. POPULATION. SUBJECT. Ages^ statistics of. illi ter a tes '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'. marital condition. .".".'.".'.'.' scliool attendance '..'...'...'.'.'..' urban and rural population. Alaska, population. See pp. 22 and 62. Aliens, foreign-born white males Apportionment Area ......-....'."!.!."!.' Austria, mother tongue of persons born in Belgium. 5e« entries under Country. Blacks ' Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro. "s«< en- tries under Country. Canada. See entries under Country. Center of population China. See entries under Country. Chinese, number illiterates '.''.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.. males 21 years of age and over." !!!. marital condition , school attendance sex '.'.'.'.'.'.'."'. See also entries for the group, Indians, „,^, Chinese, Japanese, and other Asiatics. Cities, population Cltirenship, foreign-bom white mal^... '.'. Counties, population. See p. 32. Country of birth, foreign bom urban and rural population. Coimtry of origin, foreign white stock.'. .. ! ! .' native whites of foreign or mixed nar- entage Cuba and other West Indies.' ' See eioitT'les under Country. Denmark. See entries under Country. Density of population Division of birth, native population Divorced persons. See Marital condition. ' " Dwellings urban and rural communities. ..... . England. See entries under Country. Families urban and rural population !!!!!" Females 21 years of age and over (»ee alto Sex) '. Finland. See entries under Country. Foreign bom STATISTICS rOE— United States. country of birth Foreign-bom whitas country of birth year of arrival '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Foreign-bom whites as a population 'class, number 122-132 241 149 224 129 108 26,27 28,29 193 79 30 77-S2 239-242 107,110 149 219,221 97 59-75 108 188-191 200 194 208 28,29 174 259,260 260 269,260 260 118 Divi- sions. States. Page. 131 224 137 117 29 193 Page. 133 224 117 26,27 29 82 110 cities of specified size, number in ... . females 21 years of age and over illiterates, 10 years of age and over. . . , 10 to 14 years males 21 years and over males 21 years of age and over males 18 to 44 years of age marital condition .., school attendance sex \ urban and rural population '.'.'.'.'.. France. See entries under Country. Germany, mother tongue of persons bom in Greece. See entries under Country. Hawaii, population. See pp. 32 and 52. Hungary, mother tongue of persons bom in. . Illiterate children 10 to 14 years Illiterate males 21 years of age and over Illiterates in the population, 10 years of age and over urban and rural population .' .' Increase, total population urban and rural jwpulation '.'.'.. Indians, number 77-83 188-191 77-83 194-200 216 77-83 I 122, U26,128 92 118 239-249 254 255,256 110 119 149-156 219-237 100, 101 92 193 193 254 255,256 239-245 249 23 55,57 77-82 126 118 117 /196-198, \ 204 201 198,202 29 174 260 260 260 260 118 82 110 Page. 139, 144* 117,114* 204 117,114* 210,211* 208 260 83 / 196-198, \ 204 83 198-202 216 83 131 92 118 245,249 118 83 204 83,95 261* 216 83,95 133 females 21 years of age and over illiterates 239-242 males 21 years of age and over 107, 110 ■■*-' ■"''— 149 219,221 marital condition school attendance sex '.'.'.'.'.'. Indians, Chinese, Japanese, andotha:" Asiat- ics combined, number illiterates ■ increase, 1900-1910 '.,.,, urban and rural population males 21 years of age and over urban and rural population males 18 to 44 years of age sex Ireland. Sf e entries under Country. 256 110 119 156 227-229 100, 101 92 193 193 254 256 245,248 249 23 57 82 256 110 119 210,211* 95* SUBJECT. Italy. See entries under Country. Japan. See entries under Country. Japanese, number illiterates '.....'. males 21 years of age and over marital condition school attendance. . . sex ] See also entries for' th'e'group, Indiaii's' 1J- i„ ^,'"oese, Japanese, and other Asiatics. Males, 21 years of age and over. 18 to 44 years of age... Marital condition [[ — — urban and rural population". '.'.'