MiHW linWl i i ml if mP'Hlii i !H| ii RH Mill ' U! i S i ! ? ! ;': LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE The Gift of Beatrix Farrand to the General Library University of California, Berkeley Ex Libris BEATRIX FARRAND UANDSCAPB ARCHITCCTURI REEF POINT GARDENS LIBRARY GRAY'S NEW MANUAL OF BOTANY (SEVENTH EDITION ILLUSTRATED) A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF THE CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA REARRANGED AND EXTENSIVELY REVISED BY BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON ASA GRAY PROFESSOR OP SYSTEMATIC BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY AND MERRITT LYNDON FERNALD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY NEW YORK .: CINCINNATI : CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY THE PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL. LONDON w. P. 4 Farrand Gift LANDSCAPE ARCH. CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE: .............. 5 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES .....,. 9 TABULAR VIEW OP THE FAMILIES 23 SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC. . . 27 SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS " . . .27 EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES .... 28 OTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED ...... 31 DESCRIPTIVE FLORA . . .33 GLOSSARY . 875 INDEX ...,., , 885 3 087 PREFACE IN bringing Dr. ASA GRAY'S well-known Manual to date and into accord with modern views of classification and nomenclature, the present editors have lound it necessary to rearrange it throughout, rewrite considerable portions, modify at least slightly nearly all the descriptions, and adopt certain principles of nomenclature (notably the one relating to the first specific name) somewhat at variance with Dr. Gray's practice. Although these changes have been numerous and in some respects fundamental, it is believed that they are all in thorough accord with the liberal spirit of progress which character- ized his own successive publications. Wherever possible and in all cases of doubt, the wording of the sixth edition, prepared by Dr. SERENO WATSON and Professor JOHN MERLE COULTER, and pub- lished in January, 1890, has been retained. In the arrangement of the plant-families and in grouping them in orders, the admirable system of Eichler, in recent years much elaborated and perfected by Engler and Prantl, has been followed with a few deviations of minor importance. The term order, used by Dr. Gray as synonymous with family, is here employed, according to the recommendation of the International Botanical Congress at Vienna, to designate a group of superior rank ; the same, in fact, which has sometimes been called a cohort. Orders, in this sense, are not capable of sharp definition in the manner of species, genera, or even families, nor is it to be supposed that one order begins in development where the preceding ends. They are rather to be conceived as representing somewhat parallel and long- disconnected lines or tendencies in evolutionary development. The grouping of the families into orders is shown in the tabular view on pages 23-27. To cover a more natural floral area and to make the Manual con- venient for a greater number of users, some alterations have been made in the geographic limits adopted in the sixth edition. These changes result in (1) the exclusion of the territory at the west between the 96th and 100th meridians, a region now known to include a con- 5 6 PREFACE siderable percentage of plants characteristic of the Great Plains and not harmonious with the flora which the present work is especially designed to treat; and (2) the inclusion of the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the greater part of Quebec and Ontario. As thus modified, the limits are as follows : on the north, the 48th parallel from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior, arid the international boundary thence to the northwest corner of Minnesota; on the west, the western boundary of Minnesota and northwestern Iowa, thence southward along the 96th meridian; on the south, the southern boundaries of eastern Kansas, Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia. In the preparation of this edition valued assistance has been received from Professor A. S. HITCHCOCK of the United States Department of Agriculture, who has elaborated the Gramineae; Mr. OAKES AMES, Assistant Director of the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, who has treated the Orchidaceae; President EZRA BRAINERD of Middlebury College, who has revised the genus Viola; Mr. A. A. EATON of the Ames Botanical Laboratory, who has treated the technical genera Equisetum and Isoetes; Dr. J. M. GREENMAN of the Field Museum of Natural History, who has revised Senecio ; Mr. W. W. EGGLESTON, who has revised the exceed- ingly difficult genus Crataegus; and Miss MARY A. DAT, Librarian of the Gray Herbarium, who has given much clerical and biblio- graphical assistance throughout the preparation and proof reading of the text. Many of the older figures, formerly grouped in plates, have been redrawn and for greater convenience placed in the text, and to these have been added a much larger number of new ones drawn chiefly by Mr. F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS, but in part also by Professor J. FRANKLIN COLLINS of Brown University arid Mr. P. B. WHELPLEY. All the illustrations of the Orchidaceae have been not only skillfully executed but generously contributed by Mrs. OAKES AMES. The fact that it has been possible thus to extend the illustration of the Manual has been due in great part to the interest and liberality of the VISITING COMMITTEE OF THE GRAY HERBA- RIUM. Many botanists throughout the country, notably the members of the New England Botanical Club, have furnished specimens and notes which have been exceedingly helpful in determining the geo- graphic range and limits of variation. To all who have thus in different ways aided in the preparation of the present work, the editors wish to express their sincere appreciation and cordial thanks. At the International Botanical Congress, held at Vienna, June, PREFACE 7 1905, it was fortunately possible to reach a substantial agreement on the controversial subject of nomenclature. Some mutual con- cessions were necessary, but it is believed that they will be cheer- fully made by those who are really seeking harmony in this matter. The editors have, therefore, scrupulously endeavored to bring the nomenclature of the Manual into accord with the Vienna agreement, in order that American botanical nomenclature may be freed as speedily as possible from peculiarity or provincialism and assume the form which has received international sanction. The most im- portant change in this respect which characterizes the present edition in distinction from the previous editions is the adoption of the earliest specific name instead of that specific name which was first combined with the correct generic name. With this change it becomes more important to trace the previous use of specific names under other genera, and, to facilitate this, it seems wise to adopt the double citation of authorities. In the capitalization of specific and varietal names, it has been thought best to adopt the custom of many promi- nent botanists from Linnaeus himself to the distinguished editors of the Index Kewensis. The chief change in this respect from the usage of previous editions consists in the decapitalization of geo- graphic adjectives, such as canadensis, americana, and the like. In regard to these words it should be borne in mind that they are not English and therefore not subject to the rules of English grammar. They are a part of an international system of Latin nomenclature, which should not be modified by different nations by introducing peculiarities of their several languages. Many generic and other names, which were in use prior to 1753, were adopted by Linnaeus and his followers. These names are indicated in the Manual by brackets inclosing the name of the pre-Linnean author ; thus, Poly- podium [Tourn.] L. In the treatment of the ever increasing number of foreign plants which have been recorded within our range, it has seemed desirable to include in the Manual only those which have given some evidence of self-dissemination and shown some tendency to become permanent members of our flora. Waifs, ballast- weeds, and plants persisting locally after cultivation have in general been omitted. During the last twenty years there has been an unprecedented activity in the characterization of new species and varieties within our range. The present editors have considerably delayed the issue of this work in order to examine these new propositions and give them recognition in all cases where their merit could be 8 PREFACE demonstrated. In a few instances, however, it has been impossible from lack of material or data either to include as valid or to reduce definitely to synonymy such species and varieties, and it has accord- ingly seemed best not to mention them. It is not thereby meant that they are not of value, but merely that evidence of their distinct- ness has not been available. Botanical names, being in many instances latinized forms of geographic, aboriginal, or personal designations, are not always capable of easy or consistent pronunciation. From long-established custom they are usually pronounced in English-speaking countries according to the pronunciation of Latin after the English method, exceptions being frequent in such names as Michauxiana, which is commonly pronounced meshol^na, or by others meshozia'na, to avoid the awkward pronunciation which the word would have according to the English rules. The subject is one into which considerations of taste, convenience, and custom enter to such an extent that it is most difficult to lay down definite principles free from pedantry. However, as a general guide, the names in this, as in previous edi- tions, are marked with accents, the accented syllable being deter- mined as far as possible by the well-known rules of Latin quantity. In cases of doubtful quantity, in such names as Berlandiera, Palmeri, Bacopa, etc., it has seemed best to treat the penultimate vowel as long, according to the usage of most British and Continental writers. Two accents are used, the grave ( x ) to indicate the long English sound of the vowel, the acute (') to show the shortened or other- wise modified sound. For aid in determining the accented syllable, the editors are in several instances indebted to Dr. A. S. PEASE. In consideration of recent differences in nomenclatorial practice, and with a wish to make the Manual as convenient as possible for all users, synonyms have been inserted freely to show the equiva- lence of different names, especially of those permitted by the Rochester and American Codes but not sanctioned by the Interna- tional Rules. It has been necessary to make these citations exceed- ingly brief, the specific name, when the same, being omitted ; e.g. under Ranunculus Cymbalaria Pursh, the synonym Oxygraphis Prantl means that the species has been treated by Prantl under the identi- cal specific name (Cymbalaria) in Oxygraphis, a genus not maintained in the present work. B. L. K. M. L. F. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES (Carried out, in some cases, to subfamilies and genera) DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA Fern-like, moss-like, rush-like, or aquatic plants without true flowers. Reproduction by spores (without embryos). A.. Floating plants with small 2-ranked leaves; sporocarps borne on the under side of the stem SALVINIACEAE, 50 A. Terrestrial or submersed plants, not floating B. B. Stems conspicuously jointed, their nodes covered by toothed sheaths; sporangia on the scales of terminal dry cone-like spikes EQUISETACEAE, 51 B. Stems without conspicuous sheathed joints C. C. Leaves closely imbricated or very narrow; sporangia sessile, axillary. Stem short, corm-like ; leaves elongate, awl-shape or linear, in a rosette ISOETACEAB, 58 Stem elongate, creeping (sometimes underground) or branch- ing; leaves very short, crowded or imbricated. Sporangia of two kinds, some containing many minute spores (microspores), others bearing few (usually 3-4) much larger macrospores SELAGINELLACEAE, 57 Sporangia bearing uniform minute spores LYCOPODIACEAE, 54 C. Leaves (fronds) not closely imbricated; if narrow, without axillary sporangia D. D. Leaves (fronds) 4-foliolate, clover-like; sporocarps (inclosing the sporangia) stalked from the creeping stem MARSILEACEAE, 49 D. Leaves (fronds) not 4-foliolate, simple or variously cleft ; spo- rangia not inclosed in basal sporocarps E. E. Fertile fronds, or fertile portions of the fronds conspicu- ously unlike the sterile F. F. Slender twining or climbing plant, the frond with alter- nate paired and stalked palmately lobed divisions Lygodium, 46 F. Neither twining nor climbing G. G. Sterile fronds linear-filiform, tortuous; the fertile fili- form, tipped by a 1-sided short (3-8 mm. long) pinnate fertile portion Schizaea, 45 G. Sterile fronds (or segments) broader H. H. Sterile segment of the frond simple; the fertile a long-stalked simple spike OPHIOOLOSSACEAB, 47 H. Sterile and fertile fronds or segments more or less cleft I. 9 10 ANALYTICAL KEY I. Rootstock almost none, the solitary (rarely 2) fronds appear- ing to rise from a cluster of fleshy roots ; lower segment sterile, upper fertile and bearing 2-rowed globular sporangia Botrychium, 47 I. Rootstock well developed, elongate or stout, the roots fibrous; fronds numerous or the fertile and sterile clearly distinct J. J. Fertile fronds or segments scarcely or not at all leaf-like, the sporangia globose or in bead-like rows. Sporangia globose, thin-walled, 2-valved, densely crowded, not 2-ranked OSMUNDACEAE, 46 Sporangia globose and distinct or connected in bead- like chains, firm, 2-ranked Onoclea, 45 J. Fertile fronds or segments green and leaf-like, at least above; the sporangia not globose POLYPODIACEAE, 33 E. Fertile fronds or segments essentially like the sterile. Sporangia sessile at the base of a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by a cup-like involucre ; frond of a single layer of cells HYMENOPHYLLACEAE, 33 Sporangia stalked, with no bristle-like receptacle; frond of more than one layer of cells POLYPODIACEAE, 33 DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA Plants with true flowers containing stamens, pistils, or both. Reproduc- tion normally by seeds containing an embryo. SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE Ovules not in a closed ovary. Trees and shrubs with needle-shaped, linear, or scale-like mostly evergreen leaves, and monoecious or dioecious flowers K. K. Flowers themselves catkin-like or borne in catkins, which be- come cones or berry-like PINACEAE, 62 K. Flowers solitary, axillary ; seed solitary, more or less enveloped in a pulpy disk TAXACEAE, 62 SUBDIVISION II. ANG1OSP&RMAE Ovules borne in a closed ovary, which at maturity becomes the fruit. CLASS 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Stems without central pith or annular layers, but having the woody fibers distributed through them (a transverse slice showing the fibers as dots scat- tered through the cellular tissue). Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves always alternate. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives. Leaves mostly parallel- veined. Our species, except in the genus Smilax, herbaceous L. L. Small lens-shaped, ellipsoidal, or flask-shaped free-swimming aquatics without true leaves LEMNACEAE, 259 L. Plants with stems and leaves .(sometimes scale-like) M. ANALYTICAL KEY 11 M. Perianth free from the ovary or none N. N. Perianth wanting or of scale-like or bristle-form divisions O. O. Flowers inclosed or subtended by imbricated husk-like scales (glumes) ; grass-like plants with jointed stems, sheathing (mostly narrow) leaves, and 1-seeded fruit. Stems hollow, round or flattened ; leaf-sheaths split ; anthers attached by the middle GRAMINEAE, 86 Stems usually more or less triangular, solid ; leaf-sheaths not split ; anthers attached at the base CYPERACEAE, 171 O. Flowers not inclosed in husk-like scales (though sometimes in involucrate heads) P. P. Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy, the upper leaves often floating. Flowers perfect NAJADACKAE, 69 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in globose heads SPARGANIACBAE, 68 Flowers axillary, solitary NAJADACEAE, 69 P. Terrestrial, or marsh plants Q. Q. Leaves petioled, the blade net- veined ARACEAE, 257 Q. Leaves linear or sword -shaped, parallel-veined, not petioled R. R. Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Flowers in cylindrical spikes TYPHACEAE, 67 Flowers in heads. Heads spheroidal, pubescent, involucrate ERIOCAULACEAE, 260 Heads globose, glabrous, not involucrate SPARGANIACEAE, 68 R. Flowers perfect. Flowers in a dense spike, this borne on the margin of a 2-edged scape ; root aromatic Acorus, 268 Scapes or peduncles cylindrical. Ovaries 3-6, separating at least when ripe JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Ovary single, 3-carpeled JUNCACEAE, 267 N. Perianth always present, herbaceous or colored, neither scale- like nor bristle-form S. S. Pistils numerous in a head or ring ALISMACEAE, 80 S. Pistil one, compound (cells or placentae mostly 3) T. T. Stamens 3. Moss-like, aquatic ; flowers solitary MAYACACKAE, 263 Rush-like marsh or bog plants ; flowers in spikes, racemes, or heads. Flowers racemose or spicate JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Flowers in dense scaly heads XYRIDACEAE, 262 T. Stamens 4 Maianthemum, 291 T. Stamens 6 U. U. Stamens all alike and fertile. Gray scurfy moss-like epiphyte BROMELIACEAE, 265 Not epiphytic. Ovary of nearly separate carpels JUNCAGINACEAE, 79 Ovary (often angled or lobed) not deeply cleft. Divisions of the perianth alike or nearly so. Perianth woolly HAEMODORACEAE, 296 Perianth not woolly. Plant rush-like; perianth small, greenish or purplish brown JUNCACEAE, 267 12 ANALYTICAL KEY Plant not rush-like LILIACKAE, 279 Divisions of the perianth unlike, 3 green sepals and 3 colored petals. Stem-leaves ovate or oblong, 3 in a whorl Trillium, 293 Stem-leaves linear or nearly so ; flowers umbeled COMMELINACEAE, 264 U. Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers. Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 colored ephemeral petals COMMKLINACEAE, 264 Perianth tubular, 6-lobed PONTEDERIACEAE, 266 M. Perianth present, adnate to the ovary V~ V. Stamens 1-2 ; flowers irregular. Anthers 2-celled; seeds many ORCHIDACEAE, 304 Anthers 1-celled ; seeds solitary MARANTACEAE, 304 V. Stamens 3 or more ; flowers mostly regular or nearly so W. W. Climbing plant with net-veined ovate leaves DIOSCOREACEAE, 297 W. Not climbing; leaves parallel-veined. Perianth woolly, only partially adnate to the ovary HAEMODORACEAE, 296 Perianth not woolly, adnate to the whole surface of the ovary. Aquatics; flowers dioecious or polygamous HYDROCHARITACEAE, 85 Terrestrial ; flowers perfect. Stamens 6 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 297 Stamens 3. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant; stamens opposite the outer segments of the perianth IRIDACEAE, 299 Leaves not 2-ranked, the cauline scale-like; stamens opposite the inner segments of the perianth BURMANNIACEAE, 304 CLASS 2. DICOTYLEDONEAE Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a zone between the other two, and increasing, when the stem continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves net-veined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Parts of the flower mostly in fours or fives X. X. Corolla none ; calyx present or absent Y. Y. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one or both sorts in catkins Z. Z. Only one sort of flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads. Fertile flowers in a short catkin or catkin-like head URTICACEAE, 344 Fertile flowers single or clustered ; the sterile in slender catkins (except in Fagus). Leaves pinnate ; fertile flowers and fruit naked JUGLANDACEAE. 330 Leaves simple ; fertile flowers 1-3 in a cup or involucre FAQACEAE, 337 Z. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads a. a. Ovary many-ovuled ; fruit many-seeded. Ovary and pod 2-celled ; seeds not tufted Liquidambar, 453 Ovary and pod 1-celled; seeds hairy-tufted SALICACEAE, 320 ANALYTICAL KEY 13 at. Ovary 1-2-celled; cells 1-ovuled ; fruit 1-seeded. Parasitic on trees ; fruit a berry LORANTHACEAE, 351 Trees and shrubs, not parasitic. Calyx regular, in fertile flower succulent in fruit URTICACEAE, 344 Calyx none or rudimentary and scale-like. Style and stigma 1, simple. Leaves palmately angled or lobed PLATAN AC EAE, 454 Leaves ovate or oblong, entire LEITNEBIACEAE, 330 Styles or long stigmas 2. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 at each scale of the catkin BETULACEAE, 332 Fertile flowers single under each scale; nutlets naked, waxy-coated, or drupe-like MYBICACEAE, 329 Y. Flowers not in catkins 6. 6. Ovary or its cells containing only 1-2 (rarely 3-4) ovules c. c. Pistils more than 1, distinct or nearly so. Stamens inserted on the calyx ; leaves with stipules ROSACEAE, 454 Stamens inserted on the receptacle. Leaves punctate with transparent dots Zanthoxylum, 537 Leaves not dotted. Calyx present, usually colored or petal-like RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Calyx none ; flowers spiked PIPERACEAE, 320 c. Pistil 1 , simple or compound d. d. Ovary free from the calyx, which is sometimes wanting e. e. Stipules (ocreae) sheathing the stem at the nodes. Tree ; calyx none PLATANACEAE, 454 Herbs ; calyx present, commonly corolla-like POLYGONACEAE, 353 e. Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none /. /. Herbs g. g. Aquatic, submerged or nearly so. Leaves whorled, dissected ; style 1 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 389 Leaves opposite, entire ; styles 2 ; ovary 4-celled CALLITRICHACEAE, 549 g. Not aquatics h. h. Styles 10 ; ovary and berry 10-celled PHYTOLACCACEAE, 374, h. Style, if any, and stigma 1. Flowers unisexual ; ovary of the fertile flowers 1-celled URTICACEAE, 344 Flowers perfect; pod 2-celled, 2-seeded Lepidium, 425 h. Styles 2-3 or branched ; ovary 1-4-celled i. i. Leaves palmately lobed or divided Cannabineae, 344 i. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided j. j. Ovary and pod 3-celled ; juice usually milky. Flowers in basal spikes ; stamens 4 ; fila- ments thick, flattened BUXACEAE, 550 Inflorescence various, not of basal spikes; stamens l-oo , rarely 4 ; filaments not con- spicuously thick EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 j. Ovary not 3-celled ; juice not milky k. k. Flowers in numerous small involucrate heads ; fruit a 3-angled achene Eriogonum, 353 k. Flowers not involucrate. Leaves covered at least beneath with stel- late hairs ; embryo straight EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 14 ANALYTICAL KEY Leaves without stellate hairs ; embryo curved or coiled. Stipules scarious ILLECEBRACEAE, 376 Stipules none. Leaves opposite. Plant fleshy Salicornia, 369 Not fleshy. Flowers in heads or spikes, these often panicled ; anthers 1-celled AMARANTHACEAE, 371 Flowers sessile in forks of branching inflorescence ILLECEBRACEAE, 376 Leaves alternate. Flowers and bracts scarious AMARANTHACEAE, 371 Flowers small, chiefly greenish ; no scarious bracts CHENOPODIACEAE, 364 /. Shrubs or trees. Leaves small, linear or scale-like ; low heath-like shrubs EMPETRACEAE, 551 Leaves oblong to orbicular ; never heath-like. Leaves opposite. Fruit 3-celled, not winged RHAMNACEAE, 560 Fruit 2-celled, a double samara ACERACEAE, 557 Fruit 1-celled, a single samara OLEACEAE, 650 Leaves alternate. Ovary 3-celled RHAMNACEAE, 560 Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles and stigmas 2 URTICACEAE, 344 Style and stigma 1. Anthers opening lengthwise THYMELAEACEAE, 589 Anthers opening by uplifted lids LAURACEAE, 413 d. Ovary inferior or so closely and permanently invested by the calyx as to appear so. Parasites on the branches of trees LORANTHACEAE, 351 9 Aquatic herbs HALORAGIDACEAE, 602 Terrestrial. Herbs with calyx colored like a corolla. Leaves opposite, simple NYCTAGINACEAE, 375 Leaves alternate, pinnate Sanguisorba, 494 Leaves alternate, simple Comandra, 350 Shrubs or trees. Leaves scurfy ELAEAGNACEAE, 590 Leaves not scurfy, opposite Nestronia, 350 Leaves not scurfy, alternate. Style 1, stigmatic down one side; flowers solitary, in pairs, or in umbel-like clusters Nyssa, 625 Style 1, short; stigma terminal; flowers racemose Pyrularia, 350 Styles 2 HAMAMELIDACEAE, 452 6. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules I. I. Calyx none ; ovary and fruit naked. Aquatic herb PODOSTEMACEAE, 441 Tree or shrub HAMAMELIDACEAE, 452 L Calyx present ra. ra. Ovary superior. ANALYTICAL KEY 15 Ovaries 2 or more, separate RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Ovary single. Ovary 5-celled, 5-beaked ; leaves scattered Penthorum, 442 Ovary 3-5-celled ; leaves opposite or whorled AIZOACEAE, 377 Ovary 1-2-celled. Leaves compound RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Leaves simple. Calyx of separate sepals CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft Glaux, 647 Calyx 4-toothed LYTHRACEAE, 591 m. Ovary and pod inferior. Ovary 6-celled ; stamens 6-12 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 351 Ovary 4-celled ; stamens 4 Ludvigia, 594 Ovary 1-celled ; stamens 8-10 Chrysosplenium, 448 X. Both calyx and corolla present n. n. Corolla of separate petals o. o. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10 (rarely 9-10 in Pola- nisia), and more than twice as many as the sepals or calyx- lobes p. p. Calyx entirely free and separate from the pistil or pistils q. q. Pistils several or many, wholly distinct or united at base into a strongly lobed or several-beaked ovary r. r. Aquatics with peltate leaves NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 r. Terrestrial plants. Climbers. Leaves alternate MKNISPERMACEAE, 410 Leaves opposite Clematis, 402 Not climbing. Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566 Filaments not united. Leaves opposite, entire CALYCANTHACEAE, 409 Leaves alternate. Stamens on the calyx ROSACEAE, 454 Stamens on the receptacle or disk. Trees or shrubs. Sepals and petals imbricated MAGNOLIACEAE, 408 Sepals and petals valvate ANONACEAE, 410 Herbs RESEDACEAE, 439 q. Pistils strictly one as to ovary; the styles or stigmas may be several s. 9. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571 8. Leaves not punctate t. t. Ovary simple, 1-celled. Ovules 2 ROSACEAE, 454 Ovules many. Leaves 2-3-ternately compound or dissected RANUNCULACEAE, 392 Leaves peltate, lobed Podophyllum, 411 t. Ovary compound. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals 2 (rarely 3), caducous; juice milky or col- ored; placentae parietal PAPAVERACEAE, 414 Sepals 2; juice watery; placentae central PORTULACACEAE, 387 16 ANALYTICAL KEY Sepals 4; juice watery ; placentae parietal CAPPARIDACEAE, 438 Sepals 3 or 5, persistent; juice watery; placentae parietal CISTACEAE, 570 Ovary several-celled. Calyx valvate in bud. ' Herbs or rarely shrubs; stamens united; anthers 1-celled MALVACEAE, 566 Trees; anthers 2-celled TILIACEAE, 565 Calyx imbricate in bud. Shrubs ; stamens on the base of the petals TEBNSTROBMIACEAE, 570 Aquatic or marsh-dwelling herbs. Leaves tubular or trumpet-shaped; placentae in the axis SABRACENIACEAE, 439 Leaves (when mature) flattish, never tubular or trumpet-shaped; ovules on the partitions of the ovary NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 p. Calyx more or less adherent to a compound ovary. Ovary 7-30-celled. Cells many-ovuled ; aquatic herbs NYMPHAEACEAE, 389 Cells 10, each 1-ovuled ; trees or shrubs Amelanchier, 459 Ovary 6-celled Asarum, 352 Ovary 1-^5-celled. Fleshy-stemmed, without true foliage ; petals many CACTACEAE, 588 Leaves present. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules arising from the base of a 1-celled ovary PORTULACACEAE, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes more than 2. Leaves opposite ; stipules none SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Leaves alternate. Stipules present ROSACEAE, 454 Stipules none. Herbs with rough-pubescent leaves LOASACEAE, 588 Trees or shrubs STYRACACEAE, 649 o. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals u. u. Stamens of the same number as the petals and opposite them. Ovaries 3-6, separate ; woody vines MENISPERMACEAE, 410 Ovary only one. Ovary 2-4-celled. Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete ; petals valvate VITACEAE, 562 Calyx 4-5-cleft; petals involute RHAMNACEAE, 560 Ovary 1-celled. Anthers opening by uplifted lids BERBERIDACEAE, 411 Anthers not opening by uplifted lids. Style 1, unbranched ; stigma 1 PRIMULACEAE, 643 Styles, style-branches, or stigmas more than 1. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 PORTULACACEAE, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes 3-5. Flowers monoecious Crotonopsis, 542 Flowers perfect PLUMBAGINACEAE, 643 u. Stamens not of the same number as the petals, or if of the same number alternate with them v. v. Calyx free from the ovary, i.e. ovary wholly superior w. ANALYTICAL KEY 17 W. Ovaries 2 or more, wholly separate or somewhat united x. x. Stamens united with each other and with a large thick stigma common to the 2 ovaries ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663 x. Stamens free from each other and from the pistils y. y. Stamens on the receptacle, free from the calyx. Leaves punctate with translucent dots RUTACEAE, 537 Leaves without translucent dots. Trees or shrubs ; leaves pinnate. Low shrub; leaflets mostly 5 Zanthorhiza, 408 Tree ; leaflets 11 or more Ailanthus, 538 Herbs. Leaves fleshy CRASSULACEAE, 441 Leaves not fleshy. Ovaries or lobes of the ovary 2-5, with a common style. Ovary 2-3-lobed LIMNANTKACEAE, 551 Ovary 5-lobed GERANIACEAE, 534 Ovaries with separate styles or sessile stigmas RANUNCULACEAE, 392 y. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Plant fleshy ; stamens just twice as many as the pistils CRASSULACEAE, 441 Plant not fleshy ; stamens not twice as many as the pistils. Stipules present ROSACKAE, 454 Stipules none SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 to. Ovary 1 z. z. Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta LEGUMINOSAE, 499 z. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of its cells, placentae, styles, or stigmas A. A. Ovary 1-celled. Corrolla irregular. Petals 4 ; stamens 6 FUMARIACEAE, 416 Petals and stamens 5 VIOLACEAE, 579 Corolla regular or nearly so. Ovule solitary. Trees or shrubs ANACARDIACEAE, 552 Herbs CRUCIFERAE, 418 Ovules more than one. Ovules at the center or bottom of the cell. Petals not inserted on the calyx CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 377 Petals inserted on the throat of a bell-shaped or tubular calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591 Ovules on 2 or more parietal placentae. Leaves punctate with translucent dots HYPERICACEAE, 571 Leaves beset with gland-tipped bristles DROSERACEAE, 440 Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular. Petals 4. Stamens essentially equal ; pod usually stiped CAPPARIDACEAE, 438 Stamens unequal, 2 being shorter than the other 4 ; pod sessile CRUCIFERAE, 418 Petals 3 or 5. Ovary stiped PASSIFLORACEAE, 587 Ovary sessile. GRAY'S MANUAL 2 18 ANALYTICAL KEY Calyx 5-lobed or of 5 equal sepa/s SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Calyx of 3 equal or 5 very unequal sepals CISTACEAE, 576 A.. Ovary 2-several-celled B. B. Flowers irregular C. C. Anthers opening at the top. Anthers 6-8, 1-celled POLTGALACBAE, 538 Anthers 10, 2-celled Rhododendron, 631 C. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of the gibbous calyx Cuphea, 593 Stamens 5-10 and petals hypogynous or nearly so. Ovary 3-celled ; trees or shrubs Aesculus, 559 Ovary 5-celled ; herbs BALSAMINACEAE, 560 B. Flowers regular or nearly so D. D. Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals. Trees or shrubs. Stamens fewer than the 4 petals OLEACEAE, 650 Stamens more numerous than the petals ACERACEAE, 557 Herbs. Petals 5 HYPERICACEAE, 571 Petals 4 CRUCIFERAE, 418 D. Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals E. E. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell. Herbs. Flowers monoecious or dioecious EUPHORBIACEAE, 540 Flowers perfect and symmetrical. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals. Ovary 2-3-celled LIMNANTHACEAE, 551 Ovary 5-celled GERANIACEAE, 534 Cells of the ovary twice as many as the sepals. Leaves abruptly pinnate ZYGOPHYLLACEAE, 536 Leaves simple LINACEAE, 531 Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound. Leaves 3-foliolate, punctate Ptelea, 537 Leaves pinnate, not punctate SAPINDACEAE, 559 Leaves simple. Leaves palmately veined ACERACEAE, 557 Leaves pinnately veined. Leaves alternate. Climbing shrub Celastrus, 557 Erect shrubs or trees. Flowers racemose CYRILLACEAE, 553 Flowers solitary or cymose AQUIFOLIACEAE, 554 Leaves opposite 'CELASTRACEAE, 556 E. Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell F. F. Leaves compound. Tree or shrub STAPHYLEACEAE, 557 Herbs ; leaves alternate, or all radical. Leaflets 3, obcordate OXALIDACEAE, 532 Leaflets more numerous, pointed Astilbe, 444 F. Leaves simple. Stipules present between opposite leaves ELATINACEAE, 575 ANALYTICAL KEY 19 Stipules none when the leaves are opposite. Stamens 5, united at base into a 10-toothed cup or tube ; leaves all radical Galax, 642 Stamens free from each other. Style 1. Stamens free from the calyx ERICACEAE, 625 Stamens inserted on the calyx LYTHRACEAE, 591 Styles 2-5, or splitting into 2 in fruit. Stamens free from the calyx; leaves opposite CARYOPHYLLACBAE, 377 Stamens inserted on the calyx ERICACEAE, 625 v. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half G. G. Tendril-bearing and often succulent herbs CUCURBITACEAE, 764 G. Not tendril-bearing H. H. Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell. Ovary 1-celled. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2 ; ovules borne at the base of the ovary PORTULACACEAE, 387 Sepals or calyx-lobes 4-5 ; placentae 2-3, parietal SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 Ovary 2-many-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the apex MELASTOMACEAE, 593 Anthers not opening by pores. Stamens inserted on or about a flat disk which covers the ovary CELASTRACEAE, 556 Stamens inserted on the calyx. Style 1 ; stamens 4 or 8 (rarely 5) ONAGRACEAE, 594 Styles 2-3, distinct ; stamens 5 or 10 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 444 H. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell. Stamens 5 or 10. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, not prickly Crataegus, 460 Leaves compound, or prickly ARALIACEAE, 605 Herbs. Fruit dry, splitting at maturity ; styles 2 UMBELLIFERAE, 607 Fruit berry-like; styles 2-5, separate or united ARALIACEAE, 605 Stamens 2, 4, or 8. Style and stigma 1 ; fruit a drupe CORNACEAE, 623 Styles or stigmatic branches or sessile stigmas usually more than 1 ; fruit not drupaceous. Shrubs or trees HAMAMELIDACEAE, 452 Herbs. Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed ONAGRACEAE, 594 Styles or sessile stigmas 4 HALORAGIDACEAE, 602 n. Petals more or less united I. I. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla J. J. Ovary 1-celled. Placenta 1, parietal LEGUMINOSAE, 499 Placentae 2, parietal FUMARIACEAE, 416 Placenta at the center or base of the ovary STYRACACEAE, 649 J. Ovary 2-celled ; cells 1-ovuled POLYGALACEAE, 538 J. Ovary 3-<*-celled K. K. Stamens free from the corolla. Style 1 ; leaves simple ERICACEAE, 625 Styles 5; leaves 3-foliolate OXALIDACEAE, 532 20 ANALYTICAL KEY K. Stamens attached to the base or tube of the corolla. Saprophytic herbs without green foliage Monotropoideae, 626 Not saprophytic ; foliage green. Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs ; anthers mostly 2-celled. Filaments united into 1-5 groups. Ovary superior TERNSTROEMIACEAE, 570 Ovary at least partly inferior STYBACACBAE, 649 Filaments free from each other. Style 1 ERICACEAE, 625 Styles 4 EBENACEAE, 648 Herbs ; anthers 1-celled. Filaments united into a tube MALVACEAE, 566 Filaments distinct, 2 at each notch of the corolla Adoxa, 761 I. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes L. L. Stamens of the same number as the corolla-lobes and opposite them. Corolla appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 5-celled ; trees or shrubs SAPOTACEAE, 648 Corolla not appendaged with scales inside ; ovary 1-celled ; herbs. Style 1 ; fruit a several-many-seeded capsule PKIMULACEAE, 643 Styles 5 ; fruit a 1-seeded utricle PLUMB AGIN AC EAE, 643 L. Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or fewer M. M. Ovary free from the calyx-tube (superior) N. N. Corolla regular O. O. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes P. P. Ovaries more than 1, or, if 1, deeply lobed Q. Q. Ovaries 2, or, if 1, 2-horned. Stamens united ASCLEPIADACEAE, 663 Stamens distinct. Stipules or stipular membrane or line between opposite leaves ; ovary 2-horned LOGANIACEAE, 652 Stipules none ; ovaries 2. Leaves kidney-shaped, alternate Dichondra, 669 Leaves not kidney-shaped, chiefly opposite APOCYNACEAE, 661 Q. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Leaves alternate BOBAGINACEAE, 679 Leaves opposite LABIATAE, 690 P. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed R. R. Ovary 1-celled. Seed 1 ; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743 Seeds several-many. Leaves entire, opposite GENTIANACEAE, 654 Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound. Whole upper surface of corolla white-bearded ; leaflets 3, entire Menyanthes, 660 Corolla not conspicuously bearded; leaves, if compound, with toothed leaflets HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 676 R, Ovary 2-10-celled. Leafless twining parasites Cuscuta, 671 Leaves opposite, their bases connected by a stipular line LOGANIACEAE. 652 ANALYTICAL KEY 21 Leaves alternate or if opposite with no trace of stipules. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so. Style 1 ERICACEAE, 625 Style none AQUIFOLIACEAE, 554 Stamens in the notches of the corolla; style 1 DIAPENSIACEAE, 642 Stamens on the tube of the corolla. Stamens 4. Leafy-stemmed ; leaves opposite ; corolla petaloid VERBENACEAE, 688 Acaulescent ; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743 Stamens 5 or rarely more. Fruit of 2 or 4 seed-like nutlets BORAGINACEAB, 679 Fruit a few-many-seeded pod. Styles 3 (rarely in) Breweria, 669 Styles 2. Pod few(mostly 4)-seeded CONVOLVULACEAE, 668 Pod many-seeded HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 676 Style 1, often branched. Branches of the style (or at least the lobes of the stigma) 3. Not twining POLEMONIACEAE, 673 Twining Ipomoea, 670 Branches of the style or lobes of the stigma 2 or rarely 4. Seeds few, mostly 4 CONVOLVULACEAE, 608 Seeds many SOLANACEAE, 71J O. Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes. Stamens with anthers 4, in pairs. Ovary 2-celled ; cells several-seeded ACANTHACEAE, 742 Ovary 2-4-celled ; cells 1-seeded VERBENACEAE, 088 Stamens with anthers only 2 or rarely 3. Ovary 4-lobed Lycopus, 709 Ovary 2-celled, not 4-lobed. Herbs. Acaulescent; corolla scarious PLANTAGINACEAE, 743 Leafy-stemmed ; corolla not scarious Veronica, 726 Trees or shrubs OLKACEAE, 650 N. Corolla irregular S. S. Stamens with anthers 5. Stamens free from the corolla; anther-cells opening at the apex Rhododendron, 631 Stamens inserted on the corolla. Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style Echium, 688 Ovary not deeply lobed, many-ovuled. Filaments or some of them woolly Verbascum, 719 Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, 716 S. Stamens with anthers 2 or 4. Ovules solitary in the 1-4 cells. Ovary 4-lobed ; style rising from between the lobes LABIATAE, 690 Ovary not lobed ; style from its apex. Ovary 1-celled ; fruit turned downwards PHRYMACEAE, 743 Ovary 2-4-celled ; fruit not turned downwards VERBENACEAE, 688 Ovules 2-many in each cell. 22 ANALYTICAL KEY Ovary imperfectly 4-5-celled MARTYNIACEAE, 741 Ovary 1-2-celled. Ovary 1-celled. Parasites without green foliage, terrestrial ; stamens 4 OBOBANCHACEAE, 739 Not parasitic, chiefly aquatic or mud plants ; stamens 2 LENTIBTTLARIACEAE, 736 Ovary 2-celled. Trees or woody climbers ; placentae parietal BIGNONIACEAE, 740 Herbs, rarely trees; placentae in the axis. Seeds (mostly numerous) nofr'borne on hooks SCROPHULABIACEAE, 717 Seeds (2-12) borne on hook-like processes of the placentae ACANTHACEAE, 742 M. Ovary adherent to the calyx-tube (inferior) T. T. Tendril-bearing herbs; anthers often united CUCURBITACEAE, 764 T. Tendrils none U. U. Stamens separate V. V. Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so, as many as its lobes ; stipules none ; juice milky CAMPANULACEAB, 765 V. Stamens inserted on the corolla. Stamens 1-3, always fewer than the corolla-lobes VALERIANACEAE, 761 Stamens 4-5 ; leaves opposite or whorled. Ovary 2-5-celled. Leaves opposite or perfoliate, but neither whorled nor provided with true stipules CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 754 Leaves either opposite and stipulate, or whorled and destitute of stipules KUBIACEAE, 746 Ovary 1-celled ; flowers in dense involucrate heads DIPSACACEAE, 763 U. Stamens united by their anthers ; these joined in a ring or tube. Flowers separate, not involucrate ; corolla irregular LOBELIACEAE, 768 Flowers in an involucrate head COMPOSITAE, 770 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES TREATED IN THIS WORK . ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA Order I. FILICALES Fam. 1. Hymenophyllaceae .... Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. 1 18 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 5 2 4 8 68 18 6 4 8 1 1 2 1 2 19 1 58 2 3 9 2 2 10 12 3 13 1 24 2 9 44 4 19 3 812 822 7 9 6 8 1 12 1 4 8 1 66 11 22 5 7 5 10 12 2 2 17 11 42 135 1 1 5 ** 5. Ophioglossaceae Ord. II. EQUISETALES Ord. III. LYCOPODIALES Fam. 9. Lycopodiaceae *' 11 Isoetaceae DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA SUBDIVISION I. GYMNOSPERMAE Ord. IV. CONIFERALES SUBDIVISION II. ANGIOSPERMAE CLASS I. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE Ord. V. PANDANALES Ord. VI. NAJADALES Fam. 16 Najadaceae . ... " 17. Juncaginaceae . . . . " 19. Hydrocharitaceae Ord. VII. GBAMINALES " 21. Cyperaceae Ord VIII ARALES " 23. Letnnaceae Ord. IX. XYRIDALES Fam. 24. Eriocaulaceae " 25. Xyridaceae " 26. Mayacaceae 24 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. Native. Introd SPECIES. Native. Introd VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. Ord. X. LILIALES Fam. 30. Juncaceae " 31. Liliaceae " 32. Haemodoraceae .... " 33. Dioscoreaceae 1 " 34. Amaryllidaceae 5 " 35. Iridaceae Ord. XI. SCITAMINALES Fam. 36. Marantaceae 1 Ord. XII. ORCHIDALES Fam. 37. Burmanniaceae 1 " 38. Orchidaceae 18 CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONEAE Subclass I. Archichlamydeae Ord. XIII. PIPERALES Fam. 39. Piperaceae 1 Ord. XIV. SALICALES Fam. 40. Salicaceae 2 Ord. XV. MYRICALES Fam. 41. Myricaceae 1 Ord. XVI. LEITNERIALES Fara. 42. Leitneriaceae 1 Ord. XVII. JUGLANDALES Fam. 43. Juglandaceae Ord. XVIII. FAGALES Fam. 44. Betulaceae 5 " 45. Fagaceae Ord. XIX. URTICALES Fam. 46. Urticaceae 11 Ord. XX. SANTALALES Fam. 47. Santalaceae " 48. Loranthaceae 2 Ord. XXI. ARISTOLOCHIALES Fam. 49. Aristolochiaceae .... Ord. XXII. POLYGONALES Fam. 50. Polygonaceae 6 Ord. XXIII. CIIENOPODIALES Fam. 51. Chenopodiaceae .... " 52. Amaranthaceae ..... 4 " 53. Phytolaccaceae 1 " 54. Nyctaginaceae 1 " 55. Illecebraceae 2 " 56. Aizoaceae 1 Ord. XXIV. CARYOPHYLLALES Fam. 57. Caryophyllaceae 7 " 58. Portulacaceae 4 Ord. XXV. KANUNCULALES Fam. 59. Ceratophyllaceae 1 " 60. Nymphaeaceae 5 " 61. Eanunculaceae 19 " 62. Magnoliaceae 10 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES 26 ORDBRS, FAMILIES, ETC. GBNERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. In trod. Native. Introd. Native. [ntrod. 1 1 3 5 4 3 3 16 2 1 1 1 3 14 3 1 20 42 1 1 1 2 1 10 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 8 2 4 1 15 1 1 4 11 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 5 6 8 9 56 4 2 6 1 9 50 3 1 181 145 7 8 4 3 14 89 4 1 2 1 8 1 10 5 1 6 4 3 6 14 8 17 3 1 9 1 46 1 3 5 4 83 37 4 9 2 1 1 9 1 2 2 12 1 14 1 1 5 74 23 1 1 2 2 7 8 3 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 Ord. XXVI. PAPAVERALES Ord. XXVII. SARRACENIALES Ord. XXVIII. EOSALEB Fam. 75 Podostemaceae " 76. Crassulaceae " 77. Saxifragaceae " 78. Hamamelidaceae " 79 Platan aceae Ord. XXIX. GERANIALES " 85. Zygophyllaceae " 86 Rutaceae .... " 89 Euphorbiaceae . " 90 Callitrichaceae . . . . Ord. XXX. SAPINDALES Fam 91 Buxaceae " 92. Empetraceae " 93. Limnanthaceae " 95 Cyrillaceae " 96 Aquifoliaceae " 97. Celastraceae " 99. Aceraceae " 100 Sapindaceae Ord. XXXI. RHAMNALES " 103 Vitaceae Ord. XXXII. MALVALES Fam 104 Tiliaceae . .... " 105 Malvaceae . . Ord. XXXIII. VIOLALES Fam. 106. Ternstroemiaceae .... 26 TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 6 1 7 3 3 29 2 25 8 1 10 1 1 3 3 4 10 8 5 6 3 5 7 3 21 3 24 2 3 3 1 8 1 1 1 17 1 1 2 1 1 5 14 5 5 25 4 13 43 2 2 6 1 3 10 4 48 12 7 57 13 78 3 1 17 2 1 5 9 4 34 5 81 19 14 16 23 11 77 19 86 16 5 3 1 6 1 1 3 1 2 2 20 1 5 2 4 1 2 9 1 16 2 42 14 29 3 1 1 3 1 1 9 3 2 7 1 17 5 1 3 3 3 2 1 4 1 14 3 7 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 " 108 Elatinaceae " 109 Cistaceae " 112. Loasaceae ...... Ord. XXXIV. OPUNTIALES Fam 113 Cactaceae . . Ord. XXXV. MYRTALES Fam 114 Thymelaceae . . " 117 Melastomaceae " 118 Onagraceae Ord. XXXVI. UMBELLALES " 121. TJmbelliferae Subclass II. Metachlamydeae Ord. XXXVII. ERICALES " 124 Diapensiaceae . Ord. XXXVIII. PRIMULALES Ord. XXXIX. EBENALES Fam 127 Sapotaceae . . " 129. Styracaceae ... . Ord. XL. GENTIANALES Fam 130 Oleaceae . . . " 131 Loganiaceae . " 132. Gentianaceae " 133. Apocynaceae . . . Ord. XLI. POLEMONIALES Fam. 135. Convolvulaceae " 138. Boraginaceae .... " 139. Verbenaceae ** 140. Labiatae " 141. Solanaceae " 142. Scrophulariaceae . . " 143. Lentibulariaceae .... " 144. Orobanchaceae " 145. Bignoniaceae " 146. Martyniaceae " 147. Acanthaceae " 148. Phrymaceae . . TABULAR VIEW OF THE FAMILIES 27 ORDERS, FAMILIES, ETC. GENERA. SPECIES. VAKIETrES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Ord. XLII. PLANTAQINALES Fam. 149. Plantaginaceae 2 7 8 2 4 2 1 81 2 8 1 25 12 34 35 8 4 8 13 430 8 8 6 2 5 5 89 2 8 8 3 1 3 123 1 13 Ord. XLIII. RUBIALES " 153 Dipsacaceae .... Ord. XLIV. CAMPANULALES Fam. 154. Cucurbitaceae . " 155. Campanulaceae .... " 156. Lobeliaceae ... " 157. Compositae SUMMARY BY DIVISIONS, CLASSES, ETC. DIVISION, CLASS, BTO. GENERA. SPECIES. VARIETIES AND NAMED FORMS. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. Native. Introd. 81 790 10 780 184 596 385 261 180 180 26 154 88 66 115 8298 25 3273 993 2280 1249 1081 666 3 663 92 571 821 250 61 705 2 703 286 467 258 214 40 40 5 85 15 20 Spermatophyta . . Gymnospermae . . . Dicotyledoneae SUMMARY BY MINOR GROUPS Families ................ 187 Genera native ...... 821 introduced .... 180 total .......... 1001 Species native ...... 8418 introduced .... 666 total .......... 4079 Varieties, named forms, etc. native ...... 766 introduced .... 40 total .......... 806 Whole number of different plants (species, varieties, and named forms) treated in this work . EXPLANATION OP ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES A. Br. Braun, Alexander. Adans. Adanson, Michel. A. DC. Ve Candolle, Alphonse. Ait. Alton, William. Ait.f. Alton, William Townsend. All. Allioni, Carlo. Anders. Andersson, Nils Johan. Andr. Andrews, Henry C. Andrz. Andrzejowski, Anton Lukiano- wicz. Ard. Arduino, Pietro. Arn. Arnott, GeorgeA. Walker. Asch. Ascherson, Paul. Aust. Austin, Coe Finch. B. & H. Bentham, George, and Hooker, Joseph Dal ton. Bab. Babington, Charles Cardale. BailL Baillon, Henri Ernest. Baldw. Baldwin, William. Barn. Barneoud, F. Marius. Bartl. Bartling, Friedrich Gottlieb. Bartr. Bartram, William. Beauv. Beauvois, A. M. F. J. Palisot de. Benn. Bennett, Arthur. Benth. Bentham, George. Bernh. Bernhardi, Johann Jacob. Bess. Besser, Wilhelm S. J. G. von. Bieb. Bieberstein, Friedrich August, Marschall von. Bigel. Bigelow, Jacob. Bjornstr. Bjornstrom, Friedrich Jo- hann. B. Juss. Jussieu, Bernard de. Boeckl. Boeckeler, Otto. Boenn. Boenninghausen, C. M. F. von. Boerh. Boerhaave, Hermann. Boiss. Boissier, Edmond. Borkh. Borkhausen, M. B. Br., A. Br. Braun, Alexander. Br., P. fir. Browne, Patrick. Br., B. Br. Brown, Robert. Brack. Brackenridge, William D. Briq. Briquet, John. BSP. Britton, Nathaniel Lord, Sterns, E. E., and Poggenberg, Justus F. Burm. f. Burman, Nikolaus Laurens. C. & S. Chamisso, Adalbert von, and Schlechtendal, D. F. L. von. C. A. Mey. Meyer, Carl Anton. Carr. Carriere, FJie Abel. Gasp. Caspary, Robert. Cass. Cassini, Henri. Cav. Cavanilles, Antonio Jose. Celak. Celakovsky, Ladislav. Cerv. Cervantes, Vicente. Cham. Chamisso, Adalbert von. Chapm. Chapman, Alvan Wentworth. Chois. Choisy, Jacques-Denis. Glayt. Clayton, John. Coult. Coulter, John Merle. Gyrill. Cirillo, Domenico. Darl. Darlington, William. Davenp. Davenport, George Edward. DC. De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus. DC., A. DC. De Candolle, Alphonse. Dene. Decaisne, Joseph. Desf. Desfontaines, Rene Louiche. Desr. Desrousseaux. Desv. Desvaux, Augustin Nicaise. Dietr. Dietrich, Albert. Dill. Dillenius, Johann Jacob. Dougl. Douglas, David. Dufr. Dufresne, Pierre. Duham. Du Hamel du Monceau, H. L. Dumont. Du Mont de Courset, G. L. M Duniort. Dumortier, Barthelemy C. Dur. Durieu de Maisonneuve. Eat. Eaton, Amos. Ehrh. Ehrhart, Friedrich. Ell. Elliott, Stephen. Endl. Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus. Engelm. Engelmann, George. Eseh. Eschscholtz, Johann Friedrich. Fisch. Fischer, F. E. Ludwig von. Forst. Forster, J. R. and George. Foug. Fougeroux, Auguste Denis. 28 ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES 29 Fourn. Fournier, Eugene. Fresn. Fresenius, J. B. G. W. Froel. Froelich, Joseph Aloys. Gaertn. Gaertner, Joseph. Gal. Galeotti, Henri. Gaud. Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Charles. G. F. W. Mey. Meyer, Georg Fried- rich Wilhelm. Gilib. Gilibert, Jean Emmanuel. GmeL Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb. GmeL, J. F. GmeL Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. GmeL, J. G. GmeL Gmelin, Johann Georg. Godr. Godron, Dominique Alexandre. Good. Goodenough, Samuel. Grab. Grabowski, Heinrich Emanuel. Graebn. Graebner, Paul. Gren. Grenier, Charles. Grev. Greville, Robert Kaye. Griseb. Grisebach, Heinrich R. A. Gronov. Gronovius, Jan Fredrik. Gunn. Gunnerus, Johann Ernst. Guss. Gussoni, Giovanni. H. & ^. Hooker, William Jackson, and Arnott, G. A. Walker. Hack. Hackel, Eduard. Hartm. Hartman, Carl Johan. Hassk. Hasskarl, Justus Carl. Haussk. Haussknecht, Carl. Haw. Haworth, Adrian Hardy. HB K. Humboldt, F. Alexander von, Bonpland, Aime, and Kunth, C. S. Hegel. Hegelmaier, Friedrich. Heist. Heister, Lorentz. Herb. Herbert, William. Hitchc. Hitchcock, Albert Spear. Hoffm. Hoffmann, Georg Franz. Hook. Hooker, William Jackson. Hook.f. Hooker, Joseph Dalton. Hornem. Hornemann, Jens Wilken. Huds. Hudson, William. Jacq. Jacquin, Nicolaus Joseph. J. D. Sm. Smith, John Donnell. J. F. GmeL Gmelin, Johann Friedrich. J. G. GmeL Gmelin, Johann Georg. J. G. Sm. Smith, Jared Gage. J. Sm. Smith, John. Jord. Jordan, Alexis. Juss. Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de. Juss., B. Juss. Jussieu, Bernard de. Karst. Karsten, Hermann. Krock. Krqcker, Anton Johann. Ktze. Kuntze, Otto. L. Linnaeus, Carolus, or Linne*, Carl von. L.f. Linne", Carl von (the son). Laestad. Laestadius, Lars Levi. Lag. Lagasca, Mariano. Lall. Ave-Lallemant, J. L. E. Lam. Lamarck, J. B. A. P. Monnet. Lamb. Lambert, Aylmer Bourke. Lat. Latourette, M. A. L. Leavenw. Leavenworth, Melines C. Ledeb. Ledebour, Carl F. von. Lehm. Lehmann, J. G. C. Lesp.& The'v. Lespinasse, Gustave, and TheVeneau, A. Less. Lessing, Christian Friedrich. L'Her. L'Heritier de Brutelle, C. L. Lightf. Lightfoot, John. Lindl. Lindley, John. Lodd. Loddiges, Conrad. Loefl. Loefling, Pehr. LoiseL Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, J. L. A. Loud. Loudon, John Claudius. Lour. Loureiro, Juan. MacM. MacMillan, Conway. Marsh. Marshall, Humphrey. Maxim. Maximowicz, Carl Johann. Medic. Medicus, Friedrich Casimir, Meisn. Meisner, Carl Friedrich. Merr. Merrill, Elmer D. Mett, Mettenius, Georg Heinrich. Mey. Meyer, Ernst Heinrich F. Mey., C. A. Mey.-HG.eyer, Carl Anton. Mey., G. F. W. Mey.-W.eyer, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm. Mich. Micheli, Pier' Antonio. Michx. Michaux, Andre. Michx.f. Michaux, Fra^ois Andre*. Mill. Miller, Philip. Moq. Moquin-Tandon, Alfred. Muell. Arg. Mueller, Jean (of Aar- gau). Muench. Muenchhausen, Otto Freiherr von. MuhL Muhlenberg, G. H. E. Murr. Murray, Johann Andreas. Neck. Necker, Noel Joseph de. Nees Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Gottfried. Nees & Eberm. Nees von Esenbeck, T. F. L., and Ebermaier, K. H. Neiom. Newman, Edward. 30 ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES Nutt. Nuttall, Thomas. Pall. Pallas, Peter Simon. Parl. Parlatore, Filippo. P. Br. Browne, Patrick. Pers. Persoon, Christian Hendrik. Peterm. Petermann, Wilhelm Ludwig. Planch. Planchon, Jules Emile. Plum. Plumier, Charles. Poir. Poiret, Jean Louis Marie. Poll. Pollich, Johann Adam. R. & P. Ruiz Lopez, Hipolito, and Pavon, Josef. R. & S. Roemer, J. J., and Schultes, August. Raf. Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C. S. R. Br. Brown, Robert. Reichenb. Reichenbach, H. G. L. Retz. Retzius, Anders Johan. Richards. Richardson, John. Roem. Roemer, M. J. Rostk. Rostkovius, F. W. G. Rottb. Rottboell, Christen Fries. Rupp. Ruppius, Heinrich Bernhard. Rupr. Ruprecht, Franz J. Rydb. Rydberg, Per Axel. Salisb. Salisbury, Richard Anthony. Sarg. Sargent, Charles Sprague. Sch. Bip. Schultz, Karl Heinrich (dis- tinguished as Bipontinus, i.e. of Zweihrucken). Schleich. Schleicher, J. C. Schleid. Schleiden, Matthias Jacob. Schrad. Schrader, Heinrich Adolph. Schreb. Schreber, Johann D. C. von. Schwein. Schweinitz, Lewis David de. Scop. Scopoli, Johann Anton. Scribn. Lamson-Scribner, Frank. Ser. Seringe, Nicolas Charles. Shuttlw. Shuttleworth, Robert. Sibth. Sibthorp, John. Sieb. & Zucc. Siebold, P. F. von, and Zuccarini, J. G. Sm. Smith, James Edward. Sm., J. Sm. Smith, John. Sm., J. D. Sm. Smith, John Donnell. Sm., J. G. Sm. Smith, Jared Gage. Soland. Solander, Daniel. Spreng. Sprengel, Kurt. Sternb. Sternberg, Caspar. Steud. Steudel, Ernst Gottlieb. Stev. Steven, Christian. St. Hil. St. Hilaire, Auguste de. Sulliv. Sullivant, William Starling. Sw. Swartz, Olaf. T. & G. Torrey, John, and Gray, Asa. Thunb. Thunberg, Carl Pehr. Torr. Torrey, John. Tourn. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de. Trel. Trelease, William. Trev. Treviranus, Christian Ludolf. Trin. Trinius, Karl Bernhard. Tuckerm. Tuckerman, Edward. Turcz. Turczaninow, Nicolaus. Underw. Underwood, Lucien Marcus. Vaill. Vaillant, Sebastien. Vent. Ventenat, Etienne Pierre. VUl. Villars, Dominique. JFaM&. Wahlberg, PehrFredrik. Wahlenb. Wahlenberg, Georg. Waldst. & Kit. Waldstein, F. A. von, and Kitaibel, P. Wallr. Wallroth, K. F. W. TPa/p. Walpers, Wilhelm Gerhard. Walt. Walter, Thomas. Wang. Wangenheim, F. A. J. von. Wats. Watson, Sereno. Wettst. Wettstein, Richard von. Willd. Willdenow, Carl Ludwig. Wimm. Wimmer, Friedrich. With. Withering, William. Wormsk. Wormskiold, M. von. Wulf. Wulfen, Franz Xavier. FURTHER ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED IN THIS WORK (The customary and well known abbreviations for the states of the Union and months of the year are omitted from this list.) Adv., adventive, i.e. as yet only casual and sporadic. Afr., Africa. Alb., Alberta. Am., America or American. Assina., Assiniboia. Austr., Australia. auth., authors. B. O., British Columbia. cm., centimeter (or centimeters), the hundredth part of a meter, = about two-fifths of an inch. cosmop., cosmopolitan. distr., distributed. dm., decimeter (or decimeters), the tenth part of a meter, = about four inches. e., east or eastern. eastw., eastward. Eu., Europe. Eurasia, Europe and Asia. /., filius, son, or the younger. FL, flowers or flowering. Fr., fruit or fruiting. Greenl, Greenland. Huds. B., Hudson Bay. I., island. Jntrod., introduced, i.e. brought in inten- tionally, as through horticulture, etc. I. T., Indian Territory. L., lake. Lab., Labrador. L. I., Long Island, New York. m., meter (or meters), = about 39j inches. Man., Manitoba. Man. ed. 0, Sixth edition of Gray's Man- ual of Botany. Mex., Mexico. mm., millimeter (or millimeters), = about one twenty-fifth of an inch. int., mts., mountain, mountains. n., north or northern. N. A., North America. nat., naturalized, i.e. thoroughly estab- lished. N. B., New Brunswick. n. e., northeast. Nfd., Newfoundland. no., number. northw., northward. N. S., Nova Scotia. n. w., northwest. Okla., Oklahoma. Ont., Ontario. P. E. I., Prince Edward Island. Que., Province of Quebec. R., river. s., south or southern. S. A., South America. Sask., Saskatchewan. s. e., southeast. Siber., Siberia. southw., southward. Subtrop., sub-tropical. s. w., southwest. Temp., temperate. Trop., tropics or tropical. w., west or western. westw., westward. W. L, West Indies. p (pronounced mu) . A micron, the mil- lionth part of a meter, a measure used in microscopic studies. - Figures or words connected by the 31 32 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS short dash indicate the extremes of variation, as "5-12 mm. long, few-mauy-flowered," i.e. varying from five to twelve millimeters in length and from few to many flow- ered. section. oo Of indefinite number, usually many. ! A mark of affirmation or authentica- tion. ? indicates douht. Bearing stamens or antheridia but neither pistils nor archegonia. 9 Bearing pistils or archegonia but neither stamens nor antheridia. X crossed with, the sign of a hybrid. 100 Millimeters 10 10 Centimeters 3/10 Meter, or 1 Decimeter DESCRIPTIVE FLORA DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA (FERNS AND FERN ALLIES) Male generative cells (spermatozoids) spirally coiled motile bodies, not developing into a tube. Plants with more or less distinct alter- nation of generations. The sexual stage, a small thalloid body ; the asexual provided with vascular tissue and (with rare exceptions) differentiated into stem and leaves (fronds), some of these modified to bear asexual reproductive bodies or spores (without embryo), which again give rise to the sexual generation. Often called Vascular Cryptogams or Higher Flowerless Plants. HYMENOPHYLLACEAE (FILMY FERN FAMILY) Delicate ferns with slender often filiform creeping rootstocks. Fronds pellucid, of a single layer of cells. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like receptacle within a cup-shaped, tubular, or bivalvular involucre, from the apex of a vein, the ring transverse and complete. Chiefly tropical, inhabiting damp places, often epiphytic. Fronds circinate in vernation. 1. TRICHOMANES L. FILMY FERN Involucre tubular-funnel-shaped, the mouth nearly or quite truncate. Spo- rangia bursting vertically. Ours a small creeping fern with much divided fronds. (An ancient Greek name for some fern.) 1. T. Boschianum. Sturm. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 1-2 dm. long, 12-35 mm. wide, bipinnatifid ; rhachis narrowly winged ; pinnae triangular-ovate, the divi- sions toothed or again lobed ; capillary receptacle often much exserted. ( T. rad- icans Man. ed. 6, not Sw.) On moist and dripping sandstone cliffs, Ky. to Ala. POLYPODlACEAE (FERN FAMILY) Leafy plants (ours herbaceous), with creeping rhizomes. Spores borne in sporangia (spore-cases), these collected in dots, lines, or variously shaped clusters (sori or fruit dots) on the back or margins of the frond or its divisions, cellular- reticulated, stalked, the stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-jointed ring, which by straightening at maturity ruptures the sporangium transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit dots often covered (at least GRAY'S MANUAL 3 33 34 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less properly the involucre) ; growing either from the back or the margin of the frond. \t. Indusium none or abortive and obscure b. b. Sterile fronds simply pinnatifld (the segments rarely toothed or lobed). Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, flat and leaf-like .... 1. POLYPODIUM. Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like . . . .18. ONOCLEA. b. Sterile fronds 2-4-pinnate or -pinnatifid. Sterile fronds green on both surfaces. Fertile fronds similar to the sterile, leaf-like 2. PHEGOPTERIS. Fertile fronds much contracted ; segments pod-like . . .18. ONOCLEA. Sterile fronds whitened beneath 3. NOTIIOLAENA. a. Indusium present c. c. Indusium formed entirely or in part by the revolute edge of the frond d. d. Sori clearly distinct. Indusium single, covering the sorus 4. ADIANTTJM. Indusium double, cup-like or 2-valved 17. DICKSONIA. d. Sori soon confluent as a more or less continuous marginal band. Stipe stout (3^4 mm. in diam.), commonly solitary .... 5. PTEBIS. Stipes filiform (0.5-1.3 mm. in diam.), clustered. Segments of the sterile frond glabrous. Green or greenish. Segments petiolulate or articulated at cordate or rounded base 7. PELLAEA. Segments of sterile frond cuneate at sessile unarticulated base 8. CRYPTOGRAJIMA. Chalky-white beneath 3. NOTHOLAENA. Segments of the sterile frond pubescent 6. CHEILANTHES. c. Indusium not continuous with the edge of the frond e. e. Indusium peltate or laterally attached, covering the sorus when young f. f. Sori more or less elongated. Sori parallel to the midrib 9. WOODWARDIA. Sori parallel to the oblique lateral veins. Veins free ; fronds 1-3-pinnate. Sori separate, straight or horseshoe-shaped . . . .10. ASPLENITTM. Sori linear, confluent in. pairs (appearing like single sori but with indusia on both sides) 11. SOOLOPENDRIUM. Veins reticulated ; fronds simple, rooting at the tip . . . 12. CAMPTOSORUS. /. Sori orbicular or reniform g. g. Indusium evident at least when young ; fertile fronds leaf-like h. h. Indusium fixed by the center. Indusium orbicular-peltate, without a sinus . . . .13. POLYSTICHUM. Indusium reniform or if orbicular with a narrow sinus . . 14. ASPIDIUM. h. Indusium attached at the side 15. CYSTOPTERIS. g. Indusium obscure, lunate ; fertile segments much contracted, pod-like 18. ONOCLEA. 6. Indusium inferior, cup-like or involucre-like. Indusium 2-valved, cup-like 17. DICKSONIA. Indusium cleft into narrow segments 16. WOODSIA. 1. POLYPdDIUM [Tourn.] L. POLYPODY Fruit dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib or central vein, or irregularly scattered, each borne in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Rootstocks creeping, branched, often covered with chaffy scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which the stipes are attached by a distinct articulation. (Name from TroAtf-, many, and Trots, foot, alluding to the branching rootstock.) 1. P. vulgare L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 8-40 cm. high, simple and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or some- what acute, remotely and obscurely toothed ; veins once or twice forked ; fruit dots large, midway between the midrib and the margin. Rocks ; common. July. (Eu., etc.) Variable. Some of the more noteworthy forms have been distinguished as : Var. ATTENUA.TUM Milde, with segments attenuate-acuminate, serrulate toward the end. Var. AURITUM Willd., with the lowest segments auri- cled. Var. CAMB-RICUM (L.) Willd., with the segments more or less strongly toothed or pinnatifid. Var. CRISTA.TUM Moore, with segments 1-several times forked at the ends. 2. P. polypodioides (L.) Hitchc. Frond evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 6-25 cm. high, grayish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ; the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit dots rather small, near the margin; veins forking, free in the N. American plant! (P. incanum Sw.) Rocks and trunks of trees, Va. and O. to la., and south w. ; reported on Staten L, N. Y. (Trop.) POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 35 2. PHEG6PTERIS (Presl) Fde. BEECH FERN Fruit dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Our species have free veins and bright green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn. (Name composed of 0*7765, an oak or beech, and irr^pis, fern. ) * Fronds twice pinnatifid ; pinnae all sessile, adnate to the winged rhachis. 1. P. polypodioides Fee. Fronds triangular, longer than broad (8-26 cm. long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the basal decurrent upon the main rhachis ; fruit dots all near the margin. (P. Phegopteris Underw.) Damp woods, Nfd. to N. Y., " Va.," Wise., la., Wash., and Alaska. (Eurasia.) 2. P. hexagon6ptera (Michx.) F6e. Fronds triangular, usually broader than long (14-30 cm. broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath: pinnae lanceolate ; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the very large lowest pinnae often elongated and pinnately lobed, basal ones very much decurrent and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit dots near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the mid- rib. Rather open woods, centr. Me. to w. Que., w. to Minn., and south w. ; common. Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles. * * Fronds ternate, the three divisions petioled ; rhachis wingless. 3. P. Dry6pteris (L.) Fe"e. (OAK FERN.) Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (1-1.5 dm. wide), the three triangular primary divisions all widely spreading, 1-2-pinnate ; segments oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit dots near the margin. Rocky woods ; common northw. (Eurasia.) 4. P. Robertiana (Hoffm.) A. Br. Fronds minutely glandular and some- what rigid, dull green ; lowest inferior pinnae of the lateral divisions smaller in proportion than in the last species. (P. calcarea Fe"e.) Shaded limestone, * Lab." and Anticosti to N. B., la., and Man. ; rare. (Eu.) 3. NOTHOLAENA R. Br. CLOAK FERN Fruit dots roundish or oblong, placed near the ends of the veins, soon more or less confluent into an irregular marginal band, with no proper involucre. Veins always free. Fronds of small size, 1-4-pinnate, the lower surface almost always either hairy, tomentose, chaffy, or covered with a fine waxy white or yellow powder. (Name from v66os, spurious, and Xcura, a cloak, the woolly coating of the original species forming a spurious covering to the sporangia.) 1. N. dealbata (Pursh) Kunze. Fronds triangular-ovate, 3-8 cm. long, 3-4-pinnate ; rhachis and branches straight, black and shining ; ultimate pin- nules ovate-oblong, scarcely 2 mm. long, white and powdery on the lower surface. (N. nivea, var. Davenp.) Clefts of dry calcareous rocks, Mo., Kan., and southwestw. July, August. 4. ADIANTUM [Tourn.] L. MAIDENHAIR Fruit dots marginal, short, borne on the under side of a transversely oblong, crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin of a lobe of the frond reflexed to form an indusium ; the sporangia attached to the approximated tips of the free forking veins. Main rib (costa) of the pinnules none (in our species) or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name, from a- privative and dialvw, meaning unwetted, the foliage repelling rain-drops.) 1. A. pedatum L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender stalk (2-5 dm. high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender spreading pinnate divisions ; pinnules numerous, short-stalked and obliquely triangular-oblong, entire on the lower margin, from which the vines all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. Rich moist woods. July. 36 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 2. A. Capillus-VSneris L. Fronds (1-5 dm. high) with a continuous main rhachis, ovate-lanceolate, often pendent, 2-3-pinnate at the base, the upper third or half simply pinnate ; pinnules wedge-obovate or rhomboid, 15-32 mm. long, deeply and irregularly incised ; vein lets flabellately forking from the base ; invo- lucres lunulate or transversely oblong. Moist rocky places, s. N. Y. (?) ; s.e. Pa. to Ky. and Fla.; also S. Dak. and southwestw. (Widely distr.) 5. PTERIS L. BRAKE or BRACKEN Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occupying the entire margin of the fertile frond, and covered by its reflexed narrow edge which forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted transverse vein-like receptacle connecting the tips of the forked free veins, with or without an obscure inner indusium. Fronds 1-3-pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek name of Ferns, from wrep6v, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or feathery fronds.) 1. P. aquilina L. (COMMON BRAKE.) Frond dull green (2-9 dm. wide), ternate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (2-9 dm. high), the widely spread- ing branches twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with the indusium, which is really double in this species. (Pteridium Kuhn.) Thickets and hillsides, common. Aug. (Widely distr.) Var. PSEUDOCAU- D\TA Clute is a form with many of the pinnules, especially the terminal ones, narrow, entire, and much elongated. Mass, to N. J., southw. to Fla. and Tex. 6. CHEILANTHES Sw. Sporangia borne on the thickened ends of free veinlets, forming small and roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit dots, covered by a mostly whitish and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. Low, mostly with 2-3-pinnate and hairy or chaffy, rarely smooth fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike, the divisions with the principal vein central. Some species with continuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name composed of xeiXos, margin, and &v6os, a flower, from the marginal sori.) * Fronds smooth, or at most hairy. 1. C. alabam6nsis (Buckley) Kunze. Fronds smooth, chartaceous (7-20 cm. long), ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate ; pin- nules triangular-oblong, rather acute, often auriculate or lobed ; indusium con- tinuous, rather broad, pale, and of firm consistence. On rocks, mts. of Va. to Ky., southw. and westw. (Mex.) 2. C. lanbsa (Michx.) Watt. Fronds (1-4 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, hirsute, as are the brown and shining stipes, with straightish prominently articu- lated rusty hairs, twice pinnate ; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate ; pin- nules oblong, crowded (4-8 mm. long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or oblong lobes reflexed and forming separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the ripened sporangia. (C. vestita Sw.) Clefts of rocks, Ct. to Minn., Wyo., and southw. * * Fronds woolly or tomentose. 3. C. tomentbsa Link. Fronds (1.5-5 dm. high) lanceolate-oblong, densely tomentose with slender and entangled whitish obscurely articulated hairs, thrice pinnate ; primary and secondary pinnae oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules dis- tinct, minute (1-2 mm. long), roundish-obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper surface less woolly, the reflexed narrow margin forming a continuous somewhat membranaceous indusium. Mts. of Va. and Ky. ; thence w. and southw. Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow chaffy scales and whitish hairs. (Mex., W. I.) 4. C. Feei Moore. Stipes slender, at first hairy, black or brown, shining ; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 37 fronds (8-17 cm. high) ovate-lanceolate, woolly with soft whitish distinctly articulated flattened hairs, becoming smoother above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnae (8-12 mm. long) ovate, the lowest distant, the others contiguous ; pin- nules crenately pinnatifid, or mostly divided into minute and roundish densely crowded segments (1-2 mm. long), the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium. ( C. lanuginosa Nutt.) In dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, 111. to Minn. , thence w. and southw. 7. PELLAEA Link. CLIFF BRAKE Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free veins, distinct, or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous line of fructification of Pteris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, which consists of the reflexed and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small ferns, with 1-3- pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth, and shining. (Name from 7re\\6s, dusky, alluding to the stipe.) 1. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on the midribs and especially on the dark purple and polished stalk and rhachis, 1-6 dm. high ; fronds coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divi- sions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, some- what heart-shaped or else truncate at the stalked base ; veins about twice forked. Dry calcareous rocks, "N. H." and Vt. to R. I., Ga., and westw. ; not common. July. Var. CRISTATA Trel. is a form with dichotomously forked pinnae, somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond. Eureka, Mo. (Gf. Pauls). 8. CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. ROCK BRAKE Fruit dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking veins. Margins of the fertile segments herbaceous or more or less scarions, at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat and exposing the confluent sporangia. Low ferns, with smooth 2-3-pinnate tufted fronds, the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with narrower divisions. (Name from KpviTTfc, hidden, and ypaw/i, a line, alluding to the lines of sporangia at first concealed by the reflexed margin.) * Eevolute margins of the fertile frond bearing a distinct scarious indusial border j ultimate segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, acute. 1. C. d6nsa (Brack.) Diels. Fronds not very dissimilar, 8-20 cm. high ; stipes purplish brown ; segments of the sterile fronds lance-linear, very acute, incisely serrate. (Pellaea Hook.) Calcareous or serpentine walls of ravines, etc., Mt. Albert, Gaspe" Co., Que. ; Grey Co., Ont. ; and in the far west. * * Eevolute margins of the fertile frond scarcely modified; ultimate segments of the sterile fronds broader. 2. C. acrostichoides R. Br. Fronds markedly dissimilar ; segments of the fertile linear (6-10 mm. long), of the sterile ovate-oblong, obtuse, serrulate ; stipes straw-colored, scaly especially toward the base. Crevices of rocks, Arctic Am. to L. Huron, L. Superior, Col., and Cal. 3. C. StellSri (Gmel. ) Prantl. Fronds markedly dissimilar ; segments of the fertile linear-oblong to lance-linear; those of the sterile ovate to obovate- flabelliform, crenulate, decurrent at their cuneate bases. {Pellaea gracilis Hook.) Shaded chiefly calcareous rocks, Que. and N. B. to Vt., Ct., n. Pa., 111., and northwestw. ; local. (Asia.) 9. WOODWARDIA Sm. CHAIN FERN Fruit dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans- verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by 38 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMELY) its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free toward the margin of the frond. Large ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J. Wood- ward, an English botanist.) 1. ANCHISTEA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds alike ; veins form- ing only one row of meshes (areoles}. 1. W. virginica (L.) Sm. Fronds (6-14 dm. high) pinnate, with numerous lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae ; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow areoles along the midrib both of the pinnae and of the lobes, the outer veinlets free ; fruit dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. Wet swamps, N. S. to Fla., La., Mich., and Ont. Rootstocks creeping, often 2-3 m. long I July. 2. LORINSERIA (Presl) Hook. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; veins of the sterile fronds forming many rows of meshes. 2. W. areolata (L.) Moore. Fronds pinnatifid ; sterile ones (2-6 dm. high) with lanceolate serrulate divisions united by a broad wing ; fertile fronds taller, with narrowly linear almost disconnected divisions, the areoles and fruit dots (8-10 mm. long) in a single row each side of the secondary midrib ; rootstocks creeping. ( W. angustifolia Sm. ) Wet woods, s. Me. to Fla. and Tex. ; also Ark. and Mich. ; rare. Aug., Sept. 10. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate ; the straight or rarely curved indusium fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile vein ; in some species a part of the fruit dots are double, the fertile vein bear- ing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Name from a- privative and . A. Trich6manes L. Fronds (8-22 cm. long) in dense spreading tufts, linear in outline, dark green and more rigid ; pinnae roundish-oblong or oval (3-7 mm. long), entire or crenulate, rarely incised, unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at base, attached by a narrow point, the midvein forking and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-brown and shin- ing. Shaded rocks. July. (Widely distr.) Forma INCISUM Moore with deeply pin natifid pinnae has been reported from Vt. (Miss Grout, Mrs. Horton). i- - Pinnae more or less auricled. 