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GIFT OF 
 
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PEACE GIVEN AS THE 
 WORLD GIVETH 
 
PEACE 
 
 GIVEN AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 OR 
 
 THE PORTSMOUTH TREATY 
 
 AND ITS 
 
 FIRST YEAR'S FRUITS 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN BIGELOW 
 
 NEW YORK 
 BAKER & TAYLOR CO. 
 
 1907 
 
j3 
 
 
 3^ 
 
 ^•^ 
 
 >■ 
 
 S^ 
 
 
 >-A 
 
 X 
 
PEACE GIVEN AS THE 
 WORLD GIVETH 
 
PEACE GIVEN AS THE WORLD 
 GIVETH^ 
 
 While sojourning with my family at a 
 watering-place on the eastern frontier of 
 France in the summer of 1905, nmiors 
 reached me through the public prints that our 
 President was permitting himself to listen to, 
 if not seriously to entertain, the purpose of 
 attempting negotiations for a suspension of 
 the war between the empires of Russia and 
 Japan. Deeming such a step on his part 
 most indiscreet and unlikely to be successful, 
 except upon terms which any representative 
 of a republic would have reason to deplore, I 
 wrote the following letter: 
 
 DivoNNE LES Bains 
 
 June 3, 1905. 
 My dear Mr, President: 
 
 You have the ear of Dionysius, but you do 
 not use it for the same purpose. The tyrant 
 
 ^ Peace I leave with you; my peace I give unto you; not as 
 the world giveth give I unto you. John xiv. 27. 
 
 1^1 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 of Syracuse used it to learn what his people 
 did not wish him to know. You use it only to 
 learn what your people wish you to know. 
 There you have my excuse for trying to secure 
 your attention for a few moments. 
 
 You will have observed that the day follow- 
 ing the arrival of the news of the prostration 
 of the Russian naval power on the Pacific the 
 market value of all financial securities ad- 
 vanced throughout the commercial world. 
 This advance was based upon the probabilities 
 of an early peace which you are looked to as 
 the Deus ex Machina through whom it is to 
 be negotiated. 
 
 What I venture to suggest is that you be in 
 no hurry to entertain appeals of that kind, 
 from any quarter. The time for a peace of 
 any sort, and especially for a durable peace 
 which would unite the people and government 
 of Russia, the only kind of peace with the 
 negotiation of which you can aflford to have 
 anything to do, is still, in my judgment, quite 
 remote. 
 
 There is no evidence that either of the bel- 
 ligerent governments or their people desire 
 
 1^1 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 peace upon any such terms as are now attain- 
 able. The peace that might satisfy the gov- 
 ernment of the Czar and those who would 
 negotiate it would be as hateful to the en- 
 lightened and probably to the unenlightened 
 population of Russia as the restoration of the 
 Bourbons by the Allied Powers after the bat- 
 tle of Waterloo was to the French people ; as 
 the restoration of the Stuarts was after the 
 death of Cromwell. 
 
 On the other hand, an indefinite prolonga- 
 tion of the war would be preferable to the 
 Czar and his entourage to any such conditions 
 of peace as the people would be satisfied with, 
 or such only as you could afford as the Presi- 
 dent of a republic and a Christian to recom- 
 mend. 
 
 Every one who believes in an overruling 
 Providence must admit that the sacrifices of 
 life, to say nothing of property, in this war, as 
 indeed in all wars, is expiatory of correspond- 
 ing wrongs and injustice on the part of one 
 or both of the belligerents. There are no signs 
 yet that the sacrifices, enormous and perhaps 
 unprecedented thus far in human history as 
 
 1:5] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 they are, have yet reached or apparently ap- 
 proached the level of the evils and foul in- 
 humanities which are to be expiated. 
 
 The rulers of Russia for the last two cen- 
 turies have been to Europe what the sons of 
 Anakim were to the Hebrew emigrants from 
 Egypt in the time of Moses, a menace and a 
 terror. We have heard all our lives the cry, 
 "Who can stand before these sons of Anak?" 
 From their first emergence in history as a 
 nation they have preyed upon all neighboring 
 territories like a cancer, and by predatory 
 habits compelled the rest of the civilized 
 world not only to go constantly armed but to 
 provide weapons of ever-increasing number 
 and costliness for self-defense. It would 
 seem as though the beginning of the end of 
 this international terror was at hand, but I 
 think those have read history to little purpose 
 who think the end itself and a durable peace 
 is at hand. 
 
 The Master who is a silent party to all wars 
 is not worrying about the holders of Russian 
 securities in St. Petersburg and Frankfort 
 and Paris and London, or in Wall Street. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 He is not worrying either about the slaughter 
 of His creatures whose blood is staining the 
 soil of Manchuria and the waters that bathe 
 the shores of Korea. He is thinking rather 
 of the government and institutions to be 
 provided for the training of countless future 
 generations for a higher seat in His King- 
 dom. 
 
 Such changes in a population to be counted 
 not by millions but by hundreds of millions 
 are not wrought in a day or a year. They re- 
 quire more frequently centuries. The Ameri- 
 can colonists, in the main a very superior class 
 of people, had to endure the caprices and tyr- 
 anny of a crazy monarch for nearly fifty years 
 before they were brave enough, strong enough, 
 and wise enough to assert their independence. 
 We had to endure for more than a century 
 and then fight the bloodiest and most costly 
 war of which history had then any record, be- 
 fore we were able to eliminate from our Con- 
 stitution the shameful privilege of property 
 representation which was shared only by a 
 minority of our States and population; an 
 inequality which was utterly unreconcilable 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 with the elementary principles of popular 
 sovereignty. 
 
 Beginning with the revolution in France of 
 1793, succeeded by perpetual agitation and 
 repeated political convulsions which lasted for 
 nearly a century, and then only after a fear- 
 fully bloody dynastic war, did the French 
 people succeed in the expulsion or extinction 
 of the several races of her oppressors and in 
 the establishment of a constitutional popular 
 government which has already endured more 
 than three times as long as the average dura- 
 tion of her dynastic governments for the three 
 preceding centuries. What it took France 
 nearly a century to accomplish, who can name 
 the limits of the time it may take Russia to 
 accomplish, with fully twenty times the popu- 
 lation that France had in 1793, that can 
 neither read nor write (and who probably 
 never had an ancestor that could) . 
 
 Who can suppose that with all the new 
 facilities of intercourse and the new forces at 
 the service of the world to-day, steam, elec- 
 tricity, the telegraph and telephone, the 
 growing commercial and alimentary depen- 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 dence of nations upon each other, that Russia 
 can reach the pohtical conditions under which 
 France is now, for the first time in her history, 
 prosperous and content, in a much briefer 
 period than France required for her enfran- 
 chisement? But there is no position short of 
 that with which Russia can now be expected 
 ever to be content, and, if the lessons of his- 
 tory are to be trusted, restlessness, agitations, 
 revolutions, must be the warp or the woof of 
 her history until her people rule their govern- 
 ment instead of being ruled by it. 
 
 Now with suitable apologies for the many 
 superfluous words I have used, and to make a 
 long story short, I merely wish you to con- 
 sider whether you as a Republican President 
 can recommend to Russia any terms or con- 
 ditions of peace which she would think of 
 accepting or which any of the dynastic powers 
 of Europe would consent to her accepting; 
 and whether you care to place your Adminis- 
 tration in like relations to the people of Russia 
 — now struggling hopefully for a free and 
 enlightened government— that the English 
 and French governments occupied towards 
 
 [93 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 ours in 1863-4, when they were trying to 
 force President Lincoln to purchase peace by 
 a surrender of more than half of our national 
 territory to be desecrated to the perpetuation 
 of chattel slavery. 
 
 I remain, Mr. President, with sincere re- 
 
 ' Your very obedient servant, 
 
 John Bigelow. 
 
 His Excellency Theodore Roosevelt, 
 President. 
 
 As I was taking my afternoon walk to the 
 post-ofRce with the foregoing letter in my 
 pocket, I encountered a friend quite unex- 
 pectedly who had just driven up from a dis- 
 tance to call upon me. In the course of our 
 conversation, as he was a person as well ac- 
 quainted with the policies and type of the 
 Washington government as any one of my 
 acquaintance, I ventured to express to him 
 my hope that the President would turn a deaf 
 ear to any solicitations of the kind referred to 
 
 DO] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 in the preceding note, and I went so far as to 
 say that I did not deem it possible that a 
 Republican president could consistently sug- 
 gest any terms of peace, at that stage of the 
 war, which the imperial government of Russia 
 could, or would, accept. The answer that I 
 received surprised me: "To have Russia re- 
 ject our terms is just what we want; that will 
 make us solid with Japan." 
 
 This remark satisfied me that it was too 
 late for such a letter as I had written to do 
 any good. I did not post it. It would have 
 been originally addressed to Mr. Hay, then 
 Secretary of State, had his health permitted 
 him to be in his place at Washington, and in 
 a condition to give attention to business at the 
 time it was written. He died on the first of 
 July, and Elihu Root, of New York, was per- 
 suaded to become his successor. 
 
 So soon as I learned that Mr. Root had 
 taken the oath of his new ofiice, I wrote to him 
 the following letter: 
 
 en] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 The Squirrels 
 
 Highland Falls on Hudson, New York 
 
 July 14, 1905 
 Hon. Elihu Root, 
 
 My dear Mr. Secretary: 
 
 Nothing which Mr. Roosevelt has 
 done since he became our Chief Magistrate 
 has commended him so much to my respect, 
 nor done so much to mitigate my sense of the 
 loss which his administration and the country 
 have sustained in the death of Mr. Hay, as 
 your selection for his successor. I imite my- 
 self with the great majority of the nation in 
 thanking you for yielding to the President's 
 appeal. I should not trouble you, however, 
 with this declaration, which I am sure will 
 convey no news to you, if I did not esteem it 
 a proper introduction to some views to which 
 you may not have had occasion to attach as 
 much importance as I do. 
 
 I was in Paris when the wail of the bankers 
 from all the great financial centers of Europe 
 and America went up to Mr. Roosevelt to use 
 
 CIS] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 his influence to stop the Russo-Japanese 
 War, without a thought on their part, I pre- 
 sume, of the purposes which, under Provi- 
 dence, that war was intended and destined to 
 serve, but with a single eye to the protection 
 of their securities, at least until they could be 
 unloaded upon the innocent public. Having 
 in mind the far-reaching lessons taught by 
 the several anti-dynastic wars which made 
 Cromwell President of Great Britain in the 
 seventeenth century, Washington President 
 of the United States in the eighteenth cen- 
 tury; which sent Louis XVI of France, only 
 a few years later, to the guillotine; which in 
 the nineteenth century made two French em- 
 perors captives and exiles,— and in each of 
 these bloody crises helped to teach the nations 
 that a government of the people, by the peo- 
 ple, for the people, was the only system for 
 the government of men that could endure, — 
 I felt, as the President was so much younger 
 than I, that I might take the liberty of cau- 
 tioning him against overlooking the vital in- 
 terest of the people of Russia in this war, and 
 of weighing well, not only the advantages of 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 terminating it, but also possibly the far 
 greater advantages of its continuance, until 
 at least the rights of the Russian people were 
 as well secured or better than the rights of 
 their beasts of burden. 
 