. Mamed persons. See Marital condition." " " " Metropohtan districts. See p. 62. Mexico. See entries under Country. Migration of native population, by divisions by states Militia age, males of .'....'..' Mother tongue, persons bom in" Austria, Ger- many, Hungary, and Russia Mulattoes Native bom !!!!!!."!.!.! Native population, bom in «ich division bom m each state living in each division living in each state Native whites '" foreign or mixed parentMe, country of origin 77...... — — foreign parentage Native whites, foreign or mixed parentage, as a population class, number. . STATISTICS FOR- United States. Page. 77-82 239-242 107, 110 149 219,221 97 107-110 119 14ft-156 163 Divi- sions. Page. States. Cities (sec no above Page, 110 •ages. 245, ,250, 251* 227,228 100, 101 118 256 245,248 257 113, 114* 231,233* 97 244 90 92 112 119 99 244 90 92 112 119 99 118 110 257,251* 250,261* 63* 244 90 119 95* 113, 114* cities of specified size, number in. . females 21 years of age and over .., illiterates, 10 years of age and over 10 to 14 years males 21 years and over males 21 years of age and over males 18 to 44 years of age marital condition school attendance .'. sex '.'.'.'.'. — — urban and rural population! Native whites, mixed parentage Native whites, native parentage, as a popul'a- tio» class. See entries under Native whites foreign or mixed parentage. Naturalized foreign-bom white males Negro population, state of birth . . Negroes as a population class. See entries under Native whites, foreign or mixed nar- entage. ^ Netheriands. See entries under Country Norway. See entries under Country. Number of inhabitants — — urban and rural population Population. See Number of inhabitaiots'. lorto Rico, population. See pp. 22 and 53 Portugal. See entries under Country. Roumania. See entries under Country. Rural population. See Urban and rural population. Russia, mother tongue of persons bom in School attendance Scotland. See entries under Couiitry". Sex ' ages .'.'."..'. ml terates marital condition .".'.'.'.".".".' school attendance '.'.'..' urban and raral population/. Smgle persons. See Marital condition. Spam. See entries under Country. State of birth of native population States, rank In population Sweden. See entries under Country. Switzerland. See entries under Country. Turkey. See entries under Country. Urban and rural population, number ages foreign-born whites, country of birtii..!. year of arrival illiterates males 2 1 years of age and over marital condition population classes. 179 119 192 79 77-83 170-174 179 170-174 179 77,80 194-208 77,80 77-83 / 122, 1126,128 92 118 239-249 254 255,266 110 119 149-156 219-237 100,101 92 77,80 108 180 22-26 56 110 119 156 172 179 119 192 83 170-174 179 170-174 179 83 208 83 83 \ 131 92 118 246,249 110 119 160 113, 11< IM.'lei 179 119 83 179 208 83 83,95 133 96" 118 245 256 110 119 156 227-229 100,101 92 83 117 180 256 lie 119 227,228 100,101 i 245, \250,251^ 267 113,114" 231,233* 193 219-238 97-103 122,126 241 146-153 220-237 103 179 193 224-229 99-103 117, 114* 65* 56,56 130,137 210 218 249 112 163 92 school attendance I 221 222 ' 'l03 110 112 248 156 226 103 56 137 201 218 221-238 100,101 248 160 225 231,233* 104* 139 164,166* 56 sex Voting age, males of. .'.'."' urban and rural population Wales. See entries under Country. White population, native, state of birth . I iso Whites ■"■ 77_g9 Widowed persons. See Marital condition 92 229 103 110 112 180 82 110 180 82 113, 114* (665) 566 INDEX TO THE ABSTRACT TABLES. AGRICULTURE. SUBJECT. Acreage, ayerage per fiarm irrigated size of farms, classification . total in farms. white and colored farmers in the South. See p. 301 Alfalfa irrigated acreage Alfalfa seed Almonds Apples Apricots Asses and burros, on farms on farms and not on farms not on farms Austria, farmers bom in Avocado pears Bananas Barley irrigated acreage sales of , Beans, dry edible Bees , STATISTICS FOE— United States. Blackberries and dewberries. Broom corn Broom-corn seed Buckwheat Buildings, value Burros. See Asses and burros. Butter Butter fat Cash tenants Cattle, on farms on farms and not on farms . not on farms Cereals Cherries