UC-NRLF 
 
 SB 23 ETC 
 

 -\ 
 
 Japanese I m migration and 
 Colonization 
 
 SKELETON BRIEF 
 
 BY 
 
 MR. V. LATCHY, REPRESENTATIVE OF 
 
 Tin: j \PA^ xcLUSn E OF CALI- 
 
 LNIA, ON "JAPANESE IMMIGRATE 
 COLONIZATION," Fll ITH THE 
 
 SECRETARY OF >T\TE 
 
 PRK-KNTK!) B1 
 
 .Ii !.^ 27. 1921. (M 
 
 
LETTERS TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 JULY 18, 1921.^ 
 : MILKS i :IES, 
 
 / of State, Washington, D. C. 
 
 DEAR MR. SECRETARY: We present herewith the attached skeleton 
 brief of Mr. V. S. McClatchy, the duly authorized representative of 
 the Japanese Exclusion League of California, upon the subject of 
 Japanese immigration and colonization. Generally speaking, we 
 heartily approve and indorse Mr. McClatchy's brief. The prob- 
 \vith which it deals is one with which we are personally and inti- 
 mately familiar; the danger has been brought directly home to us; 
 think we understand. Our position is taken in no 
 spirit of animosity, or hostility, or race prejudice. It has been made 
 
 ;\ry for the protection and preservation of our own. 
 The skeleton brief is filed at this time with you for the reasons 
 stated by Mr. McClatchy. The details contained in it relating to the 
 are matters of common knowledge there, and we shall be very 
 glad, if you desire it, to substantiate any of them. 
 
 This skeleton brief will be followed by one very much amplified and 
 much more complete. 
 
 It is with very great respect that we submit the annexed document. 
 Hiram W. Johnson, United States Senator; Samuel M. 
 Shortridge, United States Senator: Clarence F. Lea; 
 first district, California: John E. Raker, second dis- 
 trict, California: C. F. Curry, third California district, 
 Julius Kahn, fourth district, California; John I. 
 Xolan, fifth district, California; J. A. Elston, sixth 
 California district; H. E. Barbour, seventh California 
 district: A. M. Free, eighth California district: Wal- 
 ter F. Lineberger, ninth California district: Henry Z. 
 Osborne, tenth California district; Phil D. Swing, 
 eleventh California district. 
 
 T:i H OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 If., JulyS, 1 
 
 Hox. CHAIILKS i . 
 
 ! >. C. 
 
 LBY: There is ai hereto for your con- 
 
 'U brief in connection with the subject of Japanese 
 
 lization. i to in my letter of June 23. 
 
 It ai read the points of this brief, even 
 
 for examination of the references and exhibits 
 
 re held with the 
 
 Jap; ; on sub herein. This is urge 
 
 a matter of rnia. now face to face with the I 
 
 o 
 
4 LETTERS TO THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 to other States threatened by it; to the Nation, which must ultimately 
 suffer from it; to the Federal administration, which is called upon to 
 provide an adequate remedy; and to yourself who are saddled with 
 the responsibility of suggestion or preliminary decision. 
 
 Copies of most of the exhibits referred to in the brief are in the 
 hands of the State Department already. For convenience some of 
 these have been duplicated. 
 
 The brief proper, which will be presented as soon as it can be pre- 
 pared, will contain an amplification of facts and deductions, making 
 it in most cases unnecessary to read through the exhibits, many of 
 which are lengthy, for satisfactory explanation or verification. 
 
 Any suggestions which you may care to offer as to explanation on 
 any particular phase of the question will receive prompt attention. 
 Very sincerely, yours, 
 
 V. S. McCLATCHY, 
 
 Representing the Japanese Exclusion League of California, 
 
J \PANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONI- 
 ZATION. 
 
 PKKLIMINAKY SKKLKTON MHIKF PREPARED FOR THE DEPARTMENT 
 \TK, AT WASHINGTON, I). C., ox BEHALF OF Tin; JAPANESE 
 K.\< Lisiov LKAGUK OF CALIFORNIA. IN SUPPORT OF THE DECLA- 
 riox OF PRINCIPLES OF Srcii LEAGUE, APPROVED BY THE 
 (' \LIFORNIA LEGISLATURE, IN THE MATTER OF THE MENACE TO 
 THE XATION THREATENED BY JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLO- 
 NIZATION . AND THE NECESSARY REMEDIES. 
 
 1. This is a skeleton brief on the subject of Japanese immigration, 
 
 and national problems connected therewith, offered on behalf of the 
 
 Japanese Kxclusion League of California, for information of the 
 
 etary of State, in accordance with letter to him of June 23, 1921. 
 
 It is to be considered in conjunction with letters to the Secretary 
 
 of State May <>. May 11, May 31, and June 23, 1921 ; and to the Chief 
 
 of the Far Eastern Division of the Department of State May 3, 5, 
 
 and 6, 1921; and also with various data and documents in the hands 
 
 of the Chief of the Far Eastern Division. 
 
 ::>. It is partial and preliminary only, and full explanation and sub- 
 stantiation of its various statements will be found in a complete 
 brief which is to follow. 
 
 4. This brief and the following one are offered in support, expla- 
 nation, and substantiation of the declaration of principles of the 
 Japanese Kxclusion League of California, as unanimously indorsed 
 by the Legislature of California April 12 and 13, 1921, ami presented 
 for consideration to the State Department in an interview had with 
 the Secretary of State May fi. 1921. 
 
 Exhibit I, accompanying this brief, is a certified copy of Senate 
 lution No. 20, unanimously passed by both houses of the Legis- 
 lature of California, indorsing the principles of the Japanese Exclusion 
 League of California, and asking the Federal Government to adopt a 
 policy in harmony therewith, as a protection against the steadily 
 growing menace of Japanese immigration. The resolution, as passed. 
 unfortunately omitted the words "and statutes" after the word 
 istitution." in the last line of the first paragraph of section third, 
 which words are in the declaration of principles as adopted by the 
 nd are necessary to a correct statement o/ the facts. 
 
 <-ond, and third of the declaration deal with the 
 
 national phases of the question, and the policy which it is claimed 
 id be followed 1 in regard thereto. Section fourth treats of that 
 portion of the problem which comes under State'- jurisdiction; of 
 the manner in which that problem has been handled in California; 
 and of California's established policy in reference thereto. 
 
 dent that California, and other States of the Union, 
 of them already threatened, can not be protected from the 
 
6 JAPANESE IMMIGKATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 growing menace save through Federal action. They can act only 
 along certain lines, and the results obtained thereby, in the absence 
 of Federal action, will not afford permanent relief against a national 
 danger. 
 
 8. The question is regarded, and is herein treated, as a national one, 
 and not as either State or sectional, though the evidences of the 
 menace are found at present in individual States, more particularly 
 in California and in the Territory of Hawaii. 
 
 9. It seems desirable to correct, first, impressions more or less 
 general as to the attitude of California toward the Japanese now 
 here and as to the restrictions imposed by the alien land law as 
 passed by initiative in November, 1920. 
 
 10. The fourth section of the declaration of principles, which 
 clearly outlines California's policy in this regard, reads as follows: 
 
 Fourth. For the Japanese legally entitled to residence in California fair treatment, 
 protection in property rights legally acquired, and the privilege of engaging in any 
 business desired, except such as may be now or hereafter denied by law to all aliens, 
 or to aliens ineligible to citizenship; and provided particularly they may not hereafter 
 buy or lease agricultural lands. 
 
 11. In opposition to the plain understanding originally had with 
 Japan, and to the intent of the "gentlemen's agreement," the 
 Japanese population of California has increased four fold and that 
 of continental United States three fold since 1906. (The "gentle- 
 men's agreement" was negotiated in 1907. See Our New Racial 
 Problem, Exhibit 4.) This increase is due only in minor part to 
 surreptitious entry over the border. It is due in main part to the 
 grave error of the Federal Government in countenancing an arrange- 
 ment under which control of immigration from a foreign country was 
 deliberately surrendered to that country; to the laxness which per- 
 mitted the growth of practices opposing the intent of the agreement; 
 and to toleration of plain violations thereof in the authorized entry 
 of laborers officially classed as such, as well as the failure to realize 
 until within the past few years the conditions which had developed 
 in Hawaii and which are rapidly developing, particularly in the 
 State of California and in a lesser degree in a few other Pacific Coast 
 States, therefrom. 
 
 12. California realizes that the Federal Government thereby has 
 given official sanction to the presence in the State of a large element 
 of Japanese population which it is clearly against the interests of the 
 State and of the Nation to permit. "She accepts that condition 
 regretfully and has not attempted and has not suggested any unfair 
 or illegal treatment of those Japanese who have legally acquired 
 residence or interests here. Under her established policy she is, 
 however, using her own legal powers, and is urging the use of Federal 
 authority, to prevent the granting to the Japanese of further rights 
 or privileges which would constitute a grave injury to the State and 
 to the Nation. 
 
 13. Section fourth of the league's declaration of principles clearly 
 expresses the intent to accord to Japanese legally entitled to residence 
 in California full protection in all rights to which they are now en- 
 titled and fair treatment. It announce* the State's objection to the 
 
JAPAN I-:.-!! IMMIGRATION ANI> COLONIZATION. 7 
 
 grunting of further rights, m<>re particularly in the ownership or con- 
 ;ncultural lands. 
 
 14. (California's good faith in the matter has received convincing 
 
 n in the fact that, notwithstanding her very earnest, 
 
 i for exclusion and prohibition of land control, 
 
 treated the Japanese in th -courtesy or 
 
 -uilt or injury to property or interference with 
 
 ition of the people of Japan has been called 
 
 by Mr. K. K. Kawakami, the recognized agent for pub- 
 
 .lapanese on the Pacii: in an article in the New 
 
 . Nation. February '2. and by Mr. M. Komatsu. a former diplo- 
 
 , nd present journalist of Japan, who investigated the matter 
 
 and recorded his conch a an interview published 
 
 No-. . 1920. Kxhibit 14.) 
 
 15. That California's action in this matter has not been dictated 
 rejudice, or inspired by political ambition, is sufficiently indicated 
 
 by the following fac 
 
 (a) The Japanese Exclusion League of California, which conducted 
 
 ampaign for the initiative alien land law, speaks for the following 
 
 organizations, which are represented on the league's executive cpm- 
 
 -<iate officers of such organizations: American Legion, 
 
 ^ons and Native Daughters of the Golden West, Federation 
 
 of Labor, Farm Bureaus, Federation of Women's Clubs, Veterans 
 
 of Foreign Wars, and various patriotic, civic, and fraternal bodies. 
 
 (6) Resolutions indorsing the policy and action of the league, both 
 as to the alien land law and as to remedial measures urged upon the 
 Federal Government, were passed without a single dissenting vote in 
 both houses of the California Legislature in January and in April of 
 this year, and copies thereof transmitted to Congress. (See Exhibits 
 
 1 2.) 
 
 (c) The intelligent, conservative element of the State has been 
 converted to its present conviction within the past two years by 
 public presentation and fullest discussion of the facts. 
 
 CALIFORNIA'S ALIEN LAND LAW. 
 
 16. The alieajand law (Exhibit 3), pjassed by initiative vote in 
 California. November, 1920, is further proof of the care which Califor- 
 nia i <-ised in according to the Japanese full rights guaranteed 
 
 . The law provides (sec. 2) that aliens ineligible 
 ;av acquire, possess, enjoy, and transfer real prop* 
 
 or any interest therein, in this State in the manner and to the extent 
 and for the purpose prescribed by any treatv now existing between 
 the Government of me United States and the nation or country of 
 which such alien is a citizen or subject; and not otherwise.' 7 
 
 17. Construed in accordance with the conditions of the treaty 
 with Japan, this means that hereafter alien Japanese may not acquire 
 ownership of land in California under any conditions, and may not 
 lease land for other than residential or commercial purposes. 
 
 18. The California alien land law of 1920 was passed as a measure 
 of necessity to protect the rich lands of the State from inevitable 
 
 !ol, under continuance of existing conditions, by an alien, un- 
 assimilable race, ineligible to citizenship, which control would involve 
 most grave economic injury to the State. (Japanese, as shown by 
 
8 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 the report of the State board of control, 1920, " California and the 
 oriental'' (Exhibit 6), already control one-eighth of the entire acreage 
 of irrigated lands in the State of California. These are the richest 
 lands in the State.) 
 
 19. The law was passed primarily to cure certain defects in the 
 alien land law of 1913, which defects were taken advantage of by the 
 Japanese, in evasion or violation of the plain intent of the law. 
 
 20. Stress has been laid upon the fact that this law was passed 
 only by a vote of 3 to 1. The vote would probably have been 10 
 to 1 if short leases of lands to aliens ineligible to citizenship had 
 been permitted under its provisions. The short lease, however, 
 was declared to be in effect as injurious as the long lease, since the 
 repeated renewals of short leases to Japanese would become inevitable 
 as the whites were displaced or forced into other occupations, and such 
 renewals would amount in effect to long leases, and this in turn would 
 give practical control, with results virtually amounting to ownership. 
 The San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, for instance, which headed 
 the opposition to the passage of the law, based its opposition upon this 
 elimination of the short lease, but declared itself opposed to ownership 
 and in favor, also, of exclusion. 
 
 21. The law was adopted under the exclusive right granted by the 
 Federal Constitution to the individual States to control the ownership 
 and use of lands within their respective territories. 
 
 22. The law in spirit, or in provision, does not violate any part of 
 the Federal Constitution. (Conceded by the highest Japanese au- 
 thorities. See Exhibit 8, quotations from Japanese Review of 
 International Law.) 
 
 ,23. The law does not discriminate against the Japanese. It is 
 inade applicable to all aliens ineligible to citizenship. The Japanese 
 nation is only one of a number affected thereby, under provisions of 
 JJnited States statutes. 
 
 "* 24. The law does not violate or oppose the intent of any Federal 
 statute; on the contrary, it is a natural corollary of section 2169 of the 
 naturalization laws of the United States, which in effect denies the 
 privilege of naturalization to all members of the yellow or brown 
 races .jLCalifornia, in refusing to longer permit ownership or profitable 
 use orner rich agricultural lands by aliens ineligible to citizenship, is 
 not only furnishing the necessary protection to her own people, to her 
 own lands, and to the Nation, but is acting in harmony with this Federal 
 statute, the framers of which certainly intended that peoples declared 
 by it as unfitted for citizenship should not be encouraged or per- 
 mitted to secure control of our rich agricultural lands, with the 
 benefits to them, and the injuries to our own people, which must 
 ^result therefromj 
 
 25. The law noTonly does not violate the treaty between Japan and 
 the United States, but it explicitly guarantees to all aliens ineligible 
 to citizenship all the rights and privileges in connection with the 
 ownership and use of land in California which may.be guaranteed 
 them by treaty. This is conceded by Japanese authorities. (See 
 Exhibit 8.) 
 
 26. The law was adopted under the essentially democratic method 
 of initiative by a majority of three to one. 
 
 27. Its principle was unanimously indorsed by the representatives 
 of the people on two occasions, in the State legislature, January 7 and 
 10, and April 12 and 13, 1921. (Exhibits 1 and 2.) 
 
!>ANKSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 9 
 
 . Tin- law was adopted only after exhaustive investigation under 
 authority, and after a State-wide campaign of six months or 
 
 v. in the course of which all sides of the question were presented in 
 public print and on the platform by ablest representatives. The 
 movement for the adoption of the law wa> fathered, not by radi 
 but by the conservative elements of the State, most of which had 
 
 .ken any part in political matters. Labor, i; 
 played only a minor part therein. 
 
 . Within the past few months a number of other States, after 
 :ul investigation of the facts in California, have adopted legisla- 
 tion similar to California's law, or have taken preliminary steps look- 
 ing to such legislation, or have memorialized Congress, urging the 
 adoption of a Federal policy as indorsed by California. <See Alien 
 Land Laws and Alien Rights, H. Dor. X". s9. 67th Cong., 1st - 
 June 2. 1H21. presented by Hon. C. F. Curry. Kxhihit 7 
 
 I! OK MA THE FOUNTAIN OF INFORMATION. 
 
 30. It is claimed, and generally conceded by those who have in- 
 
 d. that no fair estimate of the character and gravity of the 
 Japanese immigration problem as a national menace can be secured 
 without comprehensive first-hand knowledge of the conditions in 
 ornia. In no other State have these conditions developed to 
 such an extent as to clearly and unmistakably point out the inevitable 
 and disastrous results to the Nation if these conditions are permitted 
 to further develop and to extend over the Union. 
 
 31. In California are located two-thirds of the entire Japanese 
 population of continental United States: that is to say. twice as many 
 Japanese are found in California as in the other 47 States combined. 
 
 32. In California are found, in consequence, the various ph. 
 and features of the problem which make it dangerous. The subject 
 
 been under most careful investigation for two years past, first, 
 
 by the State board of control (see its report ''California and the 
 
 mder direct instructions from the legislature of the 
 
 Sta t by the House Immigration Commit t its i ranscript 
 
 of hi i July, 1920, in four volumes) ; and next by civic organiza- 
 
 - and interested individuals on both sides: and such investiga- 
 
 - have been attended by public diseii-sion. of all material points, 
 resulting in the crystallization of an intelligent and conservative 
 public sentiment, which is practically unanimous on the main points 
 involved. (Exhibits .5 and 6.) 
 
 33. While there was opposition to the passage of the California 
 alien land law. primarily because of its cancellation of short le; 
 and aside from that consideration, principally on the part of selfish 
 
 nal and business interests: interests affiliated with the Japan 
 
 influencing church organizations under sympathy: and 
 other parties acting in good faith, but in ignorance of the fundamental 
 
 y no difference of opinion as to the national 
 
 policy of absolute exclusion, which should be inaugurated at once 
 in protection the menace: and little, if any, as to forbidding 
 
 furt ;p df land to aliens ineligible to citizenship. 
 
 34. :ia have, by memorials to 
 Cong 1 '1 by their legislatures within the past few mo: 
 and by enacting legislation under authority granted to the St.- 
 
10 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 by the Federal Constitution, clearly indicated their approval of 
 the policies outlined in this declaration. 
 
 35. There is a steady and rapid conversion, on the part of indi- 
 viduals, civic organizations, and newspapers and periodicals through- 
 out the country, to the propriety of California's stand, and the 
 Federal policy which she urges, as opportunity is offered for investiga- 
 tion of conditions in California, with the realization that Japanese 
 settlement has commenced in States other than California, and is 
 certain to develop in time, throughout the Union, the dangers 
 already present in California and in Hawaii. 
 
 36. It is contended, therefore, that the State Department can 
 not pass upon this subject intelligently, or with full justice to national 
 interests, unless and until it shall have by hearings, and careful 
 investigation, secured an intimate knowledge of the conditions in 
 California, which were made subject of hearings by the congressional 
 committee in the summer of 1920. 
 
 37. It is urged further that careful consideration should be given 
 to conditions in Hawaii, particularly to such as were disclosed during 
 the recent sugar plantation strike, as furnishing striking proof of 
 the inevitable effects in continental United States of increased 
 Japanese population in various States. 
 
 EXCLUSION OF JAPANESE IMMIGRATION. 
 
 38. Section " first" of the league's declaration of principles reads as 
 follows : 
 
 First. Absolute exclusion for the future of all Japanese immigration, not only male, 
 but female, and not only laborers, skilled and unskilled, but "farmers" and men of 
 small trades and professions, as recommended by Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 39. This principle calls for absolute exclusion in the future of all 
 Japanese who may seek to come here in any capacity for permanent 
 residence. This is to prevent increase by direct immigration of an 
 element in our population which, for reasons hereafter set forth, is 
 not only undesirable but dangerous to American interests. The 
 principle does not aim to dispossess or expel those already legitimately 
 here. Obviously, the natural increase of this element of population, 
 through an extraordinary birth rate among those already located 
 here, can not be prevented. 
 
 40. The policy outlined is in exact harmony with that advocated by 
 ex-President Roosevelt, who, of all our Presidents, was in more 
 intimate touch with the Japanese problem than any other. (See 
 his letter to Congressman William Kent, Feb. 4, 1909, Exhibit 9.) 
 
 4 1 . The policy outlined is that commended in formal resolutions by 
 the American Legion in its first annual convention, at Minneapolis, 
 November, 1919, and again in annual convention of 1920, at Cleve- 
 land. (See State Department records.) 
 
 42. The policy outlined was formally indorsed by the American 
 Federation of Labor in annual convention at Denver, Colo., June 21, 
 1921. (See Exhibit 12.) 
 
 43. The policy outlined has been urged by farmers' organizations 
 throughout the country, whose attention has been called to the facts. 
 Notable is the action by referendum in the Federation of Farm 
 Bureaus of California (see Exhibit *4; also Congressional hearings, 
 
JA; IM.MUJRATI' COLONIZATION. 11 
 
 .hibit ")). and tho demand of the farm bureaus of Nebraska that the 
 
 'tion, 1921. 
 
 The policy has al-o been urged by several States of the Union, 
 
 ;:L legislative memorials addressed to Congress, and through 
 
 'tment, or preliminaries looking to such enactment. 
 
 -ess., June i> . 1921, Alien Land 
 
 La Hon. C. F. Cur 'bit 7.) 
 
 ii exclusion to prevent the rapid development 
 
 in i try of an alien, unassimilable race, unfitted under existing 
 
 conditions, even when born here, for the responsible duties of Amer- 
 
 diip. (See subh; milable alien race.") 
 
 46. Such exclusion i -ary if peace is to be maintained between 
 
 Japan and the I'niied States. Obviously, the presence in either 
 country of a larire number of unassimilable aliens, must lead to racial 
 :d international complications. (S< aents of Prof. 
 
 i S. Kuno. Exhibit i:'i. and M. Komatsu, Exhibit U, and Prof. 
 K. S. Inui, hearings House Committee on Immigration, Julv, 19'J 
 Exhibi: 
 
 - 47. Th -i-dinary birth rate of such alien, unassimilable 
 
 mefttr^ts demonstrated 'sties in California, would insure, under 
 
 nditions and within a few generations, the inundation of 
 the white population in this country by the yellow race. (See sub- 
 head "Extraordinary birth rate 
 
 48. The advantages possessed by the Japanese in economic compe- 
 tiL -iich that the whites are speedily driven out of communities 1 
 and industries and must in time succumb to such competition in all 
 
 here the Japanese are permitted to gain a foothold. (S 
 subi Economic problem.") 
 
 49. The results, inevitable in California and in other States if 
 existing conditions continue, are foreshadowed in Hawaii, where 
 nearly half the population is already Japanese, where more than half 
 of the births and new school registrations are Japanese, ^iiere Japa- 
 ne~ already economic control in the Territory, and where th. 
 will rule by a majority of votes within part of a generation. (See 
 
 .hibit 16; also Exhibit 1 
 
 The alien, unassimilable element referred to comes here not j 
 only with no desire to be absorbed and assimilated in the American / 
 melting pot. but with the determined and openly annoui! 
 of establishing the Yamato race permanently on this continent. (S< 
 subhead "A little .), 
 
 ; anility maintains in this country a government 
 
 within a government, subject to the dictates of a foreign power and 
 the interests of that power and adverse to those of this 
 'intry. See subhead "A government within a government.") 
 
 ion should be absolute, covering not only labor t 
 
 but. President Roosevelt, ''men who want to take up 
 
 fin : who want to go into the small trades, or even in professions 
 
 where the .international character," because, regard- 
 
 upation. they will displace whites and increase so rapidly 
 in number through birth rate as to overwhelm the white race. 
 
 a should be rigorously excluded, as is done with the 
 C! ise the aniioun.-ed intent in bringing in females is to 
 
 in- uickly the Japanese population in this country for the 
 
 purposes of Japan. 
 
12 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION, 
 
 A NONASSIMILABLE ALIEN RACE. 
 
 / 54. The Japanese, with a few individual exceptions, and even when 
 / born in this country, are for various reasons unassi mil able and a 
 dangerous element, either as residents or citizens. 
 
 55. Perfect assimiliation or amalgamation can be had only through 
 intermarriage. This is impracticable for several reasons: 
 ^ 56. (a) A principle enunciated by biologists is to the effect that 
 "jj intermarriage between races widely different in characteristics does 
 not perpetuate the good qualities of either race. The differences 
 C between Japanese and American whites are claimed to be so radical 
 \ as to bring them within this category. 
 
 57. lyenaga, in his Japan and the California Problem, and 
 Prof. K. S. Iiiui, in statement before the House Immigration Com- 
 mittee, in July, 1920 (see p. 997, vol. 3, of hearings), claim that 
 through long residence in the United States, and after some genera- 
 tions, the result of environment and climate and occupation will be 
 such as to induce biological changes in the Japanese and approxi- 
 mate them to the composite American, and that thereafter they 
 would be, perhaps, naturally fitted for intermarriage. 
 
 58. The answer to this is that the possibility is too remote. Even 
 should it eventually happen, the American whites would have been 
 swallowed up by the Japanese race before this biological change 
 could have taken place. 
 
 59. (b) A natural pride of race on each side, and in a number of 
 our States the law as well, acts as a bar against intermarriage. 
 Even in Hawaii, where there is every encouragement for interracial 
 admixture, the Japanese have maintained racial purity far beyond 
 that of any other nation and to an extraordinary degree. (See 
 report of survey commission to the Department of Education, 
 Washington, Bulletin No. 20, 1920, Exhibit 17.) 
 
 60. (c) Another bar to assimilation by marriage is the 'fact that 
 the Eurasian progeny of such intermarriages are accorded no social 
 
 ; standing, either on this side or on the other side of the Pacific. 
 
 61. Language, heredity, religion, ideals, the law and policy of 
 ! Japan, all militate against and prevent even sociological assimilation 
 
 of Japanese. 
 
 62. There is no apparent desire, save in a few individual cases, for 
 assimilation on the part of the Japanese in this country. (See state- 
 ment of C. Kondo, secretary of Central Japanese Association of 
 Southern California, hearings, House Committee on Immigration, 
 Exhibit 5.) 
 
 63. v The Japanese pride of race forbids assimilation. They are 
 taught that theirs is the greatest nation on the face of the earth; 
 the only one which has a god for its ruler; and that it is destined to 
 conquer or lead all nations on the globe. Naturally, they are unwil- 
 ling to submerge their identity in that of inferior races. (See pp. 
 25, 26, 27, of H, Doc. No. 89, 67th Cong., June 2, 1921, Alien Land 
 Laws and Alien Rights, by Hone C. F. Curry; also of Exhibit 4.) 
 
 64. The Government of Japan does not encourage and does not 
 even permit the assimilation of Japanese by foreign races or nations. 
 (See subhead "A little Japan.") 
 
JAl'ANKSK 1M. MIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 13 
 
 T11K KXTKAOKDIXAIIV BIRTH KATE OF THE JAPANESE. 
 
 The official reports of the State Board of Health of California 
 >rded to the Japanese in the year 1918 a birth rate four times as 
 u r rcat as that of the whites in the State. Such whites include members 
 and descendants of the prolific races of Europe. (The percentage of 
 aliens in California, according to the United States census for the 
 year I'.H'n. is 19.9 per cent. 
 
 (>(>. Similar records for '1919 accord the Japanese in California a 
 birth rate three times as great as that of the whites, and for the year 
 1920 the record shows a somewhat higher proportionate birth rate 
 for tru. Japanese. 
 
 67. The apparent drop in the Japanese birth rate between 1918 and 
 the two years following, as indicated in these figures, is explained 
 by the fact that for a basis of computation the State board of health 
 accepted in 1918 the Japanese estimate of the Japanese population 
 in the State, 70,000, while for 1919 the board used its own estimate 
 of 96,000, based on investigations by various official bodies. There 
 can be no reasonable doubt that the Japanese population of Cali- 
 fornia is 100,000 or more, and that the United States census 
 estimate of .71,952 is grossly inaccurate. (See Exhibit 18, Japanese 
 population of California ; also Exhibit 4, also Prof. Kuno, Exhibit 13.) 
 
 68. The Japanese, while conceding the very high Japanese birth 
 rate in California, in excess even of the rate in Japan, insist that such 
 conditions are usual among immigrants in a new country, where 
 conditions of life are very favorable, and that the Japanese birth 
 rate will gradually diminish. It is sufficient answer to this sugges- 
 tion to point out that the Japanese birth rate of three to one, in com- 
 parison with the whites, has been obtained in face of the fact that 
 the proportion of adult females among the Japanese in California 
 to males is only one to every three and a half or four, while among 
 the whites it is one to one; and that, therefore, if the Japanese 
 were to establish an equality between the adult sexes they could 
 maintain their high birth rate of three to one in comparison with 
 the whites, even if the maternity average that is to say, the number 
 of births per individual married woman were reduced to one- 
 third of the present. Obviously the coming generations of American- 
 born Japanese will establish an equality in number between the 
 sexes. (See Exhibit 4; also Exhibit 19, answer to Col. Irish in 
 Idaho.) 
 
 69. Some of the results of the high birth rate among the Japanese 
 in California are thus indicated: In Los Angeles County, the most 
 populous county in the State, the Japanese births in rural districts, 
 outside of incorporated cities, for five years past, were one-third of 
 the whites, although the whites outnumbered the Japanese in popu- 
 lation S to 1. In these districts the Japanese number 13,000 and 
 in the entire county about 2(),i)(){). (Dr. J. L. Pomeroy.) 
 
 70. In Sacramento County, outside of Sacramento city, in the 
 years 1919 and 1920, the .Japanese births exceeded the white births, 
 although the white population is ten times that of the Japanese 
 population. 
 
 71. From tables made by Dr. J. L. Pomeroy, secretary of the Los 
 Angeles Board of Health, it would appear thai on the basis of the 
 
 nt comparative birth rates, with little or no Japanese immi- 
 
J 
 
 14 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 gration, and the present rate of increase in white population, due 
 largely to immigration, the Japanese population in California would 
 equal that of the whites in 104 years. If, however, all immigration 
 of every kind were to be cut off from California, so that increase of 
 population hereafter must come only from the birth rate, the Japa- 
 nese would exceed the whites in number 83 years hence. (See 
 Pomeroy's statement, House Committee on Immigration hearings, 
 July, 1920 ; Exhibit 5.) 
 
 THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM AND ITS RESULTS. 
 
 72. The Japanese possess superior advantages in economic compe- 
 tition, partly because of racial characteristics, thrift, industry, low 
 standards of living, willingness to work long hours without expensive 
 pleasures, the women laboring as men, etc. Combine with these 
 characteristics extraordinary cooperation and solidarity, and the 
 assistance of the Japanese Government, through associations acting 
 for it or on its behalf, and the Japanese, concentrating in com- 
 munities or industries, are easily able to supplant the whites. This 
 situation furnishes an economic problem, which must rapidly de- 
 velop into a racial conflict as these conditions develop and spread,, 
 since the white race will not tamely submit to be thus supplanted. 
 (See Prof. Kuno, Exhibit 13.) 
 
 73. The general system of peaceful penetration followed by the 
 Japanese is to first supplant labor by working for less money or 
 longer hours than would the whites; then, having driven out white 
 competitors, to raise the rate of wage until it is as high or higher than 
 that asked for by white labor; then to refuse to work for the whites 
 under wage, and to work only for Japanese, or by leasing land from 
 whites, and finally, where possible, to secure ownership of the land 
 and allied business. (See Exhibit 4.) 
 
 74. An example of the first step in this system was furnished to the 
 House Committee on Immigration while in California in July, 1920, 
 when 1,000 Japanese displaced whites in the Turlock cantaloupe dis- 
 trict, among tne whites being many ex-service men, by offering to 
 crate cantaloupes at 26 cents, while the whites were being paid 35 
 cents per crate. (See Exhibit 20, labor article; also House Immi- 
 gration Committee hearings, Exhibit 5.) 
 
 75. Another instance appears in the action of the Placer Packing 
 Association, of Auburn, Placer County, June 28, in dismissing a 
 number of white girls for the reason, assigned by the management, 
 that the white girls, under the State law, could work only 8 hours a 
 day, while the Japanese could work 15 hours, and the fruit had to be 
 moved, and the accommodations in the plant did not permit the use 
 of a large force. (See Exhibit 21, extracts from Sacramento Bee, 
 June 28 and 29, 1921.) 
 
 *"" 76. In pursuance of their policy of forcing conditions under which 
 lease and ownership of land could be secured by them, the Japanese 
 have secured control of one-eighth of all the irrigated lands of Cali- 
 fornia, which are the State's richest lands. (See Report of State 
 Board of Control, "California and the oriental," Exhibit 16.) 
 
 77. In four counties of California, Sacramento, Placer, San Joa- 
 quin, and Colusa, the Japanese have secured control of from 50 to 
 85 per cent of the irrigated lands, yielding principally fruit and pro- 
 duce. (See Report State Board of Control, Exhibit 16.) 
 
[MMIGB 15 
 
 Unwed. and 
 
 a market trn<t. which they claim is permissible, 
 d from operation of the antitrust I 
 
 ion Commit! ;igs, Exhibit 
 
 - of this carefully planned system of " peaceful 
 p r n, i displacing whites and in securing 
 
 i in various districts of < in --Florin, Imperial 
 
 will be found in Ex "Our new racial 
 
 nd the !! the 1,' >f the House 
 
 digeBteft; 
 
 -. 351, and o.VJ of such hearings. 
 
 80. Ti policy has enabled the Jap;: ire practical 
 control of t: in the waters of southern California, in 
 
 i of the .ich it is 
 
 enforced 1; lie law failed to p; 
 
 In consequence. ling fleet aids in surrepti 
 
 from Mexican and more important 
 
 deprives this country of an invaluable auxili in time 
 
 In Alaskan waters. President Roosevelt stopped such 
 
 nee of a Unit' 9 gunboat. In Oregon and 
 
 fishing by is forbidden by Slate law. 
 
 >v canning interests, pi' passage 
 
 iiar law by the Californi; ature in 1921. (See Exhibit 
 
 4. "Our nev> :>.") 
 
 81. The policy of peaceful penetration has commenced in other 
 
 .. In Washington, a large number of Seattle hotels, lodging 
 houses, and cer of business enterprises, have gone into 
 
 control of Japanese. (See statement of Miller Freeman, before 
 House Immigration Committee, 1919; also congressional hearings, 
 
 ibit 5.) 
 
 83. In tha also Japanese have secured control of a large 
 age in the Yakima Valley, through lease from Indians on the 
 
 Indi ration. -t Wapato Post, American Legion, 
 
 to t: -tment of the Interior.) ^^ ^ 
 
 84. In Oregon, Japanese have secur^cKontrol of a Considerable 
 portion of the Hood River apple district. (See House Inynigration 
 
 pp. 1479, 1480.) 
 
 . In Colorado, the Japa cured control of 85 per cen 
 
 of tl ; riot, an* Gentle- 
 
 man . 1919; > House i: 'ings, p. 
 
 'iitrol of the cantaloupe 
 
 (1 in thi and Pec 
 
 >2.) 
 
 lion in 
 
 exhibit 
 at pages 408 m 
 
 88. f such matters that has induced defensive 
 
 n on the part of a number of oti ice January 1, 1921. 
 
 (See H. Doc. No. 89, 67th < 1921, presented 
 
 . Alien L Vlien Rights, Exhibit 7.) 
 
16 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 TO ESTABLISH HERE A LITTLE JAPAX. 
 
 89. All the utterances in speech or press of the Japanese intended 
 for consumption among their own people show conclusively that 
 there is neither the intention nor the desire to merge their identity 
 in that of assimilated American citizens, but as they themselves 
 express it to secure for the Yamato race a permanent place on this 
 continent. For this purpose their people are constantly urged to 
 beget children and secure land as the most effective means of perma- 
 nently establishing their race here. (See translation, Sacramento 
 Bee, Oct. 24, 1919; also translation in House Immigration Committee 
 hearings, Exhibit 22; Exhibit 5.) 
 
 90. Not only among those who come from Japan, but also among 
 those born here and accorded full privileges of American citizenship, 
 is plain the desire on the part of individuals and the intent on the part 
 of the Japanese Government that they shall remain permanently 
 loyal citizens of Japan. 
 
 91. The children born here are forced to attend separate Japanese 
 schools, in which they are taught the religion, ideals, loyalty, and 
 duties of Japanese, usually by Buddhist priests. The Survey Com- 
 mission, United States Department of Education, Bulletin No. 20, 
 1920 (Exhibit 17), after investigation in Hawaii, recommended that 
 these schools be abolished as " un-American, if not anti-American." 
 Hawaii and California have placed such schools under restrictive 
 direction of the State (or Territorial) school department. (See Ex- 
 hibit 4, and Prof. Kuno, Exhibit 13.) 
 
 92. In addition, many children born here are sent to Japan for 
 their education and do not return until they are from 17 to 20 years 
 of age, when they are thoroughly Japanese and can never be changed 
 into material for American citizenship. There are at least 5,000 
 California-born Japanese in Japan to-day receiving such education, 
 while there are between 13,000 and 20,000 Hawaiian-born Japanese 
 similarly engaged there. They will return to Hawaii and California 
 as loyal Japanese citizens and will use the opportunities presented by 
 their American citizenship as the Japanese Government may direct. 
 (See Exhibit 4; also House Immigration Committee hearing, Exhibit 
 5; also Joseph Timmons's articles, Exhibit 15.) 
 
 93. The Japanese Government claims as its own citizens all Japa- 
 nese, no matter where born, and even if their fathers and forefathers 
 for generations have been accorded citizenship by a foreign nation. 
 (See Report Board of Control, Exhibit 16.) 
 
 94. No Japanese can expatriate without permission of his Govern- 
 ment. Such permission can not be . secured under any conditions 
 after he has prnssed his seventeenth year. Of more than 30,000 
 Japanese born in California only 21 have been permitted to expatri- 
 ate. Of the very much larger number born in Hawaii only 22 have 
 been permitted to expatriate. (See congressional committee hearings, 
 Exhibit 5; also Exhibit 23, official statement on behalf of Japan.) 
 
 95. In Hawaii and continental United States, Japanese births have 
 boon not less than 75,000, and perhaps much more. Of this entire 
 number registered for the rights of American citizenship, only 73 
 have applied for expatriation from Japan. (Statement of Y. Mat- 
 suoka to Associated Press correspondent at Tokyo, Sept. 15, 1920, 
 Exhibit 23.) That means (a) either the children did not wish to 
 relinquish Japan. u-^hip, or (1) the Japanese parents would not 
 
JAPANKSK IMMK'.HATIOX AND COLONIZATION. 17 
 
 consent, 'he parents feared to prefer the py request to 
 
 the 'vernmi'iit. In either event, what kind of an Amer- 
 
 ; citizen could he made of a .Japanese developed and held under 
 inilnen 
 
 \ KENT WITHIN A <;OVKRNMI:NT. 
 
 Through publications in Japanese new>pap- n Franc; 
 
 and otherwise, it lias beer, conclusively established that the Japanese 
 in California ;\\'> all held together for solidarity of action, lirst. by 
 
 . next, by a main agricultural association and the Jap- 
 :utioii of America, located in San Francisco, with which 
 the local associations are affiliated : and. finally, by the Japanese 
 consul at San Francisco, who dictates the action of the Jap; 
 
 "ciation of America, and who is enabled. be< his position, 
 
 to punish individual Japanese who fail to obey the orders of their 
 "iations. Action taken thus by the Japanese is for the benefit 
 of them- Dan. and usually directly opposed to the 
 
 intt thj s country Exhibit 4: also Prof. Kuno. Exhibit 
 
 editorials from Nichi Bei. San Francisco Japanese newspaper, 
 pp 392-394, part 1, House Immigration Committee hearings: also Ex- 
 hibit 24. clipping from Sacramento Bee. in answer to secretary of 
 
 ; ation. in re Col. Irish.) 
 
 97. Striking proof of this solidarity of action was offered in the 
 
 rike in Hawaii of Japanese laborers on the sugar plantations. 
 
 With a few exceptions, so rare as to demonstrate the rule, every 
 
 Japanese in the Territory, whether born in Hawaii or in Japan, and 
 
 rdless of affiliations and association-, was forced to assist and 
 
 the pin the strike, either actively or tacitly. They were 
 
 threatened with posting in the native prefectures of themselves or 
 
 their parents, as traitors, and with other penalties in the event of 
 
 ref 1 1 
 
 The strike was. in effect, a race strike, part, it is claimed, of a 
 deliberate plan to force ultimate control of the plantations into the 
 hands of Japanese, as the control of agricultural lands in California is 
 
 SOUL 
 
 99. The remarkable racial solidarity shown in this strike has fright- 
 ; the natives and whites in Hawaii. To-day the intelligent white 
 business and professional and laboring elements, which up to some 
 months ago derided my warnings as to the Japanese peril, are openly 
 or s :,nd either directly or through commi- -nt to Wash- 
 
 ington by the Territorial legislature, asking Congress for passage of 
 abiiitation act," and of an immigration measure the acknowl- 
 d purposes of which are to protect Hawaii from immediate and 
 ultimate political and racial control by the Japai 
 
 ; . Existing conditions forbid the granting of statehood to Hawaii 
 and would necessitate in time the inauguration of a commission form 
 nnient. Mtements of two Hawaiian commissions be- 
 
 nse Immigration Committee; also Joseph Timm 
 
 Kxamincr: also consult with Walter 
 F. Dillingham, chairman of the Hawaiian commission now in Wash- 
 
 r-i 2 
 
18 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 101. If continuance of friendly relations between this country 
 and Japan is to be assured, there is practically no difference of opinion 
 among those conversant with the subject as to the desirability and 
 even necessity of rigidly excluding Japanese immigration. That is 
 conceded even by many of the leading Japanese wiio have spoken 
 on the subject. (K. it. Kawakami, in interview for Nippu Jiji, 
 Honolulu, June 8, 1921; M. Komatsu in interview, Exhibit 14; Prof. 
 
 \ Yoshi S. Kuno, Exhibit 13.) 
 
 102. The questions which arise are not so much, then, with the 
 first of the league's four principles, which calls for exclusion, as with 
 the second, which relates to the manner in which such exclusion shall 
 be secured. 
 
 HOW SHALL EXCLUSION BE SECURED? 
 
 103. Section second of the league's declaration of principles reads 
 as follows : 
 
 Second. Such exclusion to be enforced by United States officials, under United 
 States laws and regulations, as done with immigration, admitted or excluded, from all 
 other countries; and not, as at present, under an arrangement whereby control and 
 regulation is surrendered by us to Japan. 
 
 104. This section, in effect, calls for the cancellation of the present 
 " gentlemen's agreement," under which Japanese immigration is 
 now regulated, and the substitution therefor of a plan whereby such 
 immigration shall be restricted under our own laws and department 
 regulations, enforced by our own officials. Such is the plan followed 
 by us with immigration from all other countries, and such is the 
 plan followed by Japan and other foreign nations in the admission 
 of immigrants to their respective countries. 
 
 105. The present agreement forces us to admit such Japanese as 
 come to these shores with a passport from the Japanese Government 
 indicating that they are entitled to permanent residence here. We 
 have thereby surrendered to a foreign power our inalienable right to 
 pass upon the number and eligibility of those who enter to become 
 part of the Nation, and upon whose children are conferred the rights 
 of citizenship. We have surrendered that right to no other nation; 
 and no foreign nation has surrendered its right in similar matters to 
 any other power. That statement alone is sufficient to condemn the 
 present arrangement and justify its immediate cancellation. 
 
 106. The " gentlemen's agreement" was made originally under the 
 administration of Theodore Roosevelt. It was coupled with the 
 condition that should the Japanese Government fail to observe its 
 conditions and keep out Japanese labor the United States itself 
 reserved the right to compel exclusion by its own laws. That 
 reservation was afterwards withdrawn, under the administration of 
 President Roosevelt's successor, in negotiating with Japan the com- 
 mercial treaty of 1911. (See autobiography of President Theodore 
 Roosevelt, p. 414.) 
 
 107. No self-respecting world power should have made such an 
 agreement, even with the reservation referred to, and certainly the 
 present absence of such reservation justifies immediate cancellation 
 of the agreement. 
 
 108. The agreement should be canceled, because, even assuming 
 that Japan has lived up to its intent in good faith, it has failed utterly 
 
.TAPAXKSK I! M "MI (III ATI OX ANI> ( '< >LOXIZATK)X. 19 
 
 iplish ti. [or which it was avowedly entered into. 
 
 tion Commi also 
 
 SJoardoi , report. Exhibit 16; als< it 4.) 
 
 !()'. iiU'rcd into at tlie request of Japan to 
 
 herprir- .ibstitute fora prop.-- .usion act against 
 
 ,;it in f< :inst the Chinese. The 
 
 ,ich demand an exclusion a 
 
 i v results would he had 
 
 ^reemen t specified clearly thai it was to 
 
 iabor, skilled and unskilled, from continental 
 
 quently Japan, of her own motion, made it 
 
 Hawaii. 
 
 1 10. The plan was in effect for Japan to assume responsibility for 
 
 >f the terms of the agreement by refusing passports to 
 
 titled to enter continental United States under 
 
 nding. while the United St.-. - to admit only such 
 
 even from Hawaii as presented the necessary passport. 
 
 -port, under the circumstances, became Japan's guarantee 
 
 that the immigrant did not come as a laborer or to lab 
 
 111. The failure of the plan is sufficiently indicated by comparison 
 of t -'cured under its operation, and under that of an 
 
 D act. for which it was a substitute. In less than 10 years 
 
 April 15, 1910, to December 31, 1919 there was a net increase 
 
 of Chinese immigrants in California, under the exclusion act, of 789. 
 
 During the same period there was a net increase of Japanese immi- 
 
 i the State, under the "gentlemen's agreement," of 25,086. 
 
 ilemen's agreement '' admitted 32 Japanese for every 
 
 :uman admitted by the exclusion act. (See report. State Boarcl 
 
 of Control, pp. 25-57.) 
 
 112. The Chinese population of continental United States has 
 eased over 50 per cent under the exclusion act. The Japanese 
 
 population has nearly trebled since 1906. (The '' gentlemen's agree- 
 
 negotiated early in 1907.) Allowing 35,000 for births, 
 
 there has been an increase of Japanese population in 
 
 nental United States in the period named of 62.000 from imtni- 
 
 most of whom are in the ranks of labor. Each one of that 
 
 . furnishes a clear violation of the intent of the agreement. 
 
 ibit 4 : also hearings, House Immigration Committee, p. 227.) 
 
 .lifornia. while exclusion has similarly decreased the 
 
 Chinese population over 50 per cent, the " gentlemen's agreement'' 
 
 led the Japanese to increase fourfold since 1906. Making 
 
 v allowance for births, there have come into the State 
 
 nmigration, since 1906, 47,000 Japanese, and nearly all of these 
 
 anks of- labor. (See Exhibit 4: also hearings, House 
 
 Immigration Committee, p. '2. 
 
 114. Not all the Japanese immigration referred to in the two pre- 
 ame here with Japan's passport, certifying in 
 did not come to labor, but most of them had such 
 passports. The uine in surreptitiously over the border, but 
 
 furnish equalK arguments against the agreement, since 
 
 under it and tl, -,g conditions this country can not 
 
 provide I'ilieient rd against surreptitious entry or for detec- 
 
 tion of those who get in. 
 
20 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION" AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 115. The well-established increase of Japanese population in con- 
 tinental United States, and in California, in excess of increase due 
 to births, furnishes the best answer to the repeated claims, supported 
 by apparent statistics, that the number of Japanese departing from 
 the United States have nearly, if not quite, equaled the number 
 arriving. 
 
 116. That increase also answers the claim that those coming in 
 were almost entirely former residents entitled to return. 
 
 117. Aside from the failure of the " gentlemen's agreement" to 
 fulfill the objects for which it was adopted, as shown above, there is 
 ample proof that its intent has been deliberately violated by Japan 
 in some cases, and that she has had official knowledge of violation in 
 other cases. (See Exhibit 4; also hearings, House Immigration Com- 
 mittee, pp. 225-228; also Board of Control report, pp. 161-170.) 
 
 118. While the agreement explicitly bound Japan "to keep 
 Japanese labor, skilled and unskilled, out of continental United 
 States/' the annual reports of the United States Commissioner of 
 Immigration show that every year thousands were admitted who 
 were laborers. 
 
 1.19. They were classed as "laborers," "farm laborers," "barbers," 
 "carpenters," "tailors," "other artisans," "cooks," "gardeners," 
 "servants," and "other occupations included under head of laborers 
 by rule 21 (j)." Admission of new immigrants under said classifi- 
 cation is a clear violation of subdivision 5 of the President's proclama- 
 tion, February 24, 1913. (See p. 166, Board of Control report.) Some 
 of these admissions were entitled to entry because of prior residence, 
 but the multiplication of the laboring population proves that onlv 
 a portion had that right. The number admitted under these classi- 
 fications ran as high as 3,013 in 1916. (See State Board of Control 
 report, p. 170.) 
 
 120. The picture-bride plan was a clear violation of the intent of 
 the agreement in two ways: (1) It imported forbidden labor, since 
 most of the picture brides performed a man's work in field or shop; 
 (2) it brought over a woman from Japan to act as wife for a Japanese 
 already admitted who had no wife, and who was presumed, under 
 the general acceptation of the intent of the agreement, to be entitled 
 to bring over a wife only if he had left one behind him. (See Board 
 of Control report, pp. 141-143.) 
 
 121. Disclosures as to picture-bride methods produced general 
 criticism, even from missionary and church friends of the Japanese, 
 with the result that the Japanese Government discontinued the 
 practice, so far as continental United States was concerned, in 
 August, 1920, but continued to send the picture brides to Hawaii. 
 
 122. To take the place of this system, and still insure the Japanese 
 here wives, and the opportunity to beget children in pursuance of 
 the general plan of peaceful penetration, Japanese returning from 
 the United States are now permitted to remain in Japan for 90 
 days (instead of 30 as called for by law) without being subjected 
 to conscription call, the extra time being allowed to secure a wife. 
 
 Within the past few months, the Japanese Government has offered 
 to pay the expenses, both ways, of Japanese in the United States 
 who will come to Japan to meet their conscription obligations. 
 In returning to this country they will be permitted to bring wives 
 whom they may have secured in Japan. These measures confirm 
 
.FAI'ANKSK IM MK.KATIOX AND COLONIZATION. 21 
 
 the apparent belief of the board of control (see report, bottom of 
 p. 143) that the Japanese would circumvent the new restriction. 
 
 123. This entire procedure is opposed to the intent this country 
 had in formulating the "gentlemen's agreement, "which was to 
 prevent the development here of an alien unassimilable Japanese 
 population. The exclusion act prevented any such results by 
 forbidding this importation of Chinese w T omen who were not already 
 wi\ 
 
 POSSIBLE CONFLICT BETWEEN STATE LAW AND TREATY. 
 
 124. Section 3 of the declaration of principles of the Japanese 
 Exclusion League of California reads as follows: 
 
 :'. Compliance on the part of all departments of the Federal Government 
 
 with the Constitution and statutes, and the abandonment of the threat or attempt 
 
 ke advantage of certain phrasing of that document as to treaties, which it is 
 
 claimed gives the treaty-making power authority to violate plain provisions of the 
 
 titution in the following matters: 
 
 To nullify State rights and State laws for control of lands and other matters 
 plainly within the State's jurisdiction. 
 
 To grant American citizenship to races of yellow color, which are made in- 
 eligible for stieh citizenship. 
 
 125. The principle thus enunciated received indorsement, with- 
 out a dissenting vote, in both houses of the California Legislature 
 when the entire declaration was approved and commended to the 
 President, Department of State, and Congress, for adoption of the 
 policy therein stated. (Exhibit 1.) (The legislative resolution 
 omitted by error, as before explained, the words "and statutes" 
 in this section.) 
 
 126. The principle was also unanimously indorsed in both houses 
 of the California Legislature in January, 1921, by resolutions trans- 
 mitted to the President, Secretary of State, to Senators and Repre- 
 sentatives from California, and to members of the Senate Committee 
 on Foreign Relations protesting against any action, if contemplated, 
 whereby an attempt would be made to set aside the California 
 land law or to confer citizenship on the Japanese by treaty. (See 
 Exhibit 2.) 
 
 127. The principle thus enunciated and the protest thus voiced by 
 the California Legislature were against action apparently contem- 
 plated by the previous national administration in connection with 
 this subject. There has not been evidence so far that the present 
 administration contemplates such action, though it is apparently 
 being urged thereto by representatives of the Japanese Government. 
 The representations made in this brief on the subject have therefore 
 only the justification that a policy apparently foreshadowed by the 
 preceding administration lias not yet been condemned or abandoned. 
 M> far a< known, by the present administration. 
 
 I'J.V In authorized statements made at Tokyo and responsible 
 man a ting from Washington in November, 1920. and Jan- 
 uary. HUM. and in public utterances of Roland S. Morris, then Assist- 
 ant' Secretary of State, made at Philadelphia January 11. 1921, it 
 declared that Japan had demanded and the State Department 
 riously considering the invasion of State rights referred 
 to in matters of exclusive State jurisdiction, wherein the State had 
 violated no treaty rights, and the setting aside of United States 
 
22 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 -statutes by conferring citizenship upon aliens ineligible thereto. 
 These uncontradicted statements furnished justification for the pro- 
 test telegraphed November 26, 1920, by the Japanese Exclusion 
 League of California to Acting Secretary of State Norman H. Davis 
 (Exhibit 25), also for resolutions of protest passed by the California 
 Legislature in January, 1921 (Exhibit 2), and, finally, for the answers 
 telegraphed to Assistant Secretary Moms January 24 by Gov. 
 William D. Stephens and by the Japanese Exclusion League of 
 California, separately (Exhibit 26) . 
 
 129. It must be remembered, as hereinbefore clearly expressed, 
 that the alien land law of California does not violate any treaty rights 
 of the Japanese or other aliens and that the law in expressed terms 
 provides that all aliens ineligible to citizenship under the laws of the 
 United States "may acquire, possess, enjoy, and transfer real prop- 
 erty, or any interest therein, in this State in the manner and to the 
 extent and for the purpose prescribed by any treaty now existing 
 between the Government of the United States and the nation or 
 country of w r hich such alien is a citizen or subject, and not other- 
 wise." 
 
 130. California claims, however, that the Federal Government has 
 not the constitutional right to set aside by treaty the provisions of a 
 State law enacted under the State's exclusive constitutional rights in 
 matters solely within her jurisdiction. California suggests also that 
 an attempt of that character to nullify a law enacted under her con- 
 stitutional right in the exercise of powers reserved to the State in 
 harmony with the principles of United States statutes (naturaliza- 
 tion law, sec. 2169) and for the protection of American citizens and 
 American interests is unwise in policy. 
 
 131. California questions also the right of the treaty-making power 
 (the President, with the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate) to 
 set aside provisions of the United States statutes which require for 
 enactment a majority vote of both Houses of Congress plus the 
 approval of the President. 
 
 132. California submits also that any interpretation orf the particu- 
 lar part of the Constitution which would thus place in the hands of 
 the President and two-thirds of the Senate the power to set aside 
 arbitrarily the constitutional rights granted the individual States to 
 have exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters in their own terri- 
 tory, or to nullify an act of Congress which requires the approval not 
 only of the President and Senate but also of the House 01 JRepresen- 
 tatives, is certainly illogical and not in harmony with the intent of 
 the Constitution. 
 
 133. Thus far the issue indicated above has not been raised by 
 any act of California, since she does not propose to violate rights 
 already granted to aliens by treaty. So far as California has knowl- 
 edge, there is as yet no act or intent on the part of the present State 
 Department to raise this issue by attempting, through treaty pro- 
 visions, to set aside State laws claimed to be wise and necessary in 
 protection of American citizens and the American Nation. 
 
 134. It develops that a general alien poll tax law, passed by the 
 California Legislature at its recent session, is a plain violation of the 
 treaty with Japan, and perhaps of treaties with other nations. That 
 there was no intent on the part of California as a State, or those 
 interested in Japanese exclusion, to suggest any violation of treaty 
 
JAPANKSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 23 
 
 -ted by the fact that the Japanese Exclusion 
 ias disclaimed any responsibility for such enactment, and 
 it- improoriety has bce< owled^ed since the ' 
 
 -nown. In view of public sentiment, it is probable that the 
 :it referred to will not I d as to occasion embar 
 
 i or inj' alien nationals. 
 
 introduction by Sen. % of 
 
 Mini -nate bill '-943, authorizing the President 
 
 Federal courts and to u-e the I'nited S. 
 hals and the forces of the Army and X.-ivy whenever, in his 
 
 v -u. -ii case, the treaty rights guaranteed ; 
 d under operation of State law. The inference from 
 introduction of the bill referred to is that Californi. 
 inch h.;ve a similar land 1: ore like! 
 
 iider. when the 
 guarantee- aliens all ri^h la.nd which a theiii 1> 
 
 136. It is hoped tl is not exist in th Department the 
 
 as to tii' facts which alone would have ju.-t 
 introduction of the bill referred to. 
 
 137. It is believed that the points made in this skeleton brief, 
 the IT- f furnish full justification for the action 
 
 ;i by tlu 1 State of California, and the people thereof, in connection 
 with this subject, and in particular for the urgent call upon the 
 
 ral Government for immediate adoption of certain poi 
 
 sssarv a- protection against the national danger herein 
 outli: 
 
 138. The points made herein will be made quite plain, without 
 
 voluminous exhibits, in the brief proper which will be 
 - it can be prepared. If, in the meanwhile, the 
 Department desires further confirmation, it will be gladly 
 furnished on request. 
 
 Respectfully submitted on behalf of the Japanese Exclusion 
 M California and with its authority. 
 
 V. S. 
 
EXHIBITS. 
 
 LIST OF EXHIBITS WITH SKELETON BRIEF BY JAPANESE EXCLUSION 
 LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 [NOTE. Exhibits listed but not attached hereto will be found among those already left with the State 
 
 Department.] 
 
 Exhibit 1. Resolutions of California Legislature, April, 1921. 
 
 Exhibit 2. Resolutions of California Legislature, January, 1921. 
 
 Exhibit 3. California alien land law, November, 1920. 
 
 Exhibit 4. "Our New Racial Problem" (a digest, made for convenience, of testi- 
 mony given before the House Immigration Committee and accompanied by numerous 
 exhibits). 
 
 Exhibit 5. Printed transcript of hearings before House Immigration Committee on 
 the Pacific coast, July, 1920. (4 vols.) 
 
 Exhibit 6. Report of California State Board of Control, 1920 ("California and the 
 oriental"). 
 
 Exhibit 7. Alien land laws of various States, House Document No. 89. 
 
 Exhibit 8. Japanese indorse legality of California land law. 
 
 Exhibit 9. President Roosevelt's attitude. 
 
 Exhibit 10. Resolutions of national convention of American Legion, 1919. 
 
 Exhibit 11. Resolutions of national convention of American Legion, 1920. 
 
 Exhibit 12. Resolutions of annual convention American Federation of Labor, 1921. 
 
 Exhibit 13. Statement of Prof. Y. S. Kuno. 
 
 Exhibit 14. Statement of Mr. M. Komatsu. 
 
 Exhibit 15. Conditions in Hawaii. Twelve articles by Joseph Timmons (filed as 
 exhibit with House Immigration Committee, April, 1921). 
 
 Exhibit 16. "The Germany of Asia." 
 
 Exhibit 17. Conditions in Hawaii. Report of survey commission, National Depart- 
 ment of Education, Bulletin No. 20, 1920. 
 
 Exhibit 18. Facts as to Japanese population of California. 
 
 Exhibit 19. Extract from Boise Statesman of February 1, 1921, answer to claims 
 made by Japanese. 
 
 Exhibit 20. Article from Organized Labor of September 6, 1920, "How Japanese 
 problem concerns labor." 
 
 Exhibit 21. Extracts from the Sacramento Bee of June 28 and 29, 1921, Japanese 
 labor displacing white girls. 
 
 Exhibit 22. Extracts from the Sacramento Bee of October 24, 1919, translation 
 from Japanese newspaper. 
 
 Exhibit 23. Official statement on behalf of Japanese Government as to expatriation. 
 
 Exhibit 24. Extract from the, Sacramento Bee of June 13, 1921, methods of organi- 
 zation of Japanese in California. 
 
 Exhibit 25. Protest to Acting Secretary of State Davis, November 26, 1920. 
 
 Exhibit 26. Extract from the Sacramento Bee of January 24, 1921 , answers to 
 statements made bv Assistant Secretary of State Morris. 
 
 EXHIBIT 1. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT, 
 STATE or CALIFORNIA, FORTY-FOURTH SESSION, 
 
 Senate Chamber, April .'7, 1921. 
 
 To the President of the United States, the Honorable Secretary of State of the United States, 
 and to each of California's Senators and Representatives in Congress: 
 Pursuant to the provisions of Senate joint resolution No. ,26, adopted by the Legis- 
 lature of the State of California at the forty-fourth session, I am sending you herewith 
 a copy thereof, reading as follows: 
 
 CHAPTER 36, SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION NO. 26, BY SENATOR WILL R. SHARKEY, 
 RELATIVE TO IMMIGRATION. 
 
 "Whereas, The Japanese Exclusion League of California, representing officially 
 such organizations as the American Legion, War Veterans, Native Sons and Native 
 Daughters of the Golden West, State Federation of Women's Clubs, State Federation 
 
 24 
 
JAPAN HSi: IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 25 
 
 and various other patriotic, civic and fraternal bodies, have adopted a state- 
 men* for adoption by the Government of the Uni 
 as urgently required in protection of the Nation's inter. the growing menace 
 
 muLTi-ation and colonization: and 
 
 "Whereas said declaration of principles has been approved by the organizations 
 .vith ihe te 1."- Alible- t'l.unty Anti-Asiatic Association and 
 
 Exclusion League of Washington; and 
 
 "\\'hereas said declaration of principles is in words and inures as follows, to wit: 
 
 "First. Absolute exclusion for the future of all Japanese immigration, not only 
 
 male, but female, and not only laborers, skilled and unskilled, but 'farmers,' and 
 
 recommended by Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 Miporary resides c only for tourist-, students, artists, commercial 
 men 
 
 1. Such exclusion to be enforced by United States officials, under United 
 - laws and regulations, as done with immigration, admitted or excluded, from 
 all other countries: and not. as at present, under an arrangement whereby control 
 and iviriilatinn is surrendered by us to Japan. 
 
 Third. ( 'ompliam e on the part of all departments of the Federal Government with 
 
 i:ution. and the abandonment of the threat or attempt to take advantage 
 
 :tain phrasing of that document as to treaties, which it is claimed gives the 
 
 treaty-ma 1 authority to violate plain provisions of the Constitution in the 
 
 bate riuhr> and State lavs for control of lands and other matters 
 plainly within the State's jurisdiction. 
 
 _rant American citizenship to ' color, which are made ineli- 
 
 < h citizenship. 
 
 ;rth. For the Japa'. y entitled to residence in California fair treat- 
 
 n in pro].. ,'.\\- acquired, and the privilege of engaging in 
 
 any i us may lie now or hereafter denied by law to all 
 
 aliens, or to alien- ineligible to ( itizenship: and prodded particularly they may not 
 
 buy or lease aLTicultural lands: Now. therefore, be it 
 
 ;. Thut the Legislature of the State of 
 'ii of principles and urges that the President, 
 and the j,t and observe 
 
 and be it further 
 rotary of the senate be, and si; 
 
 lent and the Secretary of State of the 
 li of California's Senators and .Representatives in Coi;_ 
 
 "< '. C. You- 
 
 * ate. 
 HENRY W. WRIGHT, 
 
 bit/. 
 N, 
 
 ' 'FRANK C. J<>Ki> 
 
 April 
 
 ( ; K 
 
 ctary of t l 
 
 KXHIHIT '2. 
 .JOINT Ri ' . 4. 
 
 NATl RAI.I/.ATION AND PROPERTY RIGHTS OF ALIi 
 
 at the general election held on the 2d day of November. 1020. the people 
 
 of th< :iia. in the .;' their right reserved under the Constitution, 
 
 overwhelming majority, adopted the alien land law." which, among other 
 
 that all aliens iru'li. "izenship under the laws of the United 
 
 possess, enjoy, and transfer real property or any interest therein 
 
 in thi- 'he mani!-- tent and for the purpose- any 
 
 \ ernment of the United S 1 the nation or 
 
 a citizen or subject and not otherwise: and 
 
26 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 Whereas the present treaty of commerce arid navigation between the United States 
 and Japan, proclaimed on the 5th day of April, 1911, in fixing the rights of the nationals 
 of both contracting parties, provides that 
 
 'The citizens or subjects of each of the high contracting parties shall have liberty 
 . and reside in the territories of the other to carry on trade, wholesale 
 and retail, to own or lease and occupy houses, manufactories, warehouses, and shops, 
 to employ agents of their choice, to lease land for residential and commercial purposes, 
 and geb.eri.iHy, to do anything incident to or necessary for trade, upon the same terms 
 as native citizens or subjects submitting themselves to the laws and regulations 
 there established''; and 
 
 Whereas, notwithstanding the aforesaid provision of the treaty limiting the purposes 
 for which the subjects of Japan may enter, travel, and reside in the United States, 
 approximately 100,000 Japanese are now residing in California, comparatively few of 
 whom are engaged in trade, while the great majority are engaged in agriculture, 
 an-! f,TEiing lands, and now control one-eighth of the entire acreage 
 of ri' '.he State, <s shown by the official report of the State board 
 
 of control: and 
 
 Whereas Japanese, as well as American authorities concede the unassirnilability 
 of the tv, r o races, and grant that a continuance of existing conditions may develop a 
 racial question and grave international complications out of the present economic 
 problem; and 
 
 Whereas the evidence before the House Immigration Committee, in hearings held 
 on the Pacific coast in July and August, 1920, clearly indicates the impracticability 
 of making homogeneous American citizenship out of the material coming to us from 
 Japan, and the impossibility of a white community holding its own either in increase 
 of numbers or in economic competition against the racial advantages and birth rate 
 of the Japanese; and 
 
 Whereas preliminary negotiations are now pending between the State Department 
 at Washington and representatives of the Empire of Japan with a view of entering 
 into a treaty doalr-g with the subject of immigration; and . 
 