4. A. parvulum Mart. & Gal. Fronds upright (1-25 dm. high), narrowly linear-oblanceolate ; pinnae (4-12 mm. long) rigid and thickish, mostly opposite, nearly sessile, somewhat deflexed, oblong, obtuse, entire or crenulate, auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori rather few, as near the margin as to the continu- ous midvein ; stipe and rhachis black and shining. (A. resiliens Kunze.) Mts. of Va. to Kan., and southw. Intermediate between the last and the next. 5. A. platyneuron (L ) Oakes. Fronds upright (2-5 dm. tall), linear- oblanceolate in outline, fertile ones much the taller; pinnae (1-3 cm. long) firmly membranaceous, mostly alternate, sessile, spreading, oblong or oblong- linear, finely serrate or even incised, the base auricled on the upper or both sides ; sori many, nearer the elongated midvein than the margin ; stipe and rhachis blackish-purple and shining. (A. ebentum Ait.) Rocky open woods, s. Me. to Col., and southw. (W. I., S. Am., Afr.) Var. SERR\TUM (E. S. Miller) BSP. is a form with at least some of the pinnae deeply jagged-serrate. Var. INCISUM (E. C. Howe) Robinson has very brittle stipes and the pinnae deeply pinnatilid. (A. ebeneum, var. Hortonae Davenp.) Vt. to Md., Mo., and "Ark." ; rare. 6. A. Bradley! D. C. Eaton. Fronds oblong-lanceolate (4-20 cm. tall); stipe blackish and somewhat shining ; pinnae membranaceous, rather numerous, the lower ones no larger than the middle ones, all short-stalked, oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong toothed lobes. On rocks, e. N. Y. to Ky., "Mo.," and southw. ; rare. * * * Fronds ovate-lanceolate to deltoid, 2-3-pinnate or -pinnatifid. 7. A montanum Willd. Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base (5-13 cm. long), subcoriaceous, pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper gradually simpler ; rhachis green, broad and flat ; stipe brown at base. Cliffs and rocks, from Ct. to O., Ky., "Ark.," and southw. July. 8. A. Ruta-muraria L. Fronds deltoid-ovate (3-7 cm. long exclusive of the green stipe), subcoriaceous, laxly 2-3-pinnate at base, the pinnae alternate; ultimate segments few, stalked (3-14 mm. long), from narrowly cuneate to roundish-obovate, toothed or incised at the apex; veins forking; sori 2-4 on a segment; rhachis and stipe green. Limestone cliffs, Vt. to Ont., Mich., Mo., and southw. ; scarce. July. (Eurasia.) 2. ATHYRTUM (Roth) J. Sm. Indusium straight or more often curved, fre- quently crossing the vein ; fronds tall, strictly herbaceous ; the stipes green or greenish not filiform, the bundles concentric and uniting above into a 3-4-armed central bundle; scales delicate, of thin-walled cells. Athyrium Roth as redefined by Milde. * Fronds simply pinnate ; indusium straight or but slightly curved. 9. A. angustifblium Michx. Fronds 6-12 dm. high ; pinnae (8-12 cm. long) numerous, short-stalked, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulate, those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit dots linear, 20-40 each side of the midvein ; indusia slightly convex. (Athyrium Milde.) Rich woods, w. Que. and N. H. to Minn., and southw. Sept. * * Fronds bipinnatifid; indusium straight or slightly curved. 10. A. acrostichoides Sw. Fronds (6-11 dm. high) pinnate; pinnae deeply 40 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (7-13 cm. long) ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-6 pairs of oblong fruit dots, some of them double. (A. thelypteroides Michx. ; Athyrium acrostichoides Diels.) Rich woods, N. S. to Ga., Ala., and Minn. ; not rare. (Asia.) * * * fronds bipinnate ; indusia at least in part reniform or horseshoe-shaped. 11. A. Filix-f6mina (L.) Bernh. (LADY FERN.) Fronds (4-10 dm. high) ovate-oblong or broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules confluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate, or elongated and pinnately incised with cut-toothed segments ; fruit dots short, variously curved, at length confluent. (Athyrium Roth.) Moist woods ; common and presenting many varying forms. July. (Cosmop.) 11. SCOLOPENDRIUM Adans. HART'S TONGUE Fruit dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of the next superior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening along the middle. (The ancient Greek name, employed because the numerous parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Scolopendra.} 1. S. vulgare Sm. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-shaped base, entire or wavy-margined (12-45 cm. long, 2-6 cm. broad), bright green. (Phyllitis Scolopendrium Newm.) Shaded ravines and under limestone cliffs ; Woodstock, N. B. ; Grey and Bruce Cos., Ont. ; centr. N. Y. ; and Tenn. ; very rare. Aug. (Mex., Eurasia.) 12. CAMPTOS6RUS Link. WALKING LEAF Fruit dots oblong or linear, as in Asplenium, but irregularly scattered on either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single, the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face to face) or to become confluent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence the name, from Ka^Trrfa, flexible, and o-o>/>6s, for fruit dot}. 1. C. rhizpphyllus (L.) Link. Fronds evergreen, subcoriaceous, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (1-3 dm. long), gradually narrowed from a cordate or auricled base to a long and slender acumination, which often roots at the end and forms a new plant. Shaded, especially calcareous rocks ; centr. Me. to Ottawa, thence to Minn., and south w. to Kan. and Ga. The auricles are sometimes greatly elongated, and even rooting ; in another form they are lacking. 13. POLYSTICHUM Roth Fronds tufted at the end of a stout rootstock, chiefly of firm or leathery texture, evergreen ; stipes and rhachises chaffy. Sori orbicular, opening on all sides of the circular peltate centrally attached indusium. (Name from TroXtf-, many, and o-rtxos, row, the sori of some species being in many ranks.) * Fronds narrowly oblong or lanceolate, simply pinnate, the pinnae sometimes again cleft. -<- Upper (spore-bearing} pinnae of the fertile fronds much contracted. 1. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. (CHRISTMAS FERN.) Fronds 2-5 dm. long, the scaly stipe 5-15 cm. in length ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, half-halberd- shaped at the slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the smaller upper pinnae bearing two rows of sori, which in age becoming confluent cover their entire lower surface. (Aspidium Sw.) Common in rocky woods. Var. SCHWEINITZII (Beck) Small (Aspidium acrostichoides, var. incisum Gray) is a variable form with larger fronds, toothed or pinnatifid pinnae, the fertile less reduced and the sori less confluent, chiefly near the tips of the pinnae. Not rare. - t- Upper (spore-bearing} pinnae similar to the others. 2. P. Lonchitis (L.) Roth. (HOLLY FERN.) Fronds linear-lanceolate, very POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 41 short-stalked, rigid (1-6 dm. long) ; pinnae broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, acute, the lowest short-triangular, strongly auricled on the upper side, spinulose- dentate ; sori biseriate, at length subconfluent. (Aspidium Svv.) Rocky (calca- reous) woods, Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and from Niagara Falls, Ont., to L. Superior, westw. and north w. (Eu.) * * Fronds bipinnate. 3. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fe"e. Fronds ovate- or oblong-lanceolate (4-9 dm. long) tapering to a very short-stiped base ; pinnules ovate or oblong, obtuse, truncate and almost rectangular at base, short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft as well as chaffy hairs. (Aspidium aculeatum, var. Doll.) Rich, mostly upland woods, Nfd. to N. Y., and L. Superior. (Eu.) 14. ASPIDIUM Sw. SHIELD FERN. WOOD FERN Fronds tufted, 1-3-pinnate ; veins simple or branched. Sori orbicular, borne on the back of the scarcely modified fertile frond. Indusium reniform or, if orbicular, exhibiting a distinct narrow depression or sinus at one side, although centrally attached. Stipes not articulated at the base. (Name from avirldiov, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.) NEPHRODIUM Rich. a. Veins simple or once forked ; fronds not evergreen ; stipes and slender rootstocks nearly naked. Lowest pinnae scarcely smaller than the middle ones. Fertile veins once forked 1. A. Thelypteris. Fertile veins simple . . . . 2. A. (simulatwm. Lower pinnae gradually decreasing in size, the lowest very small . 3. A, noveboracense. a. Veins, at least the lowest, more than once forked ; fronds mostly ever- green ; stipes and rootstocks scaly b. &. Pinnae 40-60, small, 4-8 mm. broad 4. A. fragrant. b. Pinnae fewer, 12-90 mm. broad c. c. Frond bipinnatifid or bipinnate (or sub-tripinnatifid near the base). Sori marginal 5. A. marginale. Sori not marginal. Basal scales lance-linear, caudate-attenuate . . 6. A. Filix-mas. Basal scales ovate-oblong to deltoid. Basal scales firm, shining, dark chestnut-colored . 7. A. Goldianum. Basal scales thiu, dull, membranous, light brown. Indusium glandular-puberulent. Lobes of frond with incurved teeth ; sori 1.5-1.8 mm. in diameter . . . . (9) A. cvixtatwm, var. Clintonianum. Lobes with spreading teeth ; sori 1-1.2 mm. in diameter. 8. A. Boottii. Indusium glabrous. Frond conspicuously narrowed at the base . . 9. A. cristatum. Frond scarcely or not at all narrowed at the base. Lobes incurved-serrate . . . . (9) A. cristatum, var. Clintonianum. Lobes spinulose-dentate 10. A. spinulosum. C. Fronds trlpinnate or tripinnatifid d. d. Fronds tripinnatifid. Basal scales large, lance-oblong, dark brown (10) A. apinulosum, var. dilatatum. Basal scales small, deltoid-ovate, light brown. Indusium glandless (10) A. spinulowm. Indusium glandular-puberulent . . (10) A. spinulosum, var. intermedium. d. Fronds tripinnate (10) A. spinoluwm, var. concordianum. 1. A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pinnae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in fruit from the strongly revo- lute margins; veins forked, bearing the (numerous and soon confluent) fruit dots near their middle ; indusium minute, smooth and naked. (Nephrodium Strempel ; Dryopteris Gray.) Marshes; common. Aug. (Cosmop.) Forma PUFFERAE (A. A. Eaton) Robinson is a form with pinnae variously forked at the tip. 2. A. simul&tum Davenp. In habit similar to the preceding; veins simple ; fruit dots few (3-10 on each lobe) ; indusium glandular-ciliolate. (Dryopteris Davenp.) Boggy woods, etc., Me. to Vt. and Md. ; reported from Mo. 3. A. noveboracSnse (L.) Sw. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline, taper- ing both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more pairs 42 POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) gradually shorter and deflexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit dots distinct, near the margin ; indusium minute, the margin glanduliferous. (Dryopteris Gray.) Rich woods ; common. July. Frond pale green, delicate and membrana- ceous, hairy beneath along the midribs and veins. 4. A. fragrans (L.) Sw. Fronds (1-3.5 dm. high) glandular and aromatic, narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-parted pinnae ; their crowded divisions (2-4 mm. long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or almost entire, nearly covered beneath with the very large thin imbricated indusia, which are orbicu- lar with a narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glanduliferous and often ragged. (Nephrodium Richards. ; Dryopteris Schott.) Chiefly on limestone cliffs, N. B. : and n. N. E. to Minn., Alaska, and Greenl. (Caucasus, Asia.) 5. A. marginale (L.) Sw. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (3-7 dm. long) ; pinnae lanceolate, acumi- nate, slightly broadest above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse or pointed, entire or crenate ; fruit dots close to the margin. (Nephrodium Michx. ; Dryopteris Gray.) Rocky hillsides in rich woods ; common, especially northw. Aug. Var. ELEGANS J. Robinson is a form with large fronds (2-2.5 dm. broad) which have the pinnules or most of them toothed or lobed. 6. A. Filix-mds (L.) Sw. Frond lanceolate (3-11 dm. long) ; pinnae linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex ; pinnules oblong, very obtuse, serrate at the apex and obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed, dis- tinct, the upper* confluent ; fruit dots nearer the midvein than the margin, usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. (Dryopteris Schott.) Rocky woods, Nfd., N. S., n. Vt., L. Huron, L. Superior, Dak., Ariz., and northw. (Cosmop.) 7. A. Goldianum Hook. Frond broadly ovate, or the fertile ovate-oblong (6-10 dm. long) ; pinnae (1.5-2.3 dm. long) oblong-lanceolate, broadest in the middle, pinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs} oblong-linear, slightly scythe-shaped (2-3 cm. long), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins pin- nately forking and bearing the fruit dots very near the midvein ; indusium very large, orbicular, with a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal glands. (Nephrodium Hook. & Grev. ; Dryopteris Gray.) Rich woods, centr. Me. to Minn., la., and N. Car. Var. clsum (Palmer) Robinson. Fronds more narrowly ovate-oblong, slightly firmer, the lowest pinnae on rather long stalks ; pinnules subremote. (Dryopteris Goldieana, subsp. Palmer.) On cypress knees and decaying logs, Dismal Swamp, Va. (Palmer}. 8. A. Bo6ttii Tuckerm. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; fronds (4-6.5 dm. long) elongated-lanceolate in outline, somewhat narrowed at base ; lowest pin- nae triangular-ovate, the upper longer and narrower ; pinnules oblong-ovate, sharply spinulose-serrate or the lower pinnatitid ; indusium minutely glandular. (Nephrodium Davenp. ; Dryopteris Underw.) Low wet thickets, etc. Many differing forms have been referred to this species. Plants corresponding to the original material have been seen only from N. H., e. Mass., Ct., and e. Pa. They are suspiciously intermediate between A. cristatum and A. spinulosum, var. intermedium. 9. A. cristatum (L.) Sw. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (3-6 dm. long) ; pinnae (5-8 cm. long) triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly tri- angular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatificl ; the divisions (6-10 pairs') oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest pinnatifid-lobed ; fruit dots as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium round-reniform, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. (Nephrodium Michx.; Dryopteris Gray.) Swamps, etc. ; common. July. Stipes and the stout creeping rootstock bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.) Var. Clintonianum D. C. Eaton. Frond in every way much larger (4-13 dm. long) ; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (8-15 cm. long, 2-5 cm. broad), deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions (8-16 pairs} crowded or distant, linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal sometimes pinnately lobed ; POLYPODIACEAE (FERN FAMILY) 43 veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit dots near the midvein; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. (Dryopteris cristata, var. Underw.) Swampy woods, N. H. to N. C., and westw. to Wise. July. Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large bright-brown scales. Appears to hybridize with A. marginale, as does also the typical form of the species. 10. A. spinulbsum (O. F. Mtiller) Sw. Stipes with a few pale-brown deciduous scales ; frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinnae oblique to the rhachis, elongated-triangular, the lower pairs broadly triangular ; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs, connected by a very narrow wing, oblong, acute, incisely serrate or pinnatilid with spinulose-toothed lobes ; indusium smooth and without mar- ginal glands. (Nephrodium Strempel ; Dryopteris Kuntze.) Rich woods, Nl'd. to Va., Ky., and northwestw. (Greenl., Eu.) A. PITTSFORDENSE (Slos- son) Eastman, a supposed hybrid with A. marginale, occurs in Vt. and on Staten I., N. Y. Var. intermedium (Muhl.) D. C. Eaton. Scales of the stipe few. brown with a darker center; frond broadly oblong-ovate, tripinnatifid ; pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate, the lower unequally triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded, ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately cleft ; the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex ; margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute stalked glands. (Nephrodium spinulosum, var. Davenp. ; Dryopteris spinulosa, var. Underw.) Woods, common. Var. dilatatum (Hoffm.) Hook. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark center; frond broader, ovate or triangular-ovate in outline, tripinnatifid; pin- nules lance-oblong, the lowest often much elongated ; indusium glandular- ciliolate. (Nephrodium spinulosum, var. fructuosum Gilbert). N. S. to Va., and N. Y. (Eu.) Forma ANADENIUM Robinson is in all respects like var. dila- tatum, but with the indusium destitute of glands (the var. dilatatum of Am. auth. chiefly, not Hook.) Common, chiefly in rocky upland woods. (Asia.) Var. concordianum (Davenp.) Eastman. Fronds trip'innate; pinnules (of the 3d order) small (4 mm. long), elliptical, spinulose-denticulate ; indusium gland ular-puberulent. Concord, Mass. (Purdie). 15. CYST6PTERIS Bernh. BLADDER FERN Fruit dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ; the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by abroad base on the inner side (toward the midrib) partly under the fruit dot, early opening free at the other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged, soon thrown back or withering away. Delicate ferns with 2-3-pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of KIJis, a serpent, and 7\w<7cra, tongue.) 1. 0. yulgatum L. Fronds from a slender rootstock, 5-42 cm. high, mostly solitary ; sterile segment sessile near the middle of the plant, ovate or elliptic-oblong (5-9 cm. long), rounded or obtuse at the apex; midvein indis- tinct or none ; principal veins, forming a loose network, the meshes nearly free from secondary veins. Meadows and pastures, rarely on dry slopes; not common. June- Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. minus Moore. Smaller; fronds often in pairs, the sterile segment slightly fleshy, yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. (0. Grayi Beck, ace. to Moore ; O. poiyphyllum A. Br. ; O. arenarium E. G. Britton.) Sandy ground, N. H. to w. N. Y. and N. J. (En., n. Afr.) 2. 0. Engelmanni Prantl. Habit of the preceding species ; sterile segment thicker, cuspidate; secondary veins numerous, forming a fine but readily dis- cernible network within the meshes of the principal ones. "Va."; Mo. (Bush), Tex., and Cal. 2. BOTRYCHIUM Sw. MOONWORT Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond ; frond with an anterior fertile and a posterior sterile segment ; the former mostly 1-3-pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sDorangia ; these 48 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY) distinct, rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open- ing transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound ; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a diminutive of pbrpvs, a cluster of grapes, from the appearance of the fructification.) 1. EUBOTRYCHIUM Milde. Base of the stalk (containing the bud} completely closed; sterile segment more or less fleshy ; the cells of the epidermis straight. * Sterile segment sessile or on a short petiole (less than 1 cm. long}. 1. B. Lunaria (L.) Sw. Very fleshy (8-18 cm. high) ; sterile segment sub- sessile, borne near the middle of the plant, oblong, simply pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fan-shaped very obtuse crenate, incised, or nearly entire, fleshy divisions, more or less excised at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2-3-pinnate. Open places, e. Que. to Vt., n. O., L. Superior, and north w. ; rare. (Widely distr.) FIG. 1. Also on wooded cliffs near Syracuse, N. Y., where tending to a more slender form with decidedly stipitate sterile segment and sub remote more narrowly cuneate pinnae (B. onondagense Underw.). 2. B. simplex E. Hitchcock. Fronds small (5-10 or rarely 25 cm. high) ; sterile segment short-petioled from near base, middle, or sum- mit of the stalk, thickish, simple, and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed ; the lobes roundish- obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate rhachis, the terminal one usually emarginate ; the veins all forking from the base ; fertile segment simple or 1-2- pinnate. (B. tenebrosum A. A. Eaton.) N. S. to Md., Ont., Minn., and Rocky Mts. ; rare. (Eu.) FIG. 2. Var. COMPOSITUM Lasch. Sterile 2. B. simplex. x%. segment binate or ternate ; the divisions pin- natifid. Occurring with and clearly passing into the typical form. 3. B. lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem, var. angus- tisegm6ntum Pease & Moore. Fronds small (1-2.5 dm. high) ; the sterile segment closely sessile at the top of the long and slender stalk, scarcely fleshy, triangular, ternately twice pinnatifid ; the acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed; veinlets forking from a continuous midvein; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. N. S. to N. J., O., and L. Superior. July, Aug. FIG. 3. The typical European form has the segments of the sterile frond broader and more approximate. 4. B. rambsum (Roth) Aschers. Fronds small (1-2.5 dm. high) ; the sterile segment nearly sessile at the top of the long and slender common stalk, moderately fleshy, ovate or triangular, varying from pinnate to bipinnatind ; the lobes oblong-ovate and obtuse ; midvein dissipated into forking veinlets ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. (B. ma- tricariaefolium A. Br. ; B. neglectum Wood.) Rich soil, e. Que. to Md., and westw. June, July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 4. * * The sterile segment on a long petiole (2-16 cm. in length}. 5. B. obliquum Muhl. Subcoriaceous (1-4 dm. high), sparsely hairy or glabrous ; sterile segment long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, broadly triangular or somewhat pen- 1. B. Lunaria. 4. g. ramo- sum! x %. MARSILEACEAE 49 5. B. obliquum and vars. x tagonai, ternate and variously decompound with stalked divisions, these ovate- oblong, acutish, usually two or three times as long as broad, crenate-serrulate, obliquely cordate or subcordate ; fertile seg- ment erect, 2-4-pinnate. (B. ternatum, var. obliquum Milde.) Pastures and open woods, N. B. to Ont., Minn., and south w. FIG. 5, a. Polymorphous. The chief forms are : Var. ONEIDENSE (Gilbert) Waters. FIG. 5, b. Ulti- mate divisions broadly oblong, rounded at the apex, crenulate-serrulate. Vt. (Miss Gilman) to centr. N. Y. (Gilbert, Haberer), etc. Var. TENUIF6LIUM (Uiiderw.) Gilbert. Divisions few, usually 9, thin ; otherwise much like the typical form. N. Y. (ace. to Gilbert)] Mo. (Bush), and south w. to the Gulf. Var. ELON- GATUM Gilbert & Haberer. FIG. 5, c. Divisions lanceolate, elongated, acute. Mass, to centr. N. Y. and D. C. Var. DISSECTUM (Spreng.) Clute. FIG. 5, d. Divisions incisely many- toothed. Often with the typical form in N. E., N.Y., andO. 6. B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton. Stout, decidedly fleshy, loosely pubescent to subglabrous, 1.5-4 dm. high ; habit and fertile segment as in the preceding ; sterile segment becoming large (sometimes 2 dm. broad), its ultimate divisions numer- ous, ovate or obovate, commonly subcuneate or semicordate at the base, crenulate and more or less lobed, usually obtuse or rounded at the apex. (Including var. australe D. C. Eaton, as to Am. plant.) Sandy soil, pastures and open woods, common, N. E., N. Y., and (?) n. Mich. FIG. 6. Passing insensibly into var. RUTAEF6LIUM (A. Br.) D. C. Eaton. More slender, rarely over 1.7 dm. high; sterile segment commonly about 5 cm. broad, its divisions few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. (B. Matricariae Spreng. ; B. rutaceum Sw.) Nfd. to s. N. H., and n. Mich. (Eurasia.) 2. OSMUND6PTERIS Milde. Base of the stalk (contain- ing the bud) open along one side; sterile segment mem- A "/ 8> branaceous ; the cells of the epidermis flexuous. 7. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. (RATTLESNAKE FERN.) Fronds 3-6 dm, tall, ample ; sterile segment sessile above the middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous, ternate; the short-stalked primary divisions once or twice pinnate, and then once or twice pinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed toward the apex ; veins forking from a midvein ; fertile part 2-3-pinnate. Rich woods, common. June, July. (Widely distr.) *^< B.tern., v. intertn. MARSILEACEAE Perennial plants rooted in mud, having a slender creeping rhizome and either filiform or ^-parted long-petioled leaves ; the somewhat crustaceous several-celled sporocarps borne on peduncles which rise from the rhizome near the leaf-stalks, or are more or less consolidated with the latter, and contain both macrospores and microspores. 1. MARSiLEA L. Submersed or emersed aquatic plants. Leaves 4-foliolate. Sporocarps with 2 teeth near the base, 2-celled vertically, with many transverse partitions, splitting into 2 valves at maturity, and emitting an elastic cord or band of tissue, which GRAY'S MANUAL 4 50 SALV1NIACEAE carries the sporangia on a series of short branches or lobes. (Named for Aloysins Marsili, an early Italian naturalist.) 1. M. quadrifolia L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuneate, glabrous ; sporo- carps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles, pediceled, glabrous or somewhat hairy, the basal teeth small, obtuse, or the upper one acute. In water, the leaflets commonly floating on the surface ; frequently cultivated and now somewhat extensively introduced from material taken chiefly from Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Ct., where perhaps casually intro- duced from Eu. 2. M. vestita Hook. & Grev. Leaflets broadly cuneate, usually hairy, entire (5-15 mm. long and broad) ; petioles 2-11 cm. long ; peduncles free from the petiole, very short ; sporocarps solitary, hairy when young (about 4 mm. long), with upper basal tooth longest, acute, straight or curved, lower tooth acute, the sinus between them rounded. In swamps which become dry in summer j la. and southwestw. SALVINlACEAE Floating plants of small size, having a more or less elongated and sometimes branching axis, bearing apparently distichous leaves sporocarps (son) very soft and thin-walled, two or more on a common stalk, one-celled and having a central, often branched receptacle which bears either macrosporangia containing solitary macrospores, or microsporangia with numerous microspores. A small and interesting family of plants without close affinity to other groups. 1. AZ6LLA Lam. Small moss-like plants, the stems pinnately branched, covered with minute 2-lobed imbricated leaves, and emitting rootlets on the under side. Sporocarps in pairs beneath the stem ; the smaller ones acorn-shaped, containing at the base a single macrospore with a few attached bodies of doubtful function above it; the larger ones globose, and having a basal placenta which bears many pedicellate microsporangia which contain masses of microspores. (Name not satisfactorily explained.) 1. A. caroliniana Willd. Plants somewhat deltoid in outline (6-25 mm. broad), much branched ; leaves with ovate lobes, the lower lobe reddish, the upper one green with a reddish border; macrospore with three attendant corpuscles, its surface minutely granulate ; masses of microspores glochidiate. Floating on quiet waters, from L. Ontario westw. and south w. Appearing like a reddish hepatic moss. 2. SALVfNIA [Mich.] Adans. Leaves "apparently 2-ranked, horizontally floating or subaerial, a third series of foliar structures developed ventrally on the stem taking the form of fascicles of root-like fibers. Sporangia subsessile, clustered, depressed-globose, longitu- dinally sulcate, formed from the tips of short basal divisions of the filiform ven- tral leaves. Sori basal within the fruit, the macrosporangia subsessile, the microsporangia (in separate fruits) borne on filiform pedicels. (Named for Prof. Antonio Maria Salvini of Florence, 1633-1729.) 1. S. natans (L.) All. Foliage-leaves suborbicular-oblong, thickish, mostly 10-15 mm. long, hairy or papillose on both sides, the lower surface commonly brownish or purplish. Marshes and ponds, Minn, and Mo. Long ago re- ported by Pursh as "floating, like Lemna, on the surface of stagnant waters: in several of the small lakes in the western parts of New York," but not detected in this region by recent botanists. (Eurasia.) EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 51 EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. A. EATON.) Rush-like, often branching plants, with jointed and mostly hollow stems from running rootstocks, having sheaths at the joints, and, when fertile, terminated by the conical or spike-like fructification composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases beneath. A single genus. 1. EQUISETUM [Tourn.] L. HORSETAIL Rootstocks perennial, jointed, branched, wide-creeping, dull and blackish, felted or naked, often tuber-bearing, the nodes provided with toothed, often felted sheaths ; roots in verticils from the nodes, annual, felted. Stems usually erect, simple or branched, cylindrical, jointed, the surface regularly striated, overlaid with teeth, dots, bands, rosettes, or a smooth coat of silex; the stomata in the grooves in regular rows or broad bands ; the internodes (except in E. scir- poides) bearing a large central air-cavity (centrum), a medium sized one (vallecu- lar^nder each groove, with which the stomata connect, and a smaller one (carinal) under each ridge. The nodes are closed and solid, each bearing a whorl of reduced leaves joined by their edges into cylindrical sheaths, their tips thinner and prolonged into persistent or deciduous teeth. Branches, when present, mostly in whorls from the nodes. Fruit in a terminal cone formed of regular verticils of stalked sporophylls, the 6 or 7 sporangia opening down the inner side and discharging many loose green spores, each provided with four elastic hygroscopic clavate bands. Prothallus in damp places, dioecious, green, variously lobed. (The ancient name from equus, horse, and seta, bristle.) 1. Stems annual ; spikes rounded ; stomata scattered in the grooves. Fertile stems branchless, soon perishing ; silex of sterile stems in dots ............. 1. E. arvense. Fertile stems becoming branched. Branches simple ; silex in 3 rows of broad spinules on the ridges . 2. E. pratense. Branches compound ; silex in 2 rows of hooked spinules . 8. E. sylvaticum. a. Fertile and sterile stems alike, branched or simple. Centrum one sixth of the total diameter of stem ; teeth grooved, black, with broad white margins ....... 4. E. palustre. Centrum half the total diameter or more. Centrum not more than two thirds the diameter ; vallecular holes present ; sheaths loose ; fruit abortive ..... 5. E. litorale. Centrum four fifths the diameter ; vallecular holes mostly absent; sheaths tight .......... 6. E. fluviatile. 2. Stems evergreen (except in E. latvigatum and E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni), mostly simple ; spikes apiculate ; stomata in single regular series. - HIPPOCHAETE Milde &. b. Silex in cross-bands on ridges and grooves c. c. Vallecular bast cutting the green parenchyma, carinal not doing so ; sheaths ampliated, green. Teeth deciduous, leaving black triangular bases ; centrum wide . 7. E. laevigatwm. Teeth persistent, broadly white-bordered ; centrum sma11 ......... (9) E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni. c. Vallecular bast not cutting the parenchyma, the carinal larger; sheaths usually with black and white bands. Sheaths much longer than broad, ampliated; plants similar to E. laevigatum in appearance . . (8) K hyemale, v. intermedium. Sheaths little longer than broad, tight .... (8) E.hyemale, v. robustum. b. Ridges biangulate (except in E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni) ; silex of the grooves in rosulae d. d. Teeth deciduous ; ridges slightly biangulate ..... 8. E. hyemale. d. Teeth persistent, white-bordered e. e. Centrum one third of the diameter of the stem. Ridges distinctly bianpulate ; bristle-tips of teeth deciduous . 9. E. variegatum. Ridges slightly biangulate ; tips of teeth persistent (9) E. variegatum, v. Jesupi. Ridges rounded ....... (9) E. variegatum, v. Nelsoni. e. Centrum absent ; stems 6-angled ....... 10. E. scirpoides. 52 EQUISETACEAE (HORSETAIL FAMILY) 1. EUEQUISETUM Sadebeck. Stems annual, mostly with regular verticils of branches ; spikes not apiculate ; stomata in one or two broad bands in each groove, their surfaces overlaid with a silex plate that bears a vertical slit in the center. 1. E. arvSnse L. 7. E. arvense. Cross- section of stem x 12. centrum in Tinrees , ^^nui^m. & DUO u\/u E. laevigatum. Cross- 54 LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) Md. to Mich., southwestw. and westw. ; rare east of the Miss. R. (Mex.. Asia.) FIGS. 20, 21. 9. E. variegatum Schleich. Stems tufted, ascending, 1.5 to ?> dm. high, slender, 5-10-grooved ; ridges with broad central grooves ; centrum \ the 19. E. hyemale, v. intermedium. Cross-section of stem x 12. 20. E. hyemale, v. robus- tum. Epidermis x 12. 21. E. hyemale, v. robustum. Cross-section of stem x 12. total diameter ; green parenchyma continuous under the keels, interrupted in the grooves ; sheaths loose, green below, black-girdled above ; leaves 4-carinate ; teeth black, with broad hyaline white borders, persistent, with long filiform deciduous tips. Lab. to Alaska, south w. to Me., N. Y., and Wyo. ; rare. (Eurasia.) Var. Jesupi A. A. Eaton. Stems ascending or erect, 2-4 dm. high, 10-12- furrowed ; ridges with slight central grooves ; centrum |-| the total diameter ; caririal bast cutting the parenchyma, the vallecular small ; sheaths green, with black limbs, becoming ashy with black bases ; teeth brown-centered, white-bor- dered, withflexuous persistent awn-points, often becoming papery and withering. Que. and Ont., southw. to Ct. and 111. Var. Nelsbni A. A. Eaton. Stems annual, tufted, slender, 1.5-4 dm. high; angles rounded ; sheaths ampliated, green, with narrow black limb, becoming dusky; teeth centrally grooved, with dark centers and broad white borders, bearing deciduous awn-points; centrum f the total diameter of stem ; bast similar to the type. N. Y. to Mich. and 111. 10. E. scirpoides Michx. Stems many in a tuft, filiform, 0.75 G f' 8Cir P ide8 - to 1.5 dm. high, flexuous and curving, solid at the center, 6-ridged stem x 12. through the deep grooving of the 3 angles ; sheaths with 3 per- sistent hyaline-bordered filiform-tipped teeth. Moist evergreen woods and low fields; Lab. to Pa., 111., and northwestw. (Eurasia.) FIG. 22. LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB Moss FAMILY) Low plants, usually of moss-like aspect, with elongated and often much branched stems covered with small lanceolate or subulate, rarely oblong or rounded, persistent entire leaves ; the sporangia 1-3-celled, solitary in the axils of the leaves, or on their upper surface, when ripe opening into two or three valves, and shedding the numerous yellow spores, which are all of one kind. The Family, as here defined, consists mainly of the large genus 1. LYCOPdDIUM L. CLUB Moss Spore-cases coriaceous, flattened, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celled, 2-valved, mostly by a transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores, in the form of a copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. Perennials, with evergreen one-nerved leaves imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compounded of Xikoj, a wolf, and -rrofa, foot, from a fancied resemblance.) LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) 55 a. Spore cases in the axils of ordinary dark-green shining leaves, not form- ing a well marked terminal spike ; gemmae commonly present. Leaves uniform 1. L. Selago. Leaves in zones, alternately shorter and longer 2. L. lucidulum. a. Spore cases only in the axils of the upper (bracteal) leaves, forming a spike b. b. Bracteal leaves scarcely or not at all modified in form or texture. Bracteal leaves lance-linear or linear, scarcely broader at the base . 8. L. alopecuroidea. Bracteal leaves linear-attenuate from a distinctly broadened ovate base 4. L. inimdatwm. b. Bracteal leaves scale-like, yellowish, very different from those of the sterile parts of the stem c. c. Sterile branches convex and uniformly leafy on all sides. Free part of leaves 4-8 mm. long ; fertile branches mostly 1.5- 2.5 dm. high. Fertile branches leafy up to the spikes. Creeping stem deep in the ground, the upright branches repeatedly forked, tree-like . . . (7) Z. obscurum, v. dendroideitm, Creeping stem on or near the surface of the ground, its numerous erect branches mostly subsimple or sparingly forked 5. L. annolinum, Fertile branches modified beneath the spikes into scaly pe- duncles 6. L. clavatwm, Free parts of the leaves 1-3 mm. long ; fertile branches usually 5-18 cm. high 8. L. sitchense. c. Sterile branches flattened or concave beneath, the leaves usually reduced or modified on the lower surface d. d. Fertile branches leafy essentially to the spikes . . . 7. L. obscurum. d. Spikes borne on scaly peduncles e. e. Peduncles terminating upright leafy branches. Fertile branches usually 5-10, rarely y 5-10, rarely 15 cm. high ; free part of lateral leaves linear-subulate, spreading, nearly or quite as long as the adnate part 9. L. sabinaefolium. Fertile branches usually 1.5-3 drn. high ; free part of lateral leaves deltoid-subulate, scarcely more than one third to one half the length of the adnate part. Eunning stems deep in the ground; branches narrowly linear, 1.3-1.8 mm. broad, their divisions very numer- ous and crowded 12. L. t/ristach/ywrn-. Eunning stems at or near the surface of the ground ; branches 2^4 mm. broad, more loosely and openly forked 11. L. complanatum. . Peduncles springing directly from a short horizontal rootstock 10. L. carolinianum. 1. L. Selago L. Stems erect and rigid, dichotomous, from a short slender rootstock, forming a level-topped tuft (0.5-2.5 dm. high) ; leaves uniform, lance-attenuate, crowded, ascending, glossy, pale green or yellowish, sharp- pointed, entire or denticulate ; sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves. Crevices of exposed or cold rock, chiefly alpine ; Greenl. to Alaska, s. to N. E., L. Superior, Mont., and Wash., and on the higher Alleghenies to Va. (Widely distr.) Commonly gemmiparous in the upper axils. Var. APPRESSUM Desv. Leaves closely crowded, appressed. Usually more abundant, extending s. to N. C. Var. patens (Beauv.) Desv. Leaves linear-attenuate and wide-spreading, dark green. Cool calcareous cliffs, Que. and n. Vt. 2. L. lucidulum Michx. Stems assurgent, the old elongate bases very per- sistent; leaves pointed, toothed, at first spreading, then deflexed, distinctly broader above the middle, arranged in alternate zones of shorter and longer leaves, the shorter leaves more frequently bearing sporangia in their axils ; proliferous gemmae usually abundant but caducous. Cold, damp woods ; Nfd. to Ont., Minn., la., Ind., and south w. in the Alleghenies to S. C. Var. por6philum (Lloyd & Underw.) Clute. Leaves lance-linear, attenuate, narrowed from base to apex, nearly or quite entire. (L. porophilum Lloyd & Underw.) Mts. and cold ravines, local ; Nfd. and e. Que. to Wise., s. to S. C. and Ala. 3. L. alopecuroides L. fitems stout, very densely leafy th 1 . oughout ; the sterile branches recurved-procumbent and creeping ; the fertile of the same thickness, 13-33 cm. high ; leaves narrowly linear-awl-shaped, spinulose-pointed, spreading, conspicuously bristle-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindri- cal spike with lny setaceous tips. (L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw., in 56 LYCOPODIACEAE (CLUB MOSS FAMILY) part.) Pine-barrens and sandy swamps, Nantucket (Mrs. Owen, Dame, Floyd), L. L, and south w. Aug., Sept. Stems, including the dense leaves, 15 mm. in thickness ; the comose spike, with its longer spreading leaves, 18-22 mm. thick. (S. A.) 4. L. inundatum L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid, 3-10 (rarely 15) cm. high, bearing a short thick spike ; sporophylls usually toothed near the ovate base, their attenuate tips herbaceous, loosely spreading ; leaves lanceolate or lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, mostly entire, those of the prostrate stems curving upward. Sandy shores and in sphagnum, Nfd. to N. J., and north westw. to Alaska. (Eurasia.) Var. BIGELOVII Tuckerm. Taller (the fertile branches 1-3 dm. high) ; sporophylls more incurved or appressed, commonly somewhat stramineous, mostly entire. (L. adpressum Lloyd & Underw. in part.) Sandy shores, e. Mass, to Md. 5. L. ann6tinum L. Much branched ; stems prostrate and creeping (3-12 dm. long); the ascending branches similar (1-2.5 dm. high), sparingly forked sterile ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in about 5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green); spike solitary, thickish-cylindrical. Open woods, Nfd. to Ot., Minn., Col., Alaska, and Greenl. (Eurasia.) In exposed and alpine situations replaced by var. PUNGENS Desv., a form with short thick more rigid leaves which are 3-4 mm. long and erectish. Nfd. to n. N. Y., and north westw. (Eurasia.) 6. L. clavatum L. (COMMON C.) Stems creeping extensively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile terminated by a slender peduncle (1-1.5 dm. long), bearing about 2-4 slender cylindrical spikes ; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurved-spreading (light green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. Dry woods ; common especially north w. July. (Cosmop.) Var. MONOSTA.CHYON Grev. & Hook. Spike solitary on each peduncle com- monly of larger size (sometimes 8 cm. long). E. Que. to Ct. and northwestw. Var. BREvisprcXxuM Peck. Spikes solitary or in pairs, very short (1.3-2.4 cm. long), thickish, blunt; peduncles 3-5 cm. long. Wallface Mt., N. Y. (Peck). A sterile form with greatly elongated peduncles is sometimes found : Taconic Mts., w. Mass. (Harrison), and Green Mts., Vt. (Kent). 7. L. obscdrum L. Rootstock cord-like, subterranean, bearing scattered erect tree-like steins dividing at the summit into several densely dichotomous spreading branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, decurrent, entire, acute, 6-ranked, those of the two upper and two lower ranks smaller and appressed, the lateral ones incurved-spreading ; spikes 1-3, erect, essentially sessile ; bracts scarious-mar- gined, broadly ovate, abruptly apiculate. Rich woods, N. E. to Va. Passing imperceptibly into Var. dendroideutn (Michx.) D. C. Eaton. Leaves equal, erect or incurved ; branches scarcely or not at all dorsiventral, usually erect and crowded ; spikes 1-15. (L. dendroideum Michx. ) The more common form, in woods or on open hillsides, Nfd. to N. C. and L. Superior. 8. L. sitch6nse Rupr. Glaucous ; rootstock long, nearly superficial ; steins short, numerous, erect, divided from near the base into numerous erect sub- simple crowded branches (3-7 cm. high), equally leafy all round ; leaves equal, few-ranked, ascending, about 2 mm. long, slender, very acute ; spikes on short but usually distinct scaly peduncles ; sporophylls green with scarious erose margin, the tip spreading. Coniferous woods, e. Que. and n. Me.; Mt. Katah- din; Mt. Washington, N. H. (Eggleston) ; Adirondack Mts., N. Y. (Peck)', n. shore of L. Superior ; Alaska. 9. L. sabinaefblium Willd. In habit similar to the preceding ; branches 5-10 cm. long, flexuous, dorsiventral ; the leaves on the lower surface smaller; peduncles 2-3 cm. long. Dry woods, e. Que. to Vt. ; Staten Isl., N. Y. (Buch- heister) ; and L. Superior (G-. S. Miller). 10. L. carolinianum L. Sterile stems and their few short branches entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nerved lateral leaves widely spreading in 2 ranks, and a shorter intermediate row appressed on the upper side ; also sending up a slender simple peduncle (7-21 cm. long, clothed merely with SELAGINELLACEAE 57 small bract-like and appressed awl-shaped leaves) bearing a single cylindrical spike. Wet pine-barrens, N. J. to Va., and southw. 11. L. complanitum L. Eootstock nearly superficial; stems erect, irregu- larly branched or forked, the branches very flat, more or less glaucous, few- forked, the divisions (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 inin. wide) erect or but slightly spreading, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4 ranks with decurrent adnate bases, the lateral with tooth-like tips ; peduncles (about 3 cm. long) bearing 1-3 erect spikes. Dry coniferous woods, Nfd. to Me., Ida., and Alaska. (Eurasia.) Var. flabellif6rme Fernald. (GROUND PINE.) Brighter green ; the branches several-forked and spreading in a fan-like manner, the terminal divisions 0.5-4 cm. long and 1.5-3 mm. broad ; peduncles (averaging 7 cm. long) mostly 4-spiked. Dry woods, N. S. to W. Va., Ky., la., and Minn.; common. Var. WIBBEI Haberer is a form with peduncles only 1-spiked. N. Vt. and centr. N. Y. 12. L. tristachyum Pursh. Very glaucous ; rootstock deep (5-12 cm. below the surface) ; stems erect, the branches numerous, crowded, erect, 1-2 mm. broad ; peduncles (8-12 cm. long) with a few scattered attenuate bracts and bearing 1-5 (mostly 4) spikes. (L. Chamaecyparissus A. Br. ; L. compla- natum, var. Chamaecyparissus Milde.) Dry sandy soil, n. Me. to Del., and L. Superior; southw. in the mts. to N. C. (Eu.) SELAGINELLACEAE Leafy plants, terrestrial or rooted in mud, never very large ,* stems branch- ing ; leaves small and 4-6-rowed; sporangia one-celled, solitary, axillary or borne on the upper surface of the leaf at its base and enwrapped in its margins, some containing large spores (macrospores) and others small spores (micro- spores'). The macrospores are in the shape of a low triangular pyramid with a hemispherical base, and marked with elevated ribs along the angles. In ger- mination they develop a minute prothallus which bears archegonia to be fer- tilized by antherozoids developed from the microspores. 1. SELAGINELLA Beauv. Fructification of two kinds, namely, of minute and oblong or globular spore- cases, containing reddish or orange-colored powdery microspores; and of mostly 2-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1-6) much larger globose-angular macrospores ; the former usually in the upper and the latter in the lower axils of the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike, but sometimes the two kinds on opposite sides all along the spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated, and which the plants greatly resemble in habit and foliage.) * Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated ; those of the spike similar. 1. S. selaginoides (L.) Link. Sterile stems prostrate or creeping, small and slender ; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple (3-8 cm. high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute, spreading, sparsely spinulose-ciliate. (#. spinosa Beauv.) Wet places, Nfd. to N. H. (Pursh}, Mich., L. Superior, Col., and northw, ; rare. Habit of Lycopodium inundatum. Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eu.) 2. S. rup6stris (L.) Spring. Much branched in close tufts (2-6 cm. high) ; leaves densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolate, convex and with a grooved keel, minutely ciliate, bristle-tipped ; those of the strongly quadrangular spike rather broader. Dry and exposed rocks, somewhat local but not rare. Grayish-green in aspect, resembling a rigid moss. (Eurasia.) 58 ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY) * * Leaves shorter above and below, stipule-like ; the lateral larger, 2-ranked. 3. S. apus (L.) Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched, flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous, the larger spreading hori- zontally, ovate, oblique, mostly obtuse, the smaller appressed, taper-pointed ; those of the short spikes nearly similar ; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part of the spike. Low, shady places, s. Me. , south w. and westw. A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungermannia. (S. A.) ISOETACEAE (QUILLWORT FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. A. EATON.) Small aquatic or palustrine herbs of grass-like or rush-like aspect. Stem short, thick, and corm-like, crowned with numerous subulate leaves. Spores of two kinds in distinct axillary solitary sporangia. A single genus ; the species similar in habit and to be distinguished with certainty only by the aid of the compound microscope. 1. IS6ETES L. QUILLWORT Stem fleshy, more or less depressed, the roots arising from the 2-5-lobed base, the flattened top bearing the leaves from a central bud or crown. Leaves dilated and imbricated at base, rounded or somewhat angular above, orbicular in section, traversed by four air-tubes that are separated by cross-partitions, bearing a bast-bundle in the center and often 4 or more in the periphery. Stomata none or in narrow bands over the air-cavities. Sporangia in excavations of the dilated bases of the leaves (more or less covered by the velum, formed from the thin edges of the excavation) , attached by their backs, orbicular to ovoid, plano-convex, trav- ersed internally by transverse threads, their thin integuments often bearing small dark sclerenchymatous cells. Spores dimorphous, the female or gyno- spores large (250-1000 /* or more in diameter), spherical, with an elevated ridge (equator) around the middle and three others (commissures) arising from this and meeting at the summit of the upper hemisphere, the surface variously beset with siliceous elevations, rarely smooth ; the male or androspores in separate sporangia, mostly in alternate cycles with the female, very minute (20-45 /* long), obliquely oblong, triangular in section. The trunks of all our species but 7. Tuckermani and /. sac- 24. I. riparia, show- charata, var. Amesii are habitually bilobed. (Name used by ing generic habit Pliny, presumably for a house-leek.) FIGS. 23, 24. x %. 1. Submersed ; leaves cylindrical, fleshy, without bast-bundles or stoinata. AQUATIC AE A. Br. a. a. Leaves stout, rigid, erect. Gynospores honeycomb-reticulated below 1. I. macrottpora. Gynospores with distinct or anastomosing crests (1) 7. macrospora, v. heterospora. a. Leaves mostly slender and spirally spreading or recurved b. b. Gynospores with thin jagged honeycomb-reticulated crests. Leaves 1 mm. or less in diameter. Leaves reddish or olive, often with a few stomata ; spores 600 /x or less in diameter 2. 7. Tuckermam. Leaves green, recurved at end, not spiral ; spores averaging 650 ju, in diameter (2) 7. Tuckermani, \. borealis. Leaves 2.5-3 mm. in diameter .... (2) 7. Tuckermani, v. Harveyi. b. Gynospores with thick vermiform free or anastomosing ridges . .3.7. hieroglyphica, 2. Plants of inundated shores or tidal flats, fruiting as the water recedes ; with stomata but no bast-bundles. AMPHIBIAE A. Br. c. ..sponngium. 23. Isoetes (diagrammatic). Inner surface of leaf-base. Crests crowded ; sporangia densely spotted Gynospores reticulated. Plants of medium size; androspores smooth Plants large ; androspores spinulose . ISOETACEAE (QUILLWOKT FAMILY) 59 0. Leaves reddish or olive-green. Gynospores averaging 440 /u. in diameter, with small pits . . 4. I.foveolata. Gynospores averaging 510 /u. in diameter, with thin irregular walls (4)7. foveolata, v. plenospora. c. Leaves green d. d. Gynospores with jagged crests. Gynospores averaging 600 /u. in diameter; crests tall, mostly simple 5. 7. riparia. Gynospores averaging less than 550 jn in diameter ; crests low, simple or reticulated. Leaves 1-2.5 mm. in diameter ; trunks 2-lobed . . .6. 7. saccharata. Leaves 1-1.5 mm. in diameter; trunks 2-5-lobed (6) 7. saccharata, v. Amesii. d. Gynospores with slender or lagged spines. Leaves short, stout, spreading 1. I. echinospora. v. Braunii. Leaves long, fine, spiral (7) 7. echinospora, v. muricata. 3. Plants of the extreme edges of ponds or streams, emersed most of the summer, with stomata and bast-bundles. PALWTRES A. A. Eaton e. e. Bast-bundles 4, one at each front angle and one at each end of the dorsi-ventral partition /. f. Polygamous ; androsporangia rare ; gynospores appearing abortive. Bast-bundles often absent; gynospores with labyrinthiform ridges 8. 7. Eatoni. Bast-bundles always present; gynospores with truncate col- umns 9. 7. Gravesii. /. Monoecious. Gynospores with coarse irregular crests. Crests loose ; sporangia slightly spotted . ... 10. 7. Dodgei. ded ; sporangia densely spotted . (10) 7. Dodgei, \. Robbinsii. . 11. 7. Engelmanni. . (11) 7. Engelmanni, v. valida. e. Bast-bundles 4, with accessary ones in the periphery Monoecious; gynospores crested, somewhat reticulated (11) 7. Engelmanni, v.fontana. Polygamous ; gynospores small, smooth or with low tubercles or wrinkles 12. 7. melanopoda. 4. Plants of dry situations ; leaves setaceous ; bast-bundles 4 ; stomata many ; velum none. TERRESTRES A. Br 18. 7. JSutleri. 1. I. macr6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 2 mm. in diameter, erect, round, dark green, rather blunt; velum covering | of the unspotted sporangium ; gynospores 600-800 it in diameter, the upper faces traversed by thin parallel walls, the lower hemisphere reticulated ; androspores 36-47 fj. (average 42 /x) long, smooth. GaspS Co., Que., and Me. to Ont. and Minn. FIG. 25. Var. heter6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaver 50-150, 2 mm. in diameter, 5-8 cm. long, rigid, erect, tapering to a sharp point; sporangia spotted $-f indusiate ; gynospores 540-675 /x (some abnormally 1100-1134 /x) in diameter, densely covered with thick jagged convoluted crests, often reticulated below ; andro- -J L macros P. spores 30-40 /x (average 35 /x) long, dark brown, papillose. ^y nos P r ' (/. heterospora A. A. Eaton.) Jordan Pond, Mt. Desert, Me. 2. I. Tuckermani A. Br. Trunk often 3-lobed, small ; leaves 10-40, 1 mm. or less in diameter, 4-15 cm. long, reddish or olive green, sometimes with a few stomata but no bast-bundles ; sporangia small, rarely spotted, or more covered by the velum; gynospores 450-750 /x (average 600 M) in diameter, parallel-walled or reticulated above, more or less reticulated below ; andro- ' spores 25-38 /x (average 30 /x) long, slightly rough. Sandy ponds, Me. to Ct. Var. borealis A. A. Eaton. Trunk bilobed ; leaves 10-100, 3-25 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. thick, green or reddish, straight or recurved; stomata none; gynospores 600-785 /x in diameter, more coarsely reticulated ; androspores 42 /x long, finely spinulose. N. Y. to N. H. and Lab. Var. HarvSyi (A. A. Eaton) Clute. Trunk 2-lobed, 1.6-3 cm. in diameter; leaves 50-140, purple-bronze, 2.5-3 mm. in diameter, 5-6 cm. long, strongly re- curved ; stomata none ; sporangia unspotted, -^ covered by the velum ; gyno- spores 526-648 n (average 560 /x) in diameter : androspores 30-39.6 /x (average 34 it) long. (7. Harveyi A. A. Eaton. )TN. Y. and Mass, to Nfd. 3. I. hieroglyphica A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 6-7.5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. in diameter, blunt, recurved ; sporangia not spotted, covered by the velum ,- 60 ISOETACEAE (Q0ILLWORT FAMILY) gynospores 486-720 /x (average 600 At) in diameter, sparingly covered with thick vermiform subconfluent or reticulated ridges except just beneath the equator ; androspores 31-44 At (average 36 ^) long, verrucose. Ponds and lakes, N. S., Que., and Me. FIG. 26. 4. I. foveolata A. A. Eaton. Polygamous ; leaves 50-150, 5-15 cm. long, 2 mm. in diameter, round, pinkish or olive- green ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted, \-\ covered by the velum ; gynospores 380-560 /A (average 44i) A*) in diameter, the lowsr surface covered with little holes, the upper a little more open ; androspores 22-35 /* long, reticulated or papillose. Ponds and river borders : N. H. and Ct. FIG. 27. Var. plen6spora A. A. Eaton. Leaves 30-110, 1.5 mm. 27. I. foveolata. Gyno- in diameter, 20-40 cm. long ; sporangia thickly dark-spotted, spore x 15. i~l covered by the velum ; gynospores white or ashy, 450- 600 A* (average 510 A*) in diameter, covered with tall thin mostly honeycomb-reticulated walls ; androspores 27-33 /JL long, finely granular or tuberculate. Gravelly shores of ponds in a thin layer of silt, s. e. Mass. 5. I. riparia Engelm. Often polygamous ; leaves 10-30, 1-3 mm. in diam- eter, 10-25 cm. long, erect, dark green ; sporangia densely spotted, -f covered by the velum ; gynospores 450-756 /* (averaging 570 At) in diameter, covered with high isolated, united, or reticulated jagged crests ; androspores 28-32 A* (average 29 M) long, sparingly tubercled. Tidal shores of Del. R., in gravel. A species misinterpreted in the past, and seemingly of restricted range. 6. I. saccharata Engelm. Leaves 10-30, 1-2.5 mm. in diameter, 3-25 cm. long, spreading or recurved ; velum very narrow to half covering the thickly spotted sporangium ; gynospores 420-510 ^ (average 480 A*) in diameter, covered with low granules, reticulated walls or tall rough crests ; androspores 22-30 /* (average 28 At) long, sparingly papillose. Fresh-water tidal flats, n. arm of Chesapeake Bay and Del. R. Very variable and closely approaching the last in some of its forms. Var. Amdsii A. A. Eaton. Trunks 2-5-lobed ; leaves 8-30 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. in diameter, slender, finely pointed, quadrangular ; sporangia with few spots, ^-f covered by the velum ; gynospores 420-000 At (average 510 At) in diameter, marked with fine granules and thin short often reticulated walls; androspores 28-32 At long. Gravelly shores overlaid by fine silt, chiefly in shallow water, s. Mass, to N". Y. 7. I. echin6spora Dur. Leaves 10-30, 5-15 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. broad, dark green, finely pointed ; velum about one half covering the sporangium ; gynospores 350-560 ^ (average 500 At) in diameter, covered with simple or forked spinules ; androspores 26-30 At long, smooth. Eu. A species repre- sented in America by the following varieties. Var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm. Differs from the type in having stomata on the leaves, a broader velum, spotted sporangium, and not rarely broad jagged crests on the gynospores. (Var. robusta Engelm.; /. Bcottii A. Br.) Muddy or sandy river and pond borders. Gaspe" Co., Que. to B. C., s. to Cal. and Pa. ; variable. FIG. 28. Var. muricata (Dur.) Engelm. Submersed leaves 10-30, flaccid, spiral, 15-40 cm. long, 1 mm. in diameter; emersed ones 5-8 cm. long, slender, recurved ; sporangia pale-spotted, |-| indusiate.; gynospores 400-620 /j. (average 510 /z) in diameter, covered with slender round spines and flat, blunt, or retuse lamellae; androspores 25-31 /x long, smooth or slightly granular. Firm soil in shallow waters, mostly submersed ; N. S. to n. Me. and N. J. Grades into the last. 8. I. Eat6ni Dodge. Polygamous ; leaves 30-200, 40-70 cm. long, 3-4 mm. in diameter, flat above ; stomata abundant ; bast-bundles usually present ; velum very narrow ; sporangia densely light-brown spotted, not filled by spores ; gynospores round below, upper half depressed, 300-450 fj. (average 390 At) in diameter, with labyrinthiform-convolute ridges ; androsporangia very rare, ISOETACEAE (QUILLWOKT FAMILY) 61 usually scattered among the gynosporangia, the spores 25-30 /A (average 28 /*) long, minutely tuberculate. Borders of ponds and streams, s. N. H. to N. J. Our largest species. 9. I. Gravdsii A. A. Eaton. Polygamous; leaves 20-150, 12-30 cm. long, 2-3 mm. in diameter, erect, reddish or dark green ; sporangia with an abundance of light brown cells, \-\ covered by the velum ; gynospores 351- 405 /j. in diameter, the upper hemisphere depressed, covered with short truncate single columns ; androspores 22-30 /* (average 26 /*) long, high-cristate or tuber- culate. Mass, to Ct. 10. I. Dodgei A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-75, the submersed 20-45 cm. long, 1.5-2 mm. wide, erect or spiral; emersed 10-15 cm. long, interlaced; stoinata many ; bast-bundles usually present ; sporangia sprinkled with light cells, \-\ covered by the velum ; gynospores 500-675 ft (average 560 ^) in diameter, sparsely beset with irregular often anastomosing walls ; androspores 22-44 p. (average 32 /*) long, wrinkled. (/. riparia, var. canadensis 9q T n , . Engelm: ; /. canadensis A. A. Eaton.) Firm soil, borders ' 8 p 0r e xl5 of ponds and streams, Me. to B. C., southw. to Pa. FIG. 29. Var. Robbinsii A. A. Eaton. Leaves 15-30, 10-38 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, dark green, rigidly erect, fine-pointed ; sporangia ^-^ indusiate, covered with brown cells ; gynospores 460-600 n (average 500 /*) in diameter, thickly beset with anastomosing jagged walls ; androspores 28.7-32.8 /* long, rough or slightly papillose. (/. canadensis, var. Robbinsii A. A. Eaton.) Borders of ponds and streams, s. Mass, to N. Y. 11. I. Engelmanni A. Br. Leaves 10-40, 1-4 dm. long, 1-2 mm. in diame- ter, light green ; sporangia unspotted, \ or less indusiate ; gynospores 350-570 /* (average 450 /*) in diameter, honeycomb-reticulated with thin walls ; androspores 24-29 /j. long, smooth. Ponds, streams, and ditches, mostly in clay, N. H. and Vt. to Pa. and Mo; mostly near the coast. FIG. 30. Var. GRACILIS Engelm. is an attenuate form in shade or deep water, x 15 Var - valida Engelm. Plants larger ; leaves 50-100, 3-6 dm. tall, 2-3 mm. wide, often with 6 bast-bundles ; sporangia -f indusiate ; gynospores 320-570 fj. (average 480 /A) in diameter ; androspores 4-30 ^ (average 28 /x) long, blunt-spinulose. N. J. to Va. Var. fontana A. A. Eaton. Trunk 1-2 cm. in diameter ; leaves 30-50, 15-20 cm. long, 2 mm. wide, erect, with many stomata and six large and sev- eral small bast-bundles ; velum narrow ; sporangia sparingly spotted with light- brown cells ; gynospores 400-750 ^ (average 500 /*) in diameter, covered with coarser more or less broken alveolations ; androspores as in the type. Pa. and Va. ; local. 12. I. melan6poda J. Gay. Polygamous; leaves 15-60, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad, 12-45 cm. tall, chestnut or black at base, with numerous peripheral bast- bundles ; sporangia less than indusiate, thickly spotted ; gynospores 250-400 /u, (average 330 /*) in diameter, nearly smooth or with low often confluent tubercles ; androspores 23-30 /j, (average 25 /*) long, spinulose. Inundated fields and shallow ponds, 111. and la. to Okl. and Cal. FIG. 31. Variety 31. I. melanopoda. PALLIDA Engelm. of the Southwest, occasionally found mixed Gynospore x 15. with the type in our range, differs only in having pale leaf-bases. 13. I. ButlSri Engelm. Dioecious; leaves 8-60, 7.5-22 cm. long, 0.5 mm. in diameter, rigid, triangular-setaceous, with wide dissepiments, narrow air- canals, and four stout bast-bundles ; sheaths granular on the backs ; velum none or very narrow ; sporangia mostly spotted ; gynospores 400-630 /j. (average 570 /A) in diameter, roughened with very small warts or fragmentary crests ; androspores 28-34 /* " long, coarsely tubercled. Moist hillsides and shallow depres- sions, 111. and Kan, toTenn. and Okl. FIG. 32. Var. IMMACUIATA Engelm. is a form without spots on the sporangia, growing with the typical form of the species. 62 TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY) DIVISION II. SPERMATOPHYTA (SEED-PLANTS, PHANEROGAMIA, OB FLOWERING PLANTS) Male generative cells (with rare extra-limital exceptions) passive, developing an elongated tube. Flowers with stamens, or pistils, or both. Normal reproduction by seeds containing an embryo or minute plant. TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY) Trees or shrubs, ours with evergreen linear leaves, and dioecious (or more rarely monoecious) flowers (borne on short scaly peduncles), the sterile globular, formed of a few naked stamens with anther-cells under a shield-like somewhat lobed connective, the fertile consisting of an erect ovule, which becomes a bony- coated seed more or less surrounded by a large fleshy disk (or scale). Now gen- erally treated as a family distinct from the Pinaceae. 1. TAXUS [Tourn.] L. YEW Annular disk of the fertile flowers cup-shaped, globular, at length pulpy, red, and berry-like. Cotyledons 2. Leaves flat, mucronate, rigid, scattered, 2- ranked. (The classical name, probably from rb^ov, a bow, the wood anciently used for bows.) 1. T. canadSnsis Marsh. (AMERICAN Y., GROUND HEMLOCK.) A low strag- gling bush ; stems diffuse (or rarely arborescent and 2 m. high) ; leaves linear, green on both sides. Evergreen woods, Nfd. to Va., la., and Man. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) Trees and shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly aid-shaped or needle-shaped entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers borne in or having the form of scaly catkins, of which the fertile become cones or berry-like. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. Mostly evergreen. In the following treatment the term catkin (or ament) is retained as the most convenient designation for the catkin-like aggregates of scales bearing or inclosing either stamens or ovules. The morphology of the coniferous inflorescence is still doubtful. It seems proba- ble that the staminate catkin is a single flower, but paleophytological evidence suggests that the ovule-bearing cones are inflorescences. Tribe I. ABIETEAE. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous open spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a persistent bract ; in fruit forming a cone. Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each scale, inverted. Seeds winged. Cotyledons 3-16. Anthers spirally arranged upon the stamineal column, which is subtended by involucral scales. Buds scaly. Leaves linear to needle-shaped. * Leaves in bundles of two or more. 1. Pinus. Leaves 2-5 in each bundle, evergreen. 2. Larix. Leaves many in each cluster, deciduous. * * Leaves solitary. *- Leaves keeled on both surfaces (tetragonal) ; scales of the cone persistent upon the axis. 3. Picea. Leaves not 2-ranked. -- +- Leaves flattish, whitened along two lines beneath. 4. Abies. Cone large (5-10 cm. long), the scales falling away before the axis. 5. TSUga. Cone small (12-35 mm. long), the scales persisting on the axis. PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 63 Tribe II. TAXODiEAE. Fertile flowers of several spirally arranged imbricated scales without bracts, becoming a globular woody cone. Ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale, erect. Leaves linear, alternate ; leaf-buds not scaly. 6. Taxodium. Seeds 2 to each scale. Leaves 2-ranked, deciduous. Tribe III. CUPRESSEAE. Scales of the fertile flower few, decussately opposite or ternate, becom- ing a small closed cone or sort of drupe. Ovules 2 or more in their axils, erect. Cotyledons fe (rarely more). Leaves decussately opposite or ternate, usually scale-like and adnate, the earlier free and subulate ; leaf-buds not scaly. * Monoecious ; fruit a small cone ; leaves opposite and more or less 2-ranked. 7. Chamaecyparis. Cone globose ; scales peltate. Seeds 1 or 2, narrowly winged. 8. Thuja. Cone pendulous, ellipsoid, of 8-12 imbricated scales. Seeds 2, 2-winged. * * Dioecious ; fruit berry -like, with bony ovate seeds. 9. Juniperus. Fruit-scales 3-6, coalescent. Foliage not 2-ranked. 1. PlNUS [Tourn.] L. PINE Filaments short ; connective scale-like ; anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united cells, the 2 lateral ones empty. Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated woody scales, which are persistent, spreading when ripe and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale. Cotyle- dons 3-12, linear. Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the secondary needle-shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Leaves when in pairs semicylindrical, becoming chan- neled ; when more than 2 triangular ; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring ; the cones maturing in the second autumn. (The classical Latin name.) Leaves 5 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thin . . . . . .1. P. Strobus. Leaves 2-3 in a fascicle ; cone-scales thickened at the end. Cone-scales unarmed. Leaves 9-16 cm. long; sheath 8-21 mm. long 10. P.resinosa. Leaves 4.5-6 cm. long ; sheath 2-5 mm. long ; resin-ducts in each leaf numerous, peripheral or nearly so 9. P. sylvestris. Leaves 1.5-4 cm. long ; resin-ducts mostly 2, deeply embedded in the leaf- tissue 7. P. Banksiana. Cone-scales armed with a sharp dorsal spine or prickle. Cone very large, 15-25 cm. long 11. P. palustris. Cone 8-12 cm. long. Spine of cone-scales stout, 5-6 mm. long 5. P.pungens. Spine of cone-scales smaller, 1-3 mm. long. Leaves somewhat rigid, 1.8-3 mm. broad. Leaves in 2's, 1.5-4 cm. long 7. P. Banksiana. Leaves in 3's, 5-12 cm. long 8. P. rigida. Leaves in 3's, 15-25 cm. long 4. P. serotina. Leaves flaccid, 0.7-1.5 mm. broad. Old cones when open subcylindric-ovoid, about 10 cm. long, usually shining 2. P. Taeda. Old cones when open broadly ovoid, 4-7 cm. long, dull. Spine of cone-scale 2-3 mm. long ; leaves in 2's, 4-8 cm. long . 6. P. virginiana. Spine of cone-scale minute, about 1 mm. long ; leaves in 2's or 8's, 7-13 cm. long 8. P. echinata. 1. P. Strbbus L. (WHITE P.) Tree 20-50 m. high ; leaves in 5's, very slender, glaucous ; sterile flowers oval (8-10 mm. long), with 6-8 involucral scales at base ; fertile catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindri- cal, nodding, often curved (1-1.5 dm. long); seed smooth; cotyledons 8-10. Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Ga., west to Man. and e. la. 2. P. Tadda L. (LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD P.) Leaves long (14-23 cm.), in 3's or sometimes 2's, with elongated sheaths, light green ; cone-scales tipped with a stout incurved spine. Wet clay, or dry sandy soil, s. N. J. to Fla., near the coast, thence to Tex. and Ark. A tree 15-45 m high , staminate flowers slender, 5 cm. long, usually with 10-13 involucral scales ; seeds with 3 strong rough ridges on the under side. 64 PIN ACE AE (PINE FAMILY) 3. P. rigida Mill. (PITCH P.) Leaves (5-12 cm. long) dark green, from short sheaths cones ovoid-conical or ovoid (3-9 cm. long), often in clusters ; scales with a short stout generally recurved prickle. Sandy or barren soil, N. B. to L. Ontario, e. Tenn., and n. Ga. A tree 10-25 in. high, with very rough dark bark and hard resinous wood ; sterile flowers shorter ; scales 0-8. 4. P. ser6tina Michx. (POND or MARSH P.) Similar to the last but readily distinguished by its much longer leaves (15-25. cm. in length) and sheaths, as well as the short more deciduous prickles of the cone. Coastal swamps, Va. (Harper} to Fla. 5. P. pungens Lamb. (TABLE MOUNTAIN P.) Leaves stout, short, in 2's or 3's (3-6 cm. long), crowded, bluish; the sheath short (very short on old foliage); the scales armed with a strong hooked spine. Allegheny Mts., N. J. and Pa., to Ga. and Tenn. A rather small tree (6-18 m. high) ; cones long- persistent. 6. P. virginiana Mill. (JERSEY or SCRUB P.) Leaves short (4-8 cm. long), in 2's; cones sometimes curved, the scales tipped with a straight or re- curved awl-shaped prickle. (P. inops Ait.) Barrens and sterile hills, L. I. to S.C., Ala., and s. Ind. A straggling tree (5-12 m. high), with spreading or drooping branchlets ; larger westward. Young shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. 7. P. Banksiana Lamb. (GRAY or NORTHERN SCRUB P.) Leaves in 2's, very short and thick (usually 2-3 cm. long), oblique, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved (4-5 cm. long), smooth, the scales pointless, or with a minute obsolescent prickle. (P. divaricata auth.) Barren, sandy, or rocky soil, N. S. to n. N. Y., w. to n. 111., Minn., and northw. A low tree, usually 5-10 (rarely 20) m. high. 8. P. echinata Mill. (YELLOW P.) Leaves in 2's or 3's, slender, mostly about 1 dm. long, with long sheaths; cone-scales with a minute weak prickle. (P. mitis Michx.) Usually dry or sandy soil, Staten I. to Kan., and southw. A straight tree (15-30 in. high), with dark green leaves more soft and slender than the preceding. The western form has more rigid leaves and more tubercu- late and spiny cones. 9. P. SYLVESTRIS L. (SCOTCH P., SCOTCH FIR.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ; cones 4-6 cm. long, the thickened rhombic scales with central tubercle but not spinous. Much cultivated, and thoroughly naturalized at some points on the N. E. coast. A valuable long-lived tree attaining considerable height, but the trunk rarely straight, the bark gray. (Nat. from Eu.) 10. P. resinbsa Ait. (RED P.) Leaves in 2's, dark green ; cones ovoid- conical, smooth (about 5 cm. long}, their scales slightly thickened, pointless; sterile flowers oblong-linear (12-18 mm. long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales which are early deciduous by an articulation above the base. Dry woods, Mass, to n. Pa., Mich., and Minn., and northw. A tall tree, with reddish rather smooth bark and hard wood, not very resinous. 11: P. paliistris Mill. (LONO-LEAVED, YELLOW, or GEORGIA P.) Leaves in 3's from long sheaths, very long, crowded at the summit of very scaly branches ; sterile flowers 6-8 cm. long, rose-purple ; cones large, cylindrical or conical- cylindric, the thick scales armed with a short recurved spine. (P. australis Michx. ) Sandy soil, s. Va. to Fla. and Tex. A large tree, with thin-scaled bark and exceedingly hard and resinous wood. 2. LARIX [Tourn.] Adans. LARCH Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on branches of a year's growth or more, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ; the fertile mostly with leaves below. Anther-cells opening transversely. Pollen- grains simple, globular. Cone-scales persistent. Leaves needle-shaped, Soft, deciduous, very many in a fascicle, developed in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The ancient name.) PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 65 1. L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch. (AMERICAN or BLACK L., TAMARACK, HACKMATACK.) Leaves 1-2.5 cm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.2-2 cm. long, of few rounded scales. (L. americana Michx.) Chiefly in cold swamps, Lab, and Nfd. to n. Pa., n. 111., centr. Minn., and far northw. A slender tree (8-30 m. high), with hard and very resinous wood. 2. L. DECI'DUA Mill. (L. europaea DC.), with longer leaves and larger cones, is often cultivated, and occasionally established, as in Ct. (Bissell). (Introd. from Eu.) 3. PfCEA Link. SPRUCE Sterile flowers on branchlets of the preceding year ; anthers tipped with a rounded recurved appendage, their cells opening lengthwise. Cones maturing the first year, becoming pendulous ; their scales thin, not thickened nor prickly- tipped, persistent. Leaves scattered, needle-shaped and keeled above and below (4-sided), pointing every way. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The classical Latin name of a pine. ) 1. P. canadgnsis (Mill.) BSP. (WHITE or CAT S.) Branchlets glabrous; leaves slender, pale or glaucous ; cones cylindrical, about 5 cm. long, deciduous, the thin scales with an entire edge. (P. alba Link.) N. S. and N. B. to N. Y., L. Superior and northw. A handsome tree (15-45 m. high), in aspect resem- bling the Balsam Fir. 2. P. riibra (DuRoi) Dietr. (RED S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves mostly slender, 12-15 mm. long, usually acute or acutish, dark green or yellowish green; cones elongated-ovoid, mostly 3-4 cm. long, clear brown or reddish brown, the scales rounded, entire or slightly erose. (P. rubens Sarg. ; P. australis Small.) Rocky upland woods, Nfd. to Pa.,s. in the Alleghenies to Ga., w. to Minn., and northw. A valued timber tree, 20-35 m. high. 3. P. mariana (Mill.) BSP. (BLACK or BOG S.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves short and thickish, mostly 6-10 (rarely 13) mm. long, pale bluish green, with strong whitish bloom ; cones short-ovoid or subglobose, 2-3 cm. long, dull grayish brown, persisting for several years ; the scales more decidedly erose, rounded or often somewhat narrowed toward the apex. (P. nigra Link ; P. brevifolia Peck.) Cold bogs and mountain slopes, Nfd. to N. J., along the Great Lakes and northw. Chiefly a low tree (8-12 in.) rarely attaining 30 m. in height. 4. P. ABIES (L.) Karst. (P. excelsa Link), the NORWAY S., often cultivated as a shade tree, and now established (ace. to Bissell) at several places in Ct., has subglabrous branchlets, slender sharp-pointed dark green glossy leaves, and large cones (1-1.5 dm. long). (Introd. from Eu.) 4. ABIES [fourn.] Hill. FIB Sterile flowers from the axils of last year's leaves ; anthers tipped with a knob, their cells bursting transversely ; pollen as in Pinus. Cones erect on the upper side of spreading branches, maturing the first year ; their thin scales and bracts deciduous at maturity. Seeds and bark with balsam-bearing vesicles. Leaves scattered, sessile, flat, with the midrib prominent on the whitened lower surface, on horizontal branches appearing 2-ranked. (The classical Latin name.) 1. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. (BALSAM or BALM-OF-GILEAD F.) Leaves narrowly linear, obtusely pointed or retuse (1-3.2 cm. long) ; cones cylindrical (G-10 cm. long ; 2-3 cm. thick), at first violet-colored ; the bracts obovate, serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, shorter than the scales. Damp woods and mt. swamps, Nfd. to Pa., along the mts. to Va., w. to centr. la., and northw. A slender tree or at high elevations a low or prostrate shrub. 