Chickens. See Poultry. Chicory Chinese farmers Chufas Chufas seed Citrous fruits Clover Clover seed Coarse forage Color and nativity of farmers. Colored farmers Com irrigated acreage sales of. Cornstalks sold Cotton Cotton seed Cranberries Cream Crops, all crops feedable, sales of irrigated sales of Currants Dairy products Dates Denmark, farmers bom in Ditches for irrigation Domestic animals, on farms on farms and not on farms . not on farms Domestic animals, poultry, and bees Domestic animals sold and slaughtered . Ducks. See Poultry. Emmer and spelt England, farmers bom in Farm mortgages Farm property, value Farmers, by race and nativity,, . Farms, average acreage classified by size irrigated number tenure classes Feed Feedable crops. See Croxffl. Fertilizers Figs Flaxseed Flower and vegetable seeds. Flowers and plants Foreign-bom white farmers. Forest products of farms France, farmers bom in Fruits, orchard small Geese. See Poultry. Germany, farmers bom in . . f 265, ^ 281-283 423 303,304 r 265-269, [ 281-283 398 430,431 395 416 411 414 320,322 340 338 298 416 416 376,386 439 371 392 312, 336,337 409 408 395 390 265, 277,280 345-349 347 285 314-316 340 338 376,377 345-349 413 408 395 415 398 395 398 297 297,298 376, 378,379 431 371 408 404 406 410 347 360,365 371 429,431 371 409 345-347 416 298 422,426 311,312 340 338 265,277, 281,284 356 353-355 390 298 294 265,276 297,298 265, 280-283 303,304 423 265,268, 281,283 288 371 372 416 394 394 419 297 419 298 411 409 298 Divi- sions. I 280,283 304" I 269,283 398 395 321,322 340 338 States. 280 423 306 386 371 392 312, 336,337 409 390 277, 280 345-349 347 315,316 340 338 377 345-349 413 298 395 398 297 297,298 378,379 371 408 404 406 404 410 347 365 371 347 370 373 429 371 409 345-347 410 347,348 298 426 312 340 338 277,284 357 353-355 390 298 294 276 297,298 280,283 304 423 268,283 288 371 372 419 297 419 298 411 409 416 411 414 322 340 338 STATISTICS FOR — 416 416 386 392 312,336 410 408 395 388 277,280 348,349 316 340 338 377 347-349 413 408 408 395 415 297 297 379 312 340 338 277 358 355 390 294 276 297 306 423 373 373 416 394 394 419 297 419 411 410 SUBJECT Ginseng Goats and kids, on farms on farms and not on farms not on farms Gooseberries Grains, cut green irrigated acreage Grapefruit Grapes Grass seed Guavas Guinea fowls. See Poultry Hay and forage sales of Hemp Hemp seed Honey and wax Hops Horses, on farms on farms and not on farms not on farms Hungarian grass Hungary, farmers bom in Implements and machinery. Improved land Indian farmers Ireland, farmers bom in Irrigation Italy , farmers bom in, Japanese farmers Kafir com and milo maize Kumquats Labor on farms Land and buildings. Land area.. Land in farms classified by size of farms tenure classes Lemons Limes Livestock Loquats Mandarins Mangoes Maple sugar and sirup Milk Millet Millet seed Mint Mohair Mules, asses, and burros, on farms on farms and not on farms not on farms Mustard seed Native white farmers Negro farmers Netherlands, farmers bom in Norway, farmers bom in Nursery products Nuts Oats irrigated acreage sales of Olives Oranges Peaches and nectarines Peanuts Pears Peas Pecans Persian or English walnuts Persimmons Pineapples Plums and prunes Poland, farmers bom in Pomegranates Pomeloes Potatoes irrigated acreage Poultry Production. See Individual crops and Items of live stock products. Pumping plants for irrigation. Quinces Raspberries and loganberries , Reservoirs for irrigation. Rice farms irrigated. Root forage Riu-al population. Russia, farmers bom in. Rye irrigated acreage . . . Scotland, farmers bom in. INDEX TO THE ABSTRACT TABLES. AGRICULTURE— Continued. 56'i SUBJECT. STATISTICS FOR- Share tenants Sheep, on farms on farms and not on farms not on farms shearing age Size of farms Sorghum cane Sorghum cane seed Straw sold Strawberries Sugar beets irrigated acreage Sugar cane Sunflower seed Sweden, farmers bom in Sweet potatoes and yams Swine, on farms on farms and not on farms . not on farms Switzerland, farmers Ixxn In . . . Tangerines Teasels , United States. 