 "Whereas reports have come to us from our Representatives in Congress that Japan 
 insists that the proposed treaty shall grant the right of citizenship to the subjects of 
 Japan now in the United States, and shall, in effect, nullify the aforesaid "alien land 
 law": Now, therefore, be it 
 
 y jovntty. That the Legislature of the State of Cali- 
 fornia protests against any treaty being made between the United States ancj, Japan 
 whereby the right to citizenship shall be extended to the subjects of Japan; arid be it 
 further v 
 
 Resolved, That any attempt by the treaty-making power of the United States to 
 nullify^he aforesaid -'alien land law" or to confer upon the subjects of Japan the right 
 to acquire, own, or possess lands within this State, in violation of our State laws, 
 should be opposed as destructive of State's rights reserved under the Constitution of 
 the United States; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That in any treaty hereafter made by the United States and Japan, said 
 "alien land law" be held inviolate and that the rights of the States of the Union to 
 enact legislation respecting the acquisition and ownership of land by aliens within 
 their respective borders be properly safeguarded; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That in any such treaty, provision be made prohibiting the further immi- 
 gration of the subjects of Japan to the United States, save and except merchants, 
 students, and teachers, their servants and employees; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be forthwith dispatched to the President 
 of the United States, the Secretary of State of the United States, to each of our Sena- 
 tors and Representatives in Congress, and to each member of the Committee on 
 Foreign Relations of the United States Senate. 
 
 ALIEN LAND LAW. 
 
 Initiative act. Permits acquisition and transfer of real property by aliens eligible to 
 citizenship, to same extent as citizens except as otherwise provided bv lav/; permits 
 other aliens, and companies, associations and corporations in which they hold majority 
 interest, TO acquire and transfer real property only as prescribed by treaty, but pro- 
 hibiting appointment, thereof as guardians of estates of minors consisting wholly or 
 partially of real property or shares in such corporations; provides for escheats in cer- 
 tain cases; requires reports of property holdings to facilitate enforcement of act; pre- 
 scribes penalties and repeals conflicting acts. 
 
 YES 
 
 
 NO 
 
 
x. 27 
 
 >r rejection, at 
 
 isions of present laws are printed in italic type.) 
 
 all ac-ts or incon- 
 
 : nia do enact as fol!<> 
 
 citizen-hip under the L 
 -mil. and inh<>rit 1 
 
 citizens of the 
 
 lian those mentioned in section one of this ac .nire, 
 
 any interest therein, in this State, in 
 
 ! to the exl v ex- 
 
 rninent of the i or count] 
 
 t citizen or subject, and not other v 
 
 n organized under tl f this 
 
 'he members are aliens other 
 :ic of thi:- act, or in which a majorit' 
 
 -ivev real 
 
 T i the manner and to the extent and for 
 :ig between the Government of the 
 
 :id the n hich such members or stockholders are 
 
 citizi enfler.att aliens otl>< 
 
 'tubers of 
 
 j ossess y en 
 purpose* 
 
 >n three hereof, may be appoint 
 
 y, as- 
 ss&sing, 
 
 frator of the proper co 
 
 or df . may be appointed guardian of the estate 
 
 ns of 
 
 
 '' r irs to thf -/i of the c< 
 
 file the r> , td by the provisions of section 
 
 or 
 
 it Icing administered ^.ith due 
 
 "J:e the n digible to appointment in the 
 
 first 
 
 other lega> 
 
 >y person, corn 
 
 other .'//, or soi '/i, be- 
 
 ' file 
 >f each 
 Ing: 
 
 '. held by r of such a 
 
 of such property came into his pos- 
 
23 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 (3) An itemized account of all expenditures, investments, rents, issues, and profits In 
 respect to the administration and control of such property with particular reference to 
 holdings of corporate stock and leases, cropping contracts and other agreements in /v.s-y^ r/ 
 to land and the handling or sale of products thereof. 
 
 (c) Any person, company, association or corporation that violates any provision of' 
 this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one 
 thousand dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year, or by both 
 such fine and imprisonment. 
 
 (d) The provisions of this section are cumulative and arc not intended to change the 
 jurisdiction or the rules of practice of courts of justice. 
 
 SEC. 6. Whenever it appears to the court in any probate proceeding that by reason 
 of the provisions of this act any heir or devisee can not take real property in this State 
 or membership or shares of stock in a company, association or corporation which, but for 
 said provisions, said heir or devisee would take as such, the court, instead of ordering: 
 a distribution of such property to such heir or devisee, shall order a sale of said property 
 to be made in the manner provided by law for probate sales of property and the pro- 
 ceeds of such sale shall be distributed to such heir or devisee in lieu of such property. 
 
 SEC. 7. Any real property hereafter acquired in fee in violation of the provisions of 
 this act by any alien mentioned in section two of this act, or by any company, asso- 
 ciation, or corporation mentioned in section three of this act, shall escheat to, and be- 
 come and remain the property of the State of California. The attorney general or 
 district attorney of the proper county shall institute proceedings to have the escheat of 
 such real property adjudged and enforced in the manner provided by section four 
 hundred seventy-four of the Political Code, and title eight, part three, of the Code of 
 Civil Procedure. Upon the entry of final judgment in such proceedings, the title to 
 such real property shall pass to the State of California. The provisions of this section 
 and of sections two and three of this act shall not apply to any real property hereafter 
 acquired in the enforcement or in satisfaction of any 'lien now existing upon, or in- 
 terest in such property, so long as such real property so acquired shall remain the prop- 
 erty of the alien, company, association or corporation acquiring the same in such 
 manner. No alien, company, association or corporation mentioned in section two or 
 section three hereof shall hold for a longer period than two years the possession of any agri- 
 cultural land acquired in the enforcement of or in satisfaction of a mortgage or other lien 
 hereafter made or acquired in good faith to secure a debt. 
 
 SEC. 8. Any leasehold or other interest in real property less than the fee, hereafter 
 acquired in violation of the provisions of this act by any alien mentioned in section 
 two of this act, or by any company, association, or corporation mentioned in sec- 
 tion three of this act' shall escheat 'to the State of California. The attorney general 
 or district attorney of the proper county shall institute proceedings to have such escheat 
 adjudged and enforced as provided in section seven of this act. In such proceedings 
 the court shall determine and adjudge the value of such leasehold or other interest 
 in such real property, and enter judgment for the State for the amount thereof together 
 with costs. Thereupon the court shall order a sale of the real property covered by 
 such leasehold, or other interest, in the manner provided by section twelve hundred 
 seventy-one of the Code of Civil Irocedure. Out of the proceeds arising from such 
 sale, the amount of the judgment rendered for the State shall be paid into the State 
 treasury and the balance shall be deposited with and distributed by the court in ac- 
 cordance with the interest of the parties therein. Any share of stock or the interest of 
 any member in a company, association, or corporation hereafter acquired in violation of 
 the provisions of section three of this act shall escheat to the State of California. Such 
 escheat shall be adjudged and enforced in the same manner as provided in this section for 
 the escheat of a leasehold or other interest in real property less than the fee. 
 
 SEC. 9. Every transfer of real property, or of an interest therein, though colorable in 
 form, shall be void as to the State and the interest thereby conveyed or sought to be conveyed 
 shall escheat to the State if the property interest involved is of such a character that an alien 
 mentioned in section two hereof is inhibited from acquiring, possessing, en joying, or irins- 
 f erring it, and if the conveyance is made with intent to prevent, evade, or' avoid escheat as 
 provided for herein. . 
 
 A prima facie presumption that the conveyance is made with such intent shall arise upon 
 proof of any of the folio icing groups of facts: 
 
 (a) The taking of the property in the name of a person other than the persons mentioned 
 in section two hereof if the consideration is paid or agreed or understood to be paid by fin 
 alien mentioned in section two hereof; 
 
 (b) The taking of the property in the name of a company, association, or corporation, if 
 the memberships or shares of stock therein held by aliens mentioned in section two here >/\ 
 together with the memberships or shares of stock held by others but paid for or agreed or 
 understood to be paid for by such aliens, would amount to a majority of the membership 
 or the issued capital stock of such company, association or corporation: 
 
JAPANESE !.MMi<;n.\T[<>X AND COLnXIZATIOX. 29 
 
 I'n i-ni- of mi. ///<// im/ifi'on<'<I in sfi-ti'rm fun hereof if 
 <iinn [HI* 1ml, or management of iht pro, 
 
 thai I not hi so conttrmd as to 
 ;dc nt to the e.ristence 
 dedfor hert 
 
 10. ff tiro or mo// ii transfer of red I nropertii. or of an 
 
 n of (In /, .;hlc hi/ tin />ris>.: 
 
 -it It. 
 
 11. Xothiiii: in This ad shall he construed as a liniilation upon the power of 
 
 : cquisitipn, holding, or disposal by aliens 
 1 properly in ibis Stale. 
 
 I L*. All act.- and ; or in conflict with the provisions 
 
 hereby repealed; provided, 
 
 '''// not affn-t p( 'on& or proceedings. hut /' 
 
 irru f'J/'n-f nt if this nc! had not been adopted; 
 
 i hin- of this Stuff s/._all he a /!'/( ({ h>/ reason of 
 
 'Ho,, or f>. Stituted thereon, at the 
 
 i/nil/ he hronr;/. 'ses in 
 
 if this 
 act hnd not be, n ado 
 
 ' udd to, f <>,(< from, or a! 1 ' ' mi lair shall be 
 
 !:i. Th< ' 'litate 
 
 '>"!/ not atj'ti't the r/i/id/fi/ oj' I/,, g ,>of- 
 
 f tlus art . .,/: hurbi/ dn-larc that they iri,uJ<l hurt passed this a< ' 
 
 >' the fact that any one 
 
 EXISTING PROVISIONS. 
 
 The alien hind act of 1!)13. v.-hich will be superseded by the proposed initiative 
 alien land lav. follows: 
 
 visions proposed to be repealed are printed in italics.) 
 
 AN ACT Relating to the rights, powers, and disabilities of aliens and of certain companies, associations, 
 orporations with respect to proper) y in l his State, providing for escheats in certain cases, prescrib- 
 re therein, and repealing all acts or parts of acts inconsistent or in conflict herewith. 
 
 The people of the .''late of California do enact as follows: 
 
 'i(>.\ 1. All aliens eligible to citizenship under the laws of the United States may 
 acqni' 'lit, and inherit real property, or any interest therein, 
 
 in this State, in the sunn- manner and to the same extent as citizens of th" United 
 is other .vise provided by the laws of this State. 
 
 EXHIBIT 3. 
 
 :her than those mentioned in section one of this act may acquire, 
 
 possess, enjoy, and transfer real properly, or any interest therein, in this State, in the 
 
 manner and 'to the extent and lor !he purposes 'prescribed by any treaty now existing 
 
 n the Government of the United States and the nation or country of which 
 
 such alien is a citi/en or subject, and not otherwise, ami mau in addition thereto lease 
 
 Unra 1 i>ur posit for a hrm not < j-c<"rdintj three years. 
 
 \nv '-omj ; i;;tii n, or corporation organized under the laws of this 
 
 or any oth nation, of which a majority of the members are aliens other than 
 
 in section one di this act. or in which a majority of the issued capital 
 
 may acquire, possess, enjoy, and convey leal property, 
 
 r an> in, in this Stale, in the manner and to the extent and for the 
 
 purp' ifiting leuveen the Government of the 
 
 nd the nation or country of which such members or stockholders are 
 
 citizen.- or subjects, and not ,)ther\s'i.-e. nml nn; ; / iii addition thereto It a ;> this 
 
 1. Whenever it appeals to the court in any probate proceeding that by r< 
 provisions of tliis act any heir or devisee can not take real property in this 
 vhich, but for said i -aid heir or do\ isee would take as such, the court, 
 
30 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 
 
 instead of ordering a distribution of such real property to such heir or devisee, shall 
 order a sale of said real property to be made in the manner provided by law for probate 
 sales of real property, and the proceeds of such sale shall "be distributed to such heir 
 or devisee in lieu of such real property. 
 
 SEC. 5. Any real property hereafter acquired in fee in violation of the provisions of 
 this act by any alien mentioned in section two of this act, or by any company, assofia- 
 tion, or corporation mentioned in section three of this act, shall escheat to and become 
 and remain the property of the State of California. The attorney general shall insti- 
 tute proceedings to have the escheat of sue h real property adjud'ged and enforced in 
 the manner provided by se"tion four hundred seventy-four of the Political Code 
 and title eight, part three, of the Code of Civil Procedure. Upon the entry of final 
 judgment in such proceedings, the title to such real property shall pass to the State 
 of California. The provisions of this section and of sections two and three of this act 
 shall not apply to any real property hereafter acquired in the enforcement or in satis- 
 faction of any lien now existing upon, or interest in such property, so long as such 
 real property so acquired shall remain the property of the alien company, association, 
 or corporation acquiring the same in such manner. 
 
 SEC. 6. Any leasehold or other interest in real property less than the fee, hereafter 
 acquired in violation of the provisions of this act by any alien mentioned in section two 
 of this act, or by any company, association, or corporation mentioned in section three 
 of this act, shall escheat to the State of California. The attorney general shall insti- 
 tute proceedings to have such escheat adjudged and enforced as provided in section five 
 of this act. In such proceedings the court shall determine and adjudge the value of 
 such leasehold, or other interest in such real property, and enter judgment for the 
 State for the amount thereof together with costs. Thereupon the court shall order a 
 sale of the real property coA'ered by such leasehold or other interest, in the manner 
 provided by section one thousand two hundred seventy-one of the Code of Civil Pro- 
 cedure. Out of the proceeds arising from such sale, the amcunt of the judgment ren- 
 dered for the State shall be paid into the State treasury and the balance shall be 
 deposited with and distributed by the court in accordance with the interest of the 
 parties therein. 
 
 SEC. 7. Nothing in this act shall be construed as a limitation upon the power of the 
 State to enact laws with respect to the acquisition, holding, or disposal by aliens of 
 real property in this State. 
 
 SEC. 8. All a^ts and parts of acts inconsistent or in conflict with the provisions of 
 this act are hereby repealed. 
 
 ARGUMENT IN FAVOR OF PROPOSED ALIEN LAND LAW. 
 
 Opponents of this initiative measure must assume that California is bound for some 
 reason to give to Japanese in the State to our ultimate undoing privileges not con- 
 templated by the treaty with Japan, and such as have always been denied to Americans 
 in Japan. 
 
 Through the measure California seeks, as is her inherent right, to preserve her lands 
 for Americans, precisely as Japan preserves her lands for the Japanese. Its primary 
 purpose is to prohibit Orientals who can not become American citizens from controlling 
 our rich agricultural lands. 
 
 By what right does Japan object to California extending to her own citizens and 
 lands the same protection given by Japan to the Japanese and their lands? 
 
 Our present treaty of commerce and navigation with Japan deliberately omits, from 
 the privileges granted Japanese in this country, either ownership or lease of agricul- 
 tural lands. Japan has always prohibited ownership, or lease, or use of agricultural 
 lands in Japan by Americans or other foreigners. 
 
 Orientals, and more particularly Japanese, having commenced to secure control of 
 agricultural lands in California, there was enacted in 1913, the alien land law, which 
 prohibited ownership or lease beyond three years of agricultural lands by aliens 
 ineligible to citizenship. 
 
 In defiance of that law, through various subterfuges, including use of dummy cor- 
 porations and minor native-born children, Orientals, largely Japanese, are fast securing 
 control of the richest irrigated lands in the State, through lease or ownership, the 
 proportion already controlled in some counties being from 50 per cent to 75 per cent. 
 
 The initiative measure simply closr-s the loopholes in the 1913 law which permit 
 violation and evasion thereof. In addition, it forbids even short leaser. 
 
 Long lease of these lands by Japanese is as injurious in effect as ownership; and the 
 short lease becomes long lease through repeated renewal, and because once the land 
 is occupied by Japanese, the whites move away, and cease to be prospective lessees. 
 
 Control of these rich lands means in time control of the products, and control of the 
 markets. Control of the products of the soil by a unified interest such as the Japanese 
 
,TA: IMMIGRATION AND COT x. 31 
 
 will !-. 'hcfe.umry. Th:H vill 1 ; acal 
 
 I by the heavy birth ran-. That condition is 
 -ail 
 
 landl;- 
 
 or, it is i; cur- 
 
 .cnt. ^ 
 
 : aided and < iti/enship of 
 I. All J;r, in indefir ; 
 
 ,n, and will 1 . ights 
 
 .borers in ' in much 
 
 'luui in any occupation in i!:oir own land. The birth rate v\'ill impure inc r< 
 
 |>uUi!im in \\ 
 
 iiK'liLnblf to citize] "ire, use, 
 
 in real property to the extent and for the purpose, 
 v.'ith his respective nation, and not 
 
 tifence, are provided, and CP- dties 
 
 for deliberate violation or evasion. The equities 
 of innocent holders are fully ] 
 
 refnllv prcp.ir ^Mto L^i-luti 
 
 d provisions had b<-.>u criti-i/.ed by various leading legal and civic organi- 
 
 i should vote d for the measure, for the additional reason 
 
 that her polled v of the problem will influence the Nation in 
 
 ion. 
 
 V. S '- HY. 
 
 ARGUMENT AGAINST PROPOSED ALIEN LAND LAW. 
 
 This initiative' raises questions of cold law, to which I invite the very thoughtful 
 
 rion of the voi> 
 
 ( )ur nvaty with Japan provides that the Japanese here 'may own or hire and occupy 
 
 -hops, and premises and lease land for residential 
 
 and commercial purposes." In its economic definition commerce consists ot' pro- 
 duction. tr m. and exchange; production is the ranking element, because 
 
 withouti' MO commerce. 
 
 reaty protects the right of Japanese to hire or own manufactories, for transmu- 
 tation, warehouse^. \\ ::ange. and to lea-e land for commercial pur: 
 
 Land employed in agricultural production is employed in a commercial purpose. 
 The treat}' is intended, th e the Japanese privilege to enter upon complete 
 
 commerce, and therefore protects their right to lease land for production. Any other 
 pretation twists the plain language of the treaty into vain repetition. 
 
 light of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the 
 11 deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
 
 tion of the la rid the initiative in conflict with our o\vn 
 
 const itutio [\ proposes a discriminatory classification of ali rring 
 
 upon 01 ion of the law which it denies to another class. 
 
 i imination applies also to the leasing of land denied to Japanese and per- 
 1 to other aliens. It also applies to th^ feature of the initiative -which subjects 
 Japanese minors who own land to the guardianship of the public administrator, but 
 exempts other alien minors who own land from such guardianship. 
 
 riminatio!. >e people 
 
 ofanor '> thi'iniuatr. led by the United St 'ourt 
 
 as unconstitutional. That court held that "<?qual protection of the laws is B 
 to all ;o any dii'feren^s of ra^e, color, or nationality," and 
 
 promoting-tn^ health, safety, morals, and 
 utional. and d< te vejpy ess/n< -e of ])ersonal freedom and 
 
 opportunity it was the purpose of the fourteenth amendment to s'yure." And "if 
 ii co-lid ' jrounVof r; lie prohibition 
 
 d to any person of the equal protection of the laws wo- ! nvn form 
 
 Of Wo 1 
 
 In ti. -tripped the initiative of its cryptic and involved language 
 
 of land to Japanese and Chinee landowning minors of those 
 
 races from the natural guardianship of tie .aid commit them to the control of 
 
 the public administrators. 
 
32 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AXI) COI.OXrZATIOX. 
 
 All the other confusing propositions of the initiative, respecting holdings in cor- 
 porations, etc., are subordinate to these two. 
 
 Considered in its effect upon the landowners in the State, the initiative, under 
 penalty of confiscation, prohibits them from leasing land to a certain class of persons. 
 If the State can do that it can also compel landowners, tinder penalty of confiscation, 
 to lease their land to a certain class of persons. It will be seen at once that the claim 
 of such power in the State is a destructive blow at the liberty of American citizens. 
 
 JOHN P. IRISH. 
 EXHIBIT 4. 
 
 OUR NEW RACIAL PROBLEM. 
 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND ITS MENACE STARTLING RESULTS OF CONGRESSIONAL 
 
 INQUIRY WHY JAPAN'S "PEACEFUL PENETRATION" OP CONTINENTAL UNITED 
 STATES? USING AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP TO FOSTER JAPAN'S PLANSTHE BIRTH 
 RATE AS AN AGENCY FOR COLONIZATION CONTROL OF LANDS AyN D LOCALITIES IN 
 CALIFORNIA COLONIZATION IN OTHER STATES. 
 
 In the statement made by V. S. McClatchy before the House Committee on Immigra- 
 tion and Naturalization during its hearings in California in July, 1920, in connection 
 with the subject of Japanese immigration, was included much interesting and startling 
 and therefore unpublished matter casting light on various phases of the problem 
 which is now receiving not only State but national attention. 
 
 From a digest of that statement it appears that the economic question of to-day will 
 develop into a grave racial problem, unless the proper remedy be at once applied; 
 that the Japanese have determined to colonize favorable sections of the United States, 
 and permanently establish their race in this country; that they openly preach their 
 plans of peaceful penetration, "get more land and beget many .children," as the 
 most certain method of accomplishing the purpose; that in so doing they do not con- 
 template assimilating as American citizens, loyal to the country of their birth or adop- 
 tion, but plan to serve the ambition of Japan in world subjection as taught in her 
 religion and in her schools; that American-born Japanese on whom we confer citizen- 
 ship are being trained here and in Japan to use their American citizenship for the glory 
 of the Mikado and the benefit of the Japanese race; that through violations of the 
 "gentlemen's agreement," the Japanese have increased many fold in this country, 
 while the declared intent of the agreement was to restrict Japanese immigration as 
 the exclusion act restricted Chinese immigration; that the Japanese birth rate per 
 thousand in California, now three times that of the whites, exists in face of the fact 
 that the proportion of adult females among the Japanese is less than one-third as great 
 as among the whites; that such birth rate will be very greatly increased if success 
 attends the efforts of the Japanese to bring in a large number of females; that orientals, 
 largely Japanese, already control, through ownership or lease, one-sixth of the rich 
 irrigated lands of the State, and, in some of the larger counties, have control of a 
 majority acreage of such lands; that the results as to Japanese control already secured 
 in Hawaii, and fast developing in California, are contemplated in other States as shown 
 by preliminary colonization; and that American missionary and church influence 
 is being exerted in belief of Japanese propaganda and this Japanese program, in the 
 mistaken behalf that Japan in return will aid or encourage Christian evangelization 
 of the Japanese here and in Japan. 
 
 The statement, of which the following is a digest, supplements other statements on 
 the subject made during the year preceding by V. S. McClatchy, before the com- 
 mittees of Congress and in public print, and generally avoids repetition of matter 
 contained in such previous statements. 
 
 THE JAPANESE PROBLEM BEFORE THE HOUSE IMMIGRATION COMMITTEE. 
 
 The following article contains the important parts of a statement made before the 
 House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization in connection with the subject 
 of Japanese immigration by V. S. McClatchy, publisher of the Sacramento Bee, at 
 hearings held by the committee in Sacramento, Calif., on July 13 and 14, 1920. In 
 preparation of the article from the original transcript of the hearing there have been 
 omitted repetition of facts and deductions, and, so far as seemed desirable, the dia- 
 logue with members of the committee which elicited the facts. In this way brevity 
 has been served without impairing the value of the article. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, and. members of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturali- 
 zation, my first appearance before the House Immigration Committee in connection 
 with the subject of Japanese immigration was in June, 1919 not in person, but by a 
 
JAPANKSK IMMIGRATION AND r< >L< >X I/ATI- 33 
 
 writt- nt hurriedly prepared and mailed at the telegraphed suggestion of 
 
 hairman. Tin- statement was in answer to the claims of iSidney L. Gulick, the 
 
 most prominent opponent of Japanese exclusion, who asked your committee to 
 
 appr< uin measure (fathered by his League for Constructive Immigration 
 
 atiom. which proposes to regulate immigration on a percentage basis, and to 
 
 1 to all Asiatics the same privileges as immigrants and citizens as are accorded 
 
 I ember, ! Beared before the committee personally and 
 
 ii more comprehensive showing ot the grave danger to the Nation threatened by 
 
 .ration even under existing conditions. 
 
 its made by me at that time have been severely criticised both as to facte 
 
 and deductions bv advocates of the Japanese, and particularly by Mr. Gulick, who 
 
 has issued ly circulated, under the authority of the federal Council of the 
 
 rist in America, two leaflets devoted largely to an attempt to discredit 
 
 My .1 rement b.-fnre \ mir committee is supplemental to. and should be con- 
 
 1 in conjunction with, that previous statement, since it avoids, so far as possible, 
 
 ition of matter contained in the other. It is intended to answer conclusively 
 
 nt? and statt -iiu-nts since put forth by Mr. Gulick and other proponents of 
 
 Japanese immigration, and contains in addition a mass of valuable and unpublished 
 
 ured, in large part, from Japanese sources. In the preparation of this 
 
 to secure authenticated facts and to draw deductions 
 
 which can not be assailed with justice. 
 
 I view the Japanese themselves without prejudice, and do not even suggest that there 
 
 is involved in the present problem any question of racial inferiority. The problem 
 
 at present. I insist, is an economic one, due to certain advantages possessed by the 
 
 Japanese in economic competition, and to their determined utilization of those advan- 
 
 in securing permanent place for their race in this country through their systema- 
 
 plan of peaceful penetration. 
 
 But I insist also that continuance of existing conditions is developing, and will in 
 time make certain a racial problem of most grave character. 
 
 THE PAST YEAR'S INVESTIGATION. 
 
 appearance before the committee, nearly a year ago, the Pacific coast 
 
 ally has awakened to a realization of the gravity of the situation, and there has 
 
 been a deal of investigation, some of it on the part of eastern newspapers and 
 
 Meals. I misht mention, in that connection. The Country Gentleman, which 
 
 sent ! Tilden. a New England writer, to the Pacific coast to make a special 
 
 problem. In the issues of that periodical of May 1 . S. 15. and 29, 
 
 on will find the result of those observations. 
 
 /iment on the coast has crystallized. The California State Board of Control, 
 under instructions from the State legislature, has been securing data for a year past, 
 and has prepared a preliminary report for the governor. That report has gone to the 
 >f State at Washinsrton and to the public, with a very strong letter from 
 Gov. E '-ailing attention to the facts, to the urgency of the' menace which they 
 
 indicate and ursine: that the matter be taken up with our friend, Japan, in order that 
 a speedy adjustment , which will preserve the country for the white race and maintain 
 our friendly relations with Japan, may be had. 
 
 a report of the board of control, with its introductory letter by Gov. Stephens. 
 furnishes a conprehensive review of the Japanese problem as presented in California, 
 and is the most convincing document which has been offered, partly because of its 
 official character, and partly because of the fair manner in which the presentation 
 has boen made. I can not too stronglv indorse and praise the manner in which that 
 work has been done. That report, as I understand, is before your committee, and I 
 shall refer to it onlv in instances where it corroborates and substantiates the various 
 matters which I shall place before you. 
 
 'ation to me. who am in certain phases of this question a pioneer, 
 
 to see that the various investigations made, official and nonofficial. not onlv fully 
 confirm the statements which I had the honor to make to your committee in Se] 
 
 how that the danger is, if anything, greater and more immediate than 
 "d then. 
 
 POI -1I.ISHED BV EVIDENCE. 
 
 May I ask you to c -.irefully. as the facts are developed, hmv conclusively 
 
 tabli-h these points: 
 
 1. T%e practical impossibility of a^-inrilating the Japanese, or making good and 
 lerican ci< .f ihem. 
 
 S. Doc. 
 
34 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 2. The determination with which they are bent on making a permanent place for 
 themselves in this country through their methods of peaceful penetration, and not- 
 withstanding any objection we may have thereto. 
 
 3. The hopelessness of any attempt by Americans to meet them in economic com- 
 petition or in birth rate. 
 
 4. The certainty that, unless protective measures are at once adopted, they will 
 secure control of the country, first through economic competition and finally through 
 force of numbers. 
 
 5. The criminal unwisdom of permitting any foreign nation, however friendly, to 
 be the sole judge of what immigration shall be admitted to our land. That is our 
 present policy with Japan. 
 
 6. The absolute necessity, along the line of self-preservation, of applying the same 
 exclusion policy as to Japanese that has been effective for years in regard to Chinese. 
 
 7. The imperative necessity of applying the remedy now, while we can. 
 
 DETERMINED TO COLONIZE. 
 
 As to the second point, the determination of the Japanese to secure a footing in 
 this country, through peaceful penetration, regardless of our objections thereto, let 
 me ask careful consideration by the committee of Exhibit Z, extract from the Sacra- 
 mento Bee of October 22, 1919, in which appears a translation of an article published 
 a few days before in Shin Sekai, The New World, a Japanese newspaper of San 
 Francisco. The article is called forth by the opposition in California to Japanese 
 immigration, and increase of Japanese population through "picture brides," etc. 
 Following are a few sentences quoted from the article: 
 
 "When we of the Yamato race arise with a mighty resolve, their (the Americans') 
 opposition will be as futile as an attempt to sweep the sea with a broom." 
 
 "We should advance, and not recede. To stop is to retreat, While we push 
 forward boldly the enemy has no chance to form plans ' *. These maxims are 
 
 suitable for the present situation." 
 
 "Even if photograph marriages should be prohibited, we can not be stopped from 
 leaving our descendants on this American Continent. Even if not a single Japanese^ 
 woman comes, it is not possible to prevent the seed of our great Yamato race from 
 being sown in this American Continent by marriages with Americans, with French, 
 with Indians, and with Negroes; especially since there already are 100,000 Japanese 
 here, and 5,000 children are born annually." 
 
 "Supposing we Japanese were prohibited from owning or cultivating the land. 
 * * * If we can not conveniently do so in California, we shall go to other States 
 and devise some plan. Even the laws of California are not forever unchangeable." 
 
 "The day will come when the strength of the Japanese will make a clean sweep, 
 of all laws." 
 
 "Even the Kaiser's empire was destroyed when its time came." 
 
 "What can Phelan and Inman (leaders of the anti-Japanese movement) * * * 
 do to stop the forward movement of our Yamato race? " 
 
 THE "CONSTRUCTIVE IMMIGRATION" BILL. 
 
 Let me call to your attention briefly the claims of Sidney Gulick and other friends 
 and proponents of the Japanese, as presented to the American public. 
 
 Mr. Gulick, since I first opposed his demands on behalf of Japanese immigration, 
 in June, 1919, has been steadily giving ground, when he found that ground absolutely 
 untenable. He withdrew from his proposed constructiove immigration bill, one by 
 one, several ridiculous provisions to which attention had been called the grand- 
 father clause, which, by the importation of a few thousand octogenarians who could 
 send for all their blood relatives would have opened our gates to an unlimited number 
 of Japanese; the student provision, under which any number of laborers could have 
 come over as students, and gone to work at once in our fields, without any power on 
 the part of our Government under the bill to prevent it, the religious persecutee clause, 
 which opened our gates to any one claiming religious persecution. Let me add that 
 these provisions are also in the bill introduced in the Senate by Senator Dillingham. 
 
 These are a few of the "jokers" in the original immigration bill under which Mr. 
 Gulick insisted that Japanese immigration would be materially cut down. Under 
 the circumstances, it is not strange that I am forced to question either his good faith 
 or his intelligence. He is still on the retreat, as noticed in his recent leaflets, but he 
 persists in fighting for what has always been his real objective, though camouflaged 
 carefully in the beginning. I refer to that because it is the objective of all the pro- 
 ponents of the "constructive" immigration bill, and all the opponents of the views 
 which I present the passage of an act which will approve Mr. Gulick 's so-called 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 35 
 
 oriental policy,'' placing Asiatics on the same plane as to immigration and 
 American citizen/ship as European races, and which, under his percentage basis plan, 
 will admit ten times as many Japanese as Chinese, and a still greater number of 
 Japanese as compared with other Asiat 
 
 It would also compel us. for each immigrant admitted from France, Holland, Wales, 
 or Mexio ,. i , admit the following number from each of the respective countries named : 
 Germany, 60; Ireland, 30; England, 15; Canada, 15; Russia, 10; Austria, 8; Sweden, 
 7; Norway, (i; Scotland. 4; Denmark, Hungary and Switzerland, each 2. 
 
 "CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS STATEMENTS." 
 
 Mr. Gulick says that I use unscientific statistics and sensational exaggerations, and 
 that my statements are so far from the facts that the "argument for the legislative 
 program (against Japanese immigration) falls entirely to pieces." He makes that 
 general charge against my estimate of the Japanese population in California, which 
 becomes an important factor in various phases of the problem. The population cuts 
 a figure in the Japanese birth rate in California and is of importance in connection 
 with statements as to nonassimilability of the Japanese and as to violations of the 
 "gentlemen's agreement/' 
 
 Insists that Japanese own but little land in California; that there is no evidence 
 that Japanese fail to make good citizens; that increase of Japanese population under 
 the 'gentlemen's agreement " has been only 55 per cent; that picture brides are not 
 as efficient reproduction as I have represented, and that I have exaggerated 
 
 the proportion of Japanese school children in certain Florin districts. 
 
 He attacks the five planks of the anti-Japanese platform as first proposed by me in 
 June, 1919, and since generallv adopted by all enlisted in the movement, and bases 
 _Mimetits against them, directly or indirectly, on his insistence that my state- 
 ment of facts and statistics are untrustworthy. 
 
 h and all of these matters there is now evidence so complete and so unques- 
 tionable in its character as to readily convince anv jury of intelligent and unpreju- 
 diced and competent investigators. So much of that evidence as may be necessary 
 for the purpose will be laid before your committee. 
 
 h the proof now available that the Japanese population of California is about 
 100,000, it is evident that such population has been increased about 50,000, most of 
 them laborers, since Japan asked for and secured a "gentlemen's agreement," because 
 the population prior thereto was less than 30,000, and births less deaths up to last year, 
 when my statement was made, were about 20,000, as stated by Mr. Gulick. It is 
 true that the Japanese population of continental United States is about 150,000 (since 
 Mr. Gulick concedes 50,000 outside of California), and it is true that the Japanese 
 population of the United States has increased sixfold since 1900, nearly all under the 
 protection of the "gentlemen's agreement"; all of which statements of mine were 
 earnestly denied by Mr. Gulick and apparently disproved by a skillfully selected 
 and plausibly arranged lot of statistics. 
 
 With these suggestions and the evidence and statistics which are to follow, I feel 
 that those who have attacked my statements, including Mr. Gulick, are completely 
 answered. 
 
 INCREASE OF JAPANESE POPULATION. 
 
 HAWAII ALREADY INUNDATED SIXFOLD INCREASE IN CONTINENTAL- UNITED STATES 
 IN 20 YEARS IN C> LIFOKNIA, WITH LESS THAN ONE-THIRD PROPORTION OF ADULT 
 
 FEMA1.KS, THE JAPANESE HAVE THREE TIMES THE BIRTHRATE OF WHITES WHITES 
 
 FORCED OUT OF SELECTED DISTRICTS RESULTS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 Population is a very important factor in the problem you are to consider. First, 
 as to total Japanese population. The number in Hawaii is conceded to be between 
 112,00" iind iLn.nno, out of a total population of all races, say. of _>:><;. 000. I haven't 
 seen the census figures. These are estimates from the Secretary of the Interior and 
 the Hawaiian Board of Education and other official sources, lint more than 50 per 
 cent of births and more than 50 per cent of new school registrations in Hawaii are 
 Japai 
 
 The Japanese have already in Hawaii four times as many as the Chinese or Hawaiians 
 or Portuguese or other wihtes, and within 20 years will cast more votes, as American- 
 born citi/ens, than all other races combined. 
 
 In continental 1 i .tside of California, Sidney Gulick concedes that 
 
 my estimate of 50,000 Japanese is correct. In California, where I have estimated 
 
36 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 100,000 say, 25,000 children, 60,000 adult males, and 15,000 adult females Gulick 
 insists that there are not more than 72,000 or 73,000, and on that difference of 30,000 
 he hangs his argument through several pages of his pamphlets as to a number of differ- 
 ent points. These arguments all fall to the ground if I am right and he is wrong, 
 and that has been demonstrated. 
 
 Mr. Gulick and others have based their demonstration as to the number of Japa- 
 nese in California on the theory that there are none in the State who had not entered 
 legally, and that the population, according to the census of 1910, with allowance for 
 arrivals and departures and births and deaths since, as furnished bv the official sta- 
 tistics, would give the present population. The State board of control in its report, 
 estimating in this same manner, places the total at 87,279, but explains that this 
 estimate makes no allowance for the number who have entered the State surrepti- 
 tiously. The Japanese Association of America advises the board of control that a 
 census recently undertaken by the Japanese shows 78,628 in the State and says there 
 are, in addition, about 5,090 California-born Japanese in Japan who will return here. 
 
 It is not generally known that a census taken in California in 1910, by order of the 
 Japanese Government, showed 53,000 Japanese in this State, while the United States 
 census enumerated only 41,000. This shortage of 12,000 in the data used by the State 
 board of control (for it took the United States census of 1910 as basis and added births 
 and legal recorded entries, and subtracted deaths and departures, to give the pres- 
 ent population) would raise its estimate of the present population to 99,000 without 
 illegal entries. From this it would appear that an estimate of the actual Japanese 
 population (including illegal entries) based on mortuary tables as hereinafter referred 
 to of 109.000 -is probably not far from correct. 
 
 100,000 JAPANESE IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 In view of the apparent present desire of the Japanese to conceal their real num- 
 bers, the Japanese census of this year can not be accepted as of much value. In 
 San Diego County, for instance, where the Japanese originally reported 800 residents, 
 a recount by the United States census enumerators disclosed 1,200, as published a 
 few month's ago. Too much reliance can not be placed even upon the final figures 
 of the United States census of 1920, so far as they may indicate the actual Japanese 
 population of California, in view of the apparent and determined effort to conceal 
 their real numbers, and the ease with which, under present conditions and methods, 
 enumeration may be avoided, and the great error conceded in the 1910 census. 
 
 Mr. L. E. Ross, registrar of the bureau of vital statistics of the State board of health, 
 gave out on June 7, 1920, his latest figures on population and birth rate in California, 
 which appeared in the Sacramento Bee of that date. (Exhibit A.) Mr. Ross's esti- 
 mate of the total population of the State in 1919 is 3,234,204, and of that number he 
 estimates 96,000 Japanese. He states that this estimate of the Japanese population 
 is based on data secured by the board of control and from the United States census 
 and the Japanese census, a'nd includes those who have illegally entered the State. 
 
 Yvliile Mr. Ross has thus used 96,000 as his official estimate of the State's Japanese 
 population, he evidently believes the total to be much higher. In the current num- 
 ber of the State's monthly Health Bulletin appears an article by him explaining a 
 method which he has developed for estimating the population from the known ratio 
 of males and females and from the established death rate in each sex. Applying this 
 ratio to determine the present percentage of race distribution in the State, on the 
 assumption that the entire population is 3.234,299 (his estimate for 1919), he finds 
 that it gives results as to decrease of Chinese, slight increase of Indians, and material 
 increase of Negroes, in accordance with the known facts. The same process indicates 
 a Japanese population in the State of 109,000. 
 
 With the Japanese population of the State thus fixed conservatively at, say, 100,000, 
 all the estimates which I have made as to present and future conditions in this State 
 and in this Nation receive final verification, for this was the only factor assailed by 
 Mr. Gulick which 1 was not in position to establish beyond question. 
 
 ESTIMATES OF FUTURE JAPANESE POPULATION. 
 
 The tables heretofore presented by me to this committee indicating the increase 
 of Japanese population in the United States in the future if existing conditions con- 
 tinue are now placed beyond criticism. My estimate of the present population, 
 which was one of the factors, has been verified by official authority. The birth rate, 
 as will be found later, has also been verified officially; but it is to be remembered that 
 in those tables as a factor indicating natural increase due to births less deaths is used 
 a number one-half as large as what was then indicated by known instances in certain 
 communities, and apparently confirmed by the birth rate as published by the State 
 
JAPANKSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 37 
 
 board of health. T: "ard of health published for 1918 a birth rate of 62 for 
 
 Japanese and i ') and -. but that was based on the population which 
 
 id they had in this State 70,000. The board of health ha? proved 
 
 ii that the* Japanese were mistaken: that their population was then a 
 
 . and That their birth rate was therefore proportionately smaller. It 
 
 1 in connection with the Japanese birth rate in California that 
 
 ion 01 m;i ies is four to one, while the proportion of males to females 
 
 amonu' 'he whites is on- to one. If the Japanese population included females in the 
 
 same proportion as the whites have, their binh rate would be multiplied by three or 
 
 'hat my factor of natural increase under conditions outlined is well below 
 
 xpected. 
 
 hat if the (nilick plan of percentage immigration 
 
 ind admissions ecu intely to "allotmeir mating all 
 
 true of the Diliingham bill the Japanese poptila- 
 
 I'nited Stale, ; n -Hi yean would be 2.000.000, in 80 years 10.000.000, and in 
 10,000.000. 
 
 Vii, eement" thein< population indicated 
 
 in th just as inevitable, hut would be accomplished in greater or 
 
 to the character and xienr of the violations of the agreement 
 
 THF. KI.ORIX SCHOOL DISTRl* 
 
 YV] committee in 8 :'.. attention was called to the 
 
 in the Florin distri< -t. I said "that in certain sections the Japanese had 
 
 iy displaced the whites in some strawberry and grape fields, and that the 
 
 liildren were rapidly supplanting the white children in the schools. Mr. 
 
 red to throw discredit upon my statement by publishing total attend- 
 
 \ school districts around Florin. In these six districts he stated 
 
 that the white children numbered 517, of whom 209 were under y. . and 
 
 that tin re were 530 Japanese, of whom 292 were under 6. 
 
 M\ otions of the area, which Mr. (iiilick th iates, 
 
 if the school districts in this section are named, respect 
 rra. and Florin. The Sacramento County grand jury, in its report 
 published May a that in the Enterprise district out of 40 pupils 17 are 
 
 Japanese. In the Sierra district out of <;4 pupils 40 are Japanese. The report adds, 
 ' : There is evidence here of rapid increase of Japanese to the extension of the whites.'' 
 In the Florin district, out of 135 pupils, 85 are Japanese. The report adds. "So 
 rapidly is the Japanese population growing to the exclusion of the whites that in a 
 year or two all children in school will consist of Japanese. The upper and outgoing 
 grades have the only white enrollment. ' ' 
 
 The county school superintendent of Sacramento County reports that in the Florin 
 district there were in the fourth grade in 1918, 5 Japanese and 9 whites, and in 1920, 
 13 Japanese and no whites; in the fifth grade there were in 1918, 6 Japanese and 4 
 whites, and in 1920, 14 Japanese and 3 whites. At present there are in the first and 
 second grades in this district 41 Japanese and 15 whites; in the third and fourth grades, 
 35 Japanese and 10 whites: in the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades, 15 Japanese and 
 18 whites. It is only in the higher grades that at present the whites predominate. 
 All the lower grades in the three districts show a rapid increase in Japanese and an 
 equally rapid decrease in white attendance. >. 
 
 Even the statistics quoted by Mr. Gulick show that in aSmuch larger area in six 
 districts about Florin the number of Japanese under 21 already exceed the whites, 
 while among children under 6 years the Japanese exceed the whites nearly 50 per cent. 
 These figures themselves prove the rapid displacement of the whites, the great excess 
 of very young children being peculiarly significant. V 
 
 THE JAPANESE BIRTH RATE. 
 
 The comparative birth rate per 1,000 of the Japanese becomes a vital factor in this 
 problem; for, if it be true that though they constitute to-day less than one-thirtieth 
 of the population of the State, their birth rate, notwithstanding the small proportion 
 of females among them, is three times as great as that of the whites, then it is only a 
 question of time when they will outnumber the whites. That would be true even if 
 immigration were to cease entirely. Continue to admit immigration, or increase the 
 proportion of Japanese females, and the day when the white race in California will 
 DC in the minority will be brought much closer. In Hawaii it is now at hand. A 
 continuance of existing conditions will produce in all other States of the Union the 
 result which is looming above the horizon in California. 
 
38 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 When it is remembered that this prolific race is unassimilable in the great American 
 melting pot, and invincible in economic competition with our people, the gravity of 
 the problem is apparent. 
 
 The birth rate of the Japanese per 1,000 of population in California, as given by 
 the State board of health for the year 1918, was nearly four times that of the whites; 
 that is to say, 62 and a fraction as against 16 and a fraction. These figures were based, 
 as I explained, however, on the population then claimed by the Japanese of only 
 70,000. If we take the official estimate of the board of health of the Japanese popula- 
 tion of 96,000 in the State, the Japanese birth rate per 1,000 for 1919 becomes, as 
 announced by the board, 46.44 as against 16.59 for all other races in the State, including 
 all whites that is, nearly 3 to 1. 
 
 The total births in the State in 1919 were 56,521, and the whites were 51,316; sc 
 that there were, other than whites, 5,205. Of that 5,205, 4,458 were Japanese, and 
 included in the balance of 747 were all the other races except the whites and the 
 Japanese the Negroes, the Indians and the Chinese. The Japanese had over six 
 times the number of births of all other races, aside from whites, in the State of California 
 in 1919. 
 
 Mr. TAYLOR. The Japanese that you have in California are middle-age, or below, 
 are they not? 
 
 .Mr. MCCLATCHY. The figures show, Mr. Taylor, that of all the Japanese that came 
 over here in 20 years past, 90 per cent were between 14 and 44 years of age; that is to 
 say, of the mature, of the prolific age. 
 
 In Sacramento City the Japanese a year or so ago claimed 2,580 population, and the 
 census of the total population now shows 66^000. I am assuming that no less than 60,000 
 are white. If that is so, the recorded births in 1918 and 1919 would indicate that the 
 Japanese birth rate in Sacramento City is four times that of the whites, provided they 
 have only 2,500 population. If they have 3,000 population, then the birth rate of 
 the Japanese in Sacramento City would be three and a third times that of the whites. 
 
 The suggestion is made that this is an unfair comparison, because the Japanese are 
 in the prolific period and we are comparing them with whites who are not all pro- 
 ductive. It you will turn to the report of the State board of control, page 34, the 
 census of 1910 shows in California, 313.281 married white women under 45 years of age. 
 The number of white births was 30,893, therefore the parentage percentage among 
 white women of this age was 9.9. In contrast , the board 's report q uotes figures secured 
 in the special census of the Japanese Association of America, made in 1919, as follows: 
 Total married Japanese women in California, 15,211; number of births, 4,378; parent- 
 age percentage 28.8, which is three times the parentage percentage of the whites in 
 the corresponding period of life. 
 
 The Japanese have been in control in Hawaii for a long time, and their birth rate, 
 as shown by the official figures, is 45 or 50 or more in the 1.000, and that includes, 
 you must remember, a number of old men and women. This, taken with the proba- 
 bility that the proportion of females will increase, is the most practical answer to the 
 suggestion that the Japanese birth rate in California will soon decrease. 
 
 WHY JAPANESE PREFER CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Mr. SIEGEL. Have you given any thought to the fact that before long Japan will 
 have a large part of Siberia, aftd that, therefore, the drift will be over there instead of 
 over here? 
 
 Mr. MCCLATCHY. The drift will never be to Siberia as long as the Japanese are 
 encouraged or permitted to come here. California is the paradise of the Japanese, 
 and they settle here in preference to any part of the United States, and in preference 
 to any part of the world. They can make more money, under more favorable condi- 
 tions, and with less effort, in California than anywhere else, and naturally they come 
 here. And, even if there were a great drift over toward Siberia, it must be remembered 
 that the net increase of population in Japan each year is said to be 600,000 or 700,000. 
 It would take but a very small proportion of that net increase, if permitted to come 
 in here, to inundate us in a comparatively short time. When they have occupied 
 the most desirable portions of California, they will follow a similar policy as to other 
 States. They have already commenced. 
 
 NUMBER AND OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANTS. 
 
 Mr. SIEGEL. What about the report introduced yesterday, showing that a number 
 of Japanese had left this country, from July 1 to June 30, greater than those that came 
 here? 
 
 Mr. MCCLATCHY. I have this suggestion to offer in regard to that phase of the subject: 
 Let me say of arrivals and departures, that we are interested in what is designated in 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 39 
 
 official reports as "immigrant" arrivals and departures; we are not interested in the 
 "nonimmigrant," arrivals and departures, since they do not stay here; they are 
 supposed to be tourists, travelers, students, and they come and go. The ' ' immigrant " 
 arrivals are permanent^ that settle and become a part oi the population; it is those in 
 which \vt are interested. 
 
 In view oi the enormous increase of Japanese population in continental United 
 States since 1900, and particularly since the "gentlemen's agreement" was nego- 
 tiated, it is absurd to make a claim as to departures exceeding arrivals in the aggregate. 
 
 Mr. RAKER. Mr. McOatchy, can you segregate these arrivals as to occupation? 
 
 Mr. McC-LATCHY. You will find in the report of the Commissioner of Immigration 
 for each year a segregation by occupation of all the Japanese and Chinese, and perhaps 
 other races which have entered. May I direct the attention of the committee to 
 the fact that, in every one of those enumerations, will be found a large number of 
 immigrants classed as laborers. Each year since 1908, according to the official reports, 
 you will find from 1,000 to 3,000 Japanese laborers have been admitted, which is in 
 direct violation of the gentlemen's agreement, unless those laborers were previous 
 residents of the United States and all of them could not have been. 
 
 STARTLING INCREASE OF JAPANESE BIRTHS. 
 
 In the report of the board of control at page 34 you will find a very striking diagram- 
 matic illustration, chart 4. That chart, interpreted, shows the high number of 
 Japanese births per 100 registered births in 18 of the rich agricultural counties of the 
 State for the years from 1910 to 1919, that number being nowhere below 10, and being 
 in certain years above 15 in 11 of the counties, above 20 in 7, above 25 in 2. and above 
 30 in 1. That is to say, of the entire number of births in those counties, in some 
 counties, in some years, the Japanese furnished nearly a third, and nowhere less than a 
 tenth, and from a tenth it ran up to a third. And this notwithstanding the great 
 disparity in population between whites and Japanese. 
 
 In these 18 counties the average births of Japanese have risen from 3.2 per cent of 
 the total births in 1910. to 12.3 per cent in 1919; that is to say, their average propor- 
 tion of the total has quadrupled in the past nine years. 
 
 In 1910, the Japanese births represented 1 out of even- 44 children born in the 
 State. In 1919, nine years later, the Japanese had 1 out of every 13 born in the State. 
 In the 18 agricultural counties used by the board of control in its chart, which has 
 just been considered, the Japanese had 1 out of every 8 children in 1919. In Sacra- 
 mento County, outside of Sacramento City, the Japanese births in 1919 were 49.7 
 per cent of the total births more, therefore, than the whites, since there were 
 Chinese. Indians, and Negroes included in the total. 
 
 According to the California school census, the number of Japanese minors in the 
 State in 1919 was 21,611, an increase in the past years of 252 per cent. The Chinese 
 minors numbered 4,805. showing a decrease in 'the same period of 17.6 per cent 
 The white minors in that same period increased 18.5 per cent; so that the percentage 
 of increase among the Japanese minors in California during the past nine years is 14 
 times as great as the percentage of increase among the whites. 
 
 Permit me to commend to your careful consideration what has happened in Tunisia, 
 in North Africa. Tunisia is'a French protectorate. France, many, many years ago, 
 tried to make it a French colony, and through force of special inducements to French 
 emigrants in time was gratified to find that the French in the colony exceeded all 
 other Europeans in number. Then, the French Government rested, thinking that 
 its work was well done. It committed, however, a grave blunder. It admitted a 
 number of Italian immigrants. The number was small, and cut no figure as compared 
 with the resident French population. Possibly the Italians were admitted to do 
 some of the labor which the French preferred not to do. The stork labored for the 
 Italians, and did not labor for the French, with the result that the Italians very 
 steadily and rapidly increased in number, while the French slowly decreased. To- 
 day. Tunisia, though still a French protectorate, is an Italian colony, in which the 
 French population cuts very little figure. Let us remember, however, in applying 
 this lesson to our own case, if the time should ever come when this country, because 
 of the number of immigrants absorbed, and because of their superior birth rate, has 
 become a Japanese colony, it is certain that the United States will no longer be able 
 to exercise a protectorate over it. 
 
40 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 A GENTLEMAN'S AGREEMENT. 
 
 JAPANESE LABOR ADMITTED IN QUANTITY AND OUR JAPANESE POPULATION MULTIPLIED 
 NOTWITHSTANDING THE ANNOUNCED INTENT OF THE AGREEMENT JAPAN DECIDES 
 
 WHAT IMMIGRANTS SHALL BE ADMITTED BY US EVASIONS'. LABORERS, PICTURE 
 
 BRIDES, "YOSHI, " SURREPTITIOUS ENTRIES JAPAN'S KNOWLEDGE OF ACTS FOR 
 
 WHICH SHE DISCLAIMS RESPONSIBILITY. 
 
 The "gentlemen's agreement" is at the bottom of all the present trouble. Mr. 
 Gulick and the Japanese insist that it is a very excellent arrangement, and that its 
 terms have been faithfully kept. The facts, on the contrary, demonstrate that, so 
 far as concerns the interests of this Nation and the declared intent of the agreement, 
 it is an iniquitous arrangement, and its terms have been constantly violated, in letter 
 and in spirit, by Japan, and not properly enforced by this country. 
 
 The agreement was made at Japan's request, rather than have the exclusion act 
 made to include the Japanese. It was supposed to secure, so far as concerns Japanese 
 immigration, and through the acts of Japan herself, results similar to those which 
 were secured by the exclusion act against the Chinese. Its terms provided that 
 Japan was to prevent the importation into continental United States of Japanese 
 labor, skilled and unskilled, and she afterwards voluntaiily agreed to maintain the 
 same policy as to immigration into Hawaii. The plan adopted was to admit into 
 continental United States, even from Hawaii, no Japanese who did not bear Japan's 
 passport, her word as a gentleman, certifying in effect that his entrance did not mean 
 the entrance of a laborer. 
 
 Gulick, says at page 4 of his pamphlet, "The New Japanese Agitation 1920:" 
 " Calif ornians were demanding that the Chinese exclusion laws be applied to Japanese. 
 Japan wished to avoid the humiliation of such an action, and accordingly made an 
 arrangement with the United States to stop all new labor immigration. This is known 
 as the gentlemen's agreement. Her faithful observance of that agreement has been 
 sufficiently shown by the writer in another paper. " 
 
 SURRENDERING OUR POWERS TO JAPANESE. 
 
 The basic difference between the policies of the United States as to Chinese and 
 Japanese immigration, respectively? is that, in the one case, we retained absolutely the 
 right to decide the admissibility of the applicant; in the other case, we surrendered 
 that right entirely to the other nation, a blunder on the part of a first-class power for 
 which there can be no possible excuse. 
 
 The following language is from the report of the State board of control: <( The 'gentle- 
 men's agreement, ' intended to stop the indirect route of immigrant labor to conti- 
 nental United States through the Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Mexico, Canada, 
 etc., opened, however, the direct route from Japan to the United States by giving 
 Japan exclusive power to determine who is eligible for a passport. A Japanese bear- 
 ing a passport as a farmer probably cultivates in his own country an area not exceeding 
 the size of a city lot in America. When he comes here he at once goes to labor on a 
 farm. " 
 
 EXCLUSION AND AGREEMENT COMPARED. 
 
 The result of the two methods adopted by the United States for the purpose of 
 excluding the Chinese and Japanese, respectively, is shown by the following facts: 
 According to the board of control report during a period of a little less than 10 years 
 that is, from April 15, 1910, to December 31, 1919 the number of Chinese immigrants 
 admitted to the State of California under the exclusion act was 11,914, and the number 
 of emigrants departed was 125, a net increase in Chinese immigration of 789 in those 
 nine years. During the same period under the "gentlemen's agreement," Japanese 
 immigrants admitted to the State were 32,196, and the departures 7,110, a net increase 
 in Japanese immigration of 25,086. That is to say, for every Chinaman admitted 
 under the exclusion act there were 32 Japanese admitted under the ''gentlemen's 
 agreement, " which, it was understood, would accomplish in the matter of Japanese 
 immigration the same result as the exclusion act does for the Chinese. 
 
 Under the exclusion act, the Chinese population of continental United States 
 decreased 50 per cent in the 20 years between 1890 and 1910; that is to say, from 72,422 
 to 36,248. Since 1910 it is estimated there has been a further decnease of 10 per cent. 
 The Japanese, in the same territory, have multiplied sixfold in the 20 years from 
 1900 to date; that is, from 24,326 to 150,000, which is the present estimated popu- 
 lation. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIUKATIOX AND C( >L< )X IZATK N. 41 
 
 It is true. as Mr. (iulirk savs. that all of this increase has not been under operation 
 
 of th< -Rent, but that which is not properly changeable to the 
 
 gent!> --lit was induced bv the threatened closing of the gates against 
 
 .-at ion on the demand of the Pacific The agreement was 
 
 1900 v i in 19 IM was -li .W>. quadruple, an increase of 31,205. The total 
 
 Japanese immigrant admissions to the I'nited States, including Hawaii, for the 10 
 
 inclusive, were, in round figures, 129,000, while the admissions 
 
 190(1. iip absence of exact data on 
 
 the Japanese population in 1906, I have estimated that if 129.<i(,o total admissions 
 
 in th' e an added population in continental ! tes of 48.000 in 
 
 vhich a little over five-eighths came to California, then the total 
 
 and 1906 would have given an added population 
 
 itinental ; In round numbers, oi f which California would 
 
 I; so that it is fair to assume that the Japanese population of Cali- 
 fornia in 1906 was approximately 28,000, and of continental I'nited States was, say, 
 53,000. 
 
 THE AGREEMENT HAS FAII.i- 
 
 trly. then -rreement. '' which was ii: nt furthei 
 
 r in this country, has really permitted the increase of our 
 
 Japan lation threefold in continental United States and fourfold in the State 
 
 of California this on the assumption that the Japanese population of California is over 
 100.000, as I have already established. And most of the increase is in the ranks of 
 labor. 
 
 hen. the asrr<'< ment. whether its terms have been carried out in good faith or not, 
 
 ! Clearly defined purpose, and, on the contrary, has done, or per- 
 mitted, the very thine which it was intended to prevent. Therefore, it should be 
 uted at once, while at the same time there should be put into force a plan which 
 will accomplish the purpose desired. 
 
 VIOLATIONS OF THE AGREEMENT. 
 
 The agreement, however, has been constantly and willfully violated and evaded, 
 sometimes on a large scale. The agreement was framed in 1907) following lengthy 
 iations, and these were induced on Japan's part by an agitation in this country 
 "ovious. for exclusion of Japanese as well as < 'hinose. While the agree"- 
 ment was madi- in 1907. Japan postponed putting it into effect for a year, until July, 
 wo fiscal years 1907 and 1908, while Japan was negotiating the agree- 
 ment, and after it had been made but while she deferred putting it into effect, she 
 
 mmigrants, nearly all laborers, of which number 
 entered continental United States. 
 
 In other words Japan asked that our '.rates be not forcibly closed against her people, 
 
 promising that she would herself keep them closed. But after she had obtained the 
 
 held the gates open for another year: and while, under her 
 
 plea durii we had failed to close the gates, and while she herself held 
 
 them open for :itions had been closed, she rushed through those 
 
 "i of h.-r people, the Beater portion of whom were of that class which 
 she had told us would not be permitted to pass through the gates; and nearly 20,000 
 of th into continental United States, for whose particular protection the 
 
 agre- framed. 
 
 Pol: -lit term that act on the part of Japan an evasion, and not a violation 
 
 of a gentleman's word. Mr. Gulick claims it was a legitimate procedure under the 
 
 ment, and that these 46,000 coming in in 1907 and 1908, 
 
 or the net increase which d to the population, should not be charged against 
 
 ntlemen' nt. * (>n the contrary, I can not see in this action of Japan 
 
 anything but a p ; rcc of sharp practice, and insist that the 46.000 are properly charge- 
 able airain -mem. This is a question of international ethics, which may 
 
 for decision to any fair-minded individual. 
 
 In 1909 and 1910, immediately after Japan put the agreement into operation, the 
 immigrants admitted, including Hawaii, were 3.100 and 2,730, respectively. 
 
 lily increased until the admissions for continental 
 United States alone o\-r-f.od 10.000 annually. 
 
42 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 For the fiscal year ending July 1, 1920. I have figures from commissioners of immi- 
 gration at San Francisco up to June 12, 1920, and at Seattle up to May 31, each for less 
 than the year, showing a total Japanese immigration into continental United States of 
 10,823. I have here in the shape of an exhibit the distribution of these: Received at 
 the port of San Francisco, Angel Island; that is, from July 1, 1919, to June 12, 1920: 
 From Japan, males, 2,944; females, 2,541; from Hawaii, males. 89; females, 37. At 
 Seattle: Arrivals of the Japanese from July 1, 1919, to May 31, 1920, say 11 months, 
 from Japan, males, 3,175; females, 1,988. From Canada, males, 25; females, 14. 
 From Hawaii, no record, insignificant number. These figures, I understand, do not 
 include tourists, students, merchants, etc. 
 
 ADMISSION OF LABORERS. 
 
 The agreement was violated next by Japan sending over a large number of laborers, 
 and numbers of others not classed as laborers, but who came to labor, and who were not 
 prior residents of the United States. In the years 1918 and 1919, the official reports, 
 segregated by occupations, show each year as high as 3,000 laborers admitted, all of 
 whom certainly were not prior residents. 
 
 The board of control, in its report, calls attention to the fact that during the years 
 1910 to 1919, there applied for admission to this country 610 Japanese laborers not 
 entitled to passports, and of these all but 25 were admitted. There were also 825 
 admitted who were without proper passports. The board asks, "Why the admission 
 of those not entitled to passports, and those without proper passports?" This is an 
 illustration of the suggestion which I have made earlier, that even within the limited 
 area in which we could restrict immigration, apparently, our Government has been 
 derelict. 
 
 As has been shown already, the Japanese population of continental United States 
 has increased 96,000 since 1906, and that of California 72,000. Of this increase, a cer- 
 tain portion is due to births less deaths, while the balance is due to those who have 
 entered the country from Japan or Hawaii, legitimately or surreptitiously. The great 
 majority of this increase who have thus entered in the period named are laborers, as 
 anyone knows who is familiar with the occupations of the Japanese now in this country; 
 and every Japanese laborer within this category marks a violation of the "gentlemen's 
 agreement." In California alone the population of the State has been increased 
 within the period named by admissions about 50,000, and most of these were or are 
 laborers. 
 
 Ichihashi, a Japanese member of the faculty of Stanford University, published in 
 1915 a book on immigration, in which he claimed that the total Japanese population 
 of California, including women and children, was then 55,000; and that of this number 
 25,000 were farm hands. The greater portion of this 25,000 must have come in from 
 Japan in violation of the terms of the "gentlemen's agreement, " since the total Japanese 
 population in California in 1906 was only 28,000. 
 
 Mr. SIEGEL. I understand that a great many aliens enter illegally as sailors, whether 
 from Japan or otherwise, and we have not been successful in getting any of these 
 people back, or shipping them out of the country. 
 
 Mr. McCLATCHY. Let me offer this suggestion: It is a very difficult thing to appre- 
 hend the Japanese, while it is not so difficult to apprehend the Chinese. A Chinese 
 must have a certificate showing that he is entitled to be here; the Japanese need not; 
 and, after three and five years, the Japanese are permitted to remain here, even though 
 not legally admitted. So there ought to be a system of registration for Japanese; 
 and any Japanese who can not show a certificate entitling him to residence here, 
 should be at once deported. At present, the Japanese may exchange papers, or they 
 may claim three or five years' residence. 
 
 "PICTURE BRIDES." 
 
 The original Japanese immigrants as a rule did not bring wives with them. Very 
 few of them had wives. In 1900, according to the United States census, the propor- 
 tion of Japanese females to males in this country was one to twenty-five. Wives were 
 needed in order that Japanese colonies in this country might rapidly increase, so 
 Japan utilized the plan of the picture marriage, and recognized it officially in order 
 that each Japanese in America who had no wife could acquire one by the simple expe- 
 dient of sending his photograph over to Japan and having a complaisant maiden found 
 who would wed him. The "gentlemen's agreement" recognized the right of each 
 Japanese in this country to bring his wife over from Japan, and his picture bride was 
 given a passport identifying her as his wife, armed with which she entered this country. 
 
 In 1910, the proportion of adult females to males in this country among the Japanese 
 had increased to one to seven and thereafter nearly every year the number of females 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 43 
 
 shipped o\vr wa< in excess of the males, sometimes two to one. They were more 
 -ury at tliat time, and are now. than males in the carrying out of Japan's plan of 
 peaceful penetration. The present proportion of females to males in California is 
 estimated ''our. The Japanese census figures show about one to three and 
 
 one-half. 
 