2. A. Fras&ri (Pursh) Poir. Leaves narrowly linear, commonly retuse ; bracts of the cones dentate or erose-lacerate on the margin, often emargiuate and bearing a slender cusp at the apex, longer than the scales. Mts. of Va., and N. C. OKAY'S MANUAL 6 66 PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY) 5. TStFGA (Endl.) Carr. HEMLOCK Sterile flowers a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales ; anthers tipped with a short spur or knob, their confluent cells opening transversely ; pollen-grains simple. Cones on the end of last year's branchlets, maturing the first year, pendulous; their scales thin, persistent. Leaves scattered, flat, whitened beneath, appearing 2-ranked. (The Japanese name of one of the species.) 1. T. canadSnsis (L.) Carr. Leaves petioled, short-linear, obtuse, 8-13 mm. long ; cones ovoid, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, the scales suborbicular. (Abies Michx.) Mostly hilly or rocky woods, N. B. and N. S. to Del., and along the mts. to Ala., w. to Minn. A tall tree, with light and spreading spray and delicate foliage, bright green above, silvery beneath. 2. T. caroliniana Engelm. Leaves petioled, linear, 15-18 mm. long; cones ovoid, 2-3.5 cm. long ; scales oblong, in age loosely imbricated, widely and irregularly spreading. Mts. of Va. to Ga. 6. TAX6DIUM Richard. BALD CYPRESS Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile flowers spiked-panicled, of .few stamens ; filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at the base. Cotyledons 6-9. Trees, with light green deciduous leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in autumn. (Name compounded of rcios, the yew, and e?5os, resemblance, the leaves being yew-like.) 1. T. distichum (L.) Richard. Leaves linear and spreading; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets. Swamps, s. Del. to s. 111., Mo. and Tex. March, April. 7. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS Flowers monoecious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile flowers composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales de- cussate in pairs, bearing few (1-4) erect bottle-shaped ovules at base. Cone globular, firmly closed, but opening at maturity ; the scales thick, pointed or bossed in the middle ; the few angled or somewhat winged seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. Cotyledons 2 or 3. Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or ^ some awl-shaped closely appressed- imbricated leaves, distichous branchlets, and exceedingly durable wood. (From Xd;u,a, on the ground, and Kvirdpio-o-os, cypress.) 1. C. thyoides (L.) BSP. (WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves minute, pale, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated in 4 rows ; cones small (6-9 mm. in diameter) of about 3 pairs of scales; seeds slightly winged. (C. sphaeroidea Spach.) Swamps, s. N. H. to Fla. and Miss. A tree 10-25 m. high, resembling Arbor Vitae. Doubtfully indigenous in N. S., and said to have been originally collected in Canada by Kalm. 8. THtrjA L. ARBOR VITAE Flowers mostly monoecious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales (fixed by the base) each bearing 2 erect ovules; dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. Small evergreen trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, and closely imbricated small appressed persistent leaves ; these of two sorts, on different or successive branchlets ; one awl-shaped ; the other scale-like, blunt, short, and adnate to the branch. (Qvia or 6tfa, the ancient name of some resin-bearing evergreen.) TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) 67 1. T. occidentalis L. (ARBOR VITAE, WHITE CEDAR.) Leaves appressed- imbricated in 4 rows on the 2-edged branchlets ; scales of the cones pointless ; seeds broadly winged all round. Swamps and cool rocky banks, e. Que. to Pa., along the mts. to N. C., west to Minn, and Man. A tree 10-20 m. high, with pale shreddy bark, and light, soft, but very durable wood. 9. JUNiPERUS [Tourn.] L. JUNIPER Flowers dioecious, or occasionally monoecious, in very small lateral catkins. Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile catkins ovoid, of 3-6 fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a sort of berry, which is scaly-bracted underneath, bluish-black with white bloom. Seeds 1-3, ovate, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. Evergreen trees or shrubs. (The classical name.) 1. OXYCEDRUS Spach. Catkins axillary; leaves in whorls of 3, free and jointed at base, linear-subulate, prickly-pointed, channeled and white- glaucous above. 1. J. communis L. (COMMON J.) Arborescent, 2-4 m. high ; leaves thin, straight, long and relatively narrow (12-21 mm. in length, 1.5 mm. broad at the base), widely spreading, grayish beneath, needle-pointed ; berry subglobose, 6-8 mm. in diameter. Dry soil, e. Mass, (where rare) to Pa., Man., and south w. in the mts. to N. C. and N. Mex. (Eu.) Var. deprSssa Pursh. Decumbent, forming large mats, 3-10 dm. high and often several m. in diameter ; leaves 8-13 mm. long, straight or nearly so, sharp- pointed and with a white stripe beneath ; berry 6-10 mm. in diameter. (J. com- munis, var. canadensis Loud.; var. alpina Man. ed. 6, in part.) Common in poor, rocky soil, pastures, etc., Nfd. to Ct., along the Great Lakes and northwestw. Var. montana Ait. Very depressed and trailing ; leases short and relatively broad, curved, subappressed, 6-9 mm. long, 1.6-2 mm. broad, short-pointed, with a conspicuous white stripe beneath. (Var. alpina Gaud.; J. nana Willd.) Exposed rocky places, coast of n. Mass, (where doubtful) to Nfd. ; also in the Rocky Mts. and Alaska. (Eurasia.) 2. SABiNA Spach. Catkins terminal ; leaves mostly opposite, sometimes awl-shaped and loose, sometimes scale-shaped, appressed-imbricated and crowded, the latter with a resiniferous gland on the back. 2. J. horizontalis Moench. A procumbent, prostrate, or sometimes creeping shrub ; scale-like leaves acutely cuspidate ; berry on short recurved peduncles, 6-10 mm. in diameter. (J. Sabina, var. procumbens Pursh.) Rocky or sandy banks, borders of swamps, etc., Nfd. to N. E., N. Y., n. Minn., and north w. J. Sabina L., the SAVIN of Europe, has its scale-like leaves obtuse and more closely appressed. 3. J. virginiana L. (RED CEDAR or SAVIN.) From a shrub to a tree 15-25 m. high, pyramidal in form ; scale-like leaves obtuse or acutish, entire; berries on straight peduncles, about 6 mm. in diameter. Dry hills or deep swamps, s. Me., westw. and south w. Bark shreddy, and heart-wood red and aromatic. TYPHACEAE (CAT-TAIL FAMILY) Marsh or aquatic herbs, with nerved and linear sessile leaves, and monoecious flowers on a spadix, destitute of proper floral envelopes. Ovary 1-celled, with persistent style and elongated 1 -sided stigma ; cell 1-ovuled. Fruit nut-like. Seed suspended, anatropous; embryo straight in copious albumen. Root perennial. 68 SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY^ 1. TYPHA [Tourn.] L. CAT-TAIL FLAG Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the upper part consisting of stamens only, inserted directly on the axis, and intermixed with long hairs ; the lower part consisting of stipitate 1-celled ova- ries, the stipes bearing club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets minute, very long-stalked. Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Rootstocks creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems, erect, thickish. Flowering in summer. (Tixpv], the old Greek name.) 1. T. latifblia L. (COMMON CAT-TAIL.) Stout and tall (1-2 m. high), the flat sheathing leaves 6-23 mm. broad, exceeding the stem ; the staminate and dark brown pistillate parts of the spike (each 8-15 cm. long or more) usually contiguous, the latter at length 2.5 cm. in diameter ; pistillate flowers without bractlets ; stigma rhombic-lanceolate; pollen-grains in fours. In marshes, throughout temperate N. A. (Cosmop.) 2. T. angustifolia L. Leaves narrower (6-12 mm. broad), somewhat con- vex on the back ; pistillate and staminate parts of spike usually separated by a short interval, the fertile portion becoming 10-12 mm. in diameter; pollen- grains simple; pistillate flowers with a linear stigma and a hair-like bractlet slightly dilated at the summit. S. Me. to N. C. and westw., less frequent than the preceding, and mainly near the coast. (Eurasia, etc.) SPARGANIACEAE (BUR-REED FAMILY) Marsh or aquatic plants with alternate sessile linear ^-ranked leaves and monoecious flowers in globular sessile or pedunculate heads. Upper heads bear- ing sessile 3-androus naked flowers and minute scales irregularly interposed. The lower heads consisting of numerous sessile or shortly pediceled pistillate flowers with a calyx-like perianth of 3-6 linear or spatulate scales. Ovary 1-2-celled. Fruit obovoid or spindle-shaped, 1-2-seeded. 1. SPARGANIUM [Tourn.] L. BUR-REED Heads scattered along the upper part of the simple or sparingly branched leafy stem, the bracts caducous or the lower persisting and leaf-like. Perennials with fibrous roots and creeping horizontal rootstocks. Flowering through the summer. The fertile heads becoming bur-like from the divergent beaks, but the pistils at maturity falling away separately. (Name ancient, probably from (rwdpyavov, a band, in allusion to the ribbon-like leaves.) Fertile flowers closely sessile ; fruit broadly obovoid 1. S. eurycarpum. Fertile flowers shortly pedicellate ; fruit fusiform. Beak of fruit long and slender ; stigma linear. Pistillate heads strictly axillary. Mature fruits dull ; stigma 1-2 mm. long 2. S. americanum. Mature fruits lustrous ; stigma 2.5-4 mm. long 3. S. lucidum. One or more of the pistillate heads supra-axillary. Erect plants of rnuddy shores ; leaf-blades translucent and reticulated 4. S. diver sifolium. Distinctly aquatic ; leaves with long floating opaque blades. Achenes rather abruptly slender-beaked ; leaf-blades 1.5-4 mm. broad; stigrna rarely over 1.2 nlm. long 5. S. angustifolium. Achenes gradually acuminate ; leaf-blades 49 mm. broad ; stigma 1.5-2 mm. long 6. 8. simplex. Beak of fruit stouter and falcate or short and conical or none ; stigma ovoid or oblong. Fruiting heads 2 cm. in diam. ; beak gladiate-falcate . . . .7. S.fluctuam. Fruiting heads 1 cm. in diam. Beak short, conical 8. 8. minimum. Beak none, stigma sessile 9. S. fiyperboreum. 1. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Stems stout, erect (8-13 dm. high) ; leaves mostly flat and merely keeled ; pistil attenuate into a short style bearing 1 or 2 elongated stigmas ; fruit heads 2-6 or more, 2-3 cm. in diameter ; fruit angled, often NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 69 2-seeded, 7-8 mm. long when mature, with a broad and depressed or retusv sum- mit abruptly tipped in the center. Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, N. S. and Me., south w., and westw. to the Pacific, chiefly at low altitude. 2. S. americanum Nutt. Stoutish, 3-7 dm. high ; leaves thin and soft, 6-12 mm. broad; bracts divaricate or arcuate-ascending; inflorescence strictly simple ; pistillate heads all axillary, sessile or nearly so, in fruit 1.8-2.6 cm. in diameter; fruit dull, the beak 2.5-4 mm. long. (/&'. simplex, var. Nuttallii Engelm.) Bogs and muddy shores, N. B. to la. and Va. (E. Asia.) Var. andr6cladum (Engelrn.) Fernald & Eames. Inflorescence bearing from its lower axils 1-2 weak branches. {S. simplex, var. Engelm.) Similar places, Nfd. to Minn., Mo., and Fla. 3. S. lucidum Fernald & Eames. Similar, but taller (7.5-9 dm. high) ; leaves firmer, strongly carinate, much overtopping the simple or forking inflo- rescence ; pistillate heads in maturity 3 cm. or more in diameter ; fruit lustrous, the beak 5-7 mm. long. Muddy shores, Mass, to Pa. ; also 111. and Mo. 4. S. diversifblium Graebner. Erect, stoutish, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves delicate, cellular-reticulated, 4-9 mm. wide, with a broad scarious margin toward the base ; heads chiefly sessile at least the lower supra-axillary, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. (8. simplex Man. ed. 6, in great part.) E. Que. to Ct. and S. Da,k. Var. acaule (Beeby) Fernald & Eames. Dwarf, 1-3 dm. high ; pistillate heads smaller, 1.5-2 cm. in diameter, mostly crowded. (Var. nanum Graebner.) Nfd. tola, and W. Va. 5. S. angustif61ium Michx. Slender aquatic; stems 3-12 dm. long; leaves exceedingly long and narrow, opaque; inflorescence simple; heads somewhat supra-axillary, the lower ones often peduncled, in fruit 1.3-2 cm. in diameter. Ponds and slow streams, Nfd. to N. E., westw. and northw. to Ore. and Alaska. 6. S. simplex Huds. Coarser and in America distinctly aquatic ; stems 3-10 dm. long ; leaves 4-9 mm. broad ; inflorescence simple, elongated ; heads mostly supra-axillary, the lowermost long-peduncled, in fruit 2-2.5 cm. in diameter. Nfd. and n. N. E. to Cal., and northw. (Eu.) 7. S. fluctuans (Morong) Robinson. Of medium size for the genus, 0.5-1 m. high ; leaves 7-12 mm. broad ; inflorescence branched ; each of 2 or 3 branches bearing 3-5 heads, usually but 1-3 of the lowermost fertile ; these at maturity 2 cm. in diameter ; nutlets with outer coat of firm texture, beaked by a persistent gladiate-falcate style, tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. (S. androcla- dum, var. fluctuans Morong, at least in part ; 8. simplex, var. fluitans Engelm.) Margins of cool lakes, usually at a depth of about 1 m., n. N. B. and adjacent Que. to Pa. and Minn. 8. S. minimum Fries. Slender, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves grass-like, flat, thin, usually floating, 2-4 mm. broad ; inflorescence simple ; heads mostly sessile, the fertile at length 1 cm. in diameter ; the nutlets smooth, conically narrowed to a short but slender straightish beak tipped with a short ovoid or oblong stigma. Cold shallow water, N. B. to Pa., Mich., Col., Wash., and northw. (Eurasia.) 9. S. hyperbbreum Laestad. Slender, flexuous, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 1-4 mm. broad, the cauline somewhat saccate at the base ; inflorescence simple ; the lower heads usually peduncled, in fruit 8-10 mm. in diameter ; nutlets obovoid, rounded at the summit and tipped with a sessile short-oblong stigma. Cape Breton (ace. to Macoun) and northw. to Greeul. (N. Eurasia.) NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) Marsh or mostly immersed aquatic herbs, with stems jointed and leafy, leaves sheathing at base or stipulate, and flowers perfect or unisexual, often spatha- ceous, with perianth of 4 or 6 herbaceous distinct valvate segments, or mem- branous and tubular or cup-shaped, or none. Stamens 1, 2, 4, or 6, with extrorse anthers. Ovaries 1-6, distinct, 1-celled, usually 1-ovuled, in fruit indehiscent. 70 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) * Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered ; anthers 4 or 2, sessile ; leaves alternate. 1. Potamogeton. Spike peduncled. Sepals 4, herbaceous. Anthers 4. Ovaries 4, sessile. 2. Ruppia. Flowers on an inclosed spadix, at length long-exserted, without perianth. Anther- cells 4, distinct. Ovaries 4, becoming stipitate. * * Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, naked, monandrous ; leaves opposite (alternate in n. 4). 3. Zannichellia. Monoecious. Pistils (2-5) from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath. 4. Zostera. Pistils and stamens alternate in 2 vertical rows on the inner side of a leaf-like in- closed spadix. Stigmas 2, linear. Stem creeping. 5. Najas. Dioecious. Pistil solitary, naked. Stamen inclosed in a membranous spathe. Stems floating, with opposite or ternate leaves. 1. POTAMOGETON [Tourn.] L. POND WEED. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals ; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one), with an ascending cainpylotro- pous ovule ; stigma sessile or on a short style. Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed ; endocarp (seed) crustaceous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleate, the radicular end pointing downward. Herbs of ponds and streams, with jointed mostly rooting stems, and 2-ranked leaves, which are usually alternate or imperfectly opposite ; the submersed ones pellucid, the floating ones often dilated and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of 7roTa/x,6s, a river, and yeirwv, a neighbor, from the place of growth.) By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ; by seed, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All measurements are from dried specimens. The month mentioned indicates the time of ripening of the fruit. a. Leaves of two sorts ; floating ones more or less coriaceous, with a dilated petioled blade, different in form from the thinner sub- mersed ones &. 6. Submersed leaves filiform or very narrowly linear, at most 2 mm. wide c. c. Spikes all alike, cylindrical d . d. Blades of floating leaves 2.5 cm. or more long, mostly shorter than the elongate petioles ; spikes 1.5 cm. or more long. Seed with a depression on each side 1. P. natcvns, Seed with plane sides, not at all impressed . . . 2. P. Oakesianus. d. Blades of floating leaves less than 1.5 cm. long, equaling or longer than the petioles ; spikes less than 1 cm. long. Fruit compressed, distinctly keeled, tipped by the curved style 27. P. Vaseyi. Fruit plump, slightly grooved on the sides, but not keeled ; stigma nearly sessile 26. P. lateraUs. c. Spikes of two kinds ; one emersed, cylindrical, and many-flowered, the other submersed, globular, and few-flowered. Peduncles of the submersed spikes equaling or exceeding the spikes 32. P. hybridus. Peduncles shorter than the submersed spikes . . . . 33. P. dimorphus. I). Submersed leaves lanceolate to ovate, if linear more than 2 mm. wide e. e. Submersed leaves linear and ribbon-like, with a broad coarsely cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib . . . 4. P. epihydrus. e. Submersed leaves broader /. /. Principal floating leaves heart-shaped at base. Fruit 3-4 mm. long, compressed, and distinctly 3-keeled . . 7. P. pulcher. Fruit 1.5-2 mm. long, plump, and obscurely 3-keeled . 3. P. polygonifolius f. Floating leaves rounded or tapering at base, not heart-shaped g. g. Floating leaves 30-50-nerved 8. P. amplifolius. g. Floating leaves with fewer nerves h. h. Mature fruit 2.5 mrn. or more long i. i. Mature spikes 4-5.5 crn. long (if rarely shorter, with floating leaves 18-24- nerved). Submersed leaves mucronate 11. P. angustifolius Submersed leaves merely acuminate. Submersed leaves broadly lanceolate or oblong-ellipti- cal ; fruit tipped by the prominent style . 9. P. illinoensis. Submersed leaves narrowly lanceolate ; fruit tipped by the nearly sessile stigma 6. P. americanus. NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 71 i. Mature spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long (if rarely longer, with float- ing leaves 10-18-nerved). Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 3 or 4 carpels of each flower usually ripening . . . 5. P. Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening 10. P. h. Mature fruit 1.5-2 mm. long 3. P. a. Leaves all submersed and similar j. j. Leaves lanceolate, oblong or broader k. k. Leaves sessile or short-petioled, not clasping I. 1. Leaves finely and sharply serrulate 18. P. I. Leaves entire, but sometimes with puckered or undulate, not serrulate, margins m. m. Mature spike 3.8-5.5 cm. long. Fruit distinctly 3-keeled 11. P. Fruit with rounded, scarcely keeled sides . . . . 12. P. m. Mature spike shorter n. n. Spike more than 1 cm. long. Foliage and spikes strongly suffused with red ; 8 or 4 car- pels of each flower usually ripening . . . 5. P. Foliage and spikes greenish ; 1 (rarely 2) carpels ripening 10. P. n. Spike 4-7 mm. long 17. P. k. Leaves clasping or half-clasping o. o. Leaves half-clasping, elongate, with rounded cucullate tips ; stipules conspicuous and persistent ; fruit sharply keeled alpinus. heterophyllus. polygonifolius. angustifoUus. lucens. alpinus. heterophylhta. mysticus. 13. P. praelongus. 16. P. buplewoides. epihydrus. 4. P. o. Leaves cordate-clasping, if elongate with tapering plane tips ; stipules inconspicuous or soon reduced to shreds; fruit rounded on the back or obtusely keeled p. p. Leaves undulate or crisped, with 3-7 prominent nerves ; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persisting as shreds; leaves lance- attenuate 14. P. Richardsonii. Stipules short and inconspicuous ; leaves from suborbicular to oblong-lanceolate 15. P. perfoliatus. p. Leaves flat, scarcely crisped, with 1 prominent nerve; fruit 2.5-3.2 mm. long; stipules, when developed, short and inconspicuous j. Leaves linear to setaceous q. q. Leaves ribbon-like, 2 mm. or more wide, with a broad coarsely cellular-reticulate space each side of the midrib .... q. Leaves narrower, if occasionally 2 mm. wide, without a broad cellular-reticulate space r. r. Leaves free from the stipules, or, if slightly ad n ate to them, bearing globose subsessile or short-stalked spikes in their axils s. s. Fruit flat, cochleate ; the globular spikes borne in the axils of the principal leaves. Peduncles equaling or exceeding the spikes . . . . 32. P. Peduncles shorter than the spikes 83. P. s. Fruit plump; spikes terminal or borne on the uppermost branches t. t. Principal leaves more than 1 mm. broad u. u. Leaves with very many fine nerves. Spikes many-flowered, in fruit 1.5-3 cm. long . . 19. P. Spikes 4-8-flowered, in fruit 5-8 mm. long . . .20. P. u. Leaves with 3-7 nerves . v. Mature fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. Stipules 0.5-1 cm. long; leaves acute; spikes capitate 21. P. Hillii. Stipules 1.2-2 cm. long ; leaves obtuse, mucronate ; spikes subcylindric-ovoid 22. P. obtusifolius. V. Mature fruit 2-3 mm. long w. w. Bases of the leaves bearing translucent glands ; fruit hybridus. dimorplws. zosterifoUiks. acutifolius. plump, obscurely or bluntly keeled. Leaves 5-7-nerved ; stipules 1-2 cm. 1 long 28. P. 25. P. Friesii. pusillus. Leaves 3-nerved ; stipules less than 1 cm. long w. Bases of leaves glandless ; fruit flattened, with a thin keel or crest (80) P.foUo8W,\.niagaren8i8. t. Principal leaves less than 1 mm. broad OD. x. Plant bearing winter-buds formed by the hardened ends of branches closely invested by imbricated leaves and stipules y. y. Winter-buds borne primarily on very short axillary branches. Leaves of the winter-buds widely divaricate . Leaves of the winter-buds loosely ascending y. Winter-buds borne at the tips of elongate branches. Leaves bristle-form, with very fine slender tips . Leaves flat or revolute, acute or short-acuminate. Leaves rigid, revolute ; winter-buds 1-2 cm. long Leaves soft ; winter-buds about 1 cm. long 26. 27. lateralis. Vaseyi, 28. P. gemmiparus. 25. strictifotiits. pusillus. 72 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) flj. Plant without winter-buds. Leaves bi-glandular at base. Stipules 1-2 cm. long, persistent ..... 29. P. rutilus. Stipules less than 1 cm. long, scarcely persistent . 25. P. pusillus. Leaves glandless at base. Spikes short-peduncled, axillary ; leaves broader than the diameter of the stems ..... 30. P. follows. Spikes long-peduncled, terminal ; leaves narrower than the diameter of the stems ..... 81. P. confervoides. r. Stipules united with the sheathing base of the leaf; spikes inter- rupted 8. 0. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide, entire. Stigma broad and depressed, sessile. Stigma nearly central, the ventral face of the fruit curved ; leaves filiform, taper-pointed ...... 34. P.filiformis. Stigma nearly in line with the straightish ventral face of the fruit ; leaves narrowly linear, with blunt or rounded tips ........... 35. P. interior. Stigina capitate, tipping the definite style. Fruit not keeled ......... 36. P. Fruit prominently keeled ....... 37. P. interruptus. ves 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate-serrulate . Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate-serrulate ..... 38. P. Robbinsii. 1. P. natans L. Stem simple or sparingly branched ; floating leaves 2.5-10 cm. long, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a blunt point, 21-29-nerved, flexible at base, as if jointed to the petiole ; upper sub- mersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing, the lower (later in the season) very slender (7-18 cm. long, barely 2 mm. wide) ; upper stipules very long, acute; peduncle about the thickness of the stem; spikes 3-6 cm. long; fruit obliquely obovoid ; sides of the turgid seed with a small deep impression in the middle ; embryo coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. Ponds and quiet streams, common. July-Sept. (Widely distr. in temp, and subtrop. regions. ) 2. P. Oakesianus Robbins. Stem more slender, much branched; floating leaves smaller (2-5 cm. long), ovate- or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, fewer (17-23)- nerved ; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (barely 1 mm. wide), continu- ing through the flowering season ; spikes shorter (1.5-3 cm. long), on peduncles much thicker than stem; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the seed not at all impressed; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex directed to a point above its base. Ponds, and especially pools and quiet streams, local, Anticosti to n. N. Y. and N. J. July-Sept. 3. P. polygonif&lius Pourret. Stem slender, freely creeping, and sending up short leafy branches; floating leaves elliptic-lanceolate to cordate-ovate, rather thin, 2.5-9 cm. long, 1-4 cm. broad, 11-33-nerved, not apparently jointed to the petioles ; submersed leaves (when present) lanceolate, short, mostly exceeding the petioles ; stipules blunt, 2-4 cm. long ; spikes 2-4 cm. long, very slender ; fruit plump, 3-keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long. Shallow pools, Sable I., N. S. and Nfd. Aug. (Greenl., Eurasia, A fr., Austr.) 4. P. epihydrus Raf. Stems compressed, often simple from the creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (3-7.5 cm. long, 1-2.5 cm. broad), 11-27 -nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrow- ing and passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approxi- mate, conspicuously 2-ranked (5-13 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide}, 5-1 -nerved, the lateral nerves slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular-reticulated ; stipules very obtuse ; spikes numerous, about the length of the thickened peduncle ; fruit round-obovoid, flattish, 3-keeled when dry, 2.5-3.5 mm. long ; seed distinctly impressed on the sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. perisylvanicus Willd. ; P. Nuttallii C. & S.) Still or flowing water. July-Sept. Var. cayug6nsis (Wiegand) Benn. Stouter ; floating leaves 5-8 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, 29-4l-nerved ; submersed ones less distichous, 1.2-2.2 dm. long, 0.5-1 cm. wide, 9-T3-nerved ; fruit 3.5-4.5 mm. long. N. B. and Que. to Wash., s. to centr, N. Y., Mich., and la. (Japan.) 5. P. alpinus Balbis. Stems mostly simple ; floating leaves (often wanting) 3.5-8 cm. long, rather thin, wedge-oblanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 11-21-nerved ; submersed leaves almost sessile, lanceolate and lance-oblong, NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 73 smooth on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, upper ones acuminate ; spike 1.5-3.5 cm. long, often somewhat compound ; fruit obovoid, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute margin and pointed with the rather long style; embryo incompletely annular. (P. rufescens Schrad.) In streams or ponds, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Mass., N. J., Mich., Minn., Utah, and Cal. July-Sept. (Greenl., Eurasia.) x P. FAX6NI Morong from Ferrisburg, Vt., and x P. RECTiFdLius Benn. from Chicago, 111., are infertile hybrids of nos. 5 and 6. 6. P. americanus C. & S. Stem often branching below ; floating leaves thin- nish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, long-petioled, 4-11 cm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, 17-23-nerved ; submersed leaves very long (0.8-3 dm. long, 0.4-2.5 cm. wide), lanceolate and lance-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened upward ; fruit obliquely obovoid, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh, and distinctly so when dry, the middle keel winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow indentations ; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style ; seed with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper part of the embryo circularly incurved. (P. fluitans Man. ed. 6, not Roth ; P. lonchites Tuckerm.) In streams or rarely in ponds, N. B. to B. C. and southw. Aug., Sept. (Eurasia, n. Afr., W. I.) Var. noyaeboracSnsis (Morong) Benn. Floating leaves large and thick, broadly elliptic, rounded or obtuse at apex and base, 2.5-4.5 cm. wide. Ct. to Wise. (Eu.) 7. P. piilcher Tuckerm. Stem simple (very rarely branched), black-spotted ; leaves of three kinds ; floating ones becoming very large (4.5-11) cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide), roundish-ovate and cordate or ovate-oblong, 25-37-nerved, all alternate; upper submersed ones (3-5) usually lanceolate, acute at base and very long-acuminate, 10-15-nerved, very thin, cellular each side of the midrib, undulate, short-petioled ; lowest (2-4 near the base of the stem) thicker, plane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-oblong, on longer petioles ; peduncles thicker than the stem ; spikes 2-4 cm. long ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed, distinctly 3-keeled when fresh, sharply so when dry ; seed with two deep dorsal furrows, and a sinus below the angle in front ; sides flat ; embryo circularly much incurved above. Ponds, local, s. Me. to Fla. ; and near St. Louis, Mo. June, July. 8. P. amplif61ius Tuckerm. Stems simple, of very variable length ; float- ing leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oblong, lance-ovate or broadly elliptic, abruptly acutish, 30-50-nerved, on rather long petioles ; submersed leaves often very large (0.8-2 dm. long, 2.5-7 cm. broad), lanceolate or oval, acute at each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules very long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened upward, in deep water much elongated ; spikes 3.5-8 cm. long; fruit very large (4-5.5 mm. long), rather obliquely obovoid, 3-keeled, with a broad stout beak ; seed slightly impressed on the sides ; upper part of the embryo curved into a ring. Ponds and rivers, N. S. to B. C., s. to N. J., Ky., Kan., and Cal. July-Sept- 9. P. illino6nsis Morong. Stem stout, branching towards the summit ; floating leaves opposite, oval or elliptic (0.5-1.5 dm. long, 4-9 cm. broad), 19-27-nerved, rounded or narrowed at base, with a short blunt point, on short petioles ; submersed leaves oblong-elliptical, acute at each end, usually ample (1-2 dm. long) ; stipules coarse, obtuse, strongly bicarinate (5-7 cm. long) ; peduncles often clustered at the summit, thickening upward; spikes 4-5 cm. long ; fruit roundish-obovate (3.5-4.5 mm. long), 3-keeled on the back, middle keel prominent ; seed flattened and slightly impressed on the sides, obtuse or pointed at base ; apex of embryo directed transversely inward. Streams and ditches, 111., la., and Minn. July, Aug. 10. P. heterophyllus Schreb. Stem slender, very branching below ; floating leaves mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-17-nerved, 1.5-7 cm. long, 0.5-2.6 cm. wide; submersed ones lanceolate, oblanceolate or linear- lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed toward the base, somewhat stiffish, 2.5-8 cm. long, 0.2-1.3 cm. wide, about 7-nerved on the stem and .3-nerved on the branches ; upper ones petioled, lower sessile ; stipules obtuse, loose ; pedun- 74 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) cles somewhat thickened upward, mostly less than 1 dm. long ; fruit small (2.5-3 mm. long), roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; embryo annular above. Still or flowing water, common. July-Sept. (Greenl. , Eurasia. ) Varies ex- ceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, etc. Forma GRAMINIFOLIUS (Fries) Morong. Steins much elongated and less branched, and the flaccid linear-lanceolate submersed leaves 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikes 1.5-3 cm. long. Forma LONGIPEDUNCULATUS (Merat) Morong. Subsimple, the inter- nodes very elongate (the uppermost 1-3 dm. long) ; submerged leaves lanceo- late ; peduncles 1-2.5 dm. long. Nfd. to Ct., Mich., and westw. Forma MYRIOPHYLLUS (Bobbins) Morong. Sending up from running rootstocks many short repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slen- der; floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles; submersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing; those of the branches (deep green) linear-oblanceolate, very small (1.5-3 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), acute; spike slender, loosely flowered, 1.2-2.5 cm. long. N. E. Forma MAXIMUS Morong. Floating leaves 0.6-1.6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, very acute ; sub- mersed leaves 0.5-1.6 dm. long, 0.6-1.6 cm. wide, 5-9-nerved. Forma TERRES- TRIS Schlecht. Freely creeping in exsiccated places, producing numerous very short branches which bear tufts of oblong or oval coriaceous leaves but no fruit. Que. and N. E. 11. P. angustifblius Berchtold & Presl. Resembling P. lucens, but smaller, slender, much branched at base ; upper leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, long- petioled and sometimes emersed, 0.4-1 dm. long, 1-2.5 cm. wide, 13-21-nerved ; the others subsessile, all usually numerous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, mucro- nate, undulate and crisped, shining, 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 0.5-3 cm. broad, 7-17- nerved; stipules obtuse, 1.5-4 cm. long; peduncle elongated ; fruit distinctly 3-keeled, 3-4 mm. long. (P. Zizii Mertens & Koch.) Lakes, rarely streams, local, Mass, to Mich., westw. and south w. June-Sept. (W. I., Eurasia, Afr.) Var. CONNECTICUTENSIS (Robbins) Benn. Larger throughout ; leaves all sub- mersed ; fruit 4-4.5 mm. long. (P. lucens, var. Robbins.) Lakes, Vt., Ct., and e. N. Y. x P. SPATHAEFORMIS Tuckerm. (P. spathulaeformis Morong) in Mystic Pond, Medford, Mass., is an infertile hybrid of nos. 11 and 10. 12. P. lucens L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large ; leaves all submersed and similar, more or less petioled, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often crisped, frequently shining, 6-20 cm. long, about 13-nerved ; peduncles often elongated ; fruit roundish and compressed, with obtuse margins, scarcely keeled; embryo circularly incurved above. Ponds, local, N. S. to Fla., w. to the Pacific. Aug.-Oct. (Mex., W. I., Eurasia, n. Afr.) 13. P. prae!6ngus Wulf . Stem white, very long, branching, flexuous ; leaves bright green, lance-oblong or lanceolate (0.5-3 dm. long), half-clasping, obtuse with a boat-shaped cavity at the extremity, thence splitting on pressure ; stipules white, scarious, very obtuse, 1.5-8 cm. long ; peduncles very long (some- times reaching 5 dm.); spikes rather loose-flowered ; fruit obliquely obovoid, compressed, sharply keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long; style terminating the nearly straight face ; curve of the embryo oval and longitudinal. Ponds and lakes, N. S. to B. C., s. to Ct., N. J., the Great Lakes, la., Mont., and Cal. Fruiting in June and July, withdrawing the stems to deep water to mature the fruit. (Eurasia. ) 14. P. Richardsbnii (Benn.) Rydb. Stem branching ; leaves long-lanceolate from a cordate-clasping base, acuminate, wavy, pale bright green, 3-11 cm. long, 13-23-nerved ; stipules conspicuous, at least as shreds ; peduncles thick- ened upward, of somewhat spongy texture, elongating sometimes to 1 dm. or more; spikes 1.5-3.5 cm. long; fruit irregularly obovoid, distinctly beaked, obscurely 3-keeled, 4 mm. long, the green epicarp puckered in drying. (P. perfoliatus, var. lanceolatus Robbins.) Quiet water, Que. to Mackenzie and B. C., s. to N. E., N. Y., the Great Lake region, Neb., etc. July-Sept. 15. P. perfoliatus L. Similar ; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceolate from a cordate-clasping base, usually obtuse and crisped, 2-6 cm. long, 1 5-27 -nerved; stipules rarely developed, less than 1 cm. long; peduncles spongy and thickish, NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 75 3-4 cm. long; spikes 2-2.5 cm. long; fruit similar. Ponds and slow streams, local, N. E. to the Great Lakes. Sept., Oct. (Eu.) 10. P. bupleuroides Fernald. Very slender, branching ; leaves orbicular to lanceolate, obtuse, flat, not crisped, drying blackish green or bronze, 1-3.5 cm. long, 7 -17 -nerved; stipules rarely developed, appressed and inconspicuous ; peduncles slender, scarcely spongy, 2-6 cm. long; spikes 0.7-2 cm. long; fruit narrowly obovoid, 2.5-3.2 mm. long, the sides flat and deeply pitted, the back rounded, slightly 3-keeled ; style slender and prominent ; the olive or brownish epicarp closely investing the seed. (P. perfoliatus Man. ed. 6, in part, not L.) Brackish, occasionally fresh, ponds and quiet streams, Nfd. and e. Que. to Fla., rarely inland to w. N. Y. and Mich. July-Sept. x P. NITENS Weber and plants closely simulating it in America are infertile and appear to be hybrids of no. 10 with no. 14, 15, or 16. 17. P. mysticus Morong. Stem very slender and irregularly branching, nearly filiform ; leaves oblong-linear (1.5-4 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide), 5-7- nerved, finely undulate and entire, obtuse or bluntly pointed, abruptly nar- rowing at base, sessile or partly clasping ; spikes few, capitate (4-6-rlowered) , on erect peduncles ; fruit (immature) obovoid, small (less than 2 mm. long), obscurely %-keeled on the back, a little beaked by the slender recurved style. Locally in brackish ponds, Mass, and Md. Infertile, and probably a hybrid of nos. 16 and 25. 18. P. CRfspus L. Stem compressed; leaves linear-oblong, sessile or half- clasping, obtuse, serrulate, crisped-wavy, 3-5-nerved ; fruit long-beaked; upper portion of the embryo incurved in a large circle. Fresh or brackish waters, Mass, to Ont. and Va. June, July. Propagating chiefly by bur-like winter- buds formed by hardened abbreviated branches and indurated bases of leaves. (Nat. from Eu.) 19. P. zosterifblius Schumacher. Stem branching, wing-flattened; leaves linear and grass-like (0.5-2 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), abruptly pointed, with many fine and 3 larger nerves ; stipules oblong, very obtuse ; spikes cylindrical, 12-15- flowered, not half so long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovoid, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, somewhat keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not im- pressed, the face arching and terminated by the short style ; summit of the large embryo lying transverse to the fruit. Still and slow-flowing waters, N. B. to B. C. , s. to N. J. , the Great Lake region, la., etc. June-Aug. Freely propa- gating by large winter-buds. (Eurasia.) 20. P. acutif61ius Link. Similar ; leaves many-nerved, sharp-acuminate ; spikes globose, 4-S-flowered ; fruit conspicuously crested, the sides flat. Col- lected at Lancaster, Pa. , by Muhlenberg nearly a century ago ; not since found in Am. July, Aug. (Eurasia, Austr.) 21. P. Hillii Morong. Stem slender, widely branching, flattish ; leaves linear, acute (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 1-2.2 mm. wide), &-nerved, the lateral nerves delicate and near the margin ; stipules whitish, striate, obtuse ; spikes capitate (3-6-fruited), on short spreading or recurved peduncles ; fruit as in the last, but the sides rounded. Lakes and ponds, Ct. to Pa., Mich., and Ont. July, Aug. 22. P. obtusifblius Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching ; leaves linear, tapering toward the base, obtuse and mucronate, 1.5-3.5 mm. broad, ^(rarely 5 or 7)-nerved, bearing 2 large translucent glands at base ; spike con- tinuous, 5-8-flowered (8-24-f raited, most of the carpels maturing), about the length of the peduncle ; fruit ovoid, apiculate with the style, not keeled when fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to the fruit. Clear streams and ponds, e. Que. to Athabasca, s. to e. N. Y., Pa., Mich., Wise., Minn., and Wyo. July-Sept. Freely propagating by large winter-buds. (Eurasia.) 23. P. Fridsii Rupr. Resembling no. 25 ; stem more flattened and less branching; leaves broader (1-3 mm. wide), 5-7 '-nerved; winter-buds abundant; stipules conspicuous, white-hyaline ; glands small and dull ; spikes interrupted, in fruit 0.8-1.6 cm. long. (P. mucronatus Man. ed. 6, not Schrad.?) Local, P. E. I. to B.C., s. to Ct., N. Y., Mich., Wise., Minn., and N. Dak. July, Aug. (Eu.) 76 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 24. P. strictifblius Benn. Stems slender, wiry, simple below, freely and stiffly branched above, the ascending branches mostly tipped by large winter- buds; leaves spreading-ascending, very rigid, 2-3.5 cm. long, 0.4-1 mm. wide, revolute, 3-nerved, the central nerve prominent ; stipules as long as the upper internodes, appressed and veiny; peduncles rigid; spikes slightly interrupted, 6-10 mm. long, 3-8-fruited ; fruit obliquely ellipsoidal, 2 mm. long, plump and rounded on the back, the style nearly in line with the straightish ventral face. (P. pusillus, var. pseudo-rutilus Benn.) Que. to e. Mass., and Mich. July- Sept. Perhaps a variety of no. 25. 25. P. pusillus L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, often very branching; leaves narrow-linear, acute or subacute, 2-6 cm. long, 0.5-1.5 mm. wide, 3-nerved, furnished with translucent glands on each side at the base ; win- ter-buds occasional ; stipules at first obtuse, soon deciduous ; spikes interrupted or capitate, 2-10-flowered, on rather long (0.5-3 cm.) peduncles ; fruit obliquely ellipsoid, scarcely keeled, 1.5-2 mm. long; apex of embryo incurved and directed obliquely downward. Pools, ditches, and ponds, generally distr. July-Sept. (Eurasia, Trop. Am.) Passing freely to the following varieties. Var. tenuissimus Mertens & Koch. Leaves setaceous, 0.2-0.5 mm. wide, 1- 3-nerved. Range of species. Var. polyphyllus Morong. A dwarf bushy-branched sterile plant, bearing very abundant winter-buds. Ponds, Me. and Mass. Var. capitatus Benn. Internodes very long, mostly much exceeding the leaves; peduncles elongate, mostly 3-6 cm. long. P. E. I. and N. S. to Sask., B. C., and Ore. Var. Sturr6ckii Benn. Leaves obtuse, pellucid and bright green, 0.8-2 mm. broad ; fruit smaller than in the species. Gasp^ Co., Que., to Ct. 26. P. lateralis Morong. Plants of two sorts, only the fruiting producing floating leaves ; stem filiform, branching ; floating leaves elliptical (0.8-1.2 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide), with 5-7 nerves deeply impressed beneath, tapering into a somewhat dilated petiole; submersed leaves linear, acute (2.5-7 cm. long, 0.2- 0.9 mm. wide), 1-3-nerved, the midnerve with fine veins or cellular reticula- tions on each side, bi-glandular at base ; stipules short, deciduous ; peduncles widely spreading at maturity, sometimes even recurved, often thicker than the stem ; spikes often interrupted (2-4-flowered) ; fruit obliquely obovoid (hardly 2 mm. long), the back much curved, with two fine grooves upon it ; embryo oval in its curve, the apex nearly touching the base. Mass, and Ct. to Mich. ; rare. July, Aug. Undeveloped specimens resemble no. 25. Propagated by winter-buds on short lateral branches. 27. P. Vaseyi Bobbins. Similar ; very delicate ; stem almost capillary ; floating leaves obovate (0.7-1.4 cm. long, 3-6.5 mm. wide), the length of their filiform petioles, with 5-9 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; submersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (2.5-5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide) and acute ; stipules scarious, long, acute ; spikes all emersed, few, in- terrupted-cylindric, 3-5-flowered, on a thickish peduncle ; fruit oblique, round- obovoid, compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct recurved style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo cir- cularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. Me. to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y., O., 111., and Minn., local. June-Aug. The fruiting form, with floating leaves, rare ; the submerged form, bearing winter-buds, apparently much more abun- dant. 28. P. gemmiparus Robbins. Stem filiform, branching, terete, varying greatly in height; leaves hair-like, sometimes not as broad as the stem, often with no apparent midrib, tapering to the finest point (1.5-8 cm. long), bi-glan- dular at base; stipules 1.2-2.5 cm. long, obtuse, early deciduous ; spikes few (3- 6-flowered), interrupted, on long filiform peduncles; winter-buds very numer- ous; fruit like that of P. pusillus, but flattened and impressed on the sides, very rare. Slow-moving streams and still water, centr. Me. to R. I., local. Aug., Sept. 29. P. rutilus Wolfgang. Stems very slender, simple or slightly branching at base ; winter-buds usually wanting ; leaves erect, narrowly linear, attenuate, NAJADACEAE (POND WEED FAMILY) 77 sharp-acuminate, soon revolute, 3-5-nerved, the prominent midrib often com- pound, bi-glandular at base ; stipules 1-2 cm. long, acuminate, scarious and strongly nerved, persistent; peduncles 1.3-3.5 era. long; spikes elongate, 6-8- flowered ; fruit narrowly oblique-obovoid, about 2 mm. long, the erect style nearly in line with the straightish ventral face. Gaspe" Co., Que., to Hudson Bay, s. to Me., Vt., Mich., and Minn., local. (Eu.) 30. P. folibsus Raf. titem filiform, flattish and very branching ; leaves narrowly linear (2-6 cm. long, 0.3-1 mm. wide), acute, obscurely 3-nerved ; stipules obtuse; spikes capitate, l-4(usually ^-flowered, on short club-shaped peduncles ; fruit roundish-lenticular, the back more or less crested ; upper por- tion of the embryo incurved in a circle. (P. pauciflorus Pursh.) Still waters, N. B. to B. C., and south w. July-Sept. Var. niagar6nsis (Tuckerm.) Morong. Stem often longer; leaves larger (4-9 cm. long, 1-2.4 mm. wide), 3-5-nerved at base, very acute and mucronate, narrowed to the subpetiolate base. Running water, Me. to Ont., and southw.; also in Cal. 31. P. confervoides Reichenb. Very slender and delicate from a creeping rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly dichotomous leaf-bearing branches ; leaves flaccid, thin and flat, but setaceous and tapering nearly to the fineness of a hair (2.5-6.5 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide), obscurely 1-3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations; stipules rather persistent below, 5 mm. long, obtuse ; peduncle solitary, very long (0.5-2 dm.), rather thickened upward ; spike 4-8-flowered, in fruit continuous, cylindrical; fruit thick-lenticular, obscurely 3-keeled ; seed slightly impressed on the sides ; epicarp thick and hard ; embryo nearly annular. (P. Tuckermani Robbins.) Cold ponds, local, Me. to N. Y., N. J., and Pa. June-Aug. 32. P. hybridus Michx. Floating leaves (when present) oval to lance-oblong (the largest 2.6 cm. long, 1.2 cm. wide), often acute, longer than the filiform petioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves very numerous, almost setaceous (2-7 cm. long, 0.1-0.5 mm. wide) ; stipules obtuse, adnate to the base of the lower leaves ; emersed spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long ; submersed spikes 1-4-flowered, their peduncles frequently recurved; fruit about 1 mm. long, about %-toothed on the margin, the lateral keels smooth ; embryo coiled l^ turns. (P. diversifolius Raf.) Shallow quiet waters, Me. to Fla. ; also Mich, to Mont, and Tex. July-Sept. (Mex., W. I.) Var. MULTI-DENTICU- LATUS (Morong) Asch. & Graebn. Fruit 12-toothed on the margin, the lateral keels 6-8-toothed. Ct. to Fla. and La. 33. P. dim6rphus Raf. Coarser ; blades of the floating leaves with rather dilated petioles, with 5-many nerves beneath deeply impressed ; upper submersed leaves either with or without a lance-oblong or broad-linear proper blade ; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering toward the obtuse apex (2-4 cm. long, about 1 mm. wide); stipules early lacerate ; submersed flowers 1-4, on very short erect peduncles; fruit with the back either winged and with 4-5 distinct teeth or wingless and entire; embryo coiled If turns. (P. Spirillus Tuckerm.) N. B. to Ont., s. to Va., W. Va., and Mo. June-Sept. 34. P. filif6rmis Pers. Stems from elongate tuberiferous rootstocks, filiform, branching at base, low and very leafy ; leaves pale, filiform, less than 0.5 mm. wide; peduncles much elongated and overtopping the leaves (in one form shorter); spikes of 2-5 whorls, the lowest whorls 0.6-1.5 cm. apart; fruit 2.5-3 mm. long, globose-obovoid, not keeled upon the rounded back, tipped with the broad sessile stigma; embryo annular. (P. marinus auth., not L. ?) Shallow water in calcareous regions, e. Que. to Alb., s. to n. Me., n. Vt., w. N. Y., Mich., and the Rocky Mts. July-Sept. (Eurasia, Air., Austr.) 35. P. interior Rydb. Coarser ; the comparatively stout stems flattened, freely branching above, elongate ; leaves dark green, narrowly linear, 0.5-2 mm. wide ; peduncles of various lengths ; spikes of 4-9 whorls, the upper whorls crowded, the lowest 4-9 mm. apart ; fruit compressed, narrowly oblique-obovoid, the ventral face straightish. (P. filiformis, vars. Macounii and occidentalis Morong.) Mostly in brackish water, P. E. I.; Huds. B. to Assina. and Athabasca, s. to Neb., Col., and Nev. July-Sept. 78 NAJADACEAE (PONDWEED FAMILY) 36. P. pectinlrtus L. Stem filiform, repeatedly dichotomous ; leaves very narrowly linear or setaceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved with a few trans- verse veins ; peduncles filiform ; spikes of 2-6 remote whorls ; fruit obliquely broad-obovoid, compressed, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, rounded on the back, obscurely ridged on the sides ; embryo spirally incurved. Chiefly in brakish water, e. Que. to B. C. , s. along the coast to Fla. , and in the interior to Pa. , the Great Lake region, Kan., Col., etc. July-Sept. (Cosmop.) 37. P. interruptus Kitaibel. Similar; leaves usually broader (0.5-2 mm. wide) ; edges of the stipules less scarious ; fruit more compressed, sharply keeled. Coast of e. N. B. ; Mich. ; probably of wide distrib. July-Sept. (Eu. ) 38. P. Robbinsii Oakes. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rigid, very branching, invested by the bases of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded in two ranks, recurved-spreading, narrow-lanceolate or linear, 7-12 cm. long, acuminate, ciliate-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, loosely few- flowered, on short peduncles ; fruit oblong-obovoid, keeled with a broadish wing, acutely beaked ; embryo stout, ovally annular. In quiet water, N. B. to B. C., s. to Del., Pa., Ind., Wyo., Ida., and Ore. ; rarely fruiting. July-Sept. 2. RUPPIA L. DITCH GRASS Flowers 2 or more (approximate on a slender spadix, which is at first inclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf), consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate anther-cells, and 4 small sessile ovaries, with solitary campylotropous suspended ovules ; stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit small ob- liquely ovoid pointed drupes, each raised on a slender stalk which appears after flowering ; the spadix itself also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a short and pointed plumule from the upper end, by the side of the short cotyledon. Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thread-like forking stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves sheathing at the base. Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to H. B. Euppius, a German botanist of the 18th century.) 1. R. maritima L. Leaves linear-capillary ; fruit obliquely erect ; fruiting peduncles capillary (1-3 dm. long) ; stipes 0.5-4 cm. long. Shallow bays and streams, along the entire coast ; also occasionally in saline places in the interior. (Cosmop.) 3. ZANNICHELLIA [Mich.] L. HORNED PONDWEED Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil ; the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4- celled anther ; the fertile of 2-5 (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaked with a short style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma. Seed orthotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent and coiled. Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with mostly opposite long and linear thread-form entire leaves, and sheathing membranous stipules. (Named in honor of G. Gr. Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.) 1. Z. palustris L. Style at least half as long as the fruit, which is flattish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less toothed on the back (not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile; or, in var. PEDUNCCL\TA J. Gay, both the cluster and the separate fruits evidently peduncled. Ponds and slow streams, chiefly brackish, throughout N. A. July. (Cosmop.) 4. ZOSTERA L. GRASS WRACK. EEL GRASS Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately ar- ranged in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf -like spadix, which .is hidden in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spathe) ; the sterile flowers consisting of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large as the ovaries, JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW GRASS FAMILY) 79 and containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary pollen ; the fertile of single ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl- shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule ; stigmas 2, long and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, inclosing an oblong longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle- don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. Grass-like marine herbs, growing wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the bases of the very long and linear obtuse entire grass-like ribbon-shaped leaves (whence the name, from facrr-ftp, a belt}. 1. Z. marina L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. Shoal water of bays along the coast, Nfd. to Fla. ; Pacific coast. (Eurasia.) 5. NAjAS L. NAIAD Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary, and sessile ; the sterile consisting of a single stamen inclosed in a little membranous spathe ; anther at first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting of a single ovary tapering into a short style ; stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped ; ovule erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, inclosed in a loose and sepa- rable membranous epicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downward. Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposite and linear leaves, somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at base. Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the axils ; in summer. (Nai'ds, a water-nymph.} 1. N. marina L. Stem rather stout and often armed with broad prickles ; leaves broadly linear (2 mm. broad}, coarsely and sharply toothed, the dilated base entire ; fruit 4-5 mm. long; seed very finely lineate, oblong, slightly com- pressed. Marshes and salt springs of w. N.Y., Mich., and Minn.; Fla.; Utah to Mex. Teeth of one or more brownish cells upon a many-celled base. (W. I., Eurasia, Austr.) Var. gracilis Morong. Internodes long (5-8 cm.) and nearly naked, with only a few teeth above ; leaves very narrow (0.5 mm. wide) with 8-12 teeth on each margin, the dilated base also toothed ; fruit smaller. Canoga marshes, w. N. Y.; Fla. Var. recurvata Dudley. Stems short, inclined to be dichotomously branched, recurved-spreading ; leaves usually recurved, the teeth prominent, 2-7 on each margin, the dilated base with a projecting tooth each side. N. Y. ; Utah and Ariz. 2. N. flxilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems usually very slender ; leaves very narrowly linear (less than 1 mm. wide), very minutely serrulate, tapering gradually to the serrulate base; fruit 2. 5-3 mm. long, narrowly oblong; seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining. Ponds and slow streams, Lab. to B. C., s. to S. C. and Mo. Teeth on the margins of the leaves 1-celled. (Eu.) Var. ROBUSTA Morong. Stem stout, few-leaved, sparsely branching, elongated ; leaves flat, strongly ascending, linear-tapering. Mass, to Mich, and Tex. 3. N. guadalupSnsis (Spreng.) Morong. Similar; leaves with 20-45 very minute teeth on each margin ; fruit 2 mm. long ; seeds dull, conspicuously reticulate. (N. microdon A. Br.) Pa. to Neb., and southw. (Trop. Am.) 4. N. gracillima (A. Br.) Magnus. Branches alternate; leaves very nar- rowly linear, nearly capillary, straight, serrate, the rounded lobes of the sheath- ing base spinulose-ciliate ; fruit linear, impresses-dotted between the numerous ribs. (N. indica, var. A. Br.) Local, e. Mass. toe. N. Y., N. J., and Pa. ; Mo. Teeth of 3 cells each. JUNCAGINACEAE (ARROW GRASS FAMILY) Marsh plants, with terete bladeless leaves. Flowers perfect, spicate or racemose, with herbaceous 6(rarely %}-lobed perianth. Carpels 3 or 6, more or less united, separating at maturity. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight. Fruit follicular or capsular. 80 ALISMACEAE ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 1. Scheuchzeria. Ovaries 3, nearly distinct, at length divergent. Flowers bracteate, in a loose raceme upon a leafy stem. 2. Triglochin. Ovaries 3-6, united until maturity. Leaves radical. Flowers bractless, in a spike-like raceme terminating a jointless scape. 1. SCHEUCHZERIA L. Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish yellow), but the latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 ; anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular, slightly united at base, 2-3-ovuled, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit forming 3 diverging and inflated 1-2-seeded pods, opening along the inside. A low bog- herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like conduplicate leaves, and termimated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheathing bracts ; leaves tubular at the apex. (Named for Johann and Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, distinguished Swiss botanists early in the 18th century.) 1. S. palustris L. Peat-bogs, and wet shores, e. Que. to N. J., westw. across the continent. June. (Eurasia.) 2. TRIGL6CHIN L. ARROW GRASS Sepals and petals nearly alike (greenish), ovate, concave, deciduous. Sta- mens 3-6 ; anthers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3-6- celled compound ovary ; stigmas sessile ; ovules solitary. Capsule splitting when ripe into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. Perennials, with rush-like fleshy leaves below sheathing the base of the wand- like naked and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name composed of rpeis, three, and y\c*xh, point, from the three points of the ripe fruit in no. 3 when dehiscent.) Fruit thicker than long 1. T. striata. Fruit longer than thick. Fruit (with 3-6 carpels) ovoid-prismatic, about twice as long as thick . . 2. T. maritima. Fruit (3-carpelled) clavate- or linear-prismatic, 3-5 times as long as thick . . 3. T. palustris. 1. T. striata R. & P. Scape (8-34 cm. high) and leaves slender ; flowers very small ; sepals and stamens 3 ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry 3-lobed. ( T. triandra Michx. ) Salt marshes, near seashore, Md. to Fla. and La. (S. A.) 2. T. maritima L. Scape (1.5-7.5 dm. high) and leaves thickish; fruit ovoid or short-prismatic, acutish ; carpels 3- (more often) 6, rounded at base and slightly grooved on the back, the edges acutish. Salt marshes near the coast, Lab. to N. J., and in saline, boggy, or wet places across the continent. (Eurasia., n. Afr.) 3. T. palustris L. Scape (5-50 cm. high) and leaves slender ; stamens 6 ; fruit linear-club-shaped; carpels when ripe separating from below upward, leaving a triangular axis, awl-pointed at base. Marshes (usually brackish) and bogs, Greenl. to the coast of s. Me. ; also inland along the St. John and St. Lawrence R., Great Lakes and north westw. (Eurasia.) ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) Marsh herbs, with scape-like stems, sheathing leaves, and perfect, monoecious, or dioecious flowers ; perianth of 3 herbaceous persistent sepals and as many {often conspicuous} white deciduous petals, which are imbricate or involute in bud; stamens 6 or more, included; ovaries numerous, distinct, l-celled and mostly l-ovuled, becoming achenes in fruit (in our genera) ; seeds erect, cam- pylotropous. Roots fibrous ; leaves radical, petiolate and strongly nerved with transverse veinlets, the earlier sometimes without blade ; flowers long-pedicellate, ALISMACEAE ( WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 81 mostly verticillate, in a loose raceme or panicle, with lanceolate scarious bracts slightly connate at base. 1. Sagittaria. Monoecious (or dioecious), lower (first developed) flowers pistillate, the upper (later) ones staminate. Stamens indefinite, mostly numerous. Carpels strongly flattened, in a dense head. 2. Lophotocarpus. Polygamous ; lower flowers perfect, the upper staminate. Stamens 9-15. Carpels strongly flattened, in a dense head. 3. Echinodorus. Flowers all perfect. Stamens 6-21, mostly definite. Carpels somewhat turgid, in a dense head. 4. Alisma. Flowers all perfect. Stamens usually 6. Carpels strongly flattened, in a single ring. 1. SAGITTARIA L. ARROW-HEAD Sepals loosely spreading or reflexed in fruit. Petals imbricated in the bud. Ovaries crowded in a spherical or somewhat triangular depressed head on a globular receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenes. Marsh or aquatic, mostly perennial, stoloniferous herbs, with milky juice ; the scapes sheathed at base by the bases of the long cellular petioles, of which the primary ones, and sometimes all, are destitute of any proper blade (i.e. are phyllodia) ; when present the blade is arrow-shaped or lanceolate. Flowers produced all summer, whorled in threes, with membranous bracts. (Name from sagitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of the leaves.) a. Beak of the achene erect or nearly so &. b. Beak long, usually half to three-fourths the length of the body. Leaves habitually sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as long as the terminal portion of the blade. Stout ; leaf-blades broadly ovate-oblong 1. S. longirostra. Slender ; leaf-blades linear 8. S. Engelmanniana. Leaves lanceolate to elliptical, the basal lobes when present much shorter than the terminal portion . . . 8. 8. heterophylla. 6. Beak very short, not one-fourth the length of the body. Leaves all or most of them sagittate, ovate. Lowest bracts 0.5-1.5 cm. long; leaf-blades 2-18 cm. long . 4. S. arifolia. Lowest bracts 2-4 cm. long ; leaf-blades 2.5-5 dm. long . . 5. S. brevirostra. Leaves never sagittate. Fruiting pedicels thickish, recurved 11. S. subulata. Fruiting pedicels slender, ascending or spreading . . .10. S. leres. a. Beak of the achene strongly incurved, almost or quite horizontal c. c. Leaves habitually sagittate, the basal lobes nearly or quite as long as the terminal portion 2. S. latifolia. o. Leaves linear to elliptic-ovate, entire or rarely sagittate at the base, the basal lobes when present much shorter than the terminal portion of the blade. Fertile pedicels thickened, recurved ; western . . . . 12. S. plfityphylla. Fertile pedicels slender, ascending or spreading. Filaments thickened at the base, short 9. S. graminea. Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, pubescent . 6. S. lancifolia. Filaments slender, longer than the anthers, glabrous . 7. S. ambigua. * Filaments numerous, narrow, as long as or longer than the linear-oblong anthers; bracts 3, distinct; fruiting heads large. 1. S. Iongir6stra (M. Micheli) J. G. Sm. Robust, 3-6 dm. high, monoecious ; leaves broadly ovate-oblong, obtusish, sagittate with broad basal lobes ; fertile whorls 2-4 ; fertile pedicels about 1 cm. long ; body of the mature achene obovate, winged all round, 3 mm. long, the beak nearly erect from the inner angle, 1.5-2 mm. long. About springs, etc., Ct. (Harger), N. J., and Pa. to Ky., Del., and Ala. FIG. 33. 2. S. latif&lia Willd. Glabrous; scape 1-9 dm. hi^h, angled, with one or more of the lower whorls fertile ; leaves ovate, acute, almost always sagittate, the basal lobes triangular, acute ; pedi- cels of the fertile flowers at least half the length of the sterile ones ; petals wholly white ; filaments glabrous, nearly twice the 83. S. longirostra length of the anthers; achenes obovate (about 2 mm. long), Athene x 8. GRAY'S MANUAL 6 82 ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 84. 8. latifolia. Achene x 3, winged on both margins, with a curved usually horizontal beak. (& variabilis Engelm.) In water or wet places, very common; exceedingly variable as to leaf-contour. FIG. 34. The following forms, although ill defined, are in most instances recognizable : Forma OBTUSA (Muhl.) Robinson. (S. obtusa Muhl.) Leaves very broad, sagittate, ob- tuse. Forma HASTATA (Pursh) Robinson. (S. hastata Pursh.) Leaf-blades and their basal lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute. Forma GRACILIS (Pursh) Robinson. (S. gracilis Pursh.) Leaf -blades and their basal lobes narrowly linear. Forma DIVERSIFOLIA (Engelm.) Robinson. ($. variabilis, var. Engelm.) Leaf -blades partly sagit- tate and partly lanceolate or elliptic without basal lobes. Var. pubSscens (Muhl.) J. G. Sm. Robust, pubescent, broad- leaved; bracts shorter than in the other forms, 6-9 mm. long, broadly ovate, obtusish, and very pubescent. N. J. and Pa. to N. C. 3. S. Engelmanniana J. G. Sm. Slender; lobes of the sagittate leaves very narrowly linear (1-3 mm. wide) ; achene narrowly cuneate-obovate (4 mm. long), the beak elongated, erect or recurved, the sides usually strongly 1-3-crested. (S. variabilis, var. gracilis Engelm.) About ponds, etc., "N. H." and Mass. to Del. FIG. 35. 4. S. arif61ia Nutt. Monoecious, glabrous; scape 2-4 dm. high, simple or rarely branched ; fertile whorls l-( rarely) 3 ; fertile pedicels 3-11 mm. long; leaf- blades sagittate-hastate, ovate, acute; achenes winged all round, bearing at the upper inner angle a minute erect beak. Que. to centr. Me., Vt., Ct., Mich., Kan., Dak., and westw. When in deep water producing lance-linear phyllodia at the base and developing elongated petioles of the blade-bearing leaves (S. cuneata Sheldon). FIG. 36. 5. S. brevir6stra Mackenzie & Bush. Very stout ; scape 6-12 dm. high ; leaf-blades all sagittate, basal lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the terminal portion ; inflorescence simple or slightly branched, 2-5 dm. long ; bracts lanceolate, attenuate ; fruiting pedi- cels 1-2 cm. long ; fruiting heads 2-3 cm. in diameter; achenes cuneate-obovate, with dorsal wing prominent ; beak suberect, but little surpassing the wing at the summit. Sloughs and bottoms, Ind. to Kan. 6. S. lancifblia L. Scape 8-15 dm. high, with several of the lower whorls fertile ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oblong, rarely linear, all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (1.5-4.5 dm. long on a long and stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick midrib ; bracts ovate, acute or acu- minate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely shorter than the sterile ones ; filaments pubescent ; achenes falcate, winged on the back, pointed with an incurved beak. Swamps, Md. to Ky., Mo., andsouthw. (W.I.) FIG. 37. 7. S. ambigua J. G. Sm. Scape 4-6 dm. high ; leaves as in the preceding ; raceme simple ; pedicels 1.5-2.5 cm. long ; bracts lanceolate, small (8 mm. long) ; filaments glabrous ; achenes with a short incurved beak, scarcely winged. Borders of ponds, etc., Kan. and souhtw. 36. S. arifolia. Achene x 3. 87. S. lancifolia. Achene x 8. * * Filaments very short, with enlarged mostly glandular base ; anthers ovate or short-oblong ; fruiting heads small; bracts more or less connate ; leaves very rarely sagittate. 8. S. heterophylla Pursh. Scape weak (1.5-8 dm. high), at length procumbent ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval, entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and almost sessile ; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glanclular- 38. S. heterophylla. pubescent ; achenes narrowly obovate with a long erect beak. Achene x3. N. E. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Mo. Varies as to foliage, the ALISMACEAE (WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY) 83 leaves being broad (var. ELLIPTICA Engelm.), or rigid, narrowly lanceolate and acute, unappendaged at the base, and with stout petioles (var. R^GIDA (Pursh) Engelm.), or nearly linear (var. ANGUSTir6LiA Engelm.). FIG. 38. 9. S. graminea Michx. Scape 0.8-5 din. high ; phyllodia flat, mostly broad-linear, acuminate; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear, on long slender petioles, sometimes reduced to the petiole merely ; bracts rather obtuse ; whorls of flowers often few, all staminate or the lower ^ fertile ; pedicels slender, spreading, nearly equal ; flowers white V or roseate; filaments 10-13 "-20," glandular-pubescent; achene small (1 mm. long), narrowly obovate, almost beakless, winged 39. S. graminea. on the back, flat and scarcely costate on the sides. (S. Eaioni Ach< * ' J. G. Sm.) Nfd. to Ont., s. to the Gulf ; very variable. FIG. 39. S. CRISTATA Engelm. is apparently a form of this species with achenes somewhat wing- crested. 10. S. tdres Wats. Phyllodia terete, very acutely attenuate upward, 9-34 cm. long, very rarely bearing a narrow blade ; scape 1-5 dm. high ; bracts connate at base ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, all very slender and spreading, 1 or 2 fruiting, 1-3 cm. long; filaments 12, dilated, pubescent; achene obovate, 2-2.4 mm. long, with an erect beak, the margins and sides crenately several-crested. (8. isoetiformis J. G. Sm.) In shallow water, Cape Cod, Mass. , and L. I. to Fla. Phyllodia usually very strongly nodose. FIG. 40. 11. S. subulata (L.) Buchenau. Usually dwarf; leaves linear, strap-shaped, obtuse or acutish, 3-20 cm. long, equaling or shorter than the scape, very rarely with a narrow blade ; pedicels in 1-3 whorls, only 1 or 2 fruiting, stouter and recurved; bracts connate or spathe-like; filaments 6-8, glabrous', achene obovate, short-beaked, 2 mm. long, the margins and sides crenately crested. (8. natans, var. lorata Chapm. ; 8. pusilla Nutt.) In mud or shal- low water, near the coast ; Ct. to Fla. In the South often becoming more robust. Var. (?) graclllima (Wats.) J. G. Sm. Scape and the almost or wholly bladeless leaves very slender and greatly elongated (6-12 dm. long, 2 mm. wide) ; pedicels all elongated, in usually distant whorls, the lower pistillate, slender and spreading ; fruit unknown. (8. natans, var. Wats.) In deep water of streams in e. Mass. (Hitchings, Boott, C. E. Faxon, etc.), R. I. (J. F. Collins), and Ct. (Bissell). Wholly submerged, only 1 or 2 flowers appearing at a time, floating on the surface. The fruit has not yet been collected. 12. S. platyphylla (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Scape 2-5 dm. high ; ^* leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at both ends, rarely biauriculate yg at the base, 9-11-nerved ; fertile whorls usually 2 ; fertile pedi- cels about 2 cm. long, soon recurved ; stamens about 20, the broad base of the filament pubescent. (S. graminea, var. Engelm.) 41. s. platyphylla. River sloughs, s. Mo. and Kan. to Tex. FIG. 41. Achene x8. 2. LOPHOTOCARPUS Th. Durand Sepals strongly concave, erect and appressed to the fruit. Perennials with habit and carpels much as in Sagittaria. (Name from \60os, a crest, and /cap7r6s, fruit, not very applicable.) LOPHIOCARPUS (Kunth) Miquel, not Turcz. * Chiefly maritime ; leaves mostly thick spongy phyllodia, the blades when present small, lance-oblong, entire, or ovate and sagittate, the auricles relatively small, linear-oblong, divergent. 1. L. spongibsus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Low (1-3 dm. high) ; leaf-blades 0.5-2.5 cm. broad; the thick spongy petioles septate-nodulose ; scapes 4-15 cm. high, recurved, bearing mostly 2 whorls of flowers ; head of carpels 7-10 mm. in diameter. (L. spatulatus J. G. Sm.; Sagittaria calycina, var. Engelm.) On tidal mud of brackish estuaries, etc., N. B. (Fowler) to Del. ; rarely inland, Mo. (L. depauperatus J. G. Sm., at least in part). 84 ALISMACEAE (WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY) * * Species of the interior ; leaf-blades relatively large, sagittate with broad triangular auricles. 2. L. calycinus (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. Taller (1.5-4 dm. high) ; leaf-blades deeply sagittate, thin, 10-15-nerved, 4-8 cm. broad, the auricles triangular, acute, nearly or quite as long as the terminal portion of the blade ; stipes re- curving or procumbent, 1-4 dm. long, usually bearing 3-4 whorls of flowers ; nead of carpels about 1 cm. in diameter. (Sagittaria Engelm.) Muddy banks, Mich, to Dak. and southw. Var. maximus (Engelm.) Robinson. Leaf-blades very large (3 dm. wide), 18-21-nerved, considerably broader than long, the auricles almost divaricate ; inflorescence stout, sometimes branched. (Sagittaria calycina, var. Engelm. > O. (Moseley) and southw. 42. E. tenellus. a. Fl. x 1. 6. Fr. x 1. G. Achene 3. 3. ECHIN6DORUS Richard. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more. Mostly annuals, with the habit of Sagittaria, the naked stems sparingly branched or simple, and the flowers on rather short pedicels, in whorls of 3-6 or more. Fl. summer and autumn. (Name from ^"^T^S, prickly, or from ^%ZVos, and 8op6s, a leathern bottle, applied to the ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit. ) 1. E. tenSllus (Martius) Buchenau. Scapes 1.5-10 cm. high ; shoots often creeping and proliferous ; submersed leaves lance-linear phyllodia, emersed leaves petiolate with a lanceolate blade, acute (1-3 cm. long) ; umbel single, 2-8-flowered ; pedicels reflexed in fruit ; flower 6 mm. broad ; stamens 9 ; styles much shorter than the ovary ; achenes beakless, 8-ribbed, reddish brown, without glands. (Alisma Martins ; Helianthium Britton ; E. parvulits Engelm.) Submersed or on mud, e. Mass., Mich., Minn., and southw. (S. A.) FIG. 42. 2. E. cordif&lius (L.) Griseb. Scape erect, 1-6 dm high, longer than the leaves ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at base, obtuse (the blade 2-11 cm. long) ; umbel proliferous, 43 E. cordifolius. in a branched panicle ; flower 8-10 mm. broad ; stamens 12 ; Achene x 3. styles longer than the ovary ; achenes with a conspicuous erect beak. (E. rostratus Engelm.) Borders of ponds and ditches, 111. to Kan., s. Cal., and Fla. FIG. 43. Var. LANCEOLATUS (Engelm.) Mackenzie & Bush is a low form which has the leaves lanceolate with an acute base. 111., Mo. 3. E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. Stems or scape prostrate, creeping (6-12 dm. long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers ; leaves somewhat truncately heart-shaped, obtuse (5-20 cm. broad), long-petioled ; flowers 12-2!) mm. broad; stamens about 21 ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenes 44. E. radicans. with a short incurved beak, the keeled back denticulate. a. Fr. x 1. About ponds, etc., 111. to N. C. and Fla., w. to Kan. and 6. Achene x 3. Tex. FlG. 44. 4. ALISMA L. WATER PLANTAIN Petals involute in the bud. Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened coriaceous achenes, which are dilated and 2-3- keeled on the back. Scape with whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, white or pale rose-color. (The Greek name ; of uncertain derivation.) 1. A. Plantago-aquatica L. Perennial by a stout proliferous corm ; leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, mostly rounded or heart-shaped at base. 3-9-nerved ; scapes 1 or 2; panicle loose, pyramidal, 3-6 dm. long, much overtop- HYDROCHARITACEAE (FROG'S BIT' FAMILY) 85 ping the leaves, with verticils of 2 or Borders ; rays and slender pedicels ascending at an angle of about 45; sepals 10-striate, the hyaline margins whitish ; petals 2-4 mm. long, white, with yellowish claw ; stamens twice as long as the carpels ; these furrowed along the back, not meeting at the center of the disk. Shallow water and ditches, across the continent. (Eurasia.) FIG. 45. 2. A. Geyeri Torr. Scapes 2-4, the shorter overtopped by 45. A. Plant.-aq. the long-petioled linear-lanceolate to elliptic leaves ; panicles Fruit x i. usually less diffuse, the verticils in 1 or 2 orders ; the thickish peticels strongly divergent in fruit,' sepals 10-14-striate, the margins rose-color ; petals 1-2 mm. long, rose-color, with yellow basal spot ; stamens about equaling the carpels ; these ridged on the back, meeting at the center of the disk. Locally from N. Y. to N. Dak. and the Pacific. (Eurasia.) HYDROCHARITACEAE (FROG'S BIT FAMILY) Aquatic herbs, with dioecious or polygamous regular flowers, sessile or on scape-like peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent with the 1-3-celled ovary. Stamens 3-12, distinct or monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3 or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehiscent, many-seeded. 1. Elodea. Stem elongated, submerged, leafy. Spathes small, sessile. 2. Vallisneria. Stemless. Leaves narrow, elongated. Spathes pedunculate. 3. Limnobium. Stein very short. Leaves crowded; Wades broad and spongy. Spathes pedunculate. 