 While my mind was exercised by these 
 thoughts I fell into conversation with a prom- 
 inent metropolitan journaUst, who chanced 
 to be in Paris at that time, in which I in- 
 timated a doubt whether the President of our 
 Republic ought to be in any binary about 
 laundering Europe's dirty linen, more espe- 
 cially as neither of the belligerents had ex- 
 pressed any desire, formally or informally, 
 for his intervention; and that any terms of 
 peace which a Republican President could 
 reconmiend with propriety the present gov- 
 ernment of Russia would commit suicide by 
 accepting. My friend's reply was: "To have 
 Russia refuse our efforts to make peace is 
 just what we want, because that will make us 
 solid with Japan"; implying that the Mi- 
 kado's friendship was worth more to us now 
 than that of any other nation. 
 
 As I was expecting to return home in a few 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 days I held the letter by me, and on my ar- 
 rival I fomid that the President had become 
 so far engaged in what seemed to be the 
 policy indicated by my friend that I did not 
 think it worth while to trouble him with my 
 views on that subject. Mr. Hay's health at 
 that time was such that I did not venture to 
 bring the subject to his attention. 
 
 The Czar's most formidable enemies are 
 not the Japanese but his own subjects, who 
 are struggling for the possession of at least 
 some of their natural rights. The Japs are 
 fighting their battles as we fought the battle 
 of the slaves in breaking the neck of the Con- 
 federacy, as Germany fought the battle of 
 French republicans by overthrowing the 
 chromo dynasties of the Bourbons and the 
 Bonapartes. In your desire for peace let us 
 hope you and the President will not forget 
 the people of Russia, nor how frequently his- 
 tory bears witness that the Christ sendeth not 
 peace, but the sword, to the nations. 
 Yours, etc., 
 
 DO 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 At the date of this letter Russia's fleet had 
 been utterly destroyed, and her influence on 
 the sea for the time annihilated. Port Arthur 
 had been taken and the Czar's land forces had 
 been kept steadily on the retreat. On the 
 10th of March previous, the Japanese had 
 driven the Russians out of Mukden and oc- 
 cupied it. On the 16th of March Tie-Pass, 
 forty miles north of Mukden, fell also into 
 the hands of the Japanese, the Russians hav- 
 ing retreated about 108 miles further west. 
 There they rallied, and were speedily joined 
 by the Japanese army under General Oyama. 
 Meantime, General Kuropatkin had been 
 superseded in the command of the Russian 
 forces by General Linevitch. 
 
 Such was the situation of the belligerents 
 on June 8, when the President sent messages 
 to the representatives of the Japanese and 
 British governments, recommending them, 
 "Not only for their sakes, but in the interests 
 of the whole civilized world, to open direct 
 negotiations for peace with one another," and 
 expressing his readiness to do what he prop- 
 erly could if the two powers concerned felt 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 that his services could be of aid in arranging 
 the preliminaries as to the time and place of 
 meeting, etc. 
 
 Both belligerents finally signified their ac- 
 ceptance of the President's proposal and on 
 the 12th of June agreed to appoint plenipo- 
 tentiaries to discuss terms of peace, with the 
 results of which the public is already familiar. 
 
 The first meeting of the plenipotentiaries 
 was held on August 9, in the navy-yard, at 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire. The treaty 
 of peace there concocted was signed by them 
 September 5 of the same year, and confirmed 
 by their respective sovereigns on the 14th of 
 October following. There is no evidence of 
 an official character which has reached the 
 public, so far as I know, that either of the 
 belligerents had invited this intervention; 
 that either desired it, or that either was indis- 
 posed to leave the issues of the war to be de- 
 termined by the God of battles. The terms 
 of the treaty prove pretty clearly that it was 
 signed under the coercion of European pow- 
 ers. That Russia was not yearning for our 
 intervention is sufficiently manifest from her 
 
 1:173 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 refusal to sign any treaty which involved the 
 payment of a single copeck of indemnity to 
 the Japanese — conclusive evidence that she 
 did not consider herself conquered. Neither 
 does she consider herself conquered to-day. 
 That the Japanese as a people were not rec- 
 onciled to the terms of peace to which their 
 agent had subscribed, was shown by the riot- 
 ous demonstrations at Tokio and the general 
 discontent throughout their empire which fol- 
 lowed the receipt of the news that they were 
 to receive no pecimiary indemnity, nor any 
 recognition of defeat from Russia, a discon- 
 tent which slumbers under treacherous ashes, 
 the fires of which are as far as ever from being 
 extinct. 
 
 From the origin of these negotiations in 
 early June to their consummation by the 
 treaty of peace concluded by the Emperor of 
 Japan and the Emperor of Russia on October 
 14, 1905, it is a memorable fact of conspicuous 
 significance that neither of the secretaries of 
 state appears by the record to have partici- 
 pated in, if ever consulted about, the negotia- 
 tion of this treaty by the President. 
 
 CIS] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Rumors emanating from Washington were 
 put in circulation that both the belhgerents 
 were anxious for our interference. That 
 meant merely that our intervention and the 
 terms of the treaty both required an apology. 
 No other than the one circulated would have 
 been plausible. Of course all belligerents de- 
 sire an end of their fight; that is what they 
 fight for. But they are never unanimous for 
 peace imtil one of them at least is disabled. 
 The combatants, if separated by a superior 
 force, are sure to continue hostiles until the 
 issues between them are finally adjudged to 
 their mutual satisfaction, or by some sort of 
 tribunal from which there is no appeal. 
 
 "I have always wished Peace," said Napo- 
 leon, "and always offered it after victory; 
 never asked it after a reverse, for one repairs 
 the loss of soldiers more readily than the loss 
 of honor." ^ 
 
 Also, when in the plentitude of his power, 
 
 ^ J'ai tou jours voulu la paix, et tou jours je I'ai offerte aprfes 
 une victoire: jamais je ne I'ai demand^e aprfes un revers, parce- 
 qu'une nation recouvre plus aisement des hommes qu'elle ne 
 recouvre I'honneur. 
 
 [193 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 he was wont to present this abstract sentiment 
 in a more picturesque fashion, as follows : 
 
 "The lion wanted only to sleep, but was al- 
 ways being attacked."^ "The man on horse- 
 back wanted to stop, but how furl the Eng- 
 lishmen's sails?" 
 
 There is abundant evidence that the bel- 
 ligerents regard each other as much enemies 
 to-day as ever they did before the fall of Port 
 Arthur. As recently as December 20, 1906, 
 more than a year after the Portsmouth peace, 
 the extra conservative Novoe Vremya of St. 
 Petersburg utters its note of warning. Atten- 
 tion is called by it to the feverish activity with 
 which the Japanese are perfecting their arma- 
 ments. The conclusion is drawn that these 
 preparations can only have Russia as their 
 objective; that the Japanese as a nation are 
 dissatisfied with their government for having 
 concluded peace upon too lenient terms and 
 for not having effectually put an end to all 
 question of Russian dominion in the East, the 
 
 * Le lion ne demandait qu'a s-endormir, mais on Fattaquait 
 sans cesser le cavalier aurait bien voulu arreter son cheval, 
 mais comment brider les voiles anglaises? 
 
 Cso] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 conclusion being drawn that the island king- 
 dom will before long make another bid for 
 absolute supremacy at the expense of Russia.^ 
 Assuming that the President's motives for 
 lending himself and the influence of his coun- 
 try—whether he represented or misrepre- 
 sented it — was a himiane and fraternal one so 
 far as he was concerned; assimiing that 
 neither the fear lest the farther weakening of 
 Russia would give too free a hand to Ger- 
 many; assuming that the clamor of the bank- 
 
 *A book entitled "A Russian Prisoner in Japan" has re- 
 cently appeared and is reviewed in the New York Times of 
 the 27th April last by a Japanese gentleman who subscribes 
 himself as K. K. Kawakami, A.M. The conclusion of his arti- 
 cle is interesting as expressing the opinions of one who may 
 be presumed to have had a deeper interest in the Russo- 
 Japanese War than President Roosevelt or any of his cabi- 
 net. He says: 
 
 "Strewn here and there through the pages the book contains 
 pointed remarks about the prominent characters in Russia 
 and other countries. To cite a few instances, Gorky is an 
 *outcast and degenerate*; Count Tolstoi a 'crass Socialist, 
 mischiefmaker, and humbug,' whose books are popular merely 
 because of his 'moujik blouse and those delightful tableaus 
 of a real nobleman shoemaking and haymaking*; Witte, a 
 *high-handed genii,* whose railroad and industrial policies 
 have ruined Russia; Alexieff, a 'sailor on horseback, who 
 knew no more about the Japanese Army establishment than 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 ers about the costliness of the war and its 
 dilution of Russian securities, had no undue 
 influence in prompting this effort to stay the 
 farther shedding of blood and destruction of 
 property, it may be well worth the while of 
 those of us who believe in popular sovereignty 
 and constitutional democracy, to consider how 
 far the measures adopted at Portsmouth have 
 responded to the President's pretensions. 
 
 How much have they stayed the shedding 
 of blood? 
 
 he does of the Patagonian Army'; Rojestvensky, a 'fussy 
 old martinet,' hated by all his officers; and Stoessel, a *hen- 
 pecked' coward, who, having surrendered Port Arthur in 
 betrayal of his loyal soldiers, was shameless enough to ask 
 Gen. Nogi if his wife would be allowed to take all her own 
 things away with her. As for Mr. Roosevelt, he is the arch- 
 angel of high-handed despots, whose steel wrist 'hammered 
 out at the American Cronstadt' a peace which neither Japan 
 nor Russia truly wanted. 'That terrible American President, 
 II 8trenuoso/ wanted peace at all costs, and he surely was 
 'capable of locking the conferees in a room and starving them 
 into obedience.' " 
 
 "Oh ! it is the strangest thing in all the world ! Never more 
 will a peace conference go to America. The Americans are 
 too literal. A peace conference is for the purpose of making 
 peace, they argue — therefore. Make peace! Quick! At once! 
 Immediately! Oh! sooner than that, even; if the Roosevelt 
 happens to be ruling." 
 
 1:223 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 How much have they arrested the destruc- 
 tion of property? 
 
 How much have they contributed to the 
 happiness and welfare of the people of Russia 
 in whose behalf was to be found the only ex- 
 cuse for the President of our republic med- 
 dling with them? 
 