 That the practice of shipping picture brides was encouraged for the express purpose 
 of aiding Japan's plan of "peaceful penetration'' of this country, by increasing the 
 number of resident Japanese and assisting thereby in securing gradual control of certain 
 sections, is apparently verified by the following extract from an editorial published 
 in the Asahi Bhimbun, one of the leading newspapers of Tokyo, in commenting on 
 the order abolishing picture marriage: 
 
 a result of the 'gentlemen's agreement' of 1907, by which our Government 
 ted emigration to America, Japanese in America lost the means of increasing 
 their numbers by immigration. But afterwards relief from their difficult position 
 was provided in the permission to send for women as photograph brides. By this 
 it was possible for our unmarried compatriots in America to establish families with- 
 out taking the trouble to go home to get wives. This had the double advantage that 
 while on one hand it enabled them to enjoy the pleasures of family life, on the other 
 hand it enabled them to escape the cruel persecution of all sorts of anti-Japane?e laws 
 by the power of their children who are born with the rights of citizens. " 
 
 EDUCATING GIRLS FOR PICTURE BRIDES." 
 
 Further evidence as to the intent which lies behind the importations of ''picture 
 brides'' into the United State- i< to be found in the article published in the North- 
 man, a Swedish publication published in Portland, Oreg., in its issue of June 10, 1920; 
 the article being composed of extracts from a letter written by Miss Frances Hewitt, 
 who spent in Japan teaching Fnglish to Japanese school children, and whose 
 
 long and intimate acquaintance with the Japanese in that relation gave her opportu- 
 nities for acquiring knowledge denied to ordinary tourists, or even residents, in Japan. 
 
 'Tourists do not learn that every girl 'school girl) is thoroughly drilled in the doc- 
 trine that, should she become a 'picture bride' in America, or an immigrant to other 
 lands, her loyal duty to her Emperor is to have as many children as possible, so that 
 the foreigners' land may become in time a possession of Japan, through the expressed 
 will of a majority of the people. " 
 
 END OF PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 During the year 1919, following the publication of my first articles on the subject, 
 public sentiment in this country became so strong against this picture bride feature 
 that Japan, in December, 1919, announced that, after February 25, 1920, she would 
 cease to issue passports to picture brides. Note, however, that everything was done 
 -ue as many passports as possible during the three months preceding February 
 25. The Japanese consulates at San Francisco and Seattle cabled the necessary 
 certificates for picture brides at a probable cost of $25 each, and the Japanese Govern- 
 ment announced that it would permit brides securing passports prior to February 25 
 to have until August 25 to embark for America. In consequence, they have been 
 coming over steadily, from 60. to 130 in a single ship, while other travelers have been 
 forced to postpone their journeys if accommodations on any ship were insufficient after 
 the picture brides had been taken care of. 
 
 Following is a translation from the Great Northern Daily News, a Japanese news- 
 paper published in Seattle. The article (embodying information from Tokyo) ap- 
 peared in the issue of June 2, 1920: " Photograph brides must go to America by the 
 -end of A ugust . The foreign office has sent private (secret) instructions to the responsi- 
 ble authorities at the ports of sailing that this class of brides must be shipped as speedily 
 as possible. ( 'onsequently, the hotels at Nagasaki, Kobe, and especially Yokohama, 
 present remarkable spectacles like human whirlpools on account of these brides. 
 The ordinary passengers for America have to postpone their sailings. Twenty per 
 cent of the passengers on every vessel are women, according to the statement of a 
 recent arrival from Japan. " 
 
 s( BSTTTUTES FOR THE BRIDE PLAN. 
 
 The action of the Japanese Government in refusing further passports to picture 
 brides was taken on the recommendation of the directors of the Japanese Association 
 of America. This action was repudiated by the membership of the association and 
 by the local Japanese associations throughout the coast, and resulted in a fight to turn 
 
44 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 out the old directorate, and a most vicious attack on Consul General Ohta, at San Fran 
 cisco, who was held responsible for the directors' action. General demand was made 
 upon Japan for withdrawal of the order as to picture brides, and failing to secure such 
 withdrawal a commission was sent over, and is now in Japan, to induce the Japanese 
 war department to lengthen the term of visit permitted to Japanese in their native 
 land without being subject to the enforcement of the conscription law, from one month, 
 the present regulation, to six months, so that they might have time to secure wives. 
 
 In the Japanese newspaper Shin Sekai, of San Francisco, The New World, of June 
 9, Noriyuki Toyama, a delegate to the commission from the Central Japanese 
 ciation of Southern California, expresses himself as follows: 
 
 "The inability on the part of those whose conscription has been postponed to stay 
 more than 30 days in Japan is a great obstruction to the overseas development of our 
 people. " 
 
 The Sacramento Daily News, a Japanese daily newspaper in Sacramento, in its 
 issue of June 29 of this year, declared that Consul 'General Ohta, when complaint was 
 made to him as to his action in recommending, through the Japanese Association of 
 America, that the granting of passports to picture brides be stopped, said: : 'In com- 
 pensation for the abrogation of the photograph marriage, we intend to take steps to 
 secure the passage of a definite number of women under the name of extending the 
 period of conscription. : ' The paper insists that the consul thereby conveyed the inti- 
 mation that before enforcement of abrogation of picture bride marriages was announced 
 he had taken the necessary steps with the authorities of the war office to insure the 
 substitution of some plan which would obtain similar results in the importation of 
 brides. Because the Japanese war department has declined to reconsider the picture 
 bride order, or, up to this time, to provide some compensatory arrangement, the recall 
 of the consul general has been demanded by a number of his indignant countrymen 
 in California. 
 
 Other subterfuges have been resorted to to maintain the continuance of the supply 
 of picture brides. One of the plans was to secure the necessary number of women 
 from Hawaii, and a regular business for the purpose was established by a Japanese in 
 Stockton, whose naive advertisement in one of the Japanese newspapers of San Fran- 
 cisco, the Shin Sekai (New World). June 9, 1920, reads as follows : " Marriages mediated 
 the abrogation of photograph brides is positively nothing to grieve over. We have 
 formed a connection with reliable parties in Hawaii, and will undertake to make all 
 investigations of character and other particulars, and mediate marriage. Applicants 
 should send photographs, personal histor3 r , and consular certificate to the undersigned, 
 Furuya, 124 South Center Street, Stockton, Calif. " 
 
 "YOSHI ADOPTED CHILDREN." 
 
 The ''gentlemen's agreement" provided that Japanese already entitled to residence 
 in this country had the right to send back for their wives and children. The Japanese, 
 as a rule, had no wives, so wives were made for them in Japan by the picture-bride 
 method. They had no children, so children were provided for them by the "yoshi" 
 plan of adoption. Any Japanese in this country may formally adopt a number of 
 children, men or women, in Japan, younger than himself, and these "yoshi" children 
 after a certain period have the right of entry into this country. The "yoshi" after 
 they arrive here, may, if they desire, divorce themselves from their adopted parents, 
 and then bring over their own blood relatives; and so the flow of Japanese is maintained 
 notwithstanding our understanding of the agreement. 
 
 The Shin Sekai, in its issue of May 25, 1920, quote? Vice Consul Tanaka, at San 
 Francisco, as saying that between April 1 and May 24 of this year, he had issued 
 80 certificates for "yoshi. '' In the report of the board of control, mention is made of 
 the fact that the Japanese consul at Los Angeles reported that out of 176 declarations 
 by Japanese on behalf of relatives coming from Japan he filed in the two years pre- 
 ceding, approximately 23 were filed in behalf of ' : yoshi. " 
 
 It is not improbable that the "yoshi" plan is being used, as it can be used, for trie- 
 purpose of bringing over more brides, since the picture bride plan is about to be 
 abandoned, because the plan of adoption is used for females as well as for males. Fe- 
 male adopted children are called "yoji. " There is nothing at all to prevent a "yoji, " 
 on entrance into California, divorcing her adopted parent and becoming his bride. 
 
 COMING IN OVER THE BORDER. 
 
 It is not thinkable that Japan, through her consular system and agents, is not fully 
 aware of the manner in which the intent and letter of the gentlemen's agreement i 
 being violated by surreptitious entries over the border. Through the various local 
 and district organizations, under control of the Japanese Association of America, with 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 45 
 
 headquarters at San Francisco, which in its turn is entirely directed by the Japanese 
 const: San Frandsro, as openly declared by the leading Japanese news- 
 
 paper of San Francisco, Nichi Bei, she keeps careful tab upon the Japanese in Cali- 
 fornia, all of whom she claims as her citizens, and exacts from them duties and obli- 
 gation as such. 
 
 One of the proofs of her complicity in the matter is found in the recent secret order 
 for a Japanese census in California, as directed by the minister of foreign affairs, 
 under order of Premier Tiara. A correspondent in Los Angeles, writing in the Shin 
 Sekai, the New World, of San Francis. M: that secret instructions to the 
 
 Japai Miu'f'les are to the effect that this registration must be com- 
 
 pleted b\ The order calls for the most minute detail- 
 
 occupation and income of each registrant, but allows the most astonishing latitude 
 as to inaccuracy in the names. This is opposed to all methods and regula 
 naril i by th<- Japanese Government in such matters. The order provides 
 
 ame by 'which any registrant is known here, or even his initials, will be 
 lent for the purpose of this census. The reason is that a large number of Japanese 
 here are without passports, or only with borrowed passports, and under false names; 
 and there are in addition hundreds of "yoshi " whose family connections have become 
 complicated with that of the adopted parents. 
 
 CONST-LAI: KNOWLEDGE OF THE SITUATION. 
 
 proof of Japan's knowledge of the fact that much of the Japanese popula- 
 tion of California is here illegally, is found in the procedure under which the Japanese 
 consulate issues certificates to Japanese residing here who go back to Japan for a 
 intending to return. They have not been obliged in the past to show to the 
 consulate proof that they came to California originally legally, and in accordance 
 with the terms of tho "gentlemen's agreement." Within the past few weeks, because 
 of public criticism, the consulate has given notice that it would require such evi- 
 dence in the future. 
 
 ! another proof of surreptitious entry across the border and of knowledge thereof 
 
 on th' ;he Japanese "consulate will be found in certain court proceedings in 
 
 San Francisco in February-, 1920. Seventeen "picture brides" were detaned at 
 
 Island by the immigration commissioner on the charge that the bridegrooms 
 
 had been consigned had no right to be in the country, having en- 
 
 reptitiously, and without passports from Japan. 
 
 If that were true the consulate would be properly chargeable with knowledge of 
 the fact, since each prospective bridegroom in sending back his photograph for accept- 
 ime Japanese woman, to be selected for him, must accompany it by a cer- 
 tificate from the Japanese consul at San Francisco, indicating his business, standing, 
 etc. The consulate would therefore know, unless it deliberately failed to inquire, 
 :er the prospective bridegroom had a right, under the agreement with Japan, to 
 be in this country. 
 
 Writ of habeas corpus was sued for on behalf of these picture brides, and they were 
 finall and turned over to their picture bridegrooms when it was shown that 
 
 the latter, though they had entered the State surreptitiously, without passports, 
 had been here five years and therefore could not be deported under general immi- 
 gration regulations. 
 
 M'FNfK OF ILLEGAL ENTRY. 
 
 Incontrovertible evidence of the surreptitious entry of Japanese across the border 
 Dished in the present estimated population of California, which is 100,000 or more. 
 the present time. Sidney Gulick and the Japanese have claimed that the Japa- 
 :opulation of California was from 69,000 to 73,000, and have offered in substan- 
 tiation figures based on tho Unite' : 8, with the record of arrivals 
 and departures, and births and deaths. If their estimates were correct, any excess 
 population in the State over the number claimed by them must have been added by 
 surreptitious entry, or come from other States. As the Japanese population of other 
 . rather than decreased, conclusion as to surreptitious entry is 
 inevit. 
 
 in the board of control estimat -liming there have been no surreptitious 
 
 entries, the Japanese population of Stat> alifornia has decreased 10,000 
 
 since 1010. as indicated by official data. Anyone familiar with conditions in Wash- 
 ington, Oregon, and other States which have been colonized by the Japanese, knows 
 that t - -en nowhere a decrease, but everywhere a marked increase of Japanese 
 
 population in the past 10 years And the difference between the board of control 
 .ling them to be correct) and the actual population in these various 
 
46 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 outside States will indicate with certainty the number of Japanese who have entered 
 surreptitiously. 
 
 Still further evidence is found in the report of the Commissioner of Immigration 
 for the year ending June 30, 1919, in which attention is called to the fact that there 
 are ISO miles of California-Mexican frontier to guard, the physical character of which 
 makes it impossible to prevent surreptitious entry even with a large force, while big 
 Japanese fishing fleets ply between American and Mexican waters providing conven- 
 ient means of unlawful entry. 
 
 Japanese farm laborers in the Imperial Valley on both sides of the border are passing; 
 constantly to and fro across the line. The report savs that confidential information 
 of unquestionable authenticity shows conclusively that the smuggling of Japanese 
 across the border is carried on successfully, and doubtless to a very large extent. 
 
 The commissioner's report also declares that because of reduction of his force on 
 June 30, 1919, there will probably be an enormous falling off of arrests and "instead 
 of apprehending some 6,000 aliens of all classes and degrees of undesirability, following 
 surreptitious entry, it is only reasonable to assume that many will cross the frontier 
 during the ensuing year with absolute impunity and merge their identity." The 
 report does not make it clear whether the 6,000 come across our 180 miles of State 
 border or across the entire Mexican frontier; nor does it indicate what proportion may 
 be Japanese. 
 
 COMING THROUGH MEXICO. 
 
 Mexico is at this time the most available avenue for the surreptitious entry of 
 Japanese. The "gentlemen's agreement" was entered into for the specific purpose 
 of preventing entry of Japanese labor into this country through Hawaii, Mexico, 
 Canada, etc. Mr. Gulick said, in his last pamphlet, "Japan and the gentlemen's 
 agreement:" "For many years Japan has been voluntarily restricting immigration: 
 to Mexico, applying to that land, also the general principles' of the gentlemen's agree- 
 ment." That may or mav not be true, but as a matter of fact Japan is sending a great- 
 number over everv month. The Fall Senate Committee of Congress, -which has been 
 investigating Mexican conditions, says that it is reliably reported that Japanese' 
 liners arrive at the port of Salina Cruz every 10 days and that Japanese are entering: 
 through that port in increasing numbers, and that they practically control commerce- 
 on the Isthmus of Tehuan tepee. 
 
 Tehuantepec is a far cry from the American border; but a press news item of May 
 15, 1920, from the City of Mexico, published generally throughout the United States, 
 called attention to the fact that the newspapers of that city are very much con- 
 cerned as to the increased immigration of Japanese into Mexico; that the arrivals 
 during the month of March had been 5,000 and that the total for the year was ex- 
 pected to be 100,000; and that most of the arrivals were going to the agricultural 
 districts of Sonora and Sinaloa. 
 
 Sonora is on the American border. It is generally conceded that no Japanese stays 
 in Mexico when he can cross into the United States. 
 
 CONTROL OF THE SOIL. 
 
 ALIEN CONTROL OF SOIL, PRODUCTS, AND MARKETS A MENACE TO THE NATION A BASIC- 
 FACTOR OF JAPANESE "PEACEFUL PENETRATION" THEY ALREADY CONTROL MOST 
 OF THE RICH IRRIGATED ACREAGE IN SEVERAL LARGE COUNTIES OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 ORGANIZATION FOR CONTROL OF MARKETS COLONIZATION IN OTHER STATES 
 
 FISHERIES. 
 
 As a result of the advantages possessed by the Japanese in economic competition} 
 they are gradually securing control of the soil in the richest agricultural districts of 
 the State, control of the products thereof, and control of the markets. If a unified 
 interest like the Japanese can thus obtain control of the soil and its products in this 
 country, even while their numbers be comparatively few, they will be able to secure 
 in time a strangle hold on the economic development of the country itself. 
 
 What they already have accomplished in California is thus briefly indicated. 
 
 Their apologists insist that the Japanese have only reclaimed or improved land- 
 which was practically worthless and unoccupied. That is true in a few instances 
 only. The Japanese are concentrating their efforts in securing control of the richest 
 lanus of the State, following always their clearly defined policy of penetration by 
 concentrating effort in localities and occupations where least efforts will produce 
 greatest results. They have only, say, 100,000, in our total State population oi" 
 3,400,000, but nearly all that hundred thousand is found in 20 rich agricultural coun- 
 ties out of the State's total of 58. Most of it is found in 18 of those counties and 75 per 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 47 
 
 cent, if birth.- be a fair indication of population, is settled in seven counties and crn- 
 centrated in the most favored portion? of those seven counties. May I ask this com- 
 mit TOO 10 bear in mind that lh> is not a weak solution of a hundred thousand Japanese 
 in :>.4W.ooo white.-; it is a concentrated essence placed in a few special spots and for 
 -ial pun>. 
 
 Sidney (iulirk - and reference to Sidney Gulick applies equally to the pro-Japanese 
 
 in general- belittles the control of the soil by the Japanese, saying that they own a 
 
 comparatively small acreage: but the fact is that the Japanese control of the land by 
 
 idly as had for Stale inierests as control by ownership, since the lease 
 
 establishes Japanese residence and control and drives off the whites. Short-term lease 
 
 lone term, since at the end of the short lease the injury has been 
 
 done to the community and the owner must either renew the lease to Japanese or lt 
 
 the land lie unproductive. 
 
 Placer County and other districts of the State, which the Japanese claim to have 
 made, were highly developed before the first Japanese came into these districts. 
 
 That was so also in Florin. In my memory before the Japanese were seen there 
 Florin strawberries were shipped in carload lots as far east as the Mississippi River. 
 In those days the Sacramento Bee had a little newspaper route there. A woman in a 
 sulky distributed the paper to about 60 subscribers through the strawberry fields. 
 Each family had a 5 or 10 acre piece, not more than that, and that route meandered 
 through those strawberry fields. The Japanese came in time, and they worked, and 
 then they leased and then they bought, and the whites left, and in a few years there 
 wasn't a' single subscriber for* that route. The whites had melted away from that 
 particular district. 
 
 SECURING THE RICH I.AXl'S. 
 
 It has been claimed that the Japanese have been cultivating the lands which are 
 worthless. Now. the rich lands are the irrigated lands. The fact that they are irri- 
 gated is proof of their richness. The report of the board of control showed that in this 
 State ther irrigated land. On December 31, 1919. orientals 
 
 occupied G23.7-V2 acres of this total, in the proportion of 6 acres by Japanese, 1 by 
 Chinese, and 1 by Hindus. Of the total acreage, 534,808 acres were held under lease 
 on crop contract, and 88.944 acres owned in fee. A large portion of the acreage held 
 in fee has been acquired by Japanese since 1913. through violation or evasion of the 
 alien land law. The Japanese Agricultural Association of California states that the 
 acreage occupied by Japanese in 1909 was 83.252, and in 1919 the association quotes 
 the acreage as 427,029, an increase in the 10 years of 400 per cent. The discrepancy 
 as to acreage occupied in 1939 between these'figures and those of the board of control 
 may be due to a difference in the time of year that their respective figures were gath- 
 ered; or it may be due to the fact that the board of control figures include acreage 
 secretly owned by Japanese through white agents. The same Japanese association 
 indicates the valuation of Japanese crops in 1909 as $6,235,856, and in 1919 as 
 $67.145,730; the 1919 crop being more than ten times the value of the 1909 crop. 
 
 The following quotations are from the board of control's report: "It is interesting 
 to note that in some of the richest counties of the State orientals occupy a total acreage 
 ranging from 50 per cent to 75 per cent of the total irrigated area; notably, San Joaquin 
 County, with a total of 130.000 irrigated acres, with orientals occupying 95,829 acres; 
 Colusa, with a total of 70,000 acres, with orientals occupying 51,105 acres; Placer 
 County, with 19.000 total, orientals occupying 16.321 acres; and Sacramento County, 
 80,000 orientals occupying 64,860." 
 
 In general truck farming, small fruits and berries, the Japanese have for some years 
 produced most of the crop, the proportion in many products running up to as high as 
 85 per cent and 90 per cent of the total crop. Two years ago, through control of the 
 strawberry market, the Japanese were enabled to raise the price to such an extent that 
 the public and the commission dealers united in a refusal to buy. 
 
 ORGANIZING FOR "MARKET CONTROL." 
 
 The Japanese are now organizing throughout the State, on recommendation of the 
 Japanese Agricultural Society of Central California, for the purpose of controlling all 
 markets in products raised by them. An editorial in Shin Sekai, the Japanese Xew 
 World, of San Francisco, June 2. 1!2M. advises its readers that the fears formerly 
 -sed by it as to an organization of this character being opposed to the antitrust 
 law have been dissipated by the bill recently passed by Congress excepting farmers 
 and stock raisers from the operation of such a law. ''Hence." says the editorial, 
 farmers can now combine to control the marketing of their output. We rejoice in this 
 opportunity on behalf of the Japanese farmers for whom cooperation is so necessary." 
 
48 JAPAN KSE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 The leaders among the Japanese fully recognize the importance to them of possession 
 of the land in their plan for peaceful penetration and ultimate control in this country. 
 An editorial in the Nichi Bei, of San Francisco, June 5, 1920, urges the Japanese to 
 cease wasting their money in gambling houses and invest it in land. It tells them 
 "land is the very life of the Japanese race in California. Land is the foundation of 
 our development.'' 
 
 You have in the report of the board of control some very illuminating charts showing 
 the manner in which the Japanese ownership and leases have dotted and spotted the 
 rich agricultural lands of this State, and it is important to know that the lands which 
 are thus spotted are the richest lands of the State. 
 
 Various articles concerning the work of Japanese in securing control of land and 
 markets in California, are included in Exhibit D. 
 
 JAPANESE PENETRATION IN OTHER STATES. 
 
 What the Japanese are fast accomplishing in California in the way of peaceful pene- 
 tration and control of land, they are attempting elsewhere in the United States, 
 although knowledge thereof has not reached the people of the country generally. 
 
 In Washington and in Oregon the committee's investigations will secure knowledge 
 of the extent of this penetration. Seattle, in Washington, and the Hood River apple 
 district, in Oregon, are notable examples. In other States, in which the committee 
 will perhaps not have opportunity to investigate at this time, there are suffiient proofs 
 of the determination of the Japanese to get a foothold in any locality where conditions 
 of soil and climate and environment will make their plans for colonization and pene- 
 tration easy or profitable. 
 
 For instance, in Colorado they have already secured control of the Rocky Ford 
 melon district. The Country Gentleman of August 16, 1919, .gives full account of 
 how that was accomplished. They are now running over into the adjoining State of 
 Nebraska, and according to Japanese authorities have already in those two States 
 about 5,000 colonists, who farm on the average 80 acres of leased land to the family. 
 The Christian churches have done what they could to allay alarm and uneasiness on 
 the part of the white population of Colorado and Nebraska and make penetration of 
 the Japanese colonists easier. 
 
 In Florida, according to item published in Shin Sekai of July 20. 1920, 200 Japanese 
 settlers have purchased holdings averaging 150 acres each, in the northern part of the 
 'State, and through publicity are encouraging more of their countrymen to follov/ their 
 example. 
 
 In Texas, as indicated by a news item in the Sacramento Bee, the Japanese have 
 purchased 1,000 acres of good irrigated land in the Rio Grande Valley, near El Paso, 
 which is to be planted in cotton. This adjoins the district in New Mexico, in Dona 
 Ana County, where the Japanese are already established in the cantaloupe industry. 
 In El Paso, 'the Japanese are interested in a large market house and refrigerating plant 
 about to be constructed, which will handle their products from the lands in the Rio 
 Grande Valley and the adjoining State of New Mexico. In Eastern Texas, in Orange 
 County, there is a Japanese rice colony of over 3,000 acres. 
 
 THE JAPANESE IN FISHERIES. 
 
 The Japanese have invaded and taken practical control of some of the important 
 fisheries of the State, as they have secured control of the various agricultural activities. 
 In the southern part of California, it has been represented to the Federal Government 
 that, in violation of the Federal statutes, the greater portion of the fishing fleet cen- 
 tered about San Pedro is owned or manned by Japanese to the number of 2,000 or 
 more. 
 
 Complaint has been made recently as to this situation, but it develops that while 
 the operation of these fishing boats by aliens is a clear violation of the Federal statute, 
 through a curious omission in the law, there is no penalty provided under which the 
 law can be enforced. 
 
 This matter has been called to the attention of the Administration, and of the House 
 Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, through Hon. C. F. Curry, from Cali- 
 fornia, and in a bill introduced by Chairman Green of the committee named, House 
 resolution 12102, there has been inserted a provision, section 5, which it is assumed 
 will remedy the defect in the law. This section provides a penalty of $500 at every 
 port of arrival for any vessel engaged in the American fisheries and not documented as a 
 vessel of the United States, it being understood that vessels owned or manned by aliens 
 can not be so documented. 
 
 The State of Washington has protected itself against a similar situation by passing 
 a law under the provisions of which vessels engaged in the fisheries within trie State's 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 49 
 
 jurisdiction must be owned and manned by those who are citizens of the United 
 
 s, or who have declared their intention'to become such. 
 
 the fisheries in practical control of the Japanese creates a very serious 
 situation: First, They assist materially in smuggling Japanese into California from 
 o. Second, they place in the hands of aliens an adjunct to the Xavy which 
 was found most valuable to Great Britain in the recent war. Third, the fisheries in 
 the Territory of Hawaii are an absolute Japanese monopoly, and in the event of war 
 with Japan, the sampans and power boats of the Japanese 1 , which are sea-going vessels, 
 could very easily secure from Japanese cruisers or transports arms and munitions and 
 land them on the coast of Oahu, the principal island, on which are located our de- 
 
 - and therewith arm the Japanese population, the greater portion of whose 
 adult male members are trained soldiers. 
 
 THE JAPA 
 
 A DANGEROUS EXPERIMENT THE JAPANESE ARE N ON ASSIMILABLE THEY CAN NOT. 
 MAY NOT AND WILL NOT MAKE GOOD AMERICAN CITIZENS CONCLUSIVE PROOFS FROM 
 JAPANESE AUTHORITIES THE MISSIONARY DELUSION THAT CHRISTIANIZATION WILL 
 TRANSFORM THEM JAPANESE CLAIMS ALL AMERICAN-BORN JAPANESE AND Ti 
 THEM FOR JAPAN'S SERVICE. 
 
 There are three principal elements in the menace threatened by Japanese immigra- 
 tion. They are- 
 
 -i. The nonassimilability of the Japan- ;he practical impossibility of 
 
 making out of such material valuable and loyal American citizens. 
 
 ind. Their unusually large birth rate per thousand population, already shown 
 in California to be three times that of the whites, notwithstanding that the estimated 
 proportion of adult females to males among the Japanese is only 1 to 4, while among 
 the whit* , 1 to 1. 
 
 Third. The great advantages which they possess in economic competition, partly 
 due to racial characteristics, and partly to standards of living, organization, direction, 
 and aid from their Government. These advantages make it hopeless for American 
 whites to compete with them. 
 
 It should be evident that we can not encourage or permit in our midst the develop- 
 ment of an alien element possessing these characteristics without inviting certain 
 disaster to our institutions and to tne Nation itself. The evidence which will be 
 presented on each of these points is incontrovertible, and the conclusions inevitable. 
 
 NONASSIMILABILITY OF JAPANESE. 
 
 to nonassimilability, the first element mentioned in the Japanese menace, 
 there are three main reasons why it is useless to attempt the making of good American 
 citizens out of Japanese material, save of course in exceptional individual instances. 
 The Japanese can not, may not, and will not provide desirable material for our 
 citizenship: 
 
 First, the Japanese can not assimilate and make good citizens, because their racial 
 characteristics, heredity, and religion prevent. 
 
 Second, the Japanese may not assimilate and make good citizens, because their 
 Government, claiming all Japanese, no matter where born, as its citizens, does not 
 permit. 
 
 Third, the Ja] 1 not assimilate and make good citizens. In the mass, with 
 
 opportunity offered, and even when born here, they have shown not only no dispo- 
 sition to do so, but pronounced antagonism. 
 
 JAPANESE MAINTAIN RACIAL PURITY. 
 
 ive assimilation of Japanese without intermarriage. It is 
 
 perhaps not desirable for the good of either race that there should be intermarriage 
 
 and Japanese. The laws of some States forbid such marriages but 
 
 where such marriages are permitted and encouraged, the Japanese them- 
 
 will not take advantage thereof. That is best demonstrated in Hawaii, where there 
 
 is a great commingling of races: but the Japanese, comprising nearly half of the entire 
 
 population of the Territor ulily increasing in number, maintain in wonderful 
 
 degree their racial purity. With a population of 112,000 or more the Japanese in 
 
 Hawaii in live ed marriages with other races, according to the 
 
 S, Doc. 55, 67-1 4 
 
50 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 report made this year by the Survey Commission at the request of the Commissioner 
 of Education, at Washington Bulletin No. 16, 1920 as follows: Thirty-two Japanese 
 men and four women were married to Hawaiians, a few Japanese men to Portuguese 
 women, one Japanese man to an American woman, and a few Japanese women to 
 Chinese and Koreans. 
 
 THE MIKADO THE JAPANESE GOD. 
 
 The Japanese hold that their Mikado is the one living God to whom they owe their 
 very existence, and therefore all obedience. It is not possible to make of an indi- 
 vidual in whom that belief is deeply and firmly grounded an American citizen who 
 can be relied upon in a crisis. This worship of the Mikado (Mikadoism, or Shintoism) 
 is a part of the education of each child in Japan, and school children are by Govern- 
 ment decree forced to worship at the Shinto shrines. 
 
 Buddhism, which is tolerated in Japan, has Shintoism grafted onto it. Baron Goto, 
 a prominent Japanese statesman, at a gathering of Foreign Board Mission secretaries, 
 at New York, in June, 1919, said he was almost persuaded to embrace Christianity; 
 that with slight modifications he could do so. 
 
 It is upon such suggestions as this American missionaries hang their hopes that by 
 placating the Japanese in various ways, and more particularly as to their demands for 
 free immigration and citizenship privileges in the United States, the evangelization 
 of the Japanese both in Japan and in this country, will be made very much easier 
 through Japanese Government suggestion or influence. 
 
 The modification necessary or (Desirable in Christianity before Baron Goto would 
 embrace it is probably a modification similar to that which has been made in Bud- 
 dhism; that is to say, the incorporation therein of Mikadoism, or Shintoism, which 
 recognizes the god character of the Mikado, and insures thereby the loyalty of the 
 individual Japanese to the Japanese Empire, through the Mikado. 
 
 Prof. Kunitake Kume, in " Fifty Years of New Japan," the English version of 
 which was revised and authorized for publication by Marquis Shigenobu Okuma, 
 "the grand old man of Japan," said: "He (the Mikado) is regarded as a living Kami 
 (God), loved and revered by the nation above all things on earth, and himself loving 
 and protecting the nation, who are deemed sons of Kami Nagara, and are intrusted 
 to his care by the Kami. This mutual understanding obtains between every indi- 
 vidual Japanese and the Emperor." 
 
 WHY JAPANESE SHOULD RULE THE EARTH. 
 
 It is declared in the book, "The Political Development of Japan," written by 
 Etsujiro Uyehara, member of the Imperial Japanese Parliament, and head of one of 
 the war commissions from Japan to the United States in 1917, that "The Emperor of 
 Japan can say without hesitation, 'L'etat c'est moi,' 'I am the State,' more effec- 
 tively than Louis XIV, not because Jie can subject the people to his will, but because 
 he is morally so recognized. Theoretically, he is the center of the State, as well as 
 the State itself. He is to the Japanese mind the Supreme Being in the cosmos of 
 Japan, as God is in the universe to the pantheistic philosopher." 
 
 In the Japan "Advertiser" of May 9, 1919, there appeared a translation of an edi- 
 torial in the "Niroku Shimbun" of Tokio, from which the following quotation is 
 made: 
 
 "The Imperial Family of Japan is as worthy of respect as is God. The Imperial 
 Family of Japan is the parent not only of her sixty millions, but of all mankind on 
 earth. In the eyes of the Imperial Family all races are one and the same. It is 
 above all racial considerations. All human disputes therefore may be settled in 
 accordance with its immaculate justice. The League of Nations, proposed to save 
 mankind from the horrors of war, can only attain its real object by placing the Imperial 
 Family of Japan at its head, for to attain its object the League must have a strong 
 punitive force of supernational and superracial character, and this force can only be 
 found in the Imperial Family of Japan." 
 
 From a writer long resident in Japan, and fully conversant with its language, its 
 religion, and its people, is quoted the following statement on this matter: "Mikadoism, 
 or Emperor worship, is the sheet anchor of patriotic fervor in Japan the soul of the 
 body politic. The vast majority of the people have no other religion. It is not a 
 relic of bygone days, but the very heart of present-day Japan." 
 
 In the Los Angeles Examiner of June 1, 1920, appeared a series of resolutions 
 adopted the preceding day at a picnic held in Elysian Park by the Japanese Christian 
 laymen, at which Seimatsu Kimena, the Japanese "Billy" Sunday was present. 
 These resolutions recite the belief of these Christianized Japanese that Japanese can 
 not make good American citizens unless they become Christians. While the reason 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION . 51 
 
 for this statement is not triven. it is clearly to be found in the Japanese worship of the 
 1 prhired their intention of giving their children only an American 
 
 education, and their willingness to he regarded in consequence by their fellow coun- 
 trymen a? a forsaken band. 
 
 A DANGEROUS FVA\<; KI.ICAL EXPERIMENT. 
 
 The plea of Sidney Gulick. and a number of his Christian friends, that we make. 
 
 MS of the Japanese and then trust to making good citizens of them by Christian- 
 
 i experiment dangerous in the extreme, doubtful even as to 
 
 rfirial ohanee in religion, and certain to end in disaster. There are 150,000 
 
 Japanese in continental United States, and it is estimated that but 4,000 of them have 
 
 embraced Christianity, although between 30,000 and 40.000 of those now living were 
 
 born in this country, and although 70,000 of them have been here from 10 to 20 years. 
 
 It may be assumed" that if any large body of Japanese become Christians, their brand 
 
 of Christianity will have been modified by Shintoism, as is their brand of Buddhism. 
 
 In addition, it may be remembered that a few years ago Japan sent a commission 
 over to this country for the express purpose of ascertaining the benefits conferred 
 upon UP by Christianity: for Japan, if she sees a good thing in other nations, is quite 
 willing to adopt it herself. The report of the mission was to the effect that, judging 
 by the effects of < 'hristianity on our people, it would not be a desirable belief for 
 Japan to embrace. 
 
 The principal opponents, in this country, to Japanese exclusion are the American 
 missionaries and church organizations interested in the evangelization of the Japanese. 
 Apparently, they assume, aside from their claim that a Japanese can be made a good 
 American by Christianization. that if this country will yield to the demands now 
 made by Japan for the same privileges as immigrants and citizens for their people as 
 are extended to Europeans, the work of the missionaries in Christianizing Japanese, 
 both in this country and in Japan, will be materially promoted through Japan's 
 friendly offices. 
 
 JAPAN REALLY UNFRIENDLY TO CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 The attitude of Japan as to Christianization of her people has been sufficiently 
 indicated within the past year through her action in Korea, where the Korean Chris- 
 tians were subjected to the greatest persecution and torture, the evident attempt 
 being made, as claimed by some writers, to exterminate the Korean Christians, on 
 the theory that their Christianity imbued them with liberal ideas more or less danger- 
 ous to th'e maintenance of Japan's power. 
 
 The attitude of the Japanese Government toward practical evangelization in Japan 
 itself is well illustrated by the manner in which the institutions established by various 
 missionary organizations have been confiscated for Government use. either directly 
 or through enforced incorporation as Japanese institutions. The following extract 
 from a letter from Guy M. Walker. to the New York Evening Sun. dated July 27, 
 detailed information as to Japan's act in connection with this policy: 
 
 "There is another thing concerning what has happened in Japan in the last few 
 years on which our people should be enlightened, and that is the confiscation by the 
 Japanese of all mission property created by the millions of money sent by our religious 
 people to Japan for the Christianization of the Japanese. In order to prevent the 
 confiscation of all of the mission property, there was a few years ago a feverish and 
 hurried effort on the part of many denominations to organize Japanese churches 
 such as the Methodist-Japanese, the Japanese Presbyterian Church and the Japanese 
 Baptist Church, and a hurried transfer by the American missionary societies to these 
 Japanese churches of the missions schools and properties, in ordeT to prevent them 
 from being seized and confiscated by the Japanese Government, or of being appro- 
 priated by the Japanese trustees, in whose name they stood. Many of these properties 
 have since been converted into secular or pagan institutions, and the Japanese have 
 cut out everything connected with the Christian propaganda, although they were 
 created by < hri>tian money from America. If these facts were known, as they should 
 be, I am quite sure thai '<le American would ever give one penny further 
 
 for the education or civilization of the Japanese." 
 
 In the Japan a a lensthly article by Charles 
 
 A. Perry, calling attention to tlie little interest shown by Japanese in the matter of 
 
 rtianization as indicated by the small number of < hristian converts in Hamamatsu, 
 
 a manufacturing town in Japan, of about 19.000 inhabitants, and the high cost of their 
 
 conversion. !i atistics and experiences from the various missionaric- 
 
 * Kev. W. A. Richards, one of the resident missionaries, to the 
 effect that the baptized converts of all sects by the various missions on an average 
 
52 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 cost Y200 per head (a yen is worth 50 cents) . Mr. Perry adds : ''I am inclined, though 
 without precise figures, to think that this is an underestimate, for Mr. Richards's own 
 three converts (secured in four years) work out at Y4,000 per head/' 
 
 The inherent incapacity of the Japanese for assimilation, their religious belief and 
 ideals, bred in them for generations and taught to them the world over, which foreign 
 birth and foreign residence does not modify, create a permanent and insurmountable 
 barrier between them and that real American citizenship which would be of value, 
 and not a grave menace, to this Nation. They can not be transmuted into good 
 American citizens. 
 
 JAPAN OPPOSES EXPATRIATION OF HER CITIZENS. 
 
 The second point made by me against the possibility of making American citizens 
 out of Japanese is based upon my statement that Japan does not permit it. We come 
 now to the curious and inconsistent policy of our Government as to dual citizenship, 
 the full viciousness of which is most apparent in the case of the Japanese. We recog- 
 nize as an American citizen and extend all rights and privileges as such to anyone 
 born under the American flag, including of course, the Japanese. Japan, on the other 
 hand, rigidly insists that every Japanese, no matter where his parents were born, 
 and no matter what nation may have conferred citizenship on him, with or without 
 his request, is a Japanese citizen, and must perform all the obligations as such. 
 
 Every Japanese born here, even if his forbears for generations were born here, 
 but had not been permitted to expatriate, is subject to orders from Japan; is kept 
 track of through the Japanese consulate, and other organizations, and is. subject to 
 1 call for military duty. Authorities on international law agree that, since the United 
 States confers its citizenship on the Japanese born here, unasked and with full knowl- 
 edge of Japan's claims, we must, in the event of war, recognize those Japanese as the 
 citizens of Japan. 
 
 We are thus conferring upon the Japanese born here all the rights and privileges of 
 citizenship, without any of the obligations, and we are certainly breeding in our 
 midst a class of American citizens whose hand, we know in advance, must be against 
 us in possible case of war. 
 
 The Japan Parliament passed, some years ago, and the Emperor afterwards pro- 
 mulgated, what is known as the ; ' 'nationality" option law," which is supposed to 
 permit a Japanese born on foreign soil to expatriate himself. Examination of its 
 terms and operation shows it does nothing of the kind. Under it, a Japanese born on 
 foreign soil may, between the a,ges of 15 and 17, and with the consent of his guardians, 
 apply to the Japanese Government for permission to renounce his allegiance. Under 
 the circumstances, that application is not often made, but, if made, it has no effect 
 unless permission be granted by the Japanese Government. The board of control 
 report quoted the Japanese Vice' Consul Ishii, at San Francisco, to the effect that not 
 to exceed a dozen American-born children have signed the 'Declaration of Losing 
 Nationality," and that, so far as learned, permit has not been granted by the Japanese 
 Government in any of these cases. 
 
 HOW JAPAN TRAINS HER AMERICAN-BORN. 
 
 Japan not only claims as her citizens all Japanese born on American soil, but she 
 takes great care that they grow up really as Japanese citizens, with all the ideals and 
 loyalty of the race, untouched by the notions prevalent in this country, which would 
 weaken that loyalty. 
 
 The Japanese children born under the American flag are compelled to attend 
 ^ Japanese schools, usually after the public-school hours, where they are taught the 
 language, the ideals, and the religion of Japan, with its basis of Mikado worship. 
 Here they are taught by Japanese teachers, usually Buddhist priests, who frequently 
 speak no English /and who almost invariably know nothing of American citizenship. 
 The textbooks used are the Mombusho series, issued under the authority of the 
 department of education at Tokyo. These schools are located wherever there are 
 Japanese communities, and teachers in the American public schools testify that the 
 Japanese children frequently are studying their Japanese lessons in their public- 
 school hours. 
 
 $fcln Hawaii this system of Japanese schools and its effect in preventing any chance 
 of inculcating the principles of American citizenship in the Japanese upon whom we 
 confer such citizenship, caused such widespread comment that the Hawaiian Legisla- 
 ture in 1919 attempted to pass a law providing that teachers in foreign-language schools 
 must know sufficient English and enough American hist >ry and civics to ground the 
 pupils in the principles of American citizenship. That bill was defeated on the 
 demand and through the influence of the Japanese, who said its effect would be to 
 destrov their schools. 
 
JAPAXKSK IMMIGRATION AXI> ( '( )L( )X IZATK 53 
 
 ,. the survey < onunission appointed by the Commissioner of Education of the 
 
 . pi.n- in I'-iilletin Xo. 1(5. of 1920, that these Hawaiian-Japanese schools. 
 
 anti-Americ;,i:. are at least not pro-American, and recommends that all foreign- 
 
 Is in the Hawaiian Islands should be abolished, except for foreign 
 
 children \\ 1 6 American citi/ens. 
 
 -POSED TO BECOME UI.AI AMK RICA 1 
 
 It !. >hown already why the .hi m not make good citizens, because 
 
 ;; religion and heredity and n<,nassimilability: it ha? l:een shown also why they 
 
 f Japan, efficiently and rigorously 
 
 administered in the United States, as well as in Japan, do not permit them; it is 
 equally true that they will not make good citizens and that the evidence of the acts 
 of those who have resided under the American flair for many years is conclusive on 
 dnt 
 
 In Hawaii, where their numbers make them independent, and where they are now 
 in a position to practically control the territory, the Japanese form a separate, alien 
 community observing the laws, customs, and the ideals of Japan, using the Japanese 
 language, both in their business and in their schools, and bringing up their children 
 not American but Japanese citizens, with all that loyalty to the Mikado which 
 is a part of the Japanese religion. 
 
 The statement made as to Japanese policy in Hawaii is equally true of the Japanese 
 in California, though, because of differences in conditions, the evidence has not forced 
 itself as yet so strongly on public attention. The Japanese schools are found in every 
 Japanese community in California where there are enough children to support them. 
 
 The Japanese, however, are not < ontent to depend upon education of their Amerkan- 
 born children in this country in order to make them loyal subjects of the Mikado. 
 In the report of the Japanese As.>o< iation of Air.eric a, ( one erning its California census, 
 as <j noted by the State board of control, appears the statement that there are in Japan 
 at this time about 5.000 California-born Japanese. That statement carries little 
 significance to most people. It means, however, that there are at this time 5.000 
 of the Japanese- born in California that is to say. 20 per cent of California's Japanese 
 minors upon whom the United States conferred citizenship, who are now back in 
 Japan being thoroughly instructed in the religion and ideals of Japan; so that when 
 they return here they may serve not s& Ameri( an < itizens, but as loyal subjects of 
 ; ikado, to do his w r ill and serve his interests. y 
 
 The immigration < ommissioners of San Francisco and Seattle testify to this custom 
 of many California Japanese to send their c hildren bac k to Japan* when between 
 and 10 years old and bring them back when they are 17 to 19. 
 
 The Japanese writer, C. Kondo, chief secretary of the Central Japanese Association 
 of Southern California, in a very able article published in Xichi Bei of January 8 
 and 9 of this year, frankly acknowledges that the Japanese of California show no 
 iti(,n to Americanize themselves, and that to this fa< t largely is due the antag- 
 onism which they have created. He warns them that this antagonism will increase 
 rather than disappear, and suggests that they should move to the Southern States, 
 where their characteristics are as yet unknown. He adds, however, that if they 
 pursue the same methods there that they have in California they will encounter 
 .>me bitter experience that they are now undergoing here. 
 
 -IHER THEMSELVEvS A SUPERIOR RACE. 
 
 n why the Japanese show no disposition to Americanize themselves lies 
 
 ;r belief, passed down through generations, grounded into them in their schools, 
 
 and a part of their religion (for is not their nation the only one on earth whose ruler 
 
 I? . that they are superior to any race on "earth. Why, then, should - 
 >e willing to expatriate themselves and become citizens of an inferior Nation? 
 The cockiness which many have noticed in the Japanese under certain conditions 
 and on certain occasions, their pride and sensitiveness, their intolerance of criticism 
 or opjw.sition. are all clue to this inbred and firmly established belief in their superi- 
 ority. In Exhibit AA appears an article from the issue of June 10, 1920. of The 
 Xorthn an. a Swedish publication printed at Portland. Oreg.. in which Miss Fr;; 
 Hewitt, who spent six years in Japan teaching English to Japanese school children 
 hools ther. Neither do the tourists learn that these children 
 
 are taught that they, being < hildren of the Son of Heaven, are superior to all foreigners, } 
 and that their natural destiny is to bring all other peoples to subjection." 
 
 Under >uc h conditions, it is not only probable but practically certain that the 
 majority of Jap. : ire now endeavoring to secure for themselves the privileges 
 
54 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 of American citizenship are doing it not from any desire to help the American Nation, 
 or to become an integral part of it, but that they may better serve Japan and the 
 Mikado. A striking evidence of this is found in an article which appeared in the 
 Sacramento Daily News, a Japanese newspaper, February 4, 1920, a translation of 
 which appears in Exhibit K herewith. This artic le c alls the attention of the Japanese 
 to the dual citizenship situation, and suggests that for the present they cease regis- 
 tering births with the Japanese authorities, but register only with the American author- 
 ities. They are advised that they need not fear thereby to lose Japanese citizenship, 
 because at any time they can make good their claim to it by proof of birth, etc. The 
 article closes with the statement that the American citizenship can be used for 
 furthering the purposes of Japan in this country. Following is part of the article: 
 
 "It is urged then when as American citizens (by birth) the opportunity comes for 
 them to reenforce the Japanese residents in America who have no citizenship rights, 
 they must, on behalf of His Majesty, the Emperor of Japan, become the loyal pro- 
 tectors of the race." 
 
 The following is a portion of a statement made on his return to San Francisco from 
 Japan by Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, president emeritus of the University of Cali- 
 fornia, and republished in the Japan Advertiser of Tokyo on May 22, 1920. Dr. 
 Wheeler had gone to Japan as a member of an unofficial mission headed by Mr. Wallace 
 M. Alexander, of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, to discuss with leading 
 Japanese the feasibility of a friendly understanding between the two countries. 
 "The two civilizations can not mingle, and the leaders in Japan agree that it is not 
 well to attempt to amalgamate them. They can not and will not understand our 
 civilization, and no matter in what part of the world he is, a Japanese always feels 
 himself a subject of the Emperor, with the Imperial Government backing him, much 
 as a feudal retainer had the support of his overlord in exchange for an undivided 
 loyalty." 
 
 . ARGUMENTS FOR IMMIGRATION. 
 
 I have heard but three arguments in favor of Japanese immigration or rather all 
 pleas may be reduced to these three: 
 
 First. The fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man plea. The Japanese 
 want to come here because this is a better place than Japan for them, and we ought 
 to welcome them. 
 
 That plea is a legitimate one within limits. It ceases to have force when you 
 invite destruction for yourself and your posterity and your Nation in order to give 
 some one something which he does not need, but which he wants. A nation has no 
 right to disregard the first principles of self-preservation. 
 
 Second. It is declared we can not do without Japanese labor; that with exclusion 
 enforced, lands will lie idle, and productivity decline. 
 
 So far as our small farmers are concerned, the evidence is that they get no benefit 
 from Japanese labor. The Japanese work lands on lease, and those who work for 
 wages work for their countrymen, usually on the cooperative plan, and not for whites . 
 The board of control says in California there are fewer Japanese working for white 
 men than white men working for Japanese. 
 
 It is the absentee landlord, the large landholder, who wishes to reside in the city, 
 who profits through the presence of Japanese, by leasing to them. 
 
 We can afford to have less profit made by these landowners we can even afford, 
 if necessary, to see our total production decrease, rather than promote the control 
 of this country by Japanese. Besides the future exclusion of Japanese will not 
 decrease their number here. Their birth rate will prevent that. 
 
 There are many experienced California farmers, agriculturists, and orchardists 
 who insist that activities in the agricultural sections of the State can be continued 
 successfully without Japanese labor, and who themselves furnish proof thereof in 
 the management of their own properties. They do it usually by providing condi- 
 tions which will offer attractions to help of this character to remain, particularly 
 where they have families. For the picking of fruit a number report that they find 
 no difficulty in securing families and girls, providing the necessary conditions are 
 furnished, Some use Mexican labor, which has to be handled courteously and 
 fairly, but is declared to be excellent labor if so handled, particularly if the laborers 
 have their families tfith them, and a small house with an adjacent piece of ground 
 is provided for each| 
 
 As indicating the sentiment of California farmers on this subject, it is sufficient to 
 say that the California Farm Bureau Federation, representing an affiliation of 33 
 county farm bureaus, covering 85 per cent of the agricultural area of the State, with 
 a membership of 20,000, voted by referendum in July, 1920, on a long list of topics 
 of importance to the California farmer. The result as to matters connected with 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION ANI> COLONIZATION. 55 
 
 Japanese was as follows: Against Japanese immigration, 12 to 1; against leasing 
 land to Japanese, 12 to 1; against ownership of land by Japanese, 40 to 1; against : 
 Japanese as bonded laborers, 7 to 1; airainst importation of "picture brides," 27 to 1. j 
 
 Third. It is urged that to enforce exclusion against the Japanese may produce 
 friction and international complications. 
 
 That is not the plea of a good, red-blooded American. The question is, Are 
 ..-lit in this matter, and is Japan wrong? Canada and Australia and New Zea- 
 land say we are right, and Japan has tacitly acquiesced in the protective measures 
 which those countries maintain. Our own experience with Japanese immigration 
 under presumed restriction proves conclusively that the interests of the Nation 
 demand exclusion. That being so, the true American will say frankly to Japan: 
 "You see the facts; our people can not assimilate. Continuation of existing con- 
 ditions will make us enemies where we are now friends. Let us adopt the only 
 possible means which will prevent such an unfortunate result." 
 
 If Japan insists on finding cause for friction in such a frank statement, why, this 
 is a good time to learn that fact. Certainly it is the time to act in our own protection. 
 
 Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart, of Harvard University, who returned recently from 
 a visit to the Hawaiian Islands, where he had investigated the problem of Japanese 
 immigration, said in a talk before the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco: "Put 
 the boot on the other foot. Suppose 100.000 American laborers settled on one of Japan's \ 
 small islands. Suppose they brought with them American customs, traditions, i 
 habits, and means of permanent establishment through propagation. Would this ; 
 be tolerated by the Japanese Government? The Japanese themselves admit that 
 it would not." 
 
 A GOVERNMENT WITHIN A GOVERNMENT. 
 
 THE CANCEROUS GROWTH WE ARE FOSTERING ITS ORGANIZATION, OBJECT, AND 
 
 PLANS, AND THE INEVITABLE RESULTS IF NOT CHECKED WE ARE ADMITTING AND 
 
 GIVING CITIZENSHIP TO THOSE WHO WILL ABSORB US IN PEACE AND OPPOSE US 
 IN WAR IMMEDIATE AND ABSOLUTE EXCLUSION THE ONLY REMEDY. 
 
 I can not too strongly impress upon this committee the evidence which is indis- 
 putable, and which steadily accumulates, that, through encouragement or tolerance 
 of Japanese immigration, we are developing in our midst an unassimilable alien com- 
 munity which has no sympathy with American institutions; out of which we can 
 not in any way and in any time mold American citizens; which is here simply for 
 its own selfish purposes and for the aggrandizement of Japan and the Mikado, who 
 is its god; and that this alien community is already commencing to secure economic 
 control of certain sections of the country". 
 
 Every utterance and every act of the Japanese, properly understood, points to 
 their determination to develop the Japanese race in this country and to create for 
 them a position which can not be attacked to make, in short, of this country a princi- 
 pality of Japan. They never discuss or consider the development of themselves or 
 their children as American citizens who have severed all connections with Japan, 
 but only aa Japanese who are establishing their race in a particularly favored land. 
 It is for this end that they are openly urged by their speakers and writers, in dis- 
 trict meetings and in newsp'aper editorials, to secure land and beget children. 
 
 The three Pacific Coast States are generally designated by the Japanese as ; 'New 
 Japan." Florin, in Sacramento County, now a Japanese village and district, is 
 called "Taisho-ku." Taieho is the name of the present Imperial family of Japan. 
 The model Livingston colonies in Merced are called the Yamato Colonies. Yamato 
 is one of the favorite names of the Japanese for their homeland. The Imperial 
 Valley is always called Tei Koku, a term employed in speaking of the Japanese 
 Empire. Japan always changes the names of new territories annexed by her. Korea 
 which was the ancient name): Formosa is Taiwan, etc. It would seem 
 that they already regard the Pacific coast as an outlying province. 
 
 Children are more frank than their elders, and they usually reflect the sentiments 
 which they hear expressed by these elders. In the Washington Farmer, June 3, W. S. 
 Charles tells of the frequently expressed sentiment on the part of Japanese school 
 in "the Pacific North we.=t. when they have physical differences with the Ameri- 
 can boys. TO tho fftVv-T that Japan will come over here some day and take possession 
 of this country. Similar evidence appears in the statement of Mrs. J. M. MacClatchie 
 of Berkfl- 
 
 Japanese kultur is as insidious and much more dangerous than German kultur. 
 The propaganda and the agencies which it employs, some of which were exposed 
 by me in my previous hearing before the committee, are such that, at first mention 
 
56 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 of them produced among the uninformed only incredulous smiles. And Japanese 
 kultur is not making a mistake which German kultur made it does not encourage, 
 much less permit, the Japanese to become real American citizens. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE JAPANESE. 
 
 This alien community has an organization and practices a degree of cooperation 
 which makes it invincible in certain matters, notwithstanding its comparatively 
 small membership. The Japanese have their local associations, which are controlled 
 by five district organizations centered at Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, 
 Seattle, and Vancouver. They have in California 55 agricultural associations, each 
 of which is affiliated with one of the three large central agricultural associations. 
 
 The district organization centered at San Francisco is known as the Japanese 
 Association of America and its jurisdiction covers the States of Colorado. Utah, 
 Nevada, and all that portion of California north of the Tehachapi. There are 39 
 local organizations affiliated with it. 
 
 The Japanese Association of America, the district organization located at San 
 Francisco, while ostensibly an independent organization acting only in the interests 
 : of the individual Japanese in a certain district of the United States who swell its 
 revenues, is really ruled by the Japanese Consul General at San Francisco for the 
 glory of Japan and her illustrious ruler, the Mikado. That is not my statement, 
 but the declaration of Nichi Bei, the leading Japanese newspaper of San Francisco. 
 There is offered as an exhibit (see Exhibit "P") a translation of an article, one of 
 several of similar character which appeared in that newspaper, in which it openly 
 charged that the Japanese Association is only the tool of the consul general, operated 
 from his office, and that he names its executives and dictates their action. 
 
 The Japanese have boasted that through various influences they have "scotched" 
 or delayed adverse legislation in Colorado and in Oregon. Their California journals 
 have called attention to the fact that they are raising a fund of $100,000, $50,000 to 
 come from Japan and the balance to be collected here, for the purpose of "persuading" 
 the next California legislature against action adverse to Japanese interests here. 
 
 An investigation of the Japanese communities in this State will convince this 
 committee that we are harboring a most dangerous character of alien Government 
 within our Government; that this alien Government controls the education, the reli- 
 gion, the acts and the lives of the members of these resident communities; and the 
 sacred privilege of American citizenship conferred on them by birth is of no value in 
 inducing assimilation, but simply places in their hands a weapon which will be 
 used against us in peaceful penetration or in open warfare. 
 
 RECAPITULATION. 
 
 It will be agreed, I think, that the facts now before us conclusively establish that 
 the Japanese are undesirable as immigrants and as citizens, not because they are 
 of an inferior race but because they are superior in certain characteristics, which, 
 if the issue were forced, would determine the possession of this country between two 
 unassimilable races. 
 
 The Japanese are unassimilable with our civilization and our people. Their racial 
 characteristics would soon give them economic control of this country if they secure 
 a foothold, and their natural increase would give them in time superior numbers to 
 the whites. Under such conditions it would be national suicide to encourage or 
 permit the Japanese to secure a foothold here. 
 
 The "gentlemen's agreement," under which Japanese immigration is at present 
 regulated, was a grave blunder. It has failed utterly to accomplish the purposes 
 for which it was intended. In 20 years our Japanese population in continental 
 United States has increased sixfold ; while since 1906, and directly chargeable to the 
 "gentlemen's agreement." that Japanese population in continental United States 
 has multiplied three times, and in California has multiplied four times. 
 
 It has been established that the agreement is being constantly and deliberately 
 violated. Admissions coming through the open ports under passports from Japan 
 are largely in violation of the intent, if not the actual wording, of the agreement, while 
 there has been coming in over the border surreptitiously in violation of the agree- 
 ment, but certainly with the knowledge of Japan, a steadily increasing number. 
 
 It is certain that under either the "gentlemen's agreement," or the proposed per 
 centage immigration plan, an encouragement of further admission of Japanese means 
 that the Japanese population in this country will so increase as to run into millions 
 in a comparatively few years, and ultimately become so large as to dispossess the white 
 race. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLOXIZAT!' 57 
 
 What has happened in IFavaii. which is apparently already lost to tin- United 
 ::ites, is happening in certain localities in California. A con tin u- 
 v.-ill make tin- situation gfm-ral throughout the favored p< r- 
 rmitting to develop in our midst an a 
 
 -nee mean? international conflict. 
 
 and v! i mean the subjugation of this country. 
 
 In E nid an inten iew from tin- Japa;i Advertiser, of Tokyo, 
 
 :-h Pr. IF. If. ! --ii a member of the faculties of The Um- 
 
 -. and who is the author of a number of 
 iiikly t-llinir the people of Japan, through the Adver 
 
 that they .. ::iijrrati.n qur^n'. '.-.: that Mr. Frank 
 
 Yandt rlip wrop^s b.-.th peoples when he hoM- hope that America will 
 
 don her policy of exclusion toward I a <! ih>- I i shall quote a small 
 
 o o'nly of ThuT u 
 
 "Unfortunately, il uld not make Americans at all. Xr race ever 
 
 icept by intermarriage an.! physical fusion. That 
 
 happen in tit- :iiy far-eastern race. <,r at least would not happen 
 
 -stroy the arateness. The Japanese 
 
 ! remain distinct. Ti:--y .--, uld rapidly displace ur own more exacting race. 
 
 to be losing Around, tore should turn upon the aggressive race with 
 
 -ness and fury. That race would lean on the homo country and enlist its support. 
 
 In a word, if we want war between the two countries, that is the best way to get it. 
 
 a us and we can be irien<i od friends: but, bring the two 
 
 races together under conditions that insure competition on unequal terms, and where 
 
 the necessary fusion is not to be e dy clash is inevitable. The 
 
 American people feel this though they do not wholly understand it. Their poli 
 
 the instinct of self-protection." 
 
 THE REMEDY. 
 
 To remedy the national situation which has thus been outlined, the State of Cali- 
 fornia can do very little because of lack of authority. What she may do within her 
 own borders, she is attempting to do, through an initiative measure, in closing up the 
 loopholes which have been found to exist in her alien land law, so that the Japanese 
 will no longer be able to secure control of the rich agricultural lands in the State, 
 either through ownership or 1- 
 
 It is to be remembered that in the existing treaty with Japan there is no provision 
 for extending to Japanese the right to own or lease agricultural lands, and that the 
 present., alien land law. and the amendments thereto now being provided for by 
 initiative specifically guarantees to aliens ineligible to citizenship, as to the acquisi- 
 tion, ownership, occupation, and disposition of agricultural lands, all the rights granted! 
 them by treaty, and not otherv. 
 
 It is noted, too, that the plan outlined by California to prevent ownership or lease 
 of agricultural lands by Japanese, against which there was such protest on the part 
 of the Japanese, has already been embodied in a law passed by the Philippine Legisla- 
 ture and now effective with the formal or tacit approval of the President of the United 
 States. 
 
 The effective remedy for the situation in this country must lie with the Federal 
 
 : nment, which made the original blunder and created the existing situation, and 
 
 which alone has the power to provide the remedy. That remedy will probably have 
 
 to come partly from the Executive Department, because of the existing "gentlemen's 
 
 agreement." and perhaps partly through Congress in adopting legislat 
 
 What is apparently, on the part of the United States Government to 
 
 remedy the existing situation 
 
 First. A poli' lute exclusion of the Japanese, either under a treaty or 
 
 written agreement with Japan, or by act of Congress, as in the ca^- of China. This 
 should be as rigid in its terms as our exclusion law affecting the Chinese, and should 
 forbid the importation, under any pretext, of women or wives of Japanese men whose 
 right to reside in this country has been recogni/ed. It has already been shown in 
 'atement that the Japanese birth rate in California is three times that of the 
 white?, though the Japanese have but one woman to three or four men: -that they 
 have urged that they be permitted to import enough women to serve as wives for all 
 adult Japanese men* and that their speakers and newspapers have constantly urged 
 the necessity of raising large families in order to establish the Yamato race'perma- 
 nently in this conn' 
 
 nd. Any necessary precautions to enforce such understanding by guarding 
 against surreptitious entry. 
 
58 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 Third. Formal adoption of the clearly defined principle that Japanese and other 
 unassimilable Asiatics shall never be admitted to citizenship by naturalization. To 
 make exceptions to such a rule in favor of Japanese already here, as is now being 
 ur ed, would be a grave blunder, establishing a precedent which would make for 
 present complications with other Asiatic countries, and future friction with Japan 
 for the concession would be used by her as an entering wedge. Aside from these 
 considerations, it would be a national crime to confer citizenship on Japanese satu- 
 rated with the ideals and religion of Japan, and who came over here after reaching 
 maturity. The evidence seems conclusive on that point. 
 
 Fourth. A modification of our present policy which permits dual citizenship and 
 its grave consequences in the case of the Japanese. Apparently the latter can be done 
 only by amendment to the Federal Constitution, confining citizenship by birth to 
 those whose parents are eligible to such citizenship. 
 
 HOW TO APPLY THE REMEDY. 
 
 Exclusion can be accomplished under proposed bills in Congress by extending the 
 boundaries of the zone in Asia from which immigration is barred, to include Japan. 
 Action along these lines has been recommended by the Commissioner General of 
 Immigration in his report for the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1919, at page 59, in the 
 following language: 
 
 "The bureau respectfully suggests consideration of the extension of the barred zone 
 to such parts of Asia as are not now included therein, nor affected by exclusion laws 
 or agreements, and also to Africa and adjacent islands so as to exclude inhabitants 
 who are of the unassimilable classes, or whose admission in any considerable number 
 would tend to produce an economic menace to our population." 
 
 The immediate settlement of this very grave question along lines of exclusion is 
 manifestly in the interests of both nations, since both nations wish to maintain, and 
 will find it advantageous to maintain, friendly relations. 
 
 Apparently the leaders in Japan, as well as those who have investigated the subject 
 on behalf of the American people, find convincing proof that neither race is desirous 
 of assimilating, even if it can assimilate. Under such conditions to maintain side 
 by side in this country two unassimilable races would be to invite friction and bring 
 about conflict ultimately. 
 
 The effective remedy indicated in the four proposed measures outlined above 
 should be applied, if possible, in such a manner as to avoid hurt to Japan's pride, and 
 thereby prevent friction and possible international complications. That could be 
 accomplished either by a treaty, or by the passage of identical laws by Japan and the 
 United States under which each nation would decline to admit to its shores, either 
 as immigrants or citizens, the nationals of the other, making, of course, due provision 
 for officials, tourists, students, commercial men, etc. 
 
 Japan could offer no reasonable objection to such an arrangment, since she would 
 be excluding from Japan the same classes which we desire to exclude from the United 
 States, and she would be doing it presumably in the interests of her own people, as 
 we would be doing it in the interests of ours. I commend to your committee careful 
 consideration of this suggestion as a possible solution for this serious problem. 
 
 IN HARMONY WITH PREVIOUS SUGGESTIONS. 
 
 The five remedial measures suggested by me originally and afterwards adopted by 
 the American Legion in national convention, and by the several exclusive organiza- 
 tions of the Pacific coast, would be sufficiently covered in the plan as now proposed. 
 These five remedies appear at page 36 of "The Germany of Asia," and include (1) 
 cancellation of the "gentlemen's agreement"; (2) stopping of "picture brides"; 
 (3) future exclusion of Japanese with other Asiatics as immigrants; (4) formal recog- 
 nition of the policy excluding unassimilable Asiatics from citizenship; and (5) amend- 
 ment to the Constitution so that citizenship by birth will not be conferred on those 
 whose parents are ineligible to such citizenship. 
 
 There was a sixth suggestion credited to me as to admission of Chinese labor in 
 limited numbers for a limited time, under restriction as to locality of residence and 
 occupation. I did offer that suggestion in the inception of the discussion, to meet 
 the declaration that the interests of the Nation demanded introduction of some oriental 
 labor. That suggestion was withdrawn within two weeks, and I. have since uniformly 
 opposed it. The reason is that if we refuse admission to Japanese on the plea that 
 our policy bars Asiatic labor generally, we can not consistently admit Chinese. If more 
 oriental labor is really necessary to maintain or to increase production (which we are 
 not prepared to admit) it is better to see production decrease somewhat than to per- 
 mit and encourage the evils which must follow in the wake of oriental immigration. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 59 
 
 KX HIP, ITS r> TO 7. 
 