1. ELODEA Michx. WATER-WEED Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile tubular 2-cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute, with 3 sepals barely united at base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals ; filaments short and united at base, or none ; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers pistillate or apparently per- fect ; limb of the perianth 6-parted ; the small lobes obovate, spreading. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary style coherent with the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3, large, 2-lobed or notched, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. Perennial slender herbs, with pellucid veinless 1-nerved sessile whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flowers (rarely seen) commonly break off and float on the sur- face, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the fertile flowers, raised to the surface by the prolonged calyx-tube. (Name from eXwdys, marshy. ) 1. E. canad6nsis Michx. Leaves varying from linear to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in the sterile flowers, 3 or 6 almost sessile anthers in the fertile. (Anacharis Planch. ; Philotria Britton.) Slow streams and ponds, common. July. (Nat. in Eu.) 2. VALLISNERIA [Mich.] L. TAPE GRASS. EEL GRASS Flowers dioecious ; the sterile crowded in a head, inclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe borne on a short scape ; stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in a tubular spathe on an exceedingly lengthened scape. Calyx 3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the 1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate). Petals 3, linear, small. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very numerous, scattered over the walls, orthotropous. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, berry-like. Long linear leaves wholly submerged or their ends floating. The staminate flower-buds themselves break from their short pedicels and float on the surface, were they shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, 86 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) which are raised to the surface by sudden growth at the same time ; afterwards the thread-form scapes (6-12 dm. long) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit under water to ripen. ( Named f or Antonio Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) 1. V. spiralis L. Leaves thin, ribbon-like (0.3-2 m. long), obscurely serru- late, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veined. Common in slow waters, N. S. to Fla., w. to Minn, and Tex. (Eurasia, Austr.) 3. LIMNdBIUM Richard. AMERICAN FROG'S BIT Flowers dioecious (or monoecious ?), from sessile or somewhat peduncled spathes ; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pediceled flowers ; the fertile 2-leaved, with a single short-pediceled flower. Calyx 3-parted or Deleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments in the sterile flowers entirely united in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights ; stamens in the fertile flowers 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments. Ovary 6-9-celled, with as many placentae in the axis, forming an ovoid many- seeded berry in fruit ; stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped. Floating in stagnant water and proliferous by runners. Leaves round-heart- shaped, spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath. (Name from \i(j.v6pios, living in pools.) 1. L. Sp6ngia (Bosc) Richard. Leaves 2.5-5 cm. long, faintly 5-nerved ; peduncle of the sterile flower about 7.5 cm. long and filiform, of the fertile only 2.5 cm. long and stout. Stagnant water, N. J. to Fla. ; also L. Ont. to 111., Mo., and Tex. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) (REVISED BY A. S. HITCHCOCK) Herbs (shrubs or trees in Bambuseae) with usually hollow stems (culms) closed at the nodes, and 2-ranked parallel-veined leaves these consisting of two parts, the sheath and the blade, the sheath enveloping the culm with the mar- gins overlapping or rarely grown together ; at the junction of the sheath and blade, on the inside, is a membranaceous hyaline or hairy appendage (the ligule) rarely obsolete. Flowers perfect (rarely unisexual), very small, without a distinct perianth, arranged in spikelets consisting of a short- ened axis (rhachilla) and 2-many distichous bracts, the lowest two of which (the glumes) are empty (rarely 1 or both obsolete) ; in the axil of each succeed- ing bract (the lemma) is borne a single flower, subtended and usually enveloped by a (normally) 2-nerved bract or prophyllum (the palea), with its back to the rhachilla ; at the base of the flower, between it and the lemma, are usually 2 very small hyaline scales (the lodicules), rarely a third lodicule between the flower and the palea; stamens 3 (rarely 1, 2, or 6), with very delicate filaments and 2-celled versatile anthers ; pistil, one, with a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary, 2 (rarely 1 or 3) styles, and mostly plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis with starchy endo- sperm and a small embryo at the base on the side opposite the hilum. Grain usually inclosed at maturity in the lemma and palea, free or aclnate to the palea. The lemma with its palea and flower constitute the floret. The lemma may be variously modified ; and may be sterile or neuter, that is, containing a palea or rudiment of one, without a flower, or empty ; or may itself be rudimentary (as in some of the Chlorideae) ; in such cases the spikelet contains at least one per- fect floret ; the sterile or modified lemmas, one or more, above or below it. The palea is rarely obsolete. Spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes, or panicles, the branches of which are bractless. GRAMLNEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 87 SUBFAMILY I. PANICOfDEAE Spikelets 1-, rarely 2-flowered, when 2-flowered the terminal flower perfect, the lower staminate or neuter ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, the more or less dorsally compressed spikelets falling from the pedicels entire, singly, in groups, or together with joints of an articulate rhachis. This first grand division of the Gramineae is based upon two characters in combination, the articulation of the pedicels just below the spikelets or cluster of spikelets and the single perfect flower, which may or may not have a staminate or imperfect flower below it. The lemma of the imperfect flower is similar to the glumes in texture in Paniceae and like the fertile lemma in the other tribes. In a few genera the first glume is obsolete, but in these cases the articulation below the dorsally compressed spikelets indicates their relation. Tribe I. MAYDEAE. Pistillate and staminate spikelets in different inflorescences or in different parts of the same inflorescence ; awnless ; glumes indurated. 1. Tripsacum. Staminate spikelets above the pistillate, in pairs at each joint of a spike-like raceme ; pistillate single, imbedded in the jointed rhachis. Tribe II. ANDROPOG6NEAE. Spikelets in pairs or threes on the usually articulate rhachis of a spike like raceme, one sessile and fertile, the other pediceled and perfect, staminate, neuter or rudimentary ; glumes more or less indurated ; lemmas smaller and hyaline, that of the fertile flower usually awned. 2. Rottboellia. Rhachis naked ; pediceled spikelets neuter, often rudimentary; fertile spikelets awnless. 3. Erianthus. Rhachis hairy ; spikelets all perfect and fertile, awned. 4. Andropogon. Rhachis hairy ; pediceled spikelets sterile, often rudimentary ; fertile spikelets awned. 5. Sorghastrum. Racemes reduced to one or two joints, on slender peduncles, arranged in open panicles ; second spikelet reduced to a pedicel. Tribe III. PANfCEAE. Spikelets all perfect (in our genera) in racemes or panicles ; glumes mem- branaceous, unequal, the first usually small, sometimes obsolete; a lemma of like texture, empty or with a hyaline palea, rarely inclosing a staminate flower, subtends the perfect floret and simulates a third glume ; fertile lemma and palea indurated, firmly clasped together, inclosing tho free grain, awnless (pointed in Echinochloa). * Spikelets without an involucre of bristles. *- Lemma leathery-indurated with hyaline margins not inrolled ; spikelets lanceolate ; first glume sometimes wanting. 6. Digitaria. Spikelets in slender spike-like racemes, aggregated toward the summit of the culm. 7. Leptoloma. Spikelets long-pediceled in a diffuse panicle. +- +- Lemma chartaceous-indurated ; margins not hyaline, inrolled except in Amphicarpon. H- Glumes and lemmas awnless. 8. Amphicarpon. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in terminal panicle, not fruitful ; the other sub- terranean, perfecting fruit ; margins of lemma not inrolled. 9. Paspalum. Spikelets all alike, plano-convex, sessile or nearly so, solitary or in pairs in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; epikelets placed with back of fertile lemma toward the rhachis. 10. Axonopus. Spikelets all alike, compressed, biconvex, sessile, solitary in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rhachis ; first glume obsolete ; spikelets placed with the back of the fer- tile lemma from the rhachis. 11. Panicum. Spikelets all alike, biconvex, in panicles (rarely racemes); first glume present; second glume and sterile lemma similar. 12. Sacciolepis. Spikelets all alike, in spike-like panicles ; second glume saccate at base, 11-uerved ; sterile lemma flat, 3-5-nerved. 88 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) H- -H- Sterile lemma awned or pointed ; fruit acuminate ; palea not included at the summit. 13. Echinochloa. Spikelets crowded in one-sided racemes, these arranged in a panicle. * * Spikelets with an involucre of bristles. 14. Setaria. Spikelets in a dense cylindrical spike-like panicle ; bristles persistent. 15. Cenchrus. Spikelets (1-5 together) inclosed in a globular spiny bur-like involucre; this falling with spikelets inclosed. SUBFAMILY II. POACOfDEAE Spikelets 1-many-flowered, the imperfect or rudimentary floret, if any, usu- ally uppermost, rhachilla usually articulated above the glumes which are persist- ent on the pedicel or rhachis after the fall of the florets ; when 2-inany-flowered a manifest in tern ode of the rhachilla separates the florets, and is articulated below them; spikelets more or less laterally compressed (except in Miliurri). The spikelets are articulated below the glumes in Oryzeae, Alopecurus, Cinna, Poly- pogon, Holcus, Sphenopholis, Spartina, and Beckmannia ; these are distin- guished from SUBFAMILY I by the laterally compressed spikelets. Tribe IV. ORYZEAE. Spikelets unisexual or perfect, in loose panicles ; rhachilla articulated be- low the glumes ; glumes often wanting ; stamens often 6. 16. Zizania. Spikelets unisexual, unlike in appearance ; panicle pistillate above, staminate below. 17. Zizaniopsis. Spikelets unisexual, much alike in appearance, intermixed in the same panicle. 18. Leersia. Flowers perfect, spikelets much flattened laterally ; lemma carinate, awnless ; pa- lea 1-keeled. Tribe V. PHALARlDEAE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1 (rarely 3)-flowered; two sterile lemmas below the fertile floret, and falling attached to it, usually empty and unlike the fertile lemma, sometimes reduced to bristles, or sometimes with a staminate flower in IHerochloe; fertile lemma with a 1-2-nerved or nerveless palea and a perfect flower. 19. Phalaris. Sterile lemmas very narrow, much shorter than the indurated fertile lemma, which is much exceeded by the equal glumes. 20. Anthoxanthum. Sterile lemmas dorsally awned, larger than the slightly indurated fertile lemma ; glumes very unequal. 21. Hierochloe. Sterile lemmas larger than the fertile lemma, indurated, inclosing a 2-nerved palea and usually a staminate flower ; glumes subequal, scarcely exceeding the florets. Tribe VI. AGROSTfDEAE. Spikelets 1 -flowered ; rhachilla sometimes prolonged behind the palea into a naked or plumose bristle ; glumes subequal, usually equaling or exceeding the lemma ; palea 2-nerved, rarely nerveless or wanting (1-nerved in one species of Cinna). * Lemma indurated. +- Spikelets awnless ; callus none ; margins of lemma inrolled. 22. Milium. Spikelets dorsally compressed. +- +- Spikelets with a terminal awn ; margins of lemma not inrolled ; a callus at base. STIP!NAE 23. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, deciduous ; callus short, obtuse. 24. Stipa. Awn simple, persistent ; callus usually acute. 25. Aristida. Awn 3-fid, the branches divaricate ; callus acute. * * Lemma membranaceous. - Lemma awned from the tip or mucronate, closely infolding the grain ; callus acute. 26. Muhleubergia. Khachilla not prolonged behind the palea ; lemma pointed or awned. 27. Brachyelytrum. Khachilla prolonged into a bristle behind the palea ; lemma long-awned. *- +- Lemma awnless or dorsally awned, loosely embracing the grain. -* Glumes conspicuously compressed-carinate ; spikelets in dense spike-like panicles. PHLEIKAE. 28. Heleochloe. Lemma membranaceous like the glumes, awnless ; glumes not aristate ; pani- cle partly included, ovoid. GBAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 89 29. Phleum. Lemma hyaline, awnless, glumes abruptly aristate ; panicle exserted, cylindrical. '60. Alopecurus. Lemma hyaline, awned below the middle ; palea none ; glumes not aristate ; panicle exserted, cylindrical. H- -H- Glumes not conspicuously compressed ; spikelets in open or narrow panicles. AGROST}NAE. = Lemma 1 (rarely 3) -nerved, awnless ; pericarp readily separating from the grain. 81. Sporobolus. Lemma as long as or longer than the glumes ; culms wiry or rigid. = = Lemma 3-5-nerved, awued or awnless ; pericarp adherent to the grain. a. Floret not stipitate ; palea 2-nerved ; stamens 3. b. Khachilla not prolonged behind the palea. 82. Agrostis. Glumes longer than the floret, awnless ; panicle usually open. 33. Polypogon. Glumes longer than the floret, awned ; panicle spike-like. 84. Calamovilfa. Glumes shorter than the floret, awnless. b b. Rhachilla prolonged behind the palea, bristle-like. 35. Calamagrostis. Perennial ; panicle loose or contracted ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with long hairs ; lemma short-awned below the middle. 36. Ammophila. Perennial ; panicle dense and spike-like ; prolonged rhachilla and callus with short hairs ; lemma awnless. 37. Apera. Annual ; panicle loose ; the prolonged rhachilla naked ; lemma long-awned below the bifid apex. a a. Floret stipitate ; palea 1-2-nerved ; stamen 1. 88. Cinna. Spikelets in a loose panicle. Tribe VII. AVENEAE. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, panicled ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret except in Aira; glumes usually longer than the first floret ; 1 or more of the florets awned on the back or from the teeth of the bifid apex (or usually awnless in SphenopJioUs and Koeleria) ; the callus and usually the rhachilla-joints hairy. * Rhachilla not prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret ; spikelets 2-flowered, both perfect. 89. Aira. Florets approximate ; glumes broad, boat-shaped. * * Rhachilla prolonged behind the palea of uppermost floret ; spikelets 2-several-flowered. *- Articulation below the glumes ; spikelets falling entire or the glumes and lowest floret together. H- Glumes much exceeding the two florets. 40. HolCUS. Lower floret stipitate, awnless, upper with a hook -like awn. H- -M- Glumes exceeded by upper floret. 41. SphenopholiS. Glumes dissimilar, the second obovate; florets usually awnless. -- -t- Articulation above the glumes. H- Awns wanting or but a mucronate tip. 42. Koeleria. Glumes unequal, exceeded by the upper floret. H- -H- Awns present. = Awns dorsal, not flattened. a. Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; florets all perfect or the uppermost imperfe b. Spikelets less than 1 cm. long ; grain free. 4-'?. Trisetum. Lemma keeled, bidentate, awn arising from above the middle. 44. Deschampsia. Lemma convex, awn from the middle or below. b b. Spikelets more than 1 cm. long ; grain adherent to the palea. 45. Avena. Florets approximate, exceeded by the striate glumes. a a. Spikelets 2-flowered ; lower floret staminate, upper perfect. 4fi. Arrhenatherum. Lower floret long-awneu, upper usually awnless. <= = Awns from between the teeth of the bidentate apex of the lemma, flattened, twisted. 47. Danthonia. Florets several, not closely approximate, glumes equaling or exceeding the uppermost. 90 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Tribe VIII. CHLORlDEAE. Spikelets 1-several-flowered, in 1-sided spikes which are digitate 01 paniculate, sometimes solitary. * Spikelets all alike. t- Spikelets strictly 1-flowered, no sterile lemma. H- Ehachilla articulated below the glumes. 48. Spartina. Glumes narrow, unequal. 49. Beckmannia. Glumes broad, boat-shaped, inflated, equal. H- -H- Rhachilla articulated above the glumes. 50. Cynodon. Spikes digitate ; plants extensively creeping. 51. Schedonnardus. Spikes paniculate ; plants caespitose. +- +- Spikelets with more than 1 floret. H- Perfect floret 1, additional florets staminate, neuter or rudimentary. = Lowest floret perfect. 52. Gymnopogon. Spikelets remote, appressed. 53. Chloris. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 1-awned or awnless ; spikes more or less whorled or digitate. 54. Bouteloua. Spikelets imbricated ; fertile lemma 3-awned ; spikes racemose. = = Lowest florets neuter, third perfect. 55. Ctenium. Spike solitary ; second glume bearing a stout divergent dorsal awn. H- -H- Perfect florets 2 or more. = Spikes few, stout, digitate. 56. Dactyloctenium. Rhachis of spike prolonged beyond the spikelets ; second glume and at least lowest lemma cuspidate. 57. Eleusine. Rhachis of spike not prolonged beyond the spikelets, neither glumes nor lemmas cuspidate. = -= Spikes numerous, Tery slender, racemose. 58. Leptochloa. Spikelets not crowded, often slightly pediceled. * * Spikelets unisexual, dissimilar ; plants dioecious or monoecious. 59. Buchloe. Staminate spikes exserted, racemose ; pistillate spikelets nearly capitate, partially included in broad sheaths. Tribe IX. FESTtfCEAE. Spikelets 2-m any-flowered, usually perfect, pedicellate in racemes or in loose or dense panicles; glumes shorter than the lowest floret; lemmas 1-several-nerved, awn- less or with 1-several straight awns, terminal or borne just below the apex. * Rhachilla clothed with long silky hairs, exceeding the florets. 60. Phragmites. Lowest floret staminate, the others perfect. * * Rhachilla naked or with hairs much shorter than the florets, -t- Callus and nerves of lemma densely bearded (not cobwebby). 61. Tridens. The three nerves or only the middle one excurrent between the acute lobes of the lemma ; palea not ciliate-fringed. 62. Triplasis. Midnerve excurrent between the truncate lobes of the lemma ; palea conspicu- ously ciliate-fringed ; florets remote. +- +- Callus and nerves glabrous or cobwebby, or callus sparsely bearded. H- Lemma coriaceous, smooth and shining, without a scarious margin. = Spikelets dioecious. 68. Distichlis. Spikelets large, compressed, in a small crowded panicle. = = Spikelets perfect. 67. Uniola. Lower 1-4 lemmas empty. 66. Diarrhena. Upper 2-4 lemmas empty. H- ++ Lemmas membranaceous, or if subcoriaceous having a scarious margin. -= Lemmas 3-nerved. (Koeleria might be looked for here, but the upper glume about equals the lower floret.) 63. Eragrostis. Spikelets 3-rnany-flowered. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 91 64. Catabrosa. Spikelets 2-flowered. = = Lemmas 5-inany-nerved (nerves often obscure in Briza). a. Spikelets nearly sessile in dense 1-sided clusters at the end of the few panicle-branches. 70. Dactylis. Spikelets flattened ; glumes and lemmas keeled, the keels hispid-ciliate. a a. Spikelets not in dense 1-sided clusters. 6. Spikelets as broad as long, somewhat heart-shaped. 69. Briza. Florets crowded in the spikelets, almost horizontal ; lemmas boat-shaped or ventricose. & &. Spikelets much longer than broad, not heart-shaped. c. Lemmas keeled. 71. Poa. Base of florets often cobwebby. c c. Lemmas convex or keeled only at the summit. d. Uppermost lemmas shaped like the lower, fertile or sterile. e. Nerves of lemma prominent, parallel. 73. Glyceria. Spikelets compressed-cylindrical or little flattened ; lemmas scarious at summit. e e. Nerves of lemma not prominent. /. Lemmas obtuse, awnless. 74. Puccinellia. Glume* much shorter than the lowest lemma; callus not hairy; nerves not excurrent. 72. Scholochloa. Glumes nearly as long as lowest lemma ; callus hairy ; one or more nerves of lemma excurrent. //. Lemmas acute, often awned. 75. Festuca. Lemmas entire, often awned from the apex. 76. Bromus. Lemmas 2-toothed, usually awned just below the apex ; grain adherent to the palea, pubescent at the summit. 65. Melica. Lemmas awned just below the apex, grain free, glabrous. d d. Uppermost lemmas broad or cucullate, convolute, forming a club-shaped mass. 65. Melica. Lemmas subcoriaceous with a scarious margin, obtuse. Tribe X. HORDE AE. Spikelets (1-several-flowered, with uppermost floret imperfect) sessile on opposite sides of a zigzag- jointed channeled rhachis, forming a spike ; glumes sometimes abor- tive or wanting, often placed together in front of the spikelet; leaf-blades bearing at base a more or less well-marked pair of auriculate appendages. * Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rhachis. - Spikelets 1-flowered, falling attached to joints of the disarticulating rhachis. 78. Lepturus. Spikelets awnless; low branching annuals. +- +- Spikelets 2-many-flowered. 77. Lolium. Spikelets placed with one edge to the rhachis. 79. Agropyron. Spikelets placed with the side to the rhachis. * * Spikelets 2 or 3, rarely solitary, at each joint of the rhachis, placed with the florets dorso- ventral to the rhachis. 4- Spikelets not all alike. 80. Hordeum. Spikelets l(rarely 2-3)-flowered, in 8's at each joint, the lateral pair pediceled, usually abortive ; glumes awn-like. +- +- Spikelets all alike, 2-6-flowered. 81. Elymus. Glumes usually equaling the florets ; spikes mostly dense. 82. Hystrix. Glumes reduced to short bristles, one or both often obsolete ; spikes very loose. Tribe XI. BAMBtSEAE. Tall woody reeds ; the flat blades with a short petiole articulated with the sheath ; spikelets few-many-flowered, flattened, in panicles or racemes. 83. Arundinaria. Lemmas rounded on the back, many-nerved, acuminate or bristle-pointed ; glumes very small. GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY^ 1. TRIPSACUM L. GAMA GRASS. SESAME GRASS Spikelets unisexual, tinuous rhachis above ; 46. T. dactyloicles. Part of spike xl%. 2 Spikelet embedded x 1. 9 Spikelet freed x 1. J" Spikelet x 1. ixillary spikes solitary Vug. FIG. 46. the staminate spikelets in pairs at the joints of the con- the pistillate spikelets solitary, embedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened articulate rhachis below in the same inflorescence, which terminates the culm or its branches ; glumes of the staminate spikelet subcoriaceous, the first dorsally flattened, the second boat-shaped ; the first lemma often empty, membrana- ceous with a hyaline palea, like the second which incloses a staminate flower ; first glume of pistillate spikelet ovate, at length cartilaginous and closing the recess in the rhachis, second boat-shaped, coriaceous ; florets 2, the lemmas and paleas hyaline, the lower sterile, the upper pistillate. Tall stout perennials from very thick creeping rootstocks, with broad flat leaves, and terminal and axillary spikes separating spontane- ously into joints at maturity. (Name from rplpeiv, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished spike.) 1. T. dactyloides L. Culms 1-2.5 m. high ; leaves 3 dm. or more long, 1.5-3.5 cm. wide; spikes 2-3 together at the summit, when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened, or solitary and terete ; , Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., s. to Fla. and Tex. July, 2. ROTTBOELLIA L. f. Spikelets in pairs in the excavations at the nodes of a cylindrical articulated axis ; one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, with its pedicel adnate to the rhachis ; glumes of the perfect spikelet awnless, the first coriaceous and covering the excavation in the rhachis, the second thinner, boat-shaped ; sterile lemma empty or with a rudimentary flower, and, like the lemma and palea, hyaline ; glumes of sterile spikelet membranaceous. Peren- nials with flat narrow leaves, and single cartilaginous spikes which disarticulate at maturity, terminating the stem and branches ; chiefly subtropical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Eott- boell, an excellent Danish botanist, who wrote much upon Gramineae, Cyperaceae, etc. ) 1. R. rugbsa Nutt. Culms tufted, com- 4 ?- E - rugosa. pressed, 6-12 dm. high ; sheaths flattened ; Base of inflorescence leaves 5-10 mm. wide ; spikes 2-7 cm. long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often partly included in inflated sheaths; first glume of fertile spikelet trans- versely rugose. (Manisuris Ktze. ) Low pine barrens, Del. and southw., near the coast. Aug., Sept. FIG. 47. 2. R. cylindrica (Michx.) Torr. Culms terete from a short root stock ; leaves 2-3 mm. wide ; spikes slender, usually curved, 5-15 cm. long, terminating the culm, on elongated axillary peduncles; sterile spikelet rudi mentary : first glume of fertile spikelet obscurely pitted longi- tudinally. (Manisuris Ktze.) Prairies, Mo. and southw. June-Aug. FIG. 48. 3. ERlANTHUS Michx. WOOLLY BEARD GRASS Spikelets in pairs, one sessile, the other pediceled, along the articulate and readily disjointing rhachis, both alike, perfect ; glumes subequal, firm-membra- naceous, the first dorsally flattened, more or less bicarinate, the second keeled above ; sterile lemma empty, hyaline, awnless ; fertile lemma with an awn 1-2 cm. Part of same with fer- tile and pediceled sterile spikelet sep- arated x 2. Fertile spikelet x 2. Its flower removed x2. Lemma x 2. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 93 long ; palea minute, nerveless. Tall and stout reed-like perennials, with elon- gated flat leaves, racemes crowded in a panicle and clothed with long silky hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name, from fpiov, wool, and &v6os, flower). * Awn terete, straight. ^ Hairs at base of spikelets copious, as long as the glumes or longer ; panicle-axis and upper part of culm densely appressed-villous. M- Panicle loose and open; hairs longer than the glumes. 1. E. saccharoides Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, usually with a dense ring of appressed hairs at the nodes ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, villous ; panicle tawny or purple. Moist ground, N. J. and southw., rare. Sept., Oct. FIG. 49. W--W- Panicle dense and compact ; hairs about as long as the glumes. 2. E. compactus Nash. Culm 1-3 m. high, villous at the nodes; blades 6-12 mm. wide, usually villous only on the upper surface near the base ; panicle tawny. Moist ground, N. J. and southw. Aug., Sept. H- -- Hairs at base of spikelets rather sparse or want- ing, shorter than the glumes; culm and axis of 49 E. saccharoides x IV panicle glabrous or sparsely villous. 3. E. brevibarbis Michx. Culm 1-2 m. high, sparingly villous at the nodes ; sheaths glabrous ; blades 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle purple, narrow, the branches appressed, sparingly silky, appearing striate from the stiff straight awns. Moist ground, Del. and southw. Sept., Oct. * * Awn flattened and twisted. - Panicle pale, axis very villous; basal hairs copious, exceeding the glumes. 4. E. divaricatus (L.) Hitchc. Culm 1.5-3 m. high, nodes and upper portion appressed-villous ; sheaths glabrous ; leaves 1.5-2.5 cm. wide ; panicle loose, silky. (E. alopecuroides Ell.) Moist ground, N. J. to Ga., w. to Ky. and s. Mo. Sept. *-- Pa nicle dark, axis sparsely villous; basal hairs rather sparse, scarcely as long as the glumes. 5. E. contdrtus Baldw. Culm 1-2 m. high, nodes soon glabrous ; sheaths glabrous ; leaves 5-15 mm. wide ; panicle narrow, less silky than in the preceding. Low meadows, Va. to Ky., and southw. 4. ANDROP6GON [Royen] L. BEARD GRASS Spikelets in pairs (one sessile and perfect, the other pediceled, sterile, often rudimentary) at each joint of the articulate rhachis ; glumes of fertile spikelet subequal, indurated, the first dorsally flattened, with a strong nerve near each margin, the midnerve faint ; second glume keeled above ; first lemma empty, hyaline ; fertile lemma membranaceous or hyaline, awned ; palea hyaline, sometimes obsolete. Tall tufted perennials; spikes lateral and terminal, the rhachis and usually the pedicels long-villous with silky hairs (whence the name, composed of avyp, man, and ir&ywv, beard.) Racemes solitary ; joints of the rhachis clavate 1. A. scoparius. Racemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the rhachis not clavate. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to the pedicel or the glumes only ; racemes usually subtended by a foliaceous spathe (the upper sheath) ; rhachis- joints very slender. Racemes not Jonger than the spathe, which incloses the common peduncle. Branches of inflorescence in a dense terminal corymbiform cluster . 2. A. glomeratut. Branches of inflorescence scattered along the culms .... 8. A. virginicus. Racemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond the spathes. Upper sheaths inflated ; racemes delicate, flexuous 4. A. Elliottii. Upper sheaths not inflated ; racemes stouter, strict 5. A. ternarius Pedicellate spikelet staminate, with glumes and lemmas . . . . 6. A. 94 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 1. SCHIZACHYRIUM (Nees) Trin. Racemes solitary ; joints of the rhachis clavate. 1. A. scoparius Michx. Culms tufted,' 4-12 dm. high; branches single or in pairs from the upper sheaths ; sheaths glabrous or hairy ; blades often hairy above near the base ; racemes slender, 2-6 cm. long, joints and sterile pedicels hairy on the margins ; sterile spikelet a single awn-pointed glume, 2-4 mm. long ; fertile spikelet about 7 mm. long ; awn bent and twisted. Dry ground, N. B. to Sask., and southw. July-Sept. FIG. 60. Var. littoralis (Nash) Hitchc. Culms in large tufts ; the innovations and lower sheaths strongly compressed, glaucous. 50. A. scoparius. (A. littoralis Nash.) Sand dunes along the coast, N. Y. and Two spikelets x iy s . SOUtllW. 2. CAMPYLOMf SCHUS Fourn. Racemes in fascicles of 2-6 ; joints of the rhachis not clavate. * Pedicellate spikelet sterile, consisting of 1-2 glumes or reduced to a pedicel. *- Spathes equaling or exceeding the racemes; sheaths keeled. 2. A. glomeratus (Walt.) BSP. Culms stout, 0.5-1.5 m.high, leafy; sheaths usually sparsely hirsute ; inflorescence bushy-branched at the summit of the culm ; spathes very scabrous; racemes 2; the slender joints of the rhachis and the sterile pedicel clothed with long silky hairs. (A macrourus Michx.; A. corymbosus Nash.) Sandy ground near the coast, Mass, and southw. Sept., Oct. 3. A. virginicus L. Culms rather slender, 5-12 dm. high, sparingly branched above; sheaths smooth or somewhat hir- sute on the margin ; blades usually hirsute above near the base ; spathes smooth ; racemes 2 or 3, slender ; hairs long and silky. Open ground, Mass, to 111., Fla., and Tex. FIG. 51. -t- - Racemes, or some of them, on peduncles exserted beyond the spathes. 4. A. Ellidttii Chapm. Culms in tufts, flattened at base, 5-10 dm. high ; lower sheaths and leaves appressed-hirsute or becoming nearly glabrous, upper sheaths aggregated and much enlarged; racemes usually 2, very slender, flexuous, softly and loosely silky; spikelets 4 mm. long. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Del. to Mo., and southw. Sept., Oct. 5. A. ternarius Michx. Culms some- what stouter and taller than in the pre- ceding ; sheaths usually smooth, the upper 51 A vir H nicus sheaths not crowded nor enlarged (or the Three spikelets x 2 a/ upper one only somewhat enlarged) ; ra- cemes 2 or 3, stouter, more strict, densely silky; spikelets 6 mm. long. (A. argyraeus Schultes.) Dry sandy soil, Del. to Tenn., and southw. Aug. -Oct. * * Pedicellate spikelet staminate ; racemes 2-6 on a long exserted peduncle ; rhachis-joints stout. 6. A. furcatus Muhl. Culms robust, in large tufts, A. furcatus x iV 1-1-5 m. high, branching from the upper nodes ; sheaths *' glabrous ; blades elongated, 4-8 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins and often hirsute on the upper surface near the base ; racemes 5-12 cm. long, stout, usually purplish ; rhachis-joints and pedicels hairy on the sides and at the summit ; sessile spikelets 8-9 mm. long ; staminate spikelet slightly longer, Dry open ground, Me. to Sask. , and southw. FIG. 52. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 95 5. SORGHASTRUM Nash Spikelets sessile at each joint of the slender rhachis of the peduncled racemes, which are reduced to 2 or 3 joints, the sterile spikelets reduced (in our species) to hairy pedicels; glumes indurated as in Andropogon; sterile lemma thinly hyaline, the fertile lemma reduced to hyaline appendages to the strong awn ; palea obsolete. Perennial grasses with tall stout culms, the racemes arranged in open panicles. (Named from its resemblance to Sorghum.) \. S. nutans (L.) Nash. (INDIAN GRASS, WOOD GRASS.) Culm simple, 1-2 m. high ; leaves 6-10 mm. wide, scabrous, glaucous ; sheaths smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, at first open, contracted after flowering, 1-3 dm. long ; the spikelets lanceolate, at length drooping, yellowish or reddish brown and shining, clothed, especially toward the base, with fawn-colored hairs ; the twisted awn longer than the spikelet. {Andropogon L. ; Chryso- pogon Benth.) Dry soil, Me. to Man., and south w. FIG. 53. SORGHUM HALEPENSE (L.) Pers., JOHNSON GRASS, a more robust plant, is found as an escape or a weed, chiefly along the southern border of our range. It differs from Sorghastrum in having two pediceled spikelets (of the group of three) stami- 53 g nutans x 2 nate or empty ; and in having a more spreading panicle and a firmer lemma. This is thought by some to be the original of the cultivated sorghums. (Introd. from Eu.) 6. DIGITARIA Scop. FINGER GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, lanceolate-elliptic, sessile or short-pediceled, solitary or in 2's or 3's, in two rows on one side of a continuous narrow or winged rhachis, forming simple slender racemes which are aggregated toward the summit of the culm ; glumes 1-3-nerved, the first sometimes obsolete ; sterile lemma 6-nerved ; fertile lemma leathery-indurated, papillose-striate, with a hyaline mar- gin not inrolled, inclosing a palea of like texture. Annual, mostly weedy grasses, with branching culms, thin leaves, and subdigitate inflorescence. (Name from digitus, a finger.) SYNTHERISMA Walt. * Rhachis of racemes with angles wingless ; first glume obsolete ; culms erect. 1. D. filif6rmis (L.) Koeler. Usually tufted, branching and leafy at the base ; culms slender or almost filiform, 2-7 dm. high; lower sheaths hirsute; blades 0.5-2 dm. long, 4 mm. or less wide (rarely wider), hirsute or glabrous on the lower, scabrous on the upper surface ; racemes 1-5, unequal, 3-10 cm. (rarely 15 cm.) long, very slender; spikelets 1.7 mm. long, mostly in 3's, appressed, the second and third on slender flexuous pedicels ; glume and sterile lemma densely or sparsely villous between the nerves with white gland-tipped hairs; the glume shorter and narrow, exposing the dark brown acute fertile lemma. (Panicum L.) Sterile or sandy soil, N. H. to Mich., I. T., and southw. - July-Sept. 2. D. villbsa (Walt.) Ell. Similar to the preceding, usually taller, less slen- der and more densely and constantly hirsute on the sheaths and on both surfaces of the blades; racemes 2-8, more distant (sometimes 3 cm. apart), 6-20 cm. long, much interrupted toward the base; spikelet-clusters usually rather dis- tant; spikelets 2.25 mm. long; the glume and sterile lemma densely matted- villous between the nerves with gland-tipped hairs. Sandy soil, Va. to Mo., and southw. July-Oct. * * Rhachis of racemes with lateral angles winged; culms spreading. - Pedicels terete ; first glume obsolete. 3. D. HUMirtsA Pers. Glabrous ; culms 1.5-4 dm. high, much branched below, ascending or nearly prostrate ; leaves 2-10 cm. long (rarely longer), 3-6 mm. wide ; racemes 2-6, aggregated, divergent, often curved, 3-10 cm. long ; 96 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) spikelets solitary or in 2's, 2.2 mm. long ; the glume and sterile lemma equal^ densely short-villous between the nerves, as long as the dark brown fertile lemma. (Panicum lineare Krock ; P. glabrum Gaud.) Cultivated and Jk waste ground, N. S. to S. Dak., and southw. Aug.-Oct. (Nat. | from Eu.) FIG. 54. m/ 4. D. ser6tina Michx. Extensively creeping, forming dense \ mats ; the crowded sheaths pilose ; blades 2-8 cm. long, 4-7 mm. r wide, pilose on both surfaces; racemes 3-8, at the apex of 8 Ikltx4 ascendin S branches (1-3 dm. high), 3-10 cm. long; spikelets mostly in 2's, 1.6 mm. long, sparsely pubescent between the nerves; the glume scarcely % as long as the pale fertile lemma. (Panicum Trin.) Low sandy ground near the coast, s. Pa., Del., and southw. June- Aug. i- *- Pedicels sharply angled ; first glume present, minute. 5. D. SANGUINALIS (L.) Scop. (CRAB GRASS.) Culms erect or ascending from a decumbent often creeping base, 3-12 dm. long ; nodes and sheaths more or less papillose-hirsute ; blades lax, 5-12 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous, often more or less pilose ; racemes 3-12, subfasciculate, 5-18 cm. long ; spikelets in pairs, 3-3.5 mm. long, usually appressed- pubescent between the smooth or scabrous nerves ; second glume about \ as long as the pale or grayish fertile lemma. (Panicum L. ; 8yntherisma fimbriata Nash.) Cultivated 55. D. sanguinalis. and waste grounds, throughout our range, and southw. Part of inflorescence x %. Aug.-Oct Very variable. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 65. Spikelets x 3. 7. LEPTOL6MA Chase Spikelets 1-flowered, fusiform, solitary on long capillary 3-angled pedicels first glume obsolete or very minute, the second 3-nerved, nearly as long as the 5-7-nerved sterile lemma ; fertile lemma cartilaginous-indurated, papillose, with a delicate hyaline margin not inrolled, inclosing a palea of like texture ; grain free within the lemma and palea. Tufted perennials, with flat leaves and very diffuse terminal panicles, which break away at maturity and become tumble- weeds. (Name from Xe?rr6s, delicate, and Xw/ua, border, in reference to the hyaline margins of the lemma.) 1. L. cognatum (Schultes) Chase. (FALL WITCH GRASS.) Pale green, much branched at the base, erect or geniculate below, very brittle, 3-7 dm. high ; lower sheaths pilose, the upper usually glabrous ; ligule membranaceous, 1 mm. long ; blades 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, usually glabrous, scabrous on the margins ; panicle \-\ the entire height of the plant, short-exserted, very diffuse, as broad as long or broader ; the capillary scabrous subflexuous branches at first ascending, soon widely spreading, naked below, pilose in the axils ; spikelets on scabrous pedicels, 1-4 cm. long, acuminate, 2.7-3 mm. long ; glume and sterile lemma with a stripe of appressed silky pubescence between the nerves and on the margins, or the hairs becoming loose and spreading especially on the margins, very variable in the same panicle ; fruit acuminate, chestnut, the margins of the lemma white. (Panicum Schultes ; P. autumnale Bosc.) Dry soil and sand hills, N. H. to Fla. ; 111. to Minn., southw. and south westw. 8. AMPHICARPON Kunth Spikelets 1-flowered, of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, perfect but not fruitful, the other subterranean, cleistogamous, on slender leafless stems at the base of the culm ; the first glume of the aerial spikelets variable in size or obso- lete ; the second and the sterile lemma subequal ; lemma and palea indurated, margins of lemma neither hyaline nor inrolled ; cleistogamous spikelets much GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 97 larger, glumes many-nerved ; sterile lemma subrigid ; fertile lemma and palea much indurated, acuminate, margins of lemma neither hyaline nor inrolled. Erect annuals or perennials with flat leaves. (Name from i/A0ka/>7ros, doubly fruit-bearing.) 1. A. Purshii Kunth. Annual ; culms erect, branch- ing, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades coarsely hispid ; terminal panicle contracted ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; 56. A. Purshii. fertile spikelets solitary, about 6 mm. long, at the ends sterile spikelet closed x fc. of the slender subterranean branches. (Milium Amphi- Same wide open x 2. tarpon Pursh ; A. Amphicarpon Nash.) Moist sandy Basal fertile spikelet, pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. Sept. FIG. 66. partly open x 2. 9. PASPALUM L. Spikelets 1-flowered, plano-convex, nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, in 2 rows on one side of a continuous narrow or dilated rhachis, forming simple spike- like racemes ; spikelets placed with the back of the fertile lemma toward the rhachis ; first glume obsolete (rarely present) ; lemma and palea chartaceous- indurated, margins of the lemma inrolled. Perennials, with 1-several racemes digitate or racemose at the summit of the culm and branches. (Ilao-TrdXos, a Greek name, for millet.) a. Racemes 1-several, 1 terminal and often 1 or more lateral &. &. Rhachis membranaceous, 2 mm. or more broad. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, elliptical, pubescent . . . 1. P. mucronatum. Spikelets 2 mm. long, oval, glabrous 2. P. dissectum. b. Rhachis narrow, not membranaceous, less than 1 mm. broad (except in P. Boscianum) e. c. Axillary peduncles 1 or more from uppermost sheath ; leaves ciliate on the margin d. d. Spikelets 2 mm. long e. e. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces 5. P. ciUaUfoUwm. 6. Leaves pubescent on one or both surfaces /. /. Spikelets glabrous. Leaves densely long-pubescent. Culm hirsute below raceme 6. P. pubescens. Culm glabrous 1. P. MuJileribergil. Leaves puberulent and sometimes sparsely villous . 8. P. stramineum. f. Spikelets pubescent ; leaves short-pubescent. Culms erect 9. P. Bu&Jdi. Culms prostrate 10. P. psammophilum. d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. Spikelets glabrous 8. P. longipedunculatum Spikelets pubescent 4. P. setaceum. c. Axillary peduncles none g. g. Spikelets glabrous h. h. Spikelets singly disposed so as to appear In 1-2 rows. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Plants glabrous or sparingly pilose. Leaf-blades of culm 1-2 dm. long ; racemes 8-5 cm. long 11. P. laeve. Leaf-blades of culm 2-4 dm. long; racemes 8-10 cm. long 12. P. angustifolium Plants with pubescent sheaths and blades . . .13. P. plenipilum. Spikelets 8 mm. long; sheaths papillose-hirsute . . 14. P. circular e. Spikelets 4 mm. long. Leaf-blades less than 1.5 dm. long . . . . 16. P. difforme. Leaf-blades 2-4 dm. long 15. P.Jtoridanum. h. Spikelets in pairs so as to appear in four rows. Spikelets stramineous at maturity . . . . 17. P. laeviglume. Spikelets dark brown at maturity 18. P. Boscianum. g. Spikelets ciliate 19. P. dilutatum. a. Racemes a pair at the summit of the culm . . . , .20. P. dititichum. * Racemes with a broad, thin-membranaceous, orfoliaceous and keeled, rhachis, 2 mm. wide or more, the incurved margins partly inclosing the small 2-rowed spikelets. (Aquatic or nearly so, decumbent or floating.) 1. P. mucronatum Muhl. Sheaths papillose-hirsute or nearly smooth, in- flated ; blades lanceolate, 2.5-15 cm. long, 6-14 mm. wide, scabrous; racemes 10-60, finally spreading ; rhachis extending beyond the spikelets, which are ellip- GRAY'S MANUAL 7 98 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) tical, about 1-5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent with minutely glandular hairs, (P. fluitans Ell.) In water or mud, Va. to Okla., and south w. 2. P. dissdctum L. Sheaths glabrous ; blades 1-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; racemes 3-7 ; spikelets oval, glabrous, 2-2.3 mm. long. (P. membranaceum Walt. ; P. Walterianum Schultes.) Wet places, N. J. to s. 111., and southw. * * Racemes with a narrow wingless rhachis ; sheaths compressed. - One raceme terminal, often l-several lateral. -* One or more naked raceme-bearing branches from the uppermost sheath; culms tufted, often reclining; racemes slender, often curved; spikelets in pairs, 1.5-2 mm. long, broadly oval or obovate; leaves ciliate on the margin. = Spikelets 1.5 mm. long. 3. P. longipedunculatum Le Conte. Culms reclining, 3-5 dm. long ; leaves mostly near the base, 3-9 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, midnerve and margins ciliate ; sheaths pilose at the throat ; racemes 1 or 2, 3-6 cm. long, usually curved, on long slender peduncles ; spikelets glabrous. Sandy soil, Ky. and southw. 4. P. setaceum Michx. Culms slender, erect or ascending, 4-6 dm. high, smooth ; sheaths hirsute, especially the lower ones ; blades about 1-2 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide (upper reduced), densely pubescent ; racemes slender, usually single, long-peduncled, 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets ovate, finely pubescent and glandular-spotted. Dry sandy fields and pine barrens, N. H. to Neb., Fla., and Tex. Aug.-Oct. = Spikelets 2 mm. long. a. Spikelets glabrous. 5. P. ciliatif61ium Michx. Erect, 4-8 dm. high; leaves 0.7-2.5 dm. long, 6-15 mm. wide, glabrous; racemes usually single, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets about 2 mm. long, glabrous, green. Sandy soil, Md. to Fla., and Miss. 6. P. pubescens Muhl. Culms slender, erect, 4-8 dm. high, hirsute below the racemes; sheaths usually glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, long-pubescent on both surfaces; racemes usually single; spikelets 2 mm. long, glabrous. Fields and dry woods, N. Y. to Del., Miss., and Tex. Aug., Sept. 7. P. Muhlenb6rgii Nash. Culms more robust than in the preceding, spreading or reclining, glabrous ; sheaths pubescent or nearly glabrous ; blades hardly 2 dm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, long-pubescent on both surfaces ; racemes usually single ; spikelets 2 mm. long, glabrous. Fields and sandy soil, N. H. to Mo., southw. to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. 8. P. stramineum Nash. Culms spreading or prostrate, 2-8 dm. long; sheaths ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous or the lowest pubescent ; blades about 1 dm. long, crinkly on the ciliate margin, finely pubescent, often with a few scattered long hairs; racemes 1-3 (mostly 2), 4-10 cm. long ; spikelets straw-colored, 2 mm. long, orbicular, smooth. Sandy soil, Neb. to Mo. and southw. July-Sept. a a. Spikelets pubescent. 9. P. Bushii Nash. Culms erect, 8-10 dm. high ; lower sheaths pubescent, the upper pilose on the margin only ; blades 5-20 cm. long, 5-15 mm. wide, softly and densely pubescent on both surfaces; racemes 2 or 3, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long, oval, densely pubescent. Dry soil, Neb. to Mo., and Tex. Aug. 10. P. psamm6philum Nash. Culms prostrate ; similar to P. stramineum but sheaths, both surfaces of the blades, and the oval spikelets softly and densely pubescent; leaves averaging a little longer. (P. pro stratum Nash., not Scribn. & Merr.) Sandy soil, s. N. Y. to Del. Aug., Sept. w + No lateral peduncle ; culms stout and often tall. = Spikelets obtuse, glabrous, a. Spikelets singly disposed. 11. P. laSve Michx. Culms spreading or prostrate, 3-6 dm. long; plant GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 99 glabrous, or the upper surface of the leaf-blades (1-2 dm. long) with a few hairs ; racemes 2-3, 3-5 cm. long ; spikelets .about 2.5 mm. long. Sandy soil, Md. to Fla. and Tex. FIG. 57. Var. AUSTRA.LE Nash. Leaves hairy on the upper surface, sheaths hirsute on the margin. Va. to Fla. and Miss. 12. P. angustifblium Le Conte. Culms erect or spreading, glabrous, averaging taller than the preceding ; sheaths glabrous or somewhat pilose, especially on the margin ; blades elongated (2-4 dm.), often sparingly pilose on upper surface; racemes 3-5, longer than in the preceding, 6-10 cm. long, spreading. Sandy soil, Md. to Fla., Kan., and Tex. 13. P. plenipilum Nash. Resembles P. laeve ; but usually taller (5-10 dm.), erect or spreading; and pilose on sheaths and blades; racemes 2-4, 4-8 cm. long. (P. praelongum 57. p.iaevex%. Nash.) Fields and open ground, N. J. to Fla., Ala., and Mo. Spikelets x2y 2 . 14. P. circulare Nash. Culms 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths sparsely papillose-hirsute with ascending hairs; blades 2-3 dm, long, 5-8 mm. wide, sparsely hirsute on the upper surface, usually glabrous on the lower ; racemes 2-4, erect or ascending, 6-10 cm. long ; spikelets orbicular, about 3 mm. long. Open moist ground, N. Y. and Mo., southw. 15. P. floridanum Michx. Culms robust, 1-2 m. high, from a stout scaly rootstock, glabrous ; sheaths hirsute ; blades 3-6 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, hirsute on both surfaces; racemes usually 2-4, stout, erect or ascending, 7-12 cm. long; spikelets about 4 mm. long. Low ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Var. GLABRATUM Engelm. Glabrous and often glaucous ; racemes often 4-7. (P. arundinaceum Poir.) Del. to s. Kan., and southw. 16. P. diff6rme Le Conte. Similar to the preceding, less robust, glaucous ; culms 5-10 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths often papillose-hirsute near the summit; blades 12-15 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide (the uppermost much reduced), glabrous or sparsely hirsute ; racemes 2-3 (rarely 4), ascending, 3.5-8 cm. long; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long. Low sandy ground, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. a a. Spikelets in pairs, appearing ^-seriate; sterile lemma 5-nerved', culms usually geniculate and rooting at the lower nodes. 17. P. laeviglume Scribn. Culms stout, 5-15 dm. high, nodes pubescent; sheaths usually pilose on the scarious margin, otherwise glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, glabrous or with a few hairs at base ; racemes 4-8, 3-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, obovate, stramineous. Moist fields and wood-borders, Md. and Ky. to N. C. and Tex. Sept., Oct. 18. P. Boscianum Fliigge. Culms stout, 5-12 dm. high ; sheaths lax, gla- brous, or the lower pubescent; blades 1.5-4.5 dm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, gla- brous or hirsute near base ; racemes numerous, 2-6 cm. long, with a winged rhachis 2 mm. wide ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glume and sterile lemma brownish ; fruit dark brown. Low woodlands, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Aug., Sept. = = Spikelets acute, ciliate. 19. P. dilatatum Poir. Culms stout, 5-17 dm. high, growing in clumps ; glabrous throughout except the densely crowded spikelets; leaves elongated, 4-10 mm. wide; racemes 2-10, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat spreading; spikelets 3 mm. long, ovate ; glume and sterile lemma long-ciliate. In meadows, waste ground, and along ditches, Va. to Fla. and Tex. -- 1- Racemes a pair at the summit of the culm. 20. P. distichum L. Creeping and rooting at the nodes, with ascending culms, 1-6 dm. high ; leaves short, usually crowded, sometimes sparsely hairy on the margins; racemes 3-5 cm. long; spikelets singly disposed, 2.5-3 mm. long, ovate, acute, sparsely pubescent ; first glume occasionally present. (Digitaria paspalodcs Michx.) Ditches and muddy or sandy shores, Va. to Fla., and westw. June-Oct. 100 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 10. AXONOPUS Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, compressed bi-convex, sessile, solitary in two rows on one side of a flattened rhachis (which is naked in ours), placed with the back of the fertile lemma turned from the rhachis, forming simple spikes ; first glume obso- lete ; lemma and palea indurated but less so than usual in Paspalum, margins of the lemma inrolled. Perennials with 2-several slender spikes digitate or sub-digitate at the summit of the culm. (Name from &%uv, axis' and irotfs, foot.) ANASTROPHUS Schlecht. 1. A. furcatus (Flugge) Hitchc. Tufted, soft, 3-10 dm. high, with long creeping leafy stolons ; leaves obtuse ; racemes a pair at the summit of the culm, 7-10 cm. long ; spikelets acute, nearly glabrous, about 4 mm. long. (Paspalus Flugge ; P. Elliottii Wats.) Low moist ground, Va. to Fla. and Tex. 11. PANICUM L. PANIC GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered or rarely with a staminate flower below the terminal perfect one, in panicles, rarely in racemes ; glumes very unequal, the first often minute, the second subequal to the sterile lemma which often incloses a hyaline palea and rarely a staminate flower ; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous-in- durated, nerves obsolete, the margins of the lemma inrolled ; grain free within the rigid firmly closed lemma and palea. Annuals or perennials of various habit. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian millet, Setaria italica, of uncer- tain origin and meaning. ) a. Annuals b. b. Spikelets tuberculate 2. P. verrucosum. b. Spikelets smooth c. c. Plants glabrous , 8. P. dicfiotomiftoritm. c. Plants more or less hispid d. CAPILLARIA. d. Panicle erect, spikelets not over 3.5 mm. long 6. Panicle more than half the length of the entire plant. Panicle diffuse ; spikelets 2-2.5 rnm. long . . . . 3. P. capillare. Panicle narrow ; spikelets 8 3.5 mm. long . . . .5. P. flexile, e. Panicle not over one third the length of the entire plant. Culms stout; blades about 1 cm. wide 4. P. Oatlingeri. Culms delicate ; blades not over 6 mm. wide . . . . 6. P. philad elphicum d. Panicle drooping ; spikelets 5 mm. long 1. P. miliaceum. a. Perennials /. /. Spikelets short-pediceled along one side of a rhachis forming spike- like racemes 1. P. hemitomum. f. Spikelets in panicles g. g. Basal leaves similar to culm-leaves, not forming a winter ro- sette ; culms simple or sometimes producing panicles from the upper nodes h. h. Spikelets long-pediceled. VIRGATA. Branches of panicle spreading 11. P. virgatum. Branches of panicle ascending. Spikelets 4.5 mm. long ; leaves crowded at base of culm . 9. P. amarum. Spikelets 6 mm. long; leaves not crowded at base of culm 10. P. amaroides. h. Spikelets short-pediceled along the main branches of the pan- icle i. AGROSTOIDIA. i. Rootstocks present 16. P. anceps. i. Eootstocks absent ; plants compressed at the leafy base. Fruit stipitate ; spikelets conspicuously secund . . .14. P. sUpilatum-. Fruit not stipitate ; spikelets not conspicuously secund. Spikelets 2 mm. long, crowded ; a few long hairs on the pedicels 13. P. agrostoides. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; no hairs on the pedicels. Panicles few-flowered, branches spreading . . .12. P. longifolium. Panicles densely flowered, branches erect . . .15. P. condensum. g. Basal leaves usually distinctly different from the culm-leaves, . forming a winter rosette ; culms simple in spring but usually much branched later in the season ; secondary panicles smaller, less exserted than the primary j. DicndTOMA. j. Spikelets 8 mm. or more long k. k. Leaves linear-elongated, not over 5 mm. wide ; secondary pan- icles at the base only. Spikelets pointed 17. P. depauperatum. Sp 1 kelets blunt 18. P.perlongum. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 101 k. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, more than 5 mm. wide, or if narrower not conspicuously elongated I. I Blades more than 1.5 cm. wide m. m. Spikelets 3 mm. long ; at least the lower sheaths papillose-hispid 71. P clandestinum. m. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long. Nodes bearded ; plants often pubescent. Blades lanceolate, thick, glabrous above, densely papillose- pubescent beneath 65. P. Ravenelii. Blades ovate-lanceolate, thin ; pubescence when present soft 72. P. Boscii. Nodes not bearded ; plants glabrous or nearly so. Panicle spreading; blades 2.5 cm. or more wide . . 78. P. latifolium. Panicle narrow ; blades rarely over 1.8 cm. wide . . 66. P. xanthophysum. I. Blades not over 1.5 cm. wide n. n. Panicle narrow ; blades erect. Plants glabrous or nearly so 66. P. xanthophysum. Plants papillose-hispid. Spikelets not over 3 mm. long 67. P. Wilcoxianum. Spikelets 4 mm. long . . 64. P. Leibergii. n. Panicle spreading, about as wide as long o. o. Spikelets 3 mm. long ; blades 1.2-2 dm. long. Blades ciliate, glaucous, smooth 59. P. mutabile. Blades not ciliate, green, scabrous 70. P. aculeatum. o. Spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long ; blades not over 1 dm. long. Nodes bearded ; ligule 3-4 mm. long 65. P. Ravenelii. Nodes not bearded ; ligule 1-2 mm. long. Spikelets obovoid-turgid, blunt ; pubescence spread- ing 63. P. Scribnerianum Spikelets narrowly obovoid, subacute ; pubescence ap pressed 62. P. oligosanthes. j. Spikelets less than 8 LJUI. long p, p. Spikelets glabrous q. q. Spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long. Plants pubescent 22. P. strigosum. Plants glabrous, except bearded nodes 81. P. microcarpon. q. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long r. r. Spikelets 2 mm. long. Spikelets obovoid-turgid; culms crisp-puberulent . . 60. P. lancearium. Spikelets elliptical ; culms glabrous. Autumnal state erect, branched like a little tree; second glume shorter than the fruit and sterile lemma . . 27. P. dichotomum. Autumnal state topheavy -reclining ; fruit covered by second glume and sterile lemma 28. P. barbulatum. Autumnal state wide!/ trailing ; second glume and sterile lemma shorter than the fruit . . . . 80. P. lucidum. r. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Culms 2-4 dm. high ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling fruit 26. P. Bicknettii. Culms 5-12 dm. high; second glume and sterile lemma forming a point beyond the fruit 29. P. yadkinense- p. Spikelets pubescent s. 8. Blades elongated, not over 5 mm. wide; secondary panicles from the base only, or none. Sheaths glabrous 20. P. Werneri. Sheaths pilose. Spikelets turgid, blunt ; panicle-branches ascending ; culms few in a tuft 18. P. perlongum. Spikelets subacute ; panicle-branches spreading ; culms numerous in a tuft 19. P. linearifolium. 8. Blades usually not conspicuously elongated ; secondary panicles not at the base t. t. Spikelets obovate-turgid, blunt, attenuate at base. Spikelets 2 mm. long 25. P. aciculare. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long. Spikelets not papillose ; culm s glabrous . . . .26. P. Bicknettii. Spikelets rugose-papillose ; culms pubescent, at least belo Nodes bearded ; panicle-branches ascending . . . Nodes not bearded ; panicle-branches spreading . t. Spikelets not attenuate at base u. u. Sheaths conspicuously retrorse-pilose ; culms simple, form- ing soft tufts u. Sheaths not retrorsely pilose v. v. Sheaths, or all but the lowest, glabrous w. w. Ligule 2-5 mm. long. Spikelets 2.2 mm. long Spikelets 1.5mm. long. Panicle not more than half as wide as long; spikelets elliptic 24. P. con mnguineum 28. P. anguttifolium. 21. P. xalapense. 47. P. tcoparioides. pikelets ellipt . Panicle about as wide as long ; spikelets obovoid 85. P. spretum. 86. P. Lindheimeri. 102 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) W. Ligule less than 1 mm. long cc. X. Blades velvety on both surfaces ; nodes bearded . 85. Blades not velvety ; nodes not bearded y. y. Culms crisp-puberulent ........ y. Culms glabrous z. . Spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm. long. Culm-blades not over 2 cm. long ; spikelets elliptical Culm-blades 6-20 cm. long; spikelets spheroidal. Panicle not more than half as wide as long ; blades strongly nerved Panicle nearly as wide as long ; blades not strongly nerved . Spikelets 2.2-2.8 mm. long. Blades cordate, 1.2-2 cm. wide Blades not cordate, 0.6-1.2 cm. wide. Blades erect ; fruit covered Blades spreading ; fruit exposed at summit '. Sheaths pubescent a. a. Sheaths puberulent, not pilose. Spikelets elliptical, 2.6 mm. long Spikelets obovoid-turgid, 2 mm. long. Plants erect or spreading ; blades glabrous above . Plants prostrate or creeping ; blades puberulent on both surfaces a. Sheaths spreading- or appressed-pilose or velvety 6. 6. Plants grayish-velvety throughout. Spikelets 2.6 mm. long ........ Spikelets 1.8 mm. long Spikelets 1.3-1 .4 mm. long, very turgid . &. Plants not velvety c. G. Spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long. Blades papillose-hirsute on both surfaces Blades glabrous or sparsely silky above .... c. Spikelets less than 2.5 mm. long d. d. Spikelets ovate, pointed ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long ; pani- cle 1.2-2.5 dm. long d. Spikelets obovate or elliptical, blunt ; blades and panicle 34. P. annulum. 58. P. Ashei. 54. P. ensifolium. 56. P. polyanthes. 55. P. sphaerocarpon. 57. P. commutatum. 82. P. boreale. 33. P. mattamuxkeeiense 58. P. Ashei. 60. P. lancearium. 61. P. patulum. 68. P. sooparium. 44. P. lanuginoHut 45. P. auburn e. 67. P. Wilcoxianum. 49. P. ). P. scabriusculum. shorter e. 6. Pubescence spreading /. /. Spikelets 2.2-2.4 mm. long. Plants very villous ; autumnal state prostrate . 48. P. villosissimum. Plants papillose-hispid on sheaths and sparsely hispid on blades; autumnal state erect . . 47. P. scoparioides. f. Spikelets 1.3-1.9 mm. long g. y. Blades stiff, glabrous above or with a few hairs . 43. P. tennesseense. g. Blades pubescent above, or if glabrous lax h. h. Upper surface of blades with erect hairs 3-5 mm. long. Culms branching very early ; spikelets 1.8- 1.9 mm. long 46. P. praecocius. Culms branching after maturity of primary panicle ; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long. Axis of panicle long-pilose . . . . 39. P. implicatum. Axis of panicle nearly glabrous . . .40. P. meridional^. A. Upper surface of blades with short or some- what appressed pubescence. Blades stiif; spikelets obovate . . . .38. P.huachucae. Blades lax; spikelets elliptical (88) P. huachucae, v. silvicola. 6. Pubescence not spreading i. i. Culms crisp-puberulent or crisp-pubescent; ligule nearly obsolete. Spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; blades 5-6 cm. long ; plants blue-green 52. P. tsugetorum. Spikelets 1.7 mm. long; blades 3-5 cm. long; plants gray-green 53. P. columbianum. i. Culms with short or long appressed pubescence j. j. Ligule obsolete or nearly so. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long 50. P. Commonsianum. Spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long 51. P. Addisonii, j. Ligule 2-3 mm. long. Pubescence on lower sheaths spreading . . 40. P. meridionals. Pubescence on lower sheaths appressed. Blades glabrous on upper surface; spikelets 1.2 mm. long 87. P. leueothrias. Blades pubescent on upper surface ; spikelets 1.5-1.9 mm. long. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long ; panicles not over 8 cm. long 41. P. oricola. Spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; panicles 3-5 cm. long 42. P. subvillosum. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 103 1. PASPALOf DEA Nash. Spikelets acute, glabrous, subsessile in one-sided racemes, these racemose on an elongated axis. 1. P. hemitomum Schultes. Culms thick, 9-12 dm. long, rooting and branching at the lower nodes ; sheaths loose, glabrous or hairy on the margins ; blades 1-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, very narrow, the remote racemes appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets 2.8 mm. long, lanceolate ; fruit less indurated and rigid than in true Panicum ; palea not inclosed at the apex. (P. Curtisii Chapm.; P. digitarioides Car- penter.) Ponds, Del. to Fla. and Tex. 2. EUPANICUM Gren. & Godr. Spikelets disposed in more or less spread- ing panicles ; palea included at the summit. * VEKRUc6sA. Spikelets tuberculate ; branching annuals, rooting at the lower nodes. 2. P. yerrucdsum Muhl. Glabrous ; culms slender, spreading or ascending, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves 1-1.5 dm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, shining ; panicle diffuse, few-flowered, 0.7-2.5 dm. long (reduced panicles often pro- duced from the base), branches capillary, spreading, spikelet- *d\ bearing toward the ends ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, subacute ; &| first glume about one fourth as long as the faintly nerved ^wro warty second glume and sterile lemma ; fruit apiculate. Moist sandy soil, Mass, to Fla. ; also in Ind. at the s. end 59. p. verrucosum. of L. Michigan. FIG. 58. Spikelet x 9. * * CAPILL\RIA. Branching annuals, hispid as a whole ; panicles diffuse ; spike- lets glabrous, strongly nerved ; first glume about one half the length of the second, broad, clasping the base of the spikelet, acute ; second glume and sterile lemma slightly or greatly exceeding the elliptical smooth and shining fruit. 3. P. capillare L. (OLD-WITCH GRASS.) Culms stout, sparingly branched, ascending ; sheaths and usually the leaves (5-15 mm. wide) copiously papillose- hispid ; panicle very large and diffuse, often half the length of the entire plant, included at base until maturity ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate, exceeding the fruit. Sandy soil, and as a weed in fields, N. S. to B. C., and southw. Aug. -Oct. At maturity lower panicle- 59 P ca mare b rancnes diverge and the panicles break away and act like tumble siniu-fiPtR v 4 * wee ds. FIG. 59. 4. P. GattingSri Nash. Culms widely spreading or decum- bent, sometimes as much as 1 m. long, branching at all the nodes, the branches again branching ; the numerous exserted panicles oval, smaller and less diffuse than in the preceding ; spikelets more turgid; leaves less hirsute. (P. capillare, var. campestre Gattinger.) Moist open ground, Me. to N. C., 111., and Mo. Depauperate plants forming very small prostrate mats occur in N. E. and N. Y. 5. P. ftexile (Gattinger) Scribn. Slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high, with a few erect branches at base ; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rarely wider, some- times nearly glabrous, erect ; panicles usually one half the length of the entire plant, narrowly oblong with ascending branches; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long, solitary at the ends of the branchlets ; the long acuminate second glume and sterile lemma one third longer than the fruit. Moist sandy soil, Pa. and Mich. , southw. 6. P. philadelphicum Bernh. Slender, erect or ascending, usually decum- bent at base, freely branching, zigzag, 1.5-4 dm. high ; leaves less than 1 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicle about one third the entire height of the plant, rather few-flowered, spikelets in 2-'s or sometimes solitary, at the ends of the divergent flexuous branchlets, 1.7-1.8 mm. long; second glume and sterile lemma acute, barely exceeding the fruit. (P, minus Nash, according to descrip- tion; P. minimum Scribn. & Merr.) Dry woods, clearings, and sandy shores, Me. to I. T., and southw. 104 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 7. P. MILIACEUM L. (EUROPEAN MILLET.) Culms 2-5 dm. high, erect or decumbent; sheaths papillose-hispid; leaves 1-2.5 dm. long, 2.5 cm. or less wide ; panicle dense, drooping at maturity ; spikelets ovoid, 5 mm. long, turgid. Waste places, Me. to Pa., westw. to Neb. (Adv. from Eu.) * * * DICHOTOMIFL&RA. Branching annual, glabrous throughout. 8. P. dichotomiflbrum Michx. Culms compressed, thick, suc- culent, spreading or ascending from a decumbent base, 3-18 dm. long ; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, scabrous above ; pan- icles 1.2-4 dm. long, diffuse ; spikelets short-pediceled, mostly secund toward the ends of the branchlets, 3 mm. long, acute ; first glume obtuse, second and sterile lemma pointed beyond . the fruit. (P. proliferum Am. auth. not Lam.) Low waste florum '" grounds and cultivated fields, Me. to Neb., and southw. July- Spikelet x 3. Oct. Slender, depauperate, erect or prostrate specimens occur in sterile ground. FIG. 60. * * * * VIRGATA. Stout simple mostly glabrous perennials, with long-pediceled spikelets and stout creeping rootstocks. 9. P. amarum Ell. Glaucous, caespitose in large bunches, 5-15 dm. high; leaves crowded at the base, involute, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, which is 4-8 dm. long, the long slender branches erect; spikelets 4.5 mm. long; first glume |-| as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma pointed beyond the grayish fruit. Sandy seashores, Va., and" southw. Aug. , Sept. Foliage bitter. 10. P. amaroides Scribn. & Merr. Glaucous ; culms 5-8 dm. high, scattered from a stout creeping rootstock ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, flat or somewhat involute ; panicle 1.5-4 dm. long, very narrow, the short branches appressed ; spikelets 6 mm. long ; first glume f as long as the spikelet or more. (P. amarum, var. minor Vasey & Scribn.) Sandy seashores, Ct., and southw. Aug., Sept. 11. P. virgatum L. (SWITCH GRASS.) Tufted, from strong creeping root- stocks, 0.9-2 m. high, sometimes glaucous ; leaves elongated, flat ; panicles 1.5- 5 dm. long, nearly as wide, the branches ascending or spreading, naked at the base ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long ; the second glume and sterile lemma spreading and pointed, exceeding the fruit. Low open ground or salt marshes along the coast, also on prairies in the interior, Me. to Man., and southw. Very variable ; leaves sometimes pilose above near the base ; marsh plants often very luxuriant, with panicles 6 dm. or more long. FIG. 61. Var. obtusum Wood. More slender, 1 m. high or less; leaves 61 - P. virgatum. not over 8 mm. wide ; panicle 1.5 dm. long or less, rather nar- s P lkele ts x3. row; spikelets 3 mm. long; the second glume and sterile lemma blunt and scarcely exceeding the fruit. (P. virgatum, var. breviramosum Nash.) Sand barrens, N. Y., N. J., and southw, ***** AcRosTofDiA. Erect perennials; spikelets lanceolate, pointed, short- pediceled along the elongated main branches of the panicle ; fruit narrowly elliptical, exceeded by the second glume and sterile lemma. ^Eootstocks absent; plants tufted from a short caudex, compressed at the leafy base, glabrous. 12. P. longif blium Torr. Culms slender, 5-10 dm. high ; leaves flat or invo- lute toward the ends, the uppermost often equaling the panicle, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle purplish, 1-2.5 dm. long, rather few-flowered; branches solitary or in 2's, remote, very slender, finally spreading, naked at the base ; spikelets 2.8-3 mm. long ; first glume \ as long as the second which exceeds the sterile lemma. Moist sandy ground, Ct. to D. C., and southw., .mostly coastal. July-Sept. 13. P. agrostoides Spreng. Culms 4-10 dm. high, rather stout; sheaths loose ; blades 2-3.5 cm. long, flat. 0.6-1 cm. wide; panicle often purplish, oblong- ovate, 1.5-3 dm. long, the stiff branches ascending, naked at the base, with GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 105 divergent densely flowered branchlets mostly from the lower side; spikelets 2 mm. long, crowded; a few long hairs on the short pedicel ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal. Wet meadows and shores, Me. to Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept. FIG. 62. ~ 14. P. stipitatum Nash. Similar to the preceding ; leaves /M and panicles commonly dark purple, the latter narrower and ml closer ; lateral panicles short-peduncled from the upper nodes ; \jf spikelets narrower, more pointed, distinctly secund upon the branchlets ; second glume longer than the sterile lemma; fruit 62 - p - agrostoides. stipitate ; no hairs at base of spikelets. Moist soil, N. J. to Spikeiet x 5. Ky., and southw. 15. P. condSnsum Nash. Culms stout, 0.8-1.3 m. high, sometimes geniculate below; leaves 2.5-5 dm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, flat or folded ; panicle 1-3 dm. long, narrowly oblong, the densely flowered branches erect or narrowly ascending, the lower ones naked at the base ; smaller long-peduncled panicles often produced from the upper nodes; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, rather turgid ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, the points usually spreading at maturity. Borders of streams and wet places, Pa. (Porter) ; Alexandria Co., Va. ; S. C. and southw. -t-i- Plants from stout scaly rootstocks, not conspicuously compressed at base. 16. P. anceps Michx. Erect or ascending, 6-12 dm. high; sheaths subcom- pressed, glabrous or sparsely pilose ; blades 1.5-5 dm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, flat ; panicles 2-5 dm. long, very loose and open, the slender remote branches spread- ing ; small long-peduncled panicles produced from the upper nodes ; spikelets more or less secund, 3.5 mm. long ; the acuminate second glume and sterile lemma curved at the apex, about % longer than the fruit which bears a minute tuft of hairs at the apex. (P. rostratum Muhl.) Moist sandy soil, R. I. to Kan., and southw. July-Sept. ****** DICHOTOMA. Perennials producing simple culms in the spring which later branch more or less profusely, this autumnal state often strikingly different in habit from the spring state; winter rosettes of basal leaves per- sistent in spring and usually different in shape from culm-leaves ; primary panicles produced in spring or early summer seldom perfecting seed, the secondary panicles smaller, often much reduced, the latest included in the sheaths, usually cleistogamous and fruitful ; the secondary leaves usually much reduced, often crowded by the dwarfing of the lateral internodes. H- 1. Depauperata. Culms tufted, slender, sparingly branching at the base, simple above ; leaves long-linear, scabrous above, the basal ones shorter but not forming a distinct flat rosette in the autumn ; the reduced secondary panicles, produced from short branches from the lowest nodes, more or less concealed in the leaves at the base; ligule a ring of hairs about 0.5 mm. long. 17. P. depauperatum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high ; nodes ascending-pubescent ; sheaths except the lowest shorter than the internodes, glabrous or pilose ; blades 6-15 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, often involute in dry- ing ; panicles not much exceeding the leaves, 4-8 cm. long, few-flowered, the rather strict remote branches ascending; spikelets 3.2-3.8 mm. long, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume -J-i- the length of the spike- let, subacute ; second glume and sterile lemma acuminate, extending in a point beyond the fruit which is 2.3 mm. long. Sterile woods, Me. to Minn., and southw. 18. P. per!6ngum Nash. Similar to the preceding, more strict in habit, usually papillose-pilose ; blades averaging longer and narrower (sometimes 2.5 dm. long"), pubescent on the lower surface; panicles smaller, narrow, the branches nearly erect; spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long, oval, blunt, sparingly pilose, strongly nerved ; first glume \-\ the length of the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit at maturity, obtuse; fruit 2.4 mm. long ; secondary panicles usually more numerous than in the last, sometimes produced from the second node. Prairies and dry soil, Mich, and S. Dak. to Tex. 106 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 19. P. Iinearif61ium Scribn. Densely tufted, 2-4.5 dm. high ; culms very slender, erect, spreading or almost drooping at the summit; sheaths usually equaling or exceeding the internodes, sparsely to densely papillose-pilose ; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, usually exceeding the panicle until maturity, often pubescent below ; panicles finally long-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, rather few- flowered, the remote flexuous branches spreading ; spikelets 2.4-2.7 mm. long, subacute, sparsely pilose ; first glume J-^ the length of the spikelet, triangular- ovate ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit at maturity; fruit 2 mm. long. Woods, Me. to Md., w. to Mich, and Kan. 20. P. Werndri Scribn. Similar to the preceding ; in small tufts, glabrous except for a few long hairs at the nodes and base of blades; culms strict; leaves firmer, 1.5 dm. long or less, 3-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long, nearly or quite glabrous ; secondary panicles usually wanting. Sterile woods and knolls, Me. to Ont., Pa., O., and Mo. In the field resembles P. depauperatum. i- 2. Laxiflora. Plants in soft tufts, light green ; culms slender, simple or rarely branching from the lower nodes; basal leaves short, in a dense soft tuft, but not distinctly different from culm-leaves in shape; spikelets obovate, turgid. 21. P. xalapnse HBK. Ascending or spreading, 1-4 dm. high ; culms lax, glabrous; nodes bearded; sheaths papillose-pilose with reflexed hairs; blades mostly 8-12 cm. long, 7-11 mm. wide, sparingly pilose or nearly glabrous except the ciliate margins; panicle finally exserted, 6-10 cm. long, lax, the capillary flexuous branches spreading or drooping, few-flowered; spikelets 2 mm. long ; first glume glabrous ; second glume and sterile lemma villous, the glume shorter than the fruit which is 1.5 mm. long and minutely umbonate. (P. laxiflorum Am. auth., not Lam.) Low woods, Md. to Mo., and south w. 22. P. strigbsum Muhl. Erect or ascending, 2-4.5 dm. high; culms pilose; sheaths and blades long-pilose, clustered at the base, 4-8 cm. long, 6-9 mm. wide, upper blades reduced; panicle finally long-exserted, 4-10 cm. long, the axis pilose, the capillary branches ascending, with numerous long-pediceled glabrous spikelets (1.3-1.5 mm. long) ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as the fruit. Sandy woods, se. Va. to Tenn., and south w. 1-3. Angustifolia. Mostly grayish-green, caespitose; primary culms with elongated leaves (tapering to each end) and long-exserted few-flowered primary panicles ; blades conspicuously striate-nerved ; ligulea ring of stiff hairs less than 1 mm. long; autumnal state repeatedly bushy-branched above, often geniculate-decumbent ; spikelets obovoid, turgid, attenuate at the base, pubescent (rarely glabrous) ; first glume \-nerved ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, 7-9-nerved ; fruit broadly ellipsoidal. 