 HOW MUCH HAS THE TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH 
 STAYED THE SHEDDING OF BLOOD? 
 
 The war began on the 6th of February, 1904, 
 when the Japanese admiral engaged the Rus- 
 sian ships and batteries at Port Arthur. It 
 terminated with the signing of the treaty of 
 peace at Portsmouth, September 5, 1905, 
 having endured just about twenty months. 
 With the month of November, 1905, after the 
 treaty of Portsmouth had been ratified, and 
 the news of its conditions might be supposed 
 to have reached the people of the belligerent 
 sovereignties, I began to preserve what ap- 
 peared to be the most authentic reports of 
 what as consequences of that news might 
 
 1:233 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 take place in Russia for the rest of the year 
 succeeding the signature of the treaty, em- 
 bracing exactly ten months,— that I might 
 know and be assured if my apprehensions 
 were to be verified or not; if I had cried 
 "Wolf," when there was no wolf. 
 
 A member of the general staff at Wash- 
 ington reports the casualties of the war for 
 the whole twenty months to the signing of the 
 treaty of peace, for Russia, 180,134, and for 
 Japan, 153,652; making an aggregate of 
 313,786. The number of killed is not given, 
 but the killed and wounded are reported in 
 the aggregate as casualties. As that is a 
 report for twenty months of the war, to com- 
 pare it with the first ten months of the war 
 it is necessary to halve that sum, which would 
 give 156,893 casualties for ten months of the 
 war. 
 
 Now let us see what were the fruits of the 
 Portsmouth peace during the ten months suc- 
 ceeding its ratification. 
 
 From November, 1905, to November, 1906, 
 Russia was from one end to the other of its 
 vast domain in a state of almost anarchical 
 
 1:243 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 revolution. The successive defeats of its 
 armies; the annihilation of its navy; the im- 
 puted corruption and incompetence of its offi- 
 cers, civil as well as military, on land and sea ; 
 the exhaustion of the national treasury; the 
 destruction of the national credit; and, finally, 
 the disappointment of all hopes of political 
 relief at the hands of the imperial govern- 
 ment, seemed to have driven the proletariat in 
 every part of the empire to desperation. The 
 masses had no leaders, for the government 
 had never allowed them to possess or to learn 
 how to exercise any, even the most elemen- 
 tary political powers. Relying as they did 
 upon the continuance of the war to compel 
 the government to become daily more de- 
 pendent upon them for soldiers and money, 
 the longer Japan kept the Czar's Cossacks in 
 Manchuria the surer they became of an ulti- 
 mate recognition of some of the rights of 
 manhood theretofore denied them. The 
 Portsmouth treaty, instead of relieving them, 
 filled them with righteous indignation. The 
 foreign war from which, whatever its result, 
 the people of Russia rightfully hoped for and 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 expected, directly or indirectly, a substantial 
 amelioration of their political and social con- 
 dition, was converted into a Civil War; and an 
 army over a million strong were released from 
 the grasp of a victorious enemy to return and 
 ruthlessly trample upon every one of their 
 ennobling aspirations, and crush their only 
 hope of securing a mode of life worth living. 
 Riots began at St. Petersburg, spread to 
 Moscow, Odessa, Sebastopol, to the principal 
 Polish cities, and especially in the Caucasus, 
 where revolutionary governments actually 
 displaced the imperial authorities. The num- 
 ber of killed as reported in my tables evi- 
 dently is an insignificant portion of those who 
 really perished, but grouped here as I took 
 the casualties reported by the daily press, 
 the ghastly details will prove more than ample 
 for the lesson which this inauspicious and un- 
 happy meddling with the quarrels of foreign 
 nations is intended to teach. 
 
 N. Y. Sun, Nov. 4, 1905. The extent of dis- 
 asters from the revolt in Odessa may be in- 
 ferred from the fact that there are 5,000 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 wounded in the hospitals and the total 
 casualties 15,000. 
 
 N. Y. Heraldj Nov. 7. The Bucharest cor- 
 respondent of the Daily Mail (London) 
 writes : 
 
 "There is terrifying news still from Kish- 
 ineff; the city is strewn with dead. An 
 unwieldy provisional government has been 
 established. Famine reigns throughout 
 Bessarabia and the Hebrews are taking 
 refuge in cellars, where they are dying by 
 wholesale." 
 
 Odessa, Monday. It is now estimated that 
 the killed and wounded during the recent 
 riots here number 6,000. 
 
 N, Y, Sun, Nov. 7. The President says to 
 Mr. Strauss that in the condition of social 
 disaster which actually exists in Russia he 
 does not see that any action can be taken by 
 the government at present which will be of 
 any benefit to the unfortunate sufferers. 
 O Si Sic Omnia! 
 
 L^71 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 N. Y, Sun, St. Petersburg, Nov. 9. Sailors 
 at Cronstadt mutinied last night and to- 
 day set fire to the town. ... A regiment 
 of Uhlans sent from St. Petersbiu-g. The 
 first of them landed were bayoneted; the 
 rest joined the mutineers. . . . Ten un- 
 popular officers are among the killed. 
 
 There is nothing incredible in the report 
 that Count Witte said to Mr. Petrunko- 
 vitch: "I find myself confronted by a 
 mighty ocean with only a cockle shell to 
 cross it. Even if Christ assisted the gov- 
 
 " emment, the people would no longer trust 
 it." 
 
 Herald J Nov. 15. A state of war has been 
 declared in Vladivostok. Mr. Friede, an 
 American merchant, telegraphs his wife: 
 "Safe aboard the Labor, Terrible destruc- 
 tion of life and property. City in flames." 
 
 Sebastopol, Dec. 1. During the battle be- 
 tween the rebel and royal vessels of the 
 Black Sea fleet, the Novosti says 5,000 men 
 perished on both sides. 
 
 CSS] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Herald, Dec. 5, Berlin. Travelers from 
 Kieff report a serious fight there last Fri- 
 day between Engineers and Cossacks, and 
 many hundreds killed or wounded. 
 
 Reports from Libau that several of the 
 nobility, officials, and other residents of 
 Livonia and Courland, have been attacked 
 by peasants, killed, and terribly mutilated. 
 Bands of several hundred peasants are 
 roving about, robbing and killing. 
 
 An official statement says 8,000 peasants 
 have been killed at Odessa since the be- 
 ginning of the troubles. 
 
 At Kieff some accounts say a massacre 
 has taken place in which 15,000 persons 
 were killed. 
 
 The assassination of General Sacharoff 
 caused consternation in court and minis- 
 terial circles. He displayed special brutal- 
 ity towards the peasants, beating a couple 
 of Moujiks into insensibility because they 
 refused or were unable to give the names 
 of agitators. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 11. Two strikers and a police- 
 
 1:293 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 man were killed and several others 
 
 wounded in front of post-office. 
 
 Dee. 15. Since Sunday the town of Eliza- 
 
 bethgrad has been burning and a mob has 
 
 been killing and burning in the Hebrew 
 
 quarters. 
 
 Telegraph, London, Dec. 14. A despatch 
 from Japan gives account of the sacking 
 and burning of Harbin by mutinous Rus- 
 sians. Daylight revealed the Chinese 
 quarter in ruins and 400 Russians lying 
 dead and wounded in the streets. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 15. Peasants around Riga are 
 burning estates and murdering landown- 
 ers. Murders are committed in broad day- 
 light and the police are afraid to inter- 
 fere. The Governor-General dares not 
 order the troops, not knowing if they will 
 obey. 
 
 Daily Mail, Dec. 19. During the street- 
 fighting at Mitau, twenty-seven miles from 
 Riga, 300 persons were killed. 
 
 [303 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Herald, Dec. 20. Mobs of Lithuanian and 
 Esthonian peasants attacked yesterday a 
 hundred Cossacks and Dragoons, killed the 
 soldiers to the last man, cut off their arms 
 and legs and ripped up their bodies. The 
 streets were strewn with bodies. Three 
 hundred and forty peasants and soldiers 
 were killed and many wounded. Most of 
 the remaining population fled to Riga. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 22. At Tukum the troops sur- 
 rounded the town, fired on the people, kill- 
 ing, as reported, 400. The bloodshed lasted 
 from eight in the evening until nine in the 
 morning. 
 
 N, Y, Sun, Dec. 25. Fighting at Moscow has 
 been going on incessantly. The casualties 
 up to early this morning were 5,000 killed, 
 14,000 wounded. 
 
 Herald, St. Petersburg correspondent of the 
 London Times says : 
 
 "General Doubasoff reported yesterday 
 that 15,000 persons had been killed or 
 wounded in Moscow." 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Evening Post, Dec. 27. The military com- 
 mander opened fire on barricades erected 
 around the Helfrich Engine Works, which 
 were battered down. The inmates held out 
 till three fourths of their number were 
 killed or wounded, when the remnant, 137, 
 surrendered. At the Narva Gate and on 
 the Moyka Canal 50 persons were killed 
 or wounded. The police of St. Petersburg 
 are now armed with rifles with bayonets at- 
 tached. 
 
 Herald, Paris edition. St. Petersburg, Tues- 
 day. In the Sytin building, the finest 
 printing-works in Russia, 1,000 insurgents 
 barricaded themselves. When their posi- 
 tion became untenable they set fire to the 
 building, and those who did not escape in 
 the confusion through side exits perished 
 in the flames. Of the number our only re- 
 port is, "Hundreds perished in the flames." 
 
 Herald, Dec. 29. In St. Petersburg work- 
 men at the Alexandrovsky factory yester- 
 day fired on some Cossacks. The latter 
 
 1:323 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 replied with a storm of bullets made of iron 
 nuts. The result was considerable loss of 
 life on either side. 
 
 The Times correspondent from St. Pet- 
 ersburg says the troops have been ordered 
 to fire at all knots of passers-by, even at 
 the voluntary Red Cross detachments. The 
 life and liberty of citizens often hang on 
 the mere whim of a drunken soldier. The 
 authorities ply the troops incessantly with 
 whiskey. Severe fighting is reported at 
 Wilna. Hundreds have been slain. 
 
 In Moscow whole blocks of four-story 
 buildings were bombarded, and men, 
 women, and children within were indis- 
 criminately massacred. "Hundreds or 
 thousands"— is the only account we have 
 of the number of those who perished. 
 
 London Ecc press, Jan. 2. After the failure 
 of the rebellion at Moscow, the insurgents 
 planned to escape in the night. The police, 
 learning their intention or forcing it, cut a 
 hole in the ice of the river they were forced 
 to cross and drove them all into it that were 
 
 IS32 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 not shot in trying to escape. Of the num- 
 ber thus disposed of, however, the press has 
 not been permitted to enUghten us. In the 
 destruction of the Iron Works of Rodin 
 we are only told that "many were killed or 
 wounded"; and again in Tiflis two houses 
 were bombarded, "many killed or wounded." 
 At the Anti-Jewish outbreak at Gomel we 
 are told that "many persons were mas- 
 sacred by Cossacks." A correspondent of 
 the Sun reported, "Murders of policemen 
 average one or perhaps two daily." 
 