 Exhibit v Hnii.-i- iininiuraiion hearings on Pacific coast, in -1 vloumes, July, 1920. 
 Kxhibit '.: Purport California State Board of Control, "California and the Oriental," 
 
 Kxhibit 7: Alien land laws and alien rights, House Document, No. 87, by C. K . 
 Curry. 
 
 KXHIBIT 8. 
 JAPAN- It K VIEWS OUR LAND LAW. 
 
 HER AUTHORITIES DECLARE IT VIOLATES NEITHER CONSTITUTION NOR TREATY. 
 [V. S. McClatchy in Sacramento Bee, Aug. 27, 1920.] 
 
 Some Japanese, and many pro-Japanese, in this country question the constitution- 
 ality of California's proposed initiative alien land law, and insist also that it conflicts 
 with the existing treaty between Japan and the United States. 
 
 LEGALITY OF MEASURE QUESTIONED. 
 
 Henry P. Bowie, who was formerly a Californian (he was the first president of the 
 "Japan Society of San Francisco), now settled in Japan, says in a leading article in the 
 Tokyo "Japan Times and Mail " of July 5, 1920: 
 
 is the opinion of many legal minds and jurists of distinction that this California 
 statute violates the letter and the spirit of the treaty with Japan. * There are 
 
 sound reasons for believing that should the case be properly presented either by an 
 appeal to, or by original proceedings taken in the United States Supreme Court, that 
 tribunal would adjudicate the California land law to be unconstitutional and void." 
 
 And again Mr. Bowie says: "The Constitution of the United States declares all 
 treaties to be the supreme law of the land, any law of a State to the contrary notwith- 
 standing." 
 
 It has been pointed out a number of times by the proponents of the California land 
 measure that it does not violate in any way the existing treaty with Japan, nor is it 
 in violation of the Constitution of the United States. The contentions put forth by 
 Mr. Bowie in the article referred to are shown to be ridiculous by Japanese authorities 
 of recognized standing who concede that the law, as originally passed in 1913, and the 
 initiative measure now before the people, do not in any way conflict with the treaty, 
 or with the Constitution of the United States, and that Japan can have no legal redress 
 in the matter. 
 
 TAKAHA3HI CONCEDES STATUTE IS LEGAL. 
 
 The Japanese Review of International Law, published at Tokyo, is a recognized 
 authority in that country, its contributors being among the best-known and best- 
 informed of Japanese statesmen. 
 
 In the March, 1919. issue of that review, there appeared an article by Sakuye Taka- 
 hashi, L. L. D.. its leading editor, in which he disposes uncompromisingly of the 
 opinion, more or less prevalent among the Japanese, that the California land 'law can 
 be set aside by appeal to the United States Government, or to the courts. 
 
 He shows in that article: 
 
 1. That the treaty between Japan and the United States contains no "favored 
 nation" clause applicable to the rase. 
 
 2. That the treaty fails to concede to Japanese in this country the ownership of land 
 for any purpose, or lease of land except for commercial or residential purposes; and 
 that, therefore, the Japanese can not claim, under the treaty, the rights to the use of 
 agricultural lands, cither through ownership or lease. 
 
 3. That even if the treaty did permit ownership of land, such provision would be 
 .1. since it is not within the province of the Federal Government, but solely the 
 
 right of the individual States, to regulate within their own borders the ownership and 
 control of land. 
 
 KOI5AYASHI FINDS NO FLAW IN* INITIATIVE. 
 
 The argument of Dr. Takahashi, being written over a year ago, dealt only with the 
 law of 191.., and could not take into account the initiative measure now before the 
 people of California: but the same Japanese review, in the issue of June, 1920, pub- 
 lished a lengthy article by Dr. K. Kobayashi, under the title of "The anti-Japanese 
 
60 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 land law in California.'' which considers very fully all phases, historical and 
 
 of the law of 1913, and also of the initiative measure now before the people of this 
 
 State for decision. 
 
 Therein he sets forth as clearly and uncompromisingly as did Takahashi a year before 
 the futility of attempted opposition by legal methods to the California alien land law. 
 He says: '''Neither the present California alien land law nor the proposed hasty and 
 cruel initiative law can be dealt with as legal questions. All that can be done* is to 
 soften them by political and diplomatic methods." 
 
 He considers the proposed law, first as to its constitutionality, and next as to it? 
 compliance v.ith the treaty, very fully, explaining the points in connection with 
 both phases. 
 
 CALIFORNIA WITHIN HER STATE RIGHTS. 
 
 lie shows that under the Federal Constitution the Federal Government is clothed 
 only with certain powers as to matters and conditions within the respective States, 
 and that as to other matters full authority is vested in the States themselves. Among 
 the matters over which the States have entire and absolute control are land, and its 
 acquisition and use: and he concludes: "Hence the California land law does not in 
 any way conflict with the Constitution . California can extend or shorten the leasing 
 period or take away the privilege entirely, and we can do nothing." 
 
 He explains fully our treaty with Japan, showing the material differences between 
 this treaty and a similar treaty made by Japan with Great Britain. Our treaty with 
 Japan expressly omits granting to Japanese in this country the privilege of owning 
 any land for any purpose, or of leasing lands for purposes aside from those having to do 
 with commerce and residence. The treaty with Great Britain is quite different. 
 
 He shows, too, that the only favored-nation clause in our treaty with Japan is found 
 in Article XIV thereof, which applies solely to matters of commerce, and navigation, 
 and can not be made, under any stretch of the imagination, to apply to land ownership. 
 In fact, the treaty itself is simply a treaty of commerce and navigation. He states 
 very positively, therefore, "The California land law violates neither the Constitution 
 nor the Japan-America treaty of commerce and navigation." 
 
 NATURALIZATION NOT GOVERNED BY TREATY. 
 
 He writes in a similar uncompromising way of the suggestion that Japan can secure 
 for her nationals naturalization in the United States by treaty, and says: "To secure 
 naturalization by treaty for aliens ineligible to citizenship under the naturalization 
 law is totally unthinkable," explaining that matters of naturalization are not within 
 the jurisdiction of the executive department of the Federal Government, which 
 department has to do with the negotiating of treaties with other nations, but belong 
 only to the legislative functions of Congress. 
 
 It is nevertheless true that the Japanese Embassy at Washington, as reported on 
 several occasions, has made earnest protest against the progress of the initiative land 
 law measure in California. The embassy is even reported to have delayed certain 
 negotiations on matters entirely unrelated until the California question shall have 
 been decided. 
 
 THE BASIC FACTS OUTLINED. 
 
 To expatriated Californians like Henry Bowie, now earnestly promoting the plan? 
 of Japan against this country, without proper knowledge of the facts; to earnest Ameri- 
 cans in this country innocently acting as propagandists for Japan, and similarly un- 
 informed; to other Americans whose selfish interests induce them to espouse the 
 Japanese cause regardless of the menace to this country; and to official Japan seeking 
 to induce the Federal Government to interfere again in blocking the fight which 
 California is making, not for herself alone, but for the entire Nation; to all these the 
 following facts should be known and heeded; and to him who still doubts that they 
 are facts necessary proofs will be supplied on application: 
 
 1. The highest authorities on international law in Japan frankly declare that the 
 California initiative land law does not conflict either with the American Constitution 
 or with the American-Japanese treaty. 
 
 2. Similar authority, or the law itself, shows that California, in thus complying 
 strictly with the treaty, will refuse to the Japanese in this country no rights or privi- 
 leges which are not refused by law to Americans in Japan. 
 
 3. In thus seeking to prevent control by the Japanese of the land and its products, 
 California is using her limited jurisdiction in an attempt to stop an evil which would 
 eventually result in economic control of the Nation by an alien and unassimilable race. 
 
 4. While individual States may guard the land and its products from control of 
 this character, only the Federal Government can stop the incoming tide of this alien 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 61 
 
 and una3similable race. If that tide be not stopped, the comparative birth rates 
 officially established iu California demonstrate that the white race in this country 
 .inb in time to actual force of numbers. 
 
 ROOSEVELT ox THE JAPANESE QUESTION. 
 
 D I \< l.t 1>E EVEN SMALL TI! -UPHELD OUR RIGHT TO REFUSE N ACT- 
 
 UALIZATION AM' ! "K I.ANH -HKI.i) THK TWO RAC1 MILABLE 
 
 ED THK PRESENT FOKM OF < i ENTLEM EX* S AGREEMENT. 
 
 [By V. S. McClatchy.] 
 
 Iu support of the demand on the part of the Japanese for naturalization of their 
 
 nationals in this country in order that they may be placed upon an equality with 
 
 immigrants from Europe in the matter of ownership of land, despite laws that might 
 
 : denying such right to unnaturalized aliens, attention has been called to 
 
 the recommendation made by President Theodore Roosevelt in his message to Con 
 
 mber ;}. 190*;. In the short space of two lines he recommended merely: 
 The passage of an act for naturalization of Japanese who come intending to 
 
 \merican riti/i 
 
 The use of this recommendation by President Roosevelt for the purpose of influ- 
 
 Mic opinion favorably toward granting naturalization at this time to the 
 
 i . -eight when it is shown that subsequently and with better knowledge 
 
 Roosevelt entirely reversed the opinion thus expressed. It should be 
 
 borne in mind, too, that the Federal statutes must be amended before Congress even 
 
 .'rant right of naturalization to members of the yellow race. 
 
 - evident that Roosevelt changed his views on the subject, for in subsequent 
 
 when he touched upon the Japanese question, he offered no such recommenda- 
 
 and these later clearly expressed views on various phases of the subject seem 
 
 i that he would favor such action. 
 
 PROVIDED FOR EXCLUSION BY LAW. 
 
 In his autobiography, published in 1913, at pages 411 to 417, in discussing the Cali- 
 fornia Japanese school question and his action in regard thereto, he carefully omits 
 reference to his recommendation of naturalization and writes as though he approved 
 California's stand a- to Japanese in all regards, save separation of school children 
 In that portion of the autobiography he says that Japan has the right to declare on 
 will admit foreigners to work in her country, or to own land, or to 
 become citizens, and that America has and must insist on the same right. He points 
 out that he concluded an agreement with Japan (the gentlemen's agreement of 1907) 
 under which it was expressly agreed that we would pass exclusion laws against the 
 Japanese if Japan failed to keep ner laborers out of this country, and that the teeth were 
 drawn out of thb agreement by his successor, who in 1911 made a treaty of commerce 
 and navigation with Japan under which we, in effect, surrendered the right of exclusion 
 
 h we had reserved. The following is Roosevelt's language on this point: 
 
 (;'! secured an arrangement with Japan under which the Japanese themselves pre- 
 
 d any immigration to our country of their laboring people, it being distinct!} 
 
 understood that if there was such immigration the United States would at once pass 
 
 an exclusion law. It was, of course, infinitely better that the Japanese should stop 
 
 their own people from coming rather than that we should have to stop them; but it 
 
 ; er-essary for us to hold this power in reserve. Unfortunately, after I left office, 
 
 a mo- i and ill-devised policy was pursued toward Japan, combining irrita- 
 
 -. which culminated in a treaty under which we surrendered this 
 
 -rant and riirht. It was alleged in excuse that the treat}- provided 
 
 9 own abrogation: but, of course, it is iniinitely better to have a treaty under which 
 
 -ary right is explicitly retained, rather than a treaty so 
 
 drawn tha be had to tin.' extreme step of abrogating, if it ever becomes 
 
 to exercise the right in qi 
 
 OURS THE RIGHT TO EXCLUDE. 
 
 In a speech at Newport, R. I.. July 2, 1913, i said: 
 
 right to insist that we. and we alone, are to decide what immigrants 
 >hall come to our shores and as to whether these immigrants shall become citi/.ens 
 or own land. These and other similar rights are not merely rights but dm 
 
62 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 This is a repudiation of the principle embodied in the gentlemen's agreement, ae 
 modified by the treaty of 1911, under which we surrendered to Japan the right to 
 select the quantity and quality of Japanese immigration coming to us . It is also a criti- 
 cism of the policy, lately attempted by the Federal treaty-making power, to nullify 
 State land laws on Japan's demand. 
 
 NO ARBITRATION ON IMMIGRATION. 
 
 In an editorial in the Outlook, January, 1916, Roosevelt declared that: ''We can 
 not arbitrate, with the intention of abiding by the arbitration," various questions,, 
 including the "admission of Asiatic immigrants in mass." 
 
 This is a repudiation of a plan suggested recently^atr Washington under which the 
 entire Japanese question, including land ownership and immigration, should be 
 decided by the United States, in conference with Great Britain, Japan, and China. 
 
 Writing in the Kansas City Star in December, 1917, Roosevelt said: 
 
 "No temporary advantages from the importation of Chinese coolies would offset 
 the far-reaching ultimate damage it would cause." 
 
 A REVERSAL IN 1909. 
 
 The most conclusive evidence as to Roosevelt's quick change of the views expressed 
 in his message of 1906, and his subsequent opposition to naturalization of Japanese, 
 is found in correspondence had by him with Hon. William Kent, in February, 1909 r 
 and published in the Sacramento Bee, July 18, 1910, by special permission of 
 Roosevelt. 
 
 Kent, in a letter to Roosevelt, January 29, 1909, called attention to the seriousness 
 of the Japanese situation, and insisted that, while the Japanese should be treated with 
 deference and respect, "They should be made to understand that we must be judge 
 of our citizenship, and, that, if, in the exercise of such judgment, we do not wish to 
 have our blood mixed with that of orientals, or on the other horn of the dilemma, we 
 do not wish an unassimilable people among us, this means no disrespect to a friendly 
 nation or a friendly people who happen to be orientals." 
 
 Toward the close of Kent's letter he says: 
 
 "Therefore, while fully appreciating the great difficulties of your position, and the 
 great service you are rendering in negotiating an understanding whereby the Jap- 
 anese shall be kept out by their own Government, there still remains the menace of 
 this race proposition that they are an irreconcilable race when settled among us, and 
 that distance will best sanctify our traditional friendship for each other." 
 
 WOULD KEEP OUT EVEN TRADESMEN. 
 
 President Roosevelt's reply was written from the White House, under date of Feb- 
 ruary 4, 1909, and is as follows: 
 
 MY DEAR KENT^JLet the arrangement between Japan and the United States be 
 entirely reciprocal. Let the Japanese and Americans visit one another's countries 
 with entire freedom as tourists, scholars, professors, sojourners for study or pleasure, or 
 for purposes of international business, but keep out laborers, men who want to take 
 up farms, men who want to go into the small trades, or even in professions where the 
 work is of a noninternational character; that is, keep out of Japan those Americans 
 who wish to settle and become part of the resident working population, and keep out 
 of America those Japanese who wish to adopt a similar attitude. This is the only 
 wise and proper policy. 
 
 " It is merely a recognition of the fact that, in the present stages of social advance- 
 ment of the two peoples, whatever may be the case in the future, it is not only unde- 
 sirable, but impossible that there should be intermingling on a large scale, and the 
 effort is sure to bring disaster. Let each country also behave with scrupulous courtesy r 
 fairness, and consideration to the other." 
 
 OPPOSED TO MINGLING AND NATURALIZATION. 
 
 This statement makes it quite plain that Roosevelt would keep out of America all 
 those Japanese who wish to settle and become part of the resident working population, 
 not only in the ranks of labor and agriculture, but even in the small trades and the 
 professions. 
 
 It is manifestly certain, therefore, that he was decidedly and unquestionably 
 opposed to conferring upon the Japanese the privilege of naturalization, since such 
 privilege would open the doors to contact and intermingling and entitle them to 
 ownership and control of agricultural land, to all of which he expressed such decided 
 opposition. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 63 
 
 EXHIBITS 10 AND 11. 
 
 ibit 10: Resolutions of national convention of American Legion, 1919. 
 i.it 11: Resolutions of national convention of American Legion, 1920. 
 r above exhibits see State Department records. Copy may be secured also from 
 national legislative committee, American Legion, John L. Taylor, vice chairman, 
 Woodward Building, Washington. 1> 
 
 EXHIBIT 12. 
 LABOR FEDERATION DEMANDS EXCLUSION OF THE JAPANESE/ 
 
 [Sacramento Bee. June 22, 1921.] 
 
 DENVER, COLO., June 22. 
 
 The American Federation of Labor convention yesterday went on record as favoring 
 total exclusion of Japanese and other orientals from the United States. 
 
 PREVENT MODIFICATION. 
 
 The executive council was instructed to take steps to prevent any modification of the 
 Chinese-exclusion act. 
 
 They were also urged to work for the repeal of the ''gentlemen's agreement" with 
 Japan." 
 
 " The 'gentlemen's agreement ' has proven to be a failure because the Japanese, in a 
 cunning and stealthy manner, have outwitted the intent of the law, ' ' said the approved 
 declaration. ''In California alone there are over 100,000 Japanese. 
 
 'This peril is not only a serious condition for California, but it is a positive menace to 
 our entire Nation. 
 
 "ABOLISH 'GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT.' 
 
 "The American Federation of Labor is fully justified in taking a firm stand to do 
 away with the 'gentlemen's agreement,' and in its place inaugurate a definite policy 
 calling for total exclusion of Japanese with all other orientals." 
 
 EXHIBIT 13. 
 JAPAN'S SECRET POLICY. 
 
 HER IMMIGRANTS AND AMERICAN-BORN CITIZENS USING THEIR POSITION TO AID 
 JAPAN THE STARTLING STATEMENT OF A JAPANESE PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 [Original articles copyrighted by the Oakland Tribune. This digest reprinted by permission. Pub- 
 
 lished by the Sacramento Bee.] 
 
 idence of a startling character was produced in the hearings of the House Com- 
 mittee on Immigration and Naturalization, held on the Pacific coast in July and 
 Augu- o show the manner in which the Japanese in California are using their 
 
 privileges as immigrants and as citizens -American born) to foster the inter< 
 Japan in antagonism to those of this country. Much of that evidence appeared in the 
 statement of V. S. M<-< latehy, publisher of the Sacramento Bee, and in the exhibits 
 offered in corroboration. 
 
 In the introduction to a published dige-t of that statement it is .-aid that it would 
 appear therefrom, among other things, "that the economic question of to-day will 
 develop into a i .ul problem, unless the proper ren t once applied; 
 
 determined to colonize favorable sections of the United 
 i permanently establish their race in this country; that they openly preach 
 their plans of peaceful penetration 'get more land and my children,' as the 
 
 most certain method of accomplishing the purpose: that in so doing they do not con- 
 template assimilating as American < yal to the country of their birth or adop- 
 tion, but plan to serve the ambition of Japan in world subjection as taught in her reli- 
 gion and in her schools: and that American-born Japanese on whom we confer citizen- 
 ship are being trained here and in Japan to use their American citizenship for the 
 glory of the Mikado and the benefit of the Japanese race." 
 
64 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 Three months after these charges were heard by the House committee they received 
 further confirmation from an entirely unexpected source. Dr. Yoshi S. Kuno, son of 
 Gen. Kuno, of the Imperial Army of Japan, has served for a number of years as a pro- 
 fessor of oriental languages and history at the University of California. He published 
 in the Oakland (Calif.) Tribune in the latter part of October, 1920, a series of articles 
 telling the facts as to the policy and acts of the Japanese in this country, impelled, as 
 he says, by the conviction that further deception will be certain to lead to strained 
 relations between the two countries, and determined to do what he can as a loyal 
 Japanese and a friend to America to avert that calamity. 
 
 In the following digest of those articles will be found the main points of Dr. Kuno's 
 statement: 
 
 Dr. Yoshi Saburo Kuno, professor in the department of oriental languages in the 
 University of California and son of Gen. Kuno, of the Imperial Japanese Army, has 
 brought down upon himself the indignation and antogonism of his countrymen in 
 California by declaring in public print that the secret policy of Japanese generally 
 in this country is antagonistic to American interests and if not discontinued, must 
 result in serious misunderstanding between the two countries. As a lover of Japan 
 and a real friend of the United States he conceived it to be his duty to tell the truth 
 and thus force an adjustment which would prevent a breach of friendly relations. 
 His statement was first given to the public through a series of copyrighted articles in 
 the Oakland (Calif.) Tribune in the latter part of October, ]920. 
 
 GRAVE CIIAlUiES AC.AIXST THE JAPAXESK. 
 
 Dr. Kuno dire.-tly charges that Japan has established in this country a govern- 
 ment within a government; that through consular offices and organized Japanese 
 associations (which latter he says should be abolished), she is controlling the acts 
 and policies of all Japanese here, whether they came as immigrants or were born here 
 and enjoy, therefore, the rights and privileges *of American citizens; that such control 
 is exerted in the interests of the ambition of the dominant military party of Japan 
 for world conquest; that a skillful propaganda system is maintained in this country, 
 supported by the Japanese Government; that many American universities are inno- 
 cently assisting this propaganda through the work of exchange Japanese professors or 
 dishonest American professors who are paid by Japan; that the continued increase 
 of unassimilable Japanese in this country -with their advantages of economic com- 
 petition marks a danger which Japan would not tolerate in her own country; that 
 in California, even without immigration, the 100,000 Japanese would double that 
 number, because of the birth rate, approximately every 10 years and in time over- 
 whelm the wliites; that the separate Japanese schools are used to make loyal Jap- 
 anese out of children born here on whom this country has conferred citizenship and 
 that such schools should be abolished ; that the laws of Japan directly encourage the 
 use of American citizenship in this way and the return of the individuals at any 
 time to Japan with full restoration of all rights as Japanese citizens; and that Ameri- 
 can "investigators" visiting Japan are so entertained and honored and allowed no 
 opportunity for learning the truth that they frequently return active propagandists 
 for Japan. 
 
 Dr. Kuno says that he is forced to the course upon which he has embarked because 
 the Japanese have been sympathetically building a wall of lies about the true con- 
 ditions both here and in Japan. He declares that missionaries returning to America, 
 after living for many years in Japan, grossly misrepresent conditions there to Ameri- 
 cans. As an offender in this regard he mentions Dr. Sidney Gulick particularly. 
 li Friendly relations between the United States and Japan can not be build ed upon 
 lies, " he says. "The truth must be told at all cost. " He declares that the Japan 
 Society of America and similar organizations, composed of Americans and Japanese 
 and formed ostensibly to maintain friendly relations between the two countries, are 
 really used as means for distribution of Japanese propaganda and the deception of the 
 American public as to Japan's acts and policies. 
 
 Curiously enough the publication of Dr. Kuno's articles was made three months 
 fter the House Committee on Immigration, at hearings in California, listened to 
 similar charges offered in a lengthy statement by V. S. McClatchy, publisher of the 
 Sacramento Bee, and substantiated by various proofs and exhibits, including trans- 
 lations from a number of Japanese newspapers of the Pacific coast. A digest of that 
 statement has been printed in leaflet form for distribution. 
 
IMMIGRATION AM> COLONIZATION. 65 
 
 1>K. Kl \ 
 
 Kuno's integrity and trustworthiness. and partly al.-o a? to some of his 
 by Duvid IV Harrows. president of the Uni i'ali- 
 
 . and by I'enjamin Ide Wheeler. president emeritus of the institution. Dr. 
 m in a published interview- s-.iid that Dr. Knno had been asso; hned with the 
 faculty in various eapa-'ities for a score of years, had been a student before then and 
 us imbibed a l..ve for truth and fair play in association with American ideals. 
 and had established a reputation for accuracy which lent importance to the charges! 
 
 If. a <-abal was organized by a professor, no longer associated with the 
 university," to oust Dr. Kuno from the faculty. This professor and his associates 
 llv a -tint: in the interests of the Japanese Government. The motive 
 behind the pint was the op{ o-ition to the teaching of any kind of Japanese hi 
 in the university which was not approved by the Japanese Association of California. 
 Dr. Kuno was too independent a man and too high a scholar to be sacrificed in this 
 way. lie is a learned scholar and an accurate, independent, and fearless teacher. I 
 4ncere respe-t and admiration for him as a result of 10 years of acquaint- 
 ';ip. " 
 
 Dr. Wheeler, in an interview published at the same time as Dr. Barrow's state- 
 ment above, said: 
 
 %; Prof. Kuno, in my opinion, is a man whose judgment can be wholly respected 
 and who is not accustomed to saying or doing wild things. He knows whereof he 
 speaks, and while all of us may not agree with him in some statements, his declara- 
 tions must be respected as coming from a man who knows whereof he speaks. " 
 
 JAPANESE GOVERNMENT IN AMERICA. 
 
 The situation in California ''which it may be assumed would be extended in time 
 under existing conditions, to other States . is thus outlined by Dr. Kuno: 
 
 'The Japanese are not living in this State as emigrants, "in my opinion they are 
 establishing plantations of their own, introducing their peculiar civilization and 
 gpvernmeii !! as educational, institutions right in the midst of American 
 
 civilization. With the recognition of their home Government through their consulate 
 offices, they Jiave established a sort of quasi-government in leading cities, towns, 
 and d herever the size of the Japanese population warrants. They levy a 
 
 tax on Japanese males and Japanese families under the caption of a membership fee. 
 With the permission of the consulate, they collect fees for all official services ren- 
 dered the Japanese by that office. All the Japanese who live in the United States, 
 whether they were born in this country or have come from Japan, have many affairs 
 to be attended to in connection with the home Government, because all are claimed 
 as subjects by the Japanese Government. However, though these matters must be 
 handled in the consulate office, that office will have nothing to do with anything 
 that does not reach it through the channels of the quasi-Japanese Government es- 
 hed in the towns and cities in California, and otherwise known as The Jap- 
 anese Association. ' 
 
 "In the State of California, the Japanese Government maintains two consulate 
 . viz, a consulate general at San Francisco and consulate at Los Angeles. 
 
 "Under the control of each of these offices, there is one central Japanese associa- 
 tion. Under the control of each central association, there are in turn numerous 
 local Japanese associations. For example, the Central Japanese Association at San 
 Francisco has 40 local associations under its control, while the one at Los Angeles 
 has 
 
 "In San Francisco, there are practically three sorts of Japanese Government, viz, 
 the office of the consul general, which represents the Japanese Government directly; 
 ntral Japanese Association, and the Local Japan* ation. The Central 
 
 Association supervises all the 40 local associations in its district, in behalf of the 
 he consul general. In case a local association should disobey, conduct 
 with too great independence, or commit any irregularity, the consul general's 
 upon the ad\ ice of the Central Association, would deprive it of all rights and 
 privi' as the issuing of certiti' 
 
 "Tl hold an annual assembly corresponding somewhat to 
 
 ilit'ornia 81 bly. This assembly is composed of delegates sent by the 
 
 local associations. There is" also another assembly held annually, which may be 
 likened unto the California State s that only the managers of the various 
 
 local associations are entitled to sit in that august body. 
 
 S. Doc. 55, 67-1 - 5 & 
 
66 JAPANESE IMMIGKATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 "The purpose of the Japanese association, quoting from the regulations of that in 
 Berkeley, 'to defend, protect, and guard Japanese interests and privileges against 
 the outside, and to maintain and establish unity and harmony in the inside, that 
 they may enjoy full benefits. ' All Japanese in the United States, including native 
 sons and daughters, being, from the standpoint of Japan her subjects, are obliged to 
 report births, marriages, and deaths, besides movements of the families to the Jap- 
 anese Government. This can be done only by paying the fee to the association and 
 transmitting the information through that channel. " 
 
 USING UNIVERSITIES FOR PROPAGANDA. 
 
 Concerning the manner in which American universities have been utilized for 
 spreading misleading Japanese propaganda, Dr. Kuno makes some startling statements. 
 He says that Japanese scholars are unfit to be exchange professors in this country 
 " because of their blind and burning patriotism and because they count scholarly 
 veracity and honor as naught when they have opportunity to defend their country's 
 policies." He says: 
 
 "A man in the employ of the San Francisco Association is now teaching at Stanford 
 University, and until a recent date a member of the University of California faculty, 
 who has since resigned, was in the service of the Japanese Government and was writing 
 magazine articles supporting the Japanese holding of land." 
 
 He shows by abstracts from official publications of Stanford Universtity that in 1913 
 "the trustees accepted a gift of several Japanese gentlemen to maintain an instructor- 
 ship in Japanese history and government"; and that there was received "from the 
 Japanese consul, San Francisco, $1,800 for the salary of an instructor in Japanese 
 history and government for the academic year 1918-19." The inference is that while 
 it may not be objectionable for the Japanese gentlemen and the Japanese consul to 
 pay the salary of an instructor of history, such instructor, either under suggestion of 
 his patrons, or at the order of the consul, should not deceive his pupils in his lectures 
 or use his position to strengthen the antagonistic policies of Japan in this country. 
 
 He insists that Japan, through her consuls and influential Japanese in this country, 
 is urging these college professors to use their positions, not for the teaching the truth, 
 but for such concealment or coloring thereof as will suit Japan's purpose. He in- 
 stances his own case. His first trouble was with the Japanese consul at San Francisco, 
 who summoned him and requested that he do not teach the sordid side of Japanese 
 history to his classes. Dr. Kuno declined to conceal or misrepresent the facts, either 
 as to Japan's history or as to living and social conditions in that country. Since that 
 time the Japanese have barred him from their associations and their meetings. He 
 has been continually warned by letter to desist from his announced cause, and since 
 publication of his articles has appealed to the police for protection because of threats 
 made against him. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 Concerning "picture brides" and the manner in which they have been used to 
 evade the intent of the "gentlemen's agreement" as to introduction of Japanese 
 labor into continental United States, Dr. Kuno calls attention to the fact that Chinese 
 laborers in the United States are not permitted to send back to China for wives, while 
 Japanese laborers in California "have imported hundreds of picture brides every 
 month." He further says: , 
 
 "Because the Japanese are able to live so cheaply at present, many Japanese men 
 in the State, who would otherwise have been unable to marry, have gotten wives 
 from Japan. Upon the arrival of the wife she generally works with her husband in 
 the field. In fact, female labor has thus been imported under the caption of wives. 
 Though this is not a legal violation of the 'gentlemen's agreement,' the effect is sub- 
 stantially the same. This is not all. Even after children have been born, the wife 
 often works in the field." 
 
 THAT REMARKABLE BIRTH RATE. 
 
 Dr. Kuno declares that the real danger to California and the United States from an 
 increase of unassimilable Japanese population lies not so much in immigration from 
 Japan as in the great birth rate among the Japanese already here. He says that the 
 Japanese are " a^marvelously prolific race" and then prophecies as follows: 
 
 ' ' Should all the plans and propositions regarding the Japanese now advocated by 
 
 Californians materialize, and everything asked be secured, still, I venture to prophesy 
 
 that by the end of another decade, these same Californians would be confounded 
 
 o find that despite all their well-planned measures the Japanese population in the 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 67 
 
 This i- n;> dream. A little scientific in ves fixation will prove 
 iausibility of such conclusion." 
 
 Dr. Kuno o\ide:i; ;he situation in California <>\en after further Jap; 
 
 immigration i.- excluded a- a subject of grave concern. He 
 
 I'niler : I will lie next to impossible for California to rid herself 
 
 of th- -.dy within her confine*. The bloodless stniir.de has been waged 
 
 . ill continue to be carried on between the whites and the Japanese in the State. 
 
 The one n-^es the le^islam c power of the Commonwealth as its weapon, while the 
 
 e economic sword. I'nder existing conditions, the bitterness seems 
 
 augmented year after year on the one hand, while on the other, through the 
 
 birth of children, the Japanese population will practically double itself each decade. 
 
 "Should this conation por.-ist uncorrected. it is but a matter of time before there 
 
 will be a serious dash between the Tinted State- and Japan. The question is. indeed, 
 
 vity." 
 
 ! 'r. Knno's prophecies us to natural increase of the Japanese population in 
 mntry. the tables offered by Mr. Mc( 'latchy a year ago are mild and conservative. 
 In th wn that assuming the Japanese birth rate would be very 
 
 much less than that now established in California, and with "restricted" immigra- 
 tion under the Gulick plan or under violations of the intent of the "gentlemen's 
 nent " as now practiced, the Japanese population of continental United States 
 would double in a little less than 20 years, and under such conditions would reach 
 B, 10.000,000 in and 100,000.000 in 140 years. 
 
 SEPARATE JAPANESE SCHOOLS. 
 
 The attention of ii on Immigration was called by Mr. McHatchy 
 
 in his statement to the manner in which the separate Japanese schools in the United 
 
 10 make faithful subjects of the Mikado of Japanese children born in 
 
 this country upon vrhoin our law confers American citizenship. The survey com- 
 
 n appointed by the United States Commissioner of Education at V\*asliington 
 
 I by the menace these schools in Hawaii offered that it recommended 
 
 Bulletin Xo. 16, 1920. of Department, of Education.) 
 Dr. Kuno evidently auree> fully with the impropriety of Japanese maintaining 
 
 MS in this country, lie B 
 
 "Whenever a Japanese association exists a school is generally established under 
 its auspice--. Mo-t Japanese children are thus obliged to attend two schools. They 
 1 the regular American pub'ic school from 9 to 3, and after school hours they 
 have to go to the Japanese school, where they study from texts prepared for use in 
 the schools of Japan. Thus these children while being served with a double amount 
 of education, which is in violation of physical law. have instilled into them two 
 codes of morality and two loyalties. The Japanese conduct these schools in a most 
 official way. In the city or town, there is a Japanese board of education. In Berke- 
 r example, if I understand correctly, this board consists of about 20 members." 
 Dr. Kuno calls attention to the dangers of dual citizenship to the interests of this 
 country. He points out that Japanese who expatriate themselves, with the permis- 
 sion of Japan, may become Japanese citizens again at any time provided they estab- 
 lish a domicile within the bounds of the Japanese Empire; and he thus comments 
 then 
 
 Though probably remote from the purpose of the framers of the law, one might 
 reasonably interpret it as an artifice on the part of Japan by which her subjects might 
 become citi/ens of foreign nations in order to enjoy full rights and privileges in other 
 countries, with the view of later returning to allegiance to their mother country." 
 
 THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM INVOLVED. 
 
 California's claim is that the Japanese, because of certain advantages in economic 
 
 competition offered by their thrift, different standards of living, long working hours, 
 
 .nation and cooperation, are enabled to displace the white race in any localities 
 
 and industries selected by them for "peaceful penetration:" and that the economic 
 
 em thus created must rapidly develop into a racial problem with its attendant 
 
 com}. On this subject. I'.'r. Kuno says: 
 
 conomi'' condition of the Japanese in California. 
 M mistakenly termed "cheap labor." However, the Japanese 
 almost as much as do workmen of almost any other nationality. They also 
 r bidders when buying an unharvested crop in the fields. The Japanese 
 ligher for crops b.-cau.-- they live in shacks and their food is exceed- 
 ingly plain and cheap. Therefore, the trouble in California is not that the Japanese 
 
68 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 are cheap laborers, but that they have wonderful saving capacity. Within a few 
 years those who started as common laborers have often either become landowners or 
 amassed sufficient capital to purchase standing crops. Because of this difference in 
 the standard of living of the Japanese and the American farmer, the former has been 
 able to encroach upon the production of agricultural products to such an extent that 
 the Japanese have come to control from 80 to 90 per cent of such important crops as 
 potatoes, tomatoes, asparagus, spinach, and berries. " 
 
 Again he says: 
 
 "The Japanese should realize that the economic question constitutes an important 
 factor whenever foreign laborers come into a country and, while living under a lower 
 standard, compete with the citizens of that country. The Japanese have simply to 
 look at home conditions in Japan for a good example of this. Some time after the 
 Russo-Japanese War, the cost of living as well as wages took tremendous leaps. 
 Chinese laborers were brought into Japan by a number of promoters. Anti-Chinese 
 agitation followed, and the Japanese Government was forced to strictly prohibit the 
 coming of Chinese laborers. The anti-Chinese agitation, however, did not end there, 
 but developed into race prejudice. In fact, the Japanese studying in California, 
 those engaged in trade and industry, and even the laborers, have, notwithstanding 
 the present agitation, much better treatment than is accorded the Chinese by the 
 Japanese in Japan. " 
 
 DR. KUNO'S PROGRAM. 
 
 Dr. Kuno says that the articles in the Oakland Tribune mark but the beginning of 
 work which will perhaps extend into years; that he proposes to compel the Japanese 
 in California to understand their own situation, and to listen with profit to the 
 criticism of others. He insists that Japan must change her present policy of framing 
 foreign relations and demands entirely upon her selfish interests, or she will have 
 misunderstandings, not only with the United States, but with all other nations with 
 which she comes in intimate relation. 
 
 He offers several suggestions looking toward remedying the existing situation, 
 including exclusion of further Japanese immigration; abolishment of Japanese asso- 
 ciations and Japanese Schools in this country; reliance by Japanese here in the Ameri- 
 can Government and school system; raising the standard of living of Japanese here 
 to that of the middle-class American family, and naturalization of Japanese now here. 
 
 The Japanese Association of America, located in San Francisco, and claiming 
 jurisdiction over the Japanese in the greater part of California and in all of Nevada, 
 Colorado, and Utah, through its secretary, K. Kanzaki, has issued a general denial 
 of Dr. Kuno's charges, so far as they affect the objects and acts of the association. 
 He declares there is no relation between the association and the Japanese Govern- 
 ment, that it is an entirely independent body, working for the benefit of its members 
 and a better understanding between them and the Americans. He says that the 
 Japanese have never persecuted Dr. Kuno because of his views, that they do not wish 
 to attach importance to his expressions on public matters, and that he is avoided 
 by the Japanese because he ''is utterly unacquainted with the amenities of social 
 life and has a disposition which makes it impossible for anyone to associate with 
 him. " It is insisted in this statement that Dr. Kuno's outline of Japanese conditions 
 in this country, and particularly in California, is entirely misleading. 
 
 EXHIBIT 14. 
 JAPANESE JOURNALIST AND DIPLOMAT GIVES VIEWS ON OUR JAPANESE PROBLEM. 
 
 MIDARI KOMATSU FEELS THAT RACES ARE UNASSIMILABLE AND SHOULD DEVELOP APART 
 IF FRICTION AND MISUNDERSTANDING ARE TO BE AVOIDED. 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, Nov. 8, 1920.] 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, November 8. 
 
 Midari Komatsu, editor of Chugai Shinron, an influential vernacular magazine of 
 Japan, and now representing several newspapers of Tokyo, has just arrived in San 
 Francisco from Japan on a tour of the world. While iri the United States he will 
 investigate social and economic conditions. Mr. Komatsu is now confining himself 
 to journalistic work, but he was formerly connected with the diplomatic service, hav- 
 ing been Secretary of the Japanese Legation at Washington prior to 1910 and after- 
 wards director of the Japanese foreign affairs bureau and secretary of the central council 
 in Korea. He is a graduate of law of Yale and of political science of Princeton. 
 
.lATANKSK IMMIGRATION ANI COLONIZATION. 69 
 
 NEWS IN TK!;< H AN', ID. 
 
 In an interview w: :ior Mr. K 'id that ho had interchanged 
 
 ni<_rr.ttion problem at length with tho publisher of the Hoe. 
 iini that Mr. Me' 'lateh\ ''s \ 
 
 nn>.-! ( 'alifornians. arc entirely 
 in Japan, various publications made in that. country 
 
 "I do not find." said Mr. Koinat<u. "that Mr. McClatchv is unfriendly to Japan or 
 
 riis to mo. on tho contrary, that he is as anxious as I to 
 
 . the two : -ndly, and that lie is quite in 
 
 . ing that a continuanoo iditions is certain to ] rodu< o 
 
 ! misunderstanding. I find myself in accord with him in certain matters 
 
 with tiie present problem, and 'know of no reason why tho minor points on 
 
 which w.- differ can not be sati.-facturily solved. 
 
 I;\;K NOT ASSIMII.AHI.K. 
 
 "For instance. \\ .- a^ree that {he white race and the Japanese race, at present, for\ 
 biological and other reasons, are not assimilable; that the existence in either country \ 
 of a large unassiniilablo element of nationals of the other country, controlling land 
 and its products, and 'rous economic competition with the natives, 
 
 must inevit ablv result in a racial conflict and international misunderstanding. If 
 oiiditi .ns in ( '.diforni i. or elsewhere in the United Suites, are reach ii"_: tl.i t state it is 
 - of both nations to correct them. 
 
 "If exclusion of Japanese immigration will prevent a misunderstanding. Japan 
 will not objo -t to taking steps to correct any defects in the 'gentlemen's 
 
 .ion!' which are responsible for present conditions. Japan is really losing the 
 better class of her farmers in those who come to the United States, and would prefer 
 to keep them. I Hit she is also solicitous that in any adjustment of the matter there 
 should d or apparent discrimination against her people, and that tl.ose who 
 
 r.-nun in < 'alif trni'i. particularly, should be fairly treated. 
 
 NOT BADI.Y TREATKI'. 
 
 ;i prevails in Japan that the Japanese in California during the f 
 "ii exclusion have been badly treated. I find that it is not so; that 
 they i '-en interfered with or hindered in business, or insulted or abused 
 
 ally. It h:is been difficult for the Japanese people to understand that an actual 
 campa: Vision of Japanese could be conducted in such perfect . 
 
 r and without boycott or other offensive measures against the Japanese. I am 
 m that Mr. MoClatchy properly represents California sentiment 
 
 when i .;:t neither the law nor the people contemplate any interference with 
 
 ;iiiv prohibition to Japanese now here legally from following any occu- 
 pation or coiidu-tiriL" anv business, with tho reservation only that they may not own 
 
 ;:-al lands." 
 
 Mr. Konmtsu felt the alien land law, while applied to all aliens ineligible to iti/on- 
 .voiild bo regarded by the Japanese as less discriminatory if it had been applied 
 all foreigners who had failed to be naturalized or to take' 
 
 B OBJKCT! 
 
 He,,!,ji. -uch change in the American constitution as would make chil- 
 
 dren born in this country ineligible to citizenship unless both parents are eligible to 
 iti/.enship. He corn edod that present methods are preventing the maki: 
 
 itizen^ out of many Japanese born hero he referred to separate Japan- 
 ese schools and the : I sending children back to Japan for education and 
 such schools should 1)0 abolished and such plan discontinued if the 
 children are to enjoy American citizenship. He siiirircsted. however, that t 
 
 ii of the problem would be for the United States TO follow Japan's plan of natiiral- 
 :tpplicable equally to all foreigners, with no exception, and not 
 
 tldren of i". .?! -ners born within the country. Such children can 
 
 >me citizens of Jaj>; .uirh tho u-'ial channel of naturalization, thouirh 
 
 ne required for them is shortened to 8 years, while for other foreigners it is Id 
 
 What Japan contends is equal treatment, he added, not special privile-. 
 citizenship for her people in tl.- 
 
70 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 EXTREME METHODS DECRIED. 
 
 Mr. Koinitsu frankly expressed himself as feeling that the Japanese were not 
 treited in accord with their merits when the objectionable classes of Europeans were 
 classed as eligible for American citizenship, while the Japanese are barred. He com- 
 mented on the fact that 100.000 Chinese had been called to France to serve during 
 the war, and had been sent home with the gratitude of France and her allies. He 
 felt that the work of the Japanese in producing the food for California was not properly 
 appreciated, and would not be unless the Japanese were to leave in a body. 
 
 He decried some of the extreme methods of his countrymen in connection with 
 their campaign against the initiative measure, and thought some of the activities had 
 served only to prejudice the country against the Japanese. He thought any attempt 
 to appeal t,j the courts in the matter ill advised, and that it was unlikely to avail 
 anything. 
 
 In his opinion, this problem can be solved not by ariv legal method, but rather by 
 sympathetic consideration on both sides, based upon the principles of equity. 
 
 EXHIBIT 15. 
 
 Conditions in Hawaii: Twelve articles by Joseph Timmons (iiled as exhibit with 
 House Immigration Committee, April, 1921. 
 
 EXHIBIT 16. 
 
 THE GERMANY OF ASIA. 
 
 JAPAN'S POLICY IN THE FAR EAST HER ''PEACEFUL PENETRATION" OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES HOW AMERICAN COMMERCIAL AND NATIONAL INTERESTS ARE AFFECTED. 
 [By V. S. McClatchy, publisher the Sacramento Bee.] 
 
 J. Russell Kennedy, who acted as publicity agent for Japan at the Paris peace 
 conference, is manager of Kokusai, the Government-controlled news agency of Japan, 
 which handles the incoming and outgoing news of the Empire. He is also manager in 
 Japan for Renter, the British news agency, which surrendered the Japan news field 
 some years ago to Kokusai. He is also publisher of the Japan Times and Mail, a 
 daily newspaper issued from the Kokusai building in Tokyo, and used by the Japanese 
 Government to present to English-reading people points of view as to matters Japanese, 
 which might not otherwise secure their attention. 
 
 Mr. Kennedy has been engaged for a few months past in an active campaign to 
 convince the people of the Far East that certain articles which have appeared in the 
 Sacramento Bee, written by its publisher, and outlining the policy and acts of Japanese 
 in the Far East and in this country, are unreliable, and with no foundation save malice. 
 
 In this campaign he has enlisted actively the various agencies with which he is 
 -associated. 
 
 The newspapers of the Far East have been asked, as a matter of courtesy to a fellow 
 journalist, to reprint the matter. The Kobe (Japan) Chronicle of January 15, 1920, 
 for instance, comments on the fact that Kennedy was indignant because the Chronicle 
 failed to use a two-column article of this description. 
 
 The Kokusai has included in its regular service matter of the kind which has been 
 published by the newspaper subscribers to that service; and Reuter has lent its 
 facilities to Kennedy's purpose by including similar matter in the news report dis- 
 tributed in China and elsewhere. 
 
 Much of the matter has also been printed in pamphlet form, and given extensive 
 circulation. 
 
 While much good white paper has been used in this way, most of the space is devoted 
 to vituperative personal abuse of the writer of the Bee 's articles, and the balance to 
 denying certain statements as to the Kokusai and Reuter services. The really 
 important statements which deal with Japan's acts and policy are dismissed by 
 Kennedy with a wave of the hand, and the assertion that they constitute "a web of 
 mendacity. ' ' 
 
 The elaborate efforts thus made to discredit these articles by personal attacks 
 on the writer, and by attempting to show that they are inaccurate in minor issues, is 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 71 
 
 sufficient indication that some one on the other side of the Pacific is being hurt by an 
 exposition of the facts. 
 
 The Bee's articles were published nearly a year ago, and have had general circula- 
 tion through republication in prominent newspapers of the United States. Each 
 month since has brought corroboration and proof of some of the statements therein 
 made. No important matter has met disproof or authoritative denial. 
 
 The manager of Kokusai, in assailing the articles, is forced to the expedient of claim- 
 ing they contain a charge which does not appear therein and then disproving that 
 fictitious charge. He says that Kokusai was charged with suppressing news of the 
 armistice after the armistice had been signed. The extract from the articles quoted 
 by him disprove his complaint. It was plainly stated that Kokusai had failed to 
 publish in Japan prior to the armistice the news received by the balance of the world 
 indicating that the defeat of the Germans was inevitable and an armistice was about 
 to be asked for. 
 
 The Peking Daily News in commenting on the denials promulgated by Kokusai 
 said in its issue of January 12: 
 
 But it is well known in this country that the Kokusai News Agency does suppress 
 news when it is unfavorable to Japan." 
 
 1'nder the circumstances the Kennedy attack and the methods used in circulating 
 it are complimentary to the Bee and to the writer of the article. They constitute 
 also a tactical mistake, for they call attention in the Far East to certain activities of the 
 Kokusai 's manager which might otherwise have attracted little notice; and they will 
 induce more careful investigation of the subject matter of the Bee's articles. * This 
 phase has suggested itself to the editor of the Kobe Chronicle, who says that "it seems 
 unlikely that Mr. McClatchy's pamphlet is worth the two-column advertisement 
 which Mr. Kennedy wishes to give it." 
 
 PART 1. 
 
 JAPA\ \vi, ACTS IN THE FAR EAST How SHE THREATENS THE CAUSE OF 
 
 JISTICE, THE INTERESTS OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE PEACE OF THE WORLD. 
 
 [In eight articles.] 
 
 AN EXPLANATION. 
 
 These articles on the Far East situation were written immediately on return to 
 California after three months' absence and published in the Sacramento Bee between 
 the 5th and 18th of April, 1919. The entire time, aside from that portion consumed in 
 sea travel and a few days each in Manila and Korea, was spent in China and Japan, 
 sight-seeing being neglected at all times when information of value could be secured. 
 
 While, as a Californian and newspaper man, I was familiar with the local phases of 
 Asiatic immigration, I had made no study of the Far East problem and had not even 
 read the books of Thomas F. Millard. The study made on the ground was, there 
 fore, somewhat in the nature of an original investigation, with the advantages and 
 disadvantages that attend such character of investigation. 
 
 Exceptional opportunities for securing reliable and confidential information offered 
 themselves, however, in meeting prominent officials, business representatives, and 
 newspaper men Chinese. Japanese. English, and American most of them long resi- 
 dent in the Far East and intimately familiar with conditions there. These men repre- 
 sented not one but all sides of the vexed problem. 
 
 It is believed that the picture presented in the articles, while necessarily deficient 
 in detail and artistic niceties, is substantially true in conception, outline, and color. 
 Read in the light of subsequent events, the articles present an added interest, and have 
 been reprinted in this form in response to request. 
 
 OUR ASSET IN CHINA. 
 
 Artist- III explains the wonderful commercial asset which the Tn: pos- 
 
 sessed in the early p.;n -if this \eir in the good will of China. How much of that 
 asset ' f the Paris conference indorse I Jap.ui's claims on the Shan- 
 
 it w;iiild be difficult t- sav. Letters from China politel, 
 
 lent Wilson, while unwilliiu: !> consent t" b "jury 
 
 on c] ation against him. It is prob- 
 
 the real judgment of Chi- at while we refused to d< 
 
 ion, our official seal 
 lent Wilson's action has been 
 repuT .rijf. If this re- 
 
 i have retrieved, in small part 
 only, r 
 
72 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 ASTONISHING PROPAGANDA. 
 
 Various methods of propaganda, followed by Japan in securing her objects in the 
 Far East and concealing them from the world are referred to in the articles. The 
 most remarkable piece of propaganda work done by her has been exposed since they 
 were written. It is referred to here because it offers striking corroboration of state- 
 ments made in them. Reference is had to the accomplishment of Sidney L. Gulick, 
 who, during five years' stay in the United States, has essayed to convert us to his 
 "new oriental policy" of admitting Asiatics to this country as immigrants and citizens 
 on the same plane as Europeans; who secured the indorsement and financial assist- 
 ance in this campaign of a powerful church federation representing 100,000 churches; 
 who has embodied his plan in a "restricted immigration" bill, and. with the names of 
 1,000 prominent American citizens as sponsors therefor, presented the bill to Congress. 
 
 Under the operation of the bill the Japanese population in the United States would 
 reach over 100,000,000 in 160 years, long before which time the country would have 
 become a Japanese Province. The thousand good Americans whose names are used in 
 connection with this work of the League for Constructive Immigration Legislation did 
 not know that the bill was "loaded." The scheme was fully exposed in a series of 
 articles in the Sacramento Bee published in June, and reproduced in the second 
 part of this booklet. 
 
 TRANS-PACIFIC NEWS SERVICE. 
 
 In Article IV attention is called to the manner in which Japan controls the incoming 
 and outgoing news of Japan; how she is attempting to accomplish similar results in 
 China, and the grave menace to the interests of the United States and the peace of the 
 world which would attend the success of her efforts in this direction. 
 
 Following publication of these articles in April, 1919, the writer urged upon the 
 departments in Washington, and subsequently, in September and October, upon the 
 two subcommittees of Congress having charge of radio legislation, the utilization of the 
 Navy radio facilities on the Pacific for news transmission to keep the people of the Far 
 East in close touch with us, and thus prevent misunderstandings, defeat vicious 
 propaganda, and avert war. 
 
 With the cessation of war activities the news report of the committee on public 
 information had to cease, and the Far East, including our own Philippines, would 
 become again dependent upon unsympathetic and unfriendly, or inimical, news agen- 
 cies for its daily information as to the United States, our sentiments and actions. 
 
 Interchange of news across the Pacific by American news agencies or newspapers 
 under existing conditions was impracticable. The single American cable when 
 operating was so congested that 10 to 15 days was required for transmission of a mes- 
 sage, while the rates, either by cable or by radio, were prohibitive. 
 
 It was urged therefore that the Navy 'be authorized to transmit news messages 
 across the Pacific at a word rate so low' a maximum of 6 cents per word was sug- 
 gested that American news associations 'would be encouraged to inaugurate a reli- 
 able and adequate daily trans-Pacific news sendee, self-supporting and free from 
 Government control or censorship. 
 
 The subcommittees were sympathetic, and bills looking to the temporary author- 
 ization urged, pending permanent solution of the problem, were introduced in both 
 Houses. Probably encouraged thereby Vice Admiral W. H. Bullard, director of com- 
 munications of the Navy, issued an order effective December 20, 1919, under which 
 news messages would be received at San Francisco for transmission to Manila by 
 naval radio at 6 cents per word. 
 
 As an immediate result steps are now in progress under which the Manila news- 
 papers will receive every day a very full report of world's news from San Francisco. 
 If Congress shall approve the principle involved in Admiral Bullard 's order, a similar 
 report will go to China, and eventually to Japan, and there will be sent back to us 
 daily a report covering events and sentiments in the Far East. 
 
 With a plan of this character successfully operating on the Pacific, the same plan 
 will be tried elsewhere, and in time the peoples of the earth may find, through daily 
 interchange of reliable news reports in independent hands, free from Government 
 suggestion or censorship, a safeguard against secret diplomacy and the ambitions of 
 rulers for which the common people must always pay. 
 
 CHINESE AWAKENING. 
 
 Since the articles were published, patriotic Chinese mobs have treated severely 
 the persons and the property of three of the five traitorous Chinese officials named in 
 Article V. The boycott against Japan and Japanese goods inaugurated by China in 
 the early part of the year has grown in strength and determination and has not been 
 
JAPANESE ].M MIGRATION AX I" OOLOKIZAtaOtf. 73 
 
 hiuese people are concerned, by Japan's threat to 
 eminent that it might lie compelled to resort to force to stop it. That 
 
 rticulariv Cali- 
 
 have declined to do business in any way with the 
 ese. 
 
 KOI: HT. 
 
 i the Korean situation, in a spe< ial article n:ade before reliable infor- 
 mation could 1 as to repr. adopted by the Japanese, ha? been 
 fully confirmed by ue\\ s sim c -i-. en to the world. 1] -If received a mass of 
 
 he terrible atrocities 
 
 committed upon the persons of the defenseless Koreans men, women, and children 
 with the same object which the (iermans had in committing atrocities in 
 
 :bordinate by terror a subject people. 
 
 of the Korean manifesto or declaration of independence, brought out from 
 mi March <i in my money belt, is the daddy of all the copies whit h have since 
 been gr en to the world, and now rests in the archives of the president of the provi- 
 sional" Korean republic I ^r. Svngman Rhee, at Washington. 
 
 The 'he Philippine independence intrigue, as told in the last article, has 
 
 found confirmation in the records of congressional committees and committeemen 
 at Washington, to whom requests were made in 1916 by cable and letter that inde- 
 pendence be not granted to the islands unless the United States would guarantee that 
 inependeiice against the world. 
 
 -. M< CI.ATCHY. 
 January !.'>. i 
 
 ARTICLE I. JAPAN'S PROBLEMS AND How SHE ATT EMITS TO SOLVE THEM. 
 
 HER GOVERNMENT AND HER METHODS COPIED AFTER GERMANY ROOM REQUIRED FOR 
 HER GROWING POITLATK >N- THE CHARACTER OF HER PEOPLE HOW HER INTENTIONS 
 HAVE BEEN CONCEALED. 
 
 man who. in a strange land, finds more interest in observing the customs of 
 ople and investigating economic and political conditions than in ordinary sight- 
 seeing can not fail to conceive admiration for the Japanese people after even a short 
 stay in Japan. 
 
 He Hnds them possessed of a number of admirable traits which might well be emu- 
 lated in America and which will account in part for the wonderful progress made by 
 the Japanese Nation in two generations in modeling herself on the lines of western 
 civilization and taking position as one of the world pov 
 
 The people are industrious and thrifty to the last degree. They are disciplined from 
 childhood, and have inbred in them a deference for superiors, a respect for law and 
 authority, which never leaves them. There are no tramps and no vicious idle. 
 
 EVERY CHILD GOES TO SCHOOL. 
 
 Their pn-rentage of literacy is 100 greater than that of the United States, which 
 prides herself on public schools and newspapers and general intelligence. The coolie 
 who draws your rickshaw, or who labors at the docks, can read and write his language, 
 and his language is one of the most difficult on earth to learn. And the Japanese news- 
 papers have large circulations. 
 
 The Japanese are ambitious, trained to utilize each moment, and eager to improve 
 themae 
 
 A COrKTEnr.-. PEOPLE. 
 
 rteous. The stranger traveling in Japan and unused to the customs 
 of the country and unfamiliar with the language will always find some Japanese, not of 
 the officia o speaks enough English, who will put himself out to serve the 
 
 stranger. In Kioto, the ancient capital, thoroughly Japanese and not spoiled, as are 
 t with western civilization, we had a card of introduction, by 
 means of which we hoped to see the interior of the house of a wealthy Japanese. The 
 ladv of th ..OH I us, our jinrikisha coolie, with the card in his hand, acting 
 
 r. And he did it with all the confidence and readiness 
 
 :r Wult'-r a nee of bows and compliments called for 
 
 by .!;! id. what was most surprising to us, with a natural gra 
 
 manner. 
 
74 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 MODELED AFTER GERMANS. 
 
 It is true that iri a railroad train in Korea Mrs. McClatchy had to request a Japanese 
 sergeant to remove his stockinged feet from the saat opposite so that she might sit down, 
 but it is to be remembered, against this, that in Berlin German officers before the war 
 would shove ladies off the narrow sidewalks, and the Japanese have modeled them- 
 selves in many ways after the Germans, and small officials are inclined to be self- 
 important and" arbitrary. The high-class Japanese are commencing to observe more 
 and more, however, the deference toward women which they find in Americans. 
 
 The Japanese impressed me as being generally superior in physical fitness to other 
 peoples, due in part, perhaps, to their outdoor life and their simple food, but above all 
 to physical training, which is compulsory in all schools. In two weeks in Japan, cir- 
 culating freely among the crowds, 1 saw only two spindle-shanked children. Babes 
 and youths alike seemed sturdily built, happy, and healthy. 
 
 THE GERMANY OF ASIA. 
 
 But the same man who freely admires these qualities in the Japanese can not travel 
 through other portions of the Far East, and particularly Korea, Manchuria, and China, 
 with opportunities for observation and investigation, without realizing that Japan 
 is the Germany of Asia, with an ambition somewhat similar to that of her model, but 
 limited possibly to eastern Asia, instead of the world, while her methods are just as 
 relentless and unscrupulous. 
 
 The Great War gave her an opportunity of which she took full advantage, and the 
 armistice came to her as a sickening shock, for she thought Germany could not be 
 beaten. The world which had its hands so full in Europe that it was forced to ignore 
 the progress of events in Asia is now checking up on Japan and her plans, with the 
 probability that those plans will have to be materially modified. 
 
 A PUBLIC DUTY TO TELL FACTS. 
 
 The United States particularly is entitled to a knowledge of the facts, and he who 
 has acquired them owes a public duty to make them known. 
 
 The three Pacific Coast States, having had some experience with the Japanese and 
 some knowledge of Japanese character, will be prepared to accept these facts. The 
 remaining portions of the United States, outside of some officials at Washington, are 
 not yet prepared to believe them, their only sources of information up to this time 
 having been such as are skillfully provided through Japanese propaganda, which 
 convey innocuous generalities and friendly assurances calculated to encourage igno- 
 rance and to lull suspicion. 
 
 These sources comprise not only professional Japanese propagandists and a number 
 of Japanese-American societies organized, in instances, by Americans with good 
 intent, but skillfully used to deceive by the Japanese, but also Americans of national 
 prominence who have unwittingly permitted themselves to be used. 
 
 HOW PROPAGANDA IS SPREAD. 
 
 There are men like Gary, the steel man, who with his wife was royally entertained 
 in Japan, and in interviews on his return gave as the correct index to the far-eastern 
 situation the point of view furnished by his entertainers, which was quite at variance 
 with the facts; men like Jacob Schiff , "the New York banker, who recently declared 
 at a banquet that Americans should be very glad to see Japan in control of the Far 
 East, as they would then know that their interests would be well cared for and 
 Schiff's information, according to his statement, was acquired in a visit to Japan 13 
 years ago; men in various professions and lines of business who permitted themselves 
 to be entertained and perhaps decorated by the Japanese Government and officials, 
 and accepted their explanation of the situation at its face value, without attempt at 
 investigation. 
 
 Such men, in view of the story which 1 have to tell, and which, is only what any 
 business firm or diplomat closely in touch with far-eastern matters knows, are com- 
 mitting unknowingly of coursea national crime in thus misleading the public that 
 trusts them, in an important matter and at a critical time. 
 
 MADE CLOSE STUDY. 
 
 The Californian is supposed by his eastern friends to be prejudiced against the 
 Japanese; but a newspaper inun is more or less of a trained investigator. In this 
 matter, in order to be sure of the facts, aft j r going through China and Korea, on my 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. <O 
 
 rotur:. 1. 1 touch with .1; :thoriti'-s and with Am- r 
 
 .- in order that misinformation 
 
 In addition* I coi I in the introduction 
 
 niration of th ;lo for certain trait -ional 
 
 mplishmi 
 
 :moto, one of the big men of Japan, a 
 Mt official position, but wh- - with tl. 
 
 adrni; standing similar to that filled by Col. House in President Wilson's 
 
 rfect English, has in. t many of the prominent men of 
 
 man of views. In a two-hour interview at the Tokyo Ciub^he 
 
 - manner th policies and n ( Japan, answering 
 
 -itati<m T: ne which I put to him. the understanding being that 
 
 '-.r public ation. but for my information only. 
 
 . FIDKNT OF FA 
 
 I h-, probleji in the same way with resident 
 
 : >ns doing business in the Far East and inti- 
 
 familiar that I am confident my uu ts ar- right, and 
 
 r>ll must stand or fall in the minds of those who read it, by 
 :;Uh-T r!ia:> by opinion* of mine. 
 
 Always the excuse is made for Japan in doing the things she has done and in follow- 
 ing the present apparent policy that she has her own vital problem and is driven by 
 stern national necessity. There is force in that plea and it is given place here before 
 the - Id. 
 
 RAPID INCREASE IX POPULATION. 
 
 Japan's population increases more rapidly than that of any people on the earth 
 except the Koreans. The records of the past show that she may be expected to double 
 her population in 50 years. I assume that rate would be increased by more general 
 adoption of modern sanitary methods ( there is not yet in Japan, even in Tokyo with 
 00,000 people, a sewer system) and that it might be decreased by improved 
 standards of living and by progress of woman's rights and possible adoption in the 
 future of woman suffrage. 
 
 At all events the population increases every year by 700,000 or more, and the prob- 
 lem is where to put them, for Japan's population is already dense. Sixty thousand 
 or 70.000 a year are going to Hakaido, the northern of the island group; where 
 the climate is colder, but "it is found the Japanese can adapt themselves to con- 
 ditions there. Some are going to Manchuria and some to Siberia. Some are going 
 to South America, where a satisfactory understanding has been had with several of 
 the countries that find Japanese labor desirable. 
 
 WANTS MORE ELBOW ROOM. 
 
 These outlets, it is claimed, are insufficient, and Japan must have the right of 
 '* peaceful penetration" into China in order to provide for her excess population. 
 She insists, however, through those who talked with me, that she does not demand 
 exceptional rights in < 'hina, but is willing to share with all other nations the privileges 
 granted her there. 
 
 That sounds fair enough; but the facts will show that Japan has demanded and 
 sought to secure exceptional and exclusive rights in China; that she is even now 
 working along that line; that in districts where she has been able to carry out her 
 plans other nationalities could not now secure a footing without giving e'xcuse for 
 war between China and Japan: and that if Japan insists on carrying out the plans 
 which are now plainly outlined the interests of the United States will be seriously 
 menaced and possibly the peace of the world again jeopardized. 
 
 UNFAITHFUL TO ALLIES. 
 
 In follow: -tablished policy in the Far East, Japan has not only shown 
 
 herself an apt pupil of Germany, her "arch instructor, but she has also proved herself 
 an unfaithful partner to her allies, deliberately taking advantage of their necessities 
 to feather her own nest and to take from them the very things which she insisted 
 she had no intention of taking. It is not i tlu't when the facts are laid before 
 
 the world and her allies rind time to look after their own interests, Japan will under- 
 take with their aid to find some solution of her congested population problem that 
 "t involve possession or control of the entire Far East. 
 
76 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 TWO SOPHISTICAL PLEAS. 
 
 Careful consideration of the facts offered in these articles will furnish, also, con- 
 clusive answers to two suggestions that have been made as to the policy of the United 
 States in the Far East. 
 
 One of these suggestions is that we accept the proposition made by Japan and 
 "peacefully penetrate" or exploit China in partnership with Japan. That would 
 effectually destroy our prestige in China, where we are now regarded as the one power- 
 ful and disinterested friend she has, while Japan is regarded as an enemy who seeks 
 her destruction. In this suggestion Japan aims either at destroying our stand in China, 
 or if it survives the partnership, then she will share in the benefits. 
 