285 330-332 340 338 350-352 303,304 407 395 408 409 407 431 406 395 298 399,401 327,328 340 338 298 415 408 Divi- sions. Page. 331,332 340 338 350-352 304 408 409 399,401 327,328 340 338 298 States. Page. 332 340 338 352 306 407 395 410 407 406 395 401 328 340 338 415 SUBJECT. Tenure classes Timothy Timothy and clover mixed Timothy seed //_ Tobacco ].'.".'!!!!!!!!.! Tobacco seed ].""[[[[['.[[ . Turkeys. See Poultry. Value. See individual crops and items of farm prop- erty. ^ '^ Vegetables Wales, farmers bom in Walnuts Wax i!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Wells for irrigation Wheat irrigated acreage White farmers Wild_, salt, or prairie grasses , irrigated acreage Willows Wool ■ MANUFACTURES— SUBJECTS. STATISTICS FOK- United States. Page. 285-290 398 398 395 403 395 402 298 416 356 422,426 376, 380,381 431 298 398 431 408 350-352 Divi- sions. Page. 285-290 398 395 403 40 39 402 298 40 li 356 35 42 }• 380,381 38 398 40 350-352 States. Page. SUBJECT. Capital Cities, 10,000 inhabitanta and over principal Clerks Corporations, establishments operated by Electric motors Establishments, number cities grouped by sizo cities of 10,000 inhabitants cities, principal classes of ownership classlfled by number of wage earners. classified by value of product producing products of $1,000,000 "Expenses miscellaneous Firms , establishments operated by Gas engines Horsepower, total primary Individuals, establishments operated by. Materials, cost of Ownership, classes of Persons engaged in industry Products, value of cities grouped by size cities of 10,000 inhabitants cities, principal Proprietors and firm members STATISTICS FOB— United States. Page. 438, i439,S25 529 528 452 461-463 471-474 43»-445 451 529 528 461 468,469 464 465,467 438, 470,471 438 461 471-474 / 438, \472-474 461 438, 439,625 461,463 438, 452,525 438, 439,525 451 529 528 438, ,452,525 States. Page. \ 525 463 474 44'>,525 467 471 474 474,525 525 463 525 525 Industries. All com- bined. Page. 438,514 452 461,462 471-474 438-445 461 468 464 465 438,470 438 461 471-474 472,514 416 f 438, [439,514 461 452,514 439,514 ' 438, ^452, 514 Lead- ing. Page. 614 453 462 472 442,614 468 465 470 472 472,514 614 453,514 614 514 Indi- vid- ual. Page. 614 514 614 614 614 614 614 SUBJECT. Rank of industries Salaried employees Salaried officers of corporations. . Salaries, payments for Services, payments for Sex of wage earners Steam engines Superintendents and managers. Value added by manufacture. . . cities grouped by size cities of 10,000 inhabitants cities, principal classes of ownership Value of products cities grouped by size cities of 10,000 inhabitants — - cities, principal classes of ownership Wage earners, average number cities grouped by size cities of 10,000 inhabitants cities, principal classes of ownership Wage earners, employed by months. 16 years of age and over, by sex . — — under 16 years of age Wages paid Water motors Water wheels STATISTICS FOR- United States. 438,525 452 438,525 438 457 471-474 452 f 438, ^439-445, [ 525 451 529 528 461,463 r 438, [439,525 451 629 528 461,463 r 438, l439,52S 451 529 528 461,463 459 455-457 457 438, 439,525 471-474 471-474 States. Page. 525 'S25 457 474 445, 525 463 525 463 525 463 457 457 525 474 474 Industries. All com- bined. 438,514 452 438,514 471-474 462 438, 442,614 461 439,614 461 438, 439,514 461 469 / • )439,J 438, 514 471-474 471-474 Lead- ing. 442 514 51 453 514 51 455 472 453 442, 514 514 460 455 455 472 472 Indi- vid- ual. Page 5U 514 MANUFACTURES— INDUSTRIES. Agricultural implements 442, 453, 455, 465, 468, 470, 472, 507, 614 Artificial flowers and feathers and plumes 466,614 Artificial stone 460, 614 Artists' materials 514 Automobiles, including bodies and parts 442, 453, 455, 465, 468, 470, 472, 505, 514 Awnings, tents, and sails 456, 514 Axle grease 514 Babbitt metal and solder 514 Bags, other than paper 456, 514 paper 456,514 Bakmg powders and yeast 456, 514 Baskets, and rattan and willow ware 514 Beet sugar 460,479,514 Belting and hose, leather 514 woven and rubber 614 Bicycles, motorcycles, and parts 505, 514 Billiard tables and materials 514 Blacking and cleansing and polishing preparations 614 Bluing 614 Bone, carbon, and lamp black 514 Page. Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings 442, 453,455,460,465,468,470,472,494.514 rubber 456,514 Boxes, cigar 456, 514 fancy and paper 456, 514 Brass and bronze products 442,453,455,465,468,470,472,514 Bread and other bakery products 442, 453, 455, 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 514 Brick and tile 460, 503, 514 Brooms and brushes 514 Butter, cheese, and condensed milk 442,453, 455, 465, 468, 470, 472, 475, 514 Butter, reworking 514 Buttons 456,514 Calcium lights 514 Candles 514 Canning and preserving 442,453,455,4 6,468,470,472,476,514 Card cutting and designing 514 Carpets and rugs, other than rag 466,480,514 Carpets, rag 514 Carriages and sleds, children's 514 Carriages and wagons and materials 505, 514 668 INDEX TO THE ABSTRACT TABLES. MANUFACTURES— INDUSTRIES— Continued. Page. Cars imd eenerel shop construction and repairs by steam-railroad companies. . 442, ^ 453,455,460,465,468,470,472,506,514 Cars and general shop construction and repairs by street-railroad companies. 506, 514 CaiB steam-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies 442, ' 453,455,465,468,470,472,506,514 street-railroad, not including operations of railroad companies 607, 514 Cash registers and calculating machines 514 Cement 503,514 Charcoal 514 Chemicals 442,453,455,465,468,470,472,495,514 China decorating 514 Chocolate and cocoa products 514 Clocks and watches, including cases and materials 456, 514 Cloth, sponging and refinlshing 514 Clothing, horse 456, 514 men's, buttonholes 614 including shirts 442,453,455,460,465,468,470,472,514 women's 442,453,455,460,466,468,470,472,514 Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding 514 Coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods 514 Coke... 496,514 Confectionery 614 Cooperage and wooden goods, not elsewhere specified 514 Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products 514 Cordage and twine and jute and Unen goods 456, 481, 514 Cordials and sirups 614 Cork.cutUng 456,614 Corsets 456,514 Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. 442, 463, 455, 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 482, 514 Crucibles 514 Cutlery and tools, not elsewhere specified 514 Dairymen's, poulterers', and apiarists' supplies 514 Dentists' materials 614 Drug grinding 514 Dyeing and finishing textiles 456, 614 DyestuSs and extracts .• 497, 514 Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies . . 442, 453, 455, 465, 468, 470, 472, 508, 514 Electroplating 614 Emery and other abrasive wheels 514 Enameling and japanning 514 Engravers' materials 514 Engraving and diesinking 514 Engraving, wood 514 Explosives 497, 514 Fancy articles, not elsewhere specified 514 Fertilizers 460,498,614 Files 514 Fire extinguishers, chemical 514 Firearms and ammunition 514 Fireworks 456, 614 Flags, banners, regalia, society badges, and emblems 456, 614 Flavoring extracts .' . . . 456, 514 Flax and hemp, dressed 614 Flour-mill and gristmill products 442, 453, 455, 465, 468, 470, 472, 477, 514 Food preparations 466, 514 Foundry and machine^hop products 442, 463, 455, 460, 466, 468, 470, 472, 614 Foundry supplies 514 Fuel, manufactured : 614 Fur goods 456,614 Furnishing goods, men's 466, 614 Furniture and refrigerators 442,463,455,460,466,468,470,472,514 Furs, dressed 614 Galvanizing 514 Gas and electric fixtures and lamps and reflectors 614 Gas, illuminating and heating 442, 463, 456, 466, 488, 470, 472, 499, 514 Glass 604,614 cutting, staining, and ornamenting 514 Gloves and mittens, leather 456,494,514 Glucose and starch 499,514 Glue .11 4 Gold and silver, leaf and foil 456 reducing and refining, not from the ore ' Grapliite and graphite refining ]] Grease and tallow [[[ Grindstones '..'.'.'. 460 Hair work '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 466' Haircloth "__ ' Hammocks *. '.'.'.'.'.'. Hand stamps and stencils and brands '.'."." Hat and cap materials '.'.'.'.'.■ Hats and caps, other than felt, straw, and wool ..'