 Evening Post, March 23. Death sentences 
 by military courts were reported in twelve 
 cities; and at Kherson a score of peasants 
 killed or wounded. In none of these cases 
 was there any statement of the number. 
 
 Herald, July 18, reports: "Peasants bum 
 more than twenty estates and kill many 
 proprietors," but the number is not stated. 
 
 Sun, July 21. In the town of Syzran deaths 
 by hundreds. 
 
 1:343 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 The Tribune reports the casualties from the 
 Sveaborg revolt "would run into the thou- 
 sands." 
 
 Paris, Temps, At the revolt in Riga numbers 
 reported killed or wounded— but no num- 
 bers are given. So at Siedlce, the Paris 
 Matin reports, "hundreds killed and 
 wounded"; that "intoxicated soldiers killed 
 Christians and Jews without distinction." 
 
 Evening Post, March 13. Statistics pub- 
 lished to-day regarding the drumhead 
 courts-martial show that up to March 5, 
 when their activity was suspended by Pre- 
 mier Stolypin on account of the opening of 
 Parliament, 764 persons were executed, an 
 average of almost five daily. The majority 
 of the executions took place in Poland and 
 the Baltic provinces. 
 
 Nothing has been said here of the thou- 
 sands sent to Siberia, condemned to the mines 
 for life or shorter terms little less fatal to life, 
 and the far larger number of thousands exiled 
 
 CSS] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 to America and other foreign lands. Neither 
 do any of these reports that have reached us 
 include the deaths directly or indirectly the 
 result of famine incident to the lawless condi- 
 tion of the country, the destruction of crops, 
 and the desperation of the industrial classes, 
 except to say that it is officially reported by 
 the government of Russia that the number of 
 people there now suffering from famine 
 amounts to thirty millions. If ten millions of 
 those might be relieved by government aid, 
 charity or otherwise, and that is probably a 
 much larger number than will be relieved by 
 either, one shrinks from attempting to esti- 
 mate the number of the remaining twenty 
 millions who must perish directly from fam- 
 ine or from the inevitable diseases consequent 
 upon insufficient, unwholesome nourishment 
 and starvation. Intelligent Russians in this 
 country agree in considering twenty millions 
 as a moderate estimate of the latter classes.^ 
 
 * Mr. H. P. Kennard reports to the Montreal Star of June 
 9th, 1906: "A week or two back I gave the opinion of an 
 oflBcial to the effect that 11/0% of the entire population of 13 
 provinces in the south of Russia, numbering twenty-five mil- 
 lions of inhabitants, had died this winter directly and indi- 
 
 csen 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 No one acquainted with the condition of Russia 
 to-day would think of estimating the mor- 
 tality in that empire from the lack of food 
 alone at less than one million a month from 
 now until the next harvest is reaped. Nor 
 will any one pretend, not even a reactionary 
 Russian, that the mortality due to this famine, 
 which will so many times exceed all the blood- 
 shed of the war had it continued several times 
 twenty months, was not mainly the result of 
 a premature peace and its paralyzing in- 
 fluence upon an impoverished, discouraged, 
 helpless, and desperate people. 
 
 Every reader of the foregoing details is 
 competent to estimate for himself how much 
 bloodshed was prevented and how many lives 
 were prolonged by the Portsmouth peace. 
 
 Some of the Russian newspapers observed 
 on November 1, 1906, the first anniversary of 
 the so-called Constitution granted by the Czar 
 the previous year; by footing up the terrible 
 
 rectly through famine. I am bomid to state that as far as 
 my investigations have proceeded in five of those provinces, 
 the percentage must be put at a considerably higher figure. 
 In fifty villages taken at random with populations ranging 
 from 600 to 2,000 and in which the famine has been and is 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 roll of deaths by violence. Incomplete the 
 figures must be, since only a portion of the 
 actual facts found their way into print, yet 
 according to the Evening Post of November 
 17, 1906, "the total of 24,239 deaths in riots 
 or at the hands of the executioner, is enough 
 to make the world stand aghast. No less than 
 22,721 persons are known to have perished in 
 pogroms, riots, conflicts with the authorities, 
 punitive expeditions. That this is only a part 
 of the bloody record appears from the fact 
 that hundreds, if not thousands, of the mas- 
 sacred Jews were never accounted for. Offi- 
 cial executions disposed of 1,518 human lives, 
 and thus proved beyond dispute how useless is 
 capital punishment as a deterrent when a 
 whole nation is aroused. Of the political 
 agitators, 851 were given penal sentences, ag- 
 gregating 7,138 years. In the effort to con- 
 trol public opinion, 523 newspapers and re- 
 
 prevalent I find an almost consistent mortality of 70 to 80 
 per thousand during the winter; over three fourths of this 
 number, or 80%, have consisted of babies and young children, 
 among whom this mortality has been directly due to famine. 
 The large children's hospital in Moscow where annually 
 30,000 children are cared for,— had a mortality of 70%." 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 views were suppressed, and 647 editors prose- 
 cuted. During the year, 31 provinces were 
 wholly, and 46 partially, under "exceptional 
 laws" (state of siege or war, etc.). To these 
 figures the Strana adds that during the past 
 twelve months there were 1,629 agrarian riots, 
 while 183 secret printing-offices and 150 
 depots of arms were discovered, containing 
 thousands of rifles and revolvers, tons of 
 powder and explosives, and several machine 
 guns. Bombs to the number of 244 were 
 thrown at officials, while no less than 1,955 
 armed burglaries were reported. 
 
 Now let us see how much property was 
 rescued from waste and destruction by the 
 suspension of the war. 
 
 HOW MUCH HAS THE TREATY OF PORTSMOUTH 
 STAYED THE DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY? 
 
 New York Sun, Nov. 4-5, 1905. Re- 
 ferring to the details of the three days' 
 reign of terror at Kieff (population 248,- 
 750), said: Practically every Jewish shop 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 in every street was laid in ruins, and of the 
 nine telegraphic routes of communication 
 between St. Petersburg and London only 
 one remained, involving a delay, even on 
 that line, of twenty-four hours for every 
 message. In this and the following cases 
 we must leave the pecuniary loss sustained 
 by the coimtry to be estimated by the imagi- 
 nation of the reader. 
 
 Herald, Nov. 7. The sole transcaucasian 
 railway was effectually crippled, compel- 
 ling the reinforcements for St. Petersburg 
 to march on foot at the rate of fifteen to 
 twenty miles a day with the incidental wear 
 and tear, instead of making twenty miles 
 an hour or more by rail ; also seven bridges 
 on that railway had been wrecked, rails 
 torn up in forty places and telegraph lines 
 destroyed. 
 
 London Daily Mail, same date. The theater 
 at Ackermann, near Odessa, is in flames, 
 and beside the 4,000 killed and 20,000 
 wounded, all the Jewish mills, shops, and 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 factories were devastated and the city of 
 Odessa (population 450,000) was threat- 
 ened with complete ruin. 
 
 Surij Nov. 9. During the sailors' mutiny at 
 Cronstadt (population 57,539), eight gov- 
 ernment depots were in flames, crews of 
 eleven war-ships mutinied and held up the 
 town for twenty-four hours, terrorizing and 
 looting the people. Telegraph poles out 
 of St. Petersbm'g cut for a distance of foiir 
 miles. Agrarian outbreaks reported from 
 different places and peasants pillaging the 
 estates of landowners in all directions. 
 
 Sun, Nov. 15. The Chinese quarter of Vladi- 
 vostok (population 28,896) destroyed, 
 seventy buildings consumed, and the city 
 in flames. 
 
 Sun, Nov. 30. A mutiny in the fleet at 
 Sebastopol (population 50,000), two cruis- 
 ers sunk and one battle-ship badly hit. 
 200 Whitehead torpedoes sunk with a min- 
 ing ship. On the same day the St. Peters- 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 burg bank would only accept Russian 
 paper money at one third its face value, 
 and 100,000 workmen had struck. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 2, 1905. The tax on vodka, 
 good in normal times for 200,000,000 rubles 
 annually, and the only important source of 
 revenue then remaining to the government, 
 had dropped 50 per cent. 
 
 Sun, Dec. 4. Reported that several hundred 
 officials had stopped work; that strikers 
 were pouring oil of vitriol into the letter- 
 boxes of the post-office in St. Petersburg 
 and 200 mail-bags remained unopened. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 5. The imperial loan of '94 
 had dropped 5 per cent, in the three preced- 
 ing days. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 6. Many factories are going 
 into bankruptcy. 800 men in the govern- 
 ment alcohol works have struck, while the 
 government is losing $30,000 a day by 
 strikes on the postal and telegraph service. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 The loss from the railway strikes already 
 was estimated at $15,000,000. Industrials 
 of all kinds had ceased to be negotiable. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 8. Most of the factories and 
 houses in Rostoff (population 120,000), 
 have been destroyed. Fifty millions of 
 dollars were withdrawn from the State 
 Bank and Imperial 4's fell from 94% to 74 
 and industrials 20 per cent. 
 
 Sun, Dec. 11. 200,000 troops ordered from 
 Vladivostok to Odessa to suppress revolu- 
 tionary demonstrations; 16,000 of the 
 Kharkoff (population 170,682) garrison 
 had mutinied, and 7,000 of the naval muti- 
 neers at Cronstadt were in prison; also 
 100,000 of the better class of Russians had 
 emigrated in the last ten days. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 12. A town of 57,000 in- 
 habitants in the department of Kherson 
 had been in flames since Sunday, and the 
 mob are plundering the Hebrew quarter; 
 Harbin had been sacked and burned. 
 1:433 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Herald, Dec. 15. The peasants were burn- 
 ing estates as well as murdering the land- 
 owners around Riga (population 282,943) ; 
 all railway communications had been cut 
 off and thousands of Lettish peasants were 
 roaming the country and putting the torch 
 to the houses on all the estates. On the 15th 
 Dec. martial law was proclaimed through- 
 out Russia. 
 
 The Echo de Paris, Dec. 15. The town of 
 Riga shelled and burning. A Russian 
 country house and factory employing 200 
 men burned and the limiber on the estate 
 felled and carried off. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 20. Mobs of Esthonians and 
 Lithuanians attacked and killed 100 Cos- 
 sacks and Dragoons in Courland. Six 
 hundred more troops were then sent and 
 shelled the place. Most of the population 
 not killed by the troops fled to Riga. 
 