 The other suggestion is to the effect that we can save future worry and trouble by 
 turning the Far East over to Japan and permitting her to work her will on it. That 
 is the plan adopted in the melodrama to save the adult occupants in the sleigh from 
 the Russian wolves by dropping one baby after another. In that case safety is secured 
 if the supply of babies holds out. In the case of the Far East the way is endless, 
 reaching onward through the generations of future history, and a victim offered at 
 this time, even if it secured temporary relief, would only strengthen the Germany 
 of Asia so that it could in the future more easily exact its demands of us. Besides 
 the United States would lose too much even at this time by such a surrender. 
 
 PUBLICITY, THE ENEMY OF INTRIGUE. 
 
 President Wilson, who has said many good things and done some bad ones, said in 
 his speech at the League of Nations meeting at New York March 5 concerning pub- 
 licity and intrigue: 
 
 "One of the things the League of Nations is intended to watch is the course of 
 intrigues. Intrigue can not stand publicity, and if the League of Nations were noth- 
 ing but a great democratic society it would kill intrigue. It is one of the agreements 
 of this covenant that it is the friendly right of every nation a member of the league to 
 call attention to anything that it thinks will disturb the peace of the world, no matter 
 where the thing is occurring." 
 
 It is a pleasure to have in this way the commendation of the President for telling 
 this story and to realize that the war censorship powers, if still in force, will not be 
 invoked to stop it. For, in the absence of a League of Nations, it might be considered 
 an unfriendly act for the United States to give these facts to the public, though 
 Washington doubtless knows them; and it is important and necessary that the Ameri- 
 can public should learn them since the President has shown on several notable occa- 
 sions an indisposition to take a stand on important international questions until 
 assured of public sentiment; and public sentiment to be lasting must be based on a 
 knowledge of the facts. 
 
 ARTICLE II. JAPAN'S INTENTION TO CONTROL THE FAR EAST. 
 
 A MILITARY NATION C2OVERNED BY A MILITARY PARTY HER METHODS FOK SECURING 
 CONTROL OF CHINA AN UNFAITHFUL ALLY AND A DANGEROUS FRIEND. 
 
 Japan's course as the Germany of Asia will be better understood when it is remem- 
 bered that she has always been a military nation. The Samurai who saved and held 
 Japan by tlje sword are the heroes of Japan's historv, and to her army she unques- 
 tionably owes her existence and the place which she has recently attained among 
 the great powers of the world . 
 
 Then, too, when Japan, about to emerge from her long eistern seclusion into the 
 light of western civilization, looked about for a model government to copy, she chose 
 that of Germany as best fitted to her needs and conditions. German ideas were 
 adopted and German methods followed; the army was German taught and German 
 organized; police surveillance and espionage svstems were modeled on the German 
 plan ; most public officials speak German and but few speak English ; German methods 
 of efficiency and detail were copied; martial order was cultivated in the school chil- 
 dren who are drilled and whose school caps of military form indicate the class to 
 which each belongs. 
 
 Yes, Japan was made in the Far East, but she was made over in Germany. She 
 has been continuously ruled by the military, is ruled by it now, and will be perhaps 
 for some time. For while the voices of individuals are being raised in question as 
 to the wisdom of retaining the military in the saddle save in times of war, in view 
 of a number of recent blunders with which the rulers are charged, still the military 
 spirit is too great and the military party too strongly entrenched to be easily displaced . 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 77 
 
 mjiiest lor control of tin- Fur Fast has closely followed the 
 
 liany ii]) to I!)!!. It is not imlikelv. however, that the fate 
 
 tly following up tho^e methods through the World's V\'ur 
 
 P:IUM>: and that if the glare of ])iil)licity he cast upon her 
 
 6 will tind in the world's comment and in diplomatic 
 
 r a material ohaniro of policy. 
 
 A DM I Hi: I) r.KKMVNV K V K \ IX WAR. 
 
 It {- rse throughout the war was not that of a whole- 
 
 "d enemy of tiornmriv's methods and ambitions. l>ut rather that of one who, 
 
 while friendlv to and admiring (lernrmv. felt tied by certain treaty oh'Lati- us and 
 
 :i the war a golden opportunit to ; dvance her own ambiti 
 
 m did IP -rshly enemy aliens; they were asked to drop out of open 
 
 l.usii; ol appear to have been otherwise disturbed. I learned of 
 
 -t an enemy alien- an iri:ravatod case and the German after 
 
 ; ir wis fined 300 yen. l>ut the fine was not collected and he was per- 
 
 ' . It is well known in Japan that the Government believed Germany 
 
 could not be beaten and that the end of the war stunned the nation. This belief 
 
 will explain much of Japan's policy. 
 
 XOT FAITHFUL TO ALLIES. 
 
 The - . too, that Japon was not in all things a faithful partner of the Allies. 
 
 Hie took advantage of the predicament of her partners to advance her own interests 
 
 in the Far Fast, often to the injury of theirs. The unexpected to her close of the 
 
 war lias left her in an embarrassing situation, for her objects haA'e not been finally 
 
 and yet her intentions are plainly evidenced and she is called upon 
 
 >-r some explanations and some amends. This language is undiplomatic, but it 
 
 represents the cold fa 
 
 In this, as in other matters, the war will prove a distinct benefit to mankind, not- 
 withstandi it cost, for without evidence of the kind the world, and particu- 
 
 larly the trusting Tinted States, might have accepted Japan's assurances until too 
 late for preventing action. 
 
 PUBLICITY WILL HELP. 
 
 The Japanese merchants and business men are only commencing to appreciate the 
 
 value of commercial honesty, and the military powers that rule Japan have sadly 
 
 i her reputation before the world for diplomatic honesty and national honor. 
 
 If she had won control of the Far East by these German methods she could have 
 
 .rarded the world's criticism. As it is. puhlicitv. even without public pressure 
 
 from her allies, will doubtless do much toward inducing a change in her policy. 
 
 Since the war opened in 1914 Japan has consistently endeavored to force China bv 
 
 threat and by bribery and by force to accord her special rights and concessions which 
 
 would be to the injury of her allies, and lias sought by force and threat to have these 
 
 ret. And in the case of the 21 demands in 19J5 she was guilty 
 
 of the unparalleled piece of bad faith of having her ambassadors deny categorically 
 
 i'l friends whose interests were involved notably the United States 
 
 it such demands had been made or granted. 
 
 JAPANESE METHODS. 
 
 In the case of which she wrested from Germany in order, as she publicly 
 
 irn it to China, she first showed a disposition to retain it as her just 
 
 ;K then <! -- to turn it hack to < 'hina if paid therefor 
 
 in railroad and -ud now it appears that she has utilized 
 
 her four years' i >f the phr-o to <o change loivl conditions and supplant other 
 
 :se that it will be practically Japanese territory no matter who 
 
 nominal title. 
 
 Jap. to force the Chinese Government by bribe and threat to have 
 
 Japan appear as spokesman for China at the Paris conference; tried to have Koo and 
 
 withdrawn when they faithfully presented Chii.; . tened the Clii- 
 
 : nment through (')bata if it disclosed any of the - ud conces- 
 
 vrhich had been wrung from China during the war, which were inimical to the 
 
 ! the other allies and which the To conference had shown a desire 
 
 to see. 
 
78 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 These are only a few of the counts against Japan as a bad partner: some of the others 
 perhaps will not become public, but they are all placed and indexed in the foreign 
 offices of the great powers: and a knowledge of them on the part of the world will un- 
 doubtedly secure a change of policy on the part of Japan, and perhaps assist in de- 
 throning the military power in Japan that is responsible for them. They are briefly 
 referred to now, as they help to make easy an understanding of matters to follow. 
 
 CONTROL OF CHINA. 
 
 Japan's main efforts for the past four or five years have been directed at securing 
 control of China. Dr. Kengiro Yamakawa, president of the Imperial University of 
 Tokyo, recently said in the Nichi-Nichi, one of the prominent Japanese dailies: 
 
 "If Japan would abandon the policy of expansion it would no doubt put an end to 
 Chinese suspicion of us. But such can not and could not be done. It would expose 
 Japan to danger to her national existence. Japanese expansion in China has always 
 been economic, and there is no reason why it should not continue to be so." 
 
 Dr. Yamakawa might have added with equal truth that if Japan were permitted to 
 take what she wishes in China her penetration of that country would be entirely 
 peaceful. 
 
 STANDING CHINA UP WITH GUN. 
 
 It has been stated often, too, that Japan wishes no exclusive privileges or rights in 
 China, but is only anxious to have an equal chance with all other nations. Nothing 
 could be fairer in sound but the facts show that Japan has been standing China up 
 with a gun and demanding exclusive concessions and the right to dictate the financial , 
 military, and commercial future of the country; to control its revenues; to command 
 its army; to manage its mines pointing unerringly to the undoing of China and the 
 elimination of the interests of all other countries therein. She has done this in cool 
 disregard of the fact that she was acting as an unfaithful partner, robbing her allies of 
 their commercial assets in the Far East, while they were fighting for national existence 
 and the liberty of the world in Europe. She has done it in the belief that Germany 
 would win with this kind of policy in Europe and that she could win with it in Asia. 
 In pursuance of her policy of securing control of the Far East, and particularly of 
 China, Japan has attempted a number of things as enumerated below, some of which 
 will be discussed in future articles. 
 
 THINGS JAPAN HAS ATTEMPTED. 
 
 1. Her plans for propaganda have been elaborate, including the use of newspapers 
 in America and the Far East, the making of opinion by entertainment of prominent 
 visitors, speeches, and interviews by her diplomats, use of Japan-American societies. 
 She has secured some of the best results from prominent men susceptible to social 
 flattery, who accepted what they saw without investigation. 
 
 2. She has controlled for years the incoming and outgoing news of Japan and it is 
 sterilized and colored so as to best serve the purpose of propaganda. 
 
 3. She is attempting to secure similar control of the incoming and outgoing news of 
 China. 
 
 4. She is attempting to secure by loans and otherwise control of news communica- 
 cation in China telephone and telegraph lines. 
 
 5. She is attempting to secure rail communication by loans for roads building, or in 
 grant for new roads; and to obtain exclusive control of minerals and raw material. 
 
 6. She has insisted that China should not borrow from others or make grants to 
 others, save with Japan's consent, and that the Chinese Army should be, in effect,, 
 controlled by Japanese. 
 
 PROMOTES STRIFE, THEN SENDS ARMY. 
 
 7. She has sought to promote civic strife in China as an excuse for entering with her 
 army. The trouble between the North and South is kept alive largely by Japanese 
 influence. She has loaned the money to support the army of the North, whose exist- 
 ence threatens natural peace. The peace conference at Peking between the two sec- 
 tions failed, it is said, because of Japanese influence. 
 
 8. She maintains under salary in official position in China provocateurs peace dis- 
 turbers to prevent the creation of a unified goA-ernment or the adoption of effective 
 opposition to her plans. These are usually, though -not always, Chinese who have 
 been educated in Japan, and are for that reason more amenable to Japanese influence. 
 
 9. She has sought through these various avenues to keep the outside world in igno- 
 rance as to the real facts in the Far East, to cause disruption among forces that might 
 oppose her, to cause distrust in China and the Far East generally of the United States. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 79 
 
 THE WAK'- EMBARRASSMENT. 
 
 the M'ar Japan found it easy to take- what she wanted. Sin<-e the armistice 
 
 She expected to secure control of the 
 
 :in railmad: she hope,} IT an <-xprrs<i. n from the Paris peace conference on 
 "racial discrimination" which would open the United States, Canada, and Australia 
 ta "n equal tern IB. Mie desired as a reward for her 
 
 participation in the war : f TsiiiLrUiu and a free hand in China. 
 
 In-' ini: distrust < i her throughout the world as the facts come 
 
 lit, and a warning from a fcv of her thinking and independent statesmen 
 
 ; for one that her present militaristic methods are carrying her to a fall, and 
 
 that unless she mends her ways, tin- v/orld, including those whom she counts on as 
 
 friends, will be allied against her. 
 
 In her < ! eria she ha- succeeded in losirg the good will of all her 
 
 allies first t>y breaking her pledge and sending in 73.000 Japanese soldiers when the 
 understanding called for 12.000 only, with 7.000 from the United State? and a small 
 number from England and France, and next by the uncontrolled and autocratic 
 actions of three independent military units, each acting on ite own authority, and 
 indulging in such by-play as the arrest of Fnglish generals and the inquisition of 
 French colonels. These things are not spoken of publicly, and the real statesmen 
 of Japan deplore them, but they stand as Japan's acts so long as she is ruled by the 
 military party. 
 
 ARTICLE III. <>UK < '< .MMKRCIAL ASSKT ix CHINA. 
 
 >D WILL AM) CONFIDENCE VNUJl'E IN THE RELATIONS OF NATIONS HOW IT IS 
 
 THREATENED BY JAPANESE PROPAGANDA IN JAPANESE INTERESTS THE PARTNER- 
 SHIP JAPAN Ol 
 
 To understand the effect on the integrity of China, upon the interests of the United 
 -. and upon the peace of the world of the policy of Japan in the Far Fast and 
 reference is had to the policy inexorably pointed out by her acts and not to that inno- 
 cent substitute which she courteously acknowledges to the world it is necessary to 
 refer to some incidents which are not generally borne in mind by the American pub- 
 lic, though they are readily ascertained through inquiry. 
 
 THE SENTIMENT OF CHINA. 
 
 :itiment of China toward the United States. I had opportunity 
 to learn it by intercourse with representatives of all clashes of Chinamen in Hongkong, 
 Canton, Shanghai, and Peking, sometimes speaking in English and sometimes where 
 necessary communicating through an interpreter. Whether it was a building con- 
 tractor in charge of construction of a million -dollar modern department store in Can- 
 ton; a wealthy abbot and patriot entertaining me in his garden beside a bronze Bud- 
 dha 1.500 years old, and in the shade of an immense pagoda hoary with age: a wealthy 
 merchant: a student: a coolie: the plague expert of China: a justice of the supreme 
 court: the physician in charge of sanitation on the Government railways : a Chinese 
 editor: a newspaper busine-s manager, with up-to-date Western ideas and a wonder- 
 ful plant: whether he had been educated in America, in Fngland, at Oxford College, 
 Hongkong, or even in Japan there was always one message for Americans spoken 
 with touching enthusiasm and feeling. It was a message of love and appreciation 
 for what Americans had done in the past, absolute confidence in their disinterested 
 friendship as demonstrated by their acts, and a hope that the same kindly leading 
 hand would help ( 'hina to preserve her nationality and survive the dangers by which 
 she is threatened. 
 
 NO NATION EVER BEFORE SO FAVORED. 
 
 It is a feeling nation, .-o far as I know, has ever before in the world's his- 
 
 r'or an alien people. 
 
 nt which unfortunately permits the ( hine-e at times to be victimised 
 
 r taking advu:itai'o of his American standing to add to his bank roll. 
 
 rhe man who prop"- ! to the ( hine?e Government several million 
 
 dollars' worth of locomotives, and who secured a larpe advance in ca-h on the order, 
 
 but who was found on later investigation to have no connection with the Baldwin 
 
 Loco i; rks. which he claimed to represent. The police of the United States, 
 
 I understand, are still looking for him. 
 
80 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 A more satisfactory manifestation of the sentiment was found in the spontaneous 
 contributions from Chinese to the American Red Cross. I heard of one man, a small 
 farmer in the interior, who walked 10 miles in order to be able to send in by post- 
 office messenger a contribution of a dollar all he could afford with a note expressing 
 his gratitude as a Chinaman for what America had done. 
 
 FEELING IS UNANIMOTS. 
 
 I was told by Americans long resident in China newspaper men and others that 
 this feeling is practically unanimous among the Chinese, and that it extends far back 
 into the interior, where presumably knowledge of world happenings does not penetrate. 
 
 Consider this sentiment as a commercial asset and see what it means. China has a 
 population of 400,000,000, and its purchasing power, already great, will become enor- 
 mous when under intelligent and kindly aid its resources are developed, education 
 made general, the status and wages of the laborer increased i and standards of living 
 raised. Its purchasing power then will be greater than that of any other nation on 
 the face of the earth. 
 
 BUSINESS OURS FOR ASKING, 
 
 The foreign business of this nation is ours for the asking, and assuming only intel- 
 ligent handling and fair treatment, and involving no violation of national rights, 
 commercial ethics, and no unfairness to any other nation, whether ally or not. Do 
 we want that business, and will we take steps to protect it? This, entirely apart from 
 the consideration of justice in preventing the further subjugation of Asia by a nation 
 that might be induced in the future to use its augmented power against the balance 
 of the world, and particularly against the United States. 
 
 It becomes evident, too, why Japan, aside from her desire to absorb China, or to so 
 control it as to lead in time to its absorption, and possibly as an aid to attainment of 
 that ambition seeks to cause such distrust of the United States in the Far Fast as will 
 minimize our influence there and induce the Chinese to look elsewhere for friendly 
 counsel and aid. 
 
 MUST NULLIFY JAPANESE PROPAGANDA. 
 
 If the United States only takes the necessary steps to nullify the vicious propaganda 
 undertaken by Japan for th.it purpose and to insure and maintain between us and the 
 Far East that intimate knowledge of each other that will prevent future misunderstand- 
 ing, Japan will be powerless to accomplish her purposes. For in this, as in some other 
 matters, this Great War, terrible as has been the misery and the toll, has served a wise 
 and a beneficent purpose, giving the Far East a warning that need only be heeded to 
 insure protection and peace in that part of the world. 
 
 Japan, confident that Germany could not be beaten, certain that the war would 
 drag on for some time, and seeing in the preoccupation of her allies her opportunity to 
 work her plans in the Far East, abandoned all semblance of guile and persuasion with 
 her intended victims and plainly demanded with the necessary threats the things she 
 wanted immediately with reservations for the future. The armistice came like a 
 thunderbolt before her plans had been fully consummated, and now as the facts become 
 known she stands forth as the Germany of the Pacific, relentless and implacable, will- 
 ing to use any means to secure her ends. 
 
 HER INTENTIONS TOWARD CHINA. 
 
 What she has done in Korea and in Manchuria she intended to do in China, and her 
 protestations at this time are sufficiently contradicted by her acts. 
 
 In 1894, when Japan made war upon China, it was, she claimed, partly to insure 
 the independence of Korea, and the peace of Shimonoseki recognized that independ- 
 ence. In 1904 Japan warred with Russia because that power threatened the inde- 
 pendence of Korea; and in 1910 Japan calmly annexed Korea on the assumption, 
 presumably, that it would be easier thus to maintain its independence ! 
 
 In Manchuria Japan sought ostensibly only peaceful penetration, a railroad franchise, 
 and some mining rights. She gradually assumed control through her army, and now 
 she rules it with the relentless methods of a Prussian-taught army. The stories told 
 by American engineers of the present ''peaceful penetration" of Manchuria have 
 placed the Far East, which has heard them, upon sufficient notice as to Japan's 
 methods. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 81 
 
 THE JAPANESE DEFENSE. 
 
 Japan's defense in this matter, as made by Baron Makino at Paris in February, and 
 published throughout the country, consists partly of reverberating silence on some 
 -. and tin- plea ingenuously made between the lines that even if guili 
 
 lie is only doing in China what the European Nations have done. Makino 
 ion to tlie fact that when Japan, as spoils of victory in the war with China, 
 claimed and received title and lease to the I.iaotunu' Peninsula i in Manchuria), with 
 the naval ba<o ami fortress of Port Arthur, and the port of Dairen. she was robbed 
 thereof by the European powers. Russia taking the peninsula, while England got 
 Wei-Hai-Wei. This peninsula under lease and title Japan recovered as spoil after her 
 war with Russia. 
 
 There is no reference in Making's statement to the fact that in 1909, after her rights 
 
 as to the Antung-Mukden Railroad had expired, Japan, by force of arms and against 
 
 China's pr pleted that road and is now operating it: and in 1915. while Europe 
 
 d ( 'hina to extend to the year 2002, instead of 1923, the year when she 
 
 would secure control of this road. 
 
 What Japan has done in Tsingtao and its hinterland, Kiachau, in order to force ,terri- 
 tory which she took from Germany in trust for China, to revert to Japanese control wi'l 
 lained in another article. 
 
 WHY JAPAN WANTS US IN. 
 
 iat ion as indicated in this article will explain also why Japan is eager to go 
 o partnership with the United States in the exploitation of China. 
 
 T 
 
 into 
 
 There exists throughout China at this time the most bitter hatred of Japan since her 
 intentions have become so evident. If the United States becomes the partner of 
 Japan in working her pleasure in China, the good will of the Chinese which we now 
 enjoy will disappear and Japan will no longer be under any handicap in securing 
 Chinese trade. If any of that good will survives the partnership, then Japan will share 
 equally in the profits. And incidentally all hopes of China saving herself from the 
 destiny intended for her as a subject of Japan will disappear, while the United States 
 will find the fruits of partnership turn to ashes, for Japan has continually shown a 
 clever ingenuity in taking the spoils and leaving her partners with an empty bag. 
 
 In such a partnership the United States would secure no profit, and she would lose 
 all the prestige and honor which has come to her through generations of fair dealing. 
 
 WE WOULD LOSE ALL. 
 
 In the situation as described is found answer, also, to the suggestion that the United 
 States has no concern in the Far East, and that she can save herself future trouble by 
 permitting Japan to work her will there. 
 
 The United States can no longer live within herself. She must have trade relations 
 with the balance of the world : and she can not afford to throw away the opportunity to 
 secure the trade of China now offered her. Aside from that, consideration for her own 
 future safety and for the peace of the world would forbid allowing Japan to carry out 
 her plans, which have been prematurely exposed by the close of the war. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. JAPAN'S CONTROL OF FAR EAST NEWS. 
 
 HOW SHE UTILIZES IT TO FURTHER HER INTERESTS DEFENSIVE MEASURES ADOPTED 
 BY THE UNITED STATES NECESSITY FOR AN ADEQUATE AMERICAN-CONTROLLED 
 TRANS-PACIFIC NEWS SERVICE {^ABLE SERVICE INADEQUATE. 
 
 For years Japan has pursued a shrewd and well-organized system of propaganda 
 
 r ied to conceal from the Western World a general knowledge of her real purposes 
 
 in the Far East, to maintain friendly relations with nations whose interests she was 
 
 steadily undermining, and to create among the powers concerned in the Far East a 
 
 mutual distrust of each other which would prevent concert of action against her. 
 
 Because of the disinterested position of the United States and its consequent influence, 
 
 particularly in China, this propaganda has been used within the past few years to injure 
 
 V merican prestige in the Far East. 
 
 HOW PROPAGANDA IS SPREAD. 
 
 A previous article referred to various means utilized in spreading this propaganda, 
 
 including prominent Americans who had been entertained in Japan and carefully 
 
 coached on one side of the question and who became earnest and innocent propagan- 
 
 Tapan- American societies for the ostensible promotion of friendly feeling and 
 
 S. Doc. 55, 67-1 6 
 
82 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 commercial business . entered into by Americans and by some Japanese perhaps in 
 perfect good faith; hired propagandists of various types who traveled in America, and 
 control of the news of the Far East. 
 
 Students of the news have wondered why we know so little of the Far East; why there 
 seldom comes anything prejudicial to Japan; why when a short special of that character 
 does get through, it is promptly denied or lengthily explained away until the original 
 charge sinks out of sight. The traveler in the Far East is surprised to find practically 
 no news of America, but considerable of London, in the newspapers on the eastern 
 Asiatic coast, and rarely anything of importance from America that is distasteful to 
 prominent far-eastern interests. 
 
 HOW NEWS IS CONTROLLED. 
 
 The explanation is that the news of the Far East is controlled practically by Renter, 
 a British news agency, and by Japan, and the two have formed a combination. Before 
 the war Germany presented' her interests to the people of the Far East through the 
 Wolff agency and the Ostasiatische Lloyd, a ramification of Wolff. 
 
 Except during a few months this year and last year, when the committee on 
 public information sent American news across the Pacific, the Far East for many years 
 has received its news of the United States through Renter, the report being prepared 
 at New York for British tastes, blue penciled by British hands at London, expurgated, 
 clarified, and interpreted by British hands at Shanghai, where British feeling against 
 Americans has been most marked, and thence distributed. 
 
 REUTER' s ADVANTAGES. 
 
 During the first years of the Great War, when the United States was neutral, this 
 Reuter service was very effectively used to so misinterpret American sentiment and 
 acts as to create a strong prejudice against us. 
 
 Reuter has discriminatory rates over the far-eastern cables, which are generally 
 under British control, which would have made it impractical for an American news 
 report to go over in competition. And again, the Associated Press has until recently 
 regarded its proper sphere as within the United States. Last January, however, it 
 commenced a complete leased wire daily report by cable to the leading newspapers 
 of South America at their request. 
 
 TRADES WITH JAPANESE AGENCY. 
 
 Some years ago Reuter retired from Japan in favor of the Kokusai, the Japan National 
 News Agency, a Government-controlled organization. Under that arrangement the 
 Kokusai receives from Reuter the world news and distributes it through Japan after 
 it has been properly sterilized according to Japanese standards. The news of Japan, 
 which Reuter distributes over the world under the Reuter label, is that which the 
 Kokusai determines should go out of Japan. 
 
 One result of this news control was observed at the time of the armistice. The 
 world knew for a week or 10 days that things were leading inevitably to the signing of 
 the armistice it knew for 30 days or more that the defeat of the Germans was rapidly 
 approaching. This news was suppressed by Kokusai. and Japan knew nothing of it 
 until the announcement of the signing of the armistice came like a thunderbolt; and 
 in one week there are said to have been failures in Japan amounting to $50,000,000. 
 Some favored corporations which are said to be close to the Government had the tip 
 and shoved off on an unsuspecting market as much of doubtful securities as the market 
 could take. 
 
 CABLE DELAYS 10 TO 14 DAYS. 
 
 While the Associated Press and a few American dailies have special correspondents 
 in the Far East, the cable facilities across the Pacific are so inadequate and the rates 
 so high that a satisfactory news service can not be maintained . During the years of the 
 war it took from 10 to 14 days to get a cable message across the Pacific. 
 
 JAPAN'S CONTROL OF CHINESE PAPERS. 
 
 As Japan has control of the news of Japan, so is she attempting to control the news' of 
 China, both incoming and outgoing. 
 
 In pursuance of that policy, she has secured ownership or control of a number of the 
 Chinese vernacular newspapers located in the larger cities, and controls also worne 
 English language newspapers, including two in Shanghai. In Canton, where no 
 Chinese newspaper could be purchased, a new one was started by Japanese interests. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 83 
 
 The vernacular newspapers controlled by Japan are registered with the Japanese 
 consulate and claim extraterritorial rights, including trial by the Japan e:-f consul, so, 
 that thev are practically immune from Chinese lau> or < -(juris, or official displeasure^ 
 In consequence they ran villify and blackmail without check or redress, and this 
 power is freely used to silence or coerce Chinese officials and patriots who do not bend 
 
 - to the Japanese will. The Chinese newspapers conducted on a bu.- 
 and responsible to the courts for debts and utterances face in this situation an 
 unfair and very trying competition. 
 
 A NEWS AGENCY IN CHINA. 
 
 an has also organized in China a news collecting and distributing agency called 
 ivy, which has the aid of Japanese consular agents in the 
 .n collecting news and the assistance of the Japanese code books in 
 dtting it. This agency offers its service of world and China news to the vernacu- 
 lar newspapers at a price which would not pay for office rent. As an added induce- 
 ment it offers registration at the Japanese consulate and the protection afforded 
 
 lie editor is "good."' 
 
 Thi- - devoted largely to Japanese propaganda, and is even more dangerous 
 
 -papers that rely on it for a complete sen-ice because of what it suppresses. 
 
 "d to keep from the Chinese the local and foreign news which it is 
 
 not in Japan's interests to have known, or to so color and modify it as to make it sen-e 
 
 the ' 
 
 THE "COMPfi. -ERVICE. 
 
 vol of the new? has In-en used of late vears deliberately for creating prejudice 
 erica and injurv to American interests, either by what it failed to tell or by 
 it told onlv partly or incorrectly, to such an extent that the United 5 
 through its committee on public information, essayed to keep the Far East 
 ta and acts in the war by establishing a daily sen ice of its 
 own. 
 
 The "compub'' report, as it was calk i released each day from San Diego 
 
 -,-ards from San and caught at Cavite (Philippine Islands i, from which 
 
 point it was relayed to China, being caught at Shanghai by the French wireless and at 
 Peking by the United States \vireless in the American concession. 
 
 GIVEN TO NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 At Manila it was used by the three American newspapers and (after translation) 
 by the five vernacular newspapers. It was briefed also, and transmitted to the various 
 islands of the Philippine group for publication or posting. 
 
 jhai, Peking, and Tien Tsin it was available at once for English or American 
 
 .rhere could be received by mail or by wire. In addition, it was 
 
 briefed and translated into Chinese, under direction of Carl Crow, representing the 
 
 committee on public information, and mailed to all the Chinese newspapers that 
 
 cared to receive and use it between 200 and 300. 
 
 OFFERED ALSO TO JAPANESE. 
 
 From Guam the report was cable 1, at expense of the committee, to Japan, where it 
 
 -papers, and a part of it particularly the speeches 
 
 of Pr ilson translated into Japanese, and offered to the Japanese dailies, 
 
 which quote* I 
 
 r the re i u^ht at Vladivostok, wired to Irkutsk and Omsk, and dis- 
 
 ail to othei poi: 
 
 In addition, after the Paris conference commenced, an excellent report thereof was 
 reless from Lyons in France, caught at Vladivostok, Peking, Shanghai, and 
 
 rom. 
 
 his way the Far East \vas kep -if the position of the United States and 
 
 the vicious propaganda of Japan lost mo- oct. The report, however, was not 
 
 an adequate news report of world's affairs, was only a war measure operated under 
 war autho: i ontinued in some places, and must soon cease in 
 
 others if it has not already ceased everywhere. 
 
 EXCHANGE OF VRY. 
 
 All American interests in the Far East, diplomatic and commercial, are unanimous 
 in expressing the opinion that the i can not retain the good will of the 
 
 Far East and can not protect her interests there in the absence of the exchange of new 8 
 
84 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 reports across the Pacific which will keep the United States and the Far East fully 
 advised as to the acts and sentiments of each other, respectively. 
 
 In China, Chinese newspaper men, statesmen, and business men now recognize the 
 necessity for securing through an adequate news service, such knowledge 01 world 
 affairs that Japan's vicious propaganda may be offset and her purposes uncovered. 
 In Canton the Chinese have even started an English language newspaper in order to 
 keep before Americans and English the things which they should know as to the 
 policy of Japan. 
 
 ARTICLE V. JAPAN s DESIGNS ON CHINA. 
 
 THE SUDDEN TERMINATION OF THE WAR EXPOSES THEM HER METHODS OF CREATING 
 DISSENSION THAT SHE MAY HAVE AN EXCUSE FOR INTERFERING BY FORCE THE 
 PANORAMA OF EVENTS IN CHINA IN FEBRUARY. 
 
 In February of this year I was in Hongkong, Canton, Shanghai, and Peking, engaged 
 rather in investigations of conditions than in sightseeing. What l learned then 
 which is only what every one in the Far East who follows the march of eveuts knows 
 constitutes a complete answer to the suave assurances made to the \vorld at thai same 
 time as to the pacific intentions and benevolent acts of Japan in China. I shall on- 
 line here only the conditions as they \vere in February equally interesting and 
 con /inking is the history of Japan's poUcy for the past four \ears, incidents ol which 
 hae been referred to in previous articles'and more of which will be told later. 
 
 Incidentally it should be borne in mind that the ignorance of the general Ameri- 
 can public as to these matters of vital concern to them as shown in a recent article 
 on the commercial asset which we have in China's good will is due partly to the 
 difficulties in securing news communication, but more to the elaborate propaganda 
 of Japan and to her control of the outgoing news of the Far East. 
 
 A PANORAMA OF EVENTS. 
 
 In February there was in session at Canton the old Chinese Parliament of the new 
 republic, wh : .ch had been forcibly dissolved some time before by the former premier 
 with a Chinese army at his back, paid by Japanese gold. This parliament had re- 
 convened as a protest against the existing conditions and with the patriotic desire 
 to do what it could to save China. 
 
 At Peking the new parliament was in session, divided in its councils by the in- 
 trigues of Japan, by the demands of the Japanese paid army, and by the loyal efforts 
 of the faithful guard to serve the country. 
 
 At Shanghai the commissioners from North China and from South China deliber- 
 ated in the large building built by the Germans for a club, but confiscated by China 
 at the declaration of war. They had come together at the urgent solicitation of the 
 United States and Great Britain to heal their differences if possible, to put an end 
 to civil strife, and to present a united China to the outside world. 
 
 In one of the adjoining Provinces the Chinese army under the orders of its com- 
 mander, Gen. Hsu Shu Cheng "Little Hsu," as he is called to distinguish him 
 from the elder Hsu was practicing the art of warfare on a defenseless people, and 
 as a suggestion that its demands for more Japanese money be favorably considered. 
 The army was with the north it had been instructed by Germans and Japanese, 
 and its commanders are under Japanese influence. 
 
 On the Wampu, near Canton, the Chinese navy of a few ships was mobilized. It- 
 is British taught, and it had thrown in its fortunes with the south, whose policy 
 seems to the foreigners to be more actuated by real love for China. 
 
 At Paris the Chinese peace commissioners, Wellington Koo, ambassador at Wash- 
 ington, and Wong, also a distinguished Chinese statesman, endeavored to protect 
 China against the intimidation of Japan and the traitorous acts of some of her own 
 people. 
 
 JAPAN AS TROUBLE BREEDER. 
 
 Bear in mind that all the trouble and disruption which form the subject matter 
 of this article was directly and deliberately caused by Japan in furtherance of her 
 own ends, to make the conquest or control of China more easy and to accomplish it 
 as speedily as possible and before Europe and America could "find time to look after 
 their interests in the Far East. 
 
 The disruption between the north and the south of China was brought about 
 through the intrigues of Japan, by direct suggestion and aid, and through, means of 
 Chinese officials, many of them * educated in Japan, and all well paid for their 
 treachery. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 85 
 
 The south \vas assured it wa* not receiving proper treatment from the north and 
 
 thai it had the sympathy of the majority of the Japanese people. The north was 
 
 told that differences between the people of a nation can only he settled by military 
 
 and the con.p;. le. Japan, therefore, loaned large sums 
 
 ;iey to the ne\v Chinese Government, controlled by the north, with the express 
 
 understanding that certain portions thereof were to be used for military operations 
 
 ill. In thus instigating: civil war and then insuring the victory of 
 
 the north. Japan felt sh- was aiding the clement which would be most amenable to 
 
 influence and would care least for the integrity of China. 
 
 CHINKSK TRAITORS. 
 
 The President of China has the confidence of the patriotic element among hie 
 countrymen, who say that, while he makes apparently no open or a. stand 
 
 against Japan, he i< fully alive to her intentions and proposes to thwart them, if pos- 
 sible, but is opposing (tinning with cunning. His official family, however, is honey- 
 combed with treachery. The following five individuals, all educated in Japan and 
 all comparatively young men, are notoriously paid tools of Japan who have profited 
 well by their employment: Tsao Ju Lin, minister of ^communications; Lu Chung 
 Yu. head of the Sino-Japanese Bank; Gen. Hsu Shii-cheng, head of the army; 
 Chum:. Chinese minister in Japan, and Sze Li Pen, councillor in the foreign office. 
 The latter acts as interpreter when Chinese and Japanese commissions or officials 
 discuss important matters, and honest Chinese officials. I am told, have been horrified 
 to find that the official record bore testimony that they had made statements and 
 acceded to conditions quite different from what was in their minds. 
 
 The governors of some of the Provinces are also Japanese agents. This is openly 
 ;iul apparently proved by his official acts, against the governor of the 
 Shantung Province, who is married to a Japanese woman. 
 
 The effort to secure through the Shanghai conference a working agreement between 
 the north and the south was a failure, though another conference is spoken of. The 
 south insisted that the north should come in with clean hands and cease active 
 military operations against unorganized and unarmed people. Japanese influence 
 and while there was some oriental sidestepping there was 
 no cessation ,,f hostilities; and the conference adjourned. 
 
 In parliament a measure was introduced for the demobilization of the army, both 
 in the interests of economy and because China had no need of an army at this time. 
 This was promptly met by an ultimatum from the army that the government at 
 once secure from Japan more of the $20,000,000 loan offered and insure future pay- 
 ments to the army for some time. 
 
 The President and Chinese loyal statesmen are trying to prevent the taking of more 
 money from Japan because derelict Government officials have pledged for the loan 
 some "of the Government railways and certain additional concessions, and Japan is 
 anxious to force the loan on China as one means of securing possession of the rail- 
 roads. The end had not come when I left China, and I have seen no statement cov- 
 ering the matter since then. 
 
 An agent of American financial interests went to China in March, and it is possible 
 that a readjustment of Chinese financial affairs may be made by a loan participated 
 in by all the powers, but in which the United States will predominate. If this hap- 
 pens, China may be saved from the clutches of Japan. 
 
 JAPAN'S DEMAND AT PARIS. 
 
 At Paris Japan asserted the right to speak for China, and when Koo and Wong 
 combated this Japan tried to have them silenced or recalled, making use of various 
 threats to secure the purpose. 
 
 Under the Lansing-Ishii agreement between the United States and Japan quasi 
 recognition is given to some indefinite interests of Japan in China. President Wil- 
 son has not seen fit as yet to make a public explanation of this remarkable document, 
 though he has had sufficient inquiries. I can therefore only refer to it. But Japan 
 claims that under this agreement we have conceded her full control over Chinese 
 affairs, and this is the claim she attempted to make good at ^aris. 
 
 In fact, when President Wilson sent a congratulatory telegram to the President of 
 the Chinese Republic on the occasion of that Republic's birthday, the Japanese 
 papers declared his act to be a clear violation of the Lansing-Ishii agreement and 
 that the United States had no right to communicate with China save through Japan. 
 That same claim was made by an English -language newspaper in Shanghai," the Mer- 
 cury, controlled by Japanese. 
 
86 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION" AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 The issue was forced in connection with the submission to the peace conference 
 of the secret 21 conditions forced upon China by Japan in 1915, existence of which 
 was denied to the world by Japan, which threatened China and her officials with 
 severe penalties if she even mentioned that such conditions had been exacted. The 
 peace conference had shown a desire to see these conditions and other secret treaties, 
 and the Chinese commissioners had indicated their willingness to produce them. 
 Their copies had been stolen from them as they passed through Japan on their way 
 to Paris, but duplicates could be secured by wireless if necessary. 
 
 Japan used all her power and influence, first, to have Koo and Wong silenced 
 and Japan recognized as China's spokesman at Paris, and, failing that, to have Koo 
 and Wong instructed that the secret treaties forced at the point of the sword by Japan 
 since August, 1914, should not be produced. Obata, on behalf of Japan, made at 
 Peking the most serious threats against China and the officials of her Government 
 if Japan's wishes were not complied with, and it looked for a while as if China must 
 yield. 
 
 PUBL/CITY MAY SAVE CHINA. 
 
 In this case publicity defeated Japan and saved China, just as publicity now, 
 promptly and properly applied, will prevent attainment of Japan's ultimate ends 
 in the Far East and save the world much tribulation. The old Parliament at Canton 
 cabled Koo and Wong to stand by their guns; the commercial bodies and guilds of 
 the leading cities, commencing in the south and gradually spreading through the 
 north, did the same; and such public sentiment was speedily created throughout 
 China that the new Parliament at Peking, notwithstanding the influence of Japan, 
 did not dare recall Koo and Wong or withdraw their authority, and trfey were per- 
 mitted to go ahead on their own discretion. Fortunate, indeed, for China that she 
 was represented by such men. 
 
 It is little wonder that China was stirred by these matters into active hatred of 
 Japan and a boycott of her goods, and that'she was impelled to seriously consider the 
 advice of her friend, the United States, and endeavor to adjust her internal differences, 
 that she might present a united front to the enemy. With the aid of her friends on 
 the outside, and with full exploitation in China of the traitorous acts of Japanese paid 
 officials of China, she may yet accomplish a workable union of the Chinese Provinces. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. JAPAN'S RECORD IN CHINA. 
 
 WHAT SHE HAS DONE IN KOREA, MANCHURIA, AND SHANGTUNG HOW SHE COUNTED 
 ON ENRICHING HERSELF THROUGH THE WAR HER CONTEMPTUOUS TREATMENT OP 
 AMERICANS. 
 
 Japan persistently insists, through diplomatic channels and by her various clever 
 methods of propaganda, including American societies and American business men, 
 that she has no designs on securing the territory of China or any part of it, or any 
 wish for concessions or privileges which are not open to all other Nations. 
 
 Japan's record is sufficient disproof of her claims of good faith in this matter, and 
 fortunately perhaps for the world that record during the war and because of Japanese 
 belief that it was her great opportunity has been so plainly written that it needs only 
 publicity the publicity which Japan is desperately striving to prevent. 
 
 HOW KOREA WAS PROTECTED. 
 
 Korea was under the suzerainty of China. Japan fought two wars one with China 
 and one with Russia ostensibly to insure the independence of Korea; and then appro- 
 priated the country herself. The excuse she made was that Korea is contiguous to 
 Japan and therefore offered opportunity for Japan's ene,mies to menace her. She 
 afterwards claimed a special sphere of influence and control of South Manchuria on 
 the plea that an enemy might occupy it to the injury of Korea. That control of 
 South Manchuria has since been changed into the most despotic possession under 
 Prussian methods. 
 
 She subsequently insicted that it was necessary for her to have control in inner 
 Manchuria lest her rights in south Manchuria should be threatened. 
 
 Under that system of reasoning Japan, if unchecked, might claim all of China, and 
 eventually all of Asia. 
 
 JAPAN'S PEACEFUL METHODS. 
 
 South Manchuria is occupied in a militarv way by the Japanese. British and other 
 nationalities were subjected to the greatest indignities and the excuse therefor offered 
 by a Japanese vice consul in a particularly aggravated case was "in the view and 
 
JAPAXKSK IMMIGRATION AND ( '< >L< )X IX ATI ON. 87 
 
 B Government yon are in Japanese territory and must submit 
 he ruling authority in t 1 
 
 'irou-j-h Minchiria on their way t< Siberia were hampered 
 
 in their j hurian Railroad by the demand of the 
 
 Japanese tliat their authority and not that <>i Russia be recognized. The Chinese 
 who presunuhh- Iiave some little claim on the territory were not even permit! 
 entertain the Italians. 
 
 mad e attacks on the American consuls at Dalny and Newt-hang 
 
 and on n. the Ame: il at Mukden. At Mukden in April, J!>15, 
 
 when Japan was insisting on acceptance by China of the 21 demands, a body of 
 
 - m.ir-hel through the Walled fitv. into which they had no right to 
 
 enter, and maneuvered for 15 minutes in front of the American consulate general. 
 
 JAPAN'S WIRELESS STAT: 
 
 in has put up a wireless station without anv authority and in violation of China's 
 rsimm Fu. on the railway from Peking to Mukden. She has installed 
 another in the center of China at Hankow. 500 miles up the Yangtze River, and 
 main: i there, both against China's protests. The wireless is powerful 
 
 and prevents the American and British gunboats patrolling the river from communicat- 
 ing with each other. 
 
 -ailed another wireless at Tsingtau, which place she took from Ger- 
 many to return r> China but is still holding. At Dairen, the Japanese wireless station 
 in the Kwan.LTtung leasehold is apparently used to prevent communication between 
 or with shit* i ->r a dist -.- <n(> miles. The Pacific Mail frequently can not 
 
 with her ships coming into Shanghai. 
 
 THE STORY OF TSIXGTAU. 
 
 ; and its hinterland, Kiaochou, very aptly illustrates the 
 
 met Ii 'es how much sincerity there is 'in her protestations of 
 
 . of this port and the hinterland in considera- 
 
 >r t-ii* in- varies. She probably would have been 
 
 willing lo trade more missionaries on similar terms. She made elaborate improve- 
 
 :i modern lines. 
 
 When Germany in i!) 14 was called on by Japan to surrender the territory, she agreed 
 iina if compensated for improvements made. Japan would not 
 
 .in in her ultimatum de dared to Germany that Tsingtau was to be turned over 
 made the same statement in response to an inquiry from the United 
 3 as to her intentions. 
 
 RE 
 
 however, re-jirded Tsint;taii as a spoil of war which should be given to her 
 : her service? to the Allies. She forced on China secret treaties which 
 nd indefinitely her rights there and would give her practical possession 
 of the town and the port. 
 
 .1 condition in one secret treaty by whi* -h in event of restoration of 
 ina a concesson under the exclusive jurisdiction of Japan was to be 
 iished at a .iterl by the Japanese Government; if the foreign 
 
 powers de?ired an international concession it might be chosen afterwards; and the 
 disposal of buildings and property formerly held by Germany was to be a matter of 
 uil" agreement between the Chinese and Japanese Government. The mutual- 
 ity of nent of that sort as shown by China's history would be something like 
 that between the German military governor of Belgium and an honest and patriotic 
 ian mayor in 1017. 
 
 HAS ALREADY SELECTED SITE. 
 
 m has already selected the site of the concession which is to be under her exclu- 
 sive jurisdiction. '"It constitutes the most important part of Tsingtau. including 
 the port, the principal railway station, and practically all the revenue-producing 
 utilities," as explained by the Japan Chronicle of Kobe. 
 
 Through dipcrimin: iations and taxes the Chinese and other nationals were 
 
 forced out of T.-. a extent and Japanese took their places. The govern- 
 
 ment lands, revenues from which had b-;en devoted to improvement of the city by 
 the Germans, were sold at nominal prices to Japanese syndicates which proceeded to 
 
88 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 install manufacturing enterprises thereon. The French were asked to give up the 
 land on which their tennis courts were located and refused. They were about to be 
 forced when Great Britain and France protested. Japan desisted. The war came 
 on, and Japan through discriminatory taxes forced confiscation of the land. 
 
 DEMANDS CONCESSIONS FIRST. 
 
 In response to various suggestions as to turning over Tsingtau to the Chinese, for 
 over four years Japan said nothing publicly. A few months ago, the war having closed , 
 she intimated her willingness to consider turning it back if China would pay therefor 
 by valuable railroad and other concessions. It transpires now that secret treaties 
 forced on China had provided for such an adjustment. 
 
 Now it is said that even if Tsingtau be turned back to China it still will be controlled 
 by the Japanese, and if China attempts to restore former conditions Japan will seize 
 upon it as a pretext for war. She has used her four years of possession so that the 
 interests of China and of Japan's partners and allies will be effectuallv wiped out. It 
 remains to be seen whether the peace conference and the Allies and the United States; 
 will stand for this arrangement. 
 
 ALREADY REACHING FARTHER. 
 
 With her power thus established in Tsingtau and its hinterland of Kiaochou, Japan r 
 following her established principle, sought control of the entire Province of Shantung, 
 the plea being that such control was necessary to protect her rights in Tsingtau. The 
 Chinese Government was forced by the same secret treaty method "to give full assent 
 to all matters upon which the Japanese Government may hereafter agree with the 
 German Government relating to the disposition of all rights, interests, and concessions 
 which Germany, by virtue of treaties or otherwise, possesses in relation to the Province 
 of Shantung." ' 
 
 Under another secret agreement, this time made with the Chinese minister to Tokyo 
 in 1918, but never ratified by the Chinese Government, the control of the Shantung 
 Railway, running through the Province, and of the entire railway zone, becomes^ 
 Japanese without qualification and without time limit. Article 6 of that agreement 
 guards against any disturbance of Japan's position by the peace conference, for it pro- 
 vides that, regardless of what disposition shall be made as to ownership of the railway, 
 it shall be placed under joint management of China and Japan. Japan, through 
 Obata, insisted that this agreement did not need ratification by the Chinese Govern- 
 ment, being purely a "commercial agreement." 
 
 HOW IT WAS DONE. 
 
 The Japanese Government last autumn advanced $10,000.000 to China, through her 
 trusted representatives, 'in return for the transfer to Japan of the options allowed! 
 Germany in 1913 on an extension of the line to the Peking-Hankow Railway, with an 
 option on construction of a branch from Kaomi to Hsuchow, at which point it would 
 make connection with the Belgian transcontinental line from the sea coast to Turkestan. 
 China has not yet learned what became of all the money. Some of it, apparently, was 
 used for fostering trouble between north and south China, by supplying arms and' 
 pay for an army for the north. Clearly there was something crooked about this agree- 
 ment on the part of some one in China, for, when China offered to expose the secret 
 treaties to the Paris conference, Japan threatened to publish, and did publish, this 
 Shantung Railway agreement. 
 
 Baron Makino, in February, made a defense of Japan's acts in China for the Paris 
 conference, in the course of which he said that the details of this agreement as to 
 Tsingtau and Shantung had not been made public under a mutual understanding, 
 and because they were preliminary to certain business matters, as yet in an incomplete- 
 stage. He stated positively, however, that "the agreement is in no sense oppressive, 
 nor does it provide for illegitimate or arbitrary control by Japan of any territory or 
 China's territorial rights." 
 
 It is true that some conditions of some of these secret agreements do not seem 
 onerous to an outsider, if in force between two nations of equal strength and good 
 faith. The best information as to what they mean for China, and other nations, is to 
 read in the record made by Japan's acts her interpretation of the powers which these 
 agreements confer. The record is conclusive. Nothing else is necessary to establish 
 the justice of the title of these articles "The Germany of Asia." In Shantung, with: 
 
JAPAN MSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 89 
 
 a military controlled railway /one and Chinese officials bribed to complacency. Japan 
 lias lit-.'ii running things very much as in Manchuria. The methods were raade in 
 Germany, hut the Japanese are apt pupils. 
 
 tCLB VII THK KOREAN INIIEPENDENVE MOVEMENT. 
 
 A REMARKABLE [N8TANC1 Of PASSIVE RESISTANCE BY A NATION' OF 20,000.000 PEOPLE 
 
 THK CKHMAM.IKK REPRESSIVE MEASURES OF JAPAN SHE AIMS TO DEPRIVE THE 
 
 KOREANS OF LANCTACE. RECORDED HISTORY, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY. 
 
 man may know, until under exceptional advantages he has investigated the 
 "tmd. how the march of events in the Far East has been concealed 
 from r years past by a thick veil, devised partly by Japanese cunning, 
 
 and owing ite effectiveness largely to the world's absorption in other matters. Material 
 aid, too. was had from inadequate and congested cable facilities, which did not 
 transmit ordinary business or personal message? no matter how pressing across 
 the ocean in less than 10 to U days. War put the wireless in Government hands, 
 barring private messages and newsservice, and made excuse for a censorship which 
 has i to the limit: so that, even since the armistice, we see things through 
 
 that veil in such indistinct or distorted fashion that we know really nothing, and 
 what we think we know we must some day unlearn. 
 
 i is that the western world has not learned yet the genesis, the meaning, and 
 the real facts concerning the Korean independence demonstration commencing on 
 March 1 perhaps the most wonderful instance of national self-control and organized 
 Distance for accomplishment of an ideal that the world has- ever known. 
 It is too early to prophesy, but it seems not unlikely that this Korean demonstration 
 ultimately will have an effect on the Japanese policy and the future history of the 
 Far East which a revolution could not have accomplished. 
 
 SUPPRESSING THE FACTS. 
 
 Japan attempted, and I think unwisely, to suppress the facts as to this demonstra- 
 tion and permitted the publication in the Japanese vernacular papers of expurgated, 
 <1. and colored accounts calculated to prejudice the world as to the motives 
 and the acts < 1 the Koreans. 
 
 For instance, every effort was made to suppress and prevent outside knowledge of 
 the original proclamation published all over Korea at the opening of the demonstra- 
 tion a temperate, dignified, eloquent statement which declined to deal in recrimi- 
 nation, which blamed the Koreans themselves, partly, for their troubles, but which 
 d that they were entitled to national existence, of which they had been forcibly 
 and unfairly deprived. It suggested that Japan, in restoring Korean independence, 
 would do more toward regaining confidence of the world and insuring permanent 
 peace in the Far East than could be done in any other way. 
 
 Every effort was made to prevent copies of this document getting out of Korea. 
 Houses and individuals were searched; even while I was in Seoul two Americans 
 connected with the Y. M. C. A. were arrested and searched in the belief they had 
 copies of the document. 
 
 HOW THE PROCLAMATION CAME OUT. 
 
 So far as I know, the first accurate translation of that document waa brought out 
 by myself and offered to the Japan Advertiser at Tokyo for publication and to the 
 Associated Press. The Government forbade its publication. And, so far as I can 
 learn, the first copy to reach the United States is that which I brought to San Fran- 
 cisco and which was given out by the Associated Press there. 
 
 In Honolulu I was informed that the newspapers there could not receive reliable 
 accounts of the Korean trouble through letters from their Tokyo correspondents sent 
 by special messengers because no steamer passenger from the Orient was permitted 
 to land on the Honolulu dock carrying letters for delivery or mailing unless such 
 letters were turned over to postal officials, by whom they would be submitted to 
 censorship. 
 
 It is within my own knowledge that fellow passengers on the Shinyo Maru who 
 had with them correspondence concerning the Korean troubles for delivery to Hono- 
 lulu newspapers were asked to surrender them to the customs and post-office officials 
 at the gate, and when they refused, were ordered to take them back to the ship and 
 threatened with $1,000 fine if they attempted to deliver the letters. In my own case 
 I was not permitted to carry off the Honolulu dock for mailing a letter plainly addressed 
 to the American minister at Peking, but, at order of the customs official, turned 
 it over, with a nickel for postage, to the uniformed postal employee at his side. 
 
90 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 HOW THE FACTS WERE LEARNED. 
 
 With Mrs. McClatchy I was in Seoul, the capital of Korea, for two days and a half 
 during the demonstration and secured a fair knowledge of the matter through inter- 
 course with a number of Americans and Europeans long resident in Korea, thoroughly 
 familiar with the situation and enjoying the confidence of Koreans, and, in several 
 cases, eyewitnesses of leading incidents. 
 
 During these two days and a half we were permitted to go about freely in our 
 rickshas through the crowded streets taking snap pictures; but we attempted no 
 conversation with Koreans, lest we get them into trouble. We were early warned 
 that we were being followed by two detectives in plain clothes who made inquiries 
 wherever we stopped as to our business and conversation, and particularly as to 
 whether we talked to Koreans. 
 
 We traveled by rail through the length of Korea from Antung to Seoul and from 
 Seoul to the southern end of the peninsula at Fusan, a journey of two daylights, and 
 met on the train a number of Americans, long resident in the country, some of them 
 Californians, and even Sacramentans, interested or employed in the American quart/s- 
 mining and gold-dredging operations below Seoul. The first half of this journey was 
 made on March 3, the second on March 6. 
 
 From sources in Japan after our arrival there I learned more. And this, then, is 
 the story of the Korean independence demonstration as I understand it. 
 
 GATHERING FOR THE EMPEROR'S FUNERAL. 
 
 On Monday, March 3, the funeral of the former Korean Emperor Yi was to take place. 
 Yi was not entitled to particular consideration at the hands of his people, and up to 
 the time of his death did not enjoy their affection. But his death transformed him 
 into a national hero, for it was reported, and generally believed by the Koreans, that 
 he had committed suicide in order to force a postponement for three years, under 
 Korean custom, of the marriage of young Prince Yi. a boy, to a Japanese princess. 
 The prince, nominally a guest of the Japanese nation, is really a prisoner in his palace, 
 permitted no intercourse with the Koreans, and never leaving the palace grounds 
 unless in charge of Japanese guards. The marriage was dictated by Japan as one 
 means of sinking Korean nationalism and aiding in assimilation of her people, and 
 was correspondingly resented by the Koreans. 
 
 And so the worthless old emperor suddenly became a hero to his former subject, 
 20,000,000 people, a captive nation under Japan's iron rale. They desire to give him 
 burial according to the ancient Korean rites, but this was refused them by the military 
 government which rules Korea, and arrangements for a great Japanese military funeral 
 with Shinto ceremonies went on apace. 
 
 From all parts of the Korean Peninsula the Koreans flocked to Seoul, the capital, 
 for 10 days preceding the funeral, coming at the rate of 5,000 a day. Even on Monday, 
 March 3, as we traveled by train down the peninsula we saw almost a steady procession 
 of white-robed and curiously hatted Koreans walking on the highway toward the 
 nearest railway station that they might take train for the capital. There had never 
 been before in the history of the country such a crowd in Seoul. 
 
 A WELL-TIMED DEMONSTRATION. 
 
 Suddenly, on the Saturday preceding the funeral, March 1, at 2 o'clock p. m., 
 without warning or hint to the foreign population and without suspicion evidently 
 on the part of the Japanese rulers, there was inaugurated in every large city of Korea 
 on behalf of its 20,000,000 subject people, a peaceful demonstration and demand for 
 national independence. This demonstration continued in various forms throughout 
 the Korean Peninsula up to the date of our departure from Yokohama on March 17. 
 Since that time the veil which conceals or distorts happenings in the Far East has 
 dropped for us, as it has for all westerners. 
 
 In Seoul the demonstration consisted of a reading of the proclamation in a public 
 park; of the rushing of many thousands of the white-robed Koreans down the wide 
 main street shouting "Mansei," the Korean equivalent of the Japanese ''Banzai"; 
 of exhortation to students of the various schools to join in the demonstration and to 
 maintain a peaceful agitation until they secured national freedom; of an attempt to 
 enter the palace gates and present a petition to the young Prince Yi, etc. 
 
 The police and gendarmes could not stop the crowd at first, but soldiers were called 
 out, and clubbed muskets and swords were used effectively, over 150 prisoners being 
 taken to jail that afternoon, some of them rather severely injured. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 91 
 
 nilar demonstrations v.--r<> made on Monday and on "\\Vdnesday. but 
 iid not ! ii.- .!ap;u; ;>r<>par-d and several hundred demon- 
 
 /irl students. The demonstrations 
 in oth iUirchara 
 
 NDERFUL NATIONAL PASSIVE RESISTAN- 
 
 re or les.* severity atta< -lied to the arrest of the Koreans. Eyewitnesses 
 
 rold me of girl student* being set upon by Japanese coolies with clubs and 
 
 od upon, and hnne marched off hy the gendarmes and tied together in couples 
 
 by their thumbs. l~p to the time ul. March 6, firearms had not been used 
 
 by tt in that < iry as far as I could learn, and while there -were numerous 
 
 injuries from clubs, clubbed muskets, and swords, no Koreans had been killed. 
 
 The astonishing thing a'eout the demonstration was that under the terms of the 
 proclamation and exhortation of the leaders no injury was done to property, and no 
 violence attempted by the Koreans, even in retaliation for what seemed unnecessary 
 brutality on the part of the gendarmes and soldiers in making arrests. This is the more 
 astonishing when the temperamental character of the Koreans is had in mind, and 
 their inclination to frenzy in mob formation, which in the early days of the Hermit 
 Kingdom caused the death of several missionaries, who were torn to pieces by Korean 
 hands and teeth. 
 
 The vernacular press of Japan during the first week of the demonstration was filled 
 with accounts from special correspodnents, declaring that in Seoul and elsewhere 
 throughout the peninsula the Koreans had attacked, injured, and even killed gen- 
 darni* - md soldiers, and injured prop 
 
 Up to the morning of March 6. when we left Seoul, I am confident no such thing 
 
 occurred in that city: and I have reason to believe it did not occur elsewhere. The 
 
 onclusive evidence on this point is the interview published in the Japan Ad- 
 
 - the Japanese minister of communications. Xoda. who, with other high 
 
 officials of the Government, went to Seoul to attend the funeral of former Emperor Yi. 
 
 Xoda did not leave Seoul until March 5. and his interview, published on his return 
 
 to Tokyo, declared that the Koreans had not committed acts of violence or injured 
 
 either in Seoul or anywhere else in Korea. 
 
 FURTHER ORGANIZED EFFORT^. 
 
 On the morning on which we left Seoul, five days after the demonstrations com- 
 menced, there appeared on posts and walls a second proclamation from the Korean 
 leaders, though unsigned, in which the people were congratulated on the manner 
 in whir-h they testified to Japan and to the world their desire to be free, and on the 
 mtrol and forbearance with which they had endured injury and arrest. They 
 reminded that as Koreans they must stand up for the sacred cause to the last 
 man. and they were cautioned again to do no violence and no injury to property, 
 .vho does this.'' the proclamation said, "is an enemy to his country, and will 
 most seriously injure the cans- .nslation of the document was given me 
 
 while waiting for the train, by a missionary who had seen a copy of it. 
 
 It is not unlikely that in country districts the Koreans later may have been incited 
 
 to retaliation by the methods of their rulers. The vernacular press of Japan for a 
 
 few (1 accounts of death or injury to single members 
 
 of local gendarmerie, coupled usually with the significant statement in each case, 
 
 that casualties" among the Koreans amounted to 40, or 60, as the case might be. 
 
 "ding to these accounts the Japanese in the outside districts were, in instances, 
 
 The Koreans could secure no weapons unless clubs or stones. But 
 
 'ints had practically Ceased when we sailed for California. 
 
 'iwhile the Koreans had carried on the policy of passive resistance by closing 
 
 up all the schools the Korean children having ceased to attend, and by ceasing work 
 
 in various public utility and manufacturing enterprises. 
 
 "PRELIinXARY EXAMINATIONS. '* 
 
 The Government had made arrests of about 4,000 agitators, and the trials of these 
 
 'tis, it was officially declared, would be commenced toward the end of March, 
 
 examinations" had been completed. Preliminary examinations preced- 
 
 ial at the time of the Korean conspiracy cases some years ago meant inquiry 
 
 by torture, under which the helpless victim confessed to anything with which he was 
 
 charged. In those conspiracy cases 106 prisoners thus confessed full guilt and were 
 
 need on trial by punishment accordingly. The world having received an inkling 
 
92 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 of the facts, and the American and British minister, it is whispered, having suggested 
 to the Japanese Government the propriety of further investigation, a second trial was 
 ordered, and 98 of the 106 were adjudged innocent and discharged. Among them 
 was one who was in prison at the time the offense with which he was charged was 
 committed. I met in Korea Americans who had seen the scars inflicted by torture 
 on some of these Koreans. 
 
 Some apprehend that the prominent leaders of the independence demonstration 
 will be similarly induced during the "examinations" to make confession as to their 
 pernicious activities and what was behind them. But it is doubtful if Japan, with 
 her past experience, and with the eyes of the world upon her now, will resort to torture. 
 There is a growing sentiment in Japan against the despotic rule of the military in 
 Japanese colonies, and that sentiment is quite sensitive to the world's opinion. 
 
 THE CHUNDOKYO. 
 
 The original proclamation was signed by 33 prominent Koreans, religious leaders 
 and teachers, carefully selected so as to represent the Chundokyo, the Buddhists, and 
 the three Christian religions most prominent in Korea the Methodist Episcopal, the 
 Presbyterian, and the Catholic. It was intended thus to demonstrate to the world 
 that the movement for independence was not factional. These leaders were, of course, 
 at once arrested. 
 
 The first signature to the proclamation was that of the head of the Chundokyo; and 
 here again the Japanese rulers received a distinct shock, for on the Chundokyo and 
 on its head they had confidently relied for effective assistance in so subjugating the 
 Koreans that there would be no trace left of their nationality in the coming generations. 
 
 The Chundokyo is a cult whose teachings are said to be a combination of Buddhism 
 and Taiism and ancestral worship and Korean superstition. The cult was encouraged 
 by the Japanese on the theory, it is said, that it would stop the spread of Christianity, 
 whose teachings, with the flavor of democracy which accompanied them, were believed 
 to be bad for the political digestion of the Koreans. Once the cult had supplanted 
 Christianity it could be made to serve the purpose of the Japanese by eliminating 
 from its teachings those features which reminded the Koreans of their wonderful 
 history as a nation, and it would thus assist in their racial absorption by the Japanese. 
 
 However this may be, it is certain that the Chundokyo and its leader were playing 
 the Japanese game, apparently, for years by inducing the Koreans to submit quietly 
 to Japanese rule; that the Japanese encouraged its growth it is said to have now 
 about 3,000,000 members; and that, notwithstanding the Japanese espionage system 
 and the spies who were doubtless located in various branches of the cult, Korean 
 intrigue was a match for Japanese intrigue, and a nation kept the secret until the 
 time was ripe. I 
 
 A KOREAN MANIFESTO IN JAPAN. 
 
 In Japan a number of Korean students shortly before issued a proclamation for 
 Korean independence, which was in effect a declaration of war. These students 
 were arrested, tried, and convicted, and are already serving terms in prison. That 
 situation was easy to handle. The Korean national movement under leadership of 
 the Chundokyo will prove a more difficult problem for Japan. 
 
 A MOVEMENT IN WORLD DEMOCRACY. 
 
 As to the inception of this Korean movement there is of course much of which I 
 know nothing. I have reason to believe, however, that it was inspired in a way by 
 the war and its assumed influence in making the world safe for democracy; by a mis- 
 taken belief on the part of the Koreans that the principle of self-determination of 
 peoples, as enunciated by President Wilson, and as made the basis for certain decisions 
 of the Paris peace conference, could be applied at this time to Korea; and that it 
 was only necessary for Korea to declare her wish to be free, and Japan would be com- 
 pelled to give her independence. I know personally some of the Koreans had that 
 idea, and it would explain in part their carefully planned demonstration, indicating 
 unanimity of sentiment, and their determined abstention from violence or retaliation, 
 in order that the world might not be prejudiced. 
 
 The forcing of the young Prince Yi into a Japanese marriage, the belief that the old 
 Emperor killed himself to frustrate that plan, the refusal to allow him burial by 
 Korean rites all these doubtless helped to fan the sentiment of the impressionable 
 people into flame and make it easy to set the stage for the demonstration. 
 