23. P. angustif blium Ell. Culms slender, erect or spreading at the top, 3-8 dm. high, appressed-pubescent ; nodes not bearded; sheaths shorter than the internodes, papillose-pilose, lower commonly purplish ; blades ciliate toward the base, 8-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, somewhat spreading, the lower shorter and often broader ; panicle 4-9 cm. long, the slender flexuous branches widely spread- ing, sometimes drooping, bearing a few long-pediceled spikelets about 2.5 mm. long ; first glume obtuse, glabrous, ^ the length of the spikelet or less ; second glume and sterile lemma obtuse, short-villous, equaling the fruit, which is minutely pubescent at the obscurely umbonate apex. Branching state lean- ing, not prostrate ; leaves reduced, very narrow, flat, or involute on the margins only. Low sandy woods, Del., Va., and southw. Variable in the amount of pubescence. 24. P. cpnsangulneum Kunth. In the simple state similar to the preceding, but spreading or ascending, more softly and densely villous ; nodes bearded ; the leaves often conspicuously longitudinally wrinkled ; panicles smaller, the branches narrowly ascending; spikelets more turgid, more densely villous. Branching state decumbent ; the numerous leaves soft and flat, rarely over 5 cm. long. (P. villosum Ell.) Low sandy woods, se. Va., and southw. 25. P. aciculare Desv. Ascending-pilose ; culms at first ascending or spread- GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 107 ing, 3-5 dm. high, very slender ; sheaths usually less than half as long as the internodes; blades mostly spreading, flat or involute above, 4-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide or less, the lower wider ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, the flexuous branches spreading ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; first glume ^ the length of the spikelet, rounded ; second glume and sterile lemma densely pubescent, equaling the fruit which is minutely pubescent at the apex. In the branching state forming dense prostrate mats, with very numerous crowded short involute-setaceous often falcate leaves. (P. filirameum Ashe; P. neuranthum of Britton's Man., not Griseb.) Sandy soil, mostly near the coast, se. Va., and south w. 26. P. Bicknlllii Nash. Culms usually stiff, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high (rarely higher) ; nodes and lower part of the sheaths and margins sparsely hairy ; blades 7-14 cm. long, 3-8 mm. wide (rarely wider), ciliate at the base, rather rigid, spreading, flat, the uppermost usually the longest ; panicles 5-8 cm. long, the stiff slender branches bearing a few long-pediceled spikelets; these 2.5 mm long ; first glume loose, \ the length of the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma sparsely pilose or rarely glabrous, equaling the fruit or very slightly exceeding it. Autumnal state ascending or erect, rather sparingly branching from the upper nodes with numerous long rather stiff leaves overtopping the reduced panicles of long-pediceled spikelets. (P. nemopanthum Ashe ; P. jBushii Nash.) Sterile open woods and hillsides, Ct. to N. C., and Mo. t- 4. Eudichdtoma. Culms solitary or in small tufts, slender, at first simple, with lanceolate leaves and open terminal panicles; later profusely branch- ing, often leaning or decumbent ; basal leaves short, forming flat rosettes in the autumn; ligule a ring of hairs less than 0.5 mm. long; spikelets elliptical-oblong, not turgid; second glume and sterile lemma 1 -nerved. *-+ Spikelets glabrous. 27. P. dich6tomum L. Glabrous, often purplish ; culms 3-5 dm. high, erect from short knotted rootstocks ; sheaths less than half the length of the inter- nodes, rarely ciliate on the margins; blades spreading, 5-11 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ; panicle 4-9 cm. long, the flexuous /w\ branches spreading, spikelet-bearing toward the ends ; spike- MM lets 2 mm. long, rather faintly nerved ; the second glume w|r shorter than the fruit, exposing its summit at maturity. ^if Branching state erect, bushy-branched at the top, like a little tree ; the leaves crowded and spreading, more or less involute. 63. P. dichotomum. Woods, Me. to Mich., Fla., and Tex. Spikelets or lower Spikelet x 5. sheaths rarely minutely pubescent. FIG. 63. 28. P. barbulatum Michx. In the simple state resembling large speci- mens of the preceding, in larger tufts ; culms sometimes 8 dm. high ; lower nodes often sparsely bearded ; sheaths usually with a puberulent ring at the summit : blades 6-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide ; panicles 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider, the lower branches drooping at maturity, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit at maturity. Autumnal state diffusely branched, forming very large top-heavy reclining bunches, the slender branches recurved. Rocky woods and hillsides, Ct. to Mich., Mo., and south w. 29. P. yadkinnse Ashe. Similar to P. dichotomum ; culms taller (some- times 1 m. high) and stronger; sheaths usually bearing pale glandular spots; blades 9-13 cm. long, 8-11 mm. wide ; the basal and rameal leaves correspond- ingly larger than those of P. dichotomum ; panicle about 10-12 cm. long, the slender branches rather strict ; spikelets 2.5 mm. long, acute; second glume and sterile lemma equal, exceeding the fruit, forming a slight beak beyond it. Au- tumnal state leaning, not profusely branched. Moist woods and thickets, Pa. and D. C. to Ga. ; and 111. 30. P. lucidum Ashe. At first resembling P. dichotomum, but bright green, shining, and with erect leaves; the weak culms soon becoming decumbent, sometimes rooting at the nodes ; sheaths usually ciliate on the margin ; blades 4-7 cm. long, spreading in the decumbent state ; panicle fewer-flowered ; spikelets 2 mm. long; nerves more prominent than in P. dichotomum; second glume and 108 GRAMIKEAE (GRASS FAMILY) sterile lemma both shorter than the fruit. In late summer the delicate culms are almost creeping and vine-like, repeatedly branching, the branches elongated and diverging at a wide angle, not fascicled; the waxy Jlat leaves 2-4 cm. long. Wet 'woods and sphagnum swamps, N. J., D. C., and southw. 31. P. microcarpon Muhl. Culms at first erect, in large clumps ; nodes swollen, densely bearded with reflexed hairs ; sheaths less than half as long as the internodes, ciliate on the margin, the lower sometimes pilose ; blades 10-12 cm. long, 10-12 mm. wide, thin, spreading or deflexed, ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous ; basal leaves shorter and broader ; panicles long-exserted, 10-12 cm. long, branches ascending, with numerous spikelets 1.6 mm. long ; second glume slightly longer than the fruit. Becoming diffusely branched, reclining or pros- trate, with densely crowded small flat leaves and numerous very small panicles. (Muhl. in Ell., not Muhl. Gram., which is P. polyanthes Schultes ; P. barbulatum Am. auth., riot Michx. ) Wet woods and swampy places, Mass, to 111., s. to Fla. and Tex. Spikelets rarely sparsely pubescent. M. -M. Spikelets pubescent. 32. P. boreale Nash. Culms 3-5 dm. high, slender, erect, or in weak forms geniculate at base ; nodes sometimes with a few hairs ; sheaths often overlapping, ciliate on the margin, glabrous, or the lower sparsely pubescent ; blades 6-12 cm. long, 7-12 mm. wide, erect, sparingly ciliate toward the rounded base, other- wise glabrous (rarely puberulent beneath) ; panicle 5-10 cm. long, hardly as wide, loosely flowered, the slender branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 2.2 mm. long, obtuse ; first glume } as long as the subequal second glume and sterile lemma, which are as long as the fruit. Sparingly branched from all the nodes in late summer; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. Moist open ground or woods, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. E., N. Y., n. Ind., and Minn. 33. P. mattamuskeetense Ashe. Often purplish ; culms 0.4-1 m. high, erect or geniculate at base, glabrous ; nodes puberulent ; sheaths loose, short, upper glabrous except on the margin and sometimes the summit, lower usually softly pilose ; blades 6-9 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide (upper and lower smaller), spread- ing, often reflexed, glabrous ; panicle 6-10 cm. long, the flexuous branches spreading, spikelet-bearing almost to the base; spikelets 2.3 mm. long; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, both shorter than the subacute fruit. Remaining erect, branching from the middle nodes in late summer, the branches rather appressed ; rameal leaves stiffly ascending. (P. Clutei Nash.) Sandy borders of cranberry bogs and swamps, Mass., N. J., and southw. 34. P. annulum Ashe. Purplish ; culms erect, 5-7 dm. high, in small clumps ; nodes densely bearded ; sheaths glabrous or the lower softly pubescent ; blades 6-12 cm. long, 7-13 mm. wide, spreading, velvety-pubescent on both surfaces, margins ciliate toward the base ; panicles 5-9 dm. long, open ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; second glume slightly shorter than the fruit. 'Erect and sparingly branched from the upper nodes in late summer, soon dying to the ground. Dry woods, N. J., Pa., and D. C. to Ga. ; apparently rare. i-5. Spreta. Plants mostly glabrous or at least not spreading-pilose ; blades firm; ligule dense, 2-5 mm. long; spikelets densely pubescent, 1.6 mm. long or less. 35. P. sprdtum Schultes. Culms erect or slightly decumbent at base, glabrous ; nodes swollen, usually naked ; sheaths loose, shorter than the internodes, usually ciliate on the margin above, otherwise glabrous, or the lower sparsely pubescent; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades 7-10 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide, ascending, often reflexed, sparingly long-ciliate at base, otherwise glabrous ; panicle 8-12 cm. long, less than half as wide, rather dense, the fascicled branches ascending or 64. P. spretum. appressed, short spikelet-bearing branches at the base of the Spikelets x 5. fascicles ; spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. long, elliptic, obscurely pointed ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, slightly exceeding the fruit. Somewhat reclining in the autumnal state, the tufted branches shorter than the elongated primary internodes; the reduced crow'ded leaves often conduplicate, GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 109 sometimes minutely pubescent on the lower surface. (P. nitidum of recent auth., not Lam. P. Eatoni Nash ; P. paucipilum Nash.) Moist, usually sandy soil, Me., and southw. near the coast ; and in Ind. near L. Michigan. FIG. 64. 36. P. Lindheimeri Nash.' Culms stiffly ascending of spreading, 6-10 dm. long, glabrous or pubescent below ; nodes swollen ; sheaths less than half as long as the elongated internodes, ciliate on the margin, otherwise glabrous, or the lowermost pubescent; ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades 5-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, ascending, often reflexed when old, with a few hairs on the margins at base, glabrous on both surfaces, or minutely puberulent below ; panicle 4-7 cm. long, nearly as wide, branches ascending or spreading, loosely flowered; spike- lets 1.5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse ; second glume shorter than the fruit. Culms elongated and radiating-proslrate in the autumn, earlier branches long, the later ones in short tufts, all appressed ; leaves much reduced, involute-pointed ; the hairs at base often conspicuous. Sandy woods and open ground, Ct. to Fla., w. to 111. and Cal. 37. P. Ieuc6thrix Nash. Light olive green, or often purplish ; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high, erect, appressed-papillose, the hairs on the sheaths more spreading; ligule 3 mm. long ; blades ascending, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, papillose- ciliate at the rounded base, velvety beneath; panicle 3-5 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, rather densely flowered, axis appressed-pubescent, with tufts of long hairs in the axils of the ascending branches ; spikelets 1.2 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, densely papillose-pubescent ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, barely cov- ering the obscurely pointed fruit. Branching state erect or nearly so, branches mostly from the lower nodes, not in fascicles; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. Low sandy ground, mostly pine land, s. N. J., and southw. - 6. Lanuginosa. Plants pilose at least on culms and sheaths ; ligule 2-5 mm. long (rarely less) ; spikelets pubescent. (P. pubescens Am. authors, not Lam.) 38. P. huachiicae Ashe. Plants typically stiff, with copoius spreading papil- lose pubescence, harsh to the touch, commonly olivaceous, often purplish ; culms 2-6 dm. high, erect or nearly so ; nodes bearded with spreading hairs ; blades firm, erect or ascending, 4-8 cm. long, 6-8 mm. wide, veins inconspicuous, upper surface copiously short-pilose especially toward the base, lower surface densely pubescent; ligule 3-4 mm. long; panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather densely flowered, the axis and often the branches pilose ; the flexuous fascicled branches ascending or spreading, short spikelet-bearing branchlets at the base of the fascicles ; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, turgid; first glume j- as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma papillose-pilose, subequal, slightly shorter than the obscurely apiculate fruit. Stiffly ascending or spreading in the autumnal state; culms and sheaths sometimes papillose only, the branches fascicled, the reduced crowded leaves ascending. (P. un- ciphyllum of recent Am. auth., not Trin.) Prairies and open ground, Me. to Minn., and southwestw. A variable species, apparently intergrading with the following and with P. implicatum. Var. silvlcola Hitchc. & Chase. Taller and more slender, brighter green, less densely pubescent ; blades thin, lax, and spreading, 5-10 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide, upper surface less densely pilose, lower surface appressed-pubescent, with a satiny luster; panicle 5-8 (rarely 10) cm. long, the branches more spreading ; spikelets the same length but elliptical and less turgid, with shorter pubescence. More or less decumbent in the autumnal state, the numerous fascicled branches shorter than the primary internodes, at least late in the season, the reduced spreading leaves sometimes nearly glabrous above except for a few long hairs near the base. (P. lanuginosum as described by Scribner & Merrill, not Ell.) Woods and clearings, range of the typical form, but more common southw. 39. P. implicatum Scribn. Erect, 2-5.5 dm. high ; slender culrns and sheaths papillose-pilose ; ligule 4-5 mm. long ; blades 3-6 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, rather firm, erect or ascending ; upper surface pilose with erect hairs 3-4 mm. long ; lower surface appressed-pubescent ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, nearly as wide, 110 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) the axis long-pilose, the very flexuous branches often tangled, the lower usually drooping; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovate, obtuse, papillose-pilose; second glume and sterile lemma equal, as long as the fruit. In late summer ascending or spreading with fascicled branches from the lower nodes, the crowded reduced leaves pilose as in the simple state. Wet meadows, bogs, and wooded swamps, N. B. to Minn., s. to D. C. 40. P. meridionale Ashe. Differs from the preceding as follows : more slender, not over 4 dm. high ; upper internodes and sheaths minutely appressed- pubescent only ; panicles not over 4 cm. long, axis nearly glabrous ; branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. The slender culms becom- ing geniculate-decumbent, with slender fascicled branches at all the nodes ; leaves not greatly reduced. (P. filiculme Ashe, not Hack.) Sandy or sterile woods or clearings, Ct. to Ind., N. C., and Ga. 41. P. orfcola Hitchc. & Chase. Grayish or purplish, densely tufted, spreading, early branching and prostrate, forming dense mats; culms 1-3 dm. long, appressed- or ascending-pilose, the hairs on the nodes spreading ; sheaths rather loose, appressed-pilose ; ligule 1-1.5 mm. long ; blades 2-5 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, firm, erect or ascending ; upper surface covered with hairs 3-5 mm. long, becom- ing sparse on the later leaves; lower surface appressed-pubescent, a few long hairs intermixed ; panicles short-exserted, 1.8-3 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide; spike- lets 1.5 mm. long, rounded-obovoid, very turgid, pubescent with short spreading hairs ; first glume abruptly pointed, | | as long as the equal second glume and sterile lemma, which are barely as long as the fruit. Leaves and panicles not greatly reduced in the branching state. Sands along the coast, Mass, to Va. Most readily distinguished by prostrate and early branching habit, and small panicles of rounded spikelets, large in proportion to the panicle. 42. P. subvillbsum Ashe. Slender, 1-3.5 dm. high, leafy at the base, widely spreading ; culms and sheaths sparsely ascending-pilose ; nodes short-bearded, a glabrous ring below; ligule 1 mm. long, with a ring of hairs 3-4 mm. long above it; blades firm, ascending, 4-6 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide ; both surfaces pilose, the hairs on the upper 3-5 mm. long ; panicle long-exserted, 3-5 cm. long, rather narrow, the lower branches ascending or appressed, rather densely flowered, axis pubescent or pilose ; spikelets 1.9 mm. long', obtuse, turgid; first glume about as long as the spikelet, acuminate ; second glume and sterile lemma sub- equal, the glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Widely spreading and branched from the lower nodes in autumn ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced ; leaves less pilose than the earlier ones. (P. unciphyllum, forma pilosum Scribn. & Merr., not P. pilosum Sw.) Dry woods and sandy ground, Me. to Minn. ; and in n. Ind. 43. P. tennesseSnse Ashe. Bright green, often purplish ; culms 2.5-6 dm. high, slender, stiffly spreading ; internodes and sheaths papillose-pilose with spreading hairs, or the upper sometimes nearly glabrous ; blades firm, ascending or suberect, 6-9 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide (upper much smaller), with a thin white carti- laginous margin, often sparsely ciliate at base ; veins conspicuous ; upper surface glabrous or with a few long hairs at the base, appressed-pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath; ligule dense, 4-5 mm. long ; panicle purplish, 4-7 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending ; spikelets 1.6-1.7 mm. long, obtuse, turgid; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, glabrous ; second glume shorter than the fruit at maturity. Autumnal state widely spreading or decumbent and with numerous fascicled branches as long as or longer than the primary internodes ; leaves much reduced, usually ciliate at base. Open rather moist ground and wood-borders, Me. to Mich., s. to N. C. and Tex. 44. P. lanuginbsum Ell. Grayish olive-green, velvety-villous all over ; culms 4-6 dm. high, slender, spreading ; leaves 5-10 cm. long (uppermost much smaller), thickish but not stiff, margins sometimes papillose-ciliate, long soft hairs inter- mixed with the velvety pubescence on the upper surface ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; panicle 5-11 cm. long, about as wide, loosely flowered, the filiform branches finally wide -spreading ; spikelets 1.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, obtuse, villous with soft spreading hairs ; first glume \ as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, slightly shorter than the subacute fruit. Decumbent and GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 111 repeatedly branching in the autumn, branches much exceeding the internodes ; leaves much reduced, usually ciliate. Moist sandy woods, mostly near the coast, N. J. to Fla. and La. Resembling P. scoparium in color and pubescence, but smaller and much more slender. 45. P. auburne Ashe. Similar to the preceding but smaller in all its parts, early becoming diffusely branched and decumbent ; upper surface of the blades with copious long silky hairs intermixed with the velvety pubescence ; primary panicle short-exserted, 3-4 cm. long, about as wide, axis velvety with long silky hairs intermixed, branches spreading ; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long, obovate, very turgid, densely papillose-pubescent ; first glume |- as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the fruit. Sandy pine and oak woods on the coastal plain. N. J. to Fla. 46. P. praecdcius Hitchc. & Chase. Culms very slender, wiry, early branch- ing, 1.5-4 dm. high, soon becoming geniculate and somewhat spreading, copi- ously pilose with weak spreading hairs 3-4 mm. long, as are the sheaths, which are much shorter than the long internodes ; ligule 3-4 mm. long ; blades rather firm, 5-8 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, those of the branches as large as the primary blades, often involute toward the end, long-pilose on both sides; the hairs on the upper surface erect, 4-5 mm. long ; primary panicle 4-6 cm. long, nearly as wide, loosely flowered, axis pilose, branches spreading or ascending ; secondary pani- cles numerous, appearing before the maturity of the primary one; spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm. long, obovate. turgid, long-pilose with weak spreading hairs ; first glume %-\ as long as the spikelet ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, the glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Dry prairies and clearings, Mich, and 111. to Okla. and Tex. Scarcely has a simple state, branches appearing often before the primary panicle is expanded. 47. P. scoparioides Ashe. Culms erect, papillose-hispid, a glabrous or papillose ring below the bearded nodes ; lower sheaths distant, the upper some- times overlapping on the shortened internodes, papillose-hispid (rarely nearly glabrous) ; ligule 2-3 mm. long ; blades firm, ascending or spreading, 7-10 cm. long, 6-7 mm. wide, papillose-pubescent beneath, sparsely hispid above; panicle pale, rather densely flowered, sometimes included at the base, 4-7 cm. long, about as wide ; branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 2.2-2.3 mm. long, obovate. obtuse, papillose-pubescent, strongly nerved ; first glume about \ as long as the spikelet, second barely as long as the fruit. Autumnal state with short branches at the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute-pointed, much exceeding the panicles. Dry gravelly or serpentine soil, Ct. to Del. ; apparently rare. 48. P. villoslssimum Nash. Olive-green ; culms 2.5-4.5 dm. high, erect or ascending, slender, villous with spreading hairs 3 mm. long, as are the sheaths ; ligule 4-5 mm. long; blades rather firm, especially those of the branches, as- cending, 6-10 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, often subinvolute toward the end, pilose on both surfaces, hairs of the upper surface appressed, long and less copious; primary panicles often equaled by the uppermost leaf, 4-8 cm. long, about as wide, loosely flowered ; spikelets 2.2-2.5 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, papil- lose-pubescent ; first glume f-| as long as the subequal second glume and sterile lemma which are scarcely as long as the subacute fruit. Culms in autumnal state widely spreading, often with geniculate nodes and arched internodes ; late in the season prostrate, leaves of the fascicled branches appressed, the clump having a flat combed-out appearance, a character conspicuous in the field but less so in the herbarium ; blades not much reduced. (P. atlanticum Nash ; P. haemacarpon Ashe ; P. xanthospermum Scribn. & Mohr. ) Sandy or sterile soil, open woods and hillsides, Mass, to Minn., s. to Fla. ; common. 49. P. ovale Ell. Light olive-green ; culms 2-4 dm. high, erect or ascending, rather stout, villous with ascending or appressed long silky hairs; nodes densely bearded with spreading hairs; sheaths nearly as long as the internodes, the upper sometimes overlapping, villous like the culm, or upper rarely nearly gla- brous ; ligule 2 mm. long ; blades 6-10 cm. long, 5-9 mm. wide, firm, ascending, rounded "at base, more or less appressed-pilose toward the margins and base above, appressed-pubescent below; panicle usually short-exserted, 6-8 cm. long, 112 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 3-6 cm. wide, rather loosely flowered, branches somewhat contracted after flowering ; spikelets 2.7-2.9 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, villous with silky hairs ; first glume 3-nerved, \-\ as long as the equal second glume and sterile emma which barely cover the obtuse fruit. In late summer the stiff ascending or erect culms bear numerous short crowded branches with firm sometimes nearly glabrous blades, but little reduced. (P. ovale Ell. as to specimen so labeled in Elliott herbarium and of description in part. The author confused a puberulent narrow-leaved P. commutatum with this species, and his description is made to cover both. Not P. ovale of Small's Fl.) Dry sand, N. J. to Fla. ; and about L. Mich, in Mich, and Ind. -t- 7. Columbiana. Culms rather stiff, appresstd-pubescent at least below ; blades firm, thick, ascending, cartilaginous-margined, appressed-puberulent on lower surface, usually glabrous on upper surface; sheaths appressed- pubescent ; ligule less than 1 mm., usually about 0.5 mm. long; spikelets obovate, turgid, pubescent; the first glume |-| as long as spikelet. Habitat, sandy soil. 50. P. Commonsianum Ashe. In large tufts ; culms ascending or spreading, densely appressed-pilose, as are the sheaths ; blades flat, 6-10 cm. long, 5-6 mm. wide (the upper and lower smaller), at least the lower appressed-pilose beneath ; panicle 4-8 cm. long, about as broad, the branches spreading, usually with few spikelets (2.5-2.7 mm. long) ; the first glume rather remote, % as long as the spikelet, narrow, acute ; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit. Branching state often purple, widely and stiffly spreading, fiat on the sand, with short-fascicled branches mostly from the upper nodes, and crowded stiff subin- volute leaves. Dunes and sandy woods, mostly near the coast, Ct. ; s. N. J. and southw. 51. P. Addisdnii Nash. Often purplish ; culms stout, rigid, 2-4 dm. high, erect or ascending, densely long-appressed-pubescent, the pubescence on the sheaths shorter ; blades 5-7 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, glabrous above (or a few hairs near the margin) ; panicle 3-5 cm. long, 2-3 cm. wide, rather densely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 2-2.2 mm. long; first glume about half as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma barely equaling the fruit. Ift late summer ascending or spreading, with short appressed branches from the middle and upper nodes, the reduced blades involute toward the summit. Sand barrens, Ct. to N. C. 52. P. tsugetbrum Nash. Bluish green, sometimes purplish ; culms slender, 2.5-5 cm. high, ascending or spreading, often geniculate below, crisp-appressed- pubescent, as are the sheaths ; blades 5-6 cm. long (rarely longer), 4-7 mm. wide, glabrous above or with a few long hairs near the base and margins; panicle 3-5 cm. long, about as wide, rather loosely flowered, branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets 1.9 mm. long ; first glume about % as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit. More or less spreading in autumnal state, freely branching from middle nodes, branches ascending ; leaves not greatly reduced, scarcely involute. Sandy woods, N. Y. and N. J.; also about the Great Lakes. Some forms hardly distinguishable from the next. 53. P. columbianum Scribn. Culms rather slender, erect or ascending, 2-4 dm. high, ascending-crisp-pubescent, as are the sheaths ; blades 5 cm. long or less, 4-5 mm. wide, mostly glabrous above; panicles finally long-exserted, 3-5 crn. long, somewhat narrower, branches ascending or spreading; spikelets 1.7 mm. long ; first glume \-\ as long as the spikelet; second glume and sterile lemma equaling the fruit. Widely spreading but not decumbent in the autumnal state, repeatedly branching from the middle nodes, the branches erect; the reduced leaves involute-pointed, glabrous above. (P. psammophilum Nash.) Dry sandy soil, N. E. to Ala., mostly near the coast. Var. thinium Hitchc. & Chase. Like small specimens of the species in the simple state, but branching earlier and more profusely, decumbent, forming dense mats; the small leaves (1-2 cm. long~) with scattered long hairs on the upper surface; spikelets 1.3-1.4 mm. long. With the species, dry sands, N. J, and Del. GUAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 113 +- 8. Ensifblia. Delicate,^ densely tufted, mostly glabrous; spikelets not over 1.5 mm. long ; ligule obsolete. 54. P. ensif61ium Baldw. Culms 2-3.5 dm. high, glabrous, ascending or spreading, from dense tufts of ascending basal leaves ; these 3-7 cm. long, 4-5 mm. wide, remaining green throughout the summer ; sheaths glabrous, much shorter than the long iriternodes ; culm-blades 0.7-2 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide, spreading, usually puberulent beneath; panicle 1.5-3 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather few- flowered ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, turgid at maturity, densely puberulent; second glume slightly shorter than the obtuse fruit. Branching from the upper nodes in the autumnal state, culms usually decumbent, branches short, not very -numerous. (P. Brittoni Nash.) Borders of cranberry bogs, s. N. J., and low pine lands south w. P. TEXUE Muhl. (P. unciphyllum Trin. ; P. albo-marginatum Nash) has been collected in the Great Dismal Swamp, Va. (Chase). This is characterized by the larger and firmer leaves clustered at the base of the culms and having, especially when dry, conspicuous cartilaginous white margins. t- 9. Sphaerocdrpa. Rather stout, glabrous; blades firm, cordate at base, scabrous on upper surface, margins cartilaginous; ligule nearly obsolete; spikelets obovoid-sphericai, puberulent ; second glume and sterile lemma 1-nerved, equaling fruit at maturity. Sparingly branched or nearly simple in autumn. 55. P. sphaerocdrpon Ell. Dull green ; culms 2-5.5 dm. high, usually widely spreading, nodes appressed-pubescent ; sheaths nearly as long as the internodes or overlapping, loose toward the summit, ciliate on the margin ; blades 6-10 cm. long, 7-14 mm. wide (uppermost smaller,, thick, >^PV ascending, stiff-ciliate toward the base, nerves inconspicuous; jjjjj panicle long-exserted, 5-10 cm. long, nearly as wide, rather w loosely flowered, with viscid spots on the axis and ascending branches ; spikelets usually purple, 1.6-1.8 mm. long ; fruit china- 65. P. sphaero- white. Sparingly branching from the lower nodes late in the carpon. Spike- season ; leaves and panicles not much reduced. Sandy ground, let x 5. Mass, to Kan., and southw. FIG. 65. 56. P. polydnthes Schultes. Light green, erect; culms 3-9 dm. high, nodes glabrous; sheaths very long, usually overlapping, margin finely ciliate ; blades 12-23 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (uppermost not smaller), strongly nerved, ciliate toward the base ; panicle 8-25 cm. long, not more than half as wide, densely flowered, lower branches nearly erect, often distant; spikelets green, 1.5-1.6 mm. long; fruit stramineous. Culms simple or very sparingly branched from the lower or middle nodes late in the season. (P. micro- carpon Muhl. Gram., not Ell.) Damp ground, woods and openings, N. Y. to I. T., and southw. - 10. Commutata. Stout, erect, glabrous or puberulent only ; leaves cordate, over 1 cm. wide (sometimes less in P. Ashei} ; ligule nearly obsolete ; panicles open, loosely flowered ; spikelets oblong or elliptic, not turgid, pubescent, 2.6-3 mm. long; second glume and sterile lemma strongly 1-nerved. 57. P. commutatum Schultes. In large or small clumps ; culms 4-7. 5 dm. high, usually stiff, erect and glabrous, nodes puberulent ; sheaths glabrous or puberu- lent toward the summit, a pubescent ring at the junction with the blade, margin ciliate; blades rather firm, spreading or ascending, 5-12 cm. long, 1.2-2 cm. wide (rarely longer or wider), glabrous on both surfaces (rarely puberulent), margins ciliate toward the base ; panicle 6-11 cm. long, as wide or wider; spike- lets 2.6-2.8 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, barely covering the minutely umbonate fruit. In autumnal state culms ascending or spreading, with somewhat divaricate simple branches from the middle nodes; the leaves crowded but hardly reduced. (P. subsimplex Ashe.) Woods and copses, Del. to Fla., w. to 111. and Tex. 58. P. Ashei Pearson. Usually purplish, in loose clumps from a knotted crown ; culms 2.5-5 dm. high, erect, stiff, wiry, densely crisp-puberulent ; sheaths GRAY'S MANUAL 8 114 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) less densely puberulent, short-ciliate on the margin ; blades often approximate toward the summit, 5-8 cm. long, 5-12 mm. wide, rigid, spreading or ascending, ciliate at the subcordate base, otherwise glabrous ; panicle 5-10 cm. long, hardly as wide ; spikelets 2.6 mm. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse ; second glume and sterile lemma subequal, obtuse or withering to a point, slightly exposing the minutely umbonate fruit. In autumnal state the culms bearing widely divergent branches from all or sometimes from only the upper nodes ; the crowded leaves rigid, widely spreading; plants often top-heavy and reclining from repeated branching; leaves little reduced except those of late autumn. Dry, especially rocky, woods, Mass, to Ga., w. to Mich, and Mo. 59. P. mutabile Scribn. & Smith. Blue green, almost glaucous, erect, rather slender, 5-8 dm. high, solitary or few in a tuft; culms glabrous or crisp- puberulent below ; sheaths ciliate, otherwise glabrous ; blades 8-12 cm. long, 1-1.6 cm. wide, horizontally spreading, conspicuously ciliate, especially the wider basal ones, otherwise glabrous ; panicles 8-10 cm. long, about as wide ; spikelets purple, 3 mm. long, elliptical ; first glume i-i as long as the spikelet, the second barely as long as the fruit. Internodes much elongated in the autumnal state, culms somewhat spreading, early branches elongated, later ones short and somewhat crowded. Sandy soil, mostly in shade, se. Va. to N. C. and Miss. H- 11. Lancearia. Densely tufted ; olive-green; culms slender, wiry, puberu- lent ; blades short, flat, flrm, the thin cartilaginous margins papillose-ciliate toward the base ; ligule obsolete or nearly so ; spikelets pyriform, turgid, stronglg nerved. 60. P. lancearium Trin. Culms erect or geniculate at base, often reddish, 1.5-4 dm. high, crisp-puberulent as are the short sheaths ; blades ascending or spreading, 2.5-4.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, usually ciliate for |- their length, puberulent beneath, glabrous above ; panicles short-exserted, loosely flowered, 3-5 cm. long, f- as wide, the few very flexuous branches spreading or droop- ing, spikelet-bearing from the base ; spikelets 2 mm. long, 1 mm. wide ; first glume about | as long as the glabrous or puberulent subequal second glume and sterile lemma, the glume scarcely covering the fruit, which is obscurely pubescent at the apex. Autumnal state decumbent, ascending at the ends, with short fasci- cled branches from the upper nodes ; the densely crowded leaves reduced, involute- pointed. (P. Nashianum Scribn.) Low pine lands near the coast, se. Va. to 61. P. patulum (Scribn. & Merr.) Hitchc. Culms lax, prostrate, 2-6 dm. long ; sheaths and both surfaces of the blades softly pubescent ; the blades thin, spread- ing, 4.5-8 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, often ciliate nearly to the apex ; panicles 4.5-7 cm. long, hardly as wide, the slender branches spreading, spikelet-bearing from near the base ; spikelets 2 mm. long, 1.3 mm. wide ; first glume about \ as long as the densely papillose-pubescent second glume and sterile lemma, the glume scarcely covering the fruit, which is obscurely pubescent at the apex. Autumnal state widely spreading, almost vine-like, the numerous branches slen- der and elongated ; leaves and panicles not greatly reduced. (P. Nashianum, var. Scribn. & Merr.) Moist sandy soil, se. Va. to Fla., near the coast. - 12. Oligosdnthia. Culms stout, erect ; blades firm, rarely over 1.5 cm. wide, usually narrower; ligule from nearly obsolete to 3 mm. long ; spikelets ob- ovate, turgid, usually papillose-hispid, 3-4 mm. long. 62. P. oligosanthes Schultes. In small tufts ; culms 3-8 dm. high, often pur- plish, appressed-pubescent below ; sheaths rather loose, ascending-papillose-pubes- cent ; ligule 1-2 mm. long, with long hairs intermixed ; blades stiffly spreading or ascending, 6-10 cm. long, 5-8 (rarely 10) mm. wide, sharply acuminate, glabrous on the upper, harshly puberulent on the lower surface ; panicles 6-10 cm. long, nearly as wide, loosely flowered, branches ascending ; spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, narrowly obovate, subacute, sparsely pubescent; first glume less than \ the length of the second glume, which is shorter than the fruit. In the autum- nal state somewhat spreading, branching sparingly from the lower nodes, and GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 115 profusely from the upper, the short branches aggregated at the summit; the crowded leaves widely spreading. (P. pauciflorum Ell., not R. Br.) Sandy soil, Del. to D. C., and southw. ; and in n. Ind., near L. Michigan. 63. P. Scribnerianum Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually in larger clumps ; culms not so tall, usually less pubescent ; sheaths papillose-hispid or sometimes nearly glabrous ; ligule about 1 mm. long ; blades ascending or erect, averaging wider (6-10 mm., rarely wider), usually ciliate toward the subcordate base ; panicle short- exserted, 4-7 rarely 9 cm. long, about as wide ; spikelets 3.2-3.3 mm. long, very turgid, obtuse, sparsely pubescent or nearly glabrous ; second glume slightly shorter than the minutely apiculate fruit. Branch- ing late, mostly from the lower nodes, forming short tufts. (P. scoparium Wats. & Coult., not Lam.) Sandy soil or dry prairies, Me. to Ont., and westw. to the Pacific, s. to Va. and 66 - p - Scri bneri- Tex. FIG. 66. anum - 8 P ike ' 64. P. LeibSrgii (Vasey) Scribn. Culms 3-8 dm. high, x4 *' scabrous, at least below the nodes ; sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, with spread- ing hairs; ligule very minute ; blades ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 8-12 mm. wide, papillose-hispid on both surfaces, often sparsely so above ; panicle 8-15 cm. long, less than \ as wide, the branches narrowly ascending ; spikelets 4 mm. long, less turgid than in the last, papillose-hispid with long spreading hairs ; first glume over as long as the spikelet, acuminate, second equaling the fruit. Sparingly branched from the lower nodes in late summer, the branches mostly simple, erect; blades not much reduced. Prairies, O. and Mich, to S. Dak. and Mo. 65. P. Ravenelii Scribn. & Merr. Erect or ascending ; culms 3-6 dm. high, densely papillose-pubescent with ascending hairs; nodes short-bearded; sheaths distant below, the upper overlapping, pubescent like the culm ; ligule 3-4 mm. long; blades thick, ascending, 8-15 cm. long, 1-1.5 mm. wide, rarely wider, ciliate nearly to the apex, densely pubescent beneath, glabrous above ; panicle short-exserted or included at base, 7-10 cm. long, about as wide, branches finally spreading ; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly obovate, very turgid, sparsely pubes- cent ; first glume about as long as the spikelet, second glume slightly shorter than the fruit. Autumnal state more or less spreading, bushy-branched above ; the crowded leaves ascending. Sandy or gravelly soil, Md. and D. C., southw. 66. P. xanthophysum Gray. Yellowish green ; culms ascending, in small tufts, 2-6 dm. high, scabrous; sheaths loose, at least the lower overlapping, sparsely papillose-pilose, bearded at the summit ; ligule minute ; blades erect or nearly so, rather thin, strongly nerved, 1-1.5 dm. long, 1-1.8 cm. wide, narrowed to the rounded ciliate base, otherwise glabrous; panicle finally long-exserted, 0.5-1.2 dm. long, very narrow, few-flowered, the branches erect ; spikelets 4 mm. long, broadly obovate, very turgid, pubescent, rarely glabrous ; first glume nearly \ as long as the spikelet, pointed, second scarcely covering the fruit. Branching in midsummer from the second and third nodes, branches erect, mostly simple ; the large erect leaves making the plant appear very leafy in the middle. Dry soil, Me. to Man. , and Pa. 67. P. Wilcoxianum Vasey. Culms erect, 1-2 dm. high, copiously papillose- pilose as are the usually overlapping sheaths (rarely nearly glabrous) ; ligule about 1 mm. long; blades erect, 5-6.5 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, densely long- pilose on both surfaces; panicle finally exserted, 2-4 cm. long, about half as wide, rather densely flowered, branches ascending; spikelets 2.7-3 mm. long, oblong-obovate, pubescent ; first glume about as long as the spikelet, second hardly covering the fruit. Autumnal state branching from all the nodes, form- ing bushy tufts with rigid erect leaves much overtopping the reduced panicles. Prairies, la. to S. Dak. and Kan. - 13. Scoparia. Culms tall and stout, finally wide-spreading ; blades fiat, elongated, not over 1.5 cm. wide; ligule short; spikelets abruptly pointed, strongly 7-Q-nerved. 68. P. scoparium Lam. Grayish olive-green, velvety-pubescent all over except as noted; culms 8-13 dm. high, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base, 116 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) nodes bearded with reflexed hairs, a glabrous viscid ring below ; sheaths about | as long as the internodes, the velvety pubescence wanting on the back toward the summit, the naked surface viscid when fresh ; ligule 1 mm. long ; blades rather thick, spreading, often reflexed in age, 1.2-2 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, uppermost reduced ; panicle 1-1.5 dm. long, nearly as wide, many-flowered ; axis, branches and pedicels with viscid blotches ; branches spreading or ascend- ing, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets 2.6 mm. long, obovate, turgid, papil- lose-pubescent ; second glume shorter than the apiculate fruit. Culms leaning or spreading in the autumnal state, repeatedly branching from the middle nodes, the fascicles of branches usually fan-shaped and shorter than the very long internodes, or elongated and scorpioid ; sheaths swollen above, constricted at the throat. Wet ground, N. J. to I. T., and southw. 69. P. scabriiisculum Ell. Culms 1-2 m. high, roughened at least below the nodes, often puberulent ; sheaths loose, constricted and bearded at the throat, densely papillose-hispid to nearly glabrous, often spotted ; ligule minute, mem- branaceous, usually a ring of hairs above it ; blades stiffly ascending or spreading, often reflexed, 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 9-12 (rarely 15) mm. wide, usually harsh- pubescent beneath and glabrous above; panicle 1.2-2.5 dm. long, about f as wide, rather densely flowered, the lower branches ascending, axis, branches and pedicels prominently viscid-spotted, branches spikelet-bearing to the base ; spike- lets 2.4 mm. long, ovate, acuminate, minutely puberulent; first glume \-\ as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit. Autum- nal state leaning or widely spreading, repeatedly branching from the middle nodes ; branches erect, later ones short ; the crowded reduced blades often harsh-pubescent on both surfaces. Swamps, W. Va., Va., and southw. 70. P. aculeatum Hitchc. & Chase. Resembles the preceding; culms slender, in very large clumps, scabrous, harsh-pubescent below; sheaths not so loose as in the last, papillose-hispid with stiff sharp-pointed hairs, uppermost usually glabrous ; ligule minute, membranaceous, ciliate ; blades stiffly ascending or spreading, 1.2-2 dm. long, 9-15 mm. wide, very scabrous on the upper surface and toward the apex beneath ; panicle 8-12 cm. long, about as wide, few-flowered, axis and branches not viscid or with a few spots only, lower branches spreading ; spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptical, minutely pubescent ; first glume \-\ as long as the spikelet, second glume and sterile lemma slightly exceeding the fruit. Autum- nal state somewhat spreading, branched from the middle nodes, the branches divaricate, not much crowded. Swampy woods, D. C. and N. C. ; appar- ently rare. t- 14. Latifblia. Culms erect, stout; blades 2 cm. or more wide, cordate-clasp- ing at base, strongly nerved, acuminate ; ligule minute; panicle open; spike- lets 3-4 mm. long, pubescent, strongly nerved. 71. P. clandestinum L. Usually in very large clumps, 5-12 dm. high ; culms, nodes and sheaths strongly papillose-hispid, or the upper nearly glabrous ; blades ascending, 1-2 dm. long, 1.8-2.5 cm. wide, scabrous toward the ends ; panicle exerted, 1-1.5 dm. long, about as wide, rather densely flowered, the fascicled branches ascending ; spikelets 3 mm. long, elliptic, second glume shorter than the subacute fruit. Autumnal state with appressed branches with shortened internodes, the overlapping sheaths usually more strongly papillose-hispid than the earlier ones, the later branch- 67 p i d r * e ^ s vei T short, the leaves crowded at the summit, the panicles Closed and open entirel y inclosed in the sheaths. (P. decoloratum Nash.) spikelet x 3 Moist ground, Me. to Minn. , and southw. FIG. 67. 72. P. B6scii Poir. Culms 3-7 dm. high, minutely pubes- cent or glabrous, at least the lower nodes bearded with reflexed hairs ; sheaths puberulent, a dense ring of pubescence at the summit ; blades 8-12 cm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide, rarely wider, pubescent beneath, sparsely so (rarely glabrous) above, short-ciliate on the margins toward the base ; panicle 6-10 cm. long, usually nearly as wide, the lower branches spreading or ascending ; spikelets 4-4.5 mm. long, obovate ; first glume |-i as long as the spikelet, second glume GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 117 and sterile lemma scarcely equaling the fruit which is minutely pubescent at the apiculate tip. More or less spreading in the autumnal state, branching from the middle nodes, the upper leaves of the branches crowded and spreading. (P. latifolium Am. auth., not L.) Woods, Me. to Minn., and southw. Var. m611e (Vasey) Hitchc. & Chase. Usually not so tall, downy-pubescent throughout. (P. latifolium, var. Vasey; P. pubifolium Nash.) Commoner southw. 73. P. latifblium L. Like P. Boscii, but usually taller ; culms and sheaths (except the ciliate margin and pubescent ring at the summit of the sheaths) glabrous or rarely pubescent below, nodes glabrous,' blades commonly 1.5dm. long, 3 cm. wide, sometimes wider, ciliate toward the very broad base, otherwise glabrous, rarely minutely pubescent ; panicle 8-15 cm. long, the long few-flowered branches ascending; spikelets 3.5-3.8 mm. long, obovate-elliptic, the apiculate tip of the fruit usually glabrous. Autumnal state as in P. Boscii. (P. macro- carpon Le Conte.) Rocky woods and sand dunes, Me. to Wise., and southw. HIANS (Ell.) Nash, a lax perennial with narrow flat leaves and terminal panicles with spreading branches naked at base, and crowded spikelets, the palea of the sterile lemma subindurated, enlarged and forcing the spikelet open, has been collected in se. Mo. (Bush) ; common in the South. 12. SACCI6LEPIS Nash. Second glume gibbous at the base, 11-nerved, equal to the 3-5-nerved sterile lemma (which incloses a large palea and often a staminate flower), about twice as long as the slightly stipitate fruit ; lemma thinner at the apex, the palea free at the tip ; spikelets otherwise as in Panicum. Semi-aquatic perennials with nar- row spike-like panicles. (Name from O-^KKOS, bag, and \eiris, scale, alluding to the saccate second glume.) 1. S. striata (L.) Nash. Perennial, stoloniferous ; culms erect from a creep- ing base, 3-9 dm. high, branching ; sheaths hirsute, at least on the margins ; blades 0.8-2 dm. long, about 1 cm. wide, flat, glabrous ; panicle 10-15 cm. long, contracted, spike-like ; spikelets 3.5 mm. long, lanceolate, acute. (Panicum gib- bum Ell.) Low wet ground, Va. to I. T., and southw. 13. ECHIN6CHLOA Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, sometimes a staminate flower below the perfect termi- nal one, nearly sessile in 1-sided racemes ; glumes unequal, spiny-hispid, mucro- nate ; sterile lemma similar and awned from the apex (sometimes mucronate only), inclosing a hyaline palea; fertile lemma and palea chartaceous, acumi- nate ; margins of the glume inrolled except at the summit, where the palea is not included. Coarse annuals with compressed sheaths, long leaves and termi- nal panicles of stout racemes. (Name from extVos, a hedgehog, and x A(ia > grass, in allusion to the bristling awns.) 1. E. CRUSGALLI (L.) Beauv. (BARNYARD GRASS.) Culms stout, rather succulent, branching from the base, ascending or erect, 3-18 dm. high ; sheaths and blades glabrous; panicle dense, 1-3 dm. long, of numerous erect or spreading racemes, very variable, deep purple to pale green, erect or drooping ; spikelets long-awned or nearly awnless, densely and irregularly crowded in tS or 4 rows, about 3 mm. long. (Panicum L.) Moist, chiefly manured soil and waste ground, river banks, etc., common throughout, except in the extreme North. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 68. E. FRDMENTACEA (Roxb.) Link (Panicum Roxb.), JAPANESE BARNYARD MILLET, or BILLION-DOLLAR GRASS, is an occasional 68 ' escape from cultivation. It is distinguished from short-awned forms of the preceding chiefly by the more compact panicles with short often incurved branches. 2. E. WaltSri (Pursh) Nash. Resembling the preceding, usually taller, at least the lower sheaths coarsely papillose-hispid; panicle usually long, more 118 GBAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) drooping ; spikelets long-awned, the awn sometimes as much as 5 cm. long. (Panicum Pursh ; P. hispidum Muhl.) Marshes and ditches chiefly near the coast, N. H. to Fla. ; and in w. Ont. and n. 111. Aug. -Oct. 3. E. colbna (L.) Link. (JUNGLE RICE.) Tufted, erect or ascending, spar- ingly branched, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades smooth ; panicle of 5-10 dense racemes (1-6 cm. long) rather distant and racemose along the axis spike- lets about 3 mm. long ; glumes and sterile lemma pubescent, mucronate-pointed but not awned. (Panicum L.} Ditches and low ground, Va. and Kan., south w. (Warm regions generally.) 14. SETARIA Beauv. BRISTLY FOXTAIL GRASS Spikelets as in Panicum but surrounded by few or many persistent awn- like branches which spring from the rhachis below the articulation of the spikelets. Annual introduced weeds in cultivated or manured grounds, or native perennials, with linear or lanceolate flat leaves and cylindrical spike- like panicles. (Name from seta, a bristle.) CHAETOCHLOA Scribn. Perennial by creeping rootstocks 1. S. imberbis. No rootstocks. Bristles 5 or more 2. 8. glauca. Bristles 1-3. Downwardly barbed .... 3. S. verticillata. Upwardly barbed. Lemmas rupose ; panicle not exceeding 1.5 dm. in length. Spikelets 2 mm. long 4. S. viridis. Spikelets 3 mm. long 5. S. italica. Lemmas smooth and shining ; panicle 2-6 dm. long 6. S. magnet. 1. S. imbrbis R. & S. Culms more or less caespitose, 3-7 dm. high, slender, compressed, erect or ascending, often geniculate at base ; sheaths overlapping, compressed, glabrous ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-7 mm. wide, attenuate toward the apex ; panicle 2-5 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. thick, exclusive of bristles ; bristles 8-12, 5-10 mm. long, pale yellowish, sometimes purplish, upwardly scabrous ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; first glume about % as long as the spikelet, second J-| as long, acute, 5-7-nerved, the midnerve excurrent ; sterile lemma equaling the elliptical-ovate acute striate transversely rugose fertile lemma. Moist soil, Ct. to Kan., and south w. (Trop. Am.) Var. perSnnis (Hall) Hitchc. Culms scarcely tufted, very slender, wiry, 6-12 dm. high ; blades long and narrow ; pani- cles 2-7 cm. long, more slender ; spikelets and bristles usually purplish. (Chaetochloa versicolor Bicknell.) Brackish marshes along the coast, Ct. to Fla. ; and in saline soil, Kan. and I. T. June-Sept. Intergrades with the species. 2. S. GLAUCA (L.) Beauv. (FOXTAIL, PIGEON GRASS.) Annual ; culms branching at the base, compressed, erect or Spike'let'with C sub- ascendin g 3 ~ 12 dm - hi g h 5 leaves flat, linear-lanceolate, glau- tending bristles. cous > P anicle 2 ~1 cm. lon about 1 cm. thick ; bristles 3-8 mm. Same open, show- l n gi upwardly scabrous ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; first glume |, ing fertile and second f as long as the striate undulate-rugose fertile lemma. neutral flower x 3. Cultivated ground and waste places, common throughout. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 69. 3. S. VERTICILLATA (L.) Beauv. Annual, tufted ; culms 3-6 dm. high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous ; panicles green, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat compound, interrupted at base, tapering above ; bristles stout, downwardly barbed, 3-6 mm. long; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ; first glume 1 as long as the second which equals the sterile lemma and slightly exceeds the abruptly apiculate obscurely transverse- rugose fertile lemma. Near dwellings, widely distributed in eastern U. S. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 70. 4. S. VIRIBIS (L.) Beauv. (GREEN F., BOTTLE GRASS.) 70. S verticil Annual, tufted; culms 2-9 cm. high; leaves 0.5-2.5 dm. long, iata'. Spike 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins ; panicles rather thick, let x 4. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 119 rhachis villous ; bristles slender, upwardly barbed, usually 7-12 mm. long: spikelets 2 mm. long ; second glume and sterile lemma equal, covering the obtuse striate faintly wrinkled fertile lemma. Cultivated grounds and waste places, throughout. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 71. Var. BRE- VISETA (Doll) Hitchc. Bristles scarcely longer than the spikelets. Sterile soil, n. Me. and adjacent Que. 5. S. ITALICA (L.) Beauv. Annual ; panicle compound, inter- rupted at base, thick, nodding, 8-20 cm. long, but in escaped speci- mens smaller, yellowish or purplish ; bristles 2 or 3 in a cluster, longer than the spikelets. Cultivated under the name of MILLET, GERMAN MILLET, or HUNGARIAN GRASS, and rarely spontaneous, as is also Var. GERMANICA (Mill.) Richter, GOLDEN- WONDER MILLET, 71 s which is more slender and has bristles shorter than the spikelets. a S?'iT 7* (Introd. from Eu.) Spikeletx4. 6. S. magna Griseb. Probably perennial; culm stout, erect, 1-3 m. high; sheaths loose, spreading, compressed, margins densely ciliate near the summit ; blades 3-6 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide, attenuate, scabrous ; panicles usually inter- rupted below, 2-5 cm. thick, tapering to both ends ; rhachis densely pilose ; bristles 8-11 mm. long, upwardly scabrous; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume broad, about i as long as the second, which equals the sterile lemma and with it covers the acute apiculate smooth and shining (not striate nor rugose} fertile lemma. Low grounds and marshes, Del., Va., and southw. (Trop. Am.) 15. CENCHRUS L. SANDBUR. BUR GRASS Spikelets 1 -flowered, acuminate, 2-6 together, subtended by a short-pediceled ovoid or globular involucre of rigid connate spines which is deciduous with them at maturity; glumes shorter than the lemmas; sterile lemma with a hyaline palea, fertile lemma and palea less indurated than in Panicum, falcate-acuminate, the lemma not inrolled at the margins. Our species annual, with simple racemes of spiny burs terminating the culm and branches. (An ancient Greek name of Set aria italica.) 1. C. carolinianus Walt. Culms flattened, much branched, ascending or spreading, 3-8 dm. long ; leaves flat ; racemes of 8-20 involucres, about 8 mm. thick, the 6-8 pubescent divisions spine-pointed, spines spreading or reflexed ; spikelets 2-3. ( C. tribuloides Am. auth., not L.) Sandy soil, on river banks, etc., s. Me. to Fla., and westw. across the continent. Aug. (Trop. regions.) FIG. 72. 2. C. tribuloides L. Culms more robust, often 72. C. carolinianus x iy 2 . extensively branching or trailing, 3-9 dm. long; Closed involucre, at left Longi- sheaths loose, usually hirsute along the margins, tudinal section of same, at right, ligule conspicuously ciliate ; blades more or less Open spikelet, in middle. involute ; racemes usually included at the base ; involucres 12-14 mm. thick, densely long-pubescent ; the stout spines spreading or ascending. (C. macrocephalus Scribn.) Sands along the coast, N. J. and southw. 16. ZIZANIA [Gronov.] L. WATER or INDIAN RICE Spikelets unisexual, 1-flowered, the pistillate linear, awned, articulated and tardily deciduous on club-shaped pedicels on the appressed upper branches, the staminate lanceolate, early deciduous, on the expanded lower branches of the same panicle ; glumes none in the pistillate spikelet ; lemma closely clasp- ing the palea by a pair of strong lateral nerves, a long hispid awn from the sum- mit ; first glume of staminate spikelet 5-, the second 3-nerved ; stamens 6 ; grain cylindrical, 1.5-2 cm. long, closely enveloped in the membranaceous lemma and 3-nerved palea. A tall aquatic grass with long leaves and large terminal pani- cles. (Adapted from ftfrvtov, the ancient name of some wild grain.) 120 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 1. Z. palustris L. (INDIAN RICE, WATER OATS.) Annual; culms 2-3 m. high ; leaves flat, 5-10 dm. long, 1.5-4c m. wide. (Z. aquatica of auth. not L.) Swampy borders of streams and in shallow water; common, especially northwestw. July, Aug. (Asia.) FIG. 73. 2. Z. aquatica L. Culms about 1 m. high ; leaves nar- rower (less than 1 cm. wide) ; pistillate portion of panicle more appressed. Me. to Minn., and northw. 17. ZIZANI6PSIS Doll & Asch. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate above, the staminate below on each branch of the panicle, much alike in appearance, laterally compressed ; glumes subequal, membranaceous, the first glume of the pistillate spikelet with a short terminal awn, the lemma acute, palea none ; glumes and lemma of staminate 73. Z. aquatica x l. spikelet acute, nerveless, palea none ; stamens 6 ; grain ovoid, cf spikelet. with a chartaceous easily separable pericarp, loosely inclosed $ spikelet. in the glumes. A tall aquatic grass with long leaves and Pistil with scales, long narrow terminal panicles. (Name from Zizania and tyis, appearance, from likeness to the preceding genus.) 1. Z. miliacea (Michx.) Doll & Asch. Perennial by a creeping rootstock ; culms 1-4 m. high, geniculate at the lower nodes; leaves flat, 3-10 dm. long, 1-3 cm. wide. (Zizania Michx.) Swamps, Va., O., and south w. May. 18. LEERSIA Sw. CUT-GRASS. WHITE GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, perfect, but those in the open panicles usually sterile, those inclosed in the sheaths cleistogamous and fruitful ; glumes none, lemma boat-shaped, somewhat indurated, awnless, clasping the palea by a pair of strong marginal nerves ; palea of like texture, much narrower, 1 -nerved ; stamens 1-6. Perennials of moist ground, with rough leaves and short racemes of imbricated spikelets arranged in open panicles. (Named after Johann Daniel Leers, a German botanist of the 18th century.) HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. * Spikelets narrowly oblong, rather loosely crowded. 1. L. virginica Willcl. (WHITE GRASS.) Culms weak, branched, ascending, with clustered scaly rootstocks ; panicle simple, the slender branches stiffly spread- 74. L. virginica. ing; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, closely ap- A bit of inflorescence pressed ; lemma hispid on the keel ; stamens * 3. 2. Wet woods, Me. to Ont., and south w. Spikelet x 5. Aug. FIG. 74. 2. L. oryzoides (L.) Sw. (RICE CUT-GRASS.) Culms rather stout, branched, ascending from a decumbent base with slender creeping rootstocks; leaves very rough; panicle diffusely branched, lax ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; lemma hispid, strongly bristly ciliate on the keel. Swamps or stream borders, ditches, etc., Nfd. to Ont., and south w. Aug., Sept. (S. A., Eurasia.) FIG. 75. * * Spikelets broadly oval, imbricately covering each other. Inflorescence x vi>. ^. *" lenticularis Michx. (CATCH-FLY GRASS.) Culms A bit of same x %! nearly simple, erect or decumbent at base, with scaly root- Open spikelet x 2. stocks ; sheaths and blades sometimes nearly smooth ; panicle nearly simple ; spikelets very flat, 5 mm. long, strongly bristly- ciliate. Low grounds, Va. to Minn., and southw. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 121 19. PHALARIS L. CANARY GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally flattened ; glumes equal, boat-shaped, much exceeding the florets ; sterile lemmas small and narrow, appearing like hairy scales attached to the fertile floret ; fertile lemma indurated and shining in fruit, inclosing a faintly 2-nerved palea. Annuals or perennials, with flat leaves and dense spike-like panicles. (The ancient Greek name, 0a\a/>fc, alluding presuma- bly to the crest-like inflorescence.) 1. EUPHALAB1S Godron. Panicle very dense, spike-like; glumes wing-keeled. 1. P. CANARIENSIS L. (CANARY GRASS.) Annual, 3-8 dm. high ; panicle oval, 2-3 cm. long ; spikelets broadly obovate, 5-6 mm. long, imbricated ; glumes white with green veins, the keel entire ; fertile lemma brown. Waste places and roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.) P. MINOR Retz. has been collected at St. John, N. B. (Fowler) and on ballast at Camden, N. J. (Pollard). The spikes are oblong and the glumes are narrowed at the pointed apex, the exposed portion of the keel being somewhat toothed. 2. DfGR APHIS (Trin.) Endl. Panicle branched, the clusters open in anthesis ; glumes not winged on the back. 2. P. arundinacea L. (REED C.) Perennial, 6-15 dm. high ; leaves flat, 6-10 mm. wide ; panicle 6-15 dm. long ; spikelets lanceolate, 5 mm. long, pale ; sterile lemmas reduced 76 . P . arundinacea to minute hairy scales. Wet grounds; common, especially north w. June, July. FIG. 76. Var. pfcTA L., the leaves striped with white, is the familiar RIBBON GRASS of the garden. (Eurasia.) 20. ANTHOXANTHUM L. SWEET VERNAL GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes very unequal ; sterile lemmas 2-lobed, hairy, dorsally awned, longer than the fertile floret and falling with it ; fertile lemma truncate, awnless, inclosing a faintly 1-nerved palea and per- fect flower ; stamens 2. Aromatic plants with flat leaves and narrow spike-like panicles. (Name compounded of &v9os, flower, and J-avd6s, yellow.) 1. A. ODORATUM L. Perennial; culms slender, erect, 2-6 dm. high; leaves rough above; panicles 3-8 cm. long; spikelets brownish green, 8-10 mm. long, spreading at flower- ing time; glumes sparsely pilose ; first sterile lemma short- awned below the apex, second bearing a strong bent scarcely exserted awn near its base. Meadows, pastures, and waste places, throughout, especially eastw. May-July. Sweet- scented. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 77. 2. A. PUELII Lecoq & Lamotte. Smaller, annual; pani- 77. A. odoratum. cles I- 4 cm - lon S 5 spikelets whitish green, 5-7 mm. long ; Inflorescence x %. ^ e glabrous glumes narrower than in no. 1 ; the long-exserted Spikeiet; same 2 \vith awn blackish at base. Dry fields and waste places, N. E. glumes separated to Ont. and Pa. ; sometimes cultivated westw. and southw. x iy 2 . (Nat. from Eu.) x2. Spikeiet ; same with glumes sep- arated. 21. HIER6CHLOE [Gmel.] R. Br. HOLY GRASS Spikelets 3-flowered, the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate or empty ; glumes subequal, about the length of the spikelet, boat-shaped, shining ; sterile lemmas nearly as long as the glumes, boat-shaped, indurated and hairy, each inclosing a 2-nerved hyaline palea and a flower of 3 stamens ; fertile lemma similar but smaller, inclosing a 1-nerved palea and perfect flower with 2 stamens. 122 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 7S. H. odorata. Closed spikelet ; same opened and with glumes sep- arated x 2. Fragrant perennials, with flat leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from Iep6s, sacred, and %^ 07 7> grass ; these sweet-scented grasses being strewn before church- doors on saints' days in the North of Europe.) SAVASTANA Schrank. 1. H. odorata (L.) Wahlenb. (VANILLA or SENECA GRASS.) Culms 3-6 dm. high, from a creeping rootstock ; leaves short, lanceolate, scab- rous or smoothish ; those of the sterile shoots long and scabrous ; panicle pyramidal, 4-12 cm. long, usually compact but some- times loose, the slender branches drooping ; spikelets 5 mm. long, brownish ; staminate lemmas hispid-ciliate on the margins and below the apex on the keel, awnless ; fertile lemma hairy at the apex. (H. borealis R. & S.) Moist meadows, chiefly north w., near the coast, and along the Great Lakes. May-July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 78. The loose-panicled form, Savastana Nashii Bicknell, is not specifically distinct. 2. H. alpina (Sw.) R. & S. Culms 1-4 dm. high, tufted ; upper sheaths inflated ; Hades very small, the lowest and those of the sterile shoots long and linear, smooth; panicle con- tracted, 2-5 cm. long ; spikelets 7-8 mm. long, olivaceous ; staminate lemmas ciliate on the margins, the first short-awned below the apex, the second with a longer (5-8 mm.) bent awn from below the middle ; fertile lemma mucronate. Alpine regions, N. E., N. Y., and north w. July, Aug. (Eu.) 22. MILIUM [Tourn.] L. MILLET GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, rhachilla articulated below the floret ; glumes equal ; lemma slightly shorter, shining, indurated, the margins inrolled over a similar palea; grain inclosed within the lemma and palea, free. Our species perennial with flat leaves and open panicles. (The ancient Latin name of the millet which, however, belongs to a different genus of uncertain meaning. ) 1. M. effusum L. Smooth ; culms rather slender, simple, 1-1.5 m. high ; leaves 1-3 dm. long, 8-15 mm. wide ; panicle 1-2 dm. long, the slender branches in remote pairs or fascicles, widely spreading or drooping, spikelet-bearing from about the middle; spikelets 3-3.5 mm. long; glumes minutely scabrous. Cold damp woods and mountain meadows, N. S. to 111., and north w. The fruit (mature floret) resembles that of Panicum. June-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 79. 79. M. effusum. Part of panicle X %. Closed and open spikelets x 3. 23. ORYZ6PSIS Michx. MOUNTAIN RICE Spikelets 1-flowered, in narrow few-flowered panicles ; glumes rather broad, obtuse or abruptly acute ; floret with a short obtuse callus ; lemma (not over 1 cm. long) convolute, somewhat indurated, including the rather large palea and perfect flower, terminating in a deciduous simple slender awn ; grain oblong- ellipsoid, tightly included in the indurated lemma. Tufted perennials. (Name composed of 6pvfa, rice, and dty'is, appearance, from a fancied resemblance to that grain.) * Spikelets, excluding awn, 3-4 mm. long. 1. 0. piingens (Torr.) Hitchc. Culms densely tufted, 2-5 dm. high, erect, slender, simple ; sheaths usually crowded at the base, smooth or slightly scabrous ; blades involute-filiform, the basal ones sometimes as long as the culm, usually half its length, those of the culm short ; panicle 3-6 cm. long, branches erect or ascending ; glumes subequal, obscurely 5-nerved ; lemma usually as long as the glumes, appressed-pubescent ; awn 1-2 (rarely 5) mm. long, sometimes wanting ; palea as long as the lemma. (0. canadensis Man. ed. 6 ; O. juncea BSP.) Dry rocky or sandy soil, Lab. to N. Y., and westw. GRAM1HEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 123 80. O. asperifolia xiy 2 . Spikelet (below). Floret (above). 81. O. racemosa. Spikelet x 1. * * Spikelets, excluding awn, 6-9 mm. long. 2. 0. asperif61ia Michx. Culms tufted, 2-7 dm. high, erect or geniculate at the lowest node ; sheaths usually crowded at the base ; blades erect, scabrous especially on the glaucous lower surface, those of the base often exceeding the culm, 5-8 rnm. wide, flat or involute on the margins, attenuate ; culm-leaves usually less than 1 cm. long; panicle contracted, 5-12 cm. long, the branches simple, erect; spikelets, excluding awn, 6-8 mm. long ; glumes subequal, short-ciliate at the apiculate summit ; lemma nearly or quite as long as the second glume, sparingly pubescent ; awn 5-10 mm. long ; lodicules f the length of the palea. Wooded hillsides, along waterways, etc., Nfd. to B. C., s. to Pa., Minn., and N. Mex. June. FIG. 80. 3. 0. racembsa (Sm.) Ricker. Culms tufted, erect, 3-12 dm. high, leafy to the summit ; leaves 1-3.5 dm. long, 4-15 mm. wide, flat, narrowed toward the base, taper-pointed, scabrous below, pubescent above ; panicle 7-25 cm. long, branches nearly simple, usually ascending ; spikelet, excluding awn, 7-9 mm. long ; glumes equal, acute ; lemma somewhat shorter, pubescent, becoming black in fruit; awn 1.5-2.5 cm. long; lodicules minute. (Milium Sm. ; O. melanocarpa Muhl.) Rocky woods, Me. to Ont., southw. to Del. and la. June-Oct. FIG. 81. 24. STIPA L. FEATHER GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, in terminal panicles ; glumes narrow, acute or bristle- tipped ; floret with a bearded usually sharp-pointed callus ; lemma convolute, indurated, including the small palea and perfect flower, terminating in a simple strong persistent geniculate twisted awn ; grain cylindrical, tightly included in the indurated fruiting lemma. Rather large tufted perennials with involute leaves. (Name from O-TI/TTT;, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the feathery awns of the original species.) * Glumes 4-12 mm. long. - Callus blunt ; awn 1 cm. or less long. 1. S. canadensis Poir. Culms tufted, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-12 cm. long, narrow, involute, scabrous ; panicle loose, 5-12 cm. long, the opposite few- flowered branches ascending ; glumes subequal, oblong, subacute, 4 mm. long, slightly exceeding the pubescent oblong lemma ; awn 6-10 mm. long. (& Hichardsoni Man. ed. 6, not Link ; S. Macounii Scribn. ) Woods and thickets, N. B., Me., N. H., N. Y., n. shore of L. Superior, Sask., and northw. H- -- Callus acute; awn more than 1.5 cm long. 2. S. viridula Trin. Culms clustered, 5-10 dm. high, sparingly branched; basal sheaths overlapping, the long usually scabrous involute or sub-involute blades elongated, upper blades shorter, mostly setaceous ; panicle narrow, erect, 1-2 dm. long, the branches mostly in pairs, erect, rather densely flowered from near the base ; glumes 7-9 mm. long, acuminate-setaceous, exceeding the pale appressed- pubescent lemma ; awn 2-4 cm. long ; callus usually rather short. Prairies and meadows, w. Minn., the Dakotas, and southwestw. July, Aug. Variable. 3. S. avenacea L. (BLACK OAT GRASS.) Culms tufted, slender, erect or ascending, 3-10 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths shorter than the internodes ; blades 1-1.5 mm. wide, 82. 8. avenacea x usually involute, the basal ones $-| the length of the culms, Flower and glums. 124 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) those of the culm 4-10 cm. long; panicle loose, 1-2 dm. long, the slender branches in pairs, lax, finally spreading ; glumes often purplish, 8-10 mm. long, acute, about equaling the dark-brown lemma, which is smooth below, scabrous above and bears a fringe of short hairs at the summit; awn 4-7. 5 cm. long ; callus acuminate, covered with dense brownish hairs. Dry woods, Mass, to Fla., w. to Wis. and Tex. May, June. FIG. 82. * * Glumes 2 cm. long or more. 4. S. comata Trin. & Rupr. Culms erect, simple, 2-12 dm. high ; sheaths mostly crowded at the base, the upper often loose and inclosing the base of the panicle ; basal blades usually about \ the length of the culm, mostly involute- filiform, those of the culm 0.5-1.5 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, flat or involute ; panicle loose, 1-4 dm. long, branches distant, erect or somewhat spreading, naked below ; glumes 2-2.8 cm. long, tapering into a slender fragile awn, much exceeding the sparsely pubescent lemma ; awn 10-24 cm. long, pubescent to the geniculation, scabrous and curved beyond ; callus acute. Dry plains and hills, la., and westw. June, July. 5. S. spartea Trin. (PORCUPINE GRASS.) Culm rather stout, simple, 0.5-1.2 m. high ; sheaths mostly overlapping, blades usually involute, basal ones f the length of the culm, those of the culm 1-3 dm. long ; panicle finally exserted, narrow, 88. S. spartea x %. ^_g fa n long, branches erect, naked below ; glumes 2.8-3.5 cm. Floret and base of i on g^ attenuate, exceeding the brownish lemma, which is ap- lumes. pressed-pubescent below, and nearly or quite glabrous above ; awn 11-20 cm. long, rigid, scabrous, minutely pubescent below ; callus acuminate, very sharp-pointed, densely clothed with silky appressed hairs. Plains and prairies, Mich, to Mo., and westw. FIG. 83. 25. ARISTIDA L. TRIPLE-A WNED GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, in usually narrow panicles ; glumes unequal, narrow, acute or acuminate ; a hard obconical hairy callus below the floret ; lemma somewhat indurated, convolute, including the thin palea and perfect flower, ter- minating in a trifid awn ; grain elongated, tightly included in the lemma. Tufted annuals or perennials with narrow leaves. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) Annuals. Awns separate to the base. Lateral awns much shorter than the middle one. Middle awn coiled at base. Glumes 7-8 mm long 1. A. dichotoma. Glumes 12-14 mm. long 2. A. basiramea. Glumes 15-20 mm. long 3. A. ramosissima. Middle awn not coiled at base, horizontal 4. A. gracilis. Lateral awns not much shorter than the middle one. Glumes 7-9 mm. long ; awns 1.4-2.2 cm. long 5. A. intermedia. Glumes 20-30 mm. long; awns 3.5-7 cm. long 6. A. oligantlia. Awns united below in a long twisted neck 7. A. tuberculosa. Perennials. Awns 5-10 cm. long 8. A. purpurea. Awns not over 3 cm. long. Sheaths glabrous 9. A.purpurascens. Sheaths woolly 10. A. lanosa. 1. A. dich6toma Michx. (POVERTY GRASS.) Culms tufted, wiry, much branched at the base and usually forking at every node, but in depauperate specimens sometimes nearly simple, 1-6 dm. high ; sheaths loose; blades mostly involute ; panicles few-flowered, simple, narrow, the lateral ones often sessile and partially inclosed in the sheaths ; glumes subequal, 7-8 mm. long, cuspidate ; lemmas about 6 mm. long, excluding the awns ; lateral awns reduced to minute GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 125 84. A. dichotoma. Spikelet x 2%. erect teeth, middle awn 3-6 mm. long, horizontal, coiled at the base in maturity. Sterile sandy or gravelly soil, Me. to Mo. and south w. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 84. Var. Curtissii Gray. Differs in being less freely branched ; panicles looser; glumes unequal, the second 10-12 mm. long, the first f-f as long ; lemma 7-10 mm. long, excluding the awns. Va. to Mo., and south w. 2. A. basiramea Engelin. Resembling A. dichotoma, freely branching at the base ; culms sparingly branched; leaves aver- aging longer ; panicles looser, the terminal often partly included in the upper sheaths, small panicles commonly borne in the basal sheaths; glumes acuminate, unequal, second 12-14 mm. long, the first about f as long ; lemma about 1 cm. long, exclud- ing the awns ; lateral awns 2-7 mm. long, erect or spreading, middle awn 1-2 cm. long. Dry soil and prairies, 111. to Minn, and Neb. Aug., Sept. 3. A. ramosissima Engelm. Culms tufted, wiry, repeatedly branching, the branches divergent ; leaves mostly setaceous ; panicle loose, few-flowered ; glumes 1.5-2.5 cm. long, awned from a bifid apex, unequal, the second equaling the lemma (excluding the awns); lemma 2-2.3 cm. long; lateral awns minute, erect, middle awn 2-3 cm. long, reflexed by a loose spiral at base. Dry prairies, Ind. and 111. to Tenn. and Mo. Aug., Sept. 4. A. gracilis Ell. Culms slender, in small tufts or solitary, branched at the base, simple or sparingly branched above, 1.5-5 cm. high ; sheaths not loose; blades 2 mm. or less wide, usually involute in drying ; spikelets mostly in a slender raceme (if a panicle, the branches rarely bearing more than 2 spikelets), rather distant below, often crowded above ; glumes unequal, the second equal- ing the floret; lemma about 6 mm. long, usually mottled; middle awn horizontal, 8-15 mm. long, lateral awns erect, 2-6 mm. long. Sandy soil, N.H. to Mo., and southw. Sept. FIG. 85. A. intermedia Scribn. & Ball. Similar to the preceding but much larger ; 85. A. gracilis. Spikelet x 2. 