 Sun, Dec. 21. Strikes in Moscow (popu- 
 lation 1,035,664), factories and mills de- 
 ll 44] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 serted; railway men joining the strikers 
 and several trains left standing at stations. 
 Also a strike of the firemen at Warsaw 
 (population 638,208), who declare that in 
 the event of a fire they will prevent the use 
 of their engines. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 22. Fighting in the streets of 
 Moscow; bankruptcies; peasants refusing 
 to pay taxes; and fifty estates destroyed. 
 All electric light cut off in Moscow and all 
 telegraphic communication between Mos- 
 cow and the rest of the world except Ber- 
 lin; the Siberian railroad shut down to de- 
 lay the return of troops, and Linevitch, the 
 general in command of the Siberian army, 
 reporting "the revolutionary spirit among 
 his soldiers to be beyond his control." 
 
 Herald, Dec. 23. The Baltic Provinces are 
 joining the revolutionary party ; the Balkan 
 railroad destroyed for a considerable dis- 
 tance by rocks thrown to prevent return of 
 troops. All officials and the well-to-do 
 people are fleeing under escort, leaving all 
 1:45] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 government and private property in the 
 hands of the revolutionists; the plague 
 epidemic is spreading, already covering 
 an area of 180 by 300 miles. At 
 Minsk (population 91,113) all the stores 
 closed. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 25. The locomotive of an ex- 
 press blown up. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 27. The Brest railroad sta- 
 tion burned and other private properties. 
 Many houses and other buildings destroyed 
 by artillery in Moscow. The sky lit up all 
 night by conflagrations in different parts 
 of the city. The Sytin Printing Works, 
 the finest in Russia, employing 6,000 work- 
 men, were surrounded, set on fire, and 
 property amounting in value to millions of 
 rubles was destroyed, as well as hundreds 
 of the workmen within. A store also was 
 set on fire and burned. The Helfich Iron 
 Works were battered down over the heads 
 of five hundred revolutionists inside, of 
 whom three quarters were killed. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Herald, Dec. 28. 8,000 insurgents from the 
 Baltic provinces have lighted up the whole 
 country near Pecoff by the flames of burn- 
 ing residences ; rich landed proprietors were 
 boarding the trains at Pecoff with their 
 families, taking nothing with them but 
 their hand-satchels. Whole blocks of four- 
 story buildings bombarded and destroyed 
 to their foundations. Damage estimated 
 at seven millions of pounds sterling. Doz- 
 ens of loaded trains burned and looted. 
 
 Herald, Dec. 30. The bridge over the Volga 
 blown up; 4,000 men engaged in destroy- 
 ing the railway for 83 versts from Moscow. 
 All the railroads have stopped running in 
 Central Russia. 
 
 A. D. 1906. Herald, Jan. 1. As one of the 
 consequences of the strike the previous 
 fortnight, eight millions of letters not writ- 
 ten or delivered that ordinarily would have 
 been. 
 
 Herald, Jan. 3. Rebellion extended to Est- 
 land. No end of estates burned or de- 
 
 1:473 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 vastated. Villages in the Dnieper district 
 damaged to the estimated extent of five 
 million rubles, while the damages to the 
 railroads alone last week amounted to 
 about ten millions of rubles. Famine is 
 raging in twenty-six provinces, while 
 cholera and plague are rife in others. 
 
 Herald, Jan. 4. The Caucasus is in full re- 
 volt and all communications by telegraph 
 or railway cut off. Losses in Moscow by 
 strikes estimated at $3,144,000. In Khar- 
 koff (population 170,682) the revolution- 
 ists captured a provincial government 
 treasury, looted it and the churches. The 
 estates of Baron Budberg and Baron 
 Sternberg were also destroyed. 
 
 Evening Post, Jan. 10, 1906. Two houses 
 bombarded in Tiflis (population 161,000) ; 
 many killed or wounded. One house in 
 which an Armenian had sought refuge was 
 burned. 
 
 Evening Post, Jan. 12, 1906. Armenian 
 seminar}^ shelled and burned by Cossacks. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Sun, Jan. 21. Damage to house property in 
 Moscow from shells and bullets estimated 
 at not less than ten millions sterling. Town 
 of Gomel (population 150,000) set on fire 
 by Cossacks and burned for forty-eight 
 hours. 
 
 Evening Post, Mar. 23. Pillage of churches 
 reported in two provinces in the Caucasus. 
 In Samara (population 99,856) the mail- 
 coach held up and $19,000 carried off. An 
 armed band plundered the state distillery 
 at Orenburg and several pharmacies. In 
 Poland a large factory was burned to the 
 ground and the Credit Mutual Bank 
 robbed of $432,000. Machine guns were 
 despatched in all directions ; troops concen- 
 trated at strategic points; armored trains 
 at railroad centers and iron-clad auto- 
 mobiles sent to larger cities to suppress 
 street riots. 
 
 Evening Post, Mar. 25. Military trains with 
 artillery ordered to keep up steam at all 
 railway termini until the Duma meets. 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Apr. 30. Three and a half millions of dol- 
 lars placed at the disposal of the Minister 
 of War to keep troops changing their sta- 
 tions to prevent their infection with demo- 
 cratic sympathies. Streets of Warsaw 
 patrolled by troops ; shops and restaurants 
 closed; no cabs or cars running or news- 
 papers sold. 
 
 Montreal Gazette, June 17-18. At Bialystok 
 (population 90,000) revolutionists fired 
 from roofs of houses at government build- 
 ings all day. 
 
 Evening Post, June 21. In consequence of 
 agrarian disturbances landowners in three 
 provinces abandon their estates. 
 
 Sun, June 22. The peasants refused to pay 
 their taxes on their allotments. Schools 
 and hospitals all closed for want of funds. 
 
 Sun, June 24. Anarchy throughout the em- 
 pire except in St. Petersburg and Moscow. 
 4 towns and over 200 villages destroyed 
 
 1502 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 by fire. Fields and vineyards devastated, 
 cattle looted, population seek refuge from 
 Cossacks in the mountains. The fate of 
 the women terrible. 
 
 Evening Post, June 26. Property near Sa- 
 mara destroyed during the month valued at 
 $250,000. 
 
 Sun, June 30. Finance Minister reports 
 that the strikes of October last cost the 
 government 80,000,000 of rubles. What it 
 cost the country not estimated. 
 
 Evening Post, July 10. Emigration to Si- 
 beria the last six months, 86,867. Estate of 
 a late minister and another of Prince 
 Kotzebue devastated by peasants. 
 
 Evening Post, July 11. Four ironclads at 
 Sevastopol destroyed by mutineers. The 
 cashier of the Vistula railway and a servant 
 of the Admiralty were robbed, the first of 
 $50,000, the other of $12,500. 40,000 Jews 
 fled yesterday from Warsaw. Proprietors 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 of 8 Jewish factories are winding up their 
 affairs and moving to Palestine. 
 
 Herald, July 18. The workmen in the Ad- 
 miralty Arsenal at Sevastopol strike and 
 are joined by the store employes and cab- 
 drivers. Reports of General Staff show 6 
 guard regiments, 26 line, 7 cavalry, 6 artil- 
 lery, 5 sappers, demoraUzed by revolution- 
 ary sympathies. 4 estates completely de- 
 stroyed. In the province of Verona more 
 than 20 estates burned by peasants. Ten 
 miles from Sevastopol 15 estates were 
 burned and many proprietors killed. 
 
 Evening Post, July 18. Emperor approved 
 a bill appropriating $7,500,000 for famine 
 relief. 
 
 Sun, July 19. Peasants surrounded the 
 Grand Duke Michael's villages and are 
 dividing the land among themselves. 
 
 Herald, July 21. The Duma suspended un- 
 til October. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Sun^ July 21. Town of Syzran still burning. 
 Two other towns in flames; hundreds of 
 houses in each town destroyed; thousands 
 camping out. General depression in gov- 
 ernment securities. Imperial four per 
 cents closed at 74%. The new Russian 
 loan closed at 7% discount. Russian 4's 
 of 1902 at Berlin sold at 72.85. 
 
 Sun^ July 23. Imperial 4's have fallen in St. 
 Petersburg to 69, and 5's to 82. 
 
 Sun, July 24. Sir Henry Bannerman's 
 speech before the Inter-Parliamentary 
 Union: "The Russian Parliament is dead. 
 Long live the Russian Parliament." 
 
 Sun, July 25. Fierce fighting 140 miles 
 northwest of Warsaw (population 638,- 
 208) between mutineers and loyal troops. 
 All good buildings destroyed. 
 
 Sun, July 26. Three artillery companies 
 mutinied at Saratoff, destroyed the Offi- 
 cers' Club and other buildings. Chateau 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Remten, one of the finest castles in Cour- 
 land, burned, and many lives lost. 
 
 Tribune, July 27. Railway held up, the offi- 
 cer in charge killed. Several strong-boxes 
 broken open; $7,500 taken in the outskirts 
 of Warsaw. The Konigsburg and Bialy- 
 stok railways have stopped taking freight 
 from Moscow. 
 
 Evening Post, July 27. The damage from 
 the burning of Syzran (July 19 and 20), 
 five million dollars. The strikers burned 
 the factory; loss, $40,000. 
 
 Evening Post, July 28. A Warsaw pas- 
 senger train with government money at- 
 tacked by armed men who carried off 
 $80,000. 
 
 Evening Post, July 30. The Brodski eleva- 
 tors were burned, loss estimated at $1,500,- 
 000. Three large estates in Samara de- 
 stroyed last night. Peasants are cutting 
 wood both in crown and private forests. 
 1:543 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 300 peasants burned the house and stock 
 stables of the president of the Zemstvoes 
 District and sacked the spirit stores of the 
 adjoining village. 
 
 Aug. 1. Entire crews of four war-ships muti- 
 nied at Sebastopol; 200,000 smelters struck 
 and walked out yesterday at Usorka. A 
 garrison in the Caucasus on receiving news 
 of the dissolution of the Duma, July 31, 
 killed their commanding officer and took 
 control of the city, post, telegraph, and 
 government buildings. 
 
 Sun, Aug. 2. A powder magazine exploded 
 by a cannon-shot with great destruction. 
 Sixty miles of railroad destroyed, cutting 
 off communication of Helsingfors with St. 
 Petersburg. Fort at Zveaborg turned its 
 guns on the town. 
 
 Heraldj Aug. 2. Fortifications at Helsing- 
 fors seriously damaged by fire from cruis- 
 ers. 1500 sailors at Cronstadt distrusted 
 and imprisoned. 
 
 1:553 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Tribune^ Aug. 3. Crews of two Russian 
 cruisers raised red flag. Immense forests 
 of government are on fire. Three other 
 fires raging near Baltic railway station. At 
 St. Petersburg (population 1,267,023), 
 20,000 workmen struck. 
 
 Paris, Temps, Aug. 25. 250,000 Israelites 
 have left Russia since January. 
 