 Then Japan has steadily made enemies of the Koreans, when she might have made 
 friends. After another year, for instance, they will not be permitted to learn their 
 
JAPAN KSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 93 
 
 own language in the schools thoy must use Japanese exclusively. ' : they 
 
 In countless other ways, following tin- < lerman 8] 
 
 : the pride and sentiment 
 
 of tl: \vhen tin- action would nor SIM-IH nece-^ary lor the maintenance of 
 
 reignty. 
 
 the patriarchal ho;> 
 
 iih an in- ' dary. It is made imprac- 
 
 to attend the high ricksha man in Se 
 
 :-n his liviiiir in lhat occupation unles< !i discards his national 
 the Japanese. And I i; railroad officials and 
 
 M-rean pa- 
 
 WHAT JAPAN HAS DONE FOR HOP 
 
 \vho have studied them as a kindly people 
 ~:nrilatd l.y the Japanese, if. after the first forcible n 
 military methode and control had given way to civil government; if Korean 
 .-11 wiped ort by education. but their language and their pride of 
 and ambition created in them by conferring public positions on some 
 of th- r it. 
 
 ued. v.-ith truth, that Japan has done many excellent things for deyelop- 
 
 ind i?npr->Yeincnt of sanitary and other conditions; and some insist 
 
 ;>!( as individual? are in a better way to progress under Japanese 
 
 rule, rough and unkind and unfair ss it is. than would have been possible as an inde- 
 
 pendent nation under the misrule of their emperors and the grafting official class. 
 
 an woman, who was a slave, subject to the pleasure of her master, her 
 
 dered. and to be discarded when he wished, has now certain 
 
 a divorce on proper showing. Under the old system, the 
 
 f official graft and social conditions, had every 
 
 incentive to develop into a bully or a coward, and withal a liar and a thief. The 
 
 Japanese rule, notwithstanding me iron hand of the conqueror, is helping to improve 
 
 some And this, notwithstanding that the Koreans, who claim 
 
 from venereal disease, and who had no prostitutes, have 
 
 the Chinese, while the Japanese have forced on them 
 
 the V ni, under which a woman may be sold or pledged to a brothel 
 
 keeper for five ugh she may claim cancellation of the contract by appeal 
 
 ;rt. 
 
 The Japanese have built a good railroad running the entire length of Korea; are 
 
 >rward the construction of excellent highways; have done remarkably 
 
 good work in forestation of the barren hills; have made property and life safe; have 
 
 urated compulsory education and even a common-grade course for everyone 
 
 ian ignorance for the multitude. But they have wiped out any semblance 
 
 of liberty: and liberty, with all peoples, is now the first consideration. 
 
 The Korean pays for all these improvements, and for the profit of his conqueror, in 
 
 ; but he knows what those taxes are. and though they may amount 
 
 to as much as 40 per cent, they still do not handicap him as did the confiscation which 
 
 faced the old Korean who was found by an envious official to be acquiring a surplus. 
 
 HOW JAPAN" FACES THE PROBLEM. 
 
 of the interesting phases of the situation is the manner in which Japan faces 
 
 the problem . Quito evidently she is nonplussed by the passive resistance of 20.000.000 
 
 people who offer no possible excuse, according to the world's standards, for acts of 
 
 brutal repression, and who simply ask in a dignified and temperate declaration or 
 
 on for the exercise of that self-determination which their good friend, "Mister 
 
 'ed them is the right of every people. 
 
 The ston,.^ of th" vniacnkn Japan that acts of violence were committed 
 
 from uitors were frankly and publicly denied by two of Japan's 
 
 The efforts to make ill will oy declaring that American 
 d the movement have been defeated by the result of an 
 
 official Japanese investigation, which acquits those accused even of knowledge of the 
 matt 
 
 Apparently t -*> administration can not save its face by making outside 
 
 - and publicists who hold that the 
 
 government of Japanese colonies by military authorities i- a mistake certain to make 
 trouble for Japan, have not failed "to take, advantage of this situation. 
 
 In the Japanese Parliament the administration has been asked some very pointed 
 ons looking to the merit of military repression in securing results in Korea and 
 
94 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 elsewhere and indicating a desire, if not an intention, on the part of some to call for 
 an investigation and to demand that civil commissions instead of military governors 
 shall hereafter control Korea and other outside tributary territory. 
 
 From statements made to me by Japanese of standing, I gather that the Korean 
 movement has made such an impression on thinking Japanese that something will be 
 done, probably. Not immediately, of course the administration must save its face; 
 and it would not do to yield to a demand of this kind from a subject people and thus 
 acknowledge a blunder; but later, and gradually, when the action need not occasion 
 international comments. Of course, independence will not be granted. If anything 
 is done, it will be in the way of reforms in governing the Koreans and in an attempt 
 to make them feel less a subject people. 
 
 If I read aright between the lines of certain published statements, an effort will be 
 made to have the Koreans modify their declaration or petition and ask rather for 
 reform in government and some voice in public affairs in place of the independence 
 upon which they have set their hearts. 
 
 This Korean declaration, with the comment it causes, is only one of many evidences 
 of a change that is taking place in Japan, which may before long treat its military 
 rulers to a disagreeable surprise. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. THE PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT. 
 
 THE STORY OF INTRIGUE BEHIND THE MOVEMENT THE DANGER OF INDEPKN DENCE 
 WITHOUT PROTECTION HOW VOTES ARE MADE FOR INDEPENDENCE AND WHO IS 
 LIKELY TO PROFIT THEREBY. 
 
 Occasional reference is made in the telegrams from ^Yashington to the piv 
 there of Manuel Quezon, president of the Philippine Senate, and of a commission 
 from the islands asking Congress to grant independence to the Philippines. There 
 have been recommendations favoring this petition from Burton Harrison. Governor 
 General of the islands (who has done more to discredit the American Nation in the 
 Far East than any other official who has been there) and kindly messages from 
 President Wilson and some of his Cabinet. 
 
 There is a very interesting story concerning this matter which any visitor to Manila 
 will hear, much of which I know to be true and none of which I have any reason to 
 doubt. 
 
 THE POLITICAL LEADERS. 
 
 The great political leaders in the islands at present are Quezon and Sergio Osmena, 
 who is speaker of the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Quezon is said to have 
 more magnetism. Osmena to have the better balance. Aguinaldo commands the 
 admiration of the natives and could easily become a political leader if he would. 
 Up to this time he has busied himself with farming and commercial pursuits and has 
 abstained from making a cry for independence the excuse for securing political posi- 
 tion. 
 
 ^ Quezon and Osmena were elected on the independence issue, on their impas- 
 sioned insistence that the islands should be independent and the assurance if they 
 and their followers were elected the end would be attained. 
 
 WHAT NATIVES ARE TOLD. 
 
 I met in Manila an American who attended some of the political meetings in the 
 various islands, and who, unknown to the leaders, understood the three principal 
 dialects. He told me that he heard some of these leaders assure the ignorant natives 
 that if they secured independence they would be free of all taxes and obnoxious 
 laws and restraint imposed by the Americans, and would be in a position to do what 
 they pleased and to become rich while doing it. They were told that steady agitation 
 for independence would bring it; and quite naturally they cast their franchises for 
 the men who promised them all these things. 
 
 CIVEN AUTONOMY. 
 
 As time progressed the Unite i St.nte;:' gave a steadily increasing measure of autonomy 
 to the islands, but there was no indication of immediate grant of independence. A*s 
 a matter of fact, the intelligent leaders among the Filipinos became convinced that 
 independence would bring destruction instead of prosperity to the islands. 
 
 They satisfied themselves that the United States could riot afford to make them 
 independent and at the same time guarantee that independence, thus becoming 
 sponsor for the international policy and acts of a people who are not yet fitted to steer 
 
JA IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 95 
 
 their state bark unai -.-e loft entirely without the protection of the 
 
 til-1 f:ill prey almost at once to Japan, which could easily find a 
 lion. 
 
 I'.VL RESERVATI 
 
 ill talked independence they did it with decided mental 
 
 of the Philippines was before 
 unoxper; rke amendment providing for 
 
 .rs from that date. 
 
 Philippine ! . icken with consternation, and cablegrams and 
 
 1 that the bill do not i 
 
 ndence as a matter of fact, you see, we 
 
 can not t -ilk anything else; political exigency but for God's sake don't give it to us." 
 1 and they i i !)> (_:<[ what they were publicly clamoring 
 for. 
 
 WANTED SUBJ UED. 
 
 It is also re] quite generally in Manila's political circles that 
 
 requested President 
 s not to bring up the subject 
 
 of P! far as the public knows the subject 
 
 was not brought up. 
 
 . the "01. making it 
 
 uncomfortable for the Government, meaning the Quezon-Osmena contin- 
 gent 
 
 The opposition c! ernment ' i-.l been elected on the 
 
 independence i- cure it, and yet had accomplished 
 
 nothing in that li:. .nirently had no intention of doing so. 
 
 NATIVES BETRAYED. 
 
 ive voters were being b "hey were not to enjoy all the 
 
 \\ith independence. Was it to be tolerated? Of a certainty, 
 
 no. Then rise, my trie- t members of a puissant race. Throw out these 
 
 men ;; ion in their place. We will be faithful to the trust. 
 
 There is nothing the matter with that argument, for it provides just the sort of 
 
 molasses n< ind of fly at this particular season. And, 
 
 mark you. the elections are approaching. There was produced what Messrs. Quezon 
 
 and < ' <>iild perhaps acknowledge in private to be an en situation. 
 
 There was bin one way to solve it apparently. The opposition was put in the same 
 
 ; ^ointment of a nonparfisan commission whose members were named 
 
 from '\itli the duty of approaching 
 
 ion with a demand for independence. 
 
 ST SHARE BLAMF. 
 
 ;ils. the opposition must share the blame with the Govern- 
 
 .ind the ' .1 be safe. If it. succeed- nila insists 
 
 lies are prayii not then they can only hope for long 
 
 olicy of the independent 
 i- to be will be, 
 and at 
 
 ould the i i' the Phili ; irely 
 
 10 have a President. >> 
 
 who could discharge osition v. : than 
 
 o secure er:joyment of that honor for a few 
 
 -.me of those patriots is i to risk having the young 
 
 republic Kore. ; : For IOOK you is, nations, 
 
 If i' irue, the lack of backbone and political horn could not 
 
 ith prot*- '^an not afford to accept 
 
 will be equally in in governing an independent 
 
 ious. 
 
 with 
 
 nient that it would be no kindness 
 on the part of ing hand for some time yet. 
 
96 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 PART 2. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES DESTINED TO BECOME A JAPANESE PROVINCE UNLESS JAPANESE 
 IMMIGRATION Is FORBIDDEN ABSOLUTELY THE "GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT" 
 AND GULICK'S PERCENTAGE PLAN ONLY TRAPS. 
 
 [In five articles.] 
 EXPLANATORY. 
 
 Commencing on June 12. 1919. the House Committee on Immigration, Hon. Albert 
 Johnson of Washington, chairman, held at Washington. D. C.. an extended hearing 
 in connection with the proposed bill offered by the "League for Constructive Immi- 
 gration Legislation." Dr. Sidney Gulick, the founder and secretary of the league 
 and originator of the plan, explained it in detail. 
 
 Subsequently there were read into the record of the hearing, in refutation of Dr. 
 Gulick's theories and assertions, certain articles from the Sacramento Bee, written 
 by the publisher thereof, V. S. McClatchy. and published June 9, 11, and 13. Sub- 
 sequently, on September 25, Mr. McClatchy appeared before this committee, and later, 
 on October 10, before .the Senate Immigration Committee. The facts and figures 
 thus presented by him have stood since without disproval; and they covered not 
 only the features of the bill and probable results of its passage, but also the existing 
 conditions in connection with Asiatic immigration. 
 
 In response to many requests, the articles (slightly revised) are published in this 
 form for general distribution. 
 
 It developed during the June hearing, in the testimony of Dr. Charles McFarland, 
 secretary of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ of America, that the organization 
 named was not then furnishing funds for Dr. Gulick's work and that he was being 
 financed, partly at least, by Andrew Carnegie, through the Commission on Peace and 
 Arbitration. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF THE REPUBLIC AT STAKE. 
 
 [Editorial from Sacramento Bee, June 17, 1919.] 
 
 The experience of the past four years has convinced most Americans that our immi- 
 gration and naturalization laws are entirely too liberal, and that if we are to preserve 
 the high standards of American citizenship we must be more careful in the selection 
 of material from which that citizenship is molded. The sentiment is general that 
 immigration, if it be not stopped for some years, should be restricted and carefully 
 selected. 
 
 With the prevalence of that sentiment, it has been an easy matter during the past 
 year to organize what is called the League for Constructive Immigration Legislation 
 and to secure for it indorsement and subscriptions from a long list 1,000, it is said 
 of representative and loyal Americans from all walks of life and entertaining many 
 shades of political opinion. In that list are found governors, public officials and poli- 
 ticians, university presidents, bank presidents, prominent editors, lawyers and 
 physicians, national labor leaders, and heads of chambers of commerce. 
 
 It now develops that the main object of the promoters of the enterprise is not the 
 same as the intent of this long list of indorsers; that the "constructive immigration 
 legislation" suggested is intended by those promoters simply as a means for opening 
 our gates to Asiatic immigrants and making them eligible for naturalization; and that 
 this purpose was not generally apparent to the 1.000 national committeemen of the 
 league when their indorsement and their subscriptions for a movement ostensibly 
 to restrict foreign immigration in the interests of American citizenship were solicited. 
 
 The whole story, with an overwhelming array of facts and figures, largely from the 
 promoters themselves, was told in three articles written by the publisher of the Bee. 
 
 Under the "gentlemen's agreement," whose spirit called for a restriction of Jap- 
 anese immigration similar to that enforced against the Chinese by law, Japan is sending 
 us 10,000 to 12,000 of her subjects a year openly, and more across the border clandes- 
 tinely. Our Japanese population, instead of decreasing, has multiplied sixfold since 
 1900. The Chinese population has decreased to between one-half and one-third of 
 the original number. And the Japanese birth rate per thousand in California com- 
 munities where they have concentrated is five times the white birth rate and increasing. 
 
 Nearly half the population of Hawaii and more than half the annual births are 
 Japanese; and that Territory will be governed in a few years, under present condi- 
 tions, as a Japanese Province, though under the American flag. What has happened 
 there is an indication of what has already commenced in California. 
 
 It has been conclusively proved that the two civilizations will not exist together; 
 that under economic competition, and because of difference in standards of living 
 and in racial characteristics, the Anglo-Saxon is displaced by the Japanese. 
 
IMMIGRATION /LBTD COLONIZATIi 97 
 
 The " constructive* immigration" pL;n and ihe proi. -iation \vill increase 
 
 .11 aii<l lui- QO. The *k "l Sidney (itilick. who 
 
 \i< time in this country, since his arrival from Japan live yi in the 
 
 adoption of his "i! u policy." \vhich would open our gates 
 
 - and citi; 
 
 hief value cf plan and bill at this time i* t- offer proof of the Be that 
 
 einatirally in this countr; rman 
 
 ::<! that the most efficient propagandists are loyal but 
 
 Th- 1 in the Hee's articles seem to demand at once such protective 
 
 applied to diminish the consequences of our blunder and Japan's 
 ;ith. 
 
 nent " should he at once canceled, and all Japanese immi- 
 u. including picture brides, forbidden by law. as is done in Canada and Aus- 
 tralia such a law as Japan h* see a'jain-t China and Korea: Japanese should 
 :ed. if possible, lea. in- Hawaii for the mainland, and laws forbidding 
 -hip of land by aliens not eligible to citizenship should be made effective. 
 It is pertinent at this time to ask why this country should adopt, at the "request of 
 Japan or any other nation, a principle "under which races are to be admitted in the 
 future, not on the basis of their value to us as citizens but in proportion to the number 
 of their fellows who are already here: why we should admit as immigrants, much less 
 /.ens. the various peoples of Asia in the face of present knowledge and the expe- 
 
 of Hawaii and California; why. if it be desirable to restrict immigration, we do 
 not fix the number we are willing to admit and select, on merit and because of their 
 value to us in upbuilding a homogeneous people, the most likely individuals from 
 
 offering? 
 
 Shall we hereafter conduct this Nation so as best to preserve its institutions and 
 insure its perpetuity? Or shall we. as in the past, open our doors on request or demand, 
 to the elements that will make for disunion in a national crisis and invite a yellow 
 flood that will eventually dispossess the white race? 
 
 These are questions which must be decided now; and on a wise decision may depend 
 the future salvation of the world's great Republic. 
 
 ARTICLE I. SIDNEY GULICK'S MISSION TO AMERICA. 
 
 VEW ORIENTAL POLICY" SECURING INDORSEMENT OF A GREAT CHURCH FEDER- 
 ATION ORGANIZATION OF THE LEAGUE FOR "CONSTRUCTIVE IMMIGRATION" WHY 
 THE JAPANESE Is UNDESIRABLE AS IMMIGRANT AND CITIZEN. 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, June 9, 1919.] 
 
 Japanese propaganda is being carried on in this country as determinedly and as 
 
 successfully as was German propaganda before we entered the war. The end sought 
 
 same the conquest of the United States. The means are different. Conquest 
 
 by arms was shown within the past two years to be impracticable. Conquest by 
 
 ful penetration" is now the plan. 
 
 There is now openly operating in the United States an organization whose work, 
 if successful, will make the country in a comparatively few generations a province of 
 Japan. 
 
 The promoter and manager of the organization is a professor of the Imperial Uni- 
 versity of Kyoto, Japan, who has been in this country on furlough for five years and 
 
 d during that time in this work. The president of the organization is one of the 
 organizers of the Japan Society of America. 
 
 leverly has the plan of organization been carried out under the guise of pro- 
 rican citizenship and restriction of immigration generally that 1,000 
 i^an citizens in various States of the Union have given it inno- 
 cently their indorsement and financial support. 
 
 The organization has prepared a bill for presentation to Congress which will let 
 
 down the bars and pave the way for future contributory legislation to hasten the end. 
 
 The first work of the promoter five years ago was to secure the indorsement and 
 
 financial assistance of a combination of Protestant churches representing over 100,000 
 
 minister? and over 17,000,000 members, which organization pledged itself to the 
 
 scheme and efficiently aided it also undoubtedly in ignorance of its full significance. 
 
 TTawaii is already hopelessly Japanese, that race now comprising one-half the total 
 
 population of the Territory, and having more than four times the number of Caucasian 
 
 or any other race. 
 
 S. Doc. 55, 67-1 7 
 
98 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 r 
 
 In a few years the Hawaiian-born Japanese will rule the Territory by their votes, 
 and rule it not as Americans, but as Japanese, while under the proposed legislation 
 the Japanese vote would be given immediate preponderance. 
 
 What has already happened in Hawaii is now rapidly progressing in California, and 
 it is only a question of time under existing conditions and even without the aid of 
 the proposed legislation when all the fertile spots of the State will be peopled by 
 Japanese to the exclusion of whites. 
 
 Our civilization can not exist beside theirs in the face of economic competition and 
 a birth rate per 1,000 five times or more as great as ours. 
 
 What is happening in California will be brought about in all spots of the United 
 States sufficiently fertile and advantageously located to attract the settlement of the 
 Japanese, provided conditions permit their steady and rapid increase within our 
 borders, as contemplated by the promoters of the plan. 
 
 If the plan now urged upon Congress be adopted this year, the Japanese population 
 of the United States will be 100,000,000 in 140 years from now, on the basis of a ratio 
 of natural increase about half of that now shown by the Japanese in California. 
 
 Under the gentlemen's agreement, as now operated by Japan, the process would be 
 slower, but equally effective. In either event this country would become a Province 
 of Japan. 
 
 This article is opened with the several remarkable statements above. By the great 
 mass of Americans who do not know the writer, these statements will be classed as the 
 vaporings of an inspired lunatic. They will appear particularly ridiculous to citizens 
 east of the Mississippi River, who have no point of contact with the peoples of the Far 
 East. 
 
 There are many thousands, however, confined almost entirely to the Pacific slope, 
 who know the general situation, but most of these will be astounded at the details. 
 
 The statements are not only true in all particulars, but conclusive proof will be 
 furnished in this and the succeeding articles. 
 
 JAPANESE PROPAGANGA IN AMERICA. 
 
 In previously published articles I have called attention to some of the methods of 
 propaganda pursued by Japan for lulling this country into fancied security and keeping 
 her eyes closed, so that Japan's objects could be the more readily and the more quickly 
 accomplished. 
 
 There are the various Japan-American societies, organized ostensibly to promote 
 friendly relations, but used generally to secure the active but innocent assistance of 
 prominent Americans in propaganda work; the commercial and trade organizations 
 used in the same way; the entertainment in Japan of prominent Americans, who 
 come back with a dazzling picture of one side of the shield, and who apparently do- 
 not know that the shield has a reverse side; men like Gary of the Steel Corporation, 
 Jacob Schiff, the banker, and others who in public speeches and interviews make 
 assertions and give assurances which any one familiar with far eastern conditions 
 knows are entirely wrong; banquets and speeches where most publicity can be 
 secured; special annual Japanese numbers of American newspapers; public lectures 
 and interviews with hired propagandists, both Japanese and American; Japanese 
 news bureaus and magazines. Generally, these means are resorted to along the 
 Atlantic seaboard and east of the Mississippi, where there is no oriental question, where 
 the public, being ignorant, will not question statements made, and where the greatest 
 number of Americans can be reached with least effort and least expense. 
 
 It is thus that Japan has created a public sentiment in this country which must be 
 corrected if the Nation is to be saved. 
 
 As will be seen from these article?, the propaganda has now taken on the form of 
 enlisting the churches in a demand based on the brotherhood of man and an assumed 
 willingness to risk national interests in order to promote evangelization, and enlisting 
 the intelligent classes of the community in so-called ''constructive immigration " 
 legislation saddled with conditions which will give Japan what she wants. 
 
 THE INSTRUMENT OP " PEACEFUL PENETRATION*." 
 
 The organization referred to, whose promoters aim to secure in this, the most favored 
 land in the world, homes for the surplus population of Japan, is known as the League 
 for Constructive Immigration Legislation, with offices at No. 105 East Twenty-second 
 Street, New York City. 
 
 The president is Hamilton Holt, of New York City, editor of the Independent, one 
 of the organizers of the Japan Society of America, and the recipient from the Mikado 
 of the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure. 
 
JAPAN KSE I.M.MK; RATION AND COLONIZATION. 99 
 
 In it^ published list of 1,00<> and subscribers will be found the nam 
 
 men < ,d National reputation from every section of the country ministers,. 
 
 aptains of industry, national 
 "ommerce, merchant.-', governors, and capitalists. 
 
 majority of the-e -p<msor.< arc men who would not knowingly associate 
 nt with a movement whose result would be su'-h a-- here charged 
 a- th<- intent of the promoters of the league. 
 
 The organization i- a remarkable tribute to the cleverness of the Japanese in the 
 work nda in this country. And in this case, as in the ca<e of (ierman propa- 
 
 gandii -red the war, moet of the e Te -tive work is being done by earnest 
 
 and well-intentioned American citizens cleverly deceived and skillfully led. 
 
 The pla;: iri'-t all annual immigration from each race to a fixed per- 
 
 centage of the number of people of that race who are American citizens, whether 
 naturalized or born here. The promoter explains that, so far as Chinese and Japanese 
 n- erned. the number admitted under such a plan will be negligible and easily 
 :ated: and that a policy of the sort will salve the wounded pride of Japan by 
 riving her national- the same treatment -rded European?, and thus obviate 
 
 chance of international complications. 
 
 Any measure for restricting immigration appeals to the average thinking American-' 
 
 he war. and under such an explanation it is not remarkable that prominent men 
 
 throughout the country, who know nothing of the experience of Hawaii and California 
 
 with the Japanese and who had no time for investigation, gave indorsement and sup- 
 
 nt . 
 
 DR. GULICK AND HIS NEW POLICY. 
 
 The moving spirit in this enterprise, the promoter and manager, who bears the modest 
 title of s (MTO tary." is Dr. Sidney L. Gulick. who describe^ him-elf on the title-pages 
 :ne of his writings a- "Professor in Doshisha University and lecturer in the 
 Imperial University of Kyoto. Japan." 
 
 Dr. Guli<k wa- bnrn of missionary parents in the Far East and reared there with 
 d oriental children. He was educated in America and returned to Japan as a 
 nary about 30 years ago and has made his home there since. He is an able man, 
 
 e, and has written books on the Japanese. 
 
 In 1!)13 he left Japan on a furlough and has been in America since, at work in pro- 
 moting hi- "new oriental policy." This policy, briefly stated, contemplate? ''grant- 
 ii thi- land the same privileges 'which we grant to citizens of the most 
 1 nations." and "pla' ing in the Federal Government, instead of in the State, 
 .i-ibility in all legal and legislative matters involving aliens." This policy would 
 in the immigration and naturalization laws, and probably in the 
 veil. 
 
 THE CHURCHES TAKE A HAND. 
 
 Dr. Gulick's first work on coming to this country wa< to secure indorsement of his 
 "new oriental policy" bythe Federal Council of the Churches of Christ of America, and 
 he was employed, under salary, by the council to promote the plan. 
 The Federal Council of the Churches of Christ comprises constituent churches of 3O 
 
 taut denominations, with 103,023 ministers and a membership of 17,438,826 
 The li-t of denominations include-- Baptist, Evangelical, Lutheran, Mennonite-,. 
 Methodist fall branches i, African (all branches), Presbyterian, Episcopal, Reformed,. 
 United Brethren, and others. (Flow.-- 
 
 The Federal Council has a "committee on relations with Japan," and in 1914 one- 
 fifth of all the council's revenues were used by this committee. The council had! 
 then no committee on relations with any other Asiatic nation. (Flowers. ) 
 
 The council ha< indorsed the ''new oriental policy" of Dr. Gulick, probably in 
 the belief that an adjustment of international and race relationship along lines 
 lupan would render more easy the promotion of the Christian Gospel 
 among the Japane : e. 
 
 unlikely that the mini-ters of the 100,000 American churche- who have been 
 
 ;itted thu- to thi~ movement have much knowledge of the fa"t^ which appear in 
 
 les; it i-- certain that they do not realize the gravity of the situation. The 
 
 ".000 church m tions, probably have little knowledge of 
 
 . but the action of the CMiin-'il '_ r ive- them a definite intere-t therein. 
 
 CONSTRUCTIVE IMMIGRATION LEGISLATION. 
 
 by the I .. .-ini'-tive Immigration Legislation- 
 
 and indor .led meeting in Washington of persons interested in immigration 
 
 imably members' of the league is apparently the same as suggested 
 
100 .JAPAXKSE IM.MKJHATIOX AX!) ( 'OLO X IXATIOX. 
 
 tentatively by Dr. Gulick. It proposes to so amend the immigration and naturaliza- 
 tion laws as to conform to his "new oriental policy/' and incidentally it impo?e^ 
 certain restrictions on general immigration. 
 
 The measure limits the maximum number of immigrants in a single year from any 
 nation, race, or group having a single mother toftgue to 3 to 10 percent of those from 
 the same land who are already naturalized American citizens, and of the native born, 
 according to the United States census. 
 
 There are other features, however, which are important, to be considered in con- 
 nection with this declared principle, because they affect materially its practical 
 operation. 
 
 First. Originally the 10 per cent limit did not include aliens coming to join a hus- 
 band, wife, "father, mother, son, daughter, grandfather, grandmother, grandson, or 
 granddaughter. Later this exception was limited to father or grandfather, wife, 
 mother, grandmother, or unmarried or widowed daughter coming to join relatives 
 already here. 
 
 Second. All laws and understandings as to exclusion of Chinese and Japanese are 
 to be canceled, and all such nationals now here, or such as may come hereafter, are 
 to become eligible for citizenship. 
 
 Third. Any alien who seeks admission to the United States because of religious per- 
 secution in his own country, either in overt act or through law or regulation, is to be 
 admitted and become at once eligible for citizenship. 
 
 Fourth. Any number of aliens may be admitted if they come as "students," and 
 no provision is made for their return to their own country. 
 
 Further study may disclose other features having equally vital bearing on the 
 operation of the proposed measure. 
 
 JAPANESE UNDESIRABLE IMMIGRANTS. 
 
 Criticism of this proposed legislation in these articles is confined generally to con- 
 sideration of its effect upon our Japanese problem, and is based on the postulate that 
 the Japanese is for us an undesirable immigrant and an undesirable citizen. 
 
 lie is an undesirable immigrant for economic rather than for racial reasons, and the 
 strongest of these reasons are creditable rather than discreditable to him. 
 
 His standards of living are lower than ours; he will work longer hours for less money; 
 he is thrifty, industrious, and ambitious; he is a competent farmer, truck gardener, 
 and orchardist; he can and does underbid American labor whenever necessary in any 
 community, until he has driven it out; then his wages rise to American standards; 
 ultimately he declines to work for wages, insisting on leasing where he can not buy 
 the farm or orchard. The white owner finds it more profitable to lease on shares to 
 the Japanese, who will work, under the cooperative plan, 12, 15, or 18 hours a day, 
 than to operate the place himself with white or Japanese labor, at high wages, for 8 
 or 9 hours' work. The whites will not mix with the Japanese and gradually leave the 
 community. 
 
 It is not in one industry, but in many, that the Japanese displace us. It has been 
 repeatedly proven that our civilization does not survive in open competition with 
 theirs it can not, unless we accept their standards of living. 
 
 AN UNDESIRABLE CITIZEN. 
 
 The Japanese is an undesirable citizen because he does not assimilate. He does 
 not intermarry, nor is it desirable that he should. He does not become an American, 
 save in very, rare instances, always remaining a Japanese. Even when born in this 
 country, and educated in our common schools, he is still compelled to attend Japanese 
 school before and after the public school hours. He is taught by Japanese teachers, 
 who usually speak no English, and who have neither knowledge of nor sympathy 
 with the principles of American government and citizenship. He absorbs Japanese 
 ideals and patriotism, and that contempt for all other nations which is the spirit of 
 every Japanese school textbook. 
 
 OUR SCHOOL TEACHING NULLIFIED. 
 
 The testimony of Dr. Gulick on this point, as given on pages 19 and 20 of his pam- 
 phlet, "Hawaii's American-Japanese problem," will perhaps be considered con- 
 clusive. He says: 
 
 "It is not to be assumed that the education they (Japanese children) receive in the 
 public schools, which they leave at 14 or 15 years of age, is adequate to prepare them 
 for citizenship during the six or seven years after they get out from under the influence 
 
I.MMHIIIATIMN A1TD COLOXI/ATIMN 101 
 
 r American teacher f* will he isolated fnan Knglish-speaking 
 
 . they will 1'" ass.icia'ed chieflv with men of their own race, imbibing. 
 he\- approach manhood. The mere fan. accordingly, 
 .in liirth. public school education, and tlie requisite age should i: 
 
 ,;!ification for the suffrage; for it is to be remembered that 
 
 during the entire period of schooling not onh l,a\e they been in oriental homes but 
 
 heart have l.een diligently drilled in Japanese schools by Japanese 
 
 :any of whom have little acquaintance, and no sympathy with American 
 
 a Christian civilization." 
 a, Dr. Gulick says on pap' 1 I: 
 
 It'. hey maintain their traditional conceptions of God, nature, and 
 
 man; of male and female: of husband and wife; of parent and child; of ruler and ruled; 
 > and the individual; the permanent maintenance in Hawaii of American 
 racy, American homes, and American liberty is impossible." 
 
 JAPAN" RETAINS CONTROL OK HKK PKOPLE. 
 
 The ihc.,ry of the Japanese Government has always been that once a Japanese 
 
 always a Japanese, and that the children of Japanese, wherever born and under 
 
 whatevi-r circumstances, are Japanese, subject to the power of the Japanese Govern- 
 
 eii where an individual Japanese claims the right to expatriate himself, he 
 
 requirement that though he might be naturalized by another nation, 
 
 if he had not already served his term in the Japanese army he must respond, no matter 
 
 he might l>e. !n the same way, all children born of Japanese anvwhere are 
 
 ien-d subject^ of Japan; and she exercises in California and in Hawaii the same 
 
 rigid discipline over them as to schooling and other matte'-- a- would be exercised in 
 
 in itself. 
 
 Dr. Gulick says, in the pamphlet already quoted, at page 38: 
 'The Japanese alone, of all immigrants, educate their children most earnestly in 
 their national language and customs." 
 
 Th- Parliament, some two years ago, passed what was called the nation- 
 
 ality option bill, under which foreign-born Japanese children might declare at the 
 n whether they wish to remain Japanese or become citizens of the land in 
 which they were born: but Japan reserves the right to grant or withhold permission. 
 So that even in this bill Japan specifically calls attention to the fundamental principle 
 that a child born of Japanese parents anywhere is a Japanese subject, with the duties 
 and ol >t renounce those obligations save with permi- 
 
 It should be noted, too, that this bill, like all bills passed by the Japanese Parliament, 
 does not !>oc,>me operative unless and until promulgated by the Emperor; and so far 
 as my knowledge goes, it has not yet been promulgated. 
 
 II. PRESENT CONDITIONS AS TO ASIATIC IMMIGRATION. 
 
 H\WAII ]'. JAPANESE VOTES WILL SOON RULE WHERE JAPANESE IX- 
 
 FI.l KN< E NOW DOMINATES-- -.JAPANESE IN UNITED STATES M r I.TI \'\.\ : TURK 
 
 BR! .!> WHITE COMMrNITIES DI<P! \IA~S 
 
 BXPERIB1 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, June 11, 1919.1 
 
 and 
 
 r in the Imperial rniversity of Kyoto. Japan," and as now pr> him 
 
 on behalf of the organizations nanied, to the American public and to the Congress of 
 the I'nited States: 'he organization of the two associations has been gone into and some 
 given as to the probable interest which their chief promoters have in the subject 
 ictivi' immigration" legislation, so formulated as to carrv out the ''new 
 oriental policy" of Dr. Gulick: the probability of making good American citizens out 
 en if born here and educated in our public schools, has been considered; 
 and. on the authority of Dr. Gulick. himself, that probability appears to be so remote 
 chamre their present characteristics and customs, ''the per- 
 Mt maintenance in Hawaii of American democracy, American homes, and Ameri- 
 can liberty i-- impossible." 
 
 THE WHITE RACE OR THE YELLOW. 
 
 The admission of Japanese to this country under such conditions as would permit 
 their increase means the ultimate surrender of the country to them, as Hawaii has 
 already been surrendered, and as California will be unless protective measures are at 
 once adopted. It would then be only a question of time before the desirable sections 
 
102 JAPANESE 'IMMIGRATION AND COLON IZATIOX. 
 
 of the United' "States," one -alter' an'otli el', are peopled and controlled by the Japanese, 
 and the land of the free and the home of the brave becomes a province of Japan. 
 
 Dr. Gulick insists that his plan will e";ectuallv limit the influx of Japanese and other 
 nationals to a number which can be readily assimilated. I do not attempt to discuss 
 the application of the measure to European nationals whom we may invite to come. 
 
 But so far as concerns Asiatics generally, and particularly Japanese, it is certain 
 that this Nation can not with safety assume that any number, however, small as com- 
 pared to our population, can be admitted with hope of assimilation or without grave 
 danger to some or many American communities. 
 
 It must be remembered that the Japanese are the most prolific nation with which 
 -we have to deal in immigration; that their births exceed their deaths annually by 
 700,000 or more, and that they are driven by necessity to find place for that excess 
 population. No European nation faces any such condition. The Japanese naturally 
 are looking for the most desirable location for their people. But do we wish to sur- 
 render this country to them? Or shall we insist that this country shall be preserved 
 for the white race? The issue is squarely before us, and we can not afford to evade or 
 compromise with it. 
 
 AN ECONOMIC, NOT A RACIAL QUESTION". 
 
 In this connection it must be remembered that the opposition to Japanese immigra- 
 tion on the part of those who have studied it is not based on racial prejudice, but on 
 unanswerable economic grounds. Because of different standards of living, different 
 tastes and dij 'erent discipline, the Japanese easily drive the whites out of any com- 
 munity in which the two civilizations meet in economic competition. It is for this 
 reason that the Japanese is an undesirable immigrant, for it is assumed that the Ameri- 
 can Nation desires to retain this country for the white race. 
 
 The economic factor referred to is recognized by the Japanese in their own environ- 
 ment. They forbid under Imperial Ordinance No. 352 the immigration into Japan of 
 Chinese and Korean labor. The reason which they assign for this policy is precisely 
 that offered by the Pacific coast, and by Canada and by Australia for excluding the 
 Japanese. They say that the standards of living of Chin ese and Koreans are very much 
 lower than the Japanese, and they can not, therefore, in fairness to their own people, 
 permit this cheap labor to come into Japan in competition. And because of the 
 greater differences in various ways the American Nation needs more protection against 
 Japanese immigration than Japan needs against Chinese or Koreans. 
 
 In December, 1918, 200 Chinese coolies were imported into the Prefecture of Hiro- 
 shima, Japan, to work in a charcoal factory under contract for two years at 1 yen (50 
 cents) per day. Under instructions from the Government 'in Tokio the Japanese pro- 
 vincial governor refused to sanction their stay. Early in January, 1919, the coolies 
 were shipped home from Shimonseki, and the entire expense of the enterprise ($25,000) 
 had to be paid by the Chugoku Iron Works of Hiroshima, which imported the coolies. 
 
 The Herald of Asia of Tokyo, in commenting on the facts, said in its issue of Decem- 
 ber 28, 1918: 
 
 "This is the first importation of Chinese labor into Japan. We hope that it will 
 be the last experiment ever to be made. If it is brought into this country in any 
 large force the welfare of our laborers will be seriously affected." 
 
 Japan's demand before the Paris conference for "racial equality" was simply for 
 the purpose of establishing a principle under which she might force her excess popu- 
 lation into the United States, Canada, Australia, and elsewhere on the same terms 
 as might be accorded other nationals. That demand was made in charming disre- 
 gard of her own stand against the Chinese and Koreans; but Japan has learned that 
 it is not necessary for her to be consistent in her dealings with America. She has 
 thus far been conceded what she demanded, regardless of its absurdity or impropriety. 
 
 CONDITIONS UNDER EXISTING LAW. 
 
 Before consideration is given to the changes which will be made by the operation 
 of the proposed legislation it is worth while to examine conditions as maintained 
 under existing laws and regulations, and consider the inevitable results' therefrom if 
 the present policy is continued. Afterwards it will be shown how this condition 
 will be made worse and the end hastened by the so-called "constructive immigra- 
 tion" legislation. 
 
 Hawaii and California afford at present the most illuminating example of what 
 Japan seeks for her people under the Stars and Stripes, and what will be left for the 
 white American if she succeeds. Remember, too, that the conditions to which atten- 
 tion will be called have been and are being brought about under a so-called "gentle- 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 103 
 
 men's agreement." the theory of which, as carefully explained to the Pacific coast at 
 the time, was that Japan was to restrict under her own regulations Japanese immi- 
 gration to this country as effectually a- < 'hint-so immigration was restricted by our 
 prohibitive laws. 
 
 THE LESSON OF HAWAII. 
 
 \Ve commence with Hawaii, and in this matter we shall make Dr. Gulick our prin- 
 cipal witness. In March, l!ir )% ho made certain investigations in the Hawaiian 
 Islands, the results of which were embodied in the pamphlet hereinbefore quoted, 
 Hawaiia's American-Japanese Problem," published in Honolulu by the Star-Bulletin. 
 Unless otherwise stated, quotations credited to Dr. Gulick are from that publication. 
 
 There (p. 8) Dr. Gulick states that for the preceding seven years (1908-1915) under 
 the "gentlemen's agreement" no fresh labor immigrants had come from Japan. In 
 1910, he says, out of a total population in the islands of 191,909 the Japanese numbered 
 79.1574. of which 24,891 were females. In 1914 the total population was 213,000, of 
 whom 89,715 were Japanese, 24.550 Hawaiian, 24,450 Caucasian, 23,299 Portuguese, 
 21,631 Chinese, 14,992 Filipinos, and 14,518 all other races. In that year the Japanese 
 school enrollment in the Territorial schools was 30 per cent of the total. 
 
 In 1918 (according to a statement of the superintendent of schools of Hawaii San 
 
 Francisco Examiner, May 18, 1919) the Japanese population had increased to 103,000, 
 
 ly one-half the total population," while Japanese school children comprised 
 
 40 per cent of the entire enrollment, and of the increase in school children in 1917 
 
 and 1918 more than one-half was Japanese. 
 
 The 1918 report of Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane places the Japanese 
 population of Hawaii in 1917 at 106,000, while the United States Bureau of Commerce 
 estimates the total population at 219,000. 
 
 The American Yearbook for 1917 says, as of June 30 of that year: "The estimated 
 population (Hawaii) was 250,027. The Japanese contributed more than half the 
 increase." 
 
 Japanese newspapers in Honolulu to-day have a large circulation, and one prints 
 an English section. 
 
 In 1915 in Honolulu out of a total of 107 prostitutes, 82 were Japanese (Gulick). In 
 1914 the official register of Hawaii shows that out of 3.149 marriages. 1,806 were Jap- 
 anese. In 1915 a large majority of the Japanese men perhaps two-thirds were 
 married, women having been permitted to come from Japan to marry them (Gulick). 
 The proportion has doubtless been increased since. 
 
 So in eight years the Japanese population of Hawaii has increased 24,000, or about 
 30 per cent, and now the total annual increase in population in this Territory is more 
 than half Japanese; while in four years past the Japanese school children have in- 
 creased 30 per cent, and they already comprise more than 50 per cent of the yearly 
 increase of school enrollment. 
 
 In the absence of immigration from Japan, as claimed by Dr. Gulick, the increase 
 in Japanese population of Hawaii can be accounted for only by the great birth rate, 
 stimulated by the importation of "picture brides." In 1907, when the "gentlemen's 
 agreement" went into effect, the Japanese in California were nearly all males; in 
 Hawaii, while I have not the figures, there were probably nearly four males to one 
 female. The "picture brides" have been coming from Japan in a steady stream 
 since. The census of school children shows the result. 
 
 THE "PICTURE BRIDES." 
 
 The "picture bride" plan was doubtless originated to get around the intent of the 
 "gentlemen's agreement;" to increase as rapidly as possible the number of Japanese 
 under our flat:, and particularly to defeat the operation of the alien land laws passed 
 by several States, including California. Apparently the plan could have had no value 
 in Japan itself, where the average density of population is 389 per square mile, the 
 highest in the world for a similar stretch of territory, and where, if all the available 
 women were staked out at equal distances throughout the Empire they would be only 
 300 feet apart in any direction. 
 
 Th^ i s the plan: A Jaj anese male v -ho has secured admission to the United States 
 sends his phot. .'a pan. and his fiionds. or th- "-.ure for him a 
 
 complaisant bride who v. Lctuie. !' . to the United 
 
 - a manias-, and our Government, on request. 
 
 has s< -1 it. The bride, with the photc., *r the 
 
 American port, and then- on the dock, vdth the aid of the phot;>'_rraj h. 
 husband i'mm tin- prospective brid- aitimr, and is admitted as an immigrant 
 
 under at had sul, sequent to adoption of tl nt." 
 
V 
 
 104 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 That woman promptly fulfills her duty by bearing children, as many as one a year, 
 and each child is carefully registered as an American citizen, entitled to all privileges 
 as such, including the claimed right of possessing land through a guardian. 
 
 Incidentally the woman swells the labor market, for she works continually in the 
 shop or store, or field, with her child near her. She does the work of a man wherever 
 she may be placed. 
 
 The accusation has been made that the "picture bride" does not always confine 
 her usefulness to one husband, or even to one State, but is available where her services 
 will haA'e most value, and that is in the States which have passed antialien land laws, 
 
 rThe official figures by fiscal years obtained at Washington show that the total num- 
 ber of picture brides sent from Japan to the United States and Hawaii in less than 
 five years past (July 1, 1914, to April 30, 1919) is 20,323, of whom 6,864 landed in 
 Hawaii. 
 
 JAPAN CONTROLS HAWAII. 
 
 Dr. Gulick says (p. 15): "Within a score of years the maiority of voters in the Terri- 
 tory of Hawaii will be of Japanese and Chinese ancestry." As a matter of fact, the 
 Chinese cut very little figure, and the Japanese already outnumber the Caucasian, 
 or any other race in the islands, in the proportion of at least 4 to 1. 
 
 In the English section of the Honolulu Japanese newspaper, the Daily Nippu Jiji, 
 May 26, 1919, appears the statement that "10 or 15 years hence there will be a great 
 hope for a dominating influence of the Japanese." That "hope" receives ample 
 justification in these figures offered by the Nippu Jiji. The number of Japanese 
 electors in Hawaii in 1910 was only 13; in ]912, 48; in 1914, 112; in 1916, 179. In 
 1919 there were 207 Japanese electors on the island of Oahu alone (Honolulu is on 
 this island), and many on the other islands. The Japanese children in the schools 
 as they come of age will furnish in 1923, 897 male electors and 558 and 682 additional 
 in the two years following. The total number of Japanese male electors in 1933 will 
 be 7,934. If the vote be extended to women the number will be about doubled. 
 
 This situation induces the Japanese newspaper to proudly announce that in 1933 
 the Japanese vote in Hawaii will decide whether Republicans or Democrats shall win. 
 
 In Hawaii, therefore, it is only a question of a few years when, under existing laws 
 and regulations, the Japanese born under the American flag will outvote any other 
 race, and in a generation they will probably outvote all other races combined. 
 
 The Gulick plan, which makes every resident Japanese eligible for citizenship, 
 would give .the Japanese at once almost as large a voting strength as all other races 
 combined. 
 
 A LOST TERRITORY. 
 
 The situation as outlined induces the belief on the part of many that Hawaii is 
 already practically lost to Americans and to the United States, and that there is not 
 any feasible plan by which she can be reclaimed. 
 
 Indeed the Nippu Jiji in the issue above quoted declares that the Japanese now 
 to-day "are in the position to exert dominant influence in the political and social 
 affairs of Hawaii." 
 
 That this is no idle boast on the part of the leading Japanese daily of Honolulu is 
 sufficiently attested by the following news item: 
 
 "HONOLULU, May 31, 1919. 
 
 "The foreign-language school bill, requiring teachers desiring certificates to show a 
 knowledge of the English language, American history, and American civics, has been 
 tabled by the upper house of the Territorial legislature. The bill was strongly opposed 
 by Japanese educators and editors on the ground that it would force Japanese schools 
 to close." 
 
 Consider in connection with this item the facts which have been stated before, as 
 to the control of her people exercised by Japan in this country, the manner in which 
 children are forced to attend Japanese schools and imbibe Japanese principles and 
 ideals. If a Territory of the United States may not refuse a teacher's certificate to 
 one who can not speak English, and who knows nothing of American government 
 and American ideals; if a Territorial legislature is subject to Japan's views as to Ameri- 
 can principles before the resident Japanese have secured the necessary voting strength, 
 what will be the result after they exercise the franchise in sufficient number? 
 
 CONTROL OF INDUSTRY. 
 
 The dominance of the Japanese in Hawaii has naturally given them exclusive con- 
 trol of various industries, such as shoemaking, which in years gone by employed 
 only white labor. The Japanese is very adaptable and he reaches out, as soon as 
 possible, for position and control in the most favorable localities, and in such occupa- 
 
.I.\ MI, KATinX AND COLONIZATION. 105 
 
 i-m. While IT- 
 
 .'.'-plantation h: from thai toil when he ran. The 
 
 ii"ularl\ ;;iost of them wish to go- 
 
 trinities it 
 
 CA1.I1 DUMA. THK < ST. 
 
 !:i Hawaii is simply an i: 
 ma. Ti.' 
 
 in California b- ily pi- l;in_- oul the ri- lest hi- -. I 
 
 i! i 'in thcni. His predilectioD iW C-..H- 
 iorej <>i ail the 
 . -mental Unit-- I re living in California. California th-i-- 
 
 '.dying the problem an-1 
 
 :lts likely to foll.iw the continued and in n / 
 
 ntry. 
 
 ifornia i< the outpost of American civilization, lighting agair.r-t the "peaceful / 
 pe.net; the Japanese, and thus far she has had only abuse therefor from the I 
 
 which she is defending. The present policy of the United 
 in permitting admissions under the "gentlemen's agreement/' I 
 in opening I and in discouraging and preventing, when 
 
 iw< limiting the effects of the evil, lias created a critical 1 
 situation which makes remedial measures the more difficult. ^J 
 
 OUR JAPANESE POPT LATIOX . 
 
 It i< very difficult to ascertain the numher of Japanese now in the United Sti 
 There are no official Government figures since tin- I 1910. The only lr_ 
 
 available are th<*f iiirni^hotl by tlie six .la)- continental United 
 
 for their respective districts. According to these reports, the total Japu 
 popuK .'70. of which only 2.381 
 
 n the New York district. All the balance are 
 coast district', and of these San Francisco and 1 
 ttle di8tri< nd Portland district 5.40:]. San Fran- 
 
 cisco and ! rifts cover six States, but the greater portion of the popu- 
 
 lation credited ifornia. to wit 55.' 
 
 for 1ft! ! it will pi 
 
 there were 12.000 Japanese births, it is not unreason; 1 that, on t 
 
 the Japanese population of continental Uri- t far short 
 
 number of Japanese in the United 
 
 \vhich 41.35i; were in California. The Japanese births in Cali- 
 fornia alone from I'.Un t . The official reports of the 
 Unit- bv tli" Xew York in its Japanese nu: 
 March 1'',. 1!H^. sh'-w that the number of .I:;t -"ring the Unit 
 
 lie number departi? i7. Allowing for biitl- 
 
 than in California, and for immigration in 1918 as estimated by Er. Gulick. and for 
 Japanese population would be well over 150,000. 
 
 :\IA THE TEST C.ROl XD. 
 
 It is saf, a two-thirds of the total, or 100,000, live in Cali- 
 
 fornia. In California, too. th- have concentrated to a great extent in the 
 
 |iiin Vail rich lands and agricultural advantages 
 
 attract them. For insta- .108 Japanese births in ti 
 
 1917. & This concentration is one of the 
 
 phases of their "peaceful penetration," and it enables u.- the better to judge of results 
 when their number will ha\e become sufficient ly larire to take possession of all the 
 favored lo they m>w hold. It furn 
 
 cient answer, too, to the argument that 15o.oo< Japanese distributed among 100,000,- 
 000 A no harm. The 150. 000 are not distributed so as to ina!. 
 
 weak solution referred to. They throw their entire force into a few communities 
 where they can make their numbers, with their economic advantages, tell, and they 
 choose those communities, those industries, and those conditions which will yield 
 them most return for least effort. 
 
106 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 THE INCREASE OF JAPANESE. 
 
 As to the increase in Japanese population in this country which may be looked 
 for under present conditions, and without any contributory legislation of the "con- 
 structive" character suggested by Dr. Gulick, these facts are significant: 
 
 The United States Census showed that in 1900 there were in the United States 
 24,326 Japanese, of which 985 were females a proportion of about 25 to 1. In 1910 
 the Japanese population had trebled, the figures showing 72,157, of which 9,087 were 
 females a proportion of 7 to 1. The estimates already made above indicate that 
 since 1910 the Japanese population has more than doubled, and it is known the pro- 
 portion of females to males has very largely increased. 
 
 INCREASE OF JAPANESE IN CALIFORNIA. 
 
 In 1910, three years after the "gentlemen's agreement" went into effect, there 
 were in this State about 6 Japanese males to 1 female. With the introduction 
 of the "picture bride" plan, the proportion of females has very rapidly increased. 
 It is now perhaps 1 to 4 or less. The result is sufficiently attested by the fact that 
 Japanese births in California in 1917 numbered twenty times as many as in 1907, 
 though the' Japanese official reports claim that the total Japanese population of the 
 State had increased in that time only about 40 per cent. 
 
 The biennial report of the California State Board of Health, July, 1916, to July, 
 1918, shows the following as the registered number of Japanese births for the respec- 
 tive years, from 1906 to 1918, inclusive: 134, 331, 455, 682, 719, 995, 1,467. 2,21.5, 
 2,874, 3,342, 3,721, 4,108, and 4,365. Total for 13 years, 25,298. 
 
 Due to the increase in Japanese births above indicated, the percentage of white 
 births to the total in the State has steadily decreased from 98.4 in 1906 to 90.6 in 1917. 
 
 In Sacramento city Japanese authorities claim to-day a Japanese population of 
 2,589. The United States Census for 1910 showed 1,437 Japanese in the city. The 
 total white population of the city now is about 75,000. The report of the State board 
 of health for the year 1918 shows within the city 177 Japanese births and 1,073 white 
 births. 
 
 That is to say, the Japanese birth rate per 1,000 in Sacramento City is already 
 five times as great as the white birth rate. As the influx of ''picture brides" raises 
 the proportion of females in the Japanese colony, the birth rate will steadily increase 
 without a doubt. The average Japanese births per month in Sacramento City have 
 doubled since 1914; that is, from 10 to 20. 
 
 The report of the State board of health above quoted shows that in the rural por- 
 tion of Sacramento County, outside of Sacramento City, in 1918 there were 236 Japanese 
 births and only 221 white births, although the white population is many times as 
 great as the Japanese. There are no population statistics available for this year, 
 but in 1910 the census shows 2,437 Japanese and 19,335 whites in the county out- 
 side the city. 
 
 According to the Los Angeles Times of June 30, 1919, the Japanese births in the 
 county of Los Angeles, outside the incorporated cities, for the month of May, 1919, 
 Were one-third as numerous as the white births. Los Angeles County is the most 
 populous county in the State, with a large suburban and country population. The 
 Japanese population of the districts referred to is a small fraction only of the white 
 population in those districts. 
 
 The increase in Japanese population in the Pacific Coast States will receive addi- 
 tional impetus under, the Gulick plan from the fact that all Japanese in Hawaii, 
 whether born there or born in Japan, will be free to come to the mainland, and that 
 most of them will wish to do so because of the attractions it offers to them. See Dr. 
 Gulick's statement in his Hawaiian pamphlet before referred to. 
 
 THE CHINESE PROBLEM. 
 
 The Chinese and the Japanese have been mentioned in the same category by the 
 proponents of the "constructive immigration" legislation in such a way as to give 
 the impression that the conditions affecting both and the Nation's problem as to 
 both are the same. That is an entirely erroneous impression. The Chinese, under 
 the operation of the exclusion act. have steadily decreased in number. The Japanese, 
 under the "gentlemen's agreement,'' which was supposed to secure the same result 
 without hurting Japan's pride, have steadily and rapidly increased. 
 
 In Hawaii in 1900 the Chinese numbered 15,301: in"l910 there were 21,674, but 
 there has apparently been no increase since then, Dr. Gulick's figures for 1914 being 
 21,63.1. 
 
JAPANESE IMMlii RATION AND COLONIZATION. 107 
 
 In the lulled States there were in 1900 89,S<tt Chinese: in 1910 the number was 
 
 'liable figir : hen. 
 
 diforuia the chines" numbered in l*<o. 72.172: in 1900, 45,753 ; in 1910, 36,24& ,__ 
 p.-r cent in LM years, and there has been a steady decrease since. 
 
 's the same decrease 1V)0. t,371; 19<)<i. 3,254; 1910, 2,143. 
 all l'nited Stat.-s Censui 
 
 The Chinese births at present are only about one-tenth the number of the Japanese 
 
 births. In the entire State the total births for 1917 Were: Japanese 4,107, Chinese 419. 
 
 The Chinese, in addition to having no increase from immigration, are steadily 
 
 i'rom departun s to China and from a death rate which is now about twice . 
 the birth rate. The State totals for 1917 were: Deaths 818, births 419; and for the 
 12 years. 190i, 1917. deaths 8,547, births 3,683. \ 
 
 lii contrast therewith not only do the Japan' large accessions from imnri- 
 
 . but their birth rate is now between four and five times as great as their death 
 .hile in IWti their death rate was several times their birth rate. The steady 
 iiirth percentages lias been due, of course, to the importation of "picture 
 In 1917 the births were 4,108, deaths 910; in 1906, births 134, deaths 384; 
 r the 12 y< 1917. births 2'>.9:. deaths 6,775. 
 
 The Chinese therefore d-> not present a national problem because of probable increase 
 under existing conditions and laws, while the Japanese do present a very serious 
 
 problem. 
 
 WIPING OUT AMERICAN' COMMUNITIES. 
 
 Now for another phase of the problem: The destruction of home and family-life | 
 and the wiping out of American communities under stress of Japanese competition 1 
 and meth / 
 
 The town of Florin in Sacramento County, 8 miles southeast of Sacramento city, 
 in the heart of the strawberry district, has* a Japanese population of 1,050, supple- 
 mented in picking season by about 500 more. The Japanese proudly point to it as 
 a monument to their methods and enterprise. It is all that they claim for it. It is 
 more, h -tone to the hopes of the former American population of Florin, 
 
 almost entirely wiped out by contact with far eastern civili/ation. It is a warn- 
 difornia and to the American Nation as to the inevitable end in 
 all favored spots in this country if the "peaceful penetration" of the Japanese is 
 not arrested. 
 
 The Japanese did not create Florin or the strawberry business. The Japanese 
 do not create. They imitate, improve, appropriate. In the memory of young people 
 of to-day. Florin wa< an x-lusivt-ly American settlement of 5, 10, 23 acre farms, 
 devoted largely to strawberry and grape ciflture, on each farm a happy home, the 
 Sacramento daily newspaper delivered attach doorstep. The town was the center 
 of the district and from it were shipped berries and grapes in carload lots as far east 
 as the Missouri River. 
 
 The .Jap:r and coveted. They secured a few farms in the center of the 
 
 district and gradually added more, and 'they improved the culture. The economic 
 
 and gradually drove the white families away, and in time even the 
 
 isiness passed into the hands of the Japanese. To-day there is no 
 
 American newspaper distributed in that district, and it is in effect a part of Japan 
 
 Wanted into the heart of California. The school for the entire district has a 
 
 ti tendance of U7 and 101 are Japanese. In one class there are 41 Japanese and 
 
 6 white child) 
 
 Walnut drove, on the Sa ramento River in Sacramento County, is now a Japanese 
 settlement. Most of the rich river ranches in the delta of the Sacramento River 
 are now managed by Japanese under lease, where they could not secure ownership 
 under law. and the white resident and his family have melted away. 
 
 THE ECONOMIC PRESSURE. 
 
 On the American River, about 12 miles east of Sacramento Citv, is the little station 
 hew. the shipping point for the productive orchards and vineyards for miles 
 around. In ye hite labor was employed in these orchards, and many fam- 
 
 ilies resided in the district, the women and children assisting in the work of picking 
 and par-king the crop, while the little red schoolhouse did its work in const r.. 
 American citizenship. 
 
 ! ay. while the orchards are still owned by whites, they are leased to ' 
 the help is all Japanese, and most of the white families have disappeared. Th 
 onlv one owner who still mai. vn property, and with white help: but to do 
 
 it he mu-' luring the ,r transient labor, workinir short hours at 
 
108 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 high wages. And he is in competition with the surrounding Japanese-managed 
 orchards, operated under the cooperative system, with ambitious, interested labor, 
 working sometimes 15 and 18 hours a day. And he must send his young children 
 by stage to Sacramento City every day for schooling. For the district school is at- 
 tended by Japanese, interested in learning English for business purposes, and no 
 American mother will permit her little girl to remain in school with grown Japanese 
 youths. When it is said that this orchardist could make more money from his holding 
 by leasing to Japanese than by operating himself, with white labor, or even with 
 Japanese labor, the great economic pressure will be better comprehended. 
 
 There are similar instances in the adjoining countv of Placer, where, it is said, 80 
 per cent of the orchards are leased to Japanese, and some schools show as many as 
 five Japanese children to one white. Through the San Joaquin Valley will be found 
 similar settlements of Japanese; and similar results as to displacement of whites. 
 
 Japanese authorities claim and it is probably true that the Japanese produce in 
 California 90 per cent of the strawberry and cantaloupe crop; 80 per cent of onions, 
 asparagus, tomatoes, celery, lettuce, and cut flowers; 55 per cent of cabbage and 
 seeds; 40 per cent of potatoes; 20 per cent of beans, and 10 per cent of the grapes, 
 fruit, and rice. 
 
 This estimate was made early in 1918, probably based on 1917 statistics. In the 
 items of rice and fruit it is certain that the percentage is now much greater than quoted. 
 
 In June, 1919, the consumers and dealers in San Francisco were forced to protect 
 themselves by boycotting strawberries, because the Japanese growers in combination 
 were forcing dealers to pay as high as $17 per chest, while the canneries were given a 
 price of $9.'iO. 
 
 CALIFORNIA'S EFFORTS AT PROTECTION. 
 
 California passed in 1913, notwithstanding the earnest protests of the Federal 
 administration, an alien land law bill similar to that already passed in certain other 
 States. In those other States the same measure had met no opposition from the 
 administration, the reason being that the Japanese are more solicitious as to securing 
 privileges in California, where for the present they are centralizing their efforts, and 
 had made no protests as to such legislation in the other States. 
 
 The California act forbids the selling or leasing for more than three vears of land 
 to any person not eligible for American citizenship. Some good resulted, but re- 
 cently the Japanese have evaded the provisions of the act by placing title to land in 
 the names of Japanese babies born in California, and by organizing corporations with 
 dummy directors and purchasing land in the name of the corporations. The secre- 
 tary of state reports 72 such corporations formed between January 1, 3918, and March 
 1, 1919. One such corporation took over a 171-acre Fresno County orchard in May, 
 1919, at a price of $171,000. In Tulare County it is declared that the Japanese bought 
 last year over 5,000 acres of bearing orchards. 
 
 The session of the California Legislature in March, 19] 9, attempted to remedy the 
 matter through a bill amending the act by forbidding leasing entirely, and by pre- 
 venting the use of incorporations for the purpose named. The bill was killed at the 
 request of the Federal administration lest there be complications with Japan. 
 
 At the same session a bill was introduced limiting the age of admission to the lower 
 grades of the public schools, the association of little girls with grown Japanese youths 
 having been found objectionable. The bill was killed at the request of the Federal 
 administration lest there be complications with Japan. 
 
 At the same session a measure was introduced looking to stopping the further ad- 
 mission of "picture brides" into the State. The measure was killed at the instance 
 of the Federal administration lest there be complications with Japan. 
 
 At the same session a bill was introduced to segregate the Japanese and other Asi- 
 atics into separate schools. Killed at the request of the administration lest there 
 be complications Avith Japan. 
 
 In Collier's for June 7, 1913, will be found an article by Peter Clark MacFarlane, 
 describing conditions of Japanese settlement in California as he found them. He 
 was sent out by Collier's to investigate the matter because of the general opinion in 
 Eastern States that California was unduly prejudiced. 
 
 AT THE BORDER AND IN WASHINGTON. 
 
 The rich Imperial Valley lies astride our national border, partly in California and 
 principally in Mexico. It is already peopled largely by Japanese, who find it an easy 
 matter to evade custom officials and enter the United States here. The Japanese 
 are displacing whites in the valley, not only in agricultural pursuits but also in 
 business, by cleverly concerted economic pressure. 
 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AXD COLONIZATION. 109 
 
 In this valley is 1 Tract of land, in arly 1.000,000 acres, owned by 
 
 inch a Japanese syndicate some time 
 1 to p'.uvhas.'. Public attention was called to'the irattcr through 
 
 Ian frustrated. 
 In S <>f Washington, tl,- 
 
 in in any 
 
 . r.douhtedly di. :Yered by the people 
 
 ,\i;h Ja{)an would be thereby materially 
 Ion with the Seattle people. -..- 1 in pub! 
 
 whether ".hi.-tle and wh 
 
 in the future will not l.e alarn 
 
 i t.. -tud/ these and similar phases <;' th- problem, for they demon- 
 Dainty what will happen in ri ultural sec tiop of 
 California there are here enough Japan mplish the result. 
 
 The li^ir -n prove coii' lusively that. e\en without more favorable 
 
 "ii. the Japanese only needs time to take possession of what he 
 in i 'alifornia. 
 what he will do i:i California he will do later in other Stales that offer attrac- 
 
 NsTRurnvK IMMIGRATION P>ILL. 
 
 ADMITS CO FO 1 FRENCHMAN OR HOLIANDER WILL GIVE THE UNITED STATES 
 
 2,000.000 JAPANESE POPULATION IN 40 YEARS AND OVER 100 000,000 IN 140 YEARS- - 
 \UDS WHICH SHOULD BE ADOPTED. 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, June 13, 1919.] 
 
 In the two arti< les preceding an outline has been presented of our present Asiatic- 
 immigration problem, more particularly with regard to the Japanese. Following is 
 a brief of the points thus far made: 
 
 THE CHIN 
 
 re concerned, there is at present no problem. The statistic s 
 
 show that under the operations of the exclusion a"t. and because of the scarcity of 
 
 f deaths over births, the Chinese population is very rapidly 
 
 cent. In Hawaii there are now about 
 
 one-fifth as many Chinese as Japanese: in continental United States perhaps about 
 hird. 
 
 inore valuable and less undesirable as immigrant and born 
 
 n than the Japanese. That is the general opinion on the Paci where 
 
 -t opportunity for judging. The Chinaman is reliable and honest no 
 
 < ountryman. not excepting the American, has so high a standard of commercial 
 
 sty. lie b e than the Japanese. l^>s inclined to take offense, and 
 
 with a hi of humor. He is more inclined to remain in fixed occupation 
 
 and i an labor and to American institutions. The Amerkan- 
 
 I'hinaman nui'- r citizen because China has not the hold on him that 
 
 Japan has on the Japan- 
 
 -n and hieh -class men hams regretfully 
 admi' ither honest nor reliable. 
 
 CHE JA, :,'H.5I.EM. 
 
 lie other h; > one. While the intro- 
 
 .iate that the- Japanese is an undesirable 
 
 immigrant and an undesiralc. imptifn was later reasonably well 
 
 !^h"d by the re-urd of his a< con | ii and California, and by 
 
 v (inlick. 
 