. Hats, fur-felt 456i 483 straw 45g' 4(j()' Hones and whetstones ..'.'.'.'.'." ' ' Horseshoes, not made in steel works or rolling mills. '..'.'.'. Hosiery and knit goods 442, 453, 455, 460, 465,' 468,' 470,' 472,' 484, House-furnishing goods, not elsewhere specified 456 Ice, manufactiu«d " [ 450 sog' Ink, printing '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. ' ' —— wri tin g !.!]!!!!!!!!.'!!!!! Instruments, professional and scientific '..'. Iron and steel, blast furnaces 442, 453,' 455," 465," 468," 470," 472 '488 bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets, not made in steel works or rolling mills ' doors and shutters forgings '.....'.'.'...'.'. nails and spikes, cut and wrought, including wire nails," not made in steel works or rolling mills - — steel works and roUing mills 442, 453,"455,'466,'465'468'476,'472,'489 Iron and steel pipe, wrought ''>>».• f^<', Jewelry '.'.'.'.'.... 456 Jewelry and instrument cases '.'.'.'.'.'. 456' Kaol in and ground earths '. '. Labels and tags .■ .' " Lapidary work ".!!!..".!.".".".".!!.. Lard, refined, not made in slaughtering and mea't-paeking'estabii'diments! ! '. Lead, bar, pipe, and sheet ...WWW .[][.. ..[.[[ Leather goods 442 453 455 468 470 "472 Leather, tanned, curried, and finished !.".".' '442,' 463, 455,' 466,' 468,' 47o' 472) 4931 Liquors, dtetilied; WW.W.WWWWWWWWW'.'.W.W "442,"453,"456,"465,"468,"476, 472! ™^* 442,463,455,465,468,470,4721 514 514 614 514 514 514 514 614 514 614 614 ,514 ,514 614 614 ,514 ,614 ,614 514 514 614 ,614 514 614 614 514 ,514 614 ,514 ,514 614 514 514 514 614 514 514 514 614 514 514 Liquors, vinous 514 Locomotives, not made by railroad comjKinies 514 Looking-glass and picture frames 514 Lumber and timber products •. . . 442, 453, 455, 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 609, 61 4 Malt 514 Marble and stone work 442, 453, 456, 468, 470, 472, 514 Matches : 514 Mats and matting 514 Mattresses and spring beds 514 Millinery and lace goods 456, 614 Mineral and soda waters 514 Mirrors 514 Models and patterns, not including paper patterns 614 Moving pictures 514 Mucilage and paste 514 Musical instruments and materials, not specified 514 Musical instruments, pianos and organs and materials ; 509, 514 Needles, pins, and hooks and eyes 456, 514 Oakum 514 Oil, castor 614 cottonseed, and cake 442, 453, 466, 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 499, 614 essential 500, 514 linseed 514 not elsewhere specified 514 Oilcloth and linoleum 514 Oleomargarine 514 Optical goods 514 Paint and varnish 442, 453,455,465,468,470,472,500,514 Paper and wood pulp 442, 453, 456, 465, 468, 470, 472, 510, 514 Paper goods, not elsewhere specified 466, 514 Paper patterns 514 Patent medicines and compoimds and druggists' preparations 442, 463, 455, 465, 468, 470, 472, 514 Paving materials 614 Peanuts, grading, roasting, cleaning, and shelling 456, 514 Pencils, lead 466, 514 Pens, fountain, stylographic, and gold 514 steel 456,614 Petroleum, refining 442,453,455,465,468,470,472,501,514 Phonographs and graphophones 510, 614 Photo-engraving 514 Photographic apparatus and materials 514 Pipes, tobacco 514 Pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products 456, 514 Printing and publishing 442, 453, 456, 460, 466, 468, 470, 472, 511, 514 Pulp goods 514 Pumps, not including steam pimips 514 Rice, cleaning and polishing 460, 477, 514 Roofing materials 514 Rubber goods, not elsewhere specified 614 Rules, ivory and wood 514 Safes and vaults 514 Salt 501,514 Sand and emery paper and cloth 514 Saws 514 Scales and balances 514 Screws, machine 514 wood 614 Sewing machines, cases, and attachments 614 Shipbuilding, including boat building 512, 614 Shoddy 486,514 Show cases 614 Signs and advertising novelties 514 Silk and silk goods, including throwsters 442, 453, 456, 465, 468, 470, 472, 485, 514 Silverware and plated ware 514 Slaughtering and meat packing 442, 453, 455, 466, 468, 470, 472, 478, 614 Smeltmg and refining, copper 442,453,455,466,468,470,472,614 lead 442,463,455,465,468,470,472,514 zinc 614 not from the ore 