6. culms 3-7 dm. high, more freely branching, often geniculate at base; leaves 5-15 cm. long, rigid, involute ; panicle 2-4 dm. long, slender, branches short, appressed ; glumes attenuate-aristate, subequal or the second longer, 7-9 mm. long, scabrous, slightly shorter than, the floret ; lemma scabrous above the middle, sometimes mottled ; awns all spreading, the middle one 18-22 mm. long, lateral ones 14-17 mm. long, all variable. Dry soil, la. and Kan. to Miss, and Tex. Aug., Sept. 6. A. oligantha Michx. Culms tufted, wiry, branched at base and at all the nodes, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths loose ; blades long, usually involute ; panicle or raceme few-flowered, the axis often flexuous and spikelets spreading ; glumes unequal, long-awned from a bifid apex, exceeding the floret, the second strongly 7-nerved ; lemma 17-20 mm. long, scabrous above ; awns nearly equal, divergent, 3.5-7 cm. long. Dry sterile soil, N. J. to Neb., and southw. FIG. 86. 7. A. tubercul&sa Nutt. Culms branched below, 1.5-5 dm. high, tumid at the joints; leaves long and involute; panicles rigid, loose, the branches in pairs, one short and about 2-flowered, the othei elongated and several-flowered ; glumes 2.5 cm. long, including their slender-awned tips; lemma 12-15 mm. long, the twisted 86. A. oligantha. base of the awns of equal length ; awns divergent, subequal, Spikelet x %. 3.5-5 cm. long. Dry sandy soil near the coast, Mass, to Miss. ; and about the Great Lakes. Aug.-Oct. (Mex.) FIG. 87. 126 GBAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 8. A. purpurea Nutt. Culms simple, 3 dm. high or less, densely tufted, spreading ; leaves involute and filiform ; ligule pilose ; panicle loose, of rather few slender-pediceled spikelets; glumes 1-nerved, the first about half the length of the second, which is 1.5-2 cm. long, awns 5-10 cm. long. Dry prairies, Minn, southw. and westw. 9. A. purpurascens Poir. In small tufts, glabrous, 3-6 dm. high ; culms erect, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 1-2 dm. long, 1-4 mm. wide, usually involute toward the ends; panicle purplish, very slender, J-i the entire length of the plant, loosely or rather densely flowered ; glumes 10-12 mm. long, 1-nerved, scabrous, the first slightly the longer, attenuate-aristate, the second aristate from a bidentate apex ; lemma 87. A. tuberculosa. 6-7 mm. long ; awns divergent, not twisted, Spikelet x %. 1.5-3 cm. long, the middle somewhat longer than the lateral. Sandy or gravelly soil, Mass, to Minn., and southw. ( W. I.) FIG. 88. Variable ; a very delicate, apparently annual, form occurs in wet sands and 'drying sloughs in n. Ind. 10. A. lanbsa Muhl. Culms stout, erect, simple, 6-12 dm. high ; sheaths {at least the lower) woolly ; blades flat, 3-6 dm. long, 3-6 mm. wide ; panicles nearly half the length of the entire plant, narrow, rather loosely flowered, nodding ; glumes subequal, 1-1.4 cm. long, the first slightly the longer, acumi- nate, the second mucronate from a bidentate apex ; lemma spotted, about 1 cm. long ; lateral awns 10 mm. long, the divergent middle awn 1.5-2 cm. long. (A. lanata Poir., not Forsk.) Dry pine barrens, mostly near the coast, Del. to Tex. and I. T. Sept., Oct. 26. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted (rarely open) panicles ; a short usually barbate callus below the floret ; glumes thin, often aristate ; lemma narrow, membranaceous, 3-nerved, awned or awnless, inclosing a thin subequal palea ; grain closely enveloped by the lemma. Our species perennial, often with scaly rootstocks, flat or involute leaves and small spikelets. (Dedicated to the Rev. Dr. Henry Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist, 1753-1815.) a. Panicle more or less contracted, not diffuse ; culms branched ; leaves flat &. &. Glumes at least one -half as long as the floret c. c. Glumes broadly ovate, more or less clasping, one-half to two-thirds as long as the floret. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; lemmas awnless 1. M. sobolifera. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; lemmas awned . . ... 2. M. tenuifiora. c. Glumes lanceolate, acute to aristate-pointed. Glumes not longer than the lemmas. Panicles linear or filiform, spikelets not crowded . . . . 3. M. sylvatica.. Panicles oblong or cylindrical, long-exserted, spikelets crowded, more or less glomerate 4. M. foliosa. Panicles ovoid or subpyramidal, numerous, short-exserted or par- tially included 5. M. mexicana. A. purpurascens. Spikelet x 1. Glumes much exceeding the awnless lemmas b. Glumes not more than one-fourth as long as the florets a. Panicle diffuse ; culms simple ; leaves involute 6. M. racemosa. . 7. M. Schreberi. 8. M. capillaris. 1. EUMUHLENBERGIA Dalla Torre & Harms. Panicles contracted or glom- erate, on branching culms usually from scaly creeping rootstocks; leaves flat. * Glumes at least \ as long as the floret, scabrous on the keel ; all the species with clusters of scaly rootstocks. *- Glumes broadly ovate, ^-f as long as the floret, which is often conspicuously hairy at base. \. M. sobolifera (Muhl. ) Trin. Culms erect or ascending, sparingly branched, 4-8 dm. high, scabrous below the glabrous nodes, leafy toward the summit, GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 127 lower leaves distant ; blades 8-12 cm. long, 4-6 mm. wide, spreading, scabrous; panicles very slender, usually loose-flowered, 1-1.5 dm. long (lateral panicles if present much shorter); spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long; the acute or abruptly cus- pidate glumes f-f as long as the scabrous acute lemma. Rocky woods, N. E. to Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct. 2. M. tenuiflbra (Willd.) BSP. Similar to the preceding; culms often taller, retrorsely puberulent, at least below, nodes pubescent ; panicle 1.5-3 dm. long, loosely flowered ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long ; the glumes abruptly acuminate, sca- brous, -f- as long as the floret, the first very broad, clasping ; lemma tapering into a slender awn 5-10 mm. long. (M. Willdenowii Trin.) Rocky woods and ravines, Mass, to Ont., Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept. -- -- Glumes lanceolate, acute or aristate-pointed. M- Glumes not longer than the lemma; culms more or less compressed, retrorsely strigose below the glabrous nodes ; leaves scabrous, ascending. (These three species are exceedingly variable ; each has an awned and an awnless form. The length of the glumes, which are acuminate to aristate, is an unstable character, often varying to the extremes in the same panicle. ) 3. M. sylvatica Torr. Culms erect or ascending, 6-9 dm. high, freely branch- ing, leafy ; leaves 5-18 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide ; panicles usually short-exserted, 1-2 dm. long, linear or filiform; spikelets not crowded, on rather long erect branches, usually green or stramineous, 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes acuminate, sometimes aristate, shorter than the scabrous lemma, which is mucronate or tipped with a slender awn as much as 6-12 mm. long. Moist rocky woods and wooded banks, N. B. to Ont., la., and southw. Aug.-Oct. 4. M. folibsa Trin. Similar to the preceding in size, habit and foliage ; pan- icles long-exserted, 8-15 cm. long, oblong or cylindrical, glomerate; spikelets more or less densely crowded on the rather short ascending or appressed branches, usually purple ; glumes mucronate or aristate, nearly or quite as long as the awned or awnless lemma. (M. ambigua Torr.) Swampy ground, Me. to Ont., S. Dak., and southw. Sept. 5. M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Similar to M. foliosa, often branch- ing at the base ; the culms decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes ; panicles numerous, 5-10 cm. long, ovoid or subpyramidal, terminal on the culm and its many rather short branches, usually "' partly inclosed within the upper sheath; glumes acuminate or aristate, about as long as the acute, acuminate or awned lemma which is sometimes smooth. ( M. polystachya Mackenzie & Bush.) Sandy and gravelly stream-banks and waste ground, N. B. to Ont., S. Dak., and southw. Aug., Sept. FIG. 89. *+ *+ Glumes aristate, much exceeding the awnless lemma. 6. M. racembsa (Michx.) BSP. Culms erect, 3-9 dm. high, simple or spar- ingly branched ; blades 5-12 dm. long, scabrous ; panicles 5-10 cm. long, dense and spike-like, or interrupted at base ; spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; / / the aristate glumes subequal, much exceeding the acute lemma. /./ (M. glomerata Trin.) Moist meadows and low ground, Nfd. Ul to N. J., and westw. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 90. B * * Glumes not more than \ the length of the floret; no clusters of scaly rootstocks. 90. M. racemosa. Spikeletxs. 7. M. SchrebSri J. F. Gmel. (DROP-SEED, NIMBLE WILL.) Culms 3-8 dm. long, erect or ascending from a decumbent base, often rooting at the lower nodes, diffusely much branched ; blades 3-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; panicles 5-15 cm. long, numerous, slender, the erect branches rather densely flowered ; spikelets (excluding the awn) 2 mm. long ; first glume obsolete or nearly so, the second minute, truncate ; lemma tapering into a slender awn 3-5 mm. long. (M. diffusa Schreb.) Dry woods, hillsides and waste places, Me. to Ont., Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept. 128 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Var. palustris Scribn. Similar to the species ; culms reclining or ascending, very slender or almost filiform ; leaves 2-4 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicles 5-10 cm. long, very slender, more loosely flowered; spikelets (excluding the awn) 2.5 mm. long, usually purple; glumes acute, unequal, the first about $, the second about \ the length of the bidentate awned lemma; awn flexuous, 4-6 mm. long. (M. palustris Scribn.) Swampy ground, D. C. and 111. Sept., Oct. 2. TRICH6CHLOA (Beauv.) Trin. Panicle very loose and open, the long branches and pedicels capillary ; leaves narrow, often convolute-bristle-form. 8. M. capillaris (Lam.) Trin. (HAIR GRASS.) Caespitose, erect, with simple rigid culms, 6-10 dm. high ; sheaths overlap- ping; blades 1-3 dm. long, involute, rigid; panicle about ^ the entire height of the plant, its spreading capillary branches loosely flowered; spikelets purple, 4 mm. long (excluding the awn) ; glumes subequal, acute, or the second aristate-pointed, about as long as the lemma which bears a delicate awn 5-20 mm. long. 91. M. capillaris. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Mass, to Fla., west to Mo. and Tex. SpikeletxS. FIG. 91. 27. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. Spikelets 1-flowered, in a few-flowered narrow panicle ; glumes minute, unequal ; floret with a short callus, the rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a slender naked bristle ; lemma firm, narrow, 5-nerved, terminating in a long straight awn ; palea firm, nearly as long as the lemma ; grain oblong, inclosed in the lemma and palea. Perennials, with simple culms from short knotty rootstocks. (Name composed of ftpaxvs, short, and e\vTpoj>, husk, from the minute glumes.) 1. B. er6ctum (Schreb.) Beauv. Culms erect, 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths sparsely retrorse-hispid ; blades 8-15 cm. long, 1-1.8 mm. wide, lanceolate, very scabrous, pilose on the nerves beneath ; panicle narrow, 1-2 dm. long ; spikelets 1 cm. long (excluding the awns), on capillary pedicels ; first glume often obsolete, second sometimes aristate ; floret scabrous. (B. aristatum Beauv.) Rocky woods, Nfd. to Minn., and 92. B. erectum. south w. July, Aug. FIG. 92. Spikelets x 1%. 93. II. schoenoides. Inflorescence x %. Spikelets x 3. 28. HELE6CHLOA Host Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense oblong-ovoid spike- like panicles ; glumes awnless, shorter than the 1-nerved lemma which subtends a palea of nearly equal length. Low caespi- tose branching annuals, the numerous spike-like panicles partly ' included in the inflated sheaths. (Name from 2Xos, a meadow, and x^a, grass.) 1. H. SCHOENOIDES (L.) Host. Usually almost prostrate ; leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point ; spike 1.5-4 cm. long. Waste places, N. Y. to Del. and e. Pa. ; also Chicago, 111. (J5e66). (Adv. from Eu.) FIG. 93. 29. PHLEUM L. Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened, in dense cylindrical spike-like panicles; glumes equal, ciliate on the keels, and abruptly awn-pointed, longer than the GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 129 broad truncate 5-nerved hyaline lemma ; palea nearly equal, narrow. Erect simple perennials, with flat leaves and terminal spike-like panicles. (From 0\, to cast forth. ) GRAY'S MANUAL 9 130 GRAMINEAE (GKASS FAMILY) Panicles contracted. Rootstocks short or slender or none ; culms tufted or solitary. Panicle not more than one-third the entire height of the plant. Perennials. Spikelets 5 mm. long or more ; panicle dense. Floret appressed-pubescent below. Lemma two-thirds as long as palea 1. S. clandeatinus. Lemma and palea subequal 2. S. canovirens. Floret glabrous 8. S. asper. Spikelets not over 4 mm. long ; panicle interrupted. Culms smooth ; ligule 0.5 mm. long 4. S. brevifolius. Culms minutely roughened by septae; ligule 2 min. long . 5. S. fiichardsonis. Annuals. Spikelets 4 mm. long ; lemma pubescent 6. S. vaginifiorus. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; lemma glabrous 7. S. neglectus. Panicle one-third to one-half the entire height of the plant ... 8. S. indicus. Rootstocks stout, extensively creeping 9. S. virginicus. Panicles open (often contracted in no. 10). Glumes very unequal. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; glumes ovate or lanceolate. Sheaths bearded at the throat ; blades flat . . . . . . 10. S. cryptandrus. Sheaths not bearded ; blades involute . , \ i . . . . 11. 8. junceus. Spikelets 4-6 mm. long ; first glume awl-shaped ., , .... 12. S. heterolepis. Glumes subequal. Plants compressed at base ; leaves conduplicate 13. 8. compressus. Plants not compressed ; leaves flat 14. /S'. uniflorus. 1. S. clandestinus (Spreng.) Hitchc. Tufted culms 4-12 dm. high; lower leaves long, subrigid, the margins and involute-filiform tips scabrous; panicle 6-15 cm. long, often partially inclosed in the upper sheath ; spikelets 6-8 mm. long ; glumes unequal, acute, the first | the length of the acute lemma, the second \ that of the long-acuminate pointed palea ; lemma and palea appressed-pubescent toward the base, the lemma f the length of the palea. (S. asper Man. ed. 6.) Sandy fields and dry hills, Ct. to 111., Mo., and south w. Sept. FIG. 96. 2. S. can6virens Nash. Similar to the preceding but smaller ; the shorter leaves hirsute near the base; panicle smaller; spikelets about 6 mm. long ; lemma and palea acute, subequal. Sandy soil, Tenn., Mo., and south w. 3. S. asper (Michx.) Kunth. Culms stout, 3.5-10 dm. high ; 96. S. eland, sheaths overlapping ; blades neaily as long as the culm, the upper SpikeletxS. exceeding the panicle, pilose above at the flat base, the long involute- filiform tip scabrous; terminal panicle 8-25 cm. long, partly in- cluded in the inflated upper sheaths, lateral panicles small, usually hidden in the sheaths, or none; spikelets 5-6 mm. long; glumes unequal, obtuse or sub- acute, the first about \ as long as the floret ; lemma and palea glabrous, the lemma slightly the longer. (S. longifolius Wood.) Dry sandy soil, Me. to S. Dak., and southw. FIG. 97. 4. S. brevif61ius (Nutt.) Scribn. Tufted culms 3-6 dm. high, very slender ; leaves in volute- filiform ; ligule 0.5 mm. long, erose-truncate ; panicle very slender, loosely flowered,, 5-10 cm. long ; spikelets about 4 mm. long ; glumes acuminate, subequal, f as long as the short-cuspidate lemma, which slightly exceeds the palea. (S. cuspidatus Wood.) Dry open ground, Wis. to Mo. , and westw. 5. S. Richardsdnis (Trin.) Merr. Similar to the preceding, 2-5 dm. high ; culms erect or ascending from a slender horizontal rootstock, minutely roughened by septae ; ligule 2 mm. long, acute ; panicle 1-6 (rarely 10) cm. long; spikelets somewhat crowded, 3 mm. long; glumes acute, less than \ as long as the cuspidate lemma (the cusp about 1 mm. long) which exceeds the palea. (8. cuspidatus, in part, and S. depauperatus Man. ed. 6; JS. brevi- folius Nash, as to description, not Scribn.) Meadows and along rivers, N. B. and Me. ; Neb., and in the far West. Aug. 6. S. vaginiflbrus (Torr.) Wood. Tufted culms 2-6 dm. high, slender^ erect to widely spreading ; leaves about 2 mm. wide, involute toward the end \ panicles numerous, partially included in the inflated sheaths, or the terminal GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 131 8. neglectus. 8 pikelets x 4. panicle exserted, 2-4 cm. long; spikelets 4 mm. long; the acuminate glumes usually subequal, nearly as long as the acuminate scabrous minutely appressed- pubescent lemma, which is exceeded by the sharp-pointed palea. Sterile fields and waste places, s. Me. to S. Dak., and south w. Sept. 7. S. neglSctus Nash. Similar to the preceding, usually more slender ; the panicles smaller, more completely inclosed; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; glumes, lemma, and palea ail subequal, acute, thinner in texture, glabrous, white and shining. Sterile or sandy soil, N. B. to S. Dak., s. to Va. and Tex. FIG. 98. 8. S. fNDicus (L.) R. Br. (SMUT GRASS.) Tufted culms 3-10 dm. high, erect, wiry ; leaves 10-30 cm. in length, long- attenuate ; panicle |~| the entire height of the plant ; spikelets 2 mm. long, shining, crowded on the slender erect branches; glumes obtuse, unequal, the second | as long as the acuminate lemma which is slightly longer than the obtuse palea. Waste ground and fields, Va. to Ark., and south w. Aug., Sept. Panicle frequently affected with a black fungus, hence the com- mon name. (Nat. from trop. regions.) 9. S. virginicus (L.) Kunth. Glabrous; culms erect, 1.5-5 dm. high; sheaths overlapping ; blades firm, involute, conspicuously distichous on the nu- merous sterile shoots ; panicles exserted, 3-6 cm. long ; spikelets 3 mm. long; the glumes unequal, the second exceeding the glabrous floret. Sandy shores, Va. to Fla. Aug., Sept. (Trop. regions.) 10. S. cryptdndrus (Torr.) Gray. Tufted, 4-7 dm. high; culms rather stout, erect or somewhat spreading ; sheaths over- lapping, ciliate on the margin and conspicuously bearded at the throat; blades 6-12 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat, scabrous; panicle lead-colored, usually open, 12-20 cm. long, included at base in the upper sheath, or sometimes contracted and wholly included ; spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long ; first glume about | as long as the second ; lemma acute, longer than the palea. Sandy soil, especially on the coast and about the Great Lakes, N. E. to Minn., s. to Pa. and Tex. Aug., Sept. (Mex.) FIG. 99. 11. S. jiinceus (Michx.) Kunth. Tufted, glabrous, 4-7 dm. high; culms wiry, erect, leafy at the base, naked above ; the involute-setaceous basal leaves 12-24 cm. long, spreading ; panicle purplish or chestnut, the short verticillate branches spreading ; spikelets 3 mm. long ; first glume about the length of the second, which is as long as the glabrous subacute NV equal lemma and palea. (S. gracilis Merr. ; S. ejuncidus Nash.) Ul| Dry sandy soil, Va. to Fla., w. to Tex. Aug. FIG. 100. T 12. S. heter61epis Gray. Tufted, 6-9 dm. high ; culms rather stout, wiry, erect ; basal leaves about * as long as the culm, involute-setaceous ; panicles long-exserted, 7-25 cm. long, branches ascending; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; first glume about -1 the length of the floret, the second acuminate, often cuspidate (varying in length in the same panicle), exceeding the glabrous obtuse or subacute equal lemma and palea; grain very large, pericarp shining, indu- rated, splitting the palea. Dry soil and prairies, w. Que. to Man. , s. to Ct. , Pa. , Mo. and Tex. Aug. , Sept. Strong- scented. FIG. 101. 13. S. comprgssus (Torr.) Kunth. Perennial from short scaly rootstocks, flattened at base ; culms 3-6 dm. high, leafy to the top ; the sheaths overlapping ; leaves conduplicate ; panicle \-\ the length of the entire plant, loosely flowered ; spikelets 2 mm. long ; the acute glumes shorter than the striate scabrous lemma which equals the palea. (S. Torreyanus Nash.) Bogs in pine barrens, L. I. and N. J. Sept. Spikelets rarely 2-flowered. A 14. S. uniflbrus (Muhl.) Scribn. & Merr. Rootstocks very slender ; culms delicate, tufted, erect, 2-4 dm. high ; leaves 102. S. uniflorus. 1-2 mm. wide; panicle \-\ the length of the culm, loosely Spikelet x 3. 99. S. cryptandrus. Open spikelet with glumes detached X4. 100. 8. junceus. Spikelet x 3. 101. 8. heterolepis. Spikelet x 3. 132 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) . 1. A. alba. (1) A. alba, v. maritima. flowered, branches solitary, much divided ; spikelets 1.5 mm. long ; the obtuse or erose glumes about | as long as the equal glabrous obtuse lemma and palea. (S. serotinus Gray.) Bogs and wet sandy soil, Me. to N. J. and Mich. Aug., Sept. FIG. 102. 32. AGR6STIS L. BENT GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes subequal and acute, longer than the broad ob- tuse lemma which is awnless or dorsally awned ; palea hyaline, shorter than the lemma, or obsolete ; grain loosely inclosed in the lemma. Annuals or peren- nials with usually flat scabrous leaves, membranaceous ligules and open or con- tracted panicles. (Name from dyp6s, afield, the place of growth.) Palea at least one-half as long as the lemma, 2-nerved. Culms erect or decumbent at base Culms prostrate, rooting at the nodes Palea minute and nerveless or wanting. Awn long and very delicate 2. A. Elliottiana. Awn short or none. Panicle diffuse, branches long and capillary 3. A. hyemalis. Panicle spreading but not diffuse. Lemma awnless 4. A. perennans. Lemma awned. Spikelets 2 mm. long 5. A. canina. Spikelets 3 mm. long 6. A, borealis. 1. A. alba L. (FIORIN or WHITE B., RED TOP.) Rootstocks creeping or sto- loniferous ; culms 3-10 dm. high, often decumbent at base ; leaves flat, stiff and upright to lax and spreading, the ligule 4-5 mm. long ; panicle 5-30 cm. long, contracted after flowering, greenish, purplish, or brown- ish, the branches slightly rough ; lemma nearly equaling the glumes, 3-nerved, rarely short-awned, the palea J-f as long. Meadows and fields ; a valuable grass naturalized from Eu. and native northw. and westw. Var. VULGARIS (With.) Thurb. (RED TOP, HERD'S GRASS of Pa., etc.) Culms lower, more slender, with narrow leaves ; panicle smaller and more divaricate, not contracted after flowering ; ligule short and truncate. (A. vulgaris With.) Dry knolls and hills. (Nat. from Eu. and cultivated, also perhaps indigenous.) FIG. 103. One form (A. stolonifera auth., not L.) is cultivated as a lawn grass under the name CREEPING BENT. A teratological form (due to the presence of nematodes in the abortive ovaries) with floral parts elongated (A sylvatica L.), occurs in N. E. Var. aristata Gray. Culms slender and strict, with small open panicle ; lemma awned from near the base. (A. stricta Willd.) Open ground, Me. to Va. In habit resembling A. canina, with which it is often confused. Var. maritima (Lam.) G. F. W. Mey. Culms densely tufted, prostrate, rooting at the nodes; leaves mostly short and appressed ; panicle contracted, dense, about 1 dm. long. (A. coarctata Ehrh.) Brackish meadows or wet sands along the coast, Me. to Del. (Eu.) 2. A. Elliottiana Schultes. Culms delicate, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves very slen- der ; panicle open, weak, and drooping ; glumes nearly equal, roughish on the keel and margins, the lemma shorter, with 2 minute bristles at the truncate apex; awn 5 mm. long; palea minute. In dry soil, Mo. to Ky., Tenn., and S. C. May- July. 3. A. hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. (HAIR GRASS.) Culms very slender, erect, 3-6 dm. high ; leaves short and narrow, the tufted basal ones soon involute, the upper 2-7 cm. long, less than 2 mm. wide; panicle purplish, the whorled scabrous branches spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long ; lemma awnless or rarely short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes; palea obsolete. (A. scabra Willd.) Dry or moist open woodland, sandy low land, rocks, etc., common. June- Aug. A form with 103. A. alba, v. vulg. Panicle x %. Spikelet x 3. GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 133 awned lemmas occurs from Me. to Tenn., and especially in the White Mountains ; at higher altitudes this and also the awnless form tend to be more tufted, with numerous short radical leaves. ( Trichodium montanum Torr. ; A. laxiflora, var. montana Tuckerm. ; A. scabra, var. montana Man. ed. 6.) 4. A. perSnnans (Walt.) Tuckerm. (THIN GRASS.) Culms erect or some- what decumbent, varying from weak and lax to stout and tall, 3-10 dm. high; leaves numerous, 1-2 dm. long, 1-6 mm. wide ; panicle ovoid-subcylindric, the slender ascending branches dividing and spikelet-b earing from about the middle, the pedicels often divergent; spikelets 2-3 mm. long; lemma shorter than the acuminate unequal glumes. (A. intermedia id Scribn.) Low open ground or damp shaded places, Me. to mj\ Minn., and southw. Sept., Oct. Variable in habit; in deep \& shade the culms weak and decumbent, the panicles more open with fewer branches, conspicuously divaricate. Flowers later 104. A. perennans. than any other species of Agrostis in the eastern states. FIG. Spikelet x 3. 104. Var. EL\TA (Pursh) Hitchc. Differs in having more slender and elongated culms, but particularly in the crowding of the spikelets at the ends of the branches, giving them a more drooping appearance. (A. elata Trin. ; A. altissima Tuckerm. ; Cornucopiae altissima Walt, is doubtful, prob- ably A. alba L.) Swamps near the coast, N. J. to Miss. 5. A. CANINA L. (BROWN BENT GRASS.) Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect, slen- der ; basal leaves involute-setaceous, those of the culm flat and broader ; panicle at first loose, contracted in fruit; spikelets 2 mm. long ; glumes subequal, acute; awn inserted about the middle, longer than the glumes, bent. Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastw. ; cultivated as a lawn grass under the name RHODE ISLAND BENT. (Nat. from Eurasia.) 6. A. borealis Hartm. Culms tufted, 1-4 dm. high ; leaves tufted at base, few on the culm ; panicle open, the lower branches ivhorled and spreading ; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long ; awn exserted 1-3 mm. beyond the glumes, rarely short or obsolete. (.,4. rubra a '., i' t vft i/' auth., not L. ; A. canina, var. alpina Oakes ; A. novae-angliae Vasey.) Lab. to Alaska and ints. of N. E. and N. Y. ; also Roan Mt., N. C. (Eu.) Dwarf forms of high altitudes and latitudes approach dwarf forms of A. hyemalis. Some of these have been referred to A. rupestris AIL, which seems not to occur in N. A. FIG. 105. 33. POLYPdGON Desf. BEARD GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, in a dense spike-like panicle ; glumes subequal, entire or 2-lobed, bearing a straight awn from the apex ; lemma much shorter than the glumes, broad, emarginate or bifid at the Apex, awned ; palea smaller than the lemma ; stamens 1-3. Annuals, with flat leaves. (Name composed of TroXris, much, and Truytiv, beard.} 1. P. MONSPELIENSIS (L.) Desf. Culms 2-6 dm. high, erect from a decumbent base, usually tufted ; blades linear, scabrous ; panicle 3-10 cm. long, dense, interrupted, pale, and soft silky, 106. P. monsp. often partly included in the uppermost sheath ; spikelets 2.5-3 inflorescence x y 5 mm. long. Waste places, Me., and southw., mostly near the Spikelet, floret.and coast. June-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 106. glumes x 2. 34. CALAMOViLFA Hack. Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless ; callus densely bearded ; glumes rather firm, unequal, acute ; lemma 1 -nerved, acute ; palea as long as the lemma, broad, deeply furrowed between the strong nerves. Rather tall rigid perennials, with horizontal rootstocks and loosely spreading panicles. (Name from xdXa/ioj, a reed, and Vilfa, a name applied to a genus of grasses by Adanson.) 1. C. brevlpilis (Torr.) Hack. Culms 6-12 dm. high, tufted, from a short horizontal rootstock ; the basal sheaths indurated and keeled ; blades long, linear, 134 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) nearly flat or involute ; panicle purplish, 1-2 cm. long, pyramidal, the slendet branches ascending ; pedicels hairy at the summit ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; glumes shorter than the floret, mucronate ; callus-hairs less than half the length of the scabrous lemma and palea, which are bristly- bearded along the keels. (Calamagrostis Beck.) Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of N. J. and N. C., rare. 2. C. Iongif61ia (Hook.) Hack. Culms solitary, 6-18 dm. high, from running rootstocks, stout ; sheaths usually pubescent, at least on the margins ; leaves elongated, involute above and tapering into a long thread-like point; panicle pale, 1.5-4.5 d m - long, narrow, the slender smooth branches erect or ascend- ' , ; *!, T* ing ; spikelets 6-7 mm. long; glumes acute, the second equal to h H i " or exceeding the floret; callus-hairs more than half the length of the smooth lemma and palea. (Calamagrostis Hook.) Sandy shores, Ont. to Rocky Mts., south w. to 111. and Kan., and south westw. July-Sept. FIG. 107. 35. CALAMAGR6STIS Adans. REED BENT GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a hairy bristle or pedicel ; glumes subequal, usually longer than the floret ; lemma awned on the back, usually from below the middle, surrounded at base with copious long hairs; palea shorter than the lemma, faintly 2-nerved. Tall often reed-like perennials, with running rootstocks, simple mostly erect culms and many- flowered panicles. (Name compounded of /cdXa/xos, a reed, and &ypw ove ? flat, often involute in drying ; panicles pale, 1-2 dm. tached glumes x 2. l n gi W*> densely flowered than others of this group ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; glumes rather rigid, sharp-pointed, about \ longer than the toothed lemma ; awn scarcely exceeding the lemma ; callus-hairs \-\ shorter than the lemma. (C. confinis Man. ed. 6, not Nutt.) Swamps and low prairies, N. Y. and N. J. ; Minn, to Mo. and westw. July. FIG. 109. 136 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 9. C. cinnoides (Muhl.) Barton. Glaucous; culms stout, 1-1.8 m. high, solitary or few, erect or leaning; leaves very scabrous, sometimes sparingly hirsute, 1.5-3 dm. long, 5-10 mm. wide (those of the innovations shorter, narrow) ; panicles 8-17 cm. long, tapering to summit, usually much contracted; spike- lets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes keeled, very scabrous, acuminate- aristate, the tips usually curved outward, exceeding the acuminate lemma which is awned above the middle ; callus-hairs about \ the, length of the floret, those of the rudiment copious, con- no. C. cinnoides. fined to the tip, almost equaling the lemma. (C. Nuttal- Spikeiet with de- liana Steud.) Moist ground, tached glumes x 3. HO. Me. to O. and southw. FIG. 36. AMM6PHILA Host Spikelets 1-flowered, large, awnless, crowded in a' long spike-like panicle ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a hairy bristle ; glumes firm, subequal, compressed-keeled, acute ; lemma of like texture, surrounded at base with short hairs, 2-toothed at the apex and mucronate between the teeth ; palea nearly as long, rather firm, the two nerves close together. A coarse perennial with creeping root- stocks, rigid culms and involute leaves. (Name from &/JL/J.OS, sand, and i\elv, to love.} 1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. (SEA SAND-REED, PSAMMA, MARRAM, BEACH GRASS.) Culm stout, 0.5-1 m. high, branch- ing at the base, from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute ; panicle 1-4 dm. long ; spikelets compressed ; glumes and lemma scabrous. (A. arundinacea Host. ) Sandy beaches, along the coast, N. B. to N. C. ; and on the Great Lakes, inflorescence x y 10 . Aug., Sept. (Eu.) An important sand-binder. FIG. 111. Spikelets x l. 111. A. arenaria. 37. APERA Adans. Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a minute naked bristle ; glumes thin in texture, subequal, and slightly exceeding the lemma which bears a slender awn from just below the apex ; palea nearly as long as the lemma, 2-toothed. Annuals with flat leaves and diffuse panicles. (Name from Atnjpos, unmaimed ; application obscure.) ^ 1. A. SPICA-VENTI (L.) Beauv. Culms slender, 3-7 dm. high, tufted, erect or geniculate at the lower nodes ; blades linear ; panicle 1-3.5 dm. long, the very slender branches verticillate, spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 2 mm. 112. A. spica-venti. long, shining ; lemma scabrous, awn 5-7 mm. long. Spar- Spikelet with de- ingly naturalized eastw. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) Fio. tached glumes x 3. 112. 38. CfNNA L. WOOD REED GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes, forming a short naked stipe below the floret, and prolonged behind the palea into a minute bristle ; glumes narrow, hispidulous on the keel ; lemma 3-5-nerved, with a short awn from between the minute teeth of the bifid apex ; palea 1-nerved, or 2-nerved, the nerves close together ; stamen 1. Tall perennials with flat leaves, conspicu- ous hyaline ligules, and many-flowered nodding panicles. (From iclvva, a name used by Dioscorides for a kind of grass.) 1. C. arundinacea L. Culms 0.5-1.5 m. high, erect, solitary or few together , blades 2-3 dm. long, 1 cm. or less wide (rarely wider), slightly scabrous panicle GKAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 137 113. C. aruudinacea. Spikelets x 2%. 1.5-3 dm. long, the slender branches ascending, somewhat contracted after flowering ; spikelets 5 mm. long ; glumes scabrous, unequal, the second as long as the scabrous lemma which bears a minute awn or ig sometimes awnless ; palea l-nerved. Moist woods and shaded swamps ; N. S. to Out. and south w. Aug., Sept. FIG. 113. 2. C. latifblia (Trev.) Griseb. Similar to the preced- ing ; blades 1.5-2.5 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. wide, rarely nar- rower, scabrous; panicle 1.5-3.5 dm. long, the flexuous capillary branches spreading or drooping; spikelets 4 mm. long; glumes scabrous, subequal, and about equaling the scabrous short-awned lemma ; palea 2-nerved, the nerves close together. (C. pendula Trin.) Damp woods, Nfd. to B. C., s. to N. E., N. Y., the Great Lake region, and westw.; also on mts. of N. C. (Eu.) 39. AiRA L. HAIR GRASS Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect ; glumes thin, somewhat scarious, subequal, acute, awnless, longer than the approximate florets ; lemmas bidentate, awned on the back or the lower awnless ; palea a little shorter than the lemma ; grain included in the slightly indurated lemma and palea, and usually adherent to them. Delicate annuals. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.) 1. A. CARYOPHYLLEA L. Culms solitary or few, slender, erect, 8-30 cm. high ; blades short, setaceous ; panicle open, the silvery shining spikelets clustered toward the ends of the spreading capillary branches, 3 mm. long, nearly as broad ; lemma of both florets with a geniculate awn 3-4 mm. long from below the middle', the teeth of the apex setaceous. Waste places, Nan tucket to O., and south w. June. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 114. 2. A. CAPILLARIS Host. Similar to the preceding ; panicle more diffuse; spikelets scattered at the ends of the branches, 2.5 mm. long ; lemma of lower floret awnless or with a minute m _^ ____ awn just below the apex, the teeth of which are short ; lemma of upper floret bearing a geniculate awn 3 mm. long from below the middle, teeth of apex setaceous. On the coast, Va., and southw. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) 3. A. PRAECOX L. Culms tufted, 0.5-20 cm. high, slender, erect or lower nodes geniculate ; sheaths slightly inflated ; blades setaceous ; panicle narrow and dense, the short branches erect, 1-3 cm. long ; spikelets yellowish, shining, 3.5-4 mm. long ; lemmas of both florets bidentate at apex, and bearing a genicu- late awn 2-4 mm. long from below the middle, the awn of lower floret shorter than that of the upper. Sandy fields, N. J. and Del. to Va. May-July. (Nat. from Eu.) 40. H6LCUS L. Spikelets 2-flowered, articulated below the glumes ; the lower floret perfect, raised on a curved stipe, awnless ; the upper floret starninate (rarely perfect), its lemma bearing a dorsal awn from below the apex ; glumes thin, subequal, compressed, boat-shaped, longer than the florets ; lemmas somewhat indurated, boat-shaped ; paleas thin, nearly as long as the lemmas. Perennials with flat leaves and densely flowered terminal panicles. (A name used by Pliny for a kind of grass, from 6)uc6j, attractive.} H. LAN\TUS L. (VELVET GRASS.) Entire plant grayish, velvety-pubescent; culms erect, 3-6 dm. high; leaves 15 cm. long or less, rarely longer, 5-10 mm. wide ; panicle purplish, 5-10 cm. long, narrow; spikelets 4 mm. long, nearly as broad ; glumes villous, hirsute on the nerves, the second broader than Spikelet Flower x 4%. 115. H. lanatus. Spikelet x 2%. U.UO V7I1 ill* IK I V ^Q, VUO OC/V^VMIVA Ul UO/LIC1 I I Id II ,-. , - the first, 3-nerved ; lemmas ciliate at the apex ; awn of second floret hooklike. Moist meadows, N. S. to 111., and southw. June, July* (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 115. 138 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 41. SPHEN6PHOLIS Scribn. Spikelets 2-3-flowered, the pedicels jointed just below the glumes ; rhachilla prolonged behind the upper palea in a slender pedicel, articulated between the florets, the glumes and lower floret with joint of pedicel tardily falling together ; glumes subequal, exceeded by the uppermost floret, the first narrow, the second much broader, usually obovate, becoming subcoriaceous in fruit, 3-nerved ; lemma chartaceous, nerves obscure, awnless or awned below the summit, awn Usually straight or divergent ; palea hyaline, narrowed toward the base ; grain inclosed within the rigid lemma, free. Slender perennials with usually flat leaves and narrow terminal panicles. (Name from a-^v, a wedge, and 0o\i's, a scale, referring to the broadly obovate or wedge-shaped second glume.) EATONIA Endlicher and later authors, not Raf. Spikelets awnless or with the second floret short-awned ; glumes dissimilar, the first linear, second obovate, becoming chartaceous. Panicle narrow, densely flowered ; second glume as broad as long, subcucullate in fruit 1. S. oUusata. Panicle lax, branches more or less spreading, at least in flower. Glumes subequal, second broadly obovate, obtuse ; florets obtuse, the second very scabrous 2. S. nitida. Glumes unequal, first shorter than the narrowly obovate second one ; florets mostly acute, glabrous 3. 8. pattens. Spikelets awned ; glumes similar. Lower floret usually awnless 4. S.palustris. Both florets awned ' (4) S. palustris, v.flexuosa. 1. S. obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. Culms slender to rather stout, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths pubqscent to nearly glabrous ; leaves 4-15 cm. long, glabrous ; panicle 6-18 cm. long, often glomerate; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; glumes subequal, the second subcucullate, the broad chartaceous margins smooth and shining ; lemmas similar or the second a little scabrous. Dry soil, Ct. to Fla., westw. to Mo. and Tex. June, July. FIG. 116. Var. PUBESCENS (Scribn. & Merr.) Scribn. Sheaths and sometimes culms and leaves pubescent. Ct. to 116 S obtusata Mich - and southw - Var - LOBATA (Trin.) Scribn. Sheaths and Spik'elet x 3. ' leaves scabrous, not pubescent ; panicle cylindrical, sometimes interrupted below ; spikelets densely crowded on the short appressed branches. Dry soil, and prairies, Me. to Fla., westw. throughout the U. S. ; the commoner form in the North. 2. S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms slender, 3-6 dm. high ; sheaths pubes- cent; leaves 3-6 cm. long, 2-5 mm. wide, pubescent; panicle 5-20 cm. long, loosely flowered, widely spreading in flower, finally erect ; spikelets 3 mm. long, cuneiform ; glumes subequal, the broad second glume rounded or abruptly apic- ulate ; lemmas oblong, obtuse, rarely short-awned just below the apex, second lemma scabrous especially near the tip and keel. (Eatonia Dudleyi Vasey.) Woods, Vt. to Mich., and southw. May, June. Var. GLABRA (Nash) Scribn. Sheaths and leaves glabrous. Va., and southw. 3. S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Culms 3-10 dm. high, usually slender; sheaths usually glabrous, sometimes pubescent ; leaves 5-20 cm. long, 4.6 mm. wide, scabrous on the nerves, sometimes sparsely pilose above ; panicles lax, nodding, 8-20 cm. long ; spikelets 3-4 mm. long, oblong-lanceolate; glumes unequal, scabrous on the keels, the first linear, ^-f as long as the broadly oblanceolate usually acute second glume; lemmas lanceolate, acute, glabrous except on the keel near the apex, the second projecting beyond the second glume, sometimes awned below the apex. (Eatonia pennsylvanica a- v Gray.) Me. to N. C., w. to Wise., Kan., and Tex. In the Mississippi Valley this species occurs on prairies, and has a denser panicle ; in the Atlantic States, especially southward, it occurs in meadows and along ditches, and has a more lax panicle. FIG. 117. Var. M\JOR (Torr.) Scribn. Panicles narrowly lanceolate or oblong, rather densely flowered, the first glume nearly equaling the rather narrow second one. (Eatonia intermedia Rydb.) Nfd. to Wash., s. to 111., Col., and Ariz. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 139 4. S. paliistris (Michx.) Scribn. Culms 6-10 dm. high; sheaths and leaves glabrous, or lower sheaths sometimes pubescent ; leaves 8-12 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicles 10-20 cm. long, narrow ; spikelets 6-7 mm. long ; glumes similar, lanceolate, acute, subequal ; lemmas lanceolate, the first acute or acuminate-pointed, awn- less, rarely short-awned : the second bearing a slender divergent awn below the acute or 2-toothed apex ; awn 4-5 mm. long. ( Trisetum pennsylvanicum Man. ed. 6, not Avena pennsylvanica L. T. palustre Trin. ) Low grounds, Mass, to 111. and south w. Var. FLExu6sA Scribn. Culms 4-6 dm. high; panicles 8-12 dm. long, open, the flexuous branches widely spreading at least in flower ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, the first floret usually awned. Vel. (Commons), Pa. (Heller). FIG. 118. 42. KOELERIA Pers. 118. 8. pal., v. flex. Spikelet x 3. 119. K. cristata x 2y 2 . Spikelet. Lower part of lemma spread open. Spikelets 2-4-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged into a naked pedicel behind the upper palea ; glumes unequal, slightly shorter than the florets, membranaceous, acute, the first 1-nerved, the second 3-nerved ; lemma char- taceous-membranaceous, the margins scarious, faintly 3-5- nerved, acute or mucronate ; palea hyaline ; grain loosely inclosed within the subrigid lemma, free. Tufted perennials with narrow leaves and densely flowered terminal spike-like panicles. (Named for Prof. G-. L. Koeler, an early writer on grasses. ) 1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Culms erect, 3-6 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths retrorsely pubescent, at least the lower ; blades flat or becoming involute ; panicle cylindrical, 4-15 cm. long, often interrupted at base, pale and shining ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; the glumes and lemmas scabrous. Dry soil, Ont. and O. to B. C., and southw. ; introduced in N. E. (Eurasia.) Very variable. FIG. 119. 43. TRISETUM Pers. Spikelets 2 (rarely 3-5) -flowered, rhachilla prolonged behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle or pedicel ; glumes unequal, the second about as long as the florets, keeled ; lemma membranaceous, keeled, 2-toothed at the apex, bearing a slender dorsal awn ; palea narrow, 2-toothed ; grain smooth, inclosed in the lemma and palea but free from them. Tufted perennials with nar- row or spike-like or loose terminal panicles. (Name from tres, three, and seta, a bristle.) 1. T. spicatum (L.) Richter. Culms slender, erect, 1.5-6 dm. high ; sheaths and blades more or less puberulent, blades 2-1 Ocm. long, 1-3 mm. wide ; panicle shining, spike-like, 3-12 cm. long, often interrupted below ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; the second glume broader than the first, 3-nerved ; lemma minutely scabrous, the awn inserted about below the acumi- nate-toothed apex, 4-5 mm. long, divergent. ( T. subspicatum Beauv. and var. molle Gray.) Mts. and rocky banks, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Ct., N. Y., the Great Lakes; and along the mts. to N. C. (Eurasia.) FIG. 120. 2. T. melicoides (Michx.) Vasey. Culm 3-8 dm. high ; sheaths and blades roughish ; panicle shining, lax, nodding, 10-12 cm. long ; spikelets 1 mm. long ; callus hairy ; lemma minutely scabrous, bluntly ^-toothed at the apex, awn 1-2 mm. long, straight, erect. (Graphephorum Pesv.) Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Great Lakes, s. to N. B., Me., and Vt. Var. MAjus (Gray) Hitchc. Lower sheaths pubescent ; upper surface of the leaves pilose ; lemmas 120. T. spicatum x 3. Spikelet and floret. 121. T. mel., v. maj. x 2. Spikelet and floret. 140 GKAMIKEAE (GRASS FAMILY) entire at the acute apex, awnless. (Dupontia Cooleyi Gray ; Graphephorum melicoides, var. major Gray.) Gravelly or rocky shores, Me., Vt., Ont., aud Mich. FIG. 121. 44. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv. Spikelets 2 (rarely 3) -flowered ; rhachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper palea as a hairy bristle ; glumes subequal, thin or scarious ; lemmas thin, 4-nerved (the midnerve becoming an awn), truncate, 2-4-toothed, bear- ing a slender dorsal awn from or below the middle. Tufted perennials (our species) with flat or involute leaves and shining spikelets in loose or narrow panicles. (Named for Loiseleur- Deslongchamps, a French botanist, 1774-1849.) * Glumes somewhat shorter than the florets. 1. D. flexudsa (L.) Trin. (COMMON HAIR GRASS.) Culms erect, 3-8 dm. high, slender, nearly naked above, the numerous involute-setaceous basal leaves 5-20 cm. long ; sheaths scabrous blades setaceous; panicle 5-12 cm. long, very loose, rather few-flowered, the smooth capillary flexuous branches spikelet- bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4-5 mm. long ; glumes acute ; florets approximate, lemmas scabrous, 4-toothed, awn inserted near the base, 5-7 mm. long, twisted ; palea nearly as long as the lemma, scabrous. Dry places, Nfd., Ont., Wise., and northw., s. to N. C. and Tenn. June, July. (Eu.) FIG. 122. 2. D. caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Culms erect, 6-12 dm. high, slender ; basal leaves flat or becoming involute, not setaceous, 5-15 cm. long ; sheaths smooth ; blades flat, scabrous on the upper surface ; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the scabrous slender branches spikelet-bearing near the ends ; spikelets 4 mm. long ; glumes acute or blunt; florets distant (rhachilla half the length of lower sessile floret) ; lemmas smooth, erose-truncate ; awn from near the base, but little longer than its lemma, straight, articulated at the base and deciduous ; palea nearly equaling the lemma. Moist soil, mostly along streams, Nfd. to Alaska, s. to N. J. and 111. June, July. (Eu.) Spikelets rarely 3-flowered. FIG. 123. * * Glumes longer than the florets. 3. D. atropurptirea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Culms erect, 1.5-5 dm. high, slender, leafy ; no tufts of basal leaves ; sheaths 123. D. caespitosa. smooth ; blades flat, 5-10 cm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, nearly Spikelet x 3y 2 . glabrous ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, rather few-flowered ; the few smooth capillary flexuous branches spreading, sometimes drooping, spikelet- bearing at the ends ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; "glumes acuminate; florets rather distant ; lemmas strigose near the summit, erose-truncate and short-ciliate at apex ; awn inserted about the middle, bent, 3-4 mm. long ; palea nearly equaling the lemma. Alpine summits of N. E. and N. Y. to Lab. and northwestw. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) 122. D. flexuosa. Part of panicle x %. Spikelet and floret 45. AVENA [Tourn.] L. OAT Spikelets 2-^-flowered ; rhachilla bearded below the florets ; glumes subequal, membranaceous, many-nerved, longer than the lemmas, usually exceeding the uppermost floret ; lemmas indurated except toward the summit, 5-9-nerved, bidentate at the apex, bearing a long dorsal twisted awn (the awn straight or wanting in cultivated forms); grain pubescent at least at the summit, often ad- hering to the lemma and palea. Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles of large spikelets. (The classical Latin name.) GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 141 * Spikelets more than 2 cm. long ; annuals. 1. A. rAxuA L. Culms 4-12 dm. high, in small tufts, erect, stout ; blades long, 5-8 mm. wide; panicle loose and open, the slender branches ascending; spikelets pendulous, 2.2-2.5 cm. long, excluding the awns ; glumes smooth, striate, acuminate ; florets approximate ; lemmas with a ring of hairs at base and more or less appressed-pubescent with long stiff brownish hairs; awn inserted about the middle, bent and twisted, 3 cm. long or more. Fields and waste places, Ont. and O. (rare) ; Wise., 111., and westw. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 124. 2. A. STERILIS L. (ANIMATED OATS.) Larger than the preceding, the spikelets 3.5-4.5 cm. long, excluding the awns ; lemmas usually more densely hairy ; awns 5-7 cm. long. Occurs sparingly in N. J. and near Phila- delphia, Pa. (Adv. from Eu.) A. SATIVA L., the cultivated oat, commonly occurs in waste places in cities, etc. (Introd. from Eurasia.) * * Spikelets less than 1.5 cm. long ; perennials. 3. A. PDBESCENS Huds. Culms 6-9 cm. high, in small tufts, erect, slender ; sheaths and blades, at least the lower, retrorsely pubescent ; panicle rather nar- row, the slender flexuous branches erect; spikelets upright, 1.2-1.3 cm. long, excluding the awns ; glumes 3-nervsd, the nerves scabrous ; florets approximate, rhachilla-joints clothed with long white hairs ; lemmas scabrous, a tuft of white hairs at the base, a bent and twisted awn inserted about the middle, 2-2.5 mm. long. Fields, Vt., N. J. (Adv. from Eu.) 124. A. fatua. Spikelet x %. 46. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. OAT GRASS Spikelets 2-flowered, the florets approximate, the lower staminate, its lemma bearing a geniculate and twisted awn on the back near the base ; the upper per- fect, its lemma short-awned from or near the apex, or awnless ; rhachilla hairy, prolonged behind the upper palea into a bristle ; glumes unequal, acute, thin and scarious ; lemmas of firmer texture, 5-7-nerved ; palea ciliate on the nerves. Tall perennials with flat leaves and long narrow panicles. (Name from &pptjv, masculine, and dd-rjp, awn, in reference to the awned staminate floret.) 1. A. ELATIUS (L.) Beauv. (TALL O.) Culms 1 m. or more high, erect; leaves long, linear, 0.5-1 cm. wide, scabrous on both surfaces ; panicle pale or purplish and shining, 15-30 cm. long, narrow, the short branches verticillate, usually spike- let-bearing from the base ; spikelets 7-8 mm. long ; glumes P d'etaled x 2 UmeS mutely scabrous, the second about equaling the florets ; lemmas scabrous, the awn of the staminate floret about twice the length of its lemma ; paleas as long as their lemmas. (A. avenaceum Beauv.) Meadows and waste places,. Nfd. to Va., Ont., Minn., etc.; often cultivated. June, July. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 126. 1'25. A. elatius. 47. DANTHdNIA DC. WILD OAT GRASS Spikelets several-flowered ; florets not closely approximate, uppermost imper- fect or rudimentary ; glumes subequal, much longer than the lemmas, usually exceeding the uppermost floret ; lemma convex, 2-toothed or bifid at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth ; awn flat, formed by the extension of the 3 middle nerves of the lemma. Tufted erect perennials with narrow leaves and small terminal panicles or racemes. (Named for iZtienne Danthoine, a botanist of Marseilles.) 142 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) Teeth of the lemma triangular, not aristate 1. D. spicata. Teeth of the lemma aristate. Florets not over 5 mm. long 2. D. comprestsa. Florets 7-8 mm. long. Spikelets nearly sessile, in small crowded panicle, purple . . . . 3. D. intermedia. Spikelets in loose panicle, pale green. Sheaths and blades villous ; lemma silky -hairy 4. D. sericea. Sheaths and blades glabrous ; lemma pubescent on margins and base only 5. D. epilis. I. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. Culms 2-7 dm. high terete ; sheaths and involute blades glabrous or sparsely pilose, the numerous basal leaves often curled, those of the culm erect ; panicle few-flowered, the few short branches erect or ascending, often reduced to a raceme ; spikelets 10-12 mm. long, on short stiff pedicels ; glumes acuminate : lemmas 4-5 mm. long, sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, teeth triangular, the awn longer than the lemma. Dry and sterile or rocky soil. June- Aug. FIG. 126. 2. D. compre'ssa Aust. Usually taller than the preceding : culms flattened, often decumbent at base ; leaves elongated, 2-3 mm. wide, flat or involute on the margins only ; panicle more open ; teeth of the lemma aristate, at least 2 mm. long. Dry woods, Me. to N. Y., and \ southw. 3. D. intermddia Vasey. Culms 1-4 dm. high, with numerous mostly involute basal leaves; culm-leaves 5-15 cm. long, involute ; spikelets 15 mm. long, rather crowded in a raceme or simple few-flowered panicle ; glumes broad, acu- minate, purplish, with pale scorious margins; lemma 7-8 mm. long, glabrous except at the base and margins below the middle, the teeth aristate ; awn 7-8 mm. long. Mt. Albert, Gaspe" Co. , Que. ; n. Mich. (Farwell), and westw. July, Aug. 4. D. sericea Nutt. Culms 5-9 dm. high ; sheaths and blades villous, at least the lower ones ; basal blades elongated, mostly involute, those of culms flat or involute ; panicle 6-10 cm. long, rarely longer, rather loose, the branches ascending or spreading ; spikelets about 1.5 mm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate, pale; lemma densely clothed with long silky hairs, the aristate teeth more than % the entire length of the lemma, awn 12-15 mm. long. Sandy soil, Mass, to Pa., and southw. FIG. 127. 5. D. 6pilis Scribn. Very similar to the preceding, not so tall ; sheaths and blades glabrous ; panicle smaller ; lemma glabrous, except at the base and on the margins below the middle. (D. glabra Nash, not Philippi.) Sandy soil, N. J., and southw., rare. May. Possibly only a variety of the preceding. 48. SPARTlNA Schreb. CORD or MARSH GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, flattened laterally, sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming unilateral spikes which are scattered along a common axis ; glumes unequal, keeled, acute or bristle- pointed, the second usually exceeding the obtuse thinner 1-nerved lemma ; palea equaling or exceeding the lemma. Coarse perennials with strong creeping rootstocks, rigid simple culms, and long tough leaves. (Whence the name, from ffiraprLvrj, a cord, such as was made from the bark of the Spartium or broom.) * Culms stout, usually over 1 m. high; leaves 1 cm. or more wide, flat or nearly so when fresh. 1. S. Michauxiana Hitchc. (SLOUGH GRASS.) Culms 1-2 m. high ; leaves 6-12 dm. long, 15 mm. wide or less, tapering to a very slender point. 126. D. spicata. Panicle x %. Spikelet and floret x 1%. Lemma x 2. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 143 keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth except the margins ; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading, 0.5-10 cm. long ; rhachis rough on the margins ; glumes serrulate-hispid on the keel, the first acuminate and equaling the floret, the second tapering into an awn 7 mm. long ; lemma 7-9 mm. long, glabrous except the serrulate- scabrous midnerve which abruptly terminates below the emarginate or 2-toothed apex. (8. cynosuroides Am. auth., not Roth.) Banks of rivers and lakes, or on wet prairies, N. S. to Assina., s. to N. J. and Okla. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 128. 2. S. cynosuroides (L.) Roth. (SALT REED GRASS.) Culms stout, 1-3 in. high, often 2 cm. in diameter near the base ; leaves 1-2.5 cm. wide, flat or nearly so, roughish underneath as well as on the margins ; spikes 20-50, forming a dense oblong purplish raceme ; glumes barely mucronate, the first J the length of the P detached 1 2 lemma, of which the rough hispid midrib reaches the apex. (S. polystachya Willd.) Salt and brackish marshes, Ct., and southw. Aug.-Oct. Specimens from Dismal Swamp, Va., have only 10-15 spikes. FIG. 129. 3. S. glabra Muhl. (SALT MARSH GRASS.) Culms 0.6- 2.4 m. high, leafy to the top ; leaves 5-7 dm. long, 1-1.5 cm. 129 s c nos id wide i usually flat, sometimes involute ; spikes appressed, snikeiet with rinn ^^ cm> long ' the rhachis slightly projecting beyond the detached x 2 spikelets; spikelets 10-14 mm. long; glumes glabrous or sparingly scabrous on the keel, the first scarcely f the length of the second ; lemma 8-10 mm. long. (S. stricta, var. Gray.) Salt marshes, Va., and southw. Odor strong and rancid. Var. piLdsA Merr. has glumes with scabrous keels and lemmas sparingly pilose, thus approaching the European S. stricta Roth. Mass., and southw. FIG. 130. Var. alternifl6ra (Loisel.) Merr. Spikes more slender, 7-12 cm. long, the spikelets somewhat remote, barely over- lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage ; lemma sparingly pilose ; otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it passes. (S. stricta, var. Gray.) Lower St. Lawrence, and southw. (Eu.) * * Culms slender, rarely I m. high ; leaves not over 5 mm. wide, strongly involute when fresh. 4. S. patens (Ait.) Muhl. Culms slender, wiry, 3-8 dm. high, from long slender rootstocks ; sheaths overlapping; blades 1-3.5 dm. long, involute, spreading; panicle short-exserted or included at base, of 2 to several ascending spikes (2-5 cm. long); rhachis smooth ; spikelets 10-12 mm. long ; first glume linear, mucronate, scarcely half as long as the lanceolate acuminate second glume, which is scabrous on the nerves ; lemma 5-6 mm. long, thin, obtuse, slightly emarginate; palea slightly longer. Salt marshes and sandy coasts, Nfd. and e. Que. to Va. July, Aug. Var. juncea (Michx.) Hitchc. Differs from the species in its greater size, culms 5-12 dm. high, longer erect or ascend- ing leaves, and stouter rootstocks ; panicles exserted ; spikes nearly erect; spikelets 7-10 mm. long. (S. juncea Willd.) Salt marshes and sandy beaches along the coast, N. H. to Fla. and Tex. June-Sept. FIG. 131. Var. caespit6sa (A. A. Eaton) Hitchc. Differs from the species in its tufted habit, no creeping rootstocks, taller culms, and awned second glume; blades approximate near the middle of the stem, glaucous above, as much as 6 dm. long, with long involute scabrous points. (S. caespitosa A. A. Eaton.) Border of brackish marshes, N. H. and Mass. 130. 8. glabra, v. pilosa. Part of inflorescence x %. Spikelet x iy 2 . Same displayed x 1%. 181. S. pat., v. junc. Spikelet with glumes detached x 2. 144 GEAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY} 49. BECKMANNIA Host Spikelets 1-flowered in our species, broad, laterally compressed, closely irabri^ cated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming short unilateral spikes ; rhachilla articulated below the glumes ; glumes subequal, inflated, boat- shaped, chartaceous, margin scarious ; lemma lanceolate, acuminate, palea nearly as long ; grain free within the rigid lemma and palea. A rather tall erect perennial, with flat leaves and a terminal elongated narrow nearly simple panicle. (Named for Johann Beckmann, 1739- 1811, professor of botany at Goettingen.) 1. B. erucaef6nnis (L.) Host. Light green ; culms 5-10 dm. high ; sheaths loose, overlapping ; blades 1-2.5 dm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, scabrous ; panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the spikes appressed ; spikelets nearly circular, B. erucaeformis. 3 mm. long ; the glumes transversely wrinkled ; the acu- Part of inflorescence x l / 5 . minate apex of the lemma protruding beyond the glumes. Part of same x y 2 . Wet ground, Minn., la., and westw. ; adv. in 0. FIG. .Spikelets and floret x 2. 132. 50. CYNODON Richard. BERMUDA or SCUTCH GRASS Spikelets 1-flowered, laterally compressed, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows along ono 3ide of a slender continuous axis, forming unilateral spikes j rhachilla prolonged behind the palea into a blunt pedicel ; glumes un- equal, narrow, acute, keeled ; lemma broad, boat-shaped, obtuse, ciliate on the keel ; palea as long as the lemma, the prominent keels close together, ciliolate; grain free within the lemma and palea. . Low diffusely branched and extensively creeping perennials, with flat leaves and slender spikes digitate at the apex of the upright branches. (Name composed of KiW, a dog, and 65oi5s, a tooth.) CAPRIOLA Adans. 1. C. DACTYLON (L.) Pers. Glabrous; culms flattened, wiry ; ligule a conspicuous ring of white hairs ; spikes 4-5, 2-5 cm. long ; spikelets imbricated, 2 mm. long ; lemma longer than the glumes. (Capriola Ktze.) Fields and waste places, 133. c. Dactylon. Mass., and southw., where it is cultivated for pasturage. (Nat. inflorescence xy 4 . from Eu.) Seldom perfects seed. FIG. 133. Spikeiet x4. 51. SCHEDONNARDUS Steud. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and appressed, alternate and distant along one side of a slender triangular rhachis, forming very slender spikes ; glumes narrow, unequal, with strong rigid keels, pointed, shorter than the lanceolate acuminate scabrous lemma ; palea nearly as long as the lemma ; grain free within the subrigid lemma and palea. A low diffusely branching annual with short narrow leaves and slender paniculate spikes. (Name from 0-%e56j>, near, and Nardus, from its resemblance to that genus.) 1. S. paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Culms 3-5 dm. high, erect or decumbent at base, leafy below ; sheaths and blades smooth ; panicle half or more than half the entire height of the plant, its axis usually falcate, the spikes solitary and remote, mostly along the convex side, rigid ; spikelets 4 mm. long. (S. t ex- anus Steud.) Open ground and salt licks, 111. to Mont., Col. t and Tex. At maturity the panicle becomes much elongated and decumbent, the axis extending in a large loose spiral. FIG. 134. 134. 8. paniculatus. Part of spike x 1%. Spikeiet x 3. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 145 52. GYMNOP6GON Beauv. Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, sometimes 1 or 2 neuter or staminate subses- sile florets above the perfect one, remote along one side of a filiform continuous rhachis, forming slender unilateral spikes; rhachilla prolonged beyond the floret as a slender often awned rudiment ; glumes narrow, subequal, rigid, scabrous on the strong keel, equaling or exceeding the florets ; lemma thin, bearing a slender straight awn from just below the apex ; palea about as long as the lemma. Perennials, with short rather broad rigid leaves and numerous slender spikes, at first erect, at length widely divaricate or reflexed. (Name composed of yv/j.v6s, naked, and ir&yuv, a beard, alluding to the reduction of the abortive flower to a bare awn. ) 1. G. amblguus (Michx.) BSP. Culms tufted from a short rootstock, rigid, erect or ascending, 2-5 dm. high ; sheaths overlapping, blades often approximate, thick, rigid, spreading, 4-6 cm. long, 1 cm. or more wide ; spikes solitary or in 2's along a striate axis, becoming widely divaricate when exserted from the sheath, spikelet-b earing to the base; awn of floret longer than the glabrous lemma; rudiment long-owned. 135 (G. racemosus Beauv. ) Sterile sandy or gravelly ground, Infl ' ores ' cence x v ' N. J. to Mo., Fla., and Tex. Aug., Sept. FIG. 135. Spikelet x2V 2 2. G. brevifblius Trin. Resembling the preceding ; culms more slender, from a decumbent base; leaves 2-4 dm. long, 4-9 mm. wide, involute in drying ; spikes usually less numerous, more distant, naked at the base, ^pikelet-bearing from about the middle ; awn shorter than the hairy lemma ; one or two sterile florets sometimes present, rudiment usually awnless. Sandy ground, N. J., and southw. 53. CHL6RIS Sw. Spikelets with 1 perfect floret, sessile in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, forming unilateral spikes ; rhachilla prolonged behind the palea and bear- ing 1 or more rudimentary awned sterile lemmas ; glumes unequal, narrow, acute, keeled ; lemma often ciliate on the back or margins, 1-3-nerved, the mid-nerve nearly always prolonged into a slender awn ; palea about equaling the lemma ; grain free within the lemma and palea. Usually perennial grasses with flat leaves and digitate spikes. (Named for Chloris, the god- dess of flowers.) 1. C. verticill^ta Nutt. Culms 1-4 dm. high, erect, or de- cumbent and rooting at the nodes ; sheaths compressed ; leaves ' obtuse, light green; spikes several in 1-3 whorls, slender, 5-10 cm. long; spikelets 3 mm. long, with awns about 5 mm. long; sterile lemma one. Prairies, e. Kan. and southwestw. June. At maturity the inflorescence breaks away and forms a tumbleweed. FIG. 136. 54. BOUTELOtTA Lag. MESQUITK GRASS Spikelets 1-2-flowered, crowded and sessile in 2 rows along one side of a con- tinuous flattened rhachis, which usually projects beyond the spikelets ; rhachilla prolonged beyond the perfect floret and bearing a sterile (rarely staminate) floret, a second or third rudiment often present ; glumes unequal, keeled ; lemma broader, 3-5-nerved, 3-5-toothed or cleft, 3 of the divisions usually awn-pointed ; palea about the length of the lemma, bidentate, the 2 keels scabrous ; sterile floret sometimes reduced to the awns, rarely obsolete. Our species perennial, with narrow flat or convolute leaves, and unilateral spikes nearly sessile along a common axis. (Named for Claudio Boutelou, a Spanish writer upon flori- culture and agriculture.) GRAY'S MANUAL 10 146 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 137. B. oligostachya. Spikelet with glumes detached x 3. 1. CHONDRC-SIUM (Desv.) Gray. Spikes 1-4, usually curved, of 25 or more densely crowded pectinate spikelets. 1. B. oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Culms slender, erect, from a short root- stock, leafy at the base, 1.5-5 dm. high ; sheaths and blades glabrous, the latter about 2 mm. wide, flat or becoming convolute ; spikes 1-3, 2-5 cm. long ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; glumes narrow, the first about as long as the second, which is sparsely papillose- pilose on the keel; fertile lemma pilose, 3-cleft, the divisions awned ; sterile lemma consisting of 2 truncate lobes and 3 divergent equal awns with a tuft of long hairs at base, second rudiment obtuse, awnless. Prairies, Wis. and N. Dak. to Tex. ; casual eastw. (Mex.) July-Sept. FIG. 137. 2. B. hirsuta Lag. Culms tufted, erect, 2-5 dm. high, leafy at the base ; sheaths smooth ; blades about 3 mm. wide, flat, sparsely papillose- hairy, especially on the margins; spikes 1-4, 1.5-5 cm. long; the rhachis of the spike produced into a prominent point beyond the uppermost spikelets; spikelets about 5 mm. long ; first glume setaceous, the second equaling the floret, conspicuously tuberculate-hirsute on the back ; fer- tile lemma pubescent, 3-cleft, the divisions awn-pointed ; sterile floret of 2 obtuse lobes and 3 equal awns margined below, no tuft of hairs at the base. Sandy plains, Wis. to Mo., and south westw. to Mex. July-Sept. FIG. 138. 2. ATHEROP6GON (Muhl.) Gray. Spikes 15 or more, oj 12 or fewer ascend- ing spikelets. 3. B. curtipSndula (Michx.) Torr. Culms erect from short running root- stocks, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths pubescent toward the summit ; blades 1-3 dm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, flat or involute and setaceous toward the end, scabrous above, sometimes pubescent beneath ; spikes numerous, 8-16 mm. long, spreading or reflexed, in a long mostly 1-sided raceme, the rhachis bifid at the extended apex ; spikelets 7-10 mm. long ; first glume less than \ the length of the second which is very scabrous on the thickened keel, exceeding the floret ; lemma scabrous, ending in 3 short 139. B. curtipendula. slender awns ; teeth of palea aristate ; sterile lemma with 2 acute lobes and 3 straight awns, the lateral ones much shorter than the middle awn. {B. racemosa Lag.) Dry hills and plains, Ct. to Minn., s. to Tex. and Mex. July- Sept. The sterile lemma variable, rarely reduced to a single awn. FIG. 139. 188. B. hirsuta. Spikelet with glumes detached x 3. Part of inflorescence 55. CTENIUM Panzer. TOOTHACHE GRASS Spikelets with 1 perfect flower and 2-5 sterile lemmas, crowded and sessile, pectinate in 1-sided spikes ; glumes very unequal, first minute, second nearly as long as the spikelet, bearing a stout horizontally divergent dorsal awn from about the middle; first and second lemmas empty or sometimes with a hyaline palea, awned below the apex, awn erect or ascending ; third lemma similar, containing a perfect flower ; fourth awnless, staminate or empty ; a fifth rudimentary lemma often present. Rather tall perennials with solitary terminal more or less curved spikes. (Name from Krevlov, a small comb, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.) CAMPULOSUS Desv. 1. C. aromaticum (Walt.) Hitchc. Culms 1-1.5 m. high, erect, from scaly rootstocks, old sheaths persistent at the blades long, flat or involute, stiff; spike 0.5-1.5 dm. 140. C. aromaticum. Inflorescence x %. Spikelet x 2. Same with glumes detached x 2. GBAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 147 long ; spikelets 5-7 mm. long ; first glume warty-tuberculate on the nerves ; florets stiffly ciliate on the margins. (<7. americanum Spreng.) Wet pine barrens, Va., and southw. Taste very pungent. FIG. 140. 56. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. CROWFOOT GRASS Spikelets several-flowered, the uppermost imperfect, sessile and crowded in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, which extends beyond the spike- lets in a naked point ; glumes broad, keeled ; lemmas boat- shaped, cuspidate ; palea equaling the lemma, acute, deeply folded between the ciliate-winged keels ; grain reddish brown, the loose pericarp transversely wrinkled. Annual, with more or less decumbent and creeping base, and 2-6 stout unilateral spikes digitate at the apex of the culm. (Name from 5ci/cTiAos, finger, and KTevtov, a little comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.; 1. D. AEGYPTIUM (L. ) Richter. Usually glabrous ; culms rooting at the lower nodes; spikes 1.5-5 cm. long; glumes scabrous on the keel, the second cuspidate ; the awned tip of lower lemma inflexed, that of the others straight or curved. (D. aegyptiacum Willd. ; Eleusine aegyptia Pers.) Yards and cultivated fields, N. Y., 111., and southw. (Nat. from tropics of the Old World.) FIG. 141. 141. D. aegyptium. Inflorescence x %. Spikelet x 2. Fruit x 3. Seed x 4. 142. E. indica. Part of inflorescence x Spikelet and floret x 2. Fruit and seed x 4. 57. ELEUSINE Gaertn. GOOSE GRASS. YARD GRASS Spikelets several-flowered, awnless, florets perfect or uppermost staminate, sessile and closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of a continuous rhachis, which does not extend beyond the terminal spikelet ; glumes unequal, shorter than the floret, scabrous on the keels ; lemmas broader, with a thickened 5-ribbed keel ; palea shorter, acute, the narrowly winged keels distant ; grain black, the loose pericarp marked with comb-like lines, free within the subrigid lemma and palea. Coarse tufted annuals with stout unilateral spikes digitate or approximate at the apex of the culms. (Name from 'EXevfflv, the town where Ceres, the goddess of harvests, was worshiped.) 1. E. fNDicA Gaertn. Glabrous ; culms flattened, de- cumbent at base ; sheaths loose, overlapping, compressed ; spikes 2-10, 2.5-8 cm. long ; spikelets appressed, 3-5-flowered, about 5 mm. long. Yards and waste ground, Mass., n. 111., Kan., and southw. (Nat. from tropics of the Old World.) FIG. 142. 58. LEPT6CHLOA Beauv. Spikelets 2-several-flowered, the uppermost floret usually imperfect or rudimentary, sessile or nearly so, in 2 rows along one side of the slender continuous rhachis ; glumes and lemmas keeled, the latter 3-nerved, acute, awnless or short- awned, exceeding the palea. Usually tall annuals with flat leaves and elongated simple panicles composed of the numer- ous very slender spikes scattered along the main axis. (Name composed of \e7rr6s, slender, and x\6a, grass, from the long attenuated spikes.) 1. L. filif6rmis (Lam.) Beauv. Culms 4-12 dm. high ; sheaths papillose-hairy ; spikes 20-40, 5-10 cm. long, ascend- ing; spikelets about 3 mm. long; glumes more or less mucronate, nearly equaling the 3-4 awnless florets. (L. mucronata Kunth ; L. attenuata Steud.) Fields, Va. to 111., Mo., and southw. Aug. FIG. 143. 143. L. filiformis. Inflorescence x 1 / w . A part of same with 2 spikelets x 1%. Spikelet and floret x 3, 148 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 2. L. fascicularis (Lam.) Gray. Smooth; leaves longer than the erect or geniculate-decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the panicle; spikes 8-12 cm. long; spikelets slightly pediceled, l-\\-flowered, {he florets much longer than the lanceolate glumes ; lemmas hairy-margined toward the base, with '2 small lateral teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Diplachne Beauv. ; D. acuminata and procumbens Nash.) Brackish meadows, from Mass, southw. along the coast; and from 111. southw. along the Miss. R. Aug., Sept. 59. BtrCHLOE Engelm. BUFFALO GRASS Spikelets unisexual ; plants monoecious or dioecious ; staminate spikelets 2-3- flowered, sessile in 2 rows along the short 1-sided spikes ; glumes unequal, obtuse ; lemmas larger, 3-nerved ; palea a little shorter than the lemma ; pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, in nearly capitate 1-sided spikes which are scarcely exserted from the broad sheaths of the upper leaves ; glumes indurated, trifid at the apex, united at base and resembling an involucre ; lemma narrow, hyaline, inclosing the 2-nerved palea ; grain free within the hardened glumes. A creep- ing or stoloniferous perennial with narrow flat leaves, and dissimilar staminate and pistillate spikelets borne on the same or on distinct plants. (Name strongly con- 144. B. dactyloides. tracted from /3otf/3aXos, buffalo, and x^r/, grass.} 3 and ? inflorescence x %. i. 3. dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Culms of the rfSpikelet and floret (above) staminate inflorescence 1-3 dm. high; the spikes long- xll /2- exserted; culms of pistillate inflorescence low, much ? Spikelet, section of same, exceeded by the leaves . sheaths overlapping ; blades 1%1 2 mm. wide or less ; staminate spikes 2 or 3, 0-12 mm. long ; cluster of pistillate spikelets ovoid, 6 mm. long. (Bulbilis Raf.) Plains of the Sask. to Minn., Kan., and Tex. One of the most valuable grasses of the plains. Seedlings are monoecious, but the staminate and pistillate branches propagate their own kind. FIG. 144. 60. PHRAGMITES Trin. REED Spikelets loosely 3-7-flowered ; rhachilla clothed with long silky hairs ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute ; lemmas narrow, long-acuminate, that of the lowest floret somewhat longer, equaling the uppermost florets, empty or subtending a staminate flower, the other florets perfect ; paleas -f the length of their lemmas. Tall reed- like perennials with stout leafy culms and large terminal panicles. (Name from ^/OCO'/^TTJS, growing in hedges, appar- ently from its hedge-like growth along ditches.) 1. P. communis Trin. Culms erect, stout, 1.5-4 m. high, from long creeping rootstocks ; sheaths overlapping ; blades 1.5-6 dm. long, 1-5 cm. wide, flat, glabrous; panicle tawny, 1.5-4 dm. long, branches ascending, rather densely flowered ; spikelets 12-15 mm. long ; the florets exceeded by the hairs of the rhachilla. (P. vulgaris BSP. ; P. Phrag- mites Karst.) In wet places, edges of ponds, ditches, etc. Rarely perfecting seed, spreading freely from the rootstocks, the leafy stolons often running on the surface of the ground for a distance of 5-10 m. (Eurasia.) FIG. 145. 145. P. communis. Spikelct, $ and $ floret x 1%. ARUNDO D&NAX L., the GIANT REED, is cultivated for ornament and is occa- sionally spontaneous southward. Resembling Phragmites but taller, spikelets 3-4-flowered ; flowers all perfect ; rhachilla naked ; lemmas clothed with long silkv hairs, short-awned from the bifid apex. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 149 61. TRIDENS 11. & S. Spikelets 3-12-flowered in open or strict panicles ; florets perfect or the upper- most staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the spikelet ; lemma subcoriaceous, convex below, bidentate, 3-nerved, the nerves silky-villous below and at least the middle one extending in a mucronate point between the teeth ; palea broad, the nerves nearly marginal. Perennials with long narrow leaves and terminal panicles. (Name from tres, three, and dens, tooth.) TRIODIA R. Br. 1. T. flavus (L.) Hitchc. (TALL RED TOP.) Culms erect, 1-2 m. high, viscid in the axis of the panicle and below it ; sheaths bearded at the summit, otherwise glabrous as are the long flat or involute tapering blades; the showy panicles 2-4.5 dm. long, almost as wide, loose and open, the slender branches spreading, naked below; spikelets purple, 7-8 mm. long, 5-8-flowered, on long pedicels; glumes shorter than the lowest florets, mucronate ; the three nerves of the lemmas excurrent. (Poa flava L. ; Triodia seslerioides Benth. ; T. cuprea Jacq.) Dry or sandy fields, Ct. to Mo., and south w. Aug., Sept. FIG. 146. 2. T. strictus (Nutt.) Nash. Caespitose, 12-14 dm. high ; culms stout, erect; leaves long and rigid ; panicle pale or purplish, dense and spike-like, 1-3 dm. long ; spikelets about 5 mm. long, 5-8-flowered, nearly sessile ; glumes exceeding the lower florets, mucronate ; only the midnerve of the lemma excurrent. ( Triodia stricta Benth.) Moist soil, s.e. Kan., and south w. July-Sept. 62. TRlPLASIS Beauv. Spikelets 3-6-flowered, the florets remote, the lowest stipitate, perfect or the uppermost staminate ; glumes unequal, keeled, shorter than the florets ; lemmas 2-cleft, the 3 nerves strongly ciliate, the midnerve excurrent as a short awn between the lobes ; palea shorter, broad, the nerves nearly marginal and densely long-cilia'te from, the middle to the apex. Perennials with small nearly simple panicles. (Name from TpnrXdo-ios, thrice as many.) 1. T. purpurea (Walt.) Chapm. (SAND GRASS.) Culms tufted, widely spreading or ascending, wiry, 3-8 dm. long, nodes bearded ; sheaths and the small rigid blades scabrous ; , terminal panicles 3-7 cm. long, the few stiff branches finally ' J" ' divergent; smaller panicles (partially hidden in the sheaths) produced at the nodes late in the season; spikelets short- pediceled, usually rose-purple, 5-8 mm. long ; the awn of the lemma scarcely exceeding the truncate lobes. (Tricuspis Gray; Triodia Hack.) In sand, Me. to Va., along the coast, and southw. ; also along the Great Lakes and south westw. Aug., Sept. Plant acid to the taste. FIG. 147. 63. ERAGR6STIS Beauv. Spikelets strongly compressed, 3-many-flowered ; the uppermost floret sterile ; rhachilla articulated but sometimes not disjointing until after the fall of the glumes and lemmas with the grain; glumes keeled, much shorter than the spikelets ; lemmas 3-nerved, broad, keeled ; paleas shorter than their lemmas, often persistent after their fall, the strong nerves ciliate. Annuals or perennials with loose or dense terminal panicles. (Name from 1jp, spring, and typum, a grass. ) Annuals. Culms creeping; plants polygamous 1. E. hypnoidea. Culms erect, ascending or decumbent; flowers perfect. Spikelets 2-5-flowered, 2-3 mm. long. Spikelets on long capillary pedicels ; culms branched only at the base . 2. E. capillaris. Spikelets ou pedicels not over 5 mui. long ; cultm branched at the nodes 8. E. Frankii. 150 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 148. E. capillaris. Spikelet x 2. Spikelets 5-many-flowered, 5mm. or more long. Spikelets not more than 1.5 mm. wide 4. E. pilosa. Spikelets 2-3 mm. wide. Florets densely imbricated ; rhachilla-joints and base of florets hidden 5. E. megastachya, Florets rather loosely imbricated ; rhachilla-joints or base of florets visible 6. E. minor. Perennials. Panicle elongated, the branches flexuous 7. E. trichodes. Panicle diffuse, the branches stiff and spreading. Pedicels as long as the spikelets or longer 8. E. pectinacea. Pedicels shorter than the appressed spikelets 9. E. refracla. 1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Extensively creeping ; culms slender, 2-5 dm. long, with short erect or ascending panicle-bearing branches 5-12 cm. high ; leaves 1-4 cm. long ; panicles nearly simple, of rather few lanceolate-oblong spikelets (or in the more fertile plant almost capitate) ; spikelets 10-35-flowered, 5-15 mm. long, the flowers perfect and fertile, staminate or pistillate; glumes and lemmas acuminate. (E. reptans Nees.) Gravelly or sandy shores and ditches, Vt. to Ont., westw. and southw. Aug. 2. E. capillaris (L.) Nees. Slender, erect, 1.5-6 dm. high, branching at the base, simple above ; sheaths overlapping, spar- ingly pilose or nearly glabrous ; blades long and narrow ; panicle more than half the entire height of the plant, oblong-ovoid, the capillary branches spreading, the lower ascending; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, on long divergent pedicels ; glumes and lemmas acute, the latter faintly 3-nerved. Sandy dry soil, N. E. to Mo., and southw. Aug., Sept. Often lemon-scented. FIG. 148. 3. E. Frankii (Fisch, Mey. & Lall.) Steud. Erect from a decumbent base, or spreading, diffusely branched, 1.5-4 dm. high ; sheaths glabrous ; ligule pilose ; blades 5-12 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, scabrous above ; panicles oblong, less than half the length of the plant, many-flowered, the short branches spreading ; spikelets 2-3 mm. long, on more or less appressed pedicels, 1-5 mm. long ; glumes and lemmas very acute, the latter faintly 3-nerved. Low or sandy ground, Mass, to Kan., and south- westw. Aug. The taller sparingly branched forms, with rather loose panicles, are difficult to distinguish from glabrous specimens of the preceding ; the relative length of the panicle is the best distinction. 4. E. pi!6sa (L.) Beauv. Erect, decumbent at base or spreading, 1 .5-4. 5 dm. high ; culms slender, diffusely branching 8 P ikelets x 2 - near the base ; sheaths sparingly pilose at the summit ; blades Flor f and lemma 3-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicle diffuse, 0.8-2 dm. long, lower axils usually sparingly bearded; spikelets 5-18-flowered, becoming linear, 4-9 mm. long, 1-1.6 mm. wide, equaling or shorter than the pedicels; lemmas subacute, the lateral nerves faint or rather strong. Sandy or gravelly open ground, Me. to Minn., and south westw. July, Aug. (Mex., Eu., etc.) FIG. 149. Variable, the commoner form in the north, with rather appressed spikelets (1.5 mm. wide) about equaling the pedicels, is considered distinct by some (E. Purshii Schrad.), but the characters used to distinguish it are very inconstant. 5. E. MEGASTACHYA (Koeler) Link. Erect or ascending from a decumbent base, rather flaccid, freely branching ; culms 2-9 dm. high ; leaves 5-15 cm. long, 3-6 mm. wide ; panicles greenish-lead-color, 5-15 cm. long, rather densely 150 E megastachya flowered ; spikelets 5-15 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, 10-40-flow- Spikelet x 2. ered ' the florets closely imbricated ; pedicels and keels of the acute glumes and lemmas sparingly glandular ; lemmas thin, scabrous, the lateral nerves prominent. (E. major Host.) Waste places, common, especially southw. June-Sept. Strong-scented, hence called STINK or SNAKE GRASS. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 150. 6. E. MINOR Host. Similar to the preceding, smaller, more slender; panicles less densely flowered ; spikelets 5-10 mm. long, 2-2.5 mm. wide, 8-20-flowered, 149. E. pilosa. GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 151 the florets less densely imbricated, the bases or rhachilla-joints visible; lemmas nearly smooth. (E. Eragrostis Karst.) Waste ground, not common, N. E. to Va., and southw. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 151. 7. E. trichbdes (Nutt.) Nash. Erect, 6-15 dm. high; sheaths overlapping, smooth, pilose at the throat; blades 1-7 dm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, rather rigid, involute-taper-pointed ; panicles pale, oblong, the lower axils sparingly pilose ; spikelets 3-10-flowered, $-10 mm. long, on capillary flexu- 151 E minor ous usually 'long pedicels ; glumes and lemmas s pikelet x2* acute, scabrous. (E. tenuis Gray, not Steud.) Sandy soil, 0. to 111., Kan., and southw. Aug. -Oct. FIG. 152. 8. E. pectinacea (Michx.) Steud. Erect or ascending, 3-8 din. high ; culms rigid, from short stout rootstocks ; sheaths over- lapping, sparingly pilose, densely bearded at the throat ; blades 152. E trichodes ^~& ^ mt ^ on Si 4-8 mm. wide, often involute in drying ; panicles s'pikeiet x^2 purple, included at base or exserted after the upper spikelets have fallen, branches pilose in the axils ; spikelets 5-10-flowered, 3-8 mm. long, on stiff pedicels ; glumes and lemmas acute, minutely scabrous. Sandy dry ground, Me. to S. Dak., and southw. July-Oct. FIG. 153. Var. SPECTABILIS Gray. Sheaths glabrous or nearly so ; panicles rather more exserted than in the species ; spikelets 8-15-jffoto- ered. Range of the species, but the commoner form toward the west. 9. E. refracta (Muhl.) Scribn. Erect; culms less stout than in the last, 3-9 dm. high ; sheaths overlapping, glabrous, spar- ingly villous at the throat; blades 1-3 dm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, nearly smooth ; panicle usually included at the base, the slender 153. E. pectinacea. remote branches sparsely pilose in the axils and bearing few Spikeiet x 2. short-pediceled appressed spikelets 6-25-flowered, 6-12 mm. long ; glumes and lemmas acuminate. (E. campestris Trin. ; E. pectinacea, var. refracta Chapm. ; Poa refracta Muhl. ) Sandy open ground, Del. and Md. to Fla. and Ala. 64. CATABR&SA Beauv. Spikelets usually 2-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, erose at the broad summit ; lemmas subcoriaceous, erose-truncate, strongly 3-nerved ; palea as long as the lemma, the strong nerves near the margin. A creeping perennial aquatic with flat leaves and open panicles of small spikelets. (Name from Kardfipuo-is, an eating, referring to the eroded glumes.) 1. C. aqudtica (L.) Beauv. Smooth throughout, decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes, the ascending culms 1-6 dm. high ; the loose sheaths overlap- ping ; blades soft, 2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; panicle 0.5-2 dm. long, the whorled branches spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm. long. In water or wet places, coast of N. B., Nfd., and north w. (Eurasia.) 65. MELICA L. MELIC GRASS Spikelets 2-several-flowered ; rhachilla prolonged beyond the fertile florets, and bearing 2 or 3 gradually smaller empty lemmas, convolute together or inclosing one another at the apex ; glumes large, unequal, membranaceous, or papery, scarious-margined, 3-6-nerved, little shorter than the florets; lemmas convex, 7-13-nerved, firm, with scarious margins, awnless or awned below the bifid apex ; paleas shorter than their lemmas, the strong nerves nearly marginal. ' Perennials with simple culms, closed sheaths, usually soft flat leaves and rather large spikelets in usually narrow panicles. (An old Italian name for Sorghum, from mel, honey.) 152 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 154. M. mutica. Spikelet displayed x2. 1. EUMEXICA Scribn. Glumes broad and papery ; sterile lemmas broad and truncate, convolute around each other ; lemmas awnless. * Glumes subequal, nearly as long as the 2-flowered spikelets. 1. M. mutica Walt. Culms erect from knotted rootstocks, wiry, 6-9 dm. high ; sheaths usually overlapping, scabrous ; lower blades short, the upper 10-20 cm. long, 2-10 mm. wide; panicle 0.8-2.5 dm. long, simple, with filiform ascending branches or reduced to a raceme ; spikelets 7-10 mm. long, pendulous on short pedicels, florets spreading, 6-8 mm. long; lemmas scabrous, obtuse, the intermediate nerves vanishing above ; empty lemmas cucullate above, exceeded by the fertile ones. Dry rocky open woods and thickets, Fa. to Fla., w. to Wis., la., and Tex. Apr., May. FIG. 154. From Va. southw. occasional specimens have sparsely pubescent sheaths and the blades somewhat pubescent on the lower sur- face. (3/. diffusa Pursh ; M. mutica, var. diffusa Gray) ; not varietally distinct. * * Glumes unequal, shorter than the 3-5-flowered spikelets. 2. M. nitens Nutt. Culms 8-12 dm. high, erect from a short horizontal rootstock ; sheaths overlapping, glabrous; blades 1-2 dm. long, 4-8 mm. wide; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long, the slender spreading branches solitary or in pairs, simple or sparingly branched ; spikelets numerous, 10-12 mm. long, usually 3-flowered, pendulous on short pedicels; lemmas 7-9 mm. long, scabrous, acute; empty lemmas broad at the summit, exceeded by the fertile ones. (M. diffusa of recent authors, not Pursh.) Rocky woods, Pa. to Neb., and southw. May, June. 3. M. PortSri Scribn. Culms erect, slender, 5-7.5 dm. high; sheaths over- lapping, scabrous; blades 12-23 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, scabrous; panicle 1.5-2.5 dm. long; the narrow spikelets pendulous and racemose along the slender ascending branches, 4t--flowered, 10-13 mm. long ; lemmas 7-8 mm. long, subacute, scabrous ; empty lemmas like the fertile ones and exceeding them. (M. parviftora Scribn.) Bluffs and stony hillsides, la. to Mo., and westw. 2. BROMELICA Thurb. Glumes narrow, scarious-margined ; sterile lem- mas similar to the fertile which are awned below the bidentate apex; spike- lets 5-9-flowered. 4. M. Smfthii (Porter) Vasey. Culms erect, slender, 7-12 dm. high ; sheaths sca- brous ; blades 10-20 cm. long, 6-12 mm. wide, lax, scabrous ; panicle 1.2-2.5 dm. long, the solitary remote spreading branches spikelet-bearing toward the ends ; spikelets 3-6-flowered, 18-20 mm. long, more or less tinged with purplish chestnut ; glumes acute ; lemmas glabrous, about 10 mm. long, ex- cluding the awn, which is \-% as long. (Avena Porter.) Moist woodlands, n. Mich, and westw. May-July. FIG. 155. 5. M. striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Similar to the preceding, usually not so tall and more slender ; leaves narrower ; sheaths closed to the summit, the ligule sheathing the culm ; panicle- branches ascending or spreading at the ends ; spikelets 2.2- 2.5 cm. long ; glumes broader, conspicuously colored as are 156. M. striata xi. often the florets which are short-bearded at the base; awn Spikelet with glumes s long as the lemma or longer. (Avena Michx.) Rocky separated. wooded lands, e. Que. to Pa., Minn., and westw. FIG. Floret. 156, 155. M. Smithii. Spikelet displayed GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 153 157. I), diandraxl. Spikelet and fruit. 66. DIARRHENA Beauv. Spikelets 3-5-flowered, the uppermost florets sterile ; glumes unequal, much shorter than the florets ; lemmas broad, coriaceous, rigid, smooth and shining, convex below, 3-nerved, acuminate or mucronate-pointed ; palea firm, 2-keeled ; stamens 2, rarely 1 ; grain large, usually exceeding the lemma and palea, obliquely ovoid, obtusely beaked, with a shining coriaceous pericarp. Nearly smooth perennials, with simple culms from a creeping rootstock, flat leaves and narrow few-flowered panicles. (Name composed of 5ls, two, and dpprjv, man, from the two stamens.) 1. D. diandra (Michx.) Wood. Culms 6-9 dm. high; leaves nearly as long as the culm, 1-1.8 cm. wide ; panicle very simple, 1-2.5 dm. long; spikelets short-pediceled, 10-16 mm. long. (Festuca Michx.; Korycarpus Ktze. ; D. americana Beauv.) Shaded river banks and woods, O. to S. Dak., and south w. July, Aug. FIG. 157. 67. UNlOLA L. SPIKE GRASS Spikelets compressed, 3-many-flowered, the lower 1-4 lemmas empty ; glumes compressed-keeled, acute or acuminate ; lemmas firm-coriaceous, compressed- keeled, faintly many-nerved ; palea rigid, the keels broadly winged, nearly marginal; stamens 1 or 3. Erect perennials, with simple culms, flat or involute leaves and terminal panicles. (Ancient name of some plant, a diminutive of unio, unity.) * Panicle contracted, wand-like; spikelets few-flowered 1. U. laxa (L.) BSP. Culms slender, 6-12 dm. high, in clumps with knotted rootstocks ; leaves long and narrow; panicles 1.5-4.5 dm. long, the slender branches erect; spikelets short-pediceled, 3-6-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; lemmas 3-4 mm. long, acuminate, spreading at maturity; palea arched. (U. gracilis Michx.) Sandy soil, L. I. to Fla., w. to Ky. and Tex. Aug., Sept. FIG. 158. * * Panicle expanded, nodding ; the spikelets many -flowered. 2. U. latif&lia Michx. Culms 6-15 dm. high ; sheaths shorter than the inter- nodes, ligule 1 mm. long, lacerate; blades spreading, 1Q-22 cm. long, 0.5-2 cm. wide, often ciliate at the base, margins scabrous; panicle 1-2.5 dm. long, the filiform branches bearing a few pendulous broadly oval spikelets; these 1.5-3 cm. long, 6-12-flowered; lemmas 9-12 mm. long, hispidulous on the winged keel; stamen 1. Shaded slopes and low thickets, Pa. to Kan., and south w. Aug., Sept. FIG. 159. 3. U. paniculata L. (SEA OATS.) Culms stout, 9-15 dm. high, with numerous long rigid leaves involute in drying; ligule a ring of hairs about 1 mm. long ; panicles 2-3 dm. long, the slender branches bearing many short-pediceled oblong- oval stramineous spikelets ; these 1-2 cm. long, 8-16-flowered ; lemmas 8-10 mm. long, scabrous on the keel; stamens 3. Sand hills and drifting sands coast, Va. to Tex. Sept., Oct. (Mex., S. A.) 68. DISTICHLIS Raf. SPIKE GRASS. ALKALI GRASS Spikelets dioecious, 8-16-flowered, compressed ; glumes unequal, firm, keeled, acute ; lemmas coriaceous, rigid, faintly many-nerved. Rigid erect perennials with exten- sively creeping rootstocks, involute leaves and small crowded panicles of large smooth spikelets. (Name from Slanxos, two-ranked.) 1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. Pale or glaucous; culms 158. IT. laxa. Spikelet x3. 159. U. latifolia. Spikelet xl. Floret and lemma X2. H50. I), spicata x 1. ? Spikelet and floret, rf Floret. 154 GBAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 1.5-6 dm. high; sheaths overlapping; blades often conspicuously distichous, rigidly ascending ; the narrow panicle 2-6 cm. long (rarely longer) ; spikelets 8-18 mm. long, the florets closely imbricated. (D. maritima Raf.) Salt marshes along the coast, N. S. to Tex.; also in alkaline soil in the interior. (Mex.) FIG. 160. 69. BRIZA L. QUAKING GRASS Spikelets few-several-flowered, broad, often heart-shaped ; florets crowded, almost horizontal, the uppermost usually imperfect ; glumes subequal, firm-mem- branaceous, with broad scarious margins ; lemmas 5-many-nerved (nerves often obscure), firm, subchartaceous with a scarious margin, boat-shaped or ven- tricose, heart-shaped at base ; palea much smaller than its lemma. Annuals or perennials with flat leaves and showy terminal panicles. the Greek name of a kind of grain.) 1. B. MEDIA L. Perennial, erect, 4-7 dm. high; sheaths longer than the narrow blades; panicle erect, the stiff capil- lary branches spreading ; spikelets nodding, 5-9-flowered, 6 mm. long, nearly as broad, brown and shining ; lemmas boat-shaped. Fields and waste places, Ont. and N. E. June. . (Adv. from Eu.) FIG. 161. Spikelet and floret. 2 g M ^ QR L Annual . culms !_ 4 dm> high: often branching at the base ; leaves 4-12 cm. long, 4-8 mm. wide ; panicle erect, its slender branches finally spreading, bearing fascicled branchlets ; spikelets hardly nodding, 3-6-flowered, pale or plum-color, broadly heart-shaped, 3 mm. long, slightly broader ; lemmas strongly ventricose below. Waste places, N. J., Va., and south w. June. (Adv. from Eu.) 70. DACTYLIS L. ORCHARD GRASS Spikelets 2-5-flowered, compressed, nearly sessile in dense fascicles, these arranged in a panicle ; glumes unequal, hispid-ciliate on the keel, acute or mucronate ; lemmas 5-nerved, ciliate-keeled, short awn-pointed ; paleas a little shorter than their lemmas. Perennial with flat leaves and glomerate panicles. (Dactylos, a name used by Pliny for a grass with digitate spikes, from Sd/cruXos, a finger.} 1. D. GLOMERATA L. Coarse, tufted, glaucous, scabrous ; culms erect, 9-12 dm. high; leaves broadly linear; panicle 8-15 cm. long, the few stiff branches naked below, contracted after flowering ; spikelets crowded in dense one-sided clus- ters at the ends of the branches. Fields and waste places. 162. D. glomerate x 2. June. (Nat. from Eu.) FiG. 162. Spikelet displayed. CYNostiRus CRISTA.TUS L. (DOG'S-TAIL GRASS), a slender erect perennial 4-7 dm. high, with narrow leaves and erect dense spike-like panicles, the spike- lets unisexual, arranged in clusters, the terminal ones fertile, the lower larger and sterile, with very narrow lemmas, strongly scabrous on the keel, occurs sparingly in fields and by waysides, Nfd. to Ont. (Adv. from Eu.) 71. PdA L. MEADOW GRASS. SPEAR GRASS Spikelets 2-6-flowered, the uppermost floret imperfect or rudimentary ; glumes 1-3-nerved, keeled ; lemmas herbaceous or membranaceous, mostly scarious-tipped, acute or obtuse, keeled, awnless, 5-nerved (the intermediate pair of nerves sometimes very obscure), the dorsal or marginal nerves usually soft-hairy, often with a tuft of long cobwebby hairs at the base ; palea 2-toothed. Annuals or perennials, with simple culms, narrow usually flat leaves ending in a cucullate point, and terminal panicles. (II6a, an ancient Greek name foi grass or fodder. ) GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 155 Annuals. Florets not webby at the base ; lemmas distinctly 5-nerved Florets webby at the base ; intermediate pair of nerves obscure . Perennials. Culms from extensively creeping rootstocks, not tufted. Culms flattened ; spikelets not over 6 mm. long Culms terete ; spikelets 8 mm. or more long Culms tufted. Creeping rootstocks present. Panicle crowded ; culms much exceeding the leaves . * . * Panicle diffuse ; culms scarcely exceeding the basal leaves No creeping rootstocks, but culms sometimes decumbent at base. Lemma glabrous Lemma pubescent at least on the keel. Culms upright from a stout crown or caudex ; leaves short and flat Culms from a more slender base forming loose tufts, often decum- bent. Culms rarely over 3 dm. high, with lax leaves, the decumbent bases of the culms forming loose tufts ; lemma pubescent but very sparsely webbed ; alpine or northern plants . Culms taller, or if low, stiff and with scarcely decumbent bases. Lemma not webbed at base. Panicle narrow ; lemma glabrous between the nerves below Panicle spreading : lemma pubescent between the nerves below Lemma webbed at base. Marginal nerves glabrous. Lemma prominently nerved ; sheaths scabrous. Lemma obscurely nerved ; sheaths smooth Marginal nerves pubescent. Intermediate nerves of lemma obscure ; florets acute. Panicle erect, 0.4-1 dm. long (rarely longer), branches ascending Panicle drooping, 1-3 dm. long, branches spreading Intermediate nerves of lemma prominent ; florets obtuse or acutish. Branches of panicle spikelet-bearing from the middle ; spikelets 3-4 rnm. long Branches of panicle elongated, spikelet-bearing only at the ends ; spikelets 5-6 mm. long .... 1. P. annua. 2. P. Chapmaniana. 3. P. compressa. 4. P. eminens. 10. P. pratensis. 17. P. brachyphylla. 18. P. debilis. 5. P. alpina. 6. P. laasa. 7. P. glauca. 16. P. autumnalis. 11. P. trivialia. 14. P. alsodes. 8. P. nemoralia. 9. P. triflora. 12. P. 15. P. * Annuals, rarely over 2.5 dm. high, tufted. 1. P. ANNUA L. (Low SPEAR GRASS.) Culms flattened, decumbent at base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes ; sheaths loose ; leaves very soft ; panicle pyramidal, 3-8 cm. long, rarely longer; spikelets crowded, 3-6-flowered, about 4mm. long ; lemma distinctly b-nerved, the nerves hairy below. Cultivated and waste grounds, everywhere. Apr.-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.) 2. P. Chapmaniana Scribn. Similar to the preceding but more strict in habit ; culms terete, erect ; sheaths close, mostly at the base ; panicle more oblong; florets webbed at the base, the intermediate nerves of lemmas very obscure, the middle and marginal nerves sometimes hairy below. Dry soil, Va. to s. 111., and south w. Apr., May. * * Perennials. H- Culms from extensively creeping rootstocks, not tufted. 3. P. COMPRESSA L. (CANADA BLUE GRASS. WIRE GRASS.) Bluish-green, 2-6 dm. high; culms geniculate- ascending, wiry, flattened ; panicles 2-8 cm. long, narrow, the usually short branches in pairs, spikelet-bearing to the base ; spikelets crowded, subsessile, 3-6(rarely 9)-flowered, 4-6 mm. long ; lemmas obscurely nerved, more or less bronzed at the summit. Dry mostly sterile soil, Nfd. to S. C., and westw. ; also cultivated as a pasture grass. May-Sept. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 163. 4. P. Iminens J. S. Presl. Glaucous, glabrous, 3-9 dm. high ; culms stout, erect, terete ; sheaths overlapping, clus- tered on the sterile shoots ; blades thick, 3-8 mm. wide ; p anic i e x i/ 4 . panicle heavy, 8-16 cm. long, contracted ; spikelets 3-5-flow- spikelet and floret x 2. ered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 4-5 mm. long, distinctly Lemma x 8. P. compressa. 156 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) nerved. (P. glumaris Trin.) Gravelly seashores, Lower St. Lawrence R., and northw.; also Alaska. (E. Asia.) - -t- Culms tufted. ++ Alpine or high northern plants ; culms 4 dm. high or less. 5. P. alpina L. Culms erect from a stout crown or caudex, rather stout, 0.5-4 dm. high; upper blades much shorter than their sheaths, 3-6 mm. wide; panicle pyramidal, 3-7 cm. long, the filiform branches spreading, mostly naked at the base ; spikelets rather crowded, broadly ovate, 3-6-flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; lemmas 4 mm. long, villous on the midrib and margins. Brooksides, open mountain slopes, etc., N. S., Isle Royale, northern shore of L. Superior, and northw. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) 6. P. laxa Haenke. Moss-green, forming loose tufts; culms slender, 2-4 dm. high; blades about 2 mm. wide; panicle 2.5-7 cm. long, simple, often one-sided and nodding, loosely flowered, the filiform branches erect or ascending, spike- let-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 5 mm. long ; lemma 3-3.5 mm. long, pilose on the midrib and margins toward the base. Alpine regions, N. E., n. N. Y., and high northw. (Eu.) M. *+ Not strictly alpine ; culms taller or if low not decumbent at base. = Panicle narrow ; lemma not webbed at the base. 7. P. glaiica Vahl. Glaucous; culms strict, rather rigid, 1.5-6 dm. high; sheaths crowded at the base ; blades 3-5 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide; ligule not over 1 mm. long ; panicle 3-7 cm. long, rather compact, the short scabrous branches erect; spikelets often purplish, 2-5-flowered, 5-6 mm. long; glumes acute or acuminate ; lemmas 3-3.5 mm. long, villous on the keel and marginal nerves below; intermediate nerves obscure. (P. caesia Sm.) Rocky shores and mts., e. Que. and n. N. E. to n. Minn., northw. and westw. (Eurasia.) = = Panicle open, branches naked toward the base ; lemma webbed at the base except in no. 16. a. Spikelets numerous, more or less crowded. b. Marginal and midnerve silky-pubescent. 8. P. nemoralis L. Grass-green, 3-7 dm. high, rarely higher ; culms slen- der, less rigid than in the preceding, leafy throughout ; leaves lax, 3-8 cm. long, 2 mm. wide ; panicle 4-10 cm. long, open and spreading ; spikelets 2-5-flowered, 3-5 mm. long ; glumes sharply acuminate ; lemmas 2-3 mm. long, intermediate nerves obscure, a few webby hairs at base. Meadows and open woods, Nfd. to Pa. , w. to Minn., northw. and westw. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) -IRA T> ,. a n FIG. 164. Alpine forms may be low and erect, 1-2 dm. high, 104. A DeuiOiaiis. ,, * , - , .-i i a i Spikelet x 3 Wlth sma11 narrow panicle, while luxuriant forms of lower alti- tude may be creeping at base. 9. P. triflbra Gilib. (FOWL MEADOW GRASS.) Culms &-\5 dm. high ; sheaths rather loose ; ligule 3-5 mm. long ; blades 8-15 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide, soft; panicle often purplish, 1-3 dm. long, pyramidal or oblong, the filiform spreading branches in remote fascicles o/3-lO, naked at the base ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, about 4 mm. long, hardly crowded; lemmas 2.5-3 mm. long, intermediate nerves obscure, webby hairs copious. (P. flava Am. auth., not L. ; P. serotina Ehrh.) Wet meadows, Pa. to la., and northw; also ics. p. triflora. cultivated. July, Aug. (Eurasia, n. Afr.) FIG. 165. Spikelet x 3." 10. P. prat6nsis L. (JUNE GRASS, SPEAR GRASS, KENTUCKY * BLUE GRASS.) Culms 3-12 dm. high, sending out numerous mfr running rootstocks from the base ; sheaths compressed, overlap- Hgt ping below, ligule 1.5 mm. long ; blades 1-6 mm. wide, those WJT of the culm 5-15 cm. long, the basal ones much longer ; panicle pyramidal, the slender branches in rather remote fascicles of 3-5, 166. P. pratensis. ascending, naked at base ; spikelets crowded, 3-5-flowered, 4-5 Spikelet x 3. mm. long; lemmas 3 mm. long, copiously webbed at base: GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 157 intermediate nerves strong, glabrous. Fields and meadows throughout the U. S. and B. C., naturalized in the East, indigenous in 'the North and West. May- July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 16(3. b b. Marginal nerves glabrous. 11. P. TRIVIALIS L. (ROUGH-STALKED MEADOW GRASS.) Culms erect from a somewhat decumbent base, 3-9 dm. high, scabrous below the panicle ; sheaths and blades retrorsely scabrous, ligule 4-6 mm. long; panicle 6-15 cm. long, resembling that of P. pratensis ; spikelets 2-3-flowered, about 3 mm. long; lemma strongly nerved, silky -pubescent on the keel only. Moist meadows and roadsides, e. Que. to S. C. and La., rarely inland. May-Aug. (Nat. from Eu.) a a. Spikelets fewer, scattered on slender pedicels ; plants soft and smooth, flowering early. b. Spikelets 2-4 mm. long ; lemmas broad, obtuse. 12. P. sylvSstris Gray. Culms subcompressed, 3-12 dm. high ; sheaths shorter than the internodes ; ligule 1 mm. long or less ; blades 2-6 mm. wide, those of the culm 3-15 cm. long, the basal ones much longer; panicle 1-2 dm. long, oblong-pyramidal, the short flexuous filiform branches spreading or reflexed ; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 2.5-4 mm. long; first glume 1-, the second 3-nerved ; lemmas about 2.5 mm. long, often pubescent below, midnerve pubes- cent to the summit. Rich woods and thickets, N. Y.to Wis., Neb., and southw. Apr. -July. 13. P. dSbilis Torr. Culms terete, weak, 3-10 dm. high ; sheaths compressed, much shorter than the internodes; ligule 1-2 mm. long; blades 2.5-11 cm. long, 2 mm. wide or less (rarely wider) ; panicle nodding, 4-12 cm. long, the few long capillary branches ascending or spreading at the ends, few-flowered; spike- lets 2-4-flowered, 3-4 mm. long; lemmas glabrous, except the webbed base. Rocky woodlands, e. Que. to Ont., southw. to Pa. and la. May, June. b b. Spikelets 5-6 mm. long ; lemmas lanceolate, acute. 14. P. alsodes Gray. Culms 2-6 dm. high ; sheaths thin, the uppermost elon- gated, often sheathing the base of the panicle; blades 1.2-3 dm. long, 2-5 mm. wide; panicle 1-2 dm. long, the filiform branches in 3's or 4's, finally spreading, or the lowest whorl ascending ; spikelets 2-3- flowered, about 5 mm. long ; lemmas faintly nerved, villous on the keel below. Wooded hillsides and thickets, e. Que. to Minn., and southw. May, June. FIG. 167. 15. P. W61fii Scribn. Culms slender, 4-9 dm. high ; leaves mostly clustered at the base, 2 mm. ivide or less, those of the culms 167 P a i so( j e8< 5-10 cm. long, the basal ones much longer ; panicle 8-15 cm. long ; gpikeiet x3 the spikelets somewhat, clustered toward the ends of the ascending capillary branches, 2-4-flowered, 5-6 mm. long ; lemmas strongly nerved, the marginal nerves and midnerve villous. Minn, and 111. to Tenn., rare. bbb. Spikelets 6-8 mm. long; lemmas oblong, conspicuously scarious at the obtuse apex; panicle diffuse, few-flowered. 16. P. autumnalis Muhl. Culms slender, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves 5-12 cm. long, 2-3 mm. wide ; panicle 8-20 cm. long, about as broad, the capillary flexuous spreading branches with a few spikelets near the ends ; spikelets 4-6- flowered, about 6 mm. long ; lemmas pubescent below between the strong nerves, not webbed at base. (P. flexuosa Muhl.) Woods, N. J. and Pa. to Mo., and southw. Mar. -May. 17. P. brachyphylla Schultes. Culms 3-5 dm. high from running rootstocks, 2-3-leaved ; the upper leaves 1-5 cm. long, the basal ones about equaling the culm, abruptly cuspidate-tipped; panicle 7-12 cm. long, the branches mostly in pairs, spreading, spikelet-bearing at the ends ; spikelets 3-4-flowered ; lemma webbed at base, keel and marginal nerves sparingly pubescent, intermediate nerves prominent, naked. (P. brevifolia Muhl.) Rocky or hilly woodlands, Pa., Va., and sparingly westw. to Ky. and 111. Apr. , May. 158 GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY) 72.. SCOL6CHLOA Link. Spikelets 3-4-flowered ; callus hairy ; glumes acute ; lem- mas firm, convex below, the nerves unequal, one or more excurrent as slender teeth ; palea as long as its lemma or longer, 2-toothed ; ovary hairy at the summit. Tall peren- nials with flat leaves and ample spreading panicles. (Name probably from scales ovate, very obtuse, rusty brown, with broad A h xlO scarious margins ; achene obovoid, with 3 prominent 25 angles, minutely rough-wrinkled, crowned with a short-conical acute tubercle ; bristles none. N. Y. to Fla. FIG. 257. 21. . E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running rootstocks, ^-angular (0.5-7 dm. high), the sides concave ; spike- let ellipsoidal, acutish, 2Q-3Q-flowered (3-10 mm. long) ; scales ovate, obtuse, chestnut-purple, with a broad scarious margin and green keel, the outer 2 or 3 mm. long; achene plump, obovoid, roughish- wrinkled, 1-1.3 mm. long, crowned with a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales ; bristles J as long as the achene or none. Nfd. to Man^, and southw. June-Aug. FIG. 258. 22. E. acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Similar; rootstock generally stouter and stiffer ; culms flat, striate, tufted, usually coarser ; scales lance-ovate, the uppermost acute. (E. compressa Sulliv.) Wet places, oftenest in calcareous soil, N. Y. and Ont., southw. FIG. 259. Perhaps a variety of the last. 23. E. nitida Fernald. Perennial, from slender rootstock ; culms capillary, 4-angled, striate, 2-8 cm. high ; spikelet ovoid, acutish, 2.5-4.5 mm. long, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick, 8-20-flowered ; scales elliptic-oblong, with rounded tips, purplish-brown, with greenish ribs and very narrow scarious margins, the lowermost 1-1.2 mm. long; achenes whitish-straw-color, narrowly obovoid, sharply trigonous, very minutely (under a lens) roughened, 0.7-1 mm. long, the very narrow crown-like tubercle with a short point in the middle. Springy spots, valley of the Ottawa R., Can. (J. Macoun). Early June. FIG. 260. 24. E. intermedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Culms capillary, striate-grooved, densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (0.2-4 dm, 7. E. tricostata. Spikelet x 2. Achene x 10. 258. E. leiiuis. Spikelet x 2. Achene x 10. Cross-section of culm X 5. E. acuminata. Spikelet x 2. Achene x 10. Cross-section of culm x 5. 260. E. nitida. Spikelet x 2. Achene x 10. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 185 long); sheaths with oblique tips; spikelet cylindric-ovoid, acu- tish, loosely 5-20 -flowered (2-7 mm. long); scales oblong, obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achene obovoid with a narrowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped tubercle, which nearly equals the 6 bristles. Wet places, Gaspe" Co., Que., to w. Ont., s. to n. Me., w. Ct., N. J., Pa., 0., and la. FIG. 261. Var. HABER^RI Fernald. Bristles absent or rudimentary. Shores of Oneida L., N. Y. (J. V. Haberer). 25. E. Macounii Fernald. Annual ; culms weak, 2 or 2.5 dm. long ; spikelet lance-ellip- soid, 1 cm. long, densely flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acutish or blunt, dark brown ; achene much compressed, trigonous-obovoid, twice as long as the broad deltoid-conical tubercle. Border of marsh, North Wakefield, Que. (J. M. Macoun). FIG. 262. 26. E. rostellata Torr. Perennial, from short thick caudpx ; culms flattened and striate-grooved, wiry, erect (3-12 dm. long), the sterile ones reclining, rooting and proliferous from the apex, the sheath transversely truncate ; spikelet spindle-shaped, 12-20-flowered, 6-15 mm. long ; scales ovate, obtuse (light brown); achene obovoid-triangular, narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the 4-6 bristles. Salt marshes, N. H. to Fla., and locally in alkaline situations inland. (Mex., Cuba.) FIG. 263. 262. E. Macounii Spikelet x 2. Achene X 10. 261. E. intermedia. Spikelet x 2. Achene x 10. E. rostellata. Spikelet x 2. Achene x 10. 5. DICHR6MENA Michx. Spikelets few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive. Scales imbricated somewhat in 2. ranks, more or less conduplicate or boat-shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles, etc., none. Achene lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the persistent and broad tubercled base of the style. Culms leafy, from creeping perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly white at the base (whence the name, from 8s, double, and xp^^t color}. 1. D. colorata (L.) Hitchc. Culm triangular (0.25-1 m. high) ; leaves nar- row; those of the involucre 4-7, linear ; achene truncate, not margined. (Z>. leuco- cephala Michx.) Damp pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla. and Tex. ; very rare north w. July-Sept. (Mex., W. I.) FIG. 264. 2. D. latifblia Baldw. Culm stouter, nearly terete; leaves broadly linear ; those of the involucre linear-lance-. olate, 8 or 9, tapering from base to apex ; achene round- obovoid, faintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its edges. Low pine-barrens, Va. to Fla. and Tex. FIG. 265. 264. D. colorata. 265. I), latifolia. 6. PSILOCARYA Torr. BALD RUSH Spikelets ovoid, terete, the numerous scales all alike and regularly imbri- cated, each with a perfect flower. Stamens mostly 2. Style 2-cleft, its base enlarging and hardening to form the beak of the lenticular or tumid more 01 less wrinkled achene. Annuals, with leafy culms, the spikelets in terminal and axillary cymes. (Name from ^i\6s., naked, and Kdpvov, nut.} 186 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 268. S. capillaris. 1. P. scirpoides Torr. Annual (0.2-3 dm. high), leafy; leaves flat ; spikelets 20-30-flowered ; scales oblong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored ; achene finely roughened, somewhat margined, beaked with a long sword-shaped almost wholly persistent style. Wet sandy shores and swamps, Mass, and R. I.; n. Ind. y v Aug.-Oct. FIG. 266. \| 2. P. nitens (Vahl) Wood. Similar ; often be- ^ 1 coming 5-7 dm. high ; faces of the achene with ^ 266. P. scirnoides. strong transverse ribs; tubercle depressed, broader than high. Wet sandy shores and bogs, L. I. and 267. P. nitens. Del., southw.; n. Ind. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 267. 7. STENOPHYLLUS Raf. Spikelets as in Fimbristylis, the comparatively large scales in few ranks. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, filiform, glabrous, its base swollen and forming a persistent colored tubercle. Otherwise as in Fimbristylis; standing in the same relation to that genus as Eleocharis to Scirpus. Leaves primarily basal, narrowly linear or filiform, the sheaths hairy or ciliate. (Name from ffrevds, narrow, and . w. to the Pacific. July-Oct. (Trop. Am.) FIG. 268. 8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. Spikelets several-many-flowered, terete ; scales all floriferous, regularly imbri- cated in several ranks. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous from the apex of the naked lenticular or trian- gular achene. Otherwise as in Scirpus. Spikelets in our species umbelled, and the involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name com- pounded of fimbria, a fringe, and stylus, style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.) * Style 2-cleft ; achene lenticular. *- Spikelets mostly on elongate rays ; style ciliate. 1. F. spadicea (L.) Vahl. Perennial, rigid; the thickened base covered with firm dark sheaths ; culms wiry, 0.3-1 m. high, nearly naked ; leaves pale and firm, involute ; umbel 3-10-rayed, the rays very unequal, some simple, others forking ; spikelets ovoid to short-cylindric, 0.7-1.7 cm. long, the firm somewhat lustrous dark scales all glabrous ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achene broadly obovate, lustrous, minutely striate and reticulated. Sand-dunes and brackish shores, Va. to Fla. and Tex. Aug.-Oct. (Trop. Am.) FIG. 269. 2. F. castanea (Michx.) Vahl. Similar; more slender (1.5-7 dm. high) and freely stoloniferous ; the basal sheaths softer and thinner; the culms and the thread-form or con- volute-channeled leaves smooth and somewhat rigid ; spikelets ovoid-ellipsoid 0.5-1 cm. long, becoming cylindrical, chestnut-color; the scales softer and thinner, at least the lower puberulent. (F. spadicea, var. Gray.) Salt marshes and sand, along the coast from N. Y. to Fla. and Tex. ; extending northw. in the interior to Ont., Mich., 111., and Neb. July-Oct. FIG. 270. 269. F. spadicea. 270. F. castanea. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 187 271. F.laxa. Var. pubSrula (Michx.) Britton. Leaves and scapes pubescent. Ga. and Fla. to Tex. ; also n. in the flat country to Ind., 111., and Mo. 3. F. laxa Vahl. Culms slender (0.5-7 dm. high) from an annual root, weak, grooved and flattish ; leaves linear, flat, ciliate-denticulate, glaucous, sometimes hairy; spike- lets ovoid, acute (0.4-1 cm. long) ; stamen 1 ; achene conspicuously 6-8-ribbed on each side, and with finer cross-lines. Low ground, near the coast, Pa. to Fla and^Tex. ; n. in the flat country to 111. and Mo. July-Get. (Trop. Am.) FIG. 271. - <- Spikelets glomerulate / style glabrous. 4. F. Vahlii (Lam.) Link. Dwarf tufted annual (0.3-2 dm. high); the culms, leaves and very elongated upright bracts fili- 272 F Vahlii form ; glomerule 0. 3-1 cm. in diameter ; spikelets 3-8, sub- cylindric, greenish or pale brown, the narrow scales acuminate ; achene minute, transversely reticulate. Damp sands, etc., N. C. to Fla., Tex., and Mo.; introd. near Phila. July-Oct. FIG. 272. * * Style B-cleft ; achene triangular. 5. F. autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Annual (1-4 dm. high), in tufts; culms flat, slender, diffuse or erect; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound or decompound, the very numerous slender-cylindric to fusiform brown spike- lets 4-10 mm. long ; the mucronate-acuminate ovate- lanceolate scales appressed ; stamens 1-3; achenes very minute, 0.5 mm. long, smooth or minutely roughened. Low grounds, Pa., 111., and Mo., southw. July- Sept. (Trop. Am.) FIG. 273. 6. F. Frdnkii Steud. Similar, 0.1-2 dm. high ; the umbel simple or slightly compound (or the spikelets solitary in dwarf plants); spikelets ellip- soid or narrowly ovoid, castaneous, the slender tips of the scales slightly spreading; achenes 0.75 mm. long. {F. autumnalis Man. ed. 6, in part.) Sandy shores, Me. to 274. F. Frankii. Ont., and southw. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 274. 273. F. autumnalis. 9. SCfRPUS [Tourn.] L. BULRUSH OK CLUB RUSH Spikelets few-many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster when it is sub- tended by a 1-several-leaved involucre (this when simple often appearing like a continuation of the culm); the scales in several ranks, or rarely inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers to all the scales, or to all but one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 1-6 (or 8) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 or 3. Style 2-3-cleft, simple, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or point to the lenticular or triangular achene. Culms sheathed at base. (The Latin name of the bulrush.) a. Involucre none, or merely the modified outer caducous scale of the soli, tary terminal small ('2.5-7 mm. long) spikelet ; achene trigonous, smooth 6. 6. Perianth-bristles terete and setulose. Scales of the flattened spikelet membranous and awnless ; bristles retrorsely barbed ; achenes beaked. Achene 1 mm. long, constricted below the beak . . . 1. S. nanus. Achene 2-2.5 mm. long, the pale beak continuous with the body 2. S. paucifloru*. Scales of the terete spikelet with firm green midribs, that of the outermost prolonged into a blunt awn ; bristles setulose with spreading or ascending fine hairs ; achenes beakleas. 188 CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) S. Clintonii. S. planifolius. 5. caespitosus. 6. hudsonianus. 7. 8. subterminalis. 8. rufus. 9. Hallii. 10. debilis. Only the outermost scale awned All the scales awned 6. Perianth-bristles ligulate and barbless ; scales chartaceous, the midrib of at least the outer prolonged into a rigid awn. Culms terete and smooth at tip ; achene 2 mm. long, slightly ex- ceeded by the perianth Culms trigonous and scabrous above; achene about 1 mm. long ; the perianth becoming 2-3 cm. long . Involucre foliaceous or appearing to be a continuation of the culm c. c. Involucral bract 1 (occasionally with a secondary small involucel), ap- pearing to be a continuation of the culm d. d. Spikelet solitary ; culms flaccid . d. Spikelets normally more than 1 ; culms firm e. e. Spikelets crowded into a subterminal short spike .... 6. Spikelets distinct, paniculate or glomerulate f. f. Spikelets sessile or in glomerules g. y. Annuals with tufted roots ; culms terete or obtusely angled. Achenes transversely wrinkled Achenes smooth or merely pitted. Achenes unequally biconvex or lenticular. Bristles surpassing the achene Bristles wanting (10) debilis, v. Williamsii. Achenes plano-convex, one face distinctly flattened. Bristles wanting 11. Smithii. Bristles present (11) Srnithii, v. netosus. g. Perennials with running rootstocks; culms sharply trigonous h. h. Involucral leaf erect. Involucral leaf 4-15 cm. long ; spikelets pointed. Scales reddish-brown, ciliate, awn-tipped ; achene plano- convex, broadly obovoid, short-mucronate . .12. americanus. Scales yellowish-brown, entire, mucronate; achene trigonous, oblong-obovoid, long-mucronate . . 13. Torreyi. Involucral leaf 1-3 cm. long; spikelets obtuse . . . 14. S. Olneyi. h. Involucral leaf strongly divergent 15. mucronatus. f. Spikelets more or less loosely umbellulate or paniculate i. i. Culms triangular, from a short rootstock ; basal sheath bear- ing a long triangular leaf ; involucral leaf keeled, much overtopping the loose umbel i. Culms and short involucral leaf terete, the latter shorter than the 1-sided compound umbel-like panicle of tawny spike- lets ; basal sheaths mostly bladeless j. j. Achenes lenticular ; bristles 4-6, subequal, about as long as the achenes. Achenes 2 mm. long, nearly equaling the scales Achenes 2.5-3 mm. long, much exceeded by the scales . j. Achenes trigonous ; bristles very unequal, mostly shorter than the achenes c. Involucral bracts 2 or more, leaf-like ; culms leafy k. k. Spikelets large, 1-5 cm. long, 0.5-1 cm. thick; midrib of the scales extended beyond the somewhat lacerate or 2-cleft apex as an awn ; culms sharply trigonous ; rootstocks cord-like, with fre- quent tuber-like thickenings. Achenes sharply and equally trigonous Achenes lenticular, plano-convex or obscurely trigonous. Scales of the spikelets rufescent, bearing numerous elongate red markings 21. robustus. Scales whitish to castaneous, not rufescent. Scales whitish-brown 22. campestris. Scales drab to castaneous. Spikelets all or mostly in a dense glomerule . (22) campestris, v. paludosus. Spikelets 1-several on mostly elongate rays. Spikelets long-cylindrio, 2-5 cm. long (22) campestris, v. no'cae-angliae. Spikelets ovoid, 1-2 cm. long .... (22) 8. campestris, v. Fernaldi. Jc. Spikelets small, 2-15 mm. long, 1-3 mm. thick, very numerous, in decompound umbelliform panicles I. I. Bristles retrorsely barbed ; spikelets in glomerules ; culms mostly solitary ; the short caudex bearing thick scaly stolons m. m. Lower sheaths (at least) red-tinged ; bristles 'barbed nearly to base n. n. Achenes lenticular ; style-branches 2 ; bristles 4. Primary and secondary rays of the inflorescence mostly elongate, the ultimate glomerules mostly peduncled . 23. rubrotinctus. Primary and secondary rays abbreviated, most of the ulti- mate glomerules crowded in irregular masses (23) rubrotinctus, v.confertus. n. Achenes trigonous ; style branches 3 ; bristles 3 or 6. Spikelets narrowly ovoid, 3-5 rnm. long . . . .24. sylvaticus. Spikelets cylindric, 6-14 mm. long . . . (24) sylvaticiis, v. issellii m. Sheaths uniformly greenish, not red ; bristles barbed only above the middle o. 16. S. etuberculatus. 17. S. validuts. 18. S. occidentalis. 19. 8. heterochaetus. 20. S.ftumatilis. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 189 o. Bristles shorter than or about equaling the achene p. p. Lower leaves and sheaths nodulose-reticulate ; bristles nearly or quite equaling the achene. Scales of the spikelet dark brown, orbicular-ovate, ab- ruptly mucronate, 1.5-2 min. long, one-third longer than the achenes. Some of the rays of the inflorescence elongate and defi- nite 25. 8. atrovirens. All the rays abbreviated and hidden in the dense inflo- rescence (25) S. atrovirens, v. pycnocephalus. Scales of the spikelet light brown, elliptic-ovate, narrowed to a long setulose awn, about twice as long as the achenes 26. S. pallidus. p. Lower leaves and sheaths smooth and hardly nodulose ; bristles shorter than the achene or often wanting . . 27. S. georgianus. o. Bristles twice as long as the achene. Spikelets ovoid, 2.5-3.5 mm. long 28. S. polyphyllus. Spikelets cylindric, 5-8 mm. long . . (28) S. polyphyllus, v. macrostachys. I. Bristles smooth or with few scattered or ascending hairs (not regularly retrorse-barbed), bent or curled ; non-stoloniferous plants in tufts or stools q. q. Bristles at maturity scarcely exceeding the scales. Bristles firm, appressed, shorter than or about equaling the achene 29. S. divaricatus. Bristles weak, loosely ascending, about twice as long as the achene. Scales with the strong green midrib prolonged into a sharp point 30. 8. lineatus. Scales blunt, the midrib inconspicuous SI. S. Peckii. q. Bristles at maturity much exceeding the scales r. r. Spikelets all in glomerules of 3 to 15. Involucels reddish-brown. Spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm. long 82. S. cyperinus. Spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm. long . . (32) S. cyperinus, v, Andrewsii. Involucels dull brown or drab, with blackish bases. Rays elongate, the glomerules mostly distinct . (32) S. cyperinus, v. pelius. Bays abbreviated, the glomerules crowded in dense irreg- ular masses (32) A cyperinus, v. condensatus. r. Lateral Spikelets of each group mostly pediceled (pedicels short and obscure only in a variety with congested pan- icles) s. s. Involucels brown or reddish. Involucels bright red-brown or terra-cotta . . . 88. S. Eriophorum. Involucels dull brown, not reddish. Spikelets 3-6 mm. long, pale brown to straw-color . 34. S. pedicellatus. Spikelets 7-10 mm. long, drab . . . (34) 8. pedicellatus, v. pullus. . Involucels black. Rays mostly elongate, the raylets usually definite . . 85. S. atrocinctus. Rays and raylets abbreviated, the spikelets crowded in irregular masses (35) S. atrocinctus, v. brachypodus. 1. S. minus Spreng. Culms densely tufted, bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1-7 cm. high) ; spikelet ovoid, 3-8-flowered ; scales ovate, the upper rather acute ; bristles mostly longer than the ovoid achene, sometimes wanting. (Eleocharis pygmaea Ton.) Brackish marshes of the Atlantic coast ; locally inland in N. Y., Mich., and Minn. July-Sept. (Eu., n. Afr., Mex., Cuba.) FIG. 275. 2. S. pauciflbrus Lightf. Culms striate-angled, very slender (0.5-4 dm. high), scarcely tufted, on slender running root- stocks, with a short truncate sheath at base ; scales chestnut- brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower larger ; bristles 3-6, about as long as the achene. (Eleocharis Link.) 276. S.pauciflorus. Wet calcareous soil, Que to B. C s to n N. E., N. Y., Pa., 111., etc. June-Sept. (Eurasia.) FIG. 27(5. 3. S. Clint6nii Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like ; sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usually very much shorter)' than the culm ; outer scale mostly shorter than the pale-chestnut ovoid spikelet; achene 1.5-2 mm. long, S ifl compressed, broadly obovoid, equaled or exceeded by the bristles. \ ^ Dry banks, N. B. and Me. to w. N. Y. and Mich.; " N. C." 2n g clintonil May, June. FIG. 277. 4. g. plamfblius Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy At base ; leaves linear, flat, 190 CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) \A /1k as t n 9 as tne culm, and like it rough-edged ; outer scale Y vP usually overtopping the ovoid or subcylindric straw-colored or brownish spikelet ; bristles mostly about as long as the , 7a ,, , . f r achene. Dry open woods, Mass, and Vt. to Del., Pa., and Mo. May, June. FIG. 278. 5. S. caespitbsus L. Culms terete, wiry, 1-5 dm. high, densely sheathed at base, in compact turfy tufts ; the upper sheath bearing a very short awl- shaped leaf ; spikelet ovoid, rust-color ; outer rigid-pointed scale scarcely surpassing the spikelet ; bristles smooth, longer than the abruptly short-pointed achene. Mts., cold shores and swamps, Lab. to Alaska, s. to N. S., n. N. E., N. Y., 111., Minn etc.; and on the summits of the s. 7 g< caespitosu8 . Alleghemes. (Eurasia.) FIG. 279. 6. S. hudsonianus (Michx.) Fernald. Culms slender, many in a row from a running rootstock (1.5-4 dm. high), scabrous, naked ; sheaths at the base awl-tipped ; scales brownish, oblong-lanceolate ; bristles white, crisped, many times exceeding the narrowly obovoid apiculate achene. (Eriophorum alpinum L., not 8. alpinus Schleich.) Cold bogs and wet shores. Nfd. to Hudson Bay and B. C., s. 280. S. hudsonianus. to Ct -> N - Y -> Mich..'and Minn. May-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 7. S. subterminalis Torr. Aquatic, rarely emersed ; rootstock slender; culms (0.3-1 m. long, thickish-filiform) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular ; the filiform green bract 1-5 cm. long, surpassing the subcylindric to ovoid spikelet (6-13 mm. long) ; scales green or straw-color, somewhat pointed ; bristles bearded downward, rather shorter than the abruptly pointed achene. Slow streams and ponds, Nfd. to B. C., s. to N. J., Pa., 281. S. subterminalis. Mich., n. Ind., etc. FIG. 281. 8. S. rufus (Huds.) Schrad. Freely stoloniferous ; culms smooth, subterete, compressed, 1-6 cm. high, taller than the sub- terete channeled callous-tipped firm mostly basal leaves ; spike distichous, 1-2 cm. long, consisting of closely crowded 2-5-flowered spikelets ; involucre 1-5 cm. long, sometimes wanting ; scales castaneous, conduplicate, pointed ; bristles 0, or 3-6, upwardly barbellate, much shorter than the plano-convex ellipsoid long-beaked 282. S. rufus. achene (4.5-5.5 mm. long) . Brackish marshes, e. N. B. and Que. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) FIG. 282. 9. S. Hallii Gray. Culms slender, terete, 1-4 dm. high ; upper sheath rarely distinctly leaf -bearing ; spikelets 1-7 in a sessile or sometimes geminately proliferous cluster, ovoid becoming cylindri- cal, acute, greenish (0.5-1. 5 cm. long); scales ovate, strongly keeled, cuspidate-acuminate ; stamens 2 or 3 ; style 2-cleft ; bristles none; achene obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly wrinkled transversely. (S. supinus, var. Gray.) Wet shores, 111. to Fla. and Tex.; also Winter Pond, Winchester, Mass. Aug., 2g3 Q Sept. FIG. 283. 10. S. d6bilis Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hollowed sides, 1-6 dm. high, yellowish-green, shining ; spikelets 1-12, capitate, ovoid, obtuse (0.5-1 cm. long); involucral leaf often horizontal at maturity ; scales roundish, with tawny margins ; .stamens 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly barbed, equaling or two surpassing the broadly obovoid turgid abruptly mucronate-pointed achene. Sandy or muddy shores, Me. to Minn., and southw. Aug., Sept. FIG. 284. Var. WiLLiAiwsii Fernald. Bristles wanting. Massapoag L., Sharon, Mass. 11. S. Smithii Gray. Culms terete, slender, 0.5-4 dm. high, 284. S. debilis. often leaf-bearing from the upper sheath, dull green as are the CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 191 1-5 ovoid acutish spikelets (0.5-1 cm. long); involucral leaf always erect ; scales oblong-oval ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 1 or 2 minute rudiments or none ; achene cuneate-obovate. Wet shores, local, Me. to Pa., 111., Mich., and Out. July-Sept. FIG. 285. Var. SETOSUS Fern aid. Perianth of 4 or 5 slender retrorsely barbed bristles, mostly exceeding the achenes. Me. ; Mass. ; and 111. 12. S. americanus Pers. Eunning rootstocks long and stout ; culms sharply 3-angled through- out (0.2-1 m. high) with concave sides ; leaves 1-3, elongated (1-3 dm. long), keeled and chan- neled ; involucral leaf pointed ; spikelets 1-6, capitate, ovoid, mostly 0.5-1 cm. long ; scales ovate, sparingly ciliate, 2-cleft at the apex ; anthers tipped with an awl-shaped minutely fringed appendage; style 2-cleft (rarely 3-cleft); bristles 2-6, shorter than the smooth achene. (8. pungens Vahl.) Borders of 286. S. americanus. salt and fresh ponds and streams, temperate N. A. Aug.- Oct. (Eu., S. A.) FIG. 286. 13. S. Torr&yi Olney. Eootstocks slender and weak; culm %-angled, with concave sides, rather slender (0.4-1.5 m. high), leafy at base; leaves 2 or 3, more than half the length of the culm, triangular-channeled, slender ; involucral leaf blunt; spikelets 1-4, oblong or spindle-shaped, acute, distinct, 1-1.6 cm. long ; scales ovate, smooth, barely mu- cronate ; style 3-cleft ; bristles longer than the unequally triangular very smooth long-pointed achene. Borders of ponds, brackish and fresh, Me. to Pa., la., and Man. Aug., Sept. FIG. 287. 14. S. Olndyi Gray. Culm ^-wing-angled, with deeply excavated sides, stout (0.5-2 m. high), the upper sheath bearing a triangular leaf or none; spikelets 6-12, closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, over- topped by the short involucral leaf ; scales orbicular, smooth, the inconspicuous mucronate point shorter than the scarious apex ; anthers with a very short and blunt minutely bearded tip ; style 2-cleft ; bristles 6, scarcely equaling the narrowly obovate plano-convex and mucronate achene. Salt , marshes, N. H. to Fla.; also in Mich., and on the Pacific coast. ^' July-Sept. (W. I.) FIG. 288. 15. S. MUCRONXTUS L. Resembling the last, 3-9 dm. high ; involucral leaf divergent; spikelets numerous in a dense cluster, oblong-ovoid; scales ovate, mucronate, firm, scarcely at all scarious; style 3-cleft; achene unequally trigonous, broadly obovate. In a single locality in Delaware Co., Pa.; probably introd. from s. Eu. 16. S. etuberculatus (Steud.) Ktze. Culm (1-2 m. high) %-angled, usually sharply so above, obtusely below, the sheath at base extended into a long slender triangular and channeled leaf; involucral leaf similar (1-2.5 dm. long), continuing the culm ; spikelets cylindric (1-2 cm. long), single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3 together, nodding on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile ; scales loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scarious, with a green- ish nerved back; bristles 6, firm, furnished above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equaling the slender abrupt beak of the obovoid-triangular shining achene (4mm. long). (S. Canbyi Gray ; S. cylirulricus Britton.) Swamps and ponds, Md. to Fla., etc. June-Aug. FlG. 289. 289. 8. etuberculatus. s Torreyi 192 CYPEEACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 290. S. validus. 291. S. occidentalis. 17. S. vdlidus Valil. (GREAT B.) Rootstock stout, scaly, horizontal ; culm 0.5-2.5 m. high, 0.8-2.5 cm. thick at base, soft, light green; basal sheaths soft, with soon lacerate hyaline margin,' decom- pound panicle lax, the rays 1-6 cm. long, slender and flexuous bractlets brownish, pubescent at tip, fimbriate- ciliate, with strongly excurrent midrib ; spikelets solitary or in glomerules of 2-5, rufescent, ovoid, acutish, 5-10 mm. long ; scales suborbicular, a little pubes- cent on the back, ciliate, mucronate; style 2-cleft ; achene fuscous or dull black when ripe, broad-obovoid, plano-convex, mucronate, 1.3-1 . 5 mm. broad. ( 8. lacus- tris, mostly of Am. auth., not L.) Mar- gins of ponds and quiet streams. July, Aug. FIG. 290. 18. S. occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Similar; the culms harder, olive-green; basal sheaths firmer, the margins becom- ing fibrillose ; panicle compound, the rays 0.5-5 cm. long, stiff; bractlets red-spotted, viscid at tip, lacerate-Jimbriate, abruptly mucronate ; spikelets mostly in glomerules of 2-7, rarely solitary, drab to reddish-brown, subcylindric, 1-2 cm. long ; scales oblong-ovate, aristate, red-dotted, viscid above ; achene biconvex, 1.7-1.9 mm. broad. Lake-borders, Nfd. to B. C., s. to Mass., N. Y., Great Lakes, Mo., etc. Aug., Sept. FIG. 291. 19. S. heterochadtus Chase. Similar ; the culms slender, rarely 1 cm. thick at base, pale green ; panicle compound, the suberect very slender rays 1-9 cm. long ; bractlets pale, aristate-acuminate, glabrous ; spike- lets solitary, ellipsoid, 8-14 mm. long, pale brown ; scales ovate-oblong, exceeding the achenes, emarginate, short- aristate, slightly red-dotted, glabrous, with erose-fimbriate margins ; style 3-cleft ; bristles fragile, 2-4 ; achene greenish or yellowish, 2.5-8 mm. long, 1.7-2 mm. broad. Marshes and sheltered shores, e. Mass, and Vt. to 111., Neb., and Ore. July, Aug. FIG. 292. 20. S. fluviatilis (Torr.) Gray. (RIVER B.) Culm very stout, 1-1.5 m. high ; leaves flat, broadly linear (0.7-2 cm. wide), tapering gradu- ally to a point, the upper and those of the very long involucre very much exceeding the compound umbel ; rays 5-12, elongated, recurved-spreading, each bearing 1-5 ovoid to cylindrical acute pale-brown spikelets (1.5-4 cm. long) ; scales slightly lacerate, the awns much exceeding the cleft tip ; achene obovoid, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicu- ously pointed, opaque, about equaling the 6 rigid bristles. Borders of lakes and large streams, e. Mass, and Vt. to D. C., w. to Minn., Kau., etc. July-Sept. FIG. 293. 21. S. robustus Pursh. Leaves flat, green, 4-10 mm. broad, as long as or longer than the stout culm (0.7- 1.2 m. high), those of the involucre 3 or 4, very unequal, the longest 2.5-4 dm. long; spikelets 1-15,' rufescent, ovoid to cylindric, 1.5-3 era. long, 6-12 mm. thick, some sessile, the others borne on short (2-6 cm. long) 292. S. heterochaetus. 293. S. fluviatilis. 294. S. robustus. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 193 295. S. camp., v. palud. rays ; scales all pubescent, the awns soon recurved and many times exceeding the cleft tip ; achene broadly to narrowly obovoid, compressed, flat on one side, convex or obtuse-angled on the other, short-pointed, shining ; the bristles unequal and deciduous or obsolete. (S. maritimus, in part, Am. authors.) Brackish or salt marshes, Mass. toFla. and Tex. July-Sept. FIG. 294. 22. S. campSstris Britton. Culms 0.3-1 m. high, usually exceeding the stiff pale leaves (8-9 mm. broad); involucral leaves 2 (or 3), the longer 1-2 dm. long ; spikelets whitish-brown, ovoid to cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, 6-10 mm. thick, 2- 1 1 in a dense glomerule, occasionally a few in a secondary glomerule ; scales puberulent, or the outermost glabrous except at tip, the slightly curved awn twice or thrice exceeding the cleft tip. (S. maritimus, in part, of authors.) Prairies, etc., Man. and Minn., westw. and southw. Var. pALUD6sus (A. Nelson) Fernald. Similar, but with the scales drab to castaneous. (S. paludosus A. Nelson.) Alkaline situations inland, and in salt marshes, Gulf of St. Lawrence to N. J. July-Sept. FIG. 295. Var. N6vAE-lNGLiAE (Britton) Fernald. Usually taller (1-2 m. high); the involucral leaves 3 to 5, the longest 2-3.5 dm. long; the looser inflo- rescence with 3 to 9 curved rays (2-10 cm. long) ; spikelets dark brown, cylindric, 2-5 cm. long. (S. novae-angliae Britton.) Mass, to s. N. Y. ; also w. N. Y. Passing to Var. FERNALDI (Bicknell) Bartlett. Spikelets short-ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, on mostly elongate rays. (S. Fernaldi Bicknell.) Me. to Mass. 23. S. rubrotinctus Fernald. Culm rather stout, 4-9 dm. high; leaves broadly linear, the upper equaling or slightly exceed- ing the inflorescence, the sheaths mostly red-tinged at base, the blades smooth, 4-13 mm. broad ; involucral leaves mostly 3, the longest equaling or exceeding the inflorescence ; rays numerous, the 3-5 longest ones 0.5-1.5 dm. long, stiff, ascending, subequal, the many shorter ascending and divergent ; spikelets 4-9 mm. long, ovoid to cylindric, in glomerules of from 3 to many ; scales ovate, blunt, or the terminal mucronate, finely suffused with green and black; stamens 2. (8. sylvaticus, var. digynus Man. ed. 6, not Boeckl.) Damp open soil, Nfd. to Assina., s. to Ct., N. Y., Great Lakes, etc. Fr. July, early Aug. FIG. 296. Var. CONFERTUS Fernald. Glomerules compacted into dense clusters 1.5-4 cm. across. Nfd. to Me., local. 24. S. sylvaticus L. Similar ; tall and coarse, 0.5-2 m. high ; upper sheaths mostly green, leaf-blades with scabrous margins, 1-2 cm. broad ; rays very numerous, mostly ascend- ing but flexuous, the 1-4 longest 0.5-4 dm. long; spikelets 3-5 mm. long, ovoid, in glomerules of from 2-8 ; stamens 3. By brooks and in wet swamps, s. Me. to Fla., and Mich. Fr. Aug. (Eurasia.) FIG. 297. Var. Biss611ii Fernald. Spikelets cylindric, 6-14 mm. long, mostly 5-20 in a glomerule. Local, Ct. and N. Y. An anomalous plant, combining characteristics of 8. sylvaticus and S. rubrotinctus ; fruiting earlier than the former, later than the Matter. 25. S. atr6virens Muhl. Rather stout, 0.8-1. 5 m. high ; leaves pale green, with scabrous margins, 7-15 mm. wide, at least the lower nodulose-reticu- late, the ribs 0.25-0.3 mm. apart ; spikelets dull greenish-brown or rufescent, narrowly ovoid to 297. S. sylvaticus. GRAY'S MANUAL 13 296. S. rubrotinctus. 194 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILYJ) 298. 8. atrovirens. cylindric, 3.5-8 (rarely 10) mm. long, in glomerules of 10-30 ; scales 1.5-2 mm. long; bristles sparsely and strongly barbed, nearly straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovoid-oblong trigonous achene. Meadows and bogs, Me. to Sask., s. to Ga. and Mo. Fr. late July, Aug. FIG. 298. Var. PYCNOCEPHALTJS Fernald. Rays abbreviated ; glomerules crowded in a dense irregular head. Flats of the Mohawk R., N. Y., local (Haberer). 26. S. pallidus (Britton) Fernald. Similar ; leaves very pale; spikelets pale brown, very numerous in irregular glomerules ; scales 2-3 mm. long, with the conspicuous pale midribs prolonged into long setulose awns. (S. atrovirens, var. Britton. ) Man. to Kan. and the Rocky Mts. Fr. July. FIG. 299. 27. S. georgianus Harper. Slender, 3-12 dm. high, bright green ; leaves smooth, rarely 299. s. pallidus. nodulose below, numerous, crowded at base, 0.5-1 cm. broad, the ribs 0.15-0.2 mm. apart ; spikelets 2-4 mm. long, numerous in the glomerules; the greenish-brown or rufescent scales mucronate, 1-1.5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the ellipsoid achenes. Que. to Mich., Ga., and Ark. Fr. July. Occasionally proliferous. 28. S. polyphyllus Vahl. Culm usually very leafy; spikelets yellow-brown or reddish, ovoid, 2.5-3 mm. long, clustered 3-8 together in small heads on the short ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel ; scales rounded, mucronate, 1-1.5 mm. long, about equaling the broadly obovoid short-tipped achene ; bristles 6, usually twice bent, about twice the length of the achene. Swamps and borders of ponds, w. N. E. to Ga., w. to Minn, and Ark. July-Sept. Often proliferous. FIG. 300. Var. MACROS- 9nf> *4 rwiivnViviine TACHYS xSoecKi. opiKeiets cyimdnc, dOO. 8. polyphyllus. ;L oca l Q^ an( J NY 29. S. divaricatus Ell.' Slender, weak, 0.5-1.5 m. high; leaves very numerous, deep green, soft and smooth, 4-10 mm. wide ; inflorescence loose, often proliferous, with elongated widely divergent flexuous rays; spikelets mostly pediceled, very slender, cylindric, at first 3 or 4 mm. long, the axis elongating to 1 cm., 1-2 mm. thick ; scales whitish or pale brown, blunt, incurved, with broad green midrib ; achene firm, sharply trigonous, ovoid, apicu- late. Swamps, etc., Va. to Mo., and southw. June- Aug. FIG. 301. 30. S. lineatus Michx. Culms re- motely leafy, 0.5-1.5 m. high ; leaves linear, flat, pale green, stiff, rather broad (0.5-1 cm. wide), rough on the margins ; involucre and involucels pale brown at base ; umbels terminal and sometimes axillary, loose, 0.5-2 dm. high, subsecund, the terminal with a 1-3-leaved involucre much shorter than the long slender ascending, nodding-tipped rays; spikelets oblong, becom- ing cylindrical (0.5-1 cm. long), on thread-like drooping pedicels; scales pale brown, ovate, green-keeled, pointed, the tips ascending, not oppressed; achene firm, brown, sharp-pointed. (Eriophorum B. & H.) Low grounds, Vt. to Ga., and westw. June-Aug. FIG. 302. 31. S. PSckii Britton. Culms slender, 0.8-1.7 m. high ; leaves pale green, 5-9 mm. broad, the margins scabrous; involucre and involucels blackish at base; inflorescence 0.5-2 dm. high, the 2-5 longest stiff rays ascending, the others shorter, ascending or divergent, the tips scarcely drooping; spikelets oblong-cylindric, 5-9 mm. long, mostly sessile or subsessile in glomerules of S. divaricatus. 302. S. lineatus. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 195 S. Peckii. S cyperinus. 2-7 ; scales oblong-ovate, acutish or obtuse, blackish- ferruginous above the pale base ; achene soft, whitish, oblong. Meadows and bogs, N. H., Vt., and n. N. Y. July, Aug. FIG. 303. 32. S. cyperinus (L.) Kunth. (WOOL GRASS.) Culm nearly terete (1-1.6 in. high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the involucre 3-5, longer than the loose umbel (1.5-3 dm. long), the tips of the rays at length drooping ; involucels reddish-brown ; spikelets exceedingly numerous, ovoid, clustered, woolly at maturity (3-6 mm. long) ; the rust-colored bristles much longer than the pointless reddish-brown scales; achene short-pointed. (Eriophorum L.) Wet meadows and swamps, N. E. to Va., Tenn., and Ark. Aug., Sept. FIG. 304. Var. ANDRE wsuFernald. Involucels reddish-brown ; spikelets cylindric, 7-10 mm. long. Local, Ct. Var. pdlius Fernald. Involucels blackish at base; bristles drab or smoke-color. The common form northw. ; Nfd. to Ont., s. to Ct., N. Y., and Mich. Perhaps dis- tinct. Var. CONDENSA.TUS Fernald. Similar, but with rays all or nearly all abbreviated, the glomerules in dense irregular masses. Local, range of last. Aug.-Oct. 33. S. Eri6phorum Michx. Coarse and tall (1-2 m.) ; the culm 2.5-6 mm. thick below the ample (1.5-3 dm. high) inflorescence; leaves pale green, firm, 6-11 mm. broad; rays very elongate, mostly ascending, drooping at tip; the involucels deep red-brown or terra- cotta ; spikelets ovoid, 3-6 mm. long, the lateral pediceled ; scales red-brown ; wool slightly paler. Mostly near the coast, Ct. to Fla., La., and Ark. July-Sept. 34. S. pedicellatus Fernald. Similar; the culm rather stout (2-4 mm. thick below the inflorescence) ; leaves pale green, firm, 3-10 mm. broad; inflorescence ample, 1-2.5 dm. high, the numerous ascending subequal rays very slender, with nodding tips ; involucels brown to dull straw-color ; spikelets 3-6 mm. long ; scales pale brown ; wool whitish-brown. Alluvial thickets and swamps, e. Que. to Ct., N. Y., and Wis., mostly in the interior. July, Aug. FIG. 305. Ordinarily very distinct, occasionally approaching the preceding or the following as in Var. PULLUS Fernald. Spikelets dull brown or drab, 7-10 mm. long. Local, and perhaps as nearly related to the next (including 8. atrocinc- tus, var. grandis Fernald). 35. S. atrocinctus Fernald. Slender (0.5-1.2 m. high); the culm 1-2 mm. in diameter below the inflorescence ; leaves bright green, rather soft, 2-5 mm. broad; inflorescence 0.5-1.8 dm. high, the slender rays very unequal ; involucels and base of involucre black; spikelets 2.5-6 mm. long, mostly pediceled; scales greenish-black; wool drab or olive-brown. Meadows and swamps, abundant northw. ; Nfd. to Hudson Bay and Sask., s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., and la. June, July (Aug. in colder regions). Var. BRACH^PODUS Fernald. Spikelets on shortened pedicels, in irregular dense clusters; rays usually much reduced. Frequently occupying large areas, especially northw. and at higher altitudes than the typical form. 305. 8. pedicellatus 10. ERI6PHORUM L. COTTON GRASS Bristles naked, very numerous, silky and becoming greatly elongated. Other- wise as in Scirpus. Spikelets single or clustered or umbellate, when involu- crate with leaf-like bracts, upon a leafy or naked stem ; scales membranaceous, 1-6-nerved, some of the lowest usually empty. Style very slender and elongated, 196 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 3-cleft. Achene acutely triangular. (Name composed of eptoj/, wool or cotton., and 0op6j, bearing.) 1. Spikelet solitary ; involucre none ; the lowest scale of the spike- let enlarged and thickened ; stem-leaves reduced to mostly bladeless sheaths a. a. Stoloniferous, culms solitary ; empty scales at base of spikelet few (7 or less) ; flowering spikelet cylindric, in fruit becom- ing obovoid. Bristles reddish or cinnamon-color 1. E. Chamissonis. Bristles white (1) E. Ohamissonis, v. albidum. a. Nonstoloniferous, culms tufted ; empty scales 10-15 ; flowering spikelet obovoid or globose, in fruit becoming depressed- globose. Densely tufted, the culms very many; upper sheaths dis- tinctly inflated ; culm trigonous and scabrous at tip . 2. E. callitrix. Loosely tufted, culms very few ; upper sheath close ; culm terete, glabrous at tip 3. E. opacum. % 2. Spikelets 2-several ; involucre of 1-several leafy bracts &. 6. Leaves very slender, 1-1.5 mm. broad, triangular-channeled throughout ; involucre a single erect short bract. Upper cauline leaf with the sheath longer than the blade . 4. E. gracile. Tipper cauline leaf with the sheath shorter than the blade . 5. E. t&nellum. 6. Leaves broader, flat at least below the middle ; involucral bracts 2 or more c. c. Scales of spikelet with only 1 prominent rib ; stamens 3. Midrib of scale prominent only below the membranous tip ; upper leaf-sheaths dark-girdled at summit. Leaves 1.5-4 mm. broad 6. E. angustifolium. Leaves 5-8 mm. broad (6) E. angustifolium, \. majus. Midrib prominent to the tip of the scale ; leaf-sheaths not dark-girdled. Spikelets mostly peduncled I.E. viridi-carinatum. Spikelets sessile in a glomerule . . . (7) E. viridi-carinatwm, v. Felloioxii. c. Scales of the spikelet with several prominent ribs ; stamen 1. Bristles copper-color or brown 8. E. virginicum. Bristles white except at base (8) E. virginicum, v. album. 1. E. Chamissbnis C. A. Mey. Culms soft, subterete, 1-8 dm. high ; basal leaves slender, channeled, the upper scarcely inflated sheaths mostly bladeless ; flowering spikelet 1.5-2 cm. long ; its' scales brownish lead-color with broad whitish margins, bluntish ; bristles reddish. (E. russeolum Fries.) Locally in bogs, Lab. to N. S. and N. B. ; Ont. ; Rocky Mts., etc. Fr. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. ALBIDUM (F. Nylander) Fernald. Bristles white. Que. and N. B. ; Alaska, etc. (Eurasia.) 2. E. callitrix Cham. (HARE'S TAIL.) Culms stiff and wiry, densely tufted, 1.5-7 dm. high; basal leaves filiform-trigonous, scabrous; upper bladeless sheaths inflated; flowering spikelet obovoid or globose, 0.8-1.5 cm. long ; scales lead-color with pale margins, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate ; fruit- ing spikelet 2.5-5 cm. broad ; bristles bright white. (E. vaginatum Am. authors, not L.). Bogs and mountain slopes, Lab. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Mich., Wis., and Man. Fr. May-July. (Asia.) 3. E. opacum (Bjornstr.) Fernald. Similar; culms terete, glabrous, fili- form, forming loose small tufts ; leaves glabrous ; upper sheaths close ; flowering spikelet rarely 1 cm. long ; scales lead-color, lance-attenuate ; fruiting spikelet 2-3.5 cm. broad ; bristles sordid white. Locally on bogs, South Ashburnham, Mass. (Forbes); Ont. to Sask. and the Rocky Mts. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.) 4. E. gracile Roth. Weak and slender, glabrous, the subterete culm 2-6 dm. high, with no young basal leaves developed at flowering season; upper cauline leaf-blade smooth, round-tipped, 1-4 cm. long ; involucre dark at base ; spikelets 2-5, mostly on short slender pubescent peduncles (0.5-3 cm. long), in anthesis 7-10 mm. long, in fruit 1.5-2 cm. long ; scales lead-color or blackish; achenes 1.5-2 mm. long; bristles white. Cold bogs and swamps, Gulf of St. Lawrence to B.C., s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Neb., and Cal. Fr. May-July. (Eurasia.) 5. E. tenSllum Nutt. Culms stiff, obtusely trigonous, scabrous above, 3-9 dm. high, with long slender green pointed basal leaves ; upper cauline leaf-blade scabrous, pointed, 3-18 cm. long; involucre brown or straw-color at base; spikelets 3-6, on scabrous peduncles, in fruit 2-2.8 cm. long; scales greenish CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 197 straw-color to reddish-brown; achenes 2.5-3 mm. long; bristles whitish (E. gracile, var. paucinervium Engelm. ; E. paucinervium A. A. Eaton. ) Swainps and bogs, Nfd. to Ont., s. to N. J. and 111. Fr. July, Aug. 6. E. angustif61ium Roth. Culms 2-6 dm. high, slender, obtusely angled ; basal leaves broad, conduplicate above the middle ; cauline leaves few, stiff, flat at base, 1.5-15 cm. long, 1.5-4 mm. broad, scabrous on the margins; spikelets 2-10, mostly on stout glabrous or glabrate peduncles (0.5-7 cm. long), in anthesis ovoid, 1-2 cm. long, in fruit 2. 