 -hen 
 
 it w.i t it would 
 
 .filial thn-u'-'h J;>p;' -trie tion on 'Jn: -imilar to 
 
 'ion. 
 
 iolated ir: pirit. At present 10.000 
 
 throucrh our contii.ental por - - 
 
 \i an border. Vir. 
 
 or Phelai, v.ith the Icnow; 
 
 if nc- auihorities. inclu<i; Jar ofli ialf, and anyone 
 
110 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 conversant with the manner in which the Japanese Government retains authority 
 and control over Japanese in this country, even over those born here, knows that this 
 secret immigration could not continue without knowledge thereof in < onsular offices. 
 
 In order to increase the resident, Japanese population as rapidly as possible over 
 20,000 ''picture brides" have been admitted in five years past, and they have per- 
 formed their allotted task of bearing Japanese children as rapidly aw possible fre- 
 quently, if not usually, at the rate of one per year. In California the Japanese birth 
 rate per thousand is already five times as great as the white birth rate, and increasing. 
 
 Under the understanding, the Japanese population of continental United States 
 should have decreased since ]900, as has the Chinese. Instead it has multiplied 
 sixfold. There are already 150,000 Japanese in this country, about two-thirds of 
 them in California, and three-quarters of that allotment have settled in 7 of the 
 State's 58 counties, where they are concentrated generally in a few communities. 
 
 The manner in which the Japanese displace white labor in industries and entire 
 communities has been explained and concrete examples furnished. It is evident 
 therefrom that Japanese to the number of a small fraction of the whites in any State 
 can take absolute economic control of the most favored sections of that State if they 
 once secure entrance. 
 
 Hawaii's situation under existing conditions is hopeless. The Japanese already com- 
 prise almost half the entire population and four times as many as the Caucasian or 
 any other race. More than half the yearly increase in births and school enrollment 
 is now Japanese. In a few years the native-born Japanese vote will hold the balance 
 of power, and in a generation can defy a combination of all other races in the Territory. 
 The proposed "constructive immigration" legislation would bring about that result 
 immediately by making Japanese eligible to citizenship; and the power thus obtained 
 will be used by them as Japanese, not as Americans. Nothing couloVbe more con- 
 clusive on this point than the testimony of Dr. Sidney Gulick himself. 
 
 Dr. Gulick explains how the Japanese, even when born under the American flag and 
 taught in our public schools, is drilled in loyalty to Japan and her ideals by compulsory 
 attendance in Japanese schools and by association with his own race. Pie says that 
 if the Japanese in Hawaii maintain their traditional conception of themselves, their 
 neighbors, and their duties ''the permanent maintenance in Hawaii of American 
 democracy, American homes, and American liberty is impossible." 
 
 The leading Japanese newspaper of Honolulu has been quoted in its boast well 
 founded that the Japanese soon will control the Territory of Hawaii by their votes. 
 It adds that they are even now in position to exert dominant influence in the political 
 and social affairs of the Territory; and that statement was fully confirmed when the 
 Territorial Legislature in May, 1919, on the demand of the Japanese, killed a bill 
 which provided that the Territory should not issue teachers' certificates to those who 
 did not have some knowledge of the English language and of American history and 
 civics. 
 
 What has happened in Hawaii is happening in localities in California and will be- 
 extended if protective measures are not adopted over this coast, and ultimately 
 throughout the Nation. 
 
 CONDITIONS, NOW BAD, WOULD BECOME WORSE. 
 
 To one who has studied the situation, it is evident that our immigration and naturali- 
 zation laws should be amended at once so as to minimize as far as possible the evils 
 existing and the greater ones which threaten in the future from the maintenance in 
 our midst of an alien, unassimilable and rapidly increasing Asiatic population. It 
 would be suicidal to inaugurate a policy which will inevitably increase that evil and 
 lead in time to the conquest of the white race by economic elimination. 
 
 It is the purpose of this article to show how the passage of the proposed ' ' constructive 
 immigration" legislation, formulated by Dr. Sidney Gulick and indorsed by the 
 league he has organized, or the adoption of the policy therein outlined, would increase 
 the evil rather than alleviate it. 
 
 An outline of the bill which Congress is to be asked to pass was presented in the 
 first of these articles. It proposes to make effective Dr. Gulick's "new oriental 
 policy " of opening our gates to all orientals on the same basis as accorded to the most 
 favored nations. Incidentally it limits immigration in any year from any race 
 to a fixed percentage 3 to 10 of the members of that race citizens of the United 
 States, either by birth, as per the census of 1920. or by naturalization in any year, and 
 has several minor provisions. The outline of the bill as used in these articles was 
 secured from the printed matter issued by the New York headquarters of the League 
 for Constructive Immigration Legislation. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. Ill 
 
 CKIl'ICIs\r OF HH.I.'s (IF.NKKAT. I'UIMMI 
 
 First there ar- .nion a iV Moral principles 
 
 embodied in the l>ill. 
 
 1. \Vliy establish at t]iis time a principle under which we shall obi -fives 
 
 in a in ->t any pc; I all of the nations of the earth as immigrants 
 
 and 
 
 en if such polic ..\\- it may not be a few years hence, and the precedent 
 
 established may <-av.se awkward c<>mp!ir:r 
 
 L'. \Vliy include all .nations in the category? The mere fact thai one race has been 
 permitte 1 to secure citi/.enship for some of its nationals in the past is not proof that 
 the action admitting them was wise, <>r that others of the same -race may be accepted 
 as immigrants ^ n <l citi/ens witli advantage. 
 
 :',. \Vliy ]>lace all nations on an assumed basis of equality when it is clear that some 
 nations will ire.'ierally furnish much more desirable citizens and immigrants than 
 others And is it not possible that certain nationalities may be regarded favorably 
 as immigrants and citi/ens now and unfavorably some years hence? 
 
 4. Why base tlie number of admissions from each race in the future on the number 
 of those already here? If we have made mistakes in the past are we not to be permitted 
 to correct them? In the past, with the exception of orientals, those came to our shores 
 who desired to come, not those whom we selected. Under such circumstances are 
 we to bind ourselves to exclude desirable immigrants and citizens because undesirable 
 ones have more racial brothers already here? 
 
 PROPORTIONS IMPOSED BY BILL. 
 
 what the bill of the League for Constructive Immigration legislation 
 would commit us in the way of selective immigration. Consulting the tables of the 
 census abstract for 1910. so far a-^ they ca i he matter, to ascertain the number 
 
 of citi/ens naturalized and bom. of the different cases, which must serve as the basis 
 of our admissions annually, we get the following astonishing result: 
 
 For every single immigrant that we are willing to accept under the Gulick plan 
 from France. Holland. Wales, or Mexico, after the first thousand to which any Nation 
 '.led. we are committed to accept the following number from each of the respec- 
 tive countries named: Germany. 69; Ireland. 30: England. 15: Canada. 15: Russia, 
 Sweden. 7: Italy. 7: Xorwa; .and. 4; Denmark. Hungary, 
 
 and Switzerland, each '2. From Belgium. Portugal, and Spain we could not admit' a 
 single immigrant unless we admitted from 100 to 600 Germans, and a corresponding 
 number of other nationalities as enumerated. As between Chinese {and Japanese we 
 would be called on in a short time to admit 10 of the latter to 1 of the former. 
 
 Slightly different results in estimates of this character will be obtained according 
 to the sources of basic information as to citizens, born and naturalized, and according 
 to incidental assumptions indulged in. Dr. Gulick furnishes an estimate according 
 to which we would have to admit only 30 Germans for every Frenchman, Hollander, 
 or Mexican. 
 
 Estimates of this character, no matter by whon prepared, if based on any reliable 
 .ill furnish results demonstrating the utter absurdity, from an American 
 point of view, of the percentage plan of restriction. 
 
 If we are to amend our immigration laws so as to maintain or raise the standard of 
 American citizenship and insure the perpetuity of the American Nation, we should 
 not commit ourselves to admit the peoples of the earth in any such proportions as 
 called for by this plan. 
 
 HOW JAPANESE IMMIGRATION WOULD INCREASE. 
 
 In estimates of this kind it must be borne in mind that the basic factor of native 
 born under the Gulick plan will be taken from the 1920 census, which will be first 
 available in 1U22. There is an incentive for a large birth record prior to that date. 
 It may, or may not. have any significance that during the five years of Dr. Gulick 's 
 activity in the interests of this matter, 1914 to 1919, Japan sent over 20,232 picture 
 brides who have faithfully performed their allotted task of increasing the Japanese 
 birth record. 
 
 If T:. : :>le element in our immigration, which will not intermarry 
 
 or assimilate, it m iv not therefore be BO much the actual number admitted as their 
 future increase which should give us most pause. It should be remembered that in 
 California the official records show that in certain localities where they have con- 
 centrated the Japanese have a birth rate five times as great as the whites, although 
 
112 JAPANKSK I M .MIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 their females, in proportion to males, are only perhaps one-fourth as numerous as 
 among tVie whites. Under such conditions it would be only a question of time when 
 the Japanese in this country would exceed in numbers another race which at this 
 time might be twenty times as numerous here. Even the advantage which the other 
 .race might have at the start in allotment because of its number of naturalized citizens 
 would not prevent it being overtaken in time. 
 
 EVANGELIZING JAPANESE FOR CITIZENSHIP. 
 
 The proposed iiteasure makes alJ Asiatics here or to come eligible to citizenship and 
 encourages their coming inasmuch as it fixes a proportion within which they may be 
 .admitted, while under existing understanding they are classed as undesirable. 
 
 Dr. Gulick says in nis pamphlet, published in 1915, "Hawaii's American-Japanese 
 Problem, ' ' as quoted in the first article: 
 
 ^"Jf as Asiatics they (the Japanese) maintain their traditional conception of God, 
 nature, and man; of male and female; of husband and wife; of parent and child; of 
 I ruler and ruled; of the State and the individual; the permanent maintenance in 
 \ Hawaii of American democracy, American homes, and American liberty is impossible. ' ' 
 \ The Japanese born and educated in Japan, with very rare exceptions, certainly do 
 ^ retain these conceptions even while living in the United States. 
 
 Dr. Gulick again says that the Japanese born here and taught in our public schools 
 are not thereby prepared for American citizenship since they are drilled before and 
 after public school hours at home and by Japanese teachers, most of whom do not 
 speak English and "many of whom have little acquaintance and no sympathy with 
 American institutions or a Christian civilization." 
 
 Why then is Dr. Gulick so solicitous to have the United States establish a principle 
 by which the Japanese will be formally recognized as desirable immigrants and citizens 
 .and encourage conditions which will greatly increase the number of native-born 
 .Japanese? The answer appears in the same pamphlet, and is quoted below: 
 
 GULICK 'S EXPERIMENTAL PLAN. 
 
 "Is it not axiomatic that the successful welding together of the many races now in 
 Hawaii in such wise as to make possible the maintenance of genuine democracy, with 
 progressive victory over graft, lust, venereal disease, and alcohol, depends upon the 
 substantial Christianization of the rising generation of Asiatics?' ' 
 
 "American and Asiatic civlizations rest on postulates fundamentally different and 
 antagonistic. The two civilizations can not be assimilated, but this does not prevent 
 an Asiatic under proper social conditions from giving up his inherited civilization 
 and adopting the American. Exactly because Hawaii is the meeting place of so many 
 diverse races is the propaganda and practice of vital Christianity the more pressing. ' ' 
 
 Evidently Dr. Gulick is satisfied, notwithstanding all the difficulties he points out, 
 that a Japanese may be turned into a valuable American citizen by acceptance of 
 Christianity, assisted doubtless by other minor agencies. 
 
 It would'appear, therefore, that Dr. Gulick, in promoting his "new oriental policy' ' 
 and urging the adoption of his proposed "constructive immigration" legislation, is 
 willing to risk a grave menance to American citizenship and the safety of the American 
 Republic in order to promote a doubtful experiment in evangelization. 
 
 But should we permit Dr. Gulick 's optimistic enthusiasm in evangelization to lead 
 the Nation into serious difficulties? And will the Japanese Government encourage or 
 permit the Christianizing of its people in return for our indorsement of Dr. Gulick 's 
 ' new oriental policy? ' ' And if the Japanese are unanimously or generally evangelized 
 under this arrangement, may we safely assume that they will at once lose all those 
 characteristics which have made them, in Dr. Gulick 's opinion, poor material for 
 American citizenship? 
 
 1 do not wish to be considered a pessimist, but it would be untruthful to say that I 
 do not entertain grave doubts in the matter. 
 
 A QUESTION OF POLICY. 
 
 Dr. Gulick insists, too, that the United States will benefit by the proposed law, 
 as the number of Japanese immigrants admitted will be less than under existing con- 
 ditions. He declares that in 1918, 10,213 Japanese were admitted, and that in 1919 
 the number will be 12,000; and that the number admitted under his plan, even on 
 a 10 per cent basis, will be much less. As shown later, he is clearly mistaken on this 
 point, but concede for the moment that he is right. ' 
 
 Dr. Gulick frankly allows that the adult Japanese, when he arrives here, is an un- 
 desirable American citizen, and that e'ven the American-born Japanese, under exist- 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 113 
 
 is not likely to make a good citizen. His figures prove that the Jap- 
 
 rnment i> steadily violating the spirit of the "gentlemen's agreement," 
 under \vhich the Japane-e \\-cre to be kept out: and yet he recommends urgently that 
 
 miaHy recognize the Japanese as eligible to citi/enship and encourage them to 
 
 jhlishing an annual Japanese umoigralioD <iuota. 
 
 I>r. < iulick claims American citizenship, but I am at a loss to understand his reason- 
 ing. It \\-ould seem to me, under such circumstances, since the Japanese make poor 
 :.'l the Japanese ( iovernmcnt is deliberately violating the intent of the agree- 
 ment, a staunch American citizen would urge our Government to c?ncel at once the 
 lemen's aLTeruient." to stop the importation of ''picture brides/' to bar further 
 Japanese immigration, and to encourage the individual States to puss alien land laws. 
 In other words, the tirst < are of an American citizen would naturally l,e for the pro- 
 
 ii of Ani'-ri'-an institution^ and the American franchise, rather* than solicitude 
 to meet the demands, inconsistent and probably harmful to us, of a foreign nation, 
 however friendly we ir.iirht he with that nation. 
 
 THE PLAN IN< HKASKS JAPANESE IMMIGRATION. 
 
 It 1 dready that the bad faith of Japan in shipping to us each 
 
 io.OOO or more Japanese in violation of the letter and spirit of the gentlemen's 
 ;.icnt is not a good reason for formal recognition by us of the Japanese as immi- 
 grants and citizens, even if thereby we receive annually a smaller influx legally than 
 is now forced on us illegally. While Dr. (iulick claims the admissions will be smaller, 
 acts contradict him. He has published tables showing the highest allotment 
 to Japan annually under the percentage plan as 5,800. But this estimate is for 1918 
 and preceding vears based on the assumption that the plan had been put into effect 
 in HMD. He offers no figures for the future in which we are really concerned, so far 
 .ave read, except in an article published in the New York Independent in May, 
 1919, wherein he declares that the Japanese immigration under this plan in 1935 will 
 not exceed 5,400. 
 
 I have carried Dr. Gulick's tables beyond 1918, where he stops them, and far into 
 the future 200 years which is short enough time to consider in the life of a great 
 nation like this. The details of those tables will be reserved for another article. 
 This summary will suffice for present purpo- 
 
 If the Gulick plan were in force on July 1, 1919, and no immigrants were admitted 
 in excess of the "allotment" to each race, the Japanese immigration for each of the 
 years !'.]!, 11)20, and 1921 would be cut down to 2,500. In 1922 it would be 7,500 
 for J<2<) being then available with the record of native-born. In 1923 or 
 1!)24 the allotment would be increased by 10 per cent of the number of present resi- 
 dents who would have become naturalized, say less than 25 per cent, 50,000; and each 
 year thereafter it would be increased by 10 per cent of the number of those immi- 
 grants coming in five years before who had become citizens. 
 
 The annual immigration in either 1923 or 1924 would therefore jump to a figure in 
 i. and would steadily increase thereafter, reaching 16,000 in 1933 and 
 23,000 in ! 
 
 INCREASE IN JAPANESE POPULATION. 
 
 The increase in total Japanese population is, however, the important and the 
 alarming feature. At present the records in California show a net annual increase of 
 Japanese population, due to excess of births over deaths, of between 3^ and 4 per cent. 
 uing that this increase will be onh ut in the future, and that the total 
 
 Japanese population in 1923 will be 300,000 (the present population is estimated at 
 250,000), the population including immigration would double in less than 20 years. 
 In M4:J it would be 875,000. 
 
 At the same rate in 40 years from 1923 the Japanese population of the United States 
 under operation of the Gulick plan would be, in round figures 2,000,000; in 80 vears, 
 10,000,000; in 140 '0,000,000. 
 
 Long i.efore then the white race would have succumbed in the economic competi- 
 tion and the world's glorious Republic would have become a Province of Japan. 
 
 ilts under the i:<-n; iem.-n's agreement as now operated by Japan will be slower 
 of attainment but equally certain in the end. 
 
 ALL ASIATICS ELIGIBLE. 
 
 The bill makes all ion to the United States eligible for citizen- 
 
 ship. The effect of this in the Territory of Hawaii would be to create at once a citizenry 
 of Japanese almost equal in number to the voters of all other races combined and four 
 times as numerous as those of t "he < aucasian or any other race. 
 
 S. Doc. 55, 67-1 8 
 
114 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 Thes^ Japanese would manage Hawaii not as a Territory of the United States but 
 as a Province of Japan. The testimony offered on this score in these articles is con- 
 vincing. 
 
 Another effect of this provision would be to permit the newly made citizens in 
 EUwaii to come to the mainland and swell the number of their race in California. 
 Tney would come, as they are eager to settle in California because of its superior 
 advantages iiT many ways. They could come many thousands strong and still leave 
 enough of their race in Hawaii to control it. Thev are not supposed to come to tho 
 mainland now under the "gentlemen's agreement." 
 
 There are many. Asiatics who are less desirable a q citizens and immigrants than the 
 Japanese. Our objections to the Japanese are based on grounds which are in a measure 
 creditable to them; but certain other Asiatics, while not offering the danger in eco- 
 nomic competition which we find in the Japanese, are objectionable on other grounds 
 sanitary, physical, and mental. 
 
 THE STUDENT PROVISION. 
 
 The student provision permits any number of "students" to come in, and no pro- 
 vision is made as to their occupation while here or as to their return. Under this- 
 provision many thousands of Japanese could come into the United States, attend 
 school for a few months, and then distribute themselves through the country as 
 laborers. This is so patent that it seems strange it should have escaped the attention 
 of the framers of the bill. 
 
 AN ASYLUM FOR THE PERSECUTED. 
 
 Again, it- is proposed that any alien claiming religious persecution in his own coun- 
 try, either in overt act or through law or regulation, shall be admitted into this coun- 
 try on application and become at once eligible for citizenship. 
 
 This country can not longer afford to serve as an asylum for everyone claiming per- 
 secution elsewhere, however unfitted he may be for American citizenship, if we are 
 to maintain a standard of citizenship which will insure the perpetuity of the Nation. 
 
 Under the provision named we would have to admit without questioi every Russian 
 Jew, every Armenian, and every Christian Asiatic who might be persecuted in his 
 own country. There would be in all of these classes individuals who would make 
 desirable citizens, but it would be unwise to pledge ourselves to admit everyone who 
 applied. 
 
 It can not be doubted that the responsible heads of the Federal Council of Churches 
 of Christ of America, and nearly all possibly all of the 1,000 national committee- 
 men who stood sponsors for the "new oriental policy" and the percentage plan for 
 restriction of immigration put forth in the name of the League of Constructive Immi- 
 gration Legislation had no knowledge of the facts given to the public in these articles 
 and no conception of the results which may be feared from any encouragement of 
 Asiatic immigration. 
 
 SUGGESTED SAFEGUARDS. 
 
 Consideration of the facts presented in these articles naturally suggested the follow- 
 ing as points worthy at least of careful thought on the part of Uncle Sam in connection 
 with the immigration problem: 
 
 Why not decide now and for all time that our immigration policy, our naturalization 
 policy, and all our national policies shall be based, not on what someone else desires 
 or demands, but on what is best for the comfort and happiness of the loyal American 
 citizen, for the maintenance of the American home, and for the preservation of the 
 American Nation? 
 
 If it be wise to restrict immigration, and our experience indicates that it is wise 
 to do so, why not decide on the number we care to admit each year, and select them 
 from the most desirable who present themselves, regardless of the number of their 
 respective races who are already here? Let each applicant be judged on individual 
 merit. 
 
 So far as the Japanese are concerned, since the facts conclusively demonstrate 
 that their continued immigration threaten our labor, our industries, our economic 
 life, and eventually our existence as a nation, why hesitate to adopt at once the only 
 remedial measures which can save us. These remedies, as originally suggested by 
 me. are: 
 
 First. Cancellation of the "gentlemen's agreement." 
 
 Second. Exclusion of "picture brides." 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 115 
 
 Third. A -elusion of Japanese as immigrants, as other Asiatic? are ex- 
 
 chi'i 
 
 Fourth. Confirmation and le.eali/ation of the principle that Asiatics shall be forever 
 
 MI citixenship. 
 
 Fifth. Amendment <>t' section 1 of Article XIV of the Federal ConstitutiOD so as to 
 child born in the Tinted States of foreign parents shall be eligible to 
 nship unless both parents are eligible to such citi/enship. 
 
 01 R I NT K RESTS i > |{ JAP1 
 
 .-.-Minns i lii-re will be raided at once the objection that all or any 
 1 will hurt Japan's pride, and must not be attempted, 
 not occur to me any other objection that might be offered, 
 uld not hurt Japan's pride, for they are ha-ed on economic and not on 
 They are in effect the .-ami- I which she enforces against the 
 
 roans, who are. too. of the yellow race, and for precisely simil. 
 
 /ainst Japan by Canada and Australia, notwithstanding 
 
 that Cirent I'ritnin - ally. And the Paris conference declined to consider 
 
 1 for recognition of the question under the head of "Racial difcrimi- 
 .- iroiisly pro:o-ted. and becaupe Japan's claim was 
 :<! untena' 
 
 And if notwithstanding all this. Japan shall insist that her pride will be hurt if we 
 
 ea in the TiianiT-r indicated, and that we must not do it. then it would 
 
 e up TO the American Nation to say. very politely, that, much as it pains 
 
 P'ihilities of <>rr good friends in Japan, orr frst care 
 
 >r the perpetui T rican institutions, and the freedom and happiness 
 
 iteration of Japan must be for her own people and their 
 
 nt iv. IV. On: JAPANESE PROBLEM. 
 THE "GENTLEMEN'S /LORI AND THE PERCENTAGE RE-IKKTION PLAN* GROSS 
 
 REEMENT THE PROPOSED PLAN WILL LARGELY INC!: 
 
 THE PRESENT ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION EITHER PLAN IN TIME WILL MAKE A JAPANESE 
 THIS COUNTRY A MATHEMATICAL DEMONSTRATI 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, July 29, 1919.] 
 
 The Saturday Evening Post is the first American magazine of large circulation 
 published in an Atlantic environment to give a fair, intelligent, statesmanlike, and 
 American presentation of the vexed subject of Japanese immigration. 
 
 i >ne in a lengthy article by Herbert Quick under the title i; Seventeen 
 
 Year People." published in the issue of June 28th, and devoted to a consideration 
 
 'le. damaging, and locust-like elements which descend upon American 
 
 through the open immigration gates, and from which we must be pro- 
 
 an institution- are to be preserved. 
 
 < OUNTRY. 
 
 Mr kta the matter fairly when he says in effect that this is our country 
 
 ;irit any foreigner; that we should tactfully 
 
 but firmly let the world know that we claim the right to exclude anyone we wish 
 
 ;iis democracy depends upon the sort of immigrants 
 
 admitted; that the < ; immigration problems should be oncour- 
 
 and not frowned upon; that there is nothing discreditable to ihe Japanese in 
 
 our attitude on that we will not admit them because they do not and 
 
 'nomic competition, they drive our people 
 admit immigration freely under such conditions from 
 hat the consideration offered or th ^nces involved; 
 
 and 1 1 right to make such a decision and the power to enforce it. 
 
 WHY Wl IT JAPAN I 
 
 Ib -.,me unfitted for competition with such i ipan- 
 
 ese. It is because they know the i city to us in industrial competition that, 
 
 they di -iiV-h "f them a 
 
 They come to underlive us and drive us to the wall \u-.'. 
 
 Mipetition. They can pay more for land than an American can pay, and 
 .nd this means that they have the power to establish a 
 'e of actual wa;.' 
 
116 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 NEVER AGAIN. 
 
 And again he says: "One of our most insoluble troubles as a Nation rises from 
 the existence among us of a colored race; and, make no mistake, we shall never allow 
 another similar problem to grow up among us." 
 
 MAY THE EAST SEE THE LIGHT. 
 
 The principles outlined by the Saturday Evening Post author are precisely the 
 principles for which the Pacific coast has contended for many years; they are the 
 principles for which California contended when she attempted to protect her little 
 girls by compelling grown Japanese youths to attend separate schools, and when 
 she attempted to protect her agricultural population by passing an alien land law; 
 they are the principles which up to this time it has been difficult for a man east of the 
 Rockies to appreciate or understand, while he insisted that the Pacific coast attitude 
 is simply a manifestation of racial prejudice against a friendly nation. 
 
 AN ECONOMIC ONE. 
 
 The question is an economic rather than a racial one, and where the element of 
 race enters as a factor there is no question of inferiority involved. It has been suf- 
 ficiently demonstrated that the Japanese can not be transformed in the melting pot 
 into desirable material for citizenship, as can most Europeans; and that in the attempt 
 to so transform him the white people of this Republic must go to the wall. 
 
 ENOUGH REASON. 
 
 That is sufficient reason for refusing to permit the entrance of Japanese; and when 
 Japan insists that such refusal is humiliating to her pride she is indulging in diplo- 
 matic camouflage in order to win her point. She will follow that policy a? long as 
 it promises success. 
 
 QUICK MISLED. 
 
 While the author of the Saturday Evening Post article has admirably outlined the 
 principles upon which the great problem must be solved for the permanent protec- 
 tion of the American Republic, he has been misled in two important matters con- 
 cerning existing conditions and the imminence of the danger. 
 
 GENTLEMEN'S AGREEMENT AND GULICK PLAN. 
 
 He says, for instance, concerning the present arrangement, that "Japan and the 
 United States are working under a gentlemen's agreement under which Japanese 
 laborers do not come to the United States. It is a gentlemen's agreement, which 
 is kept in a gentlemanly manner;" and again that " Japan keeps her agreement 
 faithfully, but she is not satisfied." 
 
 VIOLATES IT. 
 
 The fact is that there could not be more flagrant violation of a gentlemen's agree- 
 ment than Japan has been guilty of in this case. 
 
 She boasts that she always keeps her agreements, and through skillful propaganda 
 some Americans have commenced to believe so. Her bad faith is boldly placarded 
 on her record in China, in Korea, in Manchuria, in Siberia, in Shantung, where those 
 who have had relations with her have experienced it, and where the student and 
 investigator may readily read it. In this immigration matter the record, as will be 
 shown, is unmistakable. 
 
 MISLED BY GULICK. 
 
 Herbert Quick has been misled again into believing, on the authority of Sidney L. 
 Gulick, that the bill proposed by Gulick in the name of the League for Constructive 
 Immigration Legislation, restricting immigration to a percentage basis, would per- 
 manently "confine oriental immigration to limits of absolute harmlessness,'' and 
 that it would therefore satisfactorily solve the Japanese problem. 
 
 On the contrary, the Gulick plan would insure a greater immigration from Japan 
 than is now coming to us, and by which in time the Pacific coast, and ultimately 
 the Nation, would be submerged. 
 
JAPANESE 1M.MIC.KATION AXI> < '< >L< >X I/ATIoN . 117 
 
 JAPAN'S VIOLATION OF AGREEMENT. 
 
 . .rreement provides a miaranty on Japan'-; part tliat she will 
 
 rinit Japan^e laborers to come to this country. But every year a number of 
 
 Japanese, iruarantced by Japan under the agreement, are turned" bark at our entry 
 
 ;>y United States customs officials because of indisputable evidence that these 
 
 HER EXPLANATION A JOKE. 
 
 Japan's explanation is that it is not practicable for her to avoid being made the 
 victim of deception at times by those seeking to come to the United States. 
 
 The statement that the Government of Japan would not know, or could not readily 
 M-eupation and intimate personal history of any one of her subjects 
 will be hailed as a joke by anyone familiar with the German-like intelligence system 
 maintained by that Government. 
 
 12.000 COMING. 
 
 ui sent us last year over 10,000 immigrants. This year there will be 12,000. 
 iini: to l>r. Gulick. Each immigrant comes bearing Japan's passport and her 
 word as a gentleman that the newcomer is not a laborer. 
 
 of them will be found at labor, skilled and unskilled, within a few weeks 
 after they step ashore. 
 
 Japan may class them as dilettanti for passport purposes, but they are laborers 
 in fact or intent before they start, because of the chance of earning here from five to 
 ten times what they can in Japan. Our officials admit them presumably because 
 there is no evidence to disprove Japan's assurance. 
 
 50,000 "NONLABORERS." 
 
 Since Japan passed her word as a gentleman in this matter in 1907 there have set- 
 tled in California alone about 50,000 Japanese, duly certified as nonlaborers. 
 
 The number is ascertained by comparing California's Japanese population in 1907 
 and 191s. and making allowance for the recorded births and deaths in that interval. 
 
 It is comparatively easy for any investigator to satisfy himself that most of these 
 immigrants secured places at once as laborers, and, with exception of those who grad- 
 : into bosses, have been laborers since. 
 
 Of those who did not labor the greater part went into gainful occupations that, 
 directly or indirectly, displaced white residents and American citizens. 
 
 PICTURE BRIDES. 
 
 In less than five years past Japan has sent over 20,323 "picture brides." of which 
 number all but 6,864 came to the mainland. Most of these picture brides are laborers, 
 doing a man's work in field or shop, and incidentally bearing children, frequently 
 at the rate of one per year. 
 
 ALL VIOLATIONS. 
 
 Every Japanese who came to this country since the date of the agreement in 1907, 
 and who has earned his livelihood by labor since, scores a violation of the agreement 
 and of Japan's word; and anyone familiar with the situation knows that these viola- 
 tions are already numbered by the tens of thousands. 
 
 Japan's bad faith and'Uncle Sam's blind complaisance have made a scrap 
 of paper of the gentlemen's agreement. 
 
 If Japan is to be permitted to continue sending these people in at the rate of 12,000 
 r throiiirh the immigration office, and unnumbered others across the border, 
 let us at least cease to fool ourselves as to what is occurring and who is responsible 
 therefor. 
 
 WORSE STILL. 
 
 Xow. as to the remedy, enticingly offered by Sidney Gulick and his League for 
 
 ructive Immigration Legislation in his proposed percentage plan for restri 
 immigration. Dr. (iulick explains and Herbert Quick accepts the explanation 
 that as Japan is faithfully keeping the gentlemen's agreement, the percentage immi- 
 gration plan is a desirable thing because the Japanese immigration under it will be 
 less than under the present agreement. 
 
118 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 A PARALLEL. 
 
 Assuming for the moment only that Japanese immigration under the Gulick 
 plan would be less, the plea to adopt the plan is a piece of quiet and of course unin- 
 tentional humor. The case is parallel with that of the highway robber who, having 
 exacted annual tribute of $10,000 to $12,000 in violation of his word "as a gentleman," 
 makes a proposition to his victim that for certain valuable concessions and considera- 
 tions he will inaugurate a plan under which he claims the tribute shall be much less, 
 though it will really be more in a short while. 
 
 WILL JAPANIZE US. 
 
 In the present case the consideration demanded is the permanent acceptance of 
 the Japanese as immigrants and citizens. 
 
 The plan proposed, too, while it is guaranteed to decrease Japanese immigration, 
 \as now sent in violation of the gentlemen's agreement, will really increase it. 
 
 THE GULICK TABLE OF RESULTS. 
 
 The Gulick plan proposes to restrict the immigration from any race in any year to 
 a percentage, say 10, of (or) the American-born children of that race, according to the 
 census of 1920 when the figures are available, and, until then, according to the census 
 of 1910; plus (6) the naturalized members of the race according to the last census; 
 plus ((?) the members naturalized since such census (and the Bureau of Naturalization 
 is instructed to compile and furnish such data annually). 
 
 Tables are offered in support of the contention that the percentage plan would per- 
 mit less Japanese immigration than the present arrangement with Japan. But these 
 tables deal only with the past, showing that if the proposed measure had been adopted 
 in 1910 the highest annual "allotment" to Japan between 1910 and 1918 would have 
 been 5,800, while the average immigration was greater, being 10,000 in 1918. 
 
 In addition. Dr. Gulick in the New York Independent of May 10, 1919, claimed that 
 the Japanese immigration under his plan would be 40 per cent less in 1935 than had 
 entered the United^ States in 1917, i.e., 40 per cent less than 8,991. say 5,400. 
 
 Gulick's tables, however, avoid showing results under the plan in future years; 
 and no mention is made of the fact that the bill provides for admissions outside the 
 "allotment," which would multiple that allotment several fold. 
 
 WHAT WILL REALLY HAPPEN', 
 
 Let us assume that the bill will be passed by Congress this year, and see what the 
 future would have in store for us. The Japanese allotment for "each of the years 1919, 
 1920, and 1921 would be, in rough numbers, 2,500, being 10 per cent of the native- 
 born Japanese, according to the census of 1910. 
 
 In 1922 the figures for the census ef 1920 would be available, and based on a native- 
 born population in 1920 of 75,000 (easily demonstrable by statistics and the birth rate), 
 the Japanese allotment would jump at once to 7,500. 
 
 In 1923 the allotment would receive its first addition from the naturalized element, 
 as it would take five years for aliens to receive final papers. If it be assumed that 
 50 per cent of the acfult Japanese now under the American flag could and would 
 qualify for citizenship, this factor would be 100,000, and 10,000 would be added to 
 the annual allotment, making it 17,500. 
 
 If it be assumed that only 20 to 25 per cent would qualify, the factor would be 50,000, 
 and 5,000 would be added to the allotment, making the total 12,500. Even in this 
 case the allotment would be in excess of the high mark of actual immigration for 1918, 
 or of that estimated for 1919. 
 
 It may be said in passing, however, that a race demanding American citizenship, 
 which fails to qualify at least 50 per cent of those here, after, five years' residence, is 
 not good material for citizenship; they are here for their profit, and not for our benefit; 
 and if they will not make good citizens, they are undesirable as immigrants and per- 
 manent residents. 
 
 "ALLOTMENT" ONLY A PART OF IMMIGRATION. 
 
 But the allotment is only a small measure of the immigration which must be ad- 
 mitted under the provisions of the Gulick bill. Every immigrant who comes in and 
 every one now here is entitled to bring, or send for, 'a wife (and "picture brides" 
 are wives under Japan's procedure) and certain relatives; and "students," who 
 may turn at once to labor, and those who claim to be objects of religious persecution 
 must be admitted, without limit or restriction. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 119 
 
 aai tin- "allotment" may be only one-half, or one-quarter, or i-\-u a smaller 
 rtion of the actual immigration for the year, and tin.- Japam-s" inundation in 
 miirht br anywhere between :-.n.O<) and 75.000. 
 
 >leadinu r T abl.-~ and .~'a'<-iiH n:- ciaiinii:L r !<>> immigration under the per- 
 .un than und<-r th< "111. have been published for two 
 
 h ; le the authori/t d \rrsions of the proposed bill given out at the sum- 
 time contained tlie provisions above noted and others. Within the past few v 
 under public criticism, modification of some of these provisions has been made, but 
 their in the original bill sufficiently indicates the intent of the authors 
 
 thei 
 
 THE GREAT MENACE NONASSIMILATION AND BIRTH RATE. 
 
 The real menace in Japanese immigration is found in three elements. The Japanese 
 do not intermarry with the whites and are never assimilated; they have a birth rate 
 greatly in excess "of the average in this country; and the white race can not face them 
 uomic competition. 
 
 The Japanese birth rate per thousand in Sacramento City and elsewhere in * 
 fornia where opportunity for comparison exists is five time's as great as that of the 
 white population, as shown by State board of health records. 
 
 In Los Angeles County, the 'most populous county in the State, the Japanese births 
 for the month of May, 1919, outside of the incorporated cities, were one-third as many 
 as the white births in those districts. (Los Angeles Times, June 30, 1919.) The 
 suburban and county population of Los '>>unty is large. 
 
 In San Joaquin County during the six months endi'ns July 1, 1919, there were 
 
 rths. Of this number 113 were to native-born American parents, 104 were to 
 
 rnaining 65 to European foreigners. There were 178 white births 
 
 and 245 deaths: and 104 Japanese births and only 17 deaths, i. e., the deaths among 
 
 the v. ! the births by -10 per cent; the deaths among the Japanese were 
 
 only one-sixth of the births. (Stockton Record, July 19, 1919.) 
 
 The actual nu Japanese immigrants therefore does not afford an adequate 
 
 idea of the danger that their comiii. for this country. The number, however 
 
 small, concentrates in a ulities, thus making their numbers and their 
 
 racial < ha: :i-mic competition they displace the whites. 
 
 f their race come in, other localities are selected and the same plan fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 Europeans, even of objectionable peoples, would intermarry and in time be assimi- 
 lated, but the Japanese, never. 
 
 It is evident with these racial characteristics and economic advantages, and their 
 overwhelming birth rate, it would require only time for a few hundred thousand 
 Japanese t millions of Americans. Even the handicap of a small naturalized 
 
 population at first would only delay the inevitable result under the percentage im- 
 .tion plan, while the advocate's of that plan insist it would keep the Japanese 
 proportion down permanently. 
 
 Make a table showing the allotments" and birth and population statistics for 20 
 - under the percentage plan, for the Japanese and any other race, conceding 
 that the Japanese at the start have only one-twentieth as many naturalized citizens 
 other race, but their birth rate is five times as great. 
 
 In 20 years, the Japanese annual births will equal their annual immigration allot- 
 ment, and that 20-to-l proportion, notwithstanding the comparatively small Jap- 
 anese allotment, will show each five years a slow decrease as to immigrants, and a 
 rapid decrease as to total population. 
 
 WHAT WILL HAPPEN IN 25 YEARS. 
 
 L'nder the Gulick plan the Japanese will steadily gain on any and all races which 
 send over im.ru ~e the allotment factor of their native born under 
 
 the 1920 census will represent a greater proportion of their naturalized citizens than 
 will be the case with any other race: and, second, because those who find admission 
 will reproduce much more rapidly than the immigrants of any other race. 
 
 To demonstrate mathematically that the percentage plan will materially increase 
 even the present Japanese immigration unfairly sent to us under violation ot the 
 "gentlemen's agreement," I have prepared a table along the lines followed by Or. 
 Gulick, but showing what he does not show the results of the next 2"> years, i 
 gress should adopt the plan this year. 
 
 That the plan might have every reasonable chance consistent with the facts, to 
 make a good showing, the table is based on the following assumptions: That all pro- 
 
120 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 visions allowing immigration in excess of the annual "allotment," will be stricken 
 from the bill; that only 50,000 Japanese will qualify for citizenship five years hence; 
 that of the new immigrants coming in each year, two-fifths only will qualify at the 
 end of five years' residence; that the native-born Japanese under the census of 1920 
 will number 75,000; that the total Japanese population in the United States in 1923 
 will be only 300,000, and that the annual increase in population due to excess of 
 births over deaths, will be 2 per cent (the present record in California is nearly 4 per 
 cent). 
 
 And this is what the table shows. The total Japanese immigration admitted under 
 the allotment for each of the years 1919, 1920, and 1921, will be only 2,500. In 1922 
 there will be 7,500; in 1923, 12,600 (7,500 plus 5,100); in 1933, 16,316 (7,500 plus 
 8,816); in 1943, 22,987 (7,500 plus 15,487). 
 
 The partial increase of population measured by births less deaths will be, in 1923, 
 6,000; in 1933, 9,800; in 1943, 16,100. 
 
 The total annual net increase in population, measured by the last two factors, will 
 be 18,600 in 1923 and 39,000 in 1943. 
 
 The total Japanese population of the United States will be at the end of 1923 
 318,600; at the end of 1933, 542,000; at the end of 1943, 875,000. 
 
 Present conditions justify the prediction that most of this population will be cen- 
 tered in the Pacific Coast States, and that one-half to two-thirds will be in Cali- 
 fornia. That number of Japanese will go far toward owning those States, economi- 
 cally speaking, and Japanese immigration in the years following can take possession 
 in turn of the more favored of the remaining States, until all that seem worth while 
 to discriminating Japanese taste have been fully colonized. 
 
 LOOKING AHEAD 100 YEARS. 
 
 But let us look still further ahead into the future. Twenty-five years should be 
 but as a month in the life of a great nation like ours. Under the percentage plan for 
 restricting immigration, our Japanese population will have increased nearly three- 
 fold in 20 years from 1923. To be exact, the increase is 266 percent, the native-born 
 under the 1920 census, a fixed annual amount, contributing 50 per cent, and the 
 other 216 per cent being composed of the naturalized element of the annual allotment, 
 plus the annual births, and less the deaths a constantly increasing amount. 
 
 At that same rate in 40 years from 1923, the Japanese population of the United 
 States under operation of the Gulick plan would be, in round figures, 2,000,000; in 
 80 years, 10,000,000; in 140 years, 100,000,000; in 160 years, 216,000,000. 
 
 Long before then the white race would have succumbed in the economic compe- 
 tition and the world's glorious Republic would have become a Province of Japan. 
 
 The objection will be made to these tables that the ratio of increase used in pre- 
 paring them will not be maintained; that if it were, the Japanese population of the 
 United States in a few hundred years would run into billions. 
 
 It is undoubtedly true that the ratio used will not permanently maintain. Those 
 who have made close study of this subject say that the birth rate of a race decreases 
 with higher standards of living and adaptation to western civilization; but they also 
 say that in a case of the kind under consideration the invading race maintains a 
 superior birth rate at least until the invaded race has succumbed through economic 
 competition or force of arms. 
 
 In my tables there has been used a ratio which is only one-half of the present ratio 
 of natural increase of the Japanese in California. The ratio in Hawaii is about the 
 same as in California. That half ratio, augmented by immigration, doubles the 
 population in 20 years. In Japan at present the population without immigration 
 doubles in about 50 years it is said. 
 
 If the Japanese continue to come into the United States the rate of increase here 
 will not drop to the present standard of Japan for many generations in all probability. 
 
 The reasons are that 90 per cent of those admitted here in the past 20 years were 
 between 14 and 44 years of age. They were in the vigor of life and, with imported 
 "picture bride," and with the incentive of citizenship for native-born children, 
 established a high birth rate. The clearly defined policy of Japan in "peaceful 
 penetration" of this country will continue to send over the same class of immigrants 
 who will rapidly reproduce and conditions here as to land ownership and control will 
 encoarage such increase. The continued influx of this vigorous element alone would 
 maintain here a higher birth rate than in Japan, and when the Japanese birth rate 
 heve drops to the standard in Japan or even lower it will still be far above the average 
 T.nite birth rate here. 
 
 So that at best all that critics of these figures can hope for is that the final collapse 
 of the American Republic under the proposed percentage immigration plan may be 
 postponed a generation or two. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 121 
 
 the genilemi-n's agreement as now operated by Japan \\ ill In- slower 
 tit luit equally certain in the end. 
 This is the situation which we face. What is the remedy? 
 
 WK HAVK THKKK A I.T K U N ATI VES. 
 
 i.ert Quick lias properly sensed the importance of the Japanese problem to the 
 i-Mii people. I',m he did not, apparently, have the information which would 
 -down him th- ravity of The existing situation and the danger tha 
 
 either in a continuance of present conditions or in the adoption of the plan proposed 
 
 r Constructive Immigration legislation. 
 
 .ire made plain by the facts and figures contained in this article and 
 the : >'diug ones published last month. 
 
 At present, apparently, there are three alternative courses open to the United 
 
 his matter. It may either: 
 
 1. Continue the present arrangement and permit Japan to send us a steady and 
 :n of Japanese labor under cover of the gentlemen's agreement, though 
 in tlairrant violation of its express terms; or, 
 
 i Replace the gentlemen's agreement by the Gulick League plan for restricting 
 immigration upon a percentage basis and incidentally insuring Asiatics admission to 
 the country as immigrants and citizens in a guaranteed proportion; or, 
 
 3. Cancel the gentlemen's agreement and join Canada and Australia in barring 
 Japanese and all undesirable Asiatics from citizenship or permanent residence in the 
 country as a measure of protection for the white race and American institutions. 
 
 OF THE PRESENT PLAN. 
 
 It has been shown that under the present plan the Japanese population in this coun 
 try has multiplied sixfold since 1900, while the Chinese population has decreased over 
 one-half; that the Japanese births in California multiplied twentyfold in the past 12 
 that the Japanese birth rate per thousand in communities in that State is five 
 times as great as that of the whites; that in industries and entire communities whites 
 have been displaced by Japanese, who by concentration make their numbers count; 
 that California sees ahead of her the fate of Hawaii, which already is hopelessly 
 Japanese; that the Japanese in Hawaii comprise half the total population and more 
 than four times that of any other race, and now dominate social and political matt< rs, 
 while in a comparatively few years they will rule the territory by the votes of native- 
 born Japanese who are not Americans but Japanese in sympathies, ideals, and loyalt^: 
 that what has happened in Hawaii and is steadily progressing in California will be 
 brought about inevitably in time in other favored portions of the United States under 
 continuance of existing conditions until eventually this country becomes a province 
 of Ja; 
 
 coxs !: \DI:I: (-UI.ICK LEAGE PLANS. 
 
 So far as concerns the second alternative, the < itilick League plan, the facts presented 
 show that it promises much but performs little; that under it the tide of Japanese 
 immigration coming in in gross violation of the gentlemen's agreement would not be 
 lessened but would be steadily increased; that it formally indorses as desirable immi- 
 a and citizens members of a race which experience has shown can not be assimi- 
 lated into our Nation and which in economic com petition has driven the white race to 
 the wall wherever the two have met; and that any indorsement of the plan by intelli- 
 gent and loyal Americans must have been given in ignorance of these facts necessarily. 
 
 THK >N' FLAX. 
 
 The plain statement of the case should remove either the first or second alternative 
 
 -e from further serious consideration by the country. There remains, then, the 
 
 i course cancel lat ion of the gentlemen's agreement and absolute exclusion for the 
 
 future of Japanese and other undesirable or economically dangerous Asiatics, either 
 
 as immigrants or citizens. 
 
 That course certainly would prevent spread of the evil, so far as spread thereof may 
 be legally or justly | I, and it i- . as shown by careful consul- 
 
 of the situation, the onlv method by which any adequate remedy may be applied. ^ 
 medy will fail a cure in Hawaii for many generations, if it 
 
 I the Paci :iust bear t the burden 
 
 placed upon them by the bad faith of Japan and the blind complaisance of Washington. 
 
122 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 As Herbert Quick says, this Nation has the right and power to protect itself in this 
 way. There are only two arguments that have been or can be oft ered against it, and 
 both have been gently urged by Dr. Gulick in his campaign and would have been 
 pressed, doubtless, upon the House Committee on Immigration had it, in compliance 
 with the request made, held executive sessions on the subject. 
 
 THE HURT TO JAPAN'S PRIDE. 
 
 One argument is that such a course would be hurtful to the pride of Japan, a friendly 
 nation. 
 
 Japan's pride can be hurt only if it insists on being hurt when she demands and is 
 refused an unfair and unjust thing and a thing which she in turn has fairly and justly 
 refused to other nations of her own color to wit, Korea and China. 
 
 And if she does insist on feeling humiliated, or so declares, shall we be governed in 
 our conduct of this nation by the false pride, even of a friendly power, or by the 
 unmistakable requirements of our own safety? 
 
 THE MAILED FIST. 
 
 The other argument is that if Japan resents our action in the matter the peace of 
 the world may be disturbed, meaning that the United States may have to go to war. 
 
 Is it not about time that the world, and particularly the United States, ceased to 
 accord to Japan everything she demands, just or unjust, Bunder the threat, sometimes 
 veiled and sometimes outspoken, that otherwise she will not play in our back yard 
 and may even throw bricks through our exposed windows? 
 
 What kind of Americanism is it that demands or suggests such a humiliating national 
 policy whe.n we are plainly in the right and when our compliance with demands or 
 even acceptance of existing conditions spells certain danger and possible disaster to 
 the American home and American institutions? 
 
 Herbert Quick says, referring to the countries of Asia, "We simply will not admit 
 immigration from those countries freely, no matter what the consequences." 
 
 To which might be added: "If there be any American who, after careful consider- 
 ation of the facts as now offered 'to the public, favors yielding to the demands or 
 desires of Japan, whether presented formally through her own representatives or in 
 a roundabout way through some of our misguided or misinformed citizens, let him 
 stand up and be counted." 
 
 The situation calls for action action deliberate and tactful, so far as tact does not 
 mean delay or diversion from the main purpose but, above all, action prompt and 
 decisive. 
 
 JAPANESE OR AMERICANS? 
 
 WHICH SHALL RULE AND OCCUPY THE UNITED STATES IN YEARS TO COME? A COM- 
 PENDIUM OF FACTS ALREADY PUBLISHED. 
 
 Under the title of "Indisputable facts and figures proving California will become 
 Japanized unless yellow peril stamped out," the December number of the Grizzly 
 Bear, official organ of the Native Sons and Native Daughters of the Golden West, 
 publishes the following article by V. S. McClatchy, publisher of the Bee: 
 
 Position and privilege carry with them obligation and responsibility. We, who 
 were born under the sunny skies of California, who feel and profess a love for the 
 glorious State, certainly owe her support and protection in her hour of need and 
 danger. 
 
 The Native Sons and Native Daughters of the Golden West, who have sought through 
 their organization to make public profession of the love and fealty that is in them can 
 not strive in a better cause than in safeguarding the State's future freedom from 
 foreign enslavement and in insuring to their children and to their children's children 
 the enjoyment of California's hills and valleys in the glorious years to come. 
 
 And when the same danger that threatens the State threatens equally, in time, the 
 the entire Nation, then is their duty as Californians reinforced by their greater duty 
 as Americans to meet and overcome the impending peril. 
 
 The State and the Nation are faced now by such a danger. It has already developed 
 within our State and, unless opposed and conquered, will destroy the State for white 
 occupation within a comparatively short time and then rapidly extend until other 
 States and all States eventually succumb. 
 
JAPAN'KSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 123 
 
 NOT A MATTER OF OPINION. 
 
 n under existing conditions it will ho a matter of a few generations only before 
 the .1; ill have so increased in this State that, with the advantages possessed 
 
 they will have successfully ousted the white races 
 
 from desirable indu.-tri' -s and from all desirable localities, as'has been done already 
 in a few locations. The result will be hastened if legislation now urged in Congress 
 shall be passed. 
 
 This is not simply the expression of an individual opinion, open to criticism and 
 possessing no weight in the face of opposing opinion; it is the statement of an incontro- 
 vertible fact, mathematically demonstrated by acknowledged conditions and by 
 ics which have not yet been contradicted or met, though they were first pre- 
 sented by me in opposition to the proposed bill of Sidney L. Gulick before the Con- 
 gressional House Immigration Committee in June of this year. 
 
 It is a so'irc.- of gratification, therefore, to know that the native sons and native 
 daughters have risen already to the occasion and launched in Los Angeles an organiza- 
 tion the Los Angeles County Anti-Asiatic Association in favor of Asiatic exclusion, 
 and that individual parlors of these orders throughout the State have adopted ringing 
 resolution- a-kinu: their congressional Representatives to commence remedial measures. 
 
 THE REAL ISSUE. 
 
 The brotherhood of man and the golden rule are appealed to by those who would 
 inun.l dually with the yellow tide from Japan: but neither principle calls for 
 
 :rrender by the white race of their favored land to a yellow race which co~ 
 because it offers advantages superior to those which can be found elsewhere. Remem- 
 ber, always, that this problem in its final analysis is simply. "Shall this country of 
 ours be held for our white descendants, or shall it be turned over to the Japanese, that 
 they may rule those descendants as they rule in Korea to-day?" 
 
 Remember, again, that there is involved in the subject no question as to racial 
 equality, no reflection upon the Japanese. In fact, our stand upon this matter in- 
 cludes a frank admission that the Japanese are so much our superiors in certain admira- 
 nomy. indu-try, and discipline, that, coupled with their 
 - of living, they would drive the white race to the wall in open economic 
 com]- ..I that this di-a~ter will inevitably follow if the Japanese are admitted 
 
 to the country, or to certain portions thereof, in sufficient numbers to make their 
 econ 'int. 
 
 JAPAN" MAKES PRECEDENT. 
 
 er, too, that the right which we claim of protecting our people and our 
 in-^tir he importation of cheap labor with lower standards of living is pre- 
 
 the right claimed and exercised by Japan herself, not withstanding her vociferous 
 our attitude and her demand for "racial equality." as a bais for 
 free ;' -or her immigrants to the United States. Canada, and Australia: that 
 
 under Imperial Ordinan< Japan does not admit, and never has admitted, 
 
 the che.ip : hina, notwithstanding it is also yellow in color, aii< ': 
 
 publicly that r-he excludes the.^e people because their lower standards of living would 
 make their competition unfair to the Japan ( 
 
 It i- a-sumed that no one will cuestion the propriety of the principle? outlined 
 abov g are as represented. It remains only to present tho<e 
 
 Incidentally, it should 1 e said that in the space of a magazine article the matter can 
 be pr- : outline only, and those who desire fuller explanations and details 
 
 and t r-s are referred to statements made by me before the House Immigra- 
 
 nd before the Senate Immigration Comn 
 
 0, of this year, and now in print: or to my published articles which have 
 d in booklet form. 
 
 ' TIIE i . K NTI. i: \i K \ 's AC, i; K E M EXT. " 
 
 The established policy of the United Si ainst Asiatic immigration, l.e 
 
 the lower standards of living of these immigrants and their possible number would 
 
 ndanger the happiness and ] of our people, and the perpetuity 
 
 of our institutions. The Chinese are kept out under the exclusion act. Japan was 
 
 touched in her pride, or -aid she was. by having her laborers excluded by law. and 
 
 offered to exclude them voluntarily if she was not placed in the same category with 
 
 China. Hence the "gentlemen's agreement." which has been in operation since 
 
 and under which Japan, it was understood, would restrict immigration of Jap- 
 
124 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONISATION. 
 
 anese to this country as immigration of Chinese was restricted by law. The declared 
 object of the agreement was to prevent Japanese laborers, skilled and unskilled, 
 coming into continental United States. No Japanese, unless born under the American 
 flag in Hawaii, and therefore a citizen, may enter any port of continental United 
 States unless he carries Japan's passport, which is in effect Japan's word as a "gentle- 
 man " that the immigrant is not a laborer, and does not come to labor. 
 
 The agreement has been grossly violated by Japan. It is only necessary to say that 
 the Japanese population of the United States since 1900 has increased sixfold, while 
 the Chinese population has decreased over one-half; and Japan was to have secured 
 under the agreement results as to the Japanese similar to those secured as to the 
 Chinese by the exclusion act. 
 
 So that, even if the agreement had been kept in good faith, it has failed entirely to 
 accomplish the clearly declared purpose for which it was entered into, and should 
 therefore be abrogated. As a matter of fact, it could have accomplished that purpose 
 had Japan acted up to its letter and its spirit. Under that agreement as now operating 
 it would require only a few generations to make of California an economic principality 
 of Japan, and drive Californians to other States, where, in time, they would have to 
 succumb to the ever-increasing yellow tide from Japan. 
 
 MANY JAPANESE COMING. 
 
 From 10,000 to 12,000 Japanese immigrants are coming in each year under this 
 agreement; and most of them are at labor within a few weeks after their arrival, while 
 others go into gainful occupations which displace whites. 
 
 The Japanese population of California by immigration has increased about 50,000 
 since 1907, when the agreement was made, and most of these immigrants are laborers. 
 Each laborer forms a separate violation of the "gentlemen's agreement." 
 
 "Picture brides" have been imported at the rate of over 4,000 a year for the past 
 five years, most of them being laborers and performing the work of men in field or 
 shop, in addition to bearing children, at the rate usually of one a year. In 1918 the 
 total Japanese immigration was 10,168, of which over one-half, 5,347, were females. 
 In 1900 in the United States there were 25 male Japanese to 1 female. In 1910 there 
 were 7 males to 1 female. At present it is estimated that the proportion is about 
 3tol. 
 
 " PICTURE BRIDES" AS LABORERS. 
 
 The "picture bride," when she is a laborer, is a direct violation of the "gentlemen's 
 agreement." (As a mother, she is a cunning subterfuge for evading the intent of the 
 agreement and increasing the Japanese population of the United States^) Notwith- 
 standing the fact that the Japanese females are outnumbered by the males in this 
 country about 3 to 1, while among the white races the sexes are about equal in 
 number, the biirth rate per thousand among the Japanese in Sacramento and other 
 cities in California is five times as great as among the white population . 
 
 In the 10 years following the adoption of the agreement Japanese births in this 
 State multiplied twentyfold. Last year they numbered 4,365. The Chinese births 
 in California are less than one-tenth of the Japanese, and their death rate is twice as 
 large as the birth rate. The Japanese birth rate is between four and five times as 
 great as their death rate. 
 
 MANY JAPANESE ARE NATIVES. 
 
 There are in California about 25,000 Japanese native sons and daughters, each one 
 claiming the right to hold land through a guardian, and many of them utilized for that 
 purpose. 
 
 Los Angeles is the most populous county in the State, and in that county in May, 
 1919, outside of incorporated cities, the number of Japanese births was one-third of 
 the aggregate births among all white races, as noted in the Los Angeles Times of June 
 30, 1919. 
 
 In Sacramento County, outside of Sacramento city, in 1918 the Japanese births ex- 
 ceeded the white births. The 1910 census showed eight times as many whites as 
 Japanese in that district. 
 
 WHAT JAPANESE PRESS URGES. 
 
 Since my articles have called attention to thsee matters there has been continuous 
 comment in the Japanese newspapers of the State. One of them published in San 
 Francisco urged the Japanese to import as many "picture brides" and secure as much 
 California land as possible before restrictive measures are adopted by the State or 
 the Nation. 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 125 
 
 INCKK \^i: OK j.\i MM; CONDITIONS. 
 
 The o'licial ligme-: presented above will propav the reader to consider seriously and 
 
 lit th.> astounding statement that table- can-fully compiled, show that under 
 
 -\isiiii- COD litione 'he .Japanese population <-!' this count TV will increase so rapidly 
 
 'i'i;is thov \\ill drive the whites out of California, and in much 
 
 uitod States as a principality of Japan, the . \meii- 
 
 ndants outnumbered, dtiven to the wall through economic com- 
 
 p'-tiiion, and K 
 
 GULICK PLAN MKANS QBEAT INFL1 
 
 ler the (iulick plan, a urged upon Congress, the Japanese immigration would be 
 
 in a few yea's beyond the present (inures. Careful tables of increase of 
 
 < in the I'nited ^t.-ies under that plan, and assuming that the 
 
 3 i'f binh- : :s will be only one-half of that now shown, place the total in 
 
 ;,000; in L943 at S7r>,OOM: in 1003 at 2,000,000; in 2003 at 
 
 ,000. 
 
 Examination "t results secured by Japanese colonization in Hawaii and California 
 
 \M!! oor.vinee anyone that los 'lie last date named the whites would have 
 
 driven to the w.ill either bv ec- ononiic competition or by force of arms, and that 
 
 'iiblie would h-.ive become an appendage of Japan. T'nder 
 
 ..-ill lemon's agreement," as now working, the result would be 
 
 e<|uallv certain, but it might take a little longer. 
 
 .-nieiit would have been laughed at. Remember, today, that the 
 
 .rures upon which it is based have been before the American public and be- 
 
 '10 House ( 'or.n.iittee on Immigration since June of this year and neither Sidney 
 
 Hc'v nor any other champion of the Japanese, or of the policy of opening our ports 
 
 .".'Hpt-d to disprove their corrects 
 
 A NONASSIMILABLE RACE. 
 
 The numbers of the Japanese and the manner in which they will inevitablv increase 
 in this country form but one factor, however, in the menace which they offer. 
 
 They do n^j, assimilate. The melting pot does not affect them as it does in time the 
 
 refract(^Lof the European races. They remain always Japanese. They main- 
 
 t-.iin their racwl purity more jealously than any other race Vhich comes to our shores. 
 
 rve their ideals, their customs, their language, their loyalty to Japan, even 
 
 i) --I1 here, pirtly because Japan never ceases to hold them as Japanese citizens, 
 
 and partly bora use they are taught in Japanese schools by Japanese teachers who 
 
 frequently speak no English, and have no sympathy with American ideals. It is a 
 
 dangerous experiment to attempt to make good American citizens of such material. 
 
 ILLUSTRATKD IN HAWAII. 
 
 The nature of this problem is well illustrated in Hawaii. Concerning the lesson 
 idney L. Gulick himself declared in 1914, in his pamphlet "Hawaii's 
 lean-Japanese problem": 
 
 "If. as Asiatics, they maintain their traditional conceptions of God, nature, and man; 
 le and female; of husband and wife; of parent and child; of ruler and ruled; of 
 ,'nd the individual, the permanent maintenance in Hawaii of American 
 d" Qocracy, American homes, and American liberty is impossible." 
 
 The standards of living of the Japanese are much lower than ours. Unless we are 
 
 willii IS hours a day, to foiogo recreation and pleasure, and the 
 
 : American homos, and to fur < our women slave in the fields, and inci- 
 
 "n it is hopeless for us to attempt economic competition 
 
 with the Japanese. I u -^uch a competition in this country the white race, even the 
 indu-itri.iii kinu r im! Europe, must inevitablv go to the wall. 
 
 CONTKNTKATK TUKIH XI" MI',! 
 
 The Japanese do not distribute tl throughout the country so as to make a 
 
 weak solution of Japanese in a great reservoir e,f Americans. They concentrate their 
 numbers in those localities and industries where most profit can be secured with 
 "ffort and least discomfort, and have & cooperation which is more effective than 
 that shown by any American labor union. In this State, for instance, there are, say, 
 100,000 Japanese 'in a total population of 3,600,000, but three-quarters of that 100,000 
 
126 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 are found in 7 of our 58 counties, and concentrated generally in a few favored localities 
 in those counties. 
 
 Under such policy, and with their economic advantages and the assistance received 
 from their Government through banks and commissions, it is comparatively easy to 
 conquer one district, drive the whites therefrom, and let newcomers concentrate in 
 other localities. So, in time, the favored spots of the State must succumb and, 
 unless the remedy is applied, the favored spots of other States. 
 
 THREE ELEMENTS OF MENACE. 
 
 Here are before us, then, the three elements which make Japanese immigration 
 such a grave danger to the country: 
 
 First. They do not, and perhaps never will, assimilate. 
 
 Second. They have a birth rate so much greater than the whites that time only 
 would be necessary for them to outnumber the whites in communities to which they 
 are admitted. 
 
 Third. Their low standards of living, cooperation, and thrift give them advantages 
 in economic competition against which it is hopeless for whites to compete. 
 
 HAWAII CONTROLLED BY JAPANESE. 
 
 Let us glance, now, at what the Japanese, because of the factors named, have 
 already accomplished under the American flag. A brief outline of the facts, coupled 
 with the undisputed figures as to the rate at which their numbers will increase under 
 existing conditions, furnishes conclusive reply to those who insist that the danger is 
 a fancied and not a real one, and that we can afford to wait until it matures further. 
 
 Hawaii is under the American flag, but it has been practically conquered by the 
 Japanese. Half the entire population of the Territory is now Japanese, and they 
 number four times as many as those of any other race. They boast in their news- 
 papers that by the votes of native-born Japanese they will hold the balance of power 
 as between Republicans and Democrats before 1933, and it is equally certain that 
 within a generation they will outvote a combination of all other races in* the Territory. 
 Their influence is already so great, in advance of the actual voting strength, that they 
 defeated a bill before the Territorial legislature in June of this year which would have 
 forced teachers in Japanese and other foreign-language schools to know enough of the 
 English language and American civics and history to teach the young American 
 citizens some of their duties and obligations. The Japanese teachers do not fulfill 
 these requirements. 
 
 The Japanese naturally control a number of industries in Hawaii, in which white 
 or native labor was formerly employed. 
 
 CALIFORNIA FOLLOWING HAWAII. 
 
 What has already happened in Hawaii is now in progress in California. Look at 
 Florin and Walnut Grove, in Sacramento County, and various communities in the 
 Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, where the white population has already been 
 displaced. Look at the orchard districts now largely dominated by Japanese, at 
 blocks of thousands of acres now being colonized by them; note their increased owner- 
 ship of land through dummy corporations and native-born Japanese under guardians; 
 see their increased control of the rice fields; consider the Imperial Valley; recall en- 
 tire districts in the fine residence portion of San Francisco and other cities from which 
 the whites have been driven. Will we heed the lesson? 
 
 In Oregon a large tract of 11,000 acres has just been purchased by Japanese, on 
 which these people will concentrate for growth of garden truck, largely potatoes. 
 
 A NATIONAL PROBLEM. 
 
 In Seattle, 47 per cent of all hotels and lodging houses, including the big, preten- 
 tious hotels, are owned by the Japanese, and a corresponding number of restaurants, 
 garages, commission houses, and small business enterprises. 
 