 Aug. 26. The postal-box on arriving at 
 St. Petersburg yesterday had been relieved 
 of $94,200, replaced by lead. At Odessa 
 (population 450,000) 27 stores have been 
 pillaged during the week. 
 
 Temps, Aug. 28. Riga: Unfurnished house 
 occupied by revolutionists riddled by bul- 
 lets. Fires on properties in four different 
 provinces. 
 
 Temps, Aug. 30. Province of Saratov: Nu- 
 merous domains and buildings daily set on 
 fire. 
 
 Province of Kassan: Most of the pro- 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 prietors have abandoned their estates with 
 contents. Incendiary fires numerous in 
 four other provinces. 
 
 Herald, Sept. 1. All trains arrive at St. 
 Petersburg under protection of troops. 
 Warsaw terrorists shot two soldiers in a 
 government alcohol depot at Siedlce 
 (population 20,000) ; a massacre ensued; 
 three streets were devastated. 
 
 TempSj Sept. 13. In the riots at Siedlce four 
 of the principal streets are almost com- 
 pletely devastated, 27 houses have been 
 burned and many others pillaged and in- 
 jured. 
 
 Sun, Oct. 9. The Convocation of the Duma 
 postponed for another six months. 
 
 Such are some of the disastrous results for 
 which our meddling with the Russo-Japan- 
 ese struggle must be held largely responsible, 
 yet it represents but an inconsiderable share 
 of the destruction of property sustained by 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Russia alone during this the first year of her 
 army's release from its Japanese pursuers. 
 And yet the destruction for the succeeding 
 year, of which I have here given no account, 
 was equally disastrous. 
 
 I have referred to the ravages of a famine 
 which threatened directly and indirectly the 
 very existence of fully 20,000,000 of the in- 
 habitants. How can we estimate the loss in 
 labor of so many millions, whether by death 
 or debility through lack of nourishment? The 
 empty sack will not stand up nor an underfed 
 man do work to anybody's advantage. Prince 
 Lyoff is reported to have pronounced the gov- 
 ernment estimate of $50,000,000 inadequate 
 for famine relief. The Moscow Zemstvo re- 
 lief organization calculated that $75,000,000 
 and possibly more will be required. 
 
 And when are these ravages of famine to 
 cease? The majority of the farms of Russia 
 are now destitute of the stock absolutely nec- 
 essary for their tillage and the proprietors 
 lack not only money but credit with which to 
 purchase the seed for crops the current year. 
 Their stock or what has not been wrongfully 
 
 1582 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 taken from them has all been eaten to sustain 
 life. In the fifty provinces of Russia every 
 thousand farms in the year 1900 required and 
 actually possessed about 6500 head of stock, 
 or between 77,000 and 78,000 in the several 
 departments. In 27 of those departments at 
 least, all the farm stock has practically disap- 
 peared : killed for food or perished from star- 
 vation. Under Russian farming conditions 
 it has been said, a farm without horses is no 
 more a farm than a knife without a blade. 
 Without money or credit when can these 
 peasants replace the stock or the seed abso- 
 lutely necessary for the support of their own 
 life, and under existing political conditions 
 how many years must elapse before this des- 
 titution terminates, and at the price of how 
 much misery and the loss of how many more 
 lives ?^ 
 
 *It appears that disease is daily adding to the terrors of 
 famine in Russia. So recently as the 6th April of this cur- 
 rent year. "Scurvj-^ is making great strides in the famine 
 districts. The official reports for the second fortnight of 
 March show 1,055 cases in Ufa Province and 717 in Saratov, 
 compared with 438 cases in Ufa the first fortnight of March 
 and 356 in Saratov Province during the same period." When 
 and where is this scourge to be arrested? 
 
 Z591 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 To some minds there is another and more 
 compendious way of estimating the destruc- 
 tion of property sustained by Russia since her 
 army was released from the lockout of the 
 Japanese, a way by which we may estimate 
 the minimum of that loss with satisfactory 
 precision. 
 
 The Russian and Japanese envoys at 
 Washington were escorted ceremoniously in 
 one of our ships of war to Oyster Bay to be 
 presented to each other by the President, for 
 the purpose of initiating peace negotiations, 
 on the 5th of August, 1905. On the first of 
 the previous month the Russian state debt was 
 at least four thousand millions, or four bil- 
 lions of dollars. 
 
 Below we give a table of quotations of Rus- 
 sian securities taken from the columns of the 
 Paris Matin of July, 1905, and another of the 
 same securities on September 1, 1906. By 
 these tables it appears that the depreciation in 
 value of those securities averaged during this, 
 the first year of the peace, considerably over 
 25%. One loan of $2,718,151,809, 4 per cent., 
 fell to 17 and 17%%. The 5 per cent, treas- 
 
 1:603 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 ury bonds, $2,751,258,000, fell 24% ; while 4 
 per cent, railroad bonds guaranteed by the 
 government fell, — those of 1903, 94% ; those 
 of 1889, 97%; and those of 1899, 98%. As- 
 suming the average decline to be only 25 per' 
 cent, on the whole indebtedness of the empire, 
 the depreciation could not have been less than 
 one billion of dollars. 
 
 DEPRECIATION OF RUSSIAN SECURITIES BETWEEN 
 JULY 1, 1905, AND SEPTEMBER 1, 1906 
 
 ^"^^me^L'k"^'^^"'- ^fy^^ SePy^ I^epre- 
 le Matin ofF^ris ^^^^ 1^«« ^^^^^^^ 
 
 4% 1867-1869 86.60 73.40 13.50 
 
 4% 1880 c. de 20 86.30 72. 14.30 
 
 4% 1889 c. de 20 85. 70. 15. 
 
 4% 1890 ge & 3e c. 20 ... 84.85 70.07 14.78 
 
 4% 1890 4^ c. 20 89.50 72. 17.50 
 
 4% 1893 5^ c. 20 . 87. 70. 17. 
 
 4% 1894 c. de 20 87. 69.90 17.10 
 
 4% cons, ler 2^ c. 20 86.30 70.80 15.50 
 
 4% cons. 3^ c. 20 87.60 70.55 9.90 
 
 4% 1901 c. 20 88. 70.35 17.65 
 
 3% 1891 72.50 59.50 13. 
 
 3% 1896 . 71.15 57.60 13.55 
 
 31/2 1894 c. 17cts 50 79.35 62.85 16.50 
 
 Bons du Tresor 5% 1904 
 
 Rentes 496. 472. 24. 
 
 Cei] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Quotations of Russian Secur- 
 ities taken from 
 le Matin of Paris 
 
 July 1, 
 1905 
 
 Sept. 1, 
 1906 
 
 Depre- 
 ciation 
 
 4% 1894 c. 42 Guaranty . 
 
 84. 
 
 69.60 
 
 14.40 
 
 Obi. 4% Donetz R. R. ... 
 
 83.50 
 
 71.50 
 
 12. 
 
 4% Divinsk-Vitebsk R. R. 
 
 87.80 
 
 71.50 
 
 16.30 
 
 4% Koursk. Kh. 1889 
 
 
 
 
 R.R 
 
 546. 
 
 448. 
 
 98. 
 
 4% Orel-Griasi 1889 R.R. 547. 
 
 450. 
 
 97. 
 
 4% Riga-Div. 1894 R. R. 
 
 83. 
 
 72. 
 
 11. 
 
 3% Trans-Caucasien R. R. 
 
 72.50 
 
 60.50 
 
 12. 
 
 4% Transc. c. SO Guar- 
 
 
 
 
 antys 
 
 90.25 
 
 70. 
 
 20.25 
 
 Lettre de gage 3% Guar- 
 
 
 
 
 anty 
 
 76.10 
 
 60.10 
 
 16. 
 
 Obi. 4% ch. fer 1903 . . .436. 342. 94. 
 
 It may be said with entire justice that these 
 securities may recover one of these days ; that 
 a more conciliatory attitude of the govern- 
 ment towards the new Duma now in session 
 may improve the market for some of them. 
 Should the Duma live long enough to ter- 
 minate its deliberations by a voluntary ad- 
 journment and not be dismissed by a vis a 
 tergo from the Czar, the ignoble fate of its 
 predecessor, the market would be likely to ex- 
 perience a substantial improvement to the 
 great advantage of the government's credit, 
 
 i:62] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 and the great comfort of their then owners, 
 but of none whatever to the unfortunates who 
 have parted with them. This loss has all of it 
 been sustained in money by those who had to 
 sacrifice them, and in credit, by the govern- 
 ment; and credit is a commodity of which 
 every government stands the more in need the 
 less it has. I think it no exaggeration to say 
 that each of the belligerents might have con- 
 tinued fighting at a far greater daily expense 
 than either incurred during the war for at 
 least three years longer, and the aggregate 
 damages to both would have been less than 
 Russia sustained in a single year from the 
 ratification of this treaty of peace. Had the 
 war continued only another year it requires 
 no prophet to predict that the Duma of 1906 
 would not have been precipitately and igno- 
 miniously closed by the Czar; his government 
 might now be far advanced in the establish- 
 ment of a system of ParHamentary govern- 
 ment which would have granted his subjects 
 all the privileges they are united in requiring, 
 and all for which they are prepared as yet per- 
 haps to make a good use. 
 
 [633 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 HOW MUCH HAS THE PEACE OF PORTSMOUTH 
 CONTRIBUTED TO THE HAPPINESS AND WEL- 
 FARE OF THE PEOPLE OF RUSSIA? 
 
 The war with Japan was provoked by Rus- 
 sia's occupation of Port Arthur, which Japan 
 had been constrained by the other powers to 
 surrender to China, and which she regarded 
 as one of the legitimate prizes of her war with 
 that empire. This occupation of Port Ar- 
 thur by Russia was practically the occupa- 
 tion of Manchuria, a menace to Korea, and 
 the exposure of Japan to a very undesirable 
 neighbor. As a consequence diplomatic rela- 
 tions between Russia and Japan terminated 
 in February, 1905. In a few days followed 
 the utter destruction of the Russian navy by 
 the Japanese, the capture of Port Arthur 
 from Russia and during the next eight 
 months a succession of battles in the field 
 uniformly followed by the defeat of the Rus- 
 sians, who were driven out of Manchuria and 
 well on toward their European frontier until 
 relieved by the negotiations at Portsmouth. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 Among the results of these successive defeats 
 of the St. Petersburg government has been 
 the arrest of nearly all the officers having the 
 most important commands in these several 
 engagements, the trial of most, and the con- 
 viction of many of cowardice, corruption, or 
 incompetence, and of a knavish perversion of 
 the supplies provided for the army, by the 
 officials through whose hands they passed. 
 Among not the least serious consequences of 
 these degrading accusations has been the utter 
 extinction of Russia's power on the ocean 
 and, from being the most formidable military 
 power in Europe, becoming one of the 
 feeblest; and, as a necessary incident, the 
 serious impairment of her financial credit 
 throughout the world. 
 