5-4. 5 cm. long; scales lead-color to castaneous, 4-10 mm. long, the nerveless tip membranous; anthers 2.5-5 mm. long; achenes 2.7-3.5 mm. long; bristles bright white. {E. polystachion L., in part.) Cold bogs, Arctic Am., s. to Nfd., N. S., N. B., Me., L. Superior, etc. Fr. June, July. (Eurasia.) Var. M\JUS Scbultz. Stout and tal] (3-9 dm.) ; the leaves 4-8 mm. broad, South to Me., Ont., 111., Wise., la., etc. (Eurasia.) 7. E. viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fernald. Culms 2-9 dm. high; leaves flat except at tip, 2-6 mm. wide ; spikelets 3-30, on slender simple or forked minutely hairy peduncles, in anthesis slender-ovoid, 6-10 mm. long, in fruit 1.5-3 cm. long ; scales greenish-drab to lead-color, the prominent often scabrous midrib extending to the tip ; anthers 1-1.25 mm. long ; bristles whitish or pale buff. {E. polystachion of most Am. authors.) Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. to Sask. and B. C., s. to Ct., N. Y., O., Mich., Wis., and said to extend to Ga. Fr. May-Aug. Var. FELIAWSII Fernald. Spikelets all sessile. Local, Me. and Mass. 8. E. virginicum L. Culms wiry, terete below, trigonous above, smooth, 4-12 dm. high ; leaves flat, stiff, elongate-linear, with close sheaths, the upper- most 1-2.5 dm. long, 1.5-4 mm. wide; involucral bracts somewhat divergent; spikelets mostly crowded in a dense glomerule, in anthesis 6-10 mm. long, in fruit 1-2 cm. long ; scales with strongly striate-ribbed greenish or straw-colored body and thin nerveless red-brown margin ; bristles tawny or copper-color. Bogs and meadows, Nfd. to Ont. and Minn., s. to Ga. Fr. July-Sept. Var. ALBUM Gray. Bristles whitish. Ct. and N. Y. 11. FUIRENA Rottb. UMBRELLA GRASS Spikelets many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal. Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Perianth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usu- ally with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achene triangular, pointed with the per- sistent base of the style. Culms from a usually perennial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuiren, a Danish botanist.) 1. F. squarrbsa Michx. Annual, 0.5-3 dm. high; stems glabrous ; leaf -sheaths more or less hispid ; spikelets 2-8 ; perianth-scales narrowly to broadly oblong or ovate, long- stipitate and attenuate to a long retrorsely barbed awn; barbed bristles usually exceeding the yellow-brown achene, which is equaled by the persistent style. (Var. pumila Torr.) Sandy shores and swamps, Mass, to Fla.; Mich. 306. F. squarrosa. and Ind. Aug. -Oct. FIG. 306. 2. F. hispida Ell. Perennial; stem (2.5-8 dm. high) leafy; leaves and sheaths densely hairy; spikelets ellipsoid (0.5-1.2 cm. long), bristly with the spreading awns of the scales ; perianth-scales rhombic or deltoid- ovate, with a short thick smooth terminal awn or point, the inter- posed mostly barbed bristles shorter than the yellow achene, which is twice as long as the persistent style. (F. squarrosa, var. 807. F. hispida. Chaprn.) Sandy wet places, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., n. in the Fruit x 2%. low country to Ky. and I. T. July-Oct. FIG. 307. 198 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) f3. F. simplex Vahl. Perennial, 1-8 dm. high ; leaf-sheaths hairy; perianth-scales ovate-oblong, the retrorsely barbed awns arising from below the tip, bristles equaling or exceeding the 308. F. simplex, white achene. Sandy or saline soil, Mo. and Kan. to Mex. Fruit x 2%. Aug. -Oct. FIG. 308. 309. H. micrantha. Plant x %. Spikelet x 2%. Achene x 10. 12. HEMICARPHA Nees & Arn. Spikelet, flowers, etc., as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute translucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spikelet. Sta- men only 1. Style 2-cleft. Bristles or other perianth none. (Name -from TJ^L-, half, and KdpQos, straw or chaff, in allusion to the single inner scalelet.) 1. H. micrantha (Vahl) Britton. Dwarf or minute annual (0.2-15 dm. high); involucre 1-leaved, as if a continuation of the bristle-like culm, and usually with another minute leaf; spikelets, 1-3, short-cylindric or ovoid (2-4 mm. long) ; scales oblong or narrowly obovate, brown, tipped with a short recurved point ; achenes cylindric, brown, slightly reticulated, with many close rows of crowded low papillae. (H. sub- squarrosa Nees. ) Sandy borders of ponds 310. H.Drummondi. an ? riv6rS ' N ' H ' tO Fla ->. W " to the Paci ^ C 5 Xet^ 2 o %< w^rf t 4^Sir. P Aug-Oct "(Mex^ fc>. A.) .b IG. ooy. 2. H. Drumm6ndi Nees. Similar ; scales broadly obovate or rhombic, the broad green midrib barely projecting as a blunt appressed tip ; achenes narrowly obovoid, ashy, scarcely reticu- lated, the papillae fewer and somewhat remote. Damp sand, etc., w. Ont., Ind., and 111. to Ark., Kan., arid Tex. July- Oct. FIG. 310. 3. H. occidentalis Gray. Spikelets globose, the wide-spread- ing lanceolate or narrowly ovate scales tapering to slender re- curved awns (as long as the blades') ; achenes as in the latter. Damp sand, w. Ont. ; Wash, to Cal. July-Oct. FIG. 311. 311. H. occidentalis. Spikelets x 2%. Achene x 10. 13. LIPOCARPHA R. Br. Spikelets terete, many-flowered, in a terminal close cluster involucrate by leafy bracts. Scales spatulate, regularly im- bricated in many ranks, awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bracelets) 2 to each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spikelet and the flower, one between the latter and the axis of the spikelet. Stamens 1 or 2. Style 2-3-cleft. Achene flattish or triangular, naked at the tip. Culms leafy at base. (Name formed of A/TTOS, fat, and KdpQos, chaff, from the thickness of the inner scales of some species.) 1. L. maculata (Michx.) Torr. Annual; culm (0.5-2.5 dm. high) much longer than the linear concave leaves ; spikelets (3-7 mm. long) green and dark-spotted ; inner scales delicate ; stamen 1 ; achene oblong with a contracted base. Springy or miry places, Va. to Fla. ; near Philadelphia, probably adv, July-Oct. FIG. 312. 312. L. maculata. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 199 14. RYNCH6SPORA Vahl. BEAK RUSH Spikelets panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped, terete, or sometimes flattish ; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat- shaped nor keeled) ; the lower commonly loosely imbricated and empty, the uppermost often subtending imperfect flowers. Perianth of bristles. Stamens mostly 3. Achene lenticular, globular, or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent indurated base or even of the greater part of the style. Chiefly perennials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters ; flowering in summer. (Name composed of ptyxos, a snout, and cnropd, a seed, from the beaked achene.) 1. Spikelets lanceolate, acuminate, in fruit flatfish, cymose-panicled, of only one perfect and 1-4 staminate flowers ; scales few ; bristles rigid, minutely scabrous upward; style simple or barely 2-toothed, filiform and gradually thickened downward, in fruit persistent as an exserted slender awl-shaped upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth flat obovate achene ; coarse perennials ; spikelets in flower 1-1.5, in fruit (in- cluding the projecting beak) 2-3 cm. long. 1. R. corniculata (Lam.) Gray. (HORNED RUSH.) Culm 0.5-2 m. high; 313 ' R " c lata - leaves 0.6-2 cm. wide ; cymes decompound, diffuse ; bristles awl-shaped, stout, unequal, shorter than the achene. Wet places on the coastal plain, Del. and Pa. to Fla. and Tex., locally northw. in the Miss. Basin to Mo., Ind., and 0. June-Sept. FIG. 313. 2. R. macrostachya Torr. Erect and rather stiff ; the glomerules mostly of 10-50 spikelets, strongly ascending, sessile or on few short rays; bristles capillary, twice the length of the achene. Borders of ponds, Mass, to Fla. and Tex., locally northw. in the Miss. Basin to Kan. and Ind. 814. R.macrostachya. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 314 \ ar. mundata (Oakes) Fernald. Cyme loosely decom- pound, the numerous rays wide-spreading or flexuous ; the spikelets solitary or 2-6 in loose glomerules. (Var. patula Chapm.) Mass, to Fla. 2. Spikelets terete or biconvex, few-many-flowered ; style conspicuously 2- cleft, its base only forming the tubercle of the mostly lenticular achene ; bristles usually present, merely rough or barbed-denticulate (rarely plu- mose). * Achene transversely wrinkled; bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate. 3. R. cymbsa Ell. Culm slender 0.3-1 m. high, triangular; leaves linear (1-4 mm. wide)', cymes corymbose, the brown spike- lets crowded and clustered ; achene round-obovoid, faintly wrinkled, twice the length of the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical narrow tubercle. Low grounds, N. J., Pa., 111., and south w. June- 316 R com Aug ' (W. L, S. A.) FIG. 315. nressa 4 - R comprSssa Carey. Similar; culm rather stout ; leaves pale and firm, 3-7 mm. wide ; achene strongly wrinkled, the tubercle with broad depressed thin-edged base. Ga. and Fla. to La., northw. in the low country to Mo. July. FlG. 316. 815. K. cyrnosa. 200 CYPEKACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 5. R. Torreyana Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender; leaves involute-filiform; cymes panicled, somewhat loose, the ascend- ing brown spikelets mostly pediceled; achene compressed, oblong-obovoid, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad com- pressed-conical tubercle. Swamps and bogs, East Washington, N. H. (C. F. Parker} ; pine-barrens of N. J. to Ga. July-Oct. FIG. 317. & \!M / 6> R " inex P^ nsa (Michx.) Vahl. Culm jl \VW / triangular, slender ; leaves narrowly linear, if Vl/ 2-3 mm. wide, becoming involute ; spikelets spindle-shaped, mostly pediceled, in drooping panicles; achene oblong, half the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the -rreyana. trian g u i ar . subll i at e tubercle. Low grounds, Va. to Ga. July-Sept. FIG. 318. * * Achene smooth and even. 318. E. inexpansa. 319. K. fusca. H- Bristles 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate. 7. R. fusca (L. ) Ait. f. Loosely stoloniferous ; culm 2-6 dm. high ; leaves bristle-form, channeled; spikelets ovoid- fusiform, few, clustered in 1-4 loose heads (chestnut-color) overtopped by the slender bracts ; achene obo- void, about % the length of the bristles, nearly equaling the triangular-sword-shaped acute tubercle, which is rough-serrulate on the mar- gins. Boggy places, Nfd. to Ont., s. to Del. and Mich. July-Sept. (Eu.) FIG. 319. 8. R. gracilSnta Gray. Culms very slender, 3-8 dm. high ; leaves narrowly linear; spikelets ovoid, in 2-4 small clusters, the lateral long-peduncled ; achene ovoid, rather shorter than the bristles, about the length of the flat-awl-shaped tubercle. Low grounds, s. N. Y. and N. J. to Fla. Aug., Sept. (W. I, S. A.) FIG. 320. 9. R. oligantha Gray. Culm and leaves filiform, 1.5-4 dm. high; spikelets very few (1-4), ovoid-fusiform; bristles plumose below the middle; achene obovoid-oblong, bearing a conical tubercle |- its length. Del. to Fla. July, Aug. 321. E. oligantha. FlG. 321. - -i- Bristles none, or 1-3 and minute ; spikelets pale, 1-flowered. 10. R. pallida M. A. Curtis. Culm (3-8 dm. high) acutely triangular ; leaves and spikelets as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster, which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny ; achene obovoid-lenticular, tipped with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle ; the delicate bristles 4-5 times shorter or obsolete. Bogs in pine-barrens, N. J. and N. C. Aug., Sept. (W. L, S. A.) FIG. 322. 322. E. pallida. +- *- H- Bristles long, denticulate downward, or both ways in no. 15. *+ Spikelets white or whitish, becoming tawny with age, perfecting only a single flower ; stamens usually 2; bristles 9-12, or even 20. 11. R. alba (L.) Vahl. Culm slender (1.5-6 dm. high), triangular above; leaves narrowly' linear or almost bristle-form ; spikelets lanceolate, densely crowded in a head-like terminal corymb (0.5-1.5 cm. broad) and usually one or two lateral ones ; achene oblong-obovate with a narrowed base, scarcely longer than the flattened-awl-shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. Bogs, Nfd. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 201 to Alaska, s. to Fla., Ky., the Great Lake region, and n. Cal. July-Sept. (Eurasia, Porto Rico.) FIG. 323. Var. MACRA Clarke. Coarser, 4-8 dm. high ; terminal corymb often 2-4 cm. broad. The common southern form, extending n. to central N. Y. and Mass. w- H-f Spikelets chestnut-colored, f ew-several-flowered ; stamens 3 ; bristles usually 6. 12. R. capillacea Torr. Culm 1-4.5 dm. high, slender ; leaves bristle-form ; spikelets 3-6 in a ter- minal cluster, and commonly 1 or 2 on approximate or remote axilliary peduncles, oblong-lanceolate (pale 323. R. alba, chestnut-color); achene oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout bristles, and twice the length of the lanceolate-beaked .,, tubercle. Marly bogs and wet limestone rocks, e. Que. to p " w. Out., s. very locally to N. J., Pa., O., Mich., and Mo. July- Sept. FIG. 324. Var. LEVISETA E. J. Hill. Bristles perfectly smooth. Local, Me., Ont., Mich., and Ind. 13. R. KnieskSrnii Carey. Culm 1-6 dm. high, slender; leaves narrowly linear, short ; spikelets numerous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovoid, 2-3 mm. long ; achene obovoid, narrowed at base, equaling the bristles, twice the length of the triangular flattened tubercle. Pine-barrens of N. J. (on bog iron ore exclusively) to Va. ; rare. July-Sept. FIG. 325. 14. R. glomerata (L.) Vahl. Culms 0.1-1 in. high; leaves linear, flat; spikelets numerous in distant clusters or heads (0.5-1.5 cm. broad) often in pairs from the same sheath, ovoid-oblong; achene obovoid, margined, narrowed at base, as long as the lance- awl-shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the always down- wardly barbed bristles. Low grounds, N. B. to Ont., and southw. July-Sept. FIG. 326. Var. DisctTiENS Clarke. Bristles barbed only at the tip or quite smooth. joA \w// / N. J., and southw. W *W Var. paniculata (Gray) Chapm. Coarse and tall (1-2 m.); the very elongate inflores- cence bearing numerous loose clusters of heads. Md. and Ind., southw. 15. R. axillaris (Lam.) Britton. Culm stout (0.4-1.2 m. high); leaves narrowly linear, flat, keeled; spikelets very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular heads (1.5-2.5 cm. thick}, which are dis- tant (and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown ; achene orbicular-obovoid, margined, narrowed at base, 2-2. 5 mm. long, 27. R. axillaris. about as long as the awl-shaped beak ; bristles twice longer, stout, barbed downward and sometimes also upward. (R. cephalantha Gray.) Sandy swamps, L. I. and N. J. to Fla. and La. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 327. Var. microcSphala Britton. More slender, and usually lower ; glomerules 0.7-1.5 cm. thick ; achenes smaller. N. J. to Fla. and La. 325. R. Knies- kernii. 326. R. glomerata. 15. CLADIUM P. Br. TWIG RUSH Spikelets ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or imperfect flower ; the terminal flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, decidu- ous. Achene ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed, without any tubercle, in which it differs from Rynchospora. (Diminutive of /cXdSos, a branch, from the repeatedly branched cyme of the original species.) 1. C. mariscoides (Muhl.) Torr. Perennial; culm obscurely triangular 202 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) (0.4-1 m. high); leaves narrow (1-3 mm. wide}, channeled scarcely rough-margined; panicle 0.5-3 dm. long, 2-5 cm. broad, of 2-4 umbelliform cymes, the rays rigidly ascend- ing ; spikelets clustered in heads 3-10 together on few peduncles ; achene miter- shaped, the truncate base slightly flaring. Bogs and wet sandy shores, either fresh or brackish, N. S. to Out., s. to Fla., Ky., Ind., and la. Aug.-Oct. FIG. 328. 2. C. jamaicense Crantz. (SAW GRASS.) Tall (1-3 m.) and coarse ; 329. C. jamaicense. 328. C. mariscoides. ^, the margins and midrib beneath harshly serrate; panicle 3-9 dm. long, the numerous rays bearing abundant fascicled small chestnut-colored spikelets ; achene obovoid, the truncate base not flaring. (C. e/fwswra Torr.) Shallow water, Va. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I.) FIG. 329. 16. SCLERIA Bergius. NUT RUSH Flowers monoecious ; the fertile spikelets 1-flowered, usually intermixed with clusters of few-flowered staminate spikelets. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft. Achene globular, stony, bony, or enamel-like in texture. Perennials, with triangular leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks ; flowering in summer ; all in low ground or swamps. Inflorescence, in our species, of terminal and axillary clusters, the lower clusters usually peduncled. (Name a-KXypla, hardness, from the indurated * Achene smooth. 1. S. triglomerata Michx. Culm (0.5-1 m. high) and broadly linear (3.5-9 mm. wide) leaves roughish ; fascicles of spikelets few, the lowest peduncled, the upper somewhat in threes; achene ovoid-globose or depressed, 2-3 mm. long, on an obscure crustaceous disk. Low, usually sandy soil, e. Mass, and Vt. (according to John Torrey) to Ont., la., and south w. June-Aug. FIG. 330. Var. GRACILIS Brittoii. Culms slender (3-6 dm. long) ; leaves narrower ; fascicles few-flowered, the lower (2-3-flowered') 380. S. triglomerata. on ver V long filiform peduncles; achene nar- rower, 1-1.5 mm. long, acutish. (Var. minor Britton-) N. Y. and N. J. 331 g oll antha 2. S. oligantha Michx. Culms slender, the angles somewhat winged ; leaves linear (3-5 mm. wide), smooth except the scabrous apex ; lateral fascicles 1 or 2, usually on long exserted peduncles ; achene ovoid, on a tuberculate disk. Woods, D. C. to Fla. and Tex. May-July. FIG. 331. * * Achene papillose, granulose or warty. 3. S. pauciflbra Muhl. Smoothish or slightly hairy; culm slender (2-6 dm. high) ; leaves narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. broad ; fascicles few-flowered, the lateral pedunculate, sessile, or want- ing ; bracts ciliate ; achene globose, 1.5-2 mm. in diameter; the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of distinct minute tubercles. Barrens and dryish meadows, N. J. to O., s. to Fla. and Tex. June-Aug. (W. I.) FIG. 332. 882. 8. pauci- Var. caroliniana (Willd.) Wood. Very slender; leaves, culms flora. and scales very pubescent. Local, Mass., 0., Ind., and southw. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 203 Var. kansana Fernald. Very slender and pubescent ; each pair of tubercles bearing a smaller intermediate one. Sandy soil, Cherokee Co., Kan. FIG. 333. 4. S. ciliata Michx. Usually coarser, 0.5-1 m. high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent below ; leaves firm, 1-2.5 mm. wide, becoming revolute ; fascicles 1 or 2, usually solitary, 0.7-2.5 cm. long ; bracts ciliate ; scales smooth ; achene 2-3 mm. in diameter, the disk bearing 3 broad shallow entire or barely notched tubercles. Pine-barrens, etc., Va. and Mo. to Fla. and Tex. July, Aug. (W. I.) FIG. 334. 5. S. Ellidttii Chapm. Coarser and lower, 3-5 dm. high ; the culms and flat 334. S. ciliata. leaves (2.5-6 mm. wide} pubescent ; , fascicles 2 or 3, usually subapproximate, forming an interrupted head 1.5-3.5 cm. long; bracts coarsely ciliate ; scales ciliate on the back ; achene with 3 low broad tubercles, each 2-lobed. Pine-barrens and dry ground, Va. and Mo., south w. May- July. (W. I.) FIG. 335. * * * Achene reticulated or wrinkled. 6. S. reticularis Michx. Culms slender, 885. 8. Elliottii. erect, smooth (1.5-7 dm. high); leaves linear (1.5-4 mm. wide), smooth ; lateral fascicles 1-3, loose, remote, nearly erect, on short often included peduncles ; bracts glabrous ; achene globose, regularly reticulated and pitted, the pits often vertically arranged, not hairy, resting upon a double greenish conspicuously 3-lobed disk, the inner appressed to and deciduous with the wi ^ IOM ^ achene. Damp sand and pine-barrens, local, e. v pubescens'. Mass, to Fla. ; n. Ind. Aug., Sept. FIG. 336. -a., a Var. pubSscens Britton. Culms weak, diffuse, 0.3-1 m. ' high, slightly scabrous or smooth ; leaves linear (2-7 mm. wide), smooth ; lateral fascicles loose, on more or less elongated and drooping filiform peduncles ; achene irregularly pitted-reticulated or pitted-rugose with the ridges often somewhat spirally arranged and more or less hairy. (S. Tor- reyana Walp. ; #. trichopoda C.Wright.) Pine-barrens, etc., Ct. and Ind. to Fla. and Tex. (W. I.) FIG. 337. 7. S. verticillata Muhl. Smooth ; culms simple, slender (1-9 dm. high); leaves narrowly linear; fascicles 4-6, few-flowered, ses- sile in an interrupted spike ; achene globose, somewhat triangular at base, rough-wrinkled with short elevated ridges; disk obsolete. Pine-barrens, damp sand, and wet rocks, Mass, to Ont., Minn., and south w. July-Sept. (W. I.) FIG. 338. 17. KOBR^SIA Willd. Spikelets unisexual and one-flowered, or with two flowers (one . " ,. pistillate, one staminate) in short spikes aggregated in elongate ciliata heads or panicles ; the pistillate flower consisting of a spathiform glume (homologous with the perigynium of Carex} wrapping about the base of the achene and subtended by the scale of the spikelet. Perennial herbs of northern regions, resembling the first group ( Vigneae} of Carex, but with the perigynium replaced by the open glume which has its margins connate at base. (Named for von Kobres, a nobleman of Augsburg and patron oi botany in Willdenow's time.) 1. K. elachycarpa Fernald. Densely tufted ; the wiry compressed culms 2-6.6 204 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) dm. high, scabrous above ; leaves 1-2 mm. wide, flat, about half as long as the culms; heads slender, 1-2.5 cm. long, of 2-7 remote appressed-ascending spikes; spikes either staminate (clavate), androgynous, or pistillate (ovoid) ; bracts ovate, concave ; glumes ovate, subspathiform, emarginate at tip, more or less marked with green and brown ; style with 2 elongate branches, the slender base becoming chartaceous and subpersistent, finally separating K elach - from tlie truncate subterete nerveless pale achene (1.2-1.5 mm. car y " long); stamens 2, the anthers much exceeding the filaments. Wet banks of Aroostook R., Me.; local. June, July. FIG. 339. 18. CAREX [Ruppius] L. SEDGE Flowers unisexual, destitute of floral envelopes, disposed in spikes ; the staminate consisting of three stamens, in the axil of a bract, or scale ; the pistil- late comprising a single pistil with a bifid or trifid style, forming in fruit a hard achene, which is inclosed in a sac (perigynium) borne in the axil of a bract, or scale. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne in different parts of the spike (spike androgynous"), or in separate spikes on the same culm, or rarely the plant dioecious. Perennial grass-like herbs with mostly triangular culms, 3-ranked leaves, and spikes in the axils of leafy or scale-like bracts, often aggre- gated into heads. An exceedingly critical genus, the study of which should be attempted only with complete and fully mature specimens. 1 (The classical Latin name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from Kelpeiv, to cut, on account of the sharp leaves as indicated in the English name Shear-grass. ) 1. Spikes mostly uniform and sessile, bearing the staminate flowers at base or apex or sometimes scattered amongst the pistillate ; stigmas 2 and achenes lenticular. Vf GNEAE [Beauv.] Koch. (For 2, see p. 209.) A. Staminate flowers scattered or at the base of the spikes (only in exceptional individuals and in the often dioecious (7. gynoerates and C. exilits the entire spike staminate) . . PERIGYNIA WITH THIN OK WINGED MARGINS C. C. Perigynia ascending, the tips only sometimes wide-spreading or recurved, not spongy at base, the margins winged at least toward the beak D. D. Bracts wanting or setaceous, if broad at most twice as long as the inflorescence E. E. Strongly stoloniferous ; culms rising from an elongated rootstock ; perigynia firm, 5-6 mm. long . . 4. C. siccata. E. Not strongly stoloniferous ; culms solitary or in stools F. F. Perigynia less than 2 mm. broad G. O. Perigynia 5 mm. or more long If. H. Perigynia 7-10 mm. long ; spikes long-cylindric, pointed, 1.5-2.5 cm. long 1. O. muskingumensis. H. Perigynia shorter (or, when exceptionally 7 mm. long, in shorter spikes) /. /. Perigynia half as broad as long, plump, nerveless or obscurely short-nerved on inner face . . 22. C. aenea. I. Perigynia one third as broad as long J. J. Perigynia thin, scale-like, scarcely distended over the achenes, distinctly nerved on the inner face and prominently exceeding the subtend- ing scales. Leaves at most 3 mm. wide ; spikes 3-9, glossy brown or straw-colored, pointed. Inflorescence oblong-ovoid or subcylindric, with ascending approximate spikes . . 2. C. scoparia. Inflorescence moniliform . . (2) C. scoparia, v. moniliformis. Inflorescence subglobose or broad-ovoid, spikes crowded and divergent . . (2) C. scoparia, v. condensa. Leaves more than 3 mm. wide; spikes 8-14, green or dull brown, blunt . . . 3. O. tribuloides. 1 The perigynial characters are here based on study of mature plants. In gen- eral the perigynia at the tip of the spike are less characteristic than those nearer the middle ; and, if possible, the latter alone should be osed in critical comparisons. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 205 7. C. pratensis. 8. O. tribuloides. C. tribuloides, v. turbata. C. tribuloides, v. reducta. J, Perigynia firm, obviously distended over the achenes, nerveless or obscurely nerved on the inner face, equaled by the subtending scales G. Perigynia less than 5 rnra. long K. K. Perigynia thin, scale-like, scarcely distended over the achenes ; leaves 3-8 mm. broad. Perigynia with appressed tips. Inflorescence cylindric ; spikes approximate Inflorescence moniliform ; spikes scattered . . . (3) Perigynia with spreading tips ; inflorescence flexuous (3) K. Perigynia firm, obviously distended over the achenes L. L. Perigynia elongate-lanceolate or subulate, less than one third as broad as long, at most 1.4 mm. broad. Tips of the perigynia conspicuously exceeding the lance- subulate dull scales. Culms 1-4 drn. high ; leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide ; spikes 3-7 mm. long 5. C. Crawfordii. Culms taller ; leaves broader; spikes 8-11 mm. long (5) C. Crawfordii, v. vigens. Tips of the perigynia equaled by the ovate bluntish glossy dark scales 6. C. oronensis. L. Perigynia broader, nearly or quite half as broad as long M. M. Tips of perigynia distinctly exceeding the subtending scales N. N, Leaves 2.5 mm. or more wide 0. O. Spikes compactly flowered, the mature perigynia with recurved or spreading tips concealing the scales 0. Spikes with ascending or slightly spreading perigynia ; scales apparent P. P. Mature perigynia greenish or pale straw-colored, in loose spikes ; inflorescence more than 2.2 cm. long (if shorter, with dark chestnut scales). Spikes approximate in ovoid or short-cylindric heads. Scales pale, not strongly contrasting with the perigynia Scales dark chestnut, strongly contrasting with the perigynia (10) C. mirabilis, v. tincta. Spikes scattered in a moniliform inflorescence (10) C. mirabilis, v. perlonga. P. Mature perigynia brown, in dense spikes ; heads at most 2.2 cm. long ; scales pale brown . . 18. C. Bebbii. N. Leaves narrower. Inflorescence stiff, with crowded closely flowered spikes 18. C. Bebbii. Inflorescence flexuous and moniliform, or at least with the loosely flowered spikes scattered 8. C.cristata. 10. C. mirabilis. M. Tips of perigynia equaled by the subtending scales Q. Q. Inflorescence stiff and 11. C. straminea. 20. C. leporina. 21. C. xerantica. 7. C. pratensis. 22. C. aenea. erect, or at least with spikes approximate. Spikes brown or ferruginous Spikes brownish-white Q. Inflorescence flexuous, or at least with the lower spikes remote. Perigynia nerveless or minutely short-nerved on the inner face. Mature perigynia straw-colored or pale brown, one third as broad as long Mature perigynia olive-green or bronze, half as broad as long Perigynia with strong ribs the length of the inner face ; spikes silvery-green 19. O. foenea. F. Perigynia 2 mm. or more broad R. R. Tips of the perigynia distinctly exceeding the subtending scales S. S. Perigynia thin and scale-like, barely distended over the achenes, one fourth to one third as broad as long. Perigynia 7-10 mm. long 1. C. muskingumensis. Perigynia shorter 2. C. sooparia. 8. Perigynia firmer, obviously distended over the achenes, nearly or quite half as broad as long T. T. Perigynia lance-ovate, about half as broad as long U. U. Leaves 2.5 mm. or more broad U. Leaves narrower. Perigynia distinctly about 10-nerved on the inner faces, 4-6 mm. long. Spikes 8-12 mm. long; perigynia 4.8 6 mm. long Spikes 5-8 mm. long ; perigynia 4-5 mm. long (12) C. hormathodes, v. invisa. Perigynia 8-5-nerved on the inner faces, mostly less than 4 mm long. Perigynia with ascending inconspicuous tips . . 11. C. straminea. Perigynia with divergent conspicuous tips . (11) C. straminea, v. echinodet, T. Perigynia with broad-ovate to orbicular bodies V. V. Inflorescence moniliform and flexuous, with mostly clavate- based spikes. 10. C.mirabiUs. 12. C. hormathodes. 206 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Spikes brownish-white, of closely appressed ob- scurely beaked firm perigynia . . . . 14. O. silicea. Spikes ferruginous; the abrupt slender beaks of the perigynia with loosely ascending or spread- ing tips (12) C. hormathodes, v. Richii. V. Inflorescence stiff (or, if flexuous, with brown or ferruginous spikes) W. W. Perigynia 5.6-7.7 mm. long, very thin, scale-like, almost transparent ; scales blunt . . .13. C. BickneUii. W. Perigynia less than 5.6 mm. long, firm and opaque (when exceptionally longer in C. alata, with aristate scales) X. X. Scales long-acuminate or aristate ; perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long ; achenes oblong. Spikes green or finally dull brown ; scales lance- subulate ; perigynia obovate, 2.8-3.7 mm. broad, abruptly narrowed at base . . 15. C. alata. Spikes becoming dark brown or ferruginous ; perigynia 2.8-'2.S mm. broad. Spikes closely approximate ; scales ovate- lanceolate ; perigynia ovate, tapering gradually to the beak . . . . 16. C. (suberecta. Spikes scattered in a flexuous inflorescence ; scales lanceolate ; perigynia orbicular, abruptly slender-beaked . . (12) C. hormathodes, v. Richii. X. Scales blunt or at most acutish. Spikes gray-green or finally dull brown, with strongly appressed-ascending very firm perigynia 3.5-4 (very rarely 4.5) mm. long 9. C. albolutescens. Spikes straw-colored or ferruginous, with spreading-ascending perigynia 4-5.5 mm. long. Inflorescence of 5-10 mostly distinct spikes . 17. C.festucacea. Inflorescence of 3-6 approximate spikes (17) C. festucacea, v. brevior. R. Tips of the perigynia equaled by the subtending scales Y. Y. Inflorescence stiff and erect, or at least with approximate spikes Z. Z. Spikes whitish or gray-green. Perigynia lance-ovate, 4-4.8 mm. long, nerveless on the inner face, golden-yellow at base . Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular. Perigynia strongly ribbed the length of the inner face, 2 mm. broad Perigynia nerveless or faintly nerved on the inner face, broader Z. Spikes bronze or ferruginous. Perigynia distinctly concave on the usually nerved inner face ; achene 1 mm. broad .... Perigynia flat or convex on the usually nerveless inner face, very plump ; achene 2 mm. broad Y. Inflorescence flexuous, at least the lower spikes remote a. a. Perigynia nerveless or only faintly short-nerved on the inner face. Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, one third as broad as long; achene 1 mm. broad Perigynia ovate, half as broad as long ; achene 1.5mm. broad a. Perigynia distinctly nerved on the inner face. Perigynia 2.S-4.4 mm. long, at most 2.4 mm. broad, 7-13-ribbed on the inner face, abruptly beaked. Inflorescence of 4-9 spikes 6-10 mm. long ; peri- gynia 2.8-4 mm. long Inflorescence of 615 spikes 10-17 mm. long; perigynia 3.5-4.4 mm. long . . . (15 Perigynia 4-5.3 mm. long, 2.53 mm. broad, 3-;>- nerved on the inner face, obscurely broad-beaked 14* C. silicea. D. Bracts leaf-like, much prolonged, the lowest 1-2 din. long; spikes crowded ; perigynia subulate C. Perigynia horizontally spreading or reflexed when mature, spongy at base, with thin but scarcely winged margins b. b. Spikes solitary and terminal, pistillate or staminate, or with flowers variously scattered. Stoloniferous; the filiform culms at most 3 dm. high, from fili- form rootstocks Not Stoloniferous ; the wiry culms 27 dm. high, in caespitose stools 6. Spikes 2-several c. c. Perigynia broadest at base ; beak rough or serrulate d. 21. O. ocerantica. 19. C.foenea. 9. C. albolulescens. 20. C. leporina. 23. 7. C. pratensis. 22. O. aenea. 19. C.foenea. ) O. foenea, v. perplexa 24. C. sychnocepJiala. 25. C. gynocrates* 26. O. d. Perigynia at most half as broad as long, finally yellowish, with slender beak nearly equaling the body ; scales p scales pointed CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY") 207 . Perigynia ovate, 8-4 mm. long. Spikes at most 12-flowered. Inflorescence 13 cm. long, the 26 spikes subap- proximate 27. C. ttettulata. Inflorescence 2-6 cm. long, the 2-4 spikes very re- mote, the terminal with a clavate base 0.5-1 cm. long (27) O. stellulata, v. ormantha. Spikes with more flowers. Leaves 1-2.5 mrn. broad; spikes scattered, 1220- flowered ; perigynia less than half as broad as long (27) O. stellulata, v. excelsior. Leaves 2-4 mm. broad ; spikes mostly approximate, 15-40-flowered ; perigynia half as broad as long (27) C. stellulata, v. cephalantha. 6. Perigynia lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm. long ; inflorescence of 2-6 approximate spikes . (27) O. slellulata, v. angustata. d. Perigynia more than half as broad as long (narrower only in var. of no. 29), firm, brownish or dark green; beak one fourth to one half as long as the body. Scales sharp-pointed ; leaves 2.5-4.5 mm. broad ; inflo- rescence 1.5-3.5 cm. long ; spikes 15-50-flowered ; coarse plant 28. C. sterilis. Scales blunt; leaves narrower; inflorescence 1-2 cm. long ; spikes 5-15-flowered ; slender plants. Leaves 1-2 mm. broad ; perigynia faintly nerved or nerveless on the inner face. Perigynia deltoid-ovate, spreading . . . . 29. C. scirpoides. Perigynia lance-subulate, ascending . . (29) C. scirpoides, v. Josselynii. Leaves narrower ; perigynia strongly nerved (29) C. scirpoides, v. capillacea. C. Perigynia broadest near the middle, less than 2 mm. broad, very thin and conspicuously nerved, with short smooth beak ; spikes remote 80. G. seorsa. B. PERIGYNIA NOT THIN-WINGED, ASCENDING FROM THE FIRST, PLANO- CONVEX /. /. Perigynia 4 mm. or more long, long-beaked. Spikes lance-cylindric, in a loose linear-cylindric inflorescence ; perigynia 1-1.3 mm. broad, strongly nerved; scales ob- long; leaves 1-2.5 mm. broad 84. C. bromoides. Spikes ovoid or ovoid-cylindric ; perigynia 1.6-1.9 mm. broad, faintly nerved or nerveless ; scales ovate ; leaves 2-5 mm. broad 85. C. Deweyana. f. Perigynia less than 4mm. long g. g. Perigynia with serrulate beaks or margins h. A. Inflorescence elongate, from slender to thickish-cylindric i. * *. Perigynia ovate, broadest at base ; spikes mostly or all approximate in a thick cylindric inflorescence . . 81. C. arcta. i. Perigynia broadest near the middle. Plant glaucous; leaves 2-4 mm. broad; spikes with many appressed-ascendiug glaucous obscurely beaked perigynia. Spikes 6-10 mm. long, approximate or the lowest rarely 1.5 cm. apart; perigynia 2.8-3 mm. long . 82. C. canescens. Spikes 4-7 mm. long, subapproximate or remote; perigynia about 2 mm. long . . . (82) C. canescens, v. subloliacea. Spikes 6-12 mm. long, remote, the lowest 2-4 cm. apart (32) C. canescens, v. disjuncta. Plant green, not glaucous ; leaves 12.5 mm. broad ; spikes with few loosely spreading dark green or brown distinctly beaked perigynia . . . . 88. (7. bnmnescens. h. Inflorescence subglobose, of 2-4 closely approximate sub- globose loosely flowered silvery spikes; perigynia oblong, beakless, nerved, 3-8.4 mm. long . . .86. C. tenv^flora. g. Perigynia smooth throughout j. }. Spikes whitish, silvery green or pale brown. Inflorescence elongate, at least the lower spikes scattered. Uppermost spikes divaricate-pedunculate, lowermost subtended by a leaf-like bract ; perigynia usually more than 3 mm. long. Leaves flat, 1-2 mm. broad 87. O. trisperma. Leaves setaceous. 0.8-0.5 mm. broad . . (87) C. trisperma, v. Sillingini, Spikes continuous in a linear-cylindric loose inflores- cence, bractless or only short-bracted ; perigynia 2-8 mm. long 82. C. canesctns. Inflorescence subglobose, of 2-4 closely approximate sub- globose loosely flowered spikes ; perigynia beakless, 3 mm. or more long 86. C. tenuiflora. j. Spikes ferruginous or dark brown ; terminal spikes with conspicuous clavate base ; perigynia abruptly beaked ; culms smooth (or harsh only at tips). 208 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Spikes distinct; the lowest 4-5 mm. thick; the ter- minal 1-1.8 cm. long; perigynia pale, about equaled by the yellowish-brown blunt scales . . . . 38. (7. norvegica. Spikes approximate; the lowest less than 4 mm. thick; plant weak, lax ; leaves involute, 0.5-1.5 mm. broad ; perigynia pale brown or drab. Perigynia fusiform 39. C. glareosa. Perigynia ovoid (39) C. glareosa, v. amphigena A . Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spikes k. k. Perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, scarcely compressed, nearly terete . 40. C. tenella. k. Perigynia compressed I. I. Spikes 2 or more in a simple or compound spicate or paniculate inflorescence m. m. Rootstocks short and thick; culm sin terminal tufts or stools n. n. Spikes green or nearly so when mature (becoming brown only when over-ripe) o. o. Broadest leaves 1-4.5 mm. wide p. p. Perigynia very spongy below the middle, the nerve-like margins inflexed q. q. Perigynia with minutely serrulate margins ; scales blunt ; spikes mostly remote. Perigynia quickly becoming squarrose. Culms erect; spikes 6-15-flowered . . .41. C. rosea. Culms loosely spreading ; spikes 2-6-flowered (41) C. rosea, v. radiata. Perigynia ascending in fruit (41) C. rosea, v. minor. q. Perigynia with smooth margins ; scales acuminate ; spikes mostly approximate. Perigynia ovoid ' 42. C. retraftexa. Perigynia lance-subulate . . . . (42) C. retraftexa, v. texensis. p. Perigynia of essentially uniform (membranous) texture throughout, not conspicuously spongy below the middle ; margins slightly if at all inflexed /. r. Perigynia 4-6 mm. long 43. C. muricata. r. Perigynia less than 4 mm. long . 8. Leaves and culms stiff and wiry; heads 2 (rarely 1.5)-4 cm. long. Perigynia distinctly nerved 44. a MuJileribergii. Perigynia nerveless .... (44) C. Muhlenbergii, v. enervis. 8. Leaves and culms soft; heads 0.7-1.5 (rarely 1.8) cm. long. Perigynia elliptic-ovate, broadest below the middle, narrowest at base . . . . 45. C. cephalophora. Perigynia cordate-deltoid, broadest at the cor- date or subcordate base . . . . 46. C. Leavenworthii. o. Leaves 5-10 (the narrowest rarely 4.5) mm. wide t. t. Perigynia uniformly firm throughout, the outer face nerveless or very faintly nerved u. u. Perigynia wing-margined to the base ; spikes mostly distinct in a moniliform inflorescence . . .47. C. sparganoides. u. Perigynia wing-margined only above the middle ; spikes approximate in a cylindric or ovoid head. Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular, nearly equaled by the long-pointed scales. Culms 2-5 dm. high ; leaves subbasal . . .50. C. gravida. Culms 6-12 dm. high ; leaves remote . . (50) C. gravida, v. laxifolia. Perigynia lance-ovate, twice as long as the thin white scale 48. C. cephaloidea. t. Perigynia spongy below the middle, the outer face prominently ribbed 55. C. conjuncta. n. Spikes yellowish or tawny when mature v. V. Perigynia firm and uniform in texture, not spongy nor conspicuously inflated below, the beak shorter than or barely equaling the body w. w. Perigynia straw-color, thin, distinctly flattened on the inner face x. as. Membranous band of the leaf-sheath not cross-puck- ered ; scales acuminate, rarely awned y. y. Leaves 2^3 mm. wide ; culms firm, without thin wing-margins 43. C. muricata. y. Leaves 4-S mm. wide ; culms soft, with almost wing- like angles. Beak nearly as long as the narrow-ovate body of the perigynium 49. C. alopecoidea. Beak one third as long as the broad-ovate or sub- orbicular body of the perigynium. Culms 2-5 dm. high ; leaves subbasal . . 50. C. gravida. Culms 6-12 dm. high ; leaves remote (50) C. gravida, v. laxifolia. as. Membranous or chartaceous band of the leaf-sheath cross-puckered, at least in age ; scales awn-tipped. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) . 209 Leaves equaling or exceeding the culms . . .51. C. vulpinoidea. Leaves distinctly shorter than the culms. Perigynia lanceolate or lance-ovate . . . 52. C. setacea. Perigynia broad-ovate to suborbicular . . (52) C. setacea, v. aniblgua. to. Perigynia drab to dark brown or purplish, plump, some- what biconvex. Perigynia obovoid, narrow-margined, abruptly short- beaked 58. (7. decomposita. Perigynia ovoid, with rounded margins, tapering gradually to a beak. Inflorescence dark brown, stiff, dense, spiciform . 54. C. diandra. Inflorescence light brown, flexuous, loose, sub- paniculate (54) C. diandra, v. ramosa. v. Perigynia prominently enlarged and spcngy at base, con- spicuously nerved, the slender beak much longer than the body. Perigynia 4-5 mm. long, tapering gradually from base to tip 56. C. stipata. Perigynia 6-9 mm. long, abruptly enlarged below into a disk-like base 57. C. crus-corvi. m. Eootstock slender and elongate ; culms mostly scattered, or if tufted bearing slender stolons at base z. z. Perigynia thin-margined ; heads elongate, 2-8 cm. long, of numerous distinct spikes. Perigynia wing-margined ; inner side of leaf-sheath carti- laginous to chartaceous, nerveless . . . . 58. C. ar en aria. Perigynia not wing-margined ; leaf-sheath green and uni- formly ribbed, except at the orifice . . . . 59. C. Sartwellii. e. Perigynia plump, not thin-margined ; heads ovoid to glo- bose, 0.5-1.5 cm. long, of few congested spikes. Perigynia flat on the inner face, faintly nerved . . 60. C. stenophylla. Perigynia plano-convex, strongly nerved ' . . . 61. C. chordorrhiza. 1. Spike solitary, terminal, globular or short-ovoid . . . . 62. C. capitata. 2. Some of the spikes strictly pistillate ; stigmas 3 and achenes trigonous ; or, if stigmas 2 and achenes lenticular, some of the spikes peduncled. EUCAREX Griseb. A. A. Achenes lenticular or plano-convex; stigmas 2 (very rarely and exceptionally 3) ; perigynia beakless or very short-beaked, with entire or merely emarginate orifice B. B. Perigynia dull C. C. Scales aristate or subulate-tipped, much exceeding the perigynia ; pistillate spikes all peduncled D. D. Scales appressed-ascending ; basal sheaths rarely fibrillose. Awns longer than the blades of the scales ; spikes on wide- spreading or drooping capillary peduncles ; old leaves revolute 68. C. maritima. Awns shorter than the blades of the scales ; spikes strongly ascending ; old leaves involute . . . . 64. C. salina, v. cuspidata. D. Scales spreading ; basal leafless sheaths fibrillose. Leaf-sheaths glabrous. Perigynia inflated, wrinkled in drying. / Spikes flexuous or drooping, the pistillate 3.5-10 cm. long . . 65. C. crinita. Spikes suberect or spreading, 1-3.5 cm. long . . (65) C. crinita, v. minor. Perigynia tight, not inflated (65) C. crinita v. Porteri. Leaf-sheaths scabrous-hispid. Pistillate spikes 2.5-10 cm. long, drooping . . (65) C. crinita, v. gynandra. Pistillate spikes suberect or spreading, 1-8.5 cm. long (65) C. crinita, v. simulant. C. Scales obtuse or acute, not aristate ; if subulate-tipped with the upper spikes mostly sessile E. E. Perigynia compressed, lenticular or plano-convex F. F. Culms solitary or few ; lower sheaths slightly if at all fibril- lose G. G. Perigynia nerveless H. H. Perigynia plane, not twisted at tip /. /. Culms leafy and tall, somewhat caespitose ; leaves scabrous on the veins and margins ; basal off- shoots chiefly erect J. J. Green, scarcely glaucous ; pistillate spikes atten- uate at tip 64. C. saUna, v. outpidata. J, Strongly glaucous ; pistillate spikes full and rounded at tip. Scales conspicuous, dark, nearly or quite equal- ing the perigynia. Scales blunt or acntish. Pistillate spikes 3-4.5 mm. thick . . . 66. C. aquatili*. GRAY'S MANUAL 14 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) Pistillate spikes 5-8 mm. thick Scales cuspidate . (66) C. aguatilis, v. elatior. (66) C. aqiiatilis, v. cuspidata. (66) C. aguatilis, v. virescens. Scales hidden by the perigynia /. Culms low ; leaves mostly basal, smooth ; basal off- shoots chiefly repent ...... 67. C. rigida. H. Perigynia elongate, with an empty twisted tip . . 68. C. torta. G. Perigynia nerved. Caespitose, not stoloniferous ; green central portion of the scale about as broad as the darker margins . 69. C. lenticularis. Stoloniferous ; green midrib of the purple or blackish scale very slender ....... 70. C. Goodenowii. f. Culms numerous in stools ; lower sheaths fibrillose. Perigynia elliptic, tapering about equally to base and apex. Pistillate spikes dense, mostly full at 71. C. stricta. (71) C. stricta, v. decora. 72. C. aurea. 73. C. bicolor. base ; scales blunt, slightly if at all exceeding the perigynia. Pistillate spikes 2-7 cm. long ..... Pistillate spikes 0.5-1.5 cm. long .... (71) C. stricta, v. curtissima. Pistillate spikes rather loose, long-attenuate at base ; scales acutish ....... (71) C. stricta, v. anguxtata. Perigynia obovate or orbicular, shorter than the attenuate scales E. Perigynia plump, subterete. Mature perigynia fleshy, pyriform or subglobose, orange or brownish, glabrous ........ Mature perigynia not fleshy, ellipsoid, slender-stipitate, white, pulverulent ........ B. Perigynia lustrous. Perigynia nerved. Leaves flat ; bracts ascending ....... 180. C. Grahami. Leaves soon involute ; bracts divergent ..... 181. C. rotundata. Perigynia nerveless. Leaves flat ; pistillate spikes subglobose or short-cylindric, 5-8 mm. thick ......... 179. C. saxatilis. Leaves involute or filiform ; pistillate spikes slender, 3-7 mm. thick .......... (179) C. saxaWis, v. miliaris. &.. Achenes trigonous; stigmas 3 (very rarely and exceptionally 2) K. K. SPIKES SOLITARY, TERMINAL L. L. Spikes naked or without large leafy bracts M. M. Leaves tongue-shaped, 2-4 cm. broad ..... 77. (7. Fraseri. M. Leaves grass-like, narrow N. N. Spikes monoecious, green or straw-color ; perigynia gla- brous O. O. Spikes staminate at tip, few-flowered ; perigynia with entire tips. Perigynia appressed-ascending, in a linear-cylindric spike, beakless. Perigynia 2.5-3.5 mm. long; achenes lustrous, not puncticulate, obtusely trigonous .... Perigynia 4-5 mm. long ; achenes puncticulate, barely lustrous, sharply trigonous ..... Perigynia soon refracted, slender-beaked O. Spikes staminate at base, many-flowered ; perigynia with long bidentate beaks. Scales of pistillate flowers subulate-tipped Scales blunt ......... N. Spikes dioecious, purplish-brown ; perigynia pubescent. Culms shorter than the leaves ; scales short-aristate, ex- ceeding the perigynia ....... Culms exceeding the leaves ; scales blunt, shorter than the perigynia ......... 92. C. scirpoidea. L. Spikes subtended by long leafy bracts. Perigynia somewhat 2-edged. Scales all bracteate, overtopping the perigynia . Only the lowest scales overtopping the perigynia Perigynia globose, with slender cylindric beak K. SPIKES 2 OR MORE P. P. Perigynia not rigidly bidentate, the orifice entire or emar- ginale, the teeth if present soft and thin Q. Q. Terminal spike bearing some pistillate flowers R. R. Terminal spike pistillate throughout, brown or purplish, the lower spike much smaller ; perigynia hairy . R. Terminal spike with both staminate and pistillate flowers S. S. Terminal spike pistillate only at base ; the capillary pedun- cles often basal ; perigynia sharply angled . S. Terminal spike pistillate at summit, or, if pistillate at base, the spikes mostly near the tip of the culm T. T. Perigynia ascending U. U* Scales brown to purplish-black ; spikes globose, ovoid or thick-cylindric V. 75. C. leptalea. 76. C. ffarperi. 74. C. pauciflora. 161. C. squarrosa. 162. C. typhinoides. . 116. C.picta. 89. C. Backii. 90. C. Willdenowii. 91. C. Jamesii. 92- C. scirpoidea. 118. C. pedunculate. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 211 V. Scales shorter than or about equaling the perigynia. Scales rough-awned ; coarse southern plant . Scales blunt ; slender northern plants. . 148. C. verrucota. Spikes sessile, closely approximate ii Spikes mostly peduncled, spreading i les much exceeding the perigynia. in an irregular head treading or drooping . V. Scales much exceeding the per" Spikes sessile, erect Spikes peduncled, spreading or drooping U. Scales white or greenish, or if very brownish the spikes linear-cylindric W. W. Spikes mostly sessile or subsessile and erect X. X. Spikes mostly remote ; leaves glabrous, short and broad (4-10 mm. broad) X. Spikes approximate or overlapping ; leaves long and ' ide " 78. C. Halleri. 79. C. atrata, v. ovata. 80. C. polygama. 111. C. paupercula. 135. C. ffranularis. slender (1^4 mm. broad), at least the sheaths hairy. Perigynia smooth, or when young slightly hairy. Leaves smooth ....... (81) C. triceps, v. Smithii. Leaves hairy ........ 81. C. triceps, v. hirsuta. Perigynia very hairy. Terminal spike (including the staminate base) 1.8-4 cm. long, one tenth to one seventh as thick . Terminal spike 9-18 mm. long, one fifth to one third as thick ...... (82) C, virescens, v. Swanii. W. Spikes mostly peduncled, spreading or drooping Y, Y. Perigynia 2 mm. or more thick. Scales blunt or cuspidate, much shorter than the perigynia ........ Scales long-awned, usually equaling the perigynia . F. Perigynia less than 2 mm. thick Z. Z. Bracts with distinct long sheaths ; perigynia bluntly angled a. a. Perigynia rounded or narrowed but not definitely stipitate at base &. &. Perigynia less than 4 mm. long, beakless. Sheaths glabrous ; perigynia obtuse . . Sheaths pubescent ; perigynia acutish 6. Perigynia 4 mm. or more long. Leaves hairy ; perigynia beakless Leaves smooth ; perigynia beaked. Scales white or whitish ; perigynia with long conic-cylindric beaks .... Scales with dark-brown margins ; perigynia with short-conic beaks .... a. Perigynia with slender stipitate bases Z. Bracts sheathless ; perigynia sharply angled T. Perigynia wide-spreading or reflexed. Perigynia orbicular to broadly elliptic, compressed, nerve- less, with tiny short point ; bracts erect Perigynia terete, beaked, strong-ribbed ; bracts divergent. Beak about as long as body of perigynium. Beak much shorter than body of perigynium . Q. Terminal spike staminate throughout c. c. Lowest foliaceous bracts of the inflorescence sheathless, or with short colored sheaths or colored auricles, sometimes wanting or reduced to mere colored sheaths d. d. Perigynia pubescent (if rarely glabrous, the spikes mostly crowded at the base of the densely tufted leaves) e. 6. Spikes subtended by colored tubular sheaths which are without green blades. Pistillate spikes cylindric, 12 cm. long ; scales exceeding the perigynia ......... Pistillate spikes subglobose, 4-7 mm. long; scales much shorter than the perigynia ...... 6. Spikes bractless or the lowermost with green foliaceous bracts /. /. Leaves and culms soft-pubescent ...... 101. C. pubescent. f. Leaves and culms glabrous g. g. Leaves mostly basal, the culms naked or with short reduced leaves h. h. Scales rough-cuspidate ; perigynia yellowish-brown h. Scales smooth ; perigynia green or whitish *. i. Plant strongly stoloniferous, the elongate often leaf- less stolons scaly-bracted and creeping. Beak one fourth to one fifth as long as the body of the perigynium C. virescens. 83. C. formosa. 84. C. Dcwisii. 85. C. gracillima. 86. C. aestivalis. 87. C.oxylepis. 146. C. debilis, vars. 147. C, renusta, v. minor. 145. C. arctata. 115. C.prasina. 88. C. Shortiana. 188. C.flava. 189. C. Oederi. 120. C. Richardsoni. 119. C. concinna. 102. C. caryophyllea. Beak about as long as the body i. Plant caespitose or slightly stoloniferous, the basal leafy shoots strongly assurgent j. j. Some (or all) of the culms short and more or less hidden by the bases of the leaves k. 100. C, pennsylvanica. (100) C. pennaytoanica., v. lucorum 212 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) k. Kemnants of the old leaves persisting as stiff tufted shreds ; scales acuminate, sharp-pointed, nearly or quite equaling the perigynia. Perigynia 1.7-2.4 mm. thick. Beak nearly or quite as long as the body of the perigynium. Perigynia puberulent 93. O. umbellata. Perigynia glabrous (93) C. umbellata, v. toma Beak one third as long as the body . (93) C. umbellata, v. bremrostris. Perigynia 1.8-1.6 mm. thick 94. G. nigro-marginata. fc. Remnants of old leaves soft, slightly if at all shredded ; scales blunt or acute, much shorter than the perigynia 95. C. deflexa. j. Culms elongate, none of them hidden at the base of the plant I. I. Perigynia much exceeding the scales ; spikes closely approximate 96. C. albicans. I. Perigynia nearly or quite equaled by the scales m. m. Mature leaves 3-5 mm. wide (if exceptionally nar- rower, the spikes remote) 97. C. communis. m. Mature leaves 1-2.5 mm. wide (if exceptionally broader, the spikes approximate). Staminate and pistillate spikes all sessile. Scales of pistillate spikes whitish or greenish . 98. C. varia. Scales purplish (98) C. varia, v. colorata. Staminate and the lowermost pistillate spikes short-peduncled 99. C. novae-angliae. g. Culms leafy, the leaves elongate n. n. Pistillate spikes sessile or subsessile ; basal sheaths fibrillose. Staminate spike overtopping the pistillate .... 154. C. vestita. Staminate spike shorter than the pistillate . . . (154) C. vestiia, v. Kennedyi. n. Pistillate spikes (or at least the lower) distinctly peduncled ; sheaths not fibrillose. Leaves soft, ribbon-like, dark green, the lower bract ex- ceeding the culm ; perigynia long-beaked . . . 150. C. scabrata. Leaves firm, short, glaucous ; the bracts short ; perigynia barely beaked 103. C. glauca. #. Perigynia glabrous o. o. Leaves setaceous, basal ; culms setaceous, naked ; bracts reduced to pale tubular sheaths 117. O. eburnea. o. Leaves flat or plicate p. p. Leaves lanceolate, 1.5-3 cm. broad, firm and evergreen ; culms slender, bearing numerous tubular colored sheaths and remote slender spikes 121. 0. plantaginea. p. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, less than 1.5 cm. broad q. q. Perigynia beakless or with minute entire beaks n r. Pistillate spikes mostly on capillary peduncles, wide-spread- ing or drooping s. a. Scales brownish or purplish, nearly equaling or exceed- ing the compressed short- tipped perigynia t. t. Spikes globose to oblong-cylindric, rarely 2 cm. long; scales exceeding the perigynia u. u. Scales long-attenuate with subulate tips, much ex- ceeding the perigynia. Scales dark brown or purplish throughout. Pistillate spikes 4-8 mm. long .... 111. C. paupercula. Pistillate spikes 1-1.6 cm. long . . (Ill) C. paupercula, v. irrigua. Scales green with pale-brown or yellowish margins (111) C. paupercula, v. pall 'ens u. Scales obtuse or acute, barely exceeding the perigynia. Leaves involute, 0.5-1 mm. wide, glaucous ; scales brown. . . . . , . . . 112. C. limosa. Leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, dark green ; scales purple-black 113. C. rariftora. t. Spikes linear-cylindric, 2-5 cm. long; scales barely equaling the perigynia 114. G. litloralis. s. Scales whitish, much shorter than the sharply trigonous attenuate perigynia 115. G. prasina. r. Pistillate spikes sessile or short-peduncled, erect v. v. Plant glaucous, loosely stoloniferous ; Staminate spikes long-stalked, their scales mostly purple-brown. Leaves 2.5-5 mm. wide, revolute in drying, harsh; culms harsh ; perigynia brown 103. C. glauca. Leaves 1-3 mm. wide, becoming plicate or involute, smooth ; culms smooth ; perigynia pale green or whitish 104. O. limda. v. Plant green, densely tufted ; Staminate spikes sessile or ttort-stalked, their scales pale brown or straw Aolor. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 213 Spikes all sessile and approximate ; perigynia obovoid, prominently ribbed, retuse, with a distinct short entire beak Lowest spike peduncled ; perigynia narrowly obovoid, faintly nerved or nerveless, narrowed to the beakless tip dist q. Perigynia distinctly beaked w. w. Spikes sessile, or the lowermost short-pediceled, erect or oblique ; the bracts very long and much exceeding the inflorescence, rarely 5 mm. broad. Leaves involute Leaves flat. 109. G. abbreviate. 110 (7. pallescens. 137. C. extensa. Beak about equaling body of perigynium .... Beak much shorter than body of perigynium . w. Spikes mostly long-pediceled, spreading or drooping, if ses- sile and erect the bracts more than 5 mm. wide . x. Leaves broad (usually 5 mm. or more); scales strong- ribbed ; spikes dense, the perigynia firm, dull, wide- 138. 139. C. Oederi. Leaves soft, ribbon -like, dark green ; lower bract 5-10 mm. wide, much exceeding the inflorescence y. Leaves firm, glaucous ; lower bract 1-4 mm. wide, about equaling the inflorescence. Perigynia spreading-ascending, glaucous, faintly-nerved or nerveless, gradually tapering to the short beak . Perigynia squarrose, deep green or brownish, strongly many-ribbed, abruptly beaked 05. Leaves narrow (usually less than 5 mm. wide) ; scales thin, nerveless or slightly nerved ; spikes loosely flowered, the thin lustrous perigynia strongly ascending 0. e. Perigynia abruptly contracted to an awl-shaped beak as long as the body 8. Perigynia gradually contracted to the beak. Leaves pubescent; pistillate spikes 5-S mm. thick J1S1 150. C.tcabrata. 148. C. verrucosa. 149. C. macrokolea. 141. C. longirostris. 148. C. castanea. 144. C. capillaris. Leaves glabrous ; pistillate spikes 2-4 mm. thick . 9. Lowest foliaceous bract of the inflorescence with a prominent closed green sheath a. a. Perigynia nerveless or with few nerves most prominent toward the base, not uniformly and conspicuously nerved from base to orifice (excepting the marginal nerves) 6. b. Plant caespitose, scarcely stoloniferous, the rootstock short and thick ; perigynia with long-attenuate beaks c. c. Perigynia abruptly contracted to a slender beak as long as the Perigynia hairy, remote 140. C. assiniboinensis. Perigynia smooth, approximate 141. C. longirostris. c. Perigynia gradually contracted to the beak d. d. Pistillate spikes oblong-cylindric, densely flowered. Spikes 5-10 mm. thick. Leaves glabrous ; scales white 142. head much branched and compound, 6.5-23 cm. long ; perigynium long-lanceolate, the short base very thick and disk-like, the roughish and very slender beak thrice the length of the body or more, 3-4 times the length 410. C. diandra, v. ramosa. whitish and 411. C. conjuncta. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 229 413. C. crus-corvi. 414. C. arenaria. of the inconspicuous scale. Swamps and bottoms, Ind. to Minn., Neb., and southw. ; rare north w. June, July. FIG. 413. 58. C. ARKxXniA L. Extensively creeping, 0.7-5 dm. high ; leaves very narrow and very long-pointed, shorter than the culm; head dense or some- times interrupted, ovoid or cylindric ; spikes few to many, those at the apex of the head usually staminate, the intermediate ones staminate at the summit, the lowest entirely pistillate and subtended by a bract 1-3 cm. long ; perigynium very strongly nerved on both faces, wing- margined above, sharply long-toothed, about the length of the brown subulate-acuminate scale. Sea-beaches near Nor- folk, Va. (Nat. from Eu.) FIG. 414. 59. C. Sartw611ii Dewey. Culms stiff and strict, 0.3-1.2 m. high, from an elongate dark rootstock ; leaves (2-5 mm. wide) produced into a long slender point, mostly shorter than the culm ; staminate flowers variously disposed, frequently whole spikes being sterile ; head 2.5-7 cm. long and rather narrow, the individual spikes usually clearly defined, or occasionally the head interrupted below, tawny-brown ; perigynium 3-5 mm. long, elliptic or lance-elliptic, nerved on both sides, very gradu- ally contracted into a short beak ; scale blunt, smooth, hyaline- edged, about the length of the perigynium. Bogs, centr. N. Y. to B. C., s. to O., 111., la., S. Dak., etc. June, July. FIG. 415. 60. C. stenophylla Wahlenb. Stiff, tufted, 0.5-2.5 dm. high; leaves pale, involute and shorter than the culm; perigynium ovate, 416. C. stenophylla. gradually contracted into a short and entire 415 c Sartwellii> rough-edged beak, tightly inclosing the achene, at maturity longer than the hyaline acutish scale. Dry grounds, n. la. to the Rocky Mts., and north w. June, July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 416. 61. C. chordorrhiza L.f. Very extensively stoloniferous; culms mostly lateral and solitary, 1-4.5 dm. long; leaves involute, shorter than the culm ; perigynium compressed-ovoid to sub-globose, short-pointed and entire, about the length of the acute scale. Cold bogs and soft lake-borders, Que. to B. C., s. to Me., Vt., Pa., 111., la., etc.; infrequent. May-July. (Eurasia.) FIG. 417< 41T. C. chordorrhiza. 62. C. capitata L. Rigid, 0.7-5 dm. high ; leaves fili- form, shorter than the culm ; head uniformly staminate above, brown, very small, 0.5-1 cm. long ; perigynium broadly ovate, very thin, whitish, prominently beaked, nerveless or nearly so, erect and appressed, longer than the very thin and obtuse scale. Alpine region of Mt. Washington, N. H. June- Aug. (Eu.) 413 c capitata FIG. 418. 63. C. maritima O. F. Mueller. Mostly stout ; culm sharp, smooth or rough above, 2-7 dm. high, usually over- topped by the leafy tufts and the broad bracts ; leaves smooth and flat, strongly ribbed, 3.5-10 mm. broad ; pis- tillate spikes 2-6, scattered, 2-8 cm. long, 0.8-2 cm. thick, often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes 2-4, unequal, the terminal 2-6 cm. long ; perigynium nearly orbicular, 419. C. maritima. 230 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) pale, few-nerved or nerveless, the beak very short and entire, or nearly so ; scale whitish or brown, produced into a pale rough awn 3-8 times as long as the peri- gynium. Brackish or saline shores, Lab. to Mass. June-Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 419. 64. C. salina Wahlenb., var. cuspidata Wahlenb. Kather stout, 3-9 dm. high ; culm rather sharp, smooth ; leaves narrow (2-5 mm. wide) but flat ; pistillate spikes 2-4, somewhat approximate, erect, 2-7 cm. long and rather thick, the lower subtended by leaf-like bracts ; staminate spikes 1-3 ; perigynium elliptic, somewhat granular, marked with 2 or 3 nerves, or nerveless, the minute beak entire ; scale brown-margined, mostly produced into a lighter and rough awn much exceeding the perigynium. Salt marshes, Lab. to Mass. Apparently hybridizes with C. stricta. July, Aug. (Eu.) 65. C. crinita Lam. Robust and mostly stout, 0.3-1.6 m. high ; culm sharp and rough or sometimes smooth ; leaves 4-10 mm. broad, flat, more or less rough on the nerves and margins, the lower short and at the base of the culm re- duced to smooth flbrillose sheaths ; pistillate spikes 3-6, somewhat scattered, all variously peduncled, mostly secund, 3.5-10 cm. long, narrowly and evenly cylin- dric, often staminate at tip ; staminate spikes usually 2, rarely pistillate at tip ; perigynia suborbicular to ovate, 2-3 mm. long, thin and inflated, becoming wrinkled in drying, nerveless, puncticulate or granular, with a minute entire beak ; scales greenish-brown and rough-awned, 2-3 times as long as the peri- gynia. Swales and damp thickets, generally common. Hybridizes with (7. torta and C. scabrata. June-Aug. Var. minor Boott. Much smaller in all parts ; 4-6 dm. high ; leaves 4-5 mm. wide; spikes 1-3.5 cm. long, ascending; perigynia 2 mm. long; scales less prominent. Me. to N. Y., scarce. Var. Portdri (Olney) Fernald. Like small C. crinita, but spikes very slen- der ; perigynia compact, not inflated, oblong-lanceolate, distinctly beaked ; scales lance-attenuate. (C. gynandra, var. Porteri Britton.) Moosehead Lake, Me. (Porter}. Var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Harsher; leaves broad (4-12 mm.), the sheaths hispidulous ; culms tall; staminate spikes 1 or 2, generally pistillate above ; pistillate spikes soft, loosely flowered, drooping, 2.5-10 cm. long; perigynia ascending, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, subin- flated. (C. gynandra Schwein.) Nfd. to Wise., and in the mts. to Ga. Var. simuians Fernald. Harsh as invar, gynandra; low ; leaves 4-6 mm. broad ; spikes suberect, the terminal androgynous, 1-3.5 cm. long, scarcely drooping; perigynia 3 mm. long. Nfd. to Vt. and Mass., chiefly in the mts. 66. C. aquatilis Wahlenb. Glaucous, 3-9 dm. high ; culm very obtuse and smooth; leaves exceedingly long, 4-7 mm. broad, the bracts broad and pro- longed far beyond the culm; pistillate spikes 3-5, 1.5-5.5 cm. long, very com- pact or the lowest sometimes attenuate below, erect ; perigynia round-ovate or broadly elliptic, nerveless, greenish, imbricated ; scales dark, shorter than or equaling the perigynia. Swamps and lake margins, Que. to B. C., s. to the Potomac R., w. N. Y., Ind., etc. June-Aug. (Eurasia.) Var. elatior Bab. Robust, 0.9-1.5 in. high ; leaves 5-8 mm. broad; pistillate spikes stout and heavy, 3.5-8 cm. long. Me. to Man., s. to N. Y., O., and Mich. Var. cuspidata Laestad. Spikes slender, 3-4 mm. thick ; scales cuspidate, exceeding the perigynia. Local, Que. to N. J. Var. virSscens Anders. Scales pale and short, hidden by the crowded peri- gynia. Local, Vt. to Ont. and Mich. 67. C. rlgida Good. Somewhat stoloniferous, low (0.5-4.5 dm. high); leaves shorter than the mostly smooth culms, rather crowded at base, smooth, dark green, firm, broad (3-7 mm.), becoming revolute in drying ; pistillate spikes 1-5, subglobose to short-cylindric, dense, 0.5-2.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick, the lowest bractless or leafy-bracted ; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2), sometimes pistil- late at base ; perigynia elliptic, greenish or purplish ; scales elliptic, brown to purple-black. Arctic regions, south to mts. of Que., Rocky Mts., etc. July, Aug. (Eurasia.) Passing to the formal Var. BIGELOWII (Torr.) Tuckerm., with pistillate spikes elongate (1.5-4 cm. long, 2.5-5 mm. thick), the lower attenuate at base. Extending s. to mts. of n. N. E. and N. Y. (Eu.) CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 231 68. C. t6rta Boott. Slender but erect, 2-0 dm. high, in clumps, with exceed- ingly tough and cord-like roots; culm rather sharp, smooth or rough ish above; leaves flat and rather soft, those of the culm very short (2-5 mm. wide); pistillate spikes '2-6 (rarely compound), mostly somewhat approximate or the lower remote, the upper sessile and ascending, but the others often spreading or drooping, long and slender (1.5-9 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick) ; staminate spike 1 (rarely 2)-peduncled, 1.5-4 cm. long, occasionally with some pistillate flowers ; peri- gynium lance-ovate, green, the slim upper half empty and more or less tortuous, the beak entire or erose ; scale purple-margined and very obtuse, shorter than the perigynium. By streams, rarely in swamps, e. Que. to Minn. , s. to N. C. and Mo. May-July. FIG. 420. 69. C. lenticularis Michx. Rather slender but erect, pale throughout, 1-6 dm. high ; culm sharp, usually slightly rough above ; leaves very narrow (1-3 mm. wide), numerous, much sur- passing the culm ; spikes 3-8, more or less aggre- gated or the lowest remote, the terminal andro- gynous or staminate, mostly sessile, erect, 1-4.5 cm. long, 2.5-4 mm. thick ; perigynia ovate, minutely granular, brown-nerved, the tip empty and entire ; scales obtuse, about \ the length of the perigynia. Gravelly or sandy shores, Lab. to the Mackenzie, s. to Mass., N. Y., Mich., 420 c torta Minn., etc. June-Sept. FIG. 421. 70. C. Goodenbwii J. Gay. Loose or slightly caespitose, 0.5-9 dm. high ; culm sharp, smooth or rather rough above ; leaves narrow (1-3 mm. wide) and stiff, shorter than the culm, glaucous-blue, the margins involute in drying ; pistillate spikes 1-4, all sessile or rarely the lowest very short-stalked, short 421. C. lenticularis. and erect (0.8-4.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick), very densely flowered or sometimes becoming loose below, the lowest usually subtended by a bract 2-10 cm. long ; perigynia appressed, oval or round-ovate, mostly fine-striate toward the base, the beak entire or very nearly so, bright green becoming tawny ; scale ovate and very obtuse, conspicuously narrower and shorter than the perigynia. ( C. vulgaris Fries. ) Across the continent north w. , extending s. in swales and open places, chiefly along the seaboard, to Mass, and e. Pa. May-Sept. (Eurasia.) 71. C. strlcta Lam. Tall and slender but erect, 0.5-1.3 m. high, generally in dense clumps when old, or rarely in small tufts ; culm sharp, rough above leaves long and narrow (2-4 mm. wide), rough on the edges, the lowest sheaths usually becoming prominently fibrillose ; 1 or 2 lowest bracts leafy and equaling the culm ; pistillate spikes 2-6, scattered, the lowest often more or less pedun- cled and clavate and the others sessile, erect or ascending, oblong or cylindric, 2-7 cm. long, 3-6 mm. thick, compactly flowered above but often attenuate at base, the upper often staminate at top, all greenish-purple or pallid ; perigynia becoming tawny, mostly lightly few-nerved and somewhat granular, the beak very short and commonly entire ; scale brown, with a pale middle, nearly or quite equaling the perigynia. Swales, throughout; abundant and variable. May-Aug. Hybridizes with C. filiformis and C. salina, var. cuspidata. Var. curtissima Peck. Scales of the very short (0.5-1.6 cm. long} pistillate spikes much shorter than the perigynia. N. B. to Ct. and N. Y., rare. Var. angustata (Boott) Bailey. Spikes longer and narrower (3-11 cm. long 2-4 mm. thick}, more approximate and mostly attenuate at base, usually with long staminate tips ; scales narrower, mostly longer than the perigynia. (In eluding var. xerocarpa Britton.) Same range as the type, but less common. Var. decbra Bailey. Usually smaller ; basal sheaths less fibrillose ; spikes 1-4 cm. long, 4-7 mm. thick, sessile or very nearly so, rarely attenuate at base, 232 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 422. C. aurea. slightly if at all staminate at tip ; scales very sharp and spreading, longer than the perigynia. (C. Haydeni Dewey.) Me. to Ky., Ont., and la. 72. C. aiirea Nutt. Low and slender, 0.5-5 dm. high; leaves pale green, narrow (1-3 mm. wide); 2 or 3 of the bracts exceeding the culm ; spikes 3-5, all but the lowest usually approximate, peduncled or the upper one or two sessile, erect, loosely few-flowered or sometimes becoming 2 cm. long, at maturity yellow or brown, the terminal one fre- quently pistillate above ; perigynium fleshy at maturity, plump, nerved, about 2 mm. long, rounded or slightly depressed at tip, longer than the blunt white or pale-brown scale. Wet meadows and springy banks, Nfd. to B. C., s. to n. Ct., centr. N. Y., n.w. Pa., Ind., Wise., etc., mostly in calcareous regions. June-July. FIG. 422. 73. C. bicolor All. Similar ; spikes mostly crowded, only the lowermost subtended by an elongated bract, the others short-bracted or bract- less, the terminal mostly pistillate ; mature peri- gynia dry and firm, white, pulverulent, tapering to . the short tip ; scales dark brown or purplish. Wet ledges and gravelly shores, Lab. to n. Me. ; n. shore L. Superior. June-Aug. (Greenl., Eu.) FIG. 423. 74. C. pauciflbra Lightf. Very slender but erect, stiff, 1 0.5-6 dm. high ; leaves very narrow, usually much shorter V J / I than the culm ; staminate and pistillate flowers 2-5 ; peri- \My /k. \ gynia straw-color, subulate, several times longer 11 M^N i tnan tne inconspicuous scales, at maturity I rl\ I deflexed and easily detached. Cold bogs, Nfd. a to Alaska, locally s. to Ct., Pa., Mich., Minn., etc. June, July. (Eu.) FIG. 424. 75. C. leptalea Wahlenb. Capillary, erect or slightly diffuse, 0.5-5 dm. high ; leaves mostly 425. C. leptalea. shorter than the culm ; spike 0.4-1.6 cm. long, staminate portion small, the subalternate thin green nervose oblong or narrowly ellipsoid blunt perigynia about twice longer than the brownish mostly obtuse caducous scales. (C. polytrichoides Muhl.) Bogs and wet meadows, Nfd. to B. C., s. to Pa., the Great Lakes. Mo., Col., and Ore.; and in the mts. to N. C. June-Aug. FIG. 425. 76. C. Harpdri Fernald. Similar, 2.5-7 dm. high ; the more crowded spike with strongly overlapping linear-oblong perigynia and whitish acuminate scales. Bogs and swampy woods, Pa. to Fla. and Tex. May-July. FIG. 426. 426. C. Harperi. 77. C. Frasdri Andrews. Caespitose ; culm 2-5 dm. high, naked or the lower portion in- cluded in loosely sheathing leaves, smooth and stiff ; leaves broad, destitute of midrib, closely many-ribbed, very thick and persistent, pale, 1.5-6 dm. long; spike solitary, the pistillate portion globular, the longer staminate tip oblong perigynia straw-colored, papery, ovoid, faintly nerved, much longer than the whitish scales. Rich mountain woods, Va., W. Va., and south w. ; local. May-July. FIG. 427. 78. C. Halleri Gunn. Small and slender, 1-6 dm. high ; culm thin and obtuse, smooth or roughish, naked above ; leaves narrow and flat, shorter than the culm ; spikes 2-4, aggregated, 4-8 mm. long, sessile or rarely the lowest short-stalked ; perigynia orbicu- lar to elliptic, nerveless or nearly so, the short beak slightly notched, a little longer than the ovate purple-brown obtuse scales. (C. alpina Sw.) Cold wet rocks, e. Que., L. Superior region, C. Halleri. Rocky Mts., and far north w. July, Aug. (Eu.) FIG. 428. 424. C. pauciflora. 427. C. Erased x %. Inflorescence and leaf-tip. CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 233 C. atrata, v. ovata. 430. C. polygaraa. 79. C. atrata L., var. ovata (Rudge) Boott. Very slender but erect, 2-9 din. high ; culm rather sharp, roughish above ; leaves narrow but flat, shorter than the culm ; spikes 3-6, all but the terminal one on slender stalks, drooping when mature, 1-2.5 cm. long, ellip- soid or short cylindric, reddish-brown to purplish-black; perigynia broadly ovate, thin and puncticulate, very short- beaked, the orifice slightly notched ; scales blunt, thin- margined, about as long as the perigynia. (C. atratiformis Britton.) By streams and in cold ravines, Nfd. to Athabasca, locally s. to the mts. of n. N. E. June- Aug. FIG. 429. 80. C. polygama Schkuhr. Rather slender but stiff, 2-9 dm. high ; culm sharp, roughish above ; leaves very nar- row, rough, mostly shorter than the culm : spikes 2-7, the terminal rarely all staminate, sessile and approximate or the lowest very short- stalked, from globular to narrowly cylindric, 0.7-5 cm. long, dark brown or variegated; perigynia elliptic and beakless, whitish and granular, nearly nerveless, the orifice entire ; staminate scales very long-lanceolate, the pistillate lance-ovate and very sharp, conspicuously longer than the perigynia. ((?. fusca Man. ed. 6, not All. ; C. Buxbaumii Wahlenb.) Bogs and wet shores, e. Que. to Alaska, s. to Pa., Great Lake region, Mo., Utah, and Cal.; and in the mts. to N. C. May-July. (Eu.) FIG. 430. 81. C. triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. Slender; leaves narrow, hairy; spikes 2-4 (usually 3), all contiguous or occasionally the lowest somewhat removed, sessile, thick-cylindric to globular, green or brown (4-7 mm. thick); perigynia broad- ovoid, flattish, very obtuse, often sparsely hirsute when young but smooth at maturity ; staminate scales very sharp ; pistillate scales acute or short- awned, about the length of or shorter than the perigynia. ( C. triceps Britton in part, not Michx.) Copses and dryish meadows, N. E. to Ont., and south w., rare northeastw. May-July. FIG. 431. Hybridizes with G. gracillima. Var. Smithii Porter. Tall, slender, olive-green, the leaves very long, very nearly smooth; spikes small, globular to cylin- dric, the lowest often somewhat remote, all more inclined to be peduncled ; perigynia globular and turgid, brown, squarrose, exceeding the brownish scales. (C. caroliniana Schwein.) Fields and woodlands, Gulf States, locally n. to N. Y., 111., and Mo. May, June. 82. C. virSscens Muhl. Slender, erect or spreading, 0.4-1 m. high ; leaves very narrow, more or less hairy ; spikes 2-4, sessile or slightly stalked, compact, linear-cylindric, 2-4 mm. thick ; perigynia ellipsoid-ovoid, compressed, costate, usually longer than the thin whitish acute scales. (Var. costata Dewey ; C. costellata Britton.) Dry banks and copses, s. Me. to s. Out., and south w. June, July. (W. I.) FIG. 432. Hy- bridizes with C. arctata and C. debilis, var. Rudgei. Var. Swanii Fernald. Lower, 1.6-8 dm. high, the 2-5 thick-cylindric to subglobose spikes 3-5 mm. thick; the perigynia less strongly ribbed. (C. vires- cens Man. ed. 6, not Muhl.) Similar range. FIG. 433. 83. C. formbsa Dewey. Slender, erect, 3-9 dm. high ; leaves flat, often pubescent, 3-7 mm. broad, those of the culm short ; spikes 3-5, scattered, ellip- soid or cylindrical, 1-3 cm. long, compact, all flexuose or drooping ; perigynia 481. C. triceps, v. hirsuta. 432. C. virescens. 234 CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY) 4o4.