 In the Hood River apple district of Oregon they have already secured control of a 
 large percentage of the orchards. In Colorado they own practically the Rocky Ford 
 melon business, with control of 85 per cent of the district and the crop. 
 
 It should be apparent to the intelligent investigator that what has already happened 
 in Hawaii is now taking place in California; that unless drastic remedies are at once 
 applied existing conditions will in a comparatively short time produce here such 
 results as are noted there; that other favored sections of the Pacific Coast States will 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 127 
 
 suffer in turn; and gradually, as the incoming yellow fide increases, first the most 
 favored di- tlu-r Stato must succumb, and ultimately all desirable portions 
 
 of all Sia 
 
 Tin- problem, therefore, is not a California problem, or even a Pacific coast problem, 
 but a national problem. Adequate relief can come only from the 1'cderal Govern- 
 ment, which has. unwittingly, imposed the burden upon us and blindly permitted 
 grow. 
 
 PROPA<;AM>A KOI: IXCHKASK or TIIK i 
 
 :roof of the necessity for immediate action and continued vigilance in the 
 matter, it should be remembered that for over five years Japan conducted a wonder- 
 ful propaganda in the United Stales, through Sidney L. Gulick, for the purpose of 
 I' all Asiatics to tins country as immigrants and citizens on the 
 i'.uropraiis. and taking away from the States any authority in handling 
 matters in connection with the rights of aliens. 
 
 Git' lent of that policy from the Federal Council of the Churches 
 
 of Christ in America, the most powerful church federation in the country, comprising 
 over 100. 000 ehurehe- and 17. 000. 000 members, and was employed by the council 
 under salary w! : due ted his propaganda. 
 
 ;ir or more ago. the League for Constructive Immigration Legisla- 
 tion, for the ostensible purpose of pro- morican citizenship by restricting 
 undesirable immigration, and secured the names of nearly 1.000 prominent Americans 
 in the various iie 1'nion as sponsors for the league. He formulated a bill 
 which he pie.-eiited in the name of the league to the House Committee on Immigration 
 in June of this year, which bill proposed to safeguard immigration by limiting it to a 
 percentage of those various races who now claim, or may hereafter claim, American 
 citizenship. 
 
 HOU - ;, WORK. 
 
 Incidentally, however, that bill was a framework in which reposed his main objec- 
 tive throwing open our ports to the admission of Asiatics as immigrants and citizens. 
 As before stated, the bill would permit the admission of more Japanese than now come 
 in under the violations of the "gentlemen's agreement." And under its provisions, 
 too, we could not admit one Belgian, Spaniard, or Portuguese unless we admitted 
 from 1: nor 1 Chinaman unless we admitted 10 Japanese. 
 
 It i know that most of Gulick's committee of 1,000, on learning the 
 
 facts, have repudiated the league; and that his measure is dead in Congress because 
 he could not make reply to those facts, a few of which are herein quoted. 
 
 But Senator Dillinghain, of Vermont, has introduced in the Senate, and had referred 
 to the Senate Committee of Immigration, a similar bill, which, while it does not admit 
 Asiatics to citizenship, would enormously increase the number of Japanese who could 
 come in as immigrants, not only above the number now coming, but even above the 
 number which could come under the Gulick plan. 
 
 THE OBVIOUS REMEDIES. 
 
 Through lack of understanding of the subject, and the impression that the Cali- 
 
 fornians are influenced in this matter simply by race prejudice, Congress and the 
 
 East ! dined in to consider the menace of Japanese immigra- 
 
 tuii'-r and Siberia have given these doubters cause for thought as 
 
 to Japan, and they are now in B "od. It is the psychological moment for 
 
 spreading the IL-ht of facts throughout the Nation, and creating a mental impr< 
 which will tinst Japanese propaganda in the future, and afford substantial 
 
 basis for remedial action by ( 'ongress. 
 
 It is through the weak complaisance and the blindness of our Federal Government, 
 
 and the bad faith of Japan, that the burden has been placed upon us. It is only 
 
 through Federal action that adequate remedies can be applied. And concerted effort 
 
 should be made to se' ure remedial legislation before the menace has become too 
 
 intrenched. The rem< h I have are: 
 
 .mediation of the "gentlemen's agreeme 
 nd. Exclusion of "picture bri 
 
 Third. Absolute exclusion of Japanese, with other Asiatics, as immigrants. 
 Fourth. Confirmation and legalization of the prii -hall be forever 
 
 barred fro 1 1 i.ip. 
 
 Fifth. Amendment of section 1 of Article XIV of the Federal Constitution, provid- 
 it no child born in the United States of foreign parents shall be eligible to Amer- 
 ican citizenship unle.s* both parents are eligible to such citizenship. 
 
128 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 TIME TO FIGHT "PEACEFUL PENETRATION." 
 
 The facts properly marshaled and considered in their relation to each other furnish 
 striking evidence of the undoubted policy of Japan to secure, by "peaceful penetra- 
 tion," a place in this favored land for an unlimited number of her people, and ulti- 
 mately to obtain through them absolute control of the country. In this matter eco- 
 nomic conquest would be quite as effective as conquest by force of arms. 
 
 The facts, too, show that we have to deal with a cunning, persistent, and implacable 
 antagonist, much our superior in adroitness and in the use of diplomatic subterfuges; 
 and that the Nation can not be saved without the creation of a public sentiment 
 which will put backbone into the Federal administration, which in the past has 
 permitted Japan to cajole and bluff it on any and all issues. 
 
 Japan and her friends have intimated that there will be a serious break, and possi- 
 bly war, between the two nations if we insist on protecting our people and the future 
 of the Republic by any such restrictive measures as are herein suggested 'the only 
 ones which will prove effective. That has ever been the insidious suggestion from 
 Japan, supplementing her plea that the pride of her people must be respected. 
 
 IF JAPAN FAIR, NO WAR. 
 
 If Japan is fair in this matter, there will be no war, for our position is not only just 
 and similar to that of Japan in Asia, but is necessary for our future welfare. If Japan 
 insists on being unreasonable, is it not about time that Americans should demand 
 that the Federal administration govern this country for the benefit, present and 
 future, of Americans, and not in accordance with the request or threat of a foreign 
 nation? 
 
 Our present problem has been created by our weak yielding to such demands, or 
 threats, in the past. Japan does not attempt such tactics with Canada or Australia, 
 which rigorously exclude Japanese under the same laws as govern the immigration 
 into those countries of other Asiatics. 
 
 This is our country. It rests with us to say whether we shall share it with the 
 yellow races or not. It is time that we spoke in unmistakable terms to the world on 
 this subject, and that we back up our announced policy in anyway necessary for its 
 maintenance. 
 
 EXHIBIT 17. 
 
 Exhibit 17: Conditions in Hawaii, report Survey Commission, National Depart- 
 ment Education, Bulletin No. 16, 1920. 
 
 EXHIBIT 18. 
 
 FEDERAL CENSUS MISSES JAPANESE POPULATION IN STATE BY ABOUT 30.000. 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, June 23, 1921.] 
 
 WASHINGTON, Jun< 
 
 California's Japanese population in 1920 was 71,952, as against 41,356 in 1910. 
 This is according to census figures made public to-day. 
 
 The State also contained 38, 763 Negroes, 17,360 Indians, 28,812 Chinese, and 5.263 
 other races in that year, in addition to its 3,264,711 white. 
 
 During the preceding decade the white population increased 44.5 per cent, the 
 Negro population 79.1. The foreign-born white population dropped from 21.8 per 
 cent of the total 1910 to 19.9 per cent in 1920, while during the decade the ratio of 
 males to females changed from 125.5 to 100 in 1910 to 112.4 to 100 in 1920. 
 
 FIGURES INACCURATE. 
 
 The above figures on Japanese population are inaccurate. The conditions under 
 which the Japanese population, as well as the white, were enumerated admitted of 
 many inaccuracies, and particularly in the case of the Japanese, who were anxious 
 to conceal their real numbers, the method employed made it quite probable that a 
 large number of them would not be counted. 
 
 One of the proofs of the inaccuracy of the 1920 census is found in the fact that the 
 Japanese census of 1920 taken by the Japanese associations under the order of the 
 Imperial Japanese Government and which they admitted was incomplete because 
 of the difficulty experienced by them in securing full returns to their blanks 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION A M > CuLnN I/ATI UN. 129 
 
 reported 78,000 Japanese enumerated in California i ).()()() more than Undt 
 could find), and in addition thereto 5,000 California-born Japanese minors attending 
 school hi Japan, who will return to the v 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL Fit . I 
 
 The California State Hoard of Control 1 d with the United States 
 
 census of 1910 as a basis, adding thereto official figures covering immigrant arrivals 
 and departures and births since that time, and deducting therefrom immigrant 
 departures and deaths and which takes no account of those who have entered 
 surreptitiously declare the present Japanese population of California to be 87,000. 
 
 But in accepting the United States census as properly indicating the number of 
 Japanese in California in 1910, 41,356, the board used a number 12,000 too small. 
 Officials of the Japanese Association of America testified before the House Immi- 
 inmittee at the hearing in California in July. 1920, that there were in the 
 State in 1910 over 53,000 Japanese 25 per cent more 'than counted by Uncle Sam 
 as demonstrated by a Japanese census made by order of the Imperial Government. 
 
 The correct estimate of the board of control would be 99,000 for that portion of 
 the present Japanese population of California which has entered the State legally. 
 
 BOARD OF HEALTH FIGURES. 
 
 The State board of health, in making its estimates of birth rate for the year 1919. 
 conservatively figured the Japanese population of California which has entered the 
 State legallv at 96,000. 
 
 In 1918 the board of health accepted the Japanese estimate of Japanese population, 
 70,000. and accorded the Japanese, in consequence, a birth rate four times as great 
 as that of the whites. In 1919 the modified estimate for Japanese population was 
 used, and the Japanese birth rate was quoted, as a result, at three times that of the 
 whi' 
 
 June 24 I,. K. Ross, registrar of the bureau of vital statistics of the State board 
 of health, gave out a statement to the effect that his estimate of the Japanese popu- 
 lation of the State of California is 108,906, which includes, of course, surreptitious 
 entries. This estimate was based on deductions from mortality rates and their 
 relation to population, which had been proven by rigid tests to be extremely accurate. 
 His figures based on these estimates for the population of other races in California 
 Chinese, Indian, and Negro tallied with the results made public by the United 
 States census officials, and failed to agree only in the case of the Japanese. 
 
 Concerning this divergence, Ross said: 
 
 ''The probability for error in a census depends upon whether people desire to evade 
 
 nsus. The Japanese, who gained surreptitious entry to this State, naturally 
 
 desired to evade the census enumerators, as they would nave been unable to give 
 
 any authority for being here. Proof of the fact that they succeeded in evading the 
 
 Federal agents is self-evident. 
 
 to my system of arriving at the number of Japanese here. When people die 
 their deaths "are recorded, and no evasion of this record is possible, as the bodies can 
 not be buried until the record is made. Japanese have failed to evade this accounting, 
 as have all others, and by so doing they have furnished us with the way of arriving 
 at the Japanese population. '' 
 
 JAPANESE NUMBER 100,000. 
 
 From the above facts it is certain that the United States census 1920 enumeration 
 of Japanese in California is far too low, and reasonably certain that their actual 
 number in the State is about 100,000, and probably a little more practically two- 
 thirds of the Japanese population in continental United St;i 
 
 KXIJIBIT 19. 
 PUBLISHER TAKES DIFFERENT VIEW OF LASH MEASURE. 
 
 P. IKISH IS BACKED BY LARGE FUND FURNISHED BY JAPANESE. CALIFORNIA 
 !'F.I: MAN STA'I > 
 
 John P. Irish, who recently spoke in Boise against the proposed alien land laws, 
 was backed during the California campaign for the initiative alien land law, by a 
 Japanese fund of from $100,000 to $200,000, according to V. S. M< < latchy, publisher 
 of the Sacramento Bee. 
 
 Doc. 55, 67-1 9 
 
130 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 lie has made the following statement: 
 
 "Clippings from The Statesman have reached me showing that Col. John P. Irish 
 is busily assuring the people of Idaho, particularly the church congregations, that 
 California has acted most unjustly and illegally with regard to the Japanese and 
 urging that Idaho do not follow in California's footsteps. In substantiation of his 
 statements, he has apparently presented a mass of alleged statistics, which on their 
 face, and to those unfamiliar with the colonel's temperamental repugnance to accept- 
 ance of unpleasant facts, must be quite convincing. 
 
 "Col. Irish made the same statements and arguments throughout California. Here, 
 however, the colonel has an established reputation and while he was backed by a 
 Japanese fund of between $100,000 and $200,000 and a sympathetic brotherhood-of- 
 man-regardless-of-results-to-ourselves sentiment, the State having intimate knowledge 
 of conditions, voted three to one at the November election for the initiative alien land 
 law and against the colonel's viewpoint. 
 
 "The California Legislature, by unanimous vote in both houses, early in January, 
 passed resolutions as to facts and policies which antagonized practically all the 
 declarations of moment made by Col. Irish in Boise. 
 
 NOT "POLITICAL AGITATION." 
 
 Leac 
 
 officers 
 
 and of farm bureaus; of the Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden West; and of 
 
 various civic and fraternal organizations. This is sufficient answer to the charge that 
 
 the movement is due to political agitation or prejudice. 
 
 "Briefly, this is California's position: She does not claim that the Japanese are 
 racially inferior, and her attitude and action is not based on racial prejudice. The 
 Japanese as a race have many qualities which the whites might well emulate. It is 
 simply a question as to whether this country shall be preserved for the white race, 
 or shall be deliberately given over to the Japanese. The whites are threatened, under 
 continuance of existing conditions, with submersion, first through economic displace- 
 ment, and finally through sheer force of numbers. 
 
 ' ' This has already happened in Hawaii, where nearly half of the population, and more 
 than 50 per cent of the births and new school registrations, are Japanese, and where, 
 in consequence, instead of granting Statehood, we shall probably be forced to install 
 a commission form of government. Those same conditions are developing in Cali- 
 fornia and will appear in all rich States of the Union unless a remedy is applied. 
 
 ' The Japanese in California have been treated neither unfairly nor illegally by the 
 new law. They are protected fully in all property and personal rights, save only 
 that they may not own or lease agricultural lands a right which is specifically with- 
 held from them by the treaty and which California must withhold unless she is "willing 
 that control of her agricultural lands, with control of produce and markets and economic 
 development shall pass into the hands of an unassimilable alien race. 
 
 AN ECONOMIC QUESTION. 
 
 "The question to-day is an economic one, but unless the proper remedy be applied 
 that problem will certainly develop into a racial conflict, since the whites will not 
 tamely submit to see themselves displaced in their own land. 
 
 "Col. Irish, aside from other motives which might influence him, is one of the class 
 of large landholders who finds that his property yields greater profit if leased to Japa- 
 nese than if leased to whites, because the Japanese, with their low standards of living, 
 long hours of labor, and greater industry, can pay higher rent and still make more 
 profit than the whites. 
 
 "A few of Col. Irish's misstatements and bits of misinformation are herewith cor- 
 rected. The/ will serve as indications of the reliance which may be placed upon 
 his other statements which are not before me. 
 
 "He charges that the California alien land law violates in its provisions both the 
 Federal Constitution and the treaty with Japan. The most conclusive disproof of his 
 statement will be found in articles by recognized Japanese authorities on international 
 law, published by the Japanese Review of International Law, of Tokyo, in its issues 
 of March, 1919, and June, 1920. Therein it is explained at length that neither the 
 California law of 1913 nor the initiative land law of 1920 violates either Constitution 
 or treaty; that in consequence Japan can accomplish nothing against the law by 
 invoking the courts and that her only chance to score is by diplomatic methods with 
 the Federal Government. 
 
JAPAN KSK IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 131 
 
 or FARM LANDS 
 
 tya thai tin- Japanese r<mir*l lul I : of the farm lands of the 
 
 and ot'fer therefore n- menace. Thev nnv control onlv that p< .f all 
 
 arable lands in the Stite. Inn that s.une report which he quotes that of the 
 
 ntrol -si :he Jap.uiese have se -lire;! control of one-eighth of all 
 
 the irrigate 1 lands in California; the very richest of our lands. They do not pi 
 
 r lau Is or undeveloped district, notwithstanding the claims of Col. Irish to the 
 
 iry*. He mentions the Florin district, for instance, as a waste which was brought 
 
 into be.iring by the Japanese. Florin is in Sacramento County and was a garden 
 
 'smill strawberry firms long before the Japanese came and displaced the whites. 
 
 ore the house immigration committee, when in session in California, evidence 
 
 w that in pra-ticallv every instance the claims made by Japanese 
 
 - in waste lands we-e f ilse. and that in Placer County, in Tulare County, 
 
 :thern California, and elsewhere, where such claims had been made for them, 
 
 tint tlie^- in I 1*0110 in on rich lands and gradually secured possession and displaced 
 
 the white-*. 
 
 Irish says that the Japanese control onlv 13 per cent of our general farm crops. 
 That may he true; but in certain crops, berries, garden truck, et >ntrol from 
 
 60 to 90 per cent, as indicated in published reports of the Japanese Association of 
 America. 
 
 "JAPANESE BIRTH RATE. 
 
 i. Irish claims that there can be but little danger from the Japanese birth rate 
 because there were more white births in California in 1919 than Japanese births for the 
 preceding L<> years. He neglects to say, however, (1) that the annual Japanese births 
 at the enol of the 10-year period were 10 times as many as at the beginning; (2) that the 
 present birth rate per 1 .000 of Japanese in California, according to the State board of 
 health, is three times as great as that of the whites, though the Japanese have only 
 about 1 adult female to 4 males, while the proportion among the whites is 1 to 1; (3) 
 that the Japanese births in Los Angeles < 'ounty the most populous county of the State) 
 outside of the incorporated cities total one-third as many as the white births: (4) that 
 there were more Japanese births in Sacramento County, 'outside of Sacramento City in 
 1918 and 1919 than white births, though the whites outnumbered the Japanese 10 to 1 ; 
 
 (5) that tables based on the present 'restricted' immigration of Japanese and a birth rate 
 much less than the existing one would give a total Japanese population in the United 
 
 in 40 years of 2.000.000: in 80 years of 10,000,000, and in 140 years of 100,000,000; 
 
 (6) that J. L. Pomeroy. health officer of Los Angeles County, has estimated that if there 
 were no further immigration of any kind into California the Japanese at their present 
 rate of increase would outnumber the whites in 100 years. 
 
 is true there are only 100,000 Japanese in California in a total population of 
 3,400,000, but Col. Irish did not divulge the fact that such number instead of being 
 1 over the State, have concentrated in industries and localities where their 
 methods would most readily give them control with least effort and greatest profit. 
 Incidentally, of course, whites were supplanted. Seventy-live per cent of this Jap- 
 :anese population is found in 7 of our 58 counties, and comparatively few are found 
 ide of the richer agricultural counties. 
 
 "INCREASE IN 20 YEARS. 
 
 "Col. Irish did not tell his hearers that notwithstanding the alleged restricting pro- 
 :.s of the gentleman's agreement, the Japanese population of California has mul- 
 tiplied tenfold and that of continental United States sixfold in the past 20 years, while 
 our Chinese population, under the exclusion act, has decreased over 50 per cent. 
 
 ''The space which the Statesman can, with justice to its readers, give to a com- 
 
 munication of this kind, does not permit more than a glance at the facts and the mis- 
 
 leading statements of Col. Irish in connection therewith. It would be a pleasure to 
 
 me to send data fully confirming any statement herein made by me to anyone who will 
 
 :or it. 
 
 remembered that California knows more about the Japanese problem 
 than any other State in the Union, because there are within her borders twice as many 
 Japanese as are found in all the other 47 States combined: that she has carefully 
 studied the situation, and during the past year and a half there has been general 
 public, discussion of the points involved by the ablest representatives on both sides 
 prese - and arguments. As a result, California is practically a unit in de- 
 
 claring that the win" . not com; : the Japanese, and that unless we 
 
 are willing that the country should be surrendered to the Japanese, the Nation must 
 adopt the policies recommended by < 'alifornia and now under consideration by other 
 States." 
 
132 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 EXHIBIT 20. 
 
 THE JAPANESE IMMIGRATION PROBLEM. 
 HOW IT CONCERNS LABOR THROUGHOUT THE UNION. 
 
 [By V. S. McClatchy, publisher Sacramento Bee. From Organized Labor, San Francisco, Sept. 0, 1920. 
 
 When the House Immigration Committee was in the State of Washington in July 
 and early August investigating the Japanese immigration problem, it invited organ- 
 ized labor, at both Seattle and Tacoma, to express itself on the subject. There seems 
 to have been no authorized or formal response to that request. One member of 
 organized labor, however, who was before the committee, in reply to a direct question 
 from Congressman Raker, declared that organized labor in Tacoma and Seattle was 
 not interested in the question sufficiently to appear before the committee, because 
 in both places members of organized labor were employed by the Japanese on the 
 docks and had good wages and good treatment. 
 
 From others the intimation came that years ago, when organized labor in the Pacific- 
 Northwest had been eager to fight Japanese immigration, it had been given no support 
 by the community generally, and now it was disposed to permit the fight to be carried 
 on by the farming and commercial interests that had commenced to feel the pinch. 
 
 Whether either or both of these expre&sions supply the reason, it is evident that 
 organized labor in the Pacific Northwest has not yet given formal indie ation that it 
 recognizes the menar e of Japanese immigration and is anxious to do its part in affording 
 necessary protection to the Nation. Its attitude in this matter is so diametric ally 
 opposed to that of organized labor in California that the differenc e must be ascribed 
 to a difference in local conditions which in one case has encouraged or forced a thor- 
 ough investigation of the problem and in the other has hidden from those most vitally 
 concerned the realization of the grave menace involved. 
 
 It is certain that organized labor is no less patriotic and no less mindful of its own 
 interests in Washington than in California; it will not knowingly sell its birthright 
 for a mess of pottage served on the Japanese docks, nor will it deliberately encourage* 
 or permit conditions which must lead in time to control of this white man's country 
 by an alien, nonassimilable race of yellow people. 
 
 CALIFORNIA'S OPPORTUNITY FOR INVESTIGATION. 
 
 Wherein then lies the difference in conditions which has made California labor, 
 as well as California farmers and business men, fraternal organizations, civic bodies, 
 women's clubs, and unattached individuals practically a unit in fighting this evil 
 with all the State's power, and demanding of the Federal Government that it exert 
 its authority to put an end to it? 
 
 California has better opportunity to study the problem, and has improved that 
 opportunity during the past year to the limit. In this State reside more than 100,000 
 Japanese, two-thirds of all those in continental United States, twice as many as have 
 located in the 47 other States combined, and in this State the 100,000 have con- 
 centrated in a few localities where their plans of peaceful penetration can secure best 
 results with least eflort, 75 per cent being found in 7 of our 58 counties. 
 
 Then, for a year past, California has cast the limelight of searching investigation 
 on the effects of Japanese immigration here, and the efforts to deceive the American 
 people in regard thereto through clever propaganda. In June, 1919, the writer's 
 statement before the House Immigration Committee exposed the inevitable effects 
 which must follow the success of Sidney Gulick's plans for extending privileges as 
 immigrants and citizens to Asiatics, through passage of his percentage immigration 
 bill. Hearings before both House and Senate Immigration Committees in September 
 and October, 1919, drew still further attention thereto. The American Legion, the 
 Native Sons of the Golden West, organized labor, two exclusion leagues (one oper- 
 ating above the Tehachapi and one below), and other instrumentalities took up the 
 fight in California, and as a result we will vote in November on an initiative pro- 
 tective measure. In Congress Senator Phelan and other members of the California 
 delegation were most active. 
 
 Under instructions of the State legislature, the State Board of Control made an 
 exhaustive study of the effects of Japanese immigration in California, and presented 
 the result thereof in an admirable and convincing report, given to the public in 
 August of this year. The calm and deliberate statement of facts made therein will 
 convince any intelligent and unprejudiced American investigator. Upon this state- 
 ment Gov. Stephens based his letter to the State Department at Washington, 
 presenting in a dignified manner the reason why the Federal Government should at 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 133 
 
 once protect the States of the Union, including California, from the grave menace 
 threatening them. And to cap all, there have been the hearings in California of the 
 ith the opportunity to present the various findings on the subject 
 in proper shape for official consideration. 
 
 What. then, are the conclusions drawn from this assembling of facts and data, 
 which have unified the State on this issue? And particularly, wherein is organized 
 lalx.r so much concerned in the result? 
 
 WHITE LABOR AND THE JAPANESE. 
 
 What the Japanese will do to white labor whenever the opportunity offers, and 
 whenever the rewards are sufficiently" enticing, is well demonstrated by the recent 
 incident at Turlock. in Stanislaus County, which came under observation of the 
 ressional Committee, and was given wide publicity in the newspapers. There, 
 in July of this year, 1,000 Japanese were brought in to take the handling of the cante- 
 loupe crop away from white labor, the moving reason being that white labor was 
 receiving 35 cents a crate for the service, while the Japanese offered to do it. for 
 26 cents. As a result 600 white laborers, many of them returned soldiers, were thrown 
 out of work and compelled to scatter, thus defeating the plans of the Fruit Workers' 
 Association, which had so organized its white labor, in an effort to solve the migratory 
 labor problem, that such labor could move from section to section as the various 
 crops matured and had to be handled. Among those who testified before the Con- 
 gressional Committee on the subject was Charles Perry Taylor, general organizer of 
 the American Federation of Labor, who was attempting to aid the white workers in 
 their defensive fight against the Japanese. 
 
 If the whites are permanently driven out of the labor field in the Turlock canta- 
 loupe district, results will follow there similar to those which have obtained in the 
 Rocky Ford melon district in Colorado, and which have been noted in various dis- 
 tricts 'in California. First, Japanese wages will rise to and beyond the price before 
 asked by the whites; next, the Japanese will decline to handle the crop as wage 
 earners and will insist on leases, or crop contracts; and finally, they will secure entire 
 control of crop and district through lease or ownership, or both. 
 
 Our pro-Japanese friends insist that Japanese do not compete with whites because 
 insist on high wages. They do demand high wages, after the whites are driven 
 out' of business, or for any reason are not available as competitors. 
 
 And so, members of organized labor, now complacently enjoying good wages and 
 good conditions under Japanese employment on the docks of Seattle and Tacoma, 
 will find their jobs melt away when the Japanese are sufficiently strong to supplant 
 them by Nipponese. How many white men are now employed in any capacity 
 whatever on the big Japanese liners traveling between San Francisco and the Orient? 
 There used to be many. 
 
 These, however, are only immediate and local results of Japanese immigration. 
 Organized labor is intelligent enough and broad enough to recognize that these results, 
 serious as they may be, are not so grave as the general results to the white community 
 and to the American Nation which must follow fruition of Japan's carefully laid 
 plans to colonize the richer portions of the United States. Labor, which is dominant 
 in Australia, has been far-sighted in entirely excluding the Japanese, with other 
 Asiatics, from that land. 
 
 SECURING CONTROL OF DISTRICTS. 
 
 I'nder the Japanese plan of peaceful penetration, effort is concentrated in one or 
 a few localities until control thereof is secured. As the Japanese increase in num- 
 hrough immigration and birth, other favored localities will be invaded and con- 
 trol wrested from the whites. Turlock provides a glimpse of the initial stage. In 
 in the Imperial Valley, Florin, portions of Merced. Los Angeles. Fresno, 
 rnento. Placer, and other counties are seen various progressive stages leading 
 up to absolute control, with thinning out of the white population. 
 
 What we see very clearly in this State has now commenced in Seattle; in the 
 Hood River, and other districts of Oregon; in Colorado and Nebraska; in western 
 Texas and eastern New Mexico; in northern Florida and notices of progress made and 
 advantages offered in these various localities, as published in the Japanese newspapers, 
 encourage migration of newly arriving or unsettled Japanese to these growing com- 
 munities. 
 
 rhat what has already happened in Hawaii, where more than half of the total 
 births and school registrations are now Japanese, what is happening in California, 
 and what has commenced in a few other States is simply a forecast of what will in- 
 
134 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 evitably take place in every State in the Union where there is rich agricultural land 
 unless the Japanese immigration movement be stopped. 
 
 Remember that it is hopeless for the white race to meet the Japanese in economic 
 competition; not even the thrifty races of northern Europe can do that. Their 
 lower standards of living, their willingness to work long hcrurs (both men and women), 
 their cooperation and concentration, their thrift and industry, combine to make 
 the Japanese easy victors in such a competition. 
 
 THE JAPANESE BIRTH RATE. 
 
 Their birth rate is another factor of danger pointing inevitably to the time when 
 they will conquer this country by sheer force of numbers, if present conditions con- 
 tinue. The California State Board of Health announces that for 1919 the Japanese 
 birth rate per 1,000 in California was 46.44, and that of all other races, including 
 whites, only 16.59 nearly three to one. This in face of the fact that among Japanese 
 in California the adult males outnumber the females three and one-half or four to 
 one, while among other races the proportion is about one to one. 
 
 Give the Japanese an equal proportion of females, as was urged before the Congres- 
 sional Committee, and their birth rate per thousand would be 10 times that of the 
 whites. Dr. J. L. Pomeroy, health officer of Los Angeles County, declares that on 
 the basis of the established birth rates the Japanese would equal the whites in number 
 in California in 100 years if no further immigration of any kind came into the State. 
 At present the whites outnumber the Japanese about 30 to 1. 
 
 AN UNASSIMILABLE RACE. 
 
 What adds immeasurably to the menace is that the Japanese, with their over- 
 whelming birth rate and their advantages in economic competition, are unassimilable, 
 and if they increase greatly in number in this country, or in any section of it, must 
 create another race problem. For biological reasons, the races differing so materi- 
 ally, assimilation by intermarriage is impracticable, and probably not good for either 
 race. To create an alien, unassimilable community in our midst is certain to lead to 
 trouble. When that community is composed of members of a war-like nation like 
 Japan the trouble would be serious. Similar trouble would occur if 100,000 Ameri- 
 cans were to establish themselves in Japan on agricultural lands and in business 
 communities. In such case the trouble would come much sooner, because the Japa- 
 nese would be less tolerant. 
 
 The Japanese, with few exceptions, can not and will not assimilate, even in ideals 
 and socially, because of national inhibition through heredity and teaching, because 
 of inclination and religion, and because their Government insists that the Japanese, 
 even when born under our flag, is a Japanese citizen, owes full allegiance as such, 
 and must be educated along the lines of a true subject of the Mikado. No people 
 who believe that their Mikado is the living God, to whom all subjects owe their very 
 existence, and who hold that, because of superiority, their mission is ultimately to 
 conquer or lead the nations of the earth, as do the Japanese, can be counted on to 
 furnish good material for our brand of American citizenship. And if they can not 
 make good citizens, their presence in large numbers is a menace. 
 
 WHAT CONTROL OF PRODUCTION MEANS. 
 
 It is evident that labor and all other interests of the nation are dependent upon 
 production in the agricultural districts. A general strike among the farmers of the 
 country would drive the city workers to starvation. It is equally evident that no 
 nation can afford to permit control of its agricultural production to pass into the 
 hands of an alien, virile, unassimilable race, which it has permitted to peacefully 
 penetrate the country. But that is precisely what is happening in certain districts 
 of the United States, notably California, where the Japanese are fast securing control 
 of the rich lands through ownership and lease. 
 
 It will inevitably happen in all districts of the nation unless the necessary remedy 
 i$ speedily applied. In some of our counties, orientals, largely Japanese, already 
 control from 50 to 75 per cent of the rich irrigated lands. 
 
 CALIFORNIA'S DEFENSIVE MEASURE. 
 
 California's citizenship, including labor solidly massed, has sprung to the defense 
 
 in promoting an initiative measure No. 1 on the November ballot which will 
 
 prevent for the future either lease or ownership of oar agricultural lands by aliens 
 
 neligible to citizenship. The majority rolled up for that measure will undoubtedly 
 
IMMICKATTON AND Cnl.oXIXATION. 135 
 
 large <mi- but let it be reiiM-mb<-red that tin- larger the majority the more 
 
 uci'ng will be tin- demonstration to the people of oil who have not 
 
 ur opportunity for investigation and (Conclusion. It will hear witness to our 
 
 i'-ti<>n ilr.u .Japanese immigration is a most serious national problem, grave 
 
 ad calling for i in mediate action: that it menaces lahor. and all 
 
 n alike, and that the Federal Government, in protection of other 
 
 States, as well a< California, should act al on 
 
 That initiative measure, to which Japan is offering strenuous diplomatic objection 
 at Washii.. -vds to Japanese in this State all rights as to agricultural lands 
 
 which an American may enjoy in Japan it insures to the Japanese all rights con- 
 : by treaty, hut specifically withholds rights not so granted, where they concern 
 agricultural lands. Its various provisions are designed to put a stop to the deliberate 
 violation of the intent o f the alien land law of 1913. 
 
 what right do Japan and the pro-Japanese Americans demand that we shall 
 grant to our ultimate undoing rights to Japanese in California which Japan wisely 
 forbids to Americans in Japan? 
 
 Let every red-blooded Californian remember that the Japanese deliberately and 
 
 frankly announce their intention of colonizing this country, whether we like it or 
 
 not The following are from an editorial published in October, 1919, in 
 
 Shin S"kai. the X,-\v World, a leading Japanese newspaper of San Francisco, and trans- 
 
 r the Sacramento Bee: 
 
 us consider the land law. Supposing : that we Japanese were pro- 
 
 hibited from owning or cultivating land ' *. If we can not conveniently do 
 
 so in California we shall go to other States and devise some plan. Even the laws of 
 California are not forever unchangeable. " 
 
 "The day will come when the real strength of the Japanese will make a clean sweep 
 of all laws."" 
 
 n the Kaiser's Empire was destroyed when its time came. " 
 
 ''What can Phelan and Inman * do to stop the forward movement of our 
 
 Yam at o n: 
 
 ( 'alifornians in this trying situation, owe it to themselves and to the cause to counte- 
 nance no overt or unfriendly act against the Japanese, but to express themselves 
 unmistakably at the polls and by other legal methods, to the end that the necessary 
 remedies may be applied by State and Nation. Any less decided course must earn 
 for us the contempt of those* familiar with the facts. 
 
 EXHIBIT 21. 
 WHITE GIRLS DISCHARGED AND REPLACED BY JAPANESE. 
 
 rday the Bee published a special from Auburn giving authentic particulars 
 of the dismissal from employment by the Placer Packing Association of eight or nine 
 white girls and the hiring of six Japanese men to take their places. 
 
 Manager Culper of the Association was quoted as saying that it was more than satis" 
 
 . ith the change; that the white girls had worked only 8 hours a day, while the 
 
 Japanese were willing to work 15 hours, or even more, on a pinch, and were packing 
 
 or two and a half times as many boxes in a day as the girls had done. 
 
 only excuse if it be an excuse- -was that the packing plant was too small to 
 
 it of hiring as many girls as would be needed to handle all the fruit coming in, 
 
 said that if there were more room no Japanese would have been employed. 
 Thi- highly illustrative of the evil and danger of Japanese immigration, and 
 
 of the impossibility of white competition with Japanese or other oriental labor without 
 
 iation to low Asiatic standards of living. 
 
 With Japanese willing to work 15 hours or even more a day, what show has white 
 labor to compete with them? 
 
 California has laws to protect U r irls and women from being obliged to work top many 
 hours a day, but there is no protection against such health-wrecking competition as 
 
 .vhere Japanese or other oriental laborers are to be had, there is nothing 
 but public sentiment to prevent their getting jobs away from white girls and women, 
 as in this 1 lacer County instance. 
 
 icking Association, in displacing white girls by Japanese men, has not 
 
 Q public estimation. 
 
 But it has at least furnished a striking and historic example of the need of the Oriental 
 Exclusion League and of all such measures of self-protection as California has taken or 
 is seeking in this regard. 
 
136 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 WHITE GIRLS ARE REPLACED BY JAPANESE. 
 
 AUBURN PACKING PLANT DISMISSES AMERICAN HELP; MANAGER PRAISES OUTPUT OF 
 
 THE ORIENTALS. 
 
 AUBURNJ PLACER COUNTY, June 28. 
 
 Eight or nine white girls employed in the plant of the Placer Packing Association 
 here have been dismissed and Japanese laborers taken on to fill their places. 
 
 The association, of which F. Culper is manager, and which includes in its member- 
 ship J. A. Teagarden, A. Ammon and other prominent fruit growers, is more than 
 satisfied with the results of the change. This is according to Culper. 
 
 TURN OUT MORE FRUIT. 
 
 Culper stated to-day that the girls only turned out from 200 to 250 packages of fruit 
 a day, while the six orientals who took their places are packing from 400 to 500 pack- 
 ages a day. 
 
 Culper declared that this was possible because the white girls could work only 8 
 hours a day while the Japanese work 15 hours a day and more in a pinch. 
 
 " It was simply a case of moving the fruit, " Culper said. 
 
 ONLY 10 STALLS. 
 
 Culper stated that the plant is a small one with only 10 stalls at most for the fruit 
 packers. 
 
 ; We simply did not have the room to employ enough white help to pack the fruit 
 as it came in, "was his explanation. "If we had room for 30 people to work in the pack- 
 ing house, no Japanese would be employed." 
 
 EXHIBIT 22. 
 
 HIGHER BIRTH RATE URGED FOR JAPANESE. 
 "BEGET" is THE MOTTO FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE YAMATO RACE IN 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 [From Sacramento Bee, Oct. 24, 1919.J 
 
 Abolishment of birth control, and immediate population of America with Japanese, 
 is the principal step looking toward the solution of the so-called Japanese-American 
 problem, according to a writer signing himself Kochiku Higashi, in Nichi-Bei, the 
 Japanese American, a San Francisco Japanese newspaper. The writer, who by his 
 use of language shows himself to be highly educated, stakes everything upon the 
 plan to crowd this country with Japanese. 
 
 He deals at length with the glories of Japanese civilization, and says Americans 
 have suddenly changed their admiration of Japan to fear of that country. 
 
 AMERICA'S "VILLAINOUS PLOT." 
 
 "They wish to kick Japan down to international isolation, " he says, "and confine 
 development of her people to one small island country. Truly it is a laughable and 
 villainous plot. 
 
 "Let those who live in separate houses immediately get together in one house. 
 Let newly married people at once adopt sons and have them registered. Let married 
 people without children adopt sons and bring them immediately a lovely bride. 
 And let everyone who has dependent relatives bring them here. " Awake even if 
 we can not expand our country's borders let us expand with all speed the Yamato 
 race of which we are justly proud. 
 
 "Well, as I am about to leave Los Angeles for the East I venture earnestly to advise 
 our beloved fellow countrymen on this coast as follows: 'Beget! Beget! Beget!' I 
 have many things to advise our good countrymen, more than could be counted on 
 my 10 fingers, but at this time I emphasize this one thing, leaving the others for 
 another occasion. 
 
 "What I mean is simply this, I firmly believe it is only by the propagation of our 
 Yamato race by every good Japanese that we can solve the anti-Japanese, nay the 
 American -Japanese problem. And this is the conclusion (without giving explanations 
 
JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND < <)!.< >NIZATION. 137 
 
 - to which I luue arrived during the | For the next 10. 
 
 Children, hoys and drls. will he treasures more 
 
 valuable i ntrymen than hundreds of millions of rold. And at the same 
 
 hey are the SKMCIII - for the development of our rv 
 
 KXIIIHFI 
 
 ! ARATION OF THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT ON THE SUBJECT OF 
 EXPATRIATION. 
 
 [Correspondence of the Associated i - 
 
 TOKYO, September 7-5. 
 
 A relatively small number of American-born Japanese have applied to the Japanese 
 consulate at San Francisco for expatriation, or removal of Japanese citizenship, but 
 the cases of refusal of expatriation have been few in proportion to those where per- 
 imission has? been granted, according to a statement to the Associated Press by the 
 Japanese foreign olHce. 
 
 In view of the interest surrounding the question of "dual citizenship'' which was 
 
 Ibro light up at the recent sessions at San Francisco of the Congressional Committee on 
 
 alization and Immigration, the correspondent requested the foreign office to 
 
 iurnish an authentic statement explaining the Japanese viewpoint with reference to 
 
 petitions from Japanese in California and Hawaii for release from their Japanese 
 
 enship. 
 
 Y Mais-ioka. who was attached to the Japanese delegation at the Paris peace con- 
 ierence. and who is now the active head of the bureau of information, acted as spokes- 
 man for the foreign office, after several days investigation of the subject at issue. 
 
 Taking up the testimony of Rev. Albert \V. Palmer, of Honolulu, at the San Francisco 
 inquiry that several thousand Hawaiian-born Japanese had signed a petition asking 
 Japan to release them from Japanese citizenship so that they might be privileged to 
 ill American citizenship without "dual citizenship. "Mr. Matsuoka said 
 that the truth is that the Japanese section of the Legion of Honolulu in Hawaii pre- 
 sented, in the name of its secretary, a petition to the Japanese Government to urge 
 the latter to take the necessary steps to modify the provisions contained in the 
 Japai. ii nationality, so that they might not have dual citizenship. He 
 
 added: "This petition came from persons above the age of 17 years and from men 
 enrolled in the American army under the selective service law of 1917. Let me say 
 that the Japanese Government replied to this petition that the modification of the law 
 of nationality as desired by the petitioners is not an easy matter for the moment, as it 
 requires special legislative preparations. '' Mr. Matsuoka said that the Tokyo govern- 
 ment had received no general applications from Japanese children in Hawaii, but if 
 juch arrived each case would be treated on its merits in. accordance with the law. 
 
 This led to the question of age in making the applications. The Japanese law 
 permit? a Japanese boy born abroad to apply for expatriation between the ages of 15 
 and 17. A San Francisco Japanese newspaper has been q noted as saying that 
 a California-born Japanese, living at Port Angeles, Wash., had been r> 
 patriation because, although he was not 17 years of age according to the American 
 method of computation, he was a little over*17 according to the Japanese method 
 h counts the months previous to birth. 
 
 h an information must have been based upon a misunderstanding," declared 
 Mr. Matsuoka. " It is true that Japanese custom at home gives the child one year of 
 the moment of birth, but this custom is not followed in our law of nationality. 
 The method of au r e computation therein fixed and followed is quite similar to that 
 of the American law. namely, the age is computed by the number of months after 
 birth and one year of age is a full 12 months of earthly existence." 
 
 Mr. Matsuoka was asked about a statement appearing in the official report of the 
 rnia Stale Hoard of <',.mrol on Japanese immigration that Mr. Ishii, the Japa- 
 nese vice counsul at San Francisco said that not over a dozen American-born children 
 ! the ' Declaration of losing nationality" provided by the Japanese law 
 and pointing out that so far as could be learned none of these have been accepted 
 by th< "rnment. 
 
 Mr. Matsuoka thought the alleged statement of Mr. Ishii should be interpreted, as 
 i above, that only a small number of Japanese had applied. Some of them 
 -were refused, he explained, for reasons specified in the law of nationality, but he 
 -added: "Airainst f',4 pen _iveii. there are only 9 < ases of refusal on ap- 
 
 plications of expatriation made by Japanese in the United S 
 
 "Xow to tret down to the nationality law itself,'' Mr. Matsuoka went on, "let us 
 see if I can throw any light on this complicated question of dual citizenship. In the 
 first place, the fundamental of our law known as No. W, which was promulgated in 
 
138 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 May, 1899, is that a person who has acquired a foreign nationality of his own choice 
 loses Japanese nationality. The law then proceeds to explain under what conditions 
 a Japanese may be permitted from our standpoint to acquire foreign nationality, 
 mentions limitations and provides processes. Article 20 bis stipulates that a Japanese 
 subject acquiring foreign nationality by birth abroad may be expatriated with the 
 permission of the home minister. In case tTie person is under 15 the application can 
 be made by a legal representative; if a minor above 15 the application can be made 
 with the consent of his legal representative. The obligation to military service 
 undoubtedly forms a basis for the conditions. Under the conscription laws of Japan 
 a boy of 17 is liable to military service. Article 24 of the law we are discussing 
 is designed to prevent a Japanese subject from shirking military service by expatri- 
 ation. It declares that notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding articles, a 
 male of 17 years or upward does not lose Japanese nationality unless he has com- 
 pleted active service in the army or navy, or he is under no obligation to enter into 
 it. But of course when expatriation is granted the obligation to military service 
 ceases." 
 
 Mr. Matsuoka continued: "Now if may not be useless to give a brief explanation 
 of the underlying legal principles of our law, because they are entirely different 
 from those of Anglo-Saxon countries. 
 
 "The Japanese law, like the laws of continental Europe and unlike the Anglo- 
 American system, recognizes allegiance to the state by reason of blood-descent and 
 not according to the place of birth. The Japanese law adopts the so-called jus san- 
 guinis principle on the question of nationality, contrary to that of jus soli adopted in 
 the American jurisprudence. A Japanese child is a Japanese if his or her father is 
 a Japanese at the time of his or her birth, regardless of whether the child is born in 
 Japan, in the United States, or in Russia. A child whose father is not known or 
 possesses no nationality is a Japanese, provided that his or her mother is a Japanese. 
 
 "The Japanese law does not follow the doctrine of perpetual allegiance. Article 20 
 of the Law of Nationality recognizes the right of expatriation. 
 
 "To remedy the difficulty which may result from the regulations for a Japanese 
 born in foreign countries where jus soli is adopted, the Japanese Government pre- 
 sented in 1916 an amendatory law to the Diet, which became article 20 bis of the Law 
 of Nationality. The object of this amendment is to open the way, under the present 
 law of conscription of expatriation for Japanese boys born in Hawaii or in any States 
 of the American Union. Article 20 bis provides that a Japanese boy who has acquired 
 a foreign nationality by reason of his birth, provided he has domicile in that country, 
 may divest himself of the Japanese nationality, if his father or other parental authority 
 takes the necessary step for him before he is 15, or, if he has attained the age of 15, he 
 may take the step himself with the consent of his father or other parental authority 
 before he attains the age of 17. 
 
 "This amendment is a concession made in favor of the Anglo-American territorial 
 principle by Japan, whose legislation on nationality observes strictly the principle 
 of personal allegiance jus sanguinis. 
 
 "The aforementioned points may be summarized in a few words: 
 
 "That the Japanese legislation adopts in the matter of nationality the principle of 
 jus sanguinis, that the Japanese laws of conscription do not permit the expatriation 
 of a soldier, that a way of expatriation is opened for Japanese under full 17 years of 
 age, and that this measure has been introduced into the Japanese law in order to avoid 
 the difficulties which may result from the difference of legal principles adopted in 
 different countries of the world. 
 
 "The dual citizenship of a Japanese born in the United States is an inevitable con- 
 sequence of the difference of legal principles adopted by Japan and the United States 
 on the subject of nationality. The Japanese legislation has given, however, a reason- 
 able facility for the expatriation of Japanese boys born in foreign countries, including 
 the United States." 
 
 EXHIBIT 24. 
 JAPAN INSURES CONTROL OF CALIFORNIA JAPANESE. 
 
 LOCAL JAPANESE ASSOCIATION IS REORGANIZED UNDER CONTROL OF JAPANESE ASSO- 
 CIATION OF AMERICA, WHICH IN TURN IS DOMINATED 1?Y THE CONSUL GENERAL FOR 
 JAPANESE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 [The Sacramento Bee, June 13, 1921.] 
 
 In a statement which appaared in the Sacramento Bee May 18, concerning per- 
 sonnel of the so-called American League (or Committee) of Justice, which was active 
 during the initiative campaign last year in favor of the Japanese, and is now pursuing 
 similar activities in the Eastern States, reference was made to Col. John P. Irish as a 
 
.TAPAXKSK IM.MK1HATION A X I > ( <>!.( >X I XATTON . 139 
 
 .vas made 
 
 lialf of the . Kxclusion I.'-atjno of < 'alifornia bv \". S. Mn'luT.-hv. wl: 
 
 turned from Washington, where he ha<! 
 
 \\ FIAT TAMM' 
 
 ved by th 'tin the i -in F. Takimoto. Lvn-ral 
 
 .iaiioii of Arneric a. explains that this statement as to 
 
 irnh i- in.-Mnv.-i ai , upon misunderstanding; that the reor- 
 
 ganized Japanese Agricultural Association of California has affiliated, but not <-i>n- 
 A'ith the n of America, and remains an independent 
 
 and that the only purpose of affili - f in carrying out a program of 
 
 Itural development in the S1 
 
 !. John I*. lri-h wa- n:mi > Takimof) explains, "a-- an adviser 
 
 r or attorney -and not in any way for hire- -of the Agricultural Asso- 
 eiati 
 
 FOR "IiISTIX 
 
 I the agricultural association, he says, an- m be those who have 
 
 di*tinguished service for the a -hievement< of the association, and Americans 
 
 Hiding or education. Under the by-laws, these ad- 
 
 - may meet several times a year, "to promot" fri"ndly and cooperative rela- 
 
 and Japanese in agricultural proc< 
 
 Mr. Takimoto also explains that "the Jai -Mciation of America has con- 
 
 sidered plans lor the creation of a legal aid bureau, but the agricultural association 
 has nothing whatever to do with such plans." 
 
 LEAGUE REPRESENTATIVE TALKS. 
 
 Mr. McChitclr- stated to a Bee reporter that he Mr. Takimoto's statement 
 
 as conclusive that Col. Irish is an unpaid adviser and not a paid counselor or 
 
 attorney for the Jap H.'ultural As-o-iation. Th assumption that Col. Irish 
 
 aid for hi- Mr. Mc'latchy says, from the fact that the Japanese 
 
 rs explained the close relations brought about in reorganization between the 
 
 Japa; iation of America and the Japaiv-s" agricultural associations, the 
 
 establishment of a paid legal department whose services are to be available for the 
 
 agriculture.! associations, and a failure to observe the distinction in translation 
 
 11 advisers and counselors or attor 
 
 WHAT REORGANIZATION MFA 
 
 The following details as to the affiliation between the A-arious Japanese organiza- 
 tions of the State and activiti.-s in connection therewith are gathered from translations 
 of items which appear in Xichi Hei and Shin Sekai. the two daily Ja; 
 in Francis 'O. during the pa*t three months: 
 
 It i : first that the Japan 
 
 as an instrument of the Japanese (iovernment. by the Japanese consul 
 Francisco. That i- affirmed by Shin Sekai. th'" Japanese dailv iv-v 
 Francisco. ani I >r. Yo<hi Kuno, Japan --or of oriental Ian-.: 
 
 at th California. lr. Kuno lias al-o explained in published ar 
 
 how the individual Japanes? of tl to control of the various 
 
 Japa:: i.einir refus-d consular c -rti'icat -s for p.-rsonal and bn- 
 
 matt and a particular Japanese never knows how soon he 
 
 may be in serious need of such a consular certiluat . 
 
 Under r i/.ation th" agri'.-ultural association- -n placed in closer 
 
 touch with and und?r more direct control of the Japanese Association of Ameri 
 shown by the plan ad'>;.t -d. 
 
 OF AGRICULTfRAL ASSOCIATi' 
 
 Thr- Jap; 'ultural Association of California, of which Toyoji Chiba is^an- 
 
 aging director, has not been consolidated, it is claimed, with the Japanese Association 
 of America, but remains "an independent body." It has certainly been made in 
 effect a department of the Japanese Association of America, its selected officers being 
 subject to approval by the latter organization, its legal affairs being cared for by, and 
 its revenues going partially to, *T associai 
 
 instance, at a 'he California Agricultural Association, 
 
 May 5, as reported in Shin Sekai. May <i. appointments were made of new directors 
 
140 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 to fill vacancies at Sacramento and Stockton, and also of an assistant manager, Mr. 
 Matsuoka, all "subject to approval of the board of directors of the Japanese Associa- 
 tion America." It was decided also that each local Japanese association is to choose 
 its committeemen "after consultation with the board of directors of the Japanese 
 Association of America." Also the budget of the agricultural department for the 
 current year was fixed at about $5,000, "subject to approval of the board of directors 
 of the Japanese Association of America." 
 
 REORGANIZATION MEETING. 
 
 On April 5, at San Francisco, according also to Shin Sekai, under call of the 
 Japanese Association of America, managing directors of local Japanese organizations 
 met with officers of the parent association to confer on various matters, including the 
 new legal department, a new official organ, immigration, and expatriation. The 
 organizations represented included those of Marysville, Courtland, Florin, Watson- 
 ville, Walnut Grove, Fresno, San Benito, Lodi, Isleton, Santa Cruz, Vacaville, Kings 
 County, Intel-mountain District, Stanislaus, Berkeley, San Mateo, Northern Cali- 
 fornia, Palo Alto, Stockton, Oakland, and San Francisco. 
 
 At this meeting the opening address was made by Mr. K. Kanzaki, then secretary 
 of the Japanese Association of America. He explained the necessity for closer Union 
 between that organization and the local associations in view of the fact that the prob- 
 lems confronting the Japanese in California are no longer merely local but common 
 to all. There must be, therefore, cooperation in all plans and purposes. 
 
 THE PLAN ADOPTED. 
 
 Plans for various departments were discussed and elaborated, the agricultural 
 department to include all agricultural associations; a law department to employ and 
 pay white attorneys, the expense to be met out of a fund secured from assessments of 
 local organizations, landholders, and leaseholders, and the legal expenses of all local 
 associations to be paid therefrom; an educational department, etc. The plan very 
 carefully provided for control of all local associations by the Japanese Association of 
 America through a veto on election or appointment of officers of such associations 
 and through control of their legal business and through supervision of their finances. 
 These measures of control are supplemented by the power of the consul general at 
 San Francisco, as representative of the Japanese Government, in extending or with- 
 holding consular certificates necessary for business and personal transactions and in 
 making trouble for the individual with the home Government. 
 
 OTHERS NAMED "ADVISERS." 
 
 Later announcements mention, in addition to Col. John P. Irish, others who have 
 been named as "advisers" either for the Japanese Association of America or for the 
 Japanese Agricultural Association of California. These advisers seem to have been 
 taken in large part from members of the American committee of justice, which was 
 active in opposition to the initiative alien land law during the campaign last fall. 
 That committee included Col. Irish, Guy Calden, leading attorney for the Japanese 
 in cases involving violation of law; L. M. Landsborough, who held land for Japanese 
 in violation of the law; missionaries, coast heads of Japanese Sunday schools, large 
 landowners who rent to Japanese because the profits are greater; and others actuated 
 by personal feeling or interest in securing for the Japanese rights in opposition to 
 the law. 
 
 EXHIBIT 25. 
 EXCLUSION LEAGUE PROTESTS AGAINST PROPOSED TREATY. 
 
 CHAMBERS WIRES SECRETARY OF STATE NATION SHOULD NOT SURRENDER TO JAPAN 
 RIGHT TO DETERMINE WHO SHALL ENTER. 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, Nov. 26, 1920.] 
 
 A telegraphic protest against provisions in a proposed new treaty with Japan that 
 would grant to Japanese in California privileges forbidden them by the antialien 
 land law, was wired last night to Norman H. Davis, Acting Secretary of State, by 
 State Controller John S. Chambers as chairman of the executive committee of the 
 Japanese Exclusion League. 
 
JAPAN KSK IMMIGRATION A N I COLONIZATION. 141 
 
 CHAMMKKs's TKI.KCKAM. 
 
 The telegram follows: 
 Tnti- "in- II. l)in-\x. Slut, 1 . \Vnxltinfiftn,. I). ('.: 
 
 A asocial- le^ramsof November L3, published here November 14, referring 
 
 "MI the 8 '.rtment and the .Lipane-e amba-ador. say it 
 
 is un . hat the manner of excluding Japanese lab >r from the Tniied Slates 
 
 her by treaty or through decree promulgate 1 by the Japanese Government 
 M not of principle hut of expediency. 
 
 WAVT EXPLICIT PROVISI" 
 
 The Japanese Exclusion League of California earnestly protest? against the adoption 
 of any method for excluding undesirable alien labor which is not direct and explicit, 
 the act of this Government to he enforced under its own legislation or under treaty 
 provision and by it> own officials. 
 
 ily is a matter of principle for this country not to surrender to any foreign 
 Government 'the right to determine and declare what immigration shall enter through 
 our ports: such surrender is apparently contemplated in this case if the telegraphic 
 i referred to correctly indicates the situation. Such right was surrendered to 
 Japan under the existing "gentlemen's agreement, " with the result that the Japanese 
 population of continental United Stale- increased threefold in 13 years since negotia- 
 tion of that agreement, while the Chinese population decreased in L'() years, under 
 the exclusion act, 50 per cent. 
 
 SURRENDER OF RIGHTS. 
 
 This country has surrendered to no other nation save Japan the right to determine 
 what immigration shall enter through our ports, and no other nation in the world has 
 surrendered to a foreign power its similar right. 
 
 protest earnestly also against exclusive concessions to the Japanese of the alien 
 races ineligible to citizenship (in contemplated treaty provisions as reported) under 
 which the California law forbidding control of agricultural lands to such ineligibles 
 shall be set aside. 
 
 RIGHTS DEXIED IX JAPAN. 
 
 We respectfully direct your attention to the fact that it is thereby proposed to con- 
 cede to the Japanese in this country privileges which, aside from the menace offered 
 to American citizens, are specifically denied to Americans and all foreigners in Japan. 
 In substantiation of that statement see "Japan's Foreign Policy, '' by A. M. Pooley, 
 and editorial article in Millard 's Review of Shanghai, October 9. Please note also 
 that the present treaty with Japan specifically fails to accord to the Japanese in this 
 country the privileges* forbidden them by the* California law, and which the reported 
 provisions of the contemplated new treaty would confer upon them. 
 
 JOHN S. CHAMBERS, 
 Chairman Executive Committee of the Japanese Exclusion League of California, 
 
 EXHIBIT 26. 
 
 TALIFORXIA ANSWERS AMBASSADOR MORRIS. 
 
 AMBASSADOR TAKEN TO TASK FOR PRESENTING TO THE PUBLIC A CONCEDED ONE-SIDED 
 STATEMENT OF THE JAPANESE QUESTI 
 
 [From the Sacramento Bee, Jan. 25, 1921.] 
 
 Recent statements of Roland S. Morris, American ambassador to Japan, regarding 
 the Japanese issue in California, are vigorously protested by executive officers of the 
 Japanese Exclusion League of this State and hv ( tov. William 1 >. Stephens in separate 
 replies issued yesterday afternoon. 
 
 The exceptions and* objections of the Exclusion League are put squarely before 
 Morris in a several hundred word telegram sent to Washington over the signatures of 
 John S. Chambers, State controller and chairman of the executive committee of the 
 league, and V. S. McClatchy, publisher of the Bee and official representative of the 
 league in conferences held in the National Capital. 
 
142 JAPANESE IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION. 
 
 CAVE JAPANESE VIEWS. 
 
 Morris's definition of the Japanese question is declared by the league officers to be 
 unfair, not onlv to California but to the American public, because the ambassador 
 in a recent address gave only the Japanese views of the situation. 
 
 The telegram adds that the public wants the facts "and assumes that if the State 
 Department talks at all it will not give only so much of the facts as must lead to wrong 
 conclusions." 
 
 The league officers also strongly defend the right of California as a unit of the Amer- 
 ican Nation to be accorded an equal privilege with the Japanese when the question 
 of exclusion is under discussion by representatives of the Government. 
 
 STEPHENS'S ANSWER. 
 
 Gov. Stephens, in his answer to the ambassador, says in part: 
 
 "Mr. Morris is well aware that personal rights of Japanese have never been ques- 
 tioned in California and that there is no thought of so doing; and if he felt it incumbent 
 upon himself to make public presentation of Japan's fears in this connection he might 
 at least, as an American, have said that such fears are apparently unfounded." 
 
 Another portion of the governor's statement reads: 
 
 "Mr. Morris declared that the Japanese do not object to restriction of immigration 
 or citizenship as applied to their nationals, but do object as unjust and unfair to the 
 policy which deprives them, as aliens ineligible to citizenship, of rights which are 
 conceded to other aliens. 
 
 "Mr. Morris asks: 
 
 " 'In the larger view of our relations with the Orient is it wise to thus classify aliens 
 on the basis of their eligibility to citizenship? ' 
 
 "It certainly would seem most wise to do so. If certain races have been made 
 ineligible to American citizenship because they are unassimilable and dangerous to 
 our social and economic life, it is certainly most unwise to permit them to secure, 
 through ownership of the soil control of our agricultural products and markets, which 
 would give them in time economic control of the country." 
 
 TELEGRAM FROM LEAGUE. 
 
 The Exclusion League's telegram to Morris follows: 
 
 Hon. ROLAND S. MORRIS, 
 
 State Department, Washington, D. C.: 
 
 We respectfully but earnestly protest against the statement of what you term the 
 California issue, made by you before the University Club at New York, January 21, 
 and given to the public, because it is ex parte, and unfair, therefore, not only to Cali- 
 fornia but to the American public, which wants facts and assumes that if the State 
 Department talks at all it will not give only so much of the facts as must lead to wrong 
 conclusion. 
 
 You said you presented the Japanese point of view and that the issue must be clearly 
 before us that we may determine it in light of facts. But did you realize you were 
 only beclouding that issue by presenting the Japanese statement thereof and omitting 
 so much of the facts as would furnish the California or American answer thereto? 
 
 ACTIONS FAIR IN PAST. 
 
 You have been in the past so fair in considering and preparing a report on the facts 
 for consideration of the State Department that we feel you will pardon calling your 
 attention to omissions in your public statement which are of grave moment not only 
 to the Pacific coast but to the American Nation. 
 
 For instance, when you said that California in 1913 deprived aliens ineligible to 
 citizenship of the right to own agricultural land, you failed to state that the treaty 
 with Japan, for well considered reasons, deliberately refrained from granting to 
 Japanese the right to own or lease agricultural land in this country, and that Cali- 
 fornia's law imposing these restrictions of the treaty was passed because of threatened 
 control of those agricultural lands, with attendant control of products and markets 
 by the Japanese, an unassimilable race whose economic advantages enable them to 
 displace all branches of the white race. 
 
 MENACE BECOMING GREATER. 
 
 When you said that California amplified this law in 1920, by initiative, you failed 
 to state that, with exception of repeal of privilege of short leases, there was no ampli- 
 fication of the original law which was not in the nature of protective provision to close 
 
IMMIGRATION AM. COLONIZATION. 143 
 
 certain loopholes of which th had taken advantage to defy the law, and 
 
 that by violation of its letter or spirit they had already secured control of one-eighth 
 of all irrigated lands in tin- State, the very richest of bur agricultural lam 
 
 SHORT I.KASKS RKI 1 
 
 You failed to state that California, in the 1920 law, refused even short leases to 
 ineligible aliens because short leases were found in practice to become long leases 
 through renewal, and long leases give the same control as ownership; and also that 
 the original act of 1!H:>. as formulated by Attorney Ceneral Webb at the request of 
 'ohnson and a< a substitute for numerous bills on the subject, did not 
 
 permit even short leases: and that the provision as to short leases was subsequently 
 inserted on the plea that adjustment to the new conditions would require a few year's 
 and that this pr<>\ ision could then be repealed. 
 
 PERSONAL RIGHTS PROTECTED. 
 
 You said that oth- re considering legislation similar to that of California 
 
 and that the Japanese are fearful lest this method may be used not only in property 
 
 - but also in personal rights; but you might have added the fact within your 
 
 ledge that California has not considered the deprivation of personal rights even 
 
 if such course could be taken legally, and the leaders of the exclusion movement 
 
 have explicitly declared, and have proved in practice, that their intention is to 
 
 protect the Japanese in all personal and property rights sa~ve only the right of owning 
 
 or leasing agricultural land, a right which is not granted them by treaty. 
 
 You say that the Japanese do not complain because their nationals are ineligible 
 to citizenship, nor object to exclusion of Japanese immigration; but that the real 
 complaint of the Japanese is that, in the matter of land ownership and lease in Cali- 
 fornia, a distinction is drawn between them, -because of their ineligibility to citizen- 
 ship, and other aliens. 
 
 CITIZENSHIP IS WANTED. 
 
 You know if the Japanese make that plea now it is not frank, and the American 
 public ought not to be deceived by a half fact. Senator Hiram Johnson is authority 
 for the statement, published here January- 4 and not since denied, that the Japanese 
 complained originally as to alleged discrimination in the California law; that when 
 it was suggested that such discrimination might be removed by the passage by the 
 California Legislature of an act placing the same restrictions on all aliens as are now 
 placed upon those ineligible to citizenship, the Japanese promptly protested such 
 course would not be satisfactory. They declared that even if given by treaty the 
 same rights as other nationals in holding property they would still insist upon the 
 right of citizenship, since other nationals can secure citizenship, and thereby enjoy 
 the right to own land. And expressions of the Japanese press on the Pacific coast 
 and of prominent Japanese in public meetings in Tokyo confirm that stand. 
 
 PEOPLE ARE DECEIVED. 
 
 In the past, insidious propaganda has given the American public an entirely 
 erroneous impression as to the factors of this serious problem; and only within the 
 past year or more has California been able to secure a nearing for well authenticated 
 It asks no more. California has not asked the State Department to present 
 le to the American public, but if the department is presenting the Japanese 
 side California submits with deference, that as a State unit of the Nation it should 
 be accorded a similar privilege. Particularly is this so when those who have given 
 most exhaustive investigation to the subject concede that the question is not a Cali- 
 fornia question but a national one, in which California's experience only points to 
 what will be the experience of other States if existing conditions continue. 
 
 With appreciation of the ability and open-mindedness with which you have made 
 your investigations. 
 
 JAPAN EXCLUSION LEAGUE OF CALIFORNIA, 
 J. S. CHAMHKRS. 
 
 f 'hairman Executive Committee. 
 - McCLATCHT, 
 
 Representative at Washington. 
 '//. 
 
 o 
 
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