 The Russian people naturally impute all 
 these humiliations to their government, some 
 to its present personnel, but more and more 
 justly to the autocratic system itself by which 
 Russia has been hitherto governed. 
 
 There are many still living who remember 
 the wild acclaim with which the manifesto 
 abolishing serfdom in Russia by the Czar, 
 
 165:1 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 Alexander II, on the 19th of February, 1861, 
 was received throughout the world, and espe- 
 cially to us to whom it came as a rebuke, ours 
 being the only republic holding several mil- 
 lions of our fellow creatures in bondage. It 
 may also have given a new impulse to the 
 desperate and sanguinary struggle destined 
 in due time to eliminate from our constitution 
 whatever protection it gave to property in 
 slaves. 
 
 Never was a greater delusion than that that 
 manifesto of Russia's sovereign meant an 
 amelioration in the condition of the serf. It 
 provided that the slave was to be freed, but 
 with no other compensation for past services 
 or provision for his future support than an 
 allotment of land theoretically assumed to be 
 sufficient to provide for his personal needs 
 and to discharge his obligations to the state 
 for his land. For this land he was ultimately 
 to pay, the government undertaking to guar- 
 anty and collect its price from the peasant in 
 instalments distributed over a period of forty- 
 nine years. This, and all other taxes, were 
 collected by the government through the vil- 
 li 661] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 lage commune, for which its members were 
 not only jointly but severally responsible. 
 How the peasants were cheated by the offi- 
 cers and the landlords is a long and dreary 
 story. It is enough to say here that the allot- 
 ments as a rule were so arranged as to make 
 the peasantry rather the slaves than serfs of 
 the landlords. His land holdings were ser- 
 iously diminished in its dimensions ; he could 
 not leave his place without permission of the 
 authorities; the land given him was not his 
 own; he could not even say to the authorities: 
 "Keep your land and let me go," which many 
 would have liked. The taxes on most of these 
 allotments exceed many times what they 
 could possibly be made to produce. The 
 peasant could leave it only on a condition that 
 he paid the taxes, which it was clearly in- 
 tended he should never be able to do. As a 
 serf he had been liable to be flogged by the 
 landowner. Now he was liable to be flogged 
 not only by a decision of any village court, 
 but at the pleasure of any petty police official. 
 He thus became hopelessly the slave of the 
 state. 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 The disappointment of the peasantry at 
 the result of their changed conditions nat- 
 urally became very bitter. The freedom so 
 feverishly expected and fervently prayed for 
 had to be introduced only too often with the 
 help of the military. During the first two 
 years after the publication of the abolition 
 act, from February 19, '61, to February 19, 
 '63, the Department of the Interior had to 
 suppress more than 1100 agrarian riots. The 
 taxes on the land exceeded the income from 
 it from 100% to 500%. The state took from 
 the peasant not only all that the land could 
 possibly produce, but a large share of what 
 he could gain outside as a factory-hand, 
 blacksmith, driver, woodchopper, farm-hand, 
 etc. These taxes gradually so reduced the 
 producing power of the land, the necessary 
 stock for its cultivation, and the necessary 
 sustenance for the inhabitants, as to cause the 
 Russian peasants to physically degenerate 
 from year to year. Though to meet the exi- 
 gencies of the public service, men who would 
 have been rejected from the army some years 
 ago are now pressed into the service, and. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 therefore, the increase of the percentage of the 
 rejected does not fully express the physical 
 deterioration of the Russian soldier, yet the 
 official statistics show results sufficiently 
 alarming. Throughout the fifty provinces 
 of European Russia from 1874 to 1883 the 
 proportion of the rejected soldiers was 6.4, 
 while during the ten following years from 
 1894 to 1901 the rejections were 10.3— al- 
 most double. The peasants not only became 
 slaves of the state in economic dependence on 
 the landlord, but in order to pay taxes which 
 their own land allotments could not furnish, 
 the peasants were compelled to rent more 
 acres from the landlords and always at the 
 landlords' own price. This developed a pe- 
 culiar contract labor tenant system. The 
 land is rented every year at an extremely 
 high figure which the peasant, of course, is not 
 able to pay in money but is expected to work 
 out on the landlord's estate. The peasant's 
 work is priced extremely low, as a rule at 
 about one half of the prevailing wages, for he 
 cannot go elsewhere for employment— he is 
 at the mercy of his landlord. Under these 
 
 1691 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 circumstances he cannot meet his obligations ; 
 his indebtedness to the landlord naturally ac- 
 cumulates from year to year. In this way a 
 landlord gets field labor at a cost much lower 
 than the cost of the laborers' subsistence, be- 
 sides getting the use of their farming stock at 
 the same rate. The peasant as a rule finds 
 himself obliged to use his own farm horses 
 while he has any, on the landlord's estate. So 
 much has this become the case that a very 
 large percentage of estates have ceased keep- 
 ing any farming stock, relying entirely upon 
 that of the dependent peasants. The Russian 
 peasant now rarely harvests enough grain to 
 feed the household throughout the year. As 
 a rule the whole of his harvest is consumed by 
 December, after which he is obliged to get 
 money or bread on any condition offered him. 
 His landlord, of course, has to advance him 
 bread or money, to secure his service, but in 
 doing so binds him to work out the loan on 
 the lender's estate. In this way the peasant 
 gets gradually farther in debt to the landlord 
 for one, two, three or more years ahead at 
 wages from 47% to 50% lower than he might 
 
 1:70] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 get if free to go elsewhere and of course cor- 
 respondingly heavier links to the chains by 
 which he is bound. He actually pays for the 
 bread or the money received from the land- 
 lord from 47% to 50% interest for six months 
 of the year. This is known as ''bread usury." 
 Not only are such contracts permitted by the 
 government, but their specific performance is 
 enforced and their breach is treated as a mis- 
 demeanor. The police are required to bring 
 to the landlord all contracted laborers who 
 have left the landlord's fields before the work 
 was completed. Such a runaway peasant is 
 liable to detention in jail for one month, 
 which brings him yet more in debt because of 
 his lost time. 
 
 This is a brief and very inadequate de- 
 scription of the condition of ninety per cent, 
 of the population of Russia, for which it is 
 impossible to devise any apology or a single 
 extenuating circumstance, and it strips the 
 Czar, Alexander II, of his only claim to be 
 gratefully remembered either by his own sub- 
 jects or by posterity. It is a condition of 
 things, too, which palliates> if it does not ex- 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 cuse, horrors of which Russia has been the 
 theatre of late years without precedent in 
 modern history. 
 
 Sad as the condition of the Russian peasant 
 has been made by the conversion of his serf- 
 dom, it is not all nor the worst of the evils 
 which the Portsmouth peace conference has 
 incurred the distinction of aiding to perpetu- 
 ate. The St. Petersburg government has 
 neglected no artifice that Satan could devise 
 to extinguish not only all power but all hope 
 of any substantial amelioration of the condi- 
 tion of the Russian proletariat. It has shown 
 itself wilfully blind to the perils which 
 threaten it. It persists with seemingly in- 
 creasing obstinacy in exploiting one hundred 
 and thirty millions of Russians for the ex- 
 clusive and selfish advantage of one or per- 
 haps two hundred thousand privileged per- 
 sons. That hundred and twenty-eight or nine 
 millions had no representation of any sort at 
 the seat of government until the financial 
 exigencies incident to the war with Japan 
 compelled some concession and was in the 
 way of securing more, had not this prospect 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 been arbitrarily clouded by a premature 
 peace. The education of the peasantry is 
 systematically discouraged by the governing 
 class. In fact every educated man in Russia, 
 not avowedly a reactionary, incurs the suspi- 
 cion of being politically a criminal. Since 
 the Portsmouth peace the universities have 
 been closed much of the time because the stu- 
 dents were all clamorous for the rights and 
 privileges enjoyed by their class at other 
 universities in Europe and in America. The 
 censorship of the press is so severe that only 
 about three per cent, of the few books allowed 
 to be sold in Russia— in all a very limited 
 number — are permitted to be placed in vil- 
 lage libraries. 
 
 There is practically no such thing as a news- 
 paper in Russia at present, as that word is 
 understood in England, France, or America. 
 In the year 1906 it was ascertained that of 
 the political agitators— we should call them 
 reformers— 851 were condemned to penal 
 sentences, 523 newspapers and magazines 
 were suppressed, and 647 editors were prose- 
 cuted,— most of them were sent to prison. 
 
 CVS] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 It is still impossible to publicly discuss 
 any remedy for existing abuses which con- 
 templates a reasonably representative gov- 
 ernment as one of its means, even for a 
 parhamentary government, if it limits the 
 absolutism of the Czar. 
 
 When we come to reaUze the condition we 
 have here only too inadequately described, are 
 we surprised that assassination should be 
 glorified by the victims of that condition into 
 a virtue ; that the adder of Terrorism, like the 
 sling and five smooth stones in the hands of 
 the son of Jesse, should symboUze in their 
 eyes the single-handed enfranchisement of a 
 people; that Brutus rather than Caesar 
 should be their ideal reformer? God forbid 
 that I should utter a word in extenuation of 
 the criminal assassin, but let us not delude 
 ourselves with the idea that it is the number 
 of the combatants that distinguish the soldier 
 from the assassin. One man can make war 
 as legitimately as a regiment if ready alone 
 to encounter a regimented enemy; sees no 
 other or so efficient a way of delivering his 
 fellow creatures from a degrading thraldom 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 and thus deliberately, like any other soldier, 
 risks his life to terrify its oppressors. The 
 deep blue sea becomes colourless in a drop but 
 the drop is just as salt as the ocean. Equally 
 delusive is the alchemy by which killing be- 
 comes glory when the victims are an army in- 
 stead of a captain. By what other weapon 
 than that of terror can the Russian patriot at 
 the present day strike an effective blow for 
 liberty? The army with which Gideon levied 
 war upon the Moabites was reduced from 
 30,000 to 300, "lest," said the Lord, the sol- 
 diers "vaunt themselves against me saying, 
 'Mine own hand hath saved me.' " 
 
 When Rome was threatened by a Tuscan 
 army and the Roman Consul cried: 
 
 " 'The bridge must strait go down ; 
 For, since Janiculum is lost. 
 Nought else can save the town' — 
 
 ***** 
 
 "Then out spake brave Horatius, 
 
 The Captain of the Gate: 
 *To every man upon this earth 
 Death cometh soon or late. 
 
 1:753 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 And how can man die better 
 
 Than facing fearful odds 
 For the ashes of his fathers, 
 
 And the temples of his gods ?' " 
 
 When Moses saw one of his oppressed 
 brethren in Egypt suffering wrong at the 
 hands of an Egyptian and avenged him by 
 smiting the wrongdoer, "he supposed that his 
 brethren understood how that God by hi& 
 hand was giving them deliverance; but they 
 understood not."^ 
 
 Forty years had to elapse before they were 
 able to trust him to lead them out of Egypt 
 and slavery. 
 