614 Soap 502,614 Soda-water apparatus 614 Sporting and athletic goods 514 Springs, steel, car and carriage 514 Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified 456, 614 Statuary and art goods 614 Steam packing 614 Stereotyping and electrotyping 514 Stoves and lumaces, including gas and oil stoves 514 Sugar and molasses, not includmg beet sugar 442, 453, 455, 460, 408, 470, 472, 479, 514 Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids 502, 514 Surgical appliances and artificial limbs 456,614 Tinfoil 514 Tin plate and temeplate 491,514 Tobacco manufactures 460,514 Toys and games 614 Turpentine and rosin 503, 514 Tyjie founding and printing materials 614 Typewriters and supplies 514 Umbrellas and canes 456,614 Upholstering materials 514 Vault lights and ventilators 614 Vinegar and cider 460,514 Wall paper 614 Wall plaster 514 Washmg machines and clothes wringers 514 Waste 614 Wheelbarrows 614 Whips 614 Windmills 514 Window shades and fixtures 514 Wire 492,514 Wirework, including wire rope and cable 614 Wood carpet 614 Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosta 614 Wood preserving 514 Wood, turned and carved 514 Wool pulling 514 Wool scouring 614 Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats 442, 453, 455, 460, 465, 468, 470, 472, 482, 486, 514 INDEX TO THE ABSTRACT TABLES. MINING. SUBJECT. Boys under 16 employed Capital . ;;;;; Clerks and other salaried employees. Contract work, expense of Corporations, enterprises conducted by. Electric motors. STATISTICS FOR- United States. Engineers, firemen, mechanics. Expenses of operation and development \L.. miscellaneous 54j principal items I Firms, enterprises conducted by Fuel and rent of jwwer, cost of. . Gas engines Horsepower, total primary Hours of labor /541 \M7; Individuals, enterprises conducted by . Land controlled. Mineral and oil land controlled .... . . . ." '. Miners, and miners' helpers, quarrymen and stone cutters Mines and quarries, number Min^, quarries, and wells, number. Operators, number of Ore and natural gas purchased, cost. Persons engaged in mining [542, 549 ,560 561 541, 1,561 553 556 549 541, ,560 ,561 657 553 560 556 556, 560 551 553 552 552 549 641, 560 Industries. States. All com- bined. Page. .542, 560 561 558, 561 560 561 558 560 560 542, 560 / 641,1 \648,561i/ 542, 560 560 549 562 563 1559,563 553 656 549 562 563 559 553 562 556 556,563 551 553 552,562 552 549 Lead- ing- Indi- vld- ual. 562 563 559, 563 562 562 562 563 Page. Page. 549 562 563 • 559, . 563 553 556 549 562 563 659 553 562 556 651 553 552 552 549 502 544 562 563 563 559 562 563 562 562 562 563 SUBJECT. Products, value of. Royalties and rent of mines Salaried employees Salaried officers of corporations Salaried officials Salaries, payments for '." Salaries and wages Services, payments for ] Size of enterprises Steam engines Superintendents and managers. Supplies and materials, cost Taxes Timber land '.'.'.'.'." Value of products. 561 STATESnCS FOE— United States. Page. 541, 542,545 Proprietors and firm members i ^41 Quantity of .ulnerals produced ....'.... Wage earners above and below ground . employed by months Wages Water wheels Wells, number .' I oil i545,561 541 548 561 541,560 557 641,545 554-556 556 548,556 f 641, [546, 560 652 f 541, 542, 1545,561 I 541, [542,561 549 650,551 541,660 656 641,542 Page. 542, 558 ■ 561 Industries. All com- bined. Page. •559,563 649,563 658, 561 661 660 568 560 542, 558, 661 642- 561 560 542 I/ead- ing- Indl vid- ua!. }559,563 I 563 663 562 559 562 564,655 566 656 165! 563 562 i9-563 ► 563 649 660,551 562 556 . Page 642, 559 545 56; 549, 563 557 559, 559 563 56; 563 56; 563 562 559 562 654, 655 556 556 562 563 652 559, 563 545 549 651 562 566 56; 56: 55! 562 565 563 559- 563 563 562 o TO— #► 42 ^ J Ik^^bl ■ ■ ki>«r%«-*i en Hall FH^UR er 642-2511 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS ALL JOURNALS ARE NON-RENEWABLE Return to desk from which borrowed DUE AS STAMPED BELOW REC. PUBL. MA R ^ ^ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY FORM NO. DD26-7, 9m. 1 1 /78 BERKELEY, CA 94720 ®»