 Jonathan, the Son of Saul, was not the last 
 person to learn by experience that "it may be 
 the Lord will work for us : for there is no re- 
 straint to the Lord to save by many or by 
 few." 
 
 There is another delusion against which 
 there is present need that we should be spe- 
 cially on our guard. The separation of bel- 
 ligerents does not imply peace. It is not the 
 
 * Acts of the Apostles. Ch, vii. 25, 26. 
 
 ere] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 roar of the guns nor the clatter of the swords 
 that constitute war, and when both are silent 
 war may go on even more fiercely than be- 
 fore. Hate, vengeance, jealousy, envy, cov- 
 etousness, ambition, treachery, cowardice, 
 survive in imimpaired vigor with their inex- 
 haustible arsenal of calumny, misrepresenta- 
 tion, intrigue, corruption, poisons, daggers, 
 and conspiracies at home and abroad, and 
 finally Peace Conferences. 
 
 Peace has been described by one of the 
 wisest of modern philosophers as "like the 
 spring which makes everything in the world 
 rejoice/' Peace means reconciliation. It 
 means a desire to do to others as you would 
 wish them to do under like circumstances to 
 you. The man or nation at peace covets noth- 
 ing of his neighbor and claims nothing to 
 which he is not better entitled than any other. 
 Who would pretend that the peace negotiated 
 at Portsmouth corresponds to any of these 
 conditions? It was involuntary on both sides 
 and himianly speaking it has proved an inter- 
 national calamity. In this peace Providence 
 seems to have visited the Russians with one of 
 
 1:773 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 the most memorable of curses in letting "their 
 table before them become a snare and when 
 they are in peace let it become a trap."^ 
 
 From his birth man is providentially en- 
 gaged in a continuous war with the lusts of 
 the flesh and the pride of life. Jesus himself 
 came into this world to bring not peace but a 
 sword with which to war against these in- 
 firmities. Nor is the crown of victory over 
 them ever awarded even to the most regener- 
 ate in this life. Jesus himself only achieved 
 that victory on the cross. 
 
 It is by the reaction of nature only, not by 
 the medicine which provokes the reaction, 
 that bodily disease is cured. So it is only by 
 the providential reaction of everlasting jus- 
 tice against himian wrongs that society is 
 elevated and the two great commandments 
 acquire adherents. No men or nation that 
 wish to steal, rob, or murder can be made 
 either honest or righteous by an arbitrary de- 
 feat of their purposes. Who would have the 
 hardihood to pretend that a Hague Tribunal, 
 had it been in existence in 1776, would have 
 
 ^ Psalm Ixix. 22. 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 given to the North American colonists a ver- 
 dict with which the world would be as well 
 satisfied as that which was won by the last 
 argument of kings ? Or is it to be supposed 
 for a moment that a legion of Hague Tri- 
 bunals could have settled peacefully our 
 recent Civil War or prevented or delayed the 
 Franco-German War long enough for Mr. 
 Carnegie to recite the Lord's Prayer? Who 
 is Quixotic enough to suppose, after what has 
 occurred during the past two years, that the 
 Russian hierarchy can ever be persuaded or 
 forced to grant its people a decent, even a 
 tolerable, government without bloodshed? 
 There have been a great many wicked wars 
 on one side or the other, but it is difficult to 
 name any one important war that did not in- 
 volve important results which otherwise could 
 not have been realized, except after much de- 
 lay and at greater sacrifices than were ac- 
 tually suffered. The Russo-Japanese War 
 will surely prove to be in the long run one of 
 the latter, though this far it may appear only 
 like the shirt of the Centaur Nessus to Her- 
 
 1:793 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 cules or the shields of the Roman legions 
 to Tarpeia. 
 
 Of the approaching conference of the 
 Hague delegates our Secretary of State did 
 not speak at the recent Carnegie Hall revel 
 with the enthusiasm which would lead one to 
 suppose that the very stones in the street 
 would cry out if they did not. The dispro- 
 portion of bread to sack in his introduction of 
 the subject was notable. 
 
 "The second conference is about to meet 
 amid universal recognition that it is of 
 practical significance. It commands re- 
 spect; its possibilities are the object of so- 
 licitude ; the resolutions which it may reach 
 are anticipated as of probable potency in 
 the affairs of nations ; it is not regarded as 
 an occasion for mere academic discussion, 
 but it finds its place among the agencies by 
 which the world is governed. I cannot 
 doubt that it will accomphsh much for the 
 benefit of mankind ; that in many things it 
 will bring the practice of nations into 
 closer conformity with those great princi- 
 
 [80] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 pies of conduct to which nations have ac- 
 corded such ready assent in theory but such 
 reluctant compliance when their particular 
 interests are involved. 
 
 "In regard to the possibility of an agree- 
 ment as to the limitation of armed forces by 
 land and the sea and of war budgets, he is 
 as wary as the colored brother who said to 
 the snake: "If you '11 let me alone I 11 let 
 you alone" ; he would not have his delegates 
 dogmatize on these subjects, that in fact, 
 they concern us so little that they are prac- 
 tically none of our business. We have not 
 been unmindful of the fact that the ques- 
 tion is one which primarily and in its pres- 
 ent stage concerns Europe rather than 
 America; that the conditions which have 
 led to the great armaments of the present 
 day are mainly European conditions, and 
 that it would ill become us to be forward 
 or dogmatic in a matter which is so much 
 more vital to the nations of Europe than to 
 ourselves. It sometimes happens, however, 
 that a State having little or no special ma- 
 terial interest in a proposal can for that 
 
 [81] 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 very reason advance the proposal with the 
 more advantage and the less prejudice. 
 The American Government accordingly, 
 at an early stage of the discussion regard- 
 ing the programme, reserved the right to 
 present this subject for the consideration 
 of the conference. Several European pow- 
 ers have also given notice of their intention 
 to present the subject. It may be that the 
 discussion will not bring the second confer- 
 ence to any definite and practical conclu- 
 sion; certainly no such conclusion can be 
 effective unless it meet with practically 
 universal assent, for there can be no effec- 
 tive agreement which binds some of the 
 great powers and leaves others free. There 
 are serious difficulties in formulating any 
 definite proposal which would not be ob- 
 jectionable to some of the powers, and upon 
 the question whether any specific proposal 
 is unfair and injurious to its interests each 
 power must be, and is entitled to be, its 
 own judge. 
 
 "Nevertheless, the effort can be made ; it 
 may fail in this conference, as it failed in 
 
 [82] 
 
AS THE WORLD GIVETH 
 
 the first, but even if it fails one more step 
 will have been taken toward ultimate suc- 
 cess. Long continued and persistent effort 
 is always necessary to bring mankind into 
 conformity with great ideals." 
 
 No one can gainsay a word of this; it is 
 true as the multiplication table and — just the 
 kind of homely truth for a little girl to work 
 into a sampler. But while people fight for 
 ideals, it should be remembered that ideals are 
 not the weapons with which they fight. Be- 
 sides, an English gentleman who speaks with 
 authority has recently given us to understand 
 that we have no poets in this country to sup- 
 ply us with ideals, nor much prospect of any. 
 Therefore, even our accomplished Secretary of 
 State does not encourage us to expect that our 
 contribution to the cause of Peace and the re- 
 duction of military and naval budgets will be 
 a record one. I will even allow myself to sus- 
 pect that he shares a quite prevalent public 
 sentiment that Providence, and science— one 
 of its instruments— are doing far more for 
 the cause of Peace than will ever be accom- 
 
PEACE GIVEN 
 
 plished by crying Peace where there is no 
 peace. As hunger providentially makes peo- 
 ple industrious and frugal to relieve it, so 
 the increasing cost of war is making friends 
 for peace, while Portsmouth conferences 
 Hague tribunals or Carnegie-Hall revellers 
 are only making faces and phrases about it. 
 
 There is no argument for peace so unan- 
 swerable as an empty exchequer; and every 
 year science and a merciful Providence are 
 shortening the possible duration of every 
 future war, while its own increasing penalties 
 of blood and treasure are making the nations 
 proportionately less reckless in provoking one. 
 Peace is only welcome to the average man 
 when he finds nothing in sight worth the cost 
 of fighting for it, — that is, when his appetites 
 are limited by reason or controlled by neces- 
 sity, and as President Roosevelt suggests by 
 righteousness. 
 
 Centuries must elapse before the Hague 
 Tribunal can settle any international contro- 
 versy that could not be just as well or better 
 settled by established diplomatic agencies, 
 or such as, if occurring in Elihu Root's pri- 
 vate practice, would be sent to a sheriff's jury. 
 
 1:84] 
 
AS THE WORLD. GiVETiHt 
 
 The International Hague Tribunal had its 
 origin practically only a few years ago with 
 a dynasty which is said to rule over one sev- 
 enth of the habitable globe, nearly if not quite '^ 
 every acre of which has been acquired by 
 predatory wars. Ever since the establish- 
 ment of that Tribunal Russia has been con- 
 tinuously at war, but which of the powers that 
 united in recommending the Portsmouth 
 Conference ever suggested that the differ- 
 ences between Russia and Japan should be 
 referred to that Tribunal; which of the 
 European sovereignties was endowed with a 
 brain so much more fertile than prolific as to 
 take the initiative in recommending the 
 Portsmouth Conference; or which even now 
 will venture to denounce the torturing the in- 
 mates of Russian prisons to force from them 
 confessions of their own or their comrades' 
 mutinous conduct, thus reported in the Even- 
 ing Post so recently as the 23d April, 1907: 
 
 "M. Pergament, a prominent lawyer of 
 Kherson, read the reports of the interpella- 
 tion committee, which contained details of 
 about seventy cases of alleged torture. It 
 
^EACE GIVEN 
 
 was declared that the victims were beaten 
 on sensitive parts of their bodies with Cos- 
 sacks' whips, and rubber rods; that their 
 jJnger nails and hair were pulled out, etc. 
 The tortures in a number of cases were pro- 
 longed for eight or ten days. One man, 
 who was only twenty-two years old, looked 
 like an old man after having been tortured. 
 "The vice-minister for the interior, M. 
 Makaroff, reported that the charges 
 brought against the prison officials of Riga 
 in March were shown to be well-founded. 
 The prisoners were clubbed by the police 
 when arrested, and also to force confessions 
 from them." 
 
 During the very week in which the prison 
 cells of St. Petersburg were the theatres of 
 these peaceful amenities, shiploads of foreign 
 notabilities were imported into the United 
 States to participate in an international revel 
 in honor of our apostolate of peace. 
 
 Peace indeed! 
 
 Peace given as the World giveth. 
 
 Creating a desert and calling it Peace. 
 
!'i.«8i8